L'urbanisation de la Palestine à l'âge du Bronze ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan et perspectives des recherches actuelles. Actes du Colloque d'Emmaüs (20-24 octobre 1986) 9780860546702, 9781407358680, 9781407358697, 9781407348209

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L 'u rban i sa t ion de d e la l a L'urbanisation P a le s t ine al ' äg e d u Palestine a l'age du B ronze a nc ien Bronze ancien

B i lan e tp e r spec t ive s d e s r e che rche s Bilan et perspectives des recherches a c tue l le s

actuelles

A c te s d u C o l loque d 'Emmaü s Actes d'Emmaüs ( 20du—Colloque 2 4 o c tobre 1 986 )

(20 - 24 o cto bre 1986) e d i te s p a r

édités par P i e r re d e M i ro sched j i

Pierre de Miroschedji P ar t i

Part I

BAR I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 5 27 ( i )

BAR Internatio1 nal Series 527(I) 989 1989

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR -S527(I), 1989: 'L'urbanisa tion de la Palestine ancien', Part I

a

l'áge du Bronze

© The Individua l Authors, 1989

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407358680 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407358697 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860546702 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407348209 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

TABLE DES M ATIERES

PART i C om i t d 'organ isa t ion Avan t -p ropos L is te d e s p ar t ic ipan t s L is te d e s i lus t ra t ions I NTRODUCT ION

i v vi x i

( P . d e M irosched j i )

1

P REM IERE S ESS ION L ' eme rgence d el a c i v i l i sa t ion d u B ronze a n c ien E l io t B RAUN .— T he T rans i t ion f r om t he Cha lco l i th ic t o t he E ar ly B ronze Age Ii n No r the rn I s rae l a nd T ran s jordan :I sT he re aM iss ing L ink ?

7

Emmanue l E ISENBERG .— T he Cha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze IO ccupa t ions a t T e l T eo

2 9

Amnon B EN -TOR .— B yb los a nd t he E ar ly B ronze Age Io fP a le s t ine .

4 1

R u th AM IRAN .— T he G i la t Godde ss a nd t he T emp les o fG i la t , E n -Ged i a nd A i .

5 3

DEUX IEME S ESS ION L e d e rou lemen t d u p ro cessu s d 'u rban i sa t ion P ier re d eM IROSCHED J I .— L ep roce ssu s d 'u rban isa t ion e nP a le s t ine a u B ronze a nc ien: c hrono log ie e t r y thmes

6 3

D oug las L . E SSE .— S econdary S t a te F orma t ion a nd C o l lap se i n E ar ly B ronze Age P a le s t ine .

8 1

R a m GOPHNA . — F rom V i l lage t oT own i n t he L od V a l ley: A C ase S tudy .

9 7

R u th AM IRAN & R am GOPHNA .— U rban C anaan i nt he E B Ia nd E B I I P er iods — Eme rgence a nd S t ruc ture

1 09

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

TABLE DES MAT URES

J oe D . S EGER .— S ome P rov is iona l C or re la t ion s i nE B I I S t ra t igraphy i n S ou thern P a les t ine

17

T RO IS IEME S ESS ION L es p er ipher ies d ese r t iques :N eguev , S ina i O mi t I LAN & M ichae l S EBBANE . — Me ta l lurgy , T rade a nd t he U rban iza t ion o fS ou the rn C anaan i nt h e Cha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze A ge

1 39

Aharon K E MP INSK I .— U rban iza t ion a nd Me ta l lurgy i nS ou the rn C anaan .

1 63

Naom i PORAT .— P e t rog raphy o fP o t tery f r om S ou the rn I s rae l a nd S ina i

1 69

I t zhaq B E IT -AR IEH .— T he E ar ly B ronze Age P a t tern o f S e t t lemen t i n t he S ina i . 1 89 S t even A . ROSEN .— T he Ana lys is o fE ar ly B ronze A ge C h ipped S tone I ndus tr ies: A S u mmary S ta temen t

1 99

PART i QUATR IEME S ESS ION L a f i n d e l a c i v i l isa t ion d u B ronze a nc ien Wi l l iam G . DEVER .— T he C o l lapse o ft he U rban E a r ly B ronze Age i n P a le s t ine — T oward aS y s tem ic Ana lys is .

2 25

A r lene M . ROSEN .— E nv ironmen ta lC hange a tt he E nd o fE a r ly B ronze Age P a les t ine

2 47

Moshe KOCHAV I .— U rban iza t ion a nd R e -U rban iza t ion: E ar ly B ronze Age , M idd le B ronze A ge a nd t he P e r iod I n -Be tween T hem

2 57

C INQU IEME S ESS ION E nv i ronnemen t e t &onom ie N i l L IPHSCH ITZ , R am GOPHNA & S imha L EV -YADUN . — Man 's I mpac t o n t he V ege te t iona l L andscape o fI s rae l i nt he E ar ly B ronze A ge N i l

L IPHSCH ITZ .— P l an t E conomy a nd D ie t i nt he E a r ly B ronze A ge i n I s rae l: A S ummary o fP re sen tR e search

2 63 2 69

L iora

K . HOR W ITZ & E i tan T CHERNOV . — An i ma l E xp lo i ta t ion i n t he E a r ly B ronze A ge o ft he S ou the rn L evan t — An Overv iew .

2 79

P a t r ic ia SM ITH .— T he S ke le ta l B io logy a nd P a leopa tho logy o f E ar ly B ronze Age P opu la t ions i n t he L evan t

2 97

S IX IEME S ESS ION L es r e la t ion s a vec l e P roche -Or ien t Henr i d e CONTENSON .— R appor t s e n t re l aP a les t ine e tR as S ham ra -Ugar i t a uB ronze a nc ien

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and -i v - II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

3 17

TABLE DES MAT IERES

C ha r les BURNEY . — T he K h irbe t K erak Que s t ion a nd t he E ar ly T ranscaucas ian B ackg round

31

J ak YAKAR .— T he S o -Ca l led Ana to l ian E lemen ts i n t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Age Cu l ture s o fP a le s t ine :A Que s t ion o fE thnocu l tura l O r ig ins .

3 41

S EPT IEME S ESS ION L es r e la t ions a vec l ' Egyp te B aruch BRANDL . — Ob se rva t ions o n t he E a r ly B ronze Age S t ra ta o fT e l E ran i

3 57

E l iezer OREN .— E a r ly B ronze Age S e t t lemen t i n Nor th S ina i :A Mode l f o r E gyp to -Canaan i te I n te r connec t ion s

3 89

K ar la KROEPER .— P a le s t in ian C e ra m ic I mpor ts i nP re - a nd P ro toh is tor ic E gyp t . 4 07 S ava TUTUND1 IC .— R e la t ions B e tween L a te P redynas t ic E gyp t a nd P a le s t ine: S ome E lemen t sa nd P heno mena 4 23 A lan D . S CHUL MAN .— A t t he F r inge: t he H is tor iog raphy a nd H is tory o f t he R e la t ion s B e tween E gyp t a nd C anaan i n t he E BI

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -vActes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

4 33

CO MITE D ' OR GA NIS ATION

Ru th AM IRAN ( Pr & iden te ) , Mu se e d ' I sraö l , J e ru sa lem I t zhaq B E IT AR IEH , U n iv e r s i te d e T e l A v iv Amnon B EN TOR , U n ive r s i te h e bra ique d e J e rusa lem Wi l l ia m G . DEVER , U n iv e r s i te d e l ' Ar izona R a m GOPHNA , U n ive r s i te d e T e l A v iv P ierre d e MIROSCHED J I ( Coord ina teur ) , C en t re d e r e che r che f r anca i s d e J e ru sa l em J ean P ERROT , D i re c t eur d u C en t re d e r e che rche f r ano i s d e J e rusa lem

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien,Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. v i Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

AVANT -PROPOS

E tab l ir l e b i lan d es r e cherches e n c ours , e n p ar t icu l ie r c e lu i d es f ou i l les e t d es p rospec t ions q u i s e s on t mu l t ip l iees e n I s rae l d epu is u ne v ing ta ine d ' annee s , e tt r acer l e s p erspec t ive s q u 'e l le s d egagen t p our l ac omprehens ion d es p rocessus d e d i f ferenc ia t ion s oc ia le e td 'urban isa t ion e n P a le s t ine a ux I V ee tH i e m i l lena ire s— t e ls s on t l e s o b jec t i f s q ue s ' e ta ien t f i xes l e s o rgan isa teurs d u C o l loque e n r eun issan td an s l a Ma ison d 'Emmaü s , s ous l ' eg ide d u C en t re d e r e cherche f r a f l is d e J e rusa lem , l e s p r inc ipaux s pec ia l is tes d e l ' archeo log ie d u B ronze a nc ien d eP a le s t ine e td e sp ay sv o is in s ,p endan tc i nq j our s ,d u l und i 2 0a uv endred i2 5o c tob re 1 986 . C e p ro je td eC o l loque i n te rna t iona l s ur l ' urban isa t ion d e l aP a les t ine aP age d u B ronze a nc ien r emon te a up r in temps d e 1 983 q uand f u ren to rgan isee sp ar l eC .R .F . J .d e ss em ina ire s men sue l sd on tl e sp a r t ic ipan t sr egu l ie r sc on s t i tue ren tb i en tö tu ng roupe d ' e tude s u rl eB ronze a nc ien d e P a les t ine . C es r eun ions v i sa ien t d ' abord ä d eve lopper l e d ia logue e t l a c oope ra t ion e n t re l e s c he rcheur s e ngage s d an s d e s r e che rche s p ara l le le s s ur c e t te p er iode; e l le sd ebouche ren ts u ru np ro j e tp lus amb i t ieux ,c e lu id 'une r eun ion e l a rg ie o ül e sr e che rche s c o mmune sf e ra ien tl ' ob je td 'un d eba ta pp ro fond i C es on tl e sp rem ie r s membre sd ecg roupe d 'e tude q u if o rme ren tl eC om i te d ' organ isa t ion d uC o l loque . Au t o ta l , c i nquan te -hu i t c he rcheur s f u ren t i nv i te s ap rendre p ar t a ux t r avaux , d on t t r en te p a r t ic ipan t s a c t i f s a u teur s d 'une c o mmun ica t ion e t v ing t -hu i t a ud i teurs . L a l i s te d onnee c i -de ssou si nd ique q ue l ag rande ma jor i te d e ss pec ia l is te sd u B ronze a nc ien l e van t in ae t er eun ie ,e tq ue p ra t iquemen tt ous l e sp o in ts d ev ue o n te t er ep re sen tes . L e sp r inc ipaux t h eme s d e s s ep t s e s s ion s d u C o l loque a va ien te t er e tenus l o rs d el ' envo i d es p rem ie res i nv i ta t ions . I l s o n t e t e p rec ise s a p re s l ' e tab l issemen t d e f in i t i f d e l al i s te d e s c on tr ibu t ions . I le t a i t i nev i tab le , e n r a ison d e s n ece ss i tes d e l ' organ isa t ion , q ue c er ta ines c on tr ibu t ions n e c or re sponden t p as e xac temen t a u t i t re d e l a s e ss ion o ü c ue s o n t e t e p re sen tee s; c e la e s t a pparen t s ur tou t p our l a t r o is ieme s e ss ion . On n ' a p as c he rche ä e l im ine rc e si n con sequence s d ans l ap ub l ica t ion d ec e sA c t e s ,q u i s u iven tl ed e rou lemen t d u C o l loque . L e s c o mmun i ca t ions r e f le ten t , d ans u ne l a rge mesu re ,l ' even ta i ld es r e che rche se nc our s s ur l eB ronze a nc ien d e P a le s t ine . On c on s ta te q u 'e l le s s ' organ isen t a u tour d e t r o is a xes: 1 )l ' ana ly se e t l ' i n terp re ta t ion d e s p r inc ipaux a spec t s d u p roce ssus d 'urban isa t ion ( s e ss ion s Iä I V ) ;2 )l e s d onnees d e l ' env ironnemen t e t d e l ' econo m ie ( s ess ion V ) ;3 )l e s r e la t ions e x te r ieures d e l aP a les t ine ( s e ss ions V I e tV I I ) . de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

-v i i -

AVANT -PROPOS

Une s eu le c on t ra in te a va i t d t d i mposde a ux c ommun ican t s: c e l le d e n e t r a i te r q ue d e s s u je t s d en a ture s yn thd t ique o u t hdo r ique a u l i eu d er appor t s d ef ou i l le o u d e p ro spec t ion s . C e t te c on t ra in te a ,d ans l ' ensemb le , d t d r e spec tde . On l u i d o i t l e c arac tere g end ra l d u p rd sen tv o lume . V ing tn eu fc ommun ica t ion so n td t dp rd sen tde s .L eu rt e x te a yan td t dd up l iqud e td i s tr ibud p lus ieur s s ema ines al ' avance at ous l e s c o mmun ican t s ,e l les o n t f a i tl ' ob je te ns é ance d 'une b reve p rd sen ta t ion s eu lemen t ( 5 ä1 0 mn ) , s u iv ie d e t r o is -quar t s d 'heure a u ne h eure d e d i scuss ions . L ' in tdg ra l i td d e s &ba ts ad t d e nreg is trd; p our l ' a ider ar ev iser s on t e x te p our l a p ub l ica t ion , c haque c ommun ican t a r«u , äl ' i ssue d u C o l loque , l ' enreg is tremen t d e s d i scuss ion s c once rnan t s a c on tr ibu t ion . C e r ta in s a u teu r s e n o n t p ro f i td p our r eman ier l eur t e x te ,d ' au t re so n tp rd fd rd n e mod i f ie rl e ur t e x te i n i t ia l q ue s ur d e s p o in t sd ed d ta i l . Ie ü tc e r te sd t ds ouha i tab le d ep ub l ier i c i l ' en semb le d ec es d i scuss ion s , d on tl a ma t ie re &passe s ouven t c e l le d es c o mmun ica t ions p rdsen tdes . Ma is l a t ä che d 'assurer l a t r anscr ip t ion e t l ' dd i t ion d e p resque v ing t -c inq h eure s d ' enreg is t remen t d epassa i t n os moyen s . E n p rd sen tan t c e v o lume d 'Ac te s , me s r eme rc iemen t s s ' adre ssen t d ' abord , a u n om d u C o rn i td d 'o rgan isa t ion , at ous n os c o l legue sq u io n ta ccep td a vec b onne h umeur l e sq ue lque s c on tra in te s q u i l eur f u ren t i mposdes e td on t l ap ar t ic ipa t ion o n t f a i t d ec e t te man i fe s ta t ion u ns ucce s . L e C o l loque ae u l i eu g race ad eux s ubven t ion s d u M in is tere d e s A f fa ires E trange res f r a f l is d e s t inde s ac ouvr i r l e s f r a is d 'organ isa t ion d e l ar encon tre e td e p rdpara t ion d e l a p ub l ica t ion d e s A c tes . Nous a von s u ne d e t te d e g ra t i tude e nve rs M . P h i l ippe Gu i l lem in , a l or s S ous -D irec teur d e l aR echerche e n S c ience s S oc ia le s e t Hu ma ines a u M in is tere d es A f fa i re s E t rangere s , q u i ab i en v ou lu s ou ten ir c e p ro je t d es q u ' i l l u i aé tp rd sen td . M . J e an P er ro t , d i rec teur d u C .R .F . J . , aa imab lemen t m is a l a d i spos i t ion d es o rgan isa teur s l e s l o caux d uC en t re äE rnmaüs ,e tn ous l ' en r eme rc ion s . L 'organ isa t ion p ra t ique d u C o l loque a d t d a ssurde p a r u ne d qu ipe q ue p lus ieur s c a mpagne s d ef ou i l le s äY armou th o n tr ode . E l le d t a i tc oordonnde p ar ma f emme , B a t tya d e M irosched j i , q u i ap r is e n c harge l ' adm in is tra t ion g dndra le . L e s ecre tar ia t , l ' accue i l d e s p ar t ic ipan ts , h eb on d drou lemen t d e s s e ance s o n t d t d a s sures p a rC ar ine C ohn e tL aurence Nagg iar . L e s d dba ts o n t d t d e nreg is t rds p ar L do F a je rman . L ' in tendance a Em maüs d t a i t f a i te p ar A la in B i smu th . L es p ho tograph ies o n t w p r ise s p ar Mar jo la ine M ignon B arazan i . Au c ours d u t r ava i l d e p repara t ion ma te r ie l le d e l ap ub l ica t ion , c ' es t äC ar ine C ohn q u ' incomba i t l at ä che d ' assure r h es e c re tar ia t d e l i dd i t ion . K a ren Mye r , a ins i q ue P a sca le K opecz , o n t r da l isd l as a i s ie d es t e x tes s ur o rd ina teur . L a m ise e n p age i n forma t isde ad t d f a i te p ar K aren Myer e t mo i -mdme . B e rnade t te G i l la in ap rd td s on t a len t d e d e ss ina tr ice ä l ac or rec t ion d e q ue lque s i lus t ra t ions . D an ie l L ad iray s ' es t a imab lemen t c hargé d e l eu r m ise e n p age f i na le . F l orence H eymann ab i en v ou lu p rock le r , al as u i te d es a u teurs , au ne u l t i me l e c ture d es d p reuve s . J ' assu me c ependan t l ar e spon sab i l i td d es e r reur s ma ter ie l les q u i s ubs is tera ien t . At ous n ou se xp r imon sn o t re p ro fonde r e conna is san ce . P .d eM .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -v i i i Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L ISTE DES PART ICIPA NTS

NOTE :L e s n om s c a rac td r e s g ra s .

d e s

p ar t ic ipan t s

a u teur

d 'une

c ommun ica t ion

s on t

d onnd s

c i -de ssous

e n

M .D av id A lon , D epar temen td es a n t iqu i tes e td es musee sd ' Israd ,B .P .5 86 ,J e rusa lem . P rofe sseur Ru th Am iran , Musee d ' Israö l ,J e rusa lem . D r . P i rh iya B eck , I n s t i tu td ' archeo log ie , Un ive rs i te d eT e l Av iv , R ama t Av iv ,6 9978 T e l Av iv . D r . I t zhaq B e i t -Ar ieh , I n s t i tu td ' a rcheo log ie , Un ivers i te d eT e l Av iv ,R ama t Av iv ,6 9978 T e l Av iv . M me S arah B en -Ar ieh , D epar temen td es a n t iqu i tes e td es musc les d ' Is raö l ,B .P .5 86 ,J e rusa lem . P rofesseur Amnon B en -Tor , I n s t i tu t d 'a rcheo log ie , Un iver s i te h ebra ique d eJ e rusa lem , Mon t S copus , J e ru sa lem . M l le Ruha ma B onf i l , M iss ion a rcheo log ique d e T e l Qash ish , I ns t i tu t d 'archeo log ie , Un ivers i te h ebra ique d eJ e ru sa lem , Mon tS copu s ,J e rusa lem . M . B aruch B rand l , M iss ion a rcheo log ique d e T e l E ran i , D dpar temen t d e s a n t iqu i tes e td es musees B .P .5 86 ,J e ru sa lem . M me O ss iB rand l , Mu see d ' Israö l ,J e rusa lem . M .E l io tB raun , D epa r temen td e sa n t iqu i tes e td e s musees d ' Israü l ,B .P .5 86 ,J e rusa lem . P rofesseur Char les B urney , D epar tmen to f Nea rE as tern S tud ies ,T he Un ive rs i ty , Manches te r M13 9 PL , Ang le te rre . D r . R udo lph C ohen , S urvey a rcheo log ique d ' Is raö l ,D epar temen td es a n t iqu i tes e td es musees d ' Israä l , B .P .5 86 ,J e rusa lem . M l le C a r ine C ohn , M is s ion a rcheo log ique d eT e lY armou th ,C en t re d er e che rche f r a f l is d eJ e rusa lem , B .P . 5 47 , 9 1004 J e rusa lem . M . Henr id eC on tenson , 1 0 , p romenade Mona L i sa ,7 8000 V e rsa i l le s . M . A lon D e G roo t , M iss ion a rcheo log ique d e l a C i te d e D av id , I ns t i tu t d 'archeo log ie , Un ive rs i te h ebra ique d eJ e ru sa lem , Mon tS copu s ,J e rusa lem . P ro fesseur Wi l l iam G . Dever , D epa r tmen to fO r ien ta lS tud ies ,B ldg . 8 0 , Un ive r s i ty o fA r izona ,T ucson , AZ 8 572 1 , U .S .A . M . Adam D ruk s , D epar temen td es a n t iqu i tes e td e s musc les d ' Israd , B .P .5 86 ,J erusa lem . M .I mmanue lE i senbe rg , D epar temen td e sa n t iqu i te se td e s musees d ' Is raö l , B .P .5 86 ,J e rusa lem . M . Av iE i tan , D dpar temen td es a n t iqu i tes e td es musees d ' Israd , B .P .5 86 ,J e rusa lem . de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L ISTE DE S P ART IC IPANTS

D r . Doug las L .E sse , T he O r ien ta lI n s t i tu te ,T he Un ive r s i ty o fC h icago , 155 E as t5 8 th S t r . ,C h icago ,I l . 6 0637 , U .S .A . . M . Av iG ophe r , I n s t i tu td ' a rcheo log ie , Un ive r s i te d eT e lA v iv , R ama t Av iv ,6 9978 T e lA v iv . P rof e s seur R am Gophna , I n s t i tu td ' a rcheo log ie , Un ive r s i te d eT e l Av iv ,R ama t Av iv ,6 9978 T e l Av iv . Mr . R aphae l G reenbe rg , M i ss ion a rcheo log ique d e T e l D an , N e lson G lueck S choo l o fA r chaeo logy , H eb rew U n ion C olege , 1 3 ,a venue d ur o iD av id ,J e rusa lem . M .Z v ika G r inhud , Musee & Is rae l ,J e ru sa lem . M me O rna H e ss , Mu see R ocke fe l ler , D dpar temen t d es a n t iqu i te s e td e s musee s d ' Is rae l , B .P . 5 86 , J e rusa lem . Ml le L iora Horw i tz , D epa r temen t d e z oo log ie , Un ive rs i te h eb ra ique d e J e rusa lem , G iva t R am , J e ru sa lem . M .D av id I l an , Musee d ' Israe l ,J e ru sa lem . M me Om i tI l an , Musee d ' Is rae l ,J e rusa lem . D r . Aharon K emp insk i , I n s t i tu td ' a r cheo log ie ,U n ive r s i te d eT e l Av iv ,R ama t Av iv ,6 9978 T e lA v iv . P rofesseur Moshe K ochav i , I n s t i tu t d ' a rcheo log ie , Un ive r s i te d e T e l Av iv , R ama t Av iv , 6 9978 T e l Av iv . D r . K ar la K roeper , S taa t l iche S amm lung Ägyp t ischer K uns t , Me iser s tr . 1 0 , D -8000 München 2 , A l lemagne F ede ra le . D r . T homas E . L evy , W .F . A lbr igh t I n s t i tu te o f A r chaeo log ica l R e sea rch , 2 6 , a venue S a lah e d -D in , J e rusa lem . M .S imha L ev -Yadun , I n s t i tu td ' a r cheo log ie , Un ive r s i te d eT e l Av iv ,R ama t Av iv ,6 9978 T e lA v iv . D r . N i l L iphsch i tz , L abo ra to ire d eb o tan ique , I n s t i tu t d ' a rcheo log ie , Un ive r s i te d eT e l Av iv , R ama t Av iv , 6 9978 T e l A v iv . M . M ikko L ouh ivuor i , L .Th . d e l ' Un ive rs i te d e He ls ink i , d oc toran t äl ' Un ive r s i te h eb ra ique d e J e ru sa lem ,P .O .Box 5 3 ,B e i tJ a la , I s rae l . D r .P ie r re d eM i rosched j i , C en t re d er e che r che f r anga is d eJ e rusa lem ,B .P .5 47 ,9 1004 J e ru sa lem . M l le L au rence N agg iar , M is s ion a r cheo log ique d e T e l Y a rmou th , C en tre d e r e cher che f r anga is d e J e ru sa lem , B .P .5 47 ,9 1004 J e ru sa lem . D r .T ama r Noy , Mu see d ' Israe l ,J e rusa lem . M me Haze l Ok i lman , M i ss ion a r cheo log ique d eT e l A rad , Musee d ' Is rae l ,J e rusa lem . P rofesseur E l iezer O ren , D epar temen t d ' archeo log ie , Un iver s i te B en -Gour ion d u N eguev , 8 4120 B ee r sheba . M me T a l i O m an , Musee R ocke fe l le r , D epar temen t d e s a n t iqu i tes e td es musee s J e rusa lem .

B .P . 5 86 ,

M .J ean P e r ro t , C en t re d er e che rche f r anga is d eJ e ru sa lem , B .P .5 47 ,9 1004 J e rusa lem . M .S t even P fann , I n s t i tu te f o r Ho ly L and S tud ie s ,B .P . 1 276 ,9 1012 J e rusa lem . M me Naom i P ora t , D epar temen t d e g eo log ie , Un iver s i te h ebra ique d e J e rusa lem , G iva t R am , J e rusa lem . D r . Moshe P rau sn i tz , D dpar temen td e sa n t iqu i te se td e s mu see sd ' Is rae l ,B .P .5 86 ,J e ru sa lem . D r .A r lene R osen , 7 3N egba ,B ee r sheba . D r . S teven A .R osen , D dpar temen td 'Ar cheo log ie , U n ive r s i te B en -Gour ion d uN eguev ,B .P .6 53 , 8 4 105 B ee r sheba . M .M ichae lS ebbane , M is s ion a r cheo log ique d eT e lA rad , Mu see d ' Is rae l ,J e ru sa lem . D r .B en jam in S as s , D dpar temen td e sa n t iqu i te se td e s musee sd ' Is rae l ,B .P .5 86 ,J e ru sa lem . Mme T ama rS ch ick , Musee B ron fman , Mu see d ' Israe l ,J e ru sa lem .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -xDownloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L ISTE DES PART IC IPANTS

P rofesseur A lan S chu lman , D epar tmen to fH i s tory , Que ens C o l lege o ft he C i ty Un ive r s i ty o fN ew Y o rk , 6 5 -30 K issena B ou levard , F lu sh ing , NY 1367 ,U .S .A . P rofesseur J oe D . S ege r , C obb I n s t i tu te o fA r chaeo logy ,M is s is s ip iS t a te Un ive r s i ty , MS 3 9762 ,U .S .A . P rofesseur P a tr ic ia Sm i th , D epar temen t d ' ana tom ie , U n ive r s i te h eb ra ique d e J e rusa lem -E co le d e medec ine H ada ssah ,J e ru sa lem . P rofe sseur E y tan T chernov , D epar temen td ez oo log ie , Un ive r s i te h eb ra ique d eJ e rusa lem ,G iva tR am , J e ru sa lem . D r .S ava T u tun c ii i4 F a cu l te d e sA r ts ,C i l ca L jub ina 1 8 , 1000 B eog rad ,Y ougos lav ie . D r .J ak Y akar , I n s t i tu td ' a r cheo log ie ,U n ive r s i te d eT e l Av iv ,R ama t Av iv ,6 9978 T e l Av iv . Mme O ra Y ogev , D dpar temen td e sa n t iqu i te se td e s mu see sd ' I s raö l ,B .P .5 86 ,J e ru sa lem . M l le Anabe l Z a rzeck i , M is s ion a r cheo log ique d e T e l Q ash ish , I ns t i tu t d 'a rcheo log ie , Un iver s i te h ebra ique d eJ e ru sa lem , Mon tS copu s ,J e rusa lem .

ADM IN ISTRAT ION Mme B a t tya d eM iro sched j i

S ECRETAR IAT M l le C a r ine C ohn M l le L au rence N agg iar I NTENDANCE M . A la in B i smu th

ENREG ISTREMENT M .L eo F a je rman DACTYLOGRAPH IE M l le K a ren Mye r M l le P a sca le K opecz PHOTOGRAPH IE M me Mar jo la ine B arazan i -M ignon I LLUSTRAT IONS M l le B e rnade t te G i l la in M . D an ie l L ad iray

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L I STE D E S P ART IC I PANT S

,

' 1 . P a tr ic ia SM ITH .- 2 . C a r ine COHN .- 3 . Adam DRU I C S .- 4 . S imcha L EV -YADUN .- 5 . A v i GOPHER .- 6 . A r lene ROSEN .- 7 . I t zhaq B E IT -AR IE EL - 8 .N i l L IPHSCH ITZ .- 9 .J ean P ERROT .1 0 . B a t tya d e M IROSCHED J I .- 1 1 . R u th AM IRAN .- 1 . Wi l l iam C . D EVER .- 1 3 . P ier re d e M IROSCHED J I .- 1 4 . J ak YAKAR . - 1 5 . J oe D . S EGER .- 1 6 . Cha r les B URNEY .- 1 7 . Henr i d e CONTEN SON .- 1 8 . Aharon K EMP INSK I .- 1 9 . O mi t I LAN .- 2 0 . M ichae l S EBBANE .- 2 1 . O ss i B RANDL .- 2 2 . Amnon B EN -TOR . - 2 3 . R am GOPHNA .- 2 4 . T homas E .L EVY .- 2 5 . D av id I LAN . 2 . K ar la K ROEPER .- 2 7 : Doug las L .E S SE .- 2 8 . Moshe KOCHAV I .- 2 9 . S teven P FANN .- 3 0 . A lon D E GROOT .- 3 1 . Anabe l ZARZ ECK I .- 3 2 . S teven RO SEN .- 3 3 . Emmanue l E I SENBERG . - 3 4 . L iora HORW ITZ .- 3 5 . A lan S CHULMAN .- 3 6 . Naom i P ORAT .- 3 7 . E l io t B RAUN .- 3 8 . O ra YOGEV .3 9 . M ikko L OUH IVUOR I .- 4 0 . L eo F A JERMAN .- 4 1 . B aruch B RANDL . - 4 2 . S ava T UTUNDi I. 4 3 . Haze l OK ILMAN . A b sen ts s ur l ap ho tog raph i e :D av id A LON , P i rh iya B ECK , S arah B EN -AR IEH , R uhama B ONF IL , R udo lph COHEN , Av iE ITAN ,Z v ika GR INHUD ,O rna HE S S ,L aurence NAGG IAR ,E l ieze r OREN ,T a l i ORNAN , Moshe P RAUSN ITZ ,B en jam in S A SS ,T amar SC H ICK ,E y tan TCHERNOV .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L ISTE DES I LL USTRAT IO NS

TABLEAUX D .L .E sse .— S econdary S ta t eF orma t ion a nd C o l lapse i nE a r ly B ronze Age P a les t ine . 1

S oc ia lo rgan iza t ion o ft h eE ar ly B ronze Age b yc hrono log ica lp e r iod .

8 3

R . Gophna . —F rom V i l lage t oT own i nt he L od V a l ley . 1 2

T he s i te si nt he L od V a l ley d ur ing t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Age s . S e t t lemen ta nd p opu la t ion s i ze i nt he L od V aley , Aphek a nd G eze rd u r ing t he E ar ly B ronze Age .

9 9 1 02

J .D .S eger . —S ome P rov i s iona lC or re la t ions i nE BI IS t ra t ig raphy i nS ou thern P a les t ine . 1

P rov is iona l c har to fE BI I s t ra t ig raphy i ns ou the rn P a les t ine .

1 33

N .P ora t .— P e t rog raphy o fP o t tery f r om S ou thern I s rae la nd S ina i . 1

T he o ccu rence o ft he d i f fe ren tE B Ia nd MB Ip e t rog raph ic g roups i nt he S ina ia nd t he Negev

1 70

S . Rosen . —T he Ana lys i so fE ar ly B ronze Age C h ipped S tone I ndus tr ies: A S umma ry S ta temen t . 1

Ch rono log ica lr ange o fl i th ic t ypes b yr eg ion

2 14

2

E a r ly B ronze Age l i th ic f r equenc ie sb yr eg ion .

2 15

W. G . Dever .— T he C o l lapse o ft he U rban E ar ly B ronze Age i nP a les t ine — T owa rd aS ys tem ic Ana lys is . 1

S chemat ic , s ys tem ic c ompar isons o f E B I I I I a nd E B I V c u l tura l c harac te r is t ics , s how ing t he b as ic d i scon t inu i t ies t ha ti nd ica te " co l lapse "

2 37

N . L iphs ch i t z , R . Gophna & S .L ev -Yadun . — Man 's I mpac to nt he V eg e te t iona lL andsc ape o fI s rae li n t he E a r ly B ronze Age I I l l . 1 2 3

Wood r emnan ts f r om E ar ly B ronze Age s i tes i nI s rae l . B u i l t -up a rea ,p opu la t ion s i ze , c u l t iva ted a nd e xp lo i ted a rea i nt he E ar ly B ronze Age i nI s rae l Du ra t ion o fs e t t lemen ts i nt he E ar ly B ronze Age

2 64 2 66 2 67

N .L iphsch i tz .— P lan tE conomy a nd D ie ti nt he E a r ly B ronze Age i nI s rae l: A S umma ry o fP resen tR esea rch . 1

Mean a nnua l amoun to fr a in fal a nd a ve rage t empe ra tu res i nJ anuary a nd Augus ti nt he v i c in i ty

2

o f t he a rchaeo log ic a l s i tes men t ioned i nt he t e x t . S eeds a nd f r u i t si nt he E Bs t ra ta o fv ar ious s i te s

2 70 2 72

3 4

S eeds a nd f ru i t si nt he P PNA a nd P PNB s t ra ta o fv ar ious s i te s S eeds a nd f r u i t si n t he Cha lco l i th ic s t ra ta o fv ar iou s s i tes .

2 73 2 74

5

S eeds a nd f ru i t si nt he M idd le a nd L a te B ronze s t ra ta o fv ar iou ss i te s .

2 75

L . K . Horw i tz & E .T chernov . — An ima l E xp lo i ta t ion i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age o f t he S ou thern L evan t — An Overv iew . 1

S heep t og oa tf r equenc ies .

2 84

2

S heep/goa tm in ima ln umbe ro fi nd iv idua ls

2 85

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L I STE D ES I LLUSTRAT IONS 3

S heep a nd g oa ts ex r a t io s

2 85

4 5 6 7

S heep/goa ta g eb reakdown . S heep/goa tb odyp ar tb re akdown C a t t le b odyp ar tb re akdown . W i ld v e r sus d ome s t ic a n ima l s pec ie s

2 85 2 87 2 88 2 89

P . Sm i th . —T he S ke le t a lB io logy a nd P a leopa tho logy o fE a r ly B ron ze A ge P opu la t ion si nt h eL evan t . 1 2 3 4

C ran ia la nd f a c ia l measu remen t s a nd i nd ice s i n ma le sf r om C ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze A ge s i te s . S umma ry o f mand ibu la r measu remen t si nC ha lcol i th ic -E a r ly B ronze Age s i te s . C ran ia l a nd f a c ia l measu remen t s i nf ema les f r om C ha lco l i th ic -E ar ly B ronze Age s i te s Age d i s t r ibu t ion o fh uman s ke le ta l r ema ins f r om s ome C ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Age s i te s .

3 02 3 03 3 03 3 06

E .O r en . —E a r ly B ronze A ge S e t t lemen ti nN or th S ina i :A Mode lf o rE gyp to -Canaan i te I n ter connec t ions . 1 2

R andom l i s to fs i te sw i th mo re t h an 2 0i den t i f iab le s pec imens o fp o t te ry t ype s C lass i f ica t ion o fs i te s w i th 3o r mo re i den t i f iab le s pec imen so fP redynas t ic/EBA p o t te ry t ype s .

3 93 3 93

F IGURES E .B r aun .— T he T r ans i t ion f r om t he C ha l co l i th ic t ot h eE a r ly B ron ze A ge I . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

C ompar ison o fs e lec ted p o t te ry f o rms f r om Y i f tahe la nd T .G has su l C ompa r i son o fs e le c ted p o t te ry f o rms f r om Y i f tahe la nd T .G has su l ( c on t inued ) . S e lec ted p o t te ry t ype s f r om Y i f tahe l . O va lh ouse p l ans f r om Y i f tahe la nd S idon -Dake rman . Y i f tahe l :as au sage s haped h ou se d u r ing i t se xc ava t ion . A e r ia l v i ew o fY i f tahe l . Hou se p l ans f r om t he l owe rl a ye r so ft he E neol i th ique R e cen t( Cha lcol i th ic ) l e ve ls o f S t a t ions 4 5a nd 4 6a tB yb lo s . C ompar ison o fa xe t ype sf r om Y i f tahe la nd N aha lM ishma r( Ba r -Adon 1 980 :f i g . 1 66 ) .

1 2 1 3 1 4 1 6 1 7 1 7 1 8 1 9

E .E i senberg . —T he C ha lco l i th i ca nd E a r ly B ronze IO ccupa t ions a tT e lT eo . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Map o fn o r thern I s rae lw i th T e lT eo a nd m a jo rs i te s P l ans o ft h eC ha lco l i th ic L eve lV Ia nd t h eE B IL eve lV Ab road -room t ype h ou se o ft h eC ha lcol i th ic o ccupa t ion P o t te ry o ft he C ha lco l i th ic o ccupa t ion . F l in t t oo ls o ft h eC ha lco l i th ic ( l eve l sV I I -V I )a nd E B I( l eve l sV IV )o ccupa t ions . A er ia l v iew o fT e l T eo e xcava t ions . P o t te ry o ft h eE B Io c cupa t ion A ni n fan tj a rb ur ia lo ft he E B Ip e r iod .

3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 6 3 7 3 8

A .B en -Tor . —B yb los a nd t h eE a r ly B ronze A ge Io fP a les t ine . 1 2 3 4

E B Ia p s ida l ,o va la nd " r ounded c o rne r "b u i ld ing sf r om I s rae la nd L ebanon P ro f i le so fE B Ip o t te ry f r om L ebanon a nd I s rae l P ro f i le so fE B Ip o t te ry f r om L ebanon a nd I s rae l( c on t inu ed ) P o t te ry a nd s e a li mp re s s ions f r om L ebanon a nd I s rae l .

4 5 4 7 4 8 4 9

R . Am i r an . —T he G i la tG oddes sa nd t h eT emp les o fG i la t ,E n -Ged ia nd A i . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

S t a tue t te o f ag odde ss f r om t h et emp le a tG i la t . F igu r ine o fa na n ima ll aden w i th t wo g oa t sk in l ike v e sse ls f r om t h et emp le a tE n -Ged i Goa tsk in l ike a l abas te r v e sse l f r om t he C i ty - Wa l l T emp le a tA i . S t and ing s t a tue t te f r om B äb e dh -Dhra . S t a tue t te f r om at emp le a t My r to s . M in ia tu re i v ory b ow lf r om S a fad id i s cove red b yJ .P e r ro t . I vo ry f i gu r ine sf r om N aq ada . I vo ry f i gur ine sa nd t h em in ia tu re i vo ry b ow l f r om S a f ad i .

5 4 5 5 5 6 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9

P .d e Mi rosched j i . —L ep roces sus d ' urban is a t ion e nP a les t ine a uB ronze a nc ien . 1

C ou rbe t h eo r ique d el ' u rban isa t ion e n P a le s t ine d um il ieu d uI V ea um i l i eu d uH em ilena i re

7 3

D .L .E s se .— S econda ry S t a te F orma t ion a nd C o l l apse i nE a r ly B ronze A ge P a le s t ine . 1

A mode lo fs e conda ry s t a te f o rma t ion a nd c o l lapse i nE a r ly B ronze Age P a le s t ine .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -x iv E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

9 2

L I STE D ES I LLUSTRAT IONS

R .G ophna . —F rom V i l lage t oT own i nt h eL od V a l ley . 1 2 3 4 5

T he L od V aley e co log ica lu n i t S e t t lemen ti nt he C ha lco l i th ic p e r iod . S e t t lemen ti nt he E a r ly B ronz e Ip e r iod . S e t t lemen ti nt h eE a r ly B ronze I p e r iod S e t t lemen ti nt he E ar ly B ronze I p e r iod .

9 8 1 00 1 0 1 1 03 1 05

R . Am i r an & R .G ophna .— U rban C anaan i nt h eE B Ia nd E BI IP e r iods — Eme rgence a nd S t ruc tur e . 1 2

Map o f ma jo rE B Is i te si nI s rae l Map o f ma jo r E B I s i te s i nI s rae l .

12 13

J .D .S ege r . —S ome P rov i s iona lC o r r e la t ions i nE BI IS t ra t ig raphy i nS ou ther nP a les t ine . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Map o fE ar ly B ronze Age s i te si nP a le s t ine . P lan o ft he L ahav/T e lH a l i fA rea . F ie ld IS t ra t ig raphy a tT e l H a l i f . F ie ld I ,S t ra tum X I I S t ruc tu re s , 1 986 T e l lH a l i fF i e ld IS ou th S ec t ion T e l lH a l i fF i e ld I S ou th S ec t ion . T e lH e s iS i te P lan a nd F i e ld V IP hase 4 bS t ruc tu re s . B u rn ished p la t te rb ow l sf r om H al i fS t ra tum XV a nd l a te E Bf o rms f r om T e lH a l i fa nd T e lH e s i .

18 1 20 1 22 1 22 1 23 1 24 1 28 1 3 1

0 .I l an & M .S ebbane . — Me ta l lurgy ,T rade a nd t h eU rban iza t ion o fS ou ther nC anaan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0

D i s t r ibu t ion o fc oppe ri mp lemen ts a nd i ndu s t ry i nt he C ha lco l i th ic p e r iod . D i s t r ibu t ion o fc oppe ri mp lemen ts a nd i ndu s t ry i nt he E B Ip e r iod D is t r ibu t ion o fc oppe ri mp lemen ts a nd i ndus t ry i nS ina ii nt h eE B Ip e r iod . C ha lco l i th ic c oppe r a w l s E B Ic oppe r aw ls . E B Ic oppe ra w ls f r om A rad . E B Ic oppe r a w l sf r om A rad ( c on t inued ) C ha lco l i th ic a nd E B Ic oppe r aw ls a nd j a rs f r om v a r iou ss i te s . D is tr ibu t ion o fc opp e ri mp lemen ts a nd i ndu s t ry i nt h eE B Ip e r iod . D i s tr ibu t ion o fc opp e ri mp lemen t sa nd i ndu s t ry i nS ina ii nt h eE B Ip e r iod

1 4 1 1 45 1 46 1 47 1 49 1 50 1 5 1 1 52 1 55 1 57

N .P or a t .— P e t rog r aphy o fP o t tery f r om S ou the rn I s rae la nd S ina i . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

L o ca t ion map o fs i te ss amp led f o rt h is s t udy . Map ss how ing t h ed i s tr ibu t ion o ft he v ar iou sp e t rog raph ic g roup s Ho le -mou th r im sf r om B iq 'a tU vda M ic ropho tog r aph so ft h in s e c t ions o fp o t te ry b e long ing t ov ar iou sp e t rog raph ic g roup s Map o fS i na ia nd s ou the rn N egev s how ing o u tc rop so fg r an i te a nd r e l a ted p lu ton ic r o ck Map o fo u tc rop so fO ra f o rma t ion i nt h e Negev a nd S ina i Map o fo u tc rop so fq ua r tzo se s and s tone i nt h e Negev a nd i t ss ur round ing s

1 7 1 1 7 3 1 74 1 7 5 1 76 1 7 9 1 8 1

I .B e i t -Ar ieh . —T he E a r ly B ronze A ge P a t t er no fS e t t lemen ti nt h eS ina i . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

S he ikh Muhse in . S he ikh Awad S i te , Un i tC Wad iT be ic .k P l an o fB ee r R es is im . B iq 'a t U vda S i te n °9 17 B iq 'a t U vda S i te n °9 17 :r oom 1 7 18 ( EB I ) D is tr ibu t ion o fE B Ia nd MB Is i te si nt h e Negev a nd S i na i .

1 90 1 9 1 1 92 1 93 1 94 1 95 1 96

S .R osen . —T he A na lys i so fE a r ly B ronze A ge C h ipped S tone I ndus tr ies : AS umma ry S t a temen t . 1 2 3

D iagno s t ic e l emen ts o fE a r ly B ronze Age l i th ic c omp lexe s T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t a bu lar s c r ape rs a nd d i s tanc ef r om s ou rce a rea . C anaane an s i ck le w id th f r equency h i s tog rams .

2 0 1 2 0 3 2 0 8

W .G .D ever .— T he C o l lapse o ft he U rban E ar ly B ronze A ge i nP a les t ine — T owa rd aS y s tem i c Ana ly s i s . 1 2 3 4

D iag ram o fd ev ia t ion -amp l i fy ing s ys tem . D iag ram o fd ev ia t ion -coun te rac t ing s y s tem D iag ram o fn ega t ive d ev ia t ion -amp l i fy ing s ys tem . P os i t ive f e edback i n te r re la t ionsh ip s among c u l tu ra la nd e nv i ronmen ta l v ar iab le sl e ad ing t o

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1

L ISIE DES I LLUSTRAT IONS

t he i nc reas ing i mpo r tance a nd s t ra t i f ica t ion o fc l as ss t ruc tu re i n Me sopo tam ian s oc ie ty

2 39

A .M .R o sen .— E nv ironmen ta lC hang ea tt he E nd o fE a r ly B ronze A g e P a les t ine . 1 2 3

L ake d epo s t is d u r ing t he p as t1 0 ,000 y ea r si nt he s ou th b a s in o ft he D ead S e a P o l len d iag ram f r om L ake Hu la Mod i f ied p olen d i ag ram f r om L ake Hu la .

2 49 2 50 2 5 1

N .L iphs ch i tz , R .G ophna & S .L ev -Y adun . — Man 's I mpac to nt h eV ege t e t iona lL andscape o fI s r ae li n t he E a r ly B ronze A ge 1

E ar ly B ronze Age I I l lu rban s i te s men t ioned i nt he t e x t .

2 65

N .L iphsch i tz .— P lan tE conomy a nd D ie ti nt h eE a r ly B ronze A g ei nI s r ae l: AS umma ry o fP re sen tR esea r ch . 1

Map o ft he E a r ly B ronze Age s i te s men t ioned i nt he t e x t .

2 7 1

L .K . Horw i tz & E .T che rnov . — An ima lE xp lo i ta t ion i nt h eE a r ly B ronze Age o ft he S ou thern L evan t— A n Overv iew . 1 2 3 4 5

Map s how ing E a r ly B ronze Age s i te s men t ioned i nt e x t H is tog ram o fr e la t ive f r equenc ie so fd i f fe ren t s pec ie s a tE a r ly B ronze Age s i te s H is tog ram o fr e la t ive f r equenc ie so fs heep t og o a ts a tE ar ly B ronze Age s i te s B a rd i ag ram s how ing r educ t ion o fc omb ined c o r t ica lt h ickne s si ns heep a nd g oa ts o ve rt ime Map s how ing s i te si nS ina ip enn insu la men t ioned i nt e x t

2 82 2 83 2 84 2 86 2 92

P . Sm i th . —T he S ke le ta lB io logy a nd P a leopa tho logy o fE a r ly B ronze A g eP opu la t ion si nt h eL evan t . 1 2 3 4 5 6

C ha lco l i th ic c r an ia a nd mand ib les f r om I s rae l . E ar ly B ronze Age c r an ia f r om I s rae l Map o fr eg ion s tud ied s how ing C ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Age s i te s men t ioned i nt he t e x t . Map o fs ou th E as tA s ia s how ing r eg ions d e f ined b yC app ie r i1 969 . T ee th s how ing b ands o fh ypop las ia P ar ie ta lb one so fy oung ma le f r om A rad w i th t r eph ina t ion

2 99 3 00 3 0 1 3 04 3 07 3 08

H .d eC on t en son .— R appor t se n t r el aP a les t ine e tR a sS ham ra -Uga r i ta uB ronze a nc ien . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

R as S ham ra I A l :p la t s äl u s t rage d e co ra t i fe np o te r ie c ommune R as S hm ra I IA l :j a r re ss ans c o l a' b y re e vaske e np o ter ie c ommune R as S ham ra I IA l :j a r re ss ans c o l äl e v re e vaske e n p o te r ie c ommune e tg rande sj a r res e n " Me tal ic Ware " R as S hamra I A 1 -3: g rande sj a r re s e n " Me tal ic Wa re " äs u r f ace p e ignee R as S ham ra I A l :b o l s ,j a t te se tv ase se nc e ram ique d eK h i rbe tK e rak . R as S ham ra I IA 1 -3: p o te tb o l se nc e ram ique d eK h i rbe tK e rak R as S hamra I IA l :c ouve rc le e n c e ram ique d e K h i rbe t K e rak ai n c is ions r emp l ie sd e ma t ie re b l anche . R as S ham ra I A l :c ouve rc le s ,v ase sb i con ique se tv ase e n c e ram ique d eK h i rbe tK e rak R as S ham ra I I A2 :v ase s ,c ouve rc le e t" and i ron "e nc e ram ique d eK h i rbe t K e rak

3 18 3 19 3 20 3 2 1 3 22 3 23 3 24 3 24 3 26

C .B urney .— T he K h i rbe tK e r ak Ques t ion a nd t h eE a r ly T rans cauca s ian B a ckg round . . 1

T he E a r ly T rans caucas ian ( ETC )a nd K h i rbe tK e rak z one s

3 37

J .Y aka r . —T he S o -Ca l led Ana to l ian E l emen t si nt h eC ha l co l i th ic a nd E a r ly B ronze Age C u l tu r es o fP a les t ine . 1 2 3 4

S im i la r ma te r ia l c u l tu re t r a i t so bse rved i nS ou theas tE u ropean ,N e ar E as te rn a nd We s te rn A s ia t ic c u l tu re s Ap s ida lh ou se si nt he a nc ien t Nea rE as t C lay f i gu r ine si nt he a nc ien tN ear E as t . A s sumed p opu la t ion movemen ts f r om e as ter nE u rope a nd wes te r nA s ia d u r ing t he f ou r th a nd t h i rd m ilenn ia B .C .

3 44 3 50 3 51 352

B .B rand t . — Ob serva t ions o nt he E a r ly B ronze A ge S t r a ta o fT e lE ran i . 1 2 3 4 5

A e r ia lp ho tog raph o fT e lE ran it a ken i n1 959 .V iew t ot he We s t . A e r ia lp ho tog raph o fT e lE ran it a ken i n1 959 .V iew t ot h eS ou th T e l E ran i ,t he e xc ava t ion a re as o ft he 1 956 -60 s e asons C ha lco l i th ic p o t te ry f r om v a r iou s s t ra ta i nA rea D . P o t te ry f r om a ne ar ly p hase o ft h eE ar ly B ronze Age I ,f r om A rea D

3 58 3 58 3 59 3 62 3 62

6 7

E ar ly B ronze Age I p o t te ry f r om S t ra tum Ii nA rea D A rea D ,S t ra ta V I I -I Va si n te rp re ted b y t he e xcava to r s

3 63 3 66

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. x v iDownloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L ISTE DES I LLUSTRAT IONS

8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8

A rea D ,S t ra tum V a si n te rp re ted b yt h ee xcava to r s I mpo r ted E gyp t ian p o t te ry m ade o fN i le a nd m ixed c l ay sf r om A re a D . I mpo r ted E gyp t ian p o t te ry m ade o fm ar ly c l ay sf r om A rea D I mpo r ted E gyp t ian s t o re j ar f r agmen ts m ade o f ma r ly c l ay w i th a ni n c ised h uman f i gu re , f r om A rea D L oca l ly made E gyp t ian b ow l sa nd g ob le ts made o fl o e ssy c l ay ,f r om A rea D L oc a l ly made E gyp t ian b read -mou ld ,p l a t te ra nd v a t s made o fl o e s sy c l ay ,f r om A rea D L oca l ly made E gyp t ian j ugs a nd j a r sm ade o fl o e sy c l ay ,f r om A rea D Hybr id " c las sa "p o t te ry made o fl o es sy c l ay , f r om A rea D Hybr id " c las sb " a nd Hyb r id " das sc "p o t te ry f r om A rea D . P lan a nd s e c t ion o ft he f o r t i f ica t ions i nA rea N ,e xcava ted i n1 960 As egmen to ft he s ugge s ted wal o fS t ra tum Ii nA rea D ,a nd l a te r t r ench ing wh ich c u ti t

3 67 3 69 3 70 3 7 1 3 7 3 3 7 4 3 7 5 3 77 3 7 8 3 80 3 8 1

E .O r en .— E a r ly B ronze Age S e t t lemen ti n Nor th S ina i :A Mode lf o rE gyp to -Canaan i te I n te r connec t ions . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Map o fn o r thern S ina iw i th a rea s u rveyed b yB en Gu r ion Un ive r s i ty E xped i t ion . Map o f No r th S ina iS u rvey w i th E a r ly B ronze Age s i te sa nd dus te r . D is tr ibu t ion map o fE a r ly B ronze Age s i te si nA rea A n ear e l -Ar i sh E gyp t ian L a te P redynas t i ca nd E ar ly A rcha ic p o t te ry E gyp t ian L a te P redynas t ic a nd E ar ly A rcha ic p o t te ry ( c on t inu ed ) E gyp t ian L a te P redynas t ic a nd E ar ly A rcha ic p o t te ry ( c on t inued ) . E gyp t ian L a te P redynas t ic a nd E ar ly A rcha ic p o t te ry ( c on t inued ) . C anaan i te E a r ly B ronze A ge p o t te ry . C anaan i te E ar ly B ronze A ge p o t te ry ( c on t inued )

3 90 3 9 1 3 92 3 94 3 95 3 96 3 97 3 98 3 99

K .K roeper .— P a les t in ian C eram ic I mpor ts i nP re -a nd P ro toh i s tor ic E gyp t . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1

Map o ft he E as tern D e l ta . Wavy -hand led j a r s . L edge -hand led j a r s . L oop -hand led j a r s . P o t s . S pou ted j ug s S pou ted j ugs ( c on t inu ed ) . M is celaneou ss pou ted v e s se ls . K eg f o rm v e s se l s L oop -h and led j ug s . L oop -hand led j ug s( c on t inu ed )

4 0 8 4 0 9 4 10 4 11 4 12 4 13 4 14 4 15 4 16 4 17 4 18

S .T u tundi i i . —R e la t ions B e tween L a te P r edyna s t i cE gyp ta nd P a les t ine :S ome E l emen t sa nd P henomena . 1

P o t te ry f r om Maa c i i ,T e lE ran i ,M insha tA bu Omar a nd A zo r .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

4 25

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

I NTRO D UCT IO N P ie rre d e MIROSCHED J I C .N .R .S .

V ers l a f i n d u l y e m i l lena ire , q uand a ppara issen t l e s p re m iers r oyau mes d e Me sopo tam ie e td 'Egyp te ,l aP a le s t ine ac onnu u ne p ro fonde mu ta t ion p o l i t ique ,e conom ique e ts oc ia le , p assan t r ap idemen t d 'un s t ade d e c i v i l isa t ion p as tora le e tv i l lageo is äu n s t ade d e c i v i l isa t ion u rba in . On a s s is te a l or s , e n l ' espace d e q ue lque s g ene ra t ions , äl ' appa r i t ion d es p rem ie res v i l les f o r t i f iees , a u d eve loppemen t d e l ' ar t isana t e td e r e la t ions d ' echange s äl ongue d i s tance ,a in s iq u 'ä l am ise e np l ace d 'une e conom ic d 'un g en re n ouveau ,f ondee s ur l ep e t i t e l evage , l ' agr icu l ture , l av igne e t l ' o l iv ie r . C 'es t p endan t c e t te é poque c harn ie re q ue l e s t r a i ts c arac ter is t iques d e l ac i v i l isa t ion e t d e l ' econom ie med i ter raneennes d e l a P a le s t ine s es on tf o rme se tq ue l ep ay sage h uma in e tc u l ture ld el aB ib le s ' e s td e ss ine . C e t te é poque , r e s tee l ong temp s t r es ma l c onnue , e s t d evenue a u jourd 'hu i l ' un d e s d o ma ines d e r echerche l e s p lus d ynam iques d e l ' archeo log ie d e l a P a les t ine . L a p ub l ica t ion d e f in i t ive d es f ou i l le s d e J e r icho , c e l le ( e n c our s ) d e s f ou i l les d e T e l A rad , d e T e l E ran i e td e A i , l ed eve loppemen t d e f ou i l le s ma jeure s ( Te l Y armou th , T e l Ha l i f , T e l He s i , T e l Q ash ish , B äb e dh -Dhra , e t c . ) , p lus ieurs p rospec t ions e n I s rae l , a u S ina i e t e n T rans jordan ie , a ins i q ue d es r e cher che s p onc tue l le s menees s ur d ive r s a spec t s d u ma te r ie l a rcheo log ique — a u tan t d e t r avaux q u i o n t s i ngu l ieremen t e n r ich i l e c hamp d e n o s c onna issances e t r eve le d es a spec t s i n sou Konne s d 'une c i v i l isa t ion d on t o n c ommence s eu le men t äe n trevo ir l a r i chesse e t l a d ivers i te . I l s o n t r eve le l ' or ig ina l i te e t l a c omp lex i te d u p roces sus d 'urban isa t ion e td e d i f fe renc ia t ion s oc ia le q u i s ' e s t a ccomp l i e n P a les t ine e n t re l em i l ieu d u I V ee tl em i l ieu d u I l e m i l lena ire . I i i mpor te ma in tenan t d e mesurer l e c hem in p arcouru , d e f a ire l e p o in t d es c onna issance s e td ep rec ise rl ' e ta t d es q ue s t ion se ns uspen s . L eC o l loque d 'Emmaüs n ' ava i t p as d ' au t re amb i t ion . T ro is g rands t hemes o n t d onc f o rme l a t r ame d e l a p lupar t d e s c ommun ica t ions: l e s c ond i t ions d ' eme rgence d e l ac i v i l isa t ion p a les t in ienne d u B ronze a nc ien; l e s moda l i te sd es on d eve loppemen t; l e sc ause s d es on e f fondremen t . Ie s t t r op t o t a ssuremen t p our t i rer l e s l ewns d e c e t te r encon t re . B eaucoup d ' in te r roga t ion s s ub s is ten t

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

I N IRODUC IION

d ' a i l leur s , d on t p lus ieur s o n t s urg i a u c our s d es &ba ts . Ma is q ue lque s g rands t r a i t s s e d ögagen tc ependan t ,q u ' i lc onv ien td ' övoque re ng u ise d ' in t roduc t ion 1. C 'es t d 'abord , a vec l ' ö mergence d 'une n ouve l le g önö ra t ion d ' archöo logue s i s raö l ien s , d on t q ue lques -uns o n t ö t ö f o rmö s o u t re -a t lan t ique , l ' a f f irma t ion d e p rob löma t iques n ouve l le s q u i emprun ten t l e ur s t hö rne s al ' an th ropo log ie c u l ture l le . D e s d öba t s a n imö s o n t P u f a ire c ra indre p ar fo is q u 'un f o ss6 s öpara i t l e s t enan ts d 'une a rchöo log ie " t rad i t ionne l le " , d e t ype h i s tor ique , e t c eux d 'une a rchöo log ie " nouve l le " , d e t ype a n thropo log ique . I iyaa s surömen te n t re l e su n s e tl e sa u tre sd e s d i f förence sd ' appröc ia t ion s ur l a n a ture d es e xp l ica t ion s h i s tor iques e t a n th ropo log ique s e t s ur l ' oppor tun i tö d e l ' u t i l isa t ion d e modö les o u d ' ana log ies . Ma is c e s c l ivages s on t mo ms p ro fonds q u ' i l n ' y p ara i t: u s s on ta ccen tuö s s ur tou tp ar l ' e mp lo i d e v ocabu la ire s s pöc i f ique s e tp a r d es f «on s p ar t icu l iö res d ' exposer l e s p rob löma t iques . A in s i , c hacun f i na lemen t s ' e s t s e rv i d e modö le , e xp l ic i temen t o u i mp l ic i temen t; ma is d an s l ep rem ie rc as l e modö le ö t a i t c on s idörö c omme l e s uppor t e ssen t ie l d e l a r e cherche , s on v er i tab le s u je t ( c f . W . G . D eve r , D . L .E sse , S .R osen e t , p arm i l e s i n te rvenan ts , T .E .L evy ) , t and is q ue d ans l es econd o n p rö fö ra i t s e b orne r äu ne d esc r ip t ion r a isonnöe d e s " f a i ts " a r chöo log ique sc onnus ,e s t iman tq u 'on e n e s t e ncore a u s t ade d e l ' ob serva t ion , d u r a ssemb lemen t d e s d onn6e s , p as e ncore äc e lu i d es e xp l ica t ions ( A . B en -Tor , A .K emp insk i , P .d e M irosched j i ) . P lus ieur sp rob löme sn ' on tp a so ug uö re é t éa bordö sa u c our sd e s d i scuss ions .S ' i l n ' ap as ö t ö q ues t ion d e s r e la t ion s d e l aP a le s t ine a vec s e s v o is ins d e l ' Es t ( l aJ ordan ie ) e td u Nord ( l e L iban , l a S ync — s au f R as S ha m ra — e t , a u -de lä , l a Mösopo tam ie ) , c ' e s t b ien s ür l e r e f le t d 'une s i tua t ion üopo l i t ique a c tue l le , q u i c l ö t p ou r l e s h ommes e tp our l as c ience l e s f r on t iö re s s ep ten t r iona le e to r ien ta le d ' Israö l . L e s i lence , o u l ad i scrö t ion , q u i o n t e n tourö d ' au tre sp rob löme sr ö su l ten tp a r fo is dun s imp le dun manque d et emp s ;c ' e s tp ou rquo i ,p ar e xemp le , o n na g uöre p ar lö d e c u l te ( s au f l ' exposö d e R . Am iran ) e t p as d u t ou t d e d ömograph ie . Ma is c ommen t e xp l ique r , s i non p ar u n embar ras g önö ra l o u p ar l es ouc i d e p arven ir ä u n c onsen sus t a c i te , q u 'aucun p ar t ic ipan t n ' a i t t en tö d e d ö f in ir c q u ' i l f a l la i t e n tendre p ar u rban isa t ion ?E tq ue i on n es es o i tp as a t taché n on p lus äp röc ise rl an a ture d e l ' organ isa t ion s oc ia le e t p o l i t ique e n P a les t ine a u B ronze a nc ien ? E n f a i t , o n s ' es t t a c i temen t b ornö a u ne d e f in i t ion o pöra t ionne l le: p ar u rban isa t ion i lf au t e n tendre l ' en semb le d e sp hönomöne sq u is es on tc on juguö sp our a bou t i r , äl af a veur dun p roce s sus l e n t e tc o mp lexe , äl at r ans forma t ion d e l ac i v i l isa t ion p a le s t in ienne e n t re l em i l ieu d u I y ee tl e m i l ieu d u I l e m i l löna ire . C e t te a pproche p ragma t ique a p erm is d 'a l ler d ' emb löe ä l ' e ssen t ie l , e n ö v i tan t l ' öcue i l d ed ö sacco rds t h öo r ique s s t ör i l isan ts . D e l a möme ff f ln , o n a p ar lö d e c i ts -ö ta ts s an s s ' a t tache r äd ömon t re r l e ur e x is tence , c ons idö ran t q ue l e s d onnöe s a rchöo log iques d é jà r e cue i l l ie s e n p or ten t l et ömo ignage ( c f . e n p ar t icu l ier l ' exposö d e R . Am iran e tR .G ophna ) . C 'e s t d ans l e möme e spr i t d e p ragma t isme q ue d ' au t res q ues t ions o n t ap e ine ö t ö d i scu töe s . C e f u tl ec as d ec e l le s q u i r e löven td el ap ra t ique d el ' archöo log ie , n o tammen tl e s p rob löme sd ec h rono log ie ,d et e rm ino log ie e td en omenc la ture q u i ,d an sl ep as sé ,o ccupa ien t u ne b onne p ar t d u d öba t a r chöo log ique p a le s t in ien . D e s d a ta t ions a u C1 4 d ö sorma is p lus n omb reuse s e tu ne me i l leure c onna issance d el as t ra t igraph ie d u B ronze a nc ien e xp l iquen t q ue l a ma jo r i tö d es p ar t ic ipan t s s er a l l ien ta u jourd 'hu i äu ne c hrono log ie moyenne ( Na rme r

1 . L a p lupa r t o n t e t e s ou l ignes p ar l e s o ra teur s d e l ah u i t ieme e td e rn ie re s e ss ion d u C o l loque , c onsac ree ä u ne e va lua t ion " ac haud "d e sr e su l ta ts d el ar encon t re :R . Am i ran ,A . B en -To r ,E .B raun ,W .G . D eve r , R .G ophna ,M . K ochav i , P .d eM i ro sched j i ,J .P e r ro t ,S .R o sen , B .S ass .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 2 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

I NTRODUCT ION

v e r s3 100 ) 2.T ou ss on tc onvenus a uss id ' appe le rB ronze a nc ien I( e tn on P re -o uP ro to -u rba in ) l ap rem i re p hase d e l ap er iode e td 'y r e conna i t re d eux s ous -phases , B ronze a nc ien I A e t I B . L e s eu l d e saccord v e r i tab le c oncerne l ad e s igna t ion d e l ap hase n on -urba ine q u i f a i t s u i te a u B ronze a nc ien I I e tq u i p reck le l eB ronze moyen I ; l al i gne d e c l ivage s eparan t l e s t enan ts d e l at e rm ino log ie t r ad i t ionne l le ( B ronze moyen I )e tc eux d e l at e rm ino log ie n ouve l le ( Bronze a nc ien I V ) t r ave rse e n f a i t l ' A t lan t ique , l e s a rcheo logues amer ica ins u t i l isan t t ous l ' appe l la t ion d e B ronze a nc ien I V . I le s t p lus i n te ressan t d e r e lever , p arm i l e s q ue s t ion s q u i o n tf a i tl ' ob je t d e d i scuss ions a pp ro fond ie s ,l e s p o in t sd ec onve rgence ,v o ire l e sc on sen sus a pparus e n t re u ne ma jor i te d e p ar t ic ipan ts . I l sp erme t ten td ' augurer l e sg randes o r ien ta t ions d e s r e che r che s av en ir . A lors q ue l aP a le s t ine e t a i tc ons ideree n agu&e ,e nr a ison d es af a ib le s upe r f ic ie ,c o mme u ne u n i te c u l ture l le , o n i n s is te a u jourd 'hu i s ur l e p o ids e t l e r o le d es p ar t icu lar ismes r eg ionaux; c e la c on tr ibue ä me t tre e n e v idence l e c arac t &e r eg iona l d u p rocessus d 'urban isa t ion e t l ' impor tance d es " h is to ires " l o ca les; c e t a spec t a e t e s ou l igne s pec ia le men t p ar P .d e M irosched j i e t R . Gophna . L a ma jor i te d es p ar t ic ipan ts r e conna i ssen ta u mo ms d eux g rande sz one sd 'urban isa t ion a uB ronze a nc ien I:l ' une a un ord , i n f luencee p ar l eL iban e tl aS yr ie; l ' au t re a u s ud , d ynam isee p a rl ' Egyp te . L es e xp l ica t ions d e t ype d i f fus ion is te , q u i o n t d om ine l ' archeo log ie p a les t in ienne j u squ 'a l af i n d e s a nnees 1 960 , s on t a c tue l lemen t e n d e faveur . L es r eac t ion s s usc i tee s p ar l ' expose d e J .Y akar o n t mon tre q ue p our l ' exp l ica t ion d e s o r ig ines d e l ac i v i l isa t ion d u B ronze a nc ien , l a t endance e s t a u jourd 'hu i ap r iv i leg ier l e s d eve loppemen ts l o caux , e n p a r t icu l ie r p our l es ud d e l aP a les t ine . Ma is o n n e s o mb re p as p our a u tan t d ans u n a n t i d i f fus ion is me s ys tema t ique: t ou t l e monde r e conna i t l ' impor tance e t l a v ar ie te d es i nf luences e x te r ieu re s q u i o n t a l or sa f fec te l aP a le s t ine . E l le s s on t s en s ib le s s u r tou ta u n ord d up ay s :c eux q u io n tt r a i te d e so r ig ine sd el ac i v i l isa t ion d u B ronze a nc ien d an sc e sr eg ion s ( E . B raun , A . B en -Tor , E .E i senbe rg ) o n t e xp r ime d e s v ue s " moderemen t " d i f fu s ion is tes , i mp l iquan td es s t imu l i o u u ne i mm igra t ion l im i tee o r ig ina ire s d er eg ions l im i t rophe s . L e s c oncep ts d e c r o issance e td ' e f fondremen t ( " r ise a nd c o l lap se " ) d e l ac i v i l isa t ion d u B ronze a nc ien o n ta i ns ig agne d u t e r ra in . C hacun a dme tq ue l at r ans i t ion d uC ha lco l i th ique a u B ronze a nc ien f u t g radue l le e tq u 'e l le r e su l te d 'un p rocessus a c ause s mu l t ip les . L es d ivergences c oncernen t l eur n a ture e t l eur i mpor tance r e la t ive . C er ta in s o n t t en te d ' iden t i f ie r u ne c ause p r inc ipa le: D . L .E sse ap ropo se u n modMe e xp l ica t i f q u i a t t r ibue ä l ' Egyp te , p romo teu r dun c omme rce b i la tera l , u n r o le d e te rm inan t d ans l ed ec lenchemen t p u is l ' e f fond remen t d u p roce ssus d 'urban i sa t ion; A .K emp in sk i ad i sce rne u n p heno rn& le a na logue , ma is p a r l eb ia is d u d eve loppemen t d e s a c t iv i tes me ta l lurg iques a u Neguev s ep ten tr iona l; t and is q ue 0 . I l an e tM .S ebbane o n t s ou l igne l ' impac t d e l a me ta l lurg ie e t d es c i rcu i ts d 'echanges t r ansdeser t iques s ur l ' urban isa t ion d u s ud p a les t in ien . C es h ypo thse s , i le s t v ra i , s ' app l iquen t s ur tou t al aP a le s t ine me r id iona le . L a l ongue d uree d u p roce ssus d ' e f fondremen td e l ac i v i l isa t ion u rba ine ae t e r e connue d an sl e sc o mmun ica t ion se td an sl e sd i scuss ion s; u np rem ie re f fond remen td el ac i v i l isa t ion u rba ine s ' es t e n e f fe t p rodu i t d an s l es ud p a le s t in ien äl af i n d u B ronze a nc ien I . On n e s onge p lus ä i nvoquer l ' invas ion c a tas troph ique d e h ordes amorr i tes , s i non ä t i t re d 'ep ipheno m& le . L e s o p in ions d ivergen t c ependan t s ur l a r a ison e t l e s moda l i te s d u p roce s sus . L e modMe a vance p ar D .L .E sse me te nc ause l ' e f fondremen td el ' Anc ien Emp ire e gyp t ien; c e lu i d eW .G . D eve rc ons t i tue p lu tö t u n t ype d ' exp l ica t ion f a isan t i n terven ir u n g rand n omb re d e f a c teur s . A . R osen , d e s on c ö te , ai n s is te s ur l an ece ss i te d e p rendre e n 2 . L a s eu le d i ssonance e s t v enue d e C . B urney q u i , ap ar t i r d 'une p e r spec t ive a na to l ienne , p re fe re u ne c hrono log ie t r e sh au te ,i n sp i ree d e st r avaux d eJ .Me l laa r t e td eD . F .E as ton .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 3 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

I NTRODUCT ION

c o mp te d es mod if ica t ions d e l ' env ironnemen t , d 'or ig ine a n throp ienne o u n a ture l le , s usc i tan t a ins i b eaucoup d e d i scuss ions s ur l ' ex is tence d e v ar ia t ions c l ima t iques a u t i l e m i l ldna ire . L ac ommun ica t ion d 'A .R o sen e tc e l le sp rd sen tde sl o r sd el ac i nqu i&ne s e s s ion o n tr dvd ld l ' i n tdrö tg dnd ra l p our u ne r e che rche i n te rd isc ip l ina ire s u rl e s p rob lömes d ' env ironnemen te t d ' dconom ie .C hacun d an ss on d oma ine p rop re ,c e se xposé ss on tl e sp lus c o mp le t sp rd sen td sa c ej our . I l sn ev i sa ien tp as s eu lemen t af a ire l ep o in td e sc onna issance s , ma is amon trer a u ss i l ' i nsu f f isance d e s d onnde s r e cue i l l ie s d ans l e s f ou i l le s e t as ens ib i l iser l e s p ar t ic ipan ts s ur l an dce ss i td d er emdd ie r ac e sc arence s . C hacun ab i en v u q ue c ' e s ts ur c e t e r ra in s o l ide d e s s c ience sn a ture l le sq ue l e sr e cons truc t ions d up assé d ev ron ts ' appuye r äl ' aven i r .T ou tr e s te a f a ire d ans c ed oma ine d on t l ed dve loppemen t e s t s uscep t ib le d ' inf luencer l e s md thode s d e f ou i l le e td e f avor ise r l ' avönemen t d 'une a r chdo log ie q uan t i ta t ive . Une b onne p ar t ie d e s r e cher che s d e s v ing t d e rn iö re s a nndes o n t c oncernd l e s r e la t ions e x tdr ieure s d e l aP a le s t ine . On av u c i -dessus q ue l e s r appor ts a vec l e s p ay s d u Nord o n t , p ar n dce ss i td ,f a i tl ' ob je td 'un e xamen i n comp le t . On n es er d jou ira q ue d avan tage d el am ise a u p o in td 'H .d eC on tenson . C e l le s d e C .B urney e td eJ .Y akar b dnd f ic ia ien td ed dcouve r te s r d cen te s e n Ana to l ie e td ans l e s r dpub l iques s ov id t ique s d u C auca se; c i tes o n t mon t rd c omb ien l ' i r rup t ion d e l ac dram ique d e K h irbe t K drak r eprdsen te u n p rob löme marg ina l d ans l ' archdo log ie d e l aP a le s t ine a u

II e

m i l ldna ire .

T ou te a u tre e s t l a s i tua t ion d ans l e s c on f ins md r id ionaux d e l a P a les t ine o ü l e s r e che rche sr d cen te so n tf a i ts urge d e sp an se n t ie r s ,j u squ 'a lo r s mdconnu so ui n sou Konnd s ,d e l ' archdo log ie d u B ronze a nc ien . T ro is c o mmun ica t ions o n t a bordd , e n t ou t o u e n p ar t ie , l e p rob löme d e s r e la t ions e n t re l aP a le s t ine , dune p ar t , l eN dguev e tl eS ina i , d ' au t re p ar t ( 0 . I l an & M . S ebbane , N . P ora t , I .B e i t -Ar ieh ) . L ' accord , t ou te fo is , n ' e s t p as e ncore f a i t s u r l as i gn i f ica t ion d e c e s d dcouve r te s: s i te s h ab i t& p ar d e s c o lon s c anaanden s o u p ar d e s i nd igöne s c o lon isd s p ar d es C anaandens ?C e s e xposé s o n t d u mo ms p erm is d e me t tre e n r e l ie f l er o le d 'A rad c omme c en t re d e r ed is t r ibu t ion d e p rodu i ts f i n is i mpor t& d u S ina i mdr id iona l . L e p rob löme d e s r e la t ions d gyp to -pa les t in ienne s a u B ronze a nc ien af a i t l ' ob je td e c i nq c o mmun ica t ion sp rd sen tde sp ar d e sp a le s t ino logue s( B . B rand l ,E .O ren )e td es d gyp to logue s ( K .K roepe r , S .T u tundz ic , A . S chu lman ) . C e t te v ar id td d e s p o in ts d e v ue e tl ap rd sen ta t ion d e d onndes i ndd i tes s ur T e l E ran i e t l e N dguev s ep ten tr iona l o n t b eaucoup e n r ich i l a d i scuss ion . Ma is l ed d saccord as ub s is td s ur l an a ture d e s r e la t ion s d gyp to -pa le s t in ienne s . L e sc o mmun ican t so n tt ous c onc lu ,a vec d e sn uance s , äu ne p rd sence d gyp t ienne m a ss ive a u s ud d e l aP a les t ine , a bou t issan t äu ne c o lon isa t ion d e c e t te r eg ion , a l or s e ng lobde d an s u n p rem ier emp ire d gyp t ien . D es i n tervenan ts ( P . d e M irosched j i , L .E .S t ager ) o n t m is e n d ou te c e s c onc lus ion s; p our L .E .S t ager , l e s r e la t ion s d gyp to -pa le s t in ienne s e x is ta ien tb i en a van t Narmer e t o n aa f fa ire a u B ronze a nc ien Iä u n c ommerce c aravan ier q u i s ' es t s imp lemen t i n ten s if id a vec l ' avönemen t d e l a Iere d ynas t ic . L e s f a i t s e xposés c on s t i tuen t c ependan tu np hdnomöne h i s tor ique s an sp rdcdden t ,d on tl ' ana lyse r e s te äf a ire . T e l f u t , s chdma t iquemen t e ts ur q ue lque s p o in ts s eu lemen t , l ' d ta t d e s d i scuss ion s . On y d i scernera s ans p e ine d e p u issan ts s t imu lan ts p our l e s r e cherches a v en ir , d on t l e s p er spec t ive s s ed dgage ron t d ' e l les -möme s p eu ap eu p our l e s p ar t ic ipan ts ac e t te r encon t re e tp ou rl e sl e c teur sd ec e to uv rage .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). —4E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

PRE M IERE

S ESSION

I :E MERGENCE DE LA C IV IL ISAT ION DU BRONZE ANC IEN

S ess ion pKs ic l& p ar Ru th AM IRAN

E l io t B RAUN .— T he T rans i t ion f r om t he Cha lco l i th ic t o t he E ar ly B ronze Age I i n Nor thern I s rae l a nd T rans jordan :I sT here aM iss ing L ink ? I n te rv enan t s :C .B u rney ,S .R o sen ,M .P rausn i tz ,D .L .E s se ,P .d eM i ro sched j i .

Em manue l E ISENBERG .— T he Cha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze IO ccupa t ions a t T e l T eo . I n ter v enan t s :A .K emp insk i ,J .D .S ege r ,A .B en -To r ,P .d eM i ros ched j i ,S .R o sen ,E .B raun ,R .G ophna , A . D ruk s ,A .S chu lman .

Amnon B EN -TOR .— B yb los a nd t he E ar ly B ronze Age Io fP a les t ine . I n ter venan t s :R . Am i ran ,T .E .L evy ,A .S chu lman ,C .B urney ,E .B raun , W .G .D eve r ,D .I l an ,A . K emp in sk i ,L . Ho rw i tz ,P .d eM i rosched j i ,R .G ophna ,J .D .S ege r ,M . P rau sn i tz ,D .L .E s se .

Ru th AM IRAN .— T he G i la t Goddess a nd t he T e mp le s o fG i la t , E n -Ged i a nd A i . I n t er v enan ts :P .B eck ,T . Oman ,P .d eM i ro sched j i ,M .K ochav i ,A .D ruk s ,B .B rand l ,S .R o sen , D .I l an , A .S chu lman ,C .B u rney .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -5E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE TRANSIT IO N FRO M THE CHALC OLITHIC TO THE EARLY BRO NZE AGE IN N ORTHER N I SRAEL AN D JORDAN: I S THERE A MISSI N G L I NK ? E l io t BRAUN I s rae l Depar tmen t o f An t iqu i t ie s a nd Museums , J erusa lem

E ver s ince a rchaeo log is ts h ave r ecogn ized t he p heno mena o f s hared mater ia l a t tr ibu tes b e tween c on temporary o ccupa t ion s , l abe l l ing t hem c u l ture s , t here h as b een a h ea l thy e l emen t o f s ub jec t iv i ty i n d e term in ing t he p ara me ters o f t hese a r t i f ic ia l ly i mposed f r a meworks . T he c ogn izance o f u n in ter rup ted h uman o ccupa t ion a nd t he n eed t o i nc lude , w i th in t he se f r amework s , t he p as sage b e tween t wo d e s igna ted s equen t ia l c u l tures , l ed t o t he c oncep t o f ap er iod c a l led " t rans i t iona l "; o ne wh ich , i n t heory , s hared a t tr ibu te s o f b o th t he e a r l ier a nd l a te r c u l ture s a nd i n wh ich c ou ld b e t r aced t he p rogre ss a nd c hange f r om o ne s t age o f d eve lopmen t t o a no the r . S uch " t rans i t iona l " p e r iods h ave r e ma ined f r us tra t ing ly e lus ive t o r e searche r s , p e rhap s b ecause o f t he ir b r ie f d ura t ion a nd t he a r t i f ic ia l i ty o f i den t i fy ing c r i ter ia b ased o n r i g id d e f in i t ions o f ac u l ture . T h is i s p ar t icu lar ly t he c ase w i th t he p er iod b e tween t he Ghassu l -Beersheva , Cha lco l i th ic Cu l ture a nd t he E a r ly B ronze IHor izon , at r an s i t iona l p hase wh ich h as e luded p os i t ive a nd u nequ ivoca l i d en t i f ica t ion w i th s pec if ic o ccupa t ions e ncoun te red i n t he a r chaeo log ica l r ecord .

S cho la r ly o p in ion I n r e cen t y ear s t he p reva i l ing v iew o n t he o r ig ins o f t he E B Ic u l ture h as , p endu lum l i ke ,s wung away f r om o ne b ased a lmos te n t ire ly o n t he i dea o ft he i n t rus ion o fn ew p eop le s i n to t he a rea t oday k nown a s I s rae l a nd J ordan 1,t owards a p arad igm o f i nd igenous d eve lopmen t . T he b u lwark o f t he a rgu men t i n f avor o f a mass ive a nd o verwhe lm ing p opu la t ion i n f lux was t he o b serva t ion o fn ume rous , a nd wha t we re b e l ieved t ob e r ad ica l ,

1 . T h is v i ew , i nd i f fe r ing d eg ree s , h as b een h e ld b y many s cho lar s i n c lud ing Me l laar t ( 1 966: 4 7 ) , d e V aux ( 1 970: 5 33 -536 ) ,L app ( 1 970: 1 0 4 ) , E ll io t t( 1 978 :5 2 ) ,K enyon ( 1 979 :6 6 )a nd Aharon i( 1 982: 5 1 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 7 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

E L IOT B RAUN

c hanges i n t he ma te r ia l c u l tu re b e tween t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd E B IHor izon s . I ndeed s o p ro found we re t he se d iv is ion s f e l t t ob e t ha t t h e mos t e x treme i n te rpre ta t ion s s er ious ly c ons idered a n h ia tus i no ccupa t ion i nt he a rea u nde rc on s ide ra t ion 2 .Nowaday s i n creased k now ledge o ft he ma te r ia l c u l ture o f t he se e a r ly o ccupa t ions h as , u ndoub ted ly , d i sabused u s o f s o me o f t he more f a r fe tched t heor ie s wh ich s ugges ted t ha t t he C ha lco l i th ic i nhab i tan t s v an ished , a lmos t t o aman . However , e ven t he r e cen t s ugge s t ion ,b y P ro fe ssor R u th Am iran , t ha t: " t he E ar ly B ronze c u l ture e vo lved f r om t he Cha lco l i th ic c u l ture , t h e re b e ing n o s harp b reak b e tween t he t wo p er iod s ,a nd t ha ts uch ad eve lopmen td oes n o t e xc lude o rd oes n o t c on f l ic t w i th t he e x is tence o fc l ea rd iac r i t ica l f e a ture s o fe a ch o f t he se t wo c u l ture s "( Am iran 1 985a: 1 08 )d oe sn o ts eem t od of u l lj u s t ice t ot he d i spa r i t ie sb e tween t he Cha lco l i th ic o f t he Ghassu l -Beersheva Ho r izon a nd t he n or thern e ar ly E B I . A l though P rofessor Am iran 's s t a te men t r e cogn izes s o me n ew ly a pparen t a nd f undamen ta l ly s ound a spec t s o f t he E B Ic u l ture a nd i t s r e la t ionsh ip t o t he C ha l co l i th ic , i t d i srega rd s , t o ag rea te x ten t , t hose e l emen t s o fc hange a nd d i scon t inu i ty wh ich em inen t ly d i s t ingu ish t he n or thern a spec t o f t he e ar ly E B If r om t ha t o f t he l a tes t C ha lco l i th ic o ccupa t ions 3. R ecen t e v idence f r om a n umber o f E B Is i te s i n I s rae l a nd J o rdan s ugge s t s t ha t t he r e a l i ty i st ob e f ound s o mewhere b e tween t he se e x t reme v iew s 4.I nd ica t ions a r e t h a t t h is l a ter c u l ture owes much t o b o th i nd igenous C ha lco l i th ic a nd e x terna l ( o r p erhaps i nd igenous , n on -Cha lco l i th ic ) i nf luences w i th t he f o rmer a spec t , f or t he p resen t , a ppear ing s o mewha t d om inan t . I t wou ld , h oweve r , b e b es t t o s uspend j udgemen t o n t he q ue s t ion o f t he p ropor t iona l r ep re sen ta t ion o ft he d ive r se o r ig in s o ft he E B Ic u l ture , u n t i l more d e f in i te i n forma t ion b ecome s a va i lab le .

D e f in ing t he p rob lem P e rhaps t he mos t d i f f icu l t p rob lem i n a ny s tudy o f t h is p er iod i s al a ck o f p rec ise p arame ter s f o r d e f in ing t he se c u l tures . Op in ion s eem s t o b e d iv ided o n t he i s sue o f t e rm ino logy w i th s ome s cho lar s d e f in ing a s L a te C ha lco l i th ic , t ha t wh ich o thers , i nc lud ing t he p resen t w r i ter ( Braun 1 985a: 10 -111 ) , p re fer t o l abe l E ar ly B ronze I . C lear ly t he t empora l ly p rox i ma l e x tremes o f o ne o r t he o ther h or izon , t he l a tes t Cha lco l i th ic a nd t he e ar l ie s t E BI ,s how a s i gn i f ican t n umber o f s im i lar i t ies wh ich a re e v idence f o r t r ans ference o f s o me o f t he h e r i tage . However , t h is b y n o means m ay b e i n te rpre ted a s as imp ly n a tura l d eve lopmen t a nd p rog res s o f a n e x is t ing c u l ture . T he c on s ide rab le d i f fe rence s wh ich a l so e x is t i nd ica te ag ap o fs o me i mpor tance b e tween t h ese c u l tu re s . T h is g ap r epre sen ts s o me n o t y e t u nder s tood , s o c io -cu l tura l p heno menon wh ich may b e l i kened t o as em i -pe rmeab le membrane , o ne wh ich a l lowed f o r t he s e lec t ive a nd p ar t ia l t r ansm iss ion o ft he c u l tura l b urden f r om t he C ha lco l i th ic t ot he E BI . T h is p aper e xa m ines e v idence f o r b o th t he t r ans ference o f t he i nd igenous c u l tura l b urden a nd i n cremen t s f o re ign t oi t ,a tt he b eg inn ing o ft h e E B IHor izon , i n t he h ope t h a t i nd o ing s o i tw i l l b r ing u s c l ose r t od eve lop ing c r i ter ia f o ri den t i fy ing o ccupa t ion s o ft h is i n te r im p er iod a nd f o r u nde rs tand ing t he n a tu re o f t he c hange i n c u l ture s . Howeve r , i n

2 . S u ch a n e x t reme v i ewpo in t h as b een e xpre s sed b y E l l io t t ( 1 978: 5 2 )i nh e rc l a im: « Ab sence o f G has su l i an i nf luence o n t h eP ro to -U rban wou ld a l so s ugge s tt h a tt h e ma in p opu la t ion h ad a l ready l e f t .» 3 . Am i ran 's o bse rva t ions a ppear t ob e mo re i nd ic a t ive o ft h es ou the rn E BI . 4 . T h is i sb y n o means a n ew i dea . I ti se v iden t i n P e r ro t 's ( 1 972: 4 40 ) e va lua t ion o f t he L a te C ha lco l i th ic E B I )i n wh ich a n i nc remen t f o rm t he n o r th o f g rey a nd r ed b u rn ished w are s , i n t he t e rm ina l s t age s o f t h i s p e r iod ,i ss ugge s ted .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 8 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE T RANS IT ION F ROM CHALCOL ITH IC TO EARLY BRONZE AGE

o rder t op roceed , i ti sf i r s t n e ce ssary t od e f ine t he g eograph ica l l im i ta t ion s f o r wh ich o ur o bserva t ions a re v a l id a nd t he c hrono log ica l a nd c u l tura l p arame ter s o f t h is b r ie f a nd p rob lema t ic p e r iod .

T he No r thern C u l tu re T he ma ter ia l c u l ture o f t he E B Id i sp lays a marked b i furca t ion b e tween n or th a nd s ou th ,c l ea r ly s hown b y Am iran 's ( 1 969 :4 1 -57 ) t r ea tmen to ft he p o t te ry . T hu so b se rva t ion s i nt h is p aper ,b ased o n n ew i n forma t ion f r om s i te s r epre sen ta t ive o ft h is n or the r na spec to f t he E B Ic u l ture ,a re n ece ssar i ly c on f ined t ot ha ta rea 5 .E v iden t i na ny s t udy o ft h is p er iod i sa l so a n e x t reme t endency t owards n ar row r eg iona l ism o f ma ter ia l c u l ture wh ich c r ea te s c omp l ica t ions i ne va lua t ing a nd u nde r s tand ing t he r e la t ionsh ip s o f a r t i fac t s . D e sp i te t h is marked t endency t owa rd s amosa ic o fr eg iona l v ar ia t ion s mak ing u p t he n or the rn c u l ture , i ti sa l so p oss ib le t o p e rce ive , w i th in t h a t a rea , as t rong c ommon t h read r unn ing t h rough a l l E B Is i tes . T h is s ugges t s t he e x is tence o f ar easonab ly h omogeneous , c u l tura l e n t i ty f o r wh ich as i ng le s e t o fg ene ra l o bserva t ion s i sv a l id . T he l a ck o f ac on t inuous s equen t ia l o ccupa t ion s pann ing t he l a t ter p a r t o f t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd t he b eg inn ings o f t he E a r ly B ronze Ii s a ma jor s t u mb l ing b lock t o a l l e f for ts a t u nder s tand ing t he t r an s i t ion . T ha t s uch a s equence e x is ts a nd h as e ven b een e xcava ted , i sa ni n t r igu ing a nd f a rf r om r emo te p oss ib i l i ty b u to ne wh ich i s ,u n for tuna te ly , c o mp l ica ted b y s par se d a ta o fq ue s t ionab le r e l iab i l i ty . F o r t he p re sen t t h ese d a ta a re b e s t i gnored . Af u r the r c omp l ica t ion i st he q ue s t ion o f s equen t ia l i ty o f t he p rox ima l e x t reme o ccupa t ion s o f t hese t wo c u l tures . T o d a te a b so lu te ly n o c onv inc ing e v idence o f t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd E B Ic u l ture s o ver lapp ing , i n t ime , h a s b een f o r thcom ing a nd s o , f o r t he p resen t , i t may b e a s e as i ly a ssu med t ha t t hey r epre sen t ad i rec t , l i near , c hrono log ica l p rogre ss ion w i th t he o ne a b so lu te ly e a r l ie r t han t h e o the r . T he re fore i no rder t od e f ine t he p oss ib le p ara me ters o f t he t r ans i t ion p er iod , wha tever i t s n a ture , i ti s n ecessary t o i den t i fy t he e a r l ies t E B Io ccupa t ions i n t he a rea u nde r d i scuss ion , a nd t o c ompare a nd c on tras t t h em w i th t h e l a te s t r e ma in s o f t he C ha lco l i th ic Hor izon . A s earch f o r ar e l iab ly p ub l ished C ha lco l i th ic s equence i n t he n or th , e nd ing l a te i n t ha t p er iod , l e ads u s t oo n ly o ne s i te wh ich , s t r ic to s en su , d oe s n o t a c tua l ly f a l l w i th in t he g eograph ica l l im i ts o f t he n or thern c u l ture ( r ough ly t he l im i ts o f t he d i spers ion o f E sdrae lon/Grey B urn ished/grey -b lack l u s trous ware ) . T e le i lat Ghassu l , s o me f ew k i lo me ters n or theas t o f t he D ead S ea , i s t he o n ly s i te wh ich s o mewha t mee ts t he n ecessary q ua l i f ica t ion s .I ti s al e ng thy a nd mo re o rl e ss c on t inuous o ccupa t iona ls equence o f t he Cha lco l i th ic c u l ture e nd ing l a te i n t ha t h or izon . B y ac o mpar ison o f i t s u ppe rmos t l e ve ls w i th t he e ar l ie s t k nown E B Is i te s , i ts hou ld b e p oss ib le t oo b ta in s o me i dea o f t he d i men s ion so ft he g ap b e tween t h e se c u l ture s .

5 . A l though t he re a r en op rec ise b o rde r sf o r t he n o r the rn E B Ic u l tu re i ti sp o s s ib le t od e f ine t hem r ough ly a s mo re o r l e s s i den t ica l w i th t he a rea o fd i spe r s ion o fg rey b urn ished w are , o ne o fi t s h a l lmark s . T he mos t s ou th e as ter ly s i te whe re t h i s p o t te ry i sf ound i n a ny a pp rec iab le q uan t i ty i st h a t r epo r ted a t T e le i la t Abu A lay iq , He rod ian J e r icho ( P r icha rd 1 958: p l . 3 7 ) , s ome f ew k i lome te rs f r om G hassu l . S ign i f ican t ly t h i s w are i sn o t f ound a tT e l l e l -Su l tan , t he m a jo r s e t t lemen t o fJ e r icho i nt he E B IP e r iod . S ome v e ry f ew s he rds o fg rey b urn i shed f ab r ic a re e ven r epo r ted a tG has su l ( Lee 1 973: 3 6 ) b u t whe the r t he se a re s t ray s he rd s o fE sd r ae lon Ware o r p e rhap s o f e ar l ie r o r ig in , a k in t ot h e d ark b u rn i shed w ares o f t h e No r the rn C ha lco l i th ic ( E isenbe rg 1 989 ) i sn o t s pec i f ied . I n a ny c ase t h ey a re f o re ign t oG has su l a nd s t a t is t ica l ly w i thou t s i gn i f ic ance .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -9Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

E L IOT B RAUN

E a r ly B ronze I c hrono logy R ecen t e xcava t ions a t E n S hadud a nd Y if tahe l i n L ower G a l i lee h ave u ncove red t wo o ccupa t ions o f t he E B Ip e r iod . T he ir ma te r ia l c u l ture s d i sp lay c ommon e l emen ts b u t a l so may d emons t rab ly b e s hown t ob e s equen t ia l i n t ime . B ecause b o th a re b as ica l ly s i ng le p er iod s i tes , p robab ly o f r e la t ive ly s hor t d ura t ion ( Braun 1 985a :1 00 ) , w i th l i t t le n o t iceab le c hange i n t he a r t i fac t s w i th in t he l i fe o f t he s e t t lemen t , t he ir i mpo r tance l i e s i n t he ir e x ten s ive a nd r e la t ive ly h omogeneous c u l tura l a s semb lages wh ich a re u nm ixed w i th ma te r ia l f r om o ther p er iods . T he ir c l ose p hy s ica l p rox im i ty make s t hem em inen t ly c o mparab le ,i n sur ing am in imum o fr eg iona l v ar ia t ion 6. Y i f tahe l i sd emons trab ly t he e ar l ier s i te b u t t h is r e la t ion sh ip c an , f o r t he p resen t , o n ly b e e xp ressed i n r e la t ive t e rm s . Marked d i f fe rence s b e tween t he ma te r ia l c u l ture s o f Y if tahe l a nd E n S hadud , wh ich a ppear t o o u twe igh t he s im i lar i t ies , s ugge s t s o me n o t i n cons iderab le s epara t ion wh ich may s i gn i fy d iver se o r ig ins a s w e l l a s al ap se i n t ime . T he ma jor l i nk s b e tween t hese t wo s i tes i s t he d i s t inc t ive G rey B urn ished Ware , a h a l l mark o f t he n or the rn E B Ic u l ture . Ano ther s i te p e r t inen t t ot h is d i scuss ion i st ha to fS t age Io fT e l l Umm H ammad i nt h e J o rdan V a l ley ( He lms 1 984 )

I t s r e la t ive p rox im i ty t o Ghassu l , t he l i ke l ihood o f i t s n ear

7.

c on temporaneousness t o Y if tahe l8 a nd i t s sma l l b u t w e l l s t ra t i f ied c orpus o f c eram ic s hapes , c l ear ly i den t i f ied w i th a r ch i tec tura l u n i ts , o f fer n ew a nd i mpor tan t i n forma t ion o n t h is p e r iod . A t E n S hadud p o t tery f o rm s a nd modes o f d ecora t ion s uch a s g ra in -wa sh , p a t tern b urn ish ing a nd l i ne p a in t ing ( t hese l a s t a re k nown b u t r a re ) c l ear ly p re sage t he E BI wares a nd c onnec t t ha t s i te w i th l a te r t r ad i t ion s . G ra in -wash a nd t hese o the r p a in t ing t e chn iques a re t o ta l ly a bsen t a t Y i f tahe l where , n o t u nexpec ted ly , p o t te ry f o rms a l so d i f fe r s ubs tan t ia l ly f r om t hose o ft he l a te r s i te . G rey B urn i shed Ware s pec i men s , c ommon t o b o th t hese o ccupa t ions ,

v ind ica te Wr igh t 's

( 1958 )

c hrono log ica l typo log ica l

o b serva t ion s c oncern ing b ow l t ypes 1 , 3a nd 4 .T he d om inan t a nd a pparen t ly s o le f o rm o f t he se b ow ls r epre sen ted a tY i f tahe l i s Wr igh t 's t ype 1( F ig . 3 : 4 ) , d emons tra t ing t ha t i ti s i ndeed t he e ar l ies t f o rm o f t h is ware t oa ppear . A t E n S hadud t he d om inan t f o rm s we re t ype s 3a nd 4 w i th o n ly o ne m inu te f r agmen t o f t ype 1i den t i f iab le ( B raun 1 985a: 4 0 -41) . O ther p o t tery f o rm s a tY i f tahe l d i f fe rc on s iderab ly f r om t hose f ound a tE n S hadud; many a re c l ear ly r em in iscen t o f t he C ha lco l i th ic p er iod ( F igs 1 2 ) ;f ew c arry o n i n to t he L a te E B I EB I Hor izon .

6 . Y i f tahe l l i e s s ome 1 5k i lome te rs t ot h en o r thwe s to fE nS hadud b u ti se as i ly a cce s s ib le t h rough as y s tem o f t n te rconnec t ing v aleys .At h i rd s i te ,J ebe l e lE in ,p e rched a top ah igh r i dg ei nt he N azare th c ha in o fh i l l s ,i sc l o se r b u t i sf a r mo re d i f f icu l t o fa cce ss f r om E n S hadud b ecause o f t he moun ta inou s t e r ra in . I ndeed t he l e as t d i f f icu l t p assage b e tween t he se s i te s wou ld l i e t h rough t he v a le o fY i f tahe l wh ich c onnec ts w i th a no the r s t r ing o fn a r row v a l ley s wh ich s k ir t t he J ebe l e lE in . S u r face s urvey ing o f t he J ebe l e lE in s i te f o r am ap o f a rchaeo log ica l s i te s c onduc ted b y t h is w r i te rf o r D r . Avne r R aban o ft he U n ive r s i ty o fH a i f a ( c i ted h e re b y c ou r te sy o fD r . R aban a nd t he A rchaeo log ica l S u rvey o fI s rae l ) p roduced l a rge q uan t i t ie s o fp o t te ry wh ich i sv i r tualy i den t ica l t ot h a t f r om E n S hadud . T hus we h ave c l ear e v idence t h a t t he s i te s o f E n S hadud a nd Y i f tahe l b e long n o t o n ly t o t h e s ame g eog raph ica l z one , b u ta l so t ot h es ame l im i ted r eg ion o fc l ose c u l tu ra l t i e s . 7 . S tage Io f t he f i r s t p re l im inary r epo r t ( He lms 1 984 ) b ecomes S t age 2 i n al a te r c ommun ica t ion ( He lms 1 986 ) . 8 . I ti sn o t p o ss ib le t oa ccu ra te ly j udge t h e c on tempo raneousne ss o f Umm H ammad a nd Y i f tahe lb ec au se t he p ub l ished p o t te ry f r om t he f o rme r s i te i se i the r i nd ica t ive o f av ery s ma l l a s semb lage o r , what s eems mo re l i ke ly , i st he l im i ted r e su l t o f as ondage . W i th t he s i ngu la r e xcep t ion o f Wr igh t 's ( 1 958: 4 0 -45 ) t ype o fb ow ls o f E sd rae lon Wa re , t he re s eem t ob e f ew g ood c e r am ic p ara l le ls b e tween t h e s i te s . Un fo r tuna te ly t h is d i s t inc t ive w are a ppears t oh ave b een p opu lar f o r as omewha t l e ng thy p e r iod . I ti sf ound i nq u an t i ty a tY i f tahe l b u t i sa l so k nown f r om B e th Y e rah ( E s se 1 984 : 3 26 -327 )a nd o ne f r agmen th as b een f ound a tE nS hadud ( B raun 1 985a : 2 9 -66 a nd f i g . 1 8: 1 3 ) whe re i tw as a s soc ia ted w i th v e sse ls p a in ted i nt h e g ra in wash s t y le .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 10 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE T RANS IT ION F ROM CHALCOL MI IC TO EARLY B RONZE AGE

C ompa r ing t he L a te C ha lco l i th ic a nd t he E a r ly E B I H av ing e s tab l ished Y i f tahe l a s t he e ar l ie r s i te ( pe rhap s c ons iderab ly s o ) we n eed n ow c on s ide r i t s t empora l r e la t ion sh ip t o t he e n t ire E B IHor izon i n t he n or th . F or t he p resen t , i n l i eu o f i den t i f iab le s i tes o f t he E B IHor izon wh ich may b e e ar l ier , w e may v iew Y i f tahe l a nd p e rhap s a l so S t age 1 /2 a tT e l l Umm H ammad w i th i t s t ype 1b ow ls o fG rey B urn ished Ware a s among t h e e ar l ies t o ccupa t ion s o f t h i s h or izon f o r wh ich t h ere e x is t r epresen ta t ive a nd n on -m ixed a s semb lage s o fa r t i fac t s . I n t h e a b sence o ff i na l r epor t s f o r t he l a te s t e xcava t ions a t Gha ssu l , Y i f tahe l a nd Umm H ammad , i ti so n ly p oss ib le t os e lec t al im i ted n umbe ro ff e a ture s f o rc ompa r i son ( w i th n o p oss ib i l i ty o f s t a t is t ica l p rec is ion ) . T o wha t e x ten t t hey may b e r epresen ta t ive o f t he s evera l s i tes mu s t awa i t t h e a ppearance o f more c omp le te d a ta . T hose a spec t s c hosen h e re f o rc ons ide ra t ion i n c lude p o t tery ,c oppe ra xe s ,g round s t one o b jec t s ,f l aked s t one i ndus t r ie s a nd a rch i tec tura l t r ad i t ion s . T he c ons ide ra t ion o f d i f fe r ing b ur ia l t r ad i t ions , r e levan t t o t he p rob lem a s awho le , w i l l b e d i scussed b r ie f ly w i th c o l la tera l e v idence f r om o the r s i te s whe re s uch c u s tom sa re b e t te rk nown . P o t te ry F igu re s 2a nd 3 s how as e lec ted g roup o fp o t tery f r om t h e E B Io ccupa t ion a tY i f tahe l ( Leve l I ) a l ongs ide an umber o f s im i lar v esse ls f r om t he l a tes t l e ve ls a t Ghassu l . C lear ly t he s im i lar i t ies , e spec ia l ly i n s o me b as ic s hapes a nd i n t he k ind a nd a r rangemen t o f a pp l ied r ope d ecora t ion ( F ig . 2 : 1 ,A ) , p rec lude a ny p oss ib i l i ty o f t he ir r e la t ion sh ip b e ing f o r tu i tou s . Much o ft he i n sp ira t ion f o r t he p i tho i a nd s t orage j a r t ype s f ound a tY i f tahe l i s u nden iab ly d er ived f r o m Ghassu l o r a no ther r e la ted Cha lco l i th ic t r ad i t ion . T he u b iqu i tous a nd h igh ly v ar ied h o lemou th v esse l i s we l l k nown f r om s i tes o f t he Cha lco l i th ic Hor izon a nd c on t inue s o n i n to t he E B Age , u nde rgo ing many c hange s a nd t r ans forma t ion s . No t u nexpec ted ly h o lemou ths a re c ommon a tY i f tahe l ( F ig . 3 : 2 3 ) a nd Umm Hammad ( He lm s 1 984: f i g . 1: 1 7 ) . Many f r agmen t s f r om t h e f o rmer s i te a ppear t o h ave g ood p ara l le ls a t Ghassu l a l though t h is c ompar ison i s , f o r t he p re sen t , b ased mos t ly o n r im s herds wh ich d oes n o t t ake i n to a ccoun t p oss ib le d i f fe rence s i n o ve ra l l s hapes . S im i lar ly a n umber o f f ene s tra ted , p edes ta l led b ow ls f r om Y i f tahe l ( F ig .3 : 1 ) , ah igh ly s t y l ized v esse l , mu s t owe t he ir i n sp ira t ion t o t he p o t te ry a nd b asa l t e xemp lar s o f t he Cha lco l i th ic c u l ture . T he l a te s t o ccupa t iona l p hase s o f Ghassu l , k nown a s L eve l I V ( Ma l lon , K oeppe l & Neuv i l le 1 934; K oeppe l 1 940 a nd Nor th 1 96 1 ) a nd P hase s A -C ( Henne ssy 1 969 ) ( i den t i f ied w i th L eve l I V; L ee 1 973 :3 5 -36 ) s how a c omb ined p o t tery a ssemb lage wh ich d i f fer s c on s ide rab ly i ni t s r ange f r om t ha t k nown a tY i f tahe l a nd T e l l Umm H ammad . E ven t he a c tua l c era m ic p ara l le ls w i th Ghas su l , wh ich e xh ib i t s im i lar i t ies b u t a re f a r f r om i den t ica l , s ugge s t t h a t t he r e la t ionsh ip i sn o t av e ry c l ose o ne 9.One v e sse l ( F ig . 2 : 1 )f r om Y i f tahe l w i th a n e xce l len t p ara l le l f r om A fu la ( Suken ik 1 948: p l . I V: 1 )i sp ar t icu lar ly i lu m ina t ing a s t o t he r e la t ion sh ip o f e ar ly E B Ic e ram ics d er ived f r om C ha lco l i th ic t ype s . I ti s as t orage j a r o f v i r tua l ly " Ghassu l ian " ( F ig . 2 : 2 )s hape b u t w i th a n i nden ted , l edge h and le t ha t i s t yp ica l o f t he E B Ia nd v i r tua l ly u nknown i n t he Ghassu l ian a s semb lage .

9 . P ar t icu la r ly c l ose p ara l le ls a re i ndeed t ob e f ound a to the r s i tes s uch a s L a te C ha lco l i th ic ( =E B I )A fu la ( Suken ik 1 948 )a nd Me se r I( Do than 1 957; 1 959 )b u tt he se s i te sb e long t ot h ev e ry s ame c u l tu ra lh o r izon .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 12Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T HE T RAN S IT ION F ROM C HALCOL ITH IC T O E ARLY B RONZE A GE

FI G . 2 .— C ompa r ison o fs e lec ted p o t te ry f o rms f r om Y i f tahe la nd T . Chassu l ( c on t inued ) .— A .S torage J a r , Chassu l( 1 : 5 )( a f ter K oeppe l1 940 :p l . 7 7 :7 ) . 1 .S to rage J a r , Y i f tahe l ( 1 : 5 ) . 2 .S to rage J a r ,Y i f tahe l ( 1 : 5 ) . FI G . 1( o ppo s i te p ag e ) .— C ompa r ison o fs e lec ted p o t tery f o rms f r om Y if tahe l a nd T . Chassu l . 1 -6 :Y if tahe l ( 2 :5 ) .A -H :T . Ghassu l ( A . A f te r Ma l lon , K oeppe l & Neuv i l le 1 934 :f i g . 3 9 :2 ,l ower [ 1 :4 ] ;B .I b id . :f i g . 3 9 :6 ,l ower [ 1 :4 ] ;C .I b id . :f i g . 3 9 :3 ,u ppe r[ 1 :4 ] ;D .I b id . :f i g . 3 9 :4 ,u pper E 1: 2 ] ;E./ b id . :f i g . 3 9 :3 ,u pper [ 1 :2 ) ;F .A f ter K oeppe l1 940 :p l . 8 1 :4[ 1 :4 ] ;G .I b id . :p l . 8 2 :4[ 1 :4 ]; H .I b id . :p l . 8 2 :5[ 1 :4 ] ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 13E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 4 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE TRANS IT ION F ROM CHALCOL ITH IC TO EARLY BRONZE AGE

No tab ly a bsen t f r om t he e ar ly E B Is i tes a re c o me ts , c hurn s 1° ,g eome tr ica l ly p a in ted wares , t h in wa l led d eep , s t ra igh t s i ded ( "V shaped " ) b ow ls , p ie rced l ug h and le s a nd ma t i mpre s sed b ases , t on a me s o me o ft h e more p rom inen t ly d iagno s t ic c e ram ic f e a ture s o ft he Cha lco l i th ic P e r iod . S im i lar ly c e r ta in E B It ype s , f ound a tY i f tahe l a nd Umm H ammad , a re u nknown i n C ha lco l i th ic a s semb lages . I nc luded i n t h is g roup a re c ar ina ted b ow ls , n u merous f r agmen ts o f wh ich a r e f ound a tY i f tahe l ( F ig . 3 : 1 , 4 ) . Many o ft he se s pec imen s , when p reserved t o a ny c ons ide rab le s t a te , p rove t o h ave a s i nuous l i ne o r s im i lar p ro tube rance a tt he a ng le o f c a r ina t ion . V esse ls o f t h is t ype a re o f b u f f ware s c overed i n r edd ish w ashe s o r s l ips , s o me t imes p o l i shed , a nd d ark o ry e l low ish w are s , s o me o f wh ich may b e p os i t ive ly i den t i f ied a so f t he " E sdrae lon " c l ass ( F ig . 3 : 4 ) . Two o f t he se , o ne b u f f a nd r ed s l ipped ( F ig . 3 : 1 ) , t h e o ther G rey B urn ished , a re s e t o n f enes tra ted , p edes ta l b a ses . O ther f ea tures o f t he Y i f tahe l a nd Umm Ham mad a ssemb lages , n o t f ound i n Cha lco l i th ic r epe r to ires , i n c lude t he f u l l b lown , we l l f o r med , n on p ierced l e dge h and le ( o f ten i nden ted o r wavy e dged ) ( F igs 2 : 1 2; 3 : 3 , 5 ) , t he t h in s t rap h and le a nd t he h igh l o op h and le ( r ound o ro va li ns e c t ion ) . T he s imp le h em ispher ica l b ow ls f r om Umm H a m mad ( He lm s 1 984: f i g . 2 ) , wh ich s eem t o b e q u i te r a re a tY i f tahe l , may b e a no the r n on -Cha lco l i th ic f e a tu re . One b ow l o f t h is s hape d oe s a ppear i n t h e Ghassu l r epor t ( Ma l lon , K oeppe l & Neuv i l le 1 934: f i g . 4 2: 5 )b u t i t s a pparen t r a r i ty i n t he a s semb lage , a s we l l a s i t s r a the r s imp le s hape , a l low f o r t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t a ny s im i la r i ty w i th t he E B Ie xamp les i sf o r tu i tous . A rch i tec ture T he p reva i l ing s t y le o f a rch i tec ture i n s i tes o f t he Ghassu l -Beersheva Hor izon i s r e c tangu lar . A t E B IY i f tahe l t he d om inan t a nd a pparen t s o le t r ad i t ion i sc urv i l inear ( B raun 1 984; 1 985b ) w i th a l l s t ruc ture s o va l , s ausage -shaped o r r ound i n p l an ( F ig s .4 -6 ) . T he p ropen s i ty t owards t he c urv i l inear a tY i f tahe l i n t he E B Ii ss o p ronounced ( e ven t o i n terna l d iv id ing wa l ls e xh ib i t ing a marked c urva ture ) a s t o s ugges t ad e l ibe ra te a vo idance o f r e c t i l inear f o rms . S im i lar ly , a t S idon -Dakerman t here i s aL a te C ha lco l i th ic ( = E BI )o ccupa t ion i n wh ich o n ly o va l a nd s ausage -shaped b u i ld ings h ave b een f ound ( Sa idah 1 979 ) ( F ig .4 ) . T he s i gn i f icance o f t he a rch i tec tura l f i nds a t Y i f tahe l a nd D akerman i s t he a ppa ren t v i ta l i ty o f t he c urv i l inea r t r ad i t ion o f c on s t ruc t ion wh ich s ee m s t o d om ina te t o t he p o in t o f e xc lus iv i ty . F ur the r t o t he n or th , a t B yb los t here a re n ume rous s t ruc ture s o ft h e se t ype sk nown f r om as e r ie so fl e ve ls d a t ing t ot he E n M i th ique R&en t ( Dunand 1 973: p l . J a , J b , J c ) wh ich i s r ough ly c on te mporareous w i th t he , Cha lco l i th ic a nd E B IHor izon s i n I s rae l a nd J ordan . T he e xac t s t ra t igraphy o f t hese b u i ld ings i sn o t a lway s a pparen t f r om t he p ub l ished p lans b u t i td oe s a ppear t ha t t hey we re o f ten c on tempo rary w i th r e c tangu lar s t ruc tures ( F ig . 7 ) . T he o ne b u i ld ing r epor ted ly o f " aps ida l " p lan ( Dunand 1 973: S t a t ion 6 8 ) a c tua l ly c ons is ts o f ar e c tangu lar r oom t o wh ich a c urv i l inear w a l l w as a dded; v i r tua l ly a l l o ther h ouse s o f t he p e r iod a t B yb los a ppear t ob e e i the r who l ly r e c t i l inear o r who l ly c urv i l inear . R ecen t d i scove r ies o f c urv i l inear s t ruc tures a tT e l T eo i n t he Hu leh V a l ley ( E isenbe rg 1 989 ) a nd J ebe l Mu tawwaq o n t he Wady Z erqa i n Nor thern J ordan ( Hanbury T en ison 1 985 ) , where s eve ra l h undreds o f o va l h ouse s c ons truc ted i n a manner

1 0 . C hu rn s h ave b een r epo r ted i ns ome E B Ic on tex t s ( Am i ran 1 977 : f i g . 6 )b u t t h ey s eem t ob eq u i te r a re a s we l l a s morpho log ica l ly d i s t inc t f r om t he C ha lco l i th ic e xamp le s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 5E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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FI G .4 . — Ova lh ou se p l an sf r om Y i f tahe la nd S idon -Dake rman . — Uppe rR eg is te r: Y i f ta f e l( a f te ra n a e r ia lp ho tog raph ) . L owe rR eg is te r: D ake rman ( a f te rS a idah 1 979: f i g . 2 ) . S ca le: a pp rox . 1 /500 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 16E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T HE T RAN S IT ION F ROM C HALCOL ITH IC T O E ARLY B RONZ E A GE

FI G .5 .— Y i f tahe l :as au sage s haped h ou se d u r ing i t se xcava t ion .

F ic . 6— A e r ia lv i ew o fY if tahe l .

t yp ica l o f as em i -a r id z one w ere d i scovered , p rov ide c onv inc ing c or robora t ion f o r t he e x is tence o f a who l ly c urv i l inear ( a s o pposed t o a ps ida l , i . e . h av ing t wo r i gh t a ng led c orner s a nd a r ounded e nd ) t r ad i t ion o f b u i ld ing i n t he E BI .I n l i gh t o f t hese n ew d iscover ie s i ti sa dv isab le t o e xam ine p r ior c l a i ms t o a n " aps ida l " t r ad i t ion a ssoc ia ted

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 17Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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FI G .7 . — Hou se p l an sf r om t he l owe rl aye r so ft he E ndo l i th ique R 6 cen t( Cha lco l i th ic )l eve l so f S t a t ion s4 5a nd 4 6a tB yb lo s( af te r Dunand 1 973: p l .J .a ) .S ca le :a pprox . 1 /500 .

w i th t h is h or izon . Ac are fu l e xam ina t ion o f a r ch i tec tura l r ema ins , f o r wh ich s uch ac l a im h as b een made , l e ave s o n ly o ne g ood e xemp lar o f t h is s t y le; t h e l a rge , c omp le te h ouse o f S tage I V a t Meg iddo ( Engberg & S h ip ton 1 934: f i g . 2 ) a nd a s ubs tan t ia l n u mbe r o f i nde term ina te a r ch i tec tura l f r agmen ts o f ac urv i l inear a spec t wh ich a re i n su f f ic ien t d a ta f o r r e cons truc t ing t he c omp le te g round p lan o f ab u i ld ing . T he l i s t o f s i tes a t wh ich f r agmen tary c urv i l inea r w a l ls a re a ssoc ia ted w i th E B Io ccupa t ion i sc on s iderab le: R osh Hann iq ra I ( Tad mor & P rausn i tz 1 959 ) , Me se r I ( Do than 1 957; 1 959 ) , B e th Y erah I ( He s tr in 1 975 ) , P i tha t h a -Yarmuk ( Eps te in 1 985 ) , T e l l Umm H a mmad , S t age 1 /2 ( He lm s 1 984; 1 986 ) , Maabaro t ( Pora th , D ar & App lebaum 1 985: 2 06 -208 ) , L od ( Kap lan 1 977 ) , Azor ( Do than 1 958 ) a nd P a lmah im ( Gophna 1 974 :f i g . 1 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 18E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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1

2 FI G . 8 . — Co mpar ison o fa xe t ypes f ro m ( 1 )Y if tahe la nd ( 2 ) Naha l Mish mar ( af ter B ar -Adon 1 980 :f i g . 1 66 ) .

I f ,a s i ss uspec ted , s o me , o r e ven a l l o f t hese b u i ld ings may b e p or t ions o fc urv i l inea r s t ruc tures t hen t ha t t r ad i t ion may p rove t ob e af a r more w idesp read p henomenon t han i s a pparen t a t t he p resen t . T he t r ad i t ion s eem s , h owever , t o b e r e s t r ic ted t o t he n or th , c o inc id ing , t o ah igh b u t n o t a bso lu te d egree w i th t he a ppearance o f G rey B urn ished Wa res . S o me n o tab le e xcep t ions a re t he L ebanon s i tes a nd J ebe l Mu tawwaq where t h is d i s t inc t ive p o t te ry s eem s t ob ea bsen t . T he s ource o f t h is a ppa ren t ly f o re ign t r ad i t ion a ppear s t ob e o u t s ide t he a rea o f t he n or thern E BI ,p erhaps i n t he L ebanon . T he e ar l ies t r e corded a ppearance o f t he se t ype b u i ld ings i sa tB yb los i nt h e l owe s t l e ve ls o ft he E neo l i th ique R ecen t

1

.

C opp e r a x e s Me ta l f i nds a re n o tc ommon a ts i te s o ft he E B IHor izon a nd t hu s t h ed i scove ry o ft wo , f i ne ly p reserved , c opper a xeheads ( c f . F ig . 8 : 1 2 ) i n g ood s t ra t ig raph ica l c on tex t s a t Y i f tahe l , may b e c ons ide red f o r tuna te i ndeed . O f d i f feren t o ve ra l l d imen s ions , t hey a re , n ever the le ss , o f t he s a me t r unca ted , w edge -shaped t ype w i th f l ar ing o r c r escen t ic c u t t ing e dge . S evera l c l ose p ara l le ls f r om a C ha lco l i th ic c on tex t w ere f ound i n t he C ave o f t he T reasure a t Naha l M ishmar ( Bar -Adon 1 980: 13: 1 66 , 1 69; 15: 1 73 , 1 76 , 1 79 ) ( c f . F ig . 8:2 ) . Ano ther i sa t tr ibu ted t o L eve l XV I a t B e th S hean ( F i tzgera ld 1 935: p l . I I: 2 1 ,23 )a nd a ppear st oc o me f r om ac l ose ly c on temporaneous c on tex t . T he re a re n o c l o se p ara l le ls a t Ghassu l f o r a xes w i th a f l ared c u t t ing e dge wh ich e x tend b eyond t he w edge shaped b ody o ft he t oo lb u t as im i lar n on -f lar ing f o rm i sc ommon

1 . A s i ng le e xcep t ion t o t he r e c t i l inea r t r ad i t ion o f a rch i tec tu re a t Ghas su l i s af r agmen t o f ab u i ld ing i den t i f ied b yH enne s sy ( 1 969 :7 ,p l . I Vb )a s" ap s ida l "i np l an ( Zano t t i 1 98 1 :f i g .9 )i n wh ich t h e re i se v idence o n ly o f t wo p ara l le l w a l ls c u rv ing t owa rds e ach o the r , p resumab ly whe re t hey j o in . T he s e cond e nd o f t he s t ruc ture w as e i the rn o t f ound o rn o t e xc ava ted . I nt h e p ho to o ft h is b u i ld ing i ts eems q u i te c l ear t h a t t he mud -b r ick w a l l o ft he m iss ing e nd e i the r c u rves o r t u rns i nward t angen t ia l ly , t owards t he p ara l le l w a l l . T hus t he b u i ld ing i sn o t n eces sa r i ly a p s ida l i n p l an b u t i sr a the r mo re l i ke ly t ob e s au sage -shaped ( f o r ac on t ras t ing o p in ion , s ee J .Y aka r 1 989 ) . I ft h is i n te rp re ta t ion i sc o r rec t t hen i t may h ave i mp l ica t ions f o r o u r u nde r s tand ing o f t he a r ch i tec tu re o f t h is p e r iod .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 19Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

E L IOT B RAUN

t he re ( Ma l lon , K oeppe l & Neuv i l le 1 934: p l . 3 4: 2 )a nd a t many o ther s i tes o f t he s ame h or izon . Morpho log ica l ly t hese t wo a xes a re c l o se ly r e la ted , o ne p erhap s h av ing d e r ived f r om t he o ther . I ti sd i f f icu l t t o d e term ine t he s i gn i f icance o f a r t i fac ts wh ich a re r ep re sen ted i n s uch r e la t ive ly sma l l n u mbe r s b u t i td oe s s eem s a fe t os ay t ha t t he c opper a xes o fY if tahe l a nd B e th S hean XV I a re , i fn o t ad irec t i nher i tance f r om t he Cha lco l i th ic c u l ture , t hen c l ose ly r e la ted t o i t . F l in t i n du s t ry T he mos t s i gn i f ican t d i f ference b e tween t he c h ipped s t one a ssemb lages o f t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd t he E B Ii st he a dd i t ion o f t he C anaanean b lade i n t he l a t te r p er iod . I nd ica t ive o f an ew t e chno logy , n o t r ep re sen ted i n t h e C ha lco l i th ic Hor izon ( Ro sen 1 983 , 1 989 ) o f I s rae l a nd J o rdan , t he se b lade s s eem t oh ave f ound t he ir w ay t o s i tes o f t he E BI v ia s o me s y s tem o f t r ade . T hus wh i le i ti s as i gn i f ican t a dd i t ion t ot he t oo l k i t o f t he E BI a nd d emon s tra tes c on t inu i ty w i th t he E ar ly B ronze Age c u l ture , i td oe s n o t r epre sen t a w ide sp read d i ssem ina t ion o f t h is t e chno logy 12 . C anaanean b lades a re p re sen t i nt he E B Il e ve ls o fY i f tahe l b u t a re , t od a te , r a re f i nds . A t Umm H ammad B e t ts ( 1 984 ) r epor ts t hem o n ly i nt he u ppe rl e ve ls b u ta dm i t s t h a tt h is may b e t he r e su l to f asma l l s a mp le . T hey a re a l so r epor ted f r om t he E B Io ccupa t ion a tT e l T eo ( E isenberg 1 989 ) a nd i n t he L a te Cha lco l i th ic a tS idon -Dake rman ( Hour s 1 979 ) a nd B yb los ( Cauv in 1 968: 1 82 -183 ) . Ano ther d i f fe rence b e tween t he t oo lk i t so ft he t wo p er iods u nde rd i scus s ion c an b es een i n t he v i r tua l d i sappearance o f t he a dze/axe g roup o f t oo ls , av enerab le t ype w i th a h i s tory e x tend ing b ack t o Neo l i th ic t imes . None o f t h i s t ype i sr epor ted a t Umm Hammad a nd i td oes n o ta ppear i n t he E B Ia s semb lage a tY i f tahe l ( S . R osen: p e r s . c omm . ) . On t he s i de o f c on t inu i ty b e tween t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd t he E BI ,t he re i se v idence o f n on soph is t ica ted t ypes o f t oo ls , p robab ly made l o ca l ly a t t he v ar ious s i te s b y u nsk i l led p rac t i t ioner s o f t he f l in t k napp ing a r t . T hus t he re i s ad eg ree o f s im i lar i ty i n t he a rea o f a d h oc t oo ls wh ich s ugges ts a t r ans ference o f p e rhaps s o me b as ic t r ad i t iona l ways ( S .R osen :p e r s .c omm . ) . T he p roduc t ion o fs c raper s o n t a bu lar f l in ti nt he E B Is eem s a l so t oh ave b een , a tl e a s t , a n i dea i nher i ted f r om t he Cha lco l i th ic c u l ture . S uch t oo ls a re u nknown a t Y if tahe l a nd T e l T eo ( E isenberg: p e r s . c o mm . ) b u t t hey h ave b een r epor ted a t Umm Ha mmad b yB e t ts ( 1 984 ) i n t he l a ter E B Il eve ls where t hey a re d esc r ibed a s " t ongue -shaped " a nd a re d i s t ingu ished f r om Ghassu l ian " f an s c rape r s " 13 . I n c ompar ing t he t oo l k i ts o f t h e C ha lco l i th ic a nd E B IHor izons o ne c an s ee t he s ame d i cho tomy wh ich i se v iden t i nt he c e ram ic t r ad i t ions . On t h eo ne h and t h e re i s at h read o f c on t inu i ty s ugges t ing t he t r ans fe r o f s o me t r ad i t iona l me thods , s o mewha t c hanged a nd p robab ly w i th ag rea t d ea l l o s t o n t he w ay b u t n ever the le s s , s t i l l r e cogn izab le , a nd o n t he o the rh and ah ea l thy i n cremen to fn ew i deas .

1 2 . B l ade so ft h i st ype c on t inued t ob ep opu la rt h roughou tt h eE a r ly B ronze Age i n to t h eE BI V/ MB Ip er iod . 1 3 . A n i n te re s t ing s i de l igh t t ot h is o bse rva t ion i st h el a ck o fs uch t oo ls f r om an umbe ro fo the rn o r the rn s i te s o ft he p o s t -Y i f tahe l p hase so ft h e E BI .No t oo ls wha tsoeve ro ft h is t ype h ave b een f ound a tE n S hadud ,n o ri nE BI l e ve ls a tB e th Y e rah e xcava ted b y E .E i senbe rg ( pe rsona lc ommun ica t ion ) , n o ra tT e l K i tan ( E . E i senbe rg: p e rsona l c ommun ic a t ion )o ft h is p e r iod .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 0 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE T RANS MON F ROM CHALCOL ITH IC TO EARLY B RONZE AGE

B a sa l t

i n du s try

T he b asa l t i ndus try o f t he C ha lco l i th ic , r epresen ted b y n umerous f i nds , w ide ly r epor ted o n , i sa n i n tegra l p ar t o fi t s ma te r ia l c u l ture a nd t he se o b jec t s h ave c ome t ob e a ccep ted a s ak ind o fh a l l mark o ft h e p e r iod . Two b ow l t ype s , r e cogn ized b y Am i ran a nd P ora t ( 1 984 ) f o rm al a rge c orpus o fa r t i fac ts f r om many s i tes . T hey a re t he s t ra igh t wa l led b ow l w i th f l a tb a se a nd ab ow l o fs im i lar p ro f i le s e to n af ene s t ra ted , p ede s ta lb a se . One o f t he c o mmon f e a ture so ft h is g roup i si n c ised c ro s sh a tch ing d ecora t ion ,o f ten f ound o nr im s a nd l e ss f r equen t ly a l so o n t he s i de s o f b ow ls 14 . P i l lar f i gure s , a no ther p roduc t o f t he Cha lco l i th ic b asa l t i ndus try ( Ep s te in 1 978a: p l . I I ) , s eem t o b e c on f ined t o t he G o lan a spec to ft h is c u l ture .T he t h ree t ype so fb asa l to b jec t sa re t he p roduc to fa ni ndu s t ry wh ich s how s ah igh l e ve l o f t e chno logy a nd s k i l l b u t , w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he G o lan r e la ted p i l la rf i gure s , s eem s t ob e r i g id ly u n imag ina t ive . T h is l a s tg roup s hows w ide v ar ia t ion s i n s hape a nd s t y le b u t a l l a re b as ica l ly c o lumnar o b jec ts , u sua l ly t opped b y as ha l low d epre ss ion; many e xh ib i tn o se s i nr e l ie fa nd o the r s s how a dd i t iona l a n th ropomorph ic a nd z oomorph ic f e a ture s . T he b asa l t i ndus try o f t he E B Ii sl e ss w e l l k nown t han t ha t o f t he Cha lco l i th ic b u t , i n t h is w r i ter 's o p in ion , s evera l o f t he d i s t inc t ive v e sse l t ypes o f t h is p er iod a re a t l e a s t a s d iagnos t ic a nd a s w ide ly f ound a s t hose o f t he e a r l ier c u l ture 15 .F ive i den t i f iab le t ype s s ugge s ts o me more v ar ia t ion i nt he E B Ir epe r to ire . T he mos t n ume rou s e xamp les a re o f at ype o fb ow l w i th t h ick , f l a tb ase , s p layed s i de s a nd f l ared r im . One c omp le te s pec imen o f t h is t ype was f ound i n ac urv i l inear h ouse a t Y i f tahe l; a n umber o f f r ag men ts o f s im i lar v esse ls a re k nown f r om l e ss we l l d e f ined p roven ience s . Numerous b ow ls a re r epor ted f r om E B Is i tes i n t he n or th a nd t he s ou th , many i nt omb c on tex t s .T he g roup a ppear st ob el e ss h omogeneous t han t he s t ra igh tw a l led b ow ls o f t he C ha lco l i th ic , s how ing more v ar ia t ion s i n s hape s . A s ar u le t hey a re f i ne ly f a sh ioned , w e l l f i n ished a nd o f ten t hey a re d ecora ted . Morpho log ica l ly t h is g roup i sn o t d iss im i la r t o t he s t ra igh t s i ded b ow ls o f t he C ha lco l i th ic b u t t he ir s hapes a re , b ecause o f t he ir c urv ing p ro f i le s , q u i te d is t inc t f r om t he f o rmer . I ti st h is c urva ture wh ich makes t he m a g ood d iagnos t ic i nd ica tor , af e a ture e nhanced b y t he d ec ided ly n on -Cha lco l i th ic r a ised d eco ra t ion f ound o ns o me e xamp le s 16 . T he o ne -hand led c up i sn o t among t he i den t i f iab le b asa l t f r agmen t s a tY i f tahe l a nd i t a ppear s t ob e ar a re t ype 17 .T ypo log ica l ly i ts eem s t ob e ak ind o f v ar ia t ion o n t he b ow ls w i th c u rv ing s i de s a nd r e l ie f d ecora t ion w i th t he a dd i t ion o f ah and le . I ta l so h as a bou t i t ,t he s ugge s t ion o fs im i lar i ty w i th t h e f our h and led b ow ls ( s ee b e low ) . T he f our -hand led b ow l a s at ype a ppea r s t ob e u n ique t ot he E B Ic u l ture o f I s rae l a nd J ordan w i thou t a ny morpho log ica l a n ces try i n t he C ha lco l i th ic Hor izon 18 .I t s d i s t inc t ive

1 4 . F o r d e ta i led d e s c r ip t ion o ft he se d e co ra t ions ,s ee Am i ran & P o ra t1 984: 1 12 . 1 5 . On ly ar e la t ive ly s ma l l n umbe r o f t h ese b ow l s h ave b een p ub l ished a nd t ho se c ome ma in ly f o rm t omb c on tex ts . O the rs a re k nown f r om mu seum c o l le c t ions i n I s rae l a nd many mo re a re u npub l i shed e xamp le s a nd f r agmen t si nt he c o l le c t ion o ft h e I s rae l D epa r tmen to f An t iqu i t ie sa nd Mu seums . 1 6 . Gophna ( 1 97 9 )h as n o ted t he u se o fr a i sed r ope d eco ra t ion a nd c on ica l p ro jec t ions i n t h e E BI ,s ugges t ing t h a t t hey a re r eg iona ld eve lopmen t s . P roven ienced e xamp le so ft h i s t ype c ome f r om J awa ( He lms 1 976: f i g . 9 : 1 ) , B ab e dh -Dhra ( S a l le r 1 964 -5: f i g . 2 6 ) a nd T e l E ran i ( Ye iv in 1 96 1 :p l .V I I I: l owes t r eg is te r , l ower r i gh t h and c o rne r . ) . 1 7 . T h is w r i te rk nows o fo n ly t wo e xamp le so ft h is t ype . One i sr epo r ted ly f r om B ab e dh -Dh ra ( S a l le r1 96 4 -5: f i g .2 7 )a nd t he s e cond i so n d i sp lay i nt h eI s rae l Mu seum . B o th b ear d eco ra t ions i nr el ie f . 1 8 . Am i ran 's c on ten t ion ( Am iran & P o ra t 1 984: 10 ) t ha t t he a nces to r o f t he f ou r -hand led b ow l i st he f ene s t ra ted p ede s ta l led v e s se l o ft h eC ha lco l i th ic p e r iod d oes n o ts eem c onv inc ing . T he r ec tangu lar b ase , t he s t rap h and le s ( no t l e g s ) ,s p layed o u te rp ro f i le sa nd t ubu lar we l l s o ft h es ec r ea t ions i nb asa l ta ppear , t ot h is w r i te r , t ob e v e ry f a r r emoved f r om t h eh igh f oo ted C ha lcol i th ic v e sse l sw i th t h e i rr i ng b ase s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 1 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

EUOT B RAUN

r e c tangu lar b ase , s t rap h and le s j o in ing b ase t o r im a nd o u tward ly c oncave , i nward ly c y l indr ica l we l l , a l so h ave n o k nown p ara l le ls i nt he p o t tery a s se mb lage s o f t h is p e r iod . T he s pec i men s f ound i nc l ear s t ra t ig raph ica l c on tex t s ( B raun 1 985a: 8 9 , 9 4 -95 ) s eem t od a te s o mewha t l a te i n t he E B Is equence . Howeve r , s ome e xamp le s c i ted b y Am iran a nd P ora t ( 1 984: 1 7 ) b ear ad i s t inc t ive i n c ised c ross h a tch ing o nt he r im — af e a ture o f ten a s soc ia ted w i th t he b asa l t i ndus try o f t he Cha lco l i th ic p er iod . One o f t hese f our -hand led b ow ls , i lus tra ted i n al e c ture b y Am iran ( 1 985b: u npub l ished p ho to ) was d ecora ted w i th d i s t inc t ive c ross h a tch ing i n c is ion s o n t he r im b u t t h ee xecu t ion s eem s t ob e c ruder t han i s c ommon o n b ow l s f r om C ha lco l i th ic c on tex t s . T hu s t h e re i st he s ugges t ion o fs o me s l igh t c onnec t ion w i th t he e ar l ie rp e r iod f o rt h is g roup o fb ow l s . Au n ique , f ene s t ra ted , p edes ta l led , b asa l t b ow l -o ft h e E B IHor izon was r epor ted f r om T omb 16 a t Meg iddo ( Guy & E ngbe rg 1 938: 2 1 -23 ) . O f s pec ia l i n te re s t i st he s hape o ft he b ow l w i th i t s h em ispher ica l p ro f i le a nd c on ica l p ro t ru s ion s . Unpedes ta l led c e r am ic b ow ls w i th s im i lar p ro t ru s ion s a re c ommon a tn or the rn E B Is i te s ( Braun 1 985a :4 1 , 11 ,T ab le 3 : T ype 1 0 ) b u t a ppear s o mewha t l a te i n t he h or izon; n umerous e xamp les a re f ound a tE n S hadud a nd Meg iddo b u t t h is t ype i sc omp le te ly a bsen t a tY if tahe l . Ano the ru n ique b asa l t o b jec t w as u near thed i nt he mos t r e cen te xcava t ion s a tY i f tahe l . I ti s asma l l ,s l ende r ,r ound c o lumnar t ype o b jec t ,t aper ing f r om as ha l low d ep re s s ion o nt op t o an ar rower , f l a t b ase . I t was f ound f a l len o n t he f l oor o f ac urv i l inear h ouse t oge ther w i th much t yp ica l p o t te ry i n c lud ing b ow ls o f Wr igh t 's T ype 1G rey B urn ished Ware . T h is b asa l t o b jec t i sr em in iscen t o f s eve ra l o f t he sma l ler p i l lar f i gures o f t he Cha lco l i th ic c u l ture o ft he G o lan ( Eps te in 1 978b: f i g . 1 )a nd may h ave s e rved as im i lar f unc t ion . B ur ia l t r ad i t ions E v idence f o r b ur ia l t r ad i t ion s a t Ghassu l c on s is ts o f an u mber o f i n fan t s i n j a r s ( Lee 1 973: 3 32 ) wh ich o bv ious ly d o n o t a ccoun t f o r t he b u lk o f t he p opu la t ion . T hus i ts e ems l i ke ly t ha t t he re i s as pec ia l s i gn i f icance t o t he se i n tra -s i te i nhu ma t ions a nd , i n l i eu o f c on f irmed e v idence o f ac e me tery a t Ghassu l h o r izon i no rde rt os t udy mo r tua ry c us tom s .

1 9

i t

i sn ecessary t ot u rn t oo ther s i tes o ft h i s

A n umber o f o ther me thods o f i n termen t a re r ecorded a s a ssoc ia ted w i th t he C ha lco l i th ic c u l ture . T hey i n c lude t umu l i a nd c i s t g raves a s a t Ade imeh n ear Ghassu l ( S teke l is 1 935: c h . I I ) , c i rcu lar s t ruc ture s a s t hose i n t he c eme tery a t Mezad A lu f ( Levy 1 986: 9 7 ) a nd b ur ia l c aves , o f ten t he r epos i to r ie s f o r o ssuar ie s , a s t hose a t B en S hemen , B ne i B eraq , G iva tay im ( Pe r ro t & L ad iray 1 980 ) a nd A zor ( Pe r ro t 1 961 ) . No b ur ia ls o f t he E B Ih ave b een e ncoun te red a tY i f tahe l b u t t he re i s ac ons iderab le b ody o fe v idence f r om o the r s i te s ,p ub l ished a nd u npub l i shed , wh ich s ugge s ts t ha t t he u se o f c aves f o r mu l t ip le i nhuma t ions was ac ommon p rac t ice i n t h is p er iod i n t he n or the rn r eg ion . W i th t he e xcep t ion o ft he i n fan t j a rb ur ia ls a tT e l T eo ( E i senbe rg 1 989 ) 20 a nd B e th Y erah ( Ma is ler e ta l . 1 952 ) , t hose t ype s o fi n te rmen ts c ommon t ot he C ha lco l i th ic c u l ture , a re u nknown i nt he E B Ia nd t he u se o fo ssuar ie s i s , t ot he b e s t o ft h is w r i ter 's k now ledge , r e s t r ic ted t o t he e ar l ie r p e r iod . T hus i t wou ld s e em t ha t t he re i s amarked c on t ras t i n t he ma jo r i ty o ft he b ur ia lc us tom s o ft h e E B Ip eop le s a sc o mpared w i th t hose o ft he p reced ing i nhab i tan ts .

1 9 . I t may b e t ha t t he ma in c eme te ry o f Ghas su l w as l o ca ted n earby a t Ade imeh ( S teke l i s 1 935: 3 8 -80 ) a l though L ee ( 1 97 3 :3 32 )b e l ieve st h a ts uch a ni n terp re ta t ion i sn ol onge rt e nab le . 2 0 . I ti sd i f f icu l t t oe va lu a te t h i s r e cen td i scove ry; i tmay b ei nd ic a t ive o fl i nks w i th t h e L ebanon s i te s whe re t h is t ype o fb u r ia l c on t inue s i n to t h is p e r iod o r a l te rna te ly i tmay b e ac on t inua t ion o fa n i nd igenou s C ha lco l i th ic p rac t ice .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 2Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T HE T RANS MON F ROM CHALCOL ITH IC T O E ARLY B RONZE AGE

S umma ry I n t h e s e lec ted c o mpar ison s o fs o me b as ic e l emen ts o f t he ma te r ia l c u l ture s o ft he L a te Cha lco l i th ic a nd E a r ly E B IHor izon s d i scussed a bove , we h ave s een t ha t wha t was o nce b e l ieved t ob e aw ide g ap o rc omp le te b reak , h as b een s i gn i f ican t ly n a r rowed . C lear ly t he p ara l le ls wh ich e x is t i n t he c e ra m ics , l i th ics a nd p erhaps a l so i n s o me o f t he b ur ia l c us tom sa r ei nd ica t ive o fs o me manne ro fc on tac tb e tween t h e se c u l ture sb u t ,j udg ing b yt he n o t i n con s iderab le d i f fe rence s , t h e E ar ly E B Io f t he n or th d oes n o t a ppear t ob e ad i rec t , l og ica l d eve lopmen t a r is ing f r om a l o ca l C ha lco l i th ic m i l ieu 21 .T he c on t ras t , e spec ia l ly i n a r ch i tec tura l t r ad i t ions , t he l a ck o f c on t inu i ty i n s e t t lemen t p a t terns a nd t he v ery c on s ide rab le a dd i t ions t o t he r ange o f a r t i fac ts , c e ram ic a nd l i th ic , a l l p o in t t o ah eavy l e aven ing o fn ew a nd i mpor tan ti nf luence s wh ich h e lped t oc r ea te t h ee ar ly E B Ic u l ture i n t he n or th , a n e n t i ty d i s t inc t f r om t ha t o f t he Cha lco l i th ic b u t n o t t o ta l ly i s o la ted f r om i t s i nf luences . How t o u nde r s tand wha th appened when t he C ha lco l i th ic c u l ture c a me t oa n e nd a nd t he eme rgen ce o ft he n ew E B Ic u l ture wh ich r ep laced i t ,i so ne o ft he t horn ie s tp rob lem si n t he a r chaeo logy o f I s rae l a nd J o rdan . T he e v idence i sp a tchy , i n conc lus ive , mu l t i face ted a nd o f ten c on trad ic tory; t h et r ans i t iona lo ccupa t ion sr ema in u n recogn ized . One c an c on jure u pw ar , p lague , f am ine o rs o me o the rc a tas t rophe o fc ons ide rab le magn i tude t oe xp la in t he c e ssa t ion o f t he C ha lco l i th ic c u l ture . E qua l ly a ccep tab le i ss ome l e ss t r ag ic e xp lana t ion s ugge s t ing n ew a nd s i zab le p opu la t ion i n cremen ts f l ood ing t he l and , a dd ing n ew c u l tura l e l emen ts a nd c aus ing t he d i lu t ion o f l o ca l o ne s . Wha tever t he a r chaeo log ica l r e cord w i l l e ven tua l ly i nd ica te ( and ac omb ina t ion o f s uch f a c tor s n eed n o t b e r u led o u t ) t he b reak b e tween t hese t wo p er iod s w i l l , i ti ss uspec ted , e ven tua l ly p rove t ob e a brup t a nd q u i te t h oroughgo ing . I t i s d i f f icu l t t o d i scuss t he t r ans i t ion b e tween t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd E B Ip er iods w i thou t t ouch ing o n t he ir r e la t ive c h rono logy . Un for tuna te ly , t hose s i tes where t he s t ra t igraphy m igh t h ave a n swered s o me q ues t ion s a s t o t he p oss ib i l i ty o f Cha lco l i th ic a nd E B Io ccupa t ions a c tua l ly b e ing c on temporaneous , h ave b een l e f t u npub l ished o r a re p ub l ished o n ly c ursor i ly . T here fore t here i s n o r e l iab le f r ame o f r e ference f o r e ven

2 1 . Gu s tayson Gaube ( 1 985: 4 9 ) h as c l a imed c on t inu i ty o f o ccupa t ion b e tween t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd E BI h or izons f o r t he e ar ly l e ve l s o f T el e sh -Shuna , b u t h e r i n terp re ta t ion o f t he e v idence ( anyway , t he r e su l t s o f a smal s ound ing o f7 5s q .m . )i sh igh ly q ue s t ionab le . P re sumab ly s he d e f ined t h ea dven to ft he E B Ib yt h ea ppe a rance o fG rey B u rn i shed Ware b e c ause o the rw i se t he re s eems t ob el i t t le c hange e v iden tw i th in t he e n t i re s equence: « In t e rms o f i t s a r te f ac t r epe r to i re , t he S huna No r th c e ram ic a s semb lage i ss t r ik ing i n t he p e rs i s ten t u se o f es t abl i shed p o t te ry -mak ing t r ad i t ion s t h roughou t t he e xcava ted s equence , i ndependen t o f wha t t he a r chaeo log is t may w ish t oc a l l C ha lco l i th ic o r E a r ly B ronze I .On t h e b as is o fk nown c h rono log ica l i nd ica to rs , t he S huna No r th s equence i sd i s t ingu ished b y t he i n t roduc t ion a nd s ubsequen t d is con t inu a t ion i n to i t s o ngo ing t r ad i t ion o f t wo d is t inc tw are t ype s . T he g rey -bu rn ished " Esd rae lon "w a re sa ppear a pp rox ima te ly o ne th ird o ft he way t h rough t h e e xcava ted s equence . T he " b and -s l ipped " ware sa re i n t roduced s l igh t ly l a te r ,d e f in i te ly b ecom ing a n a ccep tab le p ar t o ft he c e ram ic r epe r to i re i nt he u ppe rt h i rd o ft h es equence .» ( Gu s taysonGaube 1 985 :4 9 ) . When t he p o t te ry a s semb lage o f t he s equence i sc ons ide red , wha t i ss t r ik ing i st he a bsence o f a ny t r u ly d iagno s t i cC ha lcol i th ic p o t te ry t ype s s uch a s c hu rns ,c o rne t s , V -shaped b ow ls w i th ar ed -pa in ted b and o n t he r im a nd ma ti mp re ssed b ase s . T hu s i ta ppear s a si ft he e n t i re S huna No r th s equence s hou ld a c tua l ly b ep laced w i th in t he E BI .C e r ta in ly t h ed ep th o ft h es t ra t ig raphy f o rt h is p e r iod i sp arale led a tn ea rby Umm H ammad ( He lms 1 986: 2 8 )( a sa r e many o ft h ep o t te ry t ype s )a nd t he re i sn or e ason why t h eS huna No r th s equence c ou ld n o ts pan t h e ma jo r p ar t o f t h i s l e ng thy p e r iod . T he a b sence o f " Es c i rae lon " w a re i n t he e a r l ie s t l e ve ls may p e rhap s s i gna l a n e ven e ar l ie r s t age o fE B It h an t h a t a tY i f tahe l o r Umm H ammad o r i sp os s ib ly d ue t ot he s ma l l s amp le ( o r o u t s ide t he n e two rk o fi t s d i s t r ibu t ion f o r ac e r ta in p e r iod ) . A cco rd ing t o Gu s taysonGaube ( 1 985: 5 2 ) t h i s d i s t inc t ive p o t te ry i s ,i na ny c ase , r a re a tt h es i te . T he a ppea rance o fG rey B u rn ished Ware p r io r t ot h a t o fb and -s l ipp ing ( g ra in w ash ) p ara l le ls wha t we k now o f d eve lopmen ts b e tween Y i f tahe l a nd E n S hadud a nd a l so a t B e th Y e rah ( s ee a bove c once rn ing t h e a ppe a rance o f G rey B u rn ished Ware w i th g ra in w ash d eco ra ted ware ) a nd i s who l ly c ons is ten t w i th t h es ugg e s ted c h rono logy o ft h eE B Io u t l ined a bove .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 3Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

E L IOT B RAUN

b eg inn ing t ou nde r s tand t he mechan ic so ft h e t r an s i t ion .T he s o r to fe v idence wh ich wou ld p rove t h ec on temporaneou sne ss o ft he t wo c u l ture s ( i .e .o ve r lapp ing ) wou ld h ave t ob ei n t he f o rm o f v i r tua l ly c o mp le te , d iagnos t ic a r t i fac t s ( p re ferab ly f r ag i le p o t te ry v e sse l s , n o t l i ke ly t ob eh e i r loom s ) f ound i ns i tu o n al i v ing s u r face a nd i nq uan t i ty

2

.T o

d a te n o s uch

e v idence h a sb een f o r thcom ing . One o ft h e mos tp uzz l ing a spec t s o ft he E B IHo r izon c on s i s t so f an u mbe ro fe n igma t ic p ara l le ls w i th o ther s t age s o f c u l tura l d eve lopmen t wh ich d o n o t a ppear t ob e c l ose ly r e la ted c hrono log ica l ly . On t he o ne h and , s o me o f t h e p o t tery s hape s o f t he n o r thern E BI s i tes , u nknown i n t he Ghassu l ian c u l ture , a ppear t o h ave p ara l le ls i n , o r a t l e as t a re h igh ly r em in iscen t o f , Neo l i th ic t ypes . A n u mbe r o f s cho lar s i n c lud ing d e M irosched j i ( 1 97 1 :1 25 130 ) ;1 986: 1 5 ) , P e r ro t ( 1 972 :4 38 ) , K enyon ( 1 979: 6 5 ) , a nd K enyon & Ho l land ( 1 983: x xx i i i ) , h ave t ouched o n t h is s eem ing ly a noma lous r e la t ionsh ip b u t , a s y e t , t he re a re n o r ea l ly p lau s ib le e xp lana t ions f o r t he se p a ra l le ls . A t t he o ther e nd o f t he t ime s c a le t here a re c e r ta in f e a ture s o f t he ma ter ia l c u l ture o f t he l a te E B I( po s t Y i f tahe l ) p ha se s wh ich o f ten a ppea r t oh ave more i nc o mmon w i th t he Cha lco l i th ic t han w i th t he Y i f tahe l t ype s i tes . T he r eappearance ( or c on t inued a ppearance ) o f an u mber o f C ha lco l i th ic l ike f e a tures , i n c lud ing t he b roadroom s t y le o f b u i ld ing ( Pora th 1 985 ) , t a bu la r f l in t ( " fan " o r " t ongue shaped " ) s c raper s , " Pro to -U rban D " p o t tery a t Umm Hammad S t age I ( He lm s 1 984: 4 7 -49 ) a nd " Ghassu l ian " t ype c l ay s poons f r om t ombs a t K e fa r G l ickson ( Z ig leman 1 978: p l .2 : 5 , 6 ) , B ab e dh -Dhra ( Sa i le r 1 964 -5: f i g . 3 3: 3 5; S chaub 1 981: f i g . 6 : 1 2 -13 ) a nd T e l l e n -Nasbeh ( Unpub l ished: I s rae l D epar tmen t o f An t iqu i t ies a nd Museums , N ° 1 1686 = T e l l e n -Nasbeh E xcava t ion s , 1 926 , T 6 , N ° 5 8 ) a re s o me o f t he more r emarkab le s im i lar i t ie s . T he f ene s tra ted p ede s ta l led b asa l t b ow l w i th c on ica l p ro trus ions ( a p os t Y i f tahe l E B If e a ture c o mmon o n p o t tery b ow ls ) f r om Meg iddo a nd wha t may p oss ib ly b e ad egenera te f o rm o f i n c ised , t yp ica l ly Cha lco l i th ic d ecora t ion o n af our h and led b asa l t b ow l 23 , a l so r e f lec t t h is e n igma t ic c hrono log ica l r e la t ionsh ip , o ne wh ich i s n o t , a t t he p resen t , p ara l le led i n t he a rchaeo log ica l r e cord . C lear ly o ur u nde r s tand ing o ft he mean s b y wh ich t he c u l tura lb urden was t r an s fe r red a nd b y wh ich t he d i s t inc t ive c u l tures " de f ined " b y a rchaeo log is t s a rose i s f a r f r om a dequa te . E xpan s ion o fo ur k now ledge i n t he a reas o f c h rono logy ( ab so lu te a nd r e la t ive ) a nd o ccupa t iona l s equence s , l e avened w i th a h ea l thy i n crea se i n t he v o lume o f r e l iab le d a ta , w i l l p erhap s , l i f t t he v e i l o f e n igma wh ich s h rouds s o much o f t he a rchaeo log ica l r e cord o f t he l a te p reh is tor ic s oc ie t ies o f I s rae l a nd J o rdan a nd t he ir i n te r re la t ion sh ip t o e ach o ther . A n o l e ss i mpor tan t a spec t o f t he i n ter re la t ion sh ips o f t hese e ar ly s oc ie t ies i st h e a pparen t t emporary n a ture o f t he Y i f tahe l t ype e ar ly E B Ic u l tura l p hase . A l though t here s eems t o b e ar e la t ive ly l a rge n umber o f s i tes where s im i lar a nd p robab ly c on temporaneous o ccupa t ion s h ave b een n o ted , t he ir i n f luence a ppear s n e i ther t ob e l ong t e rmed n or p e rvas ive . T ha t i s em inen t ly c l ear a t Meser where t h e a r ch i tec tu ra l s equence s hows t he c urv i l inear o r a ps ida l b u i ld ing ( Leve l I ) c ove red b y al a ter E B Idwe l l ing o f r e c t i l inear p lan ( Leve l I ) . A t E n S hadud t he p reva i l ing t r ad i t ion o f h ouse c on struc t ion a ppears t o b e r e c t i l inea r a l though t h ere i st he a dd i t ion o f a mu ted c u rv i l inear e l e men t .

2 2 . T h i s i n s is tence o n v i r tua l ly c omp le te v esse l s i n q uan t i ty , e spec ia l ly r ef lec ts t he r ea l i t ies o f f i e ld e xcava t ion a nd r e cove ry me thods o ns i te s whe re n ume rou sa nd c on t inuou so ccupa t iona ll aye r sa re c omp re ssed i n to d epo s i ts o fl i t t le d ep th . 2 3 . Al a rge n umbe r o fs u ch b ow l s h ave b een f ound b u t f ew a re p ub l ished a nd o n ly s o me f ew e xamp les h ave b een r ecove red f r om s ys tema t ic , s t ra t ig raph ic e xcava t ions . I n e ve ry c ase t hey h ave b een a s soc ia ted w i th p o s t Y i f tahe l E B Io rE B Io c cupa t ions ( B raun 1 985 :8 9 ,9 4 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -2 4-

THE T RAN S IT ION F ROM CHALCOL ITH 1C T O E ARLY B RONZE AGE

T he s equence i ss im i lar a tB e th S hean , B e th Y e rah a nd Umm Hammad a nd c urv i l inear a rch i tec ture v i r tua l ly d i sappear s a t a l l s i tes i n t he l a tes t p hases o f t he E B I . No t u nexpec ted ly , many o f t he c eram ic f o rm s o f t he Y i f tahe l p hase e i ther d i sappear c omp le te ly o ra re g rea t ly c hanged . T hus i t wou ld s eem t ha ti ti sn ow p os s ib le t os peak o fs o me f o rm o fe ar ly n or the rn E BI , ap hase t yp if ied b y Y i f tahe l , wh ich i sd i s t inc t ly n on -Cha lco l i th ic a nd wh ich t o s ome e x ten t , r epre sen t s a n i n ter rup t ion i n t he c on t inu i ty o f i nd igenous c u l tura l d eve lopmen t . P e rhap s i n t r y ing t od i s t ingu i sh t he t r an s i t ion b e tween t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd t he E BI ,i ti s n o t s o much al i nk t ha t i sm iss ing a s t he a dd i t ion o f al i nk wh ich h as c r ea ted p rob lem s i n o u r u nder s tand ing; as i zab le c u l tura l i n cremen t r epre sen ted i n t he a rchaeo log ica l r e cord , b y s i te s o f t he Y i f tahe l p hase . S uch a mode l wou ld a ccoun t f o r t he p ar t ia l a nd h igh ly s e lec t ive c on t inu i ty a nd c hange s i nc u l tu ra l t r ad i t ions wh ich a re embod ied i nt h is d i f f icu l t a nd c on fu s ing p e r iod . D e c emb e r 1 986 .

ACKNO WLEDGEMENTS _ _ Iw ish t ot h ank an umb e ro fp eop le f o rt h eh e lp wh ich t hey e x tended i nt he p repa ra t ion o f t h is p ap er . Ms . T edy Mazzo la ( Arch i tec t , A r t is t , I DAM ) v e ry g ene rous ly c onsen ted t o d raw t he s chema t ic i lus t ra t ions a ccompany ing t he t e x t . T hank s a re d ue t o Mr . Av i E y tan ( D i rec to r I DA M ) f o r h is p erm i ss ion t o r ep roduce t he d raw ing so ft he Y i f tahe l ma te r ia lh e re . Iam e spec ia l ly g ra te fu l t o Mr . Emmanue l E i senbe rg ( S en io r E xcava t ing A rchaeo log i s t , I DAM ) f o r h i s g ene ros i ty i n p e rm i t t ing me t o d iscus s s ome o f t he f i nd s o fh is r ecen t e xcava t ion a tT e l T eo . D r . S teven R o sen 's ( A rchaeo log ica l S u rvey o f I s rae l ) p re l im inary s tudy o n t he l i th ics o f Y i f tahe l a nd h i s p e r sona l o bse rva t ions we re i nva lu ab le a ids . T h i s i sa l so a n a pp ropr ia te p lace t o e xp re ss my t hank s a nd a dm i ra t ion t o Ms . M i cha l B en -Ga l ( Re s to re r , I DAM ) who d id s uch af i ne j ob r e s tor ing t h e p o t te ry o f Y i f tahe l , an one t oo s imp le t a sk , a nd t oa l l t he o the r s who made t he e xcava t ion o ft ha t s i te as ucce ss . Mr . M ikko L ouh ivuor i ( Heb rew U n ive r s i ty )d e se rve st hank sf o rh i sc r i t ica lo bserva t ions d u r ing t he p repara t ion o ft h is p ape r a nd f o rh i s e ncou ragemen ti ni t sr e sea rch ,a nd Mrs Aya la S us sman ( Ed i to r , I DAM ) i sd ue t hank sf o rd ona t ing h e r e d i to r ia l s k i l ls i np o l ish ing t he f i na l v e rs ion .

B IBLI OGRAP HY AHARON I ,Y . 1 982 T h eA r cha eo logy o ft h e L and o fI s r a e l . L ondon: S .C . M . P re ss L td . AMMAN ,R . 1 969 A nc i en t P o t te ry o ft h eH o ly L and . J e ru sa lem: Massada P res s L td . 1 97 7 P o t te ry F rom t he C ha lco l i th ic S i te Nea r T el D e lham iya a nd S ome No tes o n t he C harac te r o f t he C ha lco l i th ic -Ea r ly B ronze IT rans i t ion . E r e tz I s r a e l 1 3 :4 8 -56 . 1 985a T he T rans i t ion f r om t h e C ha lcol i th ic t ot he E ar ly B ronze Age . P p . 1 08 112 i nJ .Av i ram 8 zA . B i ran e ds , B i b l i ca l A r cha eo logy T od ay . J e rusa lem: T he I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . 1 985b A D eco ra ted B asa l t B ow l . P roceed ings o f t he E leven th A rchaeo log ica l C onfe rence i n I s rae l: 2 4 . J e ru sa lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . AMMAN ,R .8 zP ORAT ,N . 1 984 T he B asa l tV e s se ls o ft h eC ha lco l i th ic P e r iod a nd E a r ly B ronze Age I .T e lA v iv 1: 1 -19 . B AR -ADON ,P . 1 980 T h e C av e o ft h e T r e a sur e . T he F ind s f r om N aha l M i shma r . J e rusa lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . B E-r is ,A .V . 1 984 App end ix I :C h ipped S tone T oo l s .( I nH e lm s1 984 ) .L ev an t 1 6 :5 2 . B RAUN ,E . 1 984 No te s & New s: Y i f tahe l . I s r a e l E xp lo ra t i on J ourna l3 4: 1 9 1 194 . 1 985a E nS hadud : S a lvage E xcava t ions a t aF arm ing C ommun i ty i nt h eJ e z ree lV a l ley I s rae l .B .A .R . I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s: 2 49 .O x fo rd: B .A .R . 1 985b No te s & New s: Y i f tahe l . I s ra e l E xp lo r a t i on J o urna l 3 5: 5 8 -59 . CAUV IN ,J . 1 968 F ou i l l e s d e B yb lo s , t ome I V . L e s o u t i l lag e s ne l i th iqu e s d e B yb lo s e t d u l i t tor a l l i bana i s . Ma isonneuve .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -2 5-

P ar is: A .

E L IOT B RAUN DOTHAN ,M . 1 957

E xcava t ions a t Me se r 1 956: P rel im inary R epo r t o n t he F i r s t S eason . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 7 : 2 17 2 28 .

1 958 1 959

No te s & New s: A zo r . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 8 : 2 72 . E xcava t ions a t Me se r 1 957: P re l im inary R epo r t o n t he S econd S eason . I s ra e l E xp lo r a t i on J ourna l 9 : 1 3 2 9 . DUNAND ,M . 1 973

F ou i l l e s d e B yb lo s , t om e V . L ' ar ch i t ec tur e , l e s t omb e s , l em a te r i e l d ome s t ique , d e s o r ig in e s n i o l i th i que s l ' av& zem en t u rb a in . ( T ex te e tP l anche s ) . P a r is: A . Ma isonneuve . E LL IO T ,C . 1 978 T he Gha ssu l ian Cu l tu re i nP a le s t ine :O r ig ins ,I nf luence sa nd A bandonmen t . L ev an t1 0: 3 7 -54 . E I SENBERG ,E . 1 989 T he C ha lcol i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze IO c cupa t ions a tT e lT eo .T h i sv o lume . :2 9 -40 . ENGBERG ,R .a nd S H IPTON ,G . 1 934 N o te s o n t h e C ha lco l i th i c a nd E a r ly B ronz e A ge P o t t ery o f Meg iddo . S tud ies i n Anc ien t O r ien ta l C iv i l iza t ions 1 0 . Ch ic ago: T he Un ive rs i ty o fC h icago P re s s . E PSTE IN ,C . 1 978a

A New A spec t o f C ha lco l i th ic Cu l tu re . B u l l e t in o ft h e Am er i c an S choo l s o fO r i en ta l R e s ear ch 2 29: 1 44 1 63 .

1 978b

A spec ts o fS ymbo l ism i nC ha lco l i th ic P a les t ine . P p . 2 2 -35 i nP .R .S . Moo rey & P . J . P arr e d s , A r cha eo logy i nt h e L ev an t ( E s say s i nH ono ro fK a th l een K enyon ) . Warm ins te r: A ns & P h i l l ip s L td . No te s & News: P i tha th a -Y armuk . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J o urna l3 5: 5 6 -57 .

1 985 ESE , D . 1 984

AC hrono log ica lM i rage , R ef lec t ions o n E ar ly B ronze I C i nP a les t ine . J o urna l o fN ea r E a s t ern S tud i e s4 3: 3 17 -330 . F I ILGERALD , E . 1 935 B e th S han: E ar l ie s t P o t te ry . T he Mu seum J o urna l 1 : 5 52 . GOPHNA ,R . 1 974

T he S e t t l em en t o f t h e C oa s ta l P l a in o fE r e tz I s r ae l D ur ing t h e E ar ly B r onz e A g e . Unpub l ished D oc to ra l T he s is S ubm i t ted t ot he S ena te o fT e l Av iv Un ive r s i ty ( Heb rew ) . 1 979 Two E a r ly B ronze Age B asa l tB ow l sf r om t he V ic in i ty o fN izzan im . T e lA v iv 6 : 1 36 137 . GUSTAVSON -GAUBE ,C . 1 985

T e l l e sh -Shuna No r th 1 984: A P re l im ina ry R epo r t . A nnua lo ft h e D ep ar tmen to fA n t i qu i t i e s o fJ o rd an 2 9: 4 3 -87 . GUY ,P .L .0 . & ENG I 3ERG ,R . 1 938 Meg iddo T omb s . O r ien ta l I n s t i tu te P ub l ica t ion 3 8 . C h icago: U n ive r s i ty o fC h icago P re s s . HAN I 3URY -TEN ISON ,J . 1 985 J ebe l Mu tawwaq . L i ler A nnuu s3 5: 4 10 -4 12 . HELMS ,S . 1 976 J awa E xcava t ions 1 974 - A P re l im inary R epo r t . L ev an t8 : 1 35 . 1 984 E xc ava t ions a tT e l l Umm H a rnmad E sh -Sha rq iya i nt he J o rdan V aley 1 982 .L ev an t1 6: 3 5 -58 . 1 986 E xcava t ions a tT e l l Umm H am r nad 1 984 .L ev an t1 8 :2 8 -50 . HENNE SSY ,J .B . 1 969 P re l im inary R epo r to n aF i rs tS eason o fE xcava t ions a tT e le i la t Ghas su l . L ev an t 1 : 1 24 . HE STR IN ,R . 1 975 B e th Y e rah . P p . 2 53 -262 i nM . Av i -Yonah & E .S te rn e d s , E ncy c lop ed i a o fE x c av a t ion s i n t h e H o ly L and, V o lume I .J e ru sa lem :I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S o c ie ty . I zOURS ,F . 1 979 L ' indu s t r ie l i th ique d eS a ida -Dake rman . B en j tu s1 7 :5 7 -76 . KAPLAN ,Y . 1 977 Neol i th ic a nd C ha lco l i th ic R ema ins a tL od . E r e tz I s r a e l 1 3: 5 7 -75 . ( Heb rew ) . K ENYON ,KM . 1 979 A r cha eo logy i nt h eH o ly L and .4 th E d i t ion . L ondon :E .B enn L td . K ENYON ,K .M . & HOLLAND ,T .A . 1 983 E x c av a t ion sa tJ e r i cho , V o lum e V . L ondon: B r i t i sh S choo lo fA rchaeo logy i nJ e ru sa lem . KO EPPEL ,R . 1 940 T e l e i l a t G ha s su l I . R ome: I n s t i tu t B ib l ique P on t i f ica l . L APP ,P . 1 970 P a les t ine i n t he E a r ly B ronze Age . P p . 1 0 1 13 1 i nJ .A . S ande r s e d . , N ear E a s te rn A r cha eo logy i nt h e 2 0 th C en tu ry: E s say s i nH ono ro fN e l son G lue ck. G a rden C i ty: D oub leday & C o . LE E ,J .R . 1 973 C ha l co l i th i c G ha s su l: N ew A sp ec t s a nd Ma s t e r T ypo logy . U npub l ished T he s is S ubm i t ted f o r t he D eg ree " Doc to ro fP h i lo sophy "t ot he S ena te o ft he H eb rew U n ive r s i ty o fJ e ru s a lem . L EVY ,T . 1 986 T he C ha lco l i th ic P e r iod . B i b l i c a l A r chaeo log i s t 4 9: 8 2 -108 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 6Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE T ' RANS MON F ROM CHALCOL ITH IC T O E ARLY B RONZ E AGE MA ISLER ,B . , ST EKEL IS ,M . ,a nd AV I -YONAH ,M . 1 952 E xcava t ions a tB e th Y e rah . I s r ae l E xp lo r a t i on J o urna l 2 : 2 18 -229 . MALLON ,A . , KO EPPEL ,R . & NEUV ILLE ,R 1 934 T e l e i la t G ha s su l I .R oma: S c r ip ta P on t i f ic i I n s t i tu t i B ib l ic i . MELLAART ,J . 1 966 T he C ha lco l i th i c a nd t h e E ar ly B r onz e A g e s i nt h e N e a r E a s t a nd A na to l i a . B e iru t: K haya ts . M iRO SCHED J I ,P .D E 1 97 1 L ' gpoqu e p r g -ur ba ine e n P a l e s t ine . C ah ie r s d el aR evue B ib l ique 1 3 . P ar is: J .G aba lda e tC ie . 1 986 C eram ique s e t mouvemen t s d e p opu la t ion: l ec as d e l aP a le s t ine a u I? m i l lena i re . P p . 9 46 i nM . - T h . B ar re le t & J .C l . C ard in , e ds , A p ro p o s d e s i n terp rg ta t ions a r chg o log iqu e s d e l a p o t er i e: q ue s t ion s o uver t e s . P ar is: E d i t ions R eche rche s u r l e s c i v i l isa t ion s . NO RTH ,R . 1 96 1 G hassu l 1 960 E xcava t ion R epo r t . A na l e c ta B i b l i ca 1 4 . R oma: P on t i f ic io I s t i tu to B ibl i co . P ERROT ,J . 1 96 1 U ne t ombe äo s sua i re sd uI V em ilena i re aA zo rp re sd eT e l Av iv . ' A t i qo t 3 : 1 83 . 1 97 2 L a p reh is to i re p a le s t in ienne . D i c t ionna i r e d el aB i b l e S upp limen t 8 : 2 86 -446 . P ar is: L e touzey & Ane . PE RROT ,J .8 z LAD IRAY ,D . 1 980 T omb e s ao s sua ir e s d e l a r eg ion c Ö t i g r e p a l e s t in i enne a u I V m i l Igna ir e a van t l ' gr e c hrg t i enne . M6mo ires e t t r avaux d u C en t re d e R echerches P reh is to r iques F ranca is d e J e rusa lem 1 . P ar is: A s soc ia t ion P a leo r ien t . P ORATH ,Y . 1 986 AC ha lcol i th ic B u i ld ing a tF asee l . ' A t iqo t 1 7 : 1 19 . P ORA M ,Y . , DAR ,S . & APPLEBAUM ,S . 1 985 T he H i s tory a nd A r cha eo logy o f Emek H e f e r . T e l Av iv: H a -k ibbu tz H a -meuchad P ub l ish ing Hou se L td . ( Heb rew ) . P RT TCHARD ,J . 1 958 E xcava t ions a t He rod ian J e r icho 1 951 . A nnua l o ft h e Ame r i c an S choo l s o fO r i en ta l R e s ear ch 3 2/33 . New H aven: Ame r ican S choo ls o fO r ien ta lR e sea rch . RO SEN ,S . 1 983 T he C anaanean B l ade a nd t he E a r ly B ronze Age .I s r a e lE xp l o r a t ion J o urna l 3 3: 1 5 -29 . 1 989 T he Ana ly s is o f E a r ly B ronze Age C h ipped S tone I ndus t r ie s: A S ummary S t a temen t . T h is v o lume: 1 99 -222 . S A IDAH ,R . 1 97 9 F ou ile sd eS idon -Dakennan :l ' agg lome ra t ion c ha lco l i th ique . B e ry tu s 2 7 :2 9 -55 . S AU ER ,S . 1 96 4 -5 B ab e dh -Dh ra . L i b e rA nnuu s 1 5 :1 37 -2 19 . S CHAUB ,T . 1 98 1 C e ram ic S equences i n t he T omb G roup a tB ab e dh -Dh ra C eme te ry . A nnua l o ft h e Am er i c an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e sea r ch 4 6: 6 9 118 . S TEKEL L S ,M . 1 935 L e s m onum en t s m gga l i th i que s d e P a l e s t in e . A rch ive s d e l ' I ns t i tu t d e p a leon to log ie h uma ine , memo i re 1 5 . P ar is: Mas son & C ie . S U I CEN IK , EL 1 948 A rchaeo log ica l I nve s t iga t ions a t A f fu la . J o urna l o ft h e P a l e s t ine O r i en ta l S o c i e ty 2 1: 1 78 . T ADMOR ,M .8 zP RAUSN T TZ ,M . 1 959 E xcava t ions a tR osh H ann iq ra . ' A t i qo t 2 7 2 -88 . VAUX ,R .D E ' 1 970 P a le s t ine Du r ing t he Neo l i th ic a nd C ha lco l i th ic P e r iods . P p . 4 98 -538 i nC amb r idg e A nc i en t H i s to ry , V o l . I ,P ar tI ,C hap te rI Xb .C ambr idge: C amb r idge Un ive r s i ty P re s s . WR IGHT ,C .E . 1 958 T he P rob lem o ft he T rans i t ion B e tween t h eC ha lco l i th i ca nd t h eE ar ly B ronze Age s . E r e tz I s ra e l 5:3 7 -45 . YAKAR ,J . 1 989 T he S o -Ca l led Ana to l ian E lemen t s i n t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Age Cu l tu re s o f P a les t ine: A Que s t ion o fE thno -Cu l tu ra lO r ig ins .T h i sv o lume :3 4 1 -354 . ZANOTT I ,D .G . 1 98 1 T he E f fec t o f Ku rgan Wave Two o n t he E as te rn Med i te r ranean ( 3 200 -300 B .C . ) .J ourna l o fI ndo -Europ e an S tud i e s 9 : 2 75 -302 . Z IGLEMAN ,A . 1 978 AT omb f r om t he B eg inn ing o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age a tK e far G l ic .kson ( J ez ree l V a l ley I s rae l ) . E zor Mena she 7 : 1 2 -22 ( i n Heb rew ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 7Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE CHALC OL ITHIC AN D EARLY BRO NZE I OCC UPATIO NS AT TEL TE O Emmanue l E ISENBERG I s rae l D epar tment o f An t iqu i t ie s a nd Museums , J erusa lem

I n t roduc t ion T he s i te o f T e l T eo i sl o ca ted o n t he we s te rn s l ope s o f t he Hu leh V a l ley s o me 1 3 km . n or th o f T e l Hazor , n ear a n a bundan t wa ter s ource , E n T eo ( A in J ahu la ) ( F ig . 1 ) . Work a t t he s i te was c a r r ied o u t a s as a lvage p ro jec t f o r t he I s rae l Depa r tmen t o f An t iqu i t ies a nd Museu m s b e tween March a nd S ep tember o f 1 986 1.Uncove red were t h ir teen l eve ls o f o ccupa t ion r ang ing f r om t he P re -Po t te ry Neo l i th ic B , t hrough t he P o t tery Neo l i th ic , Cha lco l i th ic , E BI ,E B I , Mame luke a nd O t toman p er iods . T he E B Is e t t lemen t a t T e l T eo r epresen ts a r ad ica l c hange i n t he n a ture o f o ccupa t ion , f o l low ing a n i n tens ive Cha lco l i th ic p re sence a nd e ven tua l a bandonmen t o f t he s i te . T h is n ew c u l ture , t e rmed E B I A o r e ar ly E B I ,e xh ib i t s d i f ferences i n a rch i tec tura l , c e ra m ic a nd l i th ic t r ad i t ions f r om t hose o f t he p reced ing p e r iod . I no rde r t op e rce ive t hese f undamen ta l c hange s ab r ie f d e sc r ip t ion o ft he e v idence i so f fe red h e re .

T he Cha lco l i th ic S e t t lemen t Ove ra na rea o f6 00 s q . m . ac omp lex o ft h ree dwe l l ing u n i t s ,a r ranged a round ac en tra l , e nc losed c ou r t w as u nea r thed ( F ig . 2 : A ) . E v idence o fo the rc ons t ruc t ion s was e ncoun te red o n t he f r inge s o f t he e xcava ted a rea . T h is c omp lex b e longs t o t he l a tes t Cha lco l i th ic s e t t lemen t , L eve l V I , wh ich c on t inued , w i th s o me mod i f ica t ion s , t he L eve l V I I o ccupa t ion . A rch i tec ture A l l t hree dwe l l ing u n i t s s hare a b as ic b road room p lan w i th a s ubd iv is ion i n to t wo

1 .T he r e scue e xc ava t ion , No . 1 435 o ft h eI DAM ,a tT e lT eo w as c a r r ied o u tu nde rt he d i rec t ion o fE .E i senbe rg w i th t he p ar t ic ipa t ion o fS .S adeh . P l ans w e re p repared b yA . H ag ian a nd M . F e is t . D raw ing sa re b yN . K ope l io s s , o b je c tp ho tog r aphs b yZ .S ag iv a nd C . Am i ta nd f i e ld p ho tog r aphs w e re t a ken b yE .E i senbe rg .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 9E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -3 0 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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C HALCOL ITH IC A ND E ARLY B RONZ E , IO CCUPAT ION S A T T EL T EO

FI G . 2 .— A :p l an o ft he C ha lco l i th ic L eve l V I . B : p l an o ft he E B IL eve lV .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -3 1 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

E MMANUEL E I SENBERG

FI G .3 .— A b road room t ype h ou se o ft he C ha lco l i th i co ccupa t ion .

c hambe rs . ( F ig . 3 ) . Two b u i ld ings a re i den t ica l i n t he ir d imens ions wh i le t he t h ird i s l a rger . Wa l l c on s truc t ion i so f s t one , p re served u p t o 1m . h igh , w i th s t one d ebr i s w i th in t he b u i ld ings , i nd ica t ing t ha t t hey we re o r ig ina l ly s o me 2 m . i n h e igh t . Two e n t rances o pened o n to t h ec ommon c our tyard w i th at h ird f a c ing o u tward . Hou se f l oo rs we re s unken s o me 5 0 cm . b e low t he c our tyard l e ve l . T he mo s t s t r ik ing f e a ture s o f t he se Cha lco l i th ic o ccupa t ion s a re t he n umerous , c i rcu lar , s unken s i los l i ned w i th s t one s l abs 2.T he se r emarkab ly w e l lb u i l t s i los a ppear t oh ave t aken o n t he f unc t ion o f ten r e se rved f o rc e ram ic s t orage j a r sa nd may w e l la ccoun tf o rt he s carc i ty o fs uch l a rge v e sse ls a tt he s i te . Dwe l l ing u n i ts , s im i lar i n p lan 3, s i ze a nd manner o f c ons truc t ion , h ave b een d ocumen ted i n an u mbe ro fs i te s a s s igned t ot he C ha lco l i th ic c u l ture o ft he Go lan H e igh ts ( Eps te in 1 979: 2 25 -227 ) . Howeve r , t he ir a r rangemen t d i f fe rs i n t ha t t he c o mp lexe s a re f o rmed i np a ra l le ll i ne so rr ows o fh ouse sp laced e nd t oe nd ( Ep s te in 1 985 :3 6 -37 ) . P o t te ry Mos t o f t h e c e ram ic e v idence o f t he Cha lco l i th ic l e ve ls

4

a tT e l T eo c omes f r om f l oor

f i l ls a nd a ccumu la t ion s o f d ebr is ( F ig . 4 ) . V ir tua l ly n o c omp le te v esse ls we re f ound o n

2 . S im i lar s unken s t one s i lo s h ave a l so b een o bserved a to the r C ha lco l i th ic s i te s w i th in t h is r eg ion a tK e f ar G i lad i ( Kap lan 1 975 ) a nd T e l l T u rmus ( Dayan 1 969 ) . T hey h ave a l so b een r e co rded i nt he G o lan H e igh ts ( Ep s te in , p e r s . c omm . ) a l though t h e re t h ey a r er a re b ecau se mos to ft he s i te sa r ef ounded o n h ard b asa l tb ed rock . 3 . B road room b u i ld ings a re t yp ic a li nC ha lco l i th ic a rch i tec tu re .T hey h ave b een r e co rded a ts i te so n t he G o l an H e igh t s ( Eps te in 1 978 :f i g . 1 ) , T e l l K i tan ( E isenbe rg , i n p re ss ) , F asa 'e l ( Po r a t 1 985: f i g . 2 ) , G hassu l ( Hennes sy 1 982: f i g . 4 ) , E in G ed i ( Us s ishk in 1 980: f i g . 3 ) , Ho rva t B e te r ( Bee r sheba ) ( Do than 1 959a: 5 )a nd S h iqm im ( L evy 1 986: 8 9 ,p l an ) . 4 . O bse rva t ions o n t h e p o t te ry a re , a tp re sen t , o n ly o f ap re l im inary n a tu re; t h ey a re b ased o n i mp re ss ions d e r ived d u r ing f i e ld wo rk .T he re a re n oa ppa ren td i f fe rence sb e tween p o t te ry t ype sf r om l e ve ls V I Ia nd V I .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -3 2-

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 3E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

E MMANUEL E I SENBERG

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 4E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

CHALCOL ITH IC AND EARLY B RONZE IOCCUPAT IONS AT T EL T EO

l i v ing s ur faces , s ugges t ing t h a t t he s i te was a bandoned w i thou t h as te . Mos t o f t he i den t if iab le s herds r epre sen t V -shaped o r e ve r ted r im b ow ls o f a s sor ted s i zes . S ome o f t hem a r e r ed o r b rown t ob l ack s l ipped a nd b urn ished w i th i n c ised d ecora t ion s ( F ig . 4 : 3 -5 ) , f i l led , a s i n t he i n s tance o f T e l l e l -Yahud iyeh Wares , w i th a wh i t ish s ubs tance . T he se i n c is ion sa re h or izon ta l ,t r iangu la r , w avy o ro fh e r r ing b one d e s ign .S uch b ow ls w e re f i r s t i d en t if ied a tT e l T urmus ( Dayan 1 969: 7 0 -7 1 , f i g s . 6 -7 ) a nd s eem t ob e t yp ica l o f t he Hu leh V a l ley r eg ion . O ther c o mmon v esse ls a re h o lemou th; s o me a pparen t ly s e rved a s c ook ing p o t s . T he f ew e xamp les o f s t orage j a r s f ound , r em in iscen t o f s im i lar v e sse ls f r om t he G o lan Cu l ture ( Ep s te in 1 978: 2 7 -28 , f i g . 2 ) , a re o f ar edd ish f ab r ic u sua l ly d ecora ted w i th r ope d es ign . Ano ther d i s t inc t ive C ha lco l i th ic v esse l , t he c hurn , was a l so p resen t i n s ma l ln u mber s ( F ig . 4:1 6 17 ) .T he i n c ised a nd b u rn ished b ow ls a re r em in iscen to fv e sse ls o f t h e Wad i R abah c u l ture a nd may b e d er ived f r om t ha t t r ad i t ion t hus p o in t ing t oa n e ar ly d a te i n t he p e r iod f o r t he C ha lco l i th ic a t T e l T eo ( Kap lan 1 958: f i g . 6 ) . Howeve r , t he p resence o f c hurn s a nd o ther v esse ls , u nknown i n t he Wad i R abah c u l ture , s ugge s ts a c on s iderab ly l a te r d a te f o r t h is o ccupa t ion ( Hanbury -Ten ison 1 986: 13 ) . Un for tuna te ly l a ck o f s t ra t i f ied s i tes a nd o ccupa t iona l s equences f o r t he Neo l i th ic a nd C ha lco l i th ic p e r iods o f n or thern I s rae l d oes n o t p erm i t , f o r t h e p resen t , a ny p rec ise a scr ip t ion o f t he r e la t ive d a te o fL eve ls V I I a nd V I o n t he b as is o ft he ir c e ram ic a s semb lage s . L i th ic s Al a rge q uan t i ty o f f l in t t oo ls w as r e covered a tT e l T eo p rov id ing ar e l iab le s amp le o f t h e l i th ic i ndus try o f L eve ls V I I a nd V I ( F ig . 5 : t op ) . I n t he a s semb lage a re many t yp ica l C ha lco l i th ic t oo ls i nc lud ing s t ra igh t -backed s i ck le b lades w i th l ong i tud ina l f l ak ing , a xe a dze t ype s , l a rge f an s c raper s , a nd e nd sc rape r s o n t abu lar f l in t . A lso p re sen t a re p ie rced f l in t d iscs ( F ig . 5 :t op l e f t ) , at oo l t ype mos t o f ten a ssoc ia ted w i th t he n or thern C ha lco l i th ic Cu l ture ( Pe r ro t 1 967: f i gs . 2 11 ;E p s te in 1 978: f i gs . 3 : c ,5 : d ,9 : f ) . B ur ia ls T hree a du l t b ur ia ls , i n f l exed p os i t ion s , we re f ound b enea th t he f l oor s o f r ooms c on s t ruc ted i nt he c our tyard . T hey w e re s imp le i nhu ma t ion s w i thou tg rave g oods , l a ck ing t r aces o f ma rke r sa bove t h em .

T he E BI A S e t t lemen t L eve l V a nd e spec ia l ly L eve l I V w ere b ad ly d amaged b y a c t iv i t ie s o f l a ter s t ra ta , _ p ar t icu la r ly p i t t ing f r om n ume rous Mos lem t omb so ft h ec e me tery o fL eve lI .I ns p i te o ft he p oor s t a te o fp re serva t ion ,p lans o ft h ree r e cogn izab le s t ruc tures w e re r e covered i nL eve l V ( F ig .6 ) ;i nL eve lI Vo n ly s o me s egmen ts o fc urv i l inear w a l ls we re o b se rved . A rch i tec ture A l l a r ch i tec tura l f e a tures r e cove red f r om L eve l V w ere c urv i l inear ( F ig . 2 : B ) . T he b u i ld ings w ere c ons t ruc ted o f s t one f ounda t ion s p robab ly mean t t o s uppor t mud -b r ick s uper s truc ture s . T he b e s tp re served b u i ld ing c on s i s ted o ft wo r ounded e nd -wa l ls j o ined b y t wo p a ra l le l wa l l s . T he e n trance t o t h is dwe l l ing w as l o ca ted i n al ong s t ra igh t s e c t ion o f wa l l a nd w as ma rked b y ad oor s ocke t a nd s i l l g iv ing a cces s t o t he s unken i n ter ior . T he f l oor o ft h is h ouse w as o fb ea ten e ar th; i t s c urved e nds w ere p aved w i th s ma l l f l a t s t one s i n t he manne r o fo ne h ouse a tS idon -Dake rman ( S a ida 1 979 :3 4 ,4 9 ) a nd o ther s a tY i f tahe l

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 5E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

EMMANUEL E I SENBERG

FI G . 6 . — Aer ia lv iew o fT e lT eo e xcava t ions . No te t he c u rv i l inear b u i ld ing o fl eve lV s uper i mposed o n t he r ec t i l inear wa l ls o ft he Cha lco l i th ic o ccupa t ion .

( Braun 1 984: 1 92 ) . As econd dwe l l ing was p rese rved t o a lmos t i t s e n t i re l eng th; m i ss ing was i t s n or the rn e nd wh ich s hou ld b e r e cons t ruc ted a s c u rv i l inear . I tt oo s hared t he ma jor f e a tures o f t h i s t ype o f h ouse i nc lud ing a c urved d iv ide r wa l l . On ly a sma l l p o r t ion o f a no the r c u rv i l inear wa l l r ema ined t o mark t he e x is tence o f at h ird h ouse , p robab ly o f t he s a me t ype . P o t te ry T he c l ay s emp loyed b y t he E B Ip o t te r s o f T e l T eo , wh ich i n c lude s t raw t empe r s , a re r e markab le f o r t he ir c oarseness a nd t he p oor q ua l i ty o f t he ir f i r ings . De sp i te t he n o t iceab ly l ow q ua l i ty f ab r ics , t he p o t tery s hows e v idence o fc are fu l f i n ish ing . Ac ommon d ecora t ion i st he r ed s l ip s o me t i mes a pp l ied i n smear t e chn iques a nd s o me t i me s h igh ly b urn ished . T hu mb inden ted l e dge -hand les make t he ir f i rs t a ppearance o n j a r s o f t h is p er iod . T he mos t o u ts tand ing v es se ls o f t h is o ccupa t ion a re , u ndoub ted ly , ag roup o fg rey b urn ished b ow ls ( Esdrae lon Ware ) (Wr igh t 1 937: 4 2 -51; Am iran 1 969: 4 7 -49 ) . T hey a re d i s t ingu ished f o r t he ir t endency t oward s d ark g rey t ob lack c o lor ing a nd t he h igh q ua l i ty o f t he ir b urn ish ing . Two t ypes o f t hese were d iscovered . One , w i th s p layed r im a nd a s e r ies o f f l a t tened k nobs o n t he b reak i n t he c ar ina ted p ro f i le , i s we l l d ocu men ted a t v i r tua l ly a l l n or thern s i tes o f t he E B I A ( F ig . 7 : 2 4 ) . T he o the r t ype ( F ig . 7 : 1 ) h as a f l a t b o t to m , as imp le c urv ing p ro f i le e nd ing i n at apered r im a nd f l a t tened k nob s wh ich j u t o u tward m idway d own t he p ro f i le 6.

5 . E B If ab r ics a re u sua l ly b rown i sh w i th g rey , i n su f f ic ien t ly f i red c o re s . T h i s i si n c on t ras t t o t he h a rde r f i red , f i ne r f ab r ic s o f t he C ha lco l i th ic p e r iod . 6 . T h is b ow l t ype , wh i le p re sen t i nq uan t i ty a tT e lT eo , i sn o t ar e cogn izab le t ype o fE sd rae lon Ware ( W r igh t 1 958: * 40 *45 ) . Howeve r , e xemp lar s a r e k nown i n r ed f r om T e l T eo , A k tan i t i n L eb anon ( c . 8kms . s ou the as t o f S idon ) ( Am i ran 1 969: 4 6 ) a nd Ho rva t ' Us a ( i n t he n o r theas t P l a in o f A c re ) ( Ben -To r 1 966: f i g . 4 : 1 ) whe re a n a dd i t iona lb l ack b u rn ished e xamp le w as a l so d ocumen ted ( i b id . : f i g .4 : 6 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -3 6 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

C HALCOUTH IC A ND E ARLY B RONZE IO CCUPAT ION S A T T EL T EO

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1 9 FI G . 7 .— P o t te ry o ft he E B Io ccupa t ion . de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

-3 7-

E MMANUEL E I SENBERG

FI G .8 . — An i n fan tj a rb u r ia lo ft he E B Ip e r iod .

L i th ic s T he f l in ti ndus t ry o fL eve ls V a nd I Vi sr epre sen ted b y ah igh p ropor t ion o fb l ade t o o ls , ( F ig .5 : b o t tom ) mos t o f wh ich a re s i ck le s made f r om C anaanean b lanks ( Rosen 1 983: 1 6 -20; 1 989 ) . B ur ia l s Unusua l f e a tu re so ft h is E B Io ccupa t ion a re i n t ra s i te b u r ia ls . Two i n fan ts i nj a r s w e re f ound b enea th t he f l oor s o f dwe l l ings; a t h ird was p laced b enea th t he f ounda t ion o f a h ouse ( F ig .8 ) .

S umma ry ,C on t ras t ing t he C ha lco l i th ic C u l ture o f T e l T eo V I I -V I w i th t ha t o f t he s ucceed ing E B Il eve ls , V a nd I V , s hows f unda men ta l c hanges i n b u i ld ing , p o t tery a nd l i th ic t r ad i t ions . T he c urv i l inear h ouse so ft he E B Io ccupa t ion a tT e lT eo a re , w i thou td oub t , an ew t ype o f c on s truc t ion wh ich r ep laces a l ong s t and ing t r ad i t ion o f r e c t i l inear b u i ld ing w i th i t s r oo ts i n t he Neo l i th ic p er iod 7.S im i lar c urv i l inear dwe l l ings h ave b een r epor ted f r om E B Il eve ls a tY i f tahe l , Me ser I 8,B yb los ( Ene o l i th ique R e c en t ) a nd S idon -Dakerman . Mos tC ha lco l i th ic p o t tery t ype s , a b sen t f r om t he E B Ia s semb lage , a re r ep laced b y n ew f o rms a nd wa re s , i n c lud ing t he f am i ly o fg rey b urn ished b ow ls .T e l T eo i so ne o f t he mo s t 7 . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t Neo l i th ic b u i ld ing r ema ins a t T e l T eo s howed e l emen ts o f r ec t i l inear b u i ld ing t r ad i t ions . 8 . O fp ar t icu la r i n te re s t i st h e s im i lar a rch i tec tu ra l s equence f ound a t Me se r . T he re c u rv il inea r b u i ld ing s o f t he E B I A ( l eve l I ) s ucceed a r e c t i l inear c ons t ruc t ion o f t he C ha lco l i th ic p e r iod ( l eve l I I ) . Ano the r p o in t o f s im i lar i ty b e tween t h ese s i te s i st h e p re sence o fG rey B u rn ished Ware .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -3 8-

CHALCOLITH IC AND EARLY B RONZE IOCCUPAT IONS AT T EL T EO

n o r ther ly s i te s i n I s rae l a t wh ich g rey b urn ished ware i sf ound . T h is d is t inc t ive p o t te ry i s a s soc ia ted w i th t he E B I A s i te s i n t he n or the rn v a l leys . Wr igh t 's ( 1958: 4 0 * -45* ) T ype 1 c a r ina ted b ow l w i th f l a t tened k nobs may n ow b e j o ined b y an ew n on -car ina ted t ype , b o th t ob e u sed a s c hrono log ica l i nd ica tor s

I ti ss ugge s ted , f r om t he r e la t ive r a r i ty o ft h is t ype

9.

o f b ow l a nd i t s k nown p a t te rn o f d i s t r ibu t ion ( s ee n o te 6 ) , t ha t i t may b e r egarded a s b e long ing o n ly t ot he E BI Ap er iod a nd may a l so b e al o ca l ized p henomenon . T he h igh l eve l o f t e chno logy e v idenced i n t he l i th ic i ndus try o f t he Cha lco l i th ic o ccupa t ion a t T e l T eo i s c on tras ted s harp ly w i th t ha t o f t he E B I .T here i s a marked d ec l ine i n t he l a ter p er iod , i n t he q uan t i ty , q ua l i ty a nd t o ta l n u mbe r o f i den t i f iab le t oo l t ypes . T he C anaanean b lade i s , s t a t is t ica l ly , b y f a r t he b e s t r ep re sen ted i n t he E B Il e ve ls . T he i n tra s i te i n fan t j a r -bur ia ls o f t he E B Ia t T e l T eo a re e x t reme ly r a re f o r t h is p e r iod i n I s rae l I ° . S im i lar i n t ra s i te b ur ia ls a nd s imp le i nhuma t ions a re , h oweve r , k nown f r om Cha lco l i th ic o ccupa t ions a tT e l T eo , T e l K i tan ( E isenbe rg i n p re ss ) a nd Ghassu l ( Lee 1 973 :3 32 -338; H enne ssy 1 969 :7 ,p i . Vi la ) . On t he o the rh and t he c us tom o fb ury ing i nj a r s i sc o m mon a tc on temporaneous S idon -Dakerman ( Sa idah 1 979 :4 2 , f i gs . 1 4 15 ) a nd B yb los ( Dunand 1 973: 2 46 -265 ) . Whe ther t hese b ur ia ls a t E B IT e l T eo a re i nd ica t ive o f o ther l i nk s w i th t he c u l ture o f t he L ebane se s i te s o r o f c onnec t ion s w i th t he e a r l ier l o ca l c u l ture i s ap o in t wh ich i sn o t y e t c l ear . Due t o t he l a ck o f e xcava ted s i te s i n t he n or th , i ti sn o t y e t p oss ib le t o t r ace t he o r ig in o ft h is n ew c u l ture a tt he b eg inn ing o ft he E B IAge I . Howeve r , t he e v idence , a s p resen ted a bove , i nd ica tes t ha t t he E B Ic u l ture , wh ich s ucceeded t he Cha lco l i th ic a t T e l T eo , i s i n trus ive a nd p e rhap sr ep re sen ts ama jo rc hange i ne thn ic e l emen t s i nt he p opu la t ion .

B IBLI OGRAP HY AMMAN ,R . 1 969 A nc i en t P o t te ry o ft h eH o ly L and . J e ru sa lem: R ama t -Gan . 1 989 B yb lo sa nd E a r ly B ronze IP a le s t ine .T h is v o lume :4 1 -52 . B EN -TOR ,A . 1 966 E xcava t ions a t Horva t ' U sa . A t i qo t ( Heb rew S e r ie s ) 3 : 1 24 , 1 * -3 * . BRAUN ,E . 1 984 Y i f tahe l 1 983 . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 3 4: 1 9 1 194 . 1 989 T he T rans i t ion f r om t he C ha lco l i th ic t o t he E ar ly B ronze Age Ii n No r the rn I s rae l a nd T rans jo rdan :I s T he re aM i s s ing L ink ?C ev o lume :7 27 . DAYAN ,Y .

1 969

T e l T u rmus i nt h e Hu leh V aley . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J o urna l 1 9: 6 5 -7 8 .

DOTHAN ,M .

1 959a 1 959b

E xcava t ions a t Ho rva t B e te r ( Bee rsheba ) . A t i qo t ( Engl i sh S e r ie s )2 : 1 42 . E xcava t ions a t Me se r 1 957 : P rel im inary R epo r to n t he S econd S eason ,I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J ourna l 9 : 1 3 -29 .

DUNAND , M .

1 97 3

F ou i l l e s d e B yb lo s , T ome V . L ' ar ch i t ec tur e , l e s t omb e s , l em a te r i e l d ome s t ique , d e s o r ig in e s al ' av enemen t u rba in ( T ex t e e tP l anche s ) . P ar is: A . Ma isonneuve . E ISENBERG , E i n p re ss T e l K i tan . T o a ppea r i n E .S te rn , e d . , E ncy c lop ed i a o fA r cha eo log i ca l E x c av a t ion i nt h e H o ly L and . EP S TE IN , C. 1 97 8 A New A spe c t o f C ha lco l i th ic Cu l tu re . B u l l e t in o ft h e Am er i c an S choo l s o fO r i en t a l R e se ar ch 2 29: 2 7 -45 . 1 979 Go lan , C ha lco l i th ic S i te s , 1 978 . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J o urna l 2 9: 25 -2 27 . 1 985 G o lan , C ha lco l i th ic S i tes , 1 985 . E x cav a t i on s a nd S urv ey s i nI s ra e l 4 : 3 6 -38 .

9 . F o r ad i scu ss ion o ft he r e la t ive c h rono logy o ft he se b ow ls s ee B raun 1 989 . 1 0 . S eve ra l i n fan t jar b u r ia ls we re a l so r e co rded a tB e th Y e rah ( Ma is le r e ta l . 1 952: 29 ) a nd s eem t ob e t he o n ly a dd i t iona le xamp le so ft h is c u s tom i nt he E BI A . 1 . F o r d i scu s s ions o n t he o r ig ins o f t he E B Ic u l tu re i n I s rae l s ee: B en -To r 1 989; B raun 1 989; H anbu ry T en ison 1 986: 2 5 1 -255 ;H enne s sy 1 967 :4 5 -47 . de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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E MMANUEL E I SENBERG HANBURY -TEN ISON ,J .W . 1 986

T he L a t e C ha lco l i th ic t oE ar ly B ronz e IT rans i t ion i n P a l e s t ine a nd T r ans jord an . B .A .R . I n te rna t iona l S er ies

3 11 .O x fo rd: BAR . HENNESSY ,J .B . 1 967

T he F o r e ign R e la t ions o fP a le s t in e D ur ing t h e E ar ly B ronz e A g e , C o l t A rchaeo log ica l I ns t i tu te P ub l ica t ions .

1 979

L ondon :B . Qua r i tch . P re l im inary R epo r to n aF i r s t S eason o fE xcava t ions a tT e le i la t Ghas su l . L ev an t 1 : 1 24 .

1 982

T e le i la t Ghassu l: I t s p lace i n t he A rchaeo logy o fJ ordan . P p . 5 5 -58 i nA . H ad id i , e d . , S tud i e s i nt h eH i s to ry a nd A r cha eo logy o fJ o rd an , V o lume I . Amman : D epar tmen t o f An t iqu i t ies . KA PLAN ,J . 1 958

E xcava t ions a t Wad i R abah . I s ra e l E xp lo ra t ion J ourna l 8 : 1 48 -159 .

1 977

K e far G i l 'ad i . P p . 7 08 -709 i n M . Av i -Yonah & E . S te rn , e ds , E ncy c loped ia o fA r cha eo log ica l E xc av a t ion s i n t h e Ho ly L and , V o lume I I . J e ru sa lem: I s rae l E xp lora t ion S oc ie ty a nd Massada P res s . LE E ,J .R . 1 973 C ha lco l i th i c G has su l: N ew A sp ec t s a nd Ma s ter T ypo logy . P h .D . T hes is , Hebrew Un ive rs i ty . LE VY , T.E 1 986 T he Cha lco l i th ic P e r iod . B i b l i ca l A r cha eo log i s t 4 9: 8 2 108 . MA ISLER , B . ,S TEKE L I S ,M . & AV I -YONAH ,M . 1 952 E xcava t ions a t B e th Y e rah . I s ra e l E xp lo ra t ion J ourna l 2 : 2 18 -229 . PE RRG T ,J . , ZOR I ,N . & RE ICH ,Y . 1 967 Neve U r , u n n ouve l a spec t d u Ghassou l ien . I s ra e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 1 7: 2 0 1-232 . PORAT ,Y . 1 985

A Cha lco l i th ic B u i ld ing a tF asa 'e l . A t iqo t ( Eng l ish S er ie s ) 1 7: 1 19 .

RO SEN ,S . 1 983 T he C anaanean B lade a nd t he E ar ly B ronze Age .I s ra e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l3 3: 1 5 -29 . 1 989 T he Ana ly s is o fE ar ly B ronze Age C h ipped S tone I ndus t r ie s :A S umma ry S t a temen t .T h is v o lume: 1 99 -222 . S A IDAH , 1 979 F ou i l le s d eS idon -Dake rman :l ' agg lom&a t ion c ha lco l i th ique . B en i tu s2 7: 2 9 -55 . US S ISHK IN , D . 1 980 T he Ghassu l ian S hr ine a tE in -Ged i . T e lA v iv 7 : 1 44 . WR IGHT ,G .E . 1 937 1 958

T he P o t tery o fP a le s t ine f r om t h e E ar l i e s t T ime s t ot h e E nd o ft h e E ar ly B ronz e A ge . New Haven: Ame r ican S choo ls o f O r ien ta l R esearch . T he P rob lem o ft he T rans i t ion b e tween t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd B ronze Age . E r e tz I sr a e l 5 : 37 -45 * .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -4 0 -

BYBLOS AN D EARLY BRO NZE I PALEST I NE Amnon B EN -TOR I n s t i tu te o fA r cha eo logy T h e H ebr ew U n ive r s i ty o fJ e rusa l em

T he t r ans i t ion f r om t he C ha lco l i th ic t o t he E BA T he t r an s i t ion f r om t he C ha lco l i th ic t o t he E ar ly B ronze Age c on s t i tu te s o ne o f t he mo s t f undamen ta l a nd f a r reach ing c hange s wh ich P a le s t ine h a s e ver k nown . T he mos t i mpor tan tc hange s a re g eograph ica l a nd s oc io -econom ica l . I n t he b eg inn ing o ft he E a r ly B ronze A ge we w i tness ama ss ive p opu la t ion movemen t i n to t he i nner v a l leys a nd c en t ra l moun ta in r eg ion , a nd t he e s tab l ishmen t o f t he " Med i ter ranean -economy ": av ar ie ty o f a gr icu l tura l c rop s w i th s pec ia l i mpor tance o f t he v ine , o l ive a nd f r u i t -bear ing t r ees , a s we l l a s h erd ing o f g oa t , s heep a nd c a t t le . T he d omes t ica t ion ,a nd e ven mo re i mpor tan t ,t he h a rnes s ing o ft he o xa nd d onkey t ot he p lough a nd c ar t a re mos t n o tewo r thy . T he se r e su l ted i na n e ve r -grow ing c a rry ing c apac i ty o ft he l a nd , t he a ccumu la t ion o f w ea l th d ue t o s urp lus a nd a n i mpor tan t b oos t t oi n te rna t iona l t r ade . I n t he 3 4 th , a nd p erhaps a l so t he 3 3rd c en tury B .C . , P a les t ine i sc ha rac ter ized b y a s em i -nomad ic s oc ie ty , l i v ing i n s e t t lemen ts s c a t tered i n t he s em i -ar id r eg ion o f s ou the rn P a les t ine a s we l l a s i n t h e more h um id a nd f e r t i le r eg ion o f t he G o lan H e igh t s . W i th a l l t h e amaz ing a r t i s t ic a nd t e chno log ica l a ch ievemen ts ( t he B eer sheba i vor ie s , t he c opper h oard o f t he J udean D e se r t ) w e a re s t i l l d ea l ing w i th ar a the r s ma l l p opu la t ion , s c a t te red i n s i tes a verag ing 1 00 -300 i nhab i tan ts , ma in ta in ing r a ther l im i ted c onnec t ion s w i th t he n e ighbor ing r eg ion s . I n c on tra s t , b y t he 3 0 th c en tury B .C . , a nd p erhaps e ven s l igh t ly e ar l ier , w e a re w i tnes s ing a n a lmos t c omp le te d eser t ion o f t he C ha lco l i th ic r eg ions o f s e t t lemen t , amass ive movemen ti n to t he v a l ley sa nd t h ec en tra l moun ta in r eg ion ,a nu rban o r a t l e as t u rban iz ing s o c ie ty , dwe l l ing i ne ve r g row ing n umbe r s i n s e t t lemen t s , many o f wh ich a re f o r t i f ied , a nd ma in ta in ing c l ose t i e s w i th t he n e ighbor ing r eg ion s t o t he n or th a nd s ou th . I ts hou ld b e p o in ted o u t t h a t t h e re a re a l so q u i te a f ew " c ar ry -ove r s " f r om t he Cha lco l i th ic i n to E B I ,a r ch i tec tura l , c e ra m ic a nd o ther . T he se h ave b een d i scussed i n d e ta i l b y v ar ious s cho la r s ( Am iran 1 981 :4 7 -53 ) , a nd i ti so n ly n a tura l t h a t i ts hou ld b e s o . T he c u l tura l c hange b e tween o ne p er iod a nd a no ther i sa lway s s l ower t h an , a nd l ags b eh ind , t he p o l i t ica l c hange . T he t r ans i t ion f r om o ne p er iod t o a no ther w as n ever de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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a ccompan ied b y t he t o ta l a nn ih i la t ion o ft he l o ca l p opu la t ion . One h as t oa s sume t ha t t h e ma jor i ty , a tl e a s t , o f t he p eop le s t ayed a nd c a rr ied o n t he e x is t ing t r ad i t ion s . Y e t e ven s o , t he e x ten t o fc hange e v iden tb e tween C ha lco l i th ic a nd E B IP a le s t ine i sa s tound ing .

E xp la in ing t he t r ans i t ion One h as t oa dm i t t ha t a rchaeo logy h as s o f a r b een u nsuccess fu l i n t r ac ing t he c au se s a nd t he e xac t n a ture o f t h is p rocess o f t r ans i t ion , wh ich s haped t o al a rge e x ten t t he c harac te r is t ics o f P a le s t ine 's ma ter ia l c u l ture f o r t he e n t ire n ex t m i l lenn ium . On ly i n t he 2 0 th c en tury B .C . s ha l l we w i tness ac hange o f s im i la r magn i tude: t he r e -urban iza t ion o f t he c oun t ry , t he s e t t lemen t o f t he c oas ta l r eg ion , ma jor c hanges i n t he c e ram ic t ypo logy , t he w ide spread u se o f t r ue b ronze , a l l o f wh ich a re c harac ter is t ic o f MB I A ( t rad i t iona l t e rm ino logy ) . I n t he a t temp t t o e xp la in wha t ( and why ) was g o ing o n , t wo o p t ions p resen t t hem se lves: o ne may c l a im t ha t a l l t he c hange s a re t he r e su l t o fa n i n terna l , l o ca l p roce ss . A l te rna t ive ly , o ne may a t temp t t o s ee s o me o f t he c hanges a s t he r e su l t o f s ome k ind o f e x ter ior i n f luence , a ccompan ied b y l a rge sca le o r , a t l e as t , t he movemen t o f al im i ted n umbe r o f p eop le c arry ing w i th t hem a s i gn i f ican t n umber o f t he n ew i deas , wh ich may h ave s t imu la ted a l o ca l p rocess . I n s p i te o f d ecade s o f d ea l ing w i th t he p rob lem , a r chaeo log is ts a re s t i l l d iv ided , s o me p re fe rr ing i n te rna l e vo lu t ion , s o me o p t ing f o r e x terna l i nf luence . T he f i r s t o f t hese t wo p oss ib i l i t ie s s eem s r a ther a t trac t ive , e spec ia l ly s i nce i tf r ees u s f r om h av ing t o l o ca te a n e x terna l o r ig in f o r t he b u lk o f t he c eram ic a ssemb lage o f E BI . P a les t ine , o r ig ina t ing i n t he n ume rous t o mbs a nd c l ass i f ied a s P .U . A -B -C b y K enyon . Ne i ther K enyon n or o ther s who h ave d ea l t w i th t h is p o t tery a nd f avoured a " nor thern " o r ig in f o r t hose a ssemb lages ( Kenyon 1 960: 4 10; Hennessy 1 967: 3 5 -47 ) , w e re a b le t o p re sen t ac onv inc ing a rgu men t ,n or , mos ti mpor tan t ly ,t op o in to u tp a ra l le ls f r om o u t s ide o f P a les t ine . P os tu la t ing a n i n terna l e vo lu t ion o ne h as a l so t o a ssume t ha t i ti s t he C ha lco l i th ic c u l ture t ha t i si n trus ive i nt he P a le s t in ian s equence , wh i le E B Ic on t inue s a nd f u r the r d eve lops t ha t wh ich was b e fore t he Cha lco l i th ic i n trus ion , i . e . s uch c u l tu re s a s t he " La te Neo l i th ic " , " Ear ly Cha lco l i th ic " , " Pre -Ghassu l ian Cha lco l i th ic " e t c . S evera l s cho la r s h ave p re sen ted s uch a rgumen t s , p ar t icu la r ly w i th r egard t ot he a pparen ta f f in i ty o f t h e " dome s t ic " p o t tery o f E B I( a s o pposed t o t h e " f une rary " p o t te ry o f t he p e r iod ) a nd t ha t o f P re -Ghassu l ian a s semb lages ( M i rosched j i 1 97 1 :1 20 131 ) . A t t rac t ive a s t he t h eory o ft he i n t rus ive n a ture o ft he Cha lco l i th ic may a ppea rt ob e ,i td oe s n o t s o lve o ur p rob lem: F i r s t , w e a re a s y e t u nab le t op o in t t o af o re ign o r ig in o ft h e C ha lco l i th ic c u l ture a sw e a re f o r E BI . One wonder s whe the r o ur n a tura l i n c l ina t ion t oe xp la in c u l tu ra l c hange s , wh ich s eem a tt ime s r a the rd ra s t ic ,a s r e su l t ing a lways f r om e x te r ior i nf luence i sn o te xagge ra ted , a nd whe ther we d o n o t u nderes t i ma te t he c apac i ty f o r c hange i nheren t i n t he l o ca l p opu la t ion . T he s e cond p rob lem w eh ave t of a ce i fw eo p t f o rt he c oncep to fE B Ia sc on t inu ing t he l o ca l P re -Ghassu l ian c u l ture o f P a les t ine i st ha t , i fs o , we mus t a s sume t ha t s i de b y s i de a nd c on temporary w i th t he Ghassu l ian C ha lco l i th ic , t he re e x is ted a no ther p opu la t ion , l i v ing i n s epara te s e t t lemen t s , ma in ta in ing a nd d eve lop ing t he P re -Ghassu l ian c u l ture , a nd t ha t t hey a re t he o nes who a re t he l i nk , a nd who t r ans fe r red t he e a r ly t r ad i t ion s t o t he E B Ip eop le . S uch s e t t lemen ts a re , a tl e a s t a tp re sen t , e x t reme ly d i f f icu l t t op o in to u t . We a r e t hus l e f t w i th t he s e cond o p t ion — t ha to ft h e e x ter ior o r ig in a nd i nf luen ce . O f P a le s t ine 's i mmed ia te n e ighbor s , o n ly t he s ou th ( Egyp t ) o r t h en or th ( Sy r ia/Lebanon ) m ay b e c on s ide red a s c and ida te s .V e ry l i t t le i sk nown s o f a ra bou t t h es i tua t ion e as t o ft he r i ve r

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 4 2 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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J o rdan a tt ha t p er iod , a nd wha tever i sk nown s eem s t op rec lude t ha t r eg ion f r om h av ing b een t he o r ig in o fi nf luence o nP a le s t ine a tt ha t t ime .

T he e v idence f r om E gyp t I t s eems t ha t E gyp t , t oo , s hou ld b e e xc luded f r om h av ing p oss ib ly p layed a n i nf luen t ia l r o le . One may i ndeed e as i ly p o in t o u t t he a bundan t e v idence f o r t he r e la t ions e x is t ing b e tween t he t wo r eg ion s d ur ing t he p er iod i nq ues t ion . Al a rge n umbe ro fv ar iou s a r t i fac t s o f E gyp t ian o r ig in were u near thed i n P a les t in ian s i te s , a nd P a le s t in ian a r t i fac t s , ma in ly p o t tery , a re f ound i n E gyp t ( Ben -Tor 1 982: 3 -6 ) . A ccu mu la t ing e v idence p o in t s t owa rd t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t t here w ere s o me s i tes p opu la ted b y " Canaan i tes " i n L ower E gyp t , a s we l l a s " Egyp t ian " s i tes i n s ou thern C anaan ( Ben -To r 1 975: 9 ,1 2 ,2 4 ,2 6 , 2 9; 1 982: 9 11; Gophna 1 976; W i ldung 1 983 ) . T here a re t hose who h ave g one s o f a r a s t o s ugge s t a n E gyp t ian o ccupa t ion o f s ou the rn C anaan , t h is h owever , r a ther l a te i n E BI ( Yad in 1 955 . F or f u r ther d i scuss ion a nd b ib l iography , s ee B en -Tor 1 982 ) . I n s p i te o f a l l t ha t , t he n a tu re o f t he c hange u nde r d i scuss ion s eems t o i nd ica te t ha t i fi ndeed i t owes s o me th ing t o a n e x ter ior i n f luence , i tc ou ld n o t h ave b een E gyp t . Wha t w e h ave a re e conom ic t i es , a nd p e rhap s e ven s o me k ind o fE gyp t ian p o l i t ica l d om ina t ion o ve r p ar t o f P a le s t ine . S uch h a s b een t he c ase more t han o nce i n t he h i s tory o f t he r eg ion . Howeve r , E gyp t h a s n ever l e f t a ny s i gn i f ican t mark o n t he way s o f l i fe o r c u l ture o f t he i nhab i tan ts o f t he l and , who a s ar u le w e re c u l tura l ly " nor the rn o r ien ted " . E gyp t ian a nd P a les t in ian s oc ie t ies we re t oo d i f feren t f r om o ne a no the r t o a l low f o r a ny l a s t ing i n f luence . T h is i s p ar t icu lar ly e v iden t w i th r egard t o t he C ha lco l i th ic E B It r ans i t ion w i th wh ich we a re c once rned . T here i sn o w ay s uch d i s t ingu ish ing f e a tures o f E B a s u rban iza t ion a nd t he i n t roduc t ion o f t he Med i te r ranean e conomy , w i th l e ad ing r o les p layed b y t he v ine , o l ive , f i ga nd o the rf r u i tb ear ing t r ee s ,c ou ld b et r aced b ack t oE gyp t ian i nf luence .

T he e v iden ce f r om t he No r th Once we t u rn t ot he n o r th i ta ppear s t ha tS y r ia t oo h as t ob ee xc luded .T he s t udy o ft h e r e levan t p e r iods i n S yr ia i so n ly i n i t s i n fancy , y e t f r om wha t we a l ready k now a bou t c en t ra l a nd n or thern S yr ia i ts eem s t ha t t hese r eg ion s w ere u nde r s t rong Mesopo tam ian i nf luence a nd t ha t t he ir ma te r ia l c u l ture r epre sen t s ab lend o f l o ca l a nd Mesopo tam ian e l emen ts , h av ing a lmos t n o th ing i n c ommon w i th wha t i sh appen ing a t t ha t t ime i n P a les t ine . I ti so n ly i n l a ter p hase s o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age t ha t c on tac t b e tween t he se r eg ions w i l l b e e s tab l ished ( Ben -Tor 1 982: 1 4 -16 , 2 1 , 2 5 ) . S ou the rn S y r ia i s , f o r t he t ime b e ing ,v i r tua l ly u nknown d ur ing t h ep er iod u nde rd i scuss ion . T h is l e aves u s w i th t he c oas ta l r eg ion i mmed ia te ly t o t he n o r th o f P a les t ine , wh ich s eems t ob e t he b e s t c and ida te o f a l l f o r h av ing p oss ib ly p layed s o me r o le w i th r egard t o E B IP a les t ine . I th as t o b e p o in ted o u t t ha t t he s o much s ough t a f ter p ara l le ls f o r t he P .U . A -B -C a s se mb lage s o fE B IP a le s t ine c anno tb e f ound e ven i nt ha t r eg ion . I ts e em s t ha t i ti sa bou t t ime t o s t op l ook ing f o r t he o r ig in o f E B IP a les t ine b y t r y ing t o f i nd p ara l le ls f o r t he c era m ic f am i l ies s o c ommon i n t he t ombs o f t he p e r iod . S ince t hese a r t ifac ts a re t he d om inan t f e a tu re o f t he p e r iod , w i th v i r tua l ly t hou sands o f i n tac t v e sse ls k nown , t he se b ecame n a tura l ly t h ef o cus o f mos to ft he d i scuss ions o ft he p er iod . Emphas is w as p laced o n t he d ecora t ive s t y le s: R ed s l ip a nd b urn i sh a s t yp ica l o f p ar t o f P .U . Av esse ls ( a r a ther c o mmon f e a tu re i n p o t te ry d ecora t ion , a nd t here fore q u i te u nsu i tab le f o r ac ompara t ive s t udy ) , g roup s o fl i ne s a s t yp ica l o fP .U . B ,a nd al im i ted r epe r to ire o fb ow ls a nd c ha l ice s , de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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g rey s l ipped a nd h igh ly b urn ished , a si nd ica t ive o fP .U .C . I n so far a s a ny o ft he a bove a re t o b e f ound o u t o f P a le s t ine , whe the r i n E gyp t , L ebanon o r e ven a s f a r a way a s C i l ic ia ( Go ld man 1 956: f i gs .2 31 -233 , 3 43 [ Graves 1 3 ] ;Hennes sy 1 967: 3 8 , p l .) O XX I: 1 0 -14 ) , t h ey e v iden t ly r ep re sen t i mpor t s f r om P a le s t ine . I ts eem s t ha t a l l t h ree f am i l ies r epresen t l o ca l P a les t in ian p roduc t ion s , o r ig ina t ing f r om a l im i ted n u mber o f workshop s , a nd i n tended f o r t he l o ca l marke t . T h i s i st r ue e spec ia l ly w i th r egard t o t he s ty les o f d ecora t ion . However , a s f a r a s s hape s a re c oncerned , af a i r n umbe r o f t hem f i nd c l ose p ara l le ls o u t s ide o fP a les t ine . Apparen t ly w e a rchaeo log is ts h ave b eco me s o a ccus tomed t or ega rd P a les t ine a s ac u l tura l b ackwa te r ,a n " end o f t he l i ne " , t ha t we i n s t inc t ive ly t end t o d eny i ta ny c l a i ms t o o r ig ina l i ty a nd e xce l lence . S uch a n a t t i tude may , t o s o me e x ten t , b e j u s t i f iab le i n t he l a ter p er iods , a s o f MB I o nwards . I t s ee ms h owever t ha t d ur ing E B I( j us t a s d ur ing t he p reced ing Cha lco l i th ic p e r iod ) t he l o ca l p opu la t ion o f P a les t ine , h av ing b een i n c on tac t w i th t he ir n e ighbor s t o t he n or th , d id p e rhap s b or row s o me c u l tura l e l emen ts a nd a l so a bsorbed a c e r ta in n umber o fi mm igran t s f r om t ha t r eg ion . B u t t hey t hen p roceeded t od eve lop t h e ir c u l ture l o ca l ly , r e ach ing p eaks u npara l le led a nywhe re i nt he r eg ion . I f we l ook f o r f o re ign i nf luence s , l e t u s i gnore t he l o ca l P a le s t in ian d ecora t ive s t y les o f t he f une ra ry c eram ic a s semb lage s ,a nd t ur nt oo the r , mo re " p ro sa ic "f e a ture s ,a nd s uch a re i ndeed t ob ef ound .

T he c a se o f B yb lo s T he c o mpara t ive d a ta f r om c oas ta l L ebanon c ome sn a tura l ly f r om t he ma jor s i te i nt ha t r eg ion , B yb los , a nd — t o s o me e x ten t— f r om sma l le r s i te s s uch a s t he s i te o f D akerman ( S a idah 1 979 ) . C lear p ara l le l s b e tween f i nds i n t h is r eg ion a nd f i nds i n P a le s t ine p er ta in t o a lmos t e ve ry a spec t o f t he ma te r ia l c u l tu re a nd i n c lude: a r ch i tec ture ( g round p lan s a s we l l a s b u i ld ing t e chn iques ) , p o t te ry t ypo logy a nd g lyp t ic a r t . T here a re , s ure ly , a l so many o bv ious d i f fe rence s b e tween t he c u l tura l a s semb lage s o f b o th r eg ions . Ad e ta i led c ompara t ive s t udy o f t he a rchaeo logy o f t hose t wo c l ose ly r e la ted r eg ions , i n wh ich t he w r i te r i sp resen t ly e ngaged , i sc l ear ly b eyond t he s cope o f t he p re sen t d iscuss ion . L e t u s , h owever , men t ion af ew o f t hose s im i lar i t ie s o r ig ina t ing ma in ly f r om l eve ls ( i . e . p e r iods ) Ia nd I I a tB yb los . T he e xcava t ion me thod o f t h a t s i te , a s we l l a s t h e p ub l ica t ion , d o n o t a l low f o r a n a ccura te s t ra t igraph ic a t tr ibu t ion o f many o f t he a r t i fac ts . T he f o l low ing d e te rm ina t ions s eem r a the rw e l l f ounded: a )T he " Eneo l i th ic " p er iod a t B yb los ( = B yb los I ) f o l lows , a f ter a p oss ib le s ho r t g ap , a Neo l i th ic s t ra tum ( = B yb los I ) . T h is i sl a te Neo l i th ic , o r e a r ly -Cha lco l i th ic , w i th c l ea r a f f in i t ies w i th f i nds a t s uch s i tes a s Munha ta , S he ikh ' A l i a nd S ha 'ar h a -Go lan . b )B yb lo s Ii sc harac te r ized b yh ouse s t ha t a re , a s ar u le , monoce l lu lar . T he ir p lan s r ange f r om r e c tangu lar t oo va l , r ound a nd a p s ida l , w i thou t a ny a pparen t l i ne o f d eve lopmen t . Ano ther f e a ture o f g rea t i mpor tance i n t h a t p er iod i st he v as t c e me tery o f a bou t 1 750 t o mb s , mos to ft hem i nhuma t ion si nl a rge j a r s . B yb los I i so fl ong d u ra t ion ,c a lcu la ted t ob e c l ose t o8 00 y ear s ( Dunand 1 973: 2 14 -2 15 ) .I th as b een d iv ided i n to a ne a r ly ( I A ) a nd l a te ( I I B ) p hase , e ach f u r ther d iv ided i n to s evera l s ub -pha se s . Wh i le t he re i sn o r ea l c hange b e tween I A a nd I B i nt he p lan so rb u i ld ing t e chn ique so ft he dwe l l ing s , s o me d i f fe rence s a re c l ear ly n o t iceab le i nt he c e me tery , e spec ia l ly w i th r egard t op o t tery t ypo logy . c )B yb los I i sf o l lowed b y a" t rans i t iona l p hase " ( =B yb los I I ) . T he s i te i ss t i l l o f ar ura l n a ture , a nd h ouse p lans a re s im i lar t o t hose o f B yb los I , i n c lud ing s evera l a ps ida l b u i ld ings .S ome g roup ing o fh ouse s ,s ur rounded b ys ma l l( p ro tec t ive ? )f ence si sn o tewor thy

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 4 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 5 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

AMNON B EN -TOR

( Dunand 1 966: c o l . 156 ) .T he mos t i mpor tan t g roup o ff i nds a t t r ibu tab le t ot h is p ha se i s a n a s semb lage o f" Abydos "j a r s ( Dunand 1 950: 6 00; 1 958: p l . CCV I: 1 8786 -18791 ) ,d a tab le r ough ly t o t he m idd le o f t he F i r s t Dynas ty i n E gyp t . S ome h ave q ue s t ioned whe the r i ndeed " Byb los I I " i s as epara te p hase b y i t s own r i gh t ( S agh ieh 1 983: 1 29 ) , a n i s sue wh ich i s , h oweve r , i r re levan t t ot he p re sen t d iscu ss ion . Whe the r as epara te p hase o rn o t , t he a bove men t ioned " grouped h ouse s " wh ich a re a s soc ia ted w i th t he " Abydos Ware " c l ear ly p rov ide at e rm inus a n te q uem f o r t he E neo l i th ic c e me te ry . Hav ing b r ie f ly s urveyed t he n a ture a nd s t ra t ig raph ic p os i t ion o f t he B ib l i te s t ra ta r e levan tt oo ur d i scus s ion , l e t u s n ow p o in t o u t s ome o ft he f e a tures o fs im i lar i ty b e tween t hose a nd E B IP a le s t ine . A rch i tec ture a )T he q ue s t ion o f f unc t ion a nd o r ig in o f t he a p s ida l h ouse h a s b een f r equen t ly d ea l t w i th ( Henne ssy 1 967: 4 4 -45; T homp son 1 969: 6 9 -86; Herzog 1 982: 1 8 ) . T h is t ype o f b u i ld ing , wh ich a ppear s i n P a le s t ine e xc lus ive ly i n E B I( F ig . 1 : 3 ) , h as a lway s b een c on s ide red t he re t ob eo f" f ore ign o r ig in " ,r ep re sen t ing i n f luence f r om r eg ion sa sf a r away a s G reece o r A s ia M inor . Aps ida l h ouses a re , h oweve r , k nown a t B yb los a s e ar ly a s t he Neo l i th ic p er iod a nd a re c o mmon i n IB ( t he l a te r p hase o f t he E neo l i th ic p er iod ) ( F ig . 1 :4 ) . I mmed ia te ly a f te r IB ( i . e . i n B yb los I I ) t hey a re s ucceeded b y r e c tangu la r h ouse s w i th p i l lar s o n ac en tra la x is , j u s ta s i nE B IP a le s t ine ( Dunand 1 973: 2 4 , 2 17; f i g s . 9 ,1 39 -142 , 1 46; d eV aux 1 948 :5 48 -551 ,p l s .X , XD ( :b . )( F ig . 1:1 0 . ) . b )T he a bove h o lds a l so f o r t he o va l h ou se , as ub type o f t he a p s ida l h ou se . T he o va l h ouse s u nea r thed i n P a le s t ine f i nd e xac t p a ra l le ls i n B yb los I . Whereas i n P a le s t ine t h is t ype i sc on f ined t o E B I( B raun 1 984: 1 94; 1 985: 6 8 , 7 5 -76 , f i gs . 2 8 , 3 1 . A l so a t' En T eo , u npub l ished: I .E i senbe rg , p e r s .c omm . ) ( F ig . 1 : 1 2 , 5 6 ) , a tB yb los t hey a ppea rs o mewha t e ar l ier ( I I A ) a nd c on t inue i n IB ( Dunand 1 973: 2 17 , f i gs . 1 39 -142 ) , t he p ha se i mmed ia te ly p reced ing A bydos Ware . c ) On ly i nr e cen ty ear s h as a t ten t ion b een d rawn t o ac on s truc t iona l f e a ture o fs o me o f t he E B Ih ou se si nP a le s t ine: t he c orne ro fr e c tangu la rh ouse sa re q u i te o f ten b u i l ti ns uch a way t ha t t he i nne r f a ce o f t he c orne r i so f9 0 ° wh i le t he o u ter f a ce o f t ha t s a me c orne r i s r ounded . S uch " r ounded c or ne r s "h ave b een n o ted a tE nS hadud a nd Y i f tahe l ( B raun 1 985: 6 7 -68 ) , a t Meg iddo ( Engbe rg & S h ip ton 1 934a: f i g . 2[ B ldg .V l; p oss ib ly a l so i nS t age I V: s ee f i g . 2l owe rr i gh tc orne ro fS t age I V )a nd T e lT eo ( I .E i senbe rg 1 989 a nd p er s .c o mm ) ,a s w e l l a s a tT e l K i tan ( F ig . 1 : 8 9 ) . T h i s p henomenon i sv e ry c ommon a tB yb los , where i ti s k nown ,j u s t l i ke t he o va lh ouses , t h roughou t l eve ls I A -B ( F ig . 1 : 7 ) . • P o t te ry T he c e ra m ic a s semb lage s o fE B IB yb los a nd P a les t ine a re r a the r d i s t inc t a nd d i f fe ren t f r om e ach o the r . As t udy o ft he r e la t ion sh ip sb e tween t ho se a s semb lage s d e mon s t ra te s t he c u l tura l r eg iona l is m o f C anaan a t t he t ime , a nd c l ear ly f a l ls b eyond t he s cope o f t he p re sen td i scu s s ion . T he re a re h oweve r , q u i te a f ew r ema rkab le s im i lar i t ie s b e tween t he c eram ic f une rary g i f ts p laced i n t he b ur ia l j a r s o f B yb los I , e spec ia l ly t ho se o f t he l a ter p hase , IB , a nd t hose k nown f r om E B It ombs i n P a les t ine , i n p ar t icu lar t hose c l a ss i f ied a s PU A b y K enyon .T he p o t te ry f ound i nt omb 9 a tB yb los f o re xamp le ( Dunand 1 937 -1939 :4 34 f f; p l s . CLXX IX , CLXXXV I I , CXC I I I -CXCV , CXCV I I , CXC IX , CC: 6 683 -67 17 ) , s how s ac l ose a f f in i ty t o a ssemb lage s f r om E B It omb s a tT e l l e l -Fär 'ah ( N ) , Azor , J e r icho a nd A i . T he s im i la r i t ies n o ted i n t h is , a s we l l a s i no ther t omb s o f t he E neo l i th ic c e me tery , p e r ta in t o

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 4 6 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -4 7Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -4 8Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 9 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

AMNON B EN-TOR

s uch f o rm s a s g lobu lar b ow ls w i th a t h in , o u t turned r im , b o t t les , v esse ls w i th " baske t " h and les , t w in v e sse ls , p ro to -Abydos j ug s , h igh looped c up s a nd s pou ted b ow ls ( Dunand 1 973: f i g s . 1 50: 5 702; 1 53: 5 884; 1 57: 2 0993; 1 60; 1 62; 1 63; 1 64: 2 8378; 1 70: 2 6912 ) ( F igs . 2 3 , 4 : 1 7 ) . T he t yp ica l ly C ha lco l i th ic " f idd le f igur ine " ( Dunand 1 973: p l . CL ) (X: 3 4966 ) i sa t tr ibu ted , f o r n o a pparen tr eason , t o IB ,b u t may j u s ta s w e l l h ave o r ig ina ted i n IA o re ven e ar l ie r . T he s a me a pp l ie s t ot he c hurn ,c on ta in ing t he b ody o f ac h i ld ( Dunand 1 973: f i g . 1 70: 3 2258 ) , wh ich may h oweve r a l so b e l e g i t ima te i n IB ( Am iran 1 977: 5 4 -56 ) . S e a l

i mp re s s ion s

One o ft he mo s t d i s t inc t ive f e a ture s o ft h eb ur ia l j a r s o fB yb los I B a re t he i mp re ss ions o f r a the r l a rge , r e c tangu lar , mos t p robab ly wooden s t amp s ea ls . T he se u sua l ly a ppear o n t he l ower j o in t o f t he h and le a nd t he b ody o f t he j a r ( Dunand 1 945: 2 3 -58 ) . T he b es t p ara l le ls t o s o me o f t he B yb los s ea l i mpre ss ions , i n b o th c arv ing s t y le a s we l l a s mo t i f s , a re t ob e f ound i nP a le s t ine . An i mp re ss ion o n a n E B Ij a r f r om Meg iddo ( F ig .4 : 1 ) , a nd a no ther o n a n e ar ly E BIj a r ( poss ib ly a s urv iva l f r om a n e ar l ier p hase ) f r om T e l l e l F är 'ah ( N ) , a re t he b es t p a ra l le ls y e t k nown t ot he B yb los s e a l i mp re ss ions ( F ig . 4 : 8 10 ) . Hav ing b een i nf luenced b y B yb los ,P a le s t ine g oes o n t of u r the rd eve lop t h is n or the rn i dea , a s e v idenced b yo the rs ea l i mp re ss ion s f r om E B IMeg iddo f o r wh ich t here a re n o p a ra l le ls a tB yb los ( Ben -Tor 1 978: 6 9 -76 , 1 04 105; 1 985: 2 5 , 9 ) . T he s a me p heno menon o fP a le s t ine r e ce iv ing a ni mpe tus f r om o u t s ide a nd f u r ther d eve lop ing wha t may o r ig ina l ly h ave b een n or thern i deas , h as b een n o ted a bove w i th r egard t o t he d ecora t ive s ty les o f P a les t in ian E B Ip o t te ry .

C on c lu s ion T he d i f ferences b e tween t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd E B Ima ter ia l c u l tures o f P a le s t ine a re n umerous , a nd s eem t oh ave o ccur red r a the r a brup t ly . C on sequen t ly , a tl e as t a n i mpe tus f r om o u ts ide ,r a the rt han a ni n te rna l e vo lu t ion , s eem s t ob ei nd ica ted . T he B yb los s t ra ta wh ich a re c on temporary w i th t he p er iod i nq ues t ion i nP a le s t ine a re IA a nd I B ( and p e rhaps e ven t he l a te Neo l i th ic =I C ) . I n c on tras t t o t he s i tua t ion i n P a le s t ine , t here i s ag rea t d eg ree o f c on t inu i ty a nd s im i lar i ty b e tween I A a nd I B a t B yb los . T he b e s t p ara l le ls t os o me o f t he mos t i mpor tan t c ha rac te r is t ics o f t he P a le s t in ian E BI ma te r ia l c u l ture a re t ob e f ound i n B yb los I B ,a s w e l l a s a tt he s i te o f D akerman . T he se i n c lude s im i lar i t ie s i na rch i tec ture , p o t tery a nd g lyp t ic a r t . I f we a re t o a t t r ibu te , e ven i fo n ly a p ar t ia l r o le , t o f o re ign i n f luence a s af a c tor i n s t i mu la t ing t he c hanges wh ich o ccur i n P a les t ine b e tween t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd E BI , B yb los a nd i t sv i c in i ty s eem t ob eo ur b e s tc and ida te . T he d a ta p re sen t ly a va i lab le d o n o t e nab le a d iscuss ion o f t he e x ten t a nd n a ture ( m igra t ion ?t r ade ? )o ft he s ugge s ted c on tac t sb e tween t h et wo r eg ion s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 5 0 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

B YBLO S AND E ARLY B RONZ E IP ALE ST INE

REFERENCES TO F IG URES ( A l ld raw ing sa re t he work o f Ms . R .B on f i l ) FI G . 1 .- 1 .S a idah 1 979: f i g . 2 .2 .E .B raun ( a er ia l p ho tograph , n o s ca le , u npub l ished ) . 3 .E ngberg & S h ip ton 1 934a: f i g . 2( aer ia l p ho tog raph , n o s ca le ) . 4 . Dunand 1 973: f i g . 1 39 . 5 .B raun 1 984: f i g . 1 . 6 .B raun e ta l1 985: f i g . 2 8: B . 7 . Dunand 1 973: f i g . 1 4 1 . 8 .E ngbe rg & S h ip ton 1 934a: f i g . 2( ae r ia l p ho tog raph , n o s ca le ) . 9 .T e l -K i tan ( unpub l ished ;c our te sy o f Mr . E .E isenbe rg ) . 1 0 . Dunand 1 973 :f i g . 1 46 . FI G . 2 .- 1 . Dunand 1 973: f i g . 1 49 . 2 .K enyon 1 960: f i g . 9 :1 9 . 3 . Dunand 1 973: f i g . 1 53 . 4 .K enyon 1 960: f i g . 9 : 1 3 . 5 . Dunand 1 973: f i g . 1 55 . 6 -7 . K enyon 1 960: f i gs 1 3: 7 ,1 2 : 1 4 . 8 . Dunand 1 973: f i g . 1 64 . 91 0 . K enyon 1 960 f i gs 1 2: 2 1 , 5 . 1 1-12 . Dunand 1 973: f i g . 1 60 . 1 3 . K enyon 1 960: f i g . 1 5: 6 . 1 4 . B en -To r 1 975: f i g . 8 : 1 4 . FI G . 3 .- 1 . Dunand 1 973: f i g . 1 63 . 2 . Guy & E ngberg 1 938: p l .5 :1 0 . 3 -4 . Dunand 1 973 :f i gs . 1 63 164 . 5 -6 . P ar r 1 956: f i g 1 5: 1 45 , 1 47 . 78 . Dunand 1 973: f i g . 1 66 . 91 0 . d e V aux 1 948: f i g s . 1 : 1 9; 4 : 3 . 1 1 . Dunand 1 973: f i g . 1 57 . 1 2 .P ar r 1 956 :f i g . 1 4: 1 28 . 1 3 . K enyon 1 965: f i g . 4:2 7 . F ig . 4 .- 1 . Dunand 1 973: f i g . 1 62 . 2 .K enyon 1 965: f i g . 4 : 2 5 . 3 . Dunand 1 973: f i g . 1 62 . 4 . Ophe l: P a le s t ine Museum B u l le t in 3 ,p l . I V: 1 0 . 5 . Dunand 1 973: f i g . 1 62 . 6 -7 . K enyon 1 960: f i g . 2 5: 9 10 . 8 1 0 . Dunand 1 945 :f i g s 5:c , 8:c ,h .1 1 . E ngbe rg & S h ip ton 1 934b :p l .V I: 2 3 .

B IBLIOGRAPHY AM IRAN ,R . 1 977 P o t tery f r om t he C ha lco l i th ic S i te n ear T e l l D e lham iya , a nd S ome No te s o n t he C harac te r o f t he C ha lco l i th ic E ar ly B ronze IT rans i t ion . E r e tz I s r a e l 1 2: 4 8 -56 ( i n H eb rew ) . 1 981 S ome Obse rva t ions o nC ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Age S anc tuar ie sa nd R e l ig ion . P p .4 7 -53 i nA . B i ran , e d . , T emp l e s a nd H igh P l a c e s i n B ib l i ca l T im e s . J e ru sa lem: H eb rew Un ion C o l lege - Ne lson G lueck S choo lo fB ibl i ca lA rchaeo logy . B EN -TOR ,A . 1 975 Two B u r ia lC ave so ft he P ro to -U rban P e r iod a tA zo r . Q ed em 1 : 1 53 . 1 978 C y l ind er S ea l s o f T h i rd M i l l enn ium P a l e s t ine . B ule t in o f t he Ame r ican S choo ls o f O r ien ta l R esearch S upp lemen tS e r ie sN °2 2 .C amb r idge , MA : ASOR . 1 982 T he R e la t ions b e tween E gyp ta nd t he L and o fC anaan d u r ing t he T h i rd M i l lenn ium B .C .J o u rna lo fJ ew i sh S tud i e s 3 3/1 -2 :3 18 . 1 985 G lyp t ic A r to ft he T h i rd M i l lenn ium P a le s t ine a nd i t s F o re ign R e la t ions . P p . 1 25 i nE .L ip insk i e d . , T h e L and o fI s ra e l: C ro s s -Ro ad s o fC iv i l iz a t ion s . L euven: P ee te rs . 1 989 B yb los a nd E a r ly B ronze IP a le s t ine .T h i sv o lume: 4 1 -52 . B RAUN ,E . 1 984 No te s a nd News: Y i f tahe l . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J o urna l 3 4: 1 9 1 194 . BR AUN ,E .e ta l . 1 985 E n S hadud , S a lvag e E x cav a t ion s a t aF arm ing C ommun i ty i nt h e J e z r e e l V a l ley . B .A .R . , I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 2 49 .O x fo rd: BAR . DUNAND ,M . 1 937 -39 F ou i l l e s d e B yb lo s , T ome I .P ar i s: A . Ma isonneuve . 1 945 B i b l i a G r amma ta . E tude se td ocumen t sd ' a rch6o log ie I .B ey rou th :M in is t&e d el ' Educa t ion N a t iona le . 1 950 C h rono log ie d e sp lu sa nc ienne si n s tala t ion sd eB yb lo s . R evue B i b l ique 5 7: 5 83 -603 . 1 954 -58 F ou i l le s d e B yb lo s , T om e I . P ar is: A . Ma i sonneuve . 1 966 PMn ic ie . C o ls 148 116 1 i nH . C aze l le s &A . F eu i l le t , e d s , S upp lem en t a uD i c t i onna i r e d el aB i b l e , T om e 7 . 1 973

P ar i s :L e touzey e t An& F ou i l le s d e B yb lo s T ome V L' a r ch i tec tur e , l e s t ombe s , l em a te r i e l d ome s t ique , d e s o r ig in e s al ' avMemen t u r ba in ( T ex te e tP l anch e s ) . P ar is: A . Ma i sonneuve .

EI S ENBERG ,E . 1 989

T he C ha lcol i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze IO c cupa t ion sa tT e lT eo .T h is v o lume . :2 94 0 .

EN GBERG ,R .M .8 i SH IPTON ,G .M . 1 934a 1 934b

N o t e s o n t h e C ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronz e A g e P o t te ry o f Meg iddo . S tud ies i n Anc ien t O r ien ta l C iv i l i sa t ions N ° 1 0 . C h icago: C h ic ago U n ive r s i ty P re s s . Ano the r S umer ian S ea l I mp res s ion f r om Meg iddo . P a l e s t in e E xp lor a t ion F und Quar t e r ly S t a temen t 6 6 : 9 0 -93 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -5 1 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

AMNON B EN -TOR GOLDMAN H . 1 956

E xcava t ions a t G öz lü K u le , T ar su s . V o lume I . F r om t h e N eo l i th i c T hrough t h e B ronz e A ge . 2v o ls: T ex t a nd P la te s . P r ince ton: P r ince ton Un ive rs i ty P re s s . GOPHNA ,R . 1 976 E gyp t ian I mm ig ra t ion i n to S ou the rn C anaan d ur ing t he F i rs t Dynas ty ?T e l Av iv 3:3 1-37 . HENNESSY ,J .B . 1 967 T he F ore ign R e la t ions o fP a le s t ine d ur ing t h e E ar ly B r onz e A ge . C o l t A rcheo log ica l I ns t i tu te P ub l ica t ion . L ondon : B . Qua r i tch . HERZOG ,Z . 1 982 P roceed ing s o ft he N in th A rchaeo log ica l C ong res si nI s rae l ( i n Hebrew ) . J e rusa lem . M IROSCI IED J I ,P .d e 1 97 1 L 'ipoque p rd -urba ine e n P a l e s t ine . C ah ie rs d e l aR evue B ibl ique n o 1 3 . P ar is: G aba lda . SA GH IEH ,M . 1 983 B yb lo s i n t h e T h i rd Mi l lenn ium B .C . Warm ins te r: A ns & P h i l l ip s . S A IDAH ,R . 1 97 9 F ou i l le s d eS idon -Dake rman :l ' agg lomera t ion c ha lco l i th ique . B e ry tu s2 7 :29 -76 . THOMPSON ,H .0 . 1 969 Aps ida l Cons truc t ion i n t he Anc ien t Near E as t . P a l e s t ine E xp lo r a t i on Quar te r ly 11 :6 9 -86 . VAUX ,R .d e 1 948 L a s econde c a mpagne d e f ou i l le s aT e l le l -Fär 'ah p res Nap lou se . R evue B ib l ique 5 5: 5 44 -580 . WILDUNG ,D . 1 983 Ä gyp ten v or d en P y r am iden . München: P h .v .Z abe rn . YAD IN ,Y . 1 955

T he E ar l ie s t R eco rd o f E gyp t 's M i l i tary P ene t ra t ion i n to A s ia ?I s rae l E xp lora t ion J ourna l 5 : 1 16 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -5 2 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE GH AT GO D DESS AN D THE TE MPLES OF GILAT , EN- GE DI AN D A l R u th A MIRAN T he I s rae l Museum , J e rusa lem

T he f our t emp le s d ea l t w i th i n t h is p aper Ic ove r al ong s pan o f t ime: G i la t a nd E n G ed i t he Cha lco l i th ic , t he A i A c ropo l is T emp le t he E B Ia nd t he A i C i ty - Wa l l T emp le t he E B I I p er iods . A ssoc ia t ing t he l a t te r w i th t h is g roup i sb ased o n t he f a c t t ha t i t " i nhe r i ted " mos t p robab ly s o me o fi t s f u rn i ture — s uch a s t he i mpor tan t a l abas te r v e sse ls ( Am iran 1 970 )— f r om i t s p redece ssor , t he A cropo l is T emp le . We s ha l l r e f ra in h e re f r om d i scuss ing t he a r ch i tec tu ra l p rob lem s o f t he se f our t emp les , wh ich h ave b een s tud ied b y t he ir r e spec t ive e xcava tor s a nd b y v ar ious s cho lar s 2. Our p urpose i nt h is p ape ri st ot ouch u pon t h e p rob lem s o ft he s p ir i tua l -cu l t ic c on ten t s o f t hese f our t emp les a s e xp re ssed i n s o me o f t he ir p arapherna l ia . We s ha l l f o cus o n o ne f e a ture c ommon t o a l l f our t emp le s , t o wh ich w e a ss ign a s ymbo l ic c u l t ic v a lue: t he g oa t sk in l ike v e sse l . I ti so n ly l og ica l t ha t t he s pec tacu lar d i scovery o f t he s t a tue t te o f a g oddess i n t he t emp le a t G i la t ( F ig . 1 )( A lon 1 976b ) s hou ld g u ide u s t o t h is a pproach , i ndeed r evo lu t ion ize o ur me thods o f u nder s tand ing t h is c a tegory o f d a ta , a nd s hou ld d ic ta te more d ar ing i n terp re ta t ion s o fo b jec ts a nd v e sse ls e x is t ing i n t he t emp le s a nd t he s ymbo l ic c onno ta t ion embod ied i n t hem . I n t h is n ew a pproach a nd e ndeavor t he G i la t g odde ss o f fer s t he mos tn a tura l a nd i nhe ren t ly i mpo r tan ti n cen t ive . Our f i r s t t a sk i st o p ropose s o me e v idence f o r t he d e f in i t ion o f t h is f ema le s t a tue t te ( F ig . 1 )a s r epresen t ing ag odde ss: s e a ted ma je s t ica l ly o n aw e l l -p lanned s t oo l 3,c ar ry ing al a rge g oa t sk in l ike v e sse l o n h e r h ead , e l egan t ly s uppor t ing i tw i th h er r i gh t a rm , a nd c a rry ing a no ther s ma l l v es se l , ac ha l ice , u nder h er l e f ta rm . T he p os ture , t he s t oo l a nd t he t wo a t tr ibu tes h in ta th e r "We sen " :s uch af i gure c ou ld n o tr epre sen t n e i the r awor sh ippe r n or av o t ive s -beare r , b u t ad iv ine b e ing . As i gn if ican t f e a ture r e levan t t oo ur s ub jec t i st he

1 . T he p resen t p ape ri s al og ica ls equence o ft he t hough ts e xp ressed i n my p rev iou sp ape rs :s ee Am i ran 1 972; 1 98 1 2 . T he G i la t t emp le was e xcava ted b y D . A lon: s ee A lon 1 976a , 1 976b , a nd o ther p re l im inary n o te s ;t he a rch i tec ture i sn ow b e ing p repared f o r p ub l ica t ion . F o r t he E n -Ged i t emp le , s ee U s s ishk in 1 980 . 3 . F ema le f i gur ines a tC hagar B azar a nd o the r s i tes , s how as t oo l o f t h is o rde r: s ee O a tes & O a tes 1 976: 1 08 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -5 3 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

R . A M IRAN

FI G .1 .— S t a tue t te o f ag odde ss f r om t he t emp le a tG i la t .

f a c t t ha t t he b ody o f t he f ema le s t a tue t te i sf a sh ioned i n t h e s hape o f ap o t tery v e sse l , a c on ta ine r . A s as e cond t a sk w e mus tt r yt ou nde r s tand t h es ymbo l ic mean ing o ft he ma in a t t r ibu te , t he g oa tsk in l ike v esse l . I t i s a mos t c ommon v esse l , o ne o f t he h a l l mark s o f t he Cha lco l i th ic p o t tery r eper tory . However , i ta ppear s i n t h is s t a tue t te i n ac omp le te ly d i f fe ren t e nv ironmen t , i . e . , i n t he s e rv ice o f ar i tua l i dea a nd a s p ar t o f ac u l t s c ene . T h is c on tex t s heds n ew l i gh t o n t wo o the r a ppar i t ions o f t h is v e sse l: t he s t a tue t te o fa n a n ima l c arry ing t wo s pec imens o f t h i s v e sse l o n i t s b ack d i scovered i n t he t emp le a t E n -Ged i ( F ig . 2 ) ( Uss ishk in 1 980: f i g . 1 a nd p l . 1 4: 1 5 ) , a nd t he l a rge , l i fe -s ized g oa t sk in l ike

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -5 4Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T HE G MAT G ODDE S S A ND T HE T EM PLE S O F G I LAT , E N -GED I A ND A I

FI G .2 .— F igu r ine o fa na n ima ll a den w i th t wo g oa t sk in l ike v e sse ls f r om t he t emp le a tE n -Ged i .

0

1 0

2 9c m

F IG .3 .— G oa t sk in l ike a l aba s te rv e sse lf r om t he C i ty - Wa l lT emp le a tA i .

a l abas ter v esse l d i scove red a t t he C i ty - Wa l l T emp le a t A i ( F ig .3 ) ( Am iran 1 970: f i g .5 a nd p l . 4 1 ) . Appear ing i n a l l f our t emp les a nd u n i t ing t hem i n to o ne c a tegory , t h is g oa t sk in l ike v esse l p rov ides p erhaps t he h in t w e a re l ook ing f o r a s t o t he s p ir i tua l mean ing o ft he se t emp le s . No tw i ths tand ing t he n ow we l l roo ted c oncep t ion a nd t e rm ino logy o f t h is v e sse l a s a " churn " , Is ugges t t ha t w e s hou ld r e -asse ss i t s s i gn i f icance b y d i s t ingu ish ing b e tween i t s f o rm a nd i t s f unc t ion . T here i sn o d oub t t ha t t he f o rm o f t h is p o t tery v e sse l i m i ta te s a g oa tsk in , i . e . ac on ta ine ri nt he s e rv ice o f man f r om t ime i mmemor ia l . B u t t he re i sl i kew ise n o d oub t t ha t t he f i r s t a nd o r ig ina l f unc t ion o f t he r e a l g oa t sk in a s we l l a s o f i t s c e ram ic i m i ta t ion wa s a s aw a te r -con ta iner , ma in ly i n t he t r anspor ta t ion o f l i qu ids . I ti st r ue t ha t t he e thnoarchaeo log ica l e v idence s f r om v ar ious v i l lage -cu l ture s s how t he u se o fv e sse ls o f s im i lar s hape i n t he b u t ter -produc t ion — b u t h ow f a r b ack c an t he b u t te r -p roduc t ion i n t h is t ype o fc on ta ine r b e p roved ?A p a i r o f t h e se v e sse ls t i ed o n b o th s i des o f ad onkey 's

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -5 5E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

R . A M IRAN

FI G .4 .— S t and ing s t a tue t te f r om B äb e dh -Dh ra .

FI G .5 .— S t a tue t te f r om at emp le a t Myr tos .

b ack s eem s b o th an a tura l a s w e l l a s a n i ngen ious d ev ice i nb r ing ing h ome t he " wa te r -o fl i fe "— a nd t he a n i ma l s t a tue t te f r om E n -Ged i i lus tra tes t h is . I ti si n t h is v ery f unc t ion t ha t t h is v esse l h as b een t r ansp lan ted , s o t os peak , f r om t h e r e a lm o fe veryday l i f e t ot he r e a lm o fc u l t: i na l l f our t emp le s i t s mean ing i ss y mbo l ic o f w a ter/ra in . T he c l eares t c a se i so fc our se t he G i la t g odde ss whe re t he w a terbag i sp ar t o f t he c ompos i t ion . Man i sc e r ta in ly mo re i n n eed o f ar a in -goddess t han a b u t ter -mak ing

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -5 6Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1 1E G ILAT GODDES S AND T HE T EMPLES O F G ILAT , E N -GED I AND A l

FI G . 6 . — Min ia ture i vory b ow l f ro m S afad id iscovered b yJ .P erro t .

g oddess ( t o s t re tch t h ings a d a b surdum ) . If i nd s uppor t f o r t h is c oncep t i n U ss i shk in 's s ugge s t ion o f i den t i fy ing t h e E n -Ged i t emp le w i th " wa ter -Cu l t , " b as ing h i s i dea o n t he g eog raph ica l -c l ima to log ica l p os i t ion o f t he t emp le o n t he h i l l o ve r look ing t wo i mpor tan t s p r ings ( U ss ishk in 1 970: 3 4f . ) . F ur the rmore , P ro f . T h . J a cobsen h as i n te rpre ted a n o b jec t ( i ndeed o n ly h a l fp re served ) t h a tt he g odde ss I nanna c a r r ie so n h er h ead o n t he U ruk V ase a s ag oa tsk in l ike v e sse l 4.S ince I nanna i s , i n te r a l ia , ar a in -Goddess , t h is emb lem i sa mo s ts u i tab le o ne . A t t h is p o in t Iwou ld p ropose t oe n large t he s c ope o fo ur s ub jec ta nd t r yt oi n c lude i n to t h is c a tegory a l so n on -goa t sk in l ike v esse l s c a r r ied b y f ema le r epre sen ta t ions . We s ha l l d ea l w i th t h ree s pec i men s: 1 )t he E B Is t a tue t te f r om B ab e dh -Dh ra; 2 )t he My r tos ( C re te ) E B ( = EH ) s t a tue t te; a nd 3 ) as ugge s ted r e con s t ruc t ion o f as ma l l i vory b ow l f r om Cha lco l i th ic S a fad i . 1 )T he s t and ing s t a tue t te f r om B ab e dh -Dh ra o r ig ina tes i n t he E B Ic u l ture ( F ig .4 ) 5. A r t is t ica l ly a nd s ty l is t ica l ly t h is work o f a r t i s o f ad i f feren t a pproach . We a re c on f ron ted h ere w i th a s cu lp ture i n t he r ound , w i th a s omewha t f l a t tened b ody . T he s y mbo l ic s i gn i f icance o ft h e v esse l i s emphas ized b y t he c omp le te om iss ion o ft he h ead o f t he h uman f i gure , a s i f" swa l lowed " w i th in t he g lobu lar f o rm o f t he c on ta ine r . I ts eems l og ica l t or e la te t h is s t a tue t te a l so t o t he c a tegory o f t he r a in -godde ss , t hough h e r s y mbo l i s as imp le p o t tery j a r , n o t t he g oa tsk in l ike o ne . 2 )T he My r tos s t a tue t te ( F ig .5 )o r ig ina te s i n as h r ine ( War ren 1 972: p l s . 6 9 -70 ) . I ti sa f ema le r ep re sen ta t ion h o ld ing av esse l ( aj ug ) i nh er b o th h ands . T he b ody i sb e l l -shaped a nd t he n eck i sv ery l ong . I ti sh and fash ioned i m i ta t ing t o s o me e x ten t t he s hape o f a v esse l . War ren i den t i f ie s t h is s t a tue t te a s ar ep resen ta t ion o f t h e r a in -goddess . 3 ) We c ome b ack n ow t o a n o b jec t o f t he B ee r sheba C ha lco l i th ic c u l ture e xcava ted a t S a fad i: i ti s a sma l l a nd d eep g lobu la r b ow l made o f i vory , w i th a w e l l d emar ca ted r im ( F ig . 6 ) 6.Iwou ld v en tu re t o s ugges t t ha t t h is m in ia ture b ow l was n o t mean t t o b e a n i ndependen t v e sse l , b u t w as p ar t o f ac o mpos i te o b jec t . T h is s ugges t ion may f i nd s o me s uppor t i n t he s im i la r i ty o f t h is m in ia ture b ow l t o t he o nes c ar r ied o n t he h eads o f s o me

4 . Iam mo s tg ra te fu l t oP ro f .J a cob sen f o rc ommun ic a t ing t h is i de a t o me . 5 . P ub l ished b y J . P . T ha lmann i n L a v o l e R oya le , 9 000 a n s d ' ar t a u r o y aume d e f o rdan i e ( C a ta logue d e l ' expo s i t i on , Mu s& d u L ux emb ou rg ,2 6 n ov . 1 986 -2 5j a nv . 1 987 ) ,p p . 1 8 ,5 ( n °4 2 ) . 6 . Ia m g ra te fu l t oJ .P e r ro t f o rh i s p e rm is s ion t op ub l ish t h i s o b jec t h e re f o r t he f i rs t t ime .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -5 7Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

R . A M IRAN

FI G .7 .— I vo ry f i gu r ine sf r om Naqada ( A :P e t r ie 1 920: 7a nd p l .X LV I :1 3; B:P e t r ie & Qu ibe l l1 8 % :3 2 ,4 5a nd p l . L IX :7 8 ) .

i vory f i gur ine s f r om Naqada ( F ig . 7 )( Pe t r ie 1 920: 7a nd p l . X LV I: 1 3; P e t r ie & Qu ibe l l 1 896: 3 2 ,4 5 a nd p l . L D ( :7 8 ) . C onsequen t ly Ip ropose c omb in ing t he m in ia ture b ow l w i th o ne o f t he s t a tue t tes o r f r ag men tary h eads e xcava ted b y J .P e r ro t a tS a fad i , o r p e rhap s t o a no ther wh ich h as n o t y e t b een u ncovered i n t ha t s i te . On F igure 8 a re s hown t wo s t a tue t te s ( one mascu l ine a nd o ne f em in ine ) a nd t he b ow l i nt he s a me s ca le , t o make t h is i dea more c onv inc ing 7.L og ica l ly Iwou ld s ee i nt h is f ema le s t a tue t te w i th t he b ow l o nh e r h ead t he r ep re sen ta t ion o f t he r a in -godde s s . A l l t hese b i ts o fe v idence , c ons ide red w i th t he a pp rop r ia te measure o fc au t ion , p re sen t ac ohe ren tp i c ture o ft he f our t emp le s , s p ir i tua l ly a nd r i tua l ly f unc t ion ing i nt he c u l to ft he R a in -Godde ss . T he v e ry s a me v e sse l was i nu se a s as ymbo l o ft he c u l t t h roughou t al ong p er iod , f r om t he Cha lco l i th ic t ot he E BI I , a l ong s ide o the r , mo re c ommon t ype s o fv e s se l s .

7 . Ic ou ld n o t t r y t h i s c omb ina t ion , s i nce b o th s t a tue t te s a re a tp re sen t ( F a l l 1 987 ) i n t he I s rae l Museum ' s t r ave ll ing e xh ib i t ion " T reasu re so ft h e Ho ly L and " .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -5 8Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE G ILAT GODDESS AND THE T E MPLES O F G ILAT , EN -GED I AND A l

F IG . 8 .— I vo ry f i gur ines a nd t he m in ia ture i vory b ow lf r om S a fad i .

We c anno tp re sume t ok now t he n ame o ft h is r a in -de i ty r ep re sen ted i nf u l l a t t ire i nt he b eau t i fu l s t a tue t te o f G i la t— b e s he I nanna o r I s h tar , B i lu lu o r H agar — o ur p re sen t k now ledge i ss t i l l t oo l im i ted .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -5 9 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

R . AMMAN

B IBLIOGRAP HY A LON ,D . 1 976a 1 976b AM 1RAN , 1 972

AC ha lco l i th ic t emp le a tG i la t . Q admon io t 9 : 1 02 105 ( i n H eb rew ) . Two Cu l t V e s se ls f r om G i la t . A t iqo t ( Engl i sh S e r ie s ) 1: 16 118 . R . R ef le c t ions o n t he I den t i f ica t ion o ft he D e i ty a tt he E a r ly B ronze I a nd I I T emp le s a tA i . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i c an S cho o l s o fO r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 08: 9 13 . 1 98 1 S ome Ob se rvat ions o n C ha lcol i th ic a nd E a r ly B ronze Age S anc tu ar ie sa nd R e l ig ion . P p .4 7 -53 i nA . B i ran , e d . , T emp l e s a nd H igh P l ac e s i n B ib l i ca l T ime s , P ro c e ed ing s o ft h e C o l loqu ium i nH ono r o ft h e C en tenn i a l o f t h e H eb r ew U n ion C o l l eg eJ ew i sh I n s t i tu te o fR e l ig ion . J e ru sa lem: H eb rew Un ion C o l lege J ew ish I n s t i tu te o f r e l ig ion . OA T 'E S ,D . & OA TE S ,J . 1 976 T h e R i s e o fC iv i l i s a t i on . O x fo rd: E l sev ie r -Pha idon . PE TR IE ,W .M . F . 1 920 P r eh i s to r i cE gyp t . L ondon: B . Qua r i tch . PE TR IE ,W .M .F . & QU IBELL ,J .E . 1 896 N aq ad aa nd B a l la s ,1 895 . L ondon :B . Quar i tch . US S ISH IGN , D . 1 980 T he Ghas su l ian S h r ine a tE n -Ged i . T e lA v iv 7 : 1 44 . WA RREN , P. 1 972 My r to s ,A n E a r ly B ronz eA g eS e t t l em en t i nC r e t e . L ondon: T hame s & Hudson .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -6 0 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

DEUX IE ME

S ESS ION

L E DEROULE MENT DU PROCESSUS D 'URBAN ISAT ION

S e ss ion p r& ic l& p ar Y i tzhaq B E IT -AR IEH

P ier re d e MIROSCHED J I .— L ep rocessus d 'urban isa t ion e nP a les t ine a u B ronze a nc ien: c hrono log ie e tr y th mes . I n t er v enan ts :A .S chu lman ,E .B raun . Doug las L . E SSE .— S econdary S ta te F orma t ion a nd Co l lapse i n E ar ly B ronze Age P a les t ine . I n te r v enan t s: J .D .S ege r ,T .E .L evy ,A .S chu lman ,A .B en -To r ,S .L ev -Yadun ,M .K o chav i ,P .d e M i ro sched j i ,L .K .H orw i tz ,C .B urney . R a m GOPHNA .— F ro m V i l lage t o T own i n t he L od V a l ley: A C ase S tudy . I n ter v enan ts :D .I l an ,S .R o sen ,E .B raun ,D . L .E s se . R u th AM IRAN & R a m GOPHNA . — U rban C anaan i n t he E B Ia nd E B I I P er iods — Emergence a nd S t ruc ture . I n ter v enan t s: A .S chu lman , A . K emp insk i . J oe D . S EGER .— S o me P rov is iona l Corre la t ions i n E B I I S tra t igraphy i n S ou thern P a les t ine . I n t e rv enan t :P .d eM irosched j i .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -6 1 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L E PROCESS US D ' URB ANIS ATIO N EN PALESTI NE AU BR O NZE ANCIE N: CHRO N OLO GIE ET RYTH MES P ier re d e MIROSCHEDJI C .N .R .S .

C es p age s n e v i sen t n i äu ne p resen ta t ion s yn the t ique d u p roce ssus d 'urban isa t ion e n P a le s t ine a u B ronze a nc ien , n i äl ' expose d 'un mode le e xp l ica t i f g loba l . On s e p ropose s imp lemen t d 'y e squ isse r q ue lque s c adre s d e r e ference s al ' in ter ieur d esque ls l e s e l emen t s c ons t i tu t ifs d 'un mode le p ourra ien t e t re p u ises . C es c adres s eron t e ssen t ie l le men t c hrono log iques: a van t d ' exp l iquer l e s c ond i t ions d u d eve loppemen t d 'un p rocessus h i s tor ique t e l q ue l ' urban i sa t ion , i le s t i mpe ra t if , e n e f fe t , d e f i xe r d ' abord d ans l et emp s , a u ss ip rec isemen tq ue p o ss ib le ,l e sp r inc ipa le se t apes d es on d e rou lemen t . L e sc adre sc h rono log ique sq ue l ' on s ouha i te c on tr ibue r äp rec ise ri c is on td ed eux s or te s: c e s on t d 'une p ar t l e s s equence s a rcheo log iques e tc u l ture l le s d e l ac i v i l isa t ion d u B ronze a nc ien , d 'au t re p ar t d es r y th mes s pec i f ique s q u i o n t marque s on d eve loppemen t e t q u i d o iven t " t re p r is e n c omp te c ar u s i n t rodu isen t , d an s l ' e space e td ans l et emp s , u ne me sure d e d ive rs i te .

I . CHRONOLOGIE

S& I t ience a r ch&i log ique Un c onsen sus s ' e s t e t ab l i d epu is l ong temps d e jä s ur l e s p r inc ipa le s d iv is ion s d u B ronze a nc ien . T ou te fo is ,d e s i n ce r t i tude s o u d e s d e saccords e n touren te ncore s ouven tl ad e f in i t ion d e c haque p hase , e t s u r tou t l eu r d e s igna t ion; i l s c o mp l iquen t l e s p rob leme s d e d a ta t ions r e la t ive s e tl ac o mpara ison e n tre l e s d onnee s p ub l iee s . B ronze a nc ien I On r egroupe s ous c n om l ' ensemb le d u ma ter ie l a rcheo log ique q u i s e s i tue c h rono log ique men t e n tre l e Cha lco l i th ique e t l e B ronze a nc ien I . C o mme i lp re sen te d e

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -6 3E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P IERRE D EM IROSCHED J I

f o r tes d i spar i te s r eg iona le s e tp eu d ep o in ts c ommuns d 'un b ou t al ' au t re d el aP a les t ine , c e ma te r ie l af a i t l ' ob je td e d e s igna t ions d iver se s s e lon l ' accen tm is s ur t e i le o u t e i le r eg ion , o u b ien s ur t e l o u t e l d e s e s a spec ts: Cha lco l i th ique e t B ronze a nc ien I a (W r igh t 1 937; d e V aux 1 966 ) , B ronze a nc ien I A e t I B (Wr igh t 1 958 , 1 96 1 , 1 97 1; L app 1 968 , 1 970 ) , P ro to U rba in ( Kenyon 1 965; Henne ssy 1 967 ) o u P re -U rba in ( M i rosched j i 1 97 1) . B ien q u 'e l le a i t l ' avan tage d es ou l igne rl e sd i f ference sp ro fonde se n t re c e t te é poque e tl eB ronze a nc ien I ,i l e s tp re fe rab le d er enonce r äl ad es igna t ion P re -o uP ro to -urba in q u in ep eu tq u 'en t ra iner d e s c on fus ion s , l ' usage e t an td e so rma is b ien e t ab l i d ' appe le rc e t te é poque l eB ronze a nc ien I . L es r echerches r ecen tes n 'on t p as c on f irme l a d iv is ion t r ipar t i te q ue n ous a v ions p roposee n ague re ( M irosched j i 1 97 1 :5 8 -74 ) . E n r evanche , e l les o n t mon t re s ur p lu s ieur s s i tes l ' ex is tence d e d eux p hases d is t inc tes , B ronze a nc ien I A e t I B 1.Ma is c e l le s -c i n e c or re sponden t p as a l a d e f in i t ion q ue G .E . Wr igh t e n a va i t d orm & e n 1 958 a p ar t ir d e l ' ana ly se d 'un ma ter ie l p eu v ane q u i p rovena i t e xc lus ive men t d u n ord d u p ay s; l eur d e f in i t ion s ' es t d epu is l o r s mod if iee . L a d is t inc t ion e n t re l eB ronze a nc ien I A e tI Be s t b ien i lus tree a u n ord d e l a P a les t ine p ar l e ma ter ie l d e Y i f tahe l e t d 'En S hadud , r e spec t i v emen t ( Braun 1 985 , 1 989; B raun e ta l . 1 985 ) ;d an s l a moyenne v a l lee d u J ourda in p ar l a s equence d e T e l l Umm Ha mmad e sh -Sherq iya ( He lms 1 984 , 1 986 )

2

;d ans

l ab as se v a l lee

d uJ ourda in p ar l e mob i l ie rd ep lus ieur st ombe sd eJ e r icho ;e td an sl eb a ss in d el a me r Mor te p ar l a s equence d es t ombes d e B äb e dh -Dh ra ( S chaub 1 981)

Ma is p ar tou t a i l leurs e n

3.

P a les t ine , l a d is t inc t ion e n tre l e B ronze a nc ien I A e t I B n e p eu t p as e t re f a i te e n l ' e ta t p resen t d es c onna issance s; c e la l im i te b eaucoup l a s i gn if ica t ion a rcheo log ique d e c es t e rme s ,d ' au tan tp lus q ue l eB ronze a nc ien I Ad emeure e nco re t r e s ma lc onnu . Aux i ncer t i tudes c h rono log ique s s ' a jou ten t l e s d i spar i te s r eg iona les: l e s d i f ference s e n t re l eB ronze a nc ien I Ae tI Bd un ord ,d uc en t re o ud u s ud d el aP a le s t ine c i s jordan ienne e t t r ans jordan ienne s on t s i marquee s q u 'en t ou te r i gueur c e t te t e rm ino log ie n e d ev ra i t e t re u t i l i see q ue d ans u n s ens c hrono log ique , e t n on p as c u l ture l . P our e v i ter d ' even tue l le s amb igu i te s , ic onv iendra i te ns o mme d ep rec i se rc haque f o is d eq ue l B ronze a nc ien I Ao u I B i le s tq ue s t ion . B ronze a nc i en 1 L e B ronze a nc ien I r a ssemb le l e ma te r ie l a rcheo log ique q u i , d ans l a l i t tera ture , ae te d e s igne t an tö t B ronze a nc ien I b e tB ronze a nc ien I (W r igh t 1 937; d e V aux 1 966 ) , t an tö t B ronze a nc ien I e t B ronze a nc ien I ( de V aux 1 961 ;K enyon 1 965; Henne ssy 1 967; M i rosched j i 1 976 ) o u e ncore B ronze a nc ien I C e tB ronze a nc ien I (Wr igh t 1 958 , 1 96 1 , 1 97 1; L app 1 968 , 1 970 ) . L a t endance a c tue l le e s t d ' ignorer c es d is t inc t ions c h rono log iques e t d e c on s ide re r l a p hase i n i t ia le d u B ronze a nc ien I c omme u n " m irage c h rono log ique " ( Esse 1 984; S t ager s . d . ) . E l le e s t j u s t i f ide d ans l e c as p ar t icu l ier d u " B ronze a nc ien I C " , d e f in i p ar G . E . Wr igh t äl ' a ide d ' assemb lages d ivers e t ma l s t ra t i f ies , ma is i n ' es t p as s ür q u 'e l le s o i t f ondee p ar a i l leur s . C a r , d 'une p ar t , i le s t d ou teux q ue l ac u l ture ma ter ie l le n ' a i t c onnu a ucun c hangemen t a u c ours d e s t r o is o u q ua t re s i ec le s q ue d ure l eB ronze a nc ien I ,c o mp te t enu , e n p ar t icu l ie r , d e s t r an sforma t ions s oc io -econo m ique s c ons iderab les q u i o n t a l ors marque l aP a le s t ine . D 'au t re p ar t ,o n as ur p lu s ieur s s i te s l ' i nd ice d 'un d eve loppemen te n a u mo ms d eux e t ape s: c ' es t l e c as a A i , o ü l ' on p eu t d is t inguer e n t re l a p o te r ie d e s t r o is 1 . E l les c or re sponden t r e spec t ivemen t e tg ro s so m odo a ux p hases 1 +2 e t äl ap hase 3d el ' epoque p rö -u rba ine: c f . M iro sched j i 1 97 1 :5 8 -74 . 2 . V o i r a u ss i l e sr esu l ta ts d e sf ou i l les r ecen tes d e T e l l e sh -Shuna n o rd: Gus tayson Gaube 1 985 :4 9 , 5 1 . 3 . D ans l aS hephe la , u ne d i f fe rence a ppara i tra p eu t -e t re e n tre l e ma ter ie l d es n iveaux I e t I I d e 1 l ar touv q uand l e sf ou i l les e n c ou rs a uron t l i v re u n e chan t ilon p lus a bondan t: c f . Mazar & M i rosched j i 1 986 , 1 988 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -6 4 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L E P ROCES SUS D 'URBAN ISAT ION E N P ALEST INE: CHRONOLOG IE E r R YTHME S

p rem ie re s p hases — a t tr ibuee p ar l e f ou i l leur a u B ronze a nc ien I B e t I C ( c f . C a l laway 1 972: 5 9 145; 1 980: 5 5 111) , b i en q ue l le r eponde d é jà ä l ad e f in i t ion c ouran te d u B ronze a nc ien I — e tc e l le d es p hase s I V -V , c or rec temen t d a tee d u B ronze a nc ien I ; äJ e r icho , o ü J .B . Henne ssy ad a te l e s p hase s K -L d 'un " Bronze a nc ien I "q u i f a i t s u i te a u P ro to -U rban e t q u i p recede l eB ronze a nc ien I c l ass ique ( phase s G J ) ( Hennes sy 1 967: 1 0 -13; K enyon & Ho l land 1 983: x xx i i i , x l iv ) ;e ts ur tou t aT e l l e l -Fär 'ah , o ü l ap er iode I V1 , r ep re sen tee p a r l e s n iveaux A e t Bd u c han t ier I , p resen te , d 'un p o in t d e v ue i le s t v ra i p r inc ipa lemen t q uan t i ta t i f , d es c arac ter is t iques p rop re s q u i l ad i s t inguen t d e l ap e r iode s u ivan te I V2 , l ' une e tl ' au tre r e levan t c ependan t d u B ronze a nc ien I c l as s ique ( Huo t 1 967; M irosched j i 1 976: 1 3 -24 ) . I lr e s te q ue c e t te p hase i n i t ia le d u B ronze a nc ien I e s t e ncore t r op ma l d e f in ie p our e t re i nvoquee d ans u ne d iscuss ion d 'en semb le . Auss i l e B ronze a nc ien I d o i t i l e t re c on s ide re p rov i so iremen tc o mme u ne u n i te 4. I ii mpor te d e s ou l igne rq ue l at r ans i t ion d u B ronze a nc ien Ia u B ronze a nc ien I e s t t r e s ma rquee s ur t ous l e s s i tes o ü c e s d eux é poques s on t r epre sen tee s; e i le e s t s en s ib le d ans p re sque t ous l e s a spec t s d e l ac u l ture ma te r ie l le e t , o n l ev er ra c i -dessous , d e l av ie s oc io e cono m ique . D ans l e d oma ine d e l a p o ter ie , e i le s e man ifes te p ar l a d ispar i t ion d e l a ma jor i te d e s t ype s a nc ien s e t p a r l ' appar i t ion d e n ombreux t ypes n ouveaux . A T e l l e l F är iah , o ü l ' on d i spose d 'une e tude s ur l af r equence d ' a t te s ta t ion s d es 8 6 t ype s d e p o ter ie s i den t if iee s d ans l e s s i x n iveaux d u B ronze a nc ien a u c han t ie r I( Huo t 1 967; M irosched j i 1 976: 1 3 -24 ) , l a p lupar t d e s f o rmes c arac te r is t ique s d u B ronze a nc ien Ic essen t d 'ê t re a t te s tees d es l e p re m ier n iveau d u B ronze a nc ien I , q u i v o i t l ' appar i t ion d e 2 8 f o rmes n ouve l le s . AT e l A rad e t aJ e r icho , l ec hangemen t e s t c o mparab le ( Am iran e ta l . 1 978: 4 2a; H enne s sy 1 967: 1 0 ) . D et ou te e v idence ,u ne é poque n ouve l le c o mmence a l or s . B ronze a nc ien 1 1 On i n s is te s ouven t s ur l ac on t inu i te e n t re l eB ronze a nc ien I e tl eB ronze a nc ien I . E l le e s t p ar t icu l ieremen t s en s ib le a u n ord d e l aP a le s t ine , o ü l e s e l emen ts t ypo log ique s c arac t e r is t ique s d u B ronze a nc ien I I s e mb len te t re a pparus d es l af i n d e l ap hase p receden te , a u p o in t q u ' i l e s t p ar fo is d i f f ic i le d e f a ire l a d i f ference e n t re l a p o ter ie d e l a f i n d u B ronze a nc ien I e tc e l le d u c ommencemen t d u B ronze a nc ien I

E n r evanche ,l ad i s t inc t ion e n t re

5.

l e s d eux p hase s e s t b ien ma rquee s ur l e s s i tes d u c en t re e td u s ud d e l aP a le s t ine . AT e l Y armou th , e he e s t s it r anchee , a uss i b ien d ans l a s t ra t i f ica t ion q ue d ans l ap o ter ie , q u ' i l e s t p oss ib le d e s epare r n e t temen t l e ma te r ie l d e s d eux é poque s . L e B ronze a nc ien I I ye s t r epresen te p ar u ne s equence s t ra t igraph ique a ssez r i che ( de 2 ä 4 n iveaux , s c ion l e s c han t ie r s ) e tp ar u n ma te r ie l t r e s a bondan t r e cue i l l i a u c our s d ed egagemen ts q u i o n t p o r te s ur e nv iron 1 200 m 2.E n &p i td e p ar t icu lar isme s l o caux ( d 'a i l leur s b i en a t tenue s äp a r t ir d e c e t te é poque ) , l ap o ter ie d e T e l Y armou th p our ra i t s e rv ir d e r e ference p our c arac ter iser c e l le d u B ronze a nc ien I I e tp our e t ab l ir l ac h rono log ie i n te rne d e l ap e r iode . On r e conna i t c l a iremen t äY armou th d an s l as t ra t ig raph ie e tl at ypo log ie d eux p hase s , q ua l i f iee s r espec t ivemen t d e B ronze a nc ien 1 IA e td e B ronze a nc ien I IB ( M irosched j i e t a l . 1 988 :7 6 -84 ) . D e s l ed ebu td u B ronze a nc ien I IA , o n c on s ta te l ad i spar i t ion d e s e l emen t s c arac ter is t iques d e l ap o ter ie d e l ' epoque p receden te e t l ' appar i t ion d e f o rme s t yp iques , a t te s tee s a uss i s ur l a p lupar t d es s i tes c on tempora in s d e P a les t ine . L a d e f in i t ion t ypo l og ique d u B ronze a nc ien I IA e s td onc b ien a s su ree .

4 . L ad i s t inc t ion e n t re u n B ronze a nc ien IA e tU Bf a i te n agu&e p ar d eV aux & S t ve ( 1 948 :5 50 -556 ) e tp ar J .A . C a l laway ( 1 972: 2 9 , 1 46 s; 1 980: 1 8 , 13 s ) e s t d i f f ic i le äj u s t i f ie r . 5 . A ins i äT e l Q ash ish :A . B en -To r , c omm . p e rs . ;e tc f . B en -To r , P o r tuga l i & Av issar 1 981 :f i gs 1 6 17 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -6 5Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P IERRE DE MIROSCHED J I

In ' en v ap as d e mb 'me d ec e l le d u B ronze a nc ien I IB .C et e rme e s td 'usage amb igu d an s l al i t t&a ture a r ch6o log ique . I as ouven t é t é emp ioyé d epu is u ne v ing ta ine d ' ann & s p our &s igne r d e s e n semb le s d e p o te r ie s ma l &f in is ( c f . Wr igh t 1 96 1 :8 6; A lbr igh t1 965 :5 1 -52 ) o u a ux c arac t& is t ique s i n ce r ta ine s ( c f . H enne ssy 1 967: 2 3 -24 ;C a l laway 1 972 :2 9 , 3 05 -306; D eve r &R ichard 1 977; D ever 1 980: 3 6 -38 ) , d on t l ep o in t c ommun e s t d ' avo ir é t é t r ouv& d an s l e sc ouche s s up& ieure sd u B ronze a nc ien I I , ma is q u i n es ed i s t inguen tg u&e d ec eux d es c ouche s s ous jacen te s . A Y armou th , l a p o ter ie a t t r ibude a u B ronze a nc ien I IB e s t a pparue e n q uan t i té d ans l en iveau l ep lus r e cen t d u B ronze a nc ien I I , q u i aé t é i den t if ih d ans t r o is c han t ier s e t( Mga ü s ur p lus d e 4 00 m2.E l le r e ssemb le b eaucoup ä c e l le d e l a p hase p r den te p our c e q u i c once rne l e s c a tegor ies d e c&am ique e t l er epe r to i re d e s f o rmes , q u i r e s ten t i nvar iab le s , e tl e s p r inc ipaux d l&nen ts t ypo log iques , q u i n ' on t g ub re c hange; ma is e i le s ' en d i f l enc ie p ar l a p r&ence d e t r6 g rands v ases ( p la ts , j a t tes e t b ass ins p ro fonds ) e t p ar l ' usage p lus f r& luen t d ' engobe s r ouge s l u s tr& o u äl u s t rage c l 6cora t if . C e s c arac t&e s d i s t inc t i f s s er e trouven td an s l ap o ter ie d e p lus ieur s s i te sc on tempora ins d u s ud d e l aP a le s t ine ( Lach ish , T e l H a l i f , T e l l B e i t M i r s im ); i l s s on t a t tes t& a uss i d ans l ab asse ( J er icho ) e t d an s l ah au te v an & d u J ourda in ( Hazor ) , a ins i q ue d ans l a p l a ine d 'Esdre lon (Wg iddo ) , d ans d es c on tex te s q u i s e mb len t e t re p lus r&en ts q ue c eux o ü l a c&am ique d e K h irbe t 1 C drak & a i t e n u sage ( rg s d ans M irosched j i e ta l . 1 988: 2 25 -233 ) . T ou te fo is , c e s q ue lque s r approchemen ts n e s u f f isen t p a s e ncore p our dg in ir u ne p ha se: l e c oncep t d e B ronze a nc ien I IB p ropos i c i n ' a d one d e s i gn i f ica t ion g dn&a le q u 'au p o in t d e v ue c hrono log ique; a u p o in t d e v ue a r c Mo log ique , i ln e p eu t g u re s ' app l iquer p our h e mo men tq u 'a Y armou th e ta ux s i te sd us ud d el aP a le s t ine .

L a s equence c u l tur e l le L a p e r iod isa t ion r i goureuse d u B ronze a nc ien p erme t d 'ordonne r l e s e l emen ts d 'une s equence c u l ture l le q u i r y thme l e s e t apes d u p roce ssus d 'urban isa t ion . P ar s equence c u l tu re l le ,n ous e n tendon sl ' ord re d ' appa r i t ion d e sp r inc ipaux a spec ts s oc io -econom ique sd e l ac i v i l isa t ion p a les t in ienne d u I l e m i l lena ire . P eup lemen t e t h ab i ta t Une a ug men ta t ion s ens ib le d u n ombre d e s s i te s ma rque l ec ommencemen t d u B ronze a nc ien I .C e pMno rn& le e s t d i f f ic i le äq uan t i f ier . Une e va lua t ion &jä a nc ienne , ma i s q u i a d es c hance s d ' ê t re e ncore v a lab le , s ug ü re p a r r appor t a u Cha lco l i th ique g hassou l ien u n ä ccro issemen t d e l ' ordre d e 5 0% ( M irosched j i 1 976: 5 6 ) . Ie s t p eu p robab le q ue c pMno mbne t r adu ise s eu lemen t u ne h au sse & mog raph ique , c ' e s t -a -d ire u ne a ugmen ta t ion d e l a p opu la t ion e n v a leur a b so lue , c a r l e s t aux d e n a ta l i té a t tes t& d ans l e s s oc ie ' t& a r cha iques s on t t ou jour s t r op b as p our q ue l ' on n ' ass is te j ama is a u ne e xp lo s ion d e c e t te amp leur ( M irosched j i 1 976: 6 7 -69; C owg i l l 1 975 ) . S i I on o bserve q ue l a p lupa r t d es & ab l issemen ts d u B ronze a nc ien Is on t d es f onda t ion s d e c e t te é poque , c p hdnom& le d o i t e t re i n terpré té p lu tö t c o mme l e r&u l ta t d e l a s& len tar isa t ion d e p opu la t ions q u i p ra t iqua ien tj u squ 'a lo r su n mode d ev i es em i s& len ta ire . D ans l eur t r& g rande ma jor i t, l e s& ab l issemen ts n ouveaux o n té t é f ond & d ans l az one d e c l i ma t e t d e ' c lgd ta t ion m& l i ter ran ens , a u v o is inage d e s ources e t e n r e la t ion p rg&en t ie l le a vec d e s s o ls f a c i le s ae lg r icher e t äl a boure r ( M irosched j i 1 97 1 :7 6 -84; 1 976: 5 4 s ) . C e t te n ouve l le 1 -p ar t i t ion d e l ' hab i ta t m arque u n c hangemen t s ens ib le p ar r appor t ä Hpoque p r

den te e ts i gna le l am ise e n p l ace d 'une c ar te d u p eup lemen t q u i

r e s te ra c e l le d el aP a le s t ine äl ' äge d u B ronze e td u F e r . L eB ronze a nc ien s ' ouvre a i ns i a vec

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -6 6 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L E P ROCESSUS D 'URBAN ISAT ION E N P ALEST INE: CHRONOLOG IE E T R YTHMES

F e labora t ion dune e conom ie a g ra ire med i te r raneenne ( vo ir c i -de ssous ) . 1e s t i mpo r tan t d e s ou l igne rl ac oncom i tan ce d ec e sd eux p henomene s . E ta le s ur a u mo ms t r o is s i ec les , l e mouvemen t d e s eden tar isa t ion d ans l a z one med i te rraneenne s emb le n ' avo ir e t e n i mass i fn ib ru ta l , ma is e s sen t ie l lemen t p rogre ss i f . On c onna i t e ncore t r e s p eu d ' e tab l issemen ts d u B ronze a nc ien I A e tl ap lupar t d e s f onda t ions n ouve l le s d a ten t d u B ronze a nc ien I B . Ie s tp o ss ib le d ans q ue lque s r a re s c as d 'app rehende r l e s moda l i tes d 'un p roce ssus d ' ins ta l la t ion marque d ' abord p ar l ac r ea t ion d 'un c ime t iere , p u is p ar l a f onda t ion d 'un v i l lage e t ab l i äs on v o is inage . L e c as d e B äb e dh -Dhra , o ü l e p re m ier e tab l issemen t s eden ta ire a e t e f onde a u B ronze a nc ien I B a upre s d 'un c ime t iere u t i l ise d es l eB ronze a nc ien I A , e s t d e sorma is c l a ss ique ( Ras t 1 981 :7s; S chaub & R as t 1 984 :3 5 s ) . Ma is c e t e xemp le n ' es t s an s d ou te p as u n ique: äJ e r icho ( Te l l e s -Su l tan ) , äA i e t äT e l l e l -Fär dah , i le s t p oss ib le q ue l e s p rem ie re s t ombe s d u c ime t ie re s e t a ien t e n u sage a van t l ' appar i t ion d 'un e t ab l issemen t p e rmanen t 6. C es e tab l issemen ts s on t t ous d es v i l lage s , d on t a ucun n ' e ta i t f o r t i f ie; l eur s uper f ic ie o sc i l le e n t re 1e t 4h ec tares , ma is q ue lques -uns , p rec isemen t c eux q u i s on t äl ' or ig ine d e s p re m ie re s c i tes f o r t if iee s , o n t d es s upe r f ic ie s e qu iva len tes a c e s d ern ie re s ( a ins i T e l l e l F är 'ah: 5 , 2 h a; A i: 1 0 ,7 h a; B e th Y erah: 2 0 h a ) ;c ' es t l ' ind ica t ion q ue l e s eu i l d 'urban isa t ion a e t e a t te in t p ar u ne a ugmen ta t ion c on t inue d u n o mb re d e s h ab i tan ts ä l ' in ter ieur d 'un e space l im i te p lu tö tq ue p ar u na cc ro is semen td el ad i mens ion d e s s i te s . B eaucoup d e v i l lages d u B ronze a nc ien Io n t e t e a bandonnes a u d ebu t d e l ' epoque s u ivan te; i s e mb le q ue l eu r s h ab i tan ts s e s o ien t a lor s r eg roupe s d ans u n e t ab l issemen t p r inc ipa l . C e s c oncen tra t ions d e p opu la t ion s e d edu isan t d e s r e su l ta ts d e p rospec t ions c ondu i tes d ans p lus ieur s r eg ions d e P a le s t ine

o n p eu t a d me t t re q ue c p heno mene a

7,

a cco mpagne l at r ans i t ion d u B ronze a nc ien Ia u B ronze a nc ien I d an sl ' en semb le d u p ay s . Ma is c p heno mene ne s t p as s pec i f ique ä c e t te e poque: i ls ' e s t p our su iv i p endan t l a p lus g rande p ar t ie d el ap er iode . P lus ieur se t ab l issemen t s u rba in s o n te ne f fe te t e f ondes o u o n te te u rban ise s d an sl ec ouran td u B ronze a nc ien I ( Yarmou th ,A i )o u meme s eu lemen ta u c o m mencemen t d u B ronze a nc ien I I ( Te l Ha l i f , T e l He s i ? ) . S i l ' on a j ou te q ue l e s f ou i l le s o n t r eve le l ' ex is tence d e b ä t i men ts i mpor tan ts c on s tru i ts a u B ronze a nc ien I IB ( Meg iddo XV , Y armou th C I I ) , ia ppara i t c l a iremen t q ue , a u mo ms d ans c er ta ines r eg ions ( en p ar t icu l ie r d ans l a S hephe la ) , l ac i v i l isa t ion u rba ine a g arde t ou te s a v igueur j u squ 'ä l a f i n e tq ue l le n a p a s d i sparu a u t e rme d 'un l en t p roce ssus d e p as tora l isa t ion e nc lenche d e s l af i n d u B ronze a nc ien I ( Con t ra D ever 1 980: 3 8; R icha rd 1 980: 9 a , 2 5 ) . Gue r re e tf o r t i f ica t ion s L es f or t if ica t ions a ppara issen t äp ar t ir d u c o m mencemen t d u B ronze a nc ien I s eu lemen t ;o nn ' en c onna i ta ucune q u id a te s üremen td el ap hase p receden te . P ar m i l e s p lus a nc iens e xemp le s , o n s i gna le ra l er empar t d eT e l l e l -Fär iah ( mur I ) ,a t t r ibue a u n iveau I VA e t r e l ie s t ra t igraph iquemen t a u p rem ie r s o l d u B ronze a nc ien I ( de V aux 1 962: 2 12 -215; M irosched j i 1 976: 15 ) ;e t c e lu i d e J e r icho ( mur A ) , q u i d a te a uss i , s e mb le t i l , d u t ou t d ebu t d e l ap e r iode ( Kenyon 1 981 :9 7 ) . L e p rem ie r r empar t d e A i e s t p robab lemen t p lus r e cen t: i s emb le a vo i r e t ee l eve d an s l ec ouran t d u B ronze a nc ien I p u isque l e s p hase s I I I

6 . A J e r icho , l e ma te r ie l d e l a t ombe A 9 4 d a te d u B ronze a nc ien I A ( Kenyon 1 960: 1 6 -40 ) , a lors q ue l a r eoccupa t ion d u t e l l nes tp as a n te r ieu re a u B ronze a nc ien I B . AT e l l e l -Fär 'ah , l ap rem i&e u t i l isa t ion d el at ombe 3 p ourra i t p recede r l ' o ccupa t ion s ur l et e l l , q u i n e r emon te g u&e a u -de lä d u B ronze a nc ien I B . AA i , i le s t p oss ib le q ue l e s t ombes B , Ce tG( B ronze a nc ien I B ) e t a ien t e n u sage a van t F e tab l issemen t s t i r l et e l l , o ü l e ma te r ie l d es p hase s Ie t Id a te a pparemmen td u c ommencemen t d uB ronze a nc ien I ( vo i r n os r emarques c i -dessus ) . 7 . A ins i d ans l av a l lee d eL od ( Gophna 1 989 ) ;a ux e nv i rons d e H a r touv ;d ans l e wad i F är iah ;a ux e nv irons d e T e l A rad ( R . Am i ran e t0 . I l an: c omm . p e rs . ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -6 7 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P IERRE DE MIROSCHED J I

q u i p receden ts ac ons truc t ion o n tl i v re d e s t e sson sd e c e t te é poque ( Con t ra C a l laway 1 972: 5 9 -97; 1 980: 5 5 -6 1) C e t te r emarque v au t a uss i p our l ap rem ie re mu ra i l le d e Y armou th , e r igee s ur d e s c ouche s q u i r en fe rmen t d e s t e ssons d u B ronze a nc ien I ( M irosched j i e ta l . 1 988 :4 7; M i rosched j i 1 988 :2 19 -220 ) . L e sp rem ie r sr empar t sd eP a le s t ine n ' on td onc p as t ous e t ec on s t ru i ts e n meme t emp sa u d ebu td u B ronze a nc ien I ,c o mme s ' i l s ' ag issa i t d e r epondre au ne d eg rada t ion g ene ra le e t s ub i te d e s c ond i t ions d e s e cur i te; a u c on tra ire , l e ur c ons truc t ion s ' es t e che lonnee d an s l ' e space e td ans l et emps e n f onc t ion d e s c ond i t ions l o ca les d 'urban isa t ion e td e d e fen se . E l le s i gna le d avan tage q ue l ' acce lera t ion d u p rocessus d 'urban isa t ion: l a h ierarch ie q u 'e l le i n t rodu i t e n tre l e s v i l les f o r t i f iees e tl e s v i l lages o uve r t s s y mbo l ise l ' avenemen t a p a r t ir d u d ebu t d u B ronze a nc ien I d 'un n ouve l o rdre p o l i t ique , c e lu i d e l ac i te , e td 'une n ouve l le i n s t i tu t ion , c e l le d el ag ue r re ,q u ie n t re a l or s d an s l ' even ta i l d es i nnova t ions e tq u i s e ra d e sorma is i n separab le d e sp rogre sd el as oc ie te . S ur p lus ieur s s i tes ( A i , Y armou th , J e r icho , e t c . ) , l e s f o r t i f ica t ions o n t f a i t l ' ob je t d e r e cons truc t ions e td e r eman iemen t s n omb reux p endan t t ou te l ad uree d e l ap er iode . E l les s on t s ouven t t r es c omp lexes e tl eur e l abora t ion s uppose d es c onna issances t e chn ique s q ue s eu ls d es s pec ia l i s te s p ouva ien t p ossede r . L e c as e s t f l agran t q uand l er empar t , l ong d 'un k i lo me t re o u d eux , ae t e p lan i f ie e te xecu te e n u ne s eu le o pe ra t ion ( A rad , A i , Y armou th , e t c . ) . L e f a i t q ue d es d i spos i t i f s d e fen s i f s s pec i f iques , p ar e xemp le l e s p la tes formes monumen ta le s d u B ronze a nc ien I I , s e r e t rouven t p resqu ' iden t ique s s ur p lus ieur s s i te s e l o ignes l e s u n s d e s a u t re s ( a in s i äY a rmou th , A i e tT aannach: c f . M i rosched j i e ta l . 1 988: 5 2 -53 ) c on f irme l ' ex is tence d e t r ad i t ions p arm i l e s c on s truc teur s d e f o r t i f ica t ions e t l a c i rcu la t ion p arm ie ux d ec onna issance st e chn ique s .C e se xemp le ss ugge ren tl ap resence d e sh e c o mmencemen td u B ronze a nc ien I dune c l asse d es o lda t s p ro fe ss ionne ls a yan te l abord u n s avo ir e tu ne e xpe r ience p rop re s . Amgnagemen t s u rba ins L es v i l lage s d u B ronze a nc ien Ir en ferma ien t u n g roupemen t l ä che d 'hab i ta t ions ( Y i f tand l , E n S hadud , F är 'ah , Har touv , e t c . ) . A p ar t ir d u B ronze a nc ien I , a pres l a c ons truc t ion d 'un r empar t , l ac ro issance d e l ap opu la t ion a l ' i n ter ieur d 'un e space c l os o b l igea l e s h ab i tan ts a o rgan iser l ' e space u rba in . L e s f ou i l les o n t g enera lemen t e t e t r op l im i tee s p our p erme t tre d ' app rec ie r l ' e tendue e t l ec arac te re d e c e s amenagemen ts . Au c han t ier I d e T e l l e l -Fär iah , o n al ' i nd ica t ion d 'un d eve loppemen t: a u n iveau I VA , l e s h ab i ta t ions s on t e ncore d i spe r sees; a u n iveau I VB , e l les s ' agg lu t inen t e t s ' ordonnen t e n f onc t ion d 'un p l an d on t l e s l i gne s ma i t re sse s o n t d t e ma in tenue s j u squ 'a l af i n d u n iveau I VE; e ta u n iveau I VF , al av e i l le d e l ' abandon d e l av i l le , o n r e t rouve l ed e sordre i n i t ia l a vec d e s v o ie s d e c i rcu la t ion o b l i terees e td e s u n i te s d 'hab i ta t ion l a rgemen t s eparees l e s u ne s d es a u t res ( de V aux 1 961: 5 76 -588; M irosched j i 1 976: 7 4 -79 ) . A A rad a l a meme é poque , l e s u n i te sd 'hab i ta t ion f o rmen tc hacune u ne i n su la e n touree p ar u ne r ue l le ( Am iran e ta l . 1 978: 1 38; H e rzog 1 986 ) . L a d i f fe rence e s t s ens ib le e n t re l ' organ isa t ion p ar j ux tapos i t ion p ra t iquee ä A rad e t l ' organ isa t ion p ar a gg lu t ina t ion q u i d om ine d ans l e s e t ab l issemen ts d e l a P a les t ine med i terraneenne ( Te l l

e l -Fär `ah , Y armou th ) .

C e t te d ern iere

t r adu i t u n

n iveau

d ' in tegra t ion s oc ia le p lus e l eve e t r equ ier t u ne r eg lemen ta t ion e d i l i ta ire . D e f a i t , c ' es t d an s c es e t ab l issemen t s äp eup lemen t p lus d en se q ue l e s amenagemen t s u rba ins o n te t el e s p lus p ousses . Aux n iveaux I VB e t I VC d e T e l l e l -Fär lah ( vers l e m i l ieu d u B ronze a nc ien I ) , o n c onna i t d es r ue s äs o b p ave p arcourue s p ar u n e gou t . AY armou th a u B ronze a nc ien I I , l av i l le e t a i t c ouve r te p ar u n r e seau s e r re d e mur s d e t e r rasses p u issam men t c on s tru i ts q u i c ommun iqua ien t p robab lemen t p ar d e s r ampe s ( M irosched j i 1 988: 23 -225 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -6 8 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L E P ROCESSUS D 'URBAN ISAT ION EN PALEST INE: CHRONOLOG IE E I RY I ' ll i v IES

D e s t r avaux d e c e t te amp leur me t ten te ne v idence l ad i f fe rence p ro fonde q u i s ' e s ti n s tauree d e sorma is e n t re l e s v i l le s e tl e s v i l lage s d e P a le s t ine e tf on t s en t ir d e man iere t ang ib le u ne i n te rven t ion d t a t ique . B a t imen t s p ub l i c s L a p resence d e b ä t imen ts p ub l ics , e s sen t ie l lemen t d es t emp le s e td es p a la is 8,t r adu i t r n ieux e ncore l ' ac t ion d e l ' au tor i te p o l i t ique . L es t emp les e x is ten t e n P a le s t ine d es l e Cha lco l i th ique . C eux d u B ronze a nc ien p oursu iven t e t c on serven t u ne v i e i l le t r ad i t ion a r ch i tec tura le , c e l le d e l a ma ison d e p lan b ar long , q u i r emon te a u C ha lco l i th ique ( c f . P ora th 1 985: 1 4 -19 ) ;i mp lan tee s ur tou t d ans l e s marges s em ia r ides , o ü e l le s ' es t p our su iv ie j u squ 'au B ronze a nc ien I I , c e t te t r ad i t ion n ' es t g uere a t tes t& d an s l a z one med i te rraneenne q ue p our l ' arch i tec ture r e l ig ieuse , e v idemmen t c onserva t r ice ( Am i ran 1 981; M irosched j i e ta l . 1 988: 4 0s . ) . L e s s anc tua ires c ha lco l i th ique s e t a ien t t an tö t i s o les ( En -Ged i , G i la t ) , t an tö t e d i f ies d ans u n v i l lage ( Ghassou l ) . C eux d u B ronze a nc ien I o ccupen tl ec en t re d 'un g ros v i l lage ( Meg iddo , Har touv ? )e to n tp uc on tr ibue r af o ca l iser l e mouvemen t d 'urban isa t ion . Au B ronze a nc ien I I I I , l e s t emp le s s on t i n teg res d an s u n e n semb le c u l tue l q u i s e d i s t ingue d es q uar t ier s d 'hab i ta t ions c i rconvo is in s , t an t p ar s on o rgan isa t ion e ts on p lan q ue p ar s e s d imen s ion s e tl aq ua l i te d e s ac on s truc t ion ( Arad , A i , Y armou th , Meg iddo ) . C es t r a i ts i mp l iquen t l ' ex is tence d ans l a c i te d 'une c a tegor ic d 'hommes e xe r an t l e s f onc t ions s a ce rdo ta les e th er i t ier s d ans c d oma ine d 'une t r ad i t ion s a c ra l isee p ar l et emp s . L e sp a la is ,o ud e sc on s t ruc t ion sq u ip our ra ien t me r i te rcn om ,n es on tp as a t te s te sa van t l eB ronze a nc ien I . I l s s on t d ' a i l leur s d i f f ic i le s ar e conna i t re d ans l a me sure o ü u s n e s e d i s t inguen t g uere d e s h ab i ta t ions p r ivee s , s i non p ar l e u r s d imen s ion s e tl es o in a ppor te ä l e ur c ons truc t ion . Au B ronze a nc ien I , c e lu i d 'Arad e s t s imp lemen t u n c o mp lexe d 'hab i ta t ion p lus v as te e tp lus e l abore q ue l e sa u t re s ( Am iran , A lon & C ohen 1 976: 3 6 -38 ) . Au B ronze a nc ien I I , o n p eu t e n d i re a u tan t d e c e lu i d e Meg iddo XV I ( Bu i ld ing 3 177: BA I IA ) e t d e c e lu i d e Y armou th C I I ( BA I IB ) , s i s a f onc t ion p a la t ia le d eva i t e t re c on f irmee; r un e tl ' au tre c ouv ren t u ne s upe r f ic ie d e F ordre d e 5 00 m2 ma is n e p re sen ten t p as , ma lg re c es d i mens ions i mposan te s , d e c arac tere s a r ch i tec turaux p ar t icu l ie r s . L e f a i t q u 'ä l ' inver se d e l ' arch i tec ture r e l ig ieuse , a ucune a r ch i tec ture p a la t ia le s t r i c to s en su n ' a i t v u l ej our e n P a le s t ine a u B ronze a nc ien s uggere q ue l ' au tor i te p o l i t ique n ' e ta i t p as a l or s p arvenue äu nd eg re d ' au tonom ie s u f f isan tp our s ' en toure rd 'un d ecoru m d e s t ine äl ' exa l te r . E conom i e L a n ouve l le c ar te d e r epar t i t ion d u p eup lemen t q u i s e d ess ine a vec l ' avenemen t d u B ronze a nc ien s i gna le l am ise e n p l ace d 'une e conom ic d e s ub s is tance a dap tee äl az one d e c l ima t e td e v ege ta t ion med i te r raneens . L 'hypo the se q u i ac our s a u jou rd 'hu i e s t q ue c e t te e conom ic n ouve l le p ei l t e t re d e f in ie c omme t yp iquemen t med i ter raneenne ( M irosched j i 1 971 :8 7 -91; 1 976: 1 4 1-157; S t age r 1 985; L iphsch i tz 1 989; Horw i tz ( S rT chernov 1 989 ) . E l le r epose e s sen t ie l lemen t s ur l ' agr icu l ture ( c erea les e t l e gum ineuse s ) , l ' hor t icu l ture ( v igne , o l iv ie r , f r u i ts d ive r s ) e t l ' e levage ( mou tons e tc hev res , a ins i q ue d es b c eu f s , d es p orcs e tq ue lque s ä ne s ) . L a c hasse , a u c on t ra ire , s emb le e t re u ne a c t iv i te o ccas ionne l le e t j oue r u n r o le i n s ign i f ian t d an s l ' a l i men ta t ion . Que lque s f i gur ine s ( Eps te in 1 985; Am iran 1 986

8s . ) e td e s d e forma t ion s p a tho log ique s o bse rvee s s ur d es o s ( c f . D av is 1 988: 1 49 )

8 . S ans c omp te r l e" g ren ie r " d e B e th Y e rah , d on t l af onc t ion p rec ise d emeure i n ce r ta ine :v o i r e n d e rn ie r l i eu He rzog 1 986 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -6 9 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P IERRE D EM IROSCHED J I

i nd iquen tq ue d e sb c eu f se td e sä ne se t a ien tu t i l ise sc o mme a n imaux d eb ä te td et r a i t ,c eq u i i mp l ique l ' usage d e l ' ara ire . L a s t ruc ture d e l ' econo m ie d e s ubs is tance &an t b ien s t ir a dap tee al ' env ironnemen t ,o nd o i ts ' a t tendre at r ouve rd 'un s i te al ' au tre t ou te u ne g amme d es i tua t ion s ,d epu is u ne e conom ie ad om inan te p a s to ra le j u squ 'a u ne e conom ie ad om inan te a gr ico le . L e se l emen t sc ons t i tu t i f sd ec e t te e conom ie n es on tp as n ouveaux ;l e sp lan te s( yc omp r i s l av igne e t l ' o l iv ier ) e tl e s a n i maux e xp lo i te s ac e t te é poque e t a ien t c onnus e n P a le s t ine d epu is l e Neo l i th ique; d e meme , d e s l e Cha lco l i th ique , l e s mou ton s e tl e s c hev re s e t a ien t u t i l ise sp our l e ur sp rodu i t se tp lus s eu lemen tc omme a n imaux d eb oucher ie ( She r ra t t1 983 ) , t and is q ue l e s b c euf s e t l e s ä ne s e t a ien t d é jà emp loye s c omme a n imaux d e b ä t , c omme l ' a t te s ten tp lus ieur sf i gur ine s( Ep s te in 1 985 ) .C eq u i e s td onc n ouveau a uc ommencemen td u B ronze a nc ien , c ' es t l ac omb ina i son d e c e s e l emen t s p our a bou t i r au ne e conom ic äh au t n iveau d e p roduc t ion , b i en p lus d eve loppee q ue c e l le d u Cha lco l i th ique p u isque c apab le d ' assurer d orenavan t l a s ubs is tance d 'une p opu la t ion s eden ta ire q u i p ouva i t c omp te r p lus ieur sm i l l ie r sd ' ind iv idus d an su ne meme a gg lome ra t ion . L e d eve loppemen t d e c e t te e conom ic p endan t l e d e rn ier q uar t d u l y e r n i l lena ire r epresen te d an s l ' h is to ire d e l aP a le s t ine u n t ournan t c ap i ta l . C e t te e cono m ic s ' e s te n e f fe t ma in tenue s ous u ne f o rme i n changee p endan tp lus ieur sr n i l lena ire s .C 'e s te l le a van tt ou tq u i ap e r rn is l ' e ssor d e l ac i v i l i sa t ion p a le s t in ienne d u B ronze a nc ien e tl ac r ea t ion d e s urp lus a gr ico les g e res p ar u ne a u tor i te p o l i t ique q u i e n a s sura i t l ar ed is t r ibu t ion . L e " g ren ie r " d e B e th Y e rah s ugge re q ue c e t te e vo lu t ion e t a i ta ccomp l ie a ud ebu td uB ronze a nc ien I I . A r t i sana t On a d es l e Cha lco l i th ique l e s p reuves d 'une s pec ia l isa t ion p rofess ionne l le , e s sen t ie l lemen t d an s l ed oma ine d e l a me ta l lurg ic , d e l ap roduc t ion d e l ac eram ique e td e l af abr ica t ion d 'ob je t s e n i vo ire . P our l eB ronze a nc ien , l e s d ecouve r te s a r cheo log ique s o n t é t mom s s pec tacu la ire s ma is p e rme t ten tc ependan td ed i sce rne rd e sp rog re se v iden t s . L e d eve loppemen t d e l a me ta l lurg ie e s t i nd ique s ur tou t p ar l ' appauvr issemen t d e s p roduc t ion s d e l ' indus tr ie l i th ique: o n o bserve e n e f fe t d es l ed ebu t d u B ronze a nc ien l a d i spa r i t ion d ep lus ieu rs c a tegor ie s d ' ou t i ls ( g ra t to ir s s ur l ame ,b ur in s , h ache s -he rm ine t te s , c i seaux , p i cs ) , e v idemmen t r emp laces p ar d es e qu iva len t s me ta l l ique s ( M irosched j i 1 976: 1 91-193; S .R osen 1 984 ) . L e c oro l la ire d e c e t te e vo lu t ion e s t l ' appa r i t ion d 'un a r t isana t s pec ia l ise d ans l a f abr ica t ion d e l ames d i te s " c ananeennes " e t d e g ra t to irs t abu la ires ( S . R osen 1 983a , 1 983b ) . On s a i t p ar a i l leur s q ue l e s b e so in s d ' app rov is ionnemen t e n m inera i d e c u ivre o n t s usc i te d ' in tense s r e la t ions d ' echange s e n t re l aP a les t ine , l e Neguev e t l e s ud d e l a p en in su le s i na i t ique e t c on tr ibue a u B ronze a nc ien I a l a p rospe r i te d ' e tab l is semen t sc omme T e l A rad ( I lan & S ebbane 1 989 ) . On c on s ta te e no u t re q ue l av ar ie te d e s t ype s d 'ou t i ls , d ' a rmes e td ' ob je t s e n me ta l n ' a c e sse d ' augmen te r ap ar t ir d u B ronze a nc ien I e t q ue p lus ieur s d ' en t re e ux o n t f a i t l ' ob je t d 'une p roduc t ion s t andard isee , e n p ar t icu l ier a u B ronze a nc ien I I ( c f . l e s h aches e n c ro issan t ) . C e la s uggere q ue l e s me ta l lurg is te s e t a ien t d e s a r t isans i t ineran ts , o u b i en q u ' i ls e cou la ien t l e urs p rodu i ts d an s l ' en semb le d e l aP a le s t ine a p ar t ir d e q ue lques c en t re s d e p roduc t ion , q u i ma in tena ien t e n t re e ux d es r e la t ion s s u iv ie s . D en e t sp rog res o n ta uss iwa c comp l is ac e t te é poque d an sl ed oma ine d el ap roduc t ion d e l ac era m ique . L a s o mme d e c onna issance s t e chn iques q u ' i l f a l la i t d esorma is me t t re e n c euv re p our f ab r ique r c e r ta ins v ase s ( par e xemp le l e s p i tho i , l e sb a ss ins ag ou lo t , l e s p l a t s s ur tou t ) s uppose d es d egres d e s pec ia l isa t ions d iver s , q u i i mp l iquen t u ne s t ruc ture d e p roduc t ion v ar iee , a vec d es a r t i san s p o t ie r s o ccas ionne ls , o u s a isonn ie r s , o u p e rmanen ts ( M irosched j i 1 976: 1 85 -189; L ondon 1 988 ) . L e s c hangemen ts s on t s en s ib les a p ar t ir d u

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -7 0 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L E P ROCESSUS I YURBAN ISAT ION EN PALEST INE: CHRONOLOG IE E T RYTH MES

B ronze a nc ien I s eu lemen t e ta f fec ten t t ou te s l e s e t ape s d e l ap roduc t ion d 'un v ase: l a p repara t ion d e l ap ä te ( no tammen t p ar l ' emp lo i d e p ä tes a lum ino -s i l iceuse s q u i , a pres c u isson äh au te t empe ra ture , d ev iennen t i mpe rmeab le s ) , l e ff f lnnage ( par mode lage , p ar c o lomb ins , p ar p laque s , p ar mou lage o u p ar t ournage ) , l af i n i t ion ( appar i t ion d e p o te r ie s " de l uxe " )e tl ac u isson ( c oex is tence d ec u issons e n f our o uve r te td ec u is son se nf our f e rme ) . On ar epere d an sd e sc on tex te s d uB ronze a nc ien I d e si n s ta l la t ion s q u io n tp ue t re s e rv ir a d e sp o t ie r sp ro fe s s ionne ls ,n o tammen tu n f our äT e l le l -Fär iah ( Re f sd ans M iro sched j i 1 976: 1 79 ) ;l af r equence d es c e ram iques " me ta l l ique s " äp ar t ir d e c e t te é poque s uggere q ue c e s d eve loppemen t s n ' on te t ea ccomp l is q u 'en c on tex te u rba in . L es marques d e p o t ier q ue l ' on t r ouve s ur u n g rand n omb re d e j a r res s an s c o l p our ra ien t e t re e xp l iquee s p ar l e s a c t iv i te s d ' ar t isans i tne ran ts s pec ia l ise s d ans l af a br ica t ion d e c g en re d e v ase s; i le s t s i gn i f ica t i f q u 'e l le s s o ien tr a re s a u C ha lco l i th ique ,p eu f r equen te s a u B ronze a nc ien I ,ma is a bondan te s a u B ronze a nc ien I I I I . E n f in , a u t re r e f le t d e c e s a c t iv i tds a r t isana le s , l e s f o rme s d e p o ter ie s on t d e p lus e n p lus s t andard isees d ans l ' ensemb le d e l a P a les t ine a p ar t ir d u B ronze a nc ien I L L e s man i fe s ta t ion s a r t is t ique s s on ta s sez r a re s äc e t te é poque p our q ue l ' on r appe l le i c i , d 'une p ar t l ap roduc t ion d e g lyp t ique , q u i c ommence a u B ronze a nc ien I( Ben -Tor 1 978 ) , d 'au tre p ar t l ' appar i t ion a u B ronze a nc ien I d e f e tes d e t aureau e n o s q u i s on t l e s p recurseurs d i rec t s d e s t e te s d e t aureau e n i vo ire d u B ronze a nc ien I I ( M irosched j i e ta l . 1 988: 8 6 -87 ) ;o n d i scerne l ä e ncore l ' ex is tence d 'une t r ad i t ion a r t isana le q u i s ' es t ma in tenue p endan td el ongs s i ec le s . On s i gna le ra e n f in q ue d e s e t ab l issemen t s d u B ronze a nc ien I I I I p ouva ien t r en fe rme r d es q uar t ie r s s pec ia l ise s d an s l e s a c t iv i te s a r t isana les . C 'e s t c q ue s ugge re l ad ecouver te r e cen te d ans u n n iveau d u B ronze a nc ien I I a u c han t ie r H d e T e l Y armou th , s ur u ne s upe r f ic ie d ' a p e ine 3 00 m 2,d ' in s ta l la t ions e n igma t i ques , ma is a c arac te re p robab lemen t a r t isana l . R e la t ions d ' 6 change L e d eve loppemen t d e s r e la t ions d ' echange e s t u n c oro l la ire h ab i tue l d e l ' urban isa t ion . L ' archeo log ie p e rme t d e r e conna i t re ä c e t te é poque d e s e change s i n te r -reg ionaux e td es e change s " i n terna t ionaux " . L e se change si n ter reg ionaux c oncernen ts ur tou td e s ma te r iaux ,d e so b je ts o ud e sp rodu i t s d on tl ad i s tr ibu t ion r eg iona le e s tc i rconscr i te :c u iv re d uS ina i( I lan & S ebbane 1 989 ) , l ame s d i tes " c ananeennes " e t g ra t to ir s t abu la i res ( S . R osen 1 983a , 1 983b ) , o b je ts e n b asa l te d u Go lan , n o ta mmen t d es v ase s ( Am iran & P ora t 1 984 ) ,b i tume d e l a me r Mor te , f r u i t s d ive r s ( par e xemp le d e s g renade s äB äb e dh -Dh ra ) , e t c . C e s e change s o n t t ou jour s e x is te ma is s e s on tp robab lemen td eve loppe s ap ar t ir d u B ronze a nc ien I ; i l s o n tc on t r ibue äl ' un if ica t ion c u l ture l le d e l aP a le s t ine a u B ronze a nc ien I I I I . L es e changes " i n te rna t ionaux " s on t p r inc ipa lemen t l e s r e la t ion s e n tre l a P a les t ine e t l ' Egyp te , n ouees t im idemen t a u C ha lco l i th ique e td eve loppees c ons ide rab lemen t äp ar t ir d u B ronze a nc ien I( Ben -Tor 1 982; e tv o i rd an s c v o lume l e s c on tr ibu t ion s d e B .B rand l , E . O ren , K . K roeper , S .T u tundl iC e tA . S chu lman ) . Is ' ag i t a l ors d e r e la t ions c omme rc ia le s , c ondu i tes d i rec temen t ( Oren 1 989 ) o u e f fec tuees p ar l ' in termed ia ire d e p opu la t ions p as tora le s q u i n omad isa ien t l el ong d e l ac ö te s ep ten tr iona le d u S ina i ( M irosched j i 1 976: 2 13 -217; 1 986: 1 9 -22; B en -To r 1 982 ;S t age rs . d . ) . Ap ar t ir d e l af i n d u B ronze a nc ien Ie ta u d ebu t d u B ronze a nc ien I ,e l le s o n t p r is u n c a rac te re p lus r egu l ie r e tp lus o rgan ise a vec l a f onda t ion e n P a le s t ine m& id iona le d e c omp to ir s c o mme rc iaux e gyp t ien s ( En h aBe sor , T e l E ran i ) , q u i o n tj oue u n r o le a na logue a ux c omp to ir s me sopo tam iens d e r epoque d 'Uruk a u Z agros ( God in T epe ) , e n Ana to l ie ( Tepec ik ) e t e n S ync ( Habuba K ab ira ) . Ma is c e t te

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 71Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P IERRE DE MIROSCHED J I

p re sence e gyp t ienne ae t e b reve p u isqu 'e l le ap r is f i n , s emb le t i l , a u c ommencemen t d u

B ronze a nc ien I ; e i le a& ee n o u t re r e la t ivemen td i scre te p u isqu 'e l le e s t r e s tee c i rconscr i te l ' ex t rem i te s ud d e l a p la ine c ö t iere . On e s t ma l r ense igne s ur l e s c on tac t s e n tre l a

P a le s t ine e t l ' Egyp te p endan t l a ma jeure p ar t ie d u B ronze a nc ien I , q u i c orre spond a l ' epoque d ep rospe r i te d eT e lA rad . Ap ar t ir d u d ebu td uB ronze a nc ien I I , q uand l ' Egyp te ad eve loppe d es r e la t ions mar i t imes a vec l a S ync , e t e n p ar t icu l ier a vec B yb los , l e c o mme rce p a le s t ino -egyp t ien ap e r ic l i te , e tA rad ae t ea bandonnee . I le s t d i f f ic i le d ' eva lue r l er o le q ua j oue c e c ommerce e n tre l aP a les t ine e tl ' Egyp te . I i s e ra i t h asardeux d ' en e xage re r l ' impor tance p u isqu ' i l n ' a a f fec te q ue l e s e t ab l issemen t s d u s ud d el aP a le s t ine e tp as d ut ou tc eux d uc en t re e td un ord d up ay s; c e sd ern ie r sn ' on tE y re q ue d et r e sr a re so b je t se gyp t ien se ts on td emeure sp rospe re s meme a p re sl ac e ssa t ion p re sque c omp le te d e s r e la t ions p a le s t ino -egyp t ienne s . Un c oro l la ire ( ? ) d es r e la t ions c o rnmerc ia les t e r res tres p a les t ino -egyp t iennes a e t e l ' e tab l issemen t a u B ronze a nc ien I d e r e la t ions d ' echange e n tre d es v i l les c ananeenne s ( e ssen t ie l lemen t A rad ) e td e s p opu la t ion s p as tora le s d u Neguev e td u S ina i , q u i o n t a l or s a dop te c e r ta ins a spec t s d e l ac u l ture ma ter ie l le d e l a P a le s t ine mer id iona le ( Be i t -Ar ieh 1 981 , 1 983 , 1 984 , 1 986 )

9.

C es c on tac ts s e mb len t a vo ir c es se a u B ronze a nc ien I I 1° .L a

d ocu men ta t ion a rcheo log ique s uggere e n s o mme q ue l e s r e la t ions " e trangeres " d e l a P a les t ine e t a ien t i mpor tan tes a u B ronze a nc ien I B e t p endan t t ou t o u p ar t ie d u B ronze a nc ien I , ma is q u 'e l le so n tn e t temen td ec l ine a u B ronze a nc ien I I . E va lua t ion d e l a s e quence L a s equence c u l ture l le d e l a P a les t ine e n tre e nv iron 3 400 e t 2 300 mon tre q ue l ' urban isa t ion n ' a u n c arac tere s ouda in e t b ru ta l q u 'a c ond i t ion d ' abs tra ire d e l a d ocu men ta t ion a r chdo log ique d eux o u t r o is s i ec les d e d eve loppemen t . Une d a ta t ion p lus p rec ise d es f a i t s s oc io -dconom iques s ou l igne a u c on tra ire l e c arac te re e s sen t ie l lemen t p rogress i f d es t r an s forma t ions q u i o n t a l or s a f fec te l ac i v i l isa t ion p a le s t in ienne . On p eu t d i s t ingue r t r o is & ape s ( F ig . 1 ): -u ne p hase d es eden ta r isa t ion c or re spondan ta uB ronze a nc ien I A . E l le e s t marquee p ar l ac r ea t ion d ep lus ieur s e t ab l issemen t s , s u r tou t d an s l en ord d el aP a les t ine ,e tp ar c e l le d e c ime t ieres; -u ne p ha se d ec on so l ida t ion e td ' expan s ion d up eup lemen ts eden ta ire c o r re spondan ta u B ronze a nc ien I B . E l le e s t c arac ter isee p ar l ed eve loppemen t d es e t ab l issemen t s e x is tan t s e tp a rl af onda t ion d en ouveaux ,n o tammen td an sl ar eg ion mon tagneuse; -e t u ne p hase d 'urban isa t ion c or respondan t a u B ronze a nc ien I I I I . I is ' ag i t d 'un p henomene c on t inu: a u t ou td ebu td u B ronze a nc ien I ,d e s e t ab l issemen t s c o mme T e l l e l F är iah ( e tT e l A rad ? )r e ssemb len t e ncore ad e g ros v i l lage s f o r t i f ie s; n il eur o rgan isa t ion , n il e sa c t iv i te s d e l e ur s h ab i tan ts n ' evoquen tu nc en t re u rba in . L e s p r inc ipaux e l emen t s q u i c arac ter isen t l a c i v i l isa t ion u rba ine ( u rban is me , c ons truc t ions p ub l ique s , a r t isana t , h ierarch ie s oc ia le e t p o l i t ique , e t c . ) a ppara issen t p eu a p eu d ans l ec ouran t d u B ronze a nc ien I e t a u B ronze a nc ien I I . L eur a ppar i t ion n e p recede p as l e p roce ssus d 'urban isa t ion , ma is l ' accompagne .

9 . Ma is d ' ap re s I l an & S ebbane 1 989 ,l e sr e la t ions p a le s t ino -s ina i t ique sp ou r ra ien ta vo i rd ebu te d es l eB ronze a nc ien I . 1 0 . No tons c ependan tq ue q ue lque s v ase se tt e s sons d eS he ikh Muhse in i lu s t re sp ar B e i t -Ar ieh ( 1 986 :3 9 , f i g . 1 2: 1 ,2 5 )p ou r ra ien td a te rd uc ommenc emen td uB ronze a nc ien I .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -7 2E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L E P ROCE S SUS D 'URBAN I SAT ION E N P ALEST INE: C HRONOLOG IE E l ' R Y THME S

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t hdor ique d el ' u rban i sa t ion e nPa les t ine d um i l ieu d uI y ea um i l ieu d uI l em i l ldna i re .

I .RYT H MES

C e q u i p recede e nv isage i mp l ic i temen t l ac i v i l isa t ion p a le s t in ienne d e l af i n d u l y ee t d u M em i l lena i re c omme u ne e n t i te mono l i th ique , q u i ac onnu p a r tou t l a meme e vo lu t ion , s e lon l e s meme s moda l i te se tl e mAme r y thme .O r in ' y ap as u ne P a le s t ine , ma is p lus ieur s . A s sure men t , l ' in tegra t ion c u l ture l le q u i c a rac ter ise l eB ronze a nc ien I I I I ac on t r ibue ä n ive ler l e s p ar t icu lar ismes l o caux e t ao b l i terer l e s t r ad i t ions s pec if iques . Ma is l e s c l ivage s e thn ique s e tc u l ture ls h er i te s d u C ha lco l i th ique e td u B ronze a nc ien I ,q uand l a P a les t ine e t a i t u ne mosa ique d e c u l ture s l o ca le s , o n t s ubs is te l ong temps , d ' au tan t m ieux q u ' i ls e ta ien t a ncre s d ans u ne t r ad i t ion s e cu la ire e t q u ' i ls t r adu isa ien t u ne a dap ta t ion e t ro i te au ne nv ironnemen tp ar t icu l ie r .L es d ive r ses r eg ion sd eP a le s t ine o n te ul e u rh i s to i re p rop re e tl ' urban isa t ion s ' ye s td erou lee s e lon d e s r y thme s p ar t icu l ie r s d e te rm ine s p ar d e s f a c teur sq u in es on tp a ss us cep t ib le sd ' ê t re g ene ra l ise s . C e t te d ivers i te d e l a c i v i l isa t ion p a les t in ienne p eu t A t re e nv isagee a d i f feren ts n iveaux . Au n iveau l ep lus g ene ra l , s il ' on c ons ide re t ou te l aP a le s t ine e ts a p e r ipher ie — c ' e s t -ä -d ire , e n s o mme , l ' ex trem i te me r id iona le d u C ro issan t F er t i le — , l ef a i t s a i l lan t e t q u iu n i f ie c ev as te e n semb le e s tq u ' i l av ecu p endan tl ap lus g rande p ar t ie d u I l em i l lena ire a u r y thme d 'un mouvemen t d 'urban isa t ion q u i at r ans forme l ep aysage d e l aP a le s t ine med i ter raneenne , mod i f ie c e lu i d e s e s marges s em ia r ide s e t t ouché j u squ 'au c eur d es r eg ions l e s p lus d e se r t iques ( Neguev e tS ina i ) ;o n yr e t rouve d onc p a r tou t q ue lques t r a i t s c u l ture ls c ommuns . L 'un i te d e l ap e r iode e s td ' au tan t m ieux marquee q u 'e l le s es i tue e n tre d eux é poque s o ü d om ine u n mode d ev i e n on u rba in e tn on s eden ta ire; e n r ep re sen ta t ion g raph ique ,l e" s omme t "q ue r ep re sen te l as oc ie te u rban i see d u B ronze a nc ien I I I Is et r ouve a in s i f l anque d e d eux " c reux " c o r respondan ta ux p hase sa g ro -pas tora les d u C ha lco l i th ique B ronze a nc ien I ,d 'une p ar t , e t d u B ronze a nc ien I V ( " Bronze moyen I " ) , d ' au t re p ar t ( F ig . 1 ) . Un d eux ieme n iveau d 'ana ly se f a i t a ppara i tre u ne d is t inc t ion e s sen t ie l le e n t re l a P a les t ine p rop remen t d i te ( l a r eg ion med i te rraneenne e t s a b ordure s em ia r ide ) e t l e s r eg ions d e se r t ique sd uN eguev e td uS i na i .C es on td eux monde so ppose s , ma is d an su ne l a rge me sure c o mp lemen ta ire s . L eur d eve loppemen t s ' e s t f a i t ad e s r y thmes d i f fe ren ts; äl af i n d u

l y e

m i l lena ire , l eN eguev e tl eS ina i emergen t äp e ine d u N eo l i th ique e tn ' on t g ue re e t e

t r ans forme sq ue p ar l ' i n t roduc t ion r e cen te d el ' e levage d u mou ton e td el ac hevre ,t and is q ue l aP a le s t ine med i ter raneenne e s td é jà a u s eu i l d el ' urban isa t ion . E xposes al ap ene t ra t ion e t a ux i nf luence s c ananeennes , l e Neguev e tl eS ina i o n t s e rv i d 'h in te r land e conom ique e t c u l ture l d e l a P a les t ine . Ma is l eur p ar t ic ipa t ion ä l ' evo lu t ion d e l a c i v i l isa t ion d e l a P a les t ine med i te r raneenne f u t u n p henomene h i s tor ique b re f , l im i te a u B ronze a nc ien I

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -7 3 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P IERRE DE M IROSCHED J I

s eu lemen t ( ma is c f . n .9 10 c i -de ssus ) . L ' expan s ion d e l ac i v i l isa t ion p a le s t in ienne h or s d e s e sl im i te sp rop re sf u te ns o mme u ne venemen tp as sage r ,q u i marque u ne s or te d ' apogee d el a c i v i l isa t ion c ananeenne d u I l e m i l lena ire . Un t r o is ieme n iveau d ' ana ly se r eve le u nn ouveau c l ivage: c e lu i q u i s epare l aP a le s t ine med i ter raneenne p rop remen t d i te d e s a marge s em ia r ide ( va l lee d u J ourda in , Neguev s ep ten t r iona l , T rans jordan ie mer id iona le ) . C e s d eux z ones o n t e vo lue a uss i ad e s r y thme s d i s t inc t s . D an s l az one med i te r randenne , i l y ae u c on t inu i te d 'occupa t ion e t , j u squ 'a u n c er ta in p o in t , c on t inu i te c u l ture l le d epu is l e Neo l i th ique a nc ien . L e B ronze a nc ien y c ommence t r e s t o t— e n p ar t icu l ie r d an s l en ord o ü l ap hase I A e s t b ien a t te s tee — e ts ' y p our su i ts an sr up ture j u squ 'a s on e x treme f i n ,s o i tj u squ 'au B ronze a nc ien I IB .D an sl a ma rge s em ia r ide , o ü l ep eup lemen t s eden ta ire ac onnu d e s i n te r rup t ions d epu is l e Neo l i th ique , l ' occupa t ion d u B ronze a nc ien e s td an s l ' en semb le mo ms l ongue; e i le c ommence t an tö t a u B ronze a nc ien I A , t an tö t s eu lemen t ap a r t ir d u B ronze a nc ien I B e t— s au f d an s l e s v a l lee s f e r t i les ( Be th S hean ) e t d ans l e s o as is ( J e r icho , B äb e dh -Dhra , e t c . ) , o ü l e s c ond i t ions l o ca le s f avor isen t l as t ab i l i te d u p eup lemen t s eden ta ire — s ' acheve a vec l af i n d u B ronze a nc ien I o u d ec l ine s ens ib lemen t ap ar t ir d e c e t te é poque . T ou t s e p asse c omme s il a c i v i l isa t ion p a le s t in ienne d u B ronze a nc ien , i mp lan tee s o l idemen t d an s s on m i l ieu l ep lus f avorab le , c e lu i d es z ones d e c l ima t e td e v ege ta t ion med i te r raneens , a va i t p longe a i l leur s d e sr a c ine s mo ms p ro fonde se ts ' ye t a i t ma in tenue p lus d i f f ic i lemen t ;c o mme s i ,e ns o mme , s on a f fa ib l issemen t , o u s on r ef lux , a f fec ta i td ' abord l a ma rge s em ia r ide . E n f in , u n q ua tr ieme n iveau d ' ana lyse me t e n e v idence u ne s e r ie d e p ar t icu lar isme s r eg ionaux q u i f r agmen ten t l e s d eux g randes z ones c l ima t ique s . I t s s e marquen t d ans l a c h rono log ie d el ' urban isa t ion e td an s l ap e renn i te d e t r ad i t ion s c u l ture l les s pec i f iques . D ans l az one med i te r raneenne , ie x i s te d es d i f ference s r eg iona les d ans l er y thme d e l ' u rban isa t ion . On c onna i td e s s i tes d u B ronze a nc ien I Aa uss i b i en d ans l en ord ( Y i f tahü l , T e l T eo , Meg iddo , e t c . ) q ue d ans l es ud ( Te l E ran i ,J e r icho , B äb e dh -Dhra , e t c . ) , ma is c ' es t d ans l en ord q ue l e s d eve loppemen ts a u toch tones s on t l e s p lus p recoces e tl e s p lus r i ches d 'aven ir p u isque c ' es t ap ar t ir d e l ä q ue l e s p r inc ipa les i nnova t ions , n ot ammen t s t y l is t iques , o n t d t e d i f fusees v er s l es ud . D es v i l le s f o r t i f iees a ppa ra issen t a u d ebu t d u B ronze a nc ien I d 'un b ou t al ' au t re d u p ays , ma is c e r ta ine s r eg ions s on t r e s tees l ong temp s " sous -urban isees " , o u b ien l e s on t r edevenues a ssez t ö t; a ins i , l a f onda t ion o u l e d eve loppemen t d e p lus ieur s g rands s i te s d e l aS hephe la n e s emb le p as e t re a n te r ieur a u B ronze a nc ien I I; T e l l e l -Fä r iah e tl ap lupar t d e s s i te s d u w ad i F är 'ah o n te t e a bandonnes al a f i n d u B ronze a nc ien I e t r emp lace s al ' epoque s u ivan te p ar d eux e t ab l issemen t s s eu lemen t ( M irosched j i 1 976: 5 8 -59 e tp l .2 0 ) . R e f le td ec g en re d es i tua t ion ,l e sp r inc ipaux s i tes d e c e t te é poque o n t e u u ne l ongev i te v ar iab le: c er ta ins n 'on t e t e f ondes q u 'au c ommencemen td u B ronze a nc ien I ( Taannach ) o u meme d u B ronze a nc ien I I ( Te l H a l i f ) , d ' au tres o n t

é t éa bandonne s al af i nd u B ronze a nc ien I ( Te l l e l -Fär iah ) ,o u d an s l ec ouran t

( Te l H e s i )o u e ncore al af i nd uB ronze a nc ien I I( Yarmou th ,J e r icho ,e t c . ) . C e so bserva t ions s ou l ignen t l a f r ag i l i te d es e xp l ica t ion s f a isan t i n te rven ir u n e nvah isseur — p ar e xemp le l e s p opu la t ions d i tes " de Kh irbe t K erak " , a uxque ls l a d e s truc t ion d e t an t d e c i tes p a les t in iennes a e t d a t t r ibuee — e t s ugge ren t q ue c haque r eg ion d e P a les t ine a e u s on h i s to ire p ar t icu l ie re; ac e t te é poque d e s p rem ie re s c i tes -e ta ts , q uand a ucune o rgan isa t ion p o l i t ique n e p ouva i t s ' i mposer n e t temen t s ur s e s r i va les p our c ons t i tuer u ne e n t i te t e rr i tor ia le d e r ec i te i mpor tance , r a re s s an s d ou te e t a ien t l e s c on f l i ts a r mes s uscep t ib le s d ' a f fec te ru ng rand n omb re d ev i l les al af o is . C e s r ema rque s v a len ta u ss ip our l az one s em ia r ide . On ad é jà s i gna le q ue l ap rospe r i te d e T e l A rad , q u i c ouvre l e B ronze a nc ien I B e t l e B ronze a nc ien I , p our ra i t a vo ir e t e c ond i t ionnee p ar d es r e la t ions d ' echange a vec l ' Egyp te e t l e S ina i d ans l e c adre d 'un c o mmerce d u m ine ra i d e c u ivre; l av i l le a e t e a bandonnee a l af i n d u B ronze a nc ien I , de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -7 4 -

L E P ROCESSUS D 'URBAN ISAT ION EN PALEST I NE: CHRONOLOG IE F T R YTH MES

a pparemmen tq uand c ec omme r ce ap r is f i n . Ma is B äb e dh -Dh ra e tl e s s i te sv o is in sd u Cho r mer id iona l ( Nume ira , e s -Sa f i , F e i feh , K hanaz ir: c f . R as t &S chaub 1 974 ) o n t c on t inue ä p rospe re r j u squ 'a l af i n d u B ronze a nc ien I I; c e la s ug ü re q u ' i l s p ar t ic ipa ien t äu n a u t re s ys t&ne d ' echange s . C es d i scon t inu i tes c h rono log ique s s ec on juguen ta vec d e s d i scon t inu i te s c u l ture l le s: l a c oex is tence d e t r ad i t ions s pec i f iques , d on t c er ta ines s on t mu l t i -secu la ires . Un c as i n te ressan t e s t c e lu i d e l ac e ram ique g r ise l u s t ree d u B ronze a nc ien I ,d on t o n ae n v a in c he r che rl ' or ig ine e n Ana to l ie e tq u ip our ra i te t re i n te rp re t& c omme l ar e surgence a u n ord d e l a P a les t ine d e l a t r ad i t ion d e l a c e ram ique s o mbre l u s t ree ( Dark -Faced B urn i shed Ware ) i mp lan t& d ans l a meme r eg ion a u Neo l i th ique r e cen t ( M irosched j i 1 971: 1 21 ) . D 'au tre s e xemp le s s i gn i f ica t i f s s on t f ourn is p ar p lus ieur s a spec t s d e l ac u l ture ma ter ie l le d u B ronze a nc ien I ,s ur tou t d an s l a v a l lee d u J ourda in e t s e s a bords , o ü d es c u l tures o r ig ina les s ' e ta ien t d eve loppee s a u Neo l i th ique r e cen t ( J er icho V I I I , Ghrubba ) e t a u Cha lco l i th ique ( Ghassou l ); u s f on t a ppara i tre l a " l ongue d uree " d e t r ad i t ions q u i e ng loben t d ans c e t te r eg ion l eC ha lco l i th ique e ta u mo ms u ne p ar t ie d u B ronze a nc ien . A ins i , l e s a n teceden ts d e l ac e ram ique d i te " Pre -urba ine D " , c arac ter is t ique d u B ronze a nc ien I B d an s l av a l lee d u J ou rda in e td ans l e wad i F är 'ah , s e t r ouven t a u C ha lco l i th ique e ta u Neo l i th ique ( M irosched j i 1 97 1 :1 2 1-124; He lm s 1 986: 3 6 ) . R u th Am iran ar e leve d e s on c ö te p lus ieur s e l emen ts d e c on t inu i te e n tre l eC ha lco l i th ique e tl eB ronze a nc ien , e n p ar t icu l ier d ans l a p o te r ie ( Am iran 1 977; 1 985 ) , l e s v ases e n b asa l te ( Am iran & P ora t 1 984 ) e td es f i gur ine s ac arac t&e p robab lemen t c u l tue l ( Am iran 1 989 ) . L a p er s is tance d e t r ad i t ions t rs a nc iennes s e marque a uss i d an s l ' ar ch i tec ture: o n l ' a d é jà s i gna le c i -de ssus ap ropos d el a ma ison d ep lan b a r long ,d e t r ad i t ion c ha lco l i th ique ,q u i s ' e s tc onse rvee d an s l ' arch i tec ture c u l tue l le d el aP a le s t ine med i te r raneenne j u squ 'a l af i nd u B ronze a nc ien .

CONCLUSION L a d iver s i te d es t r ad i t ion s c u l ture l les e t l a v a r ie te d es s i tua t ions l o ca les r enden t d i f f ic i le , v o ire i luso i re , d ' exp l ique r p ar u ne c ause u n ique l ed eve loppemen t d u p rocessus d 'urban isa t ion e n P a les t ine a u B ronze a nc ien: n il ad eg rada t ion d e s c ond i t ion s d e s e cur i te , n i l e d eve loppemen t p u is l e r a len t is semen t d es r e la t ions d ' echanges , n i l a p resence e gyp t ienne a u s ud d e l a P la ine c ö t i &e a u B ronze a nc ien I ,n i l a t r ans forma t ion d e l ' econo m ie d e s ubs is tance , n i l ' appar i t ion d 'un a r t isana t s pec ia l ise n e p euven t r endre c omp te ae ux s eu ls d u d ec lenchemen td 'un p roces sus c o mp lexe q u is ' e s te t a le s ur p lus ieur s s ik les e t q u i ar eve tu t an t d ' aspec ts p ar t icu l ie r s . C e q u i v au t p our u n s i te p eu t n e p as s ' app l ique r au na u t re . On p eu tc ependan te s saye rd ' avo ir u ne v ue d ' ensemb le d el ' urban isa t ion .L ac ourbe d el a F ig . 1v i se ae n r e s t i tue r s chema t iquemen t r evo lu t ion e n t re l em i l ieu d u l y ee tl em i l ieu d u l i e m i l lena ire . E l le e s t p resen tee c omme u ne g rande o sc i l la t ion e n tre d eux e x tremes t heor iques , c e l le d 'une s o c ie te p as tora le n omade e tc e l le d 'une s oc ie te u rban i see . E n tre c e s d eux e x treme s , i le x is te t ou jours u ne c o mmun ica t ion , u n mouvemen t d on t l a d i rec t ion p reponderan te d e term ine l ' or ien ta t ion d e l ac ourbe: a scendan te e n p er iode d e s eden ta r i sa t ion e td 'urban isa t ion , d escendan te e n p er iode d e p as to ra l isa t ion . D 'un p o in t d e v ue c hrono log ique , c e t te c ourbe e ng lobe l a t o ta l i te d u B ronze a nc ien . D 'un p o in t d e v ue g eograph ique , e i le n e s ' app l ique v ra imen t q u 'ä l aP a les t ine med i ter raneenne e tp as a ux r eg ion sp e r iphe r ique s ,q u io n te t eo ccupe e s mo ms l o ng temp se tp eu o up as d ut ou tu rban i see s . L e p ro f i l d e c e t te c ourbe d emeure h ypo the t ique . It r adu i t l e s i mpre ss ions q u i s e d egagen t äl ' heure a c tue l le d e l ' ob serva t ion a r cheo log ique

c e l le d 'une c ro issance r ap ide

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -7 5Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P IERRE D EM IRO SCHEDB

d e l ' urban isa t ion äl af i n d u B ronze a nc ien Ie ta u d ebu t d u B ronze a nc ien I ; c e l le d 'une s t ab i l i te d el ap opu la t ion u rba ine p endan t l ap lus g rande p ar t ie d u B ronze a nc ien I I I I; e t c e l le d 'un a bandon r ap ide d e s d t ab l issemen ts u rba ins al af i n d u B ronze a nc ien I I . Ma is i l n ' e s tp as s ür q ue c e si mp re ss ions s o ien tc or re c te s :o n av uq ue l ac ro i ssance d el ' urban i sa t ion f u tp robab lemen ta s sez l e n te , d u mo m s al ' eche l le d el aP a le s t ine; d e meme , i le s tp oss ib le q ue l ' e f fondremen td el ac i v i l isa t ion u rba ine a i te t eu np henomene p rog re ss if ,e nc lenche d e s l af i nd uB ronze a nc ien I d an sl e sp e r iphe r ie s s em ia r ide s ,d 'oü ia ura i tp eu ap eu g agne l a z one med i ter raneenne . D an scc as ,l ac ou rbe a ura i tu np ro f i lp lus r egu l ie r ,a ve cu ns o mme t a u B ronze a nc ien I . On e s t l o in d e p ouvo ir t r anche r a u jourd 'hu i c e s i n cer t i tudes . L eur s o lu t ion n ' e s t p our tan t p as i nd i f feren te p u isqu 'e l le c ond i t ionne d an s u ne l a rge me sure l e s e xp l ica t ion sp os s ib le sd up roce s sus d 'urban isa t ion .

B IBLI OG RAP HIE A LBR IGHT ,W .F . 1 965 S ome R emark so n t he A rchaeo log ica lC h rono logy o fP a le s t ine B e fo re a bou t1 500 B .C . P p .4 7 -60 d ans R . W . E hr ich , ö d . , C hr ono log i e s i nO ld W o r ld A r cha eo logy . C h ic ago: T he Un ive r s i ty o fC h ic ago P re ss . AMMAN ,R . 1 977 P o t te ry f r om t he Neo l i th ic S i te Near T e l l D e lham iya a nd S ome No tes o n t he C ha rac te r o f t he C ha lco l i th ic -E ar ly B ronze IT ran s i t ion . E r e tz I s r a e l 1 3: 4 8 -56 ( e n h db reu ) e t2 9 1* ( r é sumé e n a ng la i s ) . 1 981 S ome Obse rva t ions o n C ha lcol i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Age S anc tuar ies a nd R el ig ion . P p . 4 7 -53 d ans A . B i ran , ö d . , T emp l e s a nd H igh P la c e s i n B i b l i c a l T ime s , P ro c e ed ing s o ft h e C o l loqu ium i nH ono r o ft h e C en tenn i a l o fH eb r ew U n ion C o l l eg e -J ew i sh I n s t i tu te o fR e l ig i on . J e rusa lem: Heb rew Un ion C olege J ew ish I n s t i tu te o fR el ig ion . 1 985 T he T rans i t ion f r om t he C ha lco l i th ic t o t he E ar ly B ronze A ge . P p . 1 08 112 d ans A . B i ran e ta l . , e d . , B ib l i ca l A rchaeo logy T oday , P ro ce ed ing s o f t h e I n te rna t iona l C ongre s s o n B ib l i ca l A rchaeo logy , J e ru sa l em , A p r i l 1 984 . J e rusa lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . 1 986 S ome C u l t -and -A r t Ob je c ts o ft he E B IP e r iod . P p . 7 13 d an sM . K ely -Buccela t i , P . Ma t th iae & M . V an L oon , ö d . , I n s igh t T h rough I mages , S tud ie s i n Hono r o f E d i th P o rada . B i b l io the ca Me sopo tam i c a 2 1 . Mal ibu , CA :U nde na P ubl ic a t ion s . 1 989 T he G i la t Godde s sa nd t h eT emp le so fG i la t ,E n -Ged ia nd A i .C ev o lume: 5 3 -60 . AMMAN ,R . &P ORAT ,N . 1 984 T he B a sa l tV e sse ls o ft he C ha lcol i th ic P e r iod a nd E ar ly B ronze Age I .T e lA v iv 1: 1 -19 . AMMAN ,R . , A WN ,D . & COH N ,C . 1 976 A P ub l ic B u i ld ing A rea i n t he Anc ien t C i ty o f A rad , R epo r t o n t he N in th a nd T en th S easons o f E xcava t ions ( 1 974 -75 ) . I s ra e l Mu seum N ew s 1: 3 5 -40 . AM IRAN ,R . ,e ta l . 1 978 E ar ly A rad , t h e C ha l co l i th ic S e t t l emen t a nd E ar ly B ronz e C i ty . J e rusa lem: t he I s rae l E xp lo rat ion S oc ie ty . BET -AR IEH ,I . 1 98 1 AP a t te rn o fS e t t lemen ti nS ou the rn S ina ia nd S ou the rn C anaan i nt he T h i rd M i l lenn ium B .C . B u l l e t in o f t h e Am er i c an S cho o l s o fO r i en ta l R e s ear ch 2 43: 3 1 -55 . 1 983 C en t ra lS ou the rn S i na ii nt he E ar ly B ronze Age I a nd I t sR e la t ionsh ip w i th P a le s t ine . L ev an t 1 5: 3 9 -48 . 1 984 New E v idence o f t he R e la t ions B e tween C anaan a nd E gyp t D u r ing t he P ro to -Dynas t ic P e r iod . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J ourna l 3 4: 2 0 -23 . 1 986 Two Cu l tu re s i n S ou thern S ina i i n t he T h ird M i l lenn ium B .C . B u l l e t in o f t h e Amer i can S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e se a r ch 2 63: 2 7 -54 . B EN -TOR ,A . 1 978 C y l inde r S ea ls o f T h ird M i l lenn ium P a les t ine . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i can S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e s ear ch S upp l em en t S er i e s 2 . C amb r idge , Mas s .: Ame r ican S choo ls o fO r ien ta l R e search . 1 982 T he R e la t ions B e tween E gyp ta nd t h eL and o fC anaan Du r ing t h eT h i rd M i l lenn ium B .C .J ourna lo fJ ew i sh S tud i e s 3 3: 3 18 . B EN -TOR ,A . ,P ORTUGAL I ,Y . & AV IS SAR ,M . 1 98 1 T he F i rs t S eason o f E xcava t ions a t T e l Q ash ish , 1 978 1979: P re l im inary R epo r t . I s rae l E xp lo r a t ion J o urna l3 1: 1 37 164 . B RAUN ,E . 1 985 No te s & News: Y i f tah 'e l 1 984 . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J o urna l 3 5: 5 8 -59 . 1 989 T he T ran s i t ion f r om t he C ha lco l i th ic t ot h e E ar ly B ronze Age Ii n No r the rn I s rae la nd T rans jo rdan :I s T he re aM i s s ing L ink ?C ev o lume :7 27 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -7 6 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L E P ROCES SUS D 'URBAN I SAT ION E N P ALEST INE: CHRONOLOG IE E r R Y THMES B RAUN ,E . ,e ta l . 1 985 S a lv age E x cava t i on s a t aF arm ing C ommun i ty i n t h e J e z r e e l V a l l ey , I s r ae l . B .A .R . I n terna t iona l S e r ie s 2 99 .O x fo rd : BAR . CALLAWAY ,J .A . 1 97 2 T he E ar ly B r onz e A g e S anc tuary a t A i ( e t -T e l l ) , A R epor t o f t h e J o in t A r cha eo log i ca l E xp ed i t ion t o A i ( e t -T e l l ) :N °1 . C o l tA rcheo log ic a lI n s t i tu te P ub l ica t ions . L ondon: B . Quar i tch . 1 980 T he E ar ly B ronz e A ge C i tad e l a nd L ow e r C i ty a t A i ( e t -T e l l ) , A R epor t o f t h e J o in t A r chzo log i ca l E xp ed i t ion t o A i( e t -T e l l ): N °2 . Amer ican S choo ls o f O r ien ta l R esearch E xcava t ion R epo r ts . C amb r idge: Ame r ic an S choo l so fO r ien ta l R esearch . COWG ILL ,G . 1 975 On t he C ause sa nd C onsequence so f Anc ien ta nd Mode rn P opu la t ion C hange s . Am e r i c an A n thr opo log i s t 7 7 : 5 05 -525 . DAV IS ,S .J .M . 1 988 T he Mamma l B ones , T e l Y armu th 1 980 -1983 . P p . 1 43 149 d ans P .d eM i ro sched j i , Y armou th 1 ,r appo r t s ur l e s t r o i s p r em i er e s c ampagne s d e f ou i l l e s aT e l Y armou th ( I sr ae l ) , 1 980 -1982 . P ar is: E d i t ions R eche rche s u r l e s c i v i l isa t ions . DEVER ,W .G . ,e ta l . 1 974 G eze r I : R epo r t o f t he 1 967 1970 S easons i n F i e lds Ia nd I . A nnua l o f t h e N e l son G lu e ck S choo l o f B i b l i c a l A r cha eo logy i nJ e ru sa l em 2 . J e ru sa lem . 1 980 New V is tas o n t he E B I V ( "MB I " ) Ho r izon i n S y r ia -Pa le s t ine . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r i c an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 37: 3 5 -64 . DEVER ,W .G .&R ICHARD ,S . 1 977 A R eeva lua t ion o f T el B e i t M i rs im S t ra tum J .B u l l e t in o ft h e Am er i can S cho o l s o f O r i en ta l R e se ar ch 26 : 1 14 . EP S TEN ,C 1 985 L aden An ima l F igu r ines f r om t he C ha lco l i th ic P e r iod i n P a le s t ine . B u l l e t in o ft h e Am er i c an S cho o l s o f O r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 58: 5 3 -68 . ESE ,D .L . 1 984 AC hrono log ica l M i r age: R ef lec t ion s o n E ar ly B ronze I C i n P a le s t ine . J ourna lo fN e ar E a s te rn S tud i e s 4 3 :3 17 -330 . GOPHNA ,R . 1 989 F rom V i l lage t oT own i nt he L od V a l ley : AC ase S tudy .C ev o lume :9 7 107 . GUSTAVSON -GAUBE ,C . 1 985 T el e sh -Shuna No r th 1 984: A P re l im ina ry R epo r t . A nnua l o ft h e D ep a r tmen t o fA n t i qu i t i e s o fJ o rd an 2 9 :4 3 -87 . HE LM S ,S .W . 1 984 E xcav a t ions a tT e l lU nun H ammad e sh -Sharq iya i nt h eJ o rd an V a l ley 1 982 .L ev an t1 6 :3 5 -54 . 1 986 E xcava t ions a t Um H ammad ,1 984 .L e v an t1 8: 2 5 -50 . H ENNESSY ,J .B . 1 967 T he F or e ign R e la t ion s o f P a l e s t ine D ur ing t h e E ar ly B ronz e A ge . C o l t A rcheo log ica l I ns t i tu te P ubl i c a t ions .L ondon :B . Qua r i tch . HERZOG ,Z . 1 986 S oc ia l O rg an iza t ion a s R ef lec ted b y t he B ronze a nd I r on Age C i t ie s o f I s rae l . P ape r p re sen ted t o t he Wo r ld A rchaeo log ica lC ong res s( 1 -7 S ep tembe r1 986 ,S ou thamp ton a nd L ondon ) . HO RW ITZ ,L .K . &T CHERNOV ,E . 1 989 An ima l E xp lo i ta t ion i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age o f t he S ou the rn L evan t — An Overv iew . C e v o lume: 2 79 -296 . HUOT ,J . -L . 1 967 T ypo log ie e tc hrono log ie r e la t ive d el ac e ram ique d u B ronze Anden d e T el e l -F är 'ah . R evu e B i b l i qu e 7 4: 5 17 -554 . I LAN ,0 . &S EBBANE ,M . 1 989 Me t alu rgy ,T rade a nd t h eU rban i za t ion o fS ou ther nC anaan i nt h eC ha lcol i th ic a nd E a r ly B ronze Age .C e v o lume: 1 39 162 . K ENYON ,K .M . 1 960 E x cav a t ion s a t J e r i cho , V o lume O ne , T he T omb s E x cava ted i n 1 952 1954 . L ondon: B r i t ish S choo l o f A rchaeo logy i nJ e ru sa lem . 1 965 A r chaw logy i nt h eH o ly L and . L ondon :Me thuen & C o . 1 98 1 E x c av a t ion s a t J e r i cho , V o lum e T hr e e , T he A r ch i t ec tur e a nd S t r a t igraphy o f t h e T e l l . L ondon: B r i t i sh S choo l o fA rchaeo logy i nJ e ru sa lem . K ENYON ,K .M . & HOLLAND ,T .A . 1 982 E x c av a t i on s a tJ e r i cho , V o lume F our , T he P o t t e ry T yp e S e r i e s a nd O the r F ind s . L ondon: B r i t ish S choo l o f A rchaeo logy i nJ e ru sa lem . 1 983 E x cav a t ion s a t J e r i cho , V o lume F i v e , T h eP o t te ry P ha s e s o f t h e T e l l a nd O the r F ind s . L ondon: B r i t ish S choo lo fA rchaeo logy i nJ e ru sa lem .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -7 7 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P IERRE D EM IROSCH EDJ I LA PP , P. W . 1 968

B äb e dh -Dhrä ' T omb A .76 a nd E ar ly B ronze Ii n P a le s t ine . B u l l e t in o ft h e Am e r i c an S cho o l s o fO r i en t a l R e se ar ch 1 89: 1 2 -4 1 . 1 970 P a les t ine i nt he E ar ly B ronze Age . P p . 1 0 1 -13 1 d ans J .A . S ander s , e d . , Near E a s te rn A r chav logy i nt h e Tw en t i e th C en tury: E s say s i nH onor o fN e l son G lu e ck . New Y o rk: C arden C i ty . LI PHSCH ITZ ,N . 1 989 P l an tE conomy a nd D ie ti nt he E a r ly B ronze Age i nI s rae l :A S ummary o fP re sen tR e se arch .C ev o lume: 2 69 -277 . LCNDON , G. 1 988 T he O rgan iza t ion o f t he E ar ly B ronze I a nd I I C e ram ic s I ndu s t ry a t T e l Y armu th , A P re l im inary R epo r t . P p . 17 -124 d ans P .d e M i ro sched j i , Y armou th 1 ,r appo r t s ur l e s t r o i s p r em i e r e s c amp agn e s d e f ou i l l e s aT e l Y armou th ( I sr ae l ) , 1 980 1982 . P ar is: E d i t ion s R eche rche s u r l e s C iv i l isa t ions . M AZAR ,A . & MI RO SCHED J I ,P .d e 1 986 No tes & News: H ar tuv , 1 985 . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l3 6: 1 09 . 1 988 Ha r tuv , 1 986 . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J o urna l 3 8: 8 4 . MI ROSCHED J I ,P .d e 1 97 1 L 'epoqu e p r e -u rba in e e n P a l e s t in e . C ah ie r sd el aR evue B ibl ique n ° 1 3 . P ar i s: C aba lda . 1 976 C on t ri lr a t ion al ' i tud e d e l ' ur ban i s a t i on e n P a l e s t in e ar ag e d u B ronz ea nc i en . T he se d e d oc to ra t i ned i te . P a r is: Un ive r s i te d e P a r is I . 1 986 C e ram ique se t mouvemen t sd ep opu la t ion :l ec as d el aP a le s t ine a u I le m i l lena i re . P p . 9 46 d ans M . T h . B ar re le t &J . -C . C ard in , e d . , A p ropo s d e s i n t erp re ta t ion s a r che o log i qu e s d e l a p o t er i e: q ue s t ion s o uv er te s . P ar is: Ed i t ions R eche rche s u r l e s C iv i l isa t ions . 1 988 C h ron ique a r cheo log ique: T e lY a rmou th 1 986 1987 .R evu eB i b l i qu e9 5 :2 17 -225 . MI RO SCHEDJ I ,P .d e ,e ta l . 1 988 Y a rmou th 1 , R app or t p re l im ina i r e s ur l e s t r o i s p r em i er e s c ampagne s d e f ou i l l e s aT e l Y armou th ( I sr ae l ) , 1 980 -1982 . P a r i s: E d i t ions R eche rche s u r l e s C iv i l is a t ion s . OREN ,E . 1 989 E a r ly B ronze Age S e t t lemen t i n No r th S ina i :A Mode l f o r E gyp to -Canaan i te I n te rconnec t ions . C e v o lume : 3 89 -405 . PO RATH ,Y . 1 985 AC ha lco l i th i c B u i ld ing a tF asa 'e l . ' A t i qo t 1 7( Eng l ish S e r ie s ) :1 19 . RAST ,W .E . 1 98 1 P a t te rns o fS e t t lemen t a tB ab e dh -Dh ra . A nnu a l o ft h e Ame r i c an S choo l s o fO r i en ta l R e s e a r ch 4 6: 7 -34 . R ICHARD ,S . 1 980 T owa rd aC onsensus o f Op in ion o nt he E nd o ft h eE ar ly B ronze Age i nP a le s t ine -T ran s jo rdan . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r i can S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e s ear ch 2 37: 5 34 . RO SEN , S. A . 1 983a T abu lar S c rape r T rade: A Mode l o f Ma te r ia l Cu l tu re D ispe rs ion . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i can S choo l s o f 1 983b 1 984

O r i en ta l R e sea r ch 2 49: 7 9 -86 . T he C ananean B l ade a nd t he E a r ly B ronze Age .I s r a e lE xp lo r a t i on J o u rna l3 3 :1 5 -29 . T he Adop t ion o f Me ta l lu rgy i nt he L evan t: A L i th ic P e r spe c t ive .C ur r en tA n thr opo logy 2 5: 5 0 4 -505 .

SC HAUB ,R .T . 1 981 C e ram ic S equence s i n t he T omb C roup a tB ab e dh -Dhra . A nnua l o ft h e Am e r i c an S choo l s o fO r ien ta l R e se a r ch 4 6: 6 9 118 . SCHAUB ,R .T . & RAST ,W .E . 1 984 P rel im inary R epo r t o n t he 1 98 1 E xped i t ion t o t he D ead S ea P la in , J o rdan . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r ic an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e s e ar ch 2 54: 3 5 -60 . g HERRA 1T ,A . 1 983 T he S e condary E xp lo i ta t ion o f An ima ls i nt he O ld Wo r ld . W o r ld A r chz o logy 1 5: 9 0 -104 . ST AGER , L.E . 1 985 T he F i rs t fru i ts o f C iv il iza t ion . P p . 1 72 -188 d an s J .M . T ubb , e d . , P a l e s t ine i nt h e B r onz e a nd I r on A g e , P ap er sP r e s en t ed . t oO lga T u f ne l l . L ondon: I n s t i tu te o fA rcheo logy . s . d . T he P e r iod iza t ion o f P a les t ine f r om Neo l i th ic t h rough E a r ly B ronze T ime s . A p ara i tre d ans R .W . E h r ich , e d . , C hrono log i e s i nO ld W o r ld A r chz o logy 3.C lücago: U n ive r s i ty o fC h ic ago P re s s . TU FNELL ,0 . 1 957 L ach i sh I V: T he B ronz eA g e . Ox fo rd: O x fo rd Un ive r s i ty P re s s . VA UX ,R .d e 1 96 1 L e s f ou i l les d e T e l l e l -Fär 'ah , r appo r t p re l im ina i re s u r l e s 7 e , 8 ee t ec a mpagnes , 1 958 1960 . R evu e 1 962

B i b l iqu e 6 8: 5 59 -592 . L e s f ou i l les d e T e l l e l -F är 'ah , r appo r t p re l im ina i re s u r l e s

1 966

R evue B i b l ique 6 9: 2 12 -253 . P a le s t ine i nt he E ar ly B ronze Age . C ambr idg eA nc i en tH i s to ry

8 'e t ec ampagne s , 1 958 -1960 ( s u i te ) . 12 ,

c hap . X V . C amb r idge: T he Un ive rs i ty

P ress .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -7 8 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

L E P ROCES SUS D 'URBAN I SAT ION E N P ALEST INE: CHRONOLOG IE E T R Y THMES VAUX , R .d e & ST EVE , M. J . 1 948 L a s econde c ampagne d e f ou i l le s aT e l l e l -F är 'ah , p re s N ap louse , r appo r t p re l im ina i re . R evu e B i b l i que 5: 5 44 5 80 . WR IGHT ,G .E . 1 937 T h e P o t tery o f P a l e s t ine f r om t h e E a r l i e s t T im e s t o t h e E nd o f t h e E a r ly B ronz e A ge . New H aven: Ame r ican S choo l s o fO r ien t a l R e sea rch . 1 958 T he P rob lem o ft he T rans i t ion B e tween t h eC ha lcol i th ic a nd B ronze Age s . E r e tz I s r a e l 5:3 7 -45 . 1 96 1 T he A rchaeo logy o f P a le s t ine . P p . 7 3 -85 d ans G . E . Wr igh t , e d . , T he B i b l e a nd t h eA nc i en t N ear E a s t , E s say s i nH ono ro fW i l l i am F oxw e l l A lbr i gh t . New Y o rk: Doub leday & C o . 1 97 1 T he A rchaeo logy o f P a les t ine f r om t he Neo l i th ic T h rough t he M idd le B ronze Age . J ourna l o ft h e Ame r i can O r i en ta l S o c i e ty 9 1: 2 76 -293 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -7 9 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P IERRE D EM IROSCHED J I

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -8 0 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

SEC O N DARY STATE FOR M ATIO N AN D COLLAPSE I N EARLY BRO NZE AGE PALESTINE Doug las L . ESSE O r ien ta l I n s t i tu te Un iv er s i ty o f C h icago

S ta te f o rma t ion i n P a le s t ine , a s ag enera l a rea o f i nqu iry , h as r e ce ived r e la t ive ly l i t t le a t ten t ion , e spec ia l ly g iven t ha t o ver a c en tury o f e xcava t ion i n t h is l im i ted g eograph ica l a rea h as p rov ided t he a rchaeo log is t w i th a n e xce l len t s t ore o f d a ta t o a na lyze . E ar ly B ronze I I I I P a les t ine , t he p er iod o f u rban iza t ion , t he g rea t c i ty s t a te s , o f fe r s a ne x ce l len to ppor tun i ty t oe xam ine t h ep roces se s o fs t a te f o rma t ion . A l though t here we re d e f in i te c on t inu i t ies w i th t he p e r iods wh ich b o th p receded a nd f o l lowed E BI I I I ( e spec ia l ly i n c eram ic s ) , t he mos t a r re s t ing p henomena were t he d i scon t inu i t ie s . T hese w ere mos t marked ly p re se rved i nt he s e t t lemen tp a t te rn s . T he d i scon t inu i t ie si ns e t t lemen t d i s t r ibu t ion a nd t ype a re b e s t s t ud ied w i th in t he f r amework o fs t a te f o rma t ion t heory . Mos to ft he mode ls f ound s oo f ten i nt h el i t e ra tu re o ft h is s ub jec ta re i nadequa te . I nf a c t t hey o f ten s eem a to dds w i th o ne a no the r . E ven s y s tem s t heory , t h e mos t i n c lus ive o f t he c ompe t ing mode ls , s o me t imes l a cks f o cus i fe ve ry v ar iab le i sg iven e qua l we igh t . T he g rea tes t p rob lem , h oweve r , i st ha t mos t mode ls a re i napp l icab le t o t h is g eograph ica l a rea . P a les t ine i so f ten r e fer red t o a s a" backwa ter " o f u rban ism . T he p a th o u t o f t h is morass t hen , i st ob eg in t oa na lyze t he s y s tem o ni t s own t e rm s , n o t a s ap a le r ef lec t ion o f t he d eve lopmen t o f t he " P r i s t ine S ta te s " b u t a s a n e xce l len t e xamp le o f wha t i tt r u ly wa s , a" Secondary S ta te . " I n ad iachron ic mode l c hrono log ica l a ssu mp t ions mus t b e made e xp l ic i t . T h is n ecess i ta te s a n a r t i f ic ia l s imp l i f ica t ion o f wha t w as u ndoub ted ly a c omp lex e vo lu t ionary d eve lopmen t . Much o fa na r chaeo log i s t 's t ime i ss pen to n t r an s i t ions .T h is i sn o ts urpr is ing , s i nce t r ans i t iona l p er iods a re e x t reme ly c o mp lex . A l though t hey a re d i f f icu l t t o d e f ine a rchaeo log ica l ly o r t o d e tec t i n t he ma ter ia l c u l ture , t r ans i t iona l p er iods a re e as i ly l o ca ted i n t he s cho lar ly l i tera ture . T he mos t e x tens ive b ib l iograph ies d ea l ing w i th q ues t ions o f t e rm ino logy a re i nev i tab ly a ssoc ia ted w i th t he se e lus ive p e r iods . R a ther t han c on cen tra t ing o n t r ans i t ions i n t h is d eve lopmen ta l mode l , If e e l t ha t b y c ompa r ing t he E ar ly B ronze p e r iods i nt h e ir g ross c hrono log ica l d iv is ion so ne c an s e e more c l ea r ly t h e d eve lopmen t o fs t a te o rgan iza t ion a nd i t s r a the r r ap id d ec l ine . H ence , t he b ronze a ge w i l l

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -8 1Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

DOUGLAS L . E SSE

b e d iv ided a t t he ma jo r j unc tures wh ich c harac ter ize s h i f t s i n s oc ia l c omp lex i ty -E BI , E B a nd E BI V /MB I .E ar ly B ronze Age P a le s t ine i n i t s " homeos ta t ic " s t a te w i l l b e c ompared w i th t he c ond i t ion s wh ich p receded a nd f o l lowed t h is i dea l ized h o meos ta t ic c ond i t ion . I t i s i mpor tan t t o emphas ize t he q ua l i ta t ive c on tras t b e tween t hese t hree c hrono log ica l b lock s . A rgumen ts c an b e made o ve r d e ta i ls a nd d e f in i t ions , b u t g ene ra l ly t here i s l i t t le d i sagreemen t o ver t he ir b as ic n a ture . V iewed d iachron ica l ly , t here a re ma jor d i f ference s i nt he l e ve l o f s oc ia l i n teg ra t ion e xh ib i ted b y t he se p e r iods . T o d eve lop amode l o f t he " Seconda ry S t a te , " t he d a ta mus t b e p u t i n ar e cogn izab le f o rm , af o rm i n wh ich t he c a tegor ies o fa na ly s is a re a tl e as tc o mparab le w i th t hose u sed i n t he d i scuss ion o f t he g enera t ion o f " Pr is t ine S t a tes . " Iam n o t i n te re s ted i n s imp ly f i l l ing o u t t ypo logy f o rm s a nd p lugg ing t hem i n to t he a ccep ted a n thropo log ica l e vo lu t ionary s t a te d eve lopmen t s chemes . I ti s , h owever , u se fu l a s ah eur is t ic d ev ice t o a t l e as t s ys tema t ize c a tegor ies w i th in t hese g ross c hrono log ica l u n i ts , wh ich c an t hen b e c ompa red . I n o the r words , t h ese u n i t s a re n o t s imp ly c hrono log ica l , b u t a re e vo lu t ionary a nd c apab le o f d escr ip t ion . S uch a s ys tema t ic a na lys is s hou ld c l ar ify t he e x ten t o f e vo lu t ionary d eve lopmen td ur ing t he t h i rd m i l lenn ium . S ee T ab le 1 .

E XPL ICAT ION T he f i rs t t a sk i st os ummar ize t he s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion o ft he v ar ious p er iods a ccord ing t o c a tegor ies t ha t c an b e c ompared w i th o ne a no the r . B y s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion , Imean t he g enera l l eve l o f s oc ia l d eve lopmen t , i n c lud ing d emography a s r ef lec ted i n s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s , r e l ig iou s o rgan iza t ion , e conom ic a dap ta t ion s , a nd p o l i t ics . T hese c a tegor ies c an b e more o r l e ss s uccess fu l ly d e tec ted b y t he a r chaeo log is t , e ven i fn o t f u l ly e xp la ined ( Haas 1 982 ) . I n t he a bsence o f t e x ts , o r e ven a r t , t he i dea t iona l a spec ts o f s oc ie ty mus t r ema in amy s tery 1.

E a r ly B ronze I I ti sb yn ow a ccep ted t ha ta n a na lys is o ft h e s e t t lemen t l andscape ,b o th i t s d i s t r ibu t ion a nd f unc t ion , c an l e ad t o ap roduc t ive a na lys is o f s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion . I n t he E B I , s e t t lemen t s we re o f ten l o ca ted o n we l l -dra ined a nd a gr icu l tura l ly f e r t i le l and . As t udy o f t he s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s i n t he n or the rn p ar t o ft he c oun t ry r evea ls t ha t t he med ian s i ze o f t hese s e t t lemen ts w as a bou t 1h a . a nd t hey s e emed t ob e l o ca ted a l ong t he wad i s y s tems where as imp le f o rm o fg rav i ty -f low i r r iga t ion m igh t b e p rac t iced ( E sse 1 982 ) . I n a dd i t ion t o t he a gr icu l tura l p o ten t ia l e xh ib i ted b y t hese v i l lages , h owever , t here was h eavy s e t t lemen t i n t he s t eppe e nv ironmen t o f t he J o rdan V a l ley a long t he J o rdan R iver . T he J ordan V a l ley i sp a r t o f t he I r ano -Turan ian z one , a nd i t wa s u n l ike ly t ha t s e t t lemen t i n t h is z one w as d ependen tp r ima r i ly u pon a g r icu l ture .I ti s mo re p robab le t ha td ependence o n p as tora l p roduc t ion w a s t he p r imary s ubs i s tence s t ra tegy o ft he i nhab i tan ts o f t he se s ma l l J ordan V a l ley s i te s . P opu la t ion e s t ima tes f o r t h is p e r iod a re e x t reme ly d i f f icu l t t o make , b u t t here d oe s s ee m t o b e ap opu la t ion i n crea se f r om t he C ha lco l i th ic t o t he E B Ip e r iod . Work i n t he

1 . We h ave f a r mo re e xamp le so fr ep re sen ta t iona l a r ti nt he C ha lco l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic p e r iods t h an w eh ave f r om t he E ar ly B ronze Age .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -8 2 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S ECONDARY S TATE F ORMAT ION AND C OLLAP SE I N E BA P ALEST INE T ab le 1 .— S oc ia l o rgan iza t ion o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age b yc hrono log ica l p er iod . E B I( 3 500 -3 100 )

E BI I l l ( 3 100 -2250 )

R anked ; s egmen ta ry N on -s t ra t i f ied

C i ty s t a te S t ra t if ied

S egmen ta ry N on -s t ra t i f ied

R ec ip roca l S ubs i s tence R ed is t r ibu t ive?

R ed is t r ibu t ive S ubs is tence

R ec ip roca l S ubs is tence

-I n tema l t iona l

R ec ip roca l

R ec ip roca l M a rke t?

R ec ip roca l

-T rade m echan ism

L and b ased I n d iv idua l D own the l ine P res t ige i t ems

M a r ine b ased S ta te O rgan ized B u reauc racy S ubs is tence P roduc ts

L and b ased I n d iv idua l D own the l ine

-C ra f tS pec ia l iza t ion ( Po t te ry )

R eg iona ls t y les

I n te r reg iona l S tanda r c iza t ion

R eg iona ls t y les

SOC IO -POL IT ICAL D EVELOPMENT E CONOMY: -L oca l

E BI V /MB I( 2 250 -2000 )

S ITE D ISTR IBUT ION

D i spe r sed v i l lages

U rban c en te r s

D i spe rsed v i l lages

S ITE S TRAT IF ICAT ION

C u l t ic /D omes t ic

C u l t ic /D omes t ic

D omes t ic

P ROCESS

I NTEGRAT ION

H YPER INTEGRAT ION

NON INTEGRATED

n or th o f P a les t ine h as s hown t ha t a l though t here was a lmos t n o i n crease i n t he med ian s i ze o fs e t t lemen t sd ur ing t he se p er iods , t he re was ag rea ti n crease i nn umbe ro fs i te s ( E sse 1 982 ) . I n n or thern P a les t ine t here d oes n o t s eem t o b e ar ad ica l s h i f t i n s i te l o ca t ion b e tween t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd E BI ,t hus e l im ina t ing t he d ange ro fi gnor ing ama jor s h i f t i n s ub s is tence . A long t he Naha l B esor t he re a re i nd ica t ions o f as ubs is tence s h i f t , h oweve r , s o more d emog raph ic wo rk o n t h is C ha lco l i th ic t oE B It r an s i t ion mus t b e u nder taken ( Levy 1 983 ) . B e tween t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd t he E B It here was a s h i f t f r om wad i i r r iga t ion a l ong t he Naha l B esor t o i n creased d ry f a rm ing . T he se E B Is e t t lemen ts we re l o ca ted f a r the r e as t t han t he ir Cha lco l i th ic c oun te rpar t s , i n a n a rea wh ich was more s u i tab le f o r e xp lo i ta t ion b y d ry f a rm ing t e chn iques . C oas ta l p la in s e t t lemen ts , wh ich L evy i den t i f ies a s c amp s f o r s pec ia l ized p as tora l is t s , r ema ined o ccup ied i n E B I ,h oweve r ( s ee L evy 1 983: f i g . 2 . 4 ) . T h is s or t o f s p l i t i n s e t t lemen t d emon s tra te s t ha t s pec ia l ized p as to ra l ism was e ven more i mpor tan ta s af a c tor i ne cono m ic s ubs is tence i nE B It han i nt he Cha lco l i th ic p e r iod . T he p r imary s e t t lemen t t ype a l ong t he c oas ta l p la in c ons is ted o f sma l l u n for t i f ied a gr icu l tura l v i l lages ( Gophna 1 974 ) . Mos t s e t t lemen t s t ud ies h ave i nd ica ted s im i lar t r ends .S e t t lemen t was n ume rous ,a nd n o tc on f ined t oj u s tt he b e s ta g r icu l tura ll a nd . T here i s ap reponde rance o f e v idence t o s how t ha t mos t E B Is e t t lemen t s we re n o t f o r t i f ied . W i th t he p oss ib le e xcep t ion o f T e l l e l -Fär 'ah ( N ) a nd T e l E ran i , n o w e l l d a ted E B If o r t i f ica t ion wa l ls h ave b een p ub l ished 2. E v idence f o r r e l ig ious o rgan iza t ion i n E B Ii sv ery s l igh t . T he o n ly t emp le f r om t h is p er iod i sf ound a t Meg iddo , S t ra tum X IX ( Loud 1 948 ) . T h is t emp le , a c tua l ly a " tw in " t emp le ( 4 050 ,4 047 ) , measu red c a . 3 . 05 x1 0m .I th ad as e r ie so fs t a ir sl e ad ing u pt oi t ,u pon wh ich were e t ched f i gures o fa n i ma ls . T he b road r oo m s t y le o fa r ch i tec ture w a s t yp ica l o f p r iva te dwe l l ings d ur ing t h is p er iod ,b u t t he b e s tp rese rved t emp le ( 4 050 o nt he s ou th )d id h ave a n a l tar d i rec t ly o ppos i te i t s e n trance , a nd b y v i r tue o f i t s s i ze h as b een g iven a s acerdo ta l f unc t ion . I n l ayou t , t he Meg iddo t emp le d id n o t d i f fer much f r om t he 2 . No te t h a tt h e" EB I C "w a l la tA is hou ld b ed a ted t oE BI : s ee E s se 1 984 . S ee a l so B rand l 1 989 f o rt h ed a te o f t h e T e l E ran i f o r t i f ica t ion s ys tem . We mu s t a wa i t t h e f u l l p re sen ta t ion o ft h e m a te r ia l f r om t h e E a r ly B ronze A ge f o r t i f ica t ions a tA feq ,b u ti nt h em e an t ime s e eB eck 1 986 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien,Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. 8 3Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

DOUGLAS L . E SSE

Cha lco l i th ic t emp le a t E n G ed i ( s ee B en -Tor 1 973 f o r c ompar isons; Dunayev sky & K emp insk i 1 973 ) . We a re o n f i rmer , i fl e s s h o ly ,g round when w e a na lyze t he e conomy o fE B IP a le s t ine . E v idence f o r t r ade w i th E gyp t i sa l ready we l l d ocumen ted ( Ben -Tor 1 982 , 1 986; S t age r i n p re s s ) . T he s ea l ings a nd p o t tery f r om E n B esor i nd ica te t ha t t here may h ave b een a n E gyp t ian t r ad ing c o lony l i v ing t here ( Ben -Tor 1 982 ;S chu lman 1 976 , 1 980; Gophna 1 976a; K a iser & D reye r 1 982 ) . T he p re sence o fn u me rous E gyp t ian v e sse ls a tE ran i a l so i nd ica tes t he p oss ib le p resence o f E gyp t ians a t t ha t s i te ( Ye iv in 1 961; B rand l p e rs . c o rn . ) . T he N armer s e rekh s f ound a tA rad , T e l H a l i f , a nd E ran i p rov ide ac ruc ia l l i nk b e tween t hose s ou the rn c i t ie s a nd E gyp t o f Dynas ty " 0 " . E gyp t ian s l a te p a le t te s h ave b een f ound a tA zor a nd J e r icho ( Ben -To r 1 982 f o rr e f s .; A rn iran 1 985 ) . A tA zor ak n i fe o fG e rzean t ype w a s a l so f ound w i th sma l l E gyp t ian j ug s o fG e rzean d a te ( Ben -To r 1 975 ) . T he t r ade r ou te s s e em t o h ave f o l lowed t he n or the rn S ina i c oas t a nd t he i nne r c oa s ta l p la in ( Oren 1 973; G ophna 1 978 ) . T h is t r ade ma in ly c on s is ted o fp re s t ige i t em s , a nd wou ld b e c l ass if ied a s d own the l i ne b y R en f rew ( Ren f rew 1 984b ) . T he re i sl i t t le e v idence f o r s ea t r ade b e tween E gyp ta nd S yr ia -Pa le s t ine d ur ing t h is p er iod , a l though P rag ( 1 986 ) h a s made a t en ta t ive s ugge s t ion t h a ts uch c on tac te x is ted b e tween E gyp ta nd B yb los . C ra f t s pec ia l iza t ion d u r ing E ar ly B ronze Ii sn o t w e l l a t tes ted 3.T he re may h ave b een f i r s t h in ts o f s pec ia l iza t ion i n t he b eg inn ing o f t he C anaanean b lade f l in t i ndus t ry . Two f l in t t r ad i t ions s eem t o b e p resen t a t mos t s i tes — t he C anaanean b lade , w i th b l anks p roduced b y al im i ted n umber o f work shop sa nd " l oca l " f l in t s p roduced o nt he s i te ( Rosen 1 983 ) . B asa l t v e sse ls , ap roduc t o f s pec ia l ized c r a f t smen i n t he Cha lco l i th ic p e r iod , w e re s t i l l p roduced . T he ir d i s t r ibu t ion r anged f r om t he u ppe r G a l i lee t oA rad ( Am iran & P ora t 1 984 ) . E v idence f o r me ta l work ing i sn o ta bundan t ,b u tt h ee x is tence o f me ta l lu rgy i mp l ie s a tl e a s t ad eg ree o fs pec ia l iza t ion i ni t s p roduc t ion . T he mos t s en s i t ive i nd ica tor o f c r a f t s pec ia l iza t ion i sp o t tery p roduc t ion . I ti sc l ear f r om t he d i s tr ibu t ion o f p o t tery s t y les t ha t t he re w as s t i l l ar eg iona l f r agmen ta t ion a nd a l im i ted d egree o f s pec ia l iza t ion d ur ing t he E B I .T he r eg iona l s t y les a re we l l -known . K enyon 's t e rm s PU A , PU B a nd PU C a re r eg iona l i nd ica tors a s we l l a s o ccas iona l ly c h rono log ica l ma rke r s ( Kenyon 1 979; d eM irosched j i 1 97 1 ) . I nt h is s ense ,p o t te ry t r ad i t ions o f E B Ia re much c l oser t o t hose o f t he p rev ious C ha lco l i th ic a nd Neo l i th ic p e r iods . R eg iona l c e ram ic s t y les a re d i s t inc t ive i n E BI ,a nd a l though g ene ra l c ompar ison s c an b e made , s pec i f ic d e ta i ls o f f o rm a nd d ecora t ion r a re ly s urv ive c ross -reg iona l b oundar ie s . Obv ious ly g ray -burn ished ware i s o ne c a tegory wh ich i s b o th c hrono log ica l ly a nd r eg iona l ly d e f ined . T he l i ne -group p a in ted t r ad i t ion a l so h as a l im i ted d i s tr ibu t ion . T he d i s t inc t ive p a in ted p a t te rns , r em in iscen t o fb aske try ( S tage r i n p re ss ) , a re r a re ly f ound i n q uan t i ty o u t s ide o f af a ir ly c i rcu m scr ibed a rea . A l though f o rm s s im i lar t o wha t h a s b een c a l led t h e " B " g roup ( i . e . , l i ne -group p a in ted ) ( S chaub 1 982 ) h ave b een f ound o u t s ide o fi t s p r imary a rea , t he p a in ted d e s ign i sn o t d i rec t ly c ompa rab le . T h is f r agmen tary mo sa ic o f c e ram ic t r ad i t ion s c anno t b e v iewed a s au n i l inea l c h rono log ica l c on t inuu m , b u t mus t b e s een a s ar ef lec t ion o f an on in teg ra ted c u l tura l s t age o fs o c ia l d eve lopmen t . T o a pp ly ap o l i t ica l l a be l t o t he E B Is t age o fd eve lopmen t i sn o t a n e asy t a sk b u t t he l e ve l o fo rgan iza t ion c an b e i n fer red . E v idence i sp re sen t f o r a tl e as t s o me a spec t s o f t he c h ie fdom s t age

T rade w i th E gyp t , e spec ia l ly i n p re s t ige i t em s , c an b e d emon s t ra ted .

4.

3 .C on t ras tt he e v idence f o rc r a f ts pec ia l iz a t ion i nt h eC ha lco l i th ic p e r iod ( Levy 1 986 ) . 4 . S ee S e rv ice ( 1 962: 1 44 ) , who n o tes t ha t c h ie fdoms a re n o t n ecessar i ly i den t i f ied b y p ar t icu lar t e chno log ica l i nnova t ion s wh ich wou ld d i s t ingu ish t h i s l e ve l f r om t r ibe o rs t a te . T hey a re mo s t ly c harac te r ized b y t h e i rf o rm o fo rg an iza t ion , ad i f f icu l t t h ing t od e te c t i nt he a r chaeo log ic a l r e co rd . T he l eve l o fo rgan iza t ion mu s t b ei n fer red . E v idence f o r t he c h ie fdom s t age o fd eve lopmen te x is t si nt he C ha lcol i th ic p e r iod i ns ou the rn P a le s t ine ( Levy 1 986 ) . I ta l so c an b e i n fe r red a t B yb lo s whe re c h i ld b u r ia ls c on ta ined p res t ige i t ems s uch a s h aema t i te

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts -8 4I and - II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S ECONDARY S TATE F ORMAT ION AND C OLLAP SE I N E BA P ALE ST INE

T h is s or t o f t r ade i n n on -subs is tence i t em s c an i nd ica te a l e ve l o f s oc ia l a nd p o l i t ica l o rgan iza t ion t ha t h as a tl e as t t wo t i e r s , an ece ssary p rerequ is i te f o r ac h ie fdom . T rade i n p re s t ige i t em s r e in force s o r i mbue s t h e c h ie fw i th s t a tus — ap r imary c r i te r ion f o r r anked s oc ie ty ( F r ied 1 967 ) . A lso , t he e v idence f o r c u l t may i mp ly as pec ia l ized p r ies t ly c l ass , b u t E B Ic u l t p rac t ices a re i n t he ma in u nknown . C ra f t s pec ia l iza t ion a t t he l o ca l l e ve l may h ave e x is ted i np o t tery p roduc t ion ,b u ti td id n o te x tend b eyond c i r cum sc r ibed r eg ion s ( s ee i n t h i s r egard F l anne ry 1 972: 4 03 ) . Ano ther i mpor tan tf a c tor i nd e tec t ing ac hange f r om e ga l i ta r ian s oc ie ty t or ank s oc ie ty i st he b eg inn ing o fc en t ra l iza t ion . Ar anked s oc ie ty i sg enera l ly c ha rac te r ized a s h av ing a d egree o fr ed is tr ibu t ion ( F r ied 1 967 ) . T he re i sa lmos tn oe v idence f o rc en t ra l p lace s i nE BI , a l though t h is may b e ar e su l t o f a r chaeo log ica l a cc iden t . T he re i se v idence o f s e t t lemen t s i ze h ierarchy , h owever . A t B e th Y e rah E B Io ccupa t ion w as d i scove red i n a lmos t e ve ry t r ench wh ich e x tended t o v i rg in s o i l ( Esse 1 982 ) . T hus , i nE B IB e th Y e rah was a lmos t 2 0 h as .i ns i ze .T e lE ran i may h ave b een e ven l a rge r .T he e x ten to fo the rs i te si sn o tk nown ,b u t t here i s l i t t le d oub t t ha t E B Is e t t lemen ts w ere n o t a l l sma l l v i l lages . T he e cono m ic b ehav ior o f t he i nhab i tan t s o ft h e se s i tes may h ave b een b ased o n a g r icu l tura l s ubs i s tence , b u t t he p o l i t ica l s ys tem h ad a l ready d eve loped i n to a r anked s oc ie ty b ased o n r ed is tr ibu t ion . T he e v idence s hows t ha t t h e s oc ia l s t ruc ture i n E B Iw as mos t l i ke ly m ixed . I ti sc l ear t ha t b o th s eden tary a nd p a s to ra l is t e nds o f t he c on t inuu m we re i n e x is tence . Nor thern P a le s t ine s hows e v idence f o r b o th g roup s . T h is c oex is tence i n ac i rcum scr ibed a rea may i nd ica te t he i mpor tance o f t he Med i ter ranean/S teppe e xchange a s p ar t o f ar ed i s t r ibu t ive e cono my . S erv ice p o in t s o u t t ha t mos t c h ie fdoms a rose when " r eg iona l e xchange a nd c onsequen t i n c rease i n l o ca l s pec ia l iza t ion c a me a bou t b ecause e co log ica l s pec ia l iza t ion was c omb ined w i th c on s iderab le s eden tar ine ss . " (Serv ice 1 962: 1 46 ) . T he p re sence o fb o th s eden tary a g r icu l tur is ts a nd p as tora l is ts i n c l ose p rox im i ty s hows t ha t t he s oc ia l s ys tem d ur ing E B Imus tb ed e sc r ibed a se ncompass ing b o th r anked a nd s egmen tary o rgan iza t ion . T o c a tegor ize E B Is oc ie ty a s e i the r r anked o r e ga l i tar ian i sp e rhap s t of o rce t he i s sue t oo c rude ly 5.I ta ppears t ha t i n n on s tra t i f ied s oc ie t ie s t he o p t ions f o r more a u tono my a re much more a va i lab le . L e ss c en tra l iza t ion i s af e a ture o fn on in tegra ted p o l i t ica l s ys tems .

E a r ly B ronze I I I I A l though t h ere i ss o me r oom f o r d eba te a bou t whe the r t h e E B Ip e r iod w as p r imar i ly c harac te r ized b y e ga l i tar ian o r c h ie fdom l e ve ls o f i n tegra t ion , t he re i sv ery l i t t le r oo m f o r d isagree men t w i th t he c harac ter iza t ion o f s oc ie ty d ur ing t he E B I I I I p er iod a s s t ra t if ied . S e t t lemen ts d ur ing t h is p e r iod w ere s t i l l l o ca ted i n w e l l -wa tered w e l l -dra ined a reas

maceheads , s i lve r o b jec ts , a nd r a re b race le ts ( s ee P rag 1 986 f o r r e fe rence s ) . S ee P eeb le s a nd Ku s ( 1 977 ) f o r a d i scu s s ion o f t he s i gn i f icance o f t h is p rac t ice . 5 .F r ied ( 1 967 :1 28 ) a cknow ledge s t h e p rob lems i nd i f fe ren t ia t ing b e tween r anked a nd e ga l i tar ian s y s tem s o f s o c ia lo rgan iza t ion . P r ice ( 1 978 : 170 )b r ing su pt h es ame i s sue when d i scus s ing t h ec on t inuum b e tween r anked a nd s t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty . T hese t e rms a re u se fu l a s d es c r ip t ive d ev ice s b u t t hey mus t n o t b e a pp l ied t oo r i g id ly . T he p rob lem b ecome se ven mo re c omp lex when w ea re s od ependen to n s e t t lemen tp a t te rn d a ta f o ro u ri n te rp re ta t ion . T hus , a s Adams ( 1 981 :7 2 ) n o te s , o ne s hou ld c ons ider t he d i s t r ibu t ion o f t he r e la t ive n umbe rs o f t he t o ta l p opu la t ion , r a the r t h an t he n umbe rs o f t he s e t t lemen ts t hemse lve s . T he r e la t ive p opu la t ion d i s tr ibu t ion ( u rban dwe l le rs , v i l lage r s , o r p as to ra l is ts ) wou ld d e f ine t he n a tu re o f t h e s oc ie ty . G ene ra l ly s oc ie t ies a re d e scr ibed b y t he i r mo s ta dvanced s t age o fd eve lopmen t . P e rhap s ,h oweve r ,o ne s hou ld j udge as oc ie ty b y t h ed om inan t mode o f s ubs is tence , i n wh ich c ase E B Is oc ie ty wou ld h ave t ob e c harac te r ized a s s eden tary , a g r icu l tu ra l , a nd p robab ly r anked .

8 5de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

DOUGLAS L . F SSE

wh ich w e re s u i tab le f o r b o th s imp le g rav i ty f low i r r iga t ion a nd d ry f a rm ing . T he re we re t wo ma jor c hanges , h oweve r . I nt he n or the rn p ar to fP a le s t ine , t h e s e t t lemen t i nt he J o rdan V a l ley , p rev ious ly h eavy d ur ing E BI ,b ecame much l e ss e v iden t ( Esse 1 982 ) . S e t t lemen t l o ca t ion i n t he Med i ter ranean z one r ema ined t he s a me , b u t t he f unc t iona l d i f feren t ia t ion o fs e t t lemen tb ecame much more c o mp lex . R a the r t h an d ependence o n as t ab le s ub s is tence b ased e conomy o ff a rm ing a nd h erd ing , t he E BI I I I p e r iod w i tne ssed t he r i se o fa n u rban s e t t lemen t n e twork . T he f unc t iona l a spec t s o fs e t t lemen tc an b e c on t ras ted w i th t he p reced ing E B Ip e r iod . I n E BI I I I t he med ian s i ze o f s e t t lemen t wa s t h ree t ime s g rea ter t han t he p reced ing p er iod ( Esse 1 982 ) . No t o n ly were t he re l a rger s e t t lemen ts , b u t t hese s e t t lemen ts were d e fended b y ma ss ive f o r t i f ica t ion s y s tems . A t B e th Y e rah t he s ou thern d e fens ive wa l l was 8 me ter s t h ick . A rad , J e r icho , a nd A i a l l h ad d e fens ive w a l ls w i th s em i -c ircu lar t ower s i n E BI . Mas s ive r e c tangu lar t owe rs r e in forced t he f o r t i f ica t ions o f Y armu th , T aanach , a nd A i i n E B I I . I n a dd i t ion , mos t o ther s i tes i n P a les t ine b oas ted l a rge d e fens ive wa l ls , i n c lud ing B ab e dh -Dhra , H es i , F är iah ( N ) , a nd Meg iddo . Un fo r t if ied a g r icu l tura l v i l lages s t i l l e x is ted i n E B b u t t he d om inan t s e t t lemen t t ype f r om t he s t andpo in to fs oc ia l o rgan iza t ion wa s f o cused o n t he w a l led c i ty . T he d i sappearance o f t he p as tora l is t s e t t lemen t s a l ong t he J o rdan R iver may b e e xp la ined b y t he f a c t t ha t t h is f unc t iona l n i che wa s s ub sumed i n to t he l a rger p o l i t ica l a nd s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion o f t he u rban b ronze a ge . K emp insk i ( 1 978 ) s ugges ts t ha t t he d isappearance o f many E B Is i tes ( no t j u s t i n t he s t eppe r eg ions ) r e f lec ts a p roce ss o f s yno ik i smo s , ap e rhaps f o rc ib le r e se t t l ing o f t h e se g roup s t oe nab le c i t ie s t o " i ncrea se t he ir p opu la t ion p o ten t ia l . " T he p roce ss may h ave b een more s ub t le . Sw id le r ( 1 980 ) h as s hown t ha t t he s ymb ios i s b e tween s e t t led a nd p as tora l is t g roups i sr a re ly s t a t ic . E f for t s a tf o rced s eden tar iza t ion o f n omads ( i .e . , p o l i t ica l measures ) r a re ly a re e f fec t ive . E cono m ic i ncen t ives , o n t he o the r h and , q u i te o f ten l e ad t o t he g radua l s eden tar iza t ion o f t hese p as tora l is t g roups a nd t he ir i n tegra t ion i n to s e t t led s oc ie ty . A l though t he u neasy r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he se t wo g roups i s we l l -known ( w i tne ss t he b edou in r a ids o ns e t t led v i l lage s , e spec ia l ly B e th S hean i n t he 1 9 th c en tury; B u rkhard t 1 822 ) i ti sp erhap s more t o t he p o in t t o e xa m ine t he e cono m ic b ene f i ts o f i n tegra t ion i n to t he E BI I I I n e twork . P as tora l ism w as s t i l l p rac t iced , b u t t he e x is ten ce o f i ndependen t a u tono mous p r i mar i ly p as tora l is ts e t t lemen ts i nt he c i rcum scr ibed s t eppe e nv ironmen to ft he n or thern J o rdan a nd B e th S hean v a l leys was n o t s een a f ter E B I .T hey t hen r eappeared d ur ing t he l e ss i n teg ra ted p er iod o f E BI V/ MB I6. T he f a c t t ha t t hese s e t t lemen ts d isappeared , h owever , d id n o t mean t ha t t he p as tora l i s t f unc t ions a l so v an i shed . " Enc losure s , " mos t l i ke ly s e rv ing a s p as tora l is t c a mps , h ave b een f ound i n t he h i l ls o f G a l i lee a nd o n t he Go lan h e igh ts . T hese e nc losure s a re l o ca ted o n t he e nds o f r i dges , i s o la ted f r om t he ma in p la teaus o f t he G a l i lee a nd Go lan e xcep t f o r an ar row s t r ip o f l and c onnec t ing t hem t o t he ma in p la teau . T hey a re c harac ter ized b y al a rge wa l l wh ich s epara te s t he r i dge f r om t he ma in p la teau a t i t s n arrowe s t p o in t a nd b y s c rappy a r ch i tec ture . C hrono log ica l s ynch ron ism w i th t he u rban E ar ly B ronze s e t t lemen t s c an b e s hown b y t he d i s tr ibu t ion o f g eome t r ic s ea l i mpre ss ions made o n c ombed ware v e sse ls f ound b o th i nt he e nc losure s ( e .g . , M i tham S haha l a nd t he L aw iyeh E nc losure ) a nd i nt h eu rban c en te r s b e low , s uch a s B e th Y e rah a nd T e l D an ( Ben T or 1 978; E ps te in 1 972; E sse 1 982 ) . I n a dd i t ion , t he c e ram ic r eper to ire d i scovered i n a t 6 . S u rvey d a ta i nn o r the rn P a le s t ine s how t h a t t h e re w as o n ly o ne E BI / I I I s e t t lemen ti nt he n o r the rn J o rdan a nd B e th S hean V a l leys b e low t h e1 00 B SL c on tou rl i ne . I nc on t ras t ,t he re we re 1 9E B Is i te sa nd 1 7E BI V /MB Is i te s . Many o ft he se s i te sw e re o ccup ied i nb o th E B Ia nd E BI V/ MB I .S i te st h a ts howed c on t inu i ty f r om E B I to E BI I I Io n t he o the rh and , we re l o ca ted a l ong t he v a l ley b o t toms o ft he J e z ree l , Naha lH arod ,a nd N aha lT abo r( Esse 1 982 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts 8 6 I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S ECONDARY S TATE FORMAT ION AND COLLAPSE I N E BA PALESTINE

l e as t o ne o f t he e nc losure s ( M i tha m S haha l ) i si den t ica l t o t ha t f r om t he s i te o f B e th Y e rah ( E sse 1 982; G a l 1 980 ) . S ea l ings r e in force t he a s se r t ion o fc en t ra l a u thor i ty ( Ren f rew 1 984b: 1 29 ) . E nv ironmen ta l s pec ia l iza t ion i s an ecessary p rerequ is i te f o r t he c h ie fdo m s t age ( S erv ice 1 962 ) , b u t i ti s a l so n ecessary a t t he more i n tegra ted s t age o f s oc ia l s t ra t i f ica t ion . D emograph ic t r ends o b servab le when c o mpar ing E B Iw i th E B I I I I i n n or thern P a le s t ine i nd ica te t ha t a l though t here were l a rger s e t t lemen ts i n E BI I I I t han i n E BI , t he re w e re a l so f a r f ewe r ( E s se 1 982; K emp in sk i 1 978 ) . T h is s h i f t i nd ica te s at r end t oward p opu la t ion a gg lomera t ion ( i . e . , u rban iza t ion ) , n o t t owa rd p opu la t ion i n crease . C owg i l l h as p o in ted o u t t he f a l lacy o f u s ing p opu la t ion i n crea se a s ac ausa t ive p r inc ip le i n t he p roce ss o fu rban iza t ion a nd s t a te f o rma t ion ( Cowg i l l 1 975 ) . T h is d emograph ic t r end , s een a t t h e p o in t when s oc ie ty s h i f ts f r om " p re -s ta te " t o" s ta te , " i ss hown i n s urvey s c onduc ted t hroughou t P a les t ine a nd T rans jordan a nd h as a l so b een s hown t o b e t he c ase i n Me sopo ta m ia . R e l ig ious o rgan iza t ion i nE BI I I I i s more i ne v idence t han i nE BI .E v idence f o rc u l t ic a c t iv i t ie s i so nce a ga in f ound a t Meg iddo i n t he g rea tes t c u l t ic c on tex t o f a ny b ronze a ge s i te i n P a les t ine . A l though t he c o mp lex u nde rwen t s eve ra l c on s truc t iona l p hases , t he E BI I c o mp lex a t Meg iddo was f i na l ly c omposed o f t h ree mass ive t emp les a nd a l a rge o pen a i r a l tar ( Loud 1 948; Dunayevsky & K emp insk i 1 973 ) . No t o n ly was t h is c u l t ic c omp lex o f g rea t e x ten t , b u t a l so a t Meg iddo i t marked t he b eg inn ing o f as pec ia l ized a rch i tec ture t ha t d i s t ingu ished t he t emp le f r om t he s imp le t yp ica l d o mes t ic h ouse s o f E BI ,I , I I . A i , A rad , a nd Y armu th a l so o f fer e xa mp les o f t emp le a r ch i tec ture . A t A rad , t wo a d jo in ing b roadroom b u i ld ing s , b u t o n amuch g rande r s c a le t han t yp ica l d omes t ic u n i t s , we re c ons truc ted i n ac en tra l l o ca t ion w i th in t he E B Ic i ty ( Am i ran e ta l . 1 978 ) . A t A i , t he p a la i s w as c on s t ruc ted o n t h e mos t p rom inen t p o in t w i th in t h e c i ty wa l ls . I t was as imp le b road room c on s t ruc t ion ,b u ti t ss i ze a nd t he f i ne s t one b lock sf r om wh ich i twas c on s truc ted s e t i ta par t a s ac u l t ic b u i ld ing . As e condary s anc tua ry w as a l so d i scove red a tA i i n wh ich we re f ound o b jec ts o f o bv ious ly c u l t ic n a ture ( Ca l laway 1 972 ) . A t Y ar rnu th , t he " wh i te b u i ld ing " h as b een a ss igned a c u l t ic f unc t ion ( de M irosched j i 1 984 ) . I n g enera l , t he a rch i te c ture o f t hese c u l t ic s t ruc tures h as f o l lowed d omes t ic p lans , b u t o n al a rger o r g rande r s ca le . A c ompar ison o f s i zes r evea l s t ha t t he re i s ad i f ference i n s ca le i n c u l t ic s t ruc tu re si nc ompar ison w i th o ther s imp le d ome s t ic s t ruc ture s . S pec ia l ized a rch i tec ture d id n o t e x is t o n ly i n t he r ea lm o f c u l t . Dur ing E BI I I I t he f i r s te v idence f o r wha t may b e c a l led " pa lace " a r ch i tec ture c an b e f ound . T he b e s t e xamp le c an b e s een a t Meg iddo S tra ta XV I I -XV I , where B u i ld ing 3 177 s hows a l l t he c ha rac te r is t ics o f ap a lace . I ti sv ery l a rge , measur ing a tl e as t 5 00 m 2.I th as al a rge p aved f o re cou r t a nd s eve ra l s ubs id iary r ooms a nd i sd i rec t ly a d jacen t t o t he s ac red a rea o f t he a l tar a nd t he t h ree t emp le s . I n p r im i t ive s oc ie t ies p o l i t ica l a nd r e l ig ious p ower a re s e ldom s epara ted (Webs te r 1 976 ) 7. R e l ig ious p ower l eg i t im izes t he p o l i t ica l p ower s t ruc tu re . A t A rad al a rge " pa lace " was a l so d i scovered ( Am iran 1 974: 2 58 ) . A l though t he t e rm p a lace may s ugge s t al e ve l o f g rand ios i ty t ha t t hese s t ruc tures l a ck , t h ei mpo r tan t p o in tt ob ear i nm ind i st he d i f fe rence b e tween t he s i ze a nd c o mp lex i ty o f t h e g overnmen ta l s ea t a nd t he t yp ica l d o mes t ic s t ruc ture o f t he s a me p e r iod . P a lace a rch i tec ture , e ven more t han c u l t ic a rch i tec ture , i nd ica tes a h igh l eve l o f s oc ia l s t ra t i f ica t ion . C u l t ic a r ch i tec ture , i nt heory , i s more a dvan tageous t ot he p ub l ic i ng ene ra l , o r a tl e a s t i ti sr ep resen ted a s s uch . I ti s , i n e f fec t , " s y s tem s e rv ing . " On t he o the r h and , 7 . S e rv ice ( 1 962: 1 7 1 ) v iews p ol i t ica l a nd r e l ig ious l e ade rsh ip a s " tw in f o rms o f a u tho r i ty ." S ee a l so F r ied ( 1 967 : 1 37 ) who s t a te s: " t he i nd iv idua lo fh igh r ank i sf r equen t ly a l so o fc ompar ab le r e l ig iou ss t and ing . "

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -8 7E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

DOUGLAS L . E SSE

p a lace a rch i tec ture i s much more l i ke ly t o i nd ica te d i f fe ren t ia l a ccess t o s ub s is tence s ource s a nd p owe r ( P r ice 1 978 ) . I ti s , i n f a c t , " s e lf -se rv ing . " T hus , a l though r e l ig ious a nd p o l i t ica l p owe r we re l i ke ly i n te r -re la ted , t he d eve lopmen t o f e l i te r e s idence s i n E BI I I I s e rve s a s a no the r marker f o r t he s h i f t f r om r anked t os t a te s oc ie ty . Mar foe ( 1 980 ) h as d emons t ra ted t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t g ene ra l s oc ia l s t ra t i f ica t ion a l so may b e r epre sen ted i n t h e d omes t ic u n i ts , i na dd i t ion t ot h e s pec ia l ized g ove rnmen t a nd r e l ig ious a r ch i tec ture , a tA rad . H e n o ted t ha t t he re was ad i f ference i n t he a ve rage s i ze o f d ome s t ic q uar te r sb e tween A rea s Ha nd K . F rom t he se " two d i s t inc tu rban n e ighborhoods " h e d educed a l e ve l o f s t ra t i f ica t ion , i . e . , s oc ia l d i f feren t ia t ion , a t A rad 8. T he e v idence f o re conom ic o rgan iza t ion d u r ing E BI I I I i s we l l e s tab l ished . At h r iv ing t r ade b e tween E gyp t a nd S y r ia -Pa les t ine e x is ted d ur ing t h is p er iod ( F i r s t Dynas ty t h rough t he e nd o f t he O ld K ingdom ) . Hundreds o f S y ro -Pa les t in ian v e sse l s h ave b een f ound i n E gyp t ian t ombs . T he p r imary v e sse l t ypes c on s is ted o f r ed p o l ished j ugs , l i gh t f a ced p a in ted w are j ugs a nd j a r s ,a nd c o mbed me ta l l ic wa re j a r s . At omb p a in t ing d a t ing t o t he E gyp t ian F i f th Dyna s ty s how s ac argo o f S y ro -Pa le s t in ian wares b e ing o f f l o aded a t a n E gyp t ian p or t . T h is d ep ic t ion a nd r e ference s t o " Byb los " s h ips i nd ica tes t h a t t he l and b ased t r ade i n p res t ige i t ems w i tne ssed i n E B Iwa s s upp lan ted b y as ea b a sed t r ade i n E BI I I I ( Kan tor 1 965; B en -Tor 1 982; S t ager i n p re ss ) . S pe c i f ic " por ts o f t r ade " h ave n o t y e t b een l o ca ted a l ong t he c oas t o f P a le s t ine , b u t B yb los was u ndoub ted ly t he ma jor d e s t ina t ion o ft he E gyp t ian t r ad ing e xped i t ion s . Neu tron A c t iva t ion Ana ly s is h as s hown a c or re la t ion b e tween t he c ombed v e sse ls f ound i nE gyp t a nd av esse l f r om B yb los ( E s se i n p re ss ) . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t A shke lon , a t wh ich E B c ombed me ta l l ic ware s he rds h ave r e cen t ly b een f ound , may h ave s e rved a s ap o r tc i ty f o rs ou the rn P a le s t ine . T he t r ad ing mechan i sm t hus s w i tched f r om l and b ased t o mar ine b ased t r an spo r ta t ion . No t o n ly d id t h is s i gna l as h i f t i n mechan ic s , h oweve r ,b u ta l so i nt h e p roduc t s t r aded . No l onger was t he t r ade p r ima r i ly c o mposed o f p re s t ige i t em s . T he e xchange b egan t o d ea l w i th more s ubs tan t ia l s ub s is tence p roduc ts , s uch a s o l ive o i l a nd w ine . T he d ome s t ica t ion o f t he g rape a t t he b eg inn ing o f t h is p er iod a nd t he s u i tab i l i ty o f S yr ia -Pa le s t ine f o r p roduc ing o l ive o i l made t he se p roduc ts much i n d emand b y t he e l i te o f t he n ew ly s t ra t i f ied E gyp t ian s oc ie ty ( S tager 1 985 ) . T rade wh ich was more i nd iv idua l ly b ased , i . e . , d ependen t o n s pec ia l ized i nd iv idua l t r ader s p rac t ic ing a p r imar i ly d own the l ine e xchange s y s tem , b ecame d om ina ted b y a b ureaucra t ica l ly c on t ro l led " s ta te t os t a te " s y s tem , d ependen t o n o rgan ized mar ine b ased e xped i t ion s ( s ee R en f rew 1 984b: 1 23 ) . I ti sn oa cc iden t t h a t f r agmen t s o fa r t ifac t s i n scr ibed w i th t he n ame so fP haraoh s w e re i ng rea te ra bundance a tB yb los o nce t r ade b e came mar ine b ased ( S agh ieh 1 983; K emp insk i 1 983; B en -Tor 1 982 ) . T he n a ture o f t he i n t ra reg iona l e xchange was u ndoub ted ly r ed is t r ibu t ive . T he ma jor e v idence f o r t h is i st he e x i s tence o ft h eg ranary a tB e th Y e rah . T h is g ranary measu red 4 0x 3 0m . a nd i tc ou ld h ave h e ld o ve r 8 00 t ons o f g ra in ( Kemp insk i 1 978 ) . A p a ra l le l t o t h is g ranary c an b e f ound i n E gyp t a t E l -Kab . I t s s i ze a nd t h e l im i ted a ccess t o t he g ranary a t tes ts t o ar ed is t r ibu t ive e conomy , a t l e as t a t t he l e ve l o f l o ca l " c i ty s t a te . " Whe ther a marke t e cono my e x is ted d ur ing t h is p e r iod i si mposs ib le t o d e term ine . R en f rew ( 1 984b ) p o in t s o u t t ha t i ti si mposs ib le t o d i s t ingu ish a marke t e cono my f r om a r ed is t r ibu t ive e conomy p ure ly f r om e v idence b a sed o ns pa t ia lo rgan iza t ion . C ra f t s pec ia l iza t ion i n t he E B I I I I i s more e v iden t t h an i n E B I . Me ta l lurgy was f i ne ly d eve loped ,a nd e ven t h e w eapon t ype s a va i lab le w e re b eg inn ing t ob e s t andard ized . 8 . S ee a l so H aas ( 1 982 :1 02 ) f o r ad i s cus s ion o fa r ch i tec tu re a s a n i nd ica to r o f s t a tus . P r ice ( 1 978 ) p o in ts o u t t ha t s i te s t ra t i f ica t ion ( obv ious ly i n i t s s pa t ia l o rgan iza t ion s ense ) i so ne o f t he mos t i mpo r tan t c r i te r ia i n d e te rm in ing e g a l i tar ian v s . n on -ega l i tar ian s oc ia l o rg an iza t ion .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -8 8IActes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S ECONDARY S TATE FORMAT ION AND COLLAPSE I N E BA PALEST INE

No te t h e f o rm o f t he b ronze c r escen t ic a xes f ound a t Mar Monash , H e s i ,J e r icho , a nd B ab e dh -Dh ra ( s ee r e fe rence si nB en -Tor 1 986 ) .I vory c arv ings o fb u l ls w e re f ound a tA i ,J e r icho , B ab e dh -Dhra , a nd B e th Y erah ( Ben -Tor 1 972 ) . P o t tery , c harac ter ized b y r eg iona l s t y les i n E BI ,u nderwen t as t andard iza t ion p roce ss i n E B

Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f Kh irbe t

K erak w are , wh ich was i n t rus ive , p o t tery s t y les b ecame more f o rma l ized a nd l e ss r eg iona l ly d is t inc t . A l though p o t te ry c on t inued t o b e made l o ca l ly , t he d ecrease o f r eg iona l s t y les , b o th i n f o rm a nd s ur face d ecora t ion , i nd ica te s ag ene ra l s pec ia l iza t ion o f c ra f t smen .T h is p rocess c an a l so b es e en b yt he i n c rea s ing u se o ft he whee la nd ad ec rease i n t he h andbu i ld ing p o t t ing t e chn ique s more c o mmon t oE BI . P o l i t ica l o rgan iza t ion i sd i f f icu l t t os epara te f r om e cono m ic o rgan iza t ion i n mos te a r ly s t a tes . T here i sn o d oub t , h oweve r , t ha t b y E BI I I I i nP a le s t ine t he p redo m inan t p o l i t ica l f r amework was o ne o f s t ra t i f ica t ion . T he p r imary c harac ter is t ic o f as t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty i s marked b y d i f feren t ia l a cce ss t o r e sources ( Fr ied 1 967 ) . T h is p ower t o l im i t a ccess u l t ima te ly d epended o n c oe rc ion ( S erv ice 1 962 ) . Whe ther o r n o t t here was p hys ica l c oerc ion i s s econdary t o t he f a c t t ha t p ower a nd c oerc ion were embedded i n t he e s tab l ishmen t a nd p reserva t ion o f t he s t ra t i f ied s t a te , as t a te wh ich b y i t s v ery n a ture wa so rgan ized a round a ne cono m ic c l a ss s y s tem ( F r ied 1 967 ) . Once t he p roce ss o fs t a te f o rma t ion b egan i nP a le s t ine , t he u rban iza t ion p roce ss c ou ld h ave b een a cco mp l ished f a ir ly r ap id ly . U rban iza t ion was n o t o n ly a n e co log ica l a dap ta t ion t o t he n a tura l e nv ironmen t b u t a l so wa s a n a dap ta t ion t o t he " s upe rorgan ic " s ur round ings o f c o mpe t ing c i ty s t a tes ( S erv ice 1 962 ) . A l though S erv ice d e sc r ibes t h is p roce ss a s o ccur r ing w i th c h ie fdoms , i tu ndoub ted ly a pp l ies t o s t a te f o rma t ion a s w e l l . S ta te f o rma t ion d id n o tt ake p l ace i n av acuu m . T he r e mnan t s o f p owe r a re o bv ious i n E B Mass ive f o r t i f ica t ion wa l ls a nd p a lace/ te mp le c omp lexes a r e s o me o f t he a r chaeo log ica l ly d i scern ib le r e s idues o f p owe r p o l i t ics i n t he E ar ly B ronze A ge . S eve ra l t i e r s o f s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion a re p re sen t i nE B II I a nd t here i sl i t t le d oub t t h e s oc ia l s y s tem i n teg ra ted p o l i t ics , e conom ic s , a nd r e l ig ion a t ac omp lex l eve l .

E a r ly B ronze I V /Midd le B ronze I A r ad ica l s h i f t i n s e t t lemen t o ccurred b e tween t he E BI I I I a nd t he E BI V/ MB I . A rea s wh ich h ad p rev ious ly b een o ccup ied b y c i t ie s a nd v i l lage s , p rac t ic ing d ry f a rm ing a nd g rav i ty f l ow i r r iga t ion , e xper ienced s harp d rops i n s e t t lemen t , b o th i n n umber s o f s e t t lemen ts a nd i n p opu la t ion . I n n or the rn P a le s t ine s e t t lemen t was r ees tab l ished a l ong t he J o rdan V a l ley i n t he s t eppe e nv ironmen t o f t he I r ano -Turan ian p hy to -geograph ica l r eg ion . I n t he N egev , ag rea t i n crease i n t he n u mber a nd c o mp lex i ty o f s i tes was e xpe r ienced , p r i mar i ly i n t he f o rm o f o pen s e t t lemen ts , l o ca ted n ear p ermanen t wa ter s ou r ce s . Mos t s cho lars a gree t ha t t h is s h i f t r epresen ted a s h i f t away f r om u rban b ased a g r icu l tura l p ur su i ts a nd t oward t he p a s tora l e nd o f t he s pec t rum . T he s e t t lemen t s w ere o pen , e xh ib i t ing n o f o r t i f ica t ions . W i th t he e xcep t ion o fs eve ra l s i te s i nT ran s jordan , t he re s eem st ob en oe v idence o fa ny s e r ious d eg ree o fs oc ia ls t ra t i f ica t ion . R e l ig ious o rgan iza t ion i sn o t e v iden t f r om a ny e v idence t ha t we y e t p ossess . No t emp les o r c u l t s i te s h ave b een f ound , w i th t he p oss ib le e xcep t ion o f t he Q adesh c ave ( Tadmor 1 978 ) . I nc on tras t t ot he E BI I I I p e r iod , t r ade r ou tes s e em t oh ave b ecome l and b ased , s im i lar t o t hose o f E BI .T he s h i f t f r om mar i t i me t r ade t o l a nd b ased t r ade a l so r evea ls a no the r s h i f t , h oweve r , n ame ly a n a lmos t c omp le te c e ssa t ion o f t r ade w i th E gyp t a nd a n i n c rease

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, -Parts 8 9 -I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

DOUGLAS L . E SSE

i n l and b ased t r ade w i th i n land S yr ia . E gyp t was i n t i ma te ly c onnec ted w i th mar i t ime t r ade . W i th t he e nd o f t he O ld K ingdom a nd t he s ubsequen t d i sappearance o fE gyp t ian t r ader s f r om t he e as tern Med i ter ranean , wha t l i t t le t r ade r ema ined f e l l b y d e fau l t t o i nd iv idua l l and b ased d own the l ine t r ader s mov ing b ack a nd f o r th b e tween S y r ia a nd P a le s t ine , p robab ly a l ong t he O ron tes a nd B eqaa V a l ley s . T he q uan t i ty a nd q ua l i ty o f t h is t r ade , h oweve r , i nn o way r i va led t he p rev ious t r ade w i th E gyp t ( S tager i n p re s s; D eve r 1 980; B en -Tor 1 986 ) . T here e x is ts n o e v idence f o r r ed is tr ibu t ion i n t he s e t t lemen ts e xcava ted f r om E B I V/ MB I . No e v idence o f s pec ia l ized a rch i tec ture , e i ther f o r p o l i t ica l o r c u l t ic p urpose s h as b een f ound . T he d i s tr ibu t ion o fi n tra s i te s t ruc tures p robab ly c ome sc l o se s t t o r e f lec t ing a n e ga l i ta r ian s egmen tary s oc ie ty . C ra f t s pec ia l iza t ion s t i l l mus t h ave b een p rac t iced , a s s een i n t he f i ne e xamp le s o f me ta l t oo ls a nd weapons f r om t he b ur ia ls o f t h is p e r iod ( Kenyon 1 979 ) . O ther t han me ta l lurgy , h owever , l i t t le e v idence e x is ts f o r s pec ia l iza t ion . Once a ga in , p o t te ry i st he mos t s en s i t ive i nd ica tor f o r t h is c a tegory . T he r e turn t or eg iona l s t y les o f p o t mak ing h as b een w e l l d ocumen ted b y D eve r ( 1 980 ) . H e l i s t s a tl e as t f i ve ma jor f am i l ies o fE BI V/ MB I c era m ic s t y les , a nd n o t a l l o f t he se a re g iven j u s t c hrono log ica l i mpor tance . T he c era m ic l andscape b ecame f r agmen ted a nd s im i lar t o t ha t o f E BI ,i nd ica t ing t he mu l t ip ly ing o f l o ca l s t y le s a nd ad ec rease i np an -reg iona l c r a f t s pec ia l iza t ion . S e t t lemen t e v idence i n n or the rn P a les t ine s hows t h a t a gr icu l ture , a t l e as t a g r icu l ture b ased o n d ry f a rm ing , d id n o t c ea se . T he n umber o fs e t t lemen t s d ec reased , b u t s o me s t i l l r e ma ined . A s h i f t f r om t he Wad i Hes i t o t he Hebron h i l ls i nd ica te s t ha t f a rm ing a t a g rea t ly r educed l eve l o f i n tens if ica t ion p robab ly c on t inued ( Fargo 1 979 ) . T he o verwhe lm ing e v idence i s , h owever , f o r as h i f t t o ap redom inan t ly p as tora l l eve l o f s ubs is tence . T he l a ck o f e v idence f o r o rgan ized c u l t ( a t l e as t a t p e rmanen t s h r ine s ) , t he l a ck o fa ny s or to fs i gn i f ican tp opu la t ion a gg lome ra t ion , a nd t he l a ck o fa ny i nd ica t ion o fa s pec ia l ized r ed is tr ibu t ion mechan is m , s ugges t t ha t t he s oc ie ty o f E B I V/ MB I was p redom inan t ly s egmen tary a nd e ga l i tar ian ( s ee D ever 1 985 ) . I t i s wor th n o t ing t ha t R en f rew h as i nd ica ted t ha t when a h igh ly i n tegra ted s t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty c o l lapse s , i td oe s n o t r eve r t t o t he l e ve l o f i n tegra t ion j u s t p re ced ing i t s s t ra t i f ica t ion , i . e . , c h ie fdom , i tr eve r ts t o al owe r l eve l o f o rgan iza t ion , t he s egmen tary s oc ie ty ( Ren f rew 1 984a ) .

E XPLANAT ION T he f i r s t i s sue wh ich c on f ron ts u s i st he s h i f t f r om E B Is egmen tary/ch ie fdom s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion t o E BI I I I s t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty . T h is i s sue i s p r i mar i ly d iscussed i n t he l i te ra ture o f s t a te f o rma t ion . S t a te f o rma t ion i sa ne x treme ly c o mp l ica ted i s sue . T he r i se o f s t a tes h as b een a t tr ibu ted among o the r t h ings t o war fare , i r r iga t ion , p opu la t ion p ressure , a nd l ong d i s tance t r ade . I n t he d i scu ss ion o fs t a te f o rma t ion , h owever , i ti sc l ea r t ha t a ny d i scuss ion o ft he r i se o f s t a te f o rma t ion i nP a le s t ine c anno tb e t aken d i rec t ly f r om s t a te f o rma t ion mode l s . S ta te f o rma t ion i si n mos tc a se s a n a t temp t t od e f ine t he r i se o fs t a te s i nt he ir p r is t ine f o rm . T he f o rma t ion o f s t a te s oc ie ty i n P a le s t ine w as d ec ided ly n o t p r i s t ine; i tw as s econda ry a nd h ence s ub jec tt od i f fe ren tr u le so ff o rma t ion ( Ren f rew 1 984b; P r ice 1 978 ) .T he me re f a c tt ha t i tc an b ec a l led s e condary i nd ica te s t h a t i tw as s ub jec tt oe xogenous f o r ce s . I t wa sr e ac t ive , n o tc r ea t ive ,i ni t sg ene s is .

-9 0I and - II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S ECONDARY S TATE FORMAT ION AND COLLAPSE N E BA PALEST INE

T he re a re s evera l v ar ie t ies o f s e condary s t a tes . F r ied ( 1 960 ) n o te s t ha t s e condary s t a te s c an b e f o rmed b y b o th d i rec t a nd i nd irec t me thods . T he d i rec t me thod i sa c tua l ly c onque s t ( o r c o lon ia l ism ) . T h i s s or t o f s econdary s t a te i si nr ea l i ty ar e su l t o f e x tens ion o f emp ire . I n t h is c ase , s econdary s t a te f orma t ion was a ccomp l ished t o f a c i l i ta te e xp lo i ta t ion o f r e sources b y t he more p ower fu l s t a te t ha t i n i t ia ted t he c on tac t . T he i nd i rec tp roces so fs e conda ry s t a te f o rma t ion i nvo lve st he g ene ra t ion o fl o ca lu rban f o rm so f ap ar t icu lar c ha rac ter more a dap ted t o t he i nd igenous , l e ss d eve loped , c u l ture , r a ther t han t h ei mpos i t ion o fu rban f o rm s .T he s e condary s t a te t hus d eve lop si t s own e vo lu t ionary t r a jec tory , a l though i t s o r ig in was e s sen t ia l ly a dap t ive ( s ee a l so Whea t ley 1 971: 8 ) . T he k ey t o u nders tand ing t h is i s sue i 3 ar a ther c u mbersome t e rm , " a symme t r ica l c u l ture c on tac t , " f o r as imp le c oncep t t ha t d e scr ibes wha t h appens when a more p ower fu l a nd o rgan ized s t a te s oc ie ty ( e .g . , E gyp t ) c ome s i nc on tac t w i th al e ss p ower fu l , l e ss i n tegra ted , r anked s oc ie ty ( e .g . , P a le s t ine ) 9. Wha t , t hen , was t he p r imary c ause o f s e condary s t a te f o rma t ion i nE ar ly B ronze A ge P a le s t ine ?T he e xogenous f o rce t ha t a c ted a s ac a ta ly s t t o p rope l t he s oc ie ty b eyond t he c h ie fdom l eve l t o t he l eve l o f s t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty wa s t he i n creas ing ly a c t ive c on tac t w i th E gyp t . T he p re sence o f t h is " a symme t r ica l c on tac t " c anno t b e d oub ted . T he b and o f s i te s ( Te l E ran i , T e l Ha l if , A rad , E n B esor ) s t re tch ing a cross s ou thern P a les t ine w i th l a rge q uan t i t ies o f E gyp t ian p o t tery i n c lud ing Narmer s e rekhs a nd e ven E gyp t ian d ome s t ic c ook ing ware , i nd ica tes t he p re sence o f E gyp t ian s i n t h is a rea . P r ior t o E BI , t r ade h ad p r ima r i ly b een c omposed o fp tee ige i t ems , b u t o nce t he E gyp t ian F i r s t Dynas ty c a me t o p owe r , e cono m ic d emand s t i mu la ted 'p roduc t ion o fc ash c rops l i ke o i l a nd w ine . T rade i n S ina i c opper may a l so h ave b een c arr ied o u t d ur ing E BI ( s ee I l an & S ebbane 1 98; K emp insk i 1 989 ) . P roduc t ion i n r e sponse t o E gyp t ian d e mand i n t u rn f o s tered c rop s pec ia l iza t ion , b u reaucra t ic a dm in is tra t ion , a nd u l t ima te ly s t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty . Once a symme t r ica l c on tac t w i th E gyp th ad b een i n i t ia ted , t he d eve lopmen t o ft he c i ty s t a te s y s te m s eem s t o h ave t a ken p lace f a ir ly r ap id ly t h roughou t P a le s t ine . T he wa l led u rban c en ters o f E B I p robab ly r e f lec t b o th t he l eve l o f i n ter - a nd i n tra -reg iona l c ompe t i t ion , a s w e l l a s o ne o f t he h a l lmarks o f t he s t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty — o f f ic ia l a ccess t o o rgan ized v io lence . Once t h e u rban n e two rk h ad c ry s ta l l ized , i n te r - a nd i n t ra -reg iona l t r ade m igh t h ave s u f f iced t o ma in ta in t he e qu i l ib r iu m o ft he s y s tem . D irec t t i es b e tween P a les t ine a nd E gyp t were much l e ss e v iden t d ur ing t he O ld K ingdom o nce t he E gyp t ian t r ader s b ecame s eaborne . T here c an b e l i t t le d oub t , h oweve r , t ha t P a les t ine w as i n tegra ted i n to t he c omme rc ia l s y s tem o pera t ing a l ong t he L evan t ine c oa s t . B y t he O ld K ingdom t h is t r ad ing n e twork wa s p r imar i ly d i rec ted t oward c oas ta l S y r ia , w i th B yb los a s t he d om inan t p or t . T h is mar i t ime t r ade may h ave e x tended a s f a r n o r th a s R as S ham ra . T he t r ade was i n i t ia ted a nd s uppor ted b y t he d om inan t s t a te i n t he r eg ion , E gyp t , f o r wh ich w e h ave a r chaeo log ica l , i c onograph ic , a nd t e x tua l e v idence . T he e v idence r ef lec t s E gyp t ian e conom ic s t i mu lus , n o tp o l i t ica l emp ire . Dur ing t he t h ird m i l lenn ium P a les t ine s hou ld n o t b e i s o la ted f r om t he L evan t ine c oas ta l e cono m ic a nd c u l tu ra l s phere . A t t he e nd o f t he t h ird m i l lenn ium E gyp t ( F ir s t I n termed ia te P er iod ) , P a les t ine ( EB I V /MB I )a nd s ou thern c oas ta l S yr ia a l l u nderwen t d ec l ine o r c o l lapse . B yb los e xh ib i ted l i t t le c on t inu i ty w i th t he p reced ing p er iod . T h is g enera l d ec l ine i n s oc ia l c omp lex i ty a nd c oa s ta l c omme rce i si n c on t ras t t o t he t h r iv ing c i t ies o f i n land S yr ia ( e .g . , E b la ) wh ich d ur ing t he s a me p er iod r eached h e igh ts o f 9 . A s P r ice ( 1 979: 2 97 ) p u t i t : " A c r i t ica l q ue s t ion i st he e x ten t t o wh ich t he l abo r o f t he p opu la t ion o f t he t a rge t a r ea i t se l f c ons t i tu te s ar esou rce i n t e rms o f t he e conomy o f t h e e xpand ing s t a te . I ft he t a rge t a re a i s we l l p opu la ted , p roduce s s o me r esou rce t he s t a te wan ts , a nd i sc apab le o f i n tens i fy ing t h a t p roduc t ion t h rough i nc reased l abor i npu t , t he r e su l t may b es econdary s t a te f o rma t ion ." S ee a l so P r ice 1 978: 1 64 . R en f rew ( 1 984: 1 03 ) a sk s t h es ame s o r to fq ue s t ion .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 9 1E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

D OUGLA S L .E S SE

u np receden ted p rospe r i ty . Dur ing t he E ar ly B ronze A ge , t hen , c oas ta l a nd i n land S y r ia s hou ld b e v i ewed a s d i s t inc t g eograph ica l u n i ts . C oas ta l S yr ia s eem s t o h ave h ad much more i nc o mmon w i th P a le s t ine , b o th i n t e rm s o fc eram ic s t y les a nd c u l ture h i s tory , t han w i th i n land S y r ia 1° . T rade may n o t h ave c aused s t a te f o rma t ion among p r is t ine s t a tes , f o r i th as b een v a l id ly c r i t ic ized a sb e ing p ure ly a" mechan is m " ( one among many ) r a the r t han ac au se o f t he e vo lu t ionary p rocess o f c en t ra l iza t ion i t se l f . T rade a s t he mos t e as i ly d ocu men ted a r chaeo log ica l c omponen t o f " a symme t r ica l c on tac t " d oe s e xp la in , h oweve r , t h e p ecu l iar n a ture o f s e condary s t a tes . C omp lex c i rcu lar l oops o f p os i t ive f e edback u sed t od e sc r ibe p r is t ine s t a te f o rma t ion ( e .g . , i lus t ra ted i n F lannery 1 972 ) may b e r ep laced b y d i rec t d iagrams o f l i near c ausa l i ty . T rade w i th E gyp t s e rved a s t he c a ta lys t f o r t he r ap id d eve lopmen t o f s t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty i nE ar ly B ronze Age P a le s t ine ( F ig . 1 ) .

E B I—Ill

E B I

N eolithic

E XOGENOUS

D ESTABILIZATION

S T I MULUS T rade

E B I V / MB I

C essat i on o f T rade

w ith

E gypt

E gypt: C I i matic

w ith

S hift

P olitical /Religious O rganization

H amlet

P opulation A gglomeration

•

P roto— U rban

U rban

H am let

R anked

S tratified

S egmentary

L ocal E conomic / E nvironmental D iversity

FI G . 1 . — A mode lo fs e condary s t a te f o rma t ion a nd c o l lapse i nE a r ly B ronze Age P a le s t ine .

A l though c ausa t ion may b el e ss c omp lex when d ea l ing w i th s e condary s t a te f o rma t ion , t he re i sl i t t le d oub t t ha t s im i lar p rocesses t ake p lace i n t he c ase o f b o th p r is t ine a nd s econdary s t a tes . S ta te f o rma t ion i n c ludes t wo p roce s ses wh ich a t f i rs t m igh t s eem c on trad ic tory s egrega t ion , i n wh ich t he v ar ious s ubsys tems o f as oc ie ty b eco me i ncreas ing ly s pec ia l ized ( k ingsh ip , p r ies thood , c ra f t s pec ia l iza t ion , b ureauc racy ) a nd c en tra l iza t ion , i n wh ich t hese s ubsy s te ms b ecome i n creas ing ly i n tegra ted o r l i nked ( F lannery 1 972; R appapo r t 1 979 ) . T he s ame f o rce s wh ich a f fec ted t he d eve lopmen ta nd ma in tenance o fE ar ly B ronze A ge s t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty w ere mos t l i ke ly r e spons ib le f o r i t s c o l lap se . D ependence o n E gyp t ian t r ade , b e s t a t tes ted a tB yb los i n t he O ld K ingdo m , b u t c e r ta in ly p resen t e l sewhe re i n t h e L evan t , was o ne o f t he i mpor tan t p rop s o n wh ich t he u pper l eve ls o f s t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty r e s ted . As t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty r e s t s o n i t s d i f fe ren t ia l a cce ss t ot he mean s o f p roduc t ion . T he s h i f t i n t h e E ar ly B ronze Age f r om s e l f c on ta ined s ub s is tence f a rm ing v i l lage s t o a more c omp lex u rban d om ina ted a g r icu l tura ln e twork mean t ad ec l ine i nf l ex ib i l i ty o fs ub s is tence s t ra teg ie s . I ncreas ing s pec ia l iza t ion i n g ove rnmen t , r e l ig ion , a nd c r a f t s l ed t o i n c reas ing i n te rdependence o fe ach s ub sy s tem .T h is p rocess c ou ld b ed e scr ibed a s " hype r in teg ra t ion , " ( F lannery 1 972; R appapor t 1 979; R en f rew 1 984a ) s i gna l ing a l o ss o f r e s i l ience i n 1 0 . F a i r ly s t rong c u l tu ra lc onnec t ions b e tween B yb lo sa nd n o r the rn P a le s t ine e x is ted a l ready b yE BI .S e e B en T o r 1 989 a nd B raun 1 989 . F o r t he s p l i tb e tween c oas ta la nd i n land S y r ia s e eb o th Mazzon i ( 1 985: 1 0 ) f o rE BI V a nd T ubb ( 1 983 :5 0 )f o r MB IA .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -9 2E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S ECONDARY S TATE FORMAT ION AND COLLAPSE I N E BA PALEST INE

s ub s is tence s t ra tegy I ti si mpor tan t t or emembe r t ha t t wo l e ve l s , o r t i e r s , o f a dap ta t ion a re a t work i nt h is r e cons t ruc t ion . T he mean s o fp roduc t ion a re d i rec t ly r egu la ted b y t he c on s t ra in t s i mpo sed b y t he e nv ironmen t . T he o the r l e ve l o f a dap ta t ion , t he s oc io -po l i t ica l c ons truc t , d i rec t ly a f fec t s t he d i sbur semen t o f t h e r e su l ts o f t he mean s o fp roduc t ion ( Rappapor t 1 979: 1 54 1 55 ) . B o th l eve ls a re a dap ta t ion s , a nd i n ah omeos ta t ic s y s tem b o th a re f l ex ib le . A t t he e nd o ft he t h i rd m i l lenn ium , h oweve r , Is ugge s t t h a tb o th l e ve ls were a f fec ted b yc hange s wh ich t h es y s tem wa sn o tf l ex ib le e nough t oo ve rcome . B ecause o f h yper in tegra t ion , s t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty was p ar t icu lar ly s uscep t ib le t o e xogenou s f o rce s . Two e xogenous f o rce s wh ich c an b e s ugge s ted a tt he e nd o fE BI I w e re c l ima t ic s h i f t a nd t he c e ssa t ion o f o rgan ized t r ade w i th E gyp t . Ac l ima t ic s h i f t a tt he e nd o f E B wou ld h ave b een d i sas t rous f o r t hose c i t ie s d ependen t o n s pec ia l ized g rav i ty f l ow i r r iga t ion a gr icu l ture . T h is s h if t s t ruck p ar t icu lar ly h ard a t E B c i t ies i n s ou thern P a les t ine ( s ee A . R osen 1 989 ) . T he magn i tude o f t he c l i ma t ic s h i f t i ss t i l l n o t a dequa te ly u nde r s tood ,b u ti t se f fec ts wou ld h ave b een g rea te s to nt hose s i te sl o ca ted a l ong t he " bo rde r o f a r id i ty , " i . e . , t he t r ans i t iona l b and b e tween t he Med i ter ranean z one a nd t he I r ano T u ran ian s t eppe . A f a i r ly l ong te rm p e r iod o f d ess ica t ion , e ven i fn o t f u l ly c l a ss i f ied a s h i f t , wou ld h ave b een e nough t o d i srup t t he s oc io -po l i t ica l o rgan iza t ion o f t he c i t ies l o ca ted i nt hese s en s i t ive c l ima t ic b orde r z ones , r ang ing f r om T e l Hes i , T e l E ran i a nd T e l Ha l if i nt he s ou th u p t oA i , B e th S hean , a nd B e th Y e rah i n t he n or th . T he c essa t ion o f E gyp t ian t r ade a t t he e nd o f t h e O ld K ingdom s i gna led a n e nd t o d emand f o r t he q uan t i t ie s o f s pec ia l ly p roduced s urp lus a g r icu l tura l p roduc ts , a nd a s a r e su l ta ne nd t ot h e s t a tus a nd e conom ic l i ve l ihood o ft he u rban e l i te . U rban ized P a le s t ine , a s p a r t o ft he g ene ra l L evan t ine c oas ta l t r ad ing n e twork o f t he t h ird m i l lenn ium , w as n o t a b le t ow i th s tand t he w i thd rawa l o f t h e e conom ic r e in forcemen t o f t he i n teg ra ted s y s tem . T he s oc ie ty d id n o t s imp ly r e turn t o i t s p r ior l e ve l o f o rgan iza t ion , t he c h ie fdom , b u t r eve r ted t o al ower a nd much l e ss c omp lex s y s tem o f s egmen tary s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion , r ef lec ted i n t he c u l ture o f t he E BI V/ MB I .T he d ecen t ra l ized E BI V/ MB Ip e r iod w as t he r e su l t o f ac o l lap se o f t he i n teg ra ted s t a te s ys tem wh ich h ad b een g radua l ly d eve lop ing f r om E B It h rough E B T he c i ty s t a te s o f t he E BI I I I p er iod , man i fe s t ing a h ype r i n tegra ted a nd d er iva t ive s y s tem o f s t ra t i f ica t ion , w ere d ependen t o n e xogenous f o rces b o th f o r t he ir c r ea t ion a nd t he ir c o l lap se . T h is d ependence o n E gyp t s howed i t se l f n o t s o much i np o l i t ica l d ependence ,o f wh ich w eh ave n oe v idence ,b u ti ne conom ic d ependen ce embedded i nt he s oc ia l s y s tem o fs t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .— T h i sp ape rh a sb ene f i t ted g rea t ly f r om d i scus s ions w i th D r . A r lene R osen .

E spec ia l ly h e lp fu lw e re D r . R osen 's o bserva t ions c once rn ing t he e f fe c tt ha t ac l ima t ic s h i f t wou ld e xer t o n t he s ubs i s tence s t ra tegy o ft he E ar ly B ronze A ge f a rme r a nd t he s ubsequen t e ros ion o ft he e l i te 's p owe rb a se .

1 . H ype r in teg ra t ion ,o r ig inaly d e s igna ted a s ap a tho logy b yR appapo r t ,i sd esc r ibed b yF l anne ry ( 1 97 2: 4 20 ) a s a" h igh ly c en t ra l ized b u t s ome t imes u ns tab le c ond i t ion [ wh ich ] r e su l ts f r om t he b reakdown o f wha teve r a u tonomy t he v ar ious s ma l ls ubsys tems ( o ri n s t i tu t ions ) i n al a rge s ys tem may h ave ;o ne b yo ne ,t hey a re c oup led mo re c l ose ly t o e ach o the r a nd/o r t o t he c en t ra l h ie rarch ica l c on t ro l u n t i l , l i ke a n o ld fash ioned s t r ing o f C hr is tmas t r ee l i gh t s s e t i n l i near s equence c hange i n o ne d oe s i n f a c t a f fec t a l l t he o the rs t oo d i rec t ly a nd r ap id ly . "

-9 3-

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

DOUGLAS L . E SSE

B IBLI O G R AP H Y ADAMS , R . Mc . 1 981 H ear t land o fC i t i e s . C h icago: Un ivers i ty o f C h icago P ress . AMMAN , R . 1 974

T e l A rad . I s ra e l E xp lor a t ion J ourna l 2 4: 2 57 -58 .

1 985 C anaan i te Me rchan ts i nT omb s o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age Ia tA zo r . ' A t i qo t 1 7 ( Eng l ish S e r ie s ) :1 90 -192 . AM IRAN ,R .e ta l . 1 978

E ar ly A rad , T he C ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronz e A g e C i ty: F i r s t -F i f th S ea sons o f E xcava t ions . 1 962 -1966 . J e rusa lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . AM IRAN ,R . & PORAT ,N . 1 984 T he B asa l tV e sse ls o ft he Cha lco l i th ic P e r iod a nd E a r ly B ronze Age I .T e lA v iv 1: 119 . BE CK ,P . 1 985 An E ar ly B ronze Age ' F am i ly ' o fB ow ls f r om T e l Aphek . T e lA v iv 1 2: 1 7 -28 . B EN -TOR ,A . 1 973 P lans o f Dwe ll ings a nd T emp les i nE a r ly B ronze Age P a le s t ine . E r e tz I s r ae l 1: 9 2 -98 ( i n Hebrew ) . 1 975 1 978 1 982

Two B ur ia lC aves o ft he P ro to U rban P e r iod a tA zo r . Q ed em 1 : 1 53 . C y l inde r S ea l s o f T h i rd Mi l l enn ium P a le s t ine . B ule t in o f t he Amer ican S choo ls o f O r ien ta l R esearch S upp lemen tS e r ie s No .2 2 .C ambr idge :ASOR . T he R e la t ions B e tween E gyp ta nd t he L and o fC anaan d ur ing t he T h ird Mi l lenn ium B .C .J ourna lo fJ ew i sh S tud i e s 3 3 :3 18 .

1 986 1 989

T he T rade R e la t ions o f P a les t ine i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age . J ourna l o ft h e E conom ic a nd S o c i a l H i s tory o f t h e O r i en t 2 9: 1 -27 . B yb los a nd E ar ly B ronze IP a les t ine .T h is v o lume :4 1-52 .

B RANDL ,B . 1 989 Obse rva t ions o n t he E a r ly B ronze S t ra ta o fT e l E ran i . T h is v o lume :3 57 -387 . B RAUN ,E 1 989

T he T rans i t ion f rom t he Cha lco l i th ic t o t he E ar ly B ronze Age Ii n No r the rn I s rae l a nd T rans jo rdan :I s T he re aM iss ing L ink ?C ev o lume: 7 -27 . BR O SH 1 ,M . & GOPHNA ,R . 1 984

T he S e t t lemen ts a nd P opu la t ion o fP a le s t ine Dur ing t he E ar ly B ronze Age S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e search 2 53: 4 1-53 .

B u l l e t in o ft h e Amer i can

BURCKHARDT ,J .L . 1 822 T r av e l s i nS y r ia a nd t h eH o ly L and . L ondon :J ohn Mu rray . CALLAWAY ,J .A . 1 972

T he E ar ly B ronz e S anc tuary a tA i ( e t -T e l l ) . Co l t A rchaeo log ica l I ns t i tu te P ub l ica t ion . L ondon: B . Quar i tch .

COWG I LL ,G . 1 975 On C auses a nd Consequence s o f Anc ien t a nd Modern P opu la t ion Changes . Ame r ican A n thropo log i s t 7 7: 5 05 -25 . DEVER ,W . G . 1 973

T he E B I V - MB IHor izon i n T rans jordan a nd S ou the rn P a les t ine . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r i can S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e sear ch 2 10: 3 7 -63 .

1 980

New V is tas o n t he E BI V ( "MB I " ) Ho r izon i n S yr ia -Pa le s t ine . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i can S choo l s o fO r i en ta l R e sear ch 2 37: 3 1-59 .

1 9 85

V i l lage P lann ing a tB eer R e s is im a nd S oc io -Econom ic S truc tu re i n E ar ly B ronze I V P a les t ine . E r e tz I s r ae l 1 8: 1 8* -28* . DUNAYEVSKY ,I .& KEMP INSK 1 ,A . 1 973 T he Meg iddo T emp le s . Z e i t schr i f t d e s d eu t schen P a lä s t ina V er e ins 8 9: 1 6 1 -87 . E P STE IN ,C . 1 972 E ar ly B ronze Age S ea l I mpre ss ions f r om t he Go lan . I s ra e l E xp lor a t ion J ourna l 2 2: 3 09 -317 . E SSE ,D .L . 1 982 B eyond S ub s i s tenc e: B e th Y e rah a nd N o r thern P a le s t ine i n t h e E ar ly B ronz e A ge . Unpub l ished P h .D . 1 984

D isse r ta t ion . Un ive rs i ty o f Ch icago . AC hrono log ica l M i rage: R ef lec t ions o n E ar ly B ronze I C i n P a les t ine . J ourna l o fN ear E a s tern S tud i e s 4 3: 3 17 -30 .

E SSE ,D . Lg z HO P 10E , P.K i n p re ss L evan t ine T rade i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age: F rom P o ts t oP eop le . P ape r p resen ted a t" 1984 S ympo s ium o n A rchaeome try , " Sm i thson ian I n s t i tu t ion , Wash ing ton , D .C . , 1 4 th -18 th May 1 984 . FA RGO ,V . 1 979 S e t t lemen t i nS ou thern P a l e s t ine D ur ing E BI I . U npub l ished P h .D . D isse r ta t ion . Un ive rs i ty o f C h icago . F LANNERY ,K . 1 972 T he Cu l tu ra l E vo lu t ion o f C iv i l iza t ions . A nnua l R ev i ew o fE co logy a nd S y s t ema t i c s 3:3 99 -426 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -9 4 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S ECONDARY S TATE F ORMAT ION AND COLLAPSE I N E BA P ALEST INE F R IED ,M . 1 960

On t he E vo lu t ion o fS oc ia l S t ra t i f ica t ion a nd t he S ta te . P p . 7 13 -721 i n S .D iamond , e d . ,Cu l tur e i nH i s tory . New Y o rk :C o lumb ia Un ive rs i ty P ress .

1 967 GA L , Z .

E vo lu t ion o fP o l i t i ca l S o c i e ty . New Y o rk: R andom Hou se .

1 980

R ama t I s sachar , Anc i en t S e t t lemen t s i n aP er iphera l R eg ion . T e l Av iv: Hak ibbu tz Ha meuchad ( i n Heb rew ) . GO PHNA ,R . 1 974 1 976a 1 976b

T he S e t t l emen t o ft h e C oa s ta l P l a in o f E r e tz I s r a e l Dur ing t h e E B A ge . Unpub l ished P h .D . D isser tat ion . Un ivers i ty o fT e l Av iv ( i n Heb rew ) . E gyp t ian I mm ig ra t ion i n to S ou the rn C anaan d u r ing t he F i r s t Dynas ty ?T e l Av iv 3:3 1 -37 . E xcava t ions a t' En B eso r . ' A t i qo t ( Eng l ish S er ie s ) 1 :1 9.

1 978 A rchaeo log ica l S u rvey o ft he C en t ra l C oas ta l P l a in , 1 977 . T e lA v iv 5 : 1 36 -47 . 1 980 E xcava t ions a t' En B eso r , 1 976 . ' A t i qo t ( Eng l ish S e r ies ) 1 4: 9 16. HAAS ,J . 1 982 E vo lu t i ons o ft h e P r eh i s to r i c S t a te . New Y o rk: C o lumb ia Un ive rs i ty P re ss . I LAN ,0 .8 rS EBBANE ,M . 1 989

Me talu rgy ,T rade a nd t he U rban iza t ion o fS ou thern C anaan i nt he C ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Age . T h is v o lu me: 1 39 162 . KA ISER ,W .8 z DREYER ,G . 1 982

Um m e l -Qaab: Nachun te rsuchungen i n f rüze i t l ichen K ön igs f r iedho f . 2 . Vo rbe r ich t . Mi t t e i lungen d e s

D eu t schen A r chäo log i schen I ns t i tu ts , A b te i lung K a iro 3 8: 2 11-69 . KANTOR , H .J . 1 965

T he R e la t ive C hrono logy o f E gyp t a nd I t s F ore ign C o r re la t ions b e fo re t he L a te B ronze Age . P p . 1 -46 i nR . E h r ich , e d . , C hrono logy i nO ld Wo r ld A r cha eo logy . Ch icago: Un ive rs i ty o fC h icago P ress . K EMP IN SK I , A . 1 978 1 983

T he R i se o f a n U rban C u l tur e :T he U rban iza t ion o f P a le s t ine i n t h e E ar ly B ronz e A ge .I s rae l E thnog raph ic S tud ie s4 .J e rusa lem: I s rae lE thnog raph ic S oc ie ty . E ar ly B ronze Age U rban iza t ion o f P a le s t ine: S ome T op ic s i n aD eba te . I s ra e l E xp lora t ion J ourna l 3 3 :2 35 2 4 1 .

1 989 U rban iza t ion a nd Me talu rgy i nS ou the rn C anaan .T h is v o lume: 1 63 -167 . K ENYON ,K .M . 1 979 A r chaeo logy i nt h eH o ly L and . 4 th E d i t ion . L ondon: E .B enn . L EVY ,T . 1 986 T he Cha lco l i th ic P er iod . B ib l i ca l A r cha eo log i s t 4 9/2: 8 2 -108 . 1 983

T he Emergence o fS pec ial ized P as to ra l ism i nt he S ou the rn L evan t . Wor ld A r cha eo logy 1 5: 1 5 -36 .

LOUD ,G . 1 948 Meg iddo I . S ea son s o f1 935 -39 . O r ien ta l I n s t i tu te P ub l ica t ions 6 2 . Ch icago: Un ive rs i ty o f C h icago P ress . MARFOE , L . 1 980 R ev iew o f R . Am i ran , " Ear ly A rad: T he C ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze C i ty " . J ourna l o fN ear E a s tern S tud ie s 3 9: 3 15 -22 . MAZZON I ,S . 1 985 E lemen ts o ft he C e ra m ic Cu l tu re o fE a r ly S y r ian E b la i nC ompa r ison w i th S y ro -Pa le s t in ian E B I V . B u l l e t in o f t h e Amer ican S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e sear ch 2 57: 1 18 . M IRO SCHED J I ,P .d e 1 97 1 L ' gpoque p rg -urb a ine e n P a le s t ine . C ah ie r s d el aR evue B ib l ique 1 3 . P ar is: G aba lda . 1 984 T e l Y armu t . I s r ae l E xp lo ra t ion J ourna l 3 4: 1 94 -96 . OREN ,E .D . 1 973 T he Ove r land R ou te B e tween E gyp t a nd C anaan i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age , P re l im inary R epo r t . I s ra e l E xp lor a t ion J ourna l 2 3: 1 98 -205 . P EEBLES ,C .8 r KUS ,S . 1 97 7 S ome A rchaeo log ica l C or re la te s o f R anked S oc ie t ies . Am er i can A n t iqu i ty 4 2: 4 21-448 . P RAG . K . 1 986 B yb lo sa nd E gyp ti nt he F ou r th M i l lenn ium B .C . L ev an t1 8 :5 9 -74 . P R ICE ,B . 1 977 S h i f ts i n P roduc t ion a nd O rgan iza t ion :A C lus te r In te rac t ion Mode l . C ur r en t An thropo logy 1 8: 2 09 -33 . 1 978 1 979

S econdary S t a te F orma t ion :An E xp lana tory Mode l . P p . 1 6 1 -86 i nR .C ohen a nd E .S e rv ice ,e d s . , O r ig in so f t h eS ta te . P h i lade lph ia :I ns t i tu te f o rt he S tudy o f Human I s sues . T u rn ing S ta te 's E v idence: P rob lems i n t he T heo ry o f S ta te F o rma t ion . P p . 2 69 -305 i n M . L eons a nd F . R o ths te in , e d s . , N ew D i r ec t i on s i nP o l i t i ca l E conomy . We s tpo r t , CT: G reenwood .

RAPPAPORT ,R .A . 1 979 E co logy , Mean ing a nd R e l ig ion . R ichmond , CA: No r th A t lan t ic B ook s . R ENFREW ,C . 1 984a S ys tems Co l lapse a s S oc ia l T rans forma t ion . P p . 3 66 -389 i n C . R enf rew , e d . , A pproaches t o S oc ia l A r chaeo logy . E d inbu rgh :E d inbu rgh Un ive r s i ty P re ss .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, -Parts 9 5 -I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

DOUGLAS L . E SSE 1 984b

T rade a sA c t ion a t aD i s tance . P p . 8 6 -134 i nC . R en f rew , e d . ,App roa che s t oS o c i a l A r cha eo logy . E d inbu rgh:

E d inbu rgh Un ive r s i ty P re ss . RO S I N ,A . 1 989 E nv i ronmen ta lC hange a tt h eE nd o fE a r ly B ronze Age P a le s t ine .T h is v o lume :2 47 -255 . RO SEN ,S . 1 983 T he C anaanean B l ade a nd t he E a r ly B ronze Age .I s r a e lE xp lo r a t i on J o urna l3 3: 1 5 -29 . SA GH IEH ,M . 1 983 B yb lo s i nt h e T h i rd M i l l enn ium B .C . Warm ins te r: A ns i kP h i ll ips . SCHAUB ,R .T . 1 982 T he O r ig ins o ft h eE a r ly B ronze Age Wa l led T own Cu l tu re o fJ o rdan . P p .6 7 -75 i nA .H ad id i ,e d . ,S tud i e s i n t h eH i s tor ya nd C u l tur eo fJ o rd an I . Amman: D epar tmen t o f An t iqu i t ie s . SCHULMAN ,A . 1 976 T he E gyp t ian S ea lI mp re ss ions f r om E n B e so r . ' A t i qo t ( Eng l ish S e r ie s ) 1: 1 6 -26 . 1 980 Mo re E gyp t ian S ea l I mp re ss ions f r om E n B e so r . ' A t i qo t ( Eng l ish S e r ie s ) 1 4: 1 7 -33 . SE RV ICE ,E . 1 962 P r im i t iv e S oc i a l O rgan i z a t i on . N ew Y o rk: R andom Hou se . ST AGER ,L . 1 985 T he F i r s t f ru i ts o f C iv il iza t ion . P p . 1 7 2 -88 i nJ .T ubb , e d . , P a l e s t ine i nt h e B ronz e a nd I r on A g e s . L ondon: I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy . i n p re ss T he P e r iod iza t ion o fP a le s t ine f r om Neol i th ic T h rough E a r ly B ronze T ime s .T oa ppea ri nR .W . E hr ich ,e d . , C hrono log i e s i nO ld W o r ld A r cha e o logy ,3 rd e d . C h icago: U n ive rs i ty o f C h icago P ress . SW IDLER ,N . 1 980 S eden tar iza t ion a nd Mode so fE conom ic I n teg ra t ion i nt he M idd le E as t .P p .2 1 -33 i nP .S a lzman ,e d . , W hen N omad s S e t t l e . New Y o rk: P raege r . TADMOR ,M . 1 978 AC u l tC ave o ft he M idd le B ronze IN ear Q adesh .I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J o urna l2 8: 1 30 . TU BB ,J . 1 983 T he MB IA P e r iod i nP a le s t ine: I t sR e la t ionsh ip w i th S y r ia a nd i t sO r ig in . L ev an t 1 5 ( 1 983 ) :4 9 -62 . WE INSTE IN ,J . 1 984 T he S ign i f icance o f T e l l A re in i f o r E gyp t ian P a le s t in ian R e la t ions a tt he B eg inn ing o f t he B ronze Age . B u l l e t in o f t h e Am e r i c an S choo l s o fO r i en ta l R e s ea r ch 2 56: 6 1 -69 . WHEATLEY ,P . 1 97 1 T h eP iv o t o ft h eF our Q uar te r s . C h icago: A ld ine . YIV IN ,S . 1 96 1 F i r s t P r e l im inary R ep o r t o n t h e E x c av a t ion s a t T e l " Ga t" , S e ason s 1 956 -1958 . J e ru sa lem: D epar tmen t o f An t iqu i t ies .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien,Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. 9 6 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

FRO M

V ILLAGE TO TO WN I N THE A CASE STUDY

LO D VALLEY:

R a m GOPHNA I ns t i tu te o fA rch a eo logy T e l Av iv U n iv e r s i ty

T he r eg ion c a l led i n t h is p ape r t he " Lod V a l ley " s t re tche s a long t he e as tern marg in o f t he c en tra l c oas ta l p la in , b e tween Naha l S h i loh i n t he n or th a nd Naha l Aya lon i n t he s ou th ( F ig . 1 ) . I ti sd iv ided b y s evera l t r ibu tar ies o f Naha l Aya lon , o f wh ich t he l a rges t a re Naha l Na tu f a nd Naha l B e i t -Ar i f ( F igs . 2 5 ) . T he L od V a l ley i s o ne o f s evera l e co log ica l u n i t s wh ich e x is t a l ong t h e e as te rn marg in s o ft he c oas ta l p la in , a tt he f oo th i l l s o f t he S amar ia H i l ls a nd t he J udaean S hephe la , t ha t were s e t t led d ur ing t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd t he E ar ly B ronze Ages ( Gophna 1 974 ) . Dur ing a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ions a nd s urvey Ic a rr ied o u t i n t h i s r eg ion , t h ree Cha lco l i th ic a nd s even E ar ly B ronze Age s i te s w ere i nve s t iga ted ( Tab le 1 ) . T he s e t t lemen ts i nt h e L od V a l ley w e re l o ca ted a l ong as t r ip o f a bou t 1 0 km . ,b e tween t wo o the r e co log ica l u n i t s: t he a rea a round T e l Aphek i n t h e n or th a nd t he a rea a round T e l G ezer i n t he s ou th ( F igs . 2 5 ) ( Kochav i 1 975 ;D ever 1 976: 4 32 -435 ) . S e t t lemen t p a t te rn a na lys is o f t he L od V a l ley d escr ibed b e low p o in t s t o o ne o f s evera l d i f feren t mode ls t ha t r epresen t t he t r an s i t ion f r om t he C ha lco l i th ic t o t he E ar ly B ronze Age a nd t he u rban iza t ion p roce ss t ha t t ook p lace i nP a le s t ine d ur ing t he E ar ly B ronze A ge .

T he e nv i ronmen ta l s e t t ing T he a rea o ft h e L od V a l ley ,a sd e f ined a bove i sa bou t 1 30 s q . km . A lmos t t wo t h irds o f t he a rea e x tends a l ong t he S a ma r ia f oo th i l ls who se max imum h e igh t i s1 60 m . a bove s ea l e ve l . T he r ema inde r o f t he a rea e x tends i nt he c oas ta l p la in . T he s o i ls o f t he p la in a re p a r t ly a l luv ia l ( a l luv ia l g rumuso l ) a nd a t t he marg in s t hey a re l i gh t r ed ( h ar n ra ) . T he c a lca reous s o i ls o f t he f oo th i l ls a re r endz ina a nd t e r ra r o s sa

1 .T he s urvey w as u nde r taken d u r ing 1 97 4 -7 5o nb eha l fo ft he I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy o fT e l Av iv U n ive r s i ty i nc oope r a t ion w i th t he A rchaeo log ica lS u rvey o fI s rae la nd d i re c ted b yt h ea u tho r .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -9 7 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

R AM G OPHNA

FI G . 1 .— T he L od V a l ley e co log ica l u n i t .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -9 8 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

F ROM V I LLAGE T OT OWN I NT HE L OD V AL LEY: AC A SE S T UDY

( Dan e ta l . 1 975 ) . T he c l ima te o f t he a rea i st yp ica l ly Med i te r ranean , w i th mean a nnua l r a in fa l l o f 5 50 mm . I n a nc ien t t ime s , t he a rea w as c overed b y a Med i te r ranean f o re s t d om ina ted b y k e rme s o ak , o l ive a nd t e reb in th ( Zohary 1 959 ;L iph sch i tz 1 986 ) . Un l ike i nt he a rea o fT e l Aphek i nt he n or th a nd T e l G eze r i nt he s ou th , whe re s pr ing s e x is t a nd amp le wa ter i sa va i lab le , t he re a re n o s pr ing s t o b e f ound i n t he L od V a l ley . Un t i l 1 948 t he wa ter s upp ly o f t he A rab v i l lage rs i n t h is a rea c a me f r o m we l ls a nd c i s te rns . One c an a s su me t ha td ur ing a nc ien t t ime s t he wa te r s upp ly f o rt he i nhab i tan t s o f t he a rea c a me f r om we l ls whe re t he wa ter t ab le w as h igh i . e . n ea r t he wad i b eds a s we l l a sf r om c i s te rn sd ug i nt he s o f tl ime s tone ( Gophna 1 981 :2 2 ) . TA BLE 1 . — The s i tes i nt he L od Valey d ur ing t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Ages . S i te T e l L od B en S hemen B a reqe t B a reqe t( s ou th ) T e l B a reqe t T e l D a l i t A bu e l -Hubban M izpeh Mod i in T e l G imzo

Map R e fe rence 1 407 1522 1 44 11504 1 448 1573 1 450 1568 1 465 1576 1 472 1538 1 466 1525 1 460 1507 1 452 1486

R e fe rence o rS u rveyo r K ap lan 1 977a : 5 7 -75 ;1 97 7b : 7 53 -754 . P e r ro t &L a c : b ray 1 980 : 5 9 100 . G ophna 1 975 : 4 5 . G ophna 1 975 : 4 5 . G ophna 1 974 : 4 0 -42 ; G ophna 1 975 : 4 5 . C res son &G ophna 1 979: 1 22 123 ; G ophna 1 98 1 . G ophna 1 975 : 4 5 . G ophna 1 975 : 4 5 . G ophna 1 974 : 4 3; G ophna & B e i t -A r ieh 1 985 .

T he s e t t lemen t p rocess T he C ha lco l i th ic p e r iod Among t he t h ree Cha lco l i th ic s i tes d i scove red i n t h e L od V a l ley t wo we re c e me te r ie s ( Ben S hemen a nd B areqe t )a nd i nt he t h ird ( Te l L od )s e t t lemen tr e ma in s w ere d i scove red . T e l L od i sl o ca ted o n a n a nc ien t s and d une , i n t h e marg ins o f t he a l luv ium o f Naha l Aya lon , whe re t he wa ter t ab le i sh igh . T he b ur ia l c aves o f t he t wo c e me ter ies a t B en S hemen a nd a t B a reqe t we re d ug i n t he s o f t l imes tone , n ear t he a l luv iu m ( F ig .2 ) . T he s e t t lemen t s o f t he c e me te r ies we re n o t d i scovered e i the r b ecause t hey were p rev ious ly e roded o r b ecause t hey a re s t i l l b ur ied b enea th t he a l luv iu m . S im i lar Cha lco l i th ic s e t t lemen t s , p ar t ly b ur ied b enea th t he a l luv iu m , w ere d i s t ingu ished a long t he e as tern marg in o f t he S ha ron p la in , t o t he n or th o f o ur a rea ( Kochav i 1 973: 2 7 ;P ora t 1 977: 2 4 -25 ) . T he E a r ly B ronze A g e I Dur ing E BI ,s evera l v i l lages , s i tua ted b e tween t he t r ibu tar ie s o f Naha l Aya lon , w e re d eve lop ing i n t he L od V a l ley ( F ig . 3 ) . Two o f t hem w ere l o ca ted i n t he a l luv iu m a nd t he o the r s w ere s i tua ted o nt he l ime s tone h i l ls ,a tt he e l eva t ion sb e tween 1 40 a nd 1 60 m . a bove s ea l e ve l ,a nd a t ad i s tance o fa bou t 3km .e a s to ft h ea l luv ium: 1 .T e l L od , b e tween Naha l Na tu f a nd Naha l A ya lon . 2 .B areqe t ( s ou th ) , n or th o f N aha l B e i t -A r i f . 3 .T e l D a l i t a nd A bu e l -Hubban , b e tween Naha l B e i t -Ar i f a nd Naha l Na tu f . 4 .T e l G imzo a nd M izp eh Mod i in , o nb o th s i de s o f Naha l G i mzo . T he d i s tance b e tween e ach o f t he t h ree l a rge v i l lages ( Te l L od , T e l D a l i t a nd T e l G imzo ) was a bou t 6km . Apparen t ly s e cur i ty c ons ide ra t ions wh ich l a ter wou ld p lay a n

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -9 9E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

R AM G OPHNA

FI G .2 .— S e t t lemen ti nt he Cha lco l i th ic p er iod .

i mpor tan t r o le i n t he s e t t lemen t p roce ss , b egan t od e term ine s i te l o ca t ion a l ready d u r ing E BI .T he l o ca t ion o f o ne l a rge v i l lage ( Te l L od ) a nd as ma l ler o ne ( Bareqe t , s ou th ) o n t he marg ins o f t he a l luv iu m , p reserved t he p a t tern s e t t lemen t l o ca t ion d ur ing t he C ha lco l i th ic p er iod . On t he o the r h and t he e s tab l ishmen t o f t wo n ew l a rge s e t t lemen t s ( Te l D a l i t a nd T e l G i mzo ) a nd t wo s ma l le r o ne s ( Abu e l -Hubban a nd M izpeh Mod i in ) o n t he l imes tone h i l ls , i n p laces t ha t were n o t i nhab i ted d ur ing t he Cha lco l i th ic p er iod , r ep re sen ts an ew s e t t lemen tp a t te rn ( F ig . 3 ) . T he p o t tery a s semb lage s d i scove red i nt h e s i x E B Is e t t lemen ts i nt he L od V a l ley s e em h omogeneous a nd r e se mb le t hose u nea r thed a tT e l Aphek a nd T e l G eze r . T here fore t hey may b e d e s igna ted a s " EB IB " o r " l a te E BI " . T he b u i l t -up a rea o f t hese s e t t lemen t s a nd t he ir p opu la t ion s i ze i n creased t o ag rea t e x ten t d u r ing t h is p e r iod a s c ompa red w i th t h e

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 00 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

F ROM V ILLAGE TO T OWN I N THE LOD VALLEY: A CASE S TUDY

T .

L od M izpeh Mod i in

0

)5

L

z er F I G .3 .— S e t t lemen ti nt h eE a r ly B ronz e Ip e r iod .

p rev iou s C ha lco l i th ic . N eve r the less t he t o ta l s e t t led a rea a nd t he p opu la t ion s i ze o f t he E B Ig roup o f s e t t lemen t i n t he L od V a l ley a pp roached t hose o f e i the r T e l Aphek i n t he n or th o r T e l G eze r i n t h e s ou th ( Tab le 2 ) . T he d i f fe ren t s e t t lemen t d i s tr ibu t ion , i . e . t he c oncen tra t ion o f p opu la t ion i n o ne l a rge s i te ma in ly , a s a t Aphek a nd G ezer o n t he o ne h and , a nd t he s p l i t t ing u p o f t he L od V a l ley p opu la t ion i n to s evera l med iu m s i zed s e t t lemen ts o n t he o the r , was p robab ly t he o u tcome o f al im i t ing e co log ica l f a c tor: w a te r a va i lab i l i ty ( s ee a bove ) . T he e xcava t ions a tT e l L od ( Kap lan 1 977: 5 8 ) a nd a t T e l D a l i t ( Gophna 1 981 ) s how t ha t t he se s i te s w ere n o t f o r t if ied d ur ing E BI .T he e xcava t ions a tT e l G eze r a l so d id n o t i nd ica te t ha t t he s i te w as f o r t i f ied d ur ing E B In or t ha t i tw as d ur ing E B I( Dever 1 976: 4 34 ) . However , t he e xcava tor s o fT e l Aphek s ugge s t t ha t t he E B f o r t i f ica t ion wa l l ( 2 .80 m .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 0 1 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

R AM G OPHNA w ide ) e xposed i n" Area B " s hou ld b e d a ted t ot he " t rans i t ion p e r iod b e tween t h e E B Ia nd E BI " ( Kochav i &B eck 1 985: 2 5 ) . A l though n o t y e t f o r t i f ied i nE B Ib u t a l ready q u i te l a rge i n s i ze , s o me o ft h e v i l lages i n t he L od V a l ley ( Te l D a l i t a nd T e l G i mzo ) a nd t he much l a rge r E B Iv i l lages n earby , Aphek a nd G eze r , may b e d e f ined a s " unwa l led t owns " a s w e l l . One may s ugges t t ha t a l ready t owards t he e nd o fE B It he se s i tes h ave a lmos tb een t r an s formed f r om r ura l i n to u rban s e t t lemen t s . I na ny c a se , t h ey we re a l ready o n t h ev erge o fu rban iza t ion . Never the less , i ti s a ssu med t ha t i n t hese u nwa l led t owns , t he d isper sa l o f t he b u i ld ings was s t i l l a s g rea t a s i tw as d ur ing t he f i r s t s t ages o f E B Ia nd t he p rev ious C ha lco l i th ic p e r iod . T hus ad en s i ty c oe f f ic ien t o f1 5 p e r sons p e r d unam s hou ld b eu sed f o r t he u nwa l led E B Is i te s p opu la t ion c a lcu la t ion , a sc ompared t o2 5 p e r son s p e rd unam u sed f o r t he l a ter f u l l u rban s e t t lemen t s o f t he E BI I I I ( B rosh i & Gophna 1 984 ;G ophna & P or tuga l i 1 988 ) . T hese c a lcu la t ion s l e ad u s t o e s t i ma te t he n umber o f i nhab i tan t s i n t he L od V a l ley a t t he e nd o f E B Ia s a pp rox ima te ly 1 600 . T he p opu la t ion s s i ze o f T e l Aphek a nd T e lG ezer i nt h is p er iod r eached as im i lar n umbe r( Tab le 2 ) . T he e s t i ma t ion o f p opu la t ion s i ze i n t he L od v a l ley d ur ing t he E B Ie nab les o ne t o c a lcu la te t he a rea o f t he a gr icu l tura l a s we l l a s o f g raz ing l and a round e ach o f t he s e t t lemen ts . A ccord ing t ot he mode l r e cen t ly s ugge s ted ( Gophna e ta l . 1 986 ) 2 7 .5 d unams p er c ap i ta were n eeded f o r s ubs is tence i n t h is r eg ion d ur ing t he E B I . T here fore a pprox ima te ly 5 0 ,000 d unam s we re u nder c u l t iva t ion a nd g raz ing i nt he a rea a round t he se s i tes a t t ha t t ime . I n o ther words 3 4% o f t he t o ta l a rea o f wha t h as b een d e f ined a s t he L od V a l ley i s an ar row s t r ip a t t he e dge o f t he S a mar ia f oo th i l ls , whe re mos t o f t he a l luv ia l a rab le l and l i e s . I t means t he re fore t ha t a bou t h a l f o f t he a l luv ia l p la in o f t he L od V a l ley was u nde rc i v i l iza t ion d u r ing E BI .

T he E ar ly B ronze Age I Dur ing E B I an o tab le c hange i n t h e s e t t le men t p a t te rn t ook p lace i n t he L od V a l ley ( F ig . 4 ) . T he s i te o fL od , whe re t he ma in s e t t lemen t n ear t h ea l luv ium e x is ted d ur ing E BI w as a bandoned , a s we l l a s t he sma l l v i l lage o f B areqe t ( s ou th ) . Dur ing t he E B Ia l l t h e s e t t lemen t s we re l o ca ted o n t he l ime s tone h i l ls o n ly . As im i la r s e t t lemen t p rocess h a sa l so b een o b served i nt he P la in o fS ha ron d ur ing t he s a me p er iod ( Gophna & K ochav i 1 966 ) . TA BLE 2 .— S e t t lemen ta nd p opu la t ion s i ze i nt he L od v aley , Aphek a nd Gezer d ur ing t he E ar ly B ronze Age . A rea ( i n d unams )

S i te E B I B

EB I

EB I l

T e lL od B a rede t( s ou th ) T e l D a l i t A bu e l -Hubban M izpeh M od i in T e l G imzo

2 0 3 4 0 2 2

P opu la t ion

1 0 7

3 00 4 5 6 00 3 0 3 0 6 00 1 6 95

T e lA phek T e lG eze r

1 00 1 20

1 500 1 800

T e l B a rede t T e l D a l i t M izpeh M od i in T e l G imzo

2 0 4 0 2 4 0 1 0 2

5 00 1 000 3 0 1 000 ZOO

T e lA phek T e lG eze r

1 00 1 20

2 500 2 800 ( o r1 800 )

T e l G imzo

4 0

1 000

T o t a l

T o t a l

a o

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 102Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

F ROM V ILLAGE T O TO WN I N THE LOD VALLEY: A CASE S TUDY

M izpeh Mod i in le Ag eT G imzo

F I G .4 .— S e t t lemen ti nt he E a r ly B ronze I p e r iod .

S o me t ime a tt he b eg inn ing o f t he E BI , t he b u i ld ings o ft he E B Iu nwa l led t own a tT e l D a l i t were l e ve l led a nd an ew t own , f o r t i f ied b y a4 m . w ide w a l l w as e s tab l ished . T he s ma l l h am le t , Abu e l -Hubban , wh ich e x is ted i n t he E B In ear T e l D a l i t was a l so a bandoned . A t ad i s tance o f 1 km . n or th -eas t o f t he a bandoned E B Iv i l lage o f B areqe t ( s ou th ) , a nd 4 km . n or th o f T e l D a l i t , an ew s ma l l t own —Te l B areqe t , f o r t i f ied b y a 3 . 20 m . w ide wa l l , w a s f ounded o n ah i l l a ta n a l t i tude o f 1 50 m . a bove s e a l e ve l . T h is s i te h as n eve r b een o ccup ied b e fore . T he s u rvey c onduc ted a tT e l B areqe t r evea led t ha t i n t he f i rs t p hase o f i t s e x is tence t he a rea o f t he f o r t if ied s e t t lemen t d id n o t e xceed 1 2 d una rn s , b u t s ome t ime l a te r t h ef o r t i f ied a rea g rea t ly i n creased a nd r e ached a bou t2 0 d unam s . T h is e n larged f o r t if ied a r ea o fT e l B areqe t was s t i l l s par se ly b u i l t -up when t he who le s i te w as t o ta l ly a bandoned .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 03 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

RAM GOPHNA

Dur ing t he s urvey c ar r ied o u t a tT e l G imzo , E B Ip o t te ry w a s c o l lec ted . B u t u n l ike a t T e l D a l i t a nd T e l B areqe t , n o f o r t i f ica t ion wa l l c ou ld b e d i s t ingu ished , b ecause t h is s i te i s n ow c ove red b y h eavy d ebr is , wh ich h as b een a ccumu la ted d ur ing t he l a te r p er iods o f o ccupa t ion . T he t o ta l s e t t led a rea o f t he E BIw a l led t own s i nt he L od V a l ley s eem s t or e semb le t ha t o f t he u nwa l led E B It owns a nd v i l lage s . However , i ti sa s sumed t ha t a s ar e su l t o f t he f o r t if ica t ion a nd u rban iza t ion p rocess t ha t t ook p lace d ur ing t h is p hase , t he p opu la t ion d ens i ty w i th in e ach o f t he s e t t lemen t s ( e xcep t f o r t he e n larged f o r t i f ied a rea o f T e l B a reqe t ) m igh t h ave i n creased . T here fore a d ens i ty c oe f f ic ien t o f 2 5 p eop le p e r d unam was u sed ( B ro sh i &G ophna 1 984 ) . A ccord ing t ot h is d en s i ty c oe f f ic ien t ,t h en umbe r o fi nhab i tan t s i nt he L od V a l ley d ur ing t he E B Ii sr e ckoned a s 2 375 , c o mpared w i th 1 600 d ur ing E BI . T he c oe f f ic ien t s u sed f o r t he a gr icu l tura l a nd g raz ing l a nd f o r s ubs is tence p er c ap i ta d ur ing t he E BIr each 2 2 .5 d una m s ( Gophna e ta l . 1 986 ) . T he t o ta l e xp lo i ted a rea was t h ere fore a bou t5 3500 d una m s , wh ich c omp r ised 4 1% o ft h eL od V a l ley , a s c ompa red w i th 3 4% d ur ing t he E BI . L ook ing a tt he s e t t lemen t d i s t r ibu t ion map o f t h e L od V a l ley d ur ing E B I( F ig .4 ) , t wo s ub -reg ions c an b e d i s t ingu ished , t hough i ti sd i f f icu l t t oa t t r ibu te a ny s oc ia l o r p o l i t ica l s i gn i f icance t o t h is s ub -d iv is ion . One s ub reg ion i sd e f ined n or th o f Naha l Na tu f whe re a l a rge t own —Te l D a l i t a nd a s ma l le r d augh te r t own le t —Te l B areqe t e x is ted a t a3 . 5 km . d i s tance . T he o the r s ub -reg ion s t re tche s t ot he s ou th o fN aha l Na tu f , whe re t he ma in t own was a t T e l G imzo , a nd a h am le t e x is ted a t M izpeh Mod i in . T h is d i s t inc t ion i sf u r the r s uppor ted b y t he o b serva t ion t h a t wh i le t he re i sv i sua l c o mmun ica t ion b e tween T e l D a l i t a nd T e lB areqe t ,t he re i sn o s uch c on tac tb e tween T e lD a l i ta nd T e lG i mzo .

T he E a r ly B ronze Age I I T owards t he e nd o f E B I ad ras t ic d ecrease i n t he n umbe r o f s e t t lemen ts o f t h e L od V a l ley a nd c onsequen t ly o f i t s p opu la t ion s i ze h ave o ccu r red . T e l D a l i t , T e l B areqe t a nd M izpeh Mod i in w e re a bandoned a nd o n ly T e lG imzo s urv ived a nd c on t inued t oe x is td u r ing E BI I ( F ig . 5 ) . T he n e ighbour ing T e l Aphek a nd T e l G eze r h ave p a ssed t h rough as im i lar c r is is . On ly f ew u ns tra t i f ied E BI I s herds were f ound a t T e l Aphek , i nd ica t ing t he e x is tence o f am inu te s e t t lemen t ( Kochav i 1 975: 3 8 ;K ochav i &B eck 1 985: 2 5 ) . T he s ame may a l so a pp ly t o T e l G ezer ( Dever 1 976: 4 35 ) . I ts eem s t ha t t he max i mu m s i ze o f p opu la t ion i n t he L od V a l ley ( Te l G i mzo ) d ur ing E B I I d id n o t e xceed 1 000 . I ti s i mposs ib le t o e s t ima te h ow many p eop le a c tua l ly l i ved a t T e l Aphek o r a t T e l G eze r d ur ing t h i s p hase ,b u ta ccord ing t ot he e xcava t ion r e su l t s s i ted a bove ,t hey mus th ave b een f ew . T e l G imzo was a bandoned s o me t i me d ur ing E BI I o r a tt h e e nd o f t h is p hase a nd n o u rban s e t t lemen t e x is ted i n t he L od V a l ley t h roughou t t he f o l low ing M idd le B ronze A ge . On t he o ther h and , Aphek a nd G ezer w ere r e se t t led a l ready a t t he b eg inn ing o f t h e M idd le B ronze Age ( Kochav i 1 975 ;D ever 1 976: 4 35 ) a nd i tw as n o t l ong b e fore t h ey d eve loped i n to u rban c en te r s .

S u mma ry a nd c onc lus ion s I n t h is p aper t he s e t t lemen t p rocess t ha t t ook p lace d ur ing t he E B Age i n a Med i ter ranean e co log ica l u n i t , whe re wa te r i sn o t amp ly a va i lab le , was d escr ibed a nd

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 04 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

F ROM V I LLAGE T O T OWN I N T HE L OD V ALLEY: A C A SE S TUDY

FI G .5 .— S e t t lemen ti nt he E ar ly B ronze I Ip er iod .

q uan t i f ied . A f te r t he Cha lco l i th ic s e t t lemen ts i n t he L od V a l ley w ere a bandoned , t he f i rs t E ar ly B ronze A ge v i l lage s w ere e s tab l ished d ur ing E B IB . Mos t o f t hem w ere s i tua ted o n h i l ly s i tes , where n o Cha lco l i th ic s e t t lemen t e x is ted b e fore . No r ema ins o fs e t t lemen t s , d a t ing f r om E B IA h ave b een d i scove red d ur ing t he e xcava t ions a nd s urvey c onduc ted s of a r i n t h i s r eg ion . T he b eg inn ing o fE Bo ccupa t ion d ur ing t he l a te rs t age o fE B Ih as a l ready b een o bse rved a t t he n e ighbour ing Aphek a nd G eze ra nd i ns o me o the rr eg ion so ft he c oun try: i nt he h i l l c oun t ry , i . e . T e l R o sh Hann iqra ( Tad mor 1 978: 1 023 -1024 ) , A i ( Ca l laway 1 975: 3 9 -40 ) J e rusa lem ( Sh i loh 1 985: 3 2 ) , T e l H a l i f ( A lon 1 977: 5 7 ) ;i n t he J o rdan V a l ley , i . e . B e th Y e rah ( Hes tr in 1 975: 2 53 -262 ) a nd t he n or the rn Negev , i . e . A rad ( Am iran e ta l . 1 978 ) . T he d eve lopmen t o f l a rge u nwa l led E B Is i te s was a l so o bse rved i n s o me o the r p rov ince s: a t

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 05 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

R AM GOPHNA

B e th -Ye rah ( s ee a bove ) , Meg iddo ( Yad in 1 977: 8 33 -834 ) , J e r icho ( Kenyon 1 976: 5 59 ) a nd B ab e dh -Dh ra ( S chaub 1 982 ) . T he u rban iza t ion p roce ss i nt he L od V a l ley a s w e l l a s a t Aphek a nd G eze ra t ta ined i t s c l i max d ur ing t he E BI ,u n l ike i ns o me o the r r eg ion s , whe re t h is c l i max t o ok p l ace d ur ing E BI I , i . e . A i ( s ee a bove ) , T e l Y armu th ( M irosched j i 1 985: 7 1-73 ) , B ab e dh -Dh ra a nd i t s e nv irons ( Nume ira ) ( S chaub & R as t 1 984 ) . I n t he L od V a l ley , Aphek a nd G ezer t he E BI I mark s ad ras t ic d ecrea se o fp opu la t ion , wh i le o the rs i tes l i ke A rad ( Am iran 1 978 ) a nd T e l l e l -Fär 'ah ( N ) ( de V aux 1 976: 3 98 -399 ) t he E B I I d eno tes a c omp le te a bandon men t o f s e t t lemen t . S o f a r n o c l ear c or re la t ion c ou ld b e o bse rved b e tween v ar ious e co log ica l u n i t s o n o ne h and a nd t he h i s tory o f t he ir u rban iza t ion d ur ing t h e E B Age o n t he o the r . I ts e ems t ha t r eg iona l f a c tor s were r e spon s ib le f o r t he d ive r s i ty o ft he u rban iza t ion p roce ss i nv ar ious r eg ion s o ft he c oun try . T hese f a c tor s wh ich w e re p robab ly mos t ly s oc ia l o rp o l i t ica l r a the r t han e co log ica l ( i . e . t he c ar ry ing c apac i ty o f t he r eg ion ) d e term ined t he d eve lopmen ta l r hy thm a nd t he l i fe s pan o fe ach u rban c en ter , d ur ing t h e E BI I I I .

B IBLIOGRAP HY ALON ,D . 1 977 T e l H a l i f . H ad a sho t A rkh eo log iy o t 6 3 -64: 5 7 ( i n H eb rew ) . AM IRAN ,R . 1 978 T he D a te o f t he E nd o ft he E B IC i ty o fA rad , AC omp lemen ta ry No te t o ' E ar ly A rad ' . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 2 8 :1 82 184 . AM IRAN ,R . ,e ta l . 1 978 E ar ly A rad T h e C ha lco l i th i c a nd E ar ly B ronz e A ge C i ty: F i r s t -F i f th S ea son s o f E x cava t ion s , 1 962 -1966 . J e ru sa lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S o c ie ty . BR O SH 1 , M. & GOPHNA ,R . 1 984 T he S e t t lemen t s a nd P opu la t ion o f P a le s t ine Du r ing t he E a r ly B ronze Age I I l l . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i c an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e sar ch 2 53 :4 1 -53 . CALLAWAY ,J .A . 1 975 A i . E AEHL I :3 6 -52 . CR ES SON ,B . & GOPHNA ,R . 1 979 No tes & News: T e l D a l i t , 1 978 -1979 . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 2 9: 1 22 -123 . DAN ,J . , RAZ ,Z . , YAALON ,D .H . & KOYMUND J ISKY ,H . 1 975 S o i l Map o fI s ra e l . J e rusa lem: M in is t ry o f Ag r icu l tu re , Agr icu l tu ra l R esearch O rgan iza t ion f o r S o i l C onse rva t ion a nd D ra inage D ep ar tmen t . DE VER ,W .G . 1 976 G eze r . E AEHL I :4 28 443 . E AEHL I -V M . Av i -Yonah & E . S te rn , e ds . , E ncyc lop ed i a o f A r cha eo log i ca l E x cav a t i on s i n t h e H o ly L and , Vo l s I IV . J e ru sa lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S o c ie ty a nd Massada P re ss , 1 975 197 8 . GOPHNA ,R . , 1 974 T he S e t t l emen t o f t h e C oa s ta l P la in o f E r e tz I sr a e l Dur ing t h e E a r ly B ronz e A ge . Unpub l ished P hD D is se r ta t ion . T e l Av iv Un ive rs i ty ( i n H eb rew ) . 1 975 A rchaeo log ica l S u rvey o f I s rae l . H ad a sho t A rkheo log iyo t 5 4 -55: 4 5 ( i n H eb rew ) . 1 981 An E ar ly B ronze T own a tT e lD a l i ta tt h e F oo to ft he B e the lH ils . Q admon io t 1 4 :2 2 -25 ( i n Hebrew ) . GO PHNA ,R . & KO CHAV I ,M . 1 966 A n A rchaeo log ica l S u rvey o ft he p l a in o fS haron . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J o u rna l 1 6 :1 43 144 . GO PHNA ,R . & PO RTUGAL ' ,J . 1 988 S e t t lemen t a nd D emog raph ic P roce sses i n I s rae l C oas ta l P l a in f r om t h e C ha lco l i th ic t ot he Midd le B ronze Age . B u l l e t in o ft h e Amer i can S choo l s o fO r i en ta l R e sa r ch 2 69: 1 -28 . GOPHNA ,R . ,L I PH SCH ITZ ,N . &L EV -YADUN ,S . 1 988 Man ' s I mpac t o n t he Na tu ra lV ege ta t ion i nt he C en t ra l C oas ta l P l a in o fI s rae l Du r ing t h e C ha lco l i th ic a nd t he B ronze Age s . T e lA v iv 1 3: 7 1 -84 . HE STR 1N ,R . 1 975 B e th Y e r ah .E AEHL I :2 53 -262 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 06 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

F ROM V ILLAGE T O T OWN I N T HE L OD VALLEY: A CA SE S TUDY KA PLAN ,J . 1 977a N eo l i th ic a nd C ha lco l i th ic R ema ins a tL od . E r e tz I s r a e l 1 3 :5 7 -75 ( i n H eb rew ) . 1 977b L od .E AEHL I : 7 53 -754 . KENYON , K. M. 1 976 J e r icho . EAEHL I :5 50 -564 . KOCHAV I ,M . 1 973 S u rvey o f t he S haron . H ad a sho t A rkh eo log iyo t 4 7 : 2 7( i n Heb rew ) . 1 975 T he F i rs t Two S easons o fE xcava t ions a t Aphek -An t ipa t r is . T e lA v iv 2 :1 7 -42 . KOCHAV I ,M . & BE CK ,P . 1 985 T e l Aphek . H ada sho t A rkh eo log iyo t 8 7: 2 5 ( i n H eb rew ) . L 1PH SCH ITZ ,N . 1 986

T he V ege ta t iona l L andscape a nd t he Mac ro c l ima te o f I s rae l Du r ing P reh i s tor ic a nd P ro toh i s to r ic P er iod s . M i tkuf a t H a ev en 1 9 :8 0 -92 . ME RO SCHEDJ I ,P .d e 1 985 N o tes & News: T e l Y armu t , 1 984 . I s r ae l E xp lo r a t i on J ourna l3 5: 7 1 -73 . PE RROT ,J .& LAD IRAY , D . 1 980 T ombe s ao s sua i r e s d e l a r e g i on c ö t iH e p a l e s t in i enne a u IV em i l ldna i r e a v an t 1W e c hrd t i enne . Memo i res e t t r avaux d u C en t re d e r e che rches p reh is to r iques f r anqa is d e J e ru sa lem n ° 1 . P ar i s: A ssoc ia t ion P a leor ien t . PO RAT ,Y . 1 977 K h irbe t J a lameh . H ad a sho t A rkheo log iyo t 6 3: 2 4 -25 ( i n H eb rew ) . S CHAUB ,T .R . 1 982 T he O r ig ins o fE a r ly B ronze Age Wa l led T own Cu l ture o fJ o rdan . P p . 6 7 -75 i nA . H ad id i ,e d . , S tud i e s i nt h e H i s to ry a nd A r cha eo logy o fJ o rd an . Amman: D epar tmen t o f An t iqu i t ie s . SC HAUB ,T .R . & RA ST , W .E. 1 984 P re l im ina ry R epo r to ft h e 1 98 1 E xped i t ion t ot h e D ead S ea P la in ,J o rdan . B u l l e t in o ft h e Am e r i can S choo l so f O r i en ta l R e sa r ch 2 54 :3 5 -59 . SH I LOH ,Y . 1 985 C i ty o fD av id . H ad a sho t A r k heo log iyo t 8 7: 3 2 ( i n Heb rew ) . TA DMOR ,M . 1 97 8 R o sh h a -N iq ra ,T e l .E AEHL I V: 1 023 10 24 . VA UX ,R .d e 1 976 T el e l -Fa r 'a No r th . E AEHL I :3 95 -404 . YA D 1N ,Y . 1 977 Meg iddo .E AEHL I :8 30 856 . ZOHARY ,M . 1 959 G eobo t any .2 nd e d . Me rhav ia ( i n H eb rew ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 07 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

URBAN CANAAN IN THE EARLY BRO NZE I AN D I I P ERIO DS — E MERGE NCE AN D STRUCTURE R u th A MIRAN T he I s rae l Museum , J e rusa lem

& R am GOPHNA I ns t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy , T e l Av iv Un iver s i ty

Wi th t he p rogress o f a rchaeo log ica l i nves t iga t ion i n i t s v ar ie ty o f d i sc ip l ines ( de ta i led s u rvey , a c tua l e xcava t ion a nd e nv ironmen ta l r e search ) much n ew i n forma t ion p e r ta in ing t ot he p ro to -h i s to r ic p er iods t h roughou tt he c oun t ry h as b een o b ta ined . I ts eem s n ow l og ica l , r a the r i mpe ra t ive , t o t r y t ob u i ld a p i c ture o f t he s oc io -po l i t ica l s t ruc ture o f 3 rd m i l lenn iu m u rban C anaan .A tt h eb ase o fo ur a t temp tl i e so ne i mpor tan tc onc lus ion: t h e l a rge wa l led s e t t lemen t s s hou ld s a fe ly b e d e f ined a s " c i t ies " 1.We h ave h owever t o emphas ize a tt he o u tse t t ha t w e a re f u l ly aware o f t he i n conc lus ive n a tu re o f much o f t he ma ter ia l a ccu mu la ted t hus f a r . We a re i ndeed aware t ha t t he t wo maps o f fe red h ere ( F igs . 1 2 ) a re b u t a n a t temp t t o s yn thes ize a l l t ha t c o mp l ica ted a nd i n suf f ic ien t i nfor mat ion d e f ic ien t

2.

A t t h i s s t age o f t he r e search , i ndeed , a ny p ic ture i s b ound t o b e

b u t i mpe ra t ive ly n eeded . We h ave t o b ea r i n m ind t he f a c t t ha t many o f t he

l a rge wa l led s e t t lemen t s h ave n o t y e t b een e xposed o n al a rge e nough s c a le , s o t ha t t he f o l low ing c ons idera t ion w i l l r e ly ma in ly o n i n forma t ion g a ined f r om B e th -Yerah , Meg iddo , T aanach , F ä r 'ah ( N ) , A i , Aphek , J e r icho , Y armu th , E ran i , Ha l i f , He s i , A rad a nd B ab e dh -Dh ra . T he f o l low ing f ew s i tes h ave b een t ouched b y e xcava t ions o n ly t o a v ery l im i ted s ca le: Q edesh , Q ishon , J a t t , S a f i t . We h ave t o s t re ss t wo l im i ta t ions c au sed b y a l l t hese s ho r tco m ings: i ti sa s y e t d i f f icu l t t o d e l inea te t he p o l i t ica l t e r r i tor ies a nd t he ir b oundar ie s , i . e . t o a ss ign t he s ma l l s ubord ina te u nwa l led v i l lage s t o t he s pec i f ic c i t ies o f fered o n t he maps . I ti sl i kew ise v ery d i f f icu l t a s y e t t o v i sua l ize a s y s tem o f p o l i t ica l h ierarchy w i th in t h e w a l led c i t ie s s hown o n t he maps .

1 . Among t h e wo rks d eal ing w i th u rban iza t ion i nt h i sp ar to ft h e wo r ld ,s ee e spec ia l ly d eV aux 1 97 1 ;Am i ran 1 970; U cko 1 97 2 ;S chaub 1 9 82 ;Adam s1 98 1 . 2 . T h is p ape rd ea l so n ly w i th t h ea r ea w e s to ft h eJ o rdan ian p l a teau .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 09 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

R UTH AM IRAN & R AM GOPHNA

T he f orma t ive e vo lu t ion d u r ing t he E B Ip er iod A s a n i n troduc t ion t oo ur v e ry s ub jec t we h ave t og l impse i n to i t s p repa ra tory s t age s , i n to t he c harac te r o f t he i mmed ia te p re -urban p hase , t he E BI B c u l ture , wh ich s hou ld b e c ons idered a s t he f orma t ive p hase o u t o f wh ich t he u rban c ry s ta l l iza t ion o f t he s e t t lemen t s a nd p opu la t ion emerged i nt he f o l low ing E B Ip er iod . Our b a s ic c oncep t ion i s t ha t t he emergence o f t he u rban p heno menon a nd t he t r ans forma t ion f r om " v i l lage " t o " c i ty " 3 was ag radua l , s l ow a nd v e ry c omp lex p roce ss: a l ong s ide l o ca l d eve lopmen t s ,o ne c an d i scern s o me e l emen t s o r ig ina t ing p robab ly f r om t he o u ts ide ( t o b e d es igna ted a s s t imu l i ?i nf luence s ?c onnec t ions ? ) . T he c ha rac ter o ft he E BI B c u l ture may b eu nder s tood u nde r t he f o l low ing t h ree a spec ts: D ens i ty o fs e t t l emen t s T he d en s i ty o f s e t t lemen ts t h roughou t t he c oun t ry i nt he E BI B i sa s tound ing: s urvey s a nd e xcava t ions k eep r evea l ing a l l o ver t he c oun t ry n ew s i te s u nno t iced b e fore ,o fv ar ious s i ze s a nd i n a l l t ypes o f e nv ironmen ts . T he p opu la t ion o f C anaan i nt ha t p e r iod s eem s t o h ave b een i n t he i n crease ( Gophna & P or tuga l i 1 988 ) . We t h ink t ha t t he f a c to r s d i scussed i nt he f o l low ing p arag raph d o embody s o me h in t s a st ot he p oss ib le i n terp re ta t ion f o r t h is i n ten s if ica t ion . A s a n e xamp le we c ou ld e xam ine t he s i tua t ion a round A rad o r i n t he c en t ra l J o rdan V a l ley , i . e . t he r eg ion b e tween B e th -Ye rah a nd s ou th o f B e th -Shean ( Zor i 1 962 ) , o r i n t h e c en tra l c oas ta l p la in ( Gophna & P or tuga l i 1 988 ) . S t ra tum I V a t A rad , t hough a s y e t n o t e nough e xcava ted , s hows al a rge u nwa l led v i l lage/se t t lemen t . I ti sb u t o ne o f an umbe ro f s i te s , a l l w i th in o ne d ay 's wa lk f r om A rad 4.T hey a l l s how s he rds o f t he C ha lco l i th ic , E B Ia nd E B I5 ( af a c t wh ich i n i t se l f i so f g rea t i n te re s t ) . Sma l l T e l Ma lha ta i s asma l l 8 d unam s u nwa l led v i l lage e xcava ted b y t he A rad E xped i t ion i n 1 979 6.We f ound e v idence f o r s e t t lemen t s d ur ing a l l t he se t h ree p e r iods . I ts eem s t ha t i ts aw i t s a c me d ur ing t he E BI a nd t ha t i td ec l ined d ur ing t he E B I— r e f lec t ing p erhaps t he p rocess o f p a r t o f t he p opu la t ion o f t he v i l lage s h av ing b een s ucked in b y t he emerg ing a nd g row ing c i t ie s . I ndeed , more o f t he sma l l s i tes , i . e . v i l lage s , i n t he a rea o f A rad h ave t o b e e xcava ted b e fore a c oheren t c oncep t ion o f t he i n te rre la t ionsh ip s b e tween t he c en tra l c i ty a nd i t s s a te l l i te v i l lage sc an b eg a ined .T he ma in p o in tf o ro ur p resen td i scuss ion i st ha td u r ing t he E B Ip e r iod t he c oun try was d o t ted w i th d ense ly l o ca ted u nwa l led v i l lages . A ppearance o f w a l led s e t t lemen t s I t i s n ow b eco m ing c l ear t ha t a l ready d ur ing t he E B I B t here e x is ted wa l led s e t t lemen t s ( c i t ie s ) a s s ugge s ted a nd s urm ised b y v ar ious s cho lar s ( Am iran 1 970 ) .T h is i s

3 . We a re s t i l l f a r f r om t he s t age t o b e a b le t o d i f fe ren t ia te b e twe en " c i ty " a nd " t own " . F u r the r s t udy a nd e xcava t ions a re n eeded . 4 . S u rvey ing t he a rea a round A rad was o n t he p rog ramme o f t h e A rad p ro jec t f r om t he b eg inn ing o f e xcava t ions a tA rad i n 1 962 . We we re h e lped b y R . C ohen , D i s t r ic t A rchaeo log is t o f t he S ou the rn D is t r ic t o f t he D epa r tmen t o f An t iqu i t ie s . I n 1 980 we p ub l ished t h ef i rs tr epo r t o ft he s u rvey: s ee Am i ran e ta l . 1 980 . S i nce 1 978 t he s u rvey ing wo rk i n tens i f ied w i th t he c r ea t ion o ft he Negev Eme rgency S u rvey . We a re g ra te fu l t oR .C ohen , Y . Guv r in ,M .H e iman a nd Y .B e i t -A r ieh f o rf ru i t fu lc oope ra t ion i nt he f i e ld a nd i nt h ink ing . 5 . One i mpo r tan tl im i ta t ion o fs u r face s he rd ing h as t ob eb o rne i nm ind: t he n on -ex is tence o fc on tex tg roup s t h rows e oi p so mo re o ft he h arve s ti n to t he l o to f" doub t fu ls he rds " t h an i nt h ec a se o fe xcava ted c on tex t s . 6 . T he e xc ava t ions a t Smal T e l Ma lha ta h ave b een c a rr ied o u tb yt he A rad E xped i t ion o ft he I s rae l Mus eum o n b eha l fo ft he Eme rgency S u rvey o ft he D epa r tmen to f An t iqu i t ie s . F o r as ho r tp rov i s iona l r epor t , s ee Am i r an e ta l . 1 983 . de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

-1 10 -

U RBAN C ANAAN I NT HE E B I AND E B i f P ER IODS

d emon s tra ted b y t he e xcava t ion s a tT . e l -Fär 'ah ( N ) 7,T . Aphek ( Kochav i 1 972 )a nd mo s t r e cen t ly a t T . S ha lem 8 . T e chno log ica l p rog re ss T he t h ird a spec to ft h eE B I Bp e r ta in ing t oo ur d i scu ss ion i si ndeed a na l l -encompas s ing o ne: w e a re c on f ron ted w i th e v idence o f t e chn ica l p rogress a nd d eve lopmen ts i n e ve ry r e a lm o f l i fe , i n a l l c a tegor ie s o f means o f p roduc t ion , c aus ing g rea t c hanges i n h uman a c t iv i t ies , b ound t o c ause c ra f t -spec ia l iza t ion a nd s t ra t i f ied c omp lex s oc ie ty . T he se d eve lop men t s may b eg rouped u nde rt h ree h ead ing s: a )P rogress i nt he a g ro techno logy , i . e . i n t roduc t ion o f t he p a ir o f y oked -oxen t r ac t ing t he p low ( Am iran1986 ) a s s ub s t i tu te f o r t he h uman musc le i n work ing t he s t ick — wh ich mean sr i che ry i e lds i nt h ef i e lds ,b e t te rc rop sa nd s urp lus o ff ood . b )G radua l s p read o f t h e u se o f c opper t oo ls i n e veryday l i fe a l l o ve r C anaan ( C f . I l an & S ebbane 1 989 ) , i mp ly ing more e f f ic ien t a nd b e t ter o rgan ized e xp lo i ta t ion o f t he c opper d epo s i ts i n S ou thern S ina i ( See B e i t -A r ieh 1 989 , w i th b ib l io . ) a nd F e inan ( Bachmann & H aup tmann 1 984 ;H aup tmann , We isbe rge r &K nau f1 985 ) . S ince we a re p os i t ive ly c e r ta in a bou t t he c oppe r i n te rdependence b e tween E B IA rad a nd S ina i ( p roved b y o the r i t em s o fe v idence s uch a s p o t tery , s he l l a nd s t one o b jec t s ) , t he q ue s t ion a r ises wh ich o f t he se t wo c opper a rea s s e rved t he C anaan i te p opu la t ion d ur ing t he E B Ip er iod . T h is i s a n i n tr ins ica l ly r e la ted p o in t f o r t he u nder s tand ing o f t h is f o rma t ive p e r iod , a nd t h e c oppe r p henomenon a s awho le 9.T he f o l low ing s hor t e xcur sus i n to t he p re sen t s i tua t ion o f t he p rob lem s hou ld n o tb e s upe rf luous . One f a c t i sc l ear: t he t o o l s o f t he E B If ound i nC anaan ( A rad a nd o the rs i te s )r e semb le t hose o ft he E B Ii nf o rm a nd t e chn ique o f manu fac ture . S pec ia l men t ion s hou ld b e made o f t he aw l i n a l l i t s s i zes wh ich i s a lways s quare -sec t ioned i n b o th p er iods 1° .T h is f a c t s peaks i ndeed f o r t he p robab i l i ty t ha t t he E B It oo ls o r ig ina ted i n t he s a me work shops a s t hose o f t he E BI l a te r o n , i . e . i n S ou thern S ina i . T h is wou ld i mp ly t ha t t he c opper d epos i ts i n S ina i we re e xp lo i ted b y t he l o ca l p opu la t ion 1 a nd r e ached C anaan a l ready i n t he E B I— a p roce ss t o b e i n tens i f ied a nd i n s t i tu t iona l ized i n t he E B 11 2 .We h ave t o men t ion a no ther o b serva t ion wh ich , o n ce v er i f ied b yf u r the rr e sear ch , may c ons t i tu te a no the rc or robora t ive p i ece o f e v idence f o r t he h ypo the s is j u s t o f fe red a bou t t he E B Ir e la t ions w i th S ou the rn S ina i: p e trograph ica l a na lyses

1 3

o f s o me v e sse ls e xcava ted a t Sma l l T . Ma lha ta i n l o c i

o ft he E B Is how t ha t t h ey we re made o f ac l ay wh ich i sS ina i t ic b o th i ni t s t empe ra nd i t s ma tr ix .

7 . T he w al b u i l ti nt h eE BI B ,c on t inued t oe x i s ti nt h eE BI :s ee d eV aux 1 96 1 :2 13 a nd p l . XXX I I I . 8 . An E BI B wal b u i l to fb r icks w as r e cen t ly d i scove red a tT e l S ha lem d u r ing ar e scue e xcava t ion c onduc ted b yI .E isenbe rg o ft he D epa r tmen to f An t iqu i t ie s :s ee E i senbe rg 1 986 . 9 . T he re i si ndeed s ome i n ju s t ice i n wo rd ing t h i sq ue s t ion , b ear ing i nm ind t he f a c t t h a tt he S ina i c oppe ra r ea h as b een i ni nve s t iga t ion s i nce 1 970 , wh i le t he p ro jec to fF enan s t ar ted o n ly i n1 984 . 1 0 . F o rt he me thod o f manu f ac tu r ing t hese aw l s ,s ee S t e ch , Ma ck l in & Muh ly ,f o r thcom ing . 1 . I ts hou ld b e r emembe red t ha t t he s qua re -se c t ioned aw ls a re f ound i n E gyp t a nd i n t he E B In awam i si n S i na i . 1 2 . One r e se rva t ion h as t ob ep o in ted o u t :i nc as et h a tf u tu re e xcava t ions a ts i te si nW . F e inan a nd K b . N ahas w il r evea l t h es a me t yp e s o fc oppe r t oo l s o fE B Ia nd E BI ,t he i dea j u s to f fe red w i l l h ave t ob ed is carded a nd a n o the rs o lu t ion w il h ave t ob ef ound . 1 3 . P e t rog raph ica la na ly s is o fp o t te ry f r om A rad h as b een d one b yJ .G las s ( 1 978 ) . Mo re wo rk i sb e ing c a r r ied o u t b y N aom i P o ra to ft h e D epar tmen t o fG eo logy o ft h e H eb rew U n ive r s i ty: s ee p rov i s iona ly P o ra t 1 989 ) . Sma l l T e l Ma lha ta a nd o the r s i te s i n t he A rad a rea a re i n c luded i n h e r f o r thcom ing s tudy , t o b e p ub l ished i n E ar ly A rad I .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

R U TH AM IRAN & R AM G OPHNA

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 12 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

U RBAN C ANAAN I NT HE E B IA ND E B i f P ER IOD S

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 113E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

Y armu t E ran i

1 60 2 50 6 0 1 50 1 00 3 0

RUTH AMIRAN & RA M GOPHNA

c )T he t h ird h ead ing u nder wh ich we h ave t o s c ru t in ize t he E B Ii s t he g radua l i n tens i f ica t ion o f t he t r ade w i th E gyp t

1 4

a nd o the r n e ighbor ing c u l ture s . P o t tery , s l a te -

p a le t te s ,b eads a nd o the ro b jec ts ( and i deas ) d ocumen tt hese t wo -way a c t iv i t ies . A l l t he se f a c tor s a nd many o the r s e vo lu t iona r i ly d eve lop ing d ur ing t he E BI B h ave t o b e r e ckoned among t he i mpe t i i wh ich b rough t a bou t t he emergence o f l a rge wa l led s e t t lemen ts , i . e . c i t ie s ( Gophna & P or tuga l i 1 988 ) , o r med iu m s i zed o nes , w i th c l ear u rban f e a tures . We may e ven g o o ne s t ep f u r the r a nd d a re t os ay t ha t a l l t hese f o rma t ive s t ep s d eve lop ing i n t he E B I B were b ound t o c u lm ina te i n c i t ies c en tra l iz ing a l l c ommun i ty f unc t ion s: e cono m ica l , a dm in is tra t ive , c u l t ic , e t c . And i n more modern d e f in i t ion: c i ty s t a tes .

T he p hy s ica l a nd s oc io -econom ica l p ic tu re o f ac i ty o f t he E B I a nd E B I I p er iods A s f o r t he p hys iognomy o f t hese c i t ies — we a re b es t i n for med b y t he d e ta i led i n forma t ion s upp l ied b y t he e xcava t ion a t T . e l -Fä r 'ah ( N ) a nd a t A rad . I ndeed many d e ta i ls were l e arn t a nd k nown b e fore t he se t wo e xcava t ions we re u nder taken , b u t v ery f r agmen tar i ly s o . A rad d oe s s upp ly ab u lk o f f e a ture s wh ich we s hou ld s ummar ize n ow b r ie f ly u nder mos t s i gn i f ican t h ead ings: p re -p lann ing i n b o th t he s e lec t ing o f t h is h i l l w i th i t s c oncave c on f igura t ion , a nd i n l ay ing o u t t he c i ty -wa l l o n t he wa te r shed l i ne a l l a round 15 ; t he u se o f t he n a tura l c en tra l d epress ion a s t he ma in wa ter -re servo ir; t he p lann ing o f t he t wo n e twork s o f s t ree ts; t he r ad ia l o ne s e rv ing a l so a s wa te r -condu i t s t o f i l l t he r e se rvo ir; t he g i rd le o f b u i ld ings a round t he wa ter reservo ir t o b e i den t i f ied a s t he wa ter -ad m in is tra t ion; f unc t iona l d iv is ion o f t he q uar ter s: p ub l ic b u i ld ing s ( t emp le s a nd p a lace ) a nd p r iva te -dwe l l ing q uar te rs; t he b road room s t y le a s t he r u l ing d ev ice i n a l l t he a r ch i tec ture , b o th p ub l ic a nd p r iva te . A l l t he se f e a tures i mp ly c i ty -governmen t a nd s t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty e ngaged i n many b ranche so fe conomy . An i ndeed t he r i ch h arve s to f f i nds i na l l t he r oom s— c a rbon ized s eeds o fv ar ious s pe c ie s , a n ima lb one s , s t one a nd f l in t t oo ls , c opper i mp lemen t s , p o t tery i n l a rge v ar ie ty , b eads a nd c u l t -and -ar t o b jec ts — a l l t e s t i fy t o c rop farm ing a nd l i ves tock b reed ing o n o ne h and a nd i n ter -reg iona l t r ade a c t iv i t ies o n t he o ther . T he t r ade b o th w i th c i t ie s a nd v i l lage s i n C anaan 16 a s we l l a s l ong d i s tan tr eg ion s( a s men t ioned a bove ) . Ano the ri mpor tan tc onc lus ion may b ed rawn f r om t h ei n forma t ion o fA rad a nd i t su rban c harac te r: i ts eems n ow r easonab ly c l ear t ha t t he g row th o f A rad i n to t he c en t ra l c i ty o f t he e n t ire Negev a nd S ina i i n t he E B Ip er iod

1 7

i sd ue ma in ly t oo ne s pec i f ic f a c tor o fa l l

t hose w e j u s t b rough t f o rward , n a me ly t he c oppe r i ndus t ry i n S ou thern S ina i , o f wh ich A rad mus t h ave b een b o th ap ar tner a nd t he monopo l iz ing marke t ing -agen t f o r t he e n t ire C anaan . I n a na logy t ot h is f a ir ly c l ear c ase i ts eem s t ou s n ow t ha t we s hou ld t r y t o f i nd a nd p inpo in t as pec i f ic f a c tor a nd f unc t ion wh ich c ou ld h ave b een t he ma in i mpe tus f o r e veryone o f t he l a rge c i t ies t h roughou t t he c oun try a ppear ing o n t he map s F ig s . 1 2 , t o 1 4 . A mos t i n te re s t ing f i gu ra t ive r ep re sen ta t ion o f aC anaan i te m e rchan t a ppear s o n o ne o f t h ei vo ry l a be l s f r om Abydo s :s ee P e t r ie ,1 90 1 :2 1 a nd p l . I V :6;Am i ran 1 985 . 1 5 . T he c i ty -wa l li st he mo s tc onsp icuou sa nd i nhe ren t ly s i gn i f ican tf e a tu re o fa nu rban s e t t lemen t . T he A rad e xamp le d emons tra te s c l ear ly t ha t t he e re c t ion o f t he c i ty -wa l l w as a we l l -p lanned e n terp r ise wh ich p re s uppo se s ac i ty -gove rnmen t . 1 6 . One e xamp le o u to f many f o rs uch r e la t ionsh ip s may b ep o in ted o u t :i nt he r i ch c on tex to fp o t te ry v e s se l s a nd o the r o b jec ts e xcava ted i n t he L arge Tw in -Temp le a tA rad o f S t ra tum I we f ound a p la t te r m ade o f n on A rad ian c l ay , a c tualy c on ta in ing b as a l tt empe r . 1 7 . A s i sw el -known b y n ow: t he mo re d e ta i led s u rvey s a re b e ing c ar r ied o u t t h roughou t t he Negev , t he " l arge r " A rad s eems t o h ave b een — s i nce a l l t he s i tes d iscove red a re s ma l l u nwaled s e t t lemen ts . T h is f a c t s eem s t os how A rad a s t he c en t ra l c i ty o f av e ry l a rge " s ta te " .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 14 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

URBAN C ANAAN I N THE E B I AND E B i fP ER IOD S

g row w i th in i t s own t e r r i tory a nd b ecome ac en t ra l c i ty . We h ave t r ied t ou nde r s tand t he s pec i f ic s i tua t ion/ loca t ion/func t ion o f , e . g . Q edesh i n Upper G a l i lee , o r K abr i i n t he n or the rn c oas ta l p la in . T hese t wo l a rge c i t ies c ou ld b e e xp la ined a s h av ing r eached t h e ir s t a ture t hank s t o t he ir e conom ic -geograph ica l b ene f ic ia l l o ca t ions: Qedesh h as t ha t l a rge a nd f e r t i le w e l l -wa tered p la in u nde r i t s r u le , wh i le K ab r i h as t he i mpor tan t s p r ings a nd t h eg ood s o i l s wh ich s t re tch b e tween R osh Hann iq ra a nd A cco . I ts eem s i ndeed t ha ti n mo s tc ases t he se f e a tures wou ld e xp la in t he emergence a nd g row th o f mos t o ft he c en t ra l c i t ie s . F ur the r e xcava t ion s i n l a rge c i t ie s a nd t he ir s ubord ina te v i l lage s may b r ing t he n eeded s ub s tan t ia t ion t ot h is i dea .

T he t wo s e t t lemen t maps o f E B I a nd E B I I C anaan T he s eque l o f t h is a na ly s is b r ings u s t oo u r l a s t s ub jec t: t he f a ce o f t he s e t t lemen t o f C anaan i n t he E B Ia nd E BI I p er iods ( F ig s . 1 2 ) . T he t wo maps o f fered h ere r e f lec t t he i n forma t ion a ccu mu la ted t o d a te f r om e xcava t ions a nd s urveys . Qu i te a n umber o f t he n ame s we v en tured t op u to nt he map s( 2 9o nt he E B I map a nd 3 0o nt he E BI Io ne )n eed much more v er i f ica t ion t han i sp oss ib le a t p re sen t . O f i n te re s t i s t he p rob lem o f t he t r an s i t ion/break f r om t he E BIt o t he E BI I p e r iods . One o f t he f a c tors wh ich may b e c on s ide red a sc aus ing t h is t r ans i t ion may b et he i nva s ion o ft he T ran s -Caucas ian m ig ra tory e l emen t t h roughou t t he L evan t ine a reas d own t o C anaan — d es igna ted h ere a s t he " Kh irbe t K erak P eop le " . Mos t i n te res t ing i s t he f a c t t ha t t he u rban c harac ter o f t he c oun t ry d id n o tc hange w i th t h i s m igra tory/ invad ing i nf lux , a nd c on t inued t oe x is t: s o me o f t he c i t ies ( and sma l l s e t t lemen ts ) h av ing b een r e -occup ied b y t he i nvade rs ( g radua l ly a s s im i la t ing i n to t he l o ca l s t ock ) ;s o me o f t he c i t ie s b e ing n ew e s tab l ishmen t s b y t he se n ew e thn ic e l emen t s . T he f o l low ing l i s ts how st h ree g roup so fc i t ie s: -C i t ie s wh ich e x i s ted b o th i n t he E B Ia nd t he E BI I p e r iods , i . e . Meg iddo , B e th -Shean , B e th -Ye rah , A i , Y armu th , J e r icho . -C i t ies wh ich e x is ted o n ly i n t he E BI , i . e . T .e l -Fär 'ah ( N ) , T . Mahruq , T . Aphek , T . Da l i t , A rad 18 . -C i t ie s t ha t e x is ted o n ly i n t he E BI I , i . e . T aanach , T . Ha l i f , L ach ish , T . He s i . T os um u po ur p re sen ta t ion o ft he c o mp lex p rob lem o fu rban ized C anaan i nt he E B Ia nd E BI I p e r iods we h ave t o t ouch u pon t he mo s t i n teres t ing a nd t he mos t h ypo the t ica l p o in t: t he s i ze o f t he p opu la t ion o f t hese c i t ie s . I n t he l i s t s a ccompany ing t he maps , we g ive t he e s t ima ted a reas o f t he c i t ie s i n d unam s , b ear ing i n m ind t he f a c t t ha t i n many c ase s t he b orde rs , i . e . t he c i ty wa l l , i ss t i l l u nknown , a nd we o f fe r o n ly a n e s t i ma te b ased o p s ur face s urvey . T h is i sn a tura l ly a no ther p o in t o f u ncer ta in ty . However , b as ing o ur e s t ima te o fp opu la t ion o n t he d emog raph ic c onven t ion o f 1 7 -25 i nhab i tan t s p e r ab u i l t -up d una m , A rad wou ld h ave 2 000 -3000 i nhab i tan t s . O f s im i la r s i ze wou ld b e , i . a . , T . Aphek , T . e l -Fä r 'ah ( N ) a nd H azor . Much l a rge r wou ld b e , i . a . , T .E ran i a nd B e th -Yerah ( 4000 6 000 i nhab i tan ts ) . A l l t hese c i t ies w i th c l ear e v idence o f g overn men t , c u l tura l i n terre la t ion sh ip s w i th n ea r a nd f a r r eg ion s l e nd t o t he a rea o f C anaan t he s t ruc tu re o f C ity -S ta tes .

1 8 . T he c ase o f A rad i so f s pec i f ic i n te re s t: i t was d es t royed/dese r ted a t t he e nd o f t he E B I , i n wh ich a t l e as t t h ree f a c tors c o inc ided: t he o ccupa t ion o f S ina i b y t he P haraohs o f t he T h ird Dynas ty , u ndercu t t ing t hus A rad 's ma in e conom ica l f a c to r , i . e . t he c oppe ri ndu s t ry -and t rade; t he i nvas ion o ft he " Kh . K e rak P eop le "s weep ing t he c oun try f r om t he n o r th , wh ich mu s t h ave e choed a s f a r s ou th a s A rad; t he d ess ica t ion o f t he c l ima te wh ich n atu ra l ly a f fe c ted t he Negev mo re t han o the ra reas o ft he c oun t ry .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -1 15 -

R UTH AM IRAN & R AM GOPHNA

B IBLI O G R AP HY ADAMS , R . Mc . 1 981 H ear t land o fC i t i e s . Ch icago: Un ivers i ty o f Ch icago P re ss . AM IRAN , R . 1 970 T he B eg inn ing s o f U rban iza t ion i nC anaan . P p . 8 3 -100 i nJ .A . S ande r s , e d . , N ear E a s t ern A rchaeo logy i nt h e 1 985

Twen t i e th C en tury: E s say s i nH ono r o fN e lson G lu eck . New Y ork: Doub leday . C anaan i te Me rchan t s i nT omb s o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age Ia t Azo r . ' A t iqo t 1 7( Engl i sh S e r ie s ) :1 90 -192 .

1 986

S ome Cu l t -and -A r t Ob jec ts o ft he E BI .P p . 7 15 i n M . K ely -Bucce l la t i , e d . ,I n s igh t T hrough I mag e s , S tud i e s

i n Hono ro fE d i th P or ad a . B ibl io theca Mesopo ta m ica 2 1 . Mal ibu: Undena . AM MAN , R . ,e ta l . 1 980 T he A rad C oun t ry s ide . L ev an t1 2 :2 2 -29 . 1 983 T he E xcava t ions a t Sma l l T e l Ma lha ta :T hree Narme r S e rekhs T h eI s r a e l Mus eum J ourna l 1 2: 7 5 -83 . BACHMANN ,H .G . & HAUPTMANN ,A . 1 984

Zu ra l ten Kup fe rgew innung i nF enan u nd H i rbe te nNahas i m Wad iA rabah i nS üd jo rdan ien . E in Vo rbe r ich t . D er An schn i t t 3 6: 10 123 .

HAUPTMANN ,A . , WE ISBERGER ,G . & KNAUF ,E .A . 1 985 A rchäome talu rg ische u nd b e rgbauarchäo log ische Un te rsuchungen i m G eb ie t v on F enan , Wad i A rabah ( J ordan ien ) . D er A nschn i t t 3 7/5 -6: 1 63 195 . B E IT -AR IEH ,Y . 1 989 T he E a r ly B ronze Age P a t te rn o fS e t t lemen ti nt he S ina i . T h is v o lume: 1 89 -197 , E ISENB ERG ,E . 1 986 T e l S ha lem . E xcava t ion s a nd S ur v ey s i nI s r a e l 1 986 , v o l . 5 : 9 6 -97 . GLASS ,J . 1 978

P e t rog raph ica l a nd T echno log ica l Ana ly ses o f P o t te ry o f S t ra ta I I . P p . 5 0 -51 i n R . Am i ran e ta l . , E a r ly A r ad I .J erusa lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . GOPHNA ,R . & PORTUGAL I ,J . 1 988

S e t t lemen t a nd D emog raph ic P rocesse s i n t he I s rae l Coas ta l P la in f r om t he Cha lco l i th ic t o t he M idd le

B ronze Age . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r ican S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e se arch 2 69: 1-28 . I LAN ,0 . &S EBBANE ,M . 1 989

Me ta l lu rgy , T rade a nd t he U rban iza t ion o fS ou the rn C anaan i nt he Cha lco l i th ic a nd E a r ly B ronze Age . T h is v o lume: 1 39 -162 . KOCHAV I ,M . 1 972 T he F i rs t Two S easons o fE xcava t ions a t Aphek -An t ipa tr is . T e lA v iv 2:1 7 -42 . P ETR IE ,W .M . F . 1 90 1

T he R oya l T omb so ft h eE ar l i e s t Dyna s t i e s I .T he E gyp t E xp lora t ion F und , v o l .2 1 . L ondon :E gyp t E xp lo ra t ion F und . PORAT ,N . 1 989 P e t rog raphy o fP o t te ry f r om S ou the rn I s rae la nd S ina i .T h is v o lume: 1 69 188 . F o r thcom ing T he P e t rog raphy o fE B IP o t te ry . T oa ppear i nR . Am i ran e ta l . ,E ar ly A r ad I S CHAUB , RT . 1 982

T he O r ig ins o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age Wa l led T own Cu l tu re o fJ o rdan . P p . 6 7 -75 i nA . Had id i , e d . , S tud i e s i n t h e H i s tory a nd A r cha eo logy o fJ o rd an I .Amman: D epar tmen t o f An t iqu i t ies o fJ o rdan .

S TECH ,T .W . , MADD IN ,R . & MUHLY ,J .D . i np ress A Me ta l lurg ica lS tudy o fC oppe r Ob jec t sf r om E ar ly B ronze Age L eve ls a tA rad . T o a ppear i nR . Am iran e ta l . , E ar ly A r ad I . UC KO ,P .J . ,e d . 1 972 Man , S e t t l emen t a nd U rban i sm . L ondon :Duckwor th . VAUX ,R .d e 1 96 1

L es f ou i l les d e T e l l e l -Fär 'ah , r appo r t p r6 l im ina ire s u r l e s B ib l ique 6 9: 2 12 -253

7 ,8 e

e t

ec a mpagnes ,

1 958 1960 . R evue

1 97 1

P a les t ine i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age . P p . 2 08 -233 i n C ambr idge A nc i en t H i s tory , 3 rd e d . , Vo lume I ,C hap . X V . C amb r idge: A t t he Un ive r s i ty P re s s . ZOR I ,N . 1 962

An A rchaeo log ica l S u rvey o f t he B e th S hean V a l ley . I n T he B e th -Shean V a l ley . T he S even teen th A rchaeo log ica l C onv en t ion . J e ru sa lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty ( i n Hebrew ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 16 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

SO ME PROV ISIO NAL CORRELATIO NS IN EB I I STRATIGRAP HY IN SO UTHER N PALESTINE J oe D . S EGER Mi ss i s s ipp i S ta te U n iver s i ty

A . B a ckg round P rob le m s o f r econ s truc t ing t he h i s tor ica l a nd c u l tura l d eve lopmen t s o f t he t h ird m i l lenn iu m B .C . i n P a les t ine h ave r e ce ived i n crea s ing a t ten t ion i n r e cen t d ecade s . Ma jor e xcava t ions ( s ee F ig . 1 ) a t J e r icho , A i , a nd T e l l e l -Fär 'ah ( N ) i n t he 1 950 's a nd 1 960 's , a l ong w i th t he more r e cen t e f for t s a t A rad , B ab e dh -Dhra , Nu me ira , T e l H e s i , T e l Ha l if a nd T e l Y armu th , among o thers , h ave e n larged s ubs tan t ia l ly t he a rchaeo log ica l d a ta b ase . Emerg ing f r om t he se r e searche s i sa n u npreceden ted o ppor tun i ty f o r more d e ta i led r e as se ssmen t o f l a te t h ird m i l lenn iu m c u l tura l h i s tory . However , s uch r ea sse ss men t i s d ependen t o n t he r e so lu t ion o f an u mbe r o fp rob lem s i nvo lv ing s t ra t igraph ic l i nkage a nd t h e a s soc ia t ion o f o ccupa t ion a t t he se s i tes w i th o the r c u l tura l/h is tor ica l d a ta . F orm ing t he b ackground f o r t he se p rob lem s i st h e c ur ious , a nd s eem ing ly c on t rad ic tory p i c ture o f r e la t ion sb e tween E gyp ta nd P a le s t ine d ur ing t h is t ime . R econ s t ruc t ion sb ased o na va i lab le e v idence s ugge s t t ha t f o l low ing a n i n i t ia l p hase o fc l ose c on tac t d ur ing t he E gyp t ian P re d ynas t ic p er iod ( Pa les t in ian C ha lco l i th ic a nd E a r ly B ronze Ia ges ) l i nks w i th E gyp t b ecome i ncreas ing ly r emo te ( de V aux 1 97 1 :2 32; R as t 1 980: 6 ) ;a nd t ha t i n t he E ar ly Dyna s t ic p e r iod ( Dynas t ie s I I I ) a nd d ur ing t he h e igh t o fO ld K ingdom p owe r ( Dynas t ie s I I -V ) , when e ven more e x ten s ive c u l tura l r e la t ion sh ip s m igh t b e e xpec ted , t e s t i mony t o E gyp t ian i n f luence i n P a les t ine ( Ear ly B ronze

i ss urpr is ing ly l im i ted . Moreover ,

e v idence a l so s hows t h a t b eg inn ing i n t he l a te E BIa nd c on t inu ing w i th i n tens i ty i n E BI I , d ur ing t he h e igh t o f t he d eve lopmen t o f wa l led t own c u l ture i n t he r eg ion 1, v i r tua l ly a l l ma jor P a le s t in ian s i tes s u f fe r l a rge sca le d es t ruc t ions a nd/or a bandonmen ts

1 . Ic hoose t oa vo id h e re u se o ft he t e rm " u rban iza t ion , " wh ich , f o l low ing g ene ra l c onven t ion , u sua l ly e qua te s " wa l led s e t t lemen ts "w i th " u rban c i t ies " i na n u nqua l i f ied manne r . S chaub ( 1 982: 6 7 ) a nd h i s a ssoc ia te s B eynon e t a / . ( 1 986 :2 98 ) h ave a dv ised c au t ion i nu s ing t he t e rm i na ppl ica t ion t ot he P a le s t in ian s i tua t ion . T hey n o te t h a tt rue c i ty d eve lopmen t o ccu rs i n e ar ly Me sopo ta m ia o n a whd l ly d i f fe ren t s ca le o f magn i tude , a nd p re fer t he t e rm " wa l led t own c u l tu re " a s al e ss p resump tuous , mo re n eu tra l way o f d e scr ib ing P a le s t in ian a rea E B s e t t lemen ts . U se o f t h is t e rm ino logy a l so s ugges ts t he c o ro l lary " unwa l led t owns " f or d esc r ip t ion o f t hose s e t t lemen t s i tua t ions a t t e l l s i tes r ep re sen t ing t r ans i t ions t o o r f r om pu rer f o rms o f p as to ra l ism .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -17 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

J O E D . S EGER

•

K e isan

H a ifa

Med i ter ranean S ea

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f r om wh ich f ew r e cove r ( de V aux 1 97 1 :2 36 ) . B y t he E BI V p er iod 2,a f ter c .2 300 B .C . , t he s h i f t f r o m wa l led s e t t lemen t t o p a s to ra l , n omad ic e conomy i sc o mp le te t h roughou t t he who le P a les t in ian a rea . I s o la t ion f r om E gyp t , a t t ha t t ime e n ter ing i t s own F i rs t I n te rmed ia te P e r iod " dark a ge , " c on t inue s ( Deve r 1 980: 5 8; C ohen & D eve r 1 979 :5 8 ) .

2 . F o r d iscuss ion h e re Ia dop t D eve r 's ( 1 973 ) E BI VA -C t e rm ino logy f o r i den t i fy ing t he f u l ly d eve loped p as to ra lp hase o fc u l tu re d ur ing t he l a te 3 rd t oe a r ly 2 nd m i l lenn ium .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -18 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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I n e xp lana t ion , d e V aux , R as t , C a l laway a nd o the r s h ave h ypo the s ized t ha t t he s h i f t i n t he o r ien ta t ion o f P a les t in ian c u l tura l a nd p o l i t ica l a f f i l ia t ion s d ur ing t he E B Ia nd I I p er iods i nvo lves c l oser t i e s w i th S y r ia - Mesopo tam ia ( de V aux 1 97 1 :2 36; R as t 1 980; C a l laway 1 978: 5 3 -55 ) . T hey a rgue t ha t f r om t he m id th ird m i l lenn ium t he s i tua t ion i n P a les t ine r ef lec ts t he g row th o f s t ra teg ic c en ters i n S y r ia , e . g . a t E b la , a long w i th s e condary i nf luence s o f Akkad ian p owe r wh ich eme rges i n t he E ar ly Dynas t ic I p e r iod ( 2 600 -237 1 B .C . ) , a nd c u lm ina tes i n t he Dynas ty o f Akkad ( 2 37 1-2320 B .C . ) . A ccord ing t o t h is t heory , a s t h is a d jus tmen t i no r ien ta t ion p rogressed , t he P a le s t in ian a rea i n creas ing ly b ecame ab orde r z one w i th t he r e cord o fi t s c u l tura l r ema ins r ef lec t ing t he e x igenc ie s a nd d ynam ics o f t he n ew g eopo l i t ica l r ea l i ty . Wi th in t h is f r a mework t he p a t tern o f E BI I p er iod d es truc t ions a nd d e c l ine ( s ee f u r ther b e low ) i sc ons idered t he r e su l t o f m i l i tary r e sponses t o t he s h i f t ing h egemony b y r e spec t ive E gyp t ian a nd n or thern f o r ces ( S ee a l so K emp insk i 1 983: 2 38 ) . T h is i sa ccompan ied , i n t u rn , b y ar i s ing t i de o f l o ca l r i va lr ie s e xace rba ted b y r eg iona l d es tab i l iza t ion . Cu l tura l ly , n or thern i nf luences a re marked mos t d i s t inc t ly b y t he i n troduc t ion o f Kh irbe t K erak c eram ic wa re f r om Ana to l ian s ources ( Am iran 1 952 , 1 967; C a l laway 1 978 ) . S ubsequen t E gyp t ian i n terac t ion i s p ar t ia l ly d ocumen ted i nr e cords o fP a les t in ian c ampa ign s b y P ep i Id u r ing t he e ar ly V I th Dynas ty ( D rower & B o t td ro 1 97 1 :3 58 -362; P r i t cha rd 1 955: 2 27 -228 ) . Howeve r , o thers , i n p ar t icu lar K enyon ( 1 960: 4 85; 1 979: 1 45 ) , wh i le a l so a rgu ing f o r a n i nvas ion o f n ew p eop le s f r om t he n or th , h a s i n a dd i t ion p os tu la ted t ha t i nd igenous f a c tor s r er a t ing t om isuse o fl and r e sour ce s a l so c on t r ibu ted t ot he E BI I d ec l ine . S he s ee s t he p er iod 's s t r i fe a s r e su l t ing f r om e x ten s ive a g r icu l tura l l and c l earance a nd d e fores ta t ion wh ich f o s tered e ros ion a nd d enuded s ubs is tence a reas a round ma jor t e l ls ( Kenyon 1 979: 14 ) . A s im i lar h ypo thes is , a long w i th s tudy o f p oss ib le c l i ma t ic c hange a nd o ther e nv iron men ta l f a c tors , h as a l so b een t he s ub jec t o f r e cen t r e search a t T e l Hes i ( Ross 1 979: 1 8 ) . I n r egard t o t hese p rob lem s , s i tes i n t he s ou thern p a r t o f P a le s t ine a re o f s pec ia l s i gn i f icance . Mos t n or thern c i t ies a s e . g . B e th Y erah ( Kh irbe t K erak ) , B e th S han , Meg iddo , T e l l e l -Fä r 'ah ( N ) a nd A i a re d e s troyed i n t he e a r ly p hases o f E BI I a nd t hen a bandoned , wh i le i nt he s ou the rn r eg ion e l emen t so fc u l tura lc on t inu i ty t h rough E BI Ia nd i n to E BI V h ave b een d ocu men ted . O f p r i mary s i gn i f icance a re t he r ema ins a t B ab e dh Dh ra a nd i ni t se nv iron so nt he s ou theas tern s hore o ft he D ead S ea whe re af u l l s equence o f E B It h rough E BI V l eve ls h as b een r e covered ( Ras t &S chaub 1 976 , 1 980 ) . A t t he s a me t ime e f for t s a tn ea rby Nume ira ( Coogan 1 981 ) a nd a t Kh irbe tI s kandar i nt he h i l ls o f Moab t ot he n or th ( R icha rd & B oraas 1 984 ) h ave a l so c on tr ibu ted u se fu l d a ta . I n I s rae l , t he work o f F argo a nd o the r s a tT e l He s i s hows i mpor tan t E BI I e v idence ( Ross 1 979; F a rgo 1 979; r f oombs 1 982; a l so s ee b e low ) , a s a l so d oes t he c on t inu ing r e search a t T e l Ha l i f o n t he Negev f r on t ier ( S eger 1 983 ) . I n a dd i t ion t here i sn ow a l so t he s ubs tan ta t ive E BI I I I d a ta f r om t he o ngo ing e xcava t ions a t T e l Y armu th ( M irosched j i 1 981 , 1 982 , 1 984 ) . T hese r e searches e x tend c on s iderab ly t he E BI I I p i c ture f o r t he s ou thern r eg ion o therw ise p rov ided b ye a r l ie r e xcava t ions a tT e l E ran i

a nd b y t he more r e cen t a nd v ery i mpor tan t

3,

work a tT e l A rad ( Am iran 1 978; Am iran e ta l . 1 978 ) . I n t h is p aper we f o cus o ur a t ten t ion o n s ou the rn P a le s t ine a nd o n s o me s t ra t ig raph ic p rob lems r e la ted t o t he l a te t h ird m i l lenn ium t r ans i t ion f r om wa l led t own s ys tems t o p a s tora l is m t ha t c harac te r ized i t s c u l tura l movemen t . B as ic t o mean ing fu l a ssessmen t o f t hese c u l tura l d eve lopmen t s i st he t a sk o f r e cons truc t ing t he p a t terns o f s t ra t igraph ic

3 . Y e iv in 1 96 1; We ins te in 1 984 . New e xcava t ion e f fo r t s a t t he s i te b y A . K emp insk i a nd I .G i lead ( s ee K emp insk i 1 989 ) i n c ompany w i th B rand l 's r e s tudy o f t he E B c e ram ic s f r om Y e iv in 's e ar l ie r work ( s ee B rand ! 1 989 )s hou ld e n la rge c ons ide rab ly o u ru nde rs tand ing o ft h i si mpo r tan ts i te .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -19 -

J OE D . S EGER

I

S ITE 1

d . •••••.,

F ie ld

P lc .2 .— P l an o ft he L ahav/Te l Ha l i fa rea .

a ssoc ia t ion b e tween r eg iona l s i tes , a nd i n p ar t icu lar b e tween t hose h av ing l a te E B I t h rough t he E BI Io ccupa t ion . I n mos tr e cen td i scu ss ion st h is t a sk h as b een a ddre ssed o n ly p er iphe ra l ly w i th in c on tex ts t r ea t ing p rob lems c oncern ing e i ther t he e ar l ier E B I ( Am iran 1 968 ) o r t he l a ter E B I V p er iods ( Dever 1 973 , 1 980 ) . O ther s tud ies h ave c oncen t ra ted p r imar i ly o n r e la t ionsh ip s b e tween n o r the rn s i te s ( Ca l laway 1 978; d e V aux 1 971 ) . Now w i th t he a dd i t iona l E BI I s t ra t igraph ic d e ta i l b e ing p rov ided b y r e cen t e xcava t ions i n t he s ou th t he p roce ss o f more d e l ibera te c har t ing o f r e la t ion sh ip s f o r t h is s ou thern r eg ion c an a l so b ei n i t ia ted ,h owbe i ta sy e to n ly o n ap rov i s iona lb as i s . As t ar t ing p o in t i nt h is r egard i sp rov ided b ys t udy o ft he E B r ema in s a tT e l Ha l i fa nd a t T e l Hes i . A t e ach o f t hese s i tes , t h ree d i s t inc t a rch i tec tura l p hases f o r t he E B I I p er iod h ave b een i den t i f ied . Our p rocedure h ere w i l l b e f i rs t t o r ev iew t he E BI I s t ra t igraphy a nd t he c harac te r o f t he r ema ins a t e ach o f t he se s i tes; t hen t o s e t f o r th a p re l im inary r e cons t ruc t ion o fa s soc ia t ion sb e tween t h em; a nd t oc onc lude w i th ab r ie fn o te o n a b so lu te c hrono logy a nd a p ro jec t ion o f p oss ib le a ssoc ia t ions w i th o ther r eg iona l o ccupa t ion c en te r s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. 1 2 0II: Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P ROV IS IONAL CORRELAT IONS N E B i f i S TRAT IGRAPHY I N S OUTHERN PALEST INE

B . C or re la t ion o f t he E B I I S t ra t ig raphy a t T e l Ha l i f a nd T e l Hes i T e l H a l if Work a t T e l Ha l i f b y t he L ahav R e search P ro jec t b e tween 1 976 a nd 1 986 h as d ocumen ted a s urpr is ing c on t inu i ty o f l o ca l E B p e r iod o ccupa t ion i n c lud ing E B Ip e r iod r e ma ins o n t he l ower t e r race t o t he e as t o f t he t e l l , a nd s ubs tan t ia l l a te E B Ia nd E BI I r ema in s i n F i e lds Ia nd I I o n t he mound i t se l f ( F ig .2 ) . T he s t ra ta i n F i e ld Ip rov ide f ou r d i s t inc t a rch i tec tura l p hases . T he se r epresen t i n t u rn , aw e l l p ro te c ted E BI / I I I wa l led t own ( S tra tu m XV ) a nd t h ree s ub sequen t E BI I p hases o f a pparen t ly u npro tec ted s e t t le men t ( S tra ta X IV )U I ) ( S ege r 1 983; J a cob s 1 984 ) . T he wa l led t own o ccupa t ion o f S t ra tum XV i sd ocumen ted b y t he e xposure o f a1 5 me ter long s e c t ion o f wa l l ( A7008 , s ee F ig .3 ) . T h i s s t ruc ture , 3 . 5 me te r s w ide , was b u i l t w i th as upe r s truc ture o f mudb r icks s e t o n d eep s t one f ounda t ion s . J us t a tt he ma in s ou th s ec t ion o f F i e ld It h is wa l l c onnec t s w i th a s im i la r ly b u i l t , b u t more ma ss ive f o r t i f ica t ion t ower ( Towe r 8 022 ) 7 . 5 me te r s w ide . B o th o f t he se s t ruc ture s were f ounded d i rec t ly o n b edrock . Ou ts ide , a nd a l l a l ong t h is d e fense l i ne , as l op ing g l ac i sl ike s t ruc ture was p laced . T h is r eve tmen t ( G lac i s 7 007 ) was c on s truc ted o f s t e r i le l ayer s o f c rushed a nd c ompac ted l ime s tone c ha lk a nd was a l so l a id d i rec t ly o nb edrock . A ga ins tt he f ounda t ion s o f T ower 8 022 t h is f i l l r eached a d ep th o f o ve r 4 me te r s . I ts eem s c l ear ly t o h ave b een p repared t o mask o rs uppor t t he t owe ra nd w a l l f ounda t ion s . T he s ur face o ft h is g l ac i s me t t he f o r t i f ica t ion wa l l a nd t ower j u s t a t j unc ture o f t he ir s t one f ounda t ions a nd b r ick s upe r s truc ture sa nd was p i tched d owns lope a ta pprox ima te ly 2 0 °. A t j u s t o ver 8me te r s o u t s ide o fa nd d owns lope f r om t he ma in w a l l l i ne t h i sg l ac i s f i l l was r e ta ined b y as e cond w a l l ( Wa l l 5 006 , s ee F ig .5 ) . On i t s i nne r f a ce t h is s t ruc ture w as s e to n v i rg in s o i l af ew c en t ime te r s a bove b edrock a nd was b u i l tw i th f i ve c our se s o fl a rge b ou lder s r i s ing t o ah e igh to fj u s t o ve r 1 . 5 me te r s . Above t h is , s eve ra l u pper c ou rse s w e re b a t tered o r l a id o na nd a ga in s t t he t op o ft he g l ac i s f a c ing . On i t s o u t s ide , d own s lope f a ce , Wa l l 5 006 wa s b u i l t i n s o me th ing o f as t ep f a sh ion , s l op ing u p a ga in s t t he p i tch o f t h e g l ac i s a bove . A t f ounda t ion l e ve ls i t wa s a lmos t 2 . 5 me te r s w ide b u t i tt aper s t o j u s t 1 . 5 me ter s a t t he t op whe re i ts p i l l s b ack o n t op o f t he g l ac i s f i l l a nd i sb a t tered a long i t s l owe re dge . I nF i e ld I Io n t he w e s te rn e nd o ft he s i te ac omp lemen tary d oub le w a l l E BI I I I s y s tem was a l so f ound . A s i n F ie ld Ia n i nner wa l l ( A4027 , s ee F ig . 6 ) was p ara l le led a t a pp rox ima te ly 8me te r s d own s lope b y as e cond s t ruc ture (Wa l l A 60 15 ) . B o th o ft he se wa l ls were f ounded d irec t ly o n b edrock a nd f o r b o th o n ly s t one f ounda t ion e l emen ts w ere p rese rved . Wa l l A6015 r ema ins t o ah e igh t o f 1 . 75 me ter s a nd a t f ound ing l eve ls wa s 3 me te r s w ide . I t so u ter f a ce t ape r s s l igh t ly s o t h a ti t sp re se rved t op i sj u s to ver 2 . 5 me ter si n w id th . A long i t s o u t s ide f a ce i nner Wa l l A 4027 i sp reserved t o ah e igh t o f 2 . 25 me ter s . Howeve r ,e xcava t ion si n1 986 p roved t ha ti t su ppe rc ourse sr ep re sen ts ubsequen tp ha ses o f I r on Age r ebu i ld ing ( A4027a a nd A 4027b ) ( S ege r 1 987 ) . T he l owe rc ourses r ep re sen t ing t h e i n i t ia l E B wa l l p hase ( A4027c ) s t and t oj u s t o ve r 1 . 5 me te r s h igh . Un t i l n ow t he w id th o f t h is E B w a l l i su nde term ined a s e xcava t ions i n s ide o f i th ave r eached o n ly l a te L B p e r iod l eve ls .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 2 1 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

J O E D . S EGER

FI G .3 .— F i e ld Is t ra t ig raphy a tT e l Ha l i f .

FI G .4 .— F i e ld I ,S t ra tum X I Is t ruc ture s , 1 986 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 122Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 23 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

J OE D . S EGER

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 24 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P ROV IS IONAL CORRELAT IONS I N E B i f i S 1RAT IGRAPHY I N S OUTHERN PALEST INE

Wh i le t h is p a t tern o f p ara l le l wa l l s t ruc ture s c ompares we l l w i th t ha t i n F i e ld I , t he ir u se i n F ie ld I I i sc l ea r ly d i f fe ren t . H ere n o e v idence o f a ny g l ac i s o r c ha lk f i l l ing was f ound . R a the r , t he re e x i s ted c l ea re v idence o fs e t t lemen t o ccupa t ion a nd d omes t ic u se i nr e la t ion t o as ur face ( A5034 ) .T h is s ur face c onnec t sa nd c on f irm st h eE Ba s soc ia t ion o ft he i nne r a nd o u te r s t ruc tures . Moreover , f i e ld a na ly s is o f t he p o t te ry f r om o n a nd b e low i t c l ear ly s uppor ts t he o the rw ise a pparen t c orre la t ion w i th t he F ie ld I ,S t ra tum XV s t ruc tures . I t i s e s t i ma ted t ha t t h is d oub le wa l l s ys te m e nc losed a s e t t lemen t o f a pprox ima te ly 4 a cres . O the r i n t ra mura l e v idence o f t h is S t ra tum XV c i ty o ccupa t ion w as f ound i n F i e ld I w i th in t he u pper f o r t if ica t ion l i ne . P robes t ob edrock j u s t i n s ide T ower 8 022 d ocu men ted f our d i s t inc t a rch i tec tura l s ub -phases o f S t ra tum XV d eve lopmen t . T he f i r s t o f t hese i nvo lved c ons truc t ion o f t he w a l l/tower s ys tem a nd t he d eve lopmen t o f a s soc ia ted i n t ramura l r ooms . S ub -phase t wo a nd t h ree were r epresen ted mere ly b y s uccess ive r e sur fac ings w i th in t hese r oom s . Howeve r , d u r ing t he f our th a nd f i na l s ub -phase t he l o ca l a r ch i tec ture w as s ub s tan t ia l ly a l te red t op repare f o r a n a scend ing s t a ir o r p a thway a l ong t he i n s ide f a ce o ft he T owe r . T he e nd o f t h is S t ra tum XV o ccupa t ion i sd rama t ica l ly i nd ica ted b y a mass ive 3 . 5 me te r d eep l ayer o f a sh d ebr is . T h i s a sh d epos i t c ove red t he s ub -phase 4 s t a irway a nd f i l led a d jacen t r oom a reas . I ta l so s p i l led i n to t wo sma l l r oom s b u i l t w i th in t he mudbr ick s upe r s truc ture o f Wa l l A 7008 . Wh i le t h is a sh f i l l s eems c l ear ly t o r epre sen t d e s truc t ion d ebr i s , i t s d i spo s i t ion s ugge s t s s e condary d epos i tb y w a te r a nd w ind t r an spo r ta t ion i fn o t more d e l ibera te f i l l ing a nd l eve l ing a c t iv i ty b y h u man a gency . I t y ie lded a l a rge c o l lec t ion o f p o t tery s he rds , i n c lud ing a n a bundance o f g ood E BI IA f o rms ( e .g . p a t te rn b urn ished p la t te rb ow ls ) , b u t n o who le v e sse ls . S eve ra l m in ia ture c e ram ic a n ima l f i gur ine s w e re a l so i n c luded ( S ege r 1 978 ) . B ased o n t he se ma te r ia ls t e rm ina t ion o f t he S t ra tum XV c i ty i sp laced i ne ar ly E BI I ,p robab ly n o tb e fore c .2 550 B .C .4 T h is , h owever , d id n o t mark t he e nd o f E ar ly B ronze a ge o ccupa t ion a t t he s i te . I mmed ia te ly o n t op o f t h e r emnan t f o r t i f ica t ion s t ruc ture s a nd a bove t he a sh f i l l , e v idence o f t h ree s ucceed ing s t ra ta o f c on t inu ing E BI I p er iod s e t t lemen t we re i den t i f ied . T he a r ch i tec ture o f S t ra tu m X IV was f ounded d i rec t ly a bove a nd i n to t he d eep S t ra tum XV a sh . I n a reas i mmed ia te ly a l ong t he f o r t i f ica t ion l i ne s o me r euse o f t he r emnan t u pper b r ickwork o f t h e wa l ls c ou ld b e d e te c ted . A l l o ft he S t ra tu m X IV r oom e l emen t s e xcava ted t o d a te p rov ided e v idence o f e xc lu s ive ly d omes t ic u se . F or t he mos t p ar t t h is i n c luded e x ten s ive m idden d epos i t sw i th b one so fb u tche red g oa ts ,q uan t it ie so fd i scarded p o t she rds a nd f r agmen tary s t one i mp lemen t s . However , amore d i s t inc t ive f i nd w as r e cove red f r om a s ha l low p i t o n as ur face i n A rea A 8 . T h is was a w e l l p re served , r e c tangu la r g reen s l a te p a le t te o f a n E gyp t ian t ype w i th ad r i l led h o le a to ne e nd a nd w i th d oub le i n c ised l i nes f o rm ing ab orde r . T h is p a le t te w as a lmo s t c e r ta in ly a n h e ir loom p assed d own t h rough t he g ene ra t ions t o o ne o f t he S t ra tum X IV i nhab i tan ts . I ti sc l ass i f ied b y P e tr ie a s T ype 9 6 -98 wh ich i sa lmo s t e xc lus ive ly u sed i nE gyp t o n ly d ur ing t he e ar ly F i r s t Dynas ty p e r iod a nd t h en p robab ly o n ly b yt h ep oo re rc l a sse s

5.

T he s ucceed ing , S t ra tum X I I I r ema ins a re s o f a r c l ear ly i den t i f ied i n o n ly a f ew e xcava t ion a reas . E v idence f r om i n s lope A rea 9s hows t ha t , wh i le S t ra tum X IV a l so e nded 4 . T he h igh p e rcen tage o fE B IA p o t te ry i nt h is S t ra tum XV a sh u nde rsco res t h ep rov i s iona l c ha rac te ro ft h e E B Ip e r iod a ss ignmen tf o rt h ef ound ing o ft h eE Bs e t t lemen to n t he ma in t e l l . P re l im inary c o mpar isons o fS t ra tum XV ma te r ia ls f r om H a l i f w i th E B Ia ssemb lage s f r om A rad a nd w i th E B Ia nd I g roup s f r om Y armu th s ugges t t h a tt h eS t ra tum may e n t i re ly b e long t ot h eE B IA h o r izon . 5 . P e t r ie 1 92 1 ;J acobs 1 985 . P a le s t in ian p a ra l le ls a re f ew . P ub l ished i t ems c ome o n ly f r om B e th Y e rah ( one e xamp le , s ee B a r -Adon 1 957 : 2 4p l . I V , u ns t ra t i f ied E B ) a nd J e r icho ( two e xamp le s , s ee K enyon 1 960: 1 24 f i g . 4 0 , f r om T .D 12 ;G ar s tang 1 936: p l .X XXV I: 2 6 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 25 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

J OE D . S EGER

i n ad e s t ruc t ion , a tl e as t t wo o f i t s wa l ls ( Wa l l 9 04 1 a nd 9 033 ) we re r ebu i l t a nd r eused i n S t ra tum X I I I . A s e r ie s o f s evera l s ur face s ubphase s a s soc ia ted w i th t he se w a l ls s ugge s t t ha t s e t t lemen t i n t h is s t ra tum was f a i r ly l ong l i ved . I n A rea A 8 , a t t he e dge o f t he s l ope j u s t a bove a nd i n s ide t he l i ne o f t he e ar l ier f o r t i f ica t ion wa l ls e v idence o f t he S t ra tum X IV d e s t ruc t ion i se ven more d rama t ica l ly p re served . H ere , h oweve r , o n ly t h e p e r iphe ry o f at e r raced s ys tem o f b r ick a nd s t one s t ruc tures f r om S t ra tum X I I I wa s e xposed ( S ege r 1 978 ) . P r ior t o e xcava t ion work i n 1 986 t he e v idence o f S t ra tum X I I o ccupa t ion was a l so l im i ted , b e ing i den t i f ied ma in ly b y e l emen t s o f al a rge b u i ld ing o r r oom d owns lope i n A rea s 8a nd 9 ,a nd b y r e la ted a rch i tec tura l r emnan t s i n a d jacen t A rea 1 0 ( J acobs 1 984 ) . Howeve r 1 986 e f for t s p roduced a dd i t iona l a nd w e l l p rese rved r e ma in s ( F ig . 4 ) . T he se i n c luded ame te r w ide w a lkway o r s t ree t ( Locus B 9075 ) t ha t c urved e as t t on o r th t h rough A reas A 10 a nd B 9 s epara t ing as e r ies o fr e la ted r oom s o rh ouse s t ot he e as t a nd we s t . T he c l earance o fr oom e l emen t s o u ts lope t ot he e as t o ft h i s s t ree t i nA reas A 9 a nd B 9 r evea led t wo ma jor s ub -phases o f a r ch i tec tura l r e cons truc t ion . B o th s ub -phases w e re a ssoc ia ted w i th t he u se o f Wa l l B 9034 wh ich b o rdered S t ree t B 9075 o n t he e as t . I n a n e ar ly p hase Wa l l B 9034 w as c onnec ted t o as e r ie s o fo the rw a l ls wh ich r an p e rpend icu la r f r om i tt ot h e e as t . R oom S ur face B 907 1 , a ssoc ia ted w i th t h is f i rs t s ub -pha se , p rov ided a d i s t inc t ive a s semb lage o f f r e sh ly s t ruck C anaanean t ype f l in t b l ade s , a l ong w i th a f r e sh ly s t ruck f a n s c raper , ag oa t h orn , a nd o ther f l in t f l akes a nd d eb i tage . T hese i n s i tu ma ter ia ls w e re s ea led u nde r a n u ppe r p hase s ur face ( B9063 ) wh ich a s s t i l l b orde red b y Wa l l B 9034 , t h e l a t te r b e ing r ebu i l t a nd r eused o n t he w e s t , b u t w a s f r amed b y t he a dd i t ion o ft h ree n ew r oom wa l ls o n t he n or th , s ou th , a nd e as t . T h is S ur face B 9063 , l i ke a l l f i na l p hase S t ra tum X I I s ur face s t h roughou t t he A reas e xcava ted , wa s b ur ied u nder ah eavy l aye ro fb r ick a nd a sh d eb r is wh ich marked t he f i na l d e s t ruc t ion o f t he S t ra tum X I I s e t t le men t . No e v idence o fs ub sequen tE B o ccupa t ion was f ound ,a nd t he s i te a ppear s t oh ave r e ma ined a bandoned u n t i l t he m id second m i l lenn ium when a n MB IC/LB I ,S t ra tum X Ir e se t t lemen tt ook p lace ( S eger 1 987 ) . T he s e t t lemen ta t Ha l i fs eem s t hus t oh ave b een aw a l led t own o n ly d ur ing i t se ar l ie s t , E BI I I IA p e r iod o fs e t t lemen to n t he h igh mound . Y e ti tc on t inued t oe x is ta sa nu nwa l led t own t h rough t h ree s ubsequen t a nd s ub s tan t ia l o ccupa t ion p hase s . A t t h is p o in t t he o n ly r e la t ive ly f i rm c hrono log ica l a nchor f o r t h is s t ra t igraph ic s equence l i es i n t he c l ear E B I IA c or re la t ion o f t he c era m ic r ema in s f r om S t ra tum XV a nd i t s d e s t ruc t ion f i l ls . S ign i f ican t ly , h owever , t h i s s e cure ly p lace s t he f u l l s equence o f s ubsequen t s t ra ta w i th in t he E BI I h or izon . P end ing c omp le t ion o fd e ta i led s t udy o f t he c e ram ic a ssemb lages f r om t hese S t ra tum X IV -X I I l eve ls t he r e la t ive c hrono logy o f t hese Ha l i f s t ra ta c an b e t en ta t ive ly a s s igned a s f o l lows 6. S t ra tu m XV

E B I I I IA

? 2700 -2550 B .C .

S t ra tum X IV S t ra tum X I I I

E B I IA E B I IB1

2 550 -2450 B .C . 2 450 -2400 B .C .

S t ra tum X I I

E B I IB2

2 400 -2300 B .C .

6 . A td eba te h e re i st h e q ue s t ion o f ap os s ib le l a te ra s s ignmen t o ft he S t ra tum X I I o ccupa t ion a s at r ans i t iona l p hase i n to t he e ar ly E B I V p e r iod . Howeve r , f i e ld a na ly s is o f t he p o t tery f r om t h is s t ra tum s hows a c l ea r c on t inu i ty w i th E BI t r ad i t ions a nd , a tt he p re sen t s t age o fd i scu s s ions a bou t t he c harac te r a nd d e f in i t ion o f t h e E BI V t r an s i t ion , i ts eems p ruden t t or ema in c onse rva t ive o n t h i sa s s ig nmen t .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 26 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P ROV IS IONAL CORRELAT IONS I N E B i f i 5iRAT IGRAPHY I N S OUTHERN PALEST INE

T e l H e s i A t T e l He s i , t h rough e f for t s o f t he J o in t A rchaeo log ica l E xped i t ion e spec ia l ly d ur ing P hase I e xcava t ion s s i nce 1 977 , ac omparab le p a t te rn o f p ro trac ted E BI I o ccupa t ion h as b een eme rg ing ( S ee O 'Conne l l ,R o se & T oo mb s 1 977 ,1 978a , 1 978b ;O 'Conne l l &R ose 1 980a , 1 980b; F argo & O 'Conne l l 1 978; R os s 1 980; T oombs 1 982 , 1 983; F argo 1 983; Doe rmann & F argo 1 984 ) . T he p r inc ipa l f ocus o f t h is work h as b een i n F ie ld V I o n t he s ou the rn p er ime ter o f t he s i te a t s o me d i s tance f r om t he ma in mound ( F ig . 7 ) . He re r e ma in s o f a mass ive mudb r ick wa l l s t ruc ture , a s s igned t o F i e ld P hase 4 b , were f ound . T h is s y s tem f o rmed p a r t o f af o r t i f ica t ion l i ne e s t i ma ted t o h ave e nc losed a n a rea o f u p t o 3 5 a cres ( Too mbs 1 982 . I n a no ther r epor t [ O 'Conne l l &R ose 1 980a ] t h is e s t ima te i sp laced a t 2 5 a c re s ) . T he ma in e xpo c i ire o f t h is wa l l l i ne h as b een i n F ie ld V I whe re c l earance o f ah uge r e c tangu la rt owe ra pp rox ima te ly 1 0 me te r sw ide a nd 4 0 me te r sl ong wa sb egun i n1 977 ( Ros s 1 980 ) . T he t owe rc on ta ined t wo r e c tangu lar c ha mbe rs a ve rag ing 4b y 5me te r s i ns i ze . T he se w ere c onnec ted b y a2me te r w ide c o r r idor w i th as econd c or r idor l e ad ing t ot he e as t w i th s t ep s r i s ing , p re su mab ly , t ot he t op o ft he t ower w a l ls . T hese t owe r s t ruc ture s were l a id o n t op o f a mudbr ick f ounda t ion ( P la t form 1 . 007 ) wh ich a veraged 5c our se s a nd . 6 0 me ter s i nh e igh t . T he P la t form i n t u rn r e s ted d i rec t ly o n v i rg in s and . T he o u te r ( 1 1 .002 ) a nd i nner ( 1 .0 17 ) wa l l s o f t he t ower i t se l f we re a l so b u i l t o f mudbr icks w i th p re serva t ion a t p o in ts u p t o 1 0 c our se s R oss 1 980: 1 4 )

T he r ooms a nd

7.

c or r idor w i th in t he t owe r were a ppa ren t ly u sed i n s o me p ar t f or d o mes t ic p urpose s a s j udged f r om n u me rous q ue rn a nd mor tar f r agmen ts f ound o n t he ir s ur faces ( Ros s 1 980: 2 1 n . 3;O 'Conne l l ,R o se & T oomb s 1 978 :2 23 ) . T o t he n or th , i n s ide o f t he f o r t i f ica t ion l i ne , i n A reas 2 ,3 ,a nd 1 2 , i n tramura l e v idence r e la t ing t o t he t ower s t ruc tu re was p robed . I n 1 977 a n u ppe rmos t p hase ( 4b1 ) , c on s is t ing s imp ly o f as ec t ion o f c obb led c our tyard ( 3 .035 ) w i th a s t one p i l lar b ase wa s c l eared . Howeve r , i n 1 979 t h ree e ar l ie rp ha se s ( 4b2 -4 ) we re e xposed . T hese i n c luded t wo p e r iods o f s i gn if ican t a rch i tec tura l r edeve lop men t a ssoc ia ted r espec t ive ly w i th Wa l l 1 2 .098 ( Phase 4 b4 ) a nd Wa l ls 2 . 084 , 2 . 086 , a nd 2 . 090 ( Phase 4 b2 ) . A l l o f t hese r e ma ins we re o f a ppa ren t d o me s t ic c harac te r ( O 'Conne l l &R ose 1 980b: 8 7 ) . T he e nd o f t he P hase 4 b o ccupa t ion was marked b y s ub s tan t ia l d epos i ts o f a sh a nd m ixed d eb r is t ha t c ove red b o th t he c or r idor r oo m s a nd t he i n tramura l c our tyard s ur face . Moreove r , a n a ccumu la t ion o f h eavy a sh d epos i ts , s eem ing ly wa ter a nd w ind l a id , were a l so f ound o u ts ide o f t he f o r t if ica t ion l i ne a long t ower Wa l l 1 .002 . T hese d epos i ts p rov ided a g ood a ssemb lage o f c l a ss ic E BI I p o t tery t ype s ( Fargo 1 980 ) , a long w i th o the r a r t i fac t s i n c lud ing s eve ra l e xamp le s o f c eram ic a n i ma l f i gures ( O 'Conne l l , R ose & T oomb s 1 978 ) . Wh i le t he Hes i e xcava t ion t e am i sr e luc tan t t o a dvance a ny f i na l a rgu men t f o r t he s i te 's v io len t d es truc t ion b a sed o n t he se d a ta ( Ross 1 980: 1 6 ) , t he a sh d epos i t s d o c l ear ly mark t he e nd o f t he u se fu l l i fe o ft hese f o r t i f ica t ion s t ruc tures

8.

I n wo rk s i nce 1 977 , t he c on t inua t ion o f t h is f o r t i f ica t ion s ys tem h as b een t r aced we l l a round t ot he e as t a nd n or th . C on t inu ing f r om t he t owe r t o t he e as t i s an ar rowe r , 6me te r w ide , s o l id b r ick wa l l . A to ne p o in t , a ga in s t t he o u t s ide o ft h is wa l l , a4b y 5me te rb u t t re s s

7 . R o s sa l so i nd ica te s ameasu red h e igh to f3 . 90 m . ,b u tt h is s eem si n cons is tan tw i th h i s m ax imum o f1 0b r ick c ou rse s . 8 . I ti sn o t a ta l l c l ea r why a sh d epos i ts o f d i f fe ren t c harac te r ( " c rea ted i ns i tu b y amass ive c onf l ag ra t ion a nd b lown o rw a shed d own f r om e l s ewhe re ": s ee R o s s 1 980: 1 6 )c an n o t r ep re sen t t h es ame d e s t ruc t ive e ven ta nd i t s a f te rma th . I ts eems much mo re s t ra ined t oc onc lude t ha t t he s i te was a bandoned f o r o the r r e asons a nd t h a t b u rn ing o fs uch magn i tude o ccu r red a f te rwa rd s . T ha ta n e a r l ie r a ccumu la t ion o fc ompo s ta sh may b er ep resen ted b ys ome o ft h ed epo s i ts o u ts ide Wal 1 0 .002 wou ld n o tc on t rad ic ts uch ac onc lu s ion . S ee O 'Conne l l &R o se 1 980b: 8 6 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 127Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P ROV IS IONAL CORRELAT IONS I N E B I l SIRAT IGRAPHY I N S OUTHERN PALEST INE

( 5 3 .044 ) was b u i l t . T h is s t ruc ture b u t ted a ga ins t t he w a l l 's o u te r f a ce b u t wa s n o t b onded w i th i t . J us t b eyond t h is b u t tress t he wa l l a d jus ts t o t he s i te 's t opograph ic c on tour s a nd make s a2 0% b end t ot he n or th . B eg inn ing a tt h is c orne r ing e v idence o f as l op ing g l ac i si s f ound . T h is g l ac i s was b u i l t o f ma te r ia ls d e scr ibed a s " c rushed l imes tone a nd mud " ( O 'Conne l l , R ose & T oomb s 1 978; T oomb s 1 983: 3 5 ) . I ta ve raged o ve ro ne me te rt h ick a nd was l a id u p a ga in s t t he f a ce o f t he f o r t i f ica t ion w a l l a nd d own o ve r t he s l ope . B y 1 983 e v idence o f t h is g lac i s h ad b een t r aced a long t he e as tern s l ope t o t he n or th o f t he s ou theas tern c orne rf o r af u l l6 3 me te r s ( F a rgo 1 983; D oe rmann & F argo 1 984: 1 6 ) . Wh i le i t wou ld h ave p rov ided o bv ious d e fen s ive a dvan tage , a t H es i t h is s t ruc ture c l ear ly a l so s e rved t oc on t ro le ros ion a l ong t he s l ope sb e low t he e a s tern wa l ll i ne . I n wha tever way t he e c l ipse o f t he P hase 4 b f o r t i f ica t ion s y s tem i su nde r s tood ( by a bandon men t o r p urpo se fu l d es truc t ion ) , i ti sc l ea r t ha t f o l low ing i t s c o l lap se t he s i te n ever f u l ly r ecovered . P hase 4 a r eoccupa t ion a pparen t ly i nvo lved l i t t le more t han s qua t ter r euse . T h is p hase i s s o f a r i den t i f ied p r inc ipa l ly b y as i zeab le p i t ( 1 2 .073 ) e xcava ted i n 1 979 , a nd b y s ca t tered p a tches o f o ccupa t ion s ur face ( O 'Conne l l , R ose & T oombs 1 978 . T he se P hase 4 a l eve ls w ere e x tens ive ly d i s tu rbed b y l a te Mu s l im b ur ia ls ) . P o t tery f r om t he se l o c i i ss t i l l c l ear ly E BI I i nd a te . However , t he e v idence f o r a n e ar l ier , P ha se 4 c E B o ccupa t ion , o ne t ha t p receded c on s t ruc t ion o f t he P hase 4 b f o r t i f ica t ion s , i s more d e f in i t ive . T he p r inc ipa l e xposures o f t h is p hase were a l so made d ur ing 1 979 work i n A reas 2 , 3 ,a nd 1 2 . He re , b e low t he P hase 4 b1 l eve ls , t wo s t i l l e ar l ier o ccupa t ion s ub -phases a re r epor ted . T he f i r s t ( 4 c2 ) c ons is ted o f" a maze o fn a r row mud -b r ick w a l ls r e s t ing o nv i rg in s o i l " ( Ross 1 980: 2 1 n .3 ; O 'Conne l l &R ose 1 980b: 8 9 ) , a nd t he s e cond ( 4 c 1 ) i sd ocumen ted b y r e sur fac ing a c t iv i t ie s t ha t " c ove red o ve r a4 c2 o ven a nd f i re p la t form " ( O 'Conne l l , R ose & T oo mb s 1 980a: 2 23 ) . P o t tery r e covered f r om t hese s ub -phases i sc harac te r ized a s s im i lar t o t ha t o f P hase 4 b a nd t hus a l ready E BI I i nc harac ter ( Ros s 1 980: 2 1 n .3 ) . No e v idence o f a ny f o r t i f ica t ion w a l ls we re f ound i n a s soc ia t ion w i th t h is e ar ly p hase , t hough i ti sc l ear ly p o ss ib le t ha t s uch p re -ex is t ing s t ruc tures m igh t h ave b een d isp laced b y t he mass ive P hase 4 b c on s t ruc t ion e f for t s . On p re sen t d a ta , r e cons truc t ion o f t he E BI I o ccupa t ion h i s tory a t H es i mus t t hus e nv is ion t h ree ma in p ha se s; f i r s t , as hor t p er iod o f u nwa l led s e t t lemen t ( Phase 4 c 1-2 ) ; s e cond ,a ne r ao f ma jor w a l lb u i ld ing a nd ma in tenance a ccompan ied b y ap ro t rac ted p er iod o f s ubs tan t ia l o ccupa t ion a nd u se ( Phase 4 b1- 4 ) ;a nd f i na l ly , f o l low ing t he c o l lap se o f t h is ma jor o ccupa t ion p hase , ab r ie f i n ter lude o f s qua t ter r e se t t lemen t a nd r euse ( Phase 4 a ) . A s ide f r om t h e c ons is ten t ly E B I I p ro f i le o f t he c era m ic a nd o ther a r t i fac t r ema ins f r om t hese p hases n o s pec i f ic e v idence a l low ing f o r a b so lu te c h rono log ica l a ss ign men t i s p rov ided . However , o n c o mpara t ive d a ta a r e la t ive d a t ing f o r t h is o ccupa t ion s equence c an b ep ro je c ted a sf o l low s: P hase 4 c P hase 4 b

E B I IA -Bl

E B I IA

A bandonmen t

2 450 -2425 B .C .

P hase 4 a

E B I IB2

? 2650 -2550 B .C . 2 550 -2450 B .C . 2 425 -2375 B .C .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 2 9Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

J OE D . S EGER

A P ro je c ted S t ra t ig raph ic C o rre la t ion B ased o n t h er ev iew a bove a nd o np re l im inary e va lua t ion o ft he c e ram ic e v idence f r om t h e t wo s i te s ac or re la t ion o fE BI I p hases c an b ep roposed a s f o l lows: P e r iod

H a l i f

H es i

E BI

? 2700 B .C . ? 2650 B .C .

XV ( 1 -4 ) E B IA E B IA2 E B IB 1

D a te

4 c ( 1-2 ) D e s t ruc t ion X IV D e s t ruc t ion X I I I

2 550 B .C . 4 b ( 1 -4 ) 2 450 B .C . Abandonmen t 4 a

E B IB2

X I I ( 1 -2 ) D e s t ruc t ion

2 425 B .C . 2 400 B .0 2 375 B .0 2 300 B .C .

Wh i le d e ta i led a na ly s is o f t he c omp le te c orpora o fE B c e ram ics f r om t he se s i tes i ss t i l l i np roce ss , au se fu l s t udy o fs o me o ft he P hase 4 b ma ter ia ls f r om Hes i h a sb een p ub l ished ( F argo 1 980 ) . T h is ,a l ong w i th s o me o ppor tun i ty f o ri n f ie ld r ev iew o f t he H es i E B p o t te ry , p lus ap e r sona l f am i l iar i ty w i th Ha l i f r eper to ire a l lows f o r t he f o l low ing o b serva t ions . a .A t n e i the r s i te i st here a s i gn i f ican t p re sence o f Kh irbe t K erak w are , t hough t he o ccur rence o fs herds i sr ep re sen ted a tb o th p lace s

9.

b . Overa l l t he Ha l i f S t ra tum XV a s semb lage i se a r l ier i n d a te t han t ha t f r o m He s i P hase 4 b , b u t t he re i ss o me o ve r lapp ing o f E BI IA f o rm s . T h is o ver lap i s mo s t e v iden t i n t he r eper to ire o f p a t tern b urn ished p la t te r b ow ls w i th u pr igh t a nd i nve r ted r im s ( Fargo 1 980: f i g . 7 ) . F ig .8 : 1 7 s hows a s amp l ing o f t he se f r om t he S t ra tu m XV a sh a t Ha l i f . Mos t o f t hese a re t yp ica l e . g . o f P hase V I ma ter ia ls f r om t he A i S anc tuary ( Ca l laway 1 972: f i g . 6 0 ) . c . Howeve r , t he He s i a s semb lage a l so i n c ludes f o rm s c on s idered t o b e l a ter . T hese i n c lude p la t te r b ow l f o rm s w i th u pr igh t r im w i thou tc oncav i ty wh ich Henne ssy i den t i f ies a sa n E BI IB i nd ica to ra tJ e r icho ( Hennes sy 1 967: p l . 9:8 5; s ee F argo 1 980: f i g . 7 : 7 ) ;j a r s a nd v a t s w i th p ushed -up l e dge h and les wh ich r ange t h rough S anc tuary P ha se V I I I a t A i , a nd w i th f o lded l e dge h and le s t ha t o ccur o n ly i n A i V I I I ( Ca l laway 1 972: f i g . 7 8 ) , a s we l l a s i n T o mb F 3 a t J e r icho ( Kenyon 1 960: f i g . 5 3 ) ;a nd d eep b as ins o r v a ts w i th h eavy i nve r ted r im s a nd o cca s iona l s pou t s . T he se l a t ter g ene ra l ly a ppear i nl a te r E Bc on tex ts a nd e xc lus ive ly a t s ou thern s i tes , e . g . a tY armu th ( Fargo 1 980: f i g . 8 ; B en T or 1 975: f i g . 1 ) , L ach ish ( Fa rgo 1 980: f i g . 8 ; B en T or 1 975: f i g . 1) , a nd i n S t ra tum Ja tT e l l B e i t M ir s im ( A lb r igh t 1 932: P l . 2 : 1 ) . d .A l l o f t he se t ypes a l so o ccur w i th i n creas ing p ro m inence i n S t ra ta X IV t o X I I a t H a l if . D emons tra t ive o f t he c or re la t ion b e tween He s i P ha se 4 b a nd t he l a ter Ha l i f s t ra ta i s t he a ppearance o f i nd iv idua l who le e xamp les o f d egene ra te s tu mp -based p i r iform j ug le t s a t b o th s i te s . T he se c ome r e spec t ive ly f r om t he He s i P hase 4 b , L ocus 1 .024 a sh ( Fargo 1 980: f i g . 2 ) a nd f r om a bove a S t ra tum X I I s ur face a t Ha l i f ( F ig .8 : 8 9 )1 ° A lso

9 . A t H a l i f t wo s u spec ted K h i rbe tK e rak s he rd sh ave b een f ound , b o th i nl a te S t ra tum X I I c on tex ts ( Reg is t ry N ° 1 .0 .525 # 2 , f r om L .1 0 109 . 1 a nd I . A8 .295 # 2 f r om L .A 80 19 ) . F rom F i e ld V I a tH e s i o ne u ns t ra t i f ied i n s tance i s r epo r ted ( F a rgo 1 980 :2 6 ) . 1 0 . F rom H a l i f1 977 , F i e ld I ,A rea 9 ,S u r f ace 9 03 1 , R eg is t ry N ° 1 . 9 .87 # 1 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702.-1 30 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P ROV I S IONAL C ORRELAT ION S I N E B i f i S TRA T IGRAPHY I N S OUTHERN P ALEST INE

2

4

1 / I I I/ FM / 7f / '

7 7 / 7 /1 /0

6

5

7

1:5

8

9 1 ;2 FI G . 8 .— B urn ished p la t te rb ow ls f rom Ha l if S t ra tu m XV ( n ° 1 -7 )a nd L a te E B f o rms f rom T e l Ha l if a nd T e l Hes i ( n° 8 10 ) . — / . H76 1 .8 .76 # 3 . 2 . H76 1 . 8 .106 # 2 . 3 . H76 1 . 8 .106 # 8 . 4 . H76 1 . 8 .109 # 11 . 5 . H76 1 . 8 .106 # 15 . 6 . H76 1 . 8 . 106 # 12 . 7 . H76 1 . 8 .77 # 4 . 8 .J ug le t . T e l Hes i ( Fargo 1 979 :f i g .2 ) .9 .J ug le t . H7 7 1 . 10 .87 # 1 . 1 0 . V a t . H8 6I .A9 .321 # 1 .

s i gn i f ican th e re i st he p re sence o fg ood i ns i tu e v idence o ft he d eep s pou ted v a t s i nS t ra tu m X I I l eve ls a t Ha l i f ( F ig . 8 : 1 0 )

1

.

E ven t hese f ew o bse rva t ions s how t ha t F argo may b e s o mewha t c onse rva t ive i n a ss ign ing t he He s i P ha se 4 b ma ter ia ls p r i mar i ly t o t he E B I IA h or izon ( Fargo 1 980: 2 8 ) . T hey , i n f a c t , s ee m t o s how r a ther c l ear c on t inu i ty i n to a t l e as t a n e a r ly E B I IB c on tex t . T h is , a long w i th t he s t ra t igraph ic p re sence o f t he i n i t ia l , P hase 4 c , E BI IA o ccupa t ion s uppor t s o ur c or re la t ion o f Hes i 's ma in E BI I wa l led t own p hase w i th t he p e r iod o f Ha l i f S tra ta X IV -X I I I . A long w i th t he p o t te ry a nd a r t i fac t a ssemb lages c o mpar ison i sa l so i nv i ted b y t he a rch i tec tura l d eve lopmen ts a t t hese t wo s i te s . O f p ar t icu lar n o t ice i st he emp loymen t a t b o th o f ma ss ive f i l ls o f l ime s tone c ha lk t o p repare g lac i s l ike s l op ing r eve tmen ts . A t Ha l i ft he e ocene c ha lk b edrock f o rm ing t he b a se o ft he s i te a nd o u tc ropp ing e verywhe re i n t he s ur round ing h i l ls p roduced a r eady s ource f or t h is c ons truc t ion ma ter ia l . Hes i , h owever , l i e s i n av ery d i f feren t g eomorpho log ica l z one , w i th l oessa l s o i ls o ver ly ing s and

1 . Ag ood e xamp le f r om t h e 1 986 e xcava t ion s eason c ome s f r om F i e ld I ,A rea A 9 , L o cu sA 9094 , R eg is t ry N ° I . A9 .32 1 # 1 . de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

-1 31 -

J OE D . S EGER

d epos i ts . U se o f c rushed l imes tone t he re i nvo lved i mpor ta t ion f r om s ource s a t s o me d i s tance . T h is c l ea r ly d ocumen ts t ha t s uch g l ac i s c on s truc t ion was a c onsc ious c u l tura l s t y le , a nd n o t me re ly t he f o r tu i tous a dap ta t ion o f l o ca l r e source s t o a rch i te c tura l n eeds . Wh i le t he l o ca l t opography o f H a l i f a nd H es i d ic ta ted s o mewha t d i f fe ren t a pp l ica t ion s , i ti sc l ear t ha t s im i la r p r inc ipa ls o f r eve tmen t b u i ld ing we re o pe ra t ive . T he se s t ruc ture s a l so i nv i te c ompar i son w i th e l emen t s o f f o r t i f ica t ion a rch i tec ture a t Y ar rnu th where a s l op ing r eve tmen t o fs ma l l s t ones ( g lac i s 17 ) i s emp loyed f o r s uppor t o fi t s e ar l ies t , E BI , S t ra tum V I o rV . c i ty wa l l ( M irosched j i 1 982: 1 60 ) , a nd where e x ten s ive u se o fc ha lk f i l ls i s emp loyed i nt he s ub sequen td eve lopmen t o fE BI I I I f o r t i f ica t ions

1 2

.

C . Abso lu te c h rono logy a nd r eg iona la s soc ia t ions No i n terna l e v idence f r om e i the r H e s i o r Ha l i f p rov ide s a ny s i gn i f ican t c l ues f o r t he a s s ignmen t o f a bso lu te d a te s f o r t he ir r e spec t ive s t ra ta . Howeve r , c ompa ra t ive r ev iew o f p o t te ry a nd o the r a r t i fac t e v idence d oe s o f fer s ome i nd ica t ion o f t he ir r e la t ive c or re la t ion w i th E B I I p hase s e l sewhe re . P ar t icu lar ly i n s truc t ive a re t he a s soc ia t ions n o ted a bove w i th t he E B I I u rban a nd s anc tuary p hases a t A i . B ased o n C 14 e v idence a nd o the r c ons idera t ions C a l laway r e cons truc ts t he c hrono logy f o r A i P ha ses V I t h rough V I I I a s f o l low s ( Ca l laway 1 972: 3 05; 1 978: 4 8 f . ) : P ha se V I P hase V I I-V I I I

E BI IA ( Urban A ) E BI IB ( S anc tuary A )

2 700 -2550 B .C . 2 550 -2350 B .C .

B a sed o n C 14 a s say s f r om t he d e s t ruc t ion o fP ha se V o ccupa t ion ( Ca l laway 1 972: 2 00 ) , t he b eg inn ing o f P hase V I i sd a ted a tb e tween c .2 720 a nd 2 680 B .C . I t s r ebu i ld ing a c t iv i ty i sa ssoc ia ted b y C a l laway w i th i n i t ia t ives o f E gyp t ian T h ird Dynas ty r u le r s p re su mab ly a c t ing i nr e spon se t ot he g row ing e nc roachmen t s o fm ig ra t ions f r om t he n or th ,e . g . a tB e th Y erah a nd B e th S han ( Ca l laway 1 972: 2 60 ) . I n P hase V I I -V I I I , a rb i t rar i ly d a ted a s b eg inn ing c .2 550 B .C . ( Ca l laway 1 978: 5 6 ) , E gyp t ian i n f luence i ss een t od im in i sh . T he c i tade l t emp le i sr emode led f o r u se a s ar e s idence a nd t he c u l t i si n s ta l led i n an ew s anc tua ry a tS i te A . T he c h rono logy f o r t he t e rm ina t ion o f t he S anc tuary A , E BI IB p hase i sa ga in b ased o n C 14 d a ta wh ich y i e lds a d a te b e tween 2 450 a nd 2 350 B .0 ( Ca l laway 1 972: 3 05 ) C a l laway f u r the r s ugges t s t ha t t he P hase V I I I d es t ruc t ion may b e a s soc ia ted w i th E gyp t ian F i f th Dynas ty m i l i tary i n cur s ion s i n to t h e r eg ion , s uch a s t ha t d ep ic ted a t D ishasheh i nt he t omb o fI n t i ( Ca l laway 1 978 :5 5; d eV aux 1 97 1 :2 9 ) . T h is A i c hrono logy , a long w i th o the r c ompara t ive d a ta a ssemb led b y C a l laway , e nab les t he p rov is iona l p lacemen t o f t he Ha l i f a nd H e s i s t ra t igraph ic s equence s w i th in t he l a rger f r amework o f t he s ou thern P a les t in ian r eg ion a s c har ted i n T ab le 1 .I n t h is r egard i ti sc l ea r ly p laus ib le t oc or re la te t he e nd o f P hase 4 b o ccupa t ion a tH e s i w i th t he f a l l o f A iV I I -V I I I i n t he F i f th D ynas ty p e r iod , a nd t o d a te t he f i na l d es truc t ion o f t he S t ra tum X I I o ccupa t ion a t H a l i f t o s o mewhe re i n t h e p e r iod o f t he e ar ly S i x th Dynas ty , p oss ib ly i n c onnec t ion w i th t he c a mpa igns o f Un i i n t he r e ign o f P ep i I ,c .2 300 B .0 ( de V aux 1 97 1 :2 9 ) .

1 2 . A3 0 ° s l op ing g l a c i s o f " cha lky e ar th a nd p l as te r ;'a s soc ia ted w i th t he e ar ly E B I wa l l i sr epo r ted f r om A rea D , a nd mass ive c ha lk f i l ls ma rk t h e s eve ra l r ebu i ld ing s t ages i nt h e E B I o u te r g a te i nA rea A S ou th ( now r e ass igned a sA rea E ) ( M i ro sched j i 1 984: 1 96; 1 985 :7 2 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 32 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P ROV IS IONAL CORRELAT IONS I N E B i f i S TRAT IGRAPHY I N S OUTHERN PALEST INE

TABLE 1 .—

P rov is iona lc har to fE BI s t ra t ig raphy i ns ou the rn P a le s t ine .

2 6 50

2 800 E gyp t S ou the rn

E B I 1B1

EB IA

EB I B

S ITES

2 500

D yn . I

EB I 1B2 2 400

EB I V 2 300

D yn .V

D yn . I

D yn . V I

P a les t ine

A i

V

G eze r J e r icho

V

U rban B X X I I I C i t yA P hase G

B e th S hemesh Y a rmu th T e l H es i T e l l B e i t M i rs im T e l H a l i f A rad T e l E ran i

T rans jordan ian

V I I V

I F

C -V I 4 c

C i ty B

I D -C

1? T .3 5 1 , F 3 , F 2 A

C -V C IV C I I I " Wh i te B u i i ld ing 4 b

X V 1 I

I I

V I I -V I I I S anc tua ry A

U rban A

C I I 4 a

X IV

X I I I

V

J X I I

I

S i tes

K h i rbe t I s kande r B ab e dh -Dh ra N ume ira

T own

S i te

a nd

C ha rna l

Wa l led t own S qua t te r o ccupa t ion Wa l led t own

H ouses

Ma jor Nor the rn S i tes T e l l e l -Fä r 'ah B e th S hean M eg iddo B e t hY e rah

5 A nc ien B ronze I X I I I X V I I IB I X I I I X I I

Mesopo tam ia

E D1

X I

X I I X V I I I V X

X I X V I -X V -X IVB I X

V I I I

E D I

V I I D ynas ty o fA kkad

D . A c on c lud ing n o te I n 1 965 A lbr igh t c ommen ted t ha t t he " Ea r ly B ronze I I i st he b e s t k nown a nd b e s t d a ted p e r iod o f E B " ( A lbr igh t 1 965: 5 1 ) . Wh i le t h is i sp e rhaps s t i l l t r ue t h is s t a te men t c l ear ly p rov ide s more o f ac o mmen tary o n t he p ove r ty o fh i s to r ica l d a t ing c on tro ls f o r t he E B p e r iod a s a who le t han a ny a f f irma t ion r egard ing t he c e r ta in ty o f E BI I c hrono logy . R a ther , a s i si n creas ing ly c l ear f r om t he a ccumu la t ing r e source o f a dd i t iona l d a ta b e ing p roduced b y n ewer e xcava t ions , we a re s t i l l o n ly a t t he t hresho ld o f t r u ly f i rm u nde r s tand ing o f t he h i s tory a nd c u l ture o f t he p e r iod . T o t he e x ten t t ha t i t s e f for ts a re v a l id , t h is p aper t hu s o f fe r s b u t o ne f u r the r s t ep i n ad ia logue o f s t udy a nd c ompar ison t ha t mu s ta c t ive ly c on t inue i fs i gn i f ican t p rog re ss t owa rd t ha tg oa l i st ob ea ch ieved . D e cembe r 1 986

B IBLIOGRAPHY ALBR IGHT , W. F .

1 932

T he E xcava t ions o fT el B e i t M i r s im I :T he P o t te ry o ft he F i rs t T hree C ampa igns . A nnua l o ft h e Am e r i c an S cho o l s o f O r i en ta l R e se ar ch 1 2 . 1 96 5 S ome R emarks o n t he A rchaeo log ic a l C h rono logy o fP a le s t ine b e fo re a bou t 1 500 B .C . P p . 4 7 -60 i n R .W . E hr ich , e d . , C hr ono log i e s i nO ld W o r ld A r cha eo logy . C h ic ago: Un ive r s i ty o f C h icago P re ss . AMMAN ,D .H .K . 1 953 T he P a t te rn o fS e t t lemen t i n P a le s t ine . I s ra e l E xp lo r a t ion J o urna l 1 0 : 2 3 -26 , 9 7 -111 . AM IRAN ,R . 1 952 C onne c t ions B e tween Ana tol i a a nd P a le s t ine i nt h eE ar ly B ronze Age .I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J ourna l2 : 8 9 -103 . 1 967 K h i rbe t K e rak Ware a tA i . I s ra e l E xp lo ra t i on J ourna l 1 7 : 1 85 186 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 33 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

J OE D . S EGER

1 968

Chrono log ica l P rob lems o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age: E a r ly B ronze I I I :T he C i ty o fA rad . E a r ly B ronze I I :T he K h i rbe t K e rak Ware . Amer i can J ourna l o fA rcha eo logy 7 2: 3 16 - 3 18 .

1 969 1 970

A nc i en t P o t t ery o ft h e H o ly L and . J e ru sa lem: Massada P re ss L td . T he B eg inn ings o f U rban iza t ion i nC anaan . P p . 8 3 100 i nJ .A . S ande r s , e d . , N ear E a s tern A r chaeo logy i nt h e

1 978

T he D a te o ft he E nd o f t he E B HC i ty o fA rad: A C omp lemen tary No te t oE ar ly A rad I .I s r ae l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 2 8: 1 80 -184 .

Tw en t i e th C en tury: E s say s i nH ono r o fN e l son G lue ck . New Y o rk: Doub leday .

AM IRAN , R . ,e ta l . 1 978

E ar ly A r ad: T he C ha lco l i th i c S e t t lemen t a nd E ar ly B ronz e C i ty , V o l . I .F i r s t -F i f th S ea son s o f E xcava t ions . 1 962 1966 . J e rusa lem: I s rae l E xp lora t ion S oc ie ty . B AR -ADON ,P . 1 957 B e th Y e rah . B u l l e t in o ft h e D epar tmen t o fA n t i qu i t i e s o ft h e S t a te o fI s r ae l 5 -6: 2 9 -30 a nd p l . I V: 1 . B EN -TOR ,A . 1 975 Two B u r ia l C ave so ft he P ro to -Urban P e r iod a tA zo r . Q ed em 1 : 1 53 . B EYNON , D . E . ,e t .a / . 1 986 T emper ing T ypes a nd S ou rces f o r E ar ly B ronze Age C e ra m ic s f r om B ab e dh -Dhra ' a nd Nu ine ira , J ordan . J ourna l o f F i e ld A rchaeo logy 1 3: 2 97 -305 . B RANDL ,B . 1 989 Ob serva t ions o n t he E ar ly B ronze S t ra ta o fT e lE ran i . T h is v o lume :3 57 -387 . CALLAWAY ,J . 1 972

T he E ar ly B ronz e A ge S anc tuary a t ' A i ( e t -T e l l ) . C o l t A rchaeo log ica l I ns t i tu te P ub l ica t ion . L ondon: B . Quar i tch .

1 978

New P e rspe c t ive so fE ar ly B ronze I Ii nC anaan . P p . 4 6 -58 i nP .R .S . Moorey & P .J .P a rr ,e d s . , A rchaeo logy i n t h e L evan t . Warm ins te r: Ans & P h i l l ip s . COHEN , R & DEVER ,W .G . 1 979

P rel im inary R epor t o f t he S econd S eason o f t he ' Cen t ra l H igh lands ' P ro je c t . B u l le t in o f t h e Ame r i can S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e sear ch 2 36: 4 1 -60 . COOGAN ,M . 1 984 Nume ira 1 981 . B u l le t in o f t h e Amer i can S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e search 2 55: 7 5 -82 . DEVER , W . G . 1 973

T he E B I V -MB IHor izon I n T rans jo rdan a nd S ou the rn P a les t ine . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r i can S choo l s o f O r ien ta l R e search 2 10: 3 7 -63 .

1 980

New V is tas o n t he E B I V ( "MB I " ) Hor izon i n S y r ia P a les t ine . B u l le t in o ft h e Amer ican S choo l s o fO r i en ta l R e search 2 37: 3 5 -64 .

DOERMANN ,R .&F ARGO ,V . 1 984 T e l l e l -Hes i , 1 983 . P a le s t ine E xp lor a t ion Quar te r ly 16: 1 24 . DRO WER ,M .S . & BOT PERO ,J . 1 97 1 S yr ia B e fo re 2 200 B .C . :T he E gyp t ians i nS ina i a nd P a les t ine . P p .3 51-362 i nC ambr idge Anc i en t H i s to ry ,3 rd e d i t ion , Vo lume I ,c hap . X V I I , §v i .C ambr idge: A tt he Un ive r s i ty P ress . F ARGO ,V . 1 979

E ar ly B ronze Age P o t tery a t T e l l e l -Hes i . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r ican S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e s ear ch 2 36: 2 3 4 0 .

1 983 T el e l -Hes i -1983 . E xcav a t ion s a nd S urv ey s i nI s r ae l 1 983 ,2 : 4 9 -50 . F ARGO ,V . &O 'CONNE LL ,K . 1 978 F ive S easons o f E xcavat ion a tT e l l e l - Hes i ( 1 970 -77 ) . B ib l i ca l A rchaeo log i s t 4 1: 1 65 -82 . GARSTANG ,J . 1 936

J e r icho: C i ty a nd Nec ropo l is ( Repo r t f o r t he S ix th a nd C onc lud ing S eason , 1 936 ) . A nna l s o fA r chaeo logy

• a nd An thropo logy 2 3: 6 7 - 1 00 . HENNES SY ,J .B . 1 967

F or e ign R e la t ion s o f P a le s t ine Dur ing t h e E ar ly B ronze A ge . Co l t A rchaeo log ica l I ns t i tu te P ub l ica t ion .

L ondon :B . Qua r i tch . J ACOB S , P . 1 984 T e l Hal i f 1 983 . I s ra e l E xp lor a t ion J ourna l 3 4: 1 97 -200 . 1 985 An E gyp t ian S l a te P a le t te f r om T el Hal i f . ( Unpub l ished manu sc r ip t , 1 2p p . ) . K EMP INSK I ,A . 1 983

E ar ly B ronze Age U rban iza t ion o f P a les t ine: S ome T op ic s i n aD eba te . I s ra e l E xp lor a t ion J ourna l 3 3: 2 35 -24 1 .

1 989 U rban izat ion a nd Me talu rgy i nS ou the rn C anaan .T h i sv o lume: 1 63 -167 . KENYON , K . 1 960 E xcava t ion s a tJ e r icho: V o lume I:T he T omb s E x cav a t ed i n1 951-54 . L ondon: B r i t ish S choo l o fA rchaeo logy i n J e rusa lem . 1 979

A r cha eo logy i nt h eH o ly L and , 4 th e d . New Y o rk: No r ton .

MI ROSC II ED J I ,P .d e 1 981 T e l Y armu t , 1 980 . I s ra e l E xp lor a t i on J ourna l 3 1: 1 21-124 . 1 982

T e l Y armu t , 1 98 1 . I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion J o urna l 3 2: 1 59 -16 1 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 34 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P ROV IS IONAL CORRELAT IONS I N E B I lS I RAT IGRAPHY I N SOUTHERN PALESTINE

1 984 T e l Y armu t , 1 982 1983 . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J o urna l 3 4 : 1 94 197 . 1 985 T e l Y armu t , 1 984 . I s ra e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 3 5: 7 1 -73 . O 'CONNELL ,K . , RO SE ,G . & TOOMB S ,L . 1 977 T el e l -He s i , 1 977 . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 2 7: 2 46 -250 . 1 97 8a T e l l e l -He s i , 1 977 . P a l e s t in e E xp lo ra t ion Q uar te r ly 10: 7 5 -90 . 1 97 8b F ou r S easons o f E xcava t ion a t T e l l e l -Hes i: A P re l im inary R epo r t . A nnua l o ft h e Ame r i c an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e se arch 4 3: 1 09 149 . O' CONNELL , K &R O SE ,G . 1 980a T e l l e l -He s i , 1 979 . I s r a e l E xp lo ra t ion J ourna l 3 0: 2 21 -223 . 1 980b T el e l -He s i , 1 979 . P a l e s t ine E xp lo ra t ion Q uar ter ly 12: 7 3 -9 1 . P ETR IE ,W . M .F . 1 92 1

C o rpu so fP r eh i s tor i cP o t t e ry a nd P a l e t te s . L ondon: B r i t ish S choo lo fA rchaeo logy i nE gyp t .

PR ITCHARD ,J .B .

1 955 A nc i en t N ea r E a s te rn T ex t s . P r ince ton: Un ive rs i ty P re ss . RA ST ,W . 1 980 P a le s t ine i n t he T h i rd M i l lenn ium , E v idence f o r I n te rconnec t ions . S c r ip ta Med i t er r ane a 1 : 5 20 . RAST , W. & SCHAUB ,R . T . 1 976 A P re l im inary R epo r t o n E xcava t ions a tB ab e dh -Dh ra ' , 1 975 . A nnua l o ft h e Am er i c an S cho o l s o fO r i en ta l R e sear ch 4 3: 1 32 . 1 980 P re l im inary R epo r t o n t h e 1 979 E xped i t ion t ot he D ead S ea P la in ,J o rdan . B u l l e t in o ft h e Am e r i can S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e sear ch 2 40: 2 1 -6 1 . R ICHARD ,S . & BORAAS ,R .S . 1 984 P re l im inary R epo r to n t h e1 98 1 -82 S eason so ft he E xped i t ion t oK h i rbe t I s kande ra nd I t sV ic in i ty . B u l l e t in o f t h e Am er i can S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e s ea r ch 2 54: 6 3 -87 . ROSS ,J . 1 97 9 E ar ly B ronze S truc tu res a t T el e l -Hes i . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i can S choo l s o fO r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 36: 1-2 1 . 1 980 T he E ar ly B ronze Age i n P a les t ine .P p . 1 47 -170 i n K . Newmye r , e d . , H i s tor i ca l E ss ay s i nH onor o fR . R o s sman .C re te , NE :D o ane C o l lege . S CHAUB ,R .T . 1 982 T he O r ig in so ft he E a r ly B ronze Age Waled T own Cu l tu re o fJ o rdan .P p .6 7 -75 i nA . H ad id i ,e d . , S tud i e s i n t h eH i s to ry a nd A r cha eo logy o fJ o rd an I . Amman: D epar tmen t o f An t iqu i t ie s o fJ o rdan . S EGER ,J .D . 1 97 8 T e l H a l i f ( Lahav ) 1 977 .I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 2 8: 19 12 1 . 1 983 I nve s t iga t ions a t T el H a l i f , I s rae l , 1 976 -1980 . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i can S cho o l s o fO r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 52: 1 23 . 1 987 T e l H a l i f ( Lahav ) 1 986 .I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J o urna l 3 7: 1 92 -195 . TOOMBS ,L .E . 1 982 T el e l -Hes i , 1 98 1 . I s r a e l E xp lor a t ion J o urna l 3 2: 6 7 -69 . 1 983 T el e l -He s i , 1 98 1 . P a l e s t ine E xp lo ra t ion Q uar te r ly 15: 1 5 -46 . T UFNaL ,0 . 1 958 L ach i sh I V: T h eB r onz eA g e . L ondon: O x fo rd U n ive rs i ty P re s s . VAUX ,R .d e 1 97 1 P a le s t ine i n t he E a r ly B ronze Age . P p . 2 08 -233 i nC amb r idg eA n c i en tH i s to ry ,3 rd e d . , V o lume I ,C hap . X V . C amb r idge: A t t h eU n ive rs i ty P res s . WE IN STE IN ,J . 1 984 T he S ign i f icance o f T el A re in i f o r E gyp t ian -Pa les t in ian R e la t ions a t t he B eg inn ing o f t he B ronze Age . B u l l e t in o f t h e Am e r i c an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 56: 6 1 -69 . A WN ,S . 1 96 1 F i r s t P r e l im inary R ep o r t o n t h e E x cav a t ion s a t T e l ' Ga t ' ( T e l l S heykh A hm ed e l -Ar eyny ) , S e ason s 1 956 1 968 . J e rus a lem :T he G a tE xped i t ion .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 135Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

TRO IS IE ME

S ESS ION

L ES P ER IPHER IES DESERT IQUES: NEGUEV , S I NA I

S e ss ion p rd s if ie p a r Wi l l ia m G . DEVER

O mi t I LAN & M ichae l S EBBANE . — Me ta l lurgy , T rade a nd t he U rban iza t ion o f S ou thern C anaan i n t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd E a r ly B ronze Age . I n te rv enan t s: S .R o sen ,R . Am i ran ,P .d eM i ro sched j i ,C .B u rney ,M .P rau sn i tz ,T .E .L evy ,T .S ch ick ,A . B en -Tor ,I .B e i t -A r ieh .

Aharon K EMP INSK I . .— U rban iza t ion a nd Me ta l lurgy i nS ou the rn C anaan . I n te rv enan t s :P .d eM i ro s ched j i ,D .L .E s se ,T .E .L evy ,E .O ren ,J .D .S ege r ,C .B u rney ,B .S a ss .

Nao m i PORAT .— P e t rog raphy o f P o t tery f r om S ou thern I s rae l a nd S ina i . I n t erv enan t s : J .D .S ege r ,D .I l an ,A .B enT o r ,R . Am i ran ,B .S a ss ,M .K o chav i ,D . L .E s se .

I t zhaq B E IT -AR IEH .— T he E a r ly B ronze Age P a t tern o f S e t t lemen t i n t he S ina i . I n t e rv enan t s :E .O ren ,S .R osen ,A .B en T o r ,W .C .D eve r ,P .d eM i ro sched j i ,B .S a s s ,A .S chu lman .

S t even A . ROSEN .— T he Ana ly s is o fE ar ly B ronze Age Ch ipped S tone I ndus t r ie s: AS u mmary S ta temen t . I n terv enan t s :H .d eC on ten son ,A .K emp in sk i ,T .E .L evy ,T .S ch ick ,E .B raun ,B .S a s s ,M .P rau sn i tz ,J . P e r ro t .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 37 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

COPPER METALLURGY , TRADE AN D THE URB ANIZATIO N OF SOUTHERN CANAAN I N THE CHALC OLITHIC AN D EARLY BRO NZE AGE Om i t I LAN & M ichae l S EBBANE T he I srae l Museum , J erusa lem

Me ta l lurg ica l t e chno logy , i n i t ia l ly u t i l ized w i th c opper , o r ig ina ted i n I r an , Mesopo ta m ia o r Ana to l ia , a nd f i r s t p ene t ra ted C anaan i nt he f our th m i l lenn ium B .C . a nd r e su l ted i nt he p roduc t ion o fb o th c e remon ia l o b jec ts a nd e ve ryday t oo ls .T he c u l t ic o b jec ts r evea l au n ique a nd c op ious i c onography a s we l l a s ame ta l lurg ica l s t andard u n surpassed a tt he t ime . T he more p rosa ic c a tegor ie s a nd manu fac ture o fc oppe r u ten s i l s f o r e ve ryday u se a re f a ir ly we l l d ocumen ted f r om v ar ious s i te s i n t he Near E a s t a s e ar ly a s t he f i f th m i l lenn ium B .C . ( e .g . Henne ssy 1 967: 3 3 ,4 1; H anbury -Ten ison 1 986: 1 51 ) . T he c oppe r t oo ls i n c lude f our t ypes: a xes , a dzes , aw ls a nd c h ise ls — a l l h av ing Neo l i th ic c h ipped f l in t p ro to type s . T he t r an s i t ion f r om f l in t t oc opper c an b ee xp la ined b y s evera l f a c tor s: c opper t oo ls a re l e ss b r i t t le , t he ir manu fac ture i s more e f f ic ien t , a nd b roken u ten s i l s c an b e me l ted a nd r e ca s t ( Cogh lan 1 956: 6 02; R osen 1 984; 1 985: 3 7 -38 ) . G iven s uch a dvan tages , me ta l lurgy mus t h ave h ad a measurab le i mpac t o n a nc ien t e cono m ies , s e t t lemen t p a t terns a nd p o l i t ica l r e la t ions ( Ma r foe 1 980: 3 16; K emp in sk i 1 . 983: 2 37 ) . T he a im o ft h is s t udy i st ot r ace t he d eve lopmen to f me ta l lurgy i nt h e s ou thern L evan t a nd t he i mpac t me ta l lurgy h ad o n t he u rban iza t ion o f s ou the rn C anaan — e spec ia l ly o n t he u rban iza t ion o f a nc ien t A rad wh ich a pparen t ly p layed ak ey r o le i n t he p rocuremen t a nd d i s tr ibu t ion o fc oppe ru ten s i ls . I . We wou ld l i ke t ot h ank D av id I l an f o re d i t ing , t r ans la t ing a nd mak ing i n s igh t fu l c ommen t sa nd c r i t ic isms o n t he t e x t , a nd D r . B en jam in S as sf o r h i s c ons t ru c t ive s ugges t ions a nd f o rg iv ing u s t he b ene f i t o fh i s f i rs t -hand k now ledge o fS ina i . We wou ld a l so l i ke t oe xp re s so u rg ra t i tude t oP ro f . R u th Am i ran f o rh e re ncou ragemen ta nd f o r p erm is s ion t op ub l ish t h e f i nd sf r om A rad a nd Sma l l T e l Ma lha ta . U z i Avne r a l so m ade i mpo r tan t r ema rks . L ikew ise we b ea r ad eb t t oD av id A lon , B a ruch B rand l , P ro f . O fe r B ar -Yo se fa nd Avne r G o ren , Adam D ruks , I r is E ldar a nd Y a 'akov B aumg ar ten ,D r .I t zhak G i le ad ,D r . Av iG ophe r ,D r .T homa sL evy ,O ra Y ogev a nd V a rda S u s sman f o r t he i r g rac iou s c oopera t ion a nd p e rm is s ion t op ub l ish t h e c oppe ri t ems f r om t he s i te s u nde r t he i r a u sp ice s . D r . A r ieh Rude r , a me ta l lu rg is t a t t he B en Gu r ion Un ive rs i ty o f t he Negev , a ss is ted u s g rea t ly i n t e chno log ica l ma t te rs . C armen H e rs ch a nd Mar ianne S a lzbe rge r ,b o th o ft h eI s rae l Mu seum , made t h ed raw ing sa nd p ho tog raphs r e spec t ive ly .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 39 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

o RN r rI L AN & M ICHAEL S E BBANE I no rder t od eve lop o ur t he s is we w i l l f o cus o nt wo r e la ted i s sue s .T he f i r s to ne c on ce rn s t he l o ca t ion o f t he m ine s i n r e la t ion t ot he g eog raph ica l d i s tr ibu t ion o f c opper t oo l f i nds a nd i ndus t r ia l r ema in s i nt he C ha lco l i th ic , E B Ia nd E B Ip e r iods . T he s e cond i s sue t ob e d ea l tw i th i st he t ypo logy , t e chno logy a nd f r equency o fc oppe r aw ls i n t he c oppe r u ten s i l r epe r to ire so ft he s a me p er iods .T he aw l i st he mos tf r equen tc oppe rt oo l t ype i nt he p e r iod u nder d iscuss ion a nd w i l l b e s hown t o b e ac hrono log ica l i nd ica tor f o r d i f fe ren t ia t ing b e tween o the rw i se n onde sc r ip t Cha lco l i th ic a nd E a r ly B ronze A ge a ssemb lage s .

THE CHALCOL ITH IC COPPER I NDUSTRY I N CANAAN C ha lco l i th ic s e t t lemen t s a nd b ur ia l g rounds h ave b een f ound t h roughou tC anaan f r om t he G o lan He igh t si nt he n or th t ot he A rava i nt he s ou th .T he d i s tr ibu t ion o fc oppe ro b jec t s a nd o fi ndu s t r ia l me ta l lurgy f r om t he se s i te s s hows a no ve rwhe lm ing c oncen t ra t ion i nt he s ou th ( F ig . I ) . C opper o b je c ts ( t oo ls a nd c u l t ic i t em s ) a re f ound mos t ly i n t he n or thern Negev a nd t he J udean D e ser t , wh i le s i gn s o fi ndus t ry a re c on f ined t o t he B ee r sheva b a s in s i tes ( Abu Ma tar , Horva t B e te r , Neve Noy , M i f tan , S h iqm im a nd G i la t ) , a nd c on s is t o f f u rnace s ,c ruc ib le s ,o re a nd s l ag 2.

FI G . 1( o ppo s i te p ag e) .- D i s tr ibu t ion o fc oppe ri mp lemen t sa nd i ndu s t ry i nt he Cha lco l i th ic p er iod . K ey t oF ig .1 . 1 .K e fa r G i lead i 2 .T e lT u rmus 3 .e l - Ma jam i ' 4 .' E nT eo 5 .S iya r e l -Khe r fan 6 . Mas i l J a 'adan 7 .R asm H arbush 8 .S tone -heap s4 ,6 ,8 9 .R e servo i r S i te 1 0 . ' E in H ar i r i 1 . Naha lD a l iyyo t 1 2 . R asm e l -Kab sh 1 3 . U s a 1 4 .A fu la 1 5 . D e lham ia 1 6 .S hunah 1 7 . Neve U r 1 8 .T e l K i tan 1 9 . P e l la

2 0 .B e th S he an 2 1 . Abu H abb i l 2 . Meg iddo 2 3 .A saw ir 2 4 . Mese r 2 5 .D o than 2 6 .H ade rah 2 7 . Ma 'abaro t 2 8 . ' O le sh 2 9 .T el e l -F ar 'a No r th 3 0 . Abu Ham id 3 1 .F az ae l 3 2 .T u le i la t e l -Ghassu l 3 3 .B ene B e r ak 3 4 .T e l Av iv 3 5 .G ivalay i r n 3 6 .A zo r 3 7 .B i cl i a 3 8 .B en S hemen

3 9 . G eze r 4 0 .P a lmah im 4 1 .Y avneh 4 2 .G a th Gov r in 4 3 . L ach ish 4 4 . Umm K a ta f a 4 5 . Mu raba 'a t 4 6 .' E nG ed i 4 7 . Naha lH eve r 4 8 .N aha l M i shma r 4 9 . Naha l Z e 'e l im 5 0 .A rad 5 1 .N ah a lL aha t 5 2 . Smal T e l Ma lha ta 5 3 .T e lE sdar 5 4 . Ha l i f T e r race 5 .N aha lG e rar 5 6 . Gi l a t 5 7 . Abu Ma tar

5 8 . Horva tB e te r 5 9 . Neve Noy 6 0 .B i rS a fad i 6 1 .M i f tan 6 2 .S h iqm im 6 3 . Naha lB eso r 6 4 .' E nY ahav 6 5 .F idan 4 6 6 .A rava -S i te 2 02 6 7 .A rava -S i te 1 90 6 8 .A rava -S i te 1 88 6 9 .A rava -S i te 1 89 7 0 .A rava -S i te 2 9 7 1 .A rava -S i te 4 2 7 2 .B e 'e r O ra 7 3 .A rava -S i te 1 82 7 4 .A rava -S i te 3 9

2 . C ha lco l i th ic c oppe r u . s ten s i l sh ave b een r e cove red f r om t h e f o l low ing s i te s: A bu Ma tar ( Pe r ro t 1 955a :7 9 , p l . 1 5a; 1 955b: 1 7 1 , f i g . 2 0: 1 9 -2 1 ,24 ) , B i rS a f ad i ( Pe r ro t 1 956 : 1 25; 1 959: 1 42; 1 968: 4 28 -43 1 , f i g . 8 49; T y leco te , R o thenbe rg & L upu 1 97 1 :3 4 ,f i g . 3;M i ron 1 985: 1 0 11 ,p l . 2:5 6 ) ,N aha lM ishr aa r ( B a r -Adon 1 980 ) ,N aha lZ eel im ( Aharon i 1 96 1: 1 4 15 , p l . 8 : a -b ) , G i la t ( A lon 1 977 a: 6 3 ) , Neve Noy ( E ldar & B aumgar ten 1 985: 1 35 ) , S h iqm im ( Sha lev a nd No r thove r 1 987: 3 57 -37 1 ) , Naha l L aha t C ave (A lon & G i le ad 1 985: 4 5 ) , T e l Ha l i fT e r race ( D . A lon p e r s .comm . ) ,L ach i sh ( Tu fne l l1 958 :7 5 ,3 28 ) , P a lmah im ( Gophna & L i f sh i tz 1 980: 8 ,p l . 1:5 ) ,B id i aC ave ( A .G ophe r , p e r s . c omm . ) , Ghassu l ( Ma l lon , K oeppe l & Neuv i l le 1 934: 7 5 ,77 , p l . 3 4: a -b ) , Umm Q a ta fa ( Neuv i l le & Ma l lon 1 931 :3 0 , f i g . 2 : 3 ) . R ema ins o f c oppe r s me l t ing h ave b een f ound a t Abu Ma tar ( Pe r ro t 1 955a: 7 9; T y le co te , R o thenbe rg & L upu 1 97 1 :3 2 ) , Ho rva t B e te r ( Do than 1 959b: 3 2 ) , Neve Noy ( E ldar & B aumgar ten 1 985: 1 36 137 ) , M i f tan ( G i lead 1 986 ) ,G i la t( A lon 1 976 :3 7; 1 977 a :6 3 ) ,a nd S h iqm im ( S ha lev & No r thove r1 987 :3 57 -37 1 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 40 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

COPPER METALLURGY , TRADE AND THE URBAN IZAT ION OF S OUTHERN CANAAN

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o RN r rr L AN &

M ICHAEL S EBBANE

I n c on t ras t t o t he S ou th , t he n or the rn C ha lco l i th ic a s semb lage s s eem t o l a ck c opper i mp lemen t s a nd t r aces o f me ta l lurgy a lmos t c o mp le te ly , t he e xcep t ion b e ing t he c opper t oo ls f ound a t Me se r( Do than 1 957: 26 , p l .3 7 c -d; 1 959a: p l . 3m ) .T h is a bsence o fc oppe ri s p ar t icu lar ly s i gn if ican t w i th r egard t o t he Cha lco l i th ic a sse mb lages o f t he G o lan H e igh t s s i nce t hey h ave b een e xcava ted c on t inuous ly a nd e x ten s ive ly ( Ep s te in 1 977 , 1 979 ) . I t wou ld t h e re fore s eem t ha t t he c oppe r i ndus t ry was c on f ined t o t he B ee rsheva b a s in a t t h is t ime . T he e x is t ing C ha lco l i th ic s i tes o f t he l a t te r r eg ion h e ld a n a dvan tage i n t he ir r e la t ive p rox im i ty t ot he c opper m ine s o fF e inan , T i mna a nd s ou thern S ina i . I ti st h is g eograph ica l f a c tor t ha t d e term ined t he c oncen tra t ion o f i ndus tr ia l a c t iv i ty i n t he B eersheva b as in . T he p rox im i ty f a c tor c an b e t e s ted f r om t wo a ng les: v ia t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence f r om t he l a t ter t h ree m in ing r eg ions , a nd v ia me ta l lurg ica l a na ly s is o f c opper t oo l , o re a nd s l ag s amp le s f r om d i f feren t C ha lco l i th ic s i tes w i th t h e a im o fd e te rm in ing t he o re 's o r ig in .

C ha lco l i th ic r ema in s a t T imna , F e inan a nd s ou the rn S ina i T hree a reas s ou th o f t he s e t t led r eg ions o f C anaan a re k nown t oday t o h ave b een e xp lo i ted f o rt he i rc oppe ro re i na nc ien tt imes: T i mna , F e inan a nd s ou the rn S ina i . R o thenberg a nd Haup tmann h ave r epor ted wha t t h ey i n terpre t a s b e ing e v idence f o r c oppe r m in ing a nd sme l t ing a t T i mna a nd F e inan i n t he Cha lco l i th ic p er iod . A t T imna , R o thenbe rg h as a s soc ia ted p roduc t ion S i te 3 9b a tt he t op o f ah i l l w i th dwe l l ing S i te 3 9a a tt he f oo t o f t he h i l l ( Ro thenberg 1 978: 4 ; 1 985: 1 24 ) . Haup tmann r e la tes dwe l l ing s i te F idan 4— a l so a tt he t op o fa n e s carpmen t— t o ah eap o f l a rge s l ags a tt he e scarpmen t 's b ase ( Haup tmann , We isberger a nd Knau f 1 985: 1 71 , f i gs . 2 6 -27 ) . T h is e v idence i s u n for tuna te ly e qu ivoca l f o rt wo r eason s: a )i ti sb ased o n t he p rox im i ty o f dwe l l ing s i te s t o m in ing a nd sme l t ing s i te s wh ich a re i mposs ib le t od a te i ndependen t ly; b )t he c e ram ic a nd l i th ic f i nds f r om t hese c on tex ts a re n o t c l ear ly C ha lco l i th ic 3.I ns urvey s c a r r ied o u t i nt h e A rava , R o thenbe rg ( 1 967: 3 15; 1 968: 2 6 -27 ) h as a t t r ibu ted 4 5 s i tes t o t he C ha lco l i th ic p er iod , s i x o f wh ich c on ta in e v idence f o r me ta l lurg ica l a c t iv i ty ( i .e . o re , s l ag a nd f u rnace s ) . Un fo r tuna te ly , h e h as y e t t op ub l i sh t he f i nds . Ano the r s urvey o ft he s a me a r ea e xecu ted b y U . Avner h as made c l ear t he d i f f icu l ty o f d i s t ingu ish ing Cha lco l i th ic f r om E BI I I ma ter ia lb a sed o ns uch s c an ty r ema in s ( Avner 1 978 :6 6 -68 ) . No c oppe rb ear ing o r sme l t ing s i te sa re r epo r ted f r om s ou the r nS ina if o rt h is p e r iod .

Me ta l lu rg ica l a na lyses o f C ha lco l i th ic c opper Ana ly s is o fc u l t ic c oppe ro b jec t s ,t oo ls ,o re s ,s l ag a nd v i t r i f ied r ema ins o nc ruc ib le sf r om 3 . Muh ly ( 1 984 :2 85 -292 ) h as a l ready r e jec ted R o thenbe rg 's p re sen ta t ion a nd i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h ee v idence f o r C ha lco l i th ic me ta l lu rgy a tT imna . S pec i f ica l ly , we c an p o in t o u t t h a t i nd a t ing S i te 3 9 t o t he C ha lco l i th ic p e r iod R o thenbe rg ( 1 978: 1 2; 1 985: 1 24 )h as r el ied o np o t te ry a nd f l in tc o l le c ted f r om t he s u r face o fS i te 3 9A a nd f ound i n t he e xc ava t ion o fS i te 3 9B . Howeve rt he se f i nd sh ave n o tb een p ub l ished . B e rcov ic i( 1 978: 1 6 -20 ) ,i nh i s a na ly s i so f t he l i th ic s f r om S i te 3 9 , n o tes t ha t o n ly o n e n on ind ica t ive s he rd w as f ound a s ar e su l t o f b o th e xcava t ion a nd s u rvey . Howeve r , B e rcov ic i d a te s t he f l in t a s semb lage t o t h e C ha lco l i th ic . B u t a n e xam ina t ion o fh i s i lu s t ra t ion s ( p l s . 1 7 -19 ) r evea l s ar epe r to i re wh ich c ou ld a l so b e E B I( T amar S ch ick , p e rs . c omm . ) . I ts hou ld a l so b e r ema rked t ha t C -14 a na lys is f r om S i te 3 9 h as p roduced a d a te o f 1 945±309 B P ( S tu ive r 1 979: 2 49 -250 ) . A l though t h es e c r i t i c i sms i lus t ra te t he l a ck o fu nequ ivoca l e v idence f o r C ha lco l i th ic me ta l lu rgy a tT imna , we a re n o t i n c l ined t o a ccep t Muh ly 's c l a im t h a t c oppe r e x t rac t ion d a te s o n ly f r om t he I r on Age . E nough c i rcums tan t ia l e v idence e x i s t s t os uppose t ha t m in ing a tl e as t t ook p lace i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age a nd/o r t he C ha lco l i th ic p e r iod . T he p o t te ry p ub l ished b y H aup tmann , We isbe rge ra nd K nau f( 1 985: f i g s . 2 6 -27 ) f r om Wad i F idan 4 a s " Cha lco l i th ic " i sb y n o mean s s u f f ic ien t ly i nd ica t ive . I ti sn o to r iou s ly d i f f icu l t t od i s t ingu ish b e tween C ha lco l i th ic a nd E B Is he rds o ft h i s t ype . F u r the rmo re , i tmus tb ee mphas ized t h a t t he p ub l i shed s he rds we re c o l le c ted f r om as e t t lemen t s i te a nd n o t f r om t h em in ing s i te l o ca ted a bove i t .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702.-1 4 2Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

COPPER METALLURGY , TRADE AND THE URBAN IZAT ION OF S OUTHERN CANAAN

v a r ious s i tes h as s ugges ted t he e x is tence o f t wo c ompo s i t iona l g roup s: o ne c on ta in ing a r sen ic a nd t he o the rn o t . T he a r sen ic c on ta in ing g roup i sc omp r ised o f a l l t h e c u l t ic i t em s , a n a dze a nd a n aw l f r om t he Naha l M ishmar h oard a nd a n a dze f r om S h iqm im ( Key 1 980; Gophna & L i f sh i tz 1 980: 8 ,n .2 2; S ha lev & Nor thover 1 987: 3 58 -359 ) . T he s e cond g roup c on s is t so ft oo ls ,o re s ,s l ags a nd v i t r i f ied r ema ins ( Pe r ro t1 955a :7 9 ,n . 7 ; T u fne l l 1 958: 3 28; Do than 1 959b: 3 2; T y leco te , R o thenberg & L upu 1 971: 3 2 -34; R o thenberg 1 978: 8 9; K ey 1 980; S ha lev & Nor thove r 1 987: 3 60 -36 1 ) . I ti sc o mmon ly a s sumed t ha t t he a r sen ic -con ta in ing o re i sn o t o fl o ca l o r ig in s i nce t he c oppe rb ear ing d epo s i ts o fT imna a nd F e inan d on o tc on ta in a r sen ic .A rsen ic -bear ing c oppe r d epos i ts d o o ccur i n A rmen ia o r A ze rba i jan , a nd t h ese a reas h ave b een s ugge s ted a s t he s ource f o rt he f i r s tc ompos i t iona lg roup ( Key 1 980 :2 43 ) . T he n on -ar sen ica lg roup h a sb een s ugge s ted t od e r ive f r om al o ca l s ource ( Pe r ro t 1 955: 7 9 , n .7 ; Do than 1 959b: 3 2 ) . Moreove r , Hanbury -Ten ison ( 1 986: 1 57 -159 ) h as r ecen t ly e numera ted v ar ious me ta l lurg ica l a nd a r chaeo log ica l a rgumen t s f o r al o ca l o r ig in f o r t he a r sen ic c opper a s we l l . S ha lev a nd Nor thover ( 1 987: 3 56 ) h ave a l so i nd ica ted t h is p oss ib i l i ty . T he p le thora o f c oppe r work ing i n s ta l la t ions i n t he B eer sheva b as in s i te s l e ads u s t o c on jec ture t ha t i n t he Cha lco l i th ic p er iod c opper o re - o r a t l e as t u nre f ined " b lue " o r " b lack " c opper ( Forbe s 1 950: 3 06 -309 )- w as t r an spo r ted f r om t he m ine s t ot he c en te r s o f s e t t lemen t i n t he B ee r sheva b a s in , whe re t he o re w as sme l ted , r e f ined a nd f o rged i n to t oo ls .

THE EARLY BRONZE I COPPER I NDUSTRY T he c harac te r o f t he e v idence f o r E B Ime ta l lu rgy d i f fe r s i n a lmos t e very way f r om t ha t o f t he Cha lco l i th ic . F or o ne t h ing , t he d i s tr ibu t ion o f c opper f i nds s preads n or thwards ( s ee map F ig . 2 ) 4.A t t he s a me t ime , t he e x tens ive me ta l lurg ica l a c t iv i ty o f t he B eer sheva Cha lco l i th ic s i te s c eases c o mp le te ly . W i th t he e xcep t ion o f af ew c ruc ib les f o r t he r ecyc l ing o f b roken t oo ls o r o ther sma l l -sca le me l t ing 5,we a re u naware o f a ny i ndus tr ia l r e ma ins ( i .e . sme l t ing f urnace i n s ta l la t ions ) a t a ny E B Is i te . T h is l a ck o f me ta l lurg ica l r e ma in s i n t he E BI ,t oge ther w i th t he c on t ras t ing s pread o f i mp lemen t 4 . C oppe ri t ems h ave b een f ound i nE B Ic on tex t si nt he f olow ing s i te s( f rom n o r th t os ou th ) :R o sh h aN iq ra ( He s t r in & T admo r 1 963: 2 70 , f i g . 5 ) ,Y i f tah 'e l ( B raun 1 983: 13 ;M i ron 1 985: 1 6 ,p l . 9 : 2 3 ) , B e th Y e rah ( H ad a sho t A rkh eo log iyo t 2 1 ( 1 967 ) , 2 3; M i ron 1 985: 1 7 18 , p l . 5 : 1 ) , N aha l T avo r ( M i ron 1 985: 1 7 ) , B e th S hean ( F i tzge ra ld 1 935: 9 ,p l . 3 : 2 1 -25 ) , T i ra t Z v i ( Ye iv in 1 958 :4 17 ) , E n h aNaz iv ( Am i ran e ta l1 986: 1 7 , f i g . 7 ) , H azo rea ( Meye rho f 1 986: 5 1 ,p is 3 0 :o b jec t s ,3 3: 1 43 , 1 60 , 1 74 ,2 2 1 ) , Meg iddo ( Loud 1 948 :p l .2 84: 1 ) ,A saw i r( Ye iv in 1 955 :8 4 ;Do than 1 978: 1 02 ) , K f ar Monash ( Hes t r in & T admo r 1 96 3 ) , Maabaro t ( Po ra th , D ar & App lebaum 1 985: 1 93 194 , 2 07 , f i g . 8 1: 4 ) ,T el e l -Fa r 'ah ( N . )( de V aux 8 zS teve 1 947 :4 00; d eV aux 1 95 1 :5 68 ,5 7 2 ,p l .2 6a :2 ;1 952 :5 77 ,5 82 ,p l .1 7 :6 ,9 ; 1 955: 5 49; M i ron 1 985: 2 3 ) ,A i ( Ma rque t -K rau se 1 948: p l .3 9: 1 85 ) ,G ibeon ( P r i tcha rd 1 963 :1 0 , f i g . 6 : 2 5 ) ,J e r icho ( Kenyon 1 98 1: 3 75 , f i g . 1 5: 4 ; Holand 1 983: 5 64 ) , T e l l e n -Nasbeh ( McCown 1 947: 7 4 , p l . 2 6: 2 [ no . 1 85 1 ] ) , G iva tay im ( Hes t r in & T admo r 1 963: 2 68 , f i g . 3 ; S u s sman & B en -A r ieh 1 966: 4 ,f i g . 1 0: 1 3 ) , A zor ( Ben -To r 1 97 1: 2 1 -23 ,p l .2 2: 1 4 , f i g . 1 2 :4 -6 ,8 ,1 3; D ru l c s ,p e r s .c omm . ,a nd s ee o u r F ig .7 : 2 ) ,E ran i ( Ye iv in 1 97 5 :9 7 , M i ron 1 985: 2 2 , p l . 5 : 2 ,8 : 7 ; B rand l , p e rs . c omm . , s ee o u r F ig . 7 : 4 ) , A rad ( Am i ran e ta l1 978: p l . 6 7 : 1 3 , [ Th is l a s t aw l , 3 943/6 1 , f r om L ocu s 1 426 w as p ub l ished a sc om ing f r om C ha lco l i th ic S t ra tum V . Ar eexam ina t ion o f t he p o t te ry f r om t h is l o cu sr evea led t ha ti ti si nf a c t ac l ean E B Il o cus a nd s hou ld b ea s s igned t oS t ra tum I V ] , p l . 7 1: 1 ; 1 986: 1 7 .f i g . 6 ) , Sma l lT e l Ma lha ta ( unpub l ished ,s ee o u rF ig .7 : 1 ) ,T e l Ma 'ahaz ( unpubl i shed ,s ee o u rF ig .7 : 5 ) , Abu Ho f ( unpubl i shed : D . Mon ,p e r s .c omm . ) ,E n B e so r ,S i te H ( Macdona ld 1 932 :p l .2 6 :5 0 ,56 ,p l .2 8 :2 , 3 ,8 ) . 5 . C ruc ib les h ave b een f ound i n t he E B Is t ra ta o f A rad ( Am i ran e ta l1 978: p l . 6 7: 1 2 ) , Sma l l T e l Ma lha ta ( unpub l i shed ) ,a nd T e lE ran i ( unpubl i shed ) , L ach i sh ( Tu fne l l1 958: 1 44 -5 ,p l .5 7 :7 1 ) .S l ag sw e re f ound a tE n B e so r , S i te H ( Macdona ld 1 932: 1 2 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 143E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

O RN IT I L AN & M ICHAEL S E BBANE

f i nd s , may i nd ica te t ha t s me l t ing a nd u ten s i l manu fac ture t ook p lace n ea r t h e m ines ( s ee map F ig .3 ) ,a nd t ha to n ly t h e f i n ished p roduc t s w e re s en tt ot he n or th .

Mo rpho log ica l a nd t e chno log ica l c hanges i n t he E BI T he c oppe r i mp lemen t r epe r to ire i t se l f s how s d ive rgence f r om Cha lco l i th ic t r ad i t ions i n t h ree w ay s: ( a ) T he e n t renchmen t o fc oppe r i mp lemen t s i nt he work ing t oo l k i t ( Hanbury -Ten ison 1 986: 1 51) ;d e sp i te t he r e la t ive ly s ma l l s a mp le o f E B Ic oppe r t oo ls k nown t ou s , ac l ear t r end i se v idenced b y t h e i n c reas ing p auc i ty o fb i fac ia l f l in t t oo ls ( a xe s , a dze s , c h ise ls a nd aw l s ) , a nd t he ir g radua l r ep lacemen t b y c oppe r t oo ls . T h i s t r end r eached i t s p eak i n t he E B I( Rosen 1 984; 1 985 :3 7 -38 ) . ( b )T he e xc lu s ive u se o ft he o pen mou ld me thod o f manu fac ture a nd t h ed i sappearance o f t he l o s t wax t e chn ique . B o th o f t hese t e chn iques were i n u se i n t he C ha lco l i th ic; c eremon ia l o b jec t s we re f a sh ioned u s ing t he l o s t wax t e chn ique a nd t oo ls o f d a i ly u se manu fac tured w i th t he o pen mou ld me thod .T he f a c tt ha tn oc e remon ia lc oppe ro b jec t sf r om t he E B Ia re k nown ,p rec lude s ar e cogn i t ion o ft he l o s t wax t e chn ique . ( c ) At ypo log ica l c hange i nc oppe r aw l s f r om t he Cha lco l i th ic t ot he E B Iwh ich i sd ue t ot h ec hange i n manu fac tu re t e chn ique . On ly 1 7c omp le te o rf r agmen ta ry c oppe r aw l sh ave b een f ound a tC ha lco l i th ic s i te s i n I s rae l 6.T he ma in t ypo log ica l f e a ture wh ich i den t i f ies a nd d i s t ingu ishes t he C ha lco l i th ic aw ls f r om t hose o f t he E BI I I I i st he ir r ound s ec t ion ( s ee F ig . 4 ) . T h is t ype o f s e c t ion r e cur s o n ly i n t he I n termed ia te B ronze Age . One me ta l lurg is t , A . R ude r ( pe r s . c omm . ) , h as s ugges ted t ha t t he r ound s ec t ion c ou ld b e t he r e su l to ft h ree p oss ib le t e chn ique s: a )t he l o s tw ax me thod ,b )c a s t ing i ns t one mou lds ,o rc ) f o rg ing . T he ma in p o in t h e re i st ha t a l l o f t he se me thods r equ ire e ach aw l t ob e p repared

FI G . 2( o ppo s i te p ag e ) .- D i s t r ibu t ion o fc oppe ri mp lemen ts a nd i ndu s try i nt he E B Ip e r iod .

K ey t oF ig .2 . I .' E nT eo 2 .T e lR o sh h a -N iq ra 3 .T e l K ine ro t 4 .' Usa 5 .B e tY e rah 6 . Naha lT avo r 7 .Y i f tah 'e l 8 .' E nS hadud 9 .T e l lS huneh 1 0 .T e lQ i shyon 1 .A fu la 1 2 . Meg iddo 1 3 . A saw ir 1 4 .T e l K i tan 1 5 .B e th S hean 1 6 . ' E nh a -N az iv

1 7 .T i ra t Z v i 1 8 .D o than 1 9 . Mese r 2 0 .K e fa r Monash 2 1 .A bu H abb i l 2 2 . Umm H ammad 2 3 . Ma 'abaro t 2 4 . ' O le sh 2 5 .T e l l e l -F ar 'ah No r th 2 6 .T e l Av iv 2 7 .G iva ' tay im 2 8 .A zo r 2 9 . Aphek 3 0 .T e l D a l i t 3 1 .T e l le n -Na sbeh 3 2 .A l

3 3 .J e r icho 3 4 .H ar tuv 3 5 .Y avneh 3 6 .T e l Goded 3 7 .G a th G ov r in 3 8 .T e l E ran i 3 9 .L ach i sh 4 0 . Ma 'ahaz 4 1 . H a l i f T e r race 4 2 .A bu Ho f 4 3 .A r ad 4 4 . Sma l l T e l Ma lha ta 4 5 . K b .I s kande r 4 6 .B ab e dh -Dh ra ' 4 7 .' E nB e so r 4 8 . Nume i ra

4 9 . 5 0 . 5 1 . 5 2 . 5 3 . 5 4 . 5 5 . 5 6 . 5 7 . 5 8 . 5 9 . 6 0 . 6 1 . 6 2 . 6 3 . 6 4 .

e s -Sa f i F e i feh K hanaz i r F idan 4 Y o tva ta A rava -S i te A rava -S i te A rava -S i te A rava -S i te A rava -S i te A rava -S i te A rava -S i te B e 'e r O r a A rava -S i te G ibeon h a -Zo re 'a

2 02 1 90 1 89 1 88 3 9 2 9 4 2 1 82

6 . C ha lco l i th ic c oppe r aw ls w e re f ound a tt he f o l low ing s i tes: o ne a t Me se r ( Do than 1 959a: p l . 3m ) , t wo b roken o ne s a t Abu Ma tar ( Pe r ro t 1 955: 1 7 2 , f i g . 2 0 : 1 9 -20 ) , o ne a tB i rS a f ad i ( Pe r ro t 1 968 :f i g . 8 49 ) , o ne c o mp le te aw l a nd s i x b roken o ne s a tS h iqm im ( Sha lev & No r thove r 1 987 ) , o ne a tN aha l M ishmar ( Bar -Adon 1 980: 1 52 , f i g . 2 5 ) , o ne a tL ach ish ( Tu fne l l 1 958: 7 5 ,3 28 ) a nd e i gh tf r agmen t s a tG hassu l ( Ma l lon , K oeppe l &N euv i l le 1 934: 7 5 ) . We f ound o n ly f i ve o ft h e se i nt h eP on t i f ic a l B ib l ica l I n s t i tu te 's c ole c t ion ,a l lo f wh ich h ave ar ound s ec t ion .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 44 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts -1 45I and - II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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5 .S i te 6 .S i te 7 .S i te 8 .S i te

1 035 1 039 1 038 1 04 1

9 . Wad iN asb 1 0 . R i c i i t a 1 .S i te 6 88 1 2 . Abu N im r a

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i nd iv idua l ly a ta l l s t age so fi t s manu fac tu re , c onsu m ing more t ime t h an t he more a dvanced ma ss p roduc t ion t e chn ique s emp loyed i nt he f ab r ica t ion o f aw ls i nt he E BI I I I . T he s carc i ty o f c opper aw ls i n c on t ras t t o t he a bundance o f f l in t aw ls i n t he Cha lco l i th ic s how t ha t t hey w e re n o t y e t w e l l e s tab l ished i n t he t oo l k i t o f t ha t p er iod . T h is was a tl e as t p a r t ly d ue t ot h e i r e xpen se .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 46 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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FI G .4 .— C ha lco l i th ic c oppe r aw l s .— 1 .B i rS a fad i( IDA M n o .6 3 -479 ) .2 .S h iqm im ( IDA M n o . 159/07932 ) . 3 . Naha l M i shmar ( IDA M n o . 6 1 -33/1 ) .4 . Me se r .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 47 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

O RN IT I LAN & M ICHAE L . S EBBANE

T he E BI I I I aw ls h ave as quare s e c t ion ( s ee F igs .5 -7 ) , a nd e xh ib i t g rea te r d i mens iona l v ar iab i l i ty

7

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c harac ter is t ics wh ich d i s t ingu ish t hem d ur ing t he e n t ire p e r iod . T hese

t ypo log ica l c hanges - d e tec ted b y S tech , Muh ly a nd Madd in i n t he ir a na ly s is o f t he A rad me ta ls - p robab ly r e f lec t i mprovemen ts i n manu fac tur ing t e chn ique . I tc an b e r e con s t ruc ted a sf o l low s: f i r s t ly ,c oppe rs hee t s we re p roduced b yp our ing t he mo l ten me ta l i n to o pen mou lds; a f ter t h i s t he s hee t s were c u t i n to t h in s t r ip s wh ich we re f o rged i n to aw ls; f i na l ly , t he work ing e dge w as g round t o ap o in t a nd t he b u t t h a f ted i n to ah and le ( S tech , Madd in a nd Muh ly , i np re ss ) .

S ou rces o f c oppe r i n t he E a r ly B ronze I We a re a t at wo fo ld d i sadvan tage i no ur a t temp tt or e con s t ruc tt he c oppe ro re s ou rce so f t he E BI ; t he a rchaeo log ica l d a ta f r om F e inan a nd T i mna a re amb iguous a nd a lmos t n o me ta l lurg ica l a na ly ses h ave b een c ar r ied o u t o n c oppe r f i nds f r om a n E B Ic on tex t . T he f o l low ing i s as u mmary o ft he e x is t ing ( pub l i shed )e v idence: R o thenberg a nd H aup tmann h ave a t tr ibu ted t he f i r s t s ha f t m ines a tT i mna a nd F e inan t ot he E B Io n t he b as is o fp o t te ry f i nds i nt he s ha f t s ( Ro thenbe rg 1 978: 1 -2 ; Haup tmann , We isbe rger & K nau f 1 985: 1 72 ) . T he se - w i th t he e xcep t ion o f o ne l amp -bow l f r agmen t a nd o ne s t orage j a rb ase f r agmen t ( O rden t l ich & R o thenbe rg 1 980: 1 70 , f i g . 1 95 ) ,n e i the ro f wh ich i si nd ica t ive - a re n o t p ub l ished g raph ica l ly , p re c lud ing a ny c o mmen t o n t he ir s ugge s ted d a t ing . On ly a f ew a na lyse s o f E B Ic opper f i nds h ave b een made , o r a t l e as t p ub l ished: Meg iddo ( Loud 1 948: p l . 2 83: 1 ) , K far Mona sh ( Key 1 963: 2 89 -290 ) , A zor ( Ben -To r 1 975: 2 3 ) a nd u pco m ing , A rad ( S tech , Muh ly & Madd in , i np re s s ) 8.On t he b a s is o fs uch c ur sory i n forma t ion n o d e f in i te c onc lus ion s c an b e d rawn . Howeve r , c oncern ing t he c oppe r f r om A rad i ti s wor thwh i le n o t ing t he s im i lar i ty o f c ompos i t ion b e tween t he E B Ia nd E BI i mp lemen ts ,p o in t ing o fc ou r se t o ac ommon s ou rce - p robab ly s ou the r nS ina i( s ee b e low ) .

T he b eg inn ing s o f c oppe r p roduc t ion i n S ina i ( s ee map F i g .3 ) T he l a rge n umbe r o f n awam i s t ombs f ound i n S ina i a nd s eve ra l dwe l l ing s i tes h ave b een d a ted t o t he f our th m i l lenn ium B .C . ( Ba r -Yo se f e ta l1 977 , 1 983 , 1 986; G oren 1 980; S ass 1 980: 4 2-44 , 4 7 -48 ) . I n con te s tab le d a ta i sl a ck ing f o r c opper m in ing i n S ina i d ur ing t h is t ime b u t t he re i sr eason t o b e l ieve t ha t s ome o f t he sme l t ing s i tes i nves t iga ted b y B e i t A r ieh a nd d a ted b y h im t o t he E B I may i n f a c t b e e ar l ier 9.I n a dd i t ion , s i gns o f

7 . E a r ly B ronze Iaw ls h ave b e en u ncove red a tt he f olow ing s i te s :o ne a tB e i tY e rah ( 0 . Y ogev ,p e r s . c omm . ) , t wo a t B e th S hean ( F i tzge ra ld 1 935: p l . 3 : 2 , 2 4 ) , o ne a tT i ra t Z v i ( e xcava ted b y N . Z o r i , u npub l i shed ) , f ou r a t Maabaro t ( Po ra t , D a r & App lebaum 1 985 :2 07 ) , t wo a tG iva tay im ( Su s sman & B en -A r ieh 1 966: 4 ,f i g . 1 0: 2 -3 ) , s i x a tA zo r ( Ben -To r 1 97 1 :2 4 , f i g . 1 2: 1 3 , p l . 2 2: 7 ; D ruks , p e rs . c omm . a nd s ee o u r F ig . 5:2 ) , o ne a tA i ( Marque t K rause 1 948 :p l .3 9: 1 85 ) ,s even a tT e lE ran i( B randt p e r s .c omm . a nd o u rF ig .5 :4 ) ,o ne a tT e l Maahaz ( ou rF ig .5 : 5 ) , t h ree a tE n B e so r , S i te H ( Macdona ld 1 932 :p l .2 4 :4 7 ,p l .2 6: 5 6 ,p l . 2 8 :2 3 ) , t wo a tA rad ( A rn i ran e ta l1 978: p l . 7 7 : 1 3; 1 986: 1 7 ,f i g .6 ,a nd s ee o u rF ig .5 :3 ) ,f ou ra t Sma l lT e l Ma lha ta ( unpubl i shed ,s ee o u rF ig . 5:1 ) . 8 . K ey ( 1 963 :2 89 -290 ) h as s ugge s ted S ina ia s t he c oppe rs ou rce o ft h eo b jec t si nt h e K far Monash h oa rd . T he e xac t d a te o ft h i sa s semb lage i sn o tc e r ta in b u tc an p robab ly b ea s s igned t oe i the rE BI ,I o r I ( He s tr in & T admo r 1 963 :2 86; B en -To r1 97 1 ;Wa tk in s1 97 5 ) . 9 . F ou r s me l t ing s i te s ( S i te s 1 035 , 1 038 , 1 039 , 1 041 ) w e re i den t i f ied b y B e i t -Ar ieh a nd a l l we re d a ted t o t h e E B I( Be i t -Ar ieh 1 977: 6 7 , 6 9 -70 , 1 59 -162 , f i g . 1 4 :8 ; 1 983 : . 44 ) . B u td a tab le r ema ins f r om t he se s i te sa re e i the rf ew o r a bsen t . I n f a c t , t he e n t i re c orpu s o f " da tab le " ma te r ia l i sc omp r ised o f o n ly o ne p ub l i shed h o lemou th j a r r im f r agmen t f r om S i te 1 039 . H ence S as s ' ( 1 980: 4 4 , n .2 4 ) p ropo sa l t h a t a tl e as t s ome o ft hese s i te s c ou ld b er e lega ted t ot h ef ou r th m i l lenn ium B .C .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 48 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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F IG .5 .—E B Ic oppe r aw ls .— 1 . Sma l lT e l Ma lha ta ( f ie ld n o . 4 29/61 ) . 2 .A zor . 3 .A rad ( f ie ld n o . 3 493/61 ) . 4 .T e l E ran i ( IDA M n o . 5 8 -834 ) . 5 .N awam i s o fG ebe l Gunna .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 49 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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FI G . 6 .— E B Ic oppe r aw ls f r om A rad .— F rom l e f t t or i gh t: 1 .L ong , t h ick aw ls ( f ie ld n os . 7 552/6 1 ; x 734/61) . 2 .L ong , t h in aw ls ( f ie ld n os . 3 257/6 1 ; 4 740/61) . 3 . Med ium , t h ick aw ls ( f ie ld n os . 8 835/62; x 945/6 1) . 4 . Med ium , t h in aw ls ( f ie ld n os . x 26 16/6 1 ;x 6472/61 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 50 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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FI G . 7 .—E B Ic oppe r aw ls f r om A rad ( c on t inued ) .— F r om l e f tt or i gh t :1 .S hor t ,t h ick aw ls ( f ie ld n os . 8 242/61 ; x 2080/61 ) . 2 .S hor t , t h in aw ls ( f ie ld n o s . 6 126/61 ; x 3113/61 ) . 3 .T he s i x E B Ic oppe r aw l g roups . ( 7 552/61 ;3 157/61 ;6 293/61 ;x 6472/61 ;x 2080/61 ;x 6126/61) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -1 51 -

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F IG .8 .— C ha lco l i th ic a nd E B Ic oppe r aw ls a nd j a r sf r om v ar ious s i te s . —1 .C ha lco l i th i cc oppe ra w l s o f Me se ra nd B i rS a fad i .2 .E B Ic oppe r aw ls f r om Sma l lT e l Ma lha ta ,A zo ra nd T e lE ran i .3 .E B Ic oppe r aw ls f r om t he N awam i so fG ebe l Gunna .4 .E B In ecked j a r( f ie ld n o . 74/1 )a nd h o lemou th j a r( f ie ld n o . 7 80/1 ) f r om Sma l l T e l Ma lha ta .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 52 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

COPPER METALLURGY ,T RADE AND T HE U RBAN IZAT ION O F S OUTHERN CANAAN

me ta l lurg ica l p roduc t ion ( f urnace s , s l ag a nd t oo ls ) w ere r epor ted b y R o thenbe rg ( 1 975: 7 5 -77; 1 979: 17 -119 ) a tS i te 6 88 o n t he T ih P la teau a nd d a ted b y h im t oE BI ,c ompr is ing u n t i l r e cen t ly t he e ar l ies t e v idence f o r c opper p roduc t ion i n S ina i . Once a ga in , we a re p reven ted f r om e va lua t ing R o thenbe rg 's d a t ing d ue t ot he a b sence o fa dequa te p ub l ica t ion . G arenne -Maro t ( 1 984 ) h as c omp i led al i s to ft he p os s ib le s i tes o fe ar ly c oppe re x t rac t ion i n S ina i ,i n c lud ing o ne ( Abu N im ra ) ,n ear S i te 6 88 . I nd irec t i nd ica t ions o f c opper p roduc t ion a nd s r n i th ing a re f ound i n t he e xc lus ive ly S ina i t ic n awamis t o mbs . T he q ues t ion o f t he n awamis ' d a te a nd t he ir t empora l r e la t ion sh ip t o t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd E B Ii sp rob lema t ic b ecau se t hey a lmos t t o ta l ly l a ck c e ram ic r ema in s . B ar -Yose f , H e r shkov i tz , A rbe l a nd G oren h ave r e cen t ly s ugge s ted d a t ing t he n awam i s t ot he e nd o ft he f ou r th m i l lenn iu m B .C . r e ly ing o n t he l i th ic s , t he b eads a nd t he s he l ls ( Ba r -Yose f e ta l . 1 983: 5 6 ) . T he a ccompany ing c opper i mp lemen ts f r om t he se t ombs , a nd e spec ia l ly t he aw ls , s uppor t t h is d a te . T he aw ls f ound i n t he n awam i s a l l e xh ib i t t he s quare s ec t ion a nd h ave s im i lar d imens ions t o t hose o f t he E B Ii n C anaan ( Cur re l ly 1 906: 2 43 , i l . 1 79; B ar -Yose f e ta / . 1 977: 8 0 , f i g . 4 : 1 2 -14; 1 986: 1 46 , f i g . 1 2: 1 0 ) 1° .T he f a c t t ha t n o aw ls w i th r ound s e c t ion s w ere f ound i nd ica tes t ha t a tl e as t t hose t omb s wh ich c on ta ined aw l s s hou ld b ec on tempora ry w i th t he E B I( s ee F ig .7 : 6 9 ) . I no ur o p in ion , t he c oppe ri mp lemen t s f ound i nt he n awam i s t ombs a re f a sh ioned f r om o re t ha t o r ig ina tes i n t he m ines o f s ou the rn S ina i . I ti sp robab le t ha t t he i nhab i tan t s o f s ou the rn S ina i t r aded i n c opper w i th s ou thern C anaan a nd E gyp t ( Sa ss 1 980: 4 8; B a r Y ose fe ta l . 1 983: 5 8 ) . T h is i dea i ss uppor ted b y t h ree i nd ica t ion s: a ) Me ta l lurg ica l a na lys is o f t he c opper aw ls f ound a t A rad s hows t ha t t he c hem ica l c ompos i t ion o f t he E B Iaw ls i si den t ica l t o t ha t o f t he E B I aw ls . S tech , Madd in a nd Muh ly ( i n p re ss ) h ave t he re fore s ugges ted ac ommon o re s ou rce f o r b o th p e r iods . Wh i le t h is i sn o t n ecessar i ly s ou thern S ina i , ap le tho ra o f E BIa rchaeo log ica l ma te r ia l f r om b o th A rad a nd S ina i— i ns upp lemen t t ot he c opper o b je c t s— g ive s t e s t i mony t o as t rong c onnec t ion b e tween t he t wo , p robab ly f ounded o n t he c oppe r t r ade ( Am iran , B e i t -A r ieh & G lass 1 973; B e i t -Ar ieh 1 983: 4 7 -48 ) . b ) A t Sma l l T e l Ma lha ta a n umber o f s qua re sec t ioned c oppe r aw ls ( wh ich h ave n o t y e t b een a na lyzed ) were f ound i n g ood E B Is e t t lemen t a ssemb lages . I n t he s a me a ssemb lages a t l e as t t h ree h o lemou th s t orage j a rs ( s ee F ig . 8 ) were f ound whose p e trograph ic a na lys is i nd ica te s as ou thern S ina i o r ig in 1 . c ) T he ma ter ia l a ssemb lage o f t he n awam i s ( t ransver sa l a r rowheads , f a ience b eads , a nd t wo t yp ica l P redynas t ic v esse ls [ Bar -Yose f e ta l . 1 983: 5 6 ] ) s ugges ts E gyp t ian c onnec t ion s a s we l l . I nE gyp t t oo ,d ur ing wha t we b e l ieve i st he s a me t empora l p arame te r , t he l a te P redynas t ic a nd e ar ly Dynas t ic p e r iod , t here i s an o tab le i n crease i n t he n umbe r a nd v ar ie ty o fc oppe ri mp lemen t s . F or t he f i r s tt ime a xe s ,a dze s a nd s quare sec t ioned aw ls a ppear i n t he E gyp t ian r epe r to i re ( Pe t r ie 1 917: 5 , 16 ,19 ,52; Henne ssy 1 967: 3 3 ) , p e rhaps o r ig ina t ing i ns ou thern S ina i ( Baumgar te l 1 955: 1 22 ) .

1 0 . A . G o ren h as k ind ly s howed u s a l l o f t he a w ls f ound i n t h e n awam i s . We i n c lude h e re ( F ig . 7 : 6 9 ) f ou r aw ls n o tp ubl i shed p rev iou s ly . B ar -Yose fe ta l . ( 1 986 : 1 46 )h ave n o ted aw l sf ound i nt he n aw am i sw i th t he e xpe c ted s qua re s e c t ion , h oweve r t h e d r aw ing a ccompany ing t h e t e x t ( i b id .: 1 45 , f i g . 1 2: 1 0 ) s hows as omewha t r ounded s ec t ion . We h ave c hecked t h e o b jec ti t se l f; t he d raw ing i si nco r rec t . 1 . P e t rog raph ic a na lys is o f t he se j a r s r evea led a r i ine ra l c ompo s i t ion a lmos t i den t ica l t o t he h o lemou th c ook ing p o t s o fs ou the rn S ina i . T he w are c on ta ins g ran i t ic a rko se t oge the r w i th s ome c a lce rou s s ed imen tary r o ck m ine ra ls ( N . P o ra t , p e rs . c omm . ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 53 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

o RN r r n AN &

M ICHAEL S EBBANE

METALLURGY AND URB AN IZAT ION IN SO UTHER N CANAAN IN THE EARLY BRO NZE I

T he E B Ii sc ons idered t o b e t he p er iod i n wh ich t he f i r s t t r u ly u rban s e t t lemen t c ry s ta l l ized i nC anaan . L oca ted i n ar e la t ive ly h ar sh a r id z one , A rad i st he s ou thernmos t E a r ly B ronze u rban s i te o f C anaan . I n p onder ing t he r i dd le o f A rad 's d eve lopmen t , me ta l lurgy mu s tb e c on s ide red a s h av ing ac en tra l r o le . We h ave p re sen ted ac a se f o r t he i nhab i tan ts o f s ou the rn S ina i t r ad ing i n c oppe r w i th s ou the rn C anaan a nd E gyp t b y t he E BI .T rade b e tween A rad a nd s ou the rn S ina i d eve loped i n to t he E BI ,n o ta s an ew f a c tor b u ta s ac on t inu ing a nd i n ten s i fy ing o ne

1 2

.A rad 's

o rgan ic d eve lopmen t f r om a n E B Ir ura l

s e t t lemen t i n to a n E B It own i sp robab ly r e la ted t o t he s t reng then ing o f me ta l lurg ica l c omme rce w i th s ou the rn S ina i . S uch c omme rce p e rhap s s e rved a s t he e conom ic l e ve r f o r A rad 's p ro sper i ty . Mar foe ( 1 980: 3 16 ) h as a l ready s ugges ted t he c ruc ia l r o le o ft h e c oppe r t r ade a s t he e cono m ic i mpe tus f o rt he u rban iza t ion o fs ou the rn C anaan i nt he E ar ly B ronze Age: " Once t he u t i l i tar ian c harac ter o f t he me ta l was e s tab l ished , i tp rov ided a n i n te rchangeab le a nd measurab le r e source i t em t ha t w as b o th a bundan t e nough t o b e e xchangeab le a nd whose p roduc t ion was s carce o r c on tro l lab le e nough t o b e made v a luab le " . T he d yna m ics o f t h is r e la t ion sh ip a re r evea led i n t he p resence o f " A rad ian " a r t i fac ts a nd a r ch i tec ture i ns ou the rn S ina ia nd t he c oppe ru ten s i l sa nd p o t tery w are sf ound a tA rad wh ich p robab ly ( and i n t he c ase o f t he p o t te ry , c er ta in ly ) o r ig ina ted i nS ina i . T he c opper u ten s i ls f ound a tA rad f o rm t he l a rges t s uch a s semb lage f ound a nywhere i nE ar ly B ronze C anaan o r S ina i , b o th i n t e rm s o f a b so lu te n umber s a nd i n p ropor t ion t o t he r e s t o f t he a s semb lage . S uch i mpre ss ive d a ta s uppor tt he p er cep t ion o fA rad a s as o r to f empor ium o r d i s tr ibu t ion marke t f o r c opper u ten s i ls t o t he r e s t o f C anaan ( A tn iran e ta l . 1 980: 1 4; A rn iran 1 986: 7 5; Mar foe 1 980: 3 16 ) . T he s oc ia l a nd p o l i t ica l n a ture o f t he r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he t wo p opu la t ions i ss t i l l o bscure: whe the r i tb e ac ase o f r u ler a nd v a ssa l o r p e rhap s more l i ke ly ,o ne o fe conom ic a nd s oc ia lc oope ra t ion ( S as s 1 980 :4 8 ) .

FI G . 9( o pp o s i te p ag e ) .- D is tr ibu t ion o fc oppe ri mp lemen ts a nd i ndus t ry i nt he E B Ip e r iod .

K ey t oF ig .9 . 1 .T e lD an 2 .T e l K ine ro t 3 .B e tY e rah 4 .h a -Z ,o re 'a 5 . Meg iddo 6 .A saw i r 7 .D o than 8 .K e fa r Monash 9 . Umm H ammad

1 0 .B e th S he an 1 . Aphek 1 2 .T e l Coded 1 3 .T e l D a l i t 1 4 .A i 1 5 .J e r icho 1 6 .T e l ' E ran i 1 7 .A rad 1 8 .B ab e dh -Dh ra '

1 9 . 2 0 . 2 1 . 2 . 2 3 . 2 4 . 2 5 . 2 6 . 2 7 .

K ade sh &urea B iq 'a t Uvda -S i te 1 7 B iq 'a tU vda -S i te 9 B iq 'a t Uvd a -S i te 1 0 B iq 'a tU vda -S i te 1 8 B iq 'a tU vda -S i te 3 B iq 'a t Uvda -S i te 1 A rava -S i te 1 90 A rava -S i te 1 89

2 8 . 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 1 . 3 2 . 3 3 . 3 4 .

A rava -S i te A rava -S i te A rava -S i te A rava -S i te B ee r O ra A rava -S i te A rava -S i te

1 88 2 9 3 9 4 2 1 82 2 02

1 2 . C on t r a Am i ran , B e i t -A r ieh & G las s ( 1 973 ) , who emphas ize t h ec onnec t ion b e tween A rad a nd S ina i o n ly i n t he E BI , ar e la t ionsh ip a t t r ibu tab le i nt h e i ro p in ion t ot h ec oppe rt r ade . de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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COPPER METALLURGY , T RADE AND THE URBAN IZATION OF S OUTHERN CANAAN

5 0 km •

E xcava ted s i tes c on ta in ing c oppe r i mp lemen t s

I E xcava ted s i tes w i thou t c oppe r i mp lemen ts •

S ur veyed s i tes c on ta in ing r ema ins o f c oppe r i n dus t ry

1*

1 3.

1 20

1 7*

e F E I N A S

3 40 »

e

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 155E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

O RN T T I LAN & M ICHAEL S EBBANE

T he c oppe r i ndus t ry o f t he E a r ly B ronze I T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fc oppe ru tens i ls a nd t he r ema in so fc opper me ta l lurgy i nt he E B Ii s e s sen t ia l ly t he s ame a s i n t he E B I( s ee map , F ig .9 ) 13 .T he l a ck o f me ta l lurg ica l r e ma in s i nC anaan s t ands i n ma rked c on t ras t t ot he a bundance o fc oppe ri mp lemen t s . Once a ga in t h is a rgue sf o r t oo l manu fac ture a to rn ea r t he m ine sa nd t r an spor to ft he f i n ished p roduc t n or thwa rd t oC anaan , w i th al a rge p o r t ion p robab ly g o ing t o A rad . A t t h i s j unc ture i ti s wor thwh i le r ev iew ing t he e v idence f o r c opper p roduc t ion i n t he a rea s w i th m in ing p o ten t ia l : T imna a nd F e inan R o thenbe rg ( 1 978: 2 )a nd Haup tmann e ta / . ( 1 985: 1 67 ) h ave p o in ted o u tt he a b sence o f e v idence f o r E B Is e t t lemen ta nd c oppe r p roduc t ion i nF e inan a nd T i mna . Howeve r , t he ir r e search i sp re l im inary a nd l a rge ly u npub l ished . T he p rox im i ty o fi mpor tan t s i tes s uch a s t he Uvda V a l ley g roup ( near T i mna , a nd i n wh ich c opper u tens i ls were f ound ) , t he s e t t lemen t s o n t he s ou theas tern f l ank o f t he D ead S ea ( Bab e dh -Dh ra , e t c . , n ea r F e inan ) , a nd A rad ( no t f a r f r om b o th m in ing r eg ion s ) , s ugge s t s s o me d eg ree o fe xp lo i ta t ion a tt h is t ime . S ou the rn S ina i T he E B I dwe l l ing s i tes e xcava ted i n s ou thern S ina i c on ta ined c opper t oo ls a nd r ema ins o f me ta l lurgy: s l ags , c ruc ib le s , mou lds a nd sma l l f r ag men t s o f r e f ined o re ( Be i t A r ieh 1 977: 1 49 -156 , p l . 1 6; 1 981: 12 -113 , f i g . 8 : 2 1 -24 , p l . 2 6: 1 6 -20; 1 986: 4 1-42 , f i gs . 1 3 -14 ) ( s ee map F ig . 1 0 ) . Me ta l lurg ic a na ly s is r evea led t h a t t he c ompos i t ion o f t he c opper t oo ls a nd o re f r agmen t s i si den t ica l t o t ha t o f o re f r om t h e n earby m ine o f Wad i R iq i ta ( Be i t -Ar ieh 1 981: 12 -113; 1 983: 4 4; 1 986: 4 1 -42 ) . B e s ide s t he E B I dwe l l ing s i te s , B e i t A r ieh i nve s t iga ted f our c opper sme l t ing s i tes wh ich h e d a ted t o t he s a me p e r iod ( s ee a bove n .9 ) . T he E BIC oppe r Aw l s o fA rad

( F igs . 6 -7 )

T he c oppe rt oo la s semb lage o fE B IA rad n umbe r s2 12 o b je c t si n c lud ing a xe s ,o ne a dze , c h ise l s a nd aw ls 14 .T he l a t ter c omp r i se 7 3% o f t h e who le a nd we re f ound t h roughou t t he s i te i n v ar ious t ype s o f a r ch i tec tura l u n i ts . T he h igh aw l f r equency a nd w ide s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion t e s t i fy t o t he ir i mpo r tance i n d ay t o d ay a c t iv i ty . T h is l a rge c orpus o f aw l s c an b ed iv ided i n to s i xg roup su s ing l e ng th a nd t h ickne ss a sc r i ter ia: 1 )L ong , t h ick aw ls: 1 0 .5 -12 .5 cm . l ong , 0 . 3 -0 .5 cm . t h ick . 2 )L ong , t h in aw ls: 1 0 .0 12 .0 cm . l ong , 0 . 2 -0 .3 cm . t h ick . 3 ) Med ium , t h ick aw ls: 6 . 0 -8 .0 cm . l ong , 0 . 3 -0 .5 cm . t h ick . 4 ) Med iu m , t h in aw ls: 6 . 0 -8 .0 cm . l ong , 0 . 2 -0 .25 cm . t h ick . 1 3 . T he f o l low ing c oppe ri t ems h ave b een f ound i nE B Ic on tex ts i nC anaan: D an ( M i ron 1 985: 2 3 , p l . 6 :6 ) , B e th Y e rah ( Yogev & E i senbe rg 1 985: 1 4 ;M i ron 1 985: 1 7 ,p l . 5: 4 ,8 ) , Meg iddo ( Loud 1 948 :p l s . 1 84: 1 ,2 83: 1 ) ,K fa r Monash ( Hes t r in & T adr no r 1 963 ) , Aphek ( M i ron 1 985: 1 7 , p l . 3 : 5 ) , T e l D a l i t ( Gophna 1 98 1: 2 4 ) , A i ( Ma rque t K rause 1 948: p l . 3 9: 1 514 , 2 007 , 2 120 F EB I I ? I , 2 026; C alaway 1 972: f i g . 5 8: 2 9 -30 , p l . 7 7 : 2 29 1; s u r face f i nd s wh ich r ange f r om E BI to E B I :Ma rque t -K rause 1 948: p l . 3 9: 1 590 , 1 6 13 ,p l .7 6: 1 64 1-42 ) ,J e r icho ( Ho l land 1 983: 5 64 -565 , 5 67 ,f i g s . 2 28: 1 -2 ,2 29: 2 3 ) , A rad ( Am i ran e ta t . 1 976: 4 0; 1 97 8 :5 5 -56 ,p l s .7 0 -7 1 ,a nd s ee o ur f i g s . 8 ,9 : 1 4 ) , Uvda V aley ( Avne r &I l an 1 980 :3 9 ;E i tan 1 980 :4 0; B e i t -A r ieh 1 980 :4 5 ) . 1 4 . H e re i sa n i nven to ry o fE B Ic oppe r aw ls i nC anaan: A i ( Marque t -K rau se 1 949: p l . 3 9: 1 5 14 , 2 007 , 2 0 26 , 2 120 [ EB I ? D , T e l D a l i t ( Gophna 1 98 1 :2 4 ) ,J e r icho ( Holand 1 983: 5 67 , f i g . 2 29: 2 3 ) , A rad ( Am i ran e t a l . 1 97 8: p l s .7 0 -7 1 ,a nd o u rF ig s .8 9 ) ,U vda V aley ( Avne r &I l an 1 980 :3 9; E i tan 1 980 : 4 0 ) . de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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C OPPER M E TALLURGY ,T RADE A ND T HE U RBAN IZAT ION O FS OU THERN C ANAAN • •

E xcava ted s i tes c on ta in ing c oppe ri mp lement S u rveyed s i tes c on ta in ing r ema ins o fc oppe ri n dus t ry

,d e , , , , ,

FI G .1 0 .— D i s t r ibu t ion o fc oppe ri mp lemen ts a nd i ndu s try i nS ina ii nt he E B Ip er iod .

1 .F e inan 2 .T inu ia 3 .S i te 1 035 ( Be i t A r ieh ) 4 .S i te 1 042 -Wa t i a No r th 5 .S i te 1 0 14 -Wad i Umm T umu r

6 .S i te 7 .S i te 8 .S i te 9 .S i te 1 0 .S i te

1 046 -S he ikh Muhse in 1 049 -Nab iS a lah 1 039 ( Be i t A r ieh ) 1 03 8 ( Be i t A r ieh ) 1 0 4 1 ( Be i t A r ieh )

1 . 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 .

R iq i ta S i te 6 88 ( Ro thenbe rg ) A bu N ir p ra S am ra

5 )S hor t , t h ick a w l s: 3 . 0 -5 .5 cm . l ong , 0 . 25 -0 .3 cm . t h ick . 6 )S hor t , t h in aw l s: 4 . 0 -5 .0 cm . l ong , 0 . 2 cm . t h ick . T h is h igh d eg ree o fv ar iab i l i ty c ou ld b ea scr ibed t oe i ther o rb o th o ft wo f a c tor s: a )a n i ncreased s upp ly o f c opper ( a r esu l t o f g rea ter d emand ) , wh ich l ed t o g rea te r p a r t i c u lar iza t ion , i . e . t he manu fac ture o f s pec ia l ized aw ls f o r s pec i f ic j obs; o r b ) r andom d i f fe ren t ia t ion d ue t o al im i ted d eg ree o fs t andard iza t ion i n manu fac tur ing t e chn ique .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 5 7E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

o RN r r

I LAN & M ICHAEL S EBBANE

T he n umber o fc opper t oo ls r e la t ive t ot he a rea e xcava ted i ss im i lar i nb o th S t ra tum I I a nd S t ra tu m I , b u t i n S t ra tum Ia d ras t ic r educ t ion o ccur s . I n l i gh t o f t h is d a ta t he f o l low ing d educ t ion sc an b e made: a ) T he " me ta l lurgy c onnec t ion " w i th s ou thern S ina i was a l ready we l l e s tab l ished a t t he o nse t o f t he E BI , t he i n c ip ien t p hase o fA rad 's u rban iza t ion ( S t ra tu m I I ) . b ) T he d e s truc t ion o f S t ra tum I I d id n o t a f fec t t h e c oppe r t r ade w i th s ou thern S ina i . T h is emphas ize st he i mpor tance o fc opper t ot he c i ty ' se cono m ic f ounda t ions . c )T he a bandonmen t o f t he E B Is e t t lemen t s o f s ou thern S ina i a nd t he d e s truc t ion o f A rad S t ra tum I may we l l b e i n terre la ted ( Am iran 1 986: 7 6 ) . A rad S t ra tum Ir epresen t s t he f i na l E ar ly B ronze s e t t lemen t a tt he s i te b e fore i t s a c tua l a bandonmen t ( A rn iran e ta l . 1 978: 16 ) , a t at ime when t he " me ta l lurgy c onnec t ion " h ad a l ready s een i t s d em i se . T he f ew c oppe ru s ten s i ls f ound i nS t ra tum Imay h ave b een r e cyc led S t ra tum I i t em s .

S U M MARY AND CONCLUS IONS T he u t i l iza t ion o fc oppe rf o rt he manu fac ture o ft oo l sf o re veryday u se b egan i nC anaan i n t he f our th m i l lenn ium B .C . T he c omp rehen s ion o f c oppe r 's a dvan tageous q ua l i t ie s ( i ts ma l leab i l i ty , l a ck o f f r ac ture a nd p o ten t ia l f o r r ecyc l ing ) l e ad t o i t s g rea t d emand i n a nc ien t t imes . I ndeed , t he s imu l taneous e x i t o f l i th ic t oo ls l i ke t he a xe s , a dze s a nd aw ls f r om t he t oo lr epe r to ire emphas ize st he p re fe rence f o rc oppe rs urroga tes . G iven t he g rea t d emand f o r t he e xpen s ive me ta l , p opu la t ion s a nd s e t t le men t s l o ca ted n ea r t he ma jor c oppe r s our ce s h ad a no bv ious a dvan tage . T h is a dvan tage i se xp re s sed b y t he s t rong g eograph ic c orre la t ion b e tween t he c opper s ource a rea s a nd t he r ema in s o f me ta l lurgy a nd t he n umerous c oppe r i mp lemen t f i nds i nb o th t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd E BI I : i th a s b een s ugges ted t ha t i n t he C ha lco l i th ic p er iod o re o r s em i -re f ined me ta l was t r an spor ted t o t he B eersheva b as in s e t t lemen t s we re i tw as p rocessed a nd i mp lemen ts f a sh ioned . I n t he E BI I I b o th t he sme l t ing o fo re a nd t he manu fac ture o ft oo ls t ook p l ace n ear t he m ine s a f te r wh ich t he f i na l p roduc t was b rough t t oC anaan . I n t he E BI ,t he s e t t lemen tp a t te rn o ft he s ou the rn r eg ion sb eco me s d en se ra nd s i gn so f s eden tary o ccupa t ion a re f ound n ea r t he m ine s ( Uvda V a l ley , s ou theas t f l ank o f t he D ead S ea , a nd s ou the rn S ina i ) a nd a c ross t he Negev . A rad r ep re sen t s t he c l imax o ft h is p roce ss . I t wa s t he s ou thernmos t u rban c en ter o f E ar ly B ronze Age C anaan a nd i n f a c t t he o n ly " t own " i n a n a r id r eg ion o therw ise a dver se t o s e t t lemen t o f a ny magn i tude . E ven i fa s l igh t ly more h um id c l i ma te i sa ssumed we mus t s t i l l p o s i t a n h ypo the s is t o e xp la in A rgd 's u rban d i men s ions u nde rs uch u namenab le c ond i t ions . We h ave s ugge s ted c oppe ra s t he f u lcrum o fA rad 's e x is tence a nd p rospe r i ty . T he E B I i nhab i tan t s o f A rad e xpanded a c opper t r ade wh ich a l ready e x is ted b e tween t hem a nd t he p opu la t ion o f s ou thern S ina i i n E B Ia nd e xp lo i ted t he m ine s o f S ina i w i th g rea te r i n ten s i ty . T h is p henomenon i se xpressed b y t he e s tab l ishmen t o f E BI " Canaan i te s e t t lemen ts " i n s ou thern S ina i where p rev ious ly , i n t he f our th m i l lenn ium , o n ly a l o ca l c u l ture e x is ted . A t l e as t a t t he o u tse t , r e la t ions b e tween t he l oca l a nd " Canaan i te " p opu la t ion we re b a sed o n mu tua l i ty a nd n o tc onque s to rv assa lage; i t was t h e l o ca ls who h ad t he i n i t ia l , i n t ima te k now ledge o f me ta l lurgy , c opper s ources , a nd t h e l og is t ics o f m in ing a nd p roduc t ion i n t he ir h ar sh n a t ive l and . We m igh t a s sume t ha t t h e n or the rne r s t r aded a g r icu l tu ra l i t em s i nr e turn f o r c oppe r: b ar ley , whea t , o i l a nd p erhaps

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 58 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

COPPER ME TALLURGY ,T RADE AND T HE U RBAN IZAT ION O F S OUTHERN C ANAAN

t ex t i les 15 .T he c opper b rough t t o A rad was a pparen t ly d i s t r ibu ted t o o ther p ar ts o f t he c oun t ry i ne xchange f o rg oods s uch a sf l ax ( Hop f1 978 :7 7 )a nd o i l . S ome t ime a tt he e nd o fE B It he s e t t lemen tc on f igu ra t ion o fs ou thern C anaan w en ti n to d ec l ine . T he w ide ly d i spe r sed a nd f a ir ly d en se E B In e twork o fh am le ts a nd f a rm s o f t he Negev a nd S ina i s eem t oh ave d i sappea red c omp le te ly , c oncur ren t w i th t he a bandonmen t o fA rad . Any c omb ina t ion o fs eve ra l p o ss ib i l i t ie s may a ccoun tf o rt h is d em ise: a )A ccord ing t oe v idence t h a th as a ccrued i nr e cen ty ea r s ,t he a rea u nde rd i scu ss ion w as marked b y ag radua l d es s ica t ion i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he t h ird m i l lenn iu m B .C . ( Horow i tz 1 980: 8 6; Am iran 1 986: 7 6 ) . An a r id e cosys tem o n ly marg ina l ly c apab le o f s uppor t ing s eden tary o c cupa t ion may h ave b eco me o ve r ly a dve r se , e ven f o r ap opu la t ion a dap ted t oa r id c ond i t ion s . b )I ti sa l so p oss ib le ( a l though n o p roo f e x is t s ) , t ha tc opper s ou rce s more a cce ss ib le t o C anaan , s uch a s F e inan a nd T i mna , b egan t o mee t t he l o ca l d emand f o r c opper v ia t he s e t t lemen ts t o t he s ou thea s t o f t he D ead S ea . S uch a d eve lopmen t m igh t h ave o bv ia ted t he n eed f o r S ina i c oppe r , t h ereby i r repa rab ly u nderm in ing A rad 's e conom ic f oo t ing a nd l e ad ing t ot ha tt own 's a bandonmen t( S ass 1 980: 4 8 ) . c )A t t he b eg inn ing o f t he O ld K ingdom ( c oeva l t ot he E BI I ) , E gyp t b egan t oe xp lo i t t he t u rquo ise m ines o fs ou the rn S ina i ( and p e rhap sa l so t he c opper m ine s: s ee M i rosched j i 1 976: 2 30; R o thenberg 1 987 ) . T he E gyp t ians e s tab l ished c amps a nd o u tpos ts n ear t he m ines a nd p robab ly worked w i th t he l o ca lp opu la t ion u nder as im i lar f o rm o fb i la tera l i sm t ha t t he C anaan i tes d id . F r ic t ion may h ave r e su l ted b e tween t he C anaan i tes a nd t he E gyp t ians d ue t o c ompe t i t ion o ve r manpower a nd t he l im i ted c ar ry ing c apac i ty o f t he s ou thwes te rn p ar t o f t he S ina i p en in su la , a l though t he re i sn o d i rec t e v idence f o r s uch a s cenar io . P erhaps t he E gyp t ian r ock r e l ie f s f ound i n s ou thern S ina i p or tray ing t he E gyp t ian k ing v anqu ish ing A s ia t ic f oes ( Ga rd ine r , P ee t & t ern 1 955 ) , r ef lec t s uch f r ic t ion st os o me d eg ree .

B IBLI OGRAP HY AHARON I ,Y . 1 96 1 T he E xped i t ion t ot h eJ udean D ese r t , 1 960 . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J ourna l 1: 1 -24 . ALON ,D . 1 976 G i la t . Hada sho t A r kheo log iyo t ( A rchaeo log ica l New s le t te r ) 5 7 -58: 3 7 ( i n H eb rew ) . 1 97 7a A C ha lco l i th ic T emp le a t G i la t . B ib l i ca l A r cha eo log i s t 4 0: 6 3 -70 . 1 977b G i la t . Hada sho t A r kheo log iyo t ( A rchaeo log ica l News le t te r ) 6 1 -62: 4 6 ( i n Heb rew ) . ALON ,D . &G ILEAD ,I . 1 985 Naha l L aha t C ave . E x c av a t ion sa nd S ur v ey s i nI s r a e l4 :7 8 . AM IRAN ,R . 1 986 T he F al o ft he E a r ly B ronze Age I C i ty o fA rad .I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l3 6: 7 4 -76 . AM IRAN ,R . , ALON ,D . &C OHEN ,C 1 976 AP ub l ic B u i ld ing sA rea i nt he Anc ien tC anaan i te C i ty o fA rad .I s r a e l Mu seum N ew s 1: 3 5 -40 . AM IRAN ,R . , ARNON ,C ,A LON ,D . , GOETHERT ,I t ,&L OUPPEN ,P . 1 980 T he E a r ly C anaan i te C i ty o f Mad ,T he R e su l t so fF ou r teen S easons o fE xcava t ions . Q admon i o t1 3( 4 9 -50 ) :2 1 9 ( i n Heb rew ) . AM IRAN ,R . ,B E IT -AR IEH ,I .& G LASS ,J . 1 97 3 T he I n te r re la t ionsh ip B e tween A rad a nd S i tes i n S ou the rn S ina i i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age I . I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion J ourna l2 3: 1 93 197 . AMMAN ,R . ,P ARAN ,U . ,S H ILOH ,Y . ,B RAUN ,R . ,T SAFR IR ,Y .& B EN -TOR ,A . 1 97 8 E ar ly A rad . T h e C ha lco l i th i c a nd E ar ly B r onz e A g e C i ty: F i r s t -F i f th S ea sons o f E x cav a t ions . 1 962 -1966 . J erusa lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty .

1 5 . Our a s sump t ion r egard ing t he i t ems e xchanged i sb ased o n t he f a c t t h a t t he S ina i s e t t lemen t s l a ck s i ck le b lade s ,o l ive p i t sa nd s p ind le who r ls .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -1 5 9-

O RN IT I LAN & M ICHAE L S EBBANE AM 1RAN ,R . ,S EBBANE ,M . ,I LAN ,0 . , SM ITH ,P . , HO ROW ITZ ,L .&L EV ITE ,D . 1 986 T he E xcava t ion o f Two T omb -Cave s :One a t Anc ien tA r ad a nd One i nt h eB e th S hean V a l ley .I s r a e l Mu s eum J ourna l 5 : 1 3 18 . AVNER ,U . 1 978 S u rvey i n t h e E i la t R eg ion . H ad a sho t A rkh eo log iyo t ( A rchaeo log ica l New s le t te r ) 6 7 -6 8: 6 6 -68 ( i n H eb rew ) . AVNER ,U . &I LAN ,0 . 1 980 ' Uvda V aley , S i te 9 .H ada sho t A rkh eo log iyo t ( A rchaeo log ica l News le t te r ) 7 4 -75: 3 9 -40 . B AR -ADON ,P . 1 980 T he C av e o ft h e T r e a su r e . J e ru sa lem: T he I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . B AR -YO SEF ,0 . ,B ELFER ,A . , GOREN ,A . & SM ITH ,P . 1 977 T he N awam i s n ea r ' E in Hude rah ( E as te rn S ina i ) . I s r ae l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l2 7 : 6 5 -88 . B AR -YO SEF ,0 . ,B ELFER -COHEN ,A . , GOREN ,A . , HER SHKOV ITZ ,I . ,I LAN ,0 . ,M IEN ' S ,H .K , & SA SS , B. 1 986 N aw am i s a nd H ab i ta t ion S i tes Near G ebe l Gunna , S ou the rn S ina i .I s ra e l E xp lo r a t i on J ourna l3 6: 1 21 167 . B AR -YO SEF ,0 . , HERSHKOV ITZ ,I .& GOREN ,A . 1 983 T he O r ien ta t ion o fN aw am i s E n t rance si nS ou the rn S ina i: E xp res s ions o fR e l ig ious B e l ie fa nd S easonal i ty . T e l A v iv 1 0: 5 2 -60 . B A 'UMGARTEL ,E .J . 1 955 T h e C u l tur e so fP r eh i s to r i c E gyp t , P ar t I .R ev . e d i t ion . Ox fo rd: O x fo rd Un ive r s i ty P res s . B E IT -AR IEH ,I . 1 977 S ou th S ina i i nt h e E a r ly B r onz e A g e . Unpubl i shed P h .D . d is se r ta t ion . T e l Av iv Un ive rs i ty ( Heb rew w i th E ng l ish s ummary ) . An E a r ly B ronze Age I S i te Nea rS he ikh ' Awad i nS ou the rn S i na i .T e lA v iv 8 :9 5 127 . C en t ra lS ou the rn S ina ii nt he E a r ly B ronze Age I a nd i t sR e la t ion sh ip w i th P a le s t ine .L ev an t1 5: 3 9 -48 . Two Cu l tu re s i n S ou the rn S ina i i n t he T h i rd M i l lenn ium B .C . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i can S cho o l s o fO r ien ta l R e s ea r ch 2 63: 2 7 -54 . BI N -TOR ,A . 1 97 1 T he D a te o ft he K f ar Monash Hoard ,I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J o urna l2 1: 2 0 1 -206 . 1 975 Two B u r ia lC ave so ft he P ro to -U rban P e r iod a tA zo r .Q ed em 1:1 53 . B ERCOV IC I ,A . 1 978 F l in t I mp lemen t s f r om T imna S i te 3 9 . P p . 1 6 -20 i n B .R o thenbe rg , R . F .T y leco te a nd P .J .B oyde l l , e ds . , C ha l co l i th i c C opp e r S me l t ing . L ondon: I n te rna t iona l Annua l o f Me talu rg ica l S tud ies . B RAUN ,E . 1 983 Ho rva t Y i f tah 'e l 1 982/1983 . E x cav a t i on s a nd S urv ey s i nI s r a e l 2 : 11 113 . CA LLAWAY ,A .J . 1 972 T h e E a r ly B r onz e A g e S an c tua ry a tA i( e t -T e l l ) ,n o . I .C o l t A rchaeo log ica l I ns t i tu te P ubl ica t ion . L ondon: B . Quar i tch . 1 980 T h e E ar ly B r onz e A g e C i tad e l a nd L owe r C i ty a tA i ( e t -T e l l ) , n o . 2 .C ambr idge , MA: Ame r ican S choo ls o f O r ien ta l R esearch . COG I ILAN ,F LF L 1 956 Me ta l I mp lemen t sa nd Weapons . P p . 6 00 -622 i nC .S inge r , E .J . Ho lmyard a nd A . R .H a l l , e ds . , AH i s to ry o f T e chno logy ,V o lume I .Ox fo rd: C la rendon P re s s . CURRELLY ,C .T . 1 906 G ebe l Mus aa nd t he Nawam is .P p .2 29 -244 i nW . M . F .P e t r ie ,R e s e a r c h e si nS i na i . L ondon :J ohn Mu r ray . DO THAN ,M . 1 98 1 1 983 1 986

1 957 1 959a 1 959b 1 975

E xcava t ions a t Me se r 1 956 . I s r ae l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 7 : 2 17 -228 . E xcava t ions a t Me se r 1 957 . I s r ae l E xp lo ra t ion J ourna l 9 : 1 3 -29 . E xcava t ions a t Ho rva t B e te r ( Bee rsheba ) . ' A t i qo t ( Heb rew S e r ie s ) 2 : 1 49 . T e l l e l -Asaw i r . P p . 1 00 102 i nM . Av i -Yonah a nd E .S t e rn , e d s . , E ncy c lop ed i a o fA r cha eo log i ca l E x c av a t i on s i nt h eH o ly L and ,V o lume I .L ondon :Ox fo rd Un ive rs i ty P res s . EI TAN ,A . 1 980 ' Uvda V a l ley , S i te 1 0 . H ada sho t A rkh eo log iyo t ( A rchaeo log ica l News le t te r ) 7 4 -75: 3 9 -40 ( i n Heb rew ) . E LDAR ,I .& B AUMGARTEN ,Y . 1 985 Neve Noy: A C ha lcol i th ic S i te o ft h e B e e r -sheba Cu l tu re . B i b l i ca l A r ch a eo log i s t4 8: 1 34 -139 . E PS IHN ,C . 1 977 T he C ha lco l i th ic Cu l tu re o f t h e Go lan . B ib l i ca l A r cha eo log i s t4 0: 5 8 -6 1 . 1 979 No te s a nd News , G o lan C ha lcol i th ic S i te s 1 978 . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 2 9: 2 25 -227 . F ITZGERALD ,G .M . 1 935 T he E ar l ie s t P o t te ry o fB e th S han . Mu seum J ourna l2 4 :5 32 . F ORBES , R .J . 1 950 Me t a l lurgy i nA n t iqu i ty . L e iden :E .J .B r il . GARD INER ,A .H . , Pa l ,T .E .& J . 1 955 I n sc r ip t i on so fS i na i ,P a r tH . L ondon :E gyp t E xp lo ra t ion S o c ie ty , O x fo rd U n ive r s i ty P re s s . GARENNE -MAROT ,L . 1 984 L ec u iv re e nE gyp te p ha ron ique: s ou r ce se t me ta l lu rg ie .P a l6 or i en t1 0/1 :9 7 126 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 60 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

COPPER METALLURGY ,T RADE AND THE U RBAN IZAT ION O F S OUTHERN C ANAAN G ILEAD ,I . 1 986 T he E conom ic B ase o ft he G ha lcol i th ic S e t t lemen t si nt he Negev . Mi chman im 3 : 1 7 -30 ( i n Heb rew ) . GOPHNA ,R . 1 98 1 An E a r ly B ronze Age T own a tT e lD al i ta tt he F oo to ft h eB e the lH i l l s . Q admon io t 1 4: 2 2 -25 ( i nH eb rew ) . GOPHNA , R &L I F SH1 17 . ,S . 1 980 AC hakol i th ic B u r ia lC ave a tP a lmah i rn . ' A t iqo t ( Eng l i sh S e r ie s ) 1 4: 1 8 . GOREN ,A . 1 980

T he N awam i s i n S ou the rn S ina i . P p . 2 46 -263 i n Z . Meshe l a nd I .F inke ls te in , e d s . , S ina i i nA n t iqu i ty . T e l Av iv :H akk ibu tz Hameu chad ( i nH eb rew ) . HANBURY -TENL SON ,J .W . 1 986

T h e L a te C ha l co l i th i c t oE ar ly B r onz e IT r an s i t i on i nP a l e s t ine a nd T ran s j ord an . B .A .R . I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 3 11 . Ox fo rd: B .A .R . . HAUPTMANN ,A . ,Wa SBERGat G . & KNAUF , EA . 1 985 A rchäome ta l lu rg ische u nd b e rgbauarchä log ische Un tersuchungen i m G eb ie t v on F enan , Wad i A rabah ( J o rdan ien ) . D e rA n schn i t t 3 7/5 -6: 1 63 195 . HENNE S SY ,J .B . 1 967

T he F o r e ign R e la t ion s o fP a l e s t ine d ur ing t h e E a r ly B ronz e A g e . C o l t A rchaeo log ica l I ns t i tu te P ub l ica t ions . L ondon : B . Qua r i td i . HE STR IN ,R . &T ADMOR ,M . 1 963 A Hoa rd o fT oo ls a nd Weapons f r om K f ar Mona sh . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 1 3 :2 65 -288 . HO LLAND ,T .A . 1 983 T he Me ta l Ob jec t s .P p .5 64 -69 i nK .M .K enyon a nd T .A . Holand ,e d s . ,J e r i cho I V . L ondon :B r i t ish S choo lo f A rchaeo logy i nJ e ru sa lem . HOPF ,M . 1 97 8 P lan tR ema ins :S t ra ta V -I .P p .6 4 -82 i nR . Am i ran e ta l . , 1 978 . HO ROW ITZ ,A . 1 980

P a laeon to logy , C l ima te a nd D i s t r ibu t ion o f S e t t lemen ts i n E re tz Is rae l . Q admon io t 1 3 ( 5 1 -52 ) :8 0 -86 ( i n Heb rew ) . KE I V IP IN SK I ,A . 1 983

E a r ly B ronze Age U rban iza t ion o f P a les t ine: S ome T op ic s i n aD eba te . I s r a e l E xp lo ra t i on J ourna l 3: 2 35 2 4 1 . K ENYON ,K .M . 1 98 1 E x c ava t ion s a tJ e r i cho I I . L ondon: B r i t ish S choo l o fA rchaeo logy i nJ e ru sa lem . K EY ,C A . 1 963

No te o n t he T race E lemen t C on ten t o f t he A r t i f ac ts o f t h e K far Mona sh Hoard . I s ra e l E xp lo r a t ion J o urna l 1 3: 2 89 -290 . 1 980 T race E l emen tC ompo s i t ion o ft he C oppe ra nd C oppe rA l loy A r t i fac t so ft he Naha lM is luna r Hoard .P p .2 39 2 43 i nP .B ar -Adon , T h eC av eo ft h e T r ea su r e . J e ru sa lem . I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . L OUD ,G . 1 948 Meg idd oI , S e a son so f1 935 1939 . O r ien ta l I n s t i tu te P ub l ica t ions 6 2 . C h icago: Un ive r s i ty o fC h icago P re ss . MACDONALD ,E 1 932 B e th -P e l e t :P r eh i s to r i cF a r a . L ondon: B r i t ish S choo lo fA rchaeo logy i nE gyp t . MALLON ,A . , KO EPPEL ,R . & NEUV ILLE ,R 1 934 T e l e i la t G ha s su l I .R ome: S c r ip ta P on t i f ic i I n s t i tu t i B ib l ic i . MARFOE ,L . 1 980

R ev iew o fA . K emp insk i " The R ise o fa n U rban Cu l tu re " ( 1 978 ) a nd R . Am i ran e ta l . " Ear ly A rad I "( 1 97 8 ) . J ourna l o fN ea r E a s te rn S tud i e s 3 9 3 15 -322 . MARQUET -KRAUSE ,J . 1 949

L e s F ou i l le s d e A y ( e t -T e l l ) 1 933 -1935 . I ns t i tu t F ra f l is d 'Archeo log ie O r ien ta le , B ib l io theque a rcheo log ique e th i s to r ique 4 5 . P ar i s :P .G eu thne r . MCCO 'WN ,C .C . 1 947

T e l le n -N a sb eh R esearch . MI RON ,E .

B e rke ley -New H aven: P ac i f ic S choo lo fR el ig ion a nd T he Ame r ic an S choo ls o fO r ien ta l

1 985

A x e s a nd A dz e s i nI s r a e l a nd i t s S ur round ing [ s ic ] . Unpub l ished M .A . d isse r ta t ion . T e l Av iv Un ive r s i ty ( i n H eb rew ) . M 1RO SCHED J I ,P .D E 1 976 C on t r i bu t i on al ' i tud e d e l ' urban i sa t ion e n P a l e s t ine a r ag e d u B r onz e a nc i en . 2v o l s . U npub l ished d oc to ra l d i s se r ta t ion . P ar is: Un ive r s i te d e P ar is I . M UHLY ,J .D . 1 984 T imna a nd K ing S o lomon . B i b l i o th e c a O r i en ta l i s4 1: 2 75 -2 92 . NEUV ILLE ,R . & MALLON ,A . 1 93 1 L e sd ebu t sd el äge d e s me taux d ans l e sg ro t te sd ud ese r td eJ udee . S y r i a1 2 :2 4 -4 1 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -1 61 -

O RN IT I LAN & M ICHAEL S EBBANE ORDENTL ICH ,I .& Ra THENB ERG ,B . 1 980 D ie F unde a u sd en f r e ige leg ten B e rgbau re l ik ten . P p . 1 69 -180 i nH .G .C on rad & B .R o thenbe rg ,e d s . ,A n t ik e s K up f e ri mT imna -T a l .B ochum :V e re in igung d e rF reunde v on K uns tu nd Ku l tu ri mB e rgbau . P ERROT ,J . 1 955a 1 955b 1 956 1 968

T he E xcava t ions a tT el Abu Ma ta r n ear B ee rsheba . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J ourna l 5:7 3 -84 . T he E xcava t ions a tT el Abu Ma tar n ear B ee r sheba .I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J ourna l 5 : 1 67 -17 9 . No te s a nd New s: B ee rsheba: B i r e s -Sa f ad i . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J ourna l6 : 1 26 -7 . P reh i s to i re p a les t in ienne . C o ls 2 85 -446 i n H . C azeles e tA . F eu i l le t , e ds . , S upp lemen t a uD i c t ionna i r e d e l a B ib l e , T om e V I I I . P ar i s: L e touzey e t Ane . P ETR IE ,W .M .F . 1 9 17 T oo l sa nd W e apon s . L ondon :B r i t i sh S choo lo fA rchaeo logy i nE gyp t , Un ive r s i ty C olege . P ORAT ,Y . , DAR ,S .&A PPLEBAUM ,S . 1 985 T he H i s tory a nd A r cha e o logy o f Em ek H e f e r . T e l Av iv: H ak ibbu tz H ameuchad ( i n Heb rew ) . P R ITCHARD ,J .B . 1 963 T h e B ronz eA g e C eme te ry a tG i b eon . P h i lade lph ia: Un ive r s i ty Museum . RO SEN ,S .A . 1 984 T he Adap ta t ion o f Me talu rgy i nt he L evan t :A L i th ic P e rspec t ive . C ur r en tA n thr op o logy 2 4: 5 04 -505 . 1 985 T he P o tent ia l o f L i th ic Ana ly s is i n t he H is to r ic P e r iods i n I s rae l . M i teku f a t H a ev en 1 8 :3 7 * -43 * . RU THENBERG ,B . 1 967 A rchaeo log ica l S i te s i n t he S ou the rn A rava V a l ley a nd t he E i la t H i l ls . P p . 2 83 -332 i n Z . R on , e d . , E lo th R eg i on S ur v ey . E i la t ( i n H eb rew ) . 1 968 An A rchaeo log ica l S u rvey o f t he E lo th D is t r ic ta nd t he S ou the rnmo s t Negev . Mus eum H aa r e tz B u l l e t in 1 0: 2 5 -35 . 1 975 S ina i . R evu e Bf i l i qu e 8 2: 7 3 -77 . 1 978 E xcava t ion a tS i te 3 9 . P p . 1 23 i n B .R o thenbe rg , B .T y leco te a nd P .J .B oyden , e ds . , C ha l co l i th i c C opp e r S m e l t ing . L ondon: I n te rna t iona l Annua lo f Me ta l lu rg ica lS tud ie s . 1 979 B ad ia te l -T ih , t he D ese r to f Wander ing: A rchaeo logy o fC en t ra l S ina i . P p . 1 09 -127 i n B . R o thenbe rg e ta / . , e d s . ,S i na i . B e rn :Kümme r ly & F rey . 1 985 C oppe r Sme l t ing F u rnace si nt he A rabah ,I s rae l :T he A rchaeo log ica lE v idence . P p .1 23 135 i nP .T .C raddock a nd M .J .Hughe s ,e ds . ,F urnac e sa nd S m e l t ing T echno logy i nA n t iqu i ty . L ondon: B r i t ish Museum . 1 987 P haraon ic C oppe r Mine s i n S ou th S ina i . I n s t i tu t e f o r A r cha eo -M e ta l lurg i ca l S tud i e s N ew s l e t t e r 1 0/11: 1 1 6 . S ASS ,B . 1 980 S ina i F rom t he F ou r th M i l lenn ium t ot he F i rs t M i l lenn ium B .C . P p . 4 1 -53 i nZ . Meshe l a nd I .F i nke ls te in , e d s . ,S ina ii nA n t i qu i ty .T e l Av iv: H akk ibu tz H a r neuchad ( i nH eb rew ) . S HALEV ,S .8 r NOR MOVER ,P . 1 987 C ha lco l i th ic Me ta l a nd Me ta lwo rk ing f r om S h iqm im . P p . 3 56 -37 1 i n T .E . L evy , e d . , S h iqm im I .B .A .R . I n te rna t iona lS e r ie s3 56 ( i ) . O x fo rd: BAR . S TECH ,T .W . , MADD IN ,R . & MUHLY ,J .D . i np re ss A Me ta l lu rg ica lS tudy o fC oppe r Ob je c ts f r om E ar ly B ronze Age L eve ls a tA rad .i nR . Am i ran e ta l . ,E ar ly A rad I . S TU IVER ,M .( ed . ) 1 979 R ad io carbon 2 1/2 . S U SSMAN ,V . &B EN -AR IEH ,S . 1 966 Anc ien t B u r ia ls i nG iv 'a tay im . ' A t iqo t ( Heb rew S e r ie s ) 3 : 2 6 -39 a nd 4 * . T UFNE LL ,0 . 1 958 L a ch i sh I V: T h eB r onz eA g e . L ondon: Ox fo rd Un ive rs i ty P re s s . T YLECOTE ,R .F . , ROTHENBERG ,B . & LU PU ,A . 1 97 1 T he E xam ina t ion o f Me talu rg ica l Ma ter ia l f r om Abu Ma tar . B u l l e t in o fH i s to r i ca l Me ta l lurgy 8 : 3 2 -34 . VAUX ,R .d e 1 95 1 L a t r o is ieme c a mpagne d e f ou iles aT el e l -F är 'ah , p re s N ap lou se — I . L a n ec ropo le . R evue B i b l i qu e 5 8: 5 66 -593 . 1 952 L a q ua t r ieme c a mpagne d ef ou i l le s aT e l l e l -F är iah ,p re sN ap lou se .R evu e B i b l i qu e5 9: 5 5 1 -583 . 1 955 L e sf ou ile sd eT e l le l -Fär 'ah ,p re s Nap lou se: c i nqu ieme c ampagne . R evu eB i b l i qu e6 2: 5 33 -577 . VAUX ,R .d e &S TEVE ,A .M . 1 947 L a p rem ie re c a mp agne d ef ou ile s äT el e l -Fär ' rah , p res N ap louse . R evu e B i b l iqu e5 4: 3 94 -433 . Y E IV iN ,S . 1 955 C h ron ique A rcheo log ique: T e l l e l -As aw i r . R evu e B i b l ique 6 2: 8 4 . 1 958 C h ron ique A rcheo log ique: T i ra tZ v i . R evu e BN i qu e6 5 :4 16 -17 . 1 975 EVAre in i , T e l l e sh -She ikh Ahmed . P p . 8 9 -97 i n M . Av i -Yonah a nd E . S te rn , e ds . , E ncyc lop ed i a o f A r cha e o log i c a l E x cav a t i on s i nt h eH o ly L and , V o lum eI .L ondon: O x fo rd Un ive r s i ty P re ss . YOGEV ,0 . &E I SENBERG ,E . 1 985 B e tY e rah -1 985 . E x c av a t i on s a nd S urv ey s i nI s r a e l4 : 1 4 16 . WATK INS ,T .F . 1 975 T he D a te o ft he K f ar Monash Hoa rd Aga in . P a l e s t ine E xp lo r a t i on Q ua r t e r ly: 5 3 -63 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 62 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

URBANIZATIO N AN D METALLUR GY I N SOUTHER N CANAAN Aharon KE MPINSKI I ns t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy T e l Av iv U n ive r s i ty

T he p roce ss o f u rban iza t ion i n s ou thern P a les t ine d ur ing t he L a te Cha lco l i th ic -E BI p er iod ,s hou ld b eu nde r s tood i nt he f r amework o ft he ma jor d eve lop men ts i nt he e conom ic , s oc ia l , a nd p o l i t ica l s t ruc ture s o f t h is p ar t icu la r a rea . A s n o ted i n e ar l ier r e search ( Kemp insk i 1 978; 1 983: 2 36 -238 ) , t he r o le o f t he me ta l lurg is ts i nt h is p roce ss w a so f ma jor i mpo r tance . Me ta l lu rgy a nd u rban iza t ion i sn o tc on f ined o n ly t os ou the rn P a les t ine a tt he e nd o ft he f our th m i l lenn iu m B .C . , c ompa ra t ive ma ter ia l f r om l a te t h ird m i l lenn ium Ana to l ia — a s we l l a s f r om M idd le B ronze Age ( MC I I ) Cypru s — may s how s im i lar t r ends ( De J e sus 1 978: 9 7 -102; Knapp 1 986: 3 9 -51 ) . P a le s t ine d ur ing t he L a te C ha lco l i th ic -EB Is hou ld b e v i ewed a s as i ng le g eograph ica l u n i t w i th in wh ich s evera l s ubcu l ture s e x i s ted ( Kenyon 1 9 60: 8 4 -100; M i rosched j i 1 9 7 1: 2 0 7 4 ) . I n t he s ou the rn p ar to ft h is u n i tw ec an o b se rve ama jor s h i f t o fc u l tu re s t oge the rw i th t he f undamen ta lc hange f r om ap ro to -urban t oa nu rban s oc ie ty .

The L a te C ha lco l i th ic ( Beer sheva ) Cu l ture A l though i t may b ea n i lu s ion ,c r ea ted b y t he ma jor s urvey s d one i nt he a rea ,i ts eem s t ha t t he ma in f o cus o f t he C ha lco l i th ic c u l ture i nP a le s t ine wa s i n t he s ou thern p a r to ft he c oun try . Ou t o f a bou t h undred s i tes k nown i n t h is a rea o n ly a f ew h ave b een e xcava ted ( Do than 1 959: 2 3; Mon & L evy 1 980: 1 49 ) . T he f i r s t e xcava t ions a nd a c tua l d i scove ry o f t he B ee r sheva c u l ture mus t b e a t tr ibu ted t oE . Macdona ld 's h igh ly a dvanced e xcava t ions a nd r e search o f s eve ra l s ma l l s i tes a round T e l F ara ( S ) ( Macdona ld 1 932 ) . T h is ma te r ia l was f i r s t e va lua ted a nd p laced i n i t s r e a l c on tex t b y P er ro t ( 1 955 ) when s umm ing u p t he r e su l t s o fh i s e xcava t ions o f t he B ee r sheva s i te s . L ook ing a tt he r e su l ts i n ap e r spec t ive , af a sc ina t ing p i c ture eme rge s o u t o f f i f ty y ear s o f r e search o f t he s ou thern Cha lco l i th ic c u l ture: t he L a te Cha lco l i th ic ( Beersheva ) Cu l ture a ppear s s udden ly a nd f u l ly d eve loped . I n s o me s i tes whe re s t ra t ig raphy w as de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 63 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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d e term ined , t wo o r t h ree s t ra ta w ere d i s t ingu i shed — b u t n o c hange i n p o t tery , l i th ic o r o ther a r t i fac t s . T h is f a c t l ed P e r ro t ( 1 955: 8 2 ) t os ugge s ti t s o r ig in i nT ran s jordan . I ts eem s t ha t t he p eop le o f t he B eer sheva C u l ture p re fer red t he f l a t l o e ss l and o f t he a l luv ia l v a l leys o f Wad i B eer sheva a nd t he B e sor , wh ich a re i dea l f o r a gr icu l tura l a c t iv i t ie s . T he ir s e t t lemen t s a re n orma l ly s ma l l: b e tween 1a nd 2h a . , t hough Horva tB e te ri sc a . 3h a . a nd S h iqm im — o ne o f t h e l a rge s t s i te s— e x tends o ver 9 h a . ( A lon & L evy 1 980: 1 41 ) . S o me s cho lar s v i ew t he g roup ing o fc l us ter s a l ong t he wad i s a s " c en ter s " a nd t he ir s a te l l i tes , a nd d educe " ch ie fdoms " o f as or t i n t he a rea . B u t s uch a ssump t ions a re s t i l l p rema ture u n t i l awho le c l us te r w i th i t s c en t ra l s i te w i l l b e e xcava ted . T he e conomy o ft he se s i te s w as ma in ly b a sed o na gr icu l ture a nd a n ima lh e rd ing .T h is i s we l l a t tes ted b y t he whea t , emmer a nd b ar ley , a s w e l l a s l en t i ls f ound i n t he e xcava t ions ( Za i tcheck 1 9 59: 4 8 -52 ) . Goa ts a nd s heep c omp r ise mo s t o f t he l i ve s tock t oge the r w i th a s ma l l p ropor t ion ( 1 2 % ) o f a sma l l Med i ter ranean c a t t le ( Angre ss 1 959: 5 3 -7 1 ) . T h is k ind o fe conomy c ou ld p rov ide s o me f ood s u rp lus wh ich wa s s t ored u n t i ln eeded , f o ru pt oo ne y ear ( Pe rro t 1 9 79: 1 25 -126 ) . I t mu s t b e c on s ide red t ha t t he c l i ma t ic c ond i t ions we re more h um id t han t oday , w i th a nnua l r a in fa l l o fc a . 2 50 -300 mm . ay ear . T h is was s ugge s ted b y p o l len a na lys is worked o u t b y Horow i tz ( 1 978 ) , wh i le t he c a t t le i den t i f ied b y Ang ress ( 1 959 )i nd ica te s more a bundan tp a s ture . On t h is b road a g r icu l tura l b ase af ew g roups o fc r a f t s pec ia l is t s a nd a r t isans s t ar ted t o a ppear: i vory a r t isan s i n B ir S a fad i( Per ro t 1 964 ) ;t ex t i le worker s i n s i te 0 o f T e l F ara ( S ) c lus te r ( Macdona ld 1 932: 7 ) ;ab ead i ndus t ry i ns i te M; a nd f l in t s pec ia l i s t s who p roduced h oe s , f an s c raper s a nd m ic ro l i th s o f h igh q ua l i ty i n s i te A a nd B o f t he s a me c l us ter ( Macdona ld 1 932: 8 10 ) .

Me ta l lurgy i n t he B eersheva a r ea A ma jor f a c to ri nt he p roce ss o fu rban iza t ion wh ich was emphas ized b y Gordon Ch i lde ( 1 936: 1 48 -151; 1 950 ) , wa s t he c r ea t ion o f s urp lus o f f ood i n a l luv ia l Mesopo ta m ia a nd E gyp t i n t he m idd le o f t he f our th m i l lenn iu m B .C . T h i s s urp lus was u sed f o r s uppo r t ing r e s iden t c ra f t s pec ia l is ts , e spec ia l ly me ta l lurg i s t s , who p r ior t o t ha t s t age h ad t r ave led f r om v i l lage t ov i l lage . T he s e t t lemen to ft h e se c r a f t smen wa s o ne o ft he ma in s t age s i nt he c r ea t ion o f as t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty ( " comp lex s oc ie ty " ) s o e s sen t ia l f o rr ea l u rban iza t ion . A v ery s im i lar p rocess c an b e d is t ingu ished i n s ou thern P a les t ine i n t he a bove men t ioned s i tes , where t he r o le o f t he me ta l lurg is ts i s n ow s t rong ly emphas ized . Me ta l lurg is ts a re w e l la t te s ted i n Abu Ma ta r whe re P e r ro t( 1 955: 1 86 ) f ound g ood e v iden ce f o rl o ca lc opper p roduc t ion o nt he s i te; D o than ( 1 959 :3 2 )a l so u ncove red s o me e v idence f o r c oppe r manu fac ture a t Horva t B e ter . New e xcava t ion s b y I r is E ldar a nd Y . B aumgar ten a t B i rS a fad i ( Neve Noy )b rough tt ol i gh ts o me g ood e v idence f o r me ta lp roduc t ion a s we l la s as ma l l h oard o f a r t i fac ts s im i lar t o t hose o f t he C ave o f t he T reasure f r om t he J udean d eser t( Baumgar ten & E ldar 1 984: 5 4 -55 ) . R ecen t ly I .G i lead a nd Y . Goren e xcava ted s o me sma l l i n s ta l la t ion s f o r c opper s me l t ing i n as i te n amed M i f tan s o me 2 50 m . Wes t o f B i r S afad i 1. P ara l le l t o t ha t i n forma t ion o n t he p roduc t ion a nd u se o f c opper i n t he v a l ley o f B ee r sheva , we h ave s o me i nd ica t ions f o rm in ing a c t iv i t ie s i nT i mna , a s r e cen t ly s ugge s ted b y R o thenberg ( 1 979: 5 20 ) . T he mos t s pe c tacu lar f i nd a t te s ted s o f a r f o r t he a c t iv i t ie s o f t he L a te Cha lco l i th ic me ta l lurg is t s i s ,o fc our se , t he f amous t r ea sure f ound b y P .B ar -Adon i n t he C ave o f t he T reasure . H ere s o me h undreds o f t oo ls , i mp lemen t s a nd c u l t o b jec t s t e s t i fy t o t he h igh l eve l o f me ta l wo rk d ur ing t he L a te Cha lco l i th ic p e r iod ( Bar -Adon 1 .G i lead 1 9 87: 2 5 . T he h uge i n s tala t ion t u rned o u tt ob eB yzan t ine , whe reas t h es ma l lo ne sa re C ha lcol i th ic .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 64 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

U RBAN IZAT ION AND METALLURGY N S OU TH ERN C ANAAN

1 980 ) . T he f i nds men t ioned a bove s how t ha to fa l l g roups o fa r t i sans o f t he L a te Cha lco l i th ic p e r iod , t h e me ta l worke r s w e re t h e mos t i mpor tan t a nd s oph is t ica ted . T he a bundan ce o f o res i nt h e v i c in i ty o ft he c oncen t ra t ions o f Cha lco l i th ic s i te s i nt h e n or thern Negev — t he c oppe r m ine s o fF e inan a nd T imna — a s we l l a s t he g rea t d emand o ft he l o ca l p opu la t ion f o rt he n ew me ta l ,w ere o ne o ft he ma in f a c tor si nt he r ap id d eve lopmen to ft ha ti ndus t ry .

T he r o le o fE gyp t T he re were o the r p owe r fu l f a c tor s i nt he a rea wh ich h ad s t rong i n te res t i n t he c oppe r o fs ou thern P a le s t ine , t he mo s tp ro m inen to ft hose wa sE gyp t .T he i n te re s t so ft h is c oun t ry i n s ou the rn C anaan were l ong s t and ing o ne s . Dur ing t he L a te Cha lco l i th ic p e r iod l o ca l c o mmun i t ie s we re a l ready c ommerc ia l ly c onnec ted w i th E gyp t: t he l o ca l i vory i ndus t ry f ound i n t he B ee r sheva s i te s a nd t he f ew E gyp t ian a r t i fac t s f ound a tA zor t e s t i fy o f s uch c onnec t ion s . I t mus t b e t he se e ar ly c onnec t ions wh ich f a c i l i ta ted t he t r ade w i th t he n ew i t em: c oppe r — amuch n eeded c o mmod i ty i nt he E gyp t ian s oc ie ty wh ich a tt ha tt ime w as b e ing t r ans formed f r om ag roup o fl o ca l c h ie fdom s i n to ac en t ra l ized s t a te . No d oub t , t he t i e s b e tween ac en te r o fc i v i l iza t ion s uch a s E gyp t a nd t he S ou th o f P a le s t ine p rov ided a s t rong a nd l a s t ing i mpe tus f o rt he u rban iza t ion p ro ce ss i nt ha ta rea . I ti sh e re ,i nt he S ou th o f P a les t ine were t h is p rocess mus t h ave s t ar ted a t t he e nd o f t he L a te Cha lco l i th ic p er iod . Wha t a re t he p roo f s f o r a mass ive c opper t r ade b e tween E gyp t a nd s ou thern P a le s t ine ?Up t on ow t hey h ave b een ma in ly c i rcum s tan t ia l; a pa r t f r o m af ew s pec imens f r om Maad i t ha t we re a na lyzed 2,a nd p o in t t oward P a le s t in ian o r ig in , o ur k now ledge o f t he p re - a nd p ro to -dynas t ic me ta l lurgy i s s t i l l v e ry o bscu re 3.Ward ( 1 969: 2 13 -215 ) men t ions t he s uper ior i ty o f t he P a le st in ian c opper i ndus t ry t o t ha t o f E gyp t d ur ing t he P ro to -Dynas t ic P er iod; t h is c ou ld i nd ica te a c e r ta in d ependence b e tween b o th a rea s . E . O ren ( 1 989 ) , men t ion s s o me 1 5 k g . o fo re s f ound i nh i s s urvey o fE BI I I s i tes i nS ina i; b u t t he ma in b ody o fe v idence a re t o my m ind t he ma te r ia l r ema in s o ft he E gyp t ian s i ns ou th P a les t ine wh ich t e s t i fy f o r t he e cono m ica l a nd p o l i t ica l i nvo lvemen t o f E gyp t i n t h is r eg ion .

F rom c opper me ta l lu rgy t ou rban iza t ion How d id t he c opper t r ade , me ta l p rospec t ing a nd p roduc t ion i n f luence t he s oc io p o l i t ica ld eve lopmen tt oward a nu rban c u l tu re ? I ts eem s t ha t t he L a te Cha lco l i th ic s oc ie ty d e sc r ibed a bove a l ready p osse ssed a l l i ng red ien ts o f a n u rban s oc ie ty a l though , a tt ha t t ime i t s i nhab i tan ts l i ved i n a gg lu t ina te c l us ter s wh ich s t re tched ma in ly a l ong t he v a l ley o f B eer sheva a nd t he n aha l B e sor . T he d eve lopmen t t oward u rban iza t ion h as t o b e c onnec ted w i th t wo c hanges wh ich mos t p robab ly o ccu r red a tt h e s ame t ime: t he eme rgence o f ac en t ra l ized p ower i nE gyp ta nd a s l igh t c l i ma t ic c hange . T h is l a t ter p henomenon f o rced s ome o f t he L a te Cha lco l i th ic c ommun i t ies t oc hange t h e ir way o fl i fe b ya gg lu t ina t ing i nb igge rg roups a round t he f ewe r wa te r s ources a va i lab le ( Horow i tz 1 978: 5 7 -58 ) o r , a s h as b een d emon s tra ted i n A rad , t o o rgan ize t he w a te rs upp ly f o rt he n ew ly b u i ld s e t t lemen t s( Am iran 1 980: 1 )

2 . P e r ro t 1 979 r e fe rs t ot h ea na lyzed Maad is pec imens b u tw i thou ta ny s pe c i f ic d a ta . 3 . G a renne - Maro t 1 984: 1 05 106 i so fl i t t le h e lp i nt h a t r e spe c t .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 6 5Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

AHARON I C EMP INS I C I

T he n ew ly o rgan ized m i l i ta ry p os t s ( Be sor B r idge )( Gophna 1 976b ) , t own s ( A rad ) a nd c i t ie s ( Te l E ran i ) a re t he b e s te v idence o ft he n ew o r de r u nde r t he a eg is o fE gyp t . Wha t w e c an l e arn f r om t h ea bove men t ioned t h ree c ase s ,i sp robab ly o n ly af r ac t ion o f wha tw i l lb e d e mons tra ted when more e xcava t ion s i n t he s ou thern p ar t o f P a le s t ine r evea l t he who le c u l tura l s c enery . T he i mpor tance o f T e l E ran i f o r t he E gyp to -Canaan i te i n te r -conne c t ions h as b een emphas ized s i nce Y e iv in 's e xcava t ions o ft he s i te ( s ee a l so B rand ! 1 989 ) ;b u to n ly ar e cen t a na lys is o f t he ma te r ia l a nd t wo s hor t s easons o f s ound ings e as t o f a rea D s howed h ow i mpor tan t t h is s i te i s f o r t he u nders tand ing o f t he i n i t ia l p rocess o f u rban iza t ion ( Kemp insk i &G i lead 1 985: 3 9 -40; a nd f o r thcom ing ) . T he a ppea rance o fE gyp t ian p o t tery i n o ur P hase C , t he E B Is t ra tum o f t ha t s i te ( =Y e iv in 's s t ra ta X I -V I I ) , wh ich i sa l so t he f i r s tu rban s t ra tum a tt h es i te ,d emon s tra te so ur ma in p o in t: i tw as u nde rE gyp t ian i mpe tus t ha tt he c oppe r -p rov id ing p rov ince t u rned i n to u rban ized c oun t ry 4. Dur ing t he E B IA p er iod t he E gyp t ians ma in ta ined t he ir i n te re s ts i nP a le s t ine ma in ly b ecause o ft he n eed f o r c opper . A rad i n i t s f l oru i t w as ap rospec tor s ' t own ( no t ac i ty , a s a l ready d emon s t ra ted b y H e rzog [ 1 986: 2 3 1 ) .E xped i t ion s o fp rospe c tor s a nd m ine r s wen t f r om h e re t o t he A rava a s we l l t oE as t S ina i( Am iran , B e i t -Ar ieh & G lass 1 973: 1 93 -197 ) . E l sewhere Ip roposed t ha t t he n ame o f A rad may r ef lec t t he ma in o ccupa t ion o f i t s i nhab i tan ts n ame ly , t he p roduc t ion o f c opper , s i nce t he n ame may r ef lec t t he S u mer ian word f o rc oppe r , URUDU ( Kemp in sk i 1 985: 1 38 -139 ) . A mos t i n teres t ing p os t o f ag ar r ison was e xcava ted a t t he B esor B r idge where E gyp t ian s ea l i mp re s s ion s wh ich h ad s ea led s h ipmen ts ( o f g ra in ? )f r om E gyp t t oC anaan were f ound ( Gophna 1 976b ) . I t s eems t ha t d ur ing t he E B I p er iod s ou thern P a les t ine — l i ke Nub ia i nl a te r p e r iods — s e rved a s t he ma in s ou rce o f c opper f o r E gyp t . C oppe r was t r aded f o r E gyp t ian g oods . G ra in a nd o the r a g r icu l tura l p roduc t s mus t h ave b een p re ferab le s i nce t hose c ou ld b eo fh e lp f o rt he C anaan i te u rban c en ter sd ur ing y ear so f d rough t . T hese c o mp lex E gyp to -Canaan i te t r ade r e la t ions i mp roved t he C anaan i te e cono my a nd were o ne o f t he ma in r easons f o r t he e ne rge t ic u rban iza t ion i n E B IA P a les t ine . L ikew ise t he c o l lapse o f t h is s ys tem d ur ing t he E B I B , e spec ia l ly a round 2 700/2650 B .C . , was ma in ly b ecause o f al a ck o f E gyp t ian i n te re s ts i nt he P a le s t in ian a rea ( Ben -Tor 1 982: 1; K emp insk i 1 983: 2 39 -240; Am iran 1 986: 7 6 ) . T h is o ccur red ma in ly b ecause: 1 .E gyp t s t ar ted t o s end i t s own e xped i t ions t o t he S ina i m ines , a s e v idenced b y t he P haraon ic r oya l n ames o f t he t h ird Dynas ty ( D jeser , S anekhe t a nd S ekhem -khe t ) a t Wad i Maghareh ( Ga rd ine r ,P ee t & e rn S, 1 955 :5 3; G iveon & G oren 1 974 :9 8 10 1) . 2 .E gyp t ian c omme rc ia l i n teres ts s h i f ted f r om P a les t ine t ot he c oas to fL ebanon a nd S y r ian p or ts d ur ing t he p e r iod o f D ynas t ies I I -V , a s a t tes ted b y t he E gyp t ian i n scr ibed o b jec ts f ound i nB yb lo sa nd E b la .

B IBLIOGRAP HY ALON ,D . &L EVY ,T .E . 1 980 P re l im ina ry n o te o n t he d i s t r ibu t ion o fC ha lco l i th ic s i te so n t he Wad iB ee r -Sheba — l owe rB eso rd ra inage s ys tem . I s ra e l E xp lor a t ion J o urna l 3 0: 1 40 -147 . AMMAN ,R . 1 980 T he E a r ly C anaan i te C i ty o fA rad . Q admon io t1 3: 2 19 ( i n Heb rew ) . 1 986 T he f a l l o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age c i ty o fA rad .I s r a e l E xp lor a t ion J o urna l3 6: 7 4 -76 .

4 . T he s ound ing i ns p r ing 1 987 s howed c l ea r ly t h a tt he f i r s tu rban p hase ( C ) mu s tb ed a ted b e fo re D ynas ty I .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 66 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

U RBAN IZAT ION AND METALLURGY I N S OUTHERN C ANAAN AMMAN ,R . ,B E IT -AR IEH ,I .& GLASS ,Y . 1 973 T he I n ter re la t ion b e tween A rad a nd S ou the r nS ina i . I s ra e l E xp lor a t ion J ourna l2 3: 1 93 -197 . ANGRESS ,S . 1 959 Ma m ma l R ema ins f r om Horva t B e ter . ' A t i qo t2 : 5 2 -7 1 . B AR -ADON ,P . 1 980 T he C av e o ft h e T r ea sur e . J e rusa lem: I s rae l E xp lora t ion S oc ie ty . B E IT -AR IEH , I . 1 980 Cha lco l i th ic S i tes n ear S erab i t e l -Khadem . T e l A v iv 7 : 4 5 -65 . B EN -TOR ,A . 1 982

T he R e la t ions b e tween E gyp ta nd t he L and o fC anaan i nt he T h i rd Mi l lenn ium B .C .J ourna lo fJ ew i sh S tud i e s 3 3:3 -18 . B RANDL ,B . 1 989 Obse rva t ions o n t he E ar ly B ronze S t ra ta o fT e l E ran i . T h is v o lume :3 57 -387 . CH ILDE ,V .G . 1 936 Man m ak e s h im se lf . L ondon . 1 950 T he U rban R evo lu t ion . T own P lann ing R ev iew 2 1: 3 17 . DEJ E SUS ,P .S . 1 97 8 Me ta l R e sou rce s i n Anc ien t Ana tol ia . A na to l ian S tud i e s 2 8: 9 7 -10 2 . DOTHAN ,M . 1 959

E xcavat ions a t Ho rva t B e te r . ' A t iqo t 2 : 1 42 .

GARD INER ,A .H . ,P EET ,T .E .& E RNY ,J . 1 955 T he I nsc r ip t ion so fS ina i ,P ar tI . E gyp tE xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty Memo i r4 5 . L ondon :E gyp tE xp lo rat ion S oc ie ty . GARENNE - MAROT , L . 1 984 L e c u iv re e n E gyp te p haraon ique , s ou rce se t me talu rg ie .P a lg or i en t 1 0: 9 7 -126 . G ILEAD ,I . 1 987 T he E conom ic B as is o fC ha lco l i th ic S e t t lemen ts i n t he No r the rn Negev . Mi chman im 3 : 1 7 -29 ( i n Hebrew ) . GI VEON , R& GOREN ,A . 1 974 An E gyp t ian O ld K ingdom R e l ie fi nS ou th S ina i .Q admon io t 7:9 8 10 1 . GOPHNA ,R . 1 976a E xcava t ions a tE n B e so r . ' A t i qo t 1: 1 9 . 1 976b E gyp t ian I mm ig ra t ion i n to S ou th C anaan ?T e lA v iv 3:3 1-37 . HERZOG ,Z . 1 986

S oc ia l O rgan iza t ion a s R ef lec ted b y B ronze a nd I ron Age C i t ie s o f I s rae l . C ompar a t ive S tud i e s i n t h e D ev e lopmen t o fC omp lex S o c i e t i e s , V o l . 2 . Wor ld A rchaeo log ica l C ong ress . L ondon . HOROW ITZ ,A . 1 97 8 Human S e t t lemen t P a t te rns i n I s rae l . E xp ed i t ion 2 0: 5 5 -58 . KEMP IN SK I ,A . 1 97 8 T he R i se o f U rban C u l tur e ,T he U rban iza t ion o f P a le s t ine i n t h e E a r ly B ronz e A ge . I s rae l E thnog raph ic S oc ie ty S tud ies 4 .J e ru sa lem: I s rae l E thnog raph ic S oc ie ty . 1 983 E ar ly B ronze Age U rban iza t ion o f P a les t ine , S ome T op ics i n aD eba te . I s r ae l E xp lor a t ion J ourna l 3 3: 2 35 2 41 . 1 985 A rad = URUDU ?B e e r -Sheva 2:1 37 -140 ( i n Heb rew ) . KEMP INSK I ,A . &G ILEAD , I . 1 985 T e l E ran i 1 985 . E xcav a t ion s a nd S urv ey s i nI s r ae l 1 985 , 4 : 2 9 -30 . f o r thcom ing T e l E ran i 1 987 . H ad asho t A rheo log iyo t ( i n Heb rew ) . KENYON ,K .M . 1 960

A r chaeo logy i nt h e Ho ly L and . L ondon :E .B enn .

KNAPP ,B . 1 986 P roduc t ion , E xchange ,a nd S oc io -Pol i t ica lC omp lex i ty o n B ronze Age Cyp ru s . O x f ord J ourna lo fA r cha eo logy 5:3 5 -60 . MACDONALD ,E . 1 932 B e th P e le t I , P r eh i s to r ic F ar a . P ub l ica t ion o f t he B r i t ish S choo l o f A rchaeo logy i n E gyp t 5 2 . L ondon: B . Qua r i tch . MIRO SCHED J I ,P .d e 1 97 1 L 'gpoque p rg -urba ine e n P a l e s t ine . C ah ie rs d e l aR evue B ib l ique 1 3 . P ar is: G aba lda . OREN ,E .D . 1 989 E ar ly B ronze Age S e t t lemen ts i n Nor th S ina i: A Mode l f or E gyp to -Canaan i te I n terconne c t ions . T h is v o lume :3 89 -405 P ERROT ,J . 1 955 1 964

T he E xcava t ions a tT el Abu Ma tar . I s ra e l E xp lor a t ion J ourna l 5 : 1 7 -40 . L e s i vo i re s d el a7 ec a mpagne d e f ou iles aS a fad i . E r e tz I s r ae l7 : 9 2 -9 .

1 979

S yr ia -Pa le s t ine I .G eneve: Nage l .

RU THENBERG ,B . 1 979 Cha lco l i th ic Coppe r Sme l t ing E xcava t ion a tT ir nna S i te 3 9 . A r cha eo log i ca l Me ta l lurgy 1 : 1 20 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 67 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

AHARON K E MP INSK I

WA RD , W. W . 1 969 T he S upposed A s ia t ic C ampa ign o f Narme r . Mé l ang e s d el 'Un iv e r s id S a in t J o seph 4 5: 2 05 -22 1 . ZA IT SCHEK , D. 1 959 R ema ins o fC u l t iva ted P l an ts f r om Horva tB e te r . ' A t i qo t 2:4 8 -52 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 68 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P ETROGRAPHY OF POTTERY FRO M SOUTHERN I SRAEL AN D S INA I Naom i PORAT G eo logy Depar tment Hebrew Un ive r s i ty o f J erusa lem

I NTRODUCT ION P e trography , t he s tudy o f r ocks a nd r e la ted ma ter ia ls i n t h in -sec t ions u nder a m ic roscope , h as b een a pp l ied s ucce ss fu l ly t o t he a na lys is o f a nc ien t p o t tery . I n forma t ion c oncern ing t he r aw ma ter ia l s , t e chno logy o f manu fac tur ing , p rovenance a nd t r ade s o f v e sse ls was o b ta ined b y t h is t e chn ique . I n I s rae l p e trograph ic s t ud ies o n E a r ly B ronze I p o t te ry f r om s ou thern I s rae l a nd S ina i s howed t ha t t he f abr ic . 'o f mos t p o t te ry t ype s f r om E BI s i tes i n s ou thern S ina i i ss im i lar t o t ha t o f p o t tery f r om t he E BIs t ra ta o f A rad ( Am iran e ta l . 1 973; B e i t -A r ieh 1 977; G lass 1 978 ) . T hese f i nds l ed t o t he c oncep t t ha t A rad a nd t he s ma l le rs i te si ns ou the rn S ina i we re c l ose ly l i nked , a nd p e rhap s A rad s e rved a s at r ade c en te rf o rp roduc t sb rough ti nf r om S ina i( s ee a l so I l an g tS ebbane 1 989 ) . I n r ecen t y ea r s many E BIs i tes we re s urveyed o r e xcava ted i n t he r eg ion e x tend ing b e tween A rad a nd S ina i , m a in ly i n B iq 'a t Uvda a nd t he Negev moun ta ins . T h i s p aper p resen ts a s u mmary o f t h e d a ta t ha t h ad a ccu mu la ted t h rough p e t rograph ic s tud ies o f p o t tery f r om t he se r eg ions i nt he l a s t f i ve y ear s . T he se i n c luded E B Ip o t tery f r om B iq 'a t Uvda , t he Negev moun ta in s a nd A rad , wh ich w ere c o l lec ted f o r t h is s tudy , a nd p o t te ry f r om s ou thern S ina i a nd t h e n or the rn Negev , wh ich were p rev ious ly c o l lec ted f o r o ther s tud ie s . I n many s i tes i nB iq 'a t Uvda a nd t he Negev moun ta ins t here we re a l so f i nds o f M idd le B ronze A ge I .I n o rder t o h ave af u l l p i c ture o f t he o ccupa t ion a t t hese s i tes a l so MB Ip o t te ry was s t ud ied . F ig . 1s hows t ha t t he l o ca t ion o f t he s i te s f r om wh ich p o t tery was s a mp led a nd T ab le 1g ives t he n u mbe ro fs i te sa nd s he rds f r om e ach r eg ion . B es ide t he i mmed ia te a im o f i den t i fy ing t he f abr ic o f t he p o t tery , t he r aw ma ter ia l a nd t e chno logy u sed , a nd t he a c tua l p lace o f manufac tur ing , a t ten t ion was p a id t o t he f o l low ing p o in t s: 1 . T he t e rm " f abr ic " w i l l b e u sed h e re mean ing t he c omponen ts o f t he r aw ma te r ia ls a s s een u nde r t he m ic roscope .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 69 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

N AOM IP O RA T 1 . Ob ta in ing a b e t ter u nder s tand ing o f h ow d id t he E BIs i tes i n B iga t Uvda a nd t h e Negev r e la te t oa nd f i t i n to t he c u l tura l f r a mewo rk o fA rad a nd s ou thern S ina i . 2 .I den t ify ing wha t were t he t e chno log ica l c hanges t ha t t ook p lace i n t he manu fac tur ing o fp o t tery b e tween t he E B Ia nd t he MB I . I no rder t ob ea b le t od educe t he t e chno logy a nd t he p rovenance o ft he v e s se ls f r om t he p e trograph ica l e xa m ina t ion o f t he s herd , a s s een u nder t he m icroscope , s o me b as ic a s sump t ion sw e re made: 1 .T he p o t ter i n a nc ien t t imes u sed r aw ma te r ia ls t ha t were a va i lab le t o h im i n h i s v i c in i ty . T here fore t hese r aw ma ter ia ls r ef lec t t h e g eo logy o f t he a rea a nd d i f fe r f r om p lace t op lace a ccord ing t ot he t ype so fr ock se xpo sed . 2 .T he p o t ter c hose t he c l ays a nd t emper s h e n eeded w i th i n ten t a nd c are , k now ing b y t r ad i t ion a nd e xper ience wh ich ma ter ia l w e re b e t te r s u i ted f o rp roduc ing e ach o ft he w are t ypes . B ecause o f s t rong t r ad i t ion r a re ly were n ew r aw ma ter ia ls i n troduced i n to t he p o t ter 's r eper to ire . 3 .I n t hese a nc ien t p er iods r aw ma ter ia ls f o r p o t te ry w ere n o t t r aded o r t r an spor ted o ver l a rge d i s tance s .

METHODS F ro m e ach s i te 2 s he rds were s a mp led b y t he e xcava t ing a rchaeo log is t , a nd t hese r epresen t t he ma jor t ypes o f p o t tery f ound a t t he s i te . Mos t s herd h ave a c l ear a r chaeo log ica l c on tex t . A t h in s ec t ion was made f r om e ach s he rd f o r e xa m ina t ion u nder t he p o lar iz ing m icroscope . T he s a mp le s w e re d iv ided i n to p e t rog raph ic g roups a ccord ing TA BLE 1 .— T he o ccurence o ft he d iferen t E B Ia nd MB Ip e t rograph ic g roups i nt he S ina ia nd t he Negev . R EG ION N o .o fS i tes

S ou the rn S ina i

B i qa 'a t U vda

M oun ta ins

N egev

N o r the rn N egev

2 6

1 0

9

1 0

2 3 1 3 . . 2 1 1 3 4

1 9 1 0 = = 1 = = 3 = .

3 2 3 1 = = 1 2

2 5 2 1 3 3 1 1 6 = =

5 6

3 3

1 2

6 0

P ETROGRAPH IC GROUP 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . .

A rkose S he l ls C a lc i te F i ne Q ua r t z C hen O the rs E gyp t ian

T o ta l E BI

A rad I I

A rad * I

T OTAL 5 5

E a r ly B ronze A ge I + = + + +

+ + + + +

+

+

7 0 2 7 1 6 7 2 3 3 6 1 6 1

M idd le B ronze A ge I 6 . 7 .

S he l l s S and O the rs

5 8 3

T o ta l MB I TOTAL

5 6

2 5 3

1 6

1 0

4 9

2

2

7 1 3 8

2

2 8

6 2

1 89

Mos t p e t rog raph ica l g roups a re f o und i nA rad i nv e r y l a rge n umbe rs . I n o r de r n o t t o o bscu re t h e o t he r r eg ions o n ly t h e p resence o r a bsence o fe ach g roup w as n o ted . D e ta i led p e t rog raph ica l d esc r ip t ion o fA rad p o t te r y w i l l a ppea r i nR . Am i ran e ta l . , E a r ly A rad, v o l . I .

2 . Append ix 1l i s ts a l l t h es amp le s , a cco rd ing t or eg ions a nd s i te s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 70 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P ETROGRAPHY O F P OTTERY F ROM S OUTHERN I SRAEL AND S INA I

A RAD

A

•

N ORTHERN

•

N EGEV •

A

•

•

B E IE R R ESISIM

A

•

• N EGEV • OUNTAINS H AR H ORSHA • M • •

BI Q' A T U VDA

1 8 4

21`

•S AMAR

S OUTHERN S INAI S HE IH M UHSE IN

•

4 . 1 A

S T.

K ATHER INE

4 0Km .

FI G . 1 . — Location map o fs i tes s amp led f o rt h is s t udy .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 71 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

NAOM I PORAT

t o t he f o l low ing m icroscop ic f e a ture s: t he m ine ra logy , c ompos i t ion a nd t e x ture o f t he t emper; t he m inera logy o f t he s i l t -s ize f r ac t ion o f t he c l ay; a nd t he v a r ious o p t ica l f e a tures o f t he ma tr ix . A ccord ing t o t hose f ea tures t he t e chno logy u sed , t he e s t i ma ted f i r ing t empera ture a nd t he r aw ma ter ia ls u sed f o r t he p roduc t ion o f t he p o t te ry were d e term ined . Wheneve r p oss ib le ag eo log ica l s ou rce f o r t he ma te r ia ls a nd ag eograph ica l s ource f o rt he v e s se l sw e re s ugge s ted . F or s o me p e t rog raph ic g roups , ad i s tan t p rovenance i ss ugge s ted . T he se v esse ls were i mpor ted t ot he s i te whe re t hey w e re f ound f r om o the rr eg ion s a nd w ere n o tl o ca l ly made . T he c r i te r ia f o r s uch as ugge s t ion ( o the r t han a rchaeo log ica l e v idence s uch a se xo t ic f o rm s k nown f r om e l sewhe re ,r a re o ccur rence ,e t c . )w e re: 1 .T he r aw ma ter ia l a re n o t f ound i nt he a rea o f t he s i te , a nd a re s t range t o t h e g eo logy o f t he r eg ion . 2 .T he ma te r ia l s a re k nown t o h ave b een a bundan t ly u sed f o r p o t te ry mak ing i n o ther , d i s tan tr eg ions , whe re t hey d oo ccur n a tura l ly . 3 .T he ma ter ia l i sf ound t ob e u sed f o r o n ly o ne t ype o f v e sse l o fo ne s pec i f ic f o rm . ( The j u s t if ica t ion f o r s uch c r i ter ion i st he o bse rva t ion t ha t wherever l o ca l manu fac tur ing i s c once rned ,o ne t ype o fc l ay i su sed f o r many d i f feren t wa re t ype s ) . T he se c r i ter ia w i l lb e men t ioned b e low when a t temp t ing t oi den t i fy i mpor ted w are s .

RESULTS T he p o t tery f r om t he s i te s i na l l r eg ion s t ha t we re e xam ined f a l li n to al im i ted n umbe r o f p e t rograph ic g roup s , e ach w i th i t s own d i s t inc t f a br ic . Abou t 7 5% o ft he E B Is amp les b e long t o 5d i f fe ren t p e t rograph ic g roup s , a l l o f wh ich a re k nown f r om s t ra ta I a nd I Io f A rad . T he o ther 2 5% a re o f v a r ious f abr ics , s o me o f wh ich a re a l so k nown f r om A rad . A s t he p o t tery f i nd s we re mos t ly f r agmen ta ry , t he c omp le te s hape o f t he v e sse l was d educed f r om r im sa nd b ase s ,a nd c ompa red w i th t he c omp le te v e sse l s f r om A rad . Wheneve ri twas p oss ib le t o d e te rm ine , ag ood c or re la t ion was f ound b e tween t he t ype o f v e sse l a nd t he f abr ic . U sua l ly o n ly o ne t ype o fv esse l wa s p roduced f r om as pec i f ic r aw ma ter ia l . T ab le 1 s hows t he n umbe ro fs he rds t ha tb e long t oe ach p e t rog raph ic g roup i ne ve ry r eg ion .B ecause o ft he u n i form i ty o fs uch al a rge c o rpus ,t he who le Negev a nd s ou the rn S ina i a re t r ea ted a s o ne u n i t ,a nd o n ly v ar ia t ions b e tween t h er eg ion sw i l lb en o ted .

E a r ly B ronze Age I P o t tery G roup 1 :A rko se A l l t he v esse ls t ha tb e long t ot h is g roup a re c ook ing -po t s , w i th o n ly o ne e xcep t ion .T he r im s a re s im i lar t o t he g lobu lar h o le -mou th c ook ing -po t s f ound a t A rad ( F ig .3 a &3 c; c ompare w i th Am iran 1 978: p l s . 4 3 -45 ) . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h is g roup i ss hown i nF ig .2 a . T he se v esse ls we re f ound i n a lmos t e very E BIs i te i n t he Negev a nd S ina i , a nd a re n ume rou si nA rad . Wheneve rp oss ib le r im s he rds we re s amp led . O therw ise ,b ody s he rds w e re u sed . B ody s he rds o ft h is g roup a re e as i ly r e cogn ized b yo ne o r more o ft he f o l low ing f e a tures: 1 )m ica f l akes a ppear o n t he o u ter s ur face o f t he s he rd; 2 )t he re i sn o r eac t ion w i th 5% HC 1; 3 )c oar se , a ngu la r , wh i te a nd p ink t empe r g ra in s c an b e s een w i th a s imp le magn i fy ing g lass .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 72 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P ETR OGRA PHY O F POTT ERY FR OM SOU THERN I SRAEL AND S I NA I

A RAD

MA9

.

N ORTHERN . N EGEV a

N EGEV M I.

•

4 .

B E ER R ESIS IM

•

L EN H AME 'ARA

•

•

° : 2 ; " A T • B IQ 'AT U SDA

S OU THERN

AL

S INA I

•c e ll

H OLE M OUTH J ARS

• M el H OLE-MOUTH C RATERS

a

•l e i

L A MY

A RAD

A RAD N ORTHERN N EGEV

g l e

i s D AR I

• •

wing C J

•

H AR H ORSHA

B IN 'AT U VOA

1 Z 41 11(

S HE IH M UHSE IN N EB I S A IN T

•

4 1 . I

4 . 0k m

FI G . 2— Map ss how ing t he d i s tr ibu t ion o ft he v ar iou sp e t rog raph ic g roup s . a ) G roup 1 : A rko se t empe red , h o le mou th c ook ing p o ts . b ) G roup 2( d iamond s ) :E B Ih o le mou th j a r s; G roup 6 ( c i rc les ) :MB Ih o le mou th c r a te r s . B o th g roups a re s he l l t empe red . c ) G r oup 3 : C a lc i te t empe red h o le mou th j a r s . d ) G r oup 4( f u l l s quare s ) :f i ne q u a r tz t empe red j ug le t s a nd l amp b ow l; G roup 5 ( open s quare s ) :c he r t t empe red k nob h and le j a r s .S i te sh av ing b o th g roup sa r es hown b y as t a r . L arge rs ymbo ls s t and f o rc l u s te rs o fs i te s , e xcep tf o rA rad . 'I nd iv idua l s i te s a re u nde rl ined .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -1 73 -

N AOM I P ORAT

EB I

MB I

,

FI G . 3— Ho le -mou th r ims f r om B iq 'a tU vda .a c ) E BI ;d -e ) MB I . a ) Cook ing p o t ( r eg . n ° 9 09/702 ) . b ) J a r ( r eg . n °8 42/904 ) . c ) C ook ing p o t ( r eg . n °8 42/88 ) . d ) C ra te r ( r eg . n °9 09/5 19 ) . e ) C ra te r( r eg .n °9 09/698 ) .

T he t empe ro ft he g roup i sq u i te u n i form . I ti sc oa r se a rkose; i . e . , m ine ra l f r agmen t s o f g ran i te a nd o the r a c id ic i gneous r ock s ( F ig .4 a ) . T he g ra in s a re a ngu lar a nd p oo r ly s or ted , 3 -0 .1 mm . i n s i ze . T he d om inan t m inera ls a re q uar tz , a lka l i f e ldspars a nd s od ic p lag ioc lase , w i th s o me m ica a nd r are h ornb lende . A lso p resen t a re r ock f r agmen ts c omposed o fo ne o r more o ft he se m inera ls . T he c l ay i sl i gh tg rey t ob rown . T he ma jor s i l t s i ze m ine ra l a re q uar tz , m ica a nd f e ldspa r s , w i thou ta ny c arbona te p ar t ic le s . A ccord ing t o t he o p t ica l b ehav ior o f t he c l ay p ar t ic le s t he f i r ing t empera ture was l ow , e s t ima ted a t 5 00 -500 C ° . T he t empe r a nd c l ay we re c o l le c ted f r om wad is t h a td ra in a n i gneous p rov ince ,a rkose b e ing t he s ed i men t t r anspor ted , w i th l i t t le o r n o c on tr ibu t ion o f s ed i men tary o r me tamorph ic r ocks . F igure 5s hows t he a rea s i n wh ich g ran i te a nd s im i lar r ocks o u tcrop . T he a reas w i th wad is t ha t d ra in o n ly g ran i t ic r ocks a r e l im i ted t ot wo r eg ions: s ou thern S ina i a nd t he a rea s ou th -ea s t o f t he A rava v a l ley . I n t he o the r a reas , s uch a s T i mna , E i la t , o r t he n or th e as te rn A rava , t he wad i s d ra in o the r t ypes o f r ocks , wh ich c on t r ibu te d i f fe ren t c omponen t s t ot he c l ay . G eo log ica l ly , b o th o ft he g ran i t ic a rea a re s u i tab le t ob e t he s ource o ft he se v e sse ls . I n s p i te o f t he n umerous f i nds i n A rad , t hose v e sse ls we re n o t made t here f o r t he f o l low ing r easons: 1 )a s s hown a bove , t he r aw ma ter ia ls a re n o t f ound c l ose t o A rad; 2 )o n ly v ery u n i form ly s haped g lobu lar h o le -mou th c ook ing -po t s a re made f r om t h is f abr ic; 3 )i nS t ra tum I I o fA rad a l l c ook ing -po ts a re made o n ly o ft h is f ab r ic , wh i le i nt he l a te p ha se , S t ra tum I , a bou t 2 0% o f t he se f o rm s a re made o f c a lca reous f abr ic , p robab ly l o ca l . T h is may b e aman i fes ta t ion o fl o ca l i m i ta t ion a nd p roduc t ion o ft he c ook ing -po ts . T he a rchaeo log ica l f i nds o f t he E BIs i te s i n s ou thern S ina i , w i th p o t tery s im i lar t o t ha t o f A rad , s uppor t t he c onc lus ion t ha t S ina i i st he s ource o f t he se h o le -mou th c ook ing p o ts . Un t i l more d a ta c once rn ing t he a rea s ou th -eas t o f t he A rava v a l ley i s a va i lab le , s ou the rn S ina ii st he f avou red p rovenance .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 74 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1E 1 ROGRAPHY O FP O TT ERY F ROM S OUTH ERN I S RA EL A ND S I NA I

a

FI G .4 . — Micropho tographs o ft h in s ec t ions o fp o t tery b e long ing t ov ar ious p e trograph ic g roups . a ) A rko se t empered s he rd . P oo r ly s o r ted , a ngu lar g ra ins o fg ran i te . F ine g a ined q ua r tz i n t he ma t r ix . Wid th o f f i e ld: 3mm . b ) F o s s i l -she l ls t empe red s he rd . S hels , s ome e l onga ted , w i th l ame l lar s t ruc tu re . I n t he l a rge s he l l , s ome r ec rys ta l l iza t ion c an b e s een . W id th o f f i e ld: 3mm . c ) C a lc i te t empe red s he rd . Angu lar , r homb -shaped c a lc i te c rys ta ls w i th we l l d e f ined e dge s . T he c l eavage o f t he c a lc i te c an b e s een i ns ome g ra in s . W id th o ff i e ld: 3mm . d ) F o ss i l i fe rou s mar ly c l ay . L arge a nd s mal f o ram in i fe rs a re a bundan t .W id th o ff i e ld :2 . 5 mm .

G roup 2:F o s s i l s he l l s

( EB I )

A l l v e sse ls made o f t h is f ab r ic a re h o le -mou th j a r s , w i th r im s a nd f l a tb ases s im i lar t o t he h o le -mou th j a r s f ound i nA rad ( F ig .3 b; c o mpare w i th Am iran 1 978: p l s . 4 6 -51 ) . T he d i s tr ibu t ion o ft h i sg roup i ss hown i nF ig .2 b .T he j a r s w e re f ound i n many s i tes i ns ou thern S ina i , i n mos t E B Is i te s i nB iq 'a t Uvda a nd i ns o me s i te s i nt he Negev . T he se v esse ls a re n ume rous i nS t ra tum Io fA rad . R im s he rds a nd b ody s he rds we re s amp led s i nce t h is g roup c an e as i ly b e i den t i f ied w i th a magn i fy ing g lass . I tc an b e r ecogn ized b y t he o ccur rence o f p la te l ike wh i te f r ag men t s u sua l ly a l igned p ara l le l t o t he s i des o f t he s he rd . T he f r agmen t s e f fe rvesce w i th b ubb le s when 5 % HC 1 i sa pp l ied . T he t empe ro ft he g roup i sv e ry u n i form d e sp i te t he l a rge g eog raph ic d i s tr ibu t ion . I ti s made o f f o ss i l s he l l f r agmen ts . T he s he l ls a re t h in ( 0 .1-0 .4 mm . ) a nd e l onga ted ( 1 -4 mm . ) i n t h in -sec t ion . T hey a re u sua l ly b roken a l ong n a tu ra l l ame l lar s t ruc ture , o r c omp le te i n t he ir n a tura l p la ty f o rm ( F ig .4 b ) . T he s he l ls h ave v ar ious f e a tures a s ar e su l t o f f o ss i l iza t ion , a nd t here fore we re n o t f r esh ly c o l lec ted f r om t he s ea s hore: s o me c a lc i te h ad b een r ep laced b y q ua r tz; i r on o x ide s h ad p ene t ra ted a l ong t he l ame l lar s t ruc tu re a nd

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -1 75 -

N AOM I P ORAT FI G . 5 — Map o fS ina ia nd s ou thern N egev s how ing o u tc rop so fg ran i te a nd r e la ted p lu ton ic r ock ( s t ipp led ) .

• . ,

3 0°

C

5 ) E LAT e d

2 9°

3 4°

3,50

f o rmed r homb shaped c ry s ta l s; s t y lo l i te s w e re f o rmed b y p re ssu re s o lu t ion; a nd s ome o f t he o r ig ina l c a lc i te r e c ry s ta l l ized t o l a rger g ra ins , o verpr in t ing t he o r ig ina l b iogen ic s t ruc tu re . de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 76 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P ETROGRAPHY OF POTTERY F RO M S OUTHERN I SRAEL AND S INA I

T he c l ay i sr edd i sh -b rown t ob rown . I tc on ta ins s ma l l a nd v ary ing amoun t s o fs i l t s i ze q ua r tz ,r homb -shaped c a rbona te p a r t ic le sa nd i r on o x ide s . I ns o me s a mp le s f o ra m in i fe r so f C re taceous a ge h ad b een i den t i f ied . Embedded i nt he c l ay a re many c l ay f r agmen ts wh ich h ad n o t b een g round p rope r ly . T he c he m ica l c ompos i t ion o f t he c l ay ( ana lyzed w i th t he E lec tron M icroprobe: s ee P ora t 1 984 ) f i ts a n i l i te -mon tmor i l lon i te m ixed layer m ine ra logy . T he f i r ing t empe ra ture o f t h is g roup was l ow , e s t i ma ted a t 5 00 -600 C ° . E x t reme ly s im i lar f ab r ic wa s f ound i n h o le - mou th c r a ter l i ke c ook ing -po ts o f MB I , wh ich a re d es c r ibed b e low ( g roup 6 ) . V a r ious e v idence s l e ad t ot he s ugge s t ion t ha t t he s ou rce o ft he c l ay a nd f o ss i l s he l ls i s f r om t he O ra f o rma t ion: t he f o rma t ion i sr i ch i n c l ayey l aye r s; t he c l ay m ine ra ls o f t he f o rma t ion a re mos t ly i l i te -mon tmor i l lon i te m ixed laye r , s uch a s was f ound i nt he s he rds; t he c l ay l ayer s a re o f ten n on -ca lcareous , l i ke t he ma t r ix o f t h is g roup; t he a ge i sw i th in t he C re taceous ( Turon ian ) , l i ke t he f o ra m in i fer s; a nd s he l ls s im i lar i n a ppearance t o t ho se u sed a s t empe r we re f ound i nt h is f o rma t ion ( a t al o ca t ion i nt he s ou the r n Negev ) . F igu re 6 s hows t he o u tc rops o f O ra f o rma t ion i nt he Negev a nd S ina i . T he f o rma t ion d oe sn o to u tc rop n or th o f Makh te sh R amon .I nt he s ou the rn Negev i ta ppea r so nt he map a s n ar rowe r s t r ips , i mp ly ing al im i ted e xposure . I n c en t ra l S ina i i tc over s l a rger a reas , n or th o ft h e T ih e scarpmen t . T he h o mogene i ty o f t he s a mp les , f ound a td i s tan t s i tes , p o in ts t o t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t a l l t h e se h o le -mou th j a r s w e re made a to ne sma l l a r ea . T he se v e s se ls we re n o tp roduced a t A rad , d esp i te t ha t t he l a rge n umber o f t h is f ab r ic f ound t he re , f o r t he f o l low ing r e ason s: 1 )a s s hown a bove , t he r aw ma te r ia l s a re n o t f ound n ea r A rad; 2 )o n ly v ery t yp ica l a nd u n i fo rm ly s haped h o le -mou th j a r s we re made o f t h is f ab r ic; 3 ) wh i le i n S t ra tum I I t he ma jor i ty o f h o le -mou th j a r s a re o f c a lc i te f ab r ic ( s ee g roup 3 b e low ) , i n t he s ubsequen t S t ra tum I a bou t4 0% o ft h is wa re a re s he l l tempe red . T h i s may r epre sen t a n" i n trus ion " o f i mpor ted ware , t he c a lc i te f ab r ic b e ing l o ca l . A tt h is s t a te o fk now ledge t wo p oss ib i l i t ie s eme rge: 1 )T he se v e sse ls we re p roduced i n B iq 'a t Uvda , a s t he O ra f o rma t ion o u tcrop s n o t f a r t ot he e as t . T h is i si ns p i te t he f a c t t ha t n o e v idence f o r s uch i ndus t ry w as f ound d ur ing t he e x ten s ive e xcava t ions t ha t t ook p lace t here . 2 )T he s ource o f t hese v esse l s i ss omewhe re i n c en t ra l S ina i . No t much i sk nown a bou t t ha t r eg ion ,a nd t here fo re t h is s ugge s t ion i ss pecu la t ive . G roup 3 : c a l c i te A l l v esse ls made o f t h is f a br ic a re h o le -mou th j a r s . A l though v e ry s im i lar i ns hape t o t h ev e s se ls o fg roup 2 ,s ome s ys tema t ic d i f fe rence si nt he morpho logy o ccur: t he wa l ls a nd t he r im s o f t he v esse ls o f g roup 3a re t h icke r t han t hose o f g roup 2 ; a nd i n A rad , where c omp le te v e sse ls o f b o th g roups w ere e xa m ined , o n ly v esse ls o f g roup 3 h ave r ope d ecora t ion . Mos t ly r im s he rds were s a mp led , T h is g roup c an b e i den t if ied w i th a magn i fy ing g l as s b y t he c oar se , a ngu la r , wh i te t empe r g ra ins t ha t e f fervesce w i th b ubb le s when 5% HC I i sa pp l ied . T he d i s tr ibu t ion o f t h is g roup i ss hown i nF igure 2 c . T h is p e trog raph ic g roup was n o t f ound i n s ou the rn S ina i o ri nB iq 'a t U vda ,b u t i sv ery c ommon i nt he n or the rn Negev a nd n ume rous i nA rad . A lso ,e xcep tf o r A rad , t h is g roup d oes n o to ccur t oge ther w i th g roup 2 . T h is may b ed ue t o sma l ls amp l ing o rc ou ld i mp l ica te s o me c u l tura lo rt empora ld i f fe rence s b e tween t he t wo g roup s ( s ee a l so D i scuss ion b e low ) . C a lc i te f ab r ic i sv ery t yp ica l i nh o le mou th j a r s a l so f r om o the r E B s i tes i n t he n or the r n Negev a nd c en t ra l I s rae l ( e .g . L ahav , H es i , A i ) . T he t empe r i sp oor ly s o r ted , a ngu lar c a lc i te c ry s ta l , o f ten b roken a l ong t he c l eavage a nd f o rm ing r homb shaped g ra in s( F ig .4 c ) . A ccompany ing i ta re g ra in so fc oa rse l ime s tone .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 77 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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T he c l ay v ar ie s . U sua l ly i ti sc a lcareous a nd o f ten i tc on ta ins a bundan t m ic ro foss i ls o f P a leocene -Eocene a ge . S ome t ime s s i l ts i ze q uar tz o ccur s . T he f i r ing t empera tu re was b e low t ha t o f d ecompos i t ion o f c a lc i te , i . e . u nder 7 50 C ° . O the r t ype s o f v esse ls f r om A rad a re made o f s im i lar f abr ic . T he s ource o ft he t empe ri sc a lc i te v e in s . T hese v e ins a re f ound i nl ime s tone a nd c ha lk , a nd a re v ery c ommon t h roughou tt he c a rbona te f o rma t ion so fI s rae l . A s t he c l ay v ar ies i ti s d educed t ha t t he v e sse ls w e re made a t mo re t han o ne l o ca l i ty . T he f o s s i l i fe rous c l ay c ou ld o r ig ina te i n t he c l ayey a nd mar ly f o rma t ion T aq iya , o r f r om e ros ion o f E ocene c ha lk f o rma t ions , wh ich a l l o u tcrop t h roughou t t he Negev . T here fore i ti sv ery l i ke ly t ha t t he v e sse ls f ound a tA rad a nd t he n or the rn Negev s i te sw e re l o ca l ly made . G roup s 4a nd 5 : F ine q ua r tz a nd c he r t T he se t wo g roup s a r ed e scr ibed t oge the ra s t hey w e re p roduced f r om t he s ame t ype o f c l ay a nd p robab ly h ave t he s a me p rovenance . T he f i ne q uar tz t empe red v e sse ls a re r ed s l ipped a nd p o l ished j ug le ts a nd l amp -bow ls; a nd t he c he r t t empered v esse ls a re k nob h and le j a r s . F igure 2 d s hows t he d i s tr ibu t ion o ft he t wo g roup s . B o th a re c ommon i nA rad . T he f i ne q uar tz g roup i sf ound i n sma l l n u mbe rs i n a l l r eg ions , wh i le t he c he r t g roup i s a b sen tf r om B iq 'a t Uvda a nd t he Negev moun ta in s . T he t empe r o fg roup 4i ss ubrounded , w e l l s or ted , f i ne sand s i ze ( 0 .15 mm . ) q uar tz , i n sma l ld en s i ty .A ccompany ing i ta re s o me r ounded l ime s tone g ra in s . U sua l ly q uar tz s and h as v ery f ew d is t inc t ive f ea tures , a nd i t c an r a re ly b e c harac ter ized u nder t he m icroscope . I n I s rae l a nd i t s s ur round ings q uar tz s and c ou ld o r ig ina te f r om s evera l f o rma t ions ( F ig .7 ) :q uar tz o ccur s i nt he Nub ian s ands tone , wh ich o u tcrops i n t he Makh tesh im , e as t o f t he A rava v a l ley a nd i n S ina i; i to ccur s i n t he Neogene ( Ha tzeva ) f o rma t ion , wh ich o u tcrop s i n t he Negev a t v ar ious l o ca l i t ies a nd i t o ccur s i n t he P le is tocene k urkar r i dge s a nd c oas ta l s and d une s . I n t h in s e c t ion i ti sn o t p oss ib le t o i den t i fy t he e xac t s ource o f t he s and t ha t was u sed f o r t emper ing t h is p e t rog raph ic g roup . T he t empe r o f g roup 5i sa ngu lar , c oar se , p oor ly s or ted , ( 4 -0 .5 mm . ) c her t f r agmen t s . Che r t i sa bundan t i nt he Negev a nd c an b e f ound a lmos te verywhe re . I ti sn o t p os s ib le t o i den t i fy t he e xac ts ou rce o ft h ec he r t t ha t was u sed f o rt empe r ing t he k nob -hand le j a r s . T he c l ay o fb o th g roups i sc a lcareous w i th a bundan t m icro fo ss i ls o fP a leocene -Eocene a ge , a nd r a re s i l t s i ze q uar tz ( F ig .4 d ) . T he s u i tab le f o rma t ion f o r t h is c l ay i st h e T aq iya s ha le s . T he f o rma t ion o u tcrops t h roughou t t he Negev ,b u t more e x ten s ive ly i ni t sn o r thern p a r t . I ti sn o t p oss ib le t ol o ca te t he e xac t p rovenance . T he f i r ing t empe ra ture o f t he t wo g ioup sw as a bou t6 00 -700 C ° . A r chaeo log ica l e v idence , s uch a s t he c o mmon f i nds o ft he t wo g roups a tA rad a nd t he s ca rc i ty i n o ther s i tes , i nd ica te t ha t A rad was t he s ou rce o f t hese t wo g roup s . Ano ther i nd ica t ion i st he f a c t t h a t much o ft he l o ca l p o t tery f r om A rad i s made o f t he s a me t ype o f c l ay , a nd t ha t f i ne q uar tz a ppea rs i no the r t ype s o fA rad v e sse ls . O the r f a br ic s O the r f ab r ics o f t he E BIv esse ls t ha t d o n o t b e long t o a ny o f t he a bove d esc r ibed g roups , v ary ma rked ly . R ecur r ing d i s t inc t t emper v ar ie t ies a re g rog , l imes tone , s ha le f r agmen ts a nd q uar tz . T he ma t r ixe s c an b eb road ly d iv ided i n to s i l ty , w i th s i l t s i ze q ua r tz a nd c arbona tes; a nd c l ayey , w i th t h e c l ay m ine ra ls c ompos ing t he ma jor f r ac t ion o f t he ma t r ix . A t t h is s t a te o fk now ledge i ti sd i f f icu l t t oi den t i fy t he s ource o f t he r aw ma te r ia ls u sed f o rt he se v e s se ls a nd t oa s s ign ap rovenance f o rt h em .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -1 7 8-

P E IROGRAPHY O F P O I1ERY F ROM S OUTHERN I S RAEL AM ) S I NA I

A RAD •

B IQA T U VDA

1 / .

S T .K A THER IN •

50 k n

FI G . 6— Map o fo u tc rops o fO ra f o rma t ion i nt he N egev a nd S ina i .

U nu sua l s amp l e s Af ew u nu sua l s a mp le s w i l lb ed e scr ibed b e low . T he s ource o ft hem may s hed l i gh to n t he c onnec t ion s o ft he Negev a nd S ina i s i te s w i th o ther p lace s: E gyp t ian v e s se l s .— S evera l s herds o f v esse ls s uspec ted t o b e E gyp t ian , f r om s ou thern S ina i a nd t he Negev moun ta ins , w ere e xa m ined . T hese we re f ound t o h ave a t yp ica l E gyp t ian N i le c l ay f ab r ic , w i th r ounded s andy q uar tz t emper , many f e ldspar s , h eavy m ine ra l a nd m ica p re sen ti nt he ma t r ix . B a sa l t . — One s amp le o fr ed p o l ished j a r f r om B iq 'a t Uvda w a s e xa m ined , a nd wa s f ound t ob e b asa l t t empered . T he b asa l t i sa ngu lar a nd h ad p robab ly b een c rushed i n ten t iona l ly . A cco mpany ing i ta re s ome l ime s tone a nd q uar tz g ra ins . P la t te r s t empe red w i th b a sa l tw e re

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 179Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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f ound a t A rad a nd E ran i . B asa l t was a c ommon t emper ing ma ter ia l i n B ab e dh Dhra ( Beynon e ta l . 1 986 ) ,a l though t here i ti sn o ta ccompan ied b y o the rm inera ls . T he s ource o f t h is j a r c an b e e i the r B ab e dh Dh ra o r a ny o ther p lace i nt he Go lan o r G a l i lee , whe re B asa l t i sc o mmon .

Midd le B ronze Age Ip o t te ry Mos t o f MB Ip o t tery f a l ls i n to t wo p e t rograph ic g roup s . B e cause o ft he sma l l s a mp l ing i ti sn o tp oss ib le t ok now h ow d ive r se a re t he f abr ic so ft he p o t tery o ft h is p er iod . G roup 6 : F o s s i l s h e l l s ( MB I ) T he v e sse ls o ft h i s g roup a re h o le -mou th c r a te r s . T h is s hape c on t inues t he t r ad i t ion o f t he E B h o le -mou th v esse ls , t he ma jor d i f ferences b e ing a b roade r mou th a nd a f l a t r im w i th sma l l , s ha l low t r ough ( F ig .3 d -3e ) . F ig .2 b s how s t he d i s tr ibu t ion o f t h is g roup . T he v e sse ls we re f ound i n t h ree s i tes i n B iq 'a t Uvda a nd i nB e 'e r R e s is im . T he se c r a te r s we re f ound t oge the r w i th t he t yp ica l MB Ip a le c o lored c ombed n eck j a r s ( g roup 7b e low ) . On ly r im s he rds we re s amp led . T he t emper a nd c l ay o f t h is g roup i si den t ica l t o t ha t o f g roup 2 o f E B Ia ge . An a t temp t w as made t o f i nd p e t rog raph ic d i f ferences b e tween t he E BIa nd MB Iv esse l s ( Pora t 1 984 ) . T he f e a tures t ha t w ere c ompared b e tween t he s a mp le s o f t he t wo p e r iods were: t he amoun t o fc arbona te , wh ich f o rm s t he s he l ls , w as measured w i th ag a some t r ic me thod; t he amoun t o f q uar tz a nd s ha le f r agmen t s w as v i sua l ly e s t i ma ted; a nd t he p resen ce o r a b sence o ff o ram in i fer s was n o ted . I n a l l t h e a bove f e a ture s t he s amp les f r om t he t wo p e r iods a re v ery s im i lar . T he o n ly d i f ference f ound wa s as l igh t i nc rea se i n t he a verage amoun t o f c arbona te s i n t he MB I , wh ich mean s t ha t o n t he a verage mo re s he l ls w e re a dded t ot he c l ay . T he f i r ing t empe ra tu re i nb o th p er iods was l ow , e s t ima ted a t5 00 6 00 C ° . T he s our ce o ft he r aw ma ter ia l h as b een d i scu ssed a bove ,i nt he d e sc r ip t ion o fg roup 2 . I ti ss ugge s ted h e re t ha tb o th g roup s w e re manu fac tured i nt he s ame r eg ion ( s ee D i scus s ion b e low ) . G roup 7 : V a r ieg a ted s and T he v esse ls made o ft h is f abr ic a re t yp ica l p a le g reen , y e l low o rp ink s haded , c o mbed n eck j a r s . T h is g roup h as s im i lar d i s t r ibu t ion a s g roup 6 ,s eve ra l s i tes i nB iq 'a t Uvda a nd t he Negev moun ta ins . Mo s t ly b ody s he rds w e re s amp led ,a st h is wa re c an b ed is t ingu ished b yi t sp a le c o lor a nd c omb ing . I n c on t ras t w i th t he o ther g roups d escr ibed s o f a r , t he f abr ic o f t h is g roup i s v ar iega ted ,b u t n eve r the less s o me f e a tures a re c o mmon t oa l l s a mp le s . T he t empe ri ss and s i ze ,a bou t0 . 5 mm . ,w e l l s or ted , s ubangu la r t os ub rounded g ra ins o fv ary ing c ompos i t ion . U sua l ly t he q uar tz d om ina te s . M icrocrys ta l l ine , r ounded l ime s tone g ra in s a lway s o ccur , s o me t i mes c ompos ing u p t o 5 0% o f t he t empe r . A lways p resen t a re s ma l l a nd v ary ing amoun t s o f f e ldspar s , c her t , macro fo ss i ls , b asa l t a nd g rog f r ag men t s . T he c l ay v a r ies t oo . U sua l ly i ti ss l igh t ly c a lcareous , w i th s o me p oor ly p re se rved f o ram in i fe rs a nd v ary ing amoun t s o f s i l t s i ze q ua r tz . Ad i s t inc t ive f e a ture i st he r e la t ive ly h igh f i r ing t empe ra ture , wh ich w as o f ten o ver 8 00 C ° . T h is i sn o t f ound i n t he E B p o t tery . Due t ot he h igh f i r ing t empe ra tu re s o me f e a ture so ft he c l ay a r eo b scured . S uch v ar iega ted s ands a re n o t c ommon . B each s and i sc omposed ma in ly o f q uar tz , a lways w i th s o me f auna f r agmen t s a nd t yp ica l h eavy m ine ra ls . T he Nub ian s ands a re

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 180 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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FI G . 7— Map o fo u tc rop so fq uar tzo se s ands tone i nt he N egev a nd i t ss u r round ing s( s t ipp led ) .

v ery p ure , c on ta in ing o n ly q uar tz . T he se a nd o the r s ands d o n o t c on ta in b asa l t f r agmen t s . P e rhap s t he s ource o f t h is s and i sw ad i d epos i t s , where p e rhap s a l so t he c l ay o r ig ina ted . S uch wad is mu s t d ra in a n a rea w i th many d i f fe ren t t ype s o f r ocks e xpo sed; s ands tone , d i f feren t t ypes o f l ime s tone , c her t a nd b asa l t . R ecen t ly f abr ic s im i lar t o s o me o f t he s amp les h ave b een d e scr ibed f r om B ab e dh -Dh ra ( Beynon e ta l . 1 986 ) . P e rhaps t he se MB I v es se ls o r ig ina ted i na reas e as to f t he A rava v a l ley , n or th t ot h e a rea o fg ran i t ic r ock s ( s ee F ig . 5 ) , where t he r equ ired v ar ie t ies o f r ocks o u tcrop . T he p ropor t ions b e tween t he d i f feren t m ine ra l c omponen t s o f t he s and c hange f r om w ad i t o wad i , a nd t ha t c ou ld e xp la in s o me o f t he v ar ie ty f ound i nt h is f ab r ic . T he u n i fy ing f e a ture o f t h is g roup i st he

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 8 1 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

NAOM I PORAT

t e chno logy: t he u se o f r aw ma te r ia ls f r om wad i d epos i t s , emp loymen t o f at e chn ique wh ich c aused t he p a le s hade s o ft he v e sse ls a nd t he h igh f i r ing t empera tures .

D ISCUSSION I th as b een s hown a bove t ha t mos tp e trograph ic g roups we re f ound i ns i te sa l l o ve rt he Negev a nd s ou the rn S ina i . I n t he f o l low ing d i scuss ion Iw i l l t r y t oi n te rp re t s o me o f t he se r e su l ts w i th in t he a r chaeo log ica l f r amework . G eog raph ic l im i t s T he f i nd ing o f i den t ica l f ab r ic s o f p o t te ry o ve r al a rge a rea e nab les u s t o d e f ine t he l im i ts o f t h is mega -reg ion . T he l im i ts a re d e f ined b y t he a ppearance o f t he a rkose t empe red , g lobu lar h o le -mou th c ook ing -po ts a nd t he s he l l t empe red h o le mou th j a r s , t hese b e ing t he mos t a bundan t f abr ics f ound . A l im i t ing f a c tor i n t h is d e f in i t ion i s t he d i s t r ibu t ion o f t he s i tes t ha t w e re s amp led . T o t h e s ou th a nd w es t t he b oundar ie s o ft h is mega -reg ion a re t he Gu l fo fE i la ta nd t h c . 3 4 d eg ree l ong i tude ( no s i te s w e re s amp led t ot he we s t o fi t )r e spec t ive ly . T o t he n or th t he b oundary i sA rad , a nd t o t he e as t i ti sp robab ly t he A rava V a l ley . I n n one o f t he s i te s n or th o fA rad t he a bove men t ioned f ab r ic s we re f ound . I n ap e t rog raph ic s t udy f r om B ab e dh -Dhra

( Beynon

e t a l . 1 986 ) t hese f abr ics a re n o t d escr ibed . T ha t i s t he o n ly

p e trog raph ic work d one s o f a ro n p o t te ry f r om s i te s e a s t o f t he A rava , a nd p e rhap s o ther s t ud ie s w i l l c hange t he p os i t ion o ft he e as te rn b order . S ou r ce s o f v es se l s T he d a ta p re sen ted a bove s hows t ha t t h e v esse ls w ere n o t p roduced a l l i n o ne c en ter a nd d i s t r ibu ted t o t he p er iphe r ies . A s t he i den t i f ica t ion o f t he s ources o f r aw ma ter ia ls i mp l ie s ,d i f fe ren t wa re t ype s w e re p roduced a te ach r eg ion a nd s ub sequen t ly d i s t r ibu ted t o o the rr eg ion s .T hus a rkose t empe red c ook ing -po t s we re made i ns ou the rn S ina ia nd b rough t i n to A rad i n l a rge q uan t i t ies ( perhap s a s c on ta iner s o f y e t u nknown s ub s tance ) ;s he l l t empe red h o le -mou th j a r s were made e i ther i n c en tra l S ina i o r B iq 'a t Uvda a nd t hen d i s tr ibu ted t os ou the rn S ina i a nd A rad ;a nd f i ne , r ed p o l ished j ug le t s a nd v ar ious s t o rage j a r s we re made i nA rad a nd d i s t r ibu ted t oa l lo the rr eg ion s . T h is d i s t r ibu t ion s hows t ha t t h e p i c tu re i s more c omp l ica ted t han t ob e d e scr ibed i n t e im so f ac en te ra nd f r inges ,a nd t h a tt he t r ade p a t te rns w e re c o mp lex . C or re la t ion o f wa re a nd f abr ic Ag rea t u n i form i ty e x is ts i n t h e f ab r ic o fe ach p e trog raph ic g roup , a nd e ach f ab r ic i s f ound o n ly i no ne f am i ly o f ware s . T he t emper a nd c l ay o f e ach g roup i su n i form , w i th o n ly sma l l v ar ia t ions , a lmos t g iv ing t he i mpress ion t ha t o ne p o t ter work shop made t hem a l l . Wheneve r i t was p oss ib le t o d e term ine t he c omp le te s hape o f t he v esse ls ( ma in ly i n A rad , b u t s o me t i mes a l so i n o ther s i te s ) i t was s een t ha t w i th in o ne f am i ly o f ware s t he s hapes a re u n i form t oo , a nd t ha t as pec i f ic ware t ype c or re sponds t oo ne f ab r ic . A s e ach f abr ic o r ig ina ted f r om a d i f feren t r eg ion t he u n i form i ty may i nd ica te t ha t p o t te rs a td i f fe ren t r eg ion s s pec ia l ized i n ap ar t icu lar p roduc t . O r e l se , i f more t han o ne v esse l t ype wa s p roduced a t ac e r ta in r eg ion , f o re ach t ype o fv esse l t he p o t ter s c hose v ery

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 8 2Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1EF ROGRAPHY OF POTTERY F ROM S OUTHERN I SRAEL AND S INA I

d is t inc t a nd d i f fe ren t r aw ma ter ia ls . B o th e xp lana t ions s how t ha t p o t te rs a t t ha t t ime were s oph is t ica ted a nd s pec ia l ized . Va r ie ty o f f abr ic s i n t he r eg ion I ti si n teres t ing t o n o te t ha t n o t a l l p e trograph ic g roups f ound t he ir way i n to a l l r eg ion s . Mos t s t r ik ing i st he a b sence o fc a lc i te t empe red h o le -mou th j a r s ( g roup 3 )s ou th o f t he R amon l i ne ,b e ing s o c ommon t ot he n or th o fi t .A lso i n t r igu ing i st he f a c tt ha tt he t wo t ype s o f h o le -mou th j a rs , w i th c a lc i te a nd w i th s he l l ( g roup 2 ) t emper , d o n o t a ppear t oge the ri no ne s i te ,b u tf o rA rad . I nA rad t he c a lc i te g roup p reda te s t he s he l lg roup ,a nd i n t he l a ter p hase t hey o ccur t oge the r . T h is may i nd ica te a t empora l d i f ference b e tween t he t wo g roup s . On t he o the r h and , t he g eograph ic d i s t r ibu t ion o f t he s our ces , b e ing t ha t t he c a lc i te t empered v e s se ls o r ig ina ted f r om t he n or thern Negev , a nd a re f ound o n ly t here , wh i le t he s he l l t empe red v esse ls o r ig ina ted f r om t he s ou th ( whe ther i ti sB iq 'a t Uvda o r c en t ra l S ina i ) , may i nd ica te d i f feren t c u l tura l o r e thn ic o r ig ins . T he s l igh t d i f fe rence s i n t h ickne ss , d ecora t ion a nd s hape may s uppor t t h e l a t ter e xp lana t ion . S im i la r i t ies a nd d i f ferences b e tween E B I a nd MB I p o t te r f abr ic s O f t he t wo g roups o f MB Ip o t tery , 6a nd 7 , t he f o rmer p o in ts t o t he s im i lar i t ies b e tween t he E B Ia nd MB I , wh i le t he l a t ter t ot he d i f fe ren ces i np o t tery mak ing b e tween t he t wo p e r iods . G roup 7 p o in t s t o ac omp le te ly d i f feren t s t ra tegy o f s e lec t ing r aw ma ter ia ls a nd manu fac tu r ing p o t te ry . Obv iou s i st he o u te r wh i te " s l ip " wh ich may h ave b een c aused b y t he a dd i t ion o f s a l t ( ha l i te ) t o t he c l ay ( Ede ls te in & G lass 1 973 ) . I n t h in s e c t ion more d i f fe rences a re f ound: w ad i s and was u sed f o r t empe r , a nd wad i s ed imen t f o r t he c l ay . Wad i s and t empe ri sk nown f r om t he Cha lco l i th ic ( Goren 1 987 ) ,b u t wa s r a re ly u sed i nt he E B , when mos t ly c rushed r o ck s a nd g rog we re u sed . T he f i r ing t empera ture o ft h is g roup was h igher , a bove t he d ecompos i t ion o f l ime s tone , t he a ve rage b e ing 8 00 C ° . H igh f i r ing t empe ra ture i sk nown f r om o ther t ype so f MB Ip o t tery f r om t he Negev ,n o td e sc r ibed h e re . C on t rary t o t h i s d ur ing t he E B at empera ture o f 7 50 C ° was r a re ly r eached , t he a ve rage b e ing 6 00 -700 C ° . On t he o the r h and g roup 6i sv e ry s im i lar t og roup 2( s ee d esc r ip t ion a bove ) , a nd n o s i gn i f ican t p e t rograph ic d i f ferences were f ound . T he c ho ice o f t he c l ay ( O ra f o rma t ion ) a nd t he f o ss i l s he l ls ( p robab ly a l so f r om t h i s f o rma t ion ) i sv e ry s pec i f ic a nd d i s t inc t . A s t he O ra f o rma t ion o u tcrop s a re l im i ted i n I s rae l , o r f a r away i nS ina i , t he u se o f i ti n t he t wo p er iods i nt he s ame manne ra nd t e chno logy ,b e ing a pp l ied t os im i lar s hapes o fv e sse ls , c anno tb e a cc iden ta l 3. I t i s s ugges ted h e re t ha t s o mewhere , p erhaps i n c en tra l S ina i , t he t r ad i t ion o f p roduc ing p o t tery f r om O ra c l ay s a nd f o ss i l s he l ls p reva i led f o r v ery l ong p e r iods , a nd i n s eve ra lp u l se sp o t tery w a sb rough ti n to t h en o r th ,a nd d i s t r ibu ted i n many s i tes . C onnec t ion s w i th o ther a r ea s Dur ing t he E BI , b e s ides t he c omp lex l i nks b e tween A rad , S ina i a nd t he Negev , c onnec t ions w i th o the r r eg ions a re i nd ica ted . T he f i nds o f E gyp t ian p o t te ry i n s ou the rn S ina i a nd t h e Negev moun ta in s ( and i nl a rge rq uan t i t ie s i nA rad ) may p o in ta ts o me d i rec t t i e s b e tween t hese s ma l l s i te s a nd E gyp t . Ano ther i n te rpre ta t ion c ou ld b e t ha t t he t i es 3 . R ecen t ly s im i lar f ab r ic w as f ound i n p o t te ry o f E B I( no r the rn S ina i ) a nd C ha lco l i th ic ( G i la t; s ee Go ren 1 987 : 5 0 -53 )p e r iod s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -1 8 3-

NAOM I PORAT

we re b e tween E gyp t a nd A rad ( o r s o me o the r l a rge s i te ) , a nd f r om t here t he E gyp t ian o b jec t s f ound t he ir way i n to t he Negev a nd S ina i . T he s i ngu la r b asa l t t empe red s t orage j a r s f ound i nB iq 'a t Uvda c a me f r om e i ther B ab e dh -Dhra o r f r om f u r ther t o t he n or th , f r om t he b a sa l t r eg ions o f t he Ga l i lee a nd Go lan . P erhaps t he f i nds o f more s im i lar f ab r ics i n t he f u ture w i l l e nab le u s t o d i s t ingu ish b e tween t he g eograph ic p oss ib i l i t ies . Du r ing t he MB Id i f feren t l i nks w e re f o rmed . T he s our ce o ft he p a le , c ombed n eck j a r s may b e t he n or th e as te rn A rava v a l ley ( s ee d e sc r ip t ion a bove ) . T h is s ugge s t ion i so n ly t en ta t ive ,b u t i ti st he mos t p laus ib le s our ce i nI s rae l a nd i t s s u r round ings . I ft h i s s our ce i s c on f irmed i tmay c hange s o me v i ew sa st ot he o r ig in o ft he MB Ip eop le .

CONCLUSIONS V e ry c omp lex r eg iona l a nd i n te r -reg iona l p o t te ry t r ade p a t tern s we re f ound i n S ina i a nd s ou thern I s rae l d ur ing t he E B Ia nd MB Ip e r iods . T h is c anno t b e e xp la ined b y t he mode l o f al a rge c en ter , i n to whe re p roduc t s a re b rough t f r om t he f r inge s . T he s i te s o ft he Negev moun ta in s , a nd e spec ia l ly t hose o f B iq 'a t Uvda , c anno t b e d escr ibed a s me re s t a t ion so nt he w ay b e tween A rad a nd s ou thern S ina i .T he movemen to fg oods w as i n many d i rec t ions , n o t j u s t o ne -way f r om S ina i i n to A rad . P o t te ry w as t r anspor ted f r om c en t ra l S ina i ( o r B iq 'a t Uvda ) i n to s ou the rn S ina i , a nd b ack f r om S ina i i n to B iq 'a t Uvda , a nd f r om A rad t oa l l r eg ion s . Many q ue s t ions s t i l l r ema in t ob e a n swe red . A s t he g rea tes t v o lume o f p o t tery t r ade wa s f r om S ina i i n to A rad , t he mos ti n t r igu ing p rob lem i s : Why we re h o le -mou th c ook ing p o t s a nd j a r s , t he se e ve ryday v e sse ls , t r an spor ted o ve r s uch l a rge d i s tance ?C ou ld i tb e a man i fe s ta t ion o fl a rge movemen t o f p eop le , t oge the r w i th t he ir h ome u tens i ls ?Were t he v e sse ls i mpor ted b ecause o ft h e q ua l i ty o f t he ware ?O r w e re t h e se v esse ls j u s t c on ta ine r s f o r t he t r aded g oods ? I ft he l a s t i s t he a nswer , wha t w ere t hese g oods ? T he mos t p lau s ib le p roduc t men t ioned s o f a ri sc oppe r . I fc opper w as t r an spo r ted f r om S ina ia sb ar s , why s hou ld i tb e p acked i n ac ook ing -po t ?And i fi tw as b rough t n or th a s r aw ma ter ia l , whe re i st he e v iden ce o fp roduc t ion o fc oppe ri nA rad ( o re l sewhere ,d ur ing t h is p e r iod ) ? Who w ere t he p eop le who l i ved i n S ina i a nd p roduced t h e h o le -mou th v es se ls ?T he u n ique s hape o f t he g lobu lar c ook ing -po t s may i mp ly t o ad i f feren t t r ad i t ion o f p o t te ry mak ing , o f p erhap s a no the r c u l ture . On t h e o the r h and t h e s hape o f t he s he l l t empered j a rs f r om S ina i i s v ery s im i lar t o t ha t o f c a lc i te t empe red j a r s f r om A rad a nd i t s s ur round ings . T h is s im i lar i ty i nd ica tes a s im i lar t r ad i t ion o f p o t tery mak ing , a nd a s im i lar c u l ture . And l a s t , q ue s t ions t ha t h ave t o b e d ea l t w i th b y p e trog raphy a nd o ther s c ien t i f ic me thods . We re a l l c ook ing -po t s manu fac tured i n o ne p lace , o r i n d i f fe ren t l o ca t ion s a l l o ver S ina i ?A re t he E B Ia nd MB Is he l l t empe red h o le -mou th v e sse ls made o f t he s ame r aw ma te r ia ls a s i ts e em s i n t h in s e c t ion s , o r a re t here s l igh t , b u t s i gn i f ican t d i f ference s t ha t may c ome o u t o n ly t h rough o the r me thods , s uch a s c hem ica l a na ly se s ?I fa l l t h e se v e sse ls d o h ave t he s ame s ou rce , whe re i si t ,a nd h ow l a rge w a s t he manu fac tur ing a r ea ? I nt he f u ture we h ope t oh ave a n swe r st ot he se p rob lem s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 8 4Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

IE IROGRAPHY OF POTTERY F ROM S OUTHERN I SRAEL AND S INA I

APPENDIX

S i te n °

T h in s ec t .n °

P e r iod

S herd n °

S he rd d esc r ip t ion

P e trog r aph ic d esc r ip t ion

9 03/60 9 03/7 9 07 1 03/6 9 07 9 3

J a r ,b ody s he rd . J a r , b ody s he rd . J a r , b ody s he rd . C ook ing p o t ,b ody s he rd . V ery c oarse w are . J a r , b ody s herd . C ombed j a r ,b ody s herd . Ho le -mou th j a rr im . C ook ing p o t ,b ody s he rd . C ook ing p o t ,b ody s he rd . J a r , b ody s he rd . J a r , b ody s he rd . J a r , b ody s he rd . J a r , b ody s he rd . J a r , b ody s he rd . J a r , b ody s he rd . J a r ,b ody s he rd . C ook ing p o t , b ody s he rd . C ook ing p o t , b ody s he rd . C ook ing p o t , b ody s he rd . J a r , b ody s he rd . R ed p o l ished j a r ,s hou lde r . Ho le -mou th j a r ,b a se . C ook ing p o t , b ody s herd . C ook ing p o t , b ody s he rd . C ook ing p o t , b ody s he rd . C ra t e r . C ook ing p o t , b ody s he rd . C ombed j a r . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . J a r ,b ody s he rd . C ombed j a r , b ody s he rd . J a r ,b ody s he rd . C ombed j a r , b ody s he rd . C ook ing p o t , b ody s he rd . C ook ing p o t ,b ody s he rd . C ook ing p o t , b ody s herd . J a r , b ody s he rd . J a r ,b ody s he rd . J a r , b ody s he rd . Ho le -mou th j a r . C ook ing p o t , b ody s he rd . R ed p ol i shed j ug le t ,b ody s he rd . C ook ing p o t , b ody s he rd . C ook ing p o t , b ody s he rd . J a r , b ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im .

F o s s i ls hels . 2 A rko se . F os s i ls he l ls . 2 A rko se . 1 A rko se . 1 R homb s haped l ime s tone . R homb s haped l ime s tone . F o s s i ls he l l s . 2 A rkose . 1 A rkose . 1 L ime s tone o rc a lc i te . L ime s tone , q uar tz ,b asa l t . 7 L ime s tone , q uar tz , c her t ,b asa l t . 7 Quar tz ,l imes tone ,s he l ls ,b asa l t . 7 F o s s i ls he l l s . 6 F os s i ls he l ls . 6 L ime s tone ,q uar tz , p l ag io c lase . 7 A rko se . 1 A rko se . 1 A rkose . G rog . C ru shed b asa l t . F o s s i ls he l l s . 2 A rko se . 1 A rko se . 1 A rkose . 1 A rkose . 1 A rkose . 1 L ime s tone ,q uar tz ,c he r t ,K fe ldspar s . 7 F os s i ls he l ls . 6 F os i t is he l ls . 6 L ime s tone , b a sa l t , q ua r tz , p l ag ioc lase .7 F o s s i ls he l ls . 6 L ime s tone ,b asa l t ,p lag io c lase . 7 Quar tz , p l ag ioc lase , K fe ld spar . 7 A rko se . 1 A rko se . 1 F os s i ls he l ls . 2 F o s s i ls he l l s . 2 L ime s tone o rc a lc i te . F os s i ls he l ls . 2 A rko se . 1 L ime s tone ,q uar tz . 4 A rkose . 1 A rkose . 1 F o s s i ls he l l s . 2 F o ss i ls he l l s . 2 F os s i ls he l l s . 2 A rkose . 1

B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd , s t o re j a r . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s herd . I n c ised r ed s l ipped b ody s he rd . Ho le -mou th j a rr im . S to rage j a r , b ody s he rd . E gyp t ian j a r . P l a t te r . C ook ing p o t .

A rko se . A rko se . D o lom i t ic s ha le f r agmen ts F os s i ls he l l s . F o s s i ls he l ls . L ime s tone . F os s i ls he l ls a nd l ime s tone S ha le f r agmen ts . Quar tz a nd l ime s tone . Quar tz ,l ime s tone ,m icro f auna A rko se . C he r t . Quar tz . Qua r tz , m ic ro f auna . A rko se .

P e t rog r . g roup n °

B iq 'a tU vda a nd s ur round ings B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U . B .U .

3 3 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 9 6/1 1 1 9 6/1 1 1 9 6/ I I I 9 6/I I I 9 6/I I I 1 24/B1

B .U .1 24/I I I B .U .1 24/ I I I B .U . 1 24/I I I B .U . 1 24/ IV S amar S a mar A bu A layek

2 4 2 5 3 94 3 94 3 96 3 98 3 99 1 3 2 8 2 9 6 2 6 2 7 3 0 9 1 0 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 2 0 5 9 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 1 7 1 8 1 9 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 2 4 5 3 1 3 2 5 8 5 6 5 7 1

E B ? E BB? E BI E BD i E BB MB I MB I E BB E B1 E BI E BI MB I MB I MB I MB I? MB I MB I E BB E BI I E BB E 1 31 1 1 E BB E BB E BB E BI I E BB E BB E BB MB I MB I MB I MB I MB I MB I MB I E BB B 31

J P 1 65 J P 1 76 J P 1 77 J P 1 69 3 11 3 12 3 13 3 14 J P 4 05 J P 4 06 J P 4 07 J P 4 08 7 11 7 12 J P 1 87

E BB E BB E BI E BB 9 31 1 E BI E B E BI E BB E BB E B1 I E BB E BI E BI E BI

MB I? MB I? E B1 E B1 E BB E BB E Bi l E BB E BB? E BB? E BB?

9 07 5 0/3 9 07 8 4/3 9 09/237 9 09/61 9 09/6 9 09/34 9 09/57 9 09/612 9 09/612 9 09/629 9 11/27 9 11/34 85 /13 6 4/27 1 37/3 8 5/10 1 22/5 2 4/1 4 2/2 1 21 10/6 1 00/7 1 00/9 5 5/3 6 2/2 5 5/7 4 5/2 2 5/5 6 9/4 2 5/3

8 42/307 8 42/314 8 42/322 8 42/311 8 42/307 2 /3 3 /0

S ou the rn S ina i N eb iS a leh N eb iS a leh N eb iS a leh S he ikh Muhse in S he ikh Muhse in S he ikh Muhse in S he ikh Muhse in S he ikh Muhse in S he ikh Muhse in S he ikh Muhse in S he ikh Muhse in S he ikh Muhse in S he ikh Muhse in S he ikh Awad Wa t t iya

5 0/100 2 1/37 3 7/75 1 06 1 /72 1 /72 1 /72 1 /76 F .5 0 1 9 F .3 13 F . 1 98 2 35/2 2 08 L .4

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 85 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1 1 2 2 2?

4 1 5 E g . 4 1

NAOM I PORAT

S i te n °

T h in s e c t . n °

( S ou th ern S ina i c on t . ) Gunna 1 00 3 20 Gunna 1 00 3 21 Gunna 1 00 3 22 Gunna 1 00 3 23 G unna 2 5 3 24 Gunna 2 5 3 25 G unna 2 5 3 25 S ina i 1 014 J P 4 58 S i na i 1 014K J P 4 09 S ina i 1 014 J P 4 10 S ina i 1 014 J P 4 11 S ina i 1 014 J P 4 12 S i na i 1 015A J P 4 13 S i na i 1 0 15A J P414 S ina i 1 021A J P 4 15 S i na i 1 022A J P 4 16 S i na i 1 023A J P 4 17 S ina i 1 033 J P 4 18 S i na i 1 034A J P 4 19 S i na i 1 034A J P 4 20 S i na i 1 034A J P 4 21 S i na i 1 035A J P 4 22 S i na i 1 038A J P 4 23 S i na i 1 038A J P 4 24 S ina i 1 039A J P 4 25 S ina i 1 039A J P 4 26 S ina i 1 040A J P 4 27 S ina i 1 040A J P 4 28 S ina i 1 041A J P 4 29 S ina i 1 04 1A J P 4 30 S ina i 1 041 J P 4 3 1 S ina i 1 06 1 J P 4 32 S ina i 1 063 J P 4 33 S ina i 1 063 J P 4 34 S ina i 1 068 J P 4 35 S ina i 1 069 J P 4 36 S ina i 1 072 J P 4 37 S ina i 1 078 J P 4 38 S ina i 1 084 J P 4 39 S ina i 1 088 J P 4 40 S ina i 1 088 J P 4 41

P er iod

S he rd n °

S he rd d e s cr ip t ion

P e t rog raph ic d e scr ip t ion

E BB E BB E BI I E B E BB E BI T E BB E B E B E B E B1 E BI E BI E BB E BB E B E BB E B E B E B E BB E BB E BI E B E B E B E BB E BB E BB E B E BB E BI E B E BB E B E B E BB E B E BB E BB E BI I

WT 1 02/51 WT 1 01/8 WT 1 02/12 WT 1 03/23 GU 25/13 GU 25 /11 /c GU/25/11

B ody s he rd . Ho le -mou th j a r ,b ase . C ook ing p o t . Necked j a r . B ody s he rd . Sma l l j a r . C ook ing p o t . R im . E gyp t ian b ody s herd . E gyp t ian b ody s herd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . J a r , b ase . B ody s he rd . B ody s herd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . S l ag . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . S l ag . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . B ody s he rd . B ody s herd . B ody s herd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s herd . B ody s he rd .

S ha le f r agmen ts ,l ime s tone F oss i ls he l ls . A rkose . L ime s tone . F o ss i ls he l ls . L imes tone ,a rkose . A rkose . F o ss i ls he l ls . Quar tz . Quar tz . G rog . L imes tone . A rkose . F o ss i ls hels . A rkose . A rko se . F oss i ls hels . A rko se . Quar tz .1 F o ss i ls hel L ime s tone . A rkose . A rkose . A rko se . F o ss i ls hels . S ha t tered q uar tz . A rkose . A rkose . F o ss i ls he l ls . A rko se . S hat te red q u ar tz . A rko se . A rkose . A rkose . A rkose . F oss i ls hels . A rkose . A rko se . F o ss i ls hels . A rkose . L ime s tone .

C ombed n eck j a r . C ombed n eck j a r , b ase . C ook ing p o t , r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . B ow l , b ody s he rd . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . C ook ing p o t , r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . B ody s herd . R ed p o l ished j ug le t . C ook ing p o t , b ody s herd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . E gyp t ian b ody s he rd . Ho le -mou th j a r ,b ody s he rd . C ombed n eck j a r . Ho le -mou th j a r ,b ody s he rd . Ho le -mou th j a r ,b ody s he rd .

Qua r tz ,l ime s tone ,c . he r t . Quar tz , p l ag ioc lase , l ime s tone . L ime s tone ,s he l ls . F o ss i ls he l ls . Quar tz ,l ime s tone . L imes tone ,s he l ls . F o ss i ls he l ls . Quar tz ,f e ld spar s . A rkose . A rko se . Quar tz . F ine q uar tz . A rko se . C rushed c a lc i te . C rushed c a lc i te . G rog . F o ss i ls he l ls . Quar tz F oss i ls he l ls . Quar tz ,l imes tone ,c her t . L imes tone ? C rushed c a lc i te .

B ody s he rd . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r, r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im .

A rko se . C rushed c a lc i te . C rushed c a lc i te . C rushed c a lc i te . C rushed c a lc i te . C rushed c a lc i te . C rushed c a lc i te . A rko se . A rko se .

2 1 0 3 1 8

P e trog r . g roup n °

2 1 2 1 2 E g . E g .

1 2 1 1 2 1 E g . 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1

N egev moun ta ins B eer R e s i s im B eer R e s i s im B ee rR e s is im B eer R e s i s im B ee rR e s i s im B ee rR e s i s im B ee rR e s i s im N aha l N izzana E in K ad i s E in K ad i s Wad iH a lu f i H ar Ho rsha I H ar Ho rsha I H ar Ho rsha I H ar Ho r sha I H ar Ho r sha I E in H ame 'ar ah I E in H ame 'ar ah I E in H ame 'a rah I H ar S ag iI H ar S ag iI H ar S ag i

7 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 9 8 0 7 4 J P 5 14 J P 5 15 4 3 4 7 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 4 4 4 6 4 1 3 9 4 0 4 2

MB I MB I MB I MB I MB I? MB I MB I MB I E BB E BI E BB? E BB E B E BB E BB E B E BB E BB

b1 3/9 3 036/360 2 73/35 1 0/3 1 8/1

MB I MB I MB I?

5 -84 1 3 1 017/1012 9 88/817 9 88/822 9 88/ 9 88/804 9 88/815 9 88/9003 9 88/200 9 88/200 9 88/1013 9 88/1006 9 88/5005

J P J P J P J P J P J P J P J P J P

E BB E B E B E BE L E B E B E BB E BB E BB

6 /9 7 /2 3 21/1 2 15/1 3 82/1 3 53/2 6 /9 6 /9 7 /3

7 7 6 7 6 7 1 E g .1 ? 4 1 3 3 2 E g .? 2 7 3

N or the rn N egev T e l T e l T e l T e l T e l T e l T e l T e l T e l

I sdar I sdar I sdar I sdar I sdar I sdar I sdar I sdar I sda r

4 42 4 89 4 90 4 9 1 4 92 4 93 4 94 4 95 4 96

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 86 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1

P ETROGRAPHY OF POTTERY F ROM SOUTHERN I SRAEL AND S INA I

S i te n o

T h in s e c t .n °

( Nor thern N egev c on t . ) T e l I sdar J P 4 97 T e l I sdar J P 4 98 T e l I s dar J P 4 99 T e l I s dar J P 5 00 T e l I s dar J P 5 01 T e l I sdar J P5 02 T e l I sdar J P 5 03 H ar Y eruham J P 5 04 H ar Y eruham J P 5 05 Har Y eruham J P 5 06 Har Y e ruham J P 5 07 H ar Y eruham J P 5 08 Har Y e ruham J P 5 09 Har Y e ruham J P 5 10 Har Y eruham J P 5 11 Har Y eruham J P 5 12 H ar Y eruham J P 5 13 H ar Y eruham 7 7 H ar Y eruham 7 8 N aha lA hd ir J P 4 43 N aha l A hd ir J P 4 44 N aha lA hd i r J P 4 45 N aha l Ahd i r J P 4 46 Naha lA hd i r J P 4 47 Naha lA hd i r J P 4 48 N aha lA hd i r J P 4 49 Naha lA hd i r J P 4 50 Naha lA hd i r J P5 16 N aha lA hd i r J P 5 17 Naha lA hd i r J P 5 18 Naha lA hd ir J P 5 19 N aha lA hd i r J P 5 20 Naha l Z a lza l J P 5 2 1 Naha l Z a lza l J P5 22 N aha l Z a lza l J P5 23 N aha lL avan J P5 24 N aha lB oke r J P 5 25 N aha lB oke r J P 5 26 N aha lB oke r J P 5 27 Naha lB oke r J P5 28 N aha lB oke r J P5 29 H i rbe tB ak ra J P 5 30 H i rb e tA vnon J P 5 3 1 H i rbe tA vnon J P5 32 H i rbe tA vnon J P5 33 H i rbe tA vnon J P 5 34 H i rbe tA vnon J P 4 56 H i rbe tT e lem J P 4 77 N aha lR e fed J P 4 51 N aha lR e fed J P 4 52 N aha lR e fed J P 4 53 Naha lR e fed J P 4 54 N aha lR e fed J P 4 55

P e r iod

E BI E BI E BI E BI I EM I E BI E BI E B1 E BI E B1 E BI E BI E BI E BB E BI E B1 E BI MB I MB I E BI l E BI E BI E BI E BI E BI E BI E BI E BI E B1 E BI E BI E BI E Bl E BI E B1 E BI E BB E BI I EK E E BI E Bl E B1 E BB E BB E Bl E BI E BI E B1 E BI E BB E BI E BB E Bl

S he rd n o

S he rd d e sc r ip t ion

P e t rog r aph ic d e sc r ip t ion

3 77 /1 2 58 /1 4 12 4 14 1 /1 1 /2 1 /3 7 76/ 1 6 9/2 16/ 1 1 88/1 6 9/1 2 18/3 19/1 2 50/1 5 2/6 1 04/ 1 1 0/1 4 /2 7 1 68/36/5/1 7 1 6 6 1 68/86/5/25 7 /0 1 6/34/44 7 /0 7 /0 6 /2 1 67/49/1 1 67/4 9/1 1 67/4 9/1

Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . L amp b ow l . R ed p ol i shed c up b ow l . R ed p ol i shed j ug le t . L edg eh and le . L edge h and le . L edg eh and le . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,b ase . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . P o l i shed b ody s he rd . P o l i shed b ody s he rd . P o l ished j ug . S pou ted c r a te r . Ho le -mou th j a r, r im . Ho le -mou th j a r, r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r, r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd ,p e r fo r . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . L edge h and le . L edge h and le ? Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . B ody s he rd . L edg eh and le . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . J a r b ase . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . L edge h and le . Ho le -mou th j a r ,r im . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ody s he rd . B ase . S to rage j a r , h and le .

C rushed c a lc i te . Quar tz , s ha le f r agmen ts . F ine q ua r tz . F ine q ua r tz ,m ic ro f auna . Quar tz ,l ime s tone . D o lom i t ic s ha le f r agmen ts . D o lom i t ic s ha le f r agmen ts . C ru shed c a lc i te . C ru shed c a lc i te . C rushed c a lc i te . C ru shed c a lc i te . C rushed c a lc i te . A rkose . L ime s tone . L imes tone ,s ha le f r agmen ts . F ine q ua r tz ,l ime s tone . Quar tz . L and s na i l s , q uar tz . L and s na i ls , q uar tz . A rkose . A rko se . A rko se . A rko se . F ine a rko se . F os s i ls he l ls . C her t . A rkos e . L ime s tone . A rko se . A rkose . A rko se . A rkose . A rko se . A rkose . A rko se . A rko se . A rko se . F o s s i ls he l l s . A rko se . V o lcan ic r ocks ,l ime s tone . V o l can ic r o ck s , s i l ts tone . G rog ,l ime s tone . C ru shed c a lc i te . G rog ,l imes tone . A rko se . A rko se . D o lom i t ic s ha le f r agmen ts . A rko se . A rkose . A rkose . Quar tz ,l ime s tone . L ime s tone . S ha le f r agmen ts .

1 67/9 5 /1/ 5 1 67/95/1/6 1 67/95/1/11 1 67/95/1/13 1 67/95/1/21 1 5 1 77/69/1/10 1 77/69/2/4 1 77/6 9 /1/ 9 1 77/64/2/5 4 /2 6 9/0 1 87/87/2/1 4 18/69/0 1 77/81/2/2 1 77/82/2

P e trog r . g roup n °

B IBLI OG RAP HY OF S ITES M E NTIO NE D IN THE TEXT B i q 'a t U vda ( a l l s i te s ) :

N or th ern N egev ( a l l s i te s ) :

E i tan 1 980 .

C ohen 1 986 .

S ou th ern S ina i:

N eg ev Moun t a in s :

Gunna 2 5a nd 1 00 B ar -Yose fe ta l .1 986 . A l l o the r s i te s: B e i t -A r ieh 1 977 .

B e e rR e s is im :C ohen & D eve r1 978 , 1 980 ,1 98 1 . E in K ad i s a nd N aha l N izzana: C ohen 1 986 . A l l o the rs i te s: H e iman 1 982 , 1 983 , 1 987 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 87 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 1 4?

1 1 1 1 / 2 5 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

3 1 1 1 1 1

NAOM I P ORAT

GENERAL B IBLIOGRAPHY AM IRAN ,R . ,B E IT -AR IEH ,Y . & GLASS ,J . 1 973 T he I n te r re la t ions B e tween A rad a nd S i tes i n S ou thern S ina i i n t he E ar ly B ronze I . I s ra e l E xp lo ra t ion J ourna l 2 3: 1 93 197 . AMMAN ,R . ,P ARAN ,U . ,S H ILOH ,Y . ,B ROWN R , . ,T SAFR IR ,Y .&B EN -TOR ,A . 1 978 E ar ly A rad , t h e C ha lco l i th i c S e t t lemen t a nd E ar ly B ronz e C i ty , Vo l . 1 . J e rusa lem: I s rae l E xp lora t ion S oc ie ty . BAR -YO SEP ,0 . ,B ELFER -COHEN ,A . , GO REN ,A . , HERSH I COW ITZ ,I . ,I LAN ,0 . ,M IEN IS ,H . , &S ASS ,B . 1 986

Nawa m is a nd h ab i tat ion s i tes n ear G ebe l Gunna , S ou thern S ina i . I s rae l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l3 6: 1 2 1-167 .

B E IT -AR IEH ,Y . 1 977 S ou thern S ina i i n t h e E ar ly B ronz e A ge . Unpubl ished P h .D . T hes is , T e l Av iv Un ivers i ty ( i n Heb rew , E ng l ish a bs t rac t ) . B ENYON ,D .E , DONAHUE ,J . ,S CHAUB ,R .T . &J OHNSTON ,R .A . 1 986 T empe r ing T ype sa nd S ou rces f o r E ar ly B ronze Age C e ra m ic s f r om B ad e dh -Dhra a nd Nume i ra ,J ordan . J ourna l o fF i e ld A rchaeo logy 1 3: 2 97 -305 . COH EN ,R . 1 986 T he S e t t lemen t s o f t h e C en tra l N egev i n t h e L igh t o f A r cha eo logy a nd L i t er ary S our c e s d ur ing t h e 4 thi s t Mi l l enn i a B .C .E . Unpubl i shed P h .D . t he s is , Heb rew Un ive rs i ty . COHEN ,R . & DEVER ,W .G . 1 978 P re l im inary R epo r t o ft he P i lo t S eason o f t he " Cen t ra l Negev H igh lands P ro je c t " . B u l l e t in o ft h e Amer ic an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e sear ch 2 32: 2 9 -45 . 1 980

P re l im inary R epor t o f t he S econd S eason o f t he " Cen t ra l Negev H igh lands P ro jec t " . B u l l e t in o f t h e Amer i can S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 36: 4 1-60 .

1 981

T he 3 rd a nd F ina l S eason o f t he " Cen t ra l Negev H igh lands P ro jec t " . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i can S choo l s o f

O r i en ta l R e sear ch 2 46: 5 7 -77 . EDEL STE IN ,G . & GLASS ,Y . 1 973 T he O r ig in o fP h i l i s t ine P o t te ry B ased o n P e t rog raph ic a na lys is . T e lA v iv 1 : 1 25 131 . E ITAN ,A . 1 980 B iq 'a t Uvda . H ada sho t A rkheo log iyo t 7 4 -75: 3 5 -49 . GLASS ,Y . 1 978 P e trog raph ica l a nd T echno log ica l Ana lyse s o f P o t te ry o fS t ra ta I I I . P p . 5 0 -5 1 i n R . Am i ran e ta l . ,E ar ly A rad , t h e C ha lco l i th ic s e t t l emen t a nd E ar ly B r onz e C i ty . J e rusa lem: I s rae l E xp lora t ion S oc ie ty . GOREN ,Y . 1 987

T he p e trography o f C ha lco l i th i c P o t tery C omp lex e s f r om S ou th ern I s rae l . M .A . T hes is , T he Hebrew Un ive rs i ty o fJ erusa lem ( i n Hebrew ) . HUMAN ,M . 1 982 1 983

H ar Ho rsha , H ar H ame 'arah a nd Har S ag i . H ada sho t A rkheo log iyo t 7 7: 3 9 -44 . H ar Ha me larah . H ad a sho t A rkheo log iyo t 8 0 -81 :4 7 -48 .

1 987

A rchaeo log ica l S urv ey i n t h e N egev . Map o f Har H amr an W e s t ( 1 98 ) . J e rusa lem: A rchaeo log ica l S urvey o f I s rae l ( i n p re ss ) . I LAN , 0 . &S EBBANE ,M . 1 989

Me ta l lu rgy ,T rade a nd t he U rban iza t ion o fS ou thern C anaan i nt he C ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Age .T h is

v o lume: 1 39 162 . P ORAT ,N . 1 984

P e trography a nd Minera logy o f P o t tery f r om A rchaeo log ica l S i te s i n B iq 'a t U vda a nd S ou thern S ina i . M .Sc . t hes is , Heb rew Un ive rs i ty , J e rusa lem ( i n Heb rew , E ng l ish Abs t rac t ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 88 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE EARLY BRO NZE AGE PATTERN OF S ETTLE ME NT I N THE S INA I I t zhaq BEIT-AR IEH I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy T e l A v iv Un iv er s i ty

E x tens ive s urveys a nd e xcava t ions c onduc ted b y t he a u thor i n s ou thern S ina i h ave b rough tt ol i gh t au n ique p lan i nt h ea r rangemen to fl i v ing -un i t s i ns e t t lemen t so ft he E a r ly B ronze Age I ( Be i t -Ar ieh 1 974; 1 981; 1 983 ) . T he o vera l l p a t te rn o f t he se s e t t lemen t s i s t ha t o f as e r ie s o f dwe l l ing room s a nd a d jo in ing s ubs id ia ry s t ruc tu res a r ranged i n ab e l t l i ke c i rc le a round a s pac ious c our tyard . T h is p a t tern was l a te r f ound a l so i n t he Negev h igh lands ( Be i t -Ar ieh 1 981; 1 983 ) . I ti s , h owever , c omp le te ly a bsen t i n e as te rn S ina i , whe re l o ca l c u l ture s o f d i f fe ren t p a t terns where d is t ingu ished ( Be i t -Ar ieh 1 986: 4 6 -52 ) , a s w e l l a s i nc en tra la nd n or the rn E re tz Y israe l . Appa ren t ly , i ti ss pe c i f ic t od eser t r eg ion s . I n t h is p aper , Iw i sh t o empha s ize t he u n iquene sse o f t h is s e t t lemen t p lan t o t he E BA I a nd i t s i mpor tance a sa n i den t i fy ing c harac te r is t ic o f t he p e r iod i nd e se r ta reas .

T he E BI p a t tern o f s e t t lemen t i n t he S ina i At yp ica l s e t t lemen t c ons i s t s o f4 10 b road room s w i th r ounded c orne r s a nd s unken f l oor s a r ranged i n ac l osed , r i ng l ike p a t te rn a round ac i r cu la r c our tyard , a bou t 1 5m . i n d ia me ter ( F igs . 1 2 ) . I n t he ir a r ch i tec tura l c oncep t ion t he dwe l l ing room s a re s im i lar t o t he b road -room s c ommon i n C anaan i n t h is p er iod , wh i le t he ma te r ia l c u l ture o f t he ir c on ten ts i sc omp le te ly i den t ica l w i th t he C anaan i te c u l ture t yp ica l o f A rad

On t he

o ther h and t he p lan o f t hese s e t t lemen ts r epresen ts a s pec i f ic a dap ta t ion t o d eser t c ond i t ion s . B ased o ne x ten s ive s urvey sc a r r ied o u ti nc en t ra l s ou the rn S ina i , i nt h ec oas ta l a rea a nd a long t he l ower moun ta in r eache s o f t he Gu l f o f E i la t , w e b e l ieve t ha t t he p a t te rn o f c our tyard s ur rounded b yb roadroom s ( i . e . t h e " Canaan i te t ype " ) e x is ted o n ly i nt he c en te r o f t he h igh moun ta in r eg ion s , a nd t ha t o n ly t h is p lan c an b e a ssoc ia ted w i th t he C anaan i te ma te r ia l c u l ture . On t h e o the r h and , d e sp i te t he s c an t ine ss o f t he p o t tery f i nds , t he o the r s e t t lemen t p a t te rn s ( c our tyard p lus r oom , c our tyard a nd c ompa r tmen t s , i . e . t he

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 89 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

I TZHAQ B E IT -AR IEH

FI G .1 .- S he ikh Muhse in .

" l oca l t ype s " ) d i s t ingu ished b yu s i nt he a bove -men t ioned r eg ions c ou ld b ea s s igned t ot h e s a me E B Ip e r iod ,b u t t o al o ca l , n on -Canaan i te c u l ture ( Be i t -A r ieh 1 986 ) . T he p a t tern o f e nc losed c our tyard e vo lved i n r e sponse t o t he p rob lems p osed b y s e t t lemen ti nt he d e se r t: e . g . t he d e s ire f o r s e cur i ty r e asons t oc oncen t ra te a ne n t ire c l an o r t r ibe w i th in ac i rcumscr ibed a rea , o r t he n eed t op ro tec t t he s e t t lemen t f r om i n cu r s ions b y w i ld b eas ts a n ima ls , o r t he n eed t o p rov ide a s h ie ld a ga ins t t he f i erce d e ser t w inds t ha t b low d ur ing mos to ft he d ay a nd n igh t . • T h is p a t tern f a c i l i ta ted t he s e t t lemen t o f t opograph ica l ly u n inv i t ing r eg ion s wh ich o f fe red o n ly r e la t ive ly sma l l f l a t a reas . I to f fe red t he b e s t a dap ta t ion t o t he c ond i t ions o f ad e se r te nv ironmen t , i t s s pec i f ic f o rm b e ing d i c ta ted b ye thno -eco log ica l n eeds . F rom t h e a rch i tec tura l v iewpo in t , t h is a dap ta t ion t o d eser t c ond i t ions i s embod ied i n c e r ta in s t ruc tu ra l f e a tu re s: 1 .A l lt he r oom so pen t owards t he c our tyard . 2 .T he o pen ings o ft h er oom sa re l ow a nd c an b eb locked e as i ly . 3 .T he c en tra l c our tyard i sa cce ss ib le f r om t he o u ts ide t h rough a m in i mum n umber o f o pen ings ( one o rt wo ) wh ich c an b eb lo cked s peed i ly . T hese a dap t ive f e a tures e n sured t ha t t he s e t t lemen t was e f fe c t ive ly g uarded f r om i n trus ion b y u nwan ted o u t s ider s , wh i le a tt he s ame t ime p eop le work ing i nt he c our tya rd were s h ie lded f r om t he b o the rso me w inds b low ing f r om t he d eser t . T he f a c t t ha t t he o pen ings o f t he r oom s a l l f a ced t owards t he i nner c our tyard emphas ized t he c o l lec t ive s oc ia l c ohe s ion o f t h e p eop le dwe l l ing t he re .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 90 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T H E E AR LY B RONZ E A GE P A TT ERN O FS E TTL EM ENT I NT HE S I NA I o

C r

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0( 4 )

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FI G .2 .— S he ikh Awad S i te ,U n i tC . T he c en t ra l c our tyard wa s b as ic t o t h is t ype o f d e se r t s e t t lemen t a nd i t s f unc t iona l i mpor tance may b e a pp rec ia ted f r om t he f a c t t ha t i n a l l s e t t lemen t s o f t h is t ype t he a rea o ft h ec our tyard wa sg rea te rt h an t he c omb ined a rea o fa l lo ft he r oom s ,i ns o me c ase s t w ice a s l a rge . Moreove r , i ts hou ld b en o ted t ha t t he c our tyard o ft he s e t t lemen ts d i scussed h e re was i nvar iab ly c en t ra l ly l o ca ted ( e xcep t w i th dwe l l ing u n i t s o f o ne r oo m o n ly where t he c our tya rd was l o ca ted f r on ta l ly ) . W i th o ne k nown e xcep t ion , o n ly a s i ng le r ow o f r oom s s ur rounded t he c our tyard . T h is a r rangemen t was a pparen t ly d e s igned t o a f ford d i rec t a cce ss b e tween t he r oom sa nd c our tyard , w i th t he l a t te r s een , i nf a c t , a s a n i n teg ra l p ar to f t he r ooms . W i th t h is t he re c ou ld b e n o a ggrega t ive g row th o f t he dwe l l ing u n i t . When i t p assed ac e r ta in l im i t , a n i n crease o fi t s a du l t p opu la t ion h ad e i ther t ob e a ccommoda ted i n an ew dwe l l ing u n i t c ons truc ted i n t he v i c in i ty o f t he " mo ther " u n i t , o r t h rough t he f ounda t ion o f an ew s e t t lemen ti na no the ra rea . An e xamp le o ft he f o rme r s or t i sa rea Fa t S he ikh Muhse in whe re as ma l l dwe l l ing u n i t was p u t u p o n t h e f a r the rb ank o f t he w ad i , s o me 2 00 me te r s f r om t he l a rge dwe l l ing u n i to nt he n ea rer b ank o ft he wad i . On t he o the r h and , t he dwe l l ing s i tes a t F e iran O as is were a pparen t ly s e t t led b y p eop le who h ad b roken away f r om t h e l a rge s e t t lemen t n uc leus o ft he S t . C a ther ine a rea , s o me 6 0 km f r om F e iran O as is ( Be i t -Ar ieh 1 982 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 19 1Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

I TZ I IAQ B E IT -AR IEH

FI G . 3 . — Wad iT be ick ( af ter B ar -Yose f1 981 ) .

Our c onc lus ion t ha t t he p a t te rn o f s e t t lemen t d i scussed s o f a r i ss pec i f ic t o t he E BI p er iod o b l ige s u s t oe xam ine n ow t he s e t t lemen t so fb o th e ar l ie ra nd l a ter p er iods ,i no rde r t o e s tab l ish t ypo log ica l a nd c h rono log ica l c r i te r ia f o r d e f in ing t he c u l tura l p henomena o b served .

P a t terns o f s e t t lemen t f r om t he N eo l i th ic a nd M idd le B ronze Ip er iods S urvey s c arr ied o u t i n t he Negev h igh lands , t he A rava a nd t he S ina i i nd ica te t ha t s e t t lemen t s p r ior a nd s ub sequen t t ot he E B Ip e r iod d i f fe r s ub s tan t ia l ly f r om s e t t lemen t s o f t he l a t te r p e r iod i n t he s a me a rea . S e t t lemen t s o f t he p e r iods o ther t han t he E B Ia re mos t ly o ft he " agg lu t ina t ive " t ype ,c on s is t ing o fr ound o re l l ip t ic shaped r oom s i n ac l us te r f o rma t ion . T h is p a t tern i s t yp ica l o f P repo t tery Neo l i th ic B ( PPNB ) s i te s i n n or thern S ina i , e . g . a t Wad i G ibah a nd Wad i T be ik ( s ee B ar -Yose f 1 981 ) ( F ig . 3 ) , a nd o f mos t MB I s i tes i n t he Negev h igh lands ( Cohen 1 986: p l s . 2 5 -72 ) . B road rooms a nd t he " enc losed c our tyard " p a t tern o f t he E B Ip e r iod ( t he " Canaan i te t ype " ) a re a lmos t e n t ire ly l a ck ing i n t he se s i tes .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 92 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE EARLY B RONZE AGE P ATTERN OF S E TTLEMENT I N THE S INA I

B E ER R E S IS IM

1 9 7879

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FI G .4 .— P l an o fB ee rR e s i s im ( a f te rC ohen & D eve r1 980 :f i g s .5 6 ) .

O ther s i te p lans o f v ar iab le p a t terns ( t he " l oca l t ype s " ) a re k nown f r om many sma l l s e t t lemen ts d i scovered i n t he S ina i a nd t he Negev h igh lands . T he c ommon f e a ture s o f t he se s i te s a re t h ec i rcu lar r oom sc l ose ly a d jo in ing o ne a no the r ,a nd t he l a rge c en t ra l s pace wh ich a pparen t ly s e rved a s ar oom o ra na n ima l p addock . Due t ot he a b sence o fd iagnos t ic p o t tery , t hese s i tes c anno t b e a ss igned r e l iab ly t o a ny s pec i f ic a rchaeo log ica l o r c u l tura l p er iod , b u t i ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t hey r e semb le t he s ma l l MB Is i tes . I ta ppear s t ha t

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

-1 9 3-

1-7 1 1AQ B E IT -AR IEH

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FI G .5 .— B iq 'a t U vda S i te n °9 17 .

t hey we re e s tab l ished b y al o ca l p as tora l -nomad ic p opu la t ion w i th ac yc le o f wande r ings a dap ted t o t he c l i ma t ic c ond i t ion s a nd t he a va i lab i l i ty o f p as ture s . A t a l l e ven ts , n o t o ne o f t hese s e t t lemen t s was b u i l t o f t he " Canaan i te t ype " o f t he E B Is i te s .

T he dwe l l ing s i te a tB e 'e r R es i s i m may s e rve a s a n e xamp le o f a MB Is e t t lemen t b u i l t o n t he a gg lu t ina t ive p a t tern ( Cohen & D ever 1 980; 1 981) ( F ig . 4 ) . A f e a ture o f t h is s i te wh ich s t ands o u t i mmed ia te ly i st ha t i t s e l abora te dwe l l ing u n i t n o . 7i sn o t b u i l t a r ound a l a rge c en tra l c our tyard o n t he E B Ip a t te rn , b u t t ha t i t s t h ree dwe l l ing r ooms ( 7 a ,b ,d ) a nd s t ore -roo m ( 7 c ) a re a r ranged i n ar ow w i th t he c our tyard ( 7 e ) a t t he e nd . A ccord ing t o D eve r , t he o pen s paces ( i . e . c our tyards ) o f t h is s i te a re l o ca ted among t he c lus te r o f i t s dwe l l ing u n i ts , a nd t hus t hey d o n o t c on form t ot he e nc losed c our tyard p a t te rn . T he " open s paces " ( c our tyards ) a re i den t ica l i n t he ir s hape a nd d i mens ions t o t he dwe l l ing r ooms . T hus , n o r e semb lance b e tween t he s e t t lemen ts o f t he MB Ia nd E B I I p er iods c an b e

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 94 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T H E E ARLY B RONZ E A GE P ATTERN O F S E ITLEMENT I N T HE S I NA I

FI G .6 .— B iq 'a tU vda S i te n °9 17: r oom 1 7 18 ( EB I ) .

o b served , e xcep t f o r t he c ou r tyard — av i ta l e l emen t o fa ny d e ser t s e t t lemen t — wh ich i n t he c a se o ft he E B Is e t t lemen ts wa s , h oweve r , c en t ra l ly l o ca ted a nd s ur rounded b y ar i ng o f r oo m s , wh i le i n t he MB Is e t t lemen t s i tc ons t i tu ted a n a dd i t iona l s pace w i th in t he a gg lu t ina t ive s t ruc ture . T he d i f feren t c oncep t s embod ied i n t he p lan s o f t he E BIa nd t he MB Is i tes , a nd e spec ia l ly o f t he ir c our tyard l o ca t ion s , a re w e l l i lus t ra ted b y my e xcava t ions o f s i te n °9 17 a tB iq 'a t Uvda , c onduc ted i n 1 980 w i th in t he f r amework o f t he r e scue e xcava t ion s u nde r taken b y t he D epar tmen t o f An t iqu i t ies a nd Museum s . A t t h is s i te ( unpub l ished ) , wh ich e x tends o ve r 2 50 s q .m . , t wo o ccupa t ion s t ra ta we re e xposed , o ft he E B Ia nd MB I p e r iods r e spec t ive ly ( F ig .5 ) . I n t he E B Is t ra tum at yp ica l b road room w i th s unken f l oor was e xcava ted . I tc on ta ined e l emen t s o f ten f ound i n s uch r ooms: d oorway b e tween t wo Mono l i ths; at h re sho ld; as t one d rum o f ap i l lar i nt he c en te ro ft he r oom; c e l ls a nd r a i sed b enches ( F ig . 6 ) . T he MB Is t ra tum i n c luded as e r ies o f s i x a d jo in ing r ound r ooms w i th a c our tyard a l ongs ide .T he s e t t lemen ti nt h is s t ra tum was b u i l to n t op o ft h ee a r l ie rs t ruc ture a nd i ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t i t s b u i lder s , t hough aware o f t he wa l ls o f t he E B Ir ooms , made n o u se o f t hem e xcep t p e rhap s t ou t i l ize p a r to f t he u ppe r s pace a s ac our tyard; f o r t he r e s t t hey c on s truc ted t he ir h ouse s o n t op o f t he e ar l ier wa l ls a ccord ing t o t he ir own b u i ld ing t r ad i t ion . T he s i tua t ion o bserved a t B iq 'a t Uvda t ends t o r a ise d oub ts a bou t t he s o me t ime s e xpressed o p in ion t ha t t he b u i lders o f t he MB Is e t t lemen t s i n t he Negev h igh lands c on s i s ten t ly r e se t t led t h eb u i ld ing s o f t he E B Is e t t lemen ts , t hough t h ere c an b e n o d oub t t ha t i n c er ta in c ase s t hey d id r euse i nd iv idua l s t ruc tures . A t a l l e ven t s , t he d i s t inc t ive

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 9 5E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -1 96 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE E ARLY B RONZE A GE P ATTERN O F S E ITLEMENT I N THE S INA I

a gg lu t ina t ive p a t tern o f t he MB Is i tes ( e xcep t f o r Y eruham , wh ich i s d i f feren t: s ee K ochav i 1 978 ) h a s b ecome t he ma in i den t i fy ing c harac ter is t ic f o r t h is p e r iod i nt he d e se r t a reas o fs ou thern C anaan . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t o ur s urvey i nd ica ted t ha t t he e xpan s ion o f t he MB Is i te i nt he Negev/S ina i r eg ion , w i th t he e xcep t ion o fo ne s i te , d id n o t p a ss t he l i ne o f Wad i S udr i n n or thern S ina i . I ta l so s ugges ted t ha t t hese s i tes d id n o t o ver lap t he E BIs i te s i n t he C en tra l -Sou thern S ina i ( F ig . 6 ) . Moreover , t he s urvey o f t he K ade sh -Barnea r eg ion h as s hown t ha t wh i le t he E BIs i te s were c oncen t ra ted a round t he K ade sh -Barnea p la teau a nd i t s wa ter s ource s , t he MB Ip opu la t ion s e t t led t he i r s i te s a t ac ons iderab le d i s tance t o t he e as t , where wa ter s ources were p oor ( M . He iman: p aper r ead a t t he X IV ' A rchaeo log ica l C on fe rence i nI s rae l ) .T h is p henomenon was ,n o d oub t ,d ue t ot he d i f fe ren t w ays o fl i f eo ft he t wo d i f fe ren tc u l ture su s ing t h es a me e cosy s tem . I t wou ld a ppear t ha t t he b u i ld ing t r ad i t ion r e f lec ted i n t he E BI s e t t lemen t s was b as ica l ly C anaan i te , wh i le t he p a t tern o f t he se s e t t lemen t s , e vo lved i n r e spon se t o t he d e se r t e nv ironmen t , u n ique ly d i s t ingu ished t hem f r om a ny o ther t ype o f s e t t lemen t i n t he se s ou thern r eg ion s . On t he o the r h and , t he MB Is e t t lemen t s were b u i l t o n ad i f fe ren t p a t tern , v e ry c omparab le t o t ha t o f t he e ar ly s e t t lemen t s e x is t ing i n t he S ina i d ur ing t he Neo l i th ic p e r iod . T he f a c t t ha t v ar ious p er iods s aw t he d om inance o f o ne p ar t icu lar p a t tern o f s e t t lemen t i ss i gn i f ican t . One may s uppose a g rea t many r easons f o r t h is , s uch a s t he e cono m ic b a s is o ft he s e t t lemen ts ,t he t ype so fa gr icu l tu re o ra n i ma lh usbandry ( s ubs is tence o r p roduc t ive ) , t he s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion o f t he p opu la t ion , t he d i s tr ibu t ion o f s e t t lemen ts , t he p o l i t ica l c l ima te , e t c . Howeve r , t h is i sn o t t he p lace f o r a n e va lua t ion o f s uch f a c tor s .

B IBLI OG RA P HY AM IRAN ,R . ,B E IT -AR IEH ,Y . & GL ASS ,J . 1 973 T he I n te rre lat ionsh ip B e tween A rad a nd S i tes i n S ou the rn S ina i i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age I . I s rae l E xp lora t ion J ourna l 2 3: 1 93 -197 . BAR -YOSEF ,0 . 1 98 1 S e t t lemen t P a t te rns Dur ing t he P re -Po t te ry Neol i th ic P e r iod s i n t he S ou the rn L evan t . C a thedr a 2 0 :3 18 ( i n Hebrew ) . B E IT -AR IE J 1 ,I . 1 974

An E ar ly B ronze Age I S i te a tN ab iS a lah i nS ou thern S ina i . T e lA v iv 1 : 1 44 -156 .

1 98 1

AP a t te r no fS e t t lemen ti nS ou thern S ina i a nd S ou the rn C anaan i n t he T h ird M ilenn ium B .C . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r ican S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 43: 3 1-55 . An E a r ly B ronze Age I S i te Near t he F e iran O as is i nS ou the r nS ina i . T e lA v iv 9 : 1 46 -156 .

1 982 1 983 1 986

C en t ra l -Sou thern S ina ii nt he E ar ly B ronze Age I a nd i t sR e la t ionsh ip w i th P a les t ine . L ev an t 1 5 :3 9 -48 . Two Cu l tu res i n S ou the rn S ina i i n t he T h ird M i l lenn ium B .C . B u l le t in o f t h e Amer ican S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e search 2 63: 2 7 -54 .

COHEN ,R . 1 986

T he S e t t lemen t o f t h e C en tra l N egev . Unpub l ished P h .D . d isser ta t ion . J erusa lem: T he Hebrew Un ive rs i ty .

COHEN R .&D EVER ,W .G . 1 980 P re l im inary R epor t o f t he S econd S eason o f t he " Cen t ra l Negev H igh lands P ro jec t " . B u l l e t in o f t h e Amer ican S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e s ear ch 2 43: 5 7 -77 . 1 98 1 P rel im inary R epo r t o ft he T h ird a nd F ina lS eason o f t he " Cen t ra l Negev H igh land P ro jec t " . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r ican S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e s earch 2 43: 5 7 -77 . DEVER ,W . G . 1 985

V i l lage P lann ing a t B e 'er R es is im a nd S oc io -Econom ic S t ruc tu re i n E ar ly B ronze Age I V i n P a les t ine . E r e tz I s rae l 1 8: 1 8* - 2 8* . KOCHAV I ,M . 1 978

Y eruham , Moun t . P p . 1 219 -1220 i n M . Av i -Yonah a nd E . S tern , e ds . , E ncyc lop ed ia o f A r chaeo log i ca l E xc ava t i on s i nt h eH o ly L and ,V o lume I V . L ondon: O x ford Un ive rs i ty P res s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 9 7E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE ANALYSIS OF EARLY BRO NZE AGE CHIPPE D STO NE IN D USTRIES: A SU M M ARY STATE ME NT S teven A . ROSEN A rchaeo log ica l S urv ey o f I s rae l

I NTRODUCT ION Ana lyses o f s t one t oo ls f r om t he P a leo l i th ic t end t o v i ew a ssemb lages f r om s pec i f ic l o c i , l eve ls , s i tes , o r r eg ions a s i n tegra ted c u l tura l u n i ts . Wh i le t he e xp lana t ion o f v ar iab i l i ty r e ma ins t he ma jor q ues t ion o f c once rn t o p reh is tor ians i nvo lved i n l i th ic a na lys is , a ny i nd iv idua l a ssemb lage , whe the r i ti sd er ived f r om a n i nd iv idua l l o cus , o r a g ene ra l c u l ture r eg ion , i s g ene ra l ly v iewed a s as i ng le u n i t . A l though t here i s o f ten i n terna l v ar ia t ion among t he c omponen ts o f t ha t u n i t , t he b a s ic t e chno log ica l a nd c u l tura l u n i ty o f a s semb lage s i si mp l ic i t ly a s sumed , a nd u sua l ly j u s t i f iab ly s o , i nl i gh t o f t he l e sse r s oc ia l c omp lex i ty o ft he se e ar ly h uman g roup s . I n s i gn i f ican t c on t ras t t o t he P a leo l i th ic , a nd p robab ly b eg inn ing s ome t ime i n t he Neo l i th ic , l a ter p er iod l i th ic a ssemb lages c ease t o b e i n terpre tab le a s i n tegra ted i ndus tr ie s . T he i n creased c omp lex i ty o f p os t -Pa leo l i th ic s oc ie t ies i s we l l r ef lec ted i n t he ir l i th ic i ndus tr ies , a nd a pproaches wh ich i gnore t h is e s sen t ia l c o mp lex i ty w i l l l e ad t o m isapp rehen s ions o f t he n a ture o f l a ter p er iod l i th ic i ndus tr ies . W i th r e spec t t o E ar ly B ronze Age i ndus tr ie s , a s w e l l a s t hose o f t he C ha lco l i th ic , a ny i nd iv idua l a ssemb lage ( e xcep t ing t hose f r om s pec ia l ized f unc t ion s i te s ) w i l l i nva r iab ly r ef lec t am in imum o ft wo , a nd s ome t i mes u p t o f i ve , s epara te t e chno log ica l c lus ter s . Wh i le t hese c l us ters may o ver lap i n t ime a nd s pace ( Tab les 1 2 ) , c onverg ing a t t he p ar t icu lar a ssemb lage b e ing a na lyzed , e ach i s t e chno log ica l ly , f unc t iona l ly , g eograph ica l ly , c hrono log ica l ly , a nd e cono m ica l ly d i s t inc t ,e ach ,i ne s sence , embody ing i t s own p ar t icu lar c u l tura l t r a jec tory . T he i n ten t o f t h i s p aper i st op rov ide g enera l d e scr ip t ions o fe ach o f t hese c omp lexe s , a t temp t ing t o d e f ine t hem u s ing t he c r i ter ia l i s ted a bove . Hav ing a ccomp l ished t h is , I w i l l t r y t oi n tegra te t hem i n to amo re g enera l p i c ture o f wha t t he l i th ic i ndus t r ies t e l l u s a bou tE a r ly B ronze A ge c u l ture a nd s o c ie ty .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -1 9 9E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S TEVEN A . ROSEN

THE L ITH IC CO MPLEXES A s men t ioned e ar l ier , E ar ly B ronze Age l i th ic a ssemb lages c an b e d iv ided i n to f i ve s epara te c omp lexe s: 1 )t abu lar ( f an ) s c raper s; 2 )b lade le t t oo ls , i n c lud ing t r an sver se a rrowheads , m icro l i th ic l una tes , a nd r e touched b lade le ts; 3 )C anaanean b lade s a nd s i ck le s; 4 )o the r s i ck le s a nd b l ade t oo ls; a nd 5 ) aw ide r ange o fa d h oc e l emen t s , i n c lud ing s imp le f l ake t oo l s ,a nd c ore t o o l ss uch a sh amme r s tone sa nd c hoppe r s .E ach o ft h e se w i l lb e e xa m ined i nd iv idua l ly ( F ig . 1 ) .

T abu la r ( f an )s c raper s 1 .T e chno logy T abu la r s c raper c ores a re l a rge f l in t n odu les , s o me t imes u p t o ame ter i n d imen s ions ( Koz lo f f 1 972/3 ) , b u t u sua l ly o n t he o rder o f 3 0 -40 cm . ( Rosen 1 983a ) , w i th f l a t c or t ica l s ur face s .C on trary t ot he i mp l ica t ion so ft he n ame ,t he se n odu le sa re n o td er ived f r om v e in o r t abu lar f l in t , a nd may s how s l igh t r ound ing o n t he c or t ica l s u r face , a l though t h i s i sn o t a lways t he c ase . D epend ing o n t he s t age o fc o re p repara t ion ,a nd t he n eed f o rl e s se ro rg rea te rc on t ro lo f t he p lacemen t o f t he r emova l b low , f l ake s we re s t ruck o f f t he se c ore s e i ther t h rough t he u se o f ab lock -on -b lock t e chn ique , d i rec t p e rcuss ion , o r p e rhap s u s ing a p unch . Ah igh p e rcen tage o f t he more c a re fu l ly worked p ie ces s how n ea t ly f a ce t ted s t r ik ing p l a t forms , f o r b e t te r c on t ro l o f t he p o in t o f p e rcu ss ion , o r p oss ib ly f o r p reven t ing t he p un ch f r om s l ipp ing f r om t he s ur face o f t he p la t form . McConaughy ( 1 979: 3 0 1) h as n o ted t he l a rge s i ze o f mos to ft he b u lb so fp e rcu ss ion o nt he p ie ce sf r om B ab e dh -Dh ra , wh ich h es ugge s t s i si nd ica t ive o fh ard h amme r t e chno logy . T he f l ake s t hus r emoved may v ary w ide ly i ns i ze a nd s hape , r ang ing f r om l a rger t han 2 5 cm . i n l eng th t o l e ss t h an 5cm . , a nd c om ing i n a l l s hape s , o n b o th l ong i tud ina l a nd t r ansver sa l f l akes . S ome o ft he p iece s s how v en t ra l b u lbar t h inn ing . T he r eason f o rt h i s i s u nc lear . R e touch i sa lmos t a lways d or sa l . I tv ar ies f r om s em i -ab rup t t o r e la t ive ly f l a t , a nd i s u sua l ly n o t p a r t icu lar ly i nvas ive . E xper imen ta l work h as d emons t ra ted t ha t t he r e touch was p robab ly a ch ieved u s ing as imp le h a rd h ammer . L ike t he b l ank s , t he s i ze a nd s hape o f t he c o mp le ted t oo ls v a r ie s g rea t ly . T he c l ass ic f an -scrape rs ( g ra t to ir e n i ven ta i l ) a s d e scr ibed b y N euv i l le ( 1 930 , 1 934 ) a nd o the r s a re u sua l ly " f an " s haped , o n t he o rde ro f1 0 cm . i n t r an sverse d i mens ion; h owever t he g rea t v ar iab i l i ty i n b lank s i ze , a nd t he a pparen t r e -use a nd r e sha rpen ing o f t he se p iece s , c on t r ibu te t o aw ide r ange i n s i ze a nd s hape . F ur the rmore ,t he v as t ma jor i ty o fp iece sr e cove red f r om e xcava t ion s a re b roken ,a nd s i ze a nd s hape a re i mposs ib le t or e con s t ruc t . E l sewhe re ( Rosen 1 983a , 1 983b: 1 06 ) Ih ave s ugges ted t he p oss ib i l i ty o f d iv id ing t he p iece s a cco rd ing t o l e ng th :w id th r a t io; i nt he mean t i me , s uch a c l ass i f ica t ion s y s tem wou ld s e rve me re ly a s ad escr ip t ive d ev ice , a nd s eem s n o tt or e f lec ta ny s pec i f ic f unc t iona l o rs t y l is t ic f e a ture s . Af i na l p o in t t o b e made w i th r e spec t t o t e chno logy c oncerns c or t ica l g r ind ing a nd i nc is ion . S ome p ieces s how c l ear e v idence o f c or t ica l g r ind ing , i n t he f o rm o f b o th m ic roscop ic a nd mac roscop ic s t r ia t ion s , p re sumab ly t or emove i r regu lar i t ie s i nt he c o r t ica l s ur face . S ince t he c or tex i se s sen t ia l ly l ime s tone , g r ind ing p ose s n o s pec ia l p rob lem , a nd may h ave b een a ccomp l ished u s ing a va i lab le b asa l t o r s ands tone m ano s . Un l ike c o r t ica l g r ind ing , i n c is ions w ere made u s ing a s t y lus l ike o b jec t . E xpe r imen t s i nd ica te t ha t b ur in l i ke s t one t o o l s ,o rc rude b ore r s ,c an b eu sed t oi n c i se f l in tc o r tex .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 0 0Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T H E A NALY S I S O F E ARLY B RONZE A GE C H IPPED S TONE I NDU STR I E S

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FI G . 1 .- D iagnos t ic e l emen t s o f E ar ly B ronze Age l i th ic c omp lexe s .— 1 .C anaanean b lade . 2 .C anaanean s i ck le ( w i th d oub le g los s ) . 3 .A rched b acked b lade . 4 .B acked s i ck le . 5 . No tch . 6 .B o rer . 7 .M ic ro l i th ic l una te . 8 .T ransve r se a r rowhead . 9 .F an - s c raper .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 01 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S TEVEN A . ROSEN

2 .F un c t i on McConaughy 's ( 1 979: 3 04 ) m icroscop ic a na ly s is o ft he t abu lar s c rape r s f r om B ab e dh Dh ra s ugge s ts t ha tt he t oo ls w e re u t i l ized a s b u tche r ing k n ive s ,a nd n o ta s s c rape rs . B a sed o n as pa t ia l a na ly s is o f t he p rovenance o f t hese p ie ces s how ing t he ir g rea ter a s soc ia t ion w i th t he t emp le d i s tr ic t , h e f ur ther s ugges t s t ha t t hey a re r e la ted t o r i tua l , a nd h ence we re p oss ib ly u sed i n r i tua l s a cr i f ice . T he r i tua l c onnec t ion i sf ur the r s uppor ted b y a c o l lec t ion o f s eve ra l h undred t abu lar s c rape r s made b yP .B ar -Adon j u s t s ou th o fM i tzpeh S ha lem , i n as i te h e c l a imed was r i tua l i n f unc t ion , a nd a t B iq 'a t Uvda 6 ,a n o pen a i r s hr ine i n t he s ou thern Negev ( Yogev 1 983 ) , whe re t he o n ly t oo l r ecovered w as a sma l l t abu lar s c rape r . T here i ss o me o the r c i rcum s tan t ia l e v idence s uppor t ing McConaughy 's i dea . F i rs t , t he p re sence o f i n c ised d es igns o n many p i ece s , i n mo t i f s t ha t r eoccur w i th in s i te s , a nd e ven b e tween s i te s ( Geze r , A rad , I s dar ) s ugges t s as ymbo l ic f unc t ion b eyond t h e mere ly u t i l i tar ian . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t he a b sence o f t he se mo t i f s o n p i ece s f ound i n t he q uar ry s i tes , a nd i n t he f a r s ou th i n g enera l , i nd ica te s t ha t t he u ser , a nd n o t t h e manu fac turer , marked t he p ieces . S econd ly , t he l ong d i s tance t r ade i nt hese o b jec t s , wh ich w i l l b e d iscussed b e low , i nd ica tes t ha t t hey were o f s pec ia l v a lue , av a lue wh ich i s p robab ly n o t a ssoc ia ted w i th t he ir more u t i l i tar ian a t tr ibu tes s i nce t hese wou ld b e a va i lab le o n o ther t ype s o f f l in t t oo ls . A l though t he re i sa l so c l ear a ssoc ia t ion o f t abu lar s c rape r s w i th d ome s t ic a r ch i tec ture , t h is s hou ld n o td i scoun t t he i rp oss ib le u se i nd ome s t ic r i tua l , a s we l l a s more f o rma l r i tua l . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t he c ase f o r r i tua l u se o f t a bu lar s c rapers i sd e r ived , f o r t h e mos t p ar t , f r om u rban a s semb lage s l i ke A rad , B ab e dh -Dh ra , Y armu th , Meg iddo , J e r icho , e t c . T abu lar s c rape r s f r om s i tes i nt he C en tra l Negev a nd S ina i s eem n o t t oc on fo rm t ot h is p i c ture . I n p a r t icu lar , t oo ls a re much l e ss s t anda rd ized i n t e rms o f t e chno logy t han t he t oo ls f r om t he n o r the rn s i tes . F or e xamp le , s t r ik ing p la t form p repara t ion i s much l e ss c ommon , a nd t he p ropor t ion o f" f an " s haped p iece s much l ower i nt he s ou the rn s i te s . T he s ou the rn a s semb lage s a l so s eem t os how s i gn i f ican t ly f ewe ri n c ised mo t i f s .T he p resence o f q uar ry s i te s c l ose b y a l so s ugge s t s t ha t f o r t he i nhab i tan t s o ft he C en tra l Negev a nd S ina i , t hese p ieces w e re n o t t r ade i t ems , a nd t he re fore p robab ly n o t a s h igh ly v a lued a s t hey we re f a r the rn or th . T hus ,a l though d e f in i t ive m icrowea ra na lyse sh ave n o tb een c onduc ted o n t he t abu lar s c rape ra s semb lage sf r om t he s ou the rn s i te s ,i ts eem s r e asonab le t oc onc lude t ha t i n t he se c on tex ts t hey f unc t ioned more a s ap ar t o f t he r egu la r f l ake t oo l r epe r to ire t han a s s pec ia l s ymbo l ica l ly l o aded o b jec ts . 3 . G eog raph i ca l d i s tr ibu t ion R es t r ic t ing d i scuss ion t o P a les t ine , t abu lar s c rape r s h ave b een f ound i n v i r tua l ly a l l E ar ly B ronze Age s i te s . Howeve r , t he i mpor tan t p o in t i st ha t t hey a re n o t f ound i ne qua l p ropor t ion s a ta l l s i tes , a nd t ha t t he f a r the r s ou th t he s i te , t he g rea ter t he p ropo r t ion o f t abu lar s c raper s t ot he r e s t o ft he l i th ic t oo l a ssemb lage ( F ig . 2 ) . I na ne ar l ier p aper ( Rosen 1 983a ) Is ugge s ted t ha t t he We s te rn Negev s e rved a s ama jor s our ce f o r t abu la r s c rape r s , a nd t ha t t he d i s t r ibu t ion ma tched a t yp ica l l ogar i thm ic f a l l -o f f c urve ( c f . R en f rew 1 977 ) . Ir e i te ra te h e re t ha t i ti sc l ear t ha t t he Wes tern Negev w a s n o t t he s o le s our ce o f t abu lar s c raper s . C ore s a re a l so k nown f r om S ina i ( Koz lo f f 1 972/3 ) , a nd i t wou ld b e s urp r is ing i f t hey were n o t e ven tua l ly d i scovered i n J o rdan a s w e l l . E . F u ta to ( per s . c omm . ) h as a l so s ugges ted t ha t s o me o f t he t a bu lar s c rape rs f ound a t L ahav may b e d ecor t ica t ion f l ake s f r om t he p repara t ion o f C anaanean b l ade c ore s . T h is i s ad i s t inc t p oss ib i l i ty f o r s o me o f t he p ieces , a l though u n l ike ly a s ag ene ra l r u le . T he k ey i s sue i st he mode l o f t r ade; t abu lar s c rape r s w e re a ppa ren t ly f o r t he mos t p ar t l ong d i s tance e xchange i t ems wh ich

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 02 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T HE A NALY S I SO FE AR LY B RONZ E A GE C H I PP ED S T ONE I NDU S TR IE S

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1 5 .E nS hadud . 1 6 . Y i f tahe l .

we re manu fac tu red o n t he p er iphery o f c i v i l iza t ion a nd t r aded f o r o the r g oods wh ich p e r iphera l g roup s m igh tr equ ire . 4 .C h rono logy A l though mos t c harac ter is t ic o f t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Ages , t abu lar s c rape r s h ave a l so b een r e cove red f r om l a te N eo l i th ic c on tex t s ( Moo re 1 973; R osen 1 984a ) , a nd t e chno log ica l ly may h ave e vo lved f r om L a te Neo l i th ic b i fac ia l t abu la r k n ives . I ti s n o ty e tp os s ib le t od i s t ingu ish t abu lar s c rape r s f r om d i f fe ren t p e r iods ,e xcep ti n so far a st he i n c ised s c raper s s eem t oa ppear o n ly i nt he E ar ly B ronze A ge , a l though T amar S ch ick h a s s ugge s ted s eve ra l p oss ib i l i t ie s wh ich s t i l l n eed t ob e c hecked more t horough ly . Neuv i l le 's ( 1 930 ) c l a im s f o r d i f fe ren t ia t ing Ghassu l ian f r om E ar ly B ronze Age f an scraper s a re n o t w e l ls ubs tan t ia ted .T abu la rs c rape r sd on o ts eem t oc on t inue i nu se i n to t h eE a r ly B ronze I V ( MB I ,E B/ MB , e t c . ) , i ns p i te o fo the r ma te r ia l c u l ture c on t inu i t ie s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 03 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S TEVEN A . ROSEN

5 .E conomy T he t abu la r s c rape r t r ade i n t he E ar ly B ronze A ge s eem s t o h ave b een ap a r t o f t he g ene ra l s e t o f r e la t ions b e tween t he h ear t land u rban r eg ion a nd t he d e se r t h in ter land . Wh i le t he t o ta l a b sence o fc ore s a nd d eb i tage a tu rban s i te s ( e xcep t ing p os s ib ly L ahav ) i s i nd ica t ive o f o f f s i te manu fac ture , a nd t he c oncen tra t ion o f q uar ry s i tes i n t he Wes tern Negev a nd S ina i s ugge s t s a rea l c en te r s o fp roduc t ion i nt he s ou th , t he e xac t n a ture o f t h e t r ade i ss t i l l d i f f icu l t t or e cons t ruc t . T h ree p oss ib i l i t ie s s ugges t t hem se lve s: A . I t ineran t t r ade r s mov ing b e tween t he n or thern s i te s a nd t he s ou thern b rough t t abu la r s c raper s n o r th w i th t hem a s p a r to ft he i rt r ade g oods . B .T abu lar s c rape rs w ere p a r t o f t he g ene ra l s t ock b rough t n or th b y t r ade e xped i t ion s d e s igned p r imar i ly t oe xp lo i tc oppe rs ource si nt he s ou th . C . T abu lar s c raper s were p ar t o f t he c u l tura l r eper to i re o f t he s ou thern p a s tora l g roups , a nd p ar t o f t he c our se o f t he ir y ear ly r ound i n c luded t he marke t s o f t he c i t ie s a nd t own s whe re t abu la rs c raper s , a l ong w i th o ther g oods , m igh tb e t r aded . My own p re fe rence i sf o r t he t h ird o p t ion s i nce i ta ccords we l l w i th g ene ra l mode l s o f s e t t led -nomad ic r e la t ion s , a nd a l so a ccoun ts f o r d i f ference s o b served b e tween t he t abu la r s c rape r a s semb lages o f t he No r th a nd t he S ou th . I ti sa l so p oss ib le t ha t a l l t h ree t ype s o f t r ade p layed s o me r o le . O the r a spec ts o f t he t r ade c an a l so b e e xp l ica ted . T he p ropor t iona l d ecrease i nt a bu lar s c raper s f a r ther n or th may b e t he r e su l t o f t he d ep le t ion o f t he t r ader 's o r n o mad 's r e serve s , o r af unc t ion o f s e cond - a nd t h ird -hand t r ade . I ti sa l so p oss ib le t h a t s e condary manu fac tur ing c en te rs , where c or t ica l f l akes w ere r e ce ived f r om t he q uar ry s i tes a nd c onver ted i n to t abu lar s c rapers , a l so e x is ted . T h is i sc e r ta in ly t he c ase f o r t h e Negev C ha lco l i th ic , where G aza s i te A ( Macdona ld 1 932: 1 0; R oshwa lb 1 981: 3 9 ) a ppear s t o h ave f unc t ioned p rec ise ly a s s uch .

B lade le t t oo ls B lade le t t oo ls a re v ery r a re i n E ar ly B ronze Age c on tex t s; h owever , s i nce t h ey d i f fer t e chno log ica l ly f r om a l l o the r t ype s , a nd s i nce t hey a re r e s t r ic ted t o as pec i f ic g eog raph ic z one , t hey a re a ccorded t he s t a tus o f " comp lex " . T h is i si n s p i te o f t he ir c l ear ly l e sse r i mpor tance i nc ompa r ison t oo the rt oo lt ype s . 1 .T e chno logy B lade le ts we re u sed f o r t wo b as ic t oo l t ypes i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age: t r ansve r se a r rowhead s ( manu fac tured o nb l ade le t s a nd s ma l lb lade s ) a nd m icro l i th ic l una te s . At h i rd c a tegory o f r e touched b lade le t s ( i nc lud ing t r unca ted b lade le ts ) m igh t a l so b e a dded . Wh i le o n ag ene ra l l e ve l , t he b as ic t e chno log ie s u sed f o r t h e manu fac ture o f t he se b l ade le t t oo ls a re r ough ly s im i lar , R oshwa lb ( 1 981 :2 78 ) i nd ica tes t ha t t he E ar ly B ronze I a ssemb lage f r om G aza H r e f lec t s t wo d i s t inc t b l ade le t t e chno log ie s , o ne wh ich p roduced s imp le c urved b l ade le t s i n ac l ear c on t inua t ion o f C ha lco l i th ic i ndus t r ies , a nd a s e cond whose p roduc t sa re t w is ted b l ade le t s ,a nd whose o n ly k nown a n teceden t s d er ive f r om L a te G erzean E gyp t . A l though t h is d i s t inc t ion d oe s n o ta ppea r i nt he b lade le t c ore s , wh ich a re p y ram ida l s i ng le o r mu l t ip le p la t form r e mova ls , t he E a r ly B ronze Ia t G aza H a l so s aw t he e xp lo i ta t ion o f al i gh t b rown f l in t f o r b lade le ts , i n a dd i t ion t o t he t r ans lucen t c ha lcedony e xp lo i ted d u r ing t he p reced ing C ha lco l i th ic i n t he a rea ( e .g . , G i lead 1 984 ) . G aza H i st h eo n ly s i te whe re E ar ly B ronze b lade le t c ore sh ave a sy e tb een r e cove red f r om r e la t ive ly c l ear c on tex t s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 04 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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R e touch o n t he d i f feren t t oo l t ype s a l so v ar ie s c ons ide rab ly . Wh i le t he l una tes s how b ipo lar b ack ing ( Rosen 1 983c ) , t r ansver se a r rowheads a nd t r unca ted b lade le ts u sua l ly s how a brup t d or sa l r e touch ( e .g . , B ar -Yose f e ta l . 1 977; B a r -Yose f e ta l . 1 971; R oshwa lb 1 981 :2 79 ) .N ibb led r e touch i so f ten p re sen to nm isce l laneous t ype s . B lade le t s r ange i n l e ng th f r om c a . 2t o 5cm . , t hey a re b y d e f in i t ion l e ss t han 1 . 2 cm . w ide ( T ix ier 1 963 ) , a nd a re u sua l ly l e ss t han 0 . 5 cm . t h ick . T he t oo l t ypes v ary i n s i ze , w i th r e touched b lade le ts o f ten a pproach ing t he f u l l s i ze o f t he b lade le ts , wh i le m ic ro l i th ic l una tes a re r a re ly more t han 1 . 5 cm . l ong ,a nd u sua l ly s o mewha ts hor te r . 2 .F unc t ion Obv ious ly t he f unc t ion s o f t he b lade le t t oo ls v ary w i th t he s pec i f ic t oo l t ype , a nd i n s o me c ase s may b e d i f f icu l t t o d e te rm ine . B eg inn ing w i th t he mos t o bv ious , t r an sve r se a r rowheads a re c l ea r ly p ro jec t i le p o in ts , a nd a re d ep ic ted i n E gyp t ian t ombs a s we l l a s b e ing k nown f r om t he e thnog raph ic r e cord ( C lark e ta l . 1 974 ) . I ns o me c ases t hey may h ave b een d ipped i np o i son ( C la rk e ta l . 1 974 ) . E s tab l ish ing whe the r t hey we re u sed p r ima r i ly f o r h un t ing o r a s m i l i tary weapon s i sd i f f icu l t . M icro l i th ic l una te s may a l so h ave b een u sed a s a r rowheads , o r p erhaps a s a rrowhead s ha f t b arbs . O ther b lade le t t oo ls a re d i f f icu l t t oc l ass i fy w i th r e spec t t of unc t ion . 3 . G eog raph ica l d i s tr ibu t ion B o th t r an sverse a r rowheads a nd m icro l i th ic l una tes a re r e s t r ic ted i n d i s tr ibu t ion t o t he Negev , s ou thern T ran s jordan , a nd S ina i , w i th s o me i n cur s ions u p t he c oas ta l p la in ( e .g . , R osen 1 983c ) . B o th t ypes a re t o ta l ly u nknown f r om l a rge E ar ly B ronze t e l ls . A l though m isce l laneous b lade le t t oo ls were r e cove red f r om A rad ( S ch ick 1 978 ) , t hese s hou ld p robab ly b e s t b e c l a ss i f ied a long w i th t he a d h oc e l emen ts ( S ch ick: p e r s . c omm . ) . O the r s i tes , s uch a s J rD av id , a l so s howed b lade le t t oo ls , b u t i ti sd i f f icu l t t o d e term ine t he i r t r ue a s soc ia t ion s . H en ry a nd T u rnbu l l ( 1 985 ) h ave r epor ted t he p re sence o fb o th t ype s i n s ou the rn J o rdan , a nd a l though t hey h ave a t tr ibu ted t hem t o t he Cha lco l i th ic , i ti s l i ke ly t ha ts o me o ft h ese o ccur rence s may b ed a ted t ot he E a r ly B ronze A ge . I n s ome c ases t he p resence o f p ar t icu lar b lade le t t e chno logy may r ef lec t E gyp t ian p re sence o r i nf luence , a s i n t he t w is ted b lade le ts f r om G aza H ( Roshwa lb 1 981 :2 78 ) , o r p o ss ib ly i ns o me t ype s o ft r ansve r se a r rowheads , a n i s sue wh ich s t i l l n eeds t ob e p roper ly a ddre ssed . O the r t ype s o f t r ansver se a r rowheads , a s w e l l a s m icro l i th ic l una te s , may b e i nd igenou s . 4 . C hrono logy T here h as b een v i r tua l ly n o c hrono typo log ica l a na lys is o f t he d eve lopmen t o f t r ansverse a rrowheads . L im i ted e xam ina t ion s ugges ts t ha t sma l l l a tera l ly c oncave t r iangu lar t ypes ( e .g . , R osen 1 984; B ar -Yose f e ta l . 1 971 ) d om ina te f i f th a nd f our th m i l lenn ia c u l tures ( i n t he S ina i a nd c en tra l Negev ) , l a rger i s osce les a nd e qu i la tera l t r iang le s a r e more c ommon i nt he f our th m i l lenn ium , a nd v ar ious r e c tang le s , t r apezo ids , a nd t r apezes a re mos t t yp ica l o f t he E ar ly B ronze Ia nd I ( e .g . , B ar -Yose f e ta / . 1 977 ) . No t r ansve r se a r rowheads , o rb lade le t t oo l s , a re k nown f r om p os t -Ea r ly B ronze I c on tex ts i n I s rae l , a l though t hey a ppea r t ob e p resen t i nM idd le k ingdom c on tex ts i nE gyp t ( C lark e t a l . 1 974 ) . M icro l i th ic l una tes a re r e s t r ic ted i n c h rono log ica l r ange t o t he E a r ly B ronze I ,a nd p oss ib ly E ar ly B ronze I ( Rosen 1 983c ) . E xcep t ing t he ir o ccur rence i n Na tu f ian a nd Har i f ian c on tex ts s eve ra l m i l lenn ia e a r l ier , t here i sn o r e cord o f e i ther Cha lco l i th ic o r Neo l i th ic u se o f t he se p ieces i n S ina i , i n t he Negev , o r s ou thern J o rdan , a l though t he de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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p oss ib i l i ty o f e a r l ier u se e x is t s i n Nor th A f r ica ( e .g . , R oube t 1 979 ) . A s w i th t r ansver se a r rowhead s ,t he re i sn or e cord o fp os t -Ea r ly B ronze I u se . 5 .E conomy T he l ow n umbe rs o f b lade le t t oo ls r e cove red f r om mos t s i tes r ender s d i f f icu l t t he r econs truc t ion o f t he e cono m ic s t ruc tures a ssoc ia ted w i th t he ir manufac ture a nd d is tr ibu t ion . Wh i le t he h i s tory o f l o ca l manu fac ture o f t r ansve rse a r rowheads , a s a t Kv ish Hanf i n t he l a te Neo l i th ic ( Rosen 1 984a ) , s ugges ts t he p oss ib i l i ty o f l o ca l p roduc t ion , t he c l ea r s pec ia l iza t ion i n t he manu fac tu re o f b lade le t t oo ls i n t h e B ee rsheva Cha lco l i th ic ( Rosen 1 987; R oshwa lb 1 981 ;e spec ia l ly s ee G aza A )p resen t s ag ood c ase f o r s pec ia l ized manu fac tu re . I ts eem s n o t u n l ike ly t ha t t h is i sr eg iona l ly v ar iab le , a nd t ha t i n t he more d eser t a rea s , manu fac tu re was l o ca l , whe reas i n more n or thern r eg ion s more i nf luenced b y u rban iza t ion , a nd i n t h is c ase , e spe c ia l ly b y E gyp t , c ra f t s pec ia l iza t ion i s more p robab le . E i the r way , t he e v idence i ss l im .

C anaanean ( s ick le ) b lades 1 .T e chno logy C anaanean c ores ( Meyerho f 1 960; Warbur ton 1 980 ) a re l a rge , s i ng le p la t form , p r is ma t ic b lade c o re s , o f ten p y ra m ida l o r c on ica l i n s hape , a l though s o me s e em t o s how o n ly s i ng le f a ce r emova ls . B lade r emova l s w ere a ccomp l ished u s ing ap unch o n af a ce t ted p la t form , u sua l ly c en tered b e tween t he r i dge so fp rev iou s b lade r emova ls , t hus p rov id ing t he c harac ter is t ic t r apezo ida l c ross -sec t ion . C row foo t ( 1 948 a nd p er s . c o mm . ) h as a l so n o ted t ha t t h is t e chn ique t ends t ol e ave d or sa l s pur s a nd a r e la t ive ly d eep n ega t ive b u lb o n t he p rox ima l , d or sa l f a ce o ft he b lade s . B lade s may b el onge r t han 1 0 cm . , u sua l ly v ary i nw id th f r om 1 . 5 t o3 . 0 cm . ,a nd a re u sua l ly l e ss t han 0 . 5 cm . t h ick . Two t ypes o f s i ck les w e re p roduced . T hose made f r om b lade s egmen ts w e re p robab ly c omposed o f5 6 s egmen t s ,e ach 4 -6 cm . l ong ,a nd h a f ted a l ong t he b ack t op rov ide ab lade c a . 3 0 cm . i nl e ng th .T he l o ca t ion o ft he g loss , a nd t he p re sence o fb i tu men o n s o me p iece s ( e .g . , S ch ick 1 978 ) i nd ica te t ha t t he p iece s were h a f ted p ara l le l t o t he l e ng th o f t he s egmen t s ,a nd t ha t2 /3 t o3 /4 o ft he w id th o fe ach p iece was c ove red b yh a f ta nd a dhe s ive . T he p re sence o fg lo ss o nb o th e dge s o fu p t o4 0% o ft h e s egmen ts i nd ica te s t ha tt he p iece s we re c ommon ly r eve r sed i n t he h a f t , as i gn i f ican t i mprovemen t i n e f f ic iency o ve r t he s i ng le -edged , b acked s i ck le s o ft he Cha lco l i th ic p e r iod . Mos tc omp le te s egmen t s s how t wo t r unca t ion s , a nd c onsequen t ly i ti sd i f f icu l t t oa sce r ta in t he me thod u sed i n s napp ing t he b lades . Work ing e dge r e touch i su sua l ly d or sa l a nd n o t i nvas ive , a l though a bou t 3 0% o f t h es egmen t ss how v en t ra lr e touch . S i ck le s manu fac tured f r om c omp le te b lade s a re b e t te r c l ass i f ied a s r eap ing k n ive s ( c f . S teen sbe rg 1 943: 1 0 -27; S ch ick 1 978 ) . T he g rea t l eng th o f t he se p ieces , s ome t imes u p t o 1 5 cm . , s ugges ts t ha t t hey were h a f ted i nd iv idua l ly , w i thou t o ther b lade s eg men t s . B i tumen o n t he b ack so fs o me o ft he p ieces f r om A rad ( S ch ick 1 978 )i si nd ica t ive o fh a f t ing a l ong t he b a ck ,a nd n o to no ne o ft he e nds . 2 .F unc t ion T he p re sence o fg l oss o na lmos ta l lu t i l ized C anaanean b l ade s egmen t s ,a nd mos to ft he u t i l ized b l ades , i ss t rong ly i nd ica t ive o f t he u se o f t h ese p iece s f o r t he r eap ing o fg rasse s , p resumab ly whea t a nd b ar ley . A l though s t ud ies o f s i ck le g loss o n t oo ls f r om e ar l ie r c u l ture s ( e .g . , Unger -Ham i l ton 1 984 ) s ugges t t ha t s i ck le g loss i sn o t n eces sar i ly r e la ted de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -2 0 6-

THE ANALYS IS OF EARLY B RONZE ACE CH IPPED S TONE I NDUSTR IE S

e xc lus ive ly t o a g r icu l tura l h arves t ing , mos t o f t he " s ick le g loss d eba te " s eems d i rec ted t oward a sce r ta in ing when t h eu se o ff l in tb l ade si nr eap ing b egan .S ince t he re i sn oq ue s t ion t ha t f l in t b lade s we re u sed a s s i ck le s i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age , i ts t ands t or eason t ha t t he g loss p r i mar i ly r ef lec t s t h a t f unc t ion . S ubs id iary f unc t ion s may i n c lude t he c u t t ing o f r eeds a nd o ther g rasses , a nd t he p resen ce o fr e touched C anaanean b lades w i thou tg loss s ugge s ts t h ep oss ib i l i ty o ft he ir u se a sk n ive s . T h is s t i l l r equ i re s m ic roscop ic t e s t ing . 3 . G eog raph ica l d i s t r ibu t ion C anaanean s i ck le s egmen t s h ave b een r e cove red f r om v i r tua l ly a l l E ar ly B ronze Age s i tes i n n or thern a nd c en tra l I s rae l ( Rosen 1 983d ) , a s we l l a s f r om J o rdan , L ebanon , a nd S yr ia . S im i lar p r isma t ic b l ade s h ave b een f ound f r om s i te s a l l o ve r t he Near E as t ( e .g . , V a l la 1 978; R edman 1 978: 2 49 ) , a l though t he a ppe l la t ion " Canaanean " wou ld h ard ly b e a ppropr ia te i n t hese c ase s . T he u b iqu i tous p resence o f t hese b lades i s u ndoub ted ly a s soc ia ted w i th t he e f f ic iency o f t h e ir manu fac ture a nd u se , a nd , o fc our se , t he d om inance o ff a rm ing i nE ar ly B ronze A ge s ub s is tence s y s tem s . C loser e xa m ina t ion o f t he d i st r ibu t ion o f C anaanean t e chno logy r evea ls i n teres t ing a nd i mpor tan t e xcep t ions t o i t s d om inance i n t he manu fac ture o f s i ck le s . Wh i le i ti sn o s u rp r i se t ha t Negev a nd S ina i s i te s , f o r t he mos t p ar t , s how an ea r a bsence o fC anaanean t e chno logy , s i nce many a l so s how a n ear a b sence o f s i ck les ( e .g . , K oz lo f f 1 972/3; R osen 1 983b: 1 81 , t ab le 1 3; M i ls te in 1 981 ) , a n o bv ious c on sequence o ft h e d e ser t d ependence o n p a s to ra l is m a so pposed t of a rm ing , s eve ra l s i te s s how h igh p e r cen tage s o fs i ck le s ,a nd s t i l l e xh ib i t n ear t o ta l a bsence o f C anaanean t e chno logy . B ab e dh -Dh ra ( McConaughy 1 979: 3 26 -331 ) s how s ad om inan ce o fb acked s i ck le s t e chno log ica l ly r em in iscen t o f C ha lco l i th ic t ypes , w i th o n ly af ew p os s ib le c and ida te s f o r C anaanean s t a tu s ( and t he se a re n o t c l ear c u t e xamp les ) . T he s a me i st r ue o f t he E a r ly B ronze Age B iq 'a t Uvda s i te s ( Rosen 1 983b: 2 06 -238 ) , a l l o f wh ich s how g enera l s i ck le p e rcen tage s s im i lar t o t ha t o f A rad ( S ch ick , p er s . c o mm . ) , a nd v i r tua l ly n o C anaanean b lades . A s w i th B ab e dh -Dh ra , t he d om inan t s i ck le t ype s a re b acked b lades wh ich a re r em in iscen t o f Cha lco l i th ic t ype s , a l though n o t s t r ic t ly c omparab le . O the r s i te s i n t he Negev H igh lands c on ta in ing v a ry ing n u mber s o f s i ck les , a l so s how ag ene ra l a bsence o r s c arc i ty o f C anaanean t e chno logy . I n s hor t , A rad s e em st or ep resen tt he s ou thernmos te x ten to fC anaanean t e chno logy . 4 .C h rono logy I nt he s ou the r nL evan t , t he e ar l ie s to ccur rence o fC anaanean t e chno logy c o inc ides w i th t he e ar l ies t p hases o f t he E a r ly B ronze Age , o r P ro to -urban p e r iod ( e .g . , A zor [ Rosen 1 983b; B en -Tor 1 975 ] , E n B esor [ Ye iv in 1 976 ] , Z e i ta [ J . P er ro t , p ers . c o mm . ] , G aza H [ Macdona ld 1 932; R oshwa lb 1 981 :2 89 ] , E n S hadud [ Ro sen 1 985 4 . No C anaanean b lade s h ave b een r ecovered f r om Ghassu l ian , B ee rsheva , o r Go lan C ha lco l i th ic c on tex ts , a nd c l a im s t o t he c on trary a re b ased o n i n su f f ic ien t s a mp le s f o r p roper i den t i f ica t ion ( e .g . , M i l s te in & R onen 1 985 ) , o r o n d i f fe r ing t e rm ino logy , wh ich l a be l s t he P ro to -u rban p e r iod " La te Cha lco l i th ic " ( e .g . , Hour s 1 979 ) . T he o r ig ins o ft he t e chno logy a re u nc lear . Wh i le much o ft he i nnova t ion a nd i nven t ion wh ich d i f fused t o t he s ou the rn L evan t i n t he se e ar ly p er iods o r ig ina ted i n S yr ia a nd Ana to l ia , t he v i r tua l a b sence o f r epor ts o n l a ter p er iod l i th ics makes i td i f f icu l t t o t e s t t h is h ypo thes is w i th r e spec t t o C anaanean t e chno logy . Howeve r , t here i sn o n eed t o a s soc ia te t he o r ig in s o f t h e t e chno logy w i th t he movemen t o f p eop le s . T he e f f ic iency o f t he t e chn ique i nb o th manu fac ture a nd u se ( i n t e rm so fr ever sa li nt he h a f ta nd d oub l ing o f

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 07 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S T EVEN A .R O SEN u se l i fe ) a re r e asons e nough f o r t he r ap id d i f fu s ion o ft he t e chno logy ( and n o t n ece ssar i ly t he p iece s t hem se lve s ) , o nce t r ade c on tac t s we re e s tab l i shed . C anaanean t e chno logy d om ina tes t he manu fac ture o f s i ck le s eg men t s t h rough t he E ar ly B ronze I I , a nd c on t inues t h rough t he E ar ly B ronze I V ( MB I )a t s i te s s uch a s S ha 'a r Hago lan ( Rosen 1 983b: 7 3 -76 ) , J e r icho ( Crow foo t -Payne 1 983 ) , D jebe l Q a 'aq ir ( Dever 1 973 ) , I k tanu ( c f . C row foo t -Payne 1 983 ) , a nd J awa ( A . B e t t s , p e r s . c omm . ) . T he a b sence o f C anaanean t e chno logy i n t he l a rge Negev MB Is i te s s hou ld n o t b e m iscons t rued a s t he d ec l ine o f t he i ndus try s i nce t he se s i te s a re a l l o u t s ide t he d i s t r ibu t ion a rea o f t he t ype . F ur thermore , when mo re s i tes a re a na lyzed f r om t he E a r ly B ronze I V i n c en t ra l I s rae l , i t s hou ld n o tb es u rp r i s ing i fap e r cen tage o ft hem d on o te xh ib i tC anaanean t e chno logy s i n ce c on sen sus o fo p in ion ( R ichard 1 980 )i nd ica te s t ha t ama jo rs ub s is tence c hange t o ok p lace i n t h is p e r iod , f r om t he d om inance o ff a rm ing t oi n c reas ing d ependence o n p as tora l i sm . T h is d ec l ine i n f a rm ing wou ld r equ ire l e ss u se o f s i ck les , a nd h ence a p erce ived d ec l ine i n C anaanean t e chno logy . W i th in t he E ar ly B ronze Age , i t may b e p oss ib le a t i nd iv idua l s i tes t o d i s t ingu ish b etween t he C anaanean b lade so fd i f fe ren tp hase s ( A . B e t t s ,p e r s . c omm . ;C row foo t -Payne 1 983 ) o n t he b as i s o f t he w id th d i s t r ibu t ions o f t he b lades . T h is d oes n o t a ppear t o b e p oss ib le o n ag ene ra l l eve l s i nce , f o r e xamp le , A rad E B Ib lade s a re g ene ra l ly w ider t han He s i E B I I , a nd S ha 'ar Hago lan E BI V a re a l so w ider t han He s i . Y armu th E BI I I I a re s im i lar t o He s i ( F ig .3 ) . 7 0 6 0

A RAD *

E N S HADUD

= 7 9 5 0 N

N =3 8

4 0

H AZOR N =2 7

3 0 2 0 1 0 H ES I = 6 6 4 0 N

Y A RMOUTH N = 5 1

1 RD AV ID N = 1 1

S HA 'AR H AGOLAN N =3 0

3 0 ' 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 m m .

1 0 1 5 '2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5

1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5

1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0

FI G .3 .— C anaane an s i ck le w id th f r equen cy h i s tog ram s( a d ju s ted f o re dge r emova lb yr e tou ch ) . * Ea r ly B ronze I A rad d a ta a sf r om S ch ick 1 978: S t r . I ,w id ths 2 0 -27 mm ;S t r . I ,2 2 -25 mm .

C anaanean t e chno logy s eem s t o d i sappear w i th t he o nse t o f t he M idd le B ronze I . E xcava t ions a tT e l N ag i la ( G i lead 1 973 ) s howed at o ta l a bsence o fC anaanean s i ck les , a nd t he i n t roduc t ion o f an ew t ype , wh ich Ih ave t e rmed " l arge G eome tr ic " s i ck le s egmen t s ( Rosen 1 982 ) . T he se a re t e chno log ica l ly a nd t ypo log ica l ly d i s t inc t , manufac tured o n f l akes a nd b lade f lakes , u sua l ly b acked a nd w i th d i f feren t p a t tern s o f e dge r e touch . O ther M idd le B ronze I s i tes , s uch a s J e r icho ( Crow foo t 1 935 , 1 937; C row foo t -Payne 1 983 ) , A shdod , G eze r , a nd J rD av id a l l s how t he i n t roduc t ion a nd t o ta l d om inance o f t h is n ew t ype . T he a pparen t c on t inua t ion o fC anaanean t e chno logy s hou ld b e s tb e a t t r ibu ted t ot h e e f fec t s o f i n tru s ions f r om e ar l ier p e r iods . L a te B ronze a nd I r on Age s i tes s how s im i lar de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 08 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE ANALYS IS OF EARLY BRONZE AGE CH IPPED S TONE I NDUSTR IES

p a t te rns; i n c l ean c on tex t s , s uch a s a t D e ir e l -Ba lah ( Rosen & Gor ing - Mor r is: i n p re ss ) , t he G ezer I r on If l in t c ache s ( Rosen 1 986a ) , A shdod X I I -X I I I , a nd o ther s t he re i s at o ta l a b sen ce o fC anaanean t e chno logy . T hus t he p re sence o fC anaanean b lade s a nd ac ore f r om L a te B ronze a nd I r on Age l o c i a tT e l Ha l i f ( J acobs 1 984; Warbur ton 1 980 ) s hou ld b es tb e a t t r ibu ted e i ther t o i n trus ion s f r om t he d i rec t ly u nde r ly ing E a r ly B ronze Age s t ra ta , o r , p e rhaps , t o t he s caveng ing o f p ieces f r om t he E B a ssemb lages b y t he L B/Iron A ge i nhab i tan ts o f t he s i te . E xp lana t ion f o r t he d i sappearance o f C anaanean t e chno logy i s more d i f f icu l t t han n o t ing t ha ti to ccur red . I ts e em sr easonab le t oc onnec tt he ir d i sappea ran ce t ot he d i srup t ion o f t h e ir t r ade s y s tem ( s ee n ex t s ec t ion ) a nd t he i mpos i t ion o f an ew e conom ic n e twork i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th t he e s tab l ishmen t o f t he M idd le B ronze I c i t ie s . 5 .E c onomy A s w i th t abu lar s c raper s , C anaanean b lade c ores a re v e ry r a re , d e sp i te t he a bundance o ft h es i ck les . A s ac onsequence o ft h is s ca rc i ty , C auv in ( 1 968 ) s ugge s ted t he l ong d i s tance t r ade o f t hese s i ck les f r om t he n or thern L evan t; h oweve r s i nce h i s s t udy , s eve ra l s i tes h ave b een r epor ted w i th b l ade c ore s , i n c lud ing L ahav (Warbur ton 1 980; E . F u ta to p e rs . c omm . ) , Z e i ta ( J . P er ro t , p e r s . c omm . ) , G eze r ( Maca l is te r 1 912: 3 2 -34 ) , S a ida -Dake rman ( Hou rs 1 979 ) , Har Charuv im ( Meyerho f 1 960 ) , a nd p oss ib ly E n B e sor ( Ye iv in 1 976 ) . On ly Ha rC haruv im a nd L ahav s how more t han 2c ore s . A t v ery l e as t , t h is s ugge s t s ap a t tern o f c r a f t s pec ia l iza t ion where manu fac ture was r e s t r ic ted t o af ew c ra f tsmen . S t re tch ing t he e v idence ab i t , t he t o ta l a bsence o f c ore s o n a lmo s ta l l E ar ly B ronze A ge t own a nd c i ty s i te s ,a nd t he p resence o fn ume rou sc ore so n ly a t Ha r C haruv im , a sma l l v i l lage s i te ( Ana t i e ta l . 1 973: 2 6 ) a nd L ahav , s ugges ts t he p o s s ib i l i ty o f ar eg iona l s y s tem , whe re e ach ma jor s e t t lemen t o r r eg ion wa s s e rv iced b y s ome sma l l v i l lage o r h am le t , o r b y as pec ia l is t i n t he ma jor s e t t lemen t , o ne o f whose p r imary e cono m ic f unc t ion sw as t he manu fac ture o fC anaanean b lades . Added s uppor tf o r t h i s mode l o f i n tra reg iona l e xchange c ome s f r om a n a na ly s is o f C anaanean s i ck le w id th d i s t r ibu t ions , s how ing t ha t i ti su n l ike ly t ha t t he a ssemb lages f r om v a r ious s i tes we re d e r ived f r om t he s a me s ource ( Rosen 1 983d ) ( F ig . 3 ) . T hus i ti s s ugges ted t ha t t he C anaanean s i ck le t r ade n e twork c an b e c harac ter ized a s o ne b ased o n t he s pec ia l ized manu fac ture o f p r is ma t ic b l ades , p os s ib ly i n s a te l l i te v i l lage s w i th s ub reg iona l s upp ly z one s . We may s pecu la te t ha t t he E ar ly B ronze Age t owns s e rved a s t he l o c i f o r t h is e x change s ys tem .

Non -Canaanean s i ck les a nd o the r b lade t oo l s 1 .T e chno logy Non -s tandard ized , s i ng le p la t form b lade c ores , c l ear ly n on -Canaanean i n t he ir a f f in i t ies ,a re f ound i nl ow n umbe r sa t many E ar ly B ronze A ge s i te s .T he se c ore sa re u sua l ly s ma l le r t han 1 0 cm . i n max ima l d i men s ion s ,a nd p roduce b l ade su sua l ly o n ly 5 6 cm . l ong , 1 . 5 -2 .5 cm . w ide ,a nd l e ss t h an 1cm . t h ick .T he c ore sf r om B iq 'a t Uvda a re b e s td es cr ibed a s s i ng le p la t form m ixed b l ade/f lake c ores , s how ing b o th t ypes o f r emova ls . B lade c ross s e c t ion s v ary i ns hape f r om t r iangu lar t ot r apezo ida l a nd p o lyhedra l . I n mos tc ase s , d i rec t p e r cuss ion wou ld h ave b een s u f f ic ien t t op roduce t he se b l ade s . R e touch v ar ie s w i th t oo l t ype . B ack ing o na rched b acked b l ade sa nd s i ck le si sc o mmon ,a sa re t r unca t ions o ns o me o f t h e s i ck les . Work ing e dge r e touch i sr e la t ive ly u ncommon o n a l l t oo ls , a l though p la in r e touched b lade ss how ar ange o fd i f fe ren tt ype so fr e touch .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -2 0 9-

S TEVEN A . ROS I N

2 .F un c t i on T h is g roup i sd om ina ted b yt wo t oo l t ype s: n on -Canaanean s i ck le s , i den t i f iab le a s s uch b yt he p re sen ce a nd l o ca t ion o fs i ck le g los s ;a nd a r ched b acked b lades , mos tc o mmon i nt h e s ou thern Negev . T he f unc t ion o f t he l a t ter h as n o t b een d e term ined , a l though morpho log ica l ly t hey f a l l i n to s o me k ind o f k n i fe c a tegory ( s en su l a to ) . O the r b acked a nd r e touched b l ade s p robab ly a l so f a l l i n to t h is g ene ra l c a tegory ( c f . McConaughy 1 979 ) . 3 . G eog raph ica l d i s tr ibu t ion Wh i le n on -Canaanean b l ade s a re f ound i nl ow p e rcen tage s i n mos t s i ck le a s semb lage s i n n or thern a nd c en t ra l I s rae l , a nd may c on s t i tu te u p t o 3 0% o f t he s i ck le s , i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age t he se p iece s a re mos tc harac te r is t ic o ft he s ou thern i ndus tr ie s , e spe c ia l ly t ho se o f B iq 'a t Uvda i n t he s ou the rn Negev . T he E ar ly B ronze A ge s i te s o f B iq 'a t U vda 9 ,1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8 , a nd 1 24 ( Rosen 1 983b ) a l l s howed s i ck le p e rcen tages c omparab le t o t ha t o f A rad ( T . S ch ick p er s . c o mm .; R osen 1 983a ) , b u t C anaanean t e chno logy was v i r tua l ly a b sen t ( on ly o ne s i ck le o f1 02 f r om t he a bove s i te s ,a nd o n ly o ne b l ade o f5 00 b l ades a nd s e gmen ts c ou ld b e c l ass i f ied a s d e f in i te ly C anaanean ) . B ab e dh -Dhra ( McConaughy 1 979 ) s hows a s im i lar p i c tu re o f s carc i ty o r a b sence o f C anaanean t e chno logy , w i th t he p redom inance o f al e ss s oph is t ica ted b lade t e chno logy . A s w i th t he B iq 'a t Uvda s i te s , mos t o f t he B ab e dh -Dh ra s i ck le s a re b acked . Ana ly se s o fa s semb lage s f r om c en t ra l Negev E a r ly B ronze Age s i tes h ave n o ty e tb een c omp le ted ,b u t i ng enera l t hese t oo s how ag ene ra l d om inance o fs imp le b l ade t e chno logy ( when s i ck le s a nd b lade t oo l s a re a ta l l p re sen t ) . S ou thern S ina i s i tes ( e .g . , M i l s te in 1 981 ) s how f ew s i ck le s ,f o re nv i ronmen ta l ly o bv ious r eason s ,a nd a re t he re fo re n on -comparab le . 4 . C hrono logy T he a n t iqu i ty o f s imp le b lade t e chno logy i sv e ry o ld , a nd a s ag enera l t e chn ique c an p rov ide l i t t le i n forma t ion i n t hese c on tex ts . T he b acked s i ck les o f B ab e dh -Dhra a nd B iq 'a t Uvda a re g enera l ly s im i lar t o t hose o f Cha lco l i th ic i ndus tr ies , e spec ia l ly f r om Ghassu l . McConaughy ( 1979 ) q u i te s t rong ly i nd ica tes c on t inu i ty b e tween t he t ype s . However , t he s ou the rn E ar ly B ronze Age s i ck le t ype s d o n o t s eem t oc l ose ly r e semb le t h e B ee r sheva Cha lco l i th ic t ype s , b e ing g enera l ly l a rger a nd " c rude r " . T he s a me c an b e s a id f o rb acked b lade s . T hese d i f fe rences may b e e xp la ined e i the r a s af unc t ion o fc h rono logy , c u l ture , o rr aw ma te r ia l d i f fe rence s . T he a rched b acked b lades f r om B iq 'a t Uvda a re , a ga in , t e chno log ica l ly s im i lar t o Cha lco l i th ic s i ck les i n t he ir g enera l s i ze a nd u se o f b ack ing . T ypo log ica l ly , wh i le t hese t oo ls may o cca s iona l ly a ppear i nC ha lco l i th ic c on tex t s , t h ey d o n o ta ppear t oh ave b een a d i s t inc t t ype , b u t s imp ly p ar t o f t he r ange o f Cha lco l i th ic s i ck le s a nd b acked b l ades . T he B iq 'a t Uvda a r ched b acked b lade sa re t hus d i s t inc t ive a nd s how n oo bv ious a n teceden t s . A s w i th o r ig ins , b acked a nd p la in b lade s i ck les a nd o the r b lade t oo ls o ccu r i n l ow n u mber s i n many p os t -Ea r ly B ronze Age c on tex ts , b o th i n t he Negev a nd f a r ther n or th . Aga in , t h is i s mos t ly a f unc t ion o f t he r a the r n on -de scr ip t n a ture o f t he t ype s a nd t he t e chno logy . On t he o ther h and , a r ched b acked b lade s a r e a bsen t f r om p os t -Ea r ly B ronze Age a s semb lage s; n or h ave t hey b een r e covered f r om Negev E BI V/ MB Ic on tex ts . T he s carc i ty o f s i ck les i n Negev E BI V/ MB Ia ssemb lage s c r ea tes a f unc t iona l d i scon t inu i ty w i th t hose o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age , s o t ha t c ompar ison s o n t h is l e ve l a re n o t p o s s ib le . I n s hor t , a s d om inan t t ype s , a r ched b acked b l ades a nd b a cked s i ck le s s ee m t o b ea s soc ia ted o n ly w i th E ar ly B ronze Age a s semb lage ss e n su s t r i c to . Wi th in t he E ar ly B ronze Age , d a t ing o f t hese t ype s i sd ependen t t o ta l ly o n c e ra m ic d a tes; t he B iq 'a t Uvda s i te s a re d a ted t o t he E ar ly B ronze I ( and p erhaps E BI ) , wh i le

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 10 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1J E ANALYS IS OF E ARLY B RONZE AGE CH IPPED S TONE I NDUSTR IE S

t he B ab e dh -Dh ra a ssemb lage i sc l ear ly E ar ly B ronze I I . T hus , a r ched b acked b lades ( a s ag roup ) a re d a ted t o t he E a r ly B ronze I I I , wh i le b acked s i ck le s a re E ar ly B ronze I I I I . 5 .E c onomy A t mos tE ar ly B ronze A ge s i te si nn or the rn a nd c en t ra lI s rae l ,m isce l laneou sb l ade c ore s a re n o tu nknown ,a nd g iven t h er e la t ive ly l ow n umbe r so fn on -Canaanean b lade t oo ls , many o f t h e se may h ave b een manu fac tu red o n -s i te , a s as or t o f l o ca l a d junc t t ot he C anaanean i ndu s try . A t B ab e dh -Dh ra , McConaughy ( 1 979 ) h a s s ugge s ted t ha t t he s c arc i ty o f b l ade c o re s ( a s w i th C anaanean b l ades ) i si nd ica t ive o f t he i mpor t o f s i ck le s egmen ts , i n a p a t te rn t ha t may b e s im i lar t ot ha t o f t he C anaanean i ndus try . I n c on tras t t ot h is p a t tern , 4 5 m ixed b lade/f lake c ore s w ere r e covered f r om B iq 'a t Uvda 9 ,g iv ing ab lade :c ore r a t io o f 1 6: 1 ,a nd s ugge s t ing a tl e as t t he p oss ib i l i ty , i fn o t p robab i l i ty o f o n -s i te manu fac ture . ( The 7 15 b lade sa nd b lade t o o ls i n c lude sb roken s egmen t s ,a nd t hus t he r a t io may b ee ven l ower ) . T he p a t tern f r om o ther B iq 'a t Uvda s i te s i sn o t c on s is ten t , w i th r a t ios o f 4 6: 1 , 2 4 :1 ,1 45: 1 ,a nd a bou t 4 0: 1 ( c ore c oun t s f r om s i te 1 6 b e ing n on -d i f feren t ia ted ) . T h is s ugge s ts v ary ing p a t tern so f manu fac tu re a nd d i f fe rence si ns i te f unc t ion s . T hus , n on -Canaanean b l ade e conom ics v ary r eg iona l ly . I n a reas o f o ve r lap w i th t h e C anaanean s y s tem , t hey a re p robab ly l o ca l ly p roduced ( when t hey a ren ' t mere ly b y p roduc ts o f t he C anaanean b lade manu fac ture ) ;a tB ab e dh -Dh ra , we may s pecu la te t ha t t he p a t tern i sp robab ly s im i lar t o t ha t o f t he C anaanean s ys tem; a t B iq ya t Uvda i ti s s ugges ted t ha t manufac ture was , f o r t he mos t p ar t , l o ca l , p erhaps i nvo lv ing e xchange b e tween h am le t s . T he s ca le a nd c omp lex i ty o f t h is e xchange d oe s n o t a ppear t oa pp roach t ha t o f t he C anaanean n e twork .

Ad Hoc t oo ls 1 .T e chno logy T he v ar ious t oo l t ypes f a l l ing i n to t h is c a tegory w e re u sua l ly manu fac tured o n s ma l l , s imp le f l ake s , o ro n c hunk s a nd n odu le s wh ich a re r ead i ly a va i lab le a l l o ver t he c oun try . T he c ores f r om t hese f l akes , f ound i n h igh n umbe rs o n v i r tua l ly a l l s i tes , a re s imp le e xped ien t o nes ,g ene ra l ly amorphous ( a l though s o me t ime s a pp roach ing d i sco id i ns hape ) . T hey a re g enera l ly sma l l , f i s t s ized o r sma l ler , a nd may s how o ne o r mu l t ip le s t r ik ing p la t forms . E ssen t ia l ly t hey a re u nspec ia l ized b locks o f r aw ma ter ia l f o r t he q u ick manu fac ture o fd omes t ic t oo ls . T he t oo ls t hemse lves s how a r ange o f t ype s o f r e touch , v i r tua l ly a l l o f i te as i ly a ch ievab le u s ing h ard h amme r , d i rec tp e rcuss ion . E dge a ng les v ary f r om s t eep t of l a t , a nd r egu la r i ty o ft h ee dge f r om s i ng le a nd mu l t ip le n o tche s , t od en t icu la te sa nd r egu lar s c rape r e dges . L oca t ion o f r e touch i s v ar iab le a s we l l , a nd a l though u sua l ly d or sa l , v en tra l r e touch i sn o t u nco mmon . Un l ike s i ck les , a r rowheads , a nd t abu lar s c raper s , i ti se v iden t t ha t t hese t oo ls were p roduced e xped ien t ly , o n d e mand , w i th l i t t le t hough t t o s t andard iza t ion o r a es the t ics . 2 .F unc t ion Obv ious ly i n ac l as s a s w ide r ang ing a s t h is , f unc t ions v ary c ons ide rab ly . F i r s t , a r ev iew o f t he t ypes w i l l b e t te r c l ar i fy t h is r ange: b orers , d r i l ls , n o tches , d en t icu la te s , s c raper s ( i nc lud ing aw ide r ange o fs ub types ) ,b acked p ieces ,h amme r s tone s ,c hoppe r s ,a nd m isce l laneous t r i mmed p ieces ( i nc lud ing a r ange o f r e touched a nd u t i l ized f l akes ) . McConaughy 's ( 1 979 ) m ic rowear a na lys is o f t he B ab e dh -Dhra a ssemb lage i nd ica te s a

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 2 11Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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c or re spond ing ly w ide r ange o f f unc t ions f o r t he se t ypes , i n c lud ing a l l p urpo se e l e men t s , c u t t ing a nd s aw ing , l i th ic manu fac ture , p lan t p roce s s ing , c h ise l ing/engrav ing , s c rap ing , a nd f l e sh/h ide work ing . I n g enera l t hese f unc t ion s c an b e d escr ibed a s c on s t i tu t ing a d ome s t ic t oo l k i t . 3 . G eog raph i ca l d i s tr ibu t ion A s men t ioned e ar l ier , a d h oc t oo ls d om ina te t he a ssemb lages o f v i r tua l ly a l l s i te s , e xcep t ing o n ly t he mos t s pe c ia l ized . T hey a re f ound a l l o ver t he L evan t . Howeve r , an o te o f c au t ion s hou ld b e i n se r ted h ere . C o l lec t ion s t ra teg ies f r om e ar ly e xcava t ions o f ten c oncen t ra ted o n ly o ns i ck le s egmen t sa nd t abu lar s c raper s ,a nd i gnored t he e x i s tence o fa l l o the rt oo l t ype s .T hus ,d i s tr ibu t ion p a t te rn sb a sed o ns uch c o l lec t ion s may s how as kewne ss wh ich i st he c onsequence o n ly o fa r chaeo log ica lb ia se s . 4 . C hrono logy T he o r ig ins o fE ar ly B ronze Age a d h oc t oo l t e chno logy c an b e t r aced d i re c t ly b ack t o t he Cha lco l i th ic , wh ich s how s a n a lmos t i den t ica l s e t o f s imp le f l ake t oo ls , a s we l l a s c hoppe r s ( a lso s ee McConaughy 1 979 f o r as im i lar c ompa r ison ) . Obv ious ly , i ng ene ra l , t he a n t iqu i ty o f t h is s imp le t e chno logy i s much o lder t han t he Cha lco l i th ic . I n t he p os t -Ea r ly B ronze A ge t he re a ppear s t o h ave b een a s i gn i f ican t d ec l ine i n t he u se o ft he se t oo ls , s o t ha tb yL a te B ronze a nd I r on A ge t ime s , t h is d omes t ica te t o o lk i t h a s b ecome n umer ica l ly much sma l le r ( i f i th asn ' t d isappeared a l toge the r ) . Ih ave e l sewhe re ( Rosen 1 984b , 1 985b ) i nd ica ted t ha t t h is d ec l ine i s mos t l i ke ly t o b e a t t r ibu ted t o t he i n crea s ing a va i lab i l i ty o f b ronze a nd l a ter i r on . Un for tuna te ly , t he re i ss t i l l as i gn i f ican t s carc i ty o f we l l s t ud ied a ssemb lages d a t ing f r om b o th E B I V/ MB I a nd t h e M idd le B ronze I p er iods , s o t ha t t he p rec ise d e l inea t ion o f t h is d e c l ine , a nd i t s r e la t ion sh ip t o t he e nd o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age , i ss t i l l u nc lear . 5 .E conomy T he p re sence o fn ume rous s ma l l f l ake c ore si nv i r tua l ly a l l E ar ly B ronze A ge s i te s ,b o th n or th a nd s ou th , i s s t rong ly s ugges t ive o f t he o n s i te manu fac ture o f t h e se t oo ls . P roven ience a na ly se s s how s o me s pa t ia l d i f feren t ia t ion , b u t n o c ons is ten t p a t terns a re e v iden t; t h is i sp ar t ia l ly a r e su l t o f t he f i l l n a ture o f many o f t he d epos i ts . T hus , wh i le t he re i s s o me p oss ib i l i ty o f i n t ra -s i te e xchange , t hese t oo ls d o n o t r e f lec t i n ter s i te o r r eg iona l e xchange n e twork s , a nd , f u r thermore , d o n o t s eem t o r ef lec t a ny s i gn i f ican t s pec ia l iza t ion i n manu fac ture . W i th in i nd iv idua l s i tes , d i f ferences i n l o ca t ions a nd c oncen tra t ions o f t oo l s a re i nd ica t ive o fd i sc re te a c t iv i ty a reas .

D ISCUSSION T he a bove s ummary o fE ar ly B ronze Age l i th ic i ndu s tr ie s h as i mp l ica t ions b eyond t he s t one t oo ls t hemse lves . T he v ar ie ty a nd c omp lex i ty o f t he e xchange s y s tem s h ave s i gn i f ican t mean ing f o rb e t te ru nde r s tand ing E ar ly B ronze Age e conom ic o rgan iza t ion; t he c on tras ts a nd s im i lar i t ie s b e tween a ssemb lages f r om c on temporary s i tes a nd r eg ions s ugges ts c omp lex i n ter re la t ionsh ip s b e tween t hem; a nd t he d i f fe rences a nd c on t inu i t ie s b e tween E ar ly B ronze Age i ndus tr ies a nd t hose o f t he p reced ing a nd s ucceed ing C ha lco l i th ic a nd M idd le B ronze A ges i mp ly t ha t l i th ic a na lys is c an a dd t oo ur k now ledge o f t hese t r ans i t ion s a s we l l .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 12 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE ANALYS IS OF EARLY B RONZE AGE CH IPPED S TONE I NDUSTR IE S

E a r ly B ronze Age t r ade i nl i th ics E ar ly B ronze Age t r ade , a s s een i n t he l i th ic a sse mb lages , r e f lec ts a w ide r ange i n d i s tance , v a lue , a nd t he n a tu re o ft he o b jec ts t r aded ( c f . R osen 1 986b f o r t he C ha lco l i th ic ) . T abu lar s c raper s we re , f o r t he mos t p a r t , t r aded o ver l ong d i s tance s; C anaanean b lade s , p oss ib ly b lade le t t oo ls , a nd s o me o ther b lade t oo ls , we re r eg iona l e xchange i t em s; a nd o the r b l ade t oo ls , s imp le f l ake t oo ls , c ore t oo ls a nd s o me b lade le t t oo ls , were l o ca l ly manu fac tured . T he v a lue o fd i f fe ren to b jec t s was d e te rm ined b y f unc t ion a nd a va i lab i l i ty ( wh ich i na s en se i n c ludes d eg ree o f s pec ia l iza t ion i n manu fac tu re ) . T he c omb ina t ion o f s ymbo l ic l oad ing a nd r e la t ive s carc i ty p robab ly l en t ah igh v a lue t o t abu lar s c rapers . T he r e la t ive ly h igh n u mbe r o f s i ck le s a t many s i tes , b o th C anaanean a nd n on -Canaanean , t he c l ea r s pec ia l iza t ion i n manu fac ture , t he r e -use b y b lade r eve r sa l ( a s i nd ica ted b y d oub le e dge g l oss ) ,a nd t he c l ear n eed f o rs i ck le si na g r icu l ture ,i mp ly t ha ts i ck le s egmen t s we re o f med ium t o h igh v a lue . T he g rea t a bundance o f a d h oc t oo ls , a nd t he ir a pparen t ly e xped ien t n a ture o f manu fac tu re , i nd ica te t ha t t hese t oo ls w e re p robab ly o fl i t t le v a lue . I ti sc l ear t ha t d i f feren t t oo ls were t r aded i n d i f fe ren t f o rm s . A d h oc t o o l s we re n o t c ompos i te t oo ls , a nd i ft r aded , w ere t r aded a s c o mp le te o b jec ts . C anaanean s i ck le s we re p robab ly t r aded a sc omponen tp ar t s; t he s i ck les may h ave b een manu fac tu red b yt he u se r . T he s pec ia l is t me re ly p roduced t he r aw b lade s . O fc ou r se , t h is h ypo the s is c an o n ly r e a l ly b e t e s ted when work shop s i te s a r e e xcava ted a nd a na lyzed ,b u t t he p re sence o fu nworked b lade s a t many s i tes w i thou t c ores s uppor ts t he t r ade o f t he b lades a s o pposed t o c omp le ted s i ck le s . T h is s eem s t o b e i n c on t ras t t o l a ter p e r iod s i ck le p roduc t ion , when s i ck le s we re manu fac tured a sc omp le te t oo ls . F ina l ly , t abu lar s c raper s s eem t o h ave b een e xchanged a s e i ther c omp le te t oo ls , o r n ea r ly c o mp le te b lanks wh ich r equ ired o n ly m in ima l r e touch . I nc is ions w ere p robab ly made a f ter e xchange ,b y t h eu se r . W i th r e spec t t og enera l E ar ly B ronze A ge c u l ture , t he k ey p o in th e re i st ha t t r ade a nd e xchange c an b e a na lyzed b eyond t he me re f a c t o f c on tac t . T he c l ose c onnec t ion b e tween c r a f t s pec ia l iza t ion a nd c e r ta in t ype s o f t r ade , t he g rea t a bundance o f s o me t ype s o ft r ade g oods ,a nd t he v ary ing v a lue so fd i f fe ren tg oods s ugges ts a ne conomy wh ich h ad a dvanced s i gn i f ican t ly b eyond d omes t ic p roduc t ion ( c f . S ah l ins 1 968: 7 4 -95 ) . T h is , i n i t se l f , i sa n i mpo r tan t s t a temen ta bou tE a r ly B ronze A ge s oc ie ty . Our a b i l i ty t od ocumen ta nd q uan t i fy p roduc t ion i sn ol e ss i mpor tan t .

R eg iona ld if ferences i nl i th i cs A s ide f r om g ross f unc t iona l d i f ference s , s uch a s t he p rac t ice o fi n tens ive a gr icu l ture a s r ef lec ted i n t he p ropo r t ion o fs i ck le s egmen t s i na n a ssemb lage , d i f ference s b e tween s i te s a nd r eg ions c an h ave s i gn i f ican t mean ing i n t e rms o f e s tab l ish ing g roup a f f in i t ies a nd t r ade c onnec t ions . T h is i sp ar t icu lar ly e v iden t i n t he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t he s ou the rn s i tes a nd A rad , o r more g ene ra l ly , t he n or th ,a nd t o al e sse re x ten t ,i ne v idence o fE gyp t ian c on tac t ( Tab les 1 2 ) . T he n or th sou th r e la t ion sh ip s B eg inn ing w i th t he n or th sou th r e la t ionsh ips , i ti sf i r s t n ecessary t o c ha rac ter ize t he l i th ic c omp lexe s f r om t h e t wo a reas . No r the rn s i te s ( t ha t i s , A rad a nd n or th ) s how t h ree b as ic c omponen ts i n t he ir l i th ic a ssemb lages: 1 )C anaanean s i ck les a nd o ther t ypes , g ene ra l ly c on s t i tu t ing b e tween 7 % a nd 2 5% o f a ny g iven a ssemb lage , 2 )t a bu lar s c raper s ,

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 2 13Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S TEVEN A . R O SEN TA BLE 1 . — Ch rono log ica lr ange o fl i th ic t ypes b yr eg ion :Nor th = A rad a nd n or th ,S ou th = s ou th o fA rad CHRONOLOG ICAL PE R IOD

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T abu la rS c rape rs S i ck les B acked O the rB l ade T oo ls B l ade le tT oo ls M ic rod r i l ls C o re T oo ls A dH oc

u sua l ly l e ss t han 7 % o f e ach a s semb lage , a nd e xped ien t e l emen t s , i n c lud ing s imp le f l ake t oo l sa nd c ore t oo ls ,u sua l ly c omp r is ing 7 0% o r mo re o f ag ood c o l lec t ion .( I ts hou ld b en o ted h e re t ha t t hese q uan t i ta t ive e s t ima te s a re b ased o n n on se lec ted , w e l l -co l le c ted s amp le s ) . I nt u rn ,t hese c omponen t sr ep re sen tr eg iona le xchange i nb u lk g oods ,l ong d i s tance ,f a l l -o f f e xchange , a nd e xped ien t o n -s i te manu fac ture . C u l tura l ly , t he o n ly t ypes t ha t c an b e a ssoc ia ted e xc lus ive ly w i th t he E ar ly B ronze Age a re C anaanean s i ck les a nd i n c ised t abu lar s c rape r s . F unc t iona l ly , s i ck les a re c l ear ly a ssoc ia ted w i th a gr icu l ture , t h e t abu lar s c rape r s ,p e rhap s w i th r i tua l , a nd t he e xped ien te l emen ts w i th ar ange o fd ome s t ic t a sk s . T he s ou thern s i te s , i n c lud ing t he Negev H igh lands , B iq 'a t Uvda , a nd S ina i , s how a s i gn i f ican t ly c on tras t ing a rray o f c omponen ts i n t he l i th ic c omp lex . B as ic e l emen ts i nc lude: 1 )b acked a nd p la in b lade s i ck les , wh ich may c ompr ise u p t o 1 0% o f a n a ssemb lage , a l though d epend ing o n t he p ar t icu lar r eg ion , may b e a bsen t; 2 )t abu lar s c rape r s , u sua l ly c ons t i tu t ing b e tween 5% a nd 2 0% o f e ach a ssemb lage , a l though t hey h ave b een r epor ted a s h igh a s 7 0% ( M i l s te in 1 981 ) o r 9 0% ( Koz lo f f 1 972/3 ); 3 )a r ched b acked b l ades a nd o the rb acked b lade s , wh ich may c on s t i tu te u p t o2 5% o r mo re o fs o me a sse mb lages , a l though i n o thers may b e much r a rer; 4 )b lade le t t oo ls , i n c lud ing m icro l i th ic l una tes a nd g eo me tr ic t r ansve rse a r rowheads , u sua l ly c on tr ibu t ing a f ew p er cen to rl e ss t oa ny a s semb lage , b u to ccas iona l ly much more ,a s i ns o me o ft h en awam i s t ombs ( Bar -Yose f e ta l . 1 986 ) ;a nd 5 )a d h oc t oo ls , u sua l ly c ons t i tu t ing 5 0 -70% o f a n a s semb lage , b u t v ery v a r iab le . W i th r e spec t t o t he l i th ics ( on ly ) , we s ee l i t t le e v idence o f l ong d is tance t r ade , o n ly r eg iona l e xchange a nd l o ca l manu fac ture . S eve ra l t ype sc an b ea s soc ia ted e xc lus ive ly w i th t h e E ar ly B ronze A ge , i n c lud ing a rched b acked b lade s , m ic ro l i th ic l una te s , a nd g eome t r ic ( non t r iangu lar ) t r ansve r se a r rowheads . F unc t iona l ly , v ar iab i l i ty w i th in t he s ou thern s i te s i sg rea t; t he p resence/ab sence o f s i ck le s a nd a r rowheads p robab ly r e f lec t s d i f ferences i n t he p rac t ice s o f a g r icu l ture a nd h un t ing . I ti sl i ke ly t ha t a t mos t s i te s t abu lar s c rape r s d o n o t p lay t h e s a me r o le t h ey d o i n t he Nor th , a s r e f lec ted i n t he l a ck o f s t anda rd iza t ion a nd t he a b sence o f i n c is ions . ( One

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -2 14 -

T H E A NALY S I S O F E ARLY B RONZE A GE C H IPPED S TONE I NDU STR IE S TA BLE 2 .— E a r ly B ronze A ge l i th i cf r equenc ie sb yr eg ion . N o r the rn &C en t ra l I s rae l

T abu la rS c rape r s S ick les C anaanean B acked B l ade le tT oo ls O the rB l ade T oo ls A dH oc T oo ls *** * *** **

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e xcep t ion i sT e l I sdar [ Cohen 1 978 ] , wh ich f a l ls i n to t he n or thern s phe re ) . T hey s eem mos t ly t o b e e xped ien t t oo ls , a nd v ar iab i l i ty r ef lec ts b o th d i s tance f r om s ource a nd d i f feren t u se s . F ina l ly , wh i le t he e xac t u se o f a rched b acked b lades a nd o ther b acked b lade s c anno t y e t b e a scer ta ined , t he v ar iab i l i ty i n t he ir q uan t i t ies a td i f fe ren t s i te s may t e s t i fy t o d i f fer ing a c t iv i t ie s . C ompar ison b e tween n o r the rn a nd s ou the rn c omp lexe s c an b e made o n s eve ra l l eve ls . E cono m ica l ly , t he t abu lar s c raper c onnec t ion i sc l ear , a nd i ti sl i ke ly t ha t t he S ou th , e i ther t he wes te rn Negev o r s ou the rn S ina i , i so ne o f t he s ources o f t he se p ieces . On t he o the r h and , t he a lmos t t o ta la bsence o fC anaanean t e chno logy , e ven i na rea s whe re s i ck le s a re a bundan t , i ss t rong e v idence t ha t t he s ou thern s i tes w e re n o t f u l ly i n teg ra ted i n to t he n or the rn s oc io -e conom ic n e twork . On af unc t iona l l eve l , t h e c on t ra s t s i n t he r o les o f t abu lar s c rape r s h ave a l ready b een n o ted , a s h ave d i f fe rences c aused b y a gr icu l tu ra l p rac t ice s . T o ad eg ree , t he p resence o f a r rowheads may r ef lec t s omewha tg rea te rr e l iance o nh un t ing i nt he s ou thern s i te s . Que s t ions o fc u l tura l a f f in i t ies a re o fp ar t icu lar i n te res t , e spec ia l ly g iven r e cen t c l a ims o f e thn ic i den t i ty b e tween t he p eop le s o f A rad a nd s ome o f t he i nhab i tan t s o f s ou the rn S ina i ( e .g . , B e i t -A r ieh 1 984 ) . My a na lyses o f t he l i th ic i ndus tr ies a rgue a ga ins t s uch g ene ra l e qua t ion s . F i r s t , t he a b sence o f C anaanean t e chno logy a s ide , t he p re sen ce o f at o ta l ly d i s t inc t ive b l ade t e chno logy f o rb o th s i ck les a nd o the r b lade t oo ls ( e spec ia l ly a r ched b acked b lade s ) , wh ich d oes n o t a ppear i n t he n or the rn E ar ly B ronze l i th ic a ssemb lages , s ugges ts i ndependen to r ig in s f o rt h i sa spec to ft he l i th ic c omp lex . Wh i le a dm i t ted ly s pecu la t ive , t he a ppa ren t ly d i f feren t f unc t ion s o f t abu lar s c raper s s ugge s t d i f feren t p ercep t ions o f r i tua l . T h is r eason ing i sv e ry t en ta t ive , b u t i ft abu lar s c rape rs h ave s y mbo l ic mean ing i n t he Nor th wh ich t hey l a ck i n t he S ou th , w e may b e s e e ing d i f ference s i nc u l ta sp rac t iced i nt he t wo a reas . F ina l ly , t he u se o f f l in t t i pped a r row s i n t he S ou th , a nd t he ir a bsence i n t he Nor th c anno t b e e xc lus ive ly e xp la ined b y d i f fe rence s i n t he i mpor tance o f h un t ing . B o th A rad ( Le rnau 1 978 ) a nd S he ikh Awad i n S ina i ( Be i t -Ar ieh 1 981 ) s how t he p resence o f g aze l le a nd o ther w i ld f auna i nv e ry l ow n umbe r s . T he a b sence o ft r ansver se a r rowheads a tA rad a nd o ther n or the rn Negev s i te s , l i ke H e s i ( Rosen n .d . ) a nd L ahav ( E . F u ta to , p e r s . c omm . ) , a nd t he ir p re sence a tp as tora l s i tes i n t he Negev a nd S ina i ( Rosen 1 983b; B ar -Yose fe ta l . 1 977; B ar -Yose fe ta / . n .d . ) i si nd ica t ive o fd i f feren t t r ad i t ions i nh un t ing , a nd p re su mab ly i nt he manu fac ture o fa r rowheads . T hus , wh i le l i th ic a na lyses c l ear ly s uppor t c l a ims f o r t he e x is tence o f t r ade b e tween t he Nor th a nd S ou th , t hey s ugges t t ha t t h is c on tac t s hou ld n o t b e t aken f o r c u l tura l

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 15 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S TEVEN A . ROSEN

i den t i ty . E ven g iven t he p oss ib i l i ty o fe s tab l ishmen t o ft r ad ing o u tpos ts , mos to f t he s i te s e xh ib i t l i th ic t r ad i t ions wh ich a re i ndependen t o f t hose o f t he Nor th , a nd l o ca l e conom ie s , a s r ef lec ted i nt he l i th ics , wh ich w ere n o ti n tegra ted i n to t he g ene ra l e conom ic s y s tem o ft he n or the rn u rban E a r ly B ronze A ge . T he E gyp t -Canaan r e la t ionsh ip s B eyond t he e xa m ina t ion o f d e se r t -hea r t land r e la t ion sh ips , l i th ic a na ly se s may h ave s o me i mp l ica t ions f o r u nde r s tand ing t he n a ture o f E gyp t -Canaan r e la t ionsh ip s a s we l l . R ecen t s t ud ies h ave r evea led c l ea r e v idence o f E gyp t ian p resence a t s ome E a r ly B ronze C anaan i te s i te s ( e .g . , G ophna 1 976; We ins te in 1 984 ) . Wh i le f o r t he mos t p ar t , a na ly ses o f t he l i th ic s h ave n o t y e t b een c onduc ted , s eve ra l p o in t s c an b e made . R oshwa lb ( 1 981 :2 78 f . ) h as a dduced E gyp t ian p re sence a tG aza H ( EB I )i n t he e x is tence o f t w is ted b lade le t t e chno logy a nd s pec i f ic t ype s l i ke r i pp le k n ives , wh ich s eem t ob e u n ique t oE gyp t . U s ing s im i la r r eason ing , Y e iv in ( 1 976 ) c a me t os im i la r c onc lus ions f r om h er e xam ina t ion o f t h e c o l lec t ion f r om E n B e sor . T he s i gn i f ican t p o in th e re i st ha tb o th s i te s s how r e la t ive ly h igh p ropor t ion s o f l o ca l t ypes , t ha t i s , n o t o n ly l o ca l ly manu fac tured , b u t t ypo log ica l ly C anaan i te , s uch a s t abu la r s c rape r s a nd C anaanean b l ade s . B r ie fe xa m ina t ion o f t h e l i th ic a s semb lage f r om T e l E ran i , i np repara t ion f o r more d e ta i led s t udy ( c our te sy o fB .B rand l ) s ugge s t s as im i lar p i c ture . T hus , wh i le t he d a ta h ave b are ly b een t ouched , i ti sa pparen t t ha t a na ly s is o f f l in t t oo ls c an a l so h e lp t oe luc ida te t he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween E gyp t a nd E a r ly B ronze Age C anaan .

T he d eve lopmen to fE a r ly B ronze A ge s oc ie ty a ss een f r om l i th ics a na lyses T he o r ig in s a nd d ec l ine o f E ar ly B ronze Age s oc ie ty a re s ub jec ts wh ich a re much d eba ted . U l t i ma te ly ,o ne o ft he k eys t ou nder s tand ing t h ese p roces se s l i es i ne x tend ing o ur a na ly ses b eyond mere a r t i fac t c ompa r i son t o t he c ompa r ison o f t he c u l tura l s t ruc ture s r epresen ted b y t he a r t i fac ts . T ypo log ica l c ompar ison i s t hus o n ly t he f i r s t s t ep i n u nde r s tand ing t he p roce sse so fc hange i nhe ren ti na ny t r an s i t ion . Wi th r e spec t t o t he C ha lco l i th ic -Ear ly B ronze Age a nd E ar ly B ronze Age -M idd le B ronze Age t r an s i t ions , l i th ic a na lyse s c an o f fe r much b ecause o f t he r e la t ive e ase i n i n terp re t ing e conom ic a nd f unc t iona la spe c t s .R e cove r ing e thn ic i ty i sp rob lema t ic n o ma t te r wha tr ea lm o f ma te r ia l c u l tu re o ne e xa m ine s . T he C ha lco l i th ic -Ea r ly B ronze A g e t r ans i t ion T he s imp le a d h oc t oo l c omponen t s o f C ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Age i ndus t r ies , c ompr is ing t he b u lk o f mos t a s semb lage s , a re t e chno log ica l ly a nd t ypo log ica l ly s im i lar . However , i n t e rm s o f u nde r s tand ing t he n a ture o f t he t r ans i t ion , t h is b as ic u nder ly ing s im i lar i ty s eem s n o t t oo mean ing fu l s i nce i te x tends , a tl a te s t , f r om t he P o t tery Neo l i th ic , a nd s eem s t o c over v a s t t r ac ts o f t he Near E as t a nd Nor th A f r ica . More s pec ia l ized t e chno log ie sa re more u se fu l . One o f t he c harac ter is t ic t oo l c l asses o f t he C ha lco l i th ic i st he a xe/adze f am i ly . I n c on t ras t , e ven t he e ar l ies t p hases o f t he E ar ly B ronze A ge , a s a t Y i f tahe l , E n S hadud ( Rosen 1 985a ) , E nB e sor ( Ye iv in 1 976 ) , A rad I V ( S ch ick 1 978 ) ,a nd S a ida -Dake rman ( Hour s 1 979 ) s how v i r tua l ly n o e v idence f o r t he u se o f c h ipped s t one a xe s , a dzes , c h ise ls , e t c . L a te r s i te ss how ac omp le te a b sence . I ft he t ime s pan s epara t ing t he e a r l ies t l e ve l s o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age f r om t h e l a tes t Cha lco l i th ic i ss hor t , i ts ugge s ts t he r ap id d i sappearance o f t h e se t ypes . Ih ave s ugge s ted e l sewhere ( Rosen 1 984b ) t ha t f l in t a xe s we re r ep laced b y c oppe r o nes f o r t wo r ea son s:

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 16 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T HE ANALY S IS O F E ARLY B RONZE AGE CH IPPED S TONE I NDUSTR IES

1 )c oppe ra xes a re r e la t ive ly l e ss l a bor i n ten s ive t o manu fac ture; a nd 2 )t he d eve lopmen t o f t e chno logy a nd t r ade c onnec t ions w i th t he S ou th p rov ided a r eady s ou rce o f c oppe r . Th is , i n t u rn , s ugges t s t ha t t h e e a r l ie s t p hase s o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age a l ready s aw t he d eve lopmen t o f s i gn i f ican t t r ade n e tworks , e spec ia l ly f o r t he e xp lo i ta t ion o f c opper . O f c our se ,t h ec oppe rc onnec t ion sn eed n o th ave b een d i rec t .T he E gyp t ian i nf luence sa ts o me o f t he n awam i s s i te s ( Bar -Yose f e ta / . 1 977; B ar -Yose f e ta l . 1 983 ) , a nd t he r e cord o f E a r ly B ronze IE gyp t ian p resence i n t he n or the rn Negev a nd c oas ta l p la in may i nd ica te s o me t ype o fE gyp t ian s t imu lus t ot h is t r ade s y s tem . T he d i sappearance o f C ha lco l i th ic m icro l i th ic d r i l ls ( e .g . , B ur ian & F r iedman 1 985; R osen 1 984b ) , t o ta l ly a bsen t f r om a l l E a r ly B ronze Age c on tex ts , i s p robab ly a l so a c on sequence o f t he i n troduc t ion o fc opper r ep lacemen t s . F l in t d r i l ls a re much more b r i t t le a nd s ub jec t t o b reakage t han c oppe r o nes , a nd s o wou ld p robab ly h ave b een r ep laced r ap id ly . T he d isappearance o f C ha lco l i th ic b acked s i ck le b lades , a nd t he i n t roduc t ion o f C anaanean s i ck le s , a l so o ccu r red i n t he e ar l ies t p hase s o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age . Aga in , t he t o ta l a bsence o f C anaanean t e chno logy i n Cha lco l i th ic h or izon s , e ven a s f a r n or th a s Amuq ( C row foo t -Payne 1 960 ) ,n o tt o men t ion B ee r sheva a nd Ghassu l ,s ugge s t s av ery r ap id d ispe rsa l o f t he t e chno logy , a nd , more s i gn i f ican t ly , t he a pparen t i mpos i t ion o f an ew e xchange s ys tem wh ich s e em s t o h ave t o ta l ly s upp lan ted t he Cha lco l i th ic s i ck le s ys tem . I n o rde r t o e xp la in t h is p heno menon , a nd e xp lana t ion i s c l ear ly war ran ted , s evera l p re l im ina ry p o in ts n eed t ob en o ted . F i r s t , t he b lade s u sed t o p roduce Cha lco l i th ic b acked s i ck les s egmen ts a re g enera l ly sma l le r t han C anaanean b l ade s , e spec ia l ly i n t he n or thern Negev a nd B ee r sheva B as in . T o ad eg ree , t h is may b e af unc t ion o fr aw ma ter ia l , Cha lco l i th ic b lade c ore s h av ing b een p roduced f r om s ma l le rf l in tn odu le st han C anaanean b l ade c o re s . S econd ly , C anaanean s i ck le manu fac ture c an b e v iewed a s more e f f ic ien t t han b acked s i ck le manufac ture f o r t wo r ea sons: 1 )C anaanean s i ck les c an b e r ever sed i n t he h a f t , e f fe c t ive ly d oub l ing u se l i fe; a nd 2 )t he a b sence o fb ack ing o n C anaanean s i ck le s egmen t s r educe s t he manu fac tur ing p roce ss b yo ne s t ep ( Rosen 1 985b ) . We may f u r the ra dd t ha t t h e u se o fl a rger c ore s i mp l ie s more b l ades p e r c ore a nd l a rge r b lade s , wh ich i mp ly l e ss c o re p repara t ion t ime p er b lade a nd more s eg men ts p er b lade , b o th i mp ly ing g ene ra l ly i n c reased e f f ic iency i np roduc t ion . F ina l ly , we mus t c on s ide r t ha t g iven t he c l ear s pec ia l iza t ion i n s i ck le manu fac ture i n b o th t h e Cha lco l i th ic a nd t he E ar ly B ronze Age , t he a c tua l n u mbe r o f s pec ia l is ts was r e la t ive ly l im i ted , max ima l ly n umber ing l e ss t han 1 00 d u r ing t he E a r ly B ronze a nd p o s s ib ly s i gn i f ican t ly f ewer i n t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd E a r ly B ronze I1. G iven t h is b ackground , t he c hange f r om C ha lco l i th ic b acked s i ck les t o C anaanean s i ck le s i se xp l icab le w i thou tr e sor t ing t o t he d eu s e x m a ch ina o f mass i nvas ion . T he c hange i nd i s t r ibu t ion o f work shop s( e .g . ,G aza A s hows n oC anaanean c ore s [ Roshwa lb 1 981 ] ,a nd Ha r C haruv im [ Meye rho f 1 960 ] a nd L ahav [ E . F u ta to , p e r s . c omm . ] s how n o C ha lco l i th ic 1 . Two l i ne s o fr e ason ing c an b e u sed t oa rr ive a tt h is f i gu re . 1 )M in ima l e s t ima te o f t he s i ze o fe ach s upp ly z one , g iven o u r k now ledge o fE a r ly B ronze Age s i te d i s t r ibu t ion , k nown l o ca t ion o f af ew c o re s , a nd d i f fe rences b e tween s i ck le a ssemb lage a t t r ibu tes i sa bou t 4 00 s q . km . T h is wou ld y i e ld amax imum o f4 5 s upp ly c en ter s i n I s r ae l , e xc lud ing t h eN egev ( a re a =c a . 1 8 ,000 s q . km . ) , a nd f i gu r ing 2 3c r a f tsmen p e re ach c en te r ,a ga in amax ima l e s t ima te , 9 0 -135 c r a f tsmen i nt he c oun t ry . 2 )G iven a n E ar ly B ronze I I I I p opu la t ion o fa round 1 50 ,000 ( B ro sh i & Gophna 1 984 ) , i fo ne make s amax imum e s t ima te t h a t 5 0 ,000 we re i nvo lved i na g r icu l tu re , a nd e ach r equ i red o ne s i ck le p e r y ear , a t f i ve s egmen ts p e r s i ck le , t h is r equ ire s 2 50 ,000 s i ck le s egmen t s p e r y ea r , e n ta i l ing t he manu f ac tu re o f c a . 1 00 ,000 b l ade s . G iven 1 00 s pec ial i s t s , e ach wou ld b er equ i red t op roduce o n ly 1 000 b l ade s p e r y e a r , e a s i ly w i th in t he r e a lm o fp o s s ib i l i ty . B o th me thods s ugge s t t h a t t he n umbe r o fs pec ia l i s t si sp robab ly t ob e n umbe red i n t he d ozens o r l e s s i n t he E a r ly B ronze G iven p os s ib ly l owe r C ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze p opu la t ion l eve ls ,t he n umbe ro fs p ec ia l i s t si nt he se p e r iods may h ave b een e ven f ewe r .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 17 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S TEVEN A . ROSEN

c ore s ) may b e r e la ted t o t he u se o f d i f fe ren t r aw ma ter ia l . T h is wou ld a l so e xp la in t he l a ck o f o ver lap o f t he t wo t ypes w i th in a ssemb lages; C anaanean s i ck les c anno t b e manu fac tured f r o m Cha lco l i th ic b lade c ores ( us ing t h e B eersheva B as in s i te s a s t yp ica l e xa mp les ) , a nd o nce workshops s i tes were s w i tched t o a cco m moda te C anaanean t e chno logy , why c on t inue t op roduce l e ss e f f ic ien tb acked s i ck le s? T he r ap id i ty o f t he a dop t ion o f t he n ew t ype i su nde r s tandab le i n l i gh t o ft he l im i ted n umber o f s pec ia l is t s who wou ld b e e f fe c t ing t he c hange , a nd t he g rea ter e f f ic iency o ft h e C anaanean manu fac tur ing p roce ss . A l though a rgumen t so fe f f ic iency a re n o tn e ces sar i ly ,o f t hem se lve s , c onv inc ing a s e xp lana t ions o f t he r ap id a dop t ion o f n ew t e chno log ie s , o the r a spec t s s uch a s s t a tus a nd s t y le , p erhaps a l so e xemp l i f ied i n t he a dop t ion o f E sdrae lon w are ( e .g . , S t age r n .d . ) , may h ave a l so p layed r o le s . T he e s sence o ft he a bove d i scuss ion h as b een t os t re ss t he e l emen t so fc u l tu ra lc on t inu i ty b e tween t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd t he E ar ly B ronze Age , wh i le t r y ing t o a dequa te ly e xp la in c on t ras ts wh ich s e em v ery s t r ik ing . T he c on t inu i ty o f t abu lar s c raper t r ade t h rough t he p er iod o ft r ans i t ion i s more e v idence o ft he e s sen t ia l s moo thnes s o ft he p assage . A l though s o me t ime i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age , p robab ly i n t he E a r ly B ronze I ,t he n ew e l e men t o f i n c ised t abu la r s c rape r s a ppear s , t he e s sen t ia l c on t inu i ty o f t r ade w a s n o t a f fec ted . S u mmar iz ing t he l i th ic p er spec t ive o n t he t r an s i t ion f r om Cha lco l i th ic t o E ar ly B ronze Age , a spec t s wh ich i n t he p as t we re t aken a s i n con trove r t ib le p roo fo f t he a r r iva l o f masses o f n ew p eop le c an b e more t han s a t is fac tor i ly e xp la ined b y r e fe ren ce t o o the r c u l tura l p roce sses . T he l i th ic s r ef lec t t h is t r an s i t ion b o th i nt e rm s o f t he c hange s i nhe ren t i nt he f a c to f t r an s i t ion , a nd i no the ru nder ly ing c on t inu i t ie s . I n my o p in ion ,o u ra b i l i ty t o h ypo thes ize o nt he p rec ise n a ture o fs o me o ft he se p roce sse si sp ar t icu lar ly a ppea l ing . T he E ar ly B ronze A g e -M idd l e B ronze A g e t r an s i t ion T he e nd o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age i sp e rhap sa ne ven mo re c omp lex p henomenon t han i t s b eg inn ing s i nce i ts eem s t o o ccu r i n t wo s t age s , t he d ec l ine o f c i t ies a nd r i se o fp as tora l n o mad ism , a nd t hen t he r ep lacemen t o f t h is s ys tem a nd i t s a s soc ia ted ma ter ia l c u l ture w i th t he r i se o f M idd le B ronze I u rban is m . Un for tuna te ly , t he n u mber o f g ood l i th ic c o l lec t ion s a nd a na ly se s f r om t he E BI V /MB Ia nd t he M idd le B ronze I i sv ery l im i ted , a nd t hus c onc lu s ion sa re ,a tb e s t , t en ta t ive . D ea l ing f i r s t w i th t he i n i t ia l p hase o f t h is t r an s i t ion , E BI V /MB Ia ssemb lages a re c harac te r ized b y t wo b as ic e l emen ts , C anaanean s i ck le s a nd a d h oc t oo ls . I nN egev s i tes , t he C anaanean b l ade c omponen ti sm is s ing ,a si nt he E ar ly B ronze Age p rope r .C on sp icuou s i n t he ir a bsence a re t abu lar s c raper s; e ven i n t he Negev , a t B e 'er R e s is im , Naha l N izzana , Har Y eruha m ( G i lead 1 973 ) , s i tes f r om B iq 'a t Uvda ( Rosen 1 983b ) a nd o the r sma l l s i te s , t abu lar s c raper s d o n o t a ppear t ob e ap ar t o ft he ma ter ia l c u l tu re r epe r to ire . T he b acked b lade s i ck le c omponen t o ft he Negev E ar ly B ronze s i tes s e ems r e s t r ic ted t ot h e E a r ly B ronze I ,s oo ne wou ld n o tn ece ssar i ly e xpec tt of i nd i ti nt he E BI V/ MB I . Aga in , t he l i th ic a ssemb lage s s eem t or e f lec t b o th t he c on t inu i t ies a nd d i scon t inu i t ies wh ich a re a l so p re sen t i n o ther a spec ts o f t he a rchaeo log ica l r e cord . T he c on t inu i t ies a re r epre sen ted b yt h ec on t inued u se o fC anaanean t e chno logy f o rt he manu fac ture o fs i ck le s .I t s hou ld b e n o ted t ha tt h is r ep resen ts a tl e a s t am inor d eg ree o fe conom ic c on t inu i ty a s we l l . T he s c arc i ty o fd a ta p reven ts f u r ther s pecu la t ion . T he d i sappearance o f t abu lar s c raper s r equ ire s e xp lana t ion , a nd s evera l p os s ib i l i t ie s o f fer t hem se lves . A ga in , g iven t he l a cunae i n o ur k now ledge , t he se a re s ugges ted a s s pecu la t ions , n o t s o lu t ion s . F i r s t , i ft abu lar s c raper s a re i ndeed a s soc ia ted w i th r i tua l f unc t ions c onnec ted w i th E ar ly B ronze Age t emp le wo r sh ip ,t hen t he a bandonmen to fc i t ie s may h ave s imp ly e nded t he d e mand f o r t hese p iece s . A l te rna t ive ly , t he a bandonmen t o f

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -2 18 -

THE ANALYS IS OF EARLY B RONZE AGE CH IPPED S TONE I NDUSTR IES

c i t ie s , e spec ia l ly A rad a nd o ther s i tes i n t he n or thern Negev , may h ave a l lowed t he p as tora l n o mads who manu fac tured t he t abu lar s c rapers t o move n or th , away f r om t he ma jo r f l in t s ource s , t hus c u t t ing o f f s upp ly . F ina l ly , t he c o l lap se o f t he u rban s y s tem may h ave s imp ly e l im ina ted t he d i s tr ibu t ion n e twork o ft hese p i eces . I t may b e n o ted h e re , f o r t hose who wou ld c l ose ly t i e C anaanean b lade t e chno logy t ot ha t o f t abu lar s c rape r s , t ha t t he c on t inued u se o fC anaanean s i ck le s w i thou t t abu la r s c rape r s s ugges t s t ha t i ft h ere i sa c onnec t ion ,i ti s al o ca lo ne ,a nd n o tg enera l . W i th r e spec t t ot he s e cond p hase o ft he t r ans i t ion , t he ma in i s sue i st he d i sappearance o f C anaanean t e chno logy , a nd i t s r ep lacemen t b y l a rge g eome t r ic s i ck le s . Un for tuna te ly , t he M idd le B ronze I , e spec ia l ly i n i t s e ar l ier p hases , i so ne o f t he l e as t we l l k nown p e r iods w i th r e spec tt ol i th ic i ndu s t r ie s . Two r e la ted p o in t s c an b e made . L arge G eome t r ic s i ck le sd on o ts eem t oa ppear i nE BI V/ MB Ic on tex t s ,a nd C anaanean t e chno logy s e em sn o t t o b e p resen t i n u nm ixed M idd le B ronze I s t ra ta . Wh i le a n e xp lana t ion i nvo lv ing r aw ma ter ia l s ource s s im i lar t o t ha t f o r t he E ar ly B ronze -Cha lco l i th ic t r an s i t ion may s t i l l b e a pp l icab le , t he a c tua l mechan ism o f c hange , i nvo lv ing i ncreased e f f ic iency , i s mos t c er ta in ly n o t s i nce L arge G eo me tr ic s i ck les a re s eem ing ly much l e ss e f f ic ien t t han C anaanean s i ck le s . A l l we c an c onc lude i st ha t t h i s s w i tch i n s i ck le t ype s eem s t o r ef lec t t he b a s ic r eorgan iza t ion i ne conom ic l i fe c oncom i tan t w i th t he r e surgence o fu rban ism i n t he M idd le B ronze

CONCLUS IONS I n t he s econd s ec t ion o f t h is p ape r Ia t temp ted t o p rov ide ab as ic d a ta d e scr ip t ion o f E a r ly B ronze Age l i th ic i ndus t r ie s ,o rgan ized i ns uch away a s t ob eo f more u se t han s imp le t ypo log ica l d escr ip t ion . I n t he d iscuss ion s e c t ion I h ave t r ied t o f l esh o u t t he d a ta d e scr ip t ion b ys ugge s t ing s pec i f ic c u ltura l s y s tem s a nd p roce sse s wh ich m igh tb e s ta ccoun t f o r t h e v ar ious p henomena d e scr ibed . T he i n ten t h as b een t og o b eyond me re t ypo log ica l d esc r ip t ion , a nd t o d ea l w i th t he c u l tura l p henomena b eh ind t he t ypo log ies . I n t he e nd , s im i lar i ty o r d iss im i lar i ty o f ma ter ia l c u l tura l a ssemb lages i s mean ing less u n less a t tached t o s oc io -cu ltura l c on tex t s . T h is b r ings u s t o ab r ie f d i scuss ion o f me thodo logy . Quan t i ta t ive a na ly s is b ased o n u n se lec ted ,u nb iased s amp le si sn o to n ly a na b so lu te n ece ss i ty i ft he a bove q ue s t ions a re t o b ea n swe red ,b u ti sr ap id ly b eco m ing o ne o ft he f ew a pproaches wh ich m igh t s t i l l p rov ide b e t te r a nswer s t o more t r ad i t iona l q ues t ions . T h is means t ha t f i e ld a nd l abora tory me thods d es igned f o r mo re t r ad i t iona l t ype s o fa na ly s is a re n ol onge ra dequa te f o rt oday 's q ue s t ion s . T h is p rob lem i sp ar t icu la r ly e v iden t f o r t hose a r chaeo log is t s who work o n n onc e ram ic l i nes o f e v idence , l i ke f l in t . T he f a c t t ha t t here a re s t i l l n umerous e xcava t ions whe re d eb i tage i st h rown away i sn o to n ly f r us t ra t ing f o rt he a na ly s t ,b u t i sd e s t ruc t ive f o r a r chaeo logy a s awho le . T h i s p o in t w i l l n o tb eb e labored f u r the r . F ina l ly , t he s ub t i t le o f t h is p ape r i s" A S u mmary S ta temen t " . Ih ave a t temp ted t o s yn the s ize a nd s u mmar ize a va i lab le i n forma t ion i n to ac ohe ren t who le . B y " sum mary " I d o n o t mean " end " . T he g aps i n d a ta a nd l e aps i n l og ic s hou ld b e p a in fu l ly o bv ious t o e ve ryone . Ic an o n ly h ope t ha t w i th o u r c on s tan t ly i n crea s ing k now ledge , t he g ap s w i l lb e b r idged ,t he l e ap sl owe red t oj ump s ,a nd t he p a in sl e s sened t oa che s .

ACKNO WLEDGEMENTS . — Eugene F u ta to w as k ind e nough t ol e nd me a cce s st os ome o fh i su npub l ished d a ta f r om

L ahav ( Te l Ha in , a nd t ot he b ene f i to fh i st hough t so n t h en a tu re o ft he a s semb lage ,f o r wh ich Iam mos tg ra te fu l .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 2 19 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S TEVEN A . R O SEN Ne i lS i lbe rman o pened my e ye st os o me o ft he r am i f ica t ions o f my mode ls ,a nd t hu sh e lped me o u to ft h e mo ras so f my own t h ink ing . D oug E sse c on t r ibu ted g rea t ly t o my s t i l ll e ss t h an s u f f ic ien tk now ledge o fo the ra spec t so fE ar ly B ronze Age c u l tu re . B aruch B rand l a nd E l io t B raun a lowed me a cce s st oE ran ia nd Y i f tahe l ma te r ia l s . Av iG ophe r a nd T amar S ch ick p rov ided i mpor tan t c r i t ica l c ommen ts o n t he f i r s t d ra f t o f t h i s p aper . And , o fc ou rse , A r lene R osen p rov ided h e r u sua l c r i t ica l i n s igh ts t o my s ome t ime s o f f the -wal t h ink ing . G iven my c u r ren t f i nanc ia l s i tua t ion , Ic anno t a f fo rd t oa ccep t r e spons ib i l i ty f o ra ny e r ro r s t h a tm ay h ave c r ep ti n to t h is p ape r .

B IBLIOGRAP HY ANAT I ,E . , AVN IMELECH M . , HAA SN . & MEYERHOF ,E . 1 973 H aw r e aI .B resda: E d iz ion i d e l C en t ro . B AR -YO SE F ,0 . ,B ELFER -COHEN ,A . , GOREN ,A . , HERSHKOV ITZ ,I . ,M IEN IS ,H . ,S AS S ,B .&I LAN ,0 . 1 986 N awam i s a nd H ab i ta t ion S i tes Nea r G ebe l Gunna , S ou the rn S ina i . I s ra e l E xp lo r a t ion J ou rna l3 6: 1 21 167 . B AR -YO SE F ,0 . ,B ELFER ,A . , GOREN ,A . & SM ITH ,P . 1 977 T he N awam i s n ear E in Hude ra ( E as ter n S ina i ) . I s r a e l E xp lor a t i on J ourna l 2 7: 6 5 -88 . B AR -YO SEF ,0 . ,B UR IAN ,F .& F R IEDMAN ,E . 1 97 1 T ransve rsa l A r rowhead s f r om t he C oas ta l P la in . M i tekuf a t H aev en 1 0 : 2 -24 ( i n Heb rew w i th E ng l i sh s umma ry ) . B AR -YOSEF ,0 . , HER SHKOV ITZ ,I . , ARBEL ,G . & GOREN ,A . 1 983 T he O r ien ta t ion o ft he N awam i s E n t rance s i n S ou the rn S ina i: E xp ress ions o f R el ig iou s B e l ie f a nd S easonal i ty ?T e l A v iv 1 0: 5 2 -60 . B E IT -AR IEH ,I . 1 981 An E a r ly B ronze I S i te Nea rS he ikh ' Awad . T e lA v iv 8:9 5 127 . 1 984 New E v idence o n t he R e la t ions B e tween C anaan a nd E gyp t Du r ing t he P ro to -Dynas t ic P e r iod . I s ra e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 3 4: 2 0 -23 . B EN -TOR ,A . 1 975 Two C aves o ft he P ro to -U rban P e r iod a tA zo r ,1 97 1 . Q ed em 1:1 53 . B RO SH LM . & GOPHNA ,R . 1 984 T he S e t t lemen ts a nd P opu la t ion o f P a le s t ine Du r ing t he E a r ly B ronze B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i c an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e sear ch 2 53: 4 1 -54 . B UR IAN ,F .& F R IEDMAN ,E . 1 985 F l in tB o re rs: Me thod so fP roduc t ion a nd U se .M i teku f a tH aev en 1 8: 6 3 -66 . CA UV 1N ,J . 1 968 F ou i l l e s d e B yb lo s I V: l e s o u t i l lag e s n i o l i th iqu e s d e B yb lo s e td u l i t to r a l l i bana i s . P a r is: A . Ma i sonneuve . C LAR I C „J .D . , PH ILL IP S ,J .& S TALEY ,P . 1 974 I n te rp re ta t ions o fP reh is to r ic T e chno logy f r om Anc ien tE gyp ta nd O the rS ou rc es . P a ld o r i en t 2: 3 23 -88 . COH EN ,R . 1 978 T e l E sda r , S t ra tum I V . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 2 8: 1 85 -89 . CROWFOOT ,J . 1 935 No tes o n t he F l in t I mp lemen t s o f J e r icho 1 935 . L i v e rpoo l A nna l s o fA r chaeo logy a nd A n thropo logy 2 2: 1 74 184 . 1 937 No tes o n t he F l in t I mp lemen ts o fJ e r icho 1 936 . L i v erpo o l A nna l s o fA r chaeo logy a nd A n thropo logy 2 4: 3 5 5 2 . 1 948 S ome F l in t I mp lemen t s f r om A f fu la . J ourna l o ft h e P a l e s t in e O r i en ta l S o c i e ty 2 1: 7 2 -7 9 . CROWFOG I ' -PAYNE ,J . 1 960 F l in tI mp lemen ts f r om T el a l Juda idah . P p .5 25 -9 i nR . J . B ra idwood & L .S . B ra idwood ,e d s . ,E x c av a t i on s i n t h e P l a in o fA n t i o ch . O r i en ta l I n s t i tu t e P ub l i c a t i on 6 1 . C h icago: U n iver s i ty o f C h icago P re ss . 1 983 T he F l in t I mp lemen t s o fJ e r icho . P p . 6 22 -758 i n K .M . K enyon & T .A . Ho l land , e d s . , J e r i cho I V . L ondon: B r i t ish S choo l o fA rchaeo logy i nJ e rus a lem . . D EVER ,W . G . 1 973 T he E BI V/ MB IHo r izon i n T rans jo rdan a nd S ou the rn P a les t ine . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r i c an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 10: 3 7 -63 . G I LEAD ,D . 1 973 F l in t i ndu s t ry o f t he B ronze Age f r om H ar Y e ruham a nd T e l N ag i la . P p . 1 33 -43 i n Y . A haron i , e d . , E x cav a t i on s a nd S tud i e s . T e l Av iv: T e l Av iv Un ive r s i ty ( i n H eb rew ) . G ILEAD ,I . 1 984 T he M ic roend sc rape r: aNew T oo l T ype o ft h eC ha lco l i th ic P e r iod . T e lA v iv 1: 3 10 . GOPHNA ,R . 1 976 E gyp t ian I mm ig ra t ion i n to C anaan Du r ing t h eF i rs tD ynas ty ?T e lA v iv 3:3 1 -37 . HENRY ,D . &T URNBULL ,P . 1 985 A rchaeo log ic a l a nd F auna l E v idence f r om N a tu f ian a nd T imn ian S i te si nS ou the rn J o rdan w i th No te so n P o l len E v idence . B u l l e t in o ft h e Am er i can S choo l s o fO r i en ta l R e se a r ch 2 57: 4 5 -64 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 20 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T HE ANALY S IS O F E ARLY B RONZE A CE CH IPPED S TONE I NDU STR IE S HOUR S ,F . 1 97 9 L ' indu s t r ie l i th ique d eS a ida -Dake rman . B ey tu s2 7 :5 7 -76 . J ACOB S ,P . 1 984 C anaanean B l ades a s aT ypo log ica l T oo l f o r A rchaeo log ica l D a t ing . P ape r p re sen ted a t t he S ou thwe s t Mee t ing o ft h e Ame r ican S choo ls o fO r ien ta l R e sea rch , March 1 7 , 1 984 . KOZ I ,OFF ,B . 1 97 2 -3 AB r ie f No te o n t he L i th ic I ndus t r ie so fS ina i . Mu s eum H a ' ar e tz Y earbook 1 5/16: 3 5 -49 . L ERNAU ,F L 1 978 F auna l R ema ins , S t ra ta I I I . P p . 8 3 113 i n R . Am i ran e ta l . ,E ar ly A r ad I .J e rus a lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . MACAL ISTER ,R .A .S . 1 9 12 T he E x cav a t i on o fG ez e rI I I I . L ondon: J . Mu r ray . MACDONALD ,E . 1 932 B e th P e l e th H .L ondon :B . Qua r i tch MCCONAUGHY ,M . 1 979 F o rma l a nd F unc t iona l A na ly s e s o ft h e C h ipp ed S t one T oo l sf r om B ab e dh -Dhr a , J o rd an . Ann A rbo r , M ich .: Un ive r s i ty M ic ro f i lms I n te rn . MEYERHOF ,E . 1 960 F l in t C o re s f r om Ha r C haruv im . M i t eku f a tH aev en 1 : 2 3 -26 ( i n Heb rew ) . M IL STE IN ,S . 1 98 1 T he F l in tI mp lemen t s ( f rom S he ikh ' Awad ) . T e lA v iv 8 : 19 125 . M ILSTE IN ,S . & RONEN ,A . 1 985 F l in t I mp lemen ts ( f rom F asee l ) . ' A t iqo t 1 7: 1 13 . MOORE ,A .M .T . 1 97 3 T he L a te Neo l i th ic i nP a le s t ine . L ev an t 5:3 66 8 . NEUV ILLE ,R 1 930 No te s d e p reh is to i re p a le s t in ienne . J ourna l o ft h e P a l e s t ine O r i en ta l S o c i e ty 1 0: 1 93 -22 1 . 1 934 L es d ebu t s d e l ' ag r icu l tu re e t l a f auc ile p reh is to r ique e n P a les t ine . J ourna l o f t h e J ew i sh P a l e s t ine E xp lor a t ion S oc i e ty 3 : x v i i -x l i i . R EDMAN ,C . 1 97 8 T h e R i s e o fC iv i l i za t ion . S an F ranc isco: F reeman . R EN FREW ,C . 1 97 7 A l te rna t ive Mode ls f o r E xchange a nd S pa t ia l D is t r ibu t ion . P p . 7 1-89 i n T . E ar le & J .E r icson , e ds . , E x chang e S y s tems i nP r eh i s tory . New Y o rk: A cadem ic P re ss . R ICHARD ,S . 1 980 T owa rd aC onsensu so f Op in ion o n t h e E nd o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age i nP a le s t ine -T rans jo rdan . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r i c an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 37: 5 34 . RO SEN , S. A . 1 982 F l in tS i ck le B l ades o ft h e L a te P ro toh i s to r ic a nd E a r ly H is to r ic P e r iod s i nI s rae l . T e l A v iv 9 : 1 39 145 . 1 983a T he T abu lar S c rape r T rade: aMode l f o r Ma te r ia l Cu l tu re D ispe rs ion . B u l l e t in o ft h e Am e r i can S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e s ea r ch 2 49: 7 9 -86 . 1 983b L i th i c s i nt h eB r onz ea nd I r on A g e s i nI s r a e l Unpub l ished P h .D . d is se r ta t ion . Un ive r s i ty o fC h ic ago . 1 983c T he M ic ro l i th ic L una te: a nO ld -New T oo lT ype f r om t he Negev .P a lg o r i en t 9:8 1 -83 . 1 983d T he C anaanean B l ade a nd t h eE ar ly B ronze Age .I s r a e lE xp lo r a t i on J ourn a l3 3: 1 5 -29 . 1 984a K v i sh H ar i f: P re l im inary I nve s t iga t ions a t aL a te Neo l i th ic S i te i n t he C en t ra l Negev . P a lg or i en t 1 0: 11 1 2 1 . 1 984b T he Adop t ion o f Me ta l lu rgy i nt he L evan t: aL i th ic P e r spe c t ive . C ur r en t A n thr opo logy 2 5 :5 0 4 -5 . 1 985a T he E nS hadud L i th ic s . P p . 1 53 167 i nE .B raun ,e d . ,E nS hadud ,S a lv ag eE x c av a t i on sa t aF arm ing C ommun i ty i nt h e J e z r e e l V a l l ey ,I s r a e l . B .A .R . I n terna t iona l S e r ies 2 49 . O x fo rd : B .A .R . 1 985b T he P o ten t ia ls o f L i th ic A na lys is i nt he H is to r ic P e r iods i nI s rae l . M i t ekuf a t H a ev en 1 8: 3 7 -44 . 1 986a T he G eze r F l in t C ache s , 1 970 -7 1 . P p . 2 59 -263 i n W .G . D eve r , e d . , G ez e r I V . J e rusa lem : Ne lson G lueck S choo lo fB ibl ica lA rchaeo logy . 1 986b T he A na ly s is o fT rade a nd C ra f tS pec ial iza t ion i nt he C ha lcol i th ic: C ompa r isons f r om D i f fe ren t R ea lms o f Ma te r ia l Cu l tu re . M i chman im 3 : 2 1 -32 . . 1 987 T he P o ten t ia ls o f L i th ic A na lys is i nt he C ha lco l i th ic o ft he No r the rn Negev . I n T .E . L evy e d . , S h iqm im I . B .A .R . I n te rna t iona lS er ie s3 56 .O x fo rd :B .A .R . n .d . T he T e l H e s iF l in t s . I nf o r thcom ing monog raph o n e xcava t ions a tT e l He s i . RO SEN ,S .A . & GOR ING -MORR IS ,A .N . n .d . T he D e i re l -Ba lah L i th ic A s semb lage . I nf o r thcom ing monog raph o n D e i re l -Ba lah ,b yT .D o than . RO SHWALB ,A . 1 98 1 P ro toh i s tory i n W ad i G hazz eh :a T ypo log i c a l a nd T echno log i ca l S tudy B a sed o n t h e Macdona ld E x cav a t i on s . U npubl i shed P h .D .d i s se r ta t ion . U n ive r s i ty o fL ondon . ROUBET ,C . 1 97 9 E conom i e p a s tor a l e p rg agr i co le e n A lgg r i e O r i en ta l e: l e n g o l i th ique d e t r ad i t ion c aps ienne . P ar is: CNRS .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 21 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S TEVEN A . R O SEN SAHL INS ,M . 1 968 T r ib e sm en . E ng lewood C l i f f s , New J e rsey: P ren t ice -Ha l l . S CH ICK ,T . 1 978 F l in t I mp lemen ts . P p . 5 8 -6 3i n R . Am i ran e ta / . ,E a r ly A r ad I .J e rusa lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . ST AGER , L . n . d .

T he P er iod iza t ion o f P a le s t ine f r om t he Neol i th ic T hrough E a r ly B ronze T i mes . I n R .W . E h r ich , e d . , C hrono log i e s i n O ld W o r ld A r cha eo logy . C h icago: Un iver s i ty o fC h icago P re ss ( i n p re ss ) . ST EENSBERG ,A . 1 943 A nc i en tH arv e s t ing I mp l emen t s . C openhagen: N a t iona l Mu seum . T IMER ,J . 1 963 T ypo log i e d e r dp ip a ld o l i th i que d u Maghr eb . Memo i res d u C en tre d e R eche rche s An thropo log iques , P reh is to r ique s e tE thnog raph ique s 2 .P ar is: A r ts e t Me t ie r s . UNGER - HAM ILTON ,R . 1 984 T he F orma t ion o fU se - Wear P o l i sh o n F l in t: B eyond t he " Depos i tV e r sus A b ra s ion " C on t rove r sy .J o urna l o f A r cha eo log ic a l S c i enc e 1: 9 1 -8 . VA LLA ,F . 1 978 E ssa id et ypo log ie d es o b je ts d es i lex l u s t res d eS u s iane . P a ld o r i en t 4 :3 25 -35 . WA RBURTON ,M . 1 980 T he S tone T oo l s f r om T e l l H a l i f , I s r ae l: a T echno log i ca l P er sp ec t iv e . Unpub l ished M .A . t hes is , Wash ing ton S t a te Un ive rs i ty ,P u l lman . WE INSTE IN ,J . 1 984 T he S ign i f icance o fT e lA re in if o rE gyp t ian -Pa le s t in ian R e la t ion sa tt he B eg inn ing o ft he E a r ly B ronze Age . B u l le t in o f t h e Am er i can S cho o l s o f O r i en ta l R e s ear ch 2 56: 6 1 -70 . WI T THOFT ,J . 1%7 G lazed P ol i sh o n F l in tT oo ls . Ame r i c an A n t iqu i ty 3 2: 3 83 -89 . YE IV IN ,E . 1 976 No te o n t he F l in tI mp lemen ts f r om E nB e so r . ' A t iqo t 1: 1 0 12 . YO GEV ,0 . 1 983 AF i f th M i l lenn ium S anc tuary i nt he ' Uvda V aley . Q admon io t1 6 (4 ) :18 122 ( i n Heb rew ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

-2 22 -

L'urbanisation de la Palestine a l'age du Bronze ancien Bilan et perspectives des recherches actuelles Actes du Colloque d'Emmaüs (20 - 24 o cto bre 1986) édités par

Pierre de Miroschedji Part II

BAR Internatio nal Series 527(II) 1989 de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR -S527(II), 1989: 'L'ur anisation de la Palestine Bronze ancien', Part II

a

l'áge du

© The Individua l Authors, 1989

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407358680 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407358697 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860546702 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407348209 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

TABLE DES M AT IERES

PART i QUATR IEME S ESS ION L a f i n d e l a c i v i l i sa t ion d u B ronze a nc ien Wi l l ia m G . DEVER .— T he Co l lap se o f t he U rban E a r ly B ronze Age i n P a les t ine — T owa rd aS ys tem ic Ana ly s is .

25

A r lene M . ROSEN .— E nv i ronmen ta l Change a tt he E nd o fE ar ly B ronze Age P a les t ine .

2 47

Moshe KOCHAV I .— U rban iza t ion a nd R e -Urban iza t ion :E ar ly B ronze Age , M idd le B ronze Age a nd t he P e r iod I n -Be tween T hem

2 57

C INQU IEME S ESS ION E nv i ronnemen t e t 6 conom ie N i l L IPHSCH ITZ , R am GOPHNA & S imha L EV -YADUN . — Man 's I mpac t o n t he V ege te t iona l L andscape o f I s rae l i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age N i l

2 63

L IPHSCH ITZ .— P lan t E conomy a nd D ie t i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age i n I s rae l • AS u mmary o fP r e sen tR e sea rch 2 69

L iora K . HOR W ITZ & E i tan TCHERNOV . — An ima l E xp lo i ta t ion i n t he E a r ly B ronze A ge o f t he S ou the rn L evan t — An Ove rv iew .

2 79

P a tr ic ia SM ITH .— T he S ke le ta l B io logy a nd P a leopa tho logy o f E ar ly B ronze Age P opu la t ion s i n t he L evan t .

2 97

S IX IEME S ESS ION L es r e la t ions a vec l e P roche -O r ien t Hen r i d e CONTENSON .— R appor ts e n tre l aP a le s t ine e t R as S ha mra -Ugar i t a u B ronze a nc ien

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

3 17

TABLE D ES MAT IERES

C har le s BURNEY .— T he K h i rbe t K e rak Que s t ion a nd t he E a r ly T ranscaucas ian B ackground

3 31

J ak YAKAR .— T he S o -Ca l led Ana to l ian E lemen ts i n t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd E a r ly B ronze Age Cu l ture so fP a le s t ine :A Q ue s t ion o fE thnocu l tura lO r ig in s .

3 41

S EPT IEME S ESS ION L es r e la t ion s a vec l ' Egyp te B aruch BRANDL . — Ob serva t ions o n t h e E ar ly B ronze Age S t ra ta o fT e l E ran i .

3 57

E l ieze r OREN .— E a r ly B ronze Age S e t t lemen t i n Nor th S ina i :A Mode l f o r E gyp to -Canaan i te I n te rconnec t ion s

3 89

K ar la KROEPER .— P a les t in ian C e ra m ic I mpor t si nP re - a nd P ro toh is tor ic E gyp t . 4 07 S ava TUTUND2 I. — R e la t ions B e tween L a te P redyna s t ic E gyp t a nd P a le s t ine: S ome E le men ts a nd P henomena 4 23 A lan D . S CHUL MAN .— A t t he F r inge: t he H is to r iog raphy a nd H is tory o ft he R e la t ions B e tween E gyp t a nd C anaan i n t he E BI

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -i vDownloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

4 33

QUATR IE ME

S ESS ION

LA F IN DE LA C IV IL ISAT ION

DU BRONZE ANC IEN

S e ss ion pd . s ic l6e p ar R a m GOPHNA

Wi l l ia m G . DEVER .— T he C o l lapse o f t he U rban E ar ly B ronze Age i n P a les t ine — T oward a S ys te m ic Ana ly s is . I n te rvenan ts :A .B en -Tor ,C . B urney , A .K emp insk i , P .B e ck ,M .K ochav i ,P .d eM irosched i i ,E .B raun .

A r lene M . ROSEN .— E nv iron men ta l Change a tt he E nd o fE ar ly B ronze Age P a les t ine . I n tervenan ts :S .L ev -Yadun , P .d eM irosched j i ,W .G . D eve r , M .K ochav i , A .B en -To r ,L .K . Horw i tz ,D . I l an .

Moshe KOCHAV I . — U rban iza t ion a nd R e -Urban iza t ion :E ar ly B ronze Age , M idd le B ronze Age a nd t he P er iod I n -Be tween T hem . I n terv enan ts :W .G . D eve r ,A . K emp insk i ,A .B en -Tor ,R .G ophna .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -2 23 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE COLLAPSE OF THE URBAN EARLY BRO NZE AGE IN PALESTINE: TO WARD A SYSTE MIC ANALYSIS * Wi l l iam G . DEVER U n iv e r s i ty o fA r i z ona

I NTRODUCT ION

O f t he p h i losopher R ousseau 's c a l l " back t o Na ture ! " , we c an o n ly r e ma rk t ha t a l though t h is h as b een t he g oa l o f n ear ly a l l p h i losophe rs who h ave e xam ined t he f ounda t ion o f s oc ie ty , n one e ver a t ta ined i t . None the less , R ousseau 's was ag rand f a i lure , wh ich l eave s u s w i th t he c onv ic t ion , a s h e p u t i t , t ha t i tr ea l ly i su se fu l t o s peak o f " t h ings t ha t n o l onger e x is t , t ha t p erhaps n eve r e x is ted , t ha t p robab ly s ha l l n ever e x is t , a nd y e t o f wh ich i ti sn ece ssa ry t oh ave c or rec t i dea s i no rde r t ob e t te r j udge o ur p re sen t c ond i t ion " . T he q ues tf o r t he r emo te h uman p as t i se ve ry b i ta s e l us ive a s R ousseau 's Na tu re . And y e t we a re c omm i t ted t o t he a t temp t t o k now — t o k now a s f u l ly a s p oss ib le b o th wha t h appened , a nd w hy . A s t o o ur o b jec t ive h ere , t he re a re f ew p rob lem s i n P a le s t in ian a r chaeo logy more t an ta l iz ing t han t he q ue s t ion o f t he e nd o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age . Ih ave n o s a t isfac tory s o lu t ion , b u t Iw i l l a dvance a h ypo thes is t ha t Ih ope may o f fer f u r ther e n l igh tenmen t o n aD ark A ge . Two k ey c oncep ts w i l l b e emp loyed t h roughou t: 1 )t he n o t ion o f t he p er iod ic " c o l lapse " o f c omp lex s oc ie t ie s; a nd 2 )t he n ece ss i ty f o r at r u ly " s ys te m ic " v i ew o f s oc io -cu l tura l c hange 1.

*T hroughou tt h i sp ape rt h ef olow ing t e rm ino logy w il b eu sed :A lb r igh t 's " MB I " =E BI V; " MB I A " =MB I ; " MB I B -C " =MB I -H I . F o r t he r a t iona le , s ee D eve r 1 980; G e r s tenb l i th 1 980 . 1 . On t he n o t ion o f" c o l lap se , "s ee t he f o r thcom ing wo rk e d i ted b y my c oleague No rman Y o f fee ,w i th G eo rge L .C owg i l l , T he C o l lap s e o fA nc i en t S t a t e s a nd C iv i l iz a t i on s ( 1 988 ) , t o wh ich Iam i ndeb ted f o r s eve ra l o f t he b as ic i deas a dvanced i n t h is p ape r . P e rhaps t he s imp les t a nd c l eare s t i n t roduc t ion t o G ene ra l S y s tems T heo ry i n a rchaeo logy w i l l b e f ound i n Ho le & H e ize r 1 977: 3 58 -376; c . f a l so Maruyama 1 968; P log 1 975; H i l l 1 977b . A u se fu l c r i t ica l r ev iew o f t he l i te ra tu re r e la t ing s y s tems t heo ry t o a rchaeo logy ( a l though l a rge ly p e ss im is t ic ) i s Wenke 1 98 1 :9 107 . Ab roade r ,v e ry s t imu la t ing v i ew o ft he a ppl i ca t ion o fs ys tems t heo ry i st h e wo rk e d i ted b yP . A . We i ss 1 97 1 , i n c lud ing c hap te r s b y s pe c ial i s t si nm any f i e lds .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 5 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

W ILL IAM C . D EVER

I . RECENT RESEARCH ON E BI V: A " STATE -OF -THE -ART ' RESU ME

A . An e xpand ing d a ta -ba se I n t he s i x y ea r s s i nce t he l a s t c omprehens ive s urvey o f t he E ar ly B ronze I V p e r iod i n P a les t ine , c . 2 400 -2000 B .C . ( Dever 1 980 ) , t here h as b een a s t eady f l ow o f n ew a rchaeo log ica l d a ta . A s o f ten h appens h oweve r , t he a ccu mu la t ion o f n ew d a ta h as o cca s ioned n e i the r ar ev is ion i n s cho la r ly a pp roach , n or t he a dop t ion o f more s a t i s fac tory g enera l t heor ies . 1 .D a ta f r om I s rae l I n I s rae l , n ew E BI V s e t t lemen t s i te s h ave b een i nves t iga ted i n t he J ez ree l a nd B e th S hean V a l ley s; a l ong t he S haron P la in; i n t he J e rusa lem h i l ls; a nd e spec ia l ly i n t he Negev . New E BI V c e me ter ies a re n ow k nown f r om t he Go lan ( i . e . , t he d o l mens ) ;f r om ' Enan n ear t he Hu leh b as in; i n t he J ezree l a nd B e th -Shean V a l ley a reas; f r om t he H ebron h i l ls; a nd f r om t he Negev 2. 2 .D a ta f r om J o rdan T he e v idence f r om T ran s jordan h as b een moun t ing e ven mo re s t ead i ly ,a nd a sp red ic ted s o me t ime a go ( Dever 1 973 , 1 980 ) i th as p roven e ven more d ec is ive t han t ha t f r om P a le s t ine . P ar t icu la r ly s i gn i f ican t a re t he c on t inu ing p ub l ica t ions f r om t he t own s i te a nd c e me tery a tB ab e dh -Dhra ,a s we l la st he d i scovery o f more t ombs i nt he Amman a r ea . T he Un ive rs i ty o f A r izona 's e xcava t ions a t T e l l e l -Hayya t , n ear P e l la i n t he J ordan V a l ley ( and a l so a t n earby Kh irbe t e n -Neap , h ave r evea led sma l l , p ermanen t a gr icu l tura l v i l lages , s o me o f wh ich c on t inued i n to MB I I I I . F a r ther s ou th i n t he v a l ley , S .H e lm s ' r enewed e xcava t ion a t T e l l Um Ha mmad e sh -Sharq iya a nd n earby s i tes h as b rough t t o l i gh t al a rge c omp lex o f E BI V s e t t lemen t s i tes a nd c e me ter ies . T he ma jor t e l l s i te o f ' Ume ir i , c .1 0 km . s ou th wes to f Amman , h as w e l l -p re se rved d omes t ic r ema ins o fE BI V o n t he s l opes . P erhaps t he mos t s t ar t l ing d i scovery i sS . R ichard 's u rban s i te o f K h irbe t I s kande r , o n t he Wad i Wa la n o r th o f K e rak , w i th a n E BI V c i ty wa l l , g a te , a nd t owe r s , a s w e l l a s d o me s t ic i n s ta l la t ion s a nd as ha f t tomb c e me te ry n earby 3. 3 .N ew a na ly se s ' New a na ly t ica l o r s yn the t ic t r ea tmen ts o f E BI V a re c on sp icuous ly a bsen t , e xcep t f o r s evera l s t ud ie s g row ing o u t o f e xcava t ion r epo r ts ( Fa lconer & Magness -Gard ine r 1 984; R ichard 1 984 , 1 986 ) , a nd a n e xemp lary a na lys is o f t he S yro -Pa les t in ian c eram ic

2 . S ee E p s te in 1 985 ( Go lan ) ;E i senbe rg 1 985 ( Sha 'a r h a -Go lan ) ;E s se 1 984 ( J ez ree l V a l ley ) ;He ss 1 984 ( Te l ' A r ta l ) ;Y ogev 1 985 ( Te l R ehov ) ;P omme ran tz 1 982 :4 0 , 1 983: 4 5 ( Hazo rea ) ;P omme ran tz 1 983 :1 ,3 0 ( T e l ' Ama l , ' En h a -N as iv ) ;Gophna & P o r tuga l i1 988 ( Sharon P l a in ) ;P omme ran tz 1 982: 5 3 , 1 983 :4 3 ,1 984: 4 5 ,4 6 ,5 1 ,5 2( ' Emeq R e fa ' im ); P omme ran tz 1 983 :3 8( L ahav ) ;P omme ran tz 1 982 :8 0 -92 ,1 05; 1 983: 1 4 ,1 5 ,7 8 ,8 2; 1 984 :2 5 ,2 6 ,7 6 ,7 7 ,8 9 ( Negev ) . 3 . F o rt he a bove ,s ee R as t &S chaub 1 98 1 ;S chaub & R as t1 98 4( Bab e dh -Dh ra ) ;H ad id i1 982 ( Amman ) ;F a lcone r & Magne s s -Ga rd ine r 1 983 , 1 984 ( Tel e l -Hayya t ) ;H e lm s 1 983 , 1 986 ( Te l l Um H ammad e sh -Sharq iya ) ;R ichard & B o raas 1 984 ( Kh . I s k ande r ) . S ee a l so f o r thcom ing r epo r t so ft h ee xcava t ion o ft h eK b . I s k ande rC eme te ry ( Pe te rman 1 988 ) ;t he s e t t lemen t a t ' U me i r i ( s ee p rov is iona l ly G e ra ty 1 986 ) ;a nd s u r f ace s i tes f r om s urveys i n t h e K e rak a rea ( Ma t t ing ly & B rown 1 988 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -26 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T HE COLLAPSE O F THE URBAN E ARLY B RONZE A GE I N P ALEST INE

c onnec t ions ( Mazzon i 1 985 ) . A f ew o ve ra l l s t ud ie s o f E BI I h ave i mp l ica t ions f o r t he b eg inn ing o f E BI V , b u t n o th ing v ery s pec i f ic ( Ca l laway 1 985; B rosh i & Gophna 1 986; B en -Tor 1 982 , 1 986 ) . E ven r a re r a re s tud ie s t ha t d ea l w i th s oc ia l o re conom ic s t ruc tu re i n E BI V ( Deve r 1 985b; S hay 1 983; P a lumbo 1 987 ) . T he " pa s to ra l n omad ic " mode l t ha t was p roposed s ome y ears a go b y t he w r i te r ( Deve r 1 971 , 1 980 ) h as b een a ddressed o n ly t o mod i fy i ti n s o me d e ta i ls ( R ichard & B oraas 1 984; R ichard 1 987; F a lconer & Magne ss G a rd iner 1 984; P rag 1 985 ) .

B . T rends i n E BI V r e sea rch 1 .S ummary T here a re f ew i fa ny d i sce rnab le n ew t r ends i nr e sear ch r e la ted t ot he E BI V h or izon i n P a les t ine . I n g enera l , t he n ew d a ta a s p ub l ished t end mere ly t o c on f irm h ypo these s a l ready a dvanced . I n p ar t icu la r , t he n o t ion o fr eg iona l , c eram ic a nd c u l tura l " f am i l ie s " , a s we l l a s t he v iew t ha t s ee s E BI V a s t he o u tgrow th o f t he E BI I I I c u l tu ra l t r ad i t ion ( a s D eve r1 973 , 1 980 ) ,h ave b een c o rrobora ted b yt he n ewer e v iden ce 4. 2 .D e s idera ta Wha teve r d e ta i ls may v a ry , i ti sc l earer t han e ve r t ha t t he E B I V p e r iod i s an on u rban i n te r lude b e tween t he E a r ly a nd M idd le B ronze c u l ture s o f P a les t ine t ha t r equ ire s e xp l ica t ion i n t he l i gh t o f l a rge r d eve lopmen t s i n t he L evan t d ur ing t he m id la te 3 rd m i l lenn ium B .C . Y e t d esp i te a p rob lem t ha t i sc ur ren t g ene ra l i n te res t t o a rchaeo log is t s a nd s oc io -cu l tura l a n th ropo log is ts — t he " r ise a nd c o l lap se o f c o mp lex s oc ie t ie s "— a nd wha t i sb y n ow a more t han a dequa te d a ta -ba se , t he q ues t ion o f t he e nd o f t he E a r ly B ronze Age i n P a le s t ine h as b een n eg lec ted i n r e cen t s cho la r sh ip ( t he l a s t s t udy b e ing R ichard 1 980 ) . Wha t a re n eeded a re o bv ious ly: 1 )n ew e xp lana tory mode ls f o r P a le s t ine; a nd 2 )n ew c ross -cu l tura l c ompar ison s . I n wha t f o l low s we s ha l l p ropose aw ay o u to ft he i mpasse b ya dop t ing amod i f ied , c o mmon -sen se " s ys tem s t heo ry " a pp roach t ot he s t udy o f t he c o l lapse o ft he u rban E a r ly B ronze A ge i nE B

I . THE RAT IONALE FOR A " SYSTE M IC ' APPROACH TO THE S TUDY OF SOC IO -CULTURAL CHANGE I N E BI IV L e tu sb eg in b ys pec i fy ing wha tt he p henomenon i st ha tw es e ek t oe xp la in a nd t hen b y o u t l in ing wha t i ti st ha t w e r egard a s c ons t i tu t ing a n a dequa te e xp lana t ion . T hroughou t wha t f o l low s we s ha l l u se t he t e rm " exp lana t ion " i n o ne o f t he t wo s enses u sua l ly emp loyed b y b o th a rchaeo log is ts a nd s oc io -cu l tura l a n th ropo log is ts: 1 )A " f unc t iona l e xp lana t ion " d e scr ibe s t he f o rma l o r s t ruc tura l r e la t ionsh ips b e tween t he r e levan t v ar iab les we w ish t o u nde r s tand i n as y s tem ( " how i t work s " ) . 2 )A" c ausa l e xp lana t ion " , o n t he o ther h and , a t temp ts t o d e f ine wha t c ause s t he r e la t ionsh ips t o b e t he way t hey a re a nd t hus s e ek s t he r egu lar i t ie s ( o r " l aw s " ) t ha t wou ld e nab le u sn o to n ly t ou nde r s tand b u t t o p red ic t t he o u tcome o f t he i n te rac t ion o f s im i la r v ar iab les i n as im i lar s e t o f 4 . Mo re r e cen t ly ,a t temp t sh ave b een made t or ev ive K enyon 's l a rge ly d e func t " I n te rmed ia te " t e rm ino logy ,s o a st o emphas ize t h es uppo sed " un iquene s s "o ft h eE BI Vc u l tu re ( Am i ran & K ochav i1 985 ;G ophna & P o r tuga l i 1 988 ) , b u t s uch av iew i ss imp ly n o t c ompa t ib le w i th t he o verwhe lm ing e v idence o f t he n ewe r d a ta , e spec ia l ly when c ons ide red i nt h el a rge rc on tex tw ea re a s sum ing h e re . S ee f u r the r my e x tens ive d ocumen ta t ion o ft he E BI I I I IV c on t inu i ty i nD eve r 1 985a , a nd r e fe rences t he re t oe ar l ie r t r ea tmen ts; c f . a l so G e r s tenb l i th 1 980 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -27 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

W ILL IAM G . D EVER

c i rcu ms tances . F or n ow w e s ha l l p os tpone t he o bv ious q ues t ion o f whe ther c ausa l e xp lana t ions , o f t he l a t ter k ind a t l e as t , a re p oss ib le i n t he r econs truc t ion o f p as t s oc ie t ie s— o ne o ft he s t orm ie s tc on t rove r s ie s i nc u r ren ta r chaeo logy 5.

A . T he E BI V p er iod i n p er spec t ive A l l c o mmen ta tor s wou ld a gree t ha t i n t he E BI V p er iod i n P a les t ine we c on fron t a p e r iod o f d rama t ic c hang e , b u t n o t a l l a g ree o n wh ich a spec ts a re t he mos t d iagnos t ica l ly s ign if ican t . On t he p resen t v iew , E B I V i s r egarded a s e ssen t ia l ly n e i ther a n " i n termed ia te " E B -MB p hase ( a s K enyon , K ochav i , a nd o ther s ) , o r a s a" pos t -de s t ruc t ion " h or izon ( A lbr igh t , G lueck , Am iran , a nd o the rs ) . On t he c on tra ry , i ti s ar e la t ive ly b r ie f e p isode i nt he l ong c u l tura l h i s tory o fP a le s t ine , ac y c l ica l s t age i nt he r i se a nd c o l lapse o f c i v i l iza t ions . T h is e p isode i sn o t t o b e u nde rs tood b y p os i t ing u n ique ( a l though l a rge ly i mag inary ) " h is tor ica l " e ven ts , s uch a s " Amor i te i nva s ion s " , b u t r a the r b y v i ew ing i ta s p ar to ft he n o rma l ,i nd igenous p roce ss o fe vo lu t ionary c u l tura lc hange . S pec i f ica l ly , t he E BI V p er iod i s ac u l tura l s t age c ha rac te r ized b y t he c u lm ina t ion o fa p roce ss o fg radua la bandonmen to ft he o ld u rban c en te r so fP a le s t ine ,b egun a l ready a tt he e nd o f E BI , a s t he ma jor i ty o f t he p opu la t ion m igra ted t o t he h in te r land — p ar t icu lar ly t he marg ina l z one s o f t he J o rdan V a l ley , T ran s jordan , a nd t he C en t ra l Negev H igh lands . C oncom i tan t ly , t he re was as h i f t i n s e t t lemen t t ype a nd i n s ubs is ten ce s ys tem s , i . e . , f r om wa l led t own s w i th a l a rge , n uc lea ted p opu la t ion t o d i sagg rega ted v i l lages a nd s easona l c a mps i nt he c oun t ry s ide; a nd f r om i n ten s ive a gr icu l tu re , i ndus t ry , a nd t r ade t o am ixed e conomy b ased o n d ry f a rm ing a nd a n ima l h u sbandry ( l arge ly p a s tora l n o mad ism i n t he marg ina l a reas ) 6.T h is s h i f t c an b e d e scr ibed i n s eve ra l ways . I n t e rm s o f s oc io cu l tura l p roce sse s , i t may b e t e rmed " r e t r iba l iza t ion "; o r , i n p o l i t ica l t e rm s , t he f r ag men ta t ion o f t he " C i ty S ta te " c en t ra l iza t ion t ha t c harac ter ized t he E ar ly B ronze I I I I p er iod , w i th a r ever s ion t o a more p r im i t ive " Ch ie fdo m " o r e ven " T r iba l " l eve l where l o ca l a u tono my p reva i led . I nc u l tura l e vo lu t iona ry t e rm s , wha t w ec on f ron tt hus i nE BI V i st he c o l lap se o f ac o mp lex s ys tem , t emporary " devo lu t ion " t o as imp le r l e ve l o f c u l tura l o rgan iza t ion a nd i n tegra t ion 7.I ft h is i st he p henomenon t ob e e xp la ined i nt he t r an s i t ion f r om E BI I I I t o E BI V i nP a le s t ine , t hen i ti sc l ear why a" s ys tem ic " e xp lana t ion i sn e ce ssary .

B . On " mode ls " i n t he S oc ia l S c iences g enera l ly I n a dvoca t ing a s y s tem ic mode l , we mus t f i rs t q ua l i fy t he u se o f mode ls a ta l l i n t he s t udy o fs oc io -cu l tura l c hange . A" mode l " i sn o ts imp ly ah ypo thes is i nt he s c ien t i f ic s en se ,

5 . Ac onven ien t i n t roduc t ion t ot he p rob lem o f " e xp lana t ion " i na r chaeo logy , w i th ac r i t ica l r é sumé o f t he p rev iou s l i te ra tu re , w i l l b e f ound i n Wenke 1 98 1; R en f rew 1 982; Wa t son , L eB lanc & R edman 1 984 . Wenke 's p e ss im ism t ha t a rchaeo logy c an p rov ide t r u ly e xp lana to ry ( i . e . c au sa l ) mode ls i so ne t h ing t ha t Is ha re . F o r a c on t ras t ing v iew , e spou s ing ac u l tu ra le vo lu t iona ry mode l ,s ee Dunne l l 1 980 . 6 . F o rd e ta i led p re sen ta t ion o ft he e v idence i ns uppo r to ft h is o ve rv iew ,s ee my p rev iou ss yn the t ic t r e a tmen ts o fE BI V :D eve r1 97 1 ,1 973 , 1 980 , 1 985a . 7 . T he t e rm " r e tr iba l iza t ion " f o r t he r ev er se o f t he p rocess o f s eden tar iza t ion h as b een p opu la r ized e spec ialy b y G . E . Mendenhal 1 962 . T he b as ic c oncep t s o f e vo lu t iona ry s t ages s uch a s " S ta te " a nd " Ch ie fdom " l eve l s o f s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion , d e r ived , o f c ou r se , f r om F r ied 1 967 a nd e spec ialy S e rv ice 1 962 , wou ld r equ i re mod i f ica t ion t oday . F o r S e rv ice 's own u pd a t ing , s ee S e rv ice 1 975; c f . f u r the r t he u se fu l r ev iew o f mo re r e cen t l i t e ra tu re i n Wr igh t1 977; a nd a dd Y o f fee 1 98 8 . I na ny c a se ,o u ra rgu ing f o r ap ro ces so f" devo lu t ion "d oe sn o t mean a ccep tance o ft h ev i ew o f Am i ran ,K o chav ia nd o the r st h a t .EB I Vt hu sr ep re sen ts an ew , " i ndependen tc u l tu re "( n .4 a bove ) . Howeve rd e caden t , E BI Vi sn one the le s st he d i rec to u tcome ,t he c u lm ina t ion o fs oc ia lf o rce st ha to r ig ina ted a nd d eve loped momen tum t h roughou tt he l ong E BI I I Ip e r iod . T os ee E BI Vo therw ise i ss imp ly t oi gno re i t sr oo t c au se s ,a nd t hu st om isunde r s tand c omp le te ly t h en a tu re a nd s i gn i f icance o ft h ep e r iod .S e ef u r the rD eve r1 985a .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -28 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE C OLLAPSE O F THE U RBAN E ARLY B RONZE AGE I N P ALEST INE

a n emp ir ica l ly g rounded o b serva t ion o r " l aw l ike g enera l iza t ion " t ha t may b e s ub jec ted t o t e s t ing , e i the r t o c on f irm o r t o f a ls i fy i t . Our mode l i sr a ther a n a b s t rac t c oncep t , o f ten e xpre ssed ma thema t ica l ly , t ha t s eeks t o d e scr ibe t he v ar iab les i n a ny s ys tem , a s we l l a s t h e r e la t ionsh ip s b e tween t h em . A mode l may b e amen ta l p i c ture , ac har t , o r ac ompu te r s imu la t ion . At heore t ica l mode l t hus a l lows u s t o m an ipu la te t he d a ta i nv ar ious ways s o a s t o u nder s tand , i fp os s ib le , h ow t he s ys tem " works " . A t t h is l e ve l , a mode l i s mere ly " f unc t iona l " . B u t s o me wou ld h o ld t ha t i f a mode l i ss u f f ic ien t ly c omprehens ive a nd s oph is t ica ted , a nd i fi tc an b ea pp l ied t oa n a dequa te n umbe ro fi n s tances , i t may c o me t o p os sess t r u ly " exp lana tory " p o ten t ia l 8.Neve r the le ss , as oc ia l s c ience mode l i sg enera l ly n o t ad escr ip t ion o fT ru th ( o re ven a n a pprox ima te t hereo f ) , b u t s imp ly ah eur is t ic d ev ice , i . e . , ar e search s t ra tegy t h a t a l lows u s t oo rde r t he d a ta t ha t a re a va i lab le a tt h is s t age o f k now ledge i nt he mos tc ohe ren t f a sh ion . As oc ia l s c ience mode lc anno tc or re spond e xac t ly t oa n e x te rna l " r ea l a nd k nowab le wor ld " i nt he s a me way t ha t a" l aw " c an i nt he n a tura l s c iences . Our mode li st hus b e s tr egarded n o ta s" t rue " o r" f a l se " ,b u tr a ther s imp ly a sb e ing o f g rea ter o r l e sser u t i l i ty . Y e t t here a re p ara l le ls t o n a tura l l aws . A s i n t he n a tura l s c iences ,o ur mode l i s mo s tu se fu l when i to f fe r st he mos t" par s imon ious " ( i . e . ,t he s imp le s t , mo s t e f f ic ien t ) e xp lana t ion t ha t i sc on s is ten t w i th t he k nown d a ta; when i ti sf l ex ib le e nough t o a cco m moda te n ew d a ta; a nd when i te nab les u s n o t o n ly t o c l a ss i fy b u t ( op t i ma l ly ) t o p red ic t t he c on f igura t ions t ha t t he d a ta w i l l t yp ica l ly e xh ib i t 9.I n t he f o l low ing , w e s ha l l a rgue t ha t c er ta in a spec t s o f o ne mode l b or rowed f r om t he n a tura l s c iences — G ene ra l S y s tem s T heory — c an b e a pp l ied mean ing fu l ly t ot he s t udy o f s oc io c u l tura l c hange , whe the r i nt he l i v ing p re sen t o r i n t he a r chaeo log ica l p as t .

C . A mod i f ied , " common sen se" a pproa ch t o S y s tems T heory We s hou ld n o te a tt h eo u t se tt ha tG ene ra lS ys tem sT heory wa s o r ig ina l ly d eve loped i n t he b io log ica l s c ience s t oc o mp rehend t he n a ture a nd f unc t ion o fl i v ing o rgan i sm s . B u t t h e emphas is o n " comp lex s y s tem s a nd h ow t hey work " h as made t he t heory a t t rac t ive t o a na lys ts i n f i e ld a s v ar ied a s p hys ics , g eography a nd g eo logy , e co logy , s oc io logy , s oc iob io logy , a n th ropo logy , p sycho logy , c ogn i t ive a nd b ehav iora l s c iences , l i ngu is t ics , e cono m ics , managemen ta nd p lann ing ,c o mpu te rs c iences ,a nd many o the rf i e lds . Ar e la ted f i e ld , " i n forma t ion t heory " , h as s pawned t he n ew d i sc ip l ine o f C ybe rne t ics , wh ich h as p oss ib ly e ven more r am i f ica t ion s Desp i te i t s f o rm idab le j a rgon a nd i t s o bv ious l im i ta t ion s when t r an s fer red f r om t he b io log ica l t ot he c u l tu ra l r e a lm , s y s tem s t heory h as r e cen t ly b een a dop ted i ns o me f o rm b y many s oc io -cu l tura l a n th ropo log is ts a nd a r chaeo log is ts . Among a r chaeo log is ts , we wou ld n o te D . L . C larke ( 1 968 ) ;Wa tson , L eB lanc a nd R edman ( 1 97 1 , 1 984 ) ;F l annery ( 1 968 , 1 972 ) ;P log ( 1 974 ) ;Wr igh t a nd J ohnson ( 1 975 ) ;H i l l ( 1 977b ); R en f rew ( 1 978 ) ;a nd B u tze r ( 1 980 ) . C loser t o o ur own e ra , s y s tem s t h eory h as b een emp loyed t o s o me d eg ree f o r t he a na lys is o f t he r i se a nd c o l lap se o f t he 3 rd m i l lenn ium B .C . Mesopo tam ian c i ty s ta tes b y s evera l s cho lars , i n c lud ing R ed man ( 1 978 ) a nd Y o f fee ( 1 979 , 1 988 ) , w i th p rom is ing

8 . S e en . 5a bove . 9 . Wh i le n o t c l a im ing a ny " l aw l ike " p rope r t ie s f o r my mode l o f " geog raph ico -cu l tu ra l f am i l ies " i n E B I V ( e xpand ing u pon Am i ran ' s c e ram ic " f am i l ie s " ) , Iwou ld n o te t h a t o ve r t he p as t 1 5 y ears t h is mode l h a s p roven c apab le o fp red ic t ing a lmo s tp rec i se ly wh ich E BI V c e ram ic a nd me tal ic t ype sw il b ef ound i ne xc ava t ions i n r eg ion o fP a le s t ine ( mode rn I s rae l o rJ o rdan ) . 1 0 . F o rs y s tems t heo ry g ene ra l ly , s ee t he r e fe rence si nn . 1a bove . On c ybe rne t ic ss pe c i f icaly , s ee Ma ruyama 1 968; B a i ley 1 968 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -29 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

W ILL IAM G . D EVER

r e su l ts

1

.B u t a pparen t ly n o o ne h as y e t c on s ide red t he p oss ib le a pp l ica t ion o f s y s tem s

t heory t ot he s t udy o ft he E a r ly B ronze Age i nP a les t ine . L e t u s b eg in w i th t he c oncep t o f t he " sys tem " i t se l f . A s o ne p ro m inen t s c ien t i f ic e xponen to fs y s tem st heory s t a te s: ( As y s tem i s ) ac omp lex u n i ti ns pace a nd t ime s oc ons t i tu ted t ha ti t sc omponen ts ub u n i t s , b y " sy s tema t ic " c oope ra t ion , p reserve i t s i n te rna l c on f igu ra t ion o f s t ruc tu re a nd b ehav ior a nd t end t o r e s to re i ta f te r n on -de s tru c t ive d i s tu rbance . (We i s s 1 97 1 : 1 4 )

F undamen ta l t o t he s y s tem ic a pp roach a re s eve ra l a ssump t ion s . 1 )T he f i r s t c once rn s t he i n te rconnec tedness o f a l l t he p a r t s , t he " sub -sy s tem s "; n o t o n ly a re t he re n u me rou s e s sen t ia l v ar iab les a l l r e la ted i n a n e xceed ing ly c o mp lex o rgan ic who le , b u t t hese e l emen t s a re u sua l ly a r ranged i n ah ie ra rch ica l ly o rgan ized s y s tem . T hus a ny c hange i n a ny p ar t o f t he s y s tem a f fec ts t he w ho le . 2 )T he s e cond a s sump t ion i st ha t t he who le i s g rea ter t han t he s um o f i t s p a r t s: t he s a l ien t f e a ture o f a n o rgan is m ( t he " o rgan ized " s t a te ) i s t ha t wh i le t he i nd iv idua l c o mponen ts may v ary c on s iderab ly , t he o vera l l p a t te rn i se s sen t ia l ly i nvar ian t . T hus t he s ys tem t ends t op reva i l t h rough a " l og ic " o f i t s own . 3 )F ina l ly , mos t s ys tem s a re d ynam ic i n n a tu re , n o t s t a t ic ( i . e . , " open " r a ther t han " c losed " ) ;wh i le t he s y s tem s eeks e qu i l ibr iu m , i ti sa l so e ssen t ia l ly un s tab le a nd i s c on s tan t ly i n d ange r o fd i sso lu t ion u n le ss i ta ch ieve s h igher l eve ls o fi n teg ra t ion . T hus a s imp le " c ause -e f fec t " mechan ism i sa lway s i nadequa te t oe xp la in c hange . Hav ing d e f ined t he e s sen t ia ls o f t he " sy s tem " , w e mus t t r an s la te t he o the r k ey t e rms o ft he s y s tem ic a pp roach . An o u t l ine m igh tr un s o me th ing l i ke t h is . T he i nna te t e ndency o f a ny o rgan is m i s t o s eek " homeos ta s is " , as t eady s t a te o f o p t imum a dap ta t ion t o t he e nv ironmen t . T h is i sa ch ieved when t he s y s tem 's " ou tpu t " a nd " i npu t " ( usua l ly o f" energy " a nd " i n forma t ion f l ow " ) a re ma in ta ined i n b a lance t h rough " r egu la tory me chan is ms " , p r imar i ly t he c omp lemen tary o r s e l f -cance l l ing i n te rac t ion o f p os i t ive a nd n ega t ive " f eedback l oops " . " D isequ i l ibr ium " may o ccur , h oweve r , t h rough a n " i n i t ia l ( a cc iden ta l ) k i ck " t ha tt h rows s o me p ar to ft he s y s tem o u to fb a lan ce .T h i s ,i nt u rn , may b ee xaggera ted b y ap os i t ive " dev ia t ion amp l ify ing mechan is m " , t hus p ro mo t ing g row th ( F ig . 1 ) ;o r c onverse ly , e qu i l ibr iu m may b e m a inta ined t hrough a " dev ia t ion c oun terac t ing mechan is m " ( F ig . 2 ) . I n t he c ase o f d isequ i l ibr ium , t he o rgan is m mus t s eek a n ew h omeos ta t ic s t a te , o r s e r ie s o f s uch s t a te s , a ta l te rna t ive l e ve ls e i the r l owe r o r h ighe r , a nd t hus i te xh ib i ts a " t ra jec tory " . I f an ega t ive " dev ia t ion -amp l i fy ing mechan is m " p reva i ls , h oweve r ( a s i n B a i ley 's [ 1 968 ] " t h ird c yberne t ics " ) , t hen ag row th o r e qu i l ibr ium s ys tem w i l l b e t r ans formed i n to a s ys tem t ha t mus t i nev i tab ly d ec l ine , w i th t he r e su l tan t " en t ropy " o f t h e o rgan ism ( F ig .3 ) . A l though t he f o rego ing i s as o mewha tg ros s o ver s imp l i f ica t ion o fa n e l egan t mode l , i t may s u f f ice t o s how t hat b io log ica l s ys te ms t heory , w i th i t s " s tages " o f a dap ta t ion/deve lopmen t , i s s t rong ly e vo lu t ionary i n c harac ter , a nd t hus may b e a pp l icab le t o c u l tura l e vo lu t ion . I t mus t b e c au t ioned , h owever , t ha t h ere we a re n o t t h ink ing o f e vo lu t ion i n t he u n i l inear , b u t i n t he mu l t i l inear s en se; t ha t i n s peak ing o f " evo lu t ionary t r ends " w e d o n o t a ssume a ny t e leo log ica l o r " purpose fu l " g oa l f o r t he e vo lu t ionary p rocess; a nd t ha t w e a re f u l ly aware t ha t wh i le a l l a rchaeo log ica l r ea son ing i sb y a na logy , a n o ver ly s imp le a na logy o f Man t o Na ture may f a l l p rey t o r educ t ion i sm , o re ven d e te rm in ism , a nd t hus b ed angerou s ly d ecep t ive . Never the le s s , i ti s c l ear t h a ti nt h e E BI V o fP a le s t ine a n e vo lu t ionary c hange o f monumen ta l p ropor t ion sh a s 1 . S ys tems t h eo ry — a tl e as t i nt he s ense o ft h e b o r row ing o fs imp l i f ied c oncep ts a nd t e rms — wou ld s eem t or ep re sen ta lmos t t he m a jo r i ty o p in ion i nt h e e xp lana t ion o fc u l tu ra l c hange among Ame r ican a rchaeo log i s t s , t o j udge f r om ar ecen t o p in ion p o l l t aken b y S ch i f fe r 1 978 . R edman a nd Y o f fee a re , h oweve r , among t he f ew N ear E as te rn a r chaeo log is t s t o make u se o fs y s tems t heo ry; we t r ea t t he i rv iew sf u r the r b e low .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -2 30 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T HE C OLLAP SE O FT HE U RBAN E ARLY B RONZ E A GE I N P ALE ST INE

B e tte r a dapted v ar ie t ie s o f ma ize c6 00 B .0

S ymb ios is w ith d i f fe rent ia l a cces s t o p re fe rred r e sources

Wa r fa re?

H ie ra rch ica l o rgan iza t ion

D aughte r v i l lages s p read t o P iedmont

O r ig ina l p opu lat ion

E l ite g roup s u nderw r ite a nd o rgan ize l a rge -sca le c ommuna l p ro jec t s

G row th o f e x is t ing c ommun it ie s

P opu la t ion g row th

C ons t ruct ion o f monu menta l a rch itec tura l f e a tures

C ons t ruc t ion o f l a rge -sca le i r r igat ion p ro jec ts

P op g row u lt a h t ion

E vo lut ion > t ime

FI G . 1 .— D iag ram o fd ev ia t ion -amp l i fy ing s y s tem ( Ba sed o na na ly s is o f a r chaeo log ica ld a ta f r om t he V a l ley o f Mex ico ,a f te r Ho le & H e ize r1 977: f i g . 7 7 ) . O the r v i l lages

A g r icu ltura l s urp lus

41 / 1

1 /4:

T rade

R a infa l l

No rma l a g r icu ltura l p roduct ion

A g r icu ltura l d e f ic it

F ood

P opu la t ion

E qu i l ib r ium

>

t ime

T rade

O the r v i l lage s

E u ropean s

FI G .2 .— D iag ram o fd ev ia t ion coun te ra c t ing s y s tem ( Based o na na ly s is o f a r chaeo log ica l f i nd ing si nO axaca , Mex ico ,a f te r Ho le & H e ize r1 977: f i g . 7 6 ) .

D isease s T oo f ew p ersons t o c a r ry o u t c e remon ies N a t ive p opu lat ion

P opu la t ion d ec l ine

T oo f ew p e rsons t o ma inta in c u lture S ub s is tence a nd r ed is t r ibut ion r e la ted t o c e remon ies ' d ec l ine

E xt inc t io

> r

T i me

N ut r it iona l s t res s

FI G .3 .— D iag ram o fn ega t ive d ev ia t ion -amp l i fy ing s y s tem ( Based o n e thnog raph ic e xamp le f r om c en t ra l B raz i l ,a f te r Ho le & H e ize r1 977: f i g . 7 8 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 3 1 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

W ILL IAM G . D EVER

o ccur red . Wha t we w ish t o k now , s imp ly , i st h is: What h as c hanged ?H ow ?And ( i f p oss ib le ) Why ?We w i l l a t temp t n ow t o s how t ha t as y s tem s t heory a pp roach may b e more c apab le o f mov ing u s f u r ther t oward a n a nswer t o t he se q ue s t ions t han a ny o the r mode l .B e fore w ec ome t op os i t ive r e con s truc t ion ,h owever ,i tmay b eu se fu lt od emon s t ra te h ow o ther a pproaches h ave f a i led .

D . T he b ankrup t cy o f o lde r a pproaches t o c hange T he p rob lem o ft he " end o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age " ,n o to n ly i nP a le s t ine b u tt h roughou t t he E a s te rn Med i te r ranean i nt he l a te t h ird m i l lenn ium B .C . , h as l ong f a sc ina ted s cho la r s . Y e t d esp i te t he v as t l i tera tu re t ha t h as b een g ene ra ted , t he e xp lana t ion f o r t he c o l lap se h as g ene ra l ly b een s ough t i no ve r ly s imp le , u n icausa l f a c tor s . I t may b eh e lp fu l t on o te t he d e f ic ienc ie so fs o me o ft he o lde ra pproache s . 1 ." H i s tor ica l" e xp lana t ions T hese a re e xp lana t ions t ha t b y a nd l a rge s imp ly p os i t e ven t s o r d eve lopmen t s k nown t h rough h i s tor ica l ( i . e . , l i terary ) s ource s a s " c auses " . T hus t he S pan ish c onque s t " c aused " t he c o l lapse o f t he c l ass ic L ow land Maya c i v i l iza t ion . O r , i n o ur c ase , t he " Amor i tes " , p or t rayed a s " barbar ian s " i n t e x tua l s ource s f r om t h ird -m i l lenn ium Me sopo tam ia , we re i nvader s who o ver ran S yr ia -Pa les t ine i n E BI V , d e s t royed t he E a r ly B ronze c i ty -s ta te s , d i sp laced o r a nn ih i la ted t he i nd igenous p opu la t ion , a nd t hus " c aused " t he e nd o f t he B ronze Age . T h is v iew i sr a the r e as i ly r e fu ted b y n o t ing t ha t a n " i nva s ion h ypo the s is " i n a r chaeo logy i su n iver sa l ly u n conv inc ing o n p r inc ip le , a lmos t a lway s t ob e r e jec ted a s a n o bv ious d eus e x m ach ina . F ur thermore , t he p urpor ted e v idence f o r " des truc t ion s " o f t he P a les t in ian s i tes a t t he e nd o f E B Ia nd I I v an ishes i n n ear ly e very c ase u pon c l ose e xa m ina t ion o f t he emp ir ica l a r chaeo log ica l e v idence . Mos t E B s i tes s eem s imp ly t oh ave b een a bandoned; a nd t he f ew we l l -a t te s ted E BI I d es t ruc t ions t ha t w e d o h ave , s uch a s B ab e d -Dh ra a nd Nume ira , we re p robab ly t he r e su l t o f e ar thquakes r a ther t han t he i n t rus ion o fn ewcome r s ( Donahue 1 985: 1 39 ) . D esp i te af ew r e cen t ,a nach ron is t ic a t temp t s t o r ev ive f anc i fu l " i nvas ion t heor ies " ( o r t o p os i t l a rge sca le e thn ic move men t s , f o r t ha t ma t te r ) , t he o ve rwhe lm ing t endency o f s cho lar s t oday i st oe xp la in s oc io -cu l tu re c hange , i n c lud ing c o l lapse , a s d ue l a rge ly t o i nd igenous f a c to rs 12 .T he re a re , o f c our se , we l l d ocu men ted i nvas ions o f P a les t ine , wh ich i ndeed h ad d evas ta t ing c on sequence s , s uch a s t he A ssy r ian a nd B aby lon ian c a mpa ign s t ha t e nded t he I r on Age . S uch s pec i f ic h i s tor ica l e p isode s c anno t , h owever , b e e l eva ted t o t he p os i t ion o f g enera l " c ausa l e xp lana t ion s "; e ach c a se mus tb ee xam ined i nd iv idua l ly ,o ni t s own me r i t s

1 3

.

2 .E nv i ronmen ta l d eg rada t ion A c l ass ic " pr ime mover " i n c u l tura l e vo lu t ionary t heory h as b een e nv ironmen ta l c hange , i n t h is c ase a f l uc tua t ion i n p rec ip i ta t ion a nd/o r t empera ture t ha t m igh t h ave b een s u f f ic ien t t o c ause t he d e ter iora t ion o f t he a gr icu l tura l b as is o f t he e cono my . E nv i ronmen ta l d eg rada t ion , i n t h e f o rm o f d rough t , h as t hus b een p os i ted a s o ne o f t he 1 2 . Ap ape r o f Am i ran ( 1 986 ) t hu s d i scu sse s t he " f a l l o f E B A rad " a nd " EB d e st ruc t ions " i n t e rm s o f t he i n f i l t ra t ion o fa n a l ien r a ce , "t he " Kh . K e rak P eop le . "S u f f ice i tt os ay t h a t t h e re i ss imp ly n os t ra t ig raph ic e v idence o f e i the r w ide spread a c tua l d e s truc t ions a t t he e nd o f E BI I I I i n P a le s t ine ( c f . R icha rd 1 980 ) , o r o f l a rge -sca le e t hn i c m ov em en t s o f a ny s o r t ( much l e s s f r om Ana to l ia; t he E BI K h . K e rak p o t te ry i sa lmos t c e r ta in ly o n ly a t r ade i t em ) . Am i ran me re ly r e s ta te s awel -wo rn a rgumen t; s he a dduce sn on ew e v idence i ns uppor to fh e rv i ews , wh ich f ew wou ld f olow t oday . 1 3 . S ee t he r e fe rence si nn . 5a bove .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -2 3 2 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T HE COLLAP SE O F THE U RBAN E ARLY B RONZ E AGE I N P ALEST INE

ma in f a c tors i n t he d ec l ine o fE gyp t i n t he " F irs t I n te rmed ia te P er iod " ( c . 2 315 -199 1 B .C .; B e l l 1 97 1 ;B u tzer 1 958 ) . S im i la r ly , c l ima t ic f l uc tua t ion h as b een i nvoked t o e xp la in t he d em ise o f an umber o f t h ird m i l lenn ium B .C . c u l tures , f r om t he e as te rn Med i ter ranean ( Neev & Emery 1 967; Ho row i tz 1 974; C rown 1 972 ) t o Me sopo tam ia ( Har lan 1 985 ) . P a leo c l ima t ic s t ud ies , h oweve r , whe the rb ased o n p a lyno logy o ro the ra na ly ses ,a re n o tor ious ly p rob le mat ic 14 .We may b e e spec ia l ly d ub ious o f c l a im s made a bou t " a s udden r i se i n t empera ture a nd d ecrea se i n r a in fa l l " , o r " dras t ic c l ima t ic r ever sa l " ( Ha r lan 1 985: 1 28 ) . E ven more p laus ib le l ong t e rm , m inor f l uc tua t ions wou ld n o t i n t h em se lv e s b e l i ke ly t o h ave c aused t he e nd o f t h e E ar ly B ronze I I I I u rban c u l ture o fP a le s t ine . Ad i f f icu l ty w i th a ny v er s ion o fe nv ironmen ta l d eg rada t ion i st he f a c t t ha t t he a bandoned s i te s i nE BI V a re mo s t ly t he l a rge u rban c en ter s i n t he we l l -wa tered c en t ra l a reas o f P a les t ine — whe re c on s iderab le f l uc tua t ion c ou ld h ave b een t o le ra ted — wh i le t he n ew ly o ccup ied s i te sa re i n t he marg ina l o r e ven s em i -ar id z one s ( e spec ia l ly i n t he Negev ) . I fd rough t h ad b een t he ma jor f a c tor , t he s h i f t i n s e t t le men t p a t terns wou ld s ure ly h ave b een i n t he o ppos i te d i rec t ion . 3 .D emog raph ic c ons ide ra t i ons Ano the r c ausa l f a c to r c o mmon ly i nvoked i ne xp la in ing c u l tura l c hange i s" popu la t ion p re ssure " . I n t h is v iew , d i sas ter o ccur s when h uman p opu la t ion g row th o u ts tr ips t he c a r ry ing c apac i ty o f t he n a tura l e nv ironmen t . Wh i le d emography i so bv iou s ly af a c tor t o r e ckon w i th , t here a re a lmos t i n sur moun tab le d i f f icu l t ies i n a pp ly ing t h is mode l a rchaeo log ica l ly 15 . I t i s v i r tua l ly i mposs ib le t o measure e i ther t he a c tua l o r t he p o ten t ia l f ood -p roduc ing c apac i ty o f a ny e cosy s tem , e spec ia l ly t or e cons t ruc t a n o r ig ina l e nv iron men t; a nd a nc ien t p opu la t ion e s t i ma te s a re o f ten l i t t le more t han g uesses . F u r thermo re , whe the r" popu la t ion g row th " i sa ni ndependen to r ad ependen tv a r iab le i ss o d eba ted t ha tn oc on sen sus c an b ef ound . A l l w ec an s ay f o rP a le s t ine i st ha tt he o lde rn o t ion o f ar ad ica l d epopu la t ion i n E BI V i sc l ear ly m is taken; t he re i s ac ons iderab le , t hough d i spersed o r n on -nuc lea ted E B I V p opu la t ion , p e rhap s a s l a rge a s t ha t o f t he p reced ing u rban p er iod ( a l though i ti si mposs ib le t o k now ) . We n ow k now t ha t , f a r f r om b e ing a p e r iod o f" abandonmen t " , E BI V i sa t te s ted b y s o me t housand ( o r more ) sma l l s e t t lemen t s , s c a t tered t h roughou t t he c oun try , s o me o f t hem p e rmanen t . Aga in , h oweve r , e ven i f we c ou ld d emons tra te a s harp d ec l ine i n p opu la t ion i n E B I V , t ha t wou ld n o t n ecessar i ly i mp ly o ve rpopu la t ion i nt he p reced ing p e r iod , much l e ss a l low u s t op os tu la te t ha t a s t he c au se o fc o l lap se ( i . e . ,i sp opu la t ion g row th/dec l ine ac au se , o ra n e f fec t? ) . 4 .T oward mu l t i -f ac to r a na ly se s R ecogn iz ing t he i n adequacy o f a ny o ne o f t he a bove mode ls , s evera l s cho lar s h ave r e cen t ly a dvoca ted ab roader v i ew t ha t f o cuses o n s evera l i n ter re la ted c ause s i ne conom ic o r s oc io -cu l tura l c hange . F or i n s tance , t he f a c t t ha t t r ade b e tween P a les t ine i n E gyp t a pparen t ly c a me t o ac o mp le te s t ands t i l l b y t h e e nd o f t he E B Ip e r iod i sc i ted a s af a c tor i nt he d ec l ine o f b o th a r ea s i n t he l a s t q ua r te r o f t he 3 rd m i l lenn iu m B .C . ( R icha rd 1 980; C a l laway 1 985; B en -Tor 1 982 , 1 986 ) . Y e t t h i s i so n ly a p ar t ia l e xp lana t ion . S y r ia , wh ich a l so p ar t ic ipa ted i n t h is s ame e xchange n e twork , d id n o t d ec l ine i nt h is p er iod , b u t r a the r r eached i t s z en i th p rec ise ly i n E B I V . And s i nce we c an s how t ha t P a les t ine h ad r e la t ive ly c l ose t i e s w i th S y r ia i n E BI V , t he l a t ter c ou ld e as i ly h ave r ep laced E gyp t a s a 1 4 . S ee t he o lde r wo rk o fR a ike s ( 1 967 ) f o rb as ic o r ien ta t ion . T ob r ing t he d iscu s s ion u pt od a te ,a nd t oa pp ly t h e p r inc ip le s s pec i f icaly t oo u ra rea , s ee B l in t l i f fg rV an Z e is t 1 982 . 1 5 . On t h ee xceed ing ly c omp lex p rob lems o fp opu la t ion g row th a nd d emog raphy ,s e et h eo r ien ta t ion i nB o se rup 1 985 , 1 98 1 ;P o lg ar 1 97 5 ;S poone r1 972 ;Wr igh t &J ohnson 1 97 5 . Add n ow K o chav i &K ashe r ,f o r thcom ing 1 987 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 33 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

W ILL IAM G . D EVER

t r ad ing p a r tner . T he i n creas ing i s o la t ion o fP a les t ine i nE BI V may i ndeed h ave h e lped t o b r ing a bou t ac er ta in e cono m ic s t agna t ion , b u t t he d e c l ine i ni n te rna t iona l t r ade c anno t i n i t se l fh ave b een t he s o le , o re ven p r ima ry , c ause o fc o l lap se .

E . P re l im ina ry c on s ide ra t ion s i n t he a pp l ica t ion o f S y s tems T heo ry c oncep t s B e fore a t temp t ing t oa pp ly s o me o ft he c oncep t s o fs y s tem s t heory t ot he c a se s t udy o f P a les t in ian E B I IV , we mus t r ecogn ize t ha t t h is mode l , l i ke a ny o ther , h as i t s l im i ta t ions . 1 .D i sadvan tages C r i t ics h ave p o in ted o u t , f o r i n s tance , t he d ange r s i n s imp ly b or row ing mode ls f o r c u l tura l e vo lu t ion f r om t he r ea lm o f b io log ica l e vo lu t ion . I n s eek ing t o e xp l ica te c u l ture , we c anno t man ipu la te o rr ep l ica te t h e d a ta i nt he s a me w ay; we c anno t t e s t " l aw s " , much l e ss p red ic t t he b ehav ior o f t he s ys tem i n t he s a me w ay , s o t he a na logy may n o t h o ld . F ur thermore , i ti sc l ear t ha t s y s tem s t heory wo rk s b e s t o n ar e la t ive ly sma l l s c a le , w i th o rgan is m s p o ssess ing a s e t o f c l ear ly d e f ined , q uan t i f iab le v ar iab le s . The se c ond i t ions s imp ly c anno t b e me t i n l a rge sca le s oc ia l s y s tem s— p a r t icu la r ly e x t inc t s y s tem s s uch a s a r chaeo logy e ncoun te rs — where t he r equ is i te d a ta a nd c on t ro l w i l l t yp ica l ly b e l a ck ing . E ven whe re w ec an p ar t ia l ly r e con s truc t s o me s ub sys tem s t h rough t he ir ma te r ia lr ema in s , we c anno t k now a p as t s oc ia l s ys tem i n i t s e n t ire ty , i . e . , i n t he " ho l is t ic " s en se t ha t i s f undamen ta l t o s y s tem s t heory a pp l ica t ions . F ina l ly , s y s te m s t heory , w i th i t s " s tages " , may b e t i ed t o a ssu mp t ion s o f u n i l inear e vo lu t ion , w i th wh ich many a rchaeo log is t s a re u ncom for tab le

1 6

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2 .A dvan tage s On t he o ther h and , s ys tems t heory h as c er ta in a dvan tage s o ver t he o the r mode ls o u t l ined a bove . F or o ne t h ing , i te n ta i ls a mu l t i fac tor a na lys is , wh ich i s s upe r ior i n a l low ing u s t o s tudy a n umber o f s ub -sys tems t ha t may h ave l e f t t r ace s i n t he a r chaeo log ica lr e cord ,n o tj u s to ne o rt wo .T h is mode lb reak sc u l tura lc o mp lex i ty d own i n to o bservab le , c on s t i tuen t e l emen ts , a nd f ur thermore i td raws a t ten t ion t o t he b road c o mmona l t ie s t ha ta re r equ ired f o rc o mpara t ive p urposes . A l though i t may n o tb e" c ausa l " i nn a tu re , t h is mode lf o cuses o n s t ruc tura l k inds o fc ausa l r e la t ionsh ips ,a nd t hu si tmay a t l e as tf o s te r c ausa l e xp lana t ions o f a more amb i t ious t ype . I n s hor t , t he s ys tem s t heory mode l i so fc ons ide rab le h eur i s t i c v a lue , t ha t i s , i ti su se fu l i ng u id ing o ur c ur ren t r e search i n f r u i t fu l d i rec t ion s . We c oncur w i th F l annery t ha t s y s tem s t heory i sa tp resen t t he mos t s oph is t ica ted mode l a va i lab le f o r a s se ss ing c u l tura l c hange ( 1 972 ) 17 . W i th t he se q ua l i f ica t ion s i nm ind , w en ow p ropose t ot u rn t ot he p rob lem o ft h ee nd o f t he u rban E a r ly B ronze A ge i nP a le s t ine t os ee h ow f a rs o me o ft he c oncep t s o ft he s y s tem s t heory may b e h e lp fu l .

1 6 . T he d i f f icu l t ie s a nd l im i ta t ion s i n a pp ly ing s ys tems t heo ry t o a r chaeo logy a re c ogen t ly s ummar ized i n Wenke 1 98 1 ( w i th r e fe rence s t o o the r l i te ra tu re ) . I n p ar t icu lar: 1 )t he re i sn o g ene ra l a g reemen t a s t o wha t a " s ys tem " i s , i n p a r t b e cause e v ery th ing s eems t ob e p a r t o f as y s tem; 2 )t he p r inc ip les p roposed a s a pp l ic ab le t o a l s y s tems may b e b ased o n f a lse a na logy , r edu c t ion is t , o r e ven t r iv ia l; 3 )a t temp ts t o mode l c omp lex c u l tu ra l s ys tems a re s oc omp lex a st ob eu np roduc t ive .N eve r the le s s ,e ven t hough s y s tem st heo ry c anno t ,a s many m a in ta in , p rov ide a n e xp lana to ry , o r " c ausa t ive " mode l , Iwou ld a rgue t h a ti tc an p rov ide af unc t iona l o r d esc r ip t ive mode l ( wh ich i sa l lt h a t It h ink w ec an h ope f o ri na r chaeo logy ) . 1 7 . S ee a l so a bove a nd n .1 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 3 4 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE COLLAPSE OF THE URBAN EARLY B RONZE AGE I N PALEST INE

I I . TO WARD A S YSTE M IC CO MPAR ISON OF E BI I I I AND E BI V

A . A s y s tem ic v i ew o f c u l tu re F unda men ta l t o t he a pp roach h ere i st he n o t ion t ha t c u l ture i s" sys tem ic " . I n t h is v iew , c u l ture i su n ique ly h uman; i ti s ap a t terned a dap ta t ion t o t he e nv ironmen t t ha t i s s hared , c u mu la t ive , c on s tan t ly c hang ing , t r ans m i t tab le . Cu l ture i s , a bove a l l , t he i n teg ra t ing f a c tor i nh uman s oc ie ty , s o t ha t i ti s" sy s tem ic " i nt he s ense t ha t i ti n corpora te s s uch s ub -sys tem s a s r e la t ion t o t he e co sys tem , t e chno logy , s ub s is tence , k insh ip s ys tem , s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion , p o l i t ica l s t ruc ture , a s we l l a s a r t , i deo logy , a nd r e l ig ion . ( Tha t i s , we mus tv i ew c u l ture a nd c u l tu ra lc hange n o ti ns imp l i s t ic ,d e term in is t ic s cheme so fa ny k ind , b u t r a ther i n ab a lanced f r amewo rk o f " ma ter ia l is t " a nd " i dea l is t " a pproaches ) . Wh i le we may a ssu me t ha t a na ly s is o f a l l t hese e l e men t s i sd es irab le i n a ssess ing c u l tura l c hange , t he q ues t ion i so bv ious ly t o wha t d egree d o t hese v ar ious c u l tura l s ub -sys tems l e ave r e cove rab le t r ace s i nt he a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd ?And wh ich , i fa ny , a re amenab le t o t he a na lys is o f c o /b ro se 18 ? T o p u t i t mo re s pec i f ica l ly , a re t here s u f f ic ien t a r chaeo log ica l d a ta t or ende r y s n s t h eory a pproach more t han s imp ly s pecu la t ion — t oe nab le i ta t l e as t t oa pprox ima te c ausa l f a c tor s— i n t he s t udy o f t he e nd o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age i n P a le s t ine ?A s w e s ha l l s ee , t h e d a ta a re l im i ted; b u t s i nce t hey a re n o te n t ire ly l a ck ing , a t r ia l f o rmu la t ion i sp os s ib le .

B . S pec if ic s ub sy s tem s i n E BI I I I a nd E BI V Our a na lys is w i l l p roceed b y l ook ing i n t u rn a tc o mmon ly r e cogn ized s ubsys tem s i n e a r ly c u l tures g enera l ly . Wh i le w e b e l ieve t ha t s ys tem s t heory i sg enera l ly a pp l icab le t o t he E ar ly B ronze Age o fP a le s t ine , i t mus t b e a dm i t ted t ha t o u r c onc lus ion s w i l l b e more s ugges t ive o f l i ne f o r f u ture r e search t han d e f in i t ive " s o lu t ions " . I n t he i n tere s t o f e f f ic iency , we may p re sen t t he b as ic d a ta i nc har t form ( Tab le 1 ) 19

.

C . E a r ly B ronze Age c o l lapse i n s y s tem ic t e rms 1 ." Sy s tem s f a i lure" T he f o l low ing c har t , a l though v ery s chema t ized , s t rong ly s ugges ts a r ad ica l d i scon t inu i ty b e tween E B I I I I a nd E BI V i n P a les t ine ( de sp i te t he c on t inu i ty Ih ave s hown e l sewhe re [ Dever 1 985 ] i n many a spec ts o f t he m a te r ia l c u l ture , s uch a s c e ram ic , me ta l l ic , a nd a rch i tec tura l t ypes ) , t hus my p re ference f o r " EB I V " , r a ther t ha t " I n termed ia te " o r " MB I " . Is ugges t t ha t t h is d iscon t inu i ty c an b e b es t e xp la ined a s c o l lapse , t he " b reakdown o f t he s ys tem " , i . e . , t he e nd r e su l t o f ag radua l , p rogress ive ma ladap ta t ion , ap ro found " d isequ i l ibr ium " . T he v ar ious p ar ts o f t he c omp lex E ar ly B ronze s ys tem mus t h ave f a i led , o ne b y o ne , t he b reakdown f e ed ing u pon i t se l f i n a d ownward s p ira l , u n t i l t h e re f i na l ly o ccur red t h e t o ta l c o l lapse o ft he u rban E ar ly B ronze 1 8 . Iwou ld a rgue t h a t wh i le k insh ip s ys tems w i l ln o tb er ep re sen ted a ta l l , a nd i deo logy ( i nc lud ing r e l ig ion ) v e ry r a re ly a nd i mpe r fec t ly , s ubs is tence , t e chno logy , a nd s oc io -e conom ic s t ruc tu re o f ten w i l l b e a dequa te ly r ep re sen ted i n t h e a r chaeo log ic a lr e co rd — p rov ided t h a t o u rr e search s t ra tegy i sa dequa te ly d e s igned t or e cove r t he e v idence ( wh ich h as n o tb een t h ec ase a ta lu n t i lv e ry r e cen t ly ,a nd t hen o n ly s po rad icaly ) . 1 9 . T he d a ta s ummar ized i nt h e se c har ts i s much t oo v as t t ob ec i ted h e re , b u ts ee , f o ri n s tance R ichard 1 980; D eve r 1 97 1 , 1 97 3 , 1 980; 1 985a; a nd r e fe rence s t he re t oo the rl i te ra tu re .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -2 3 5 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

W ILL IA M C . DEVER

c u l ture . T h i s wou ld b e , i n s ys tem s t heory t e rm ino logy , f i r s t i ne r t ia o r " en t ropy " , t hen t h e i nev i tab le e x t inc t ion o f a" nega t ive d ev ia t ion -amp l i fy ing s ys tem " . T he p roce ss h ad c l ear ly b egun b y t he e nd o f t he E B Ip er iod , b y wh ich t ime s ome o f t he u rban c en ter s were a l ready a bandoned , s uch a s T e l l e l -Fär 'ah ( N ) , T aanach ( ? ) , T e l Aphek , G eze r , A rad , a nd a l l t he Negev -S ina i E B s i te s . I n t he s ou th , h oweve r , t he s ys tem s urv ived s o mewha t l onge r; a nd i ndeed , t he re i s as o r to fl a te " e f f lore scence " o ft he u rban c u l ture i n s uch l a rge E BI I s i te s a s A i , J e r icho , L ach ish , T e l Y armu th , T e l H e s i; a nd i n T rans jordan , B ab e dh -Dhra a nd Nume ira . B u t t hen , t oward t he e nd o f t he E BI I p e r iod , t he se s i tes , t oo , we re d ese r ted , a nd w i th t ha t t he c o l lap se was c omp le te . S o t ho rough wa s t he d evas ta t ion — t he a bandonmen t o f u rban s i tes — t ha t n o t as ing le s i te t hus f a r e xcava ted i n We s tern o r E as tern P a le s t ine s hows af u l l c on t inu i ty o f d o me s t ic o ccupa t ion f r om E BI , t h rough E BI I , i n to E BI V , t hen o n i n to MB I( A lb r igh t 's MB HA ) . U rban l i f e was c omp le te ly e c l ipsed t h roughou t E B I V — ap e r iod o f n ear ly f our c en tur ies ( c . 2 400/2350 -2000 B .C . ) . No more d rama t ic b reak i sw i tne ssed i nt he e n t ire c u l tura l s equence o f P a les t ine , f r om t he Cha lco l i th ic t o t he modern p e r iod . When t he c oun t ry r e cove red , i n t he M idd le B ronze p er iod , i t s u rban c harac te r wou ld b e r e -e s tab l ished , b u t i t wou ld b e q ua l i ta t ive ly d i f fe ren t , w i th l i t t le o r n o d i rec t c on t inu i ty 20 . 2 .T owa rd a n " e xp l ana t ion" How s ha l l w e u nder s tand t h is " s ys tem s f a i lu re " , u n le ss we l ook a tt he i nd iv idua l s ub s y s tems ?He re a ga in , we c an o n ly b e s pecu la t ive , p ar t icu lar ly i n v i ew o f t he f a c t t ha t P a les t ine l a cks t he r i ch t e x tua l d ocu men ta t ion t ha t we p ossess f r om E gyp t a nd Mesopo tam ia , a nd n ow f r om S y r ia a s we l l . B u t Iwou ld a rgue h e re t ha t t he f o l low ing s c enar io i sb y n o mean s u n l ike ly . We h ave o n ly t o p os i t s evera l ( o r a l l ) o f t he f o l low ing f a i lures i nc u l tura l s ub sys tem s t os ee h ow t he p roce ss o fc u l tura l d ec l ine may b eg in , t hen f e ed o f fi t se l f . E ach o f t he se f a i lures c ons t i tu te s a" nega t ive f e edback l oop " t ha t wou ld , i n t urn , a f fec t a l l t he o ther s ub -sys tem s , a nd f i na l ly t he i n te rac t ion a nd f unc t ion ing o f t he s y s tem i t se l f . I n s ys tem s t heory t e rms , at u rn ing p o in t i sr eached i n wh ich a " g row th " o r " equ i l ib r iu m " s ys tem b ecome s a" n ega t ive d ev ia t ion -amp l i fy ing s ys tem " . T he i nev i tab le r e su l t , s i nce s ys tem s a re d ynam ic , i s ad ec l ine t ha t i n tens i f ie s e xponen t ia l ly , a nd t hus u l t ima te ly l e ads t oe x t inc t ion — wha t we a re c a l l ing h ere t he " c o l lap se o f t he s y s tem " . L e t u s s uppose 1 )t ha t , w i th t he e normous i n crease o f p opu la t ion made p oss ib le b ye ar l ie r u rban g row th , t he E BI I I I c en ters h ad b ecome o verpopu la ted , w i th f ewer a nd f ewe r p eop le r ema in ing i n t he a gr icu l tura l ly p roduc t ive a nd s uppor t ive h in ter land . T he f ew s t ud ie s o fE B s e t t lemen ts p a t terns u nde r taken t hus f a r s how t ha t s uch ap rogress ive o ve rc en tra l iza t ion h ad i ndeed t aken p lace f r om E B It o E BI I I I 21 . T he r e su l t wou ld h ave b een o verc rowd ing , g rea ter l i ke l ihood o f c o mmun icab le d i seases , t he e xace rba t ion o f a l ready e x is t ing s oc ia l i nequa l i t ie s , a nd t he i n crea s ing ly d e spe ra te a t temp ts o f t he u rban a u thor i t ies t oi mpose o rde ra rb i t rar i ly ( o r " hype r cohe rence " , o ne o fF l anne ry 's [ 1 972 ] t h ree p r inc ipa l " pa tho log ies " i n as ys tem ) . 2 )L e t u s s uppose f u r the r t ha t t he b urgeon ing p opu la t ion o f t he u rban E B c en te r s h ad o u ts tr ipped t he e f fec t ive c arry ing c apac i ty o f t he a va i lab le ( i .e . , n earby a nd a rab le )

2 0 . S ee G e rs tenb l i th 1 980; D eve r 1 980 , 1 985a . F o r am ino r i ty v iew , h oweve r , c on t ras t K emp insk i 1 978; Am i ran & K ochav i 1 985 ( w i th r e fe rence t o Am i ran 's o f t repea ted b u t u nconv inc ing a t temp t t o s how c on t inu i ty b e tween E BI Va nd MB I ,i . e . ,A lb r igh t 's MB Ia nd MB IA ) . 2 1 . T or ec en tp ape r so fA r izona s t uden ts ( Mab ry n .d . ,J o f fe n .d . )h ave t a ken t h e wo rk o fB ro sh i &G ophna 1 986 o n E B s e t t lemen t p a t te rns s omewha t f u r the r . T he r e su l t o f t hes e s tud ie s i st os how ad rama t ic i nc rease i nl a rge u rban s i tes f r om E B It o E B I I , r anked i n a t l e as t at h ree t ie r h ie ra rcha l s y s tem p rec ise ly t he s y s tem t ha t c o l laps e si nE BI V .( Add n ow G ophna & P o r tug a l i1 988 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 36 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T HE C OLLAP SE O F THE U RBAN E ARLY B RONZE A CE I N P ALEST INE TA BLE 1 .— S chema t ic , s ys tem ic c o mpa r isons o fE BI I I Ia nd EB I Vc u l tura l c harac ter is t ics , s how ing t he b as ic d iscon t inu i t ies t ha t i nd ica te " co l lapse ."

F ea tu re

E B I-I I( 3 000 -2350 B .C . )

E B I V( 2 350 -2000 B .C . )

1 . S e t t lemen tt y pe a nd d i s t r ibu t ion

L a rge ,u r ban ,w a l led ; n uc lea ted p opu la t ion; c en t ra ls i t es d om ina te e x tens ive h i n te r land; c on t inua l ly d eve lop ing s ub -phases .

Sma l l ,o pen v i lages a nd s easona lc amps , m any i nm a rg ina lz one ;n on -nuc lea ted p opu la t ion ; v i r tua l ly n os i te h i e ra rchy; m os t ly s i ng le -component

2 . D emog raphy

L a rge a gg rega ted p opu la t ion ; g r ow ing a t b eg inn ing ,d ec l in ing a ss i te sd ese r ted .

D i spe r sed ;p r obab ly s omewha ts ma l le r t h an p r ev ious p e r iod .

3 . S ubs is tence a nd e conomy

I n tens ive a g r icu l tu re ,i n dus t ry , i n te rna t iona l t r ade ;b eyond s ubs is tence t os u rp lus .

M a rg ina l ;m os t ly p as to ra l n omad ism ,w i th s ome d r y fa rm ing , l o ca le xchange .

4 . S oc ia ls t ruc tu re

U rban , n on k i n -based ;h i gh ly s t ra t if ied .

V i l lage -pas to ra l ,s egmen ta ry ;p r obab ly p o l ygamous .

5 . P o l i t ica l o r gan iza t ion

C i ty -s ta te l e ve l ;h i gh ly c en t ra l ized d ec is ion -mak ing .

" Re t r iba l iza t ion " ;b ack t o" Ch ie fdom " o r" T r iba l " l e ve l ,w i th l o ca la u tonomy .

6 .

S oc ia lc on t ro l p r obab ly ;l a rge t emp les i n d ica te e s tab l ished c u l t ;m onumen ta l a r ts how sh omogene i ty .

" Segmen ted "s oc ie t y ;n ot emp les o r e v idence o fe l abo ra te c u l t ;n o m onumen ta la r t

E gyp t ian c onnec t ions i nE BI ,d ec l in ing t h e rea f te r; M esopo tam ian c on tac t s i nE BI l .

N oE gyp t ian c on tac t s ,f ew c on tac t sw i th S y r ia; P a les t ine a ppea rs a lmos tt o ta l ly i s o la ted .

I d eo logy

7 . F o re ign r e la t ions

a g r icu l tura l l ands , a l ready made l e ss p roduc t ive b y o ve rgraz ing , d e fores ta t ion , a buse o f f a l low l and , i gnorance o fc on serva t ion p rac t ice s , a nd d ep le t ion o f s o i ls . T he r e su l t wou ld c e r ta in ly h ave b een f i r s t t h ec ur ta i lmen to fs urp luse s i nf ood p roduc t ion , a nd t hu s i nt r ade i na g r icu l tura l c ommod i t ie s , t hen i n c reas ing s hor tages , a nd f i na l ly f am ine . T he re i ss o me e v idence t ha t t h is was i ndeed t he c ase . 3 )T he n a tura l r eac t ion t o s uch a c r is is i n s ubs is tence wou ld h ave b een t o i n tens i fy e f for ts t o i n crease y ie lds ( i . e . , " medd l ing " , a no the r o f F l annery 's [ 1 972 ] " pa tho log ies " ) , o n ly mak ing ma t te r s wor se a sf ood p roduc t ion was p ushed b eyond n a tu ra ll im i ts ,s hor tage s g rew , f a rmer s d eser ted e xhaus ted l ands a nd g rav i ta ted t o t he c i t ies , f ood was h oarded , p r ice sr ose ,a nd i nf la t ion b ecame r ampan te nough t ow reak t o ta le conom ic c haos . 4 )T he c e ssa t ion o f t r ade w i th E gyp t , a l though p robab ly d ue t oe x te rna l f a c tor s , may , h owever , h ave c on t r ibu ted t ot he d e te r iora t ion o f t he s i tua t ion . I t wou ld h ave d one s o b y d ep r iv ing P a le s t ine o fi t s c l ose s t marke ts , a s w e l l a s r aw ma ter ia l a nd r e sources , a nd a l so b yi s o la t ing i tf r om i t sn a tu ra l r e cou r se i nf am ine f r om t ime i mmemor ia l . S y r ia m igh t h ave b een a n a l te rna t ive o u t le t h ad i tn o t b een i nt he z en i th o fi t s own u rban d eve lopmen t a nd i mper ia l e xpans ion i nE BI V , t hus p robab ly d om ina t ing t h e P a le s t in ian h in te r land f o r i t s c iwn p urpo se s2. 5 )F aced w i th a c r ise s o f moun t ing p ropor t ions , P a les t ine 's sma l l sca le a nd p oor ly d eve loped b u reaucracy w as p robab ly n o ta b le t oc ope . I t may h ave b een o ve r ly c en t ra l ized , i nexper t , a nd i n f lex ib le i nt he managemen t o fc omp lex r ed is tr ibu t ive s ys tems ( F lannery 's f i na l p a tho logy , " usurpa t ion " ) . I n a ny c ase , s uch p o l i t ica l m is managemen t may p robab ly b e t e r med i n s ys tems t h eory p ar lance f a i lure o f t he " i n forma t ion f l ow " a nd " dec is ion mak ing " p rocesses — t he c h ie f " r egu la tory mechan ism s " n ecessary t o ma in ta in ing t he s t a tu s q uo . T hus t he g radua lc o l lap se o ft he s y s tem c on t inued .

2 2 . C ompar isons o fE BI V P a le s t ine a nd S yr ia h ave o f ten o ve r looked t h is f und amen ta l p o in t . S ee , h oweve r , D eve r 1 980: 5 2 ;Ma t th iae 1 979 :2 4; Mazzon i 1 985 . T he mo re t h eE BI Ve v idence f r om S y r i a moun t s— s uch a st h a t f r om t he T abga d am s i tes o n t h e Uppe r E uphra tes — t h e c l eare r t h e c on t ras t b ecomes . T he c oncep t o f E B I V P a le s t ine a s a" h in te r land " o fS y r ia , a l be i t w i th s ome l im i ted c u l tu ra l t i e s , s eem s b o th a pp rop r ia te a nd p roduc t ive i n r e search .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 37 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

W ILL IAM G . D EVER

6 )A f i na l f a c tor may h ave b een i n c reas ing s oc ia l i n equa l i ty a nd t ens ion s , a s we l l a s d i f feren t ia l a ccess t o g oods a nd s erv ices , a s t he r i ch g rew r i cher , t he p oor p oorer . C on t r ibu t ing f a c tor s c ou ld h ave b een t he g row ing p re roga t ive s o f ap r ies t ly e s tab l i shmen t , p oss ib ly e n trenched i n p owe r t h rough t he ma in tenance o f t emp le e s ta tes; a nd a l so o f a p r iv i leged m i l i tary c l ass , who wou ld h ave c ons t i tu ted a t h rea t b o th b y b e ing n on p roduc t ive c i t izens , a s we l l a s b y ma in ta in ing t he e l i te s i n p owe r a nd p rey ing o n t he c oun trys ide i n i n ternec ine war fare 23 . T he c u mu la t ive e f fec t o f t h is h ierarch ica l s t ra t i f ica t ion a nd s egrega t ion wou ld h ave b een e x t reme s oc ia l u n re s t , t he a l iena t ion o f c er ta in c l a sse s , a nd u l t ima te ly t he r ender ing o f t he e n t i re s oc ia l f abr ic . ( Th is wou ld n o t n ecessar i ly h ave r equ ired a " r evo lu t ion "; i t wou ld mo re l i ke ly h ave e n ta i led t he t yp ica l , g radua l d i s in teg ra t ion t ha tp ro longed t he s y s tem f o r s o me t ime t h rough i ne r t ia ) . 7 )A t t h is p o in t , t he f i na l b reakdown o f t he a l ready f r ag i le s ys tem c ou ld h ave b een " t r iggered " b y s ome th ing a s s imp le a s t he s l ight c l ima t ic f l uc tua t ion t ha t p e rhaps o ccur red ,o r ap e r iod o fe ven m inor f am ine o rp e s t i lence ( t he l a t te rc ond i t ion o f ten b rough t a bou ti nw e l l -documen ted h i s tor ica lc i rcum s tance sb yc r owded u rban c ond i t ion s ) . 8 )F ina l ly , e x te rna l p re ssure s— i n t he f o rm o f s em i -nomad ic p opu la t ion g roup s a long t he f r inge so ft he s e t t led z one — c anno tb ed i scoun ted a s af a c tor ,a lbe i t am inor o ne , i nt he t r an s i t ion f r om u rban t ov i l lage -pa s tora l e cono my . Nomad ic i n cur s ions , h oweve r , wou ld h ave b een o n ly a n " i n i t ia l k i ck " , wh ich i n ab e t te r b a lanced s ys tem ( s uch a s i n E BI , o r MB I ) wou ld h ave b een o f f se tb y a" dev ia t ion -coun te rac t ing mechan ism " t ha t wou ld h ave ma in ta ined e qu i l ib r ium . I n a ny c ase , p as tora l n omads t h roughou t t he s e t t lemen t -h is tory o f t he M idd le E as t h ave a lway s b een a f a c tor i n t he p e renn ia l s t rugg le o f t he " De se r t a nd t he S own " . I n t he c ase o f t he u rban d ec l ine a nd c o l lap se o f P a le s t ine i n E BI V , t hey may n o t h ave b een t he d espo i le rs , b u t t hey i nher i ted t he s po i ls . Among t hose n ewcomer s i n p roce ss o fb e ing s eden tar ized i nP a le s t ine i nt he w ake o ft h ed i s rup t ion o ft he u rban c en te r s may h ave b een t he " Amor i te s " , o f c our se , whose p as to ra l n omad ic l i fe s ty le wa s a l ready we l l a dap ted t ot he n ew c ond i t ions i nt he c oun t rys ide . T hey w e re t he e f fec t , h owever , n o t t he c ause , o fc o l lapse

2 4

.

3 .C o l lap se: a u n ive r sa l p henomenon ? I n as ense , t he p henomenon t ob ee xp la ined i sn o t t he c o l lap se o ft he P a les t in ian u rban E BI I I I c u l ture , b u t r a the r i t s e x i s tence i n t h e f i r s t p lace , a nd e spe c ia l ly i t s s urv iva l f o r s uch a r e la t ive ly l ong d ura t ion . F or o ne t h ing , t he who le a rea i s marg ina l c ompa red t o E gyp t a nd Me sopo ta m ia , whe re S t a te forma t ion p roce sse sa re much b e t ter d ocumen ted i n t he 3 rd m i l lenn iu m B .C . T iny P a les t ine o ccup ied a n e xceed ing ly v u lne rab le g eo -po l i t ica l p os i t ion , a s t r ide t he " l and -b r idge " b e tween A f r ica a nd A s ia . I t s t opography wa s b roken a nd h ard ly c onduc ive t op o l i t ica l u n i ty e xcep tu nde ru nusua lc i rcu m s tance s . I t wa sp oo ri n n a tura l r e source s , w i th r ocky h i l ls ide s a nd t h in s o i l , l a ck ing i n p e renn ia l s t ream s a nd s ub jec t t o e x t reme v ar ia t ions i n s easona l r a in fa l l . Unde r t h e se c i rcums tances , P a le s t ine 's f i rs t u rban d eve lopmen t i n e ar ly E BI , s carce ly b eh ind t h a t o f E gyp t 's " Archa ic P e r iod " a nd Mesopo ta m ia 's " Ear ly Dynas t ic " ( a l though o n a sma l ler s ca le ) , was i ndeed i mp re ss ive . T ha t s uch a n u rban c u l tu re p e r s is ted w i th ad eg ree o fp o l i t ica l u n i ty f o rs o me s i x t os even c en tur ies — l onge r t h an a ny o the rp e r iod i nP a le s t ine 's p re -modern h i s to ry — i se xcep t iona l .I t se ven tua ld i sso lu t ion i sn os urp r ise ,e ven t hough i ti si n cumben tu pon u st o t r y t ou nde r s tand w hy t he s y s tem c o l lap sed . 2 3 . R ed fo rd ( 1 978 ) s ee s r amp an t m i l i tar i sm a s ad eb i l i ta t ing f a c to r i n Mesopo tam ia . T ha t m ay h ave b e en t h e c ase i n P a le s t ine a s we l l ( c f . t he e normous g row th o f f o r t i f ica t ion s y s tems , c u lm ina t ing i n E BI I ) , b u t i n t he c omp le te a b sence o ft e x tua ld ocumen ta t ion w ec an o n ly s pecu la te .S ee f u r the rb e low . 2 4 . On t he r o le o ft h e " Amo r i te s "i nP a le s t ine i nl a te E B , s ee f u r the r D eve r 1 980: 5 3 -58 ,a nd r e fe rences t h e re .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 38 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE COLLAPSE OF THE URBAN EARLY BRONZE AGE I N PALEST I NE E xp an s ion i n to N ew R eg ions a nd E x ten s ion o f Wa te r C on tro l S y s tem s

R ed is tr ibu t ion H o f F oods tu f f s

S p ec i a l ized F ood P roduc t ion

L ong D i s tanc e T rade

N eed f o r F o re ign R aw M a te r ia l s

P o ten t ia l ly P roduc t iv e U noccup ied E co log ic a l N iche

A b i l i ty t o I nduce S u rp lu s P roduc t ion

F u l l ]T ime C raf t S pec ia l iza t ion

T axa t ion a nd C o rvee

M anuf ac tur ing I ndu s tr ie s • N ew Ma rke t s

C o lon iza t ion o fM esopo tam ia w i th A dequa te T echno logy ( e .g . , I r r ig a t ion )

A

P opu la t ion I n c reas e

r f li m r.

I n ten s if ica t ion o f A g r icu l tu r e

I nc r ease i n S e t t lement S i z e

D if f e ren t ia t ions i n Wea l th D ue t o L im i ted A cce s st o S t r a teg ic R esou rce s

, _ s d

I n c rc ee a s e i n C o n n tr a t ion o f Wea l th

H H

I nc rea se i n N eed f o r I nfo rma t ion F low

C on t ro l

W a rf a re

C la s s S t r a t if ied S oc ie ty a nd A dm in i s tr a t iv e E l i te

F

C onque s t

I nc rea s ing D i s tanc e b e tween Adm in i s tr a tor sa nd P opu l a t ion

S oc ia l T en s ion i nL arge P opu la t ion A gg r ega te s

FI G .4 .— P os i t ive f e edback i n ter re la t ion sh ips among c u l tu ra la nd e nv ironmen ta lv ar iab le sl e ad ing t o t he i n creas ing i mpor tance a nd s t ra t i f ica t ion o fc l a s ss t ruc tu re i n Me sopo tam ian s oc ie ty ( a f te rR edman 1 978: f i g . 1 4 .2 ) .

He re we may r e ca l l t h a t f r om t h e t ime o f t he e ar ly G reek h i s tor iographe r s o nwa rd , t he " cyc l ica l " c o l lapse o f c i v i l iza t ions h a s b een r egarded a s i nev i tab le . I n t he modern p e r iod , O swa ld S peng le r a nd A rno ld T oynbee h ave r e in forced t h i s n o t ion p owe r fu l ly , a s h ave a lmos t a l l e vo lu t ionary t heore t ic ian s . More r e cen t ly , s eve ra l a rchaeo log is ts h ave f o rwarded v i ews o n t he " c o l lap se o f c omp lex s oc ie ty " , w i th v ar ia t ion s o f t he t heme t ha t a l l s uch s oc ie t ies a re s t ruc tura l ly i n s tab le . T hus mos t s oc ia l s ys tems a re n o t r ea l ly s ucce ss fu l i n t he l ong t e rm , i . e . , d o n o t ma in ta in " homeos tas is " v ery we l l a t a l l . S imon ( 1 965 ) s peaks o f t he " nea r d ecomposab i l i ty " o f c omp lex s oc ie t ie s; o r R appapor t ( 1 977 ) o f t he a l l t oo c harac te r is t ic " ma ladap ta t ion o f s oc ie t ies "; o r B u tze r ( 1 980 ) o f " me tas tab le e qu i l ib r ium s " ;o rY o f fee ( 1 979 , 1 988 ) o f" c en t r i fuga l f o r ce s " . Y o f fee 's v i ews a re o f p a r t icu lar i n tere s t , s i nce h e h as p ur sued t he i dea o f " c o l lap se " w i th s pec ia l r e ference t o 3 rd m i l lenn iu m Mesopo tam ia . Wh i le e schew ing " sys tems t heory " i ni t s f u l l -b lown f o rm , h e d oe s emp loy s o me o fi t s c oncep t s , s uch a s " i n forma t ion f l ow " a nd " homeos ta s is " . He p re fer s t os peak , h owever , o f t he c ons tan t t en s ion b e tween t he " c entr ipe ta l " f o rces o f t he S t a te — t he i n tegra t ive i n s t i tu t ion t ha t med ia tes c on f l ic t a nd l e g i t ima tes t he s t ruc ture o f t he p a r t icu lar s oc ie ty; a nd t hose " c en tr i fuga l " f o rce s t ha t a lway s t end t oward p o l i t ica l f r agmen ta t ion . ( Ano the r w ay o fs ee ing t he u b iqu i tous t e n s ion i st oc once ive o f ad e l ica te e qu i l ib r ium o f" c onf l ic t/con sensus " ) . C omp lex s oc ie t ies a re t hus n o t i nheren t ly " ho meo s ta t ic " , n or , o n t he o ther h and , s imp ly o verwhe lmed b y e x terna l

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 39 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

W ILL IAM C . D EVER

f o rces s uch a s n a tura l c a tas trophe o r i nvas ion . T he k ey c oncep ts a re " g row th " a nd " c o l lapse " . G row th i sn o t " gene t ic " , b u t i s" c ons tan t , u ns tab le , a nd o pera te s w i th in c l osed s y s tem s " . T hus f o r t he r eve r se o f t he p roce ss o f g row th Y o f fee a dvoca tes a t e rm n ow i n v ogue , " co l lap se " ( r a ther t han " f a l l " , " end o f c i v i l iza t ion " , o r t he l i ke ) . C o l lapse i st he d i s in tegra t ion o f c omp lex s oc ie ty , u sua l ly f r om w i th in , " t he p heno menon o f p o l i t ica l d ecompos i t ion , i n s t i tu t iona l r e s t ruc tur ing , a nd s oc ia l t r ans forma t ion " . C o l lapse t ends t o h appen d esp i te t he e f for t s o f t he c en t ra l a u thor i t ies t o p reven t i t ,s i nce t hey d o n o t f u l ly u nde r s tand t he s y s tem t hem se lve sa nd o f ten b ung le ma t te r s . A sY o f fee p u t si t ," by t r y ing t o s t ay t he s a me , s oc ie t ie s c o l lap se " . T h is r e cur r ing c yc le o f " r ise a nd c o l lap se " c harac te r ized Me sopo ta m ia 's e n t ire h i s tory t h roughou t t he 3 rd -1s t m i l lenn ia B .C . , a nd e ven l a te r , n o t i n a ny " evo lu t ionary " s cheme ( wh ich Y o f fee s pec i f ica l ly d i savow s ) , b u t a ppa ren t ly i n a r andom p roce ss 25 . R ed man 's e ar l ier a na lys is o f 3 rd m i l lenn ium Mesopo ta m ia ( 1 978 ) i ss e l f -consc ious ly s y s tem s t heory -or ien ted , f l ow c har t s a nd a l l ( F ig .4 ) . R ed man 's a pp l ica t ion o f t he t heo ry i sn o t s imp l is t ic o r d e term in is t ic , b u t r a the r i n wha t Adam s t e rmed ( d isapprov ing ly ) a " g radua l is t sys tem ic a pproach " . I ti sf r ank ly s pecu la t ive i n t he h ope o f c rea t ing a mu l t i f a c tor mode l o f c hange f o r emp ir ica l t e s t ing a ga ins t t he a rchaeo log ica l r e cord . H is " pragma t ic " u se o f s y s tems t heory i s much l i ke o ur s h e re , a nd i ty ie lds s i gn i f ican t , i f f i na l ly i n conc lus ive , r e su l ts . R ed man 's s y s tem ic a na ly s is o f " pr i mary n ega t ive f e edback r e la t ionsh ips " i s o la tes t wo , i n p ar t icu lar , t ha t l ed t o t he p er iod ic d is in tegra t ion i n a nc ien t Me sopo ta m ia: 1 )D is rup t ion i nt h e f ood p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion s y s tem s; a nd 2 )t he a buse o f m i l i tar ism . Wh i le a dm i t t ing t ha t h i s c onc lus ion s c anno t y e t b e o b jec t ive ly c on f irmed ( de sp i te t he wea l th o f w r i t ten a nd a r t i fac tua l d a ta f o r a nc ien t Mesopo ta m ia ) R edman c onc lude s: B yo rgan iz ing r e sea rch a round as y s tem s mode l f r amework ,i ti sp os s ib le f o ru s a sa r chaeo log i s t st ob e t te rs pec i fy h ypo the se s , d eve lop n ew me thodo log ies ,a nd r i gorous ly t e s tt r ia lf o rmu la t ions .T he u l t ima te r e su l ti st ha tw e wou ld b ea b le t o p ropo se a nd d i f fe ren t ia te among c ompe t ing i n te l lec tua lp os i t ions a nd t op re sen t av e r i f iab le t heory f o r t he o r ig ins o fu rban i sm i n Me sopo tam ia a nd e l sewhe re . ( 1 978: 3 46 ) .

D . B eyond C o l lapse 1 .W ider a pp l ica t ions I n t he f o rego ing Ih ave a rgued t ha ta tt h e p re sen t s t age o fo ur k now ledge o ft h e E ar ly B ronze Age i n P a le s t ine , s ys tems t heory p rov ides a g ood " parad igm " . I n t he s ense o f Kuhn 's S t ruc ture o f S c ien t i f ic R evo lu t ions , o ur p arad igm i s ap rac t ica l , c oncep tua l f r a mework w i th in wh ich n ew d a ta may b e g a the red a nd n ew t heor ie s t e s ted , s o t ha t w e c an make " t rue r " ( i . e . , more s i gn i f ican t ) i n fe rences a bou t t h e p a s t , i nt h i s c ase , s pec i f ica l ly a bou t t he c o l lap se t oward t he e nd o ft he E ar ly B ronze A ge . ( I n my v iew , s ys tem s t h eory , a l ong w i th t he r ev e r sa l o f n o t ions o f " c o l lap se " , wou ld b e e qua l ly a pp l icab le t ot he s t udy o f t he " r ise " o f t he u rban E B c u l ture much e ar l ier , o r t o t he s ubsequen t r ena scence o f u rban i sm i n t he M idd le B ronze Age , a l though t h is h a s n o t y e t b een a t temp ted i nd e ta i l . ) A s C owg i l l ( 1 988 ) h as s a id: " Onward a nd u pward w i th c o l lap se ! " 2 5 . Un fo r tuna te ly , n e i the r i n t h is n o r i nh i s s ubsequen t t r ea tmen t ( 1 988 ) d oe s Y o f fee s pe c i fy t he u nde r ly ing c au se s o f c o l lapse , a nd t hus h is mode l , l i ke t hose h e c r i t ic ize s a nd r e jec ts , r ema ins d e sc r ip t ive , n o t c au sa l . I nexp l icab ly ,Y o f fee f a i ls t ot e s th i s mode la g a ins t t h er e la t ive ly a bundan t Mesopo tam ian d a ta ,b o th a r t i f ac tua la nd t e x tua l . I n t h is r egard , R edman ' s t r ea tmen t ( 1 978 ) , wh i le l e ss s ugge s t ive t heo re t ica l ly , i s mo re p roduc t ive . S ee f u r the r b e low .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 40 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T HE COLLAP SE O F T HE U RBAN E ARLY B RONZ E AGE I N P ALES T INE

2 . Me thodo log ica l o b se rva t ions T he a t temp tt oa pp ly n ew mode ls n o to n ly r e s ts o nc e r ta in p resuppos i t ions ,b u tl e ads t o c er ta in i mp l ica t ions a bou t h ow we v i ew a r chaeo log ica l r e search . L e t me b e s pec i f ic a bou t wha t t he se a re , where s y s tem s t heory i sc oncerned . F i r s t , t he " newer a r chaeo logy " . My u se o f as y s tem st heo ry mode l p roceeds f r om t he a s sump t ion t ha t s eve ra l o f t he b as ic p ropos i t ion s o f t he n ew a r chaeo logy a re b y n ow s o o bv ious a s t ob e b eyond d ispu te , a nd , f u r the rmore , t ha t t hey c an b e a s a pp l icab le t o S y ro -Pa le s t in ian ( o r e ven " B ib l ica l " ) a rchaeo logy a s t o a ny o the r b ranch o f a r chaeo logy . Wh i le It r y t o a vo id c omp le te i den t i f ica t ion w i th a ny p ar t icu lar " s choo l " , a nd e spec ia l ly w i th t he s t er i le s eman t ic c on t rove r s ies o f t he p a s t , Iwou ld ma in ta in t ha t i ng ene ra l 1 )a rchaeo logy t oday mus t b e " e co log ica l " , i n t ha t a l l h u man s oc ie t ies a re p roduc ts o f a dap ta t ion t o t he e nv ironmen t , b o th n a tura l a nd c u l tura l . 2 )A rchaeo logy mus t b e " s ys tem ic " , i n t ha t n o c u l tura l s ys tem c an b e u nde r s tood a par t f r om t he c omp lex i n te r re la t ion sh ips o f i t s s ub s ys tem s ( such a s t e chno logy , s oc io -econo m ic s t ruc ture , p o l i t ica l o rgan iza t ion , a nd i deo logy ) , a l l o f wh ich l e ave t r aces i n t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord , p rope r ly i n terpre ted . 3 )A rchaeo logy mus tb e " p roce ssua l " ( a l though p e rhaps n o t t r u ly " nomo the t ic " ) , i nt ha t a s a r chaeo log is t s a nd h i s tor ians we a re u l t ima te ly c once rned n o t s imp ly w i th t e chn ica l t oo l s l i ke c o mpara t ive s t ra t igraphy a nd c eram ic c h rono logy , b u t w i th c u l ture , w i th t he p henomenon o fc u l tura lc h ang e( " no tj u s tp o t s ,b u tp eop le " ) . 3 .T oward a p rog ram o fr e search He re Ic an o n ly b ep rov is iona l ( and , If e a r , ab i tp re sump tuous )i ns ugge s t ing whe re we m igh t g o f r om h ere i n P a les t in ian a rchaeo logy , w i th s uch n ew a pp roaches a s s ys tem s t heory . Obv ious ly , we mus t d es ign s pec i f ic p ro jec ts t o f i e ld tes t t he u t i l i ty o f t h is a nd o the r mode l s . Ib e l ieve t ha t we h ave a l ready made as t ep i n t he r i gh t d i rec t ion i ns evera l p ro jec t s r e la t ing t ot he e nd o ft he E a r ly B ronze Age , s uch a s t he C en t ra l Negev H igh lands p ro jec t o f C ohen a nd my se l f; t he L ahav e xcava t ions o f J oe S eger; a nd t he T e l Y armu th e x cava t ion so fd eM iros ched j i i nI s rae l . I nJ o rdan , Iwou ld c i te t he l ong -runn ing e xcava t ion s o f R as t a nd S chaub a nd o the r s a tB ab e dh -Dhra a nd Nume ira; o f S uzanne R ichard a nd R oger B oraas a t Kh irbe t I skander; a nd o f t he Un ive rs i ty o f A r izona 's T e l l e l -Hayya t p ro jec t u nder F a lconer a nd Magne ss -Ga rd iner 26 .A l l t he se p ro jec t s h ave r e sea rch d es ign t ha t f o cus s pec i f ica l ly o na s se ss ing c u l tura l c hange; a l l a re p roduc ing n ew d a ta o n E BI I I V; a l l a re e co log ica l a nd s y s tem ic i n a pproach . None , h owever , h as y e t a pp l ied t he s y s tem s t heory mode l t ha t Iam a dvoca t ing t ot h e p rob lem o f t he e nd o f t he E a r ly B ronze Age . How m igh tt hey d o s o? - G iven aw ise c ho ice o f whe re a nd h ow t o work , Iwou ld s ugge s tt ha ta tl e as tf our o ft he e i gh t s ub sys tem s s ummar ized i n c har t form a bove ( Tab le 1 ) c an b e e xpec ted t o l e ave s ub s tan t ia l t r aces i n t he a rchaeo log ica l r e cord , wh ich c an b e e xp lo i ted w i th n ew a nd p er t inen t r e search s t ra teg ie s: a )S e t t lemen t t y pe s a nd d i s tr ibu t ion p a t te rn s . — Here a d e s idera tu m wou ld b e ac omp le te a nd d e ta i led map , c on t ras t ing E B I ,E B a nd E BI V s i te d i s t r ibu t ion , a nd g iv ing a b reakdown i n to as imp le h ie ra rchy o f s i te type f o re ach p er iod . T h is wou ld b e a n o bv ious f i r s t s t ep , a nd i t s c ou ld p robab ly b e d one o n t he b a s is o f p resen t s urvey d a ta , w i thou t 2 6 . Ic i te t hese a s u p to -da te r e search p ro jec t s d ea l ing s p ec i f i ca l ly w i th E BI I IV . O f c ou rse , v a luab le n ew d a ta w i l l c ome f r om o the r r e la ted p ro jec ts , i n p a r t icu lar B e i t -A r ieh 's wo rk o n t he E B Is i tes i n t he S ina i , t he s u rvey so fG ophna a nd o the r si nt he S ha ron P l a in ;S ege r 's e xcava t ion o ft h el owe rc i ty a tL ahav ( Te lH a it i ) ;a nd t h e o lde r e xcava t ions a tT e l l e l -He s i . I nJ o rdan , H e lm 's e xcava t ion o fs eve ra l E BI V s i te s a nd c eme te r ie s i n t he l owe r J o rdan V aley s hou ld b e e xcep t iona l ly i n te re s t ing . I fp ubl i shed , P rag 's v i l lage s i te o fI k tanu wou ld u ndoub ted ly b e s i gn i f ican t . ( Fo rr e fe rence s t op re l im ina ry r epo r t s , s e ea bove a nd B ib l iog raphy ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 41 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

W IL L IAM G . D EVER

e x ten s ive e xcava t ion . T hen we c ou ld b eg in ,a tl e a s t ,t ot a lk w i th s o me c on f idence a bou to ne o f t he b as ic i nd ica tor s o f s oc io -cu l tura l c hange: s h i f t s i ns e t t lemen t t ype a nd p a t te rn . B u t b eyond t he p re l im inary s t ud ie s o fB rosh i a nd Gophna ( 1 986; n e i the r s u f f ic ien t ly d e ta i led n or c omp le te ) , we h ave v i r tua l ly n o th ing

2 7

.

b )S ub s i s tence s y s tem s .— H ere we n eed t od ev ise s t ra teg ie s f o r a sse ss ing a nd c on t ras t ing i n tens ive a g r icu l ture o n t he o ne h and , w i th p r im i t ive d ry farm ing o n t he o the r ,a s w e l l a s a t temp t ing t o q uan t i fy t he r o le o f p a s tora l n omad ism i n t he e conomy a s a who le . T he r ou t ine a nd f u l l emp loymen t o f s uch p roven t e chn iques a s p a lyno logy a nd f l o ta t ion r e t r ieva l o f f l ora l a nd f auna lr ema ins wou ld , w i thou t d oub t , p roduce ap rov i s iona l p i c ture r a ther q u ick ly . I ti sc e r ta in ly p oss ib le t o s pec i fy wh ich p lan t s a nd a n i ma ls p layed a r o le i nt he e conomy a nd t os how h ow t he p e rcen tages o fe ach c hanged t h rough t ime .Y e t wha t d o w e k now i nd e ta i l o f t he a g r icu l tura l b as is o f t he u rban E B e conomy; o r t he " ma ter ia l c or re la te s " o f ap as tora l -nomad ic l i fe s ty le ? c )S oc ia l s t ruc ture .— I ti s s o me t ime s h e ld t ha t " a rchaeo log is ts d o n o t d ig u p s oc ia l s y s tem s " . P erhap s we c anno t g rasp a ne x t inc t s oc ia l s y s tem a s awho le , b u t u n les s we c an s ay s o me th ing d e f in i te a bou t t he s oc ie ty t ha t p roduced t he o b jec t s we d ig u p , wha t i st he p o in t o f a rchaeo logy ?Ib e l ieve t ha t , w i th t he r e la t ive ly l a rge e xposure o f a r ch i tec ture a nd a c t iv i ty a rea s t ha t w i se s i te s e lec t ion ( above ) make s p oss ib le , we c an d o much more w i th q ues t ions o f s oc ia l s t ruc ture . We c an s pe c i fy " e l i te " r e s idence s ( and p oss ib ly a l so t ombs ) a nd t hus b eg in t o d e scr ibe s oc ia l s t ra t i f ica t ion . On t he b as is o f h ouse f o rm a nd s pa t ia l d i s tr ibu t ion , we c an c a lcu la te n o to n ly p opu la t ion s i ze , b u t f a c tor i n s uch v ar iab les a s f am i ly s t ruc ture a nd o vera l l s oc ia l p a t tern s , a s p re l im inary s tud ies o f t he E BI V s e t t lemen t a tB e 'e rR es is im d emon s t ra te ( Deve r 1 985b ) . d ) P o l i t ica l

o rgan iza t ion . — Here t hose o f u s work ing w i th a nc ien t P a les t ine w i l l

p robab ly a lway sb eh and icapped b y t h el a ck o fl i t e rary s ource s ,b u t t ha tn eed n o tp rec lude o ur s ay ing s ome th ing a bou t p o l i t ica l o rgan iza t ion . F or o ne t h ing , we n eed t o t e s t t he a ssump t ion t ha t t he l a rge E B u rban s i tes o f P a les t ine c ons t i tu ted a S ta te l eve l o f o rgan iza t ion; e ven t he t e rm " c i ty s ta te " h as s e ldom b een e xam ined c r i t ica l ly . We n eed t o g ive much more e f for tt ol o ca t ing a nd s t udy ing s uch E ar ly B ronze i n s t i tu t ion so fc en t ra l ized a dm in is t ra t ion a s t emp les , s t orage f a c i l i t ies , p a lace s , a nd t he l i ke — i n a dd i t ion t o t he d e fense s ys tem s t ha t h ave b een e x ten s ive ly i nves t iga ted . E ven t he c oncep t o f " urban ism " i t se l f i sl a rge ly w i thou t c on ten t . R are ly h as t he t e rm e ven b een d e f ined , much l e ss h av ing d eve loped c r i te r ia t ha t a re t e s ted a ga ins t t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence . O f ten " urban " mean s n o th ing more w i th r egard t o E B s i te s t han " l arge , f o r t i f ied " . Y e t s uch c oncep t s a s " urban " , " s ta te " , a nd " c i ty -s ta te " h ave a we l l-recogn ized mean ing i n g enera l a r chaeo log ica l a nd a n thropo log ica l c i rc le s . And t h e re i s av as t l i te ra ture o n t he se s ub jec t s ( wh ich , u n for tuna te ly , mos t s pec ia l is t s i n o u r f i e ld d o n o t s eem t o k now ) . Has P a les t ine n o th ing t oc on t r ibu te t ot he d i scuss ion ?Ic anno t t h ink t ha t!

2 7 . B u ts ee n .2 1 a bove .J o f fe a nd Mab ry 's c r i t ique a nd e x tens ion o fB ro sh i & Gophna 1 986 i s mos tp rom i s ing .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 42 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

THE COLLAP SE O F T HE URBAN E ARLY B RONZE AGE I N P ALES T INE

CONCLUSION T h is p aper h as h ad t he a udac i ty t o r a ise s o me o f t he " b ig q ues t ion s " i n a rchaeo logy a nd c u l tura l h i s tory . B u t h ow e l se c an w e p roceed , i f we h ope t o make o ur d i sc ip l ine a cadem ica l ly r e spec tab le , a s w e l l a s t of u r the r k now ledge ? I n my o p in ion , o u r f i e ld w i l l p rog re ss a s a n a r chaeo log i c a l d i sc ip l ine ( no t me re ly as ub b ranch o f s o me o ther d i sc ip l ine , l i ke Anc ien t Near E as tern o r B ib l ica l s t ud ies ) o n ly a s f i e ldwork a nd i n terpre ta t ion d eve lop o n t he b as is o f a ppropr ia te , a nd s ome t i mes r ad ica l ly n ew , r e search d e s igns . We w i l l n o t g e t b eyond a n t iquar ian ism o r ama teur a rchaeo logy j u s t b y d igg ing more , b e t ter . We mus t c on f ron t t he p rob lems o f c u l tura l e vo lu t i on a nd s y s t em ic c h ang e , a s B in ford p o in ted o u t 2 5 y ear s a go i n o ne o f t he s em ina l e ssay s t ha t g ave " new a r chaeo logy " i t s i mpe tus . A s h e d ec lared: T he l a ck o f t heo re t ica l c oncern a nd r a the r n a ive a t temp ts a t e xp lana t ion c urren t ly a dvanced mus t b e mod i f ied . . . I ti s my o p in ion t ha t u n t i l w e a s a rchaeo log is ts b eg in t h ink ing o f o ur d a ta i n t e rms o f t o ta l c u l tura l s y s tems , [ i ta l ics m ine ] , many ( s uch ) p reh is tor ic " en igmas " w i l l r ema in u nexp la ined . A s a rchaeo log is ts , w i th t he e n t i re s pan o fc u l tu ra l h i s tory a s o u r " l abora tory " , w e c anno t a f fo rd t o k eep o u r t heore t ica l h eads b u r ied i nt he s and . ( B in fo rd 1 962: 2 25 )

2 8

.

B IBLI OG RA PHY AM IRAN ,R . 1 986 T he F al o ft he E a r ly B ronze Age I C i ty o fA rad .I s ra e l E xp lo r a t ion J o urna l3 6 : 7 4 -76 . AM IRAN ,R . & KOCHAV I ,M . 1 985 C anaan a tt he C lose o ft h eT h ird M i l lenn ium B .C .E . — An I ndependen t C u l tu re o ft h e F ina l P hase o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age ?E r e tz I sra e l 1 8: 3 6 1 -36 5 ( i n H eb rew ) . B A ILEY ,K .D . 1 96 8 Human E co logy: A G en e r a l S y s t ems A pp ro ach . U n ive r s i ty o fT exas: u npubl i shed d oc to ra l d is se r ta t ion . B ELL ,B . 1 97 1 T he D a rk Age s i n Anc ien t H is to ry . Am e r i can J ourna l o fA r cha eo logy 7 5: 1 26 . B EN -TOR ,A . 1 982 T he R e la t ions b e tween E gyp ta nd t he L and o fC anaan d u r ing t h eT h i rd M i l lenn ium B .C .J o urna lo fJ ew i sh S tud i e s 2 3 :3 18 . 1 986 T he T rade R e la t ions o f P a les t ine i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age . J ou rna l o ft h e S o c ia l a nd E conom i c H i s to ry o f t h e O r i en t 2 9: 1 27 . B INFORD ,L .A . 1 962 A rchaeo logy a s An th ropo logy . Am e r i c an A n t i qu i ty 2 8 :2 17 -225 . B L IN TL I FF ,J .L .8 z VAN ZE I ST ,W . ,e d s . 1 982 P a laeoc l ima te s , P a la eo env i ronmen t s a nd Human C ommun i t i e s i n t h e E a s t ern Med i ter r anean R eg ion i n L a t e rP r eh i s to ry , V o l . H . B .A .R . I n terna t iona l S e r ie s 1 33 . Ox fo rd: BAR .

2 8 . I n r ev is ing t h is p ape r a f te r t he S ympos ium Ih ave made v i r tua l ly n oc hange s . Obv iou s ly , Ip ro f i ted f r om many o f t he o the r p aper s a nd t hu s c ou ld h ave made e x tens ive r ev is ions , b u t t h a t s eemed i n app ropr ia te . I ti s s i gn i f ican t t ha t an umbe r o f p ape r s p rov ided , a tl e as t i n ap re l im inary w ay , s ome o f t he v e ry s ys tem ic d a ta f o r wh ich Iwas c a l l ing — p ar t icu la r ly t hose o f H o row i tz 8 zT chernov; L iphsch i tz , G ophna 8 zL ev -Y adun; A . R osen; S ege r; a nd Sm i th . T he p ape r o fE s se , b y c o inc idence , t ook at heo re t ica l a pp roach s omewha t s im i lar t o my own . S t imu la t ing a nd i nnova t ive a si tw as , h oweve r , t he S ympo s ium d emons t ra ted h ow f a r w e h ave y e t t og o i nb o th a dequa te f ormu la t ion o ft h eo ry a nd d a ta c olec t ion .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 43 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

W ILL IAM G . D EVER B C6ERUP ,E . 1 965 T h e C ond i t ion s o fA g r i cu l tur a l G r ow th . C h icago: A ld ine . 1 98 1 P opu la t ion a nd T e chno log i ca l C hange . C h ic ago: Un ive rs i ty o fC h icago P res s . BR O SH I , M .8 z GOPHNA R . 1 986 T he S e t t lemen ts a nd P opu la t ion o fP a le s t ine Dur ing t he E ar ly B ronze Age B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i c an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e sear ch 2 53: 4 1-54 . B UTZER ,K .W . 1 958 Q ua t erna ry S t r a t ig r aphy a nd C l ima t e i nt h eN e ar E a s t . B onn: F red Dumm le rs . 1 980 C iv il iza t ions: O rgan isms o r S ys tem s ?Ame r i c an S c i en t i s t 6 8: 5 17 -523 . CA LLAWAY ,J .A . 1 978 New P e rspec t ive s o n E ar ly B ronze I I i n P a le s t ine . P p . 4 6 -58 i n P .J .P ar r a nd R . P . S . Moo rey , e d s . , A r cha e o logy i nt h e L ev an t . E s say sf o r K a th l e en K enyon . Warm ins te r: A ns a nd P h i l l ips . C LARK D .L . 1 968 A na ly t i cA r cha eo logy . L ondon: Me thuen . COWCZ . 1 ,G .L . 1 988 Onwa rd a nd Upwa rd W i th C o l lap se .F o r thcom ing i nY o f fee & C owg i l l1 988 . CROWN ,A .D . 1 972 T owa rd aR e cons truc t ion o ft he C l ima te o fP a le s t ine , 80 00 -0 B .C . J ou rna lo fN ear E a s t ern S tud i e s3 1: 3 12 3 30 . D EVER ,W .G . 1 97 1 T he P eop le so fP a le s t ine i n t he M idd le B ronze IP e r iod . H a rv a rd T h eo log i ca l R ev i ew 6 4: 1 97 -226 . 1 973 T he E BI V - MB IHor izon i n T rans jo rdan a nd S ou the rn P a les t ine . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r i c an S cho o l s o f O r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 10: 3 7 -63 . 1 980 New V is tas o n t he E BI V ( "MB I " ) Ho r izon i nS y r ia -Pa les t ine . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i can S choo l s o fO r i en t a l R e sear ch 2 37: 3 5 -64 . 1 985a F rom t he E nd o f t he E ar ly B ronze t o t he B eg inn ing o f t he M idd le B ronze . P p . 1 3 135 i nJ . Am i ta i , e d . , B i b l i c a l A r cha eo logy T od ay . J e rusa lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . 1 986b V i l lage P l ann ing a tB e 'e rR e s is im a nd S oc io -econom ic S t ruc tu re i nE BI V P a le s t ine . E r e tz I s r a e l 1 8: 1 8 -28 . DONAHUE ,J . 1 985 Hyd ro log ic a nd T opog raph ic C hange Du r ing a nd A f te r E a r ly B ronze O ccupa t ion a tB ab e dh -Dhra ' a nd Nume i ra . P p . 1 3 1 -140 i n A . H ad id i , e d . ,S tud i e s i nt h eH i s to ry a nd A r c ha eo logy o fJ o rdan , V o l .I . Amman: D epa r tmen to f An t iqu i t ie si nJ o rd an . DONNE LL ,R .C 1 980 E vo lu t iona ry T heo ry a nd A rchaeo logy . P p . 3 5 -99 i nM . B .S ch i f fe r , e d . ,A dvanc e s i nA r ch a eo log i c a l Me thod a nd T h eo ry .V o l .3 . New Y o rk: A cadem ic P re s s . E I SENBERG ,E . 1 985 AB ur ia lC ave o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age I V( MB I )Nea r' Enan . ' A t i qo t ( Eng l ish S e r ies ) 1 7 :5 9 -74 . E PSTE IN ,C 1 985 Do lmens E xcava ted i nt he Go lan . ' A t i qo t ( Engl i sh S e r ie s ) 1 7: 2 0 -58 . E SSE ,D .E . 1 984 B eyond S ub s i s t enc e: B e th Y er ah a nd N o r th ern P a l e s t ine i n t h e E a r ly B r onz e A g e . Unpub l i shed d oc to ra l d i sse r ta t ion . U n ive r s i ty o fC h icago . F ALCONER ,S .A . & MAGNE S S -GARD INER ,B . 1 983 E xcava t ion s o ft he T el e l -Hayya t P ro je c t . A nnua l o ft h e D epa r tmen t o fA n t iqu i t i e s i nJ o rd an 2 7 : 8 7 -104 . 1 984 P re l im ina ry R epo r t o f t he F i rs t S eason o f t he T e l l e l -Hayya t P ro je c t . B u l l e t in o ft h e Am er i c an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e sear ch 2 55: 4 9 -74 . F LANNERY ,KV . 1 968 A rchaeo log ica lS ys tems T heo ry a nd E ar ly Me soa rne r ica . P p . 6 7 -87 i nB .J . Megga rs , e d . , A n thropo log i c a l A r ch a eo logy i nt h e Ame r i ca s . Wash ing ton: An th ropo log ica l S oc ie ty o f Wash ing ton . 1 972 T he Cu l tu ra l E vo lu t ion o fC iv i l iza t ions . A nnua l R ev iew o fE co logy a nd S y s t em i c s3 : 3 99 -426 . F R IED ,M .H . 1 967 T h e E vo lu t i on o fP o l i t i ca lS o c i e ty . N ew Y o rk: R andom House . GERA T E ,L .T .e ta l . 1 986 Madeba P l a ins P ro jec t: A P re l im inary R epo r t o ft he 1 984 S eason a tT el e l eUme i r i a nd V ic in i ty . P p . 17 1 44 i n W .E . R as t , e d . , P rel im inary R epo r ts o f ASOR -Sponso red E xcava t ions 1 980 -84 . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i can S cho o l s o fO r i en ta l R e s ea r ch S upp l em en t 2 4 . W inona L ake , I N: Ame r ican S choo l s o f O r ien ta l R e search . GERSTENBL ITH ,P . 1 980 AR easse ssmen t o f t h e B eg inn ing o f t he M idd le B ronze Age . B u l l e t in o ft h e Am e r i c an S choo l s o fO r i en ta l R e sear ch 2 37: 6 5 -84 . GOPHNA ,R . &P OR IUGAL I ,J . 1 988 S e t t lemen t a nd D emog raph ic P roces se s i n I s rae l 's C oas ta l P la in f r om t he Cha lcol i th ic t o t h e M idd le B ronze Age i n S y r ia -Pa les t ine . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i can S cho o l s o fO r i en ta l R e s e a r ch 2 69: 1 -28 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 44 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

T HE COLLAP SE O F THE U RBAN E ARLY B RONZ E A GE I N P ALEST INE HAD ID I ,A . 1 982

An E B - MB T omb a tJ ebe l J o feh i n Amman . A nnua l o ft h e D ep a r tmen t o fA n t iqu i t i e s i nJ o rd an XXV I: 2 83 2 88 . HARLAN ,J .R . 1 985

T he E a r ly B ronze Age E nv i ronmen to ft h eS ou the rn Cho ra nd Moab P l a teau .P p .1 25 129 i nA . H ad i c i i ,e d . , S tud i e s i nt h eH i s to ry a nd A r cha e o logy o fJ o rdan , V o l . I . Amman: D epar tmen t o f An t iqu i t ie s o fJ o rdan . HELM S ,S . 1 983

T he E BI V ( EB - MB ) C eme te ry o fT iwa l e sh -Sharq ii n t he J o rdan V aley , 1 983 . A nnua lo ft h eD ep a r tm en t o f A n t iqu i t i e s i nJ o rd an 2 7: 5 -85 . E xcava t ion sa tT e l l Um H amad , 1 984 . L ev an t1 8: 2 5 -50 .

1 986 HE S S ,0 . 1 984 M idd le B ronze IT omb s a tT e l A r ta l . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i can S choo l s o fO r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 53: 5 5 -60 . H ILL ,J .N . ,e d . 1 977 a E xp lana t ion o fP r eh i s to r i c C hange . A lbuque rque: Un ive rs i ty o f New Mex ico . 1 977b S ys tems T heo ry a nd t h eE xp lana t ion o fC hange . P p .5 9 103 i nH i l l1 977a . HOLE ,F . & HE IZER ,R .F . 1 977 P r eh i s to r i c A r cha eo l ogy: A B r i e fI n tr oduc t ion . New Y o rk: Ho l t , R inehar t a nd W ins ton . HOROW ITZ ,A . 1 97 4 P re l im inary P a lyno log ica l I nd ica t ions a s t ot he C l ima te o f I s rae l Du r ing t he L as t 6 000 Y ear s . P a ld o r i en t 2:4 07 -4 14 . J OFFE ,A .H . n .d . S e t t lemen t P a t te rns a nd S oc ia l O rgan iza t ion i n E a r ly B ronze Ia nd I C anaan . U n ive r s i ty o f A r izona: u npubl i shed manu s c r ip t . K EMP LN SK I ,A . 1 97 8 T he R i se o fa n U rban C u l tur e: T h e U rban iz a t ion o fP a l e s t ine i n t h e E a r ly B ronz e A g e . J e rusa lem: I s rae l E thnog r aph ic S o c ie ty . KOCHAV I ,M . & KAS I 1ER ,A . ,e ds . 1 987 S e t t lemen t P opu la t ion a nd E conomy i nA nc i en t P a le s t in e ( f o r thcom ing ) . MABRY ,J . n . d . T he C anaan i te C oun t ry s ide . Un ive r s i ty o fA r izona : u npub l ished manu sc r ip t . MAT IB IAE ,P . 1 97 9 E b la i n t he P e r iod o f t he Amo r i te Dynas t ies a nd t he Dynas ty o f Akkad: R ecen t A rchaeo log ica l D iscove r ie s a tT el Ma rd ikh ( 1 975 ) . Monogr aph so n t h e A nc i en t N e ar E a s t 1/ 6 . Ma l ibu CA: U ndena . MAT T INGLY ,C .L .&B ROWN ,R . 1 988 A rchaeo log ica lS u rvey o fC en t ra la nd S ou the rn Moab ( f o r thcom ing ) . MARUYAMA ,M . 1 968 T he S econd C ybe rne t ic s: D ev ia t ion -Amp l i fy ing Mu tua lC ausa lP roces se s . P p .3 0 4 -3 13 i nW . B uck ley ,e d . , Mod e rn S y s tem s R e se ar ch f o r t h e S o c ia l S c i en t i s t . C h icago: A ld ine . MA ZZON I ,S . 1 985 E lemen t so ft he C e ram i c Cu l tu re o fE a r ly S y r ian E b la i nC ompar ison w i th S y ro -Pa le s t ine E BI V . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r i can S cho o l s o f O r i en ta l R e sear ch 2 57: 1 18 . ME NDENHALL ,G . 1 962 T he Heb rew C onques t o f P a les t ine . B i b l i c a l A r cha eo log i s t2 5: 6 6 -87 . NEEV ,D . & EMERY ,K . 1 967 T he D ead S ea: D epo s i t iona l P ro c e s se s a nd E nv i ronmen t s o fE v apo r i t e s . J e rusa lem: G eo log ica l S u rvey o f I s rae l . P ETERMAN ,G . 1 988 T he E B C eme te ry ( A rea D ) a tK h i rbe t I s kande r , J o rdan: T omb s D l -D5 . B u l l e t in o ft h e Am e r i c an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e s e ar ch ( f o r thcom ing ) . P ALUMBO ,C . 1 987 " Egal i ta r ian " o r " S t ra t i f ied " S oc ie ty ?S ome No te s o n Mo r tuary P rac t ices a nd S oc ia l S t ruc tu re a tJ e r icho i n E BI V . B u l l e t in o ft h e Am e r i c an S choo l s o fO r i en ta l R e s ear ch 2 67: 4 3 -59 . P LOG ,F .T . 1 974 T h e S tudy o fP r eh i s to r i c C hang e . New Y o rk: A cadem ic P re ss . 1 97 5 S ys tems T heo ry i nA rchaeo log ica l R esearch . A nnua l R ev i ew o fA n thr op o logy 4 : 2 07 -223 . P O LLAK S . ,e d . , 1 97 5 P opu l a t ion , E c o logy ,a nd S o c i a lE v o lu t ion . T he H ague :Mou ton . P OMMERAN IZ ,I . ,e d . 1 982 E xcava t ions a nd S u rvey s i nI s rae l 1 982 . V o l . 1 .E ng . t r .o fH ad a sho t A rkh eo log iyo t 7 8 -8 1 . J e rusa lem: I s rae l D epar tmen to fA n t iqu i t ie sa nd Mu seums . 1 983 E xcava t ions a nd S u rvey s i nI s rae l 1 983 , V o l .2 .E ng . t r .o fH ada sho t A rkh eo log iyo t 8 2 -83 . J e ru sa lem: I s r ae l D epar tmen to f An t iqu i t ie sa nd Mu seums . 1 984 E xcava t ions a nd S u rvey s i nI s rae l 1 984 , V o l .3 .E ng . t r .o fH ad a sho t A rk heo log iyo t 8 4 -85 . J e ru sa lem: I s r ae l D ep ar tmen to fA nt iqu i t ie sa nd Museums .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 45 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

W ILL IAM G . D EVER PR AG ,K .W . 1 985 Anc ien ta nd Mode rn P as to ra lM ig ra t ions i nt he L evan t .L ev an t1 7 :8 1 -88 . RA I I CE S ,R . 1 967 W a t e r , W e a the ra nd P r eh i s to ry . L ondon: J .B ake r . RAPPAPORT ,R . 1 977 Ma ladap ta t ion i nS oc ia lS ys tems . P p . 4 9 -73 i nJ .F r iedman a nd M . R ow land s ,e d s . , T h eE v o lu t i on o fS o c i a l S y s t em s .L ondon :Duckwo r th . R AST ,W .E .8 zS CHAUB ,R .T . 1 981 T he S ou theas te r n D ead S ea P la in E xped i t ion: An I n ter im R epo r t o f t he 1 977 S eason . A nnua l o ft h e Ame r i c an S cho o l s o fO r i t en ta l R e s ear ch 4 6 . C amb r idge , MA: Ame r ican S choo ls o f O r ien ta l R e search . R ENFREW ,C . 1 978 T ra jec to ry D i scon t inu i ty a nd Mo rphogenes is: T he I mpl i ca t ions o fC a tas t rophe T heo ry f o rA rchaeo logy . Amer i c an A n t i qu i ty 4 3: 2 03 -222 . 1 982 e d . T heo ry a nd E xp lana t ion i nA r cha eo logy . N ew Y o rk: A cadem ic P re ss . R EDMAN ,C L 1 978 Me sopo tam ian U rban E co logy: T he S ys tem ic C on tex to ft he Eme rgence o fU rban ism . P p .3 29 -347 i nC . L . R edman e ta l . ,e d . , S oc i a l A r cha eo logy: B ey ond S ub s i s tenc ea nd D a t ing . New Y o rk: A cadem ic P res s . R ICHARD ,S . 1 980 T owa rd aC oncensus o f Op in ion o n t he E nd o ft he E a r ly B ronze Age i nP a le s t ine -T rans jo rdan . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r i can S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e s ear ch 2 37: 5 34 . 1 982 R epo r t o n t he 1 98 1 S eason o f S u rvey a nd S ound ing s a t K h i rbe t I s kande r . A nnua l o ft h e D ep ar tmen t o f A n t i qu i t i e s i nJ o rdan 2 6: 2 89 -300 . 1 983 R epo r t o n t he 1 982 S eason o f S u rvey a nd S ound ing s a t K h i rbe t I s kande r . A nnua l o ft h e D ep ar tmen t o f A n t iqu i t i e s i nJ o rdan 2 7: 4 5 -53 1 987 T he E ar ly B ronze Age: T he R ise a nd C o l lap se o fU rban ism . B i b l i c a l A r chaeo log i s t 5 0: 2 2 -43 . R ICHARD ,S .8 zB ORAA S ,R .S . 1 984 P rel im ina ry R epo r to nt he 1 98 1-82 S easons o ft he E xped i t ion t oK h i rbe t I s kande ra nd i t sV ic in i ty .B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r i can S cho o l s o f O r i en ta l R e s ea r ch 2 54: 6 3 -87 . S CHAUB ,R .T .&R AST ,W .E . 1 984 P re l im ina ry R epo r t o ft he 1 98 1 E xped i t ion t ot h e D ead S ea P l a in ,J o rdan . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i can S cho o l s o f O r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 54: 3 5 -60 . S CH IF FER ,M .B . 1 978 T ak ing t he P u lse o f Me thod a nd T heo ry i n Ame r ican A rchaeo logy . Ame r i can A n t i qu i ty 4 3 :1 53 158 . S ERV ICE ,E .R . 1 962 P r im i t iv e S o c i a l O rgan iz a t i on: A n E vo lu t ionary P e r sp e c t iv e . New Y o rk: R andom House . 1 975 O r ig in s o ft h e S t a t e a nd C iv i l iz a t i on: T h e P ro c e s s o fC u l tur a l E v o lu t i on . New Y o rk: No r ton . S HAY ,T . 1 983 B u r ia lC u s toms a tJ e r icho i nt he I n te rmed ia te B ronze Age: A C omponent ia l Ana lys is . T e lA v iv 1 0 :2 6 -37 . S IMON ,H .A . 1 965 T he A rch i te c tu re o f C omp lex i ty . Y ear book o ft h e S oc i e ty f o r G ene r a l S y s tem s R e se arch 1 0: 6 3 -76 . SP OONER ,B . ,e d . 1 972 P opu la t i on G row th: A n throp o log i ca l I mp l i ca t i on s . C amb r idge: Mas sachuse t ts I ns t i tu te o f T echno logy . WAT SON ,P .J . ,L EBLANC ,S .A . &R EDMAN ,C L 1 97 1 E xp lana t ion i nA r cha eo logy: A n E xp l i c i t ly S c i en t i f i c A pp ro a ch . New Y o rk: C o lumb ia Un iver s i ty . 1 984 A r cha eo log i c a l E xp lana t ion: T h e S c i en t i f i c Me thod i n A r cha eo logy . New Y o rk: C o lumb ia U n ive r s i ty . WE ISS ,P .A . ,e d . 1 97 1 H i er ar ch i c a l ly O rgan iz ed S y s tem s i n T h eo ry a nd P r ac t i c e . New Y o rk: H a fne r . WENKE ,R .J . 1 981

E xp la in ing t he E vo lu t ion o fC u l tu ra lC omp lex i ty :A R ev iew . P p . 7 9 127 i nM . B .S ch i f fe r ,e d . ,A dv anc e si n A r cha eo log i c a l Me thod a nd T h eo ry , V o l .4 . New Y o rk: A cadem ic P re ss .

W R IGH T ,H .T . 1 977

T oward a nd E xp lana t ion o ft he O r ig in o ft he S t a te . P p .2 15 -230 i nH i l l1 977 a .

W R IGH T ,H .T .&J O HN SON ,G .A . 1 975

P opu la t ion E xchange , a nd E ar ly S t a te F o rma t ion i nS ou thwe s te rn I r an . Ame r i can A n thropo log i s t 7 7: 2 67 2 89 . YO FFEE ,N . 1 979 1 988

T he D ec l ine a nd R i se o f Me sopo tam ian C iv i l i za t ion . Ame r i c an A n t i qu i ty 4 4: 3 35 . O r ien t ing C o l lapse; T he C olap se o f Anc ien t Mesopo tam ian S t a tes a nd C iv i l iza t ions . F o r thcom ing i n Y o f fee a nd C owg i l l1 988 . YOFFEE ,N . & COWG ILL ,G . ,e d s . 1 988 T h e C o l lap s e o fA nc i en t S t a t e s a nd C iv i l iz a t ion s . T uc son: U n ive r s i ty o f A r izona P res s . Y OGE V ,0 . 1 985 AM idd le B ronze Age C eme te ry S ou th o fT e l R ehnv . ' A t i qd t ( Engl i sh S e r ie s ) 1 7 :9 0 -113 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 46 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

ENV IRO N ME NTAL CHANGE AT THE EN D OF EARLY BRO NZE AGE PALESTINE A r lene M . ROSEN R e search F e l low A lbr igh t I ns t i tu te f o r A r cha eo log ica l R e search J e rusa lem , I s ra e l

T he r o le o f c l ima t ic c hange i n t he E BI I/IV t r ans i t ion h a s b een a l luded t ob y r e cen t a u thor s ( Fargo 1 979; R ichard 1 980 ) a s o ne o f t he ma jor e l emen ts c on t r ibu t ing t o t he c o l lapse o f E BI I s oc ie ty . Howeve r , t o d a te t here h as b een n o s ys tema t ic e xa m ina t ion o f t he e v idence f o r t he c l ima t ic c ond i t ions i n t he s ou thern L evan t d ur ing t he E ar ly B ronze Age , o r t he p o ss ib i l i ty o f d e s icca t ion i n E BI V . F ur thermore , i ft he c l ima te d id c hange f o r t he wor se , n oe xp lana t ion h as b een o f fe red f o rt he movemen to ft he E BI Vp opu la t ion s i n to t he ma rg ina l a reas o f t he N egev a nd J o rdan V a l ley . I ti st he p urpose o f t h is p aper t o d emons t ra te t ha t t here was i ndeed a s i gn i f ican t c l ima t ic c hange a t t he e nd o f t he E B I I , wh ich u nderm ined t he a gr icu l tura l b ase o f s ub s i s tence a nd t r ade . Ia l so s ugge s tt ha tt he n ew s e t t lemen tp a t te rn s we re ,i np ar t , ar e su l t o ft h e s ubsequen tc hange i nt he l o ca t ion o fp ermanen t wa ter s ource s . C l ima t ic f l uc tua t ion , t hen , was p robab ly o ne o f t he ma jor s t re sses t o t he s oc ia l s y s tem wh ich u l t ima te ly l e d t o t he c o l lapse o f E BI I c i v i l iza t ion a nd t he a l te ra t ion o f s e t t lemen t p a t terns i n t he E BI V .

E v idence f o r e nv i ronmen ta l c hange T he e v idence f o r c l i ma t ic c hange i n t he E ar ly B ronze a ge ( m idd le Ho locene ) c omes f r om s evera l i ndependen t s ources . T hese a re p a leo l i mno logy , p a lyno logy , t he i s o top ic c ompos i t ion o fs ea w a te r ,a nd g eomorpho logy . None o ft he se t ype so fs t ud ie s c an s t and o n t he ir own s i nce t hey a l l s u f fe r f r om t he v agar ies o f i n te rpre ta t ion a nd t he l a ck o f g ood d a tes . However , when s eve ra l i ndependen t l i ne s o f e v idence r epea t g enera l p a t te rn s o f h um id a nd d ry i n terva ls , i ti sp oss ib le t or e con s t ruc t ag enera l e nv ironmen ta l p i c ture . T he mos t s i gn if ican t p rob lem i st o t i e t h ese p a t tern s i n to a c hrono log ica l f r amework wh ich i s c ons is ten t w i th t he a r chaeo log ica l r e cord . I n a l l f our l i nes o f r e search , r ad iocarbon h as b een u sed t of i x d a tes o n t h ec l i ma t ic p a t te rn s ' . T he se d a te s , h oweve r , c anno tb ec or re la ted d i rec t ly t o c a lendar y ear s w i thou t f i r s t c or rec t ing t hem f o r f l uc tua t ions i n a tmospher ic

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -2 47 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

A RLENE M . R O SEN

c arbon t h rough t ime . Once t he d a tes a re c or rec ted , t he p a t te rns o f e nv ironmen ta l c hange a re a pp l icab le t o a r chaeo log ica l p er iods . T here fore , i n t h is p aper , Iw i l l e xa m ine t he v ar ious t ype so fe v idence f o rc l ima t ic c hange u s ing " Cd a tes c o r rec ted a cco rd ing t oK le in e t a / . ( 1 982 ) whe re p o ss ib le I . I s o tope

S tud i e s

I n forma t ion o n t he i s o top ic c ompos i t ion o f Med i te r ranean S ea wa ter a nd i t s c l ima t ic i mp l ica t ion s i sq u i te s c ar ce f o r t he Ho locene p er iod ( s ee d i scuss ion b y L uz 1 982 ) , a nd t h e d a t ing ( u sua l ly o f s he l l ) i sn o t p rec ise e nough f o r e xac t c or re la t ion s w i th a r chaeo log ica l p er iods . Howeve r , o ne s t udy d oe s h ave i mp l ica t ions f o r e nv ironmen ta l c ond i t ions i n t h e g enera l t ime p er iod c or re spond ing t o t he E ar ly B ronze Age a nd l a ter . Magar i tz a nd K au fman ( 1973 ) a na lyzed mo l lusc s he l ls f r om t he E as tern Med i te rranean f o r t he ir 1 80 c on ten t . H ighe r

1 80

v a lue s a re af unc t ion o fg rea te rw a te rs a l in i ty a nd h igher e vapora t ion

r a te s . T hey f ound t ha ti nt he p er iod a round 5 000 b .p .

2

t he

1 80

c ompo s i t ion o ft h es ea wa te r

was q u i te l ow s ugge s t ing amo re h um id c l i ma te t han t he p resen t . A f ter t ha t t ime t he

1 80

b egan t oi n c rease ,r e ach ing t he p resen t -day h igh v a lues a ta round 2 800 b .p . P a leo l imno logy P a leo l imno log ica l e v idence c omes f r om t he D ead S ea where Neev a nd Eme ry ( 1 967 ) a nd l a te r Neev a nd Ha l l ( 1 977 ) e xa m ined t he a l te r na t ing a nd i n te r f inger ing l ayer s o f r ock s a l t ( i nd ica t ing h ighe r e vapo ra t ion r a te s ) a nd d e tr i ta l s ed imen t ( as i gn o f g rea ter r uno f f ) f r om c o re si nt he s ou th b as in ( s ee F ig . 1 ) .T he Ho locene p o r t ion o ft he s equen ce i sb racke ted o no ne e nd b ya ne a r ly d a te 9 850 ±1 50 b .p . 3,a nd o nt h eo the rb y ad a te o f1 090 ±2 20 A .D . ( 9 30 ± 1 65 b .p . ) . T here i sa l so a m idd le d a te o f 3 090 ±6 80 B .C . ( 4 410 ± 3 20 b .p . ) , wh ich f a l ls w i th in t he l a te Cha lco l i th ic o r E a r ly B ronze Age . T he s equence b eg in s i n t he e ar ly Ho locene w i th a l ong p hase o f g reen ish -gray l am ina ted c l ays i nd ica t ive o f a mo is t p er iod c o inc iden t w i th t he " Neo l i th ic w e t p hase " d ocu men ted i n Nor th A f r ica a nd t he s ou thern L evan t ( Bu tze r e ta l . 1 972; R obe r ts 1 982 ) . F o l low ing t h is t he re i s ad i s t inc t d ry p hase a ta nu nknown t ime p e r iod , a nd t hen amarked r e turn t o mo is t c ond i t ions . T h is mo is t p hase c o inc ide s w i th t he d a te o f 3 090 ±6 80 B .C . men t ioned a bove . A f terwards , ar ap id d rop i n h um id i ty l e ads t o al ong s equence o f s a l t t ongue s i n ter f inger ing w i th l ake s ed imen t s . A ccord ing t o Neev a nd Emery ( 1 967: 2 8 ) t he m idd le Ho locene d a te c ame f r om t he u ppe rmos t p or t ion o f t he c l ayey s ed imen t , a tt he b ase o f t he s a l t t ongue p hase , b u t l a te r , Neev a nd Ha l l ( 1 977: 3 ) s t a te t ha t i tc a me f r om t he m idd le o f t he c l ays . A l though t he h igh s t andard d ev ia t ion o f t he d a te a l lows f o r g rea t amb igu i ty , t he e v idence p o in ts t o a mo is t p hase d ur ing a t l e as t p ar t o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age f o l lowed b y ad rop -o f f i n

h um id i ty a nd as evere d es icca t ion . P a lyno logy S ome o ft he mos ti mpor tan te v idence f o rc l ima t ic c hange i nt he s ou thern L evan td ur ing t he E ar ly B ronze Age may b e t aken f r om t h ree p o l len d iagra m s f r om t he n or the rn J o rdan 1 . K le in e ta l . 1 982 p rov ide s ar ange o fd a te sr a the rt h an am idd le d a te . F o r t he p u rpo se so ft h i sp ape r , Ih ave p re sen ted t he m idd le d a te w i th i t sr ange o fe r ro r . 2 . b .p . =b e fo re p re sen t . L ower c ase b .p . a nd b . c . r ep resen t u nco r re c ted r ad io ca rbon y ears o r i n terpo la ted d a te s; u ppe rc ase B .P .a nd B .C .s t and f o rc o r rec ted r ad ioc arbon d e te rm ina t ions . 3 . T h is d a te i sn o t w i th in t he c o rrec tab le r ange .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 48 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

E NV IRONMENTAL C HANGE A TT HE E ND O FT H E E ARLY B RONZ E A GE I NP ALE STI N E

T he D ead S ea R unoff/Evaporation R atio L ow

H i h

1 090± 2 20 A .D .

S o lt T ongues 3 090 .4: 680 B .C .

L ake C lays

9 850±150 b .p .

FI G . 1 .— L ake d epos i t sd ur ing t he p a s t1 0 ,000 y ea r si nt he s ou th b a s in o ft he D ead S ea ( af te r Neev & Eme ry 1 967 ) .

V a l ley . T hese i n c lude t wo c ores f r om L ake Hu la , o ne s t ud ied b y Horow i tz ( 1 97 1; 1 978; 1 979 ) a nd t he o the r b y M iyo sh i a nd T sukada ( r ep roduced b y v an Z e is t &B o t tema 1 982 ) , a nd o ne c ore f r om L ake K inne re t( Ba ruch 1 983 ) . I th as b een n o ted ( Baruch 1 983: 2 6; L .S tager , p e r s . c omm . ) t ha t i n t he i n te rp re ta t ion o fp o l len c ore sf r om t he h i s tor ic p e r iods i nt he L evan t ,o ne mu s tb ev e ry c are fu l t ot ake i n to a ccoun t t he e f fec t s o f d e fo re s ta t ion a nd a gr icu l tura l a c t iv i ty . T h is mean s t h a t o ne c anno t a lway s a ssu me t ha t f l uc tua t ion s i n t o ta l a rborea l p o l len a re d i rec t ly r e la ted t o we t a nd d ry c l i ma t ic p hase s . However , i ti sp oss ib le t oe s t ima te t he amoun t o fh uman i n te r fe rence b y e xa m in ing t he r e la t ive s ed imen ta t ion w i th in a g iven l ake . A s harp d ecrease i n a rbo rea l p o l len d ue t oh uman i n ter fe rence s hou ld b ea ccompan ied b y ama rked i n crease i n s ed imen tr uno f ff r om t he s l ope s ,a nd t he re fore amuch g rea te rl a ke s ed imen ta t ion r a te . I n B aruch 's p o l len d iag ram f r om L ake K innere t , f o r e xamp le , t he p e r iod b e tween c a . 4 200 ±c a . 8 00 B .C . 4( 5 372 ±5 02 b .p . ) a nd 3 038 ±4 83 B .C . ( 3 550 ±2 15 b .p . ) , r epre sen ted b y 10 c m . o f s ed imen t , h ad t h el ow s ed imen ta t ion r a te o fc a . 5cm ./100 y ear s , whe reas t he 8 0 cm . b u i ldup i n t he f o l low ing i n terva l 2 028 ±4 83 B .C . t o 170 ±3 15 B .C . ( 2 964 ±1 20 b .p . ) r ep resen ts a h igher s ed imen ta t ion r a te o f 9 . 3 cm ./100 y ear s . F ur thermore , a l though i ti s t r ue t ha t a l l t h ree p o l len d iagram s d i sp lay an ega t ive r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t he p o l len o f o l ive a nd o ak , t he s a me r e la t ionsh ip o ccur s i nt he P le is tocene , wh ich i mp l ies t ha t t he re i s 4 . Due t o t he e xt reme ly l a rge s i gma o f5 00 y ears , i t was n ecessary t oe x t rapo la te t h is d a te f r om t he K le in e t a l . 1 982 c har t .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -2 49 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

ARLENE M . ROSEN B OREHOLE

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FI G .2 .— P o l len d iag ram f r om L ake Hu la ( r ev i sed b yL .S t age ra f te r Ho row i tz 1 97 1 ) .

a t l e a s t ap ar t ia l c l ima t ic e xp lana t ion f o r t h is p henomenon ( no ted b y S . R osen , p er s . c omm . ) . A l though d e fores ta t ion was p robab ly a s l ow b u t s t eady p roce ss ( Row ton 1 967: 2 76; Hopk ins 1 985: 19 ) , i ta ppear s a s i ft he ma jor p er iod o f d e fo re s ta t ion i nt h e L evan t b egan w e l l a f te r t h e E ar ly B ronze A ge . Horow i tz 's ( 1 97 1 , 1 978 , 1 979 ) i n te rp re ta t ion s o f t he Hu la UP -15 c ore a re d i scussed i n d e ta i l e l sewhere ( Rosen 1 986a ) , b u t t he r e la t ionsh ip t o a rchaeo log ica l p e r iods h ave c ommon ly b een b a sed o n u ncor re c ted r ad iocarbon d a te s ( Horow i tz 1 978 ) . L .S t ager ( pe r s . c omm . ) h as p ropo sed ar e ca l ib ra t ion o ft he c u rve f o ro ak p o l len wh ich h as i mp l ica t ions f o r c l ima t ic c hange i n t h e E B ( s ee F ig .2 ) . S tage r c a l ibra ted t he d a te HV 1 724 f r om 4 565 ±7 5 b .p . t o3 200 B .C . u s ing t he MASCA c a l ib ra t ion c har t s . I n o rder t ob e c ons is ten t w i th t he o ther d a tes p resen ted h e re , Ih ave r e ca l ib ra ted t h is d a te a ccord ing t o t he more r ecen t c onsen sus p ub l ished b y K le in e ta l . ( 1 982 ) r e su l t ing i n ad e te rm ina t ion o f 3 300 ±2 74 B .C . T h is d a te c o inc ide s w i th a n a pex i n t he o ak c urve wh ich i sp robab ly r e la ted t o mo is ter e nv ironmen ta lc ond i t ion s . I no rde rt or e la te t he r ema inde ro ft he c urve t oa r chaeo log ica l p er iods i ti sn e ces sa ry t o make t he a s sump t ion t ha t t he re h as b een ac ons tan t s ed imen ta t ion r a te b e tween t he t wo d a ted p hases . T h is a dm i t ted ly l e ads u s o ver a f e eb le f ounda t ion , b u t w i thou t i tt he d iagram c anno t b e u sed . T here fore t he f o l low ing r e la t ionsh ip t o a r chaeo log ica l p e r iods p roposed h e re i st e n ta t ive . A ccord ing t o t he o ak c urve , t here i s ap eak i nd ica t ing a mo is ter e nv ironmen t a t 3 300 ±2 74 B .C . , c or respond ing t o t he p er iod o f t he C ha lco l i th ic/EB It r ans i t ion ( wh ich a grees w i th t he D ead S ea d a ta ) , ad epre ss ion a tc a . 2 800 b . c . , s ugge s t ing a d r ier i n te rva l , a nd a no ther p eak n ear t he e nd o f t he E B a t .c a . 2 400 b . c . A f ter t h is t here i s a marked d ec l ine i n o ak wh ich l a s t s u n t i l s o me t ime i n t he L B , s ugge s t ing a s e r ious d e s icca t ion c or re spond ing w i th t h eb eg inn ing o ft he E BI Vp e r iod . de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 50 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

U L

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CON IFERS

LAKE HULEH

DEC IDUOUS T REES

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FI G .3 . — Mod if ied p o l len d iag ram f r om L ake Hu la b ased o na p re l im inary p o l len a na ly s is b yN . M iyosh ia nd M .T sukada .

I n ad iagram f r om L ake Hu la b ased o n ap re l im inary p o l len a na lys i s b y N . M iyosh i

a nd M . T sukada ( pub l ished b y v an Z e is t & B o t tema 1 982 ) ( F ig . 3 ) t here i s as im i lar p a t tern w i th a n o ak p eak a tc a . 3 600 b . c . , ad e c l ine a tc a . 3 000 b . c . ( bu t ar i se i na rborea l p o l len i n g enera l mak ing t he i n terpre ta t ion amb iguous ) , a nd a no ther o ak p eak f r om c a . 2 800 b . c . t o2 200 b . c . A f te rt h i s t he re i s as harp d ec l ine i na l l a rborea l p o l len u n t i l c a . 1 400 b . c . A l though t he d a tes a r e s o mewha t o u to f p ha se w i th t hose o ft he Hu la UP -15 c ore , t he p a t te rn i ss im i lar a nd a ga in t he re i se v idence f o r mo is te r c l i ma t ic c ond i t ion s w i th in t hE B w i th marked d e s icca t ion a tt he E BI I/EB I V b oundary . B a ruch 's ( 1 983 ) p o l len d iag ram f r om L ake K inne re ta l so i n c lude s ap or t ion o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age , b u t t he l owe rmos td a te , c a . 4 200 ±8 00 B .C . ( 5 372 ±5 02 b .p . ) i sh igh ly s uspec t d ue t o t he v e ry l a rge s t andard d ev ia t ion . T he l a ter d a te o f 2 028 ±4 83 B .C . ( 3 550 ± 2 15 b .p . ) i ss o mewha t b e t ter . T he re fore , i n av ery g ene ra l way we c an s ay t ha t d ur ing t he Cha lco l i th ic p e r iod c ond i t ions w ere mo is ter t han a t p re sen t w i th a no ther mo i s t p eak i n t he E ar ly B ronze a ge a tc a . 3 010 b . c . ,a nd as harp d ec l ine a nd d e s icca t ion a f ter 2 028 ±4 83 . G eomorpho logy I n r ecen t y ears , i n forma t ion o n m idd le t o l a te Ho locene f l uv ia l s y s tem s h as b een a ccumu la t ing f r om s ou thern a nd c en tra l I s rae l . I n t he Negev , r e searcher s h ave i den t i f ied t e r races o f f l uv ia l r ewo rked l o e ss d a t ing t o t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd E a r ly B ronze p er iods . Good f r iend ( 1 987 ) r epor t s t he e x is tence o fw ide sp read f l uv ia l d epos i ts i nt he Negev wh ich d a te t o t he p er iod 6 200 -3700 b .p . One t e r race i n p ar t icu lar ( I srae l G r id c oord ina te s 1 400 0 418 ) y ie lded " C d a te s o n s na i l s he l ls o f 3 340 ±4 40 B .C . ( 4 600 ±2 40 b .p . ) a nd 3 460 ±4 20 B .C . ( 4740 ±2 40 b .p . ) A t T e l F ara ( S ) o n t he Naha l B e sor , f l uv ia l s i l t s i nd ica t ing mo is te r c ond i t ions c on ta in Cha lco l i th ic a r t i fac ts ( Pr ice -W i l l iams 1 975; F o ldbe rg 1 981 ) , a nd i n Naha l B ee r sheva a g rave l t e r race d a ted b y t he i n c lus ions o f C ha lco l i th ic a r t i fac ts o ccur s u nde r t he Cha lco l i th ic s i te o f S h iq m im ( Go ldbe rg & R osen 1 987 ) . A l l o f t he se f l uv ia l s ed imen ts i nd ica te i n creased w ad i a c t iv i ty a nd g rea te r r uno f f a t s o me t ime w i th in t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze p er iods .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

A RLENE M . R O SEN

I n ag eomorpho log ica l s urvey o f s ou th c en t ra l I s rae l , t he a u thor mapped a n e x tens ive s y s tem o f wad i d epos i t s ( t he E ran i T er race ) a l ong Naha l L ach ish , Naha l S h iqma , a nd Naha l Adoray i m wh ich d a tes t o t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd E B p e r iods ( Rosen 1 986b ) . T h is t e r race s y s tem i sr e la ted t o s eve ra l s ed i men t s ec t ion s i n Naha l L ach ish , i n t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o f T e l L ach i sh . T he se s e c t ion s r evea l ap i c ture o f m icroenv ironmen t s a round t h e s i te wh ich may h ave b een t yp ica l o f t hose c harac ter iz ing t he e nv iron s o f o ther E ar ly B ronze Age s i te si nc en t ra la nd s ou the rn I s rae l( Rosen 1 986c ) . T oday Naha l L ach i sh i sd ry i nt he s umme r w i th w in ter f l ash f l oods , a nd t he re a re n o s pr ings i n t he i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o f t he s i te . I n t he E ar ly B ronze Age , h owever , t he s i tua t ion was a pparen t ly q u i te d i f feren t . S ed i men ts f r om t ha t t ime p e r iod i nc lude r ounded , mode ra te ly we l l s or ted g rave ls w i th a c l ayey ma tr ix wh ich s ugges ts s t ronge r w ad if l ows i nt he w in te ra nd s l ow mov ing o rs t and ing w a te ri nt he s u mme r . A no the rf a c ie s o f t h is E B d epo s i t i s av ery b l ack c l ayey f l oodp la in s o i l i nd ica t ing mo is ter c ond i t ion s w i th amore s t ab le w ad i r eg ime t han a tp resen t . T h is m icroenv ironmen ta l p ic ture a t L ach ish d ur ing t he E B p o in t s t o s eve ra l a spec t s i mpor tan t f o r t he s i te e cono my . F i r s t , t he p os s ib i l i ty o f p erenn ia l w a ter i n t he wad i a nd b lack , wa ter logged f l oodp la in s o i ls i nd ica te a h ighe r w a ter t ab le t han a t p re sen t . T h is wou ld h ave b een a n i mpor tan t s ource o f d r ink ing wa te r f o r p eop le a nd l i ve s tock . W i th a h igher wa ter t ab le t here may h ave b een s pr ings n ea r t he s i te , o r p laces i n t he wad i i n wh ich wa te r eme rged f r om u nde rg round a nd f l owed f o rs ho r td i s tance s 5. T he s t ab le f l oodp la in h as t wo i mpor tan t i mp l ica t ions . S tab i l i ty i s ar e su l t o f a b a lanced s ys tem i n wh ich l i t t le s ed imen t i se roded f r om t he h i l ls lopes . T h is means t ha t 1 )u n l ike t oday , t he n a tura l s o i l c over was p resen t o n t he s l opes a nd a va i lab le f o r a gr icu l tu re; a nd 2 )t ha t t he s l ope s were s t i l l f o re s ted , s i nce w i thou t t he v ege ta t ion c ove r t he s o i l wou ld h ave washed d own s lope i n to t he wad i . I n aw ide r r eg iona l p er spec t ive , t he E ran i T e r race s y s tem s how s t ha t t he wad is o f t he we s te rn S hephe la , a nd e as tern c oas ta l p la in we re n o t i n c ised a s t hey a re t oday , wh ich wou ld h ave b een i mpor tan t f o r t he g rav i ty f l ow i r r iga t ion s ugge s ted b y McC reery ( 1 980 ) . I n a dd i t ion , t h e mar shy d epo s i ts f r om a n e xposed t e r race n ear t he b ase o fT e l H e s i ( a t t he c onf luence o f Naha l S h iqma a nd Naha l Adoray im ) a re f u r ther e v idence f o r h ighe r w a ter t ab le s a nd mo is te r e nv ironmen ta l c ond i t ion s ( Fargo & O 'Conne l 1 978; F . K oucky , p e r s . c o mm . ) . I fo ne f o l low s Naha l S h iqma t o t he c oas t , i n t he v i c in i ty o f T e l A shke lon t he re a re we l l -sor ted , wa ter la id s andy d epos i ts wh ich i nd ica te w ide s l ow -mov ing we l l sus ta ined s t ream s . B u t t he se a re n o t f i ne ly d a ted a nd a re u nd i f fe ren t ia ted Cha lco l i th ic/EB ( Rosen , i n p repara t ion ) . • I nt he E BI V t he e nv ironmen ta l p i c tu re i sq u i te d i f fe ren t .T he re i s as udden u p se t i nt he s t ab i l i ty o f t he wad is a nd r ap id c hange i n t he h ydrau l ic s y s tem . E v idence f o r t h is c ome s f r om t wo s ou rce s . One i st he i r reve r s ib le d own -cu t t ing o ft h es t ream s i nC en t ra lI s rae la f te r t he p er iod o f t he E ran i T e r race , t hus i nd ica t ing av e ry s i gn i f ican t d rop i n t he w a ter t ab le a f ter t he E B I I . T he s e cond s ource o fe v idence i st he r emnan to f at e r race d a t ing t ot he E BI V i n Naha l L ach ish . T h is i s at wo me te rd epos i t wh ich w as p robab ly l e f ti n tac td ur ing t he s ub sequen t e ros ive p hase d ue t o as h i f t i n t he ma in c hanne l o f Naha l L ach ish . T he d epos i t b eg ins a t t he b ase w i th v ery c l ayey s ed i men t a nd s l ow ly g rade s t o c oarser s i l ty a nd f i ne s andy d epos i ts i n t he u pper p or t ion . T h is r emnan t t e r race i sc omposed o f r eworked f l oodp la in d epos i t s t ha t a re v ery s im i lar t o t hose o f t he e a r l ie r f l oodp la in s o i l s o f t he E B , a nd wh ich p robab ly w ashed d own s t ream a tt he b eg inn ing o ft he e ro s ive p hase . T he l am ina ted s ands 5 .T h is p henomenon o ccu r red i nt h es umme ro f1 98 1 wh ich f o l lowed a nu nu sua l ly r a iny w in te r .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 52 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

ENV IRONMENTAL CHANGE A T THE END OF THE EARLY B RONZE AGE I N P ALEST INE

a t t he t op o f t h is d epos i t s how t ha t t he s ed imen ts were c ar r ied a l ong d i s tance f r om u ps tream . T he l a ck o f c oar se , p oor ly s or ted g rave ls i n t h is s e c t ion i lus tra te s t ha t t h is i mba lance i nt he s y s tem w a sn o t ar e su l to fd e fore s ta t ion a nd s o i l s t r ipp ing f r om t he s l ope s a so ccur red i nl a te rp e r iod s ,b u ti n s tead t he e xc lus ive e ros ion o ft he c l ayey f l oodp la in f r om u p s t ream , a s ar e su l to fl owe r wa ter t a b le sa nd p os s ib le w in te rf l ash f l oods .

T he e f fec ts o f e nv ironmen ta l c hange i n t he E a r ly B ronze Age T he a bove d i scu ss ion d emon s t ra tes t ha t t he E a r ly B ronze Age e nv ironmen t was q u i te d i f feren t f r om t ha t o f t oday . T he g rea ter r a in fa l l a s sured more d ependab le d ry f a rm ing h arves ts , e spec ia l ly i n s ou the rn I s rae l . T he h igher wa ter t ab les a nd a c t ive f l oodp la in d eve lop men t a l ong t he w ad is a l lowed t he u se o f s imp le g rav i ty f l ow o r b as in i r r iga t ion wh ich c ou ld h ave e x tended t he g row ing r ange o f whea t a nd b ar ley f o r s ubs is tence , a nd o l ive s f o r o i l e xpor t . D r ink ing wa ter was a l so more r ead i ly a va i lab le wh ich wa s q u i te s i gn i f ican t s i nce t he t e chno logy f o r d eep , r ock -cu t we l ls p robab ly d id n o t e x is t s u n t i l t he M idd le B ronze Age ( M i l ler 1 980 ) . I ti s n o t s urpr is ing , t hen , t ha t E ar ly B ronze Age s e t t lemen t sa re o f ten f ound n ear wad ic hanne ls i nb o th n or the rn a nd s ou the rn I s rae l ( F a rgo 1 979; E sse 1 982 ) . T he mos t i mpor tan t e cono m ic i mp l ica t ions o f t he e nv iron men ta l c hange t ha t a ccompan ied ad e s icca t ing c l ima te were t ha t ad ecrease i n r a in fa l l wou ld o bv iou s ly h ave h ad a dve rse e f fec ts o n d ry f a rm ing . S econd , a ny s p r ing s a l ong t hese wad is wou ld h ave d i sappea red c aus ing s t re s si nt he f o rm o f al a ck o fs umme rd r ink ing wa te rf o ra n ima ls a nd p eop le . F ina l ly , w i th d eep ly i nc ised , n arrow wad is , s imp le g rav i ty f l ow a nd b as in i r r iga t ion wou ld h ave b een i mposs ib le . T he e f fe c t s o f c l ima t ic f l uc tua t ion s may h ave h ad ag rea te ri mpac to nE a r ly B ronze s oc ie ty t han o na ny p re ced ing o rf o l low ing c u l tu ra lg roup i n t he s ou the rn L evan t . T h is i sd ue t o t he c omb ined f a c tor s o f ah igh ly d eve loped s oc ia l o rgan iza t ion a nd a much l e ss d eve loped h ydrau l ic t e chno logy . I n e ar l ie r p er iods , i tw as p oss ib le t o v aca te a l o ca l i ty w i th m in ima l u p se t t o t he s oc ia l s t ruc ture , a nd i n l a ter p e r iods t he t e chno logy f o r wa ter a nd s o i l managemen t wa s more s oph is t ica ted i n c lud ing w idesp read u se o f c i s terns , r ock -cu t w e l ls a nd a gr icu l tura l t e r race s . T here fore , t h e E ar ly B ronze Age s oc ie t ies were i l -equ ipped t o c ope w i th r ap id e nv ironmen ta l c hange , e spec ia l ly i n t he f a ce o f o ther e cono m ic a nd s oc ia l p ressures s uch a s t hose p os s ib ly r e su l t ing f r om t he d isrup t ion i n i n te rna t iona l t r ade . A t t he e nd o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age t he a gr icu l tura l e conom ic s y s tem p robab ly c hanged f r om a n emphas is o n c ash c rops t o s imp ler s ub s is tence p ur su i ts . T he E BI V e nv ironmen t w as l e s s h osp i tab le t o s ubs i s tence f a rme r/pas tora l is t s t han i n p rev ious p e r iods , a nd E BI V p opu la t ion s s ough t o u t t he d im in ish ing s ource s o f p erenn ia l w a ter ( Prag 1 974 ) . I n t he n or th , t he i nhab i tan ts f o r t he mos t p ar t a bandoned t he c en t ra l J e z ree l V a l ley i n f avor o ft he h eads o fw ad is . T hey a l so t ended t os e t t le a long s pr ing l i ne s i n t he B e t S hean v a l ley , a nd o n t he J o rdan R ive r ( Esse 1 982 ) , a l so a s ou rce o f p e renn ia l wa ter . I n s ou the rn I s rae l , s e t t lemen ts d i sappeared f r om a l ong s t ream s ys tem s o n t he c oa s ta l p la in ,p robab ly d ue t os t ream e n t renchmen ta nd t he l a ck o fs u mmer f l ow .T hey r e appeared t ot he e as t i nt he J udean H i l ls , a nd f u r ther s ou th i n t he Negev ( Fargo 1 979 ) . S e t t lemen t i n t he h i l l c oun t ry c an e as i ly b e a ccoun ted f o r b y t he h igher r a in fa l l amoun ts t han o n t he c oas ta l p la in . I t may a ppear s t range , h oweve r , t ha t f a rme r/pas tora l is t s wou ld move i n to t he d ry Negev a tt he b eg inn ing o f ap e r iod o fd e s icca t ion , b u t i n f a c t t hey a ppea r t oh ave s e lec ted s e t t lemen t l o ca t ions a round s pr ings i n t he Negev , a nd p erenn ia l wad is i n T rans jordan ( Prag 1 974 ) . I ts eem s l i ke ly , t ha t t he n ew s e t t lemen t p a t tern s t yp ica l o f t h e

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 5 3Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

A RL ENE M . RO SEN

E BI V d o n o t r e f lec t ar ad ica l c hange i ns ub s i s tence t e chno logy f r om mos t ly a g r icu l tura l t o ad om inance o fp a s tora l i sm ,b u t r a the r t he r e loca t ion t oh ighe r r a in fa l l a rea s o r s ource s o f p erenn ia l s p r ing w a te r i no rde r t o ma in ta in t r ad i t iona l p a t te rn s o fm ixed s ub s i s tence l e ve l f a rm ing a nd p as tora l ism .

C on c lu s ion s I n t he a bove d i scuss ion Ih ave a t temp ted t od emon s t ra te t ha t t h roughou t mos t o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age t he c l i ma te was mo is ter t han t ha t o f t he p resen t , a nd a s evere d es icca t ion t ook p lace a t t he t ime o f t he E BI I/EB I V t r an s i t ion . Howeve r , t he d ec rease i n r a in fa l l i t se l f was n o t t he o n ly e nv ironmen ta l f a c tor wh ich s t re ssed E ar ly B ronze Age a gr icu l tura l e conom ics . D im in i shed r a in fa l l a l one m igh t , a t mos t , h ave l ed t ot he d ec l ine i n t he e conom ic i mpor tance o f s ou thern s i tes i n f avor o f t hose i n t he n or th . T he E BI V d e s icca t ion l ed t o a no ther q u i te i mpor tan t e nv ironmen ta l c hange wh ich a f fe c ted t he a va i lab i l i ty o f d r ink ing wa te r , a nd t he a g r icu l tura l a nd p as tora l e cono my i n t h e n or th a s w e l l a s t he s ou th . T h i s was t he a b rup t c hange i n t he b a s ic h yd ro log ica l s y s tem f r om h igh wa ter t ab le s , a bundan t s pr ing s , a nd s umme r wad i f l ows , t o t h e p re sen t s y s tem o fi n c ised s u mme r -dry wad is ,f l a shy w in te rf l oods ,a nd f ewe rs p r ings . T h is t oge the rw i th o the rs oc ia l a nd e conom ic p re ssu re s s uch a st ho se r e su l t ing f r om t he i n ter rup t ion o f i n terna t iona l t r ade , m igh t s upp ly t he a n swer f o r t he c o l lapse o f E BI I s oc ie t ies . A l though t he re may h ave b een a n i n crease i nt r anshu man ce i n t he E BI V ( Deve r 1 980 ) , Is ugges t t ha t w i th d ry f a rm ing i n t he h i l ls , s imp le i r r iga t ion a round s pr ing s , a nd p a s tora l i sm , t he E BI V s e t t lemen t p a t tern s r ef lec t a n a t temp t t o a dap t E ar ly B ronze Age s ub s is tence p a t tern st ot h en ew e nv ironmen ta lc ond i t ion s .

REFERE NCES BA RUCH ,U . 1 983 T he P a lyno logy o f aL a te Ho loc ene C or e f r om L ak e K inner e t . U npubl i shed M . A . t hes is . J erusa lem: T he Hebrew Un ive rs i ty . B UTZER , K.W . , RI CHARDSON ,J .L .&WA SHBOURN -KAMAU ,C K . 1 972 R ad ioca rbon d at ing o fE as tA f r ican l ake l eve ls . S c i enc e 1 75: 1 069 -76 . DE VER ,W . G . 1 980

New V is tas o f t he E B I V ( "MB I " ) Ho r izon i n S y r ia -Pa le s t ine . B u l l e t in o ft h e Amer i can S cho o l s o fO r i en ta l R e s ear ch 2 37: 3 5 -64 .

ESE , D. 1 982

B eyond S ub s i s tenc e: B e th Y e rah a nd No r thern P a le s t ine i n t h e E ar ly B ronze A ge . Unpub l ished P h .D . d isse r ta t ion . Un ive r s i ty o f Ch icago . FA RGO ,V .M . 1 979

S e t t lemen t i n S ou thern P a le s t ine Dur ing E ar ly B ronz eI I . Unpubl i shed P h .D . d is se r ta t ion . Un ive rs i ty o f C h ic ago .

FA RGO ,V .M . , &O 'CONNELL , K.G . 1 978 F ive s easons o f e xcava t ion a t T el e l -Hes i ( 1970 -77 ) . Bf i l i ca l A r chaeo log i s t 4 1: 1 65 -182 . GO LDBERG ,P . 1 981

L a te Qua te rnary S t ra t ig raphy o f I s rae l: a n E c lec t ic v iew . P p . 5 5 -66 i n P r e r h i s to i r e d u L evan t . C o l loques

I n te rna t ionaux d uC .N .R .S .n o .5 98 .P a r i s: CN .R .S . GO LDBERG ,P . , & ROSEN ,A . 1 987

E ar ly H o lo c ene P a laeo env i ronmen t s o fI s r ae l . P p . 2 3 -33 i n T .E . L evy , e d . , S h iqm im I .B .A .R . I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s3 56 . O xfo rd :B .A .R . GOODFR IEND ,G .A . 1 987

Ch ronos t ra t ig raph ic S tud ie so fL oe ss ia lS ed imen ts i nt he Negev D ese r t , U s ing Am ino -add E p imer iza t ion Ana lys is o fL and S na i ls . Qua ternary R e s ear ch 2 8 : 374 -392 , . HOP I C IN S ,D .C 1 985

T he H igh land s o fC anaan :A gr icu l tur a l L i f e i n t h e E ar ly I r on A ge . S he f f ie ld: A l mond .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 54 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

E NV IRONMENTAL CHANGE A T TH E E ND O F T HE E ARLY B RONZE A GE I N P ALE ST INE HOROW ITZ ,A . 1 97 1

C l ima t ic a nd V ege ta t iona l D eve lopmen ts i n No r theas tern I s rae l Du r ing Uppe r P le i s to cene -Ho locene T ime s . P o l l en e tS por e s 1 3: 2 55 -278 . 1 97 8 Human S e t t lemen t P a t te rn i nI s rae l . E xp ed i t i on 2 0: 5 -58 . 1 97 9 T h e Q ua t erna ry o fI s r a e l . New Y o rk: A cadem ic P re s s . K LE IN ,J . ,L ERMAN ,J .C . , DAMON ,P .E .&R ALPH ,E .K . 1 982 C a l ib ra t ion o fR ad ioca rbon D a te s: T ab les B a sed o n t h e C onsensu s D a ta o ft he Wo rkshop o n C a l ib ra t ing t he R ad io carbon T ime S ca le . R ad io ca rbon 2 4: 1 03 -150 . L UZ ,B . 1 982 P a laeod ima t ic I n te rp re ta t ion o ft he L as t2 0 ,000 y ea r R eco rd o fD eep -sea C o re sA round t he M idd le E as t . P p . 4 1 -6 1 i n J .L . B in t l i f f & W . V an Z e i s t , e d s . , P a laeoc l ima te , P a laeo env i ronmen ts a nd Human C ommun i t i e s i n t h e E a s t e rn Med i t e r r anean R eg ion i n L a t er P r eh i s to ry . B .A .R . I n te rna t iona l S e r ies 1 33 . Ox fo rd : BAR . MAGAR ITZ ,M . & KAUFMAN ,A . 1 97 3 C hange si n t he I s o top ic C ompo s i t ion o fE as t Med i te r ranean S eawa te r Du r ing t he Ho locene . N a tur e2 43: 4 62 -464 . MCCREERY ,D .W . 1 980 P a leobo tany .P p .5 2 -53 i nW .E .R a s ta nd R .T .S chaub ,e ds . ,P re l im inary r epo r to ft h e1 979 e xped i t ion t ot h e D ead S ea P l a in , J o rdan . B u l l e t in o ft h e Ame r i c an S cho o l s o fO r i en ta l R e s e a r ch 2 40: 2 1-6 1 . M ILLER ,R . 1 980 Wa ter u se i nS y r ia a nd P a le s t ine f r om t he Neol i th ic t ot he B ronze Age . W or ld A r cha eo logy 1: 3 1 -34 1 . NEEV ,D . & HALL ,J .K . 1 977 C l ima t i c F luc tua t ions Du r ing t he Ho locene a s R ef le c ted b y t he D ead S ea L eve ls . P ape r p re sen ted a tt he I n te rna t iona lC on fe rence o nT e rm ina lL ake s , Webe rS t a te C olege , Ogden ,U t ah . P RAG ,K .W . 1 974 T he i n termed ia te E a r ly B ronze -M idd le B ronze Age :a nd I n te rp re ta t ion o ft he E v idence f r om T ran s jo rd an , S y r ia ,a nd L ebanon .L ev an t 6:6 9 116 . P R ICE WILL IAMS , D . 1 97 5

T he E nv i ronmen ta l B ackg round t oP reh is to r ic S i tes i nt he F ara R eg ion o ft h e We s te rn Negev . B u l l e t in o f t h e I n s t i tu t e o fA r cha eo logy 1 2: 1 25 143 . R ICHARD ,S . 1 980

T oward aC onsensu so f Op in ion o n t he E nd o ft he E ar ly B ronze Age i nP a le s t ine -T r an s jo rdan . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r i can S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e s ea r ch 2 37: 5 34 . ROBERT S ,N . 1 982

L ake L eve l sa sa n I nd ic a to r o f Near E a s te rn P a l aeoc l ima te s: aP re l im ina ry App ra isa l . P p .2 35 -267 i nJ .L . B in tl i f f &W . V an Z e i s t , e d s . , P a laeo c l ima t e , P a la eo env i r onm en t s a nd Hum an C ommun i t i e s i n t h e E a s t ern Med i t er r an e an R eg ion i nL a t er P r eh i s to ry . B .A .R . I n te rna t iona l S er ie s 1 33 . O x fo rd: B .A .R . RO SEN ,A .M . 1 986a 1 986b

C i t i e s o fC lay: T h e G eo a r ch eo lgy o fT e l l s . C h icago: Un iver s i ty o f C h ic ago P re ss . Q ua ternary S t ra t igr aphy a nd P a l eoenv i ronm en t s o f t h e S h eph e la , I s ra e l . R ep o r t 2 5 186 . G eo log ica l S u rvey o f I s rae l .

1 986c

E nv i ronmen t a nd c u l tu re a t T e l L ach ish . I s rae l . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r i can S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R es ea r ch 2 6 3 :5 5 -60 . n .d . T e lA shke lon , ag eo archaeo log ica lp e r spec t ive . Manu sc r ip ti np repa ra t ion . ROWTON ,M .B . 1 967 T he Wood lands o fA nc ien t Wes te rn A s ia . J ou rna lo fN ea rE a s te rn S tud i e s 2 6: 2 6 1 -277 . V AN Z E IST ,W . &B OTTEMA ,S . 1 982

V ege ta t iona l H is to ry o ft h e E as te r n Med i te r ranean a nd t he Nea r E as t Du r ing t he L as t 2 0 ,000 y ear s . P p . 2 77 -321 i n J . L . B in t l i f f & W . v an Z e is t , e ds . , P a laeoc l ima te s , P a laeo env i ronmen t s a nd Human C ommun i t i e s i n t h e E a s te rn Med i te rr anean R eg ion i n L a t e r P r eh i s to ry . B .A .R . I n te rna t iona l S e r ies 1 33 . O x fo rd : BAR

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 55 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

URBANIZAT IO N AN D RE- URBANIZATIO N: EARLY BRO NZE AGE , MID DLE BRO NZE AGE AN D THE P ERIO D I N-BET WEE N THE M * Moshe KOCHAVI T e l Av iv Un iver s i ty I ns t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy

T h is C o l loqu ium i sd ed ica ted t ou nde r s tand ing t he p roce ss o fu rban iza t ion t ha t s haped t he f a ce o ft h is c oun t ry f o r mos to ft he t h ird m i l lenn iu m B .C .A tt he b eg inn ing o ft he s e cond m i l lenn iu m B .C . a no ther p roce ss o f u rban iza t ion t ook p lace a nd i th ad t he s a me e f fec t o n mos t o f t ha t m i l lenn iu m . A r e -eva lua t ion o f t h is r e -u rban iza t ion p rocess b egun i n t he s i x t ie s a s ar e su l t o f t he e xcava t ions a t T e l Z e ror , T e l P o leg a nd Y avneh -Yam . A t t he e xcava t ions o f Aphek , f r om 1 972 t o 1 985 , we s ucceeded t o b r ing f o r th s t ra t igraph ic e v idence f o r t he n a ture o f t he r e -urban iza t ion p rocess a nd f o r t he c u l tu ra l s t age s o f t he MB IA p er iod a s awho le . F ur the ri n fo rma t ion i ss t i l l c om ing f r om T e l D an ,T e l K ab r i ,T e l A cco ,T e l Hephe ra nd T e lG er i sa .R esearche sd one o nt he c e ram ic t ypo logy a nd c hrono logy o f t he p er iod b y P irh iya B eck a nd o n i t s s e t t lemen t p a t tern b y R am Gophna h ave a dvanced c on s ide rab ly o ur p e rcep t ion o ft he p henomenon .T oday , w ea re i n ap os i t ion t ha t e nab le s u s t oc o mpa re t wo s eem ing ly s im i la r p roce sse s o fu rban iza t ion t ha to ccu red i nt he s ' ame c oun try w i th o n ly o ne m i l lenn ium t o s epara te b e tween t hem . T he s im i la r i t ies a nd d i s s im i lar i t ies f ound i n t h is s tudy w i l l h e lp u s i n o ur s earch f o r t he " causes" o f t he o b se rved p henomena a nd may t e ach u sa sw e l lh ow t oa vo id w rong a na log ie s . S im i lar i t ies A t f i r s t g l ance t he s im i lar i t ie s a re o bv ious: 1 .B o th p er iods s ha re i n p r inc ip le t he s a me s e t t lemen t p a t tern: a " cen tra l" s i te , i . e . a l a rge c i ty a nd i t ss u r round ing d ependenc ie s . 2 .A rchaeo log ica l , ma in ly a rch i tec tura l , e v idence p o in t t owards a s t ra t i f ied s oc ie ty , a t

L e p re sen t a r t ic le r ep rodu i t s ans c hange rnen t l e t e x te d e l ac ommun ica t ion l ue p a r l ' au teu r l o rs d u C o l loque .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 57 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

MOSHE KOCHAV I

l e as t i n t he " cen t ra l" s i tes . 3 .I n s ha rp c on t ra s tt on on -urban o rf o rma t ive p e r iod s , t here i s much more h omogene i ty i n t he ma ter ia l c u l ture o f b o th p er iods t h roughou t t he c oun t ry d esp i te s o me r eg iona l v ar ia t ions . 4 .T he d i f fe ren t c i t ies i n b o th p er iods p ass t h rough p hase s o f " up s a nd d own s" . T hese p hase s o f r eg re ss ion a nd f l oru i t a re al o ca l ma t te r: t he re i sn o o ve ra l l t endency b u t o n ly " l oca l h i s tor ie s" o fp rospe r i ty o r s t agna t ion . 5 .T he se d a ta , a nd many o the r , s ugge s t t ha t d ur ing b o th p e r iods u nder o ur s urvey t he d om inan t p o l i t ica l o rgan iza t ion i n C anaan was t ha t o f c i ty s ta tes . T he h i s tor ie s o f t he se c i ty -s ta tes were d ic ta ted b y t he ir v ar ious e co log ica l b ackgrounds , b y t he i n tercour se b e tween t he m se lves a nd b e tween t hem a nd f o re ign p ower s a nd b y t he a b i l i ty o f t he ir s oc ie t ies t o a dap t a nd t o c ompe te . I n tere s t ing ly e nough , t he t wo s ys tems e ndured f o r a pprox ima te ly t he s ame l e ng th o ft ime , a bou tt h ree q uar ter s o f am i l lenn ium . D i ss im i lar i t ie s I ti se asy t o f i nd s im i lar i t ies when d ea l ing w i th t wo c i ty s ta tes s ys tems , b u t a ny f ur ther i n -dep th r e search w i l l d u ly c oncen t ra te o n t he d i ss im i lar i t ies t ha t j u s t f o r th t ot he e ye t he momen tt he f o rma t ive s t age s o ft he r e levan ts y s tem s a re s c ru t in ized . 1 .T he E a r ly B ronze Age u rban iza t ion i s al ong a nd s l ow " o rgan ic" p rocess . T he v i l lage s o f t he E B Ii n ag iven r eg ion " g roup t oge ther " t ot he s i te w i th t he b e s tc ond i t ion s( s oc io log ica l a nd/or h u man ) t o f o rm t he c i ty ( e xamp le: Aphek ) . I n o the r c ase s , t he g radua l g row th o f t he v i l lage i s man i fe s ted a tt he s i te t ha t b eco mes e ven tua l ly ac i ty ( e xamp le: E ran i ) . T he M idd le B ronze Age ,h oweve r , i s as hor tr evo lu t iona ry p henomenon . T he n ew t own s o ft he MB IA s eem t o h ave b een " p lan ted" s udden ly d u r ing o ne s w i f t u rban iza t ion w ave . T he i nc ip ien t u rban iza t ion a nd t he f i r s t s t ages o f r e -urban iza t ion a re t hus s ubs tan t ia l ly d i f feren t f r om t he ir v ery s t ar t . 2 .C i t ie s t ha t g rew u p o rgan ica l ly s how s evera l l i nes o f d e fen ces a nd l a t ter a dd i t ion s t o t he n uc leus c i ty . When t hey a re a bandoned f o reve r , amound i sf o rmed where t h ec rowded c i ty f o rmer ly s t ood . P lanned c i t ie s t end t o c her ish f o r c en tur ie s t he r a mpar t s l a id u p b y t he ir i n i t ia l o ccupan ts . I ft he c i ty was l e f t o ve r b e fore i th ad t he t ime a nd t h e e nergy t o g row u pt oi t sp lanned s i ze , ah o l low r e c tang le s ur rounded b yd i s in teg ra t ing r ampar ts i sa l l t ha t i sl e f t . 3 .E ven t he g eograph ica l r eg ions where t he f i r s t s t ages o f u rban iza t ion a nd r e u rban iza t ion t ook p lace a re i nj ux tapos i t ion . T he s ou the rn S hephe la was o ne o f t he ma in i n cuba t ion a reas f o r t he E ar ly B ronze A ge u rban iza t ion p roce ss . P lanned c i t ie s o f t he M idd le B ronze Age r e -urban iza t ion c ame f r om t he L evan t ine c oas t a long t he c oas ta l v a l ley i n to E sdrae lon , t he C a rme l c oa s t a nd t he S ha ron . E ven i n t h e z en i th o f t hese t wo c u l ture s t he s e t t lemen t d i spe r s ion s d o n o t o ver lap a nd i nd eser t f r inge a reas — a lway s a g ood i nd ica tor f o r t r ends i ns e t t lemen t p a t te rn s —they s how at o ta l ly d i f fe ren tp i c ture . 4 .I ti s aw e l l a t te s ted f a c t t ha t i n mos t o the r a spec ts t he M idd le B ronze Age c u l ture i s d i f feren t f r om t ha t o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age o ne . T h is c an b e e xamp l i f ied i n a r ch i tec tura l r ema in s , i nb ur ia l c us tom s a nd i nt he p o t tery , t he me ta l i mp lemen t s a nd t he f l in t i ndus t ry a s we l l . 5 .R ecen t t heor ies a bou t t he c ause s o f E a r ly B ronze Age u rban iza t ion ma in ta in a g radua l c hange i na g r icu l tura l mean so fp roduc t ion t ha tu l t ima te ly made p o ss ib le a ne conom ic b ase f o r as t ra t if ied s oc ie ty . T he p rocess was h as tened b y t he E gyp t ians whose mas s ive p re sen ce i ns ou thern C anaan a c ted a s ac a ta ly s t . I t was ma in ly a ni nd igenous p henomenon ,

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 58 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

URBAN IZAT ION AND R E -URBAN IZAT ION :E BA , MBA AND THE P ER IOD I N -BE I WEEN THEM

a no ther l ayer o f b r icks l a id u pon t he e ar l ier Cha lco l i th ic a nd Neo l i th ic l ayers o f s eden tary a gr icu l ture . T he M idd le B ronze A ge r e -u rban isa t ion a r r ived " ready - made" a nd wa s i mp lan ted u pon a d eso la te c oun try w i th a d i s in tegra ted s oc ie ty o f n on -urban , ma in ly n omad ic a f f in i t ies . R e -urban iza t ion w as b rough t t o C anaan b y s ea farer s a nd c i ty -dwe l ler s f r om f a r the r n or th o n t he L evan t ine c oas t where t he u pheava ls o f t he l a te t h ird m i l lenn ium w ere n o t a s d es truc t ive a s i n t h is c oun try . T hey were a t trac ted b y t he " c iv i l iza t ion v acuum" i nC anaan w i th i t sa sy e tu nexp lo i ted c oa s t .T he e conom ic b a s is t hay h ad i nm ind f o r t he ir n ew c o lon ies w as p robab ly t he s a me a s i n t he L evan t ine c oas ts: f i sh ing , a g r icu l ture , l u mber ing a nd s ea fa r ing c ommerce . C ommerce wa s ma in ly w i th C yp rus a s r e cen tf i nds f r om A cco a nd T e l Nam ip o in tu p ,a nd n o tw i th E gyp ta su sua l ly a s sumed .T he c oas to fC anaan w as n o ta sh o sp i tab le a s t he c oas to fP hen ic ia a nd i ts eem s t ha t when s o me o ft he se e ar ly mar i t ime v en ture s were u n succe ss fu l , more a t ten t ion t ot he h in te r land w as p a id . T he f u l ly f ledged M idd le B ronze Age u rban c iv i l iza t ion was o n i t s way . C onc lus ion Our c ur sory c ompara t ive r e sea rch c ome s t oi t se nd b yc onc lud ing t ha to nt he s ame s o i l a nd u nder t he s a me s ky s w i th b as ica l ly t he s a me c ond i t ion s , t wo t o ta l ly d i f fe ren t mode ls o f u rban iza t ion were e xper ienced . L e t t h is s e rve a s a warn ing a ga in s t f a r fe tched a na log ies a nd a n a id i ne xp la in ing t he se r a the rc omp l ica ted c omp lexe s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 59 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

C INQU IE ME

S ESSION

ENV IRONNE MENT E T ECONO M IE

S e ss ion p rs id6e p a rJ ean P ERROT

N i l L IPHSCH ITZ , R a m GOPHNA & S imcha L EV -YADUN . — Man 's I mpac to n t he V ege te t iona l L andscape o f I s rae l i n t he E a r ly B ronze Age I I I I . I n t er v enan t s :D .I l an ,L .K . Ho rw i tz ,P .d eM i ro sched j i ,A .R osen ,A .D ru l c s .

N i l L IPHSCH ITZ .— P lan tE conomy a nd D ie ti nt he E a r ly B ronze Age i nI s rae l: AS ummary o fP re sen tR e sea rch . I n terv enan t s: E .B raun ,S .R o sen ,S .L evY adun ,D .I l an ,D .L .E s se ,P .d eM irosched j i ,A .R o sen ,J .D .S ege r , W .G .D eve r .

L iora K . HORW ITZ & E i tan TCHERNOV . — An i ma l E xp lo i ta t ion i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age o ft he S ou thern L evan t — An Ove rv iew . I n te r v enan t s: J .D .S ege r ,T .E .L evy ,A .D ruk s ,D .L .E s se ,C .B urney ,E .B raun ,A .R o sen ,S .R osen , P .d eM iro sched j i ,N .L iph sch i tz .

P a tr ic ia SM ITH .— T he S ke le ta l B io logy a nd P a leopa tho logy o f E ar ly B ronze Age P opu la t ions i n t he L evan t . I n t erv enan ts : J .Y aka r ,W .G .D eve r ,A .B en -Tor ,R . Am i ran ,A .K emp in sk i ,A .R osen ,C .B urney , E .E i senbe rg .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 261Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

M AN 'S IMPACT ON THE VE GETAT IO NAL LAN DSCAPE OF I SRAEL I N THE EARLY BRO NZE AGE I -III N i l

L IPHSCH ITZ , R am GOPHNA & S imcha LEV-YADUN I n s t i tu te o fA r cha eo logy , T e l -Av iv U n iv er s i ty

I n t roduc t ion One wou ld e xpec t t ha t t he E a r ly B ronze u rban c u l ture s hou ld h ave c aused f o r t he f i r s t t ime i n t he h i s to ry o f E re tz I s rae l ac hange i n t he b a lance o f t he v ege ta t iona l l andscape . A cco rd ing t oK enyon ( 1 960: 2 3 , 1 80; 1 979: 14 -117 ) t he e ro s ion o ft he r ock c ove ro ft he E B t omb si nJ e r icho w as t he o u tcome o fd e fore s ta t ion . Moreove r ,t h ed ec l ine i nt own l i fe d ur ing t h e l a s t c en tur ie s o f t he E a r ly B ronze Age r e su l ted f r om f i e ld d enuda t ion wh ich f i na l ly l e dt ot he a bandonmen to fs o me t own s( Kenyon 1 979: 16 117 ) . I n t h is p aper we i n tend t o s how t ha t t he o vera l l d amage t o t he n a tura l v ege ta t ion d ur ing t he E a r ly B ronze A ge c ou ld n o th ave r e ached s uch r a te s t ha tc ou ld h ave r e su l ted i n t h ea bandonmen to ft own so rt he d e c l ine o ft he u rban c u l ture . Our s ugge s t ion i sb a sed o nt he mode l d esc r ib ing t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd B ronze Age e conomy o f t he C en tra l P la in i n I s rae l ( Gophna , L iph sch i tz & L ev -Yadun 1 986 ) .

P hy s ica l s t ruc ture ,c l ima te ,s o i la nd v ege ta t ion o fI s rae l I s rae l i sr a the r c omp lex i n i t s p hy s ica l s t ruc ture , i t s c l ima te , s o i l a nd v ege ta t ion . I t d i sp lays c on t ras t ing f e a tu re s i n many r e spec t s , e . g . , h igh moun ta in s a nd l ow d epress ions , h i gh p la teaux a nd a l luv ia l l ow lands , f r e sh a nd s a l t wa ter l a kes , s and d unes , h ammadas a nd s a l ines . I t r anges f r om a lmos t r a in less d eser t t o c o ld h igh lands , f r om m i ld Med i terranean t oc on t inen ta lc l ima te .I t sv ege ta t ion c hange s f r om h um id f o re s ta nd maqu is t oa lmos t p lan t le ss d e se r t s . T hree l ong i tud ina l t opograph ica l b e l ts: t he c oas ta l p la in , t he c en tra l h i l l -coun try a nd t he J ordan v a l ley , a re marked b y d i f ference s i n t h e ir g eomorpho log ica l f e a ture s , t he ir c l i ma t ic a nd e daph ic c ond i t ion s a nd t h e ir p lan t t ype s a nd c ommun i t ies . G radua l c hange s o fc l i ma t ic c ond i t ions f r om n or th t os ou th a l so e x i s t . T he o ccur rence o f ag rea tn umber o f p l an t c o mmun i t ie s e ven w i th in c l ima t ica l ly u n i form z one i sd ue l a rge ly t ot he d iver s i ty o f

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -2 6 3E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

N IL I U P I ISCH ITZ , R AM G OPHNA & S E v ICHA L EV -YADUN

t he e daph ic c ond i t ions . G eog raph ica l l a t i tude , a l t i tude a nd d i s tance f r om t he s ea a re among t he f a c tor s mod i fy ing t he c l i ma te . T he l a t i tude i se xpressed b y n o r th t o s ou th d ecrease o f t he a nnua l amoun to fp rec ip i ta t ion . W i th in ar ange o ff our l a t i tud ina l d eg ree s r a in fa l l d rops f o rm 1 000 mm . t o 2 5 mm . a nnua l ly . T empera ture s i ncrease f r om n or th t o s ou th . Mean a nnua lt empe ra tu re r i se s f r om 1 6° Ci nt h en o r th t o2 3° Ci nt he e x t reme s ou th . I n t he we s t t oe as t d i rec t ion c hange s a re sma l le r . Moun ta in r i dge s t urn p ar to ft he J ordan v a l ley i n to ar a in s hadow d ese r t . P lan t d i s t r ibu t ion i sg rea t ly i nf luenced b y t he t h erma l c ond i t ions a nd t h e amoun t o f r a infa l l . T hree ma in p hy togeograph ica l t e r r i tor ies — t he Med i ter ranean , t he I r ano -Turan ian a nd t he S aharo -Arab ian — a re c harac ter ized b o th b y t he ir f l ora a nd v ege ta t ion a nd b y t he ir c l ima te a nd s o i l ( Zohary 1 959 , 1 962 ) .

T he c l ima te a nd n a tu ra l v ege ta t ion d ur ing t he E BI I I I p e r iods D endroarchaeo log ica l i nves t iga t ions h ave b een c ar r ied o u t i n v ar ious E a r ly B ronze Age s i tes l o ca ted i n d i f fe ren t p hy togeog raph ica l d i s tr ic ts ( L iphsch i tz 1 986a ) ( c f . T ab le 1 a nd F ig . 1 ) . R e su l t s o f t hese i nves t iga t ion s r evea l t ha t t hose r eg ions whe re t he n a tura l v ege ta t ion o r i t s r e mnan ts s t i l l e x is t t oday a re c harac ter ized u sua l ly b y t h e s a me t r ee TA BLE 1 . — Wood r e ma ins f r om E a r ly B ronze Age s i tes i n I s rae l ( Numbe ro fs amp le sg iven i nb racke t s; f o r t he l o ca t ion o fs i tes , s e eF i g . 1 ) . S i te

P hy toAeog raph ica l T e r r i to r y

P e r iod

T e lT aanach T e lQ ash ish

M ed i te r ranean M ed i te r ranean

E BI l E BI

T e lA phek

M ed i te r ranean

E BI

T e l D a l i t

M ed i te r ranean

E BI

A rad

I r ano . -Tu ran ian

E BI

J e r icho

S aha ro=A rab ian

E B

E BI l

S pec ies

O lea e u ropaea ( 5 ) O lea e u ropaea ( 8 ) P i s tac ia p a laes t ina ( 9 ) O lea e u ropaea ( 2 ) P i s tac ia p a lae s t ina ( 1 ) O lea e u ropaea ( 5 ) P i s tac ia s p .( 1 ) O lea e u ropaea ( 6 ) Q ue rcus c a l l ipnnos ( 4 ) P i nus h a lepens is ( 1 ) O lea e u ropaea ( 5 ) V i t is v i n i fe ra ( 2 ) P i s tac ia s p . ( 3 ) Q ue rcus s p . ( 1 ) T ama r ix s p . ( 1 ) C e ra ton ia s i l iqua ( 1 ) P opu lus s p . ( 1 ) Amygda lus s p . ( 1 ) P runus s p . ( 1 ) L au rus s p . ( 1 ) P h i l ly rea s p . ( 1 ) O sy r is s p . ( 2 ) C e rc is s p . ( 4 ) P un ica s p . ( 2 ) C e ra ton ia s p .( 7 ) F i cus s p . ( 4 ) C appans s p .( 7 ) P i s tac ia s p . ( 4 ) Z i z iphus s p . ( 3 ) A r tem is ia s p . ( 1 ) C a l l igonum s p . ( 1 ) A cac ia s p . ( 5 ) P hoen ix o rH yphaena ( 2 ) P opu lus s p . ( 7 ) S a l ix s p . ( 9 ) T amanx s p . ( 2 5 ) V i tex s p . ( 4 ) P rosop is s p . ( 8 )

R e fe rence

L i phsch i tz &Wa i se l 1 980 L i phsch i tz 1 986b

L i phsch i tz 1 975 L i phsch i tz 1 986 H op f1 978

Wes te rn 1 97 1

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 64 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

MAN 'S I MPACT ON THE VEGETAT IONAL LANDSCAPE OF I SRAEL I N THE E BA I -H I

A S ITES WHERE WOOD R EMA INS WERE A NALYZED

( • •

•

•

• • A /)T T aannac fr , •

• ,: . „ .( ;) „ , .

/

•

T . A phek A

T .D a l i t • • •

•

•

•

• • •

0

2 0

k m

T .A rac

P l c . 1 .— E a r ly B ronze A ge I I l lu rban s i te sm en t ioned i nt he t e x t .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 65 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702.-2 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

N IU L I PH SCH ITZ , R AM G O PHNA & S B ACHA L E V -YADUN TA BLE 2 .— B u i l t -up a rea ,p opu la t ion s i ze ,c u l t iva ted a nd e xp lo i ted a rea i nt he E BA ge i nI s rae l* . R eg ion

H i l l C oun t r y J udean S hephe la C oas ta l , P l a in & J ez ree l V a l ley TOTAL

T o ta l a r ea

B u i l t -up a r ea

P opu la t ion s i ze *

( dunams )

( dunams ) ( % )

P as t u re a rea ( 15 d unams p e r c ap i ta * * )

C u l t iva ted a rea ( 7 .5 d unams p e r c ap i ta * * )

A rea f o r Wood

T o ta la rea e xp lo i ted

Supp ly** *

( dunams )

8 , 779 ,000

2 , 000

0 . 02

5 0 ,000

7 50 ,000 ( 8 .5% )

3 75 ,000 ( 4 .3% )

7 75 ,000

1 , 100

0 . 15

2 7 ,500

4 12 ,500 ( 53 .2% )

2 06 ,000 ( 2 6 .6% )

5 5 ,000 ( 7 .1 % )

6 73 ,500 ( 86 .9% )

3 , 435 ,000

1 , 990

0 . 05

4 9 ,750

7 46 ,250 ( 2 1 .7% )

3 73 ,000 ( 1 0 .9% )

9 9 ,500 ( 2 .9% )

1 , 2 18 ,750 ( 35 .5% )

1 2 ,989 ,000

5 , 090

0 . 04

1 27 ,250

9 54 ,000 ( 7 .3% )

2 54 ,500 ( 2 .0% )

3 , 117 ,250 ( 24 .0% )

1 , 908 ,750 ( 14 .7% )

1 00 ,000 ( 1 . 1% )

1 , 225 ,000 ( 14 .0% )

A rchaeo log ica l d a ta b ased o n B rosh i & Gophna 1 984 . O n t he b as is o f2 5 p eop le p e r d unam o fb u i l t -up a rea , o f . B rosh i & Gophna 1 984 . A cco rd ing t o Gophna , L i phsch i tz & L ev -Yadun 1 988 .

s pec ies a s i n t he E B

wh ich mean s t ha t t he s a me mac roc l i ma te t ha t p reva i ls t oday

e x is ted d ur ing t he E BI I I I ( F ig . 1 ) . An e xcep t ion i st he d om inance o fK erme so ak ( Que r cu s c a l l ipr ino s ) i n t he C en tra l C oas ta l P la in d ur ing a n t iqu i ty p r ior t o t he d om inance o f M t . T abor o ak ( Que rcu s i t haburen s i s ) i n t he s a me r eg ion c aused b y man 's a c t iv i ty d ur ing l a te p e r iods ( Gophna , L iph sch i tz & L ev -Yadun 1 986 ) .

B u i l t -up a r ea , p opu la t ion s i ze , c u l t iva ted a nd e xp lo i ted a r ea A ccord ing t ot he mode l p re sen ted b yt he a u thor s ( Gophna , L iph sch i tz & L ev -Yadun 1 986 ) , b a sed o n p opu la t ion e s t ima t ions a nd d emograph ic d a ta ( B rosh i &G ophna 1 984 ) , c a lcu la t ions w ere made c oncern ing b u i l t -up a rea , c u l t iva ted a nd e xp lo i ted a rea f o r f i e lds , p a s ture a nd wood s upp ly ( Tab le 2 ) . T he se c a lcu la t ion s s how t ha t t he h ighes t p opu la t ion d ens i ty , a nd c on sequen t ly t he h ighe s t r a te o f c u l t iva ted a rea , t ook p lace i n t he J udean S hephe la . I n t h is r eg ion 2 6% o f t he a rea was c u l t iva ted wh i le i n t he C oas ta l P la in a nd J ez ree l V a l ley 1 0% o f t he a rea was c u l t iva ted . I n t he h i l l -coun t ry o n ly 4% o ft he a rea was c u l t iva ted . I t mus t b e p o in ted o u t t ha t i n t he h i l l c oun t ry t he h ighe s t p opu la t ion d en s i ty wa s i n t he S amar ia h i l ls .

C on c lu s ion s D i f ference s i n t he s i ze o f t he p opu la t ion t ha t i nhab i ted t he v ar ious p ar t s o f t he l and r e su l ted i n d i f fe ren t i mpac t o n t he f o re s t a reas . I n t he h i l l -coun t ry t he s e t t lemen t s we re l o ca ted i ne nc lave s , i . e . ,A i . T he re t he d amage wa s much more e x ten s ive d ue t ot he s i ze o f t he p opu la t ion c ompa red t ot he s i ze o ft he e nc lave s . T he t ime s pan o f t he s e t t lemen t e x is tence v a r ied i n t he v a r ious s i tes d ur ing t he E a r ly B ronze Age ( c f . T ab le 3 ) . T here fo re t he i mpac t o n t he a rborea l v ege ta t ion d i f fe red . When t he s e t t lemen t e x is ted f o r ar e la t ive s hor t p e r iod o f t ime t he v ege ta t ion c ou ld r e cove r s oone r . When t he s e t t lemen te x is ted f o r al onger p er iod t h ei mpac tw as much more s eve re a nd more t ime w a sn eeded f o rt he r e cove ry o ft he v ege ta t ion .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 66 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

MAN 'S I MPACT ON T HE V EGE TAT IONAL L ANDSCAPE O F I SRAEL I N T HE E BA 1 1 1 1 TABLE 3 . — Dura t ion o fs e t t le men ts i nt he E a r ly B ronze Age . D u ra t ion o f s e t t lemen ts S ho r t e x is tence: ( app rox .3 00 y ea rs ) L ong e x is tence: ( app rox . 6 00 y ea r s )

M ed i te r ranean h i l l -coun t ry

M ed i te r ranean p l a in

Me c h te r ranean t r ans i t ion r e g ion t oI r ano -Tu ran ian

E nc lave

R as e -Tau ra

T .A phek

T .A rad

T e l l e l -Fä r 'ah

T .E r an i

T .H es i

B e th -Shean

A i

Oas is

J e r icho

Dur ing t he E BI I I I t he c on t inu i ty o f s e t t lemen t i n I s rae l i se v iden t , a l though v a r ious s i te s w ere a bandoned f r om t ime t o t ime ( Gophna 1 982 ) . T he n a tura l v ege ta t ion o f t he a bandoned c u l t iva ted a rea s c ou ld r e cover . S ince t he mode l c a lcu la t ions ( Tab le 2 ) we re made a s i f a l l s e t t lemen ts were i nhab i ted a t t he s a me t ime , t he a c tua l a reas f o r c u l t iva t ion a nd e xp lo i ta t ion we re a s ama t ter o f f a c t sma l le r t han t he v a lues g iven i n t he t ab le I t mus t b e n o ted t ha t i nt hose s e t t lemen ts l o ca ted a tt he t r ans i t ion r eg ion b e tween t he Med i te r ranean a nd I r ano -Turan ian t e r r i tor ies , i . e . , T e l A rad a nd A i , o r i n t he o as i s , i . e . , J e r icho , t he c a rry ing c apac i ty o f t he a rea was l owe r a nd t h e re fore t he r a te o fd amage wa s h ighe r ,a nd c on sequen t ly t h et ime n eeded f o rr e cove ry wa sl onge r . I n v i ew o f t he d a ta p resen ted a bove , i ts eems t ha t t he r a te o f t he d amage t o t he n a tura l v ege ta t ion a nd t he s o i ls d u r ing t he E BI I I I d id n o t a t ta in s uch e x ten t t ha t c ou ld h ave r i sked t he u rban c u l tu re a nd c au se i t sd egrada t ion . E ven t owa rds t he e nd o ft he O t toman r u le a round A .D . 1 800 when t he a g r icu lture i no ur r eg ion was p oor , t he s o i l w e re s eve re re ly e roded a nd t he c over o f t he n a tura l v ege ta t ion was r u ined i n mos t a reas , t he p opu la t ion was t w ice a s l a rge a s d ur ing t he E ar ly B ronze Age — 3 00 ,000 p eop le ( Av i tsur & S hav i t 1 983: 4 8 -67 ) . T h is a na logy s eem s t os uppor to ur a s se ssmen t t ha t t he E ar ly B ronze u rban c u l ture wa s n o t s eve re ly a f fec ted a s ar e su l to f man 's i mpac to n t he n a tura l v ege ta t ion a nd s o i l .

B IBLIOGRAP HY AV IT SUR ,S .&S HAV IT ,Y . 1 983 T he L and a nd i t sI nhab i tan ts: P opu la t ion ,S e t t lemen t sa nd E conomy .P p .4 8 -67 i nY .B en -A r ieh a nd I .B a r ta l , e ds . , T h eH i s to ry o fE r e tz I s r a e l . V o lume 8 .J e ru sa lem: K e te r ( i n H eb rew ) . BR O SH I ,M . & GOPHNA ,R . 1 984 T he S e t t lemen ts a nd P opu la t ion o fP a le s t ine d u r ing t he E a r ly B ronze Age B u l l e t in o ft h e Am e r i c an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e s ear ch 2 53: 4 1 -53 . GO PHNA ,R . 1 982 T he E ar ly B ronze Age . P p . 9 7 120 i nI .E pha l , e d . , T h eH i s to ry o fE r e tz I s r a e l V o l . 1 .J e ru s a lem: K e te r ( i n Heb rew ) . GO PHNA ,R . ,L I PH S0 1 -f IZ ,N . &L EV -YADUN ,S . 1 986 Man 's I mpac to n t h eN a tu ra lV ege ta t ion i nt he C en t ra l C oa s ta l P l a in o fI s rae ld u r ing t he C ha lco l i th ic a nd t he B ronze Age s ( c i rca 4 000 -1600 B .C . ) . T e lA v iv 1 3: 6 9 -82 . HO PF ,M . 1 97 8 P lan t R ema ins , S t ra ta V I . P p . 6 4 -82 i n R . Am i ran e ta l . , E ar ly A rad I .T h e C ha lco l i th i c s e t t l emen t a nd E ar ly B r onz e c i ty . J e ru s a lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . K ENYON ,K .M . 1 960 E x c av a t i on sa tJ e r i c ho .V o lume I .L ondon :B r i t ish S choo lo fA rchaeo logy i nJ e ru sa lem . 1 979 A r c ha eo logy i nt h eH o ly L and .4 t he d . L ondon :E .B enn L td .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 67 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

N IL I L I PH SCH ITZ , R AM GOPHNA & S 1MCHA L EV -YADUN LI PHSCH ITZ ,N . 1 975

D end roa rchaeo log ica l I nve s t iga t ions: T e l Aphek , 1 974 . M im eogr aph ed R epo r t N o . 3 3 . T e l Av iv: I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy a nd D epa r tmen to fB o tany ,T e lA v iv U n ive r s i ty . 1 986a T he V ege ta t iona l L ands cape a nd t he Mac rod ima te o fI s rae l Du r ing P reh i s to r ic a nd P ro toh i s to r ic P e r iod s . M i tku f a t H aev en N .S . 1 9: 8 0 -90 . 1 986b D end roarchaeo log ica l I nves t ig a t ions: T e l Q ash i sh . M im e ogr aph ed R epo r t N o . 1 44 . T e l Av iv: I ns t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy a nd D epar tmen to fB o tany ,T e l Av iv U n ive r s i ty . LI PH SCH 1TZ ,N . ,L EV -YADUN ,S . & GOPHNA , 1 987 D om inance o f Q ue r cu s c a l l ip r ino s ( Kerme s o ak ) i n t he C en t ra l C oas ta l P la in i n I s rae l Du r ing An t iqu i ty . I s r ae l E xp lor a t ion J ourna l 3 7: 4 3 -50 . LI PH SCH TTZ ,N . &WA 1SEL ,Y . 1 980 D end roarchaeo log ica l I nve s t iga t ions i n I s rae l: T e l T aanach . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J ourna l3 0: 1 32 136 . WE STERN ,A .C . 1 97 1 T he E co log ica l I n te rp re ta t ion o f Anc ien tC ha rcoa ls f r om J e r icho . L evan t 3:3 1-40 . ZOHARY ,M . 1 959 G eob o tany . 2 nd e d . Me rhavya :S i f r ia t P oa l im ( i n H eb rew ) . 1 962 P l an t L i f e i nP a l e s t in e . New Y o rk: R ona ld P re ss .

•

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -2 68 -

P LANT EC O N O MY AN D DIET IN THE EARLY BR O NZE AGE IN I SRAEL: A SU M MARY OF PRESE NT RESE ARC H N i l L IPHSCH ITZ I ns t i tu te o fA rcha eo logy T e l -Av iv U n iver s i ty

I n t roduc t ion I n forma t ion c once rn ing p lan te conomy a nd v ege tar ian d ie td ur ing a n t iqu i ty i sb a sed o n t he s t udy o f r ema ins o f c u l t iva ted p lan t s u t i l ized b y man i n a nc ien t t imes wh ich we re f ound i na rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ions . T he r ema in s i n c lude c e rea ls , p u lses , f r u i t s a nd s eeds o f t r ees , o i l p lan ts a nd w i ld e d ib le p lan ts . T he a r chaeo log ica l c on tex t may o f ten i n c lude a l so s eeds o f w eeds t ha t f o l low t he c u l t iva ted c rop s a nd u sua l ly a re i n te rm ing led w i th t he c u l t iva ted g ra ins . G row ing a t ten t ion was g iven t o t he i nve s t iga t ion o n p lan t u t i l iza t ion a nd e xp lo i ta t ion d ur ing t he l a s t f i f ty y ear s ( c f . U cko & D imb leby 1 969; R en f rew 1 973 ) . T he d ome s t ica t ion o f t h e c erea ls a nd t he p u lse s h ave s t ar ted a s e ar ly a s t he Neo l i th ic ( Zohary & Hop f 1 973 ) . P u lse s a ccompan ied t he c erea ls , a nd l egume s l i ke p ea , l en t i l , b roadbean a nd c h ickpea c on s t i tu ted t oge the r w i th whea t a nd b a r ley t he ma in f ood o f t he o ld t ype g ra in a g r icu l ture . • O l ives , g rapes , d a tes a nd f i gs we re t he f i rs t i mpor tan t f ru i ts a dded t o t he Med i terranean a gr icu l ture . T hey were mos t l i ke ly d omes t ica ted i n t he 4 th a nd 3 rd m i l lenn ia B .C . a nd t hey eme rged a s i mpor tan t f ood e l emen ts i nt he E a r ly B ronze A ge . Due t o t he f a c t t ha t t hey c an b e v ege ta t ive ly p ropaga ted b y s imp le t e chn iques t hey w ere p readap ted f o r d ome s t ica t ion ( Zohary & S p iege l -Roy 1 975 ) . I t mus t b e p o in ted o u t t ha t i n e ach o f t hese c l ass ica l f r u i t t r ee s v ar iab le c omp lex o f w i ld t ypes , s e condary weedy d er iva t ives a nd g roups o f t he d o me s t ica ted c l ones a re a l l i n te r fer t i le a nd i n te rconnec ted b y o ccas iona l h ybr id iza t ion ( Zohary & S p iege l -Roy 1 975 ) . T i l l t oday i ti sv ery d i f f icu l t a nd v e ry o f ten r a the r i mposs ib le t od i s t ingu ish b e tween t he w i ld a nd c u l t iva ted f r u i t s , s t ones a nd s eeds g a the red i nt he e xcava t ion s . T he p re sen tp aper s ummar ize s t he p re sen ts t a te o fk now ledge r egard ing p lan te conomy d ur ing t he E ar ly B ronze A ge i nI s rae l a nd t he e a s te rn s i de o ft he l owe rJ o rdan V a l ley a nd t he D ead S ea p la in .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -2 69 -

N I L IL I PH SCH I TZ

P resen t s t a te o f k now ledge T he s i te s F ru i t a nd s eed r ema in s f r om a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ion s w ere a na lyzed f o r t h ir teen s i te s l o ca ted i nd i f feren t c l ima t ic r eg ion s ( F ig . 1a nd T ab le 1 ): -E leven s i tes i n I s rae l: G eze r ( Maca l is ter 1 912 ) , B e th -Shean ( Fe inb run 1 938 ) , T e l L ach ish ( He lbaek 1 957 ) , J e r icho ( Hop f 1 969 ) , E n -Be sor ( L iphsch i tz & Wa ise l 1 974 ) , T e l A rad ( Hop f 1 978 ) , T e l D a l i t ( L iph sch i tz & Wa ise l 1 979d , 1 981) , T e l T aanach ( L iphsch i tz & Wa ise l 1 980a ) , T e l He s i ( Too mb s 1 983 ) , T e l Qash ish ( L iphsch i tz 1 987 ) , a nd J e rusa lem ( L iph sch i tz 1 986 ); -a nd t wo s i te s o n t he e as te rn s i de o f t he D ead S ea: B ab e dh -Dh ra ( McCree ry 1 979 , 1 980 ) a nd Nume ira ( McC ree ry 1 979 , 1 980 ) . T he p l an t s pe c ie s B o tan ica l a na ly s is s how s ( Tab le 2 )t ha t n ine s pec ie s o fc e rea ls w e re f ound: f our e d ib le s pec ies o f whea t ( T r i t i cum m onococcum ,T . d i coccum ,T . a e s t ivum a nd T . d i cocco ide s ) , t wo s pec ies o f e d ib le b ar ley ( H ordeum d i s t ichum a nd H . v u lga re ) , t wo f odder g rasses ( Chess g ra ss a nd o a t ) ,a nd o ne g ram ineous w eed ( Rye g ra ss ) . S ix e d ib le s pec ie s o f p u lse s :l en t i l ( L en s c u l ina r i s ,L . e s cu len ta ) , p ea ( p i sum s a t ivum ) , v e tch ( V ic ia f aba ) , c h ickpea ( C icer a r ien t inum ) a nd L a thyrus s a t ivum , a s we l l a s f i ve o ther weedy l egu mes ( Ga l l ium t r icorne , Med icago s ubv i l losa , a nd Me l i lo tu s ) , were i den t i f ied .

l a c in ia ta , M . r o ta ta , S corp iurus

F ru i ts , s t ones a nd p ips o f o l ive ( O lea e uropaea ) , v ine ( V i t i s v in i f e ra ) , p i s tach io ( P i s tac ia a t lan t ica ) , o ak ( Quercus ) , p omegrana te ( Pun i ca g rana ta ) , f i g ( F icu s c a r i ca ) , d a te ( Phoen ix d ac ty l i f e ra ) a nd h aw thorne ( C ra taegu s ) s eeds a nd p lan t r ema ins o f f l ax ( L inum ) , r i c inus ( R i c inus c ommun i s ) ,o n ion ( A l l ium )a nd s eeds o fe l even weeds w ere c o l lec ted .

TA BLE 1 .— T he mean a nnua l amoun t o f r a in fa l l a nd t he a ve rage t empera tu re s i n J anuary a nd Augus t i nt he e nv i ron s o ft he a rchaeo log i ca l s i te s men t ioned i nt he t e x t . D a ta b ased o n t he me teoro log ica l r e cords ( M e teoro log ica l S tandard N orma l s o f R a in f a l l 1 9311960 , Me teor o log ica l N o te s N o . 2 1 , 1 967 ) . A rchaeo log ica l S i te

S i te o f Measu remen t

Annua l amoun t o fr a in fa l l ( i n mm . )

Ave rage t empe ra tu re s ( °C ) J anua ry Augu s t

T e lB e th S hean T e lT aanach T e l Qu ash ish T e l G eze r T e l D a l i t T e lL ach ish T e l l e lH es i J e ru sa lem

B e th S he an Meg iddo H a ezo re a G eze r L cd L ach ish L ach ish J e ru sa lem

3 07 5 49 6 00 5 08 5 13 3 53 3 53

1 2 14 1 0 12 1 0 12 1 2 14 1 2 14 1 2 -14 1 2 14

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C i ty o fD av id E nB e so r T e l A rad T e l J e r icho

M t .S copus U r im T e lA rad J e r icho

5 18 21 1 09 1 44

8 10 1 2 -14 1 0 12 1 4 16

2 2 -24 2 6 -28 2 6 -28 3 0 -32

l e s s t h an l0 0 l e s s t h an 100

1 4 16 1 4 16

3 2 -34 3 2 -34

B ab e dh Dh ra T e l Nume i ra

* *

*A cco rd ing t ot he M idd le E as t A t las ( Karmon 8 , zB rawe r , 1 981 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -2 70 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P LANT E CONOMY A ND D IE T I NT HE E ARLY B RONZE A GE I N I S RAEL

•B ab e dh -Dh ra

FI G . 1 .— M ap o ft he E a r ly B ronze A ge s i te sm en t ioned i nt h et e x t . 1 .T e l Q ash ish . 2 .T e l T aanach , 3 .B e th S hean . 4 .T e l D a l i t . 5 .T e l C eze r . 6 .J e r icho . 7 .J e rusa lem . 8 .T e l L ach ish . 9 .T e l le l -F le s i . 1 0 . E n B esor . 1 1 . T e lA rad . 1 2 . B ab e dh Dhra . 1 3 . Nume ira .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. 27 1Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

N IL ! L I P IL S CF I ITZ

TA BLE 2 .— S eeds a nd f ru i ts i nt he EB s t ra ta o fv ar ious s i tes .

c a a ) ( / )

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1 00 AA . um em a l e i s s I

F I G .3 .— T e lE r an i ,t h ee x cava t ion a r ea so ft h e1 9 56 1960 s e a son s( Y e iv in 1 9 60d : f i g .1 ) . -E gyp t ian -Canaan i te r e la t ions ( a s r e f lec ted e spec ia l ly b y t he l a rge q uan t i t ies o f E gyp t ian p o t tery ); -t h e q ues t ion o f t he f o r t i f ica t ions: t he ir d a te a nd c harac te r . E ach o ne o f t hese s ub jec ts w i l l b e d ea l t w i th i n t he f o l low ing o rde r: S . Y e iv in 's i n te rpre ta t ion s , t he o the r e xped i t ion membe r s ' o p in ions ( when e xp ressed ) , o the r s cho lars s ugges t ions , a nd f i na l ly my own . Wherever n ece ssary , i lus tra t ive ma ter ia l h as b een i n c luded , s o me o f wh ich h as b een c or rec ted o r a dap ted . I t mus t b e emphas ized t ha t t he i n te rpre ta t ions o f fe red h e re a re o n ly p re l im inary a nd may c hange s o mewha t w i th f u r ther s t udy .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 5 9E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

BARUCH B RANDL

C hrono logy T he l a rge n u mbe r o f p re l im inary n o tes a nd a r t ic le s p ub l ished b y Y e iv in i n c lude a n a lmos t b ew i lder ing v ar ie ty o f c hrono log ies . I n p ar t icu lar , h e r epea ted ly c hanged t he c h rono log ica l o r c u l tura l a t t r ibu t ion s o f v ar ious s t ra ta i n A rea D . T o c omp l ica te ma t ter s f u r ther , v ar iou s s cho lar s h ave a t temp ted t o r e conc i le c on t rad ic t ions a nd h ave s ugges ted a l terna t ive s chemes o f t he ir own . I n o rde r t o make t h ings c l ear i ti s wor th t r ac ing t he d eve lopmen ti nY e iv in 's a nd o the r s ' s t ra t ig raph ic a na ly se s a nd c hrono log ie s . A tt h e e nd o f t h is s e c t ion , Iw i l l p ropose my own s cheme t os umma r ize t he s i te 's s t ra t igraphy . Y e iv in ' s i n te rpre ta t ions ( a ) I n t he f i r s t s ea son o f e xcava t ion a t T e l E ran i s even s t ra ta were r e cogn ized i n A rea D , r ang ing f r om t he l a te Cha lco l i th ic t ot he E ar ly B ronze Age ( Ye iv in 1 956: 2 59 ) . ( b )B yt he s e cond s eason i t was s upposed t ha tt he t wo u ppe rmos ts t ra ta w e re E BI ,a nd t ha t t he s e cond s t ra tum i n c luded f i ve p hase s . An E B Is t ra tum wa s a l so d i scerned a t t h is t ime ( Ye iv in 1 957: 2 64 ) . ( c ) I n a no the r d escr ip t ion o f t he r e su l ts o f t he s e cond s eason , Y e iv in ( 1 958b

2 45 )

i nd ica ted t ha t t he t wo u ppe r s t ra ta c on ta ined E B Ia nd E B I ma te r ia l . ( d )I n t he r epor t f o l low ing t he t h ird s eason , b y wh ich t ime e l even o f t he f i na l t we lve s t ra ta h ad b een u ncove red , t he f o l low ing s t ra t ig raphy w as g iven ( Ye iv in 1 958 c: 2 75 ) : S t ra ta I I I

E B I

S t ra tum I I S t ra ta I V -X I

E B I Cha lco l i th ic

( e )I n t he f ou r th s ea son v i rg in s o i l was e ncoun te red a nd 1 3 s t ra ta d e term ined ( Ye iv in 1 959 :2 70 ) ,b u tS t ra tum X I I I w as s ub sequen t ly c ance l led ( Ye iv in 1 960d: 1 94 ) . ( f )I n t he p re l im inary r epor t o ft he f i rs t t h ree s eason s ( c omp i led i n 1 958 b u tp ub l ished i n 1 961 ) , S t ra tum I V was s a id t o r epresen t t he t r ans i t ion f r om t he Cha lco l i th ic t o t he E ar ly B ronze ( Ye iv in 1 96 1a: 8 ) . ( g ) I n a no the r p ub l ica t ion d ea l ing w i th t he f i r s t t h ree s eason s o f e xcava t ion a t E ran i ( a lso p ub l ished s ome y ear s a f ter i t s w r i t ing ) , o ther s t ra ta were a l so a t tr ibu ted t o t h is t r an s i t iona l s t age: S t ra tu m V a nd p e rhaps S t ra tum V I ( Ye iv in 1 960a: 1 6 ) ( h )F o l low ing t he f our th s eason S t ra tu m V I wa s r emoved f r om t he t r an s i t iona l s t age . Here i sY e iv in 's ( 1 960b: 3 94 ) s t ra t ig raph ic i n te rpre ta t ion a f te r t he f our th s ea son: S t ra ta I I I S t ra tum I I

E B I E B I

S t ra ta I V -V

Cha lco l i th ic -E B t r ans i t ion

S t ra ta V I -X I I

Cha lco l ith ic

( i )T he Cha lco l i th ic s t ra ta were a ss igned t o t he L a te Cha lco l i th ic p e r iod i n t he p re l im inary r epo r t ( Ye iv in 1 961a :8 ,b u t w r i t ten i n1 958 ) . ( j )E lsewhere , S t ra tu m X I I was c a l led M idd le Cha lco l i th ic a nd t he o the r s t ra ta o f t ha t p er iod we re s a id t o b e c on temporary w i th t he Chassu l ian -Bee rsheva s t age b u t t o b e long t oa no the rc u l ture ( Ye iv in 1 960d: 1 93 194 , 1 98; 1 965: 3 55 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -3 60 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

OBSERVAT IONS ON THE EARLY BRONZE AGE S TRATA OF T EL ERAN I

( k )I n a1 965 l e c tu re Y e iv in ( 1 967b :4 5 ,4 8n .3 0 )p roposed S t ra tum V t ob eE gyp t ian a nd r emarked t he p re sence o fE BI I s he rds i nS t ra tu m I3 . ( 1 )

I n p repar ing t he e n t ry o n T e l E ran i f o r t he E ncy c lop ed ia o fE xcava t ion s i n t h e H o ly

L and Y e iv in s eem s t oh ave b een i nf luen ced b yH enne ssy ( s ee b e low ) when d ea l ing w i th t he u ppe r s t ra ta: -t h e E BI I was r e lega ted t ot he u ppermos t p hase o fS t ra tum Ia nd c a l led P hase 0( Ye iv in 1 970 :5 97 ;1 979 :3 41 n .1 0 ); -S t ra tu m I V —p rev ious ly b e long ing t o t he C ha lco l i th ic/EB It r an s i t iona l p hase — moved t ot h ee nd o ft he E B I( Ye iv in 1 970: 5 98; 1 975 :9 5 ); -t hu sY e iv in s ee m s t oh ave d a ted S t ra tum I I t oE BI ,i nc on tras t t ot he v i ew h e e xp ressed u n t i l 1 967 , t ha t S t ra tu m I I was E B I( Ye iv in 1 967b: 4 8 ) . Y e iv in 's ( 1 970 ) f i na l p roposa l t ook t he f o l low ing f o rm: S t ra tum I( Phase 0 ) E B I I S tra ta I I I I

E B I

S t ra tum I V S t ra tum V

e nd o fE BI E gyp t ian

S tra ta V I -X I I

Cha lco l i th ic

T he i n te rpre ta t ion s o f o t he r e xped i t ion m embe r s D i f feren t v i ews we re h e ld b yt h ree o the r member s o ft he E ran i s t a f f . T hese w e re n ever p ub l i shed b u t we re l a te rc i ted b yo the rs cho lar s: •Z .Y e iv in ( i n B en -Tor 1 969: 3 ): S t ra tum V I

L a te C ha lco l i th ic/ear ly E BI

S tra ta V IV

f i r s t h a l f o f E BI

S t ra tum I I

s e cond h a l fo fE BI

S t ra tum I S t ra tum I

f i r s t h a l f o f E BI s e cond h a l fo fE BI

•S h . L ev i ( i nB en -Tor 1 969: 3 ): S t ra tum V I S t ra tum V

P os t -Ghassu l ian Cha lco l i th ic E gyp t ian ma te r ia l i n c lud ing t he Narmer s e r ekh

S tra ta I V I I I

E B I s econd h a l fo f E B I( f o l low ing ag ap i nt he f i r s t h a l fo f t he

S tra ta I !

E B I ) •E .Y e iv in ( i nG ophna 1 972 :5 1 n .2 1 ) •

S tra tu m I V

E B I

O the r s c ho la r s s ugg e s t ions A s men t ioned a bove , an umbe ro fs cho la r s h ave e n te red t he f o ray a nd made a l te rna t ive s ugge s t ions b u tp ar to ft h e ir c onc lus ion s w ere b ased o n i n su f f ic ien t a nd c on fused p r ima ry d a ta .

3 . T h is i nnova t ion was p robab ly i nduced b y t he d o c to ra l d i s se r ta t ions o fH enne s sy a nd B en -To r . H enne s sy ( 1 967: 1 4n .5 3 ,2 2n n . 1 30 13 1 ,2 3n .1 53 ,7 2n .6 1 ,p l s . 1 3: 1 ,7 ,6 0: I )h ad d a ted t h ec ombed j a r sa nd K enyon 's A 3a t ype b ow l t o t he E BI I , a nd B en -To rd e sc r ibed o ne b ow l o ft h e I C h i rbe t K e rak f am i ly ( Ben -To r 1 969 :3 ,9 6 , 1 05 [7 1 , f i g . 1 3 :5[ ou rc o r rec ted F ig . 8: 1 ] ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. 36 1Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

B ARUCH B RAND L

Ir V 1

2

3

8

4

1

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5

6

7

9

1.1

FI G .4 . — Chako l i th ic p o t tery f r om v ar ious s t ra ta i nA rea D .

1

3

2 O f t /

0

6

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4

5

7

( 8

1 0 cm

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FI G .5 .— P o t te ry f r om a ne ar ly p hase o ft he E a r ly B ronze Age I ,f r om A rea D .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -3 62 -

O B SERVA T ION S O NT HE E AR LY B RONZE A GE S T RATA O FT E L F RAN I

1

2

3

4

1

5

6

7

8

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=

CM

10 =n 1 M 111 1 3 11111

FI G .6 .— E ar ly B ronze A ge I p o t te ry f r om S t ra tum Ii nA rea D .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I3 and-II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -3 6 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

BARUCH 1 3 RANDL

•Henne ssy ( 1 967 :9n .2 5 , 1 3n .4 3 ,1 4n .5 3 ,1 6n .6 5 ,2 1c har t1 ) We h ave a l ready i nd ica ted t ha t J . B . H ennessy w as t he f i r s t t o d o s o; h e re i sh i s s t ra t igraph ic i n terpre ta t ion: S t ra tum I

E B I I

S t ra ta I I I I

E B I

S t ra tu m I V

E B I( Kenyon 's t e rm ino logy )

S t ra ta V -X I I

P ro to -U rban

•B en -Tor ( 1 969: 3 ) S t ra tum V S t ra ta I V I I I

t he c i ty w i th t he mos t a bundan t E gyp t ian ma te r ia l E B I

S t ra ta I I

E B I

B u ti n as ummary t ab le a tt he e nd o ft he a bove s t udy ,t he a u thor p resen ted as o mewha t d i f fe ren t s cheme ( Ben -Tor 1 969: 1 55 ): S t ra tum V E B I S t ra ta I V I I S t ra tum I

E B I E B I >E BI I( ? )

•M i rosched j i ( 1 97 1 :6 3n .7 5 , 7 4 , 7 9 -80 n .5 1 ,f i gs . 2 1 -23 ): ) S t ra ta X I IX g has sou l ien f i na l ,c on temporary w i th t he n or thern é poque S t ra ta X I -V I I I

p rd -urba ine , p ha se 1 é poque p re -u rba ine ,p ha se 2

S t ra ta V I I -V I

é poque p re -u rba ine ,p ha se 3

•G ophna ( 1 974: 1 21 -128 , 1 51 , 1 53 ): S t ra ta X I I IX S t ra ta V I I I -V S t ra ta I V I S t ra tu m I ( par t ia l ly )

E ar ly E BI L a te E BI E B I E B I I

•M i rosched j i ( 1 976: 2 0n .2 7 ,2 4n .4 6 ,2 8n .7 8 ,3 0t ab leau 6 ): S t ra ta V I I I -V I é poque p re -u rba ine S t ra tum V S t ra ta I V I I

B ronze a nc ien I( =e ar ly E B Io r E BI C ) B ronze a nc ien I

S t ra tum I

B ronze a n c ien I I

•C a l laway a nd We in s te in ( 1 977: 2 3 , 1 2 ): S t ra ta X I -X S t ra ta V I I I -V I I

E B I A E B I B

S t ra ta V I ( ? ) -V

E B I C

S t ra ta I V ( ? ) I

E B IA -B

•K emp in sk i ( 1 978: 8 -9 ): S t ra tum V

E B I A E B I B

S t ra tu m I V

E B IA

S t ra tum I I

E B I IA

S t ra ta V I I -V I

E B I IB S t ra ta I I B u t i n h i s d i scuss ion o f t he E B Is t ra ta o f E ran i , t h e a u thor ( 1 978: 1 2 13 ) made s o me c hange s: S t ra tu m V I I I S t ra tu m V I

E B I A a nd C ha lco l i th ic E B I B

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 64 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

O BSERVAT IONS ON T HE E ARLY B RONZE A GE S TRATA O F T EL F RAN I

•K emp insk i a nd G i lead ( 1 985 ) : I n t he ir r e cen t e xcava t ion e as t o f A rea D , t he t wo e xcava tor s i den t i f ied t h ree s t ra ta ( A -C ) w i th t he f o l low ing s ugges ted s ynchron is ms t o t he p rev ious e xped i t ion 's s t ra t igraphy: S t ra tum C = S t ra ta

E B I b

S t ra tum B = S t ra ta V I I S t ra tum A = S t ra tum I

E B I E B I I

•K emp insk i ( 1 987: 6 7 ): T h is s cho la r n ow b e l ieve s t ha t S t ra tum V I I I s hou ld b e r e la ted t o t he e a r l ies t s t age o f t he E BI . An ew s ugg e s t ion An e xa m ina t ion o f t he p rev ious ly s or ted ma ter ia l , c ons is t ing o f s evera l t housand s herds i s o la ted a s " i nd ica t ive " b y t he o r ig ina l e xped i t ion s t a f f , h as l e ad me t os ugge s t t he f o l low ing t ab le ( a f te r t he E ncy c loped ia o fE xcava t ions c hrono log ica l t e rm ino logy ) : S t ra tum " pre -X I I " S t ra ta X I I IX

4

Cha lco l i th ic E a r ly E BI

S t ra ta V I I I IV S t ra tum I I

L a te E BI E ar ly E BI

S t ra tum I

L a te E BI E B I I

S t ra tum I

T h is s cheme , wh ich e n la rges t he s cope o f t he E B r e ma ins a t t he e xpense o f t he Cha lco l i th ic , i ss uppor ted b y t he r e cen tr eana ly s is o f t he l i th ics b y D r . S .R osen 5 a nd b ya c ompara t ive s t udy o f t he b asa l t b ow ls wh ich c on s is t o f t wo t ype s: t he k nobbed v ar ie ty ( Ye iv in 1 961a :p l . 8 ,f r om S t ra tum I X; Gophna 1 979 ) , a nd t he f our -hand led t ype ( Am iran & P ora t 1 984 ) . Mos t r e cen t ly t he a bove c h rono logy h as b een r e in forced b y t he me ta l lurg ica le v idence c omp i led b y0 . I l an a nd M . S ebbane 6.

T he b eg inn ing s o f u rban iza t ion a tE ran i I n t he l i tera ture , t wo a r ch i te c tura l e l emen t s h ave o f ten b een r e fer red t o a s i nd ica t ive o f t h e e ar ly s t age o fu rban iza t ion a tE ran i: -t he m i sda ted c i ty wa l l i n A rea N ( wh ich w i l l b e d ea l t w i th i n mo re d ep th b e low ); -a nd t h e f amou s " pub l ic b u i ld ing " i n A rea D ( F ig .7 ) . T he l a t ter s t ruc ture wa s e s tab l ished i n S t ra tu m V I I I a nd r ema ined i n u se u n t i l S t rat um I V ( Ye iv in 1 958c: 2 75; 1 960c: 1 23; 1 970: 5 99; 1 975: 9 5 -96; C iasca 1 962: 2 7 -29 ) . I n l i gh t o f t he n ew c hrono log ica l s cheme Ih ave s ugge s ted a bove , t he " pub l ic b u i ld ing " f a l l s e n t i re ly i n to t he E BI .H ence , i th as n o i mpo r tance a s at r ans i t iona l e l emen t e x i s t ing i n b o th t he Cha lco l i th ic a nd E B p er iods ( c on tra K emp insk i 1 978: 1 2 -13 , 1 7; 1 983: 2 37

4 . T he d es igna t ion " p re -X I I " w a s c ho sen i no rde r t od is t ingu i sh i tf r om t he e xped it ion 's S t ratum X I I I wh ich was l a te r c ance l led ( Ye iv in 1 959: 2 70; 1 960b: 3 93; 1 963: 2 05; C iasca 1 962: 2 6 ) . T h i s s t ra tum i sh ypo the t ica l f o r t he t ime b e ing s ince t he Cha lco l i th ic ma ter ia l w as f ound u ns tra t i f ied t hroughou t s eve ra l s t ra ta . Add i t iona l i s o la ted s he rd s we re f ound i n t he o the re xcava t ion a reas b u t a l so m ixed i nl a te rc on tex ts . As im i la r s i tua t ion was e ncoun te red b yK emp insk ia nd G i lead ( 1 985 :4 0 )i nt h e i re xpo su re D 2t ot he e as to fA rea D . 5 . Iwou ld l i ke t ot h ank D r . S t ev en R osen f o rr e -exam in ing t he f l in ta s semb lage o fT e lE ran ia nd u pda t ing t h e o r ig ina l wo rk d one b yt he l a te Ms . E ph ra tY e iv in wh ich r ema ined i n manu sc r ip t . 6 . S e e t h ep ape ro fI l an & S ebbane 1 989 i n wh ich t hey s how t h a t aw ls w i th as qua re s e c t ion ( l ike t hose a tT e l E ran i )b e long t ot he E Bh o r izon wh i le a w ls w i th ar ound s ec t ion a re C ha lco l i th ic .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -3 65 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

B ARUCH B RANDL •

•

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r s i • r >

m >

0

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702.-3 66 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

c z t 5 ;

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OBSERVAT IONS ON THE EARLY B RONZE AGE S TRATA OF T EL E RAN I

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 67 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

c r \

B ARUC I 1 B RANDL

n .1 6; K emp in sk i &G i lead 1 985: 4 0 ) . R ecen t ly , K emp insk i ( 1 987: 6 7 ) a ccep ted t he E BI d a te f o rt he f ounda t ion o ft h is s t ruc ture .

E gyp t -Canaan c on tac ts A t t h is p o in t we s ha l l l im i t t he d i scuss ion t ot he E gyp t ian p o t tery a tT e l E ran i s i nce i t i st he mos t f r equen t ( a lbe i tn o to n ly 7)E gyp t ian f i nd t ype a nd a ppear s t h roughou t t he s i te ( A reas A , D , F ,K , L ,M ,N ) . T he d i sce rnmen t o f E gyp t ian m a te r ia l b y t h e E ran i E xped i t ion s t a f f S ince T e l E ran i was o ne o f t he f i r s t s i te s i n P a le s t ine i n wh ich E gyp t ian ma te r ia l wa s d i scovered ,i tt ook t he e xcava tor ss eve ra ls easons t or e cogn ize i t sp re sence . ( a ) On ly d ur ing t he f our th s eason , b y wh ich t ime t he e n t ire s t ra t igraph ic s equence o f A rea D h ad b een a ch ieved a nd t he a rea e n larged , w as an ew k ind o f p o t tery d i scerned: n( . . ) ad eep c y l indr ica l j a r o f an ew t ype , b urn ished s herds w i th wh i te s l ip i n c ised w i th g eome tr ica l d e s ign ( . . ) " ( Ye iv in 1 959: 2 70 ) . ( b ) B u to n ly s o me mon ths l a ter , d ur ing t he b reak b e tween t he f our th a nd f i f th s eason s a nd f o l low ing t he d iscovery o f a n E gyp t ian s e rekh , w as t h is p os i ted a s b e ing E gyp t ian ( Ye iv in 1 960b: 3 94 ) . ( c ) Dur ing t he f i f th a nd l a s t s eason i n A rea D , s uch wh i te "s l ipped " a nd b urn ished E gyp t ian ma te r ia l was i den t i f ied i n S t ra tu m V i n s i tu f o r t he f i r s t t ime ( Ye iv in 1 960c: 1 23 ) . ( d ) Ar e -exam ina t ion o f t he p rev ious s easons ' p o t te ry r evea led t ha t s im i lar ma ter ia l h ad a l ready a ppea red i nt he s e cond s eason , i n c lud ing a l so o ne s qua t p o ta nd f r agmen ts o f o thers l i ke i tw i th a n i nc ised d ecora t ion ( Ye iv in 1 960d: 1 94 -196 , 2 00 -201 , p l s . 2 3a -d , 2 4c -d ) . A l l o f t h is was r e lega ted t o S t ra tu m V , t he s t ra tu m t o wh ich t he s e rekh , n ow i den t i f ied w i th Na rmer , was a s s igned ( Ye iv in 1 960d: 1 95 -200 , f i g . 2 ,p l .2 4a ) . Two o f t he s qua tj a r s he rds ( Ye iv in 1 960d: p l . 2 3: B ) h ad t he t yp ica l i n c ised r ope d ecora t ion , t hough t b y Y e iv in t o b e l o ca l ly manu fac tured a nd i nf luenced b y l o ca l Cha lco l i th ic t r ad i t ion s ( Ye iv in 1 960d: 1 96 n . 4 ; 1 967b: 4 6; 1 970: 5 99; 1 975: 9 5 ) , s uch a s as he rd w i th p la s t ic d ecora t ion ( Ye iv in 1 960d: p l . 2 3: E ) 8. ( e ) S ubsequen t ly , i n 1 960 , t wo more s herds b ear ing E gyp t ian i nc is ion s we re f ound ( Ye iv in 1 963 ) . • ( f ) I n 1 967 , Y e iv in men t ioned o ther E gyp t ian s he rds , i nc lud ing s o me r ed -s l ipped j a r f r agmen ts w i th i n c is ion s , i n terpre ted b y h im a s s e r ekhs o r i n scr ip t ion s , a nd s t orage jar

7 . I nt he p re l im ina ry r epo r t , af l in tt oo l was p ub l i shed among t h ef i nd sf r om S t ra tum I ( Ye iv in 1 96 1a: p l . 5 : S t ra tum I , b o t tom r ow , t h i rd f r om l e f t ) a nd l a te r d is cus sed b y E . Y e iv in ( 1 976: 1 0 n . 3 ) . T he s t ra t ig raph ic s ign i f icance o ft h is f i nd was l a te rr e cogn ized b y We ins te in ( 1 984: 6 4 ) . I ti sa l so n o t t he o n ly t o o lo fi t sk ind f ound a tE ran i ( E .Y e iv in 1 976: 1 0n . 3 ) . Two E gyp t ian p a le t te s we re a l so p ubl i shed i nt he a bove p rel im ina ry r epo r t( Ye iv in 1 96 1a: p l . 5 ,S t ra tum I ,b o t tom r ow , s e cond a nd t h i rd f r om r i gh t ) ,b u t t he i r s i gn i f ic ance e sc aped t he a t ten t ion o f t he e xcava to rs (We ins te in 1 984: 6 2 ) . Ongo ing r e search b y D r . S t even R osen s hows t ha t t he re i sa l so a l oca l E gyp t ian f l in tt oo li ndu s t ry: s e eR o sen 1 988 . 8T h is s he rd w as p ub l ished a s c om ing f r om E ran i , wh i le i ti sa c tua l ly f r om T e le i la t C hassu l , c f . Ma l lon , K oeppe l & Neuv i l le 1 934 :p l .4 6 :3 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -3 68 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

O B SERVAT ION S O N T HE E ARLY B RONZE A GE S TRATA O FT EL E RAN I

2

3

1 .

5

7

6

1

=

1 0 CM

FI G .9 .— I mpor ted E gyp t ian p o t te ry made o fN i le a nd m ixed c l ay sf r om A rea D .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 69 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

7 1. 111 1 11 .1 1

B ARUCH B RANDL

5

1

2

3

4

1 0 Cm

6

FI G .1 0 .— I mpor ted E gyp t ian p o t te ry m ade o fm a n ly c l ay sf r om A r ea D . f r ag men ts w i th a n i nc ised , E gyp t ian s ty le h uman f i gure ( Ye iv in 1 967b: 4 5 -46 )( F ig . 1 ) 9. ( g ) Af ur the r s herd w i th a n i nc is ion was f ound b y av i s i tor t o t he s i te i n 1 964 ( Ye iv in 1 967a: 2 11-213 , f i gs . 2 3 , p l .4 0: 1 2; 1 968: 3 7 -40 , f i g s . 2 -3 , p l . l a -b ) . 9 . Y e iv in ( 1 96 n : 4 6 , n .8 )c ompared i tw i th a n i vo ry t ab le t o fD en -Se tu i ( Pe t r ie 1 900: 2 1 , s e c t ion 2 2: 9 ,p l s . 1 0: 1 4 , 1 4: 9 ) . I t was a l so men t ioned b y We ins te in ( 1 984: 6 4 ) . P e rsona l ly , If i nd t he c ompa r i son u nconv inc ing a nd p re fe r ap ara l le l w i th t h ei nc is ion o n as l a te p a le t te f r om T a rkhan ( Pe t r ie 1 9 14: p l s . 6 : 1 579 ,2 4: 9 8d ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -3 70 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

OBSERVAT IONS ON THE EARLY B RONZE AGE S TRATA OF T EL E RAN I

2cm

1 0 CM

P lc . 1 .— I mpo r ted E gyp t ian s t ore ja rf r agmen t s made o f man ly c l ay w i th a ni n c ised h uman f i gure ,f r om A rea D .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and -3 7 1 -II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

B ARUCH B RANDL

Ward ( 1 969: 2 15 -221) r e jec ted Y e iv in 's i n te rpre ta t ion o f t wo o f t he s e rekhs a s s uch wh i le S chu l man a nd G ophna ( 1 981 :1 65 n .2 3 ) s ugges ted t ha t t he s e cond o f t he 1 960 i n sc r ibed s he rds wa s i n f a c t as e rekh . L a te ly , We ins te in ( 1 984: 6 4 ) h as s ummar ized t he v i ew sc oncern ing t h ei n c ised s he rds . E gyp t ian m a te r ia l d i sce rned b y o t he r s c ho lar s V ar ious s cho lar s h ave i den t i f ied f ur the r E gyp t ian a nd E gyp t ian iz ing p o t tery , mos t ly f r om Y e iv in 's p ub l ica t ions , t hus e x tend ing t he r ange o f t he E gyp t ian w are t o s t ra ta p reced ing a nd s ucceed ing S t ra tum V . •Henne ssy was t he f i r s to ft he se . He d emon s t ra ted t ha tt he c y l indr ica lj a r s , s qua tj a r s a nd s he rds o f t he se t ype s c harac ter ized b y wh i te " s l ip " a nd f i ne b urn ish , a l l h ave E gyp t ian p ara l le ls ( Henne ssy 1 967: 2 6 -27 , p l s . 1 7 -18 ) . He a l so i den t i f ied a no ther t ype , t he v a t , i n t he p re l im inary r epor t f o r t he f i rs t t hree s easons ( Ye iv in 1 961a :p l . 8 , t op r i gh t; Hennes sy 1 967: 2 7 ,p l . 1 8: 3 ) . •Gophna , a f ter s ee ing t he ma ter ia l h im se l f , b rough t a t ten t ion t o t he e x is tence o f t wo f ur ther t ypes: c ar ina ted b ow ls w i th b eve l led r im s , s l igh t ly r ounded b ase s , a nd r ed b urn i shed s l ip ( Gophna 1 972: 4 9 n .1 2 ) ;a nd b ak ing b ow ls ( Gophna 1 972: 4 9 -50 n .1 4 ) . Moreover , G ophna men t ioned ( a f ter a d i scuss ion w i th E ph ra t Y e iv in ) t he p resence o f E gyp t ian p o t tery i n S t ra tum I V ( Gophna 1 972: 5 1 n .2 1 ) 1° .T h is i sh in ted a ta l so i n h i s d oc tora l d i sser ta t ion ( Gophna 1 974: 1 73 ) . T he re t oo G ophna ( 1 974: 1 22 , 1 30 ) r e fe r red t oa sma l l j a r w i thou t h and les ( s ee Y e iv in 1 96 1a: p l .8 ,S t r . X ) wh ich m igh t b e a n i mpo r t f r om E gyp t . He a l so c oncur red w i th Hennessy 's i den t i f ica t ion o f t he v a t ( Gophna 1 976: 3 3 -34 , f i g . 2 : 2 ) . •M i rosched j i ( 1 976: p l . 4 0: 2 1 ) i den t i f ied a v e sse l f r om S t ra tum V a s a n E gyp t ian j a r ( Ye iv in 1 967b: p l . 1 7: 7 ,c or rec ted i nF ig . 1 4: 6i nt h is p aper ) . • We in s te in i ndependen t ly p o in ted o u t t o Gophna 's l a s t t ype — t he d rop -shaped j a r— a nd a dded a sma l l E gyp t ian c y l indr ica l j a r t oE ran i 's e x i s t ing r epe r to ire (We ins te in 1 984: 6 2 -64 ) . He r e cogn ized t hese t ype s f r om Y e iv in 's p re l im inary r epo r ta nd f r om al a te r p ape r Y e iv in d e l ive red , i n wh ich h e p ub l ished s o me o f t he s ame i t em sa ga in ( Ye iv in 1 96 1a: p l s . 5 8; 1 967b ) . I n s o d o ing , We in s te in a r r ived a t ac ruc ia l c onc lus ion: t ha t E gyp t ian ma ter ia l was p re sen t o n t he t e l l f r om S t ra tum X t oS t ra tum I . •S ebbane ( 1 985: 7 8 ) h as s ucceeded i n f i nd ing a dd i t iona l E gyp t ian ma ter ia l , i n c lud ing e i gh tn ew t ype s ,u s ing t he s ame o r ig ina l p ub l ica t ions n o ted a bove •

1

.

F ur the r a dd i t ion s t ot h e E gyp t ian p o t te ry c o rpu s o fE ran i T he work b e ing c a r r ied o u t a tp resen t , n o t y e t c omp le ted , h as r evea led much g rea te r q uan t i t ie so fE gyp t ian p o t te ry . An umber o ft ype ss hou ld b ea dded t ot he a s semb lage ,s o me o f wh ich e ven a ppea r i n t he p re l im inary r epor t 's p la te s ( Ye iv in 1 96 1a ) : -a m in ia tu re b ow l ( p l .6 ,S t ra tum I V , u nde r t he s t orage ja r ); -asma l l s pou ted j a r ( p l . 7 ,S t ra tum V I I I , u ppe rr i gh t - h and c orne r );

1 0 . T h i s i n forma t ion w as c i ted a f terward s b y o the r s cho lar s: Am i r an 1 974: 8 -9; M i ros c .hed j i 1 976: 2 4 a nd 2 65 ,n .46; K emp insk i1 97 8: 1 7; B en -To r1 982 :6 ; We ins te in 1 984: 6 2 . 1 . Y e iv in 1 96 1a :p l . 6 ,S t r a tum I , t op r ow ,s e cond a nd t h i rd f r om r i gh t ;S t ra tum I V , c en te r c o lumn , b e low t he b ow l ;p l . 7 ,S t ra tum V I , l owe rr ow ,f ou r th ,f i f th a nd s i x th f r om l e f t; p l . 8 ,S t ra tum I X , t op r i gh tc orne r; 1 967b: p l s . 1 8: 1( =c o r rec ted F ig . 1 0: 6i nt h is p ape r ) ,4 ,7 ,9 ,1 ( =F ig . 1 2: 1 6i nt h is p ape r ) , 1 2 14 , 1 9: 1 4 , 2 0: 5 ,7 8 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 7 2E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

OBSERVAT IONS ON THE EARLY B RONZE AGE S TRATA OF T EL ERAN I

'

2

3

5

6

4

9

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1

1 0

P

7

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1 3

1 6

1 4 C

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FI G . 1 2 .— L oca l ly made E gyp t ian b ow ls a nd g ob le t s made o fl o e s sy c l ay ,f r om A rea D .

-3 73 -

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

B ARUCH B RANDL

2

3

I . F ic .1 3 .- L oca l ly made E gyp t ian b read -mou ld ,p la t te ra nd v a ts made o fl o e s sy c l ay ,f r om A rea D .

-ak nobbed b ow l ( p l .8 ,S t ra tum I X ,b o t tom c en ter ) , p rev ious ly t hough t t ob e r e la ted t ot he E sdrae lon Ware ( M irosched j i 1 97 1 :5 0 n .4 ); -al e dge h and le ( p l .8 ,S t ra tum I X , s e cond r ow f r om t he b o t tom , t h ird f r om t he r i gh t ) . An u mbe r o f o the r o b jec ts we re made p ub l ic i nY e iv in 's l e c ture t o t he F our th Wor ld C ong re ss o fJ ew ish S tud ie si n1 965 ( Ye iv in 1 967b :f i gs . 1 8 :6 ,1 0 c o r rec ted F ig . 9:6i nt h is p aper ] , 1 5 , 1 7 -18 ) . A t t h is j unc ture we s ugge s t ar ough e s t ima te o f 1 000 v e sse ls a nd s he rds wh ich c an b e d iv ided i n to s o me f i f ty t ypes a nd c a tegor ized a ccord ing t o P e t r ie 's ( 1921) C orpus o f P reh i s tor ic P o t te ry i n to f i ve f am i l ies: -P o l i shed R ed ( P ) : 2 3c ,2 4 ,3 4d ,3 6 ,4 7 ,8 2 -F ancy ( F ) :

7 ,3 0

-Wavy Hand led ( W ) :2 c ,3 ,6 2 ,6 3 ,7 1 ,8 0 ,8 5 ,9 0 -R ough ( R ): 2 6 ,2 7 ,3 3 ,3 4 ,3 6 ,3 8 ,4 5b ,5 3 ,6 3 ,8 4 ,9 4 ,9 5 -L a te ( L ) :

2 ,3 ,1 6 , 1 7 ,3 4 ,3 5 ,5 3 ,5 7 ,5 8 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -3 74 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

O B SERVAT ION S O NT H E E AR LY B RONZE A GE S T RATA O FT E L E RAN I

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5

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8

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= I M I I I IZ I

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FI G .1 4 .—L o c a l ly m ade E gyp t ian j u g sa nd j a r sm ade o fl o e s sy c l ay ,f r om A rea D . Mos t o f t he se v e sse ls a l so a ppear i n P e t r ie 's ( 1 953 ) C o rpu s o fP ro todyna s t ic P o t t e ry: 3 , 8 ,1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 9 ,2 0 ,2 7 ,4 6 ,5 4 ,5 6 ,7 0 ,7 1 ,7 2 ,7 4 ,7 5 ,8 6 ,8 7 ,9 1 ,9 2 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 75 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

B ARUCH B RANDL

T h is l i s t c an b e s upp lemen ted b y t he f am i l ie s c o ined b y F edern ( Need ie r 1 981; 1 984: 6 9 ) : -B lack P o l ished Ware ( BP ); -Hard Smoo thed Ware ( S ); -L igh t R ed P o l ished Ware ( P -1 ); -Ha l f P o l ished B ow ls ( P -2 ) . T he d a t e a nd d ura t ion o ft h e E gyp t i an p o t te ry a t T e l E ran i T he ma jor i ty o f t he E gyp t ian p o t te ry c an b e d a ted t ot he l a te P redynas t ic p er iod a nd t he F i r s t Dynas ty . I n g ene ra l t he se wares a ppear f r om S t ra tum X I ( and p e rhaps e ven X I I ) , t o S t ra tum I ( a ccord ing t o t he e xcava tors ' o r ig ina l s t ra t igraphy ) , c on f ir m ing a nd e x tend ing We ins te in 's ( 1 984 ) o b serva t ion t ha t i ti sf ound f r om S t ra tu m X t o S t ra tu m I . T h is c on tras t s w i th t he mos t r e cen t d e term ina t ion made b y K emp in s id a nd G i lead ( 1 985: 4 0 ) l im i t ing t he E gyp t ian p o t tery ( e xcava ted b y t hem i n A rea D 2 ) s o le ly t o t he ir E BI S t ra tu m B 12 . F or t he p resen t i ti si mposs ib le t od e te rm ine t he r ange o f e ach t ype i nd iv idua l ly; t he s t ra t ig raph ic l o ca t ion a nd i n teg r i ty o fe ach o b jec t n eed t ob e c hecked a nd i t s p roven ience d e f ined . T he w r i te r w i l l a t temp t t od o t he se t h ings i nt he n ear f u tu re , a nd f o r t h is r eason t he q ue s t ion o fs ynchron ism i sn o td ea l t w i th h e re . T he p roduc t ion l o ca l i t ie s o f t h e E gyp t ian p o t te ry o f E ran i I n t he c our se o f t he p re sen t work , t wo k inds o f c l ays i n t he E gyp t ian p o t tery we re o b se rved: -a we l l l ev iga ted a nd c ompac t c l ay wh ich was t yp ica l t o t he wh i te " s l ipped " a nd b urn ished v e sse ls a nd t he f r agmen ts o fl a rge s t orage ja r sl i ke t hose o ft he c l ass b ear ing t he Narmer s e rekh; -a nd ac oa r se c l ay c on ta in ing much c ha f f wh ich c harac te r ized t he e veryday v e sse ls . My i mpress ion was t ha t t he f i r s t t ype was i mpor ted f r om E gyp t wh i le t he s e cond was l o ca l ly made . T he i mp re ss ion t ha t t he e veryday v esse ls we re l o ca l ly made w as p ar t ly b ased o n t he e x is tence o f s evera l " hyb r id " v esse ls h av ing b o th E gyp t ian a nd C anaan i te f e a tu re s . T he se h ybr id v es se ls c an b ec l a ss i f ied i n to t wo c a tegor ie s: -C la s s a : C anaan i te s hapes w i th a c ha f f -bear ing c l ay a nd a n E gyp t ian s t y le f i n ish . -C la s s b : V esse ls d isp lay ing E gyp t ian f o rms s o me t ime s h av ing a C anaan i te t ype o f p las t ic o rnamen ta t ion . Ap e trograph ic a na lys is was c ar r ied o u t b y Ms . N . P ora t i n o rder t o t e s t t h is v i sua l o bserva t ion 13 .App rox i ma te ly o ne h undred s a mp les w e re e xa m ined f r om t he f o l low ing c l asse s o fp o t te ry: -v e sse ls a ppear ing t ob e E gyp t ian i mpor t s; -v e sse ls w i th E gyp t ian f o rm s wh ich s eem t ob eo fl o ca l manu fac ture; -h ybr id c l asse s aa nd b ; -r egu la r C anaan i te t ypes; -amudbr ick t aken f r om a nE a r ly B ronze Age wa l l .

1 2 . B u ts ee K emp insk i 's ( 1 989 )c o r re c t ion i n wh ich h eo bse rve sE gyp t ian p o t te ry i nS t ra tum C a s we l l . 1 3 . Ms . P o ra t( 1 987 )h as a l ready p re sen ted s ome o ft h er e su l ts a nd c ondus ions o fh e rp e t rog raph ic wo rk f r om E ran i , T e l Ma 'ahaz a nd E n B eso r i n ap ape r g iven a t ar ecen t c on fe rence d ea l ing w i th E gyp t ian c e ram ic s a tt he Me t ropo l i tan Mu seum o fA r ti n New Y o rk .

3 76 - Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

O B SERVAT ION S O N T HE E ARLY B RONZE A GE S TRATA O FT EL E RAN I

1

2

3

4

6

5

1 0 cm

7

FI G .1 5 . — Hyb r id " c la s sa "p o t te ry made o fl o e s sy c l ay ,f r om A rea D .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 77 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

B ARUCH B RANDL

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FI G .1 6 .— P o t tery f r om A rea D . 1 . Hybr id " c las sb " p o t tery made o fE gyp t ian s hape w i th C anaan i te p las t ic d e cora t ion . 2 . Hybr id " c las sc " p o t tery o fE gyp t ian s hape w i th C anaan i te type c l ay .

T he p e t rog raph ic a na ly s is d i scerned f our g ene ra lc l a s ses o fc l ay: -t wo d i f fe ren t we l l -known c l ays n a t ive t oE gyp t w e re i den t i f ied i nt he v e sse ls t hough t t o b e i mpor ted: N i l e C lay ( s ee F ig .9 )a nd Ma r ly C lay ( s ee F igs . 1 0 11) , o nce c a l led " De se r t Ware " ( Nords t röm 1 985 ); -t he l o ca l ly made E gyp t ian v e sse ls ( F igs . 1 2 -14 ) , t he h ybr id " c lass a " ( F ig . 1 5 ) a nd t he h yb r id " c la ss b " v e sse ls ( F ig . 1 6: 1 ) , t oge the r w i th t he b r ick we re a l l s hown t ob e made o f t he l o ca l l o e s sy c l ay t empered w i th c ha f f; -t he t r ue C anaan i te a nd t he " c lass c " h yb r id v esse l ( F ig . 1 6: 2 ) f o rmed a f ou r th g roup , wh ich i t se l fc an b e d iv ided i n to s ubg roups o fd i f fe ren ts e d imen ta ry c l ay t ype s . C onc lu s ion s c once rn ing t h e E gyp t i an p o t te ry I nb r ie f , t h e f o l low ing p o in ts c an b e made r egard ing t h eE gyp t ian ma ter ia l: ( a ) E gyp t ian p o t tery i s p resen t i n mos t o f t he E ran i s t ra ta , n o t e xc lus ive ly i n S t ra tu m V . ( b ) Mos t o f t he " Egyp t ian " ma ter ia l was manu fac tured o n t he s i te ( c on tra Gophna 1 976: 3 2n .2 ;s e ea l so S l a tk ine 1 974: 1 07 a nd B en -Tor 1 982 :4 ) . ( c ) Mos t o f t he ma te r ia l a ss igned t o t he C ha lco l i th ic b y Y e iv in ( 1 960b: 3 94; 1 960d: 1 96 198; 1 967b :4 8 , f i g s . 1 8 -20; 1 970: 5 99; 1 975 :9 6 )i si nf a c tE gyp t ian . ( d )T he i mpor ted E gyp t ian v esse ls a re mos t ly c on ta iners wh i le t he l oca l E gyp t ian p o t te ry a l so i n c lude s v e sse ls o fo the r ,d ay to -day f unc t ion s . F ina l ly , e ven t he a t t r ibu t ion o ft he f amous Narme rs e rekh t oS t ra tum V i si nd oub t; a n e xam ina t ion o f t he p ub l ished S t ra tum V p lan ( F ig . 8i nt h is p ape r; a nd s ee Y e iv in 1 960d: 1 97 , f i g . 3 )s how s t ha t t he s he rd wa s f ound i n ad i s turbed c on tex t b e tween p i t s 5 6 15 a nd 5 617 ,s ou th o f af l oo rf r agmen t ,b u tn o to ni t . T hese p o in t sh ave s t rong i mp l ica t ion so n t h en a ture o ft he r e la t ion sb e tween E gyp ta nd T e l E ran i ,a nd p e rhap sb e tween E gyp ta nd C anaan a s awho le:

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 78 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

O BSERVAT IONS ON T HE E ARLY B RONZE A GE

I RATA O F T EL E RAN I

-s i nce t he E gyp t ian a nd l o ca l ly -made E gyp t ian p o t tery i sf ound i n many s t ra ta , T e l E ran i c an n ol onge rb eu sed t os uppo r tt he c oncep t ion o f Narmer 's c onque s ta nd b r ie fr u le ( Ye iv in 1 960d ) 14 ; -t he l ow f r equency o ft r ue ly i mpor ted E gyp t ian p o t tery ( and t h i s i nt he f o rm o fc on ta iner v es se ls ) c on tras ted t o t he ma sse s o f " Egyp t ian " p o t tery ( i nc lud ing v e sse ls o f d a i ly u se ) a c tua l ly manu fac tured a tt he s i te , b o ls ter s t he i dea o f E gyp t ian c o lon iza t ion r a the r t han t he c on cep to fs t r ic t ly c omme rc ia lr e la t ions ( Gophna 1 987 ,w i th r e fe rence si np .1 3 ) .

T he p rob lem o f t he E ran i f o r t i f ica t ions T h e f i nd s a nd c onc lu s ion s o ft h e E ran i E xp ed i t ion One o f t he E ran i e xped i t ion 's c h ie f g oa ls was t o u ncover t he s i te 's f o r t i f ica t ions a nd t r ace t he ir d eve lopmen t . ( a ) On t he a cropo l is t h is a im was r ea l ized f r om t he f i r s t s eason ( Ye iv in 1 956: 2 59 ) . B u t A rea D , whe re t he e ar ly l e ve ls w e re b e ing r evea led , p roved t ob e ad i sappo in tmen ti n t h is r e spec t . ( b )I nt he f ou r th s eason , t wo a dd i t iona la reas we re o pened u pi no rde rt of i nd t h ee a r ly c i ty w a l l: A rea L a t t he e dge o f t he u ppe r t e r race , a nd A rea M a t t he e dge o f t he l ower t e r race ( s ee F igs . 1 3 ) . No t e ven a h in t o f f o r t i f ica t ion was f ound i n t hese a rea s , l e ad ing t he e xcava tor s t o s ugges t t ha t p erhaps t he c i ty was n o t f o r t i f ied i n t he e ar ly p er iods ( Ye iv in 1 959: 2 70 -27 1 ) . ( c ) I nt he f i f th s ea son ,o ne mo re a t temp t wa s made t of i nd t he wa l lb yo pen ing a no the r a rea ( Area N b u tm i s taken ly p ub l ished a s A rea M )a tt he n or thwe s te rn c o rne ro ft he u ppe r t e r race . I t was h ere t ha t amass ive c i ty wa l l wa s d i scovered , 5i m t h ick a nd f a ced w i th a g l ac is . On t he g l ac is ,t wo p ro je c t ion s w i th s t epped f ounda t ions we re f ound w i th t he i r own s epara te o u tward fac ing g lac is ( Ye iv in 1 960c : 1 23 ) ( F ig . 1 7 ) . T h is d iscovery was i n teg ra ted i n to o ne o f Y e iv in 's ( 1 960d ) mos t i mpor tan t a r t ic les p ub l ished i n t ha t s a me y ea r , i n wh ich h e l a id o ne o f t he c orne rs tone s o f t he t heory t ha t s ees t he n a ture o f E gyp t ian -Canaan i te r e la t ion s a sb e ing o ne o fc onque s ta nd d om in ion . T he wa l l 's d i scovery c a me a t ac ruc ia l t ime , when t he e xped i t ion h ad j u s t r e cogn ized a nd d a ted t he E gyp t ian ma te r ia la nd f o rmed a nh ypo the s is t oe xp la in i t s p resence . We mus t k eep i nm ind t ha t t he e xped i t ion w as c onv inced t ha t t he Narmer s e rekh a nd t he E gyp t ian p o t te ry b o th c a me f r om S t ra tu m V a l one . T he f a c t t ha t t he o ther , " non -Egyp t ian " t ypes o f p o t tery i n t h is s t ra tum o ccu r red i nt he s t ra ta p reced ing a nd s ucceed ing S t ra tum V i nd ica ted t h i s s t ra tu m 's s hor t d ura t ion . T h is s hor t d ura t ion , t oge the r w i th t he g rea t q uan t i ty o f t he E gyp t ian c e ram ic s ,s eemed t op o in tt oo ne c onc lu s ion :aq u ick E gyp t ian c onque s ta nd as hor tp e r iod o f r u le o ve rs ou the rn C anaan .T he d a t ing o ft h i sc onque s tt ot he t ime o f Narme ro nt he b as is o f t h e s e rekh 's d i scovery f i t s t ha t p ar t o f Y ad in 's ( 1 955 ) t heory a ccep ted b y Y e iv in , i . e . , t ha t s o me o ft he mo t i f s o n Narme r 's P a le t te r ep re sen t Na rme r 's i n cu r s ion i n to A s ia .Y ad in h e ld t ha t t he A s ia t ic f i gu res o n t he p a le t te 's r eve r se r ep re sen ted C anaan a nd T rans jordan , a nd t h a t t he a ccompany ing s ymbo ls p or tray a r ch i tec ture wh ich i sn a t ive t ot he se r eg ions: e . g . ad e se r t k i te f o r T ran s jordan 15 a nd af o r t i f ied c i ty f o rC anaan . T he p a le t te 's o bve r se b ea r s d escr ip t ions i n terp re ted b y Y ad in a s h av ing a Mesopo ta m ian o r ig in: a z iggura t a nd

1 4 . T h i s a pp roach , i n f luenced b y Y acl in 's 1 955 a r t ic le h as b een r e jec ted b y s eve ra l E gyp to log is ts ( e .g . Wa rd 1 963 ;1 969 ) . 1 5 . F o ra no the ri n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e " de se r tk i te " s ymbo l s ee Am i ran ( 1 968 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -3 79 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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A rea N was d a ted b y p o t tery s a id t o a bu t i t , wh ich p ara l le led p o t tery i n S t ra tum V I o f A rea D , i . e . , t he s t ra tu m i mmed ia te ly b e fore Narmer 's c om ing . W i th t h is c onven ien t s t ra t igraphy , a nd t he wa l l 's p ro jec t ions i n m ind , Y e iv in was i nduced t o i den t i fy t he c on f igura t ion o ft he E ran i E B Age c i ty wa l l w i th t he s ymbo l o ft he e n c losure s t udded w i th s quare p ro jec t ion s , s ugge s ted b y Y ad in t or ep resen t a n a rche typa l C anaan i te w a l led c i ty , a nd t hus d a te i t s d e s truc t ion t o Narme r 's h i the r to h ypo the t ica l c a mpa ign . T h is s ugge s t ion was a ccep ted l a te rb y Y ad in ( 1 963 :5 3 ) . ( d ) I n t he s i x th s eason , work c on t inued i nA rea N t os ubs tan t ia te t he c on temporane i ty o f t he c i ty wa l l w i th S t ra tum V I i n A rea D . I n a dd i t ion , a er ia l p ho tographs we re t aken wh ich d emons tra ted t ha t t he wa l l s ur rounded t he e n t ire u pper t e r race i n c lud ing t he a c ropo l is ( Ye iv in 1 961c: 1 91; 1 962: 3 96; 1 965 :3 55 -356 ) .

1 6 . Y e iv in ( 1 964 :2 4 ,b u tw r i t ten i n1 956 )r e je c ted t h ei dea t h a tN arme rh ad r e ached Me sopo tam ia a nd r educed t he a rea o f t he d es e r tk i te s a nd f o r t i f ied c i t ies t ot he n o r the rn N egev a nd t he A rava V a l ley . A t l e as t o ne s cho lar s t il f avou r s t he Me sopo tam ian a spe c t o ft he t hes i s ( R i t te r -Kap lan 1 98 1 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 80 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702.-3 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

OBSERVAT IONS ON THE EARLY BRONZE AGE S TRATA O F T EL E RAN I

P lc .1 8 .— As egmen to ft he s ugges ted wa l lo fS t ra tum Ii nA rea D ,a nd l a te rt r ench ing wh ich c u ti t ( Ye iv in 1 961a :f i g . 9:1 ) .

( e ) I n aj o in t a r t ic le b y E . Y e iv in a nd h er f a the r P ro f . S .Y e iv in ( 1 964: 5 6 ) , i t was s ugge s ted t ha ta na sh l a ye r wh ich s epara ted t he f ounda t ion s o ft he w a l l 's p ro jec t ions f r om t he wa l l 's g lac is , i nd ica ted t h a t t he p ro jec t ions w e re b u i l t l a te r a s b u t t re ss ing f o r as e c t ion d es t royed p rev ious ly i n ac onf lagra t ion 17 .F u r ther p ub l ica t ions a dded i n cremen ta l ly t o t he p i c ture . I n 1 967 Y e iv in r epor ted f o r t he f i r s t t ime t he e x is tence o f as t ra tu m w i th in t he wa l l i n A rea N , wh ich was c oeva l w i th S t ra tum V I i na rea D . T he a rmour s ca le s f ound i n a rea N were d a ted t ot h is s a me s t ra tu m ( Ye iv in 1 967a: 2 14; a nd l a te r i n 1 968: 4 3; 1 970: 6 00 ;1 975 :9 7 ) . ( f ) O the r d a ta we re p rov ided s oon t he rea f te r ( Ye iv in 1 967b: 4 6 -48 ) : -A rea N was c hosen a f te r a e r ia l p ho tograph s w e re s een t o s how c o lor d i f ferences i n t he s o i la tt he n or thwe s te rn c orne r o ft he h igh t e r race b e tween i t s t op a nd i t s s l ope ( F ig . 1 ) . -E B I ma te r ia l was d i scove red 1 5 t o2 0 cm .b e low t he s u r face i ns t ruc tu ra l r ema in s w i th in t he wa l l . -A sma l l v e sse l o f at ype c harac te r is t ic t o A rea D , S t ra tum V I , was f ound o n t he g lac is ( Ye iv in 1 967b :4 6n .1 5 ,4 8 ,f i g . 1 8 ) . -A n ew a er ia l p ho tograph t aken b y t he I s rae l A ir F orce r evea led t he wa l l 's l i nes a nd “ ( . . . ) sma l l s quare p ro je c t ions a tr egu lar c l o se i n te rva ls a l ong i t s n or thwe s te rn a nd e as te rn p a r ts ( . . ) " . T he wa l l 's p a th e nc irc le s t he u pper t e r race a nd t o t he s ou theas t c rosses t he l öwer t e r race . I t s n or theas tern c orner was d i scovered o n t he o ppos i te b ank o f Naha l L ach ish . -I ti s 8m t h ick a tl e as t ( 1 967b: 4 7n .2 6 ) . ( g ) Add i t iona l d e ta i l s a ppea red i n Y e iv in 's e n try o n T e l E ran i i n t he E ncy c loped ia o f E x cav a t ions i n t h e H o ly L and ( 1 970: 6 00; 1 975: 9 7 ) : -Apparen t ly , a no the r f r ag men t o f t he wa l l w as f ound i nA rea M a s w e l l , d e sp i te Y e iv in 's ( 1 959 :2 70 -27 1 )p rev ious o bserva t ion . -T he c e ra m ic v esse l f ound o n t he g lac is o fA rea N w as n o t c or rec t ly d esc r ibed ( i n Y e iv in 1 9676: 4 6n .1 5 ) .T he c o r rec tv e s se lh as al a rge l o op h and le a nd c an b es een i nY e iv in 1 967b: f i g . 2 0 ,b o t tom r ow , t h ird f r om l e f t .

1 7 . I fs o , i t mus t b e i n fe r red t h a t N arme r a t tacked ac i ty w a l l w i thou t t owe rs , c on t rary t ot h e p o r t raya l o n

N arme r 's p a le t te .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -3 81 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

BARUCH B RANDL

-S ec t ion s made a t t he e dge s o f t he wa l l s howed t ha t i t was c ons truc ted a s as e r ies o f mas s ive c onnec ted b lock s . -T he wa l l i s b u i l t o n a n e ar l ier wa l l o n ly 2 m . t h ick , p robab ly c ompa t ib le w i th S t ra tum V I I i n A rea D . -I t wou ld a l so s eem t ha t t he wa l l o f S t ra tum V I r ema ined i n u se i n S t ra tum V . T h is c onc lus ion was d rawn b ecause i n t he a e r ia l p ho tograph t he r e ma in s o f S t ra tum I V i n A rea D s eemed t ob es uper impo sed o nt he l i ne o ft he u nde r ly ing wa l l . O the r s c ho lar s i n terp r e ta t ions o f t h e E ran i f o r t if i ca t ion s •Henne ssy empha s ized t he wa l l 's p re cedence a nd d a ted i t s d e s t ruc t ion b y Narme r t ot he e nd o f t he P ro to -U rban p er iod ( o r Wr igh t 's E BI b ) , o ne s t age b e fore t he a dven t o f f o r t i f ica t ion i n t he r e s t o fP a les t ine . He was c ompe l led t oa ccep t t h is d a te b ecau se p ar t o f t he p o t tery a ssemb lage o f S t ra tum V I b e longed t o t he P ro to -Urban h or izon ( Henne ssy 1 967: 6 1 ) . •B en -Tor ( 1 969 :4 0 , 5 1 -52 ) a l so d i scussed t he wa l l 's p r ior i ty . •L app ( 1 970: 1 09 n .7 2 ) o n t he o the r h and , t r ied t o p romo te a n E BI C d a te f o r t he wa l l b a sed o n c o mpara t ive ma te r ia l f r om t he E B Is equence a tB ab e dh -Dhra . •Gophna ( 1 974: 1 31 , 1 51 , 1 55 , 1 58 , 1 73 ) r e jec ts t he i dea t ha t t he E ran i f o r t i f ica t ions e x is ted i nE B Ia nd d a tes t hem t ot he E BI / I I I . •He lm s , i n h i s a r t ic le o n p os tern g a te s ( 1 975: 1 33 n .7 ) , s imp ly r e la ted t o t he E ran i wa l l a s o ne w i th p ro je c t ing t ower s . I n h i s d oc tora l d i sse r ta t ion h owever , He lm s i den t i f ied t wo E B g a te s i n a dd i t ion t o t he wa l l: t he f i rs t , whose d a te i s u ncer ta in , i s t he e ar l ies t f o r t i f ica t ion i n A rea G , a nd t he s e cond a re t he p ro jec t ing o u tworks i n A rea N ( He lms 1 976a: 9 6 -104 , i l s . 6 1 t o6 -7 ) . B o th g a tes we re d a ted b yH e lm s t oE BI , a nd r e con s t ruc ted b y h im a s d i rec t a cces s g a te s o r , a l terna t ive ly , a s i nd i rec t a ccess g a tes . I n He lm s ' l a ter p ub l ica t ion s , t he A rea G g a te w as d e scr ibed a s o f i nd irec t a ccess ( He lm s 1 976b: 4 n .5 ; 1 977: 1 06 f i g . 4 ,1 07 , 12 113 ) a nd t he A rea N g a te a s o f d i rec t a ccess ( He lm s 1 977: 12 13 ) . •M irosched j i ( 1 976: 1 27 a nd n . 12 ) r eproduces Y e iv in 's d escr ip t ion o f t he wa l l a nd a scr ibes i t s c ons truc t ion t o S t ra tum V . wh ich h e d a te s t od e V aux 's B ronze a nc ien I ,i . e . , e ar ly E B Io r " EB I C " . •K emp in sk i ( 1 987: 6 1 -62 ) a ccep ts t he e xcava tor s s ugge s t ion t ot he d a te a nd s hape o f t he f o r t if ica t ions . F ur the r c onc lu s ion s c onc e rn ing t h e E r an i f o r t if i c a t i ons He lms ' r e con s truc t ion o f a n i nd i rec t a cce ss g a te i n A rea N s eem s a t p resen t t ob e t he mos ta ccep tab le f o rt he f o l low ing r e a son s: ( a ) T he s t ruc ture 's s hape ( Ye iv in 1 960d: 2 02 , f i g . 4 ) ( F ig . 1 7 ) e xh ib i ts s evera l a no ma l ies: -t he wa l lf o rm s ac orne ra ti t s n or thern e nd; -t h e " nor the rn t owe r " h a s f our c orne r s , s uch t ha t i tc ou ld n eve r h ave b u t t re ssed t he wa l l ( c on t ra K emp insk i 1 987: 6 1 -62 n .2 ); -t h e " s ou thern t owe r " i sf a r the r away f r om t he w a l l t han t h e " nor the rn t owe r " i s ; -t h e we s te rn f a ce o f t he " s ou thern t ower " p ro t rude s more t o t he we s t t han t he " nor the rn t ower " .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 82 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702.-3 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

OBSERVAT IONS ON THE EARLY BRONZE AGE S TRATA OF T EL ERAN I

( b )T he f r equency o f t he " t owe r s " i sc omp le te ly i r regu la r . Y e iv in ( 1 967b: 4 6 -47 ) w ro te t ha t t owe r s were o n ly t ob ef ound o n t he w a l l t ot he n or thwe s te rn s i de o ft he t e l l wh i le t he r e ma inder o f t he w a l l l a cked t h em . ( c )T he t o wers ' l oca t ion a t t he n or thwes tern s i de o f t he t e l l 's u pper t e r race i s a pparen t ly t he e a s ie s t p o in to fa ccess t ot he t e r race a nd t he a cropo l is , whe re al a te r , p os t E B g a te ( c on tra H e lm s ' E B Is ugge s ted d a t ing ) was s a id t oh ave b een f ound i n A rea A -G ( Ye iv in 1 960a :3 1 , p l . 4u ppe r; 1 96 1a: 4 5 , f i g . 3 ) . Ia l so h ave s eve ra l o b je c t ion s r egard ing t he d a t ing o f t he wa l l: ( a ) F i r s t o f a l l , t he v esse l f ound o n t he g lac is c anno t d a te t ha t g lac is; t he v esse l may h ave w ashed o rt umb led d own t he g l ac i s ,f o l low ing t he wa l l 's r u in ,f r om a no ther c on tex t . ( b ) T he e xcava tor r emarked t he p resence o f a n E BIs t ra tum , wh ich h a s n ow b een d a ted t o t he E BI I , i mmed ia te ly b enea th t he s ur face . As a mp l ing o f t he A rea N p o t tery d id i ndeed r evea l E BI I p o t tery . ( c ) T he p ub l ished s e c t ion ( Ye iv in 1 960d: 2 02 , f i g . 4 )( F ig . 1 7 ) s eem s t oi nd ica te t ha t t he wa l l c omp le te ly l a ck s f oundat ions . Iwou ld s ugge s t t ha t t he sma l l wa l ls i n t he i n te r ior o f

t he c i ty wa l l r epresen t a n e a r l ier s t ra tum i n to wh ich t he c i ty w a l l p ene t ra ted . ( d ) F ro m my own f am i l iar i ty w i th t he ma ter ia l , Id oub t t ha t t he e xped i t ion s t a f f c ou ld h ave i s o la ted t he r epe r to ire o f S t ra tum V I . A s o u t l ined a bove , t he e xped i t ion made e r roneous d is t inc t ion sb yu s ing E gyp t ian ma te r ia l wh ich i nf a c ta ppea r si n many s t ra ta . ( e ) I fi ti st r ue t ha t af r agmen t o f t he wa l l was d iscove red i n A rea M ( Ye iv in 1 970: 6 00; 1 975: 9 7 ) , t hen i t mus tb e k ep t i nm ind t ha t t he p o t tery h ere wa s o r ig ina l ly d a ted t o t he E B Ia nd l i ke t he p o t tery o fA rea N , s hou ld b ec or rec ted t oE BI I . ( f ) Y e iv in 's ( 1 975: 9 7 ) a s ser t ion t ha t t he s e c t ion o f t he wa l l d i scovered i n A rea D c on t inued t o f unc t ion t h rough S t ra tum V a nd n o t a f te r , c anno t b e s uppor ted . T he A rea D p lan ( F ig . 7 ) p ub l ished b y C ia sca ( 1 962: 2 5 , f i g . 1 ) s hows t ha t t he t r unca ted wa l ls o f S t ra ta V I a nd V r each t he e dge o f t he t e r race l i ke t hose o f S t ra tum I V , s o t ha t t he l a t ter s t ra tum c anno t " cover " t he h ypo the t ica l , e ar l ie r c i ty wa l l . F ro m t he a bove o bse rva t ions Ip ropose d a t ing t he wa l l i n A rea M a nd t he s ugges ted g a te c o mp lex i nA rea N t ot h e E BI I . Upon e xam in ing t he s t ra ta p lans o fA rea D , If ound n umerou s e r ror si nt hem . T h i s w as a l ready r e marked b yK emp insk i ( 1 978: 1 7n .3 )i nh i ss t udy o fS t ra tum V . My i mp re ss ion i s t ha t ac i ty w a l l was f ound i n A rea D , a s t he a er ia l p ho tographs i nd ica ted t o t he e xcava tors ( Ye iv in 1 975: 9 7 ) ;o n ly i td oes n o t l i e u nder t he r ema in s o f S t ra tum I V , b u t amongs t t hose o fS t ra tum I .Iam r e fer r ing t ot he b r ick p la t form f ound i nt he s ou the r np ar t o f wha t was c a l led a c u l t ic s t ruc ture w i th a n a l tar ( Ye iv in 1 956: 2 59; 1 957: 2 65; 1 958a: 4 18 , p l . la; 1 96 1a: 8 ,f i g . 9 : 1[ ou r F ig . 1 8 ] ;1 967b: 4 8 n .3 6; 1 970: 5 97 -598; 1 975: 9 4 ) , o r a l terna te ly e ven t he " aps ida l s t ruc ture " ( Ye iv in 1 958b: 2 42 , 2 45 ) . Apparen t ly t he e n t ire b r ick s ec t ion i ss upe r imposed o n , a nd l a te r t han , t he wa l ls o f t he s t ruc ture . T he r ounded f o rm o f t he p la t form 's n or the rn e nd , ( t he r e ason f o rc a l l ing i ta n " ap s ida l h ouse " ) , a nd t he r ound " a l tar " f u r the r t ot h e n or th , a re b o th t he r e su l t o f al a te r , a nd v ery d eep t r ench , t he o u t l ine o f wh ich c an b es e en t oc u tt h rough s eve ra ls ucce ss ive f l oor s 18 .

C on c lus ion s T he f o l low ing c onc lus ions h ave r e su l ted f r om ar enewed e xam ina t ion a nd a na ly s is o f t he T e l E ran i p ub l ica t ion s a nd e xcava ted ma te r ia l: 1 8 . T h is p robab ly e xp la ins why t he d a te o f ar ad ioca rbon s amp le ( BM 3 87 ) t a ken f r om t h a t b u i ld ing i st oo e a r ly f o rS t ra tum I a nd n o tu sed b yC a l laway a nd We ins te in ( 1 977 :8 ,1 0 ) .

-3 83 -

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

BARUCH B RANDL

1 )T he p auc i ty o f t r ue Cha lco l i th ic ma ter ia l i s i nd ica t ive o f t ha t c u l ture 's s hor t term p re sence o nt he s i te p rev ious t ot he E BI . 2 )T he d ura t ion o ft he E B Ia tE ran i i s much l onge rt h an mos ts cho lar sp rev iou s ly s uppo sed . T h is n ew i n forma t ion c on f irm s t he e v idence f o r al ong E B I( PU ) s equence a tJ e r icho f o r e xamp le . 3 ) We h ave b een l ed t o r e jec t Y e iv in 's s t ra t ig raph ic a nd e spec ia l ly h i s h is tor ica l a pp ra isa l o f S t ra ta V I a nd V i n c onnec t ion w i th Narme r 's s upposed c onque s t a nd s ho r t d om in ion . 4 )T he q uan t i ty , t ypo logy a nd d ura t ion o f t he E gyp t ian ma ter ia l a t E ran i a re u nma tched a ta ny s i te i nC anaan , p o in t ing t oi t s i mpo r tan tr o le f o rE gyp t ian i n teres t s . 5 ) Much o f t he E gyp t ian ma ter ia l ( and a l l t he v e sse ls o fd a i ly u se ) h as b een s hown t ob e l o ca l ly manu fac tured , s uppor t ing Gophna 's i dea ( f i r s t s ugges ted b y E ph ra t Y e iv in ) o f E gyp t ian c o lon iza t ion i n t he s ou thern c oas ta l p la in o f C anaan . T h is c on tra s t s t he t heory t ha t s ee s T e l E ran i a s y e ta no the r p o in t a l ong t he t r ade r ou te s l i ke A rad . 6 )T he f o r t i f ica t ion s o f T e l E ran i s hou ld p robab ly b e d a ted t o E BI I ( S t ra tum I )a nd t hus s upp lemen tt he r eg iona lp i c ture p rov ided b ys i te s s uch a sT e l He s i a nd T e l H a l i f . 7 )I n t he l ower c i ty , t he h igher o f t he t e l l 's t wo t e r races was c rea ted b y t he a bove s ugges ted E BI I c i ty wa l l . 8 )U s ing t he l i ne o f f o r t i f ica t ion a s a c r i ter ion , t he E B I I a rea o f t he c i ty was a pprox i ma te ly 1 60 d unam s , wh i le t he a rea o f t he p reced ing p er iods ' o ccupa t ion wa s g rea te r , a l though i t s p rec ise e x ten ti ss t i l l u nknown .

APPE N DIX: REGISTRA TI O N N U MBERS OF OBJECTS I LL USTRATE D F IGURE 4 .- 1 .G a th 1 ) 58 -3 19/7 .2 .G a th D 56 1956 .3 .G a th D 58 -142/6 .4 .G a th D 56 -2 160 . 5 .G a th 1 ) 56 -2 147 . 6 .G a th D 58 -243/81 . 7 .G a th 0 56 -2 139 .8 .G a th D 60 165 /10= IDAM 6 0 -3 12 .9 .G a th D 57 -587 . F IGURE 5 .- 1 .G a th D 58 -55 1/1+2 = I DAM 5 8 -866 . 2 .G a th 1 ) 59 -238/15 . 3 .G a th 1 ) 58 -440/33 . 4 .G a th D 58 -545/3 . 5 .G a th 1 ) 59 -2 16/34 .6 .G a th 0 60 -25 1/1 . 7 .G a th D 58 -530/3 .8 .G a th D 58 -553/33 .9 .G a th 0 58 -539/25 . F IGURE 6 .- 1 .G a th 1 ) 56 -1684 a nd D 57 -25/2 = I DA M 5 7 -1344 . 2 .G a th 1 ) 56 -80 1 a nd 1 626/1 -2 = I DA M 5 6 -135 8 . 3 .G a th D 56 -76 1 .4 .G a th 0 56 -335 . 5 .G a th D 56 -425 . 6 .G a th D 56 -218 . 7 .G a th D 57 -5 19 =I DA M 5 7 -847 . 8 .G a th D 56 9 28 . F IGURE 9 .-1 .G a th 1 D 58 -452/32 . 2 .G a th 1 ) 58 -19 5/15=I DAM 5 8 -864 .3 .G a th 0 58 -107/4 = I DAM 5 8 -865 .4 .G a th 060 -300/6 .5 .G a th D 59 -356/1 .6 .G a th D 59 -98/1 =I DAM 5 9 179 . 7 .G a th 0 58 -447 =I DAM 5 8 -547 . F IGURE 1 0 .- 1 .G a th D 60 -403/13 . 2 .G a th D 59 12 1/7 . 3 .G a th 1 ) 59 -356 a nd 3 18/3 = I DAM 5 9 19 1 . 4 .G a th D 59 5 1/45 a nd 19/12 1 =I DAM 5 9 -232 . 5 .G a th 0 60 -358/9 .6 .G a th D 59 -328/43 =I DAM 5 9 -222 . F IGURE 1 .- G a th 0 56 -2690 ,G a th 1 ) 57 -250 a nd G a th D 58 -4 1 9/17=I DAM 5 8 -5 48 . F IGURE 1 2 .- 1 .G a th 0 60 -26 1/72 =I DAM 6 0 -3 15 .2 .G a th D 60 -362 =I DAM 6 0 -3 18 .3 .G a th 0 60 -89/3 -5 , 7=I DAM 6 0 -3 13 . 4 .G a th D 58 -225/1 = I DAM 5 8 -569 . 5 .G a th D 59 -385 = I DAM 5 9 -230 . 6 .G a th 0 59 -260/15 = I DAM 5 9 -234 . 7 .G a th D 58 -469 =I DAM 5 8 -498 . 8 .G a th D 59 -63/13 . 9 .G a th D 59 146 = I DAM 5 9 -37 1 . 1 0 .G a th 0 58 -330/1 , 7 ,9 ,1 3 , 1 6 , 1 9 =I DAM 5 8 -863 . 1 1 .G a th D 56 -3075 . 1 2 .G a th D 59 -119/26 . 1 3 .G a th 0 58 -538/2 , 4= I DA M 5 8 -862 . 1 4 .G a th D 58 -438/1 =I DAM 5 8 -464 . 1 5 .G a th D 60 -45 1 =I DAM 6 0 -308 .1 6 .G a th D 59 -255 =I DAM 5 9 -180 . F IGURE 1 3 .- 1 .G a th 0 60 -400/20 = I DAM 6 0 -350 . 2 .G a th D 59 -194/4 a nd 1 05/63 = I DAM 5 9 -370 . 3 .G at h D 58 4 65/1 .4 .G a th D 59 -377 ,3 90 ,3 93 ,3 97 ,4 11 =I DAM 5 9 -369 . F IGURE 1 4 .- 1 .G a th D 59 -23 1/25 =I DAM 5 9 -202 . 2 .G a th D 58 -265/29 =I DAM 5 8 -488 . 3 .G a th D 58 -425 =I DAM 5 8 -535 . 4 .G a th 0 58 -479/20 = I DAM 5 8 -538 . 5 .G a th D 59 144/2 . 6 .G a th D 59 -72 = I DAM 5 9 -221 . 7 .G a th D 59 -386 . 8 .G a th D 58 -232/1 =I DAM 5 8 -86 1 .9 .G a th D 59 132/1 =I DAM 5 9 -2 11 . 1 0 .G a th D 59 -97 =I DAM 5 9 -368 . F IGURE 1 5 .- 1 .G a th 0 59 -406 =I DAM 5 9 -192 .2 .G a th D 59 -4 18 a nd 3 93 =I DAM 5 9 -2 13 .3 .G a th D 59 -4 18 = I DAM 5 9 188 . 4 .G a th D 58 -26 = I DAM 5 8 -366 . 5 .G a th 0 59 -409 = I DAM 5 9 -210 . 6 .G a th D 59 -2 18 =I DA M 5 9 190 . 7 .G a th D 59 -385 a nd 3 90 =I DAM 5 9 17 5 . F IGURE 1 6 .- 1 .G a th 0 59 -399 a nd 4 02 =I DAM 5 9 192 .2 .G a th D 58 -533 =I DAM 5 8 -493 .

3 84II:de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

O BSERVAT IONS ON T HE E ARLY B RONZE A GE S TRATA O F T EL E RAN I

B IBLI OG RAP HY AM IRAN ,R . 1 968 No te o n One S ign i nt he N a rr ne r P a le t te . J o urna l o ft h e Am e r i c an R e s e ar ch C en te r i nE gyp t7 : 1 27 . 1 974 An E gyp t ian J a r F ragmen tw i th t he Name o fN armer f r om A rad .I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l2 4: 4 12 . AM IRAN ,R . &P ORAT ,N . 1 984 T he B asa l tV e sse ls o ft he C ha lco l i th ic P e r iod a nd E a r ly B ronze Age I .T e lA v iv 1: 1 -19 . B EN -TOR ,A . 1 969

P rob lems i nt he E a r ly B ronze Age I I I Ii nP a le s t ine . Unpubl i shed P h .D . D iss e r ta t ion , H eb rew Un ive r s i ty , J e rusa lem ( i n H eb rew ) .

1 982

T he R e la t ions B e tween E gyp ta nd t he L and o fC anaan Du r ing t h eT h i rd M i l lenn ium B .C .J o urna lo fJ ew i sh S tud i e s 3 3: 3 18 . CALLAWAY ,J .A . &W E INSTE IN ,J .M . 1 977

R ad iocarbon D a t ing o f P a le s t ine i n t he E a r ly B ronze Age . B u l l e t in o ft h e Am er i c an S cho o l s o fO r i en ta l R e search 2 25: 1 16 . C IASCA ,A . 1 962 T e l l C a t . O r i en s A n t iquu s 1 : 2 3 -39 . GOPHNA ,I t 1 972 E gyp t ian F i rs t Dynas ty P o t te ry f r om T e l H a l i fT e r race . Mu s eum H aar e tz B u l l e t in 1 4: 4 7 -52 . 1 974 T h e S e t t l emen t o f t h e C o a s ta l P la in o f E r e tz I s r a e l D ur ing t h e E a r ly B ronz e A g e . Unpub l ished P h .D . D i sse r ta t ion , T e l Av iv Un ive r s i ty . T e l Av iv ( i n Heb rew ) . 1 976 E gyp t ian I mm ig ra t ion i n to S ou the rn C anaan Du r ing t h eF i r s t Dynas ty ?T e lA v iv 3:3 1 -37 . 1 979 Two E ar ly B ronze Age B as a l t B ow ls F rom t he V ic in i ty o fN izza r t im .T e lA v iv 6 : 1 36 137 . 1 987 E gyp t ian T rad ing P o s t si nS ou the rn C anaan a tt he D awn o ft h eA rcha ic P e r iod .P p .1 3 -2 1 i nA .F .R a iney ,e d . , E gyp t ,I s r a e l , S ina i . T e l Av iv: T e l Av iv U n ive r s i ty . HELMS ,S .W . 1 975 P o s te rns i nE ar ly B ronze Age F o r t i f ica t ions o f P a le s t ine . P a l e s t ine E xp lo r a t ion Q uar te r ly 1 07 : 1 33 -50 . 1 976 a U rban F or t i f i ca t ion s o f P a l e s t in e d ur ing t h e T h i rd M i l l enn ium B .C . Unpub l ished P h .D . D isse r ta t ion . I ns t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy , Un ive r s i ty o fL ondon . 1 976b T he E ar ly B ronze Age G a te a t R as e n -Naqu ra ( Rosh h a -N iq ra ) . Z e i t schr i f t d e s D eu t s ch en P a lä s t ina V e r e ins 9 2: 1 9 . 1 977 E ar ly B ronze Age F o r t i f i ca t ions a tT e l lD o than . L ev an t9 : 1 0 1 114 . HENNE SSY ,J .B . 1 967 T he F or e ign R e la t ions o f P a le s t ine Dur ing t h e E ar ly B ronz e A ge . C o l t A rchaeo log ica l I ns t i tu te P ubl i ca t ion s .L ondon :B . Qua r i tch . I LAN ,0 . &S EBBANE ,M . 1 989 Me ta l lu rgy ,T rade a nd t h eU rban iza t ion o fS ou ther nC anaan i nt he C ha lcol i th ic a nd E a r ly B ronze Age .T h i s v o lume: 1 39 162 . K EMP IN IS IC I ,A . 1 978 T h e R i s e o fa n U rban C u l tur e: T h e U rban iza t ion o f P a l e s t in e i n t h e E ar ly B ronz e A g e 3 000 -2150 B . C . I s rae l E thnog raph ic S oc ie ty S tud ie s4 .J e ru sa lem: I . E .S . 1 983 E ar ly B ronze Age U rban iza t ion o fP a le s t ine: S ome T op ic si n aD eba te . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J o urna l3 3: 2 35 2 4 1 . 1 987 T he F o r t i f ic a t ions ,P ubl i cB u i ld ing sa nd T own P lann ing i nt h eE a r ly B ronze P e r iod . P p .6 1 -70 i nE . Ne tze r , A . K emp insk i & R . R e ich , e ds . , T he A r ch i tec tur e o f A nc i en t I s ra e l f r om t h e P r eh i s to r i c t o t h e P er s i an P er i od s . J e ru sa lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty ( i n Heb rew ) . 1 989 U rban iz a t ion a nd Me t a l lu rgy i nS ou the rn C anaan .T h i sv o lume : 16 3 167 . K EMP ENSK I ,A . &G ILEAD ,I . 1 985 T e l ' E ran i . H ada sho t A r kheo log iyo t ( A rchaeo log ica l News le t te r ) 8 7 : 3 9 -40 ( i n H eb rew ) =E x c av a t ion s a nd S ur v ey s i nI s r a e l 1 985 . v o l . 4 ,J e ru sa lem , 1 986: 2 9 -30 . LA PP ,P .W . 1 970 P a les t ine i nt he E a r ly B ronze Age . P p . 1 0 1 13 1 i nJ .A .S ande r s , e d . , E s say s i nH ono ro fN e l son C lue ck ,N ear E a s te rn A r chaeo logy i nt h e T wen t i e th C en tury . New Y o rk: D oub leday . MALLON ,A . , KOEPPEL ,R . & NEUV ILLE ,R . 1 934 T e l e i la t C ha s su l I .R ome: I ns t i tu t b ib l ique p on t i f ica l . M IRO SCHED J I ,P .R .d e 1 97 1 L ' epoque p re -u rba ine e n P a le s t ine . C ah i e r s d el aR evu e B i b l ique 1 3 . P a r is: G aba lda . 1 976 C on t r i bu t ion al ' i tud ed e l ' ur ban i s a t ion e n P a l e s t in e ar ag e d u B r onz e a nc i en . 2v o l s . U npub l ished d oc to ra l d isse r ta t ion . P ar is: U n ive r s i te d e P ar is I . NEEDLER ,W . 1 98 1 F edern 's R ev is ion o f P e tr ie 's P redynas t ic P o t te ry C las s i f ica t ion . J ourna l o ft h e S o c i e ty f o r t h e S tudy o f E gyp t i an A n t iqu i t i e s 1: 6 9 -73 .

3 85I and - II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

B ARUCH B RANDL 1 984

P r edyna s t ic a nd A r cha i c E gyp t i nt h e B rook lyn Mus eum . Wi lbour Monog raphs 9 . New Y o rk: T he B rook lyn Museu m .

NORD S 'TRÖM , H .A . 1 985 " Ton " . Co ls 6 29 -634 i n W . He lck a nd E . O t to , e ds . , L ex ikon d er Ä gyp to log ie , v o l . V I . Wiesbaden: 0 . Harrassow i tz . PE TR IE ,W .M . F . 1 900 T he R oya l T omb s o ft h e F i r s t D yna s ty , 1 900 , P ar t I .T he E gyp t E xp lora t ion F und , v o l . 1 8 . L ondon: E gyp t 1 914 1 92 1 1 953

E xp lo rat ion F und . T arkhan I .P ubl i ca t ion o ft he B r i t ish S choo lo fA rchaeo logy i nE gyp t2 6 .L ondon: B . Quar i tch . C orpu s o fP r eh i s tor ic P o t te ry a nd P a l e t t e s . L ondon: B . Quar i tch . C er emon ia l S l a te P a le t te s a nd C o rpu s o f P ro to -Dynas t ic P o t tery . P ubl ica t ion o f t he B r i t ish S choo l o f

A rchaeo logy i nE gyp t6 6 .L ondon :B . Quar i tch . PO RAT .N . 1 987 L oca l I ndus t ry o fE gyp t ian P o t te ry i nS ou the rn P a les t ine Du r ing t he E a r ly B ronze IP e r iod . B u l le t in o ft h e E gyp to log i ca l S em inar 7 . R ITTER -KAPLAN ,H . 1 98 1 D id Narme r R each S ou thern Mesopo tam ia ?E r e tz I s r ae l 1 5: 2 1-27 ( i n Hebrew ) , 7 9* ( Eng l ish S ummary ) . RO SEN ,S .A . 1 988 AP re l im inary No te o n t he E gyp t ian C omponen to ft he Ch ipped S tone A ssemb lage f r om T e l ' E ran i .I s r a e l E xp lora t ion J ourna l 3 8: 1 05 -116 . S CHULMAN ,A . & GO PF INA ,R . 1 981 An A rcha ic E gyp t ian S e re l ch f r om T e l Ma 'ahaz . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 3 1: 1 65 -167 . S EBBANE ,M . 1 985 R e lat ions b e tween C anaan a nd E gyp t i n t he D ays o f t he F i rs t Dynas ty . Unpub l ished s em inar p ape r s ubm i t ted t oP ro f . A . B en -To r .J e ru sa lem :T he Heb rew Un ive rs i ty o fJ e rusa lem . ( i n Hebrew ) . S LATK INE ,A 1 974 C ompara t ive P e t rog raph ic S tudy o f Anc ien t P o t te ry S he rd s f r om I s rae l . Mu seum Haa r e tz Y ea rbook 1 5 16 ( 1 972 -73 ) :1 0 1-111 . WARD ,W .A . 1 96 3 E gyp ta nd t he E as t Med i ter ranean F rom P redynas t ic T i me st ot he E nd o f t he O ld K ingdom .J ourna lo ft h e 1 969

E conom ic a nd S o c ia l H i s tory o f t h e O r i en t 6 : 1 57 . T he S upposed A s iat ic C a mpa ign o f Na rme r . Mé lange s d e l 'Un iv er s i ti S a in t J o seph 4 5: 2 05 -221 .

WE INSTE IN ,J .M . 1 981 E gyp t ian R e la t ions w i th P a les t ine i n t he E ar ly B ronze I I I P e r iods . Unpub l ished p ape r p resen ted t o t he Annua l ASOR Mee t ing ,S an F rans isco :1 -7 . 1 984 T he S ign if icance o f T el A re in i f o r E gyp t ian - P a les t in ian R e la t ions a t t he B eg inn ing o f t he B ronze Age . B u l le t in o f t h e Ame r i can S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 56: 6 1-69 . YAD IN ,Y . 1 955 1 963

T he E arl ie s t R eco rd o f E gyp t 's M i l i tary P ene t ra t ion i n to A s ia ?I s ra e l E xp lo ra t ion J ourna l 5 : 1 16 . T he A r t o f War f ar e i nB i b l i ca l L and s . R ama t G an: I n terna t iona l P ubl i sh ing Co .

Y E IV IN ,E . 1 976 No te o n t he F l in t I mp lemen ts f r om ' En B e so r . ' A t i qo t ( Engl i sh S e r ies ) 1: 1 0 -12 . Y E IV IN ,E . &Y E IV IN ,S . 1 964

T he Anc ien t F o r t i f ica t ion i n t he L and o f I s rae l . P p . 3 62 -399 i n J .L ive r , e d . , T he Mi l i ta ry H i s tory o ft h e

L and o f I s r ae l i n B ib l i ca l T ime s . T e l Av iv: "Maaracho t " , I s rae l D e fence F orces P ub l ish ing House ( i n Heb rew ) . YE IV IN ,S . 1 956 1 957 1 958a

No te s a nd News: T e l l G a th . I s ra e l E xp lo ra t ion J ourna l 6 : 2 58 -259 . No tes a nd News: T e l l G a th . I s r a e l E xp lor a t ion J ourna l 7 : 2 64 -265 . Ch ron ique a rcheo log ique: T e l l G a th . R evue Bf i l ique 6 5 :4 17 -4 18 .

1 958b 1 958c

AY ear 's Wo rk i n I s rae l . A r chaeo logy 1: 2 39 -245 . No tes a nd News: T e l l G a th . I s r ae l E xp lor a t ion J ourna l 8 : 2 74 -276 .

1 959

No te s a nd News: T el G a th ( Te l l S he ikh e l 'A re in i ) . I s rae l E xp lora t ion J ourna l 9 : 2 69 -27 1 .

1 960a

A D e cad e o f A r chaeo logy i nI s ra e l 1 948 -1958 . I s tanbu l , Neder lands H is tor isch -Archeo log isch I ns t itu t v oo rh e t Nab i je Oos ten . L e iden: E . J . B r i l l . C h ron ique a rcheo log ique: T el G a th . R evue B ib l ique 6 7 :3 91-394 .

1 960b 1 960c 1 960d 1 96 1a 1 96 1b

No tes a nd News: T el G a th . I s r ae l E xp lor a t ion J ourna l 1 0: 1 22 -123 . E a r ly Con tac ts B e tween C anaan a nd E gyp t .I s r a e l E xp lo ra t ion J ourna l1 0: 1 93 -203 . F i r s t P r e l im inary R epor t o n t h e E xcava t ion s a t T e l ' Ga t ' ( T e l l S heykh ' Ahmed e l 'Ar eyny ) S ea son s 1 956 1 958 .J eru sa lem :T he G a tE xped i t ion . No te s a nd News: T e l l G a th . I s r a e l E xp lo ra t ion J ourna l 1: 1 91 .

1 962

C h ron ique a rcheo log ique: T el " Ga th " . R evue B i b l ique 6 9 :3 95 -397 .

1 963 1 96 4

F u r the r E v idence o f Narme ra t" Ca t " . O r i en s A n t iquu s 2 : 2 05 -213 . T he C e remon ia l S l a te -Pa le t te o f K ing Narmer . P p . 2 2 -53 i n H .B . R osen , e d . , S tud i e s i n E gyp to logy a nd L i ngu i s t i c s i n Honour o fH . J .P o lo t sky . J e rusa lem: T he I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -3 86 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

O BSERVAT ION S ON T HE E ARLY B RONZE A GE S TRATA O F T EL E RAN I 1 965 1 967 a 1 967 1 3 1 96 8 1 970 1 975

1 97 9

T he Cha lco l i th ic Cu l tu re s o f C anaan . P p . 3 55 -357 i n V I C ongr e s so I n ternaz iona le d e l l e S c i enz e P r e i s to r i ch e eP ro to s tor i ch e , v o l . I , c omun icaz ion i , S ez ion i I IV . R oma . Add i t iona l No te o nE a r ly R e l a t ions B e tween C anaan a nd E gyp t . E r e tz I s r a e l8 :2 11-2 15 ( i n Heb rew ) . A New C ha lcol i th ic Cu l tu re a t T e l ' E ran i a nd i t s I mp l ica t ions f o r E ar ly E gyp to -C anaan i te R e la t ions . P p .4 5 -48 i nF our th W o r ld C ongr e s so fJ ew i sh S tud i e s . J e rus a lem: Wo r ld Un ion o fJ ew i sh S tud ie s . Add i tona l No te s o n t he E a r ly R e la t ions B e tween C anaan a nd E gyp t . J o urna l o fN ear E a s t e rn S tud i e s 2 7: 3 7 -50 . T e l E ran i . P p . 5 95 -600 i nB . Maza r , e d . , E ncy c lop ed ia o fA r chaeo log i ca l E x cava t ion s i n t h e H o ly L and , v o l . I .J erusa lem :T he I s rae lE xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty a nd Mas sada P re s s ( i n H eb rew ) . EVA re in i , T e l l E sh S he ikh Ahmed ( Te l ' E ran i ) . P p . 8 9 - 9 7 i n M . Av i -Yonah , e d . , E ncy c lop ed ia o f A r chaeo log i ca l E x cava t ion s i n t h e H o ly L and , v o l . I .J e ru sa lem: T he I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty a nd Massad a P re ss . E gyp t ian T e s t imon ia l so nE gyp t ian -Canaan i te R e la t ion s Du r ing t he E a r ly C anaan i te P e r iod .P p .3 394 1 i nY . Hoche rman , M . L ahav 8 zZ . Z emar ion , e ds . , Y aac ov G i l J ub i l e e V o lum e: A C o l l e c t ion o fR e s ear ch e s o n t h e B ib l e a nd i t s I nf o rma t ion , H ebr ew L ingu i s t i c s , J ew i sh T hough t , H i s to ry a nd H a lacha . J e rusa lem: Rub in Mass . ( i n H eb rew ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 87 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

EARLY BRO NZE AGE SETTLE ME NT IN N ORTHER N S INA I: A M O DEL FOR EGYPTO-C ANAANITE I NTERC O N NECT IO NS E l ieze r D . OREN B en G ur i on U n ive r s i ty o ft h eN eg ev

A . SURVEY AND S ITES Any r econ s truc t ion o f E gyp to -Canaan i te r e la t ion s mus t b e f i rm ly f ounded o n t he e v idence f r om n or the rn S ina i , t he l and b r idge t ha t c onnec ts t he N i le V a l ley w i th A s ia . S ince p reh is tor ic t imes t h is l and o f i nhosp i tab le s and d unes h as b een t he k ey t o E gyp t 's c on tac t w i th , o r i s o la t ion f r om , A s ia . Un t i l r e cen t ly t he o n ly ma te r ia l i nd ica t ion o f a n E gyp t ian p resence i nS ina i i nt he l a te P redynas t ic p er iod was ag roup o fs t o rage jar s , s o me marked w i th s erekh g ra f f i t i , c o l lec ted b y C lk la t i n 1 910 a t t he s i te o f e l -Beda i n n o r thwe s tern S ina i ( C lec la t 1 913 ) 1.However , i n 1 972 -1982 , d ur ing as y s tema t ic s urvey o f n or thern S ina ib e tween t he S uez C ana l a nd t he G aza S t r ip ( F ig .1 ) , a ne xped i t ion f r om B en G u r ion Un iver s i ty r ecorded n ear ly 2 50 s e t t lemen t s i te s r epresen ted b y ma te r ia l c u l ture o f t h e E ar ly B ronze I I I o r l a te P redynas t ic a nd e ar ly A rcha ic p e r iods ( Oren 1 973 ) . T he s u rvey 's r e su l t s n ow e nab le u s t or e con s truc t t he h i s tory o fs e t t lemen ta l ong t h eS ina i l and l i r idge a nd g a in ab e t ter u nde r s tand ing o f E gyp t 's f o re ign p o l icy a nd c u l tu ra l e xchange s w i th C anaan . T he s i te s u nder r ev iew we re e ncoun te red i n a n a rea i mmed ia te ly t o t he s ou th o f t he B ardaw i l L agoon a nd r ough ly p a ra l le l t o t he mode rn r oad a nd r a i lway l i ne b e tween Q an tara a nd R aph ia ( F ig .2 ) . T he s e t t lemen t p a t tern i n n or thern S ina i d ur ing t h is p e r iod i sc harac ter ized b y c l us ter s o f 1 0 -20 s i tes , a verag ing a bou t 1 . 5 d una m s i n s i ze a nd d i s tr ibu ted d en se ly ( 5 0 -300 m . a par t ) o ve r a n a rea o f af ew s quare k i lome ter s ( F ig .3 ) . T he

1 . C leda t 's d es cr ip t ion o f e l -Beda s ugge s ts t ha t t h is w as a t empo rary c amp s i te . T he d i scove ry o f c omp le te j a rs whose s u r face was n o t c a lc ium inc ru s ted may i nd ica te t h a t t hey b e longed t o ab u r ia l s i te . T he s i te w as r e loca ted b y u s i n May 1 9 7 2 b u t w as , u n fo r tuna te ly , f ound t ob e e n t i re ly b u r ied u nde r at owe r ing s and d une . A s c a t te r o f A rcha ic s he rds w as r e co rded n earby . I ti sn o t u nusua l t of i nd i n t he l i te ra tu re r emarks s uch a s " s to re h ouse a tB eda "o r" ad epo to fs t o rage j a r sa tE lB eda o nt h er oad t oP a le s t ine "( T r igge r1 983 :4 6 ;Need le r1 984 :2 9 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 89 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

FI G .1 . - Map o fn o r the rn S ina iw i th a rea s u rveyed b yB en Gu r ion U n ive r s i ty E xped i t ion .

E L IEZER D . OREN

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -3 90 -

FI G . 2 . — Map o f Nor th S ina is u rvey w i th E ar ly B ronze Age s i te sa nd c lu s ter .

E ARLY B RONZE AGE S ETTLEMENT I N NORTH S INA I

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. 391Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

E L IEZ ER D . O REN

FI G .3 .— D i s tr ibu t ion map o fE a r ly B ronze A ge s i te si nA rea A n ea re l -Ar ish .

s i tes we re l o ca ted o ne xposed s o i l s ur face so ro nc onso l ida ted i nac t ive s and d une sa nd ,a sa r e su l t o f t he s evere a eo l ian e ros ion , were f ound i n mos t c ases p ar t ia l ly o r c omp le te ly d e f la ted . B ecause n o a rch i tec tura l r ema ins o f mudbr ick o r s t one were o bserved , i t was p roposed i n 1 973 t ha t p e r ishab le ma te r ia ls were u sed i nt he b u i ld ing o f h u t s o r t en ts f o r dwe l l ing s ( O ren 1 973: 2 00 ) . Howeve r ,a s t he s urvey p rog re s sed ,i t wa s n o ted t h a t many o f t he l a rger s i tes c on ta ined p reserved p a tche s o f d is in tegra ted mudbr ick ma te r ia l t ha t r equ ired a mod i f ica t ion o f o ur p re l im inary i n te rp re ta t ion . T he e ros ive a c t ion o f w ind b lown s and o n mudbr ick b u i ld ing ma te r ia li nn o r the rn S ina ii sg ene ra l ly s o d e s t ruc t ive t ha t i ti s u n l ike ly t ha t q uan t i t ie s o f b r ick a rch i tec ture wou ld s urv ive f r om a ny p er iod , p ar t icu lar ly o ne s o d i s tan t . However , t he Nor th S ina i E xped i t ion d id o ccas iona l ly r ecord t r aces o f b r ick ma te r ia l a t s i tes f r om t he New K ingdom p er iod a nd e ven o f t h e R o man p e r iod , wh ich a pparen t ly h ad o nce b een o ccup ied b yi mp re ss ive b r ick a r ch i te c ture 2.I nt he l i gh t o f t h i s we p ropose t ha t t he re were b r ick s t ruc ture s a to ur E a r ly B ronze Age s i tes a s w e l l . I t may e ven b ea rgued t ha t t he b r ick s t ruc ture a tt he E n B esor w ay s t a t ion may s e rve

2 . F o r ar a re i n s tance o f ab r ick s t ruc tu re o f t he C ha lco l i th ic p e r iod t h a t h as s u rv ived i n n o r theas te rn S ina i n ear R aph ia ,s ee O ren & G i lead 1 98 1 :2 8 -29 ,f i g .4 .T he monumen ta lf o r tt h a to nce o ccup ied t he New K ingdom s i te o fB i re l -Abd h as t o ta l ly d i s in teg ra ted d own t ot he l owe s tc ou rse o fi t s b r ick w a l ls .

9 2 II: -Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts-I3 and Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

E ARLY B RONZE A GE S ETTLEMEN T I N NORTH S INA I

S i te A -26 A -33 A -40 A -50 A -5 1 A -63 A 119 A 130 A 137 A 157 A -2 10 A -223

P re en .

s o

5 7 4 4 2 00 1 67 1 50 1 00 8 3 5 8 2 2 5 0

E B

S i te

P redyn .

E B

1 0 ' 3 0 1 0 1 8 1 2 6 5 7 3 2 2 7 3 6

B 10 B 18 B -50 B -55 B -59 B -60 B -6 1

2 9 1 20 9 50 5 80 2 5 8 0 7 70

2 2 3 5 3 40 3 70 2 5

s o

S i te C -50 C -5 1 C -54 C -56 C -65 C -72 C 102 C 103 C 106 C 107

P redyn .

E B

4 60 4 00 4 20 3 00

8 m8 r uw r Ab 132

TA BLE 1 .— R andom l i s to fs i tes w i th more t han 2 0i den t i f iab le s pe c imen so fp o t te ry t ypes .

s o 3 7

a o

1 25 1 8 2 5

TA BLE 2 .— C la ss i f ica t ion o fs i te sw i th 3o r more i den t i f iab le s pe c imens o fP redynas t ic/EBA p o t te ry t ype s . P red yn .o n ly 2 2s i tes

P redyn .p redom .

P redyn . -E GA

18 s i tes

1 2s i tes

E BA o n ly 7s i tes

E BA p redom . 3 5s i t e s

T o ta l 1 94

a s av iab le mode l f o r t he r oya l E gyp t ian a rch i tec ture t ha t p robab ly c harac ter ized n or thern S ina i i nt he E ar ly B ronze I I I ( Gophna 1 985 ) . T he E ar ly B ronze Age s i tes i n n or thern S ina i , p ar t icu lar ly t he l a rger o nes , were r ep re sen ted b y t he r ema in s o f s t orage , c ook ing a nd b ak ing i n s ta l la t ions , f r agmen tary t a bun s ,h ear ths , a sh p a tche sa nd p i ts , many s t one t oo ls a nd i mp lemen ts a nd ap ro fus ion o f b o th E gyp t ian a nd C anaan i te p o t tery . T he f i nds we re u sua l ly c o l lec ted d i rec t ly f r om t he e xposed s ur faces o f c onso l ida ted s and o r b ad ly d e f la ted s i te s . However , i t was o f ten p oss ib le t o r econs truc t c omp le te v esse ls f r om n u merous f r agmen ts s ca t tered o ver a r e la t ive ly sma l l a rea . T r ia l e xcava t ions a ts o me o f t he s i tes i nd ica ted t ha t t he s and u nde r t he r ema ins was s t e r i le . T aken t oge the r , t he a bove e v idence s t rong ly i nd ica tes t ha t t hese were o ne -per iod s e t t lemen t s i tes t ha t may e ven b e t e chn ica l ly c ons idered a s " f loor d epos i ts " . T he c e ram ic c o l lec t ion f r om n or the rn S ina i i sr i ch i nq uan t i ty a nd d ive r s i ty , t o ta l l ing n o l e ss t han 1 0 ,000 i den t i f iab le s pec imens o f E gyp t ian a nd C anaan i te w are s . Near ly 8 0% o f t he e n t ire a ssemb lage we re c l ass i f ied a s E gyp t ian l a te P redynas t ic a nd e ar ly A rcha ic t ypes , a nd t he r e ma inder a s C anaan i te E ar ly B ronze Ia nd I ware s ( s ee T ab le s 1 2 ) . T ypo log ica l e va lua t ion a nd s t a t is t ica l a na lys is o f s uch a l a rge a ssemb lage c an c l ear ly y ie ld s i gn i f ican t r e su l t s . T he E gyp t ian p o t tery i n c luded mos t o f t he t ypes k nown i n l a te P redynas t ic a nd A rcha ic ( Naqada I I I I a nd Dynas ty 1 )s e t t lemen t a nd f unerary d epos i ts i n E gyp t p roper , e . g . G izeh , S aqqa ra , T arkhan a nd Abydos 3.T he c o l lec t ion c on ta ined a s ubs tan t ia l n umbe r o f t r anspor t c on ta iner s a s we l l a s c oar se k i tchen w ares s uch a s b read mou lds , b ak ing t r ays a nd g ranary shaped v esse ls ( F igs .4 -7 ) . S eve ra l o f t he j a rs b ore s c ra tched r epresen ta t ion s o f a n ima ls s uch a s g aze l le a nd h ippopo tamus . On t wo o f t he wavy -hand led t r anspor t j a r s s e rekh g ra f f i t i were i n c ised b e fore f i r ing ( F ig .6 : 1 ) . I ti s n o tewor thy t ha t t he s e rekh s f r om n or thern S ina i , l i ke t hose f r om e l -Beda , a re s urmoun ted b y t wo f a lcon sa nd t he n ame c ompar tmen ti sa nonymous . T h is c l ass w as r e cen t ly a s s igned

3 . F o rp ara l le l s s e eO ren 1 973 :2 02 n . 10 14 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 93 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

E L T EZER D . O REN

3

2

6

4 5

9

7

8

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1 3

1 5

1 4

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1 7

1 6

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FI G .4 .— E gyp t ian L a te P redynas t ic a nd E a r ly A rcha ic p o t tery .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 94 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

2 2

EARLY B RONZE AGE S E TTLEMENT I N NORTH S INA I

1

3

4

7

8

1 2

1 3

2

5

9

1

1 0

1 7

1 6

1 5

1 4

1 8

1 9 oC:

= 1 1

20

11 0

23

24

25

1 0

26

FI G .5 .— E gyp t ian L a te P redynas t ic a nd E ar ly A rcha ic p o t tery ( c on t inued ) .

-3 95 - II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

E L IEZER D . O REN

2

1

6

5

4

9

8 7 10

1 2 1 0

1 4

1 3

1 5

1 8 1 6

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= 20

2 1 oc

= . 1.f f l e1 0

FI G .6 .— E gyp t ian L a te P redynas t ic a nd E ar ly A rcha ic p o t tery ( c on t inued ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -3 96 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

2 2 '

E AR LY B RONZE A GE S E TTLEMENT N N ORTH S I NA I

3

2

s

5

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6

8

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ol

e ä . 1 0 1 7

= = MI I IM I I 10

1 8

FI G .7 .— E gyp t ian L a te P redynas t ic a nd E a r ly A r cha ic p o t te ry ( c on t inued ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -3 97 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

1 9

E L IEZ ER D . O R EN

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FI G .8 .— C anaan i te E ar ly B ronze A ge p o t tery .N °1 6 ,1 9 ,2 1 ,2 3a nd 2 7a r eE gyp t ian s t one v e s se l s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -3 98 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

E ARLY B RONZ E A GE S ET I 'LEMENT I N N ORTH S I NA I

2 1

4

3

6

5

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. . . .i . n . .›, , , ,, ,,. . .

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FI G .9 .— C anaan i te E ar ly B ronze Age p o t tery ( c on t inued ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -3 99 -

E L IEZER D . OREN

b y K a iser t o Dyn . 04 . E xa m ina t ion o f t he E gyp t ian c e ram ics , i n c lud ing p e t rograph ic a na ly s is , i nd ica ted c a tegor ica l ly t ha t a lmos t t he e n t ire c o l lec t ion was i mpor ted f r om t he N i le V a l ley a nd t he D e l ta p la in 5.T h is o bse rva t ion i si mmense ly i mpor tan t f o r t h e s t udy o fE gyp t ian p ene t ra t ion i n to C anaan ( s ee b e low ) . T he C anaan i te p o t tery b e longs t ot he c harac ter is t ic E a r ly B ronze Ia nd I r eper to ire o f s ou thern C anaan ( Fara H , T aur I khbe ineh , T e l E ran i , A rad , E n B esor , T e l Ma 'ahaz , T e l Ha l i f , e t c . ) . I ti s , h oweve r , n o t iceab ly l e ss v a r ied t han i t s E gyp t ian c oun terpa r t . Mos t o f t he v esse ls a re wavy -hand led s t orage jars , a pparen t ly u sed f o r t r anspor t ing t r ade c ommod i t ies , wh i le h ouseho ld v e sse ls s uch a s b ow ls a nd c ook ing p o t s a re r e la t ive ly r a re ( F igs .8 9 ) . T he a ssemb lage i sc harac ter ized b y p la in a nd wavy l edge -hand led j a r s t ha t we re o f ten p a in ted w i th r ed b ands o ve r al ime -washed s ur face , j a r s w i th p i l la r - o r l ug h and le sa nd a r ched s pou ts . T he n or the rn S ina i s i te sa l so y i e lded more l uxur ious i t em s s uch a s b one a nd me ta l i mp lemen ts a s w e l l a s f r agmen tary s t one v esse ls made o f a l abas ter , marb le a nd d ior i te ( F ig .8 : 1 6 ,19 ,21 ,23 ,27 ) . T he s i zeab le a s semb lage o ff l in t t oo ls i n c luded k n ife b lades r em in iscen t o f E gyp t ian t ypes , " Canaanean " b lades , f an s c raper s a nd t r ansve rse a r rowheads 6.Men t ion s hou ld b e made o f t h e i mpor tan t d iscovery o f s evera l k i log ram s o fc opper o re i nt he a rea o fe l -A r ish a nd B i r Mazar 7.

B . DISCUSSI O N

T ypo log ica l e va lua t ion a nd c ompara t ive a na ly s is o ft he l a rge c o l le c t ion o ff i nd s f r om n or the rn S ina i c l ear ly i nd ica te t ha t t he c u l tura l h or izon o f t he s i te s i n q ue s t ion i sE ar ly B ronze I I I o r t he l a te P redynas t ic a nd e ar ly A rcha ic p er iods ( Naqada I I I I a nd Dynas ty 1 ) . Howeve r , t he b u lk o f t he p o t te ry a s semb lage s ugge s t s , amore l im i ted p er iod o fo ccupa t ion i nt he E ar ly B ronze I-b eg inn ing o fE ar ly B ronze I ,c o in c id ing w i th E gyp t ian Dyn . 0( Naqada I I ) -I .A t t he p resen t s t age o f E gyp t ian p o t tery r e search , w e c anno t d e term ine h ow l a te w i th in Dynas ty 1d id t he s e t t lemen t s i nn or the rn S ina i s u rv ive . A s f a r a so ne c an j udge f r om t he p ub l ished c orpus o fp o t tery f r om Dynas ty 1 2 c on tex ts i nE gyp t , o ur d epos i ts d o n o t i n c lude a ny Dynas ty 2i mpor ts , i mp ly ing al a te ( ? ) Dynas ty 1d a te f o r t he d i srup t ion o f t r ade a c t iv i ty i n n o r thern S ina i . T he e v idence f r om c on temporary E ar ly B ronze Age c on tex ts c e r ta in ly s uppor ts a n e ar ly d a te , b e fore t he e nd o f Dynas ty 1 ,f o r t he a bandonmen to ft he s e t t lemen ts i nn or the r nS ina i . C lear ly , b o th t he t ypo logy a nd t he r e la t ive q uan t i ty o f c eram ic f o rm s a re c ruc ia l f o r d e f in ing t he l eve l o f c on tac ts b e tween E gyp t a nd C anaan . We n o ted a bove t ha t t he p ropor t ion o f E gyp t ian t o C anaan i te o b jec ts i n n or the rn S ina i i s4 : 1 . I n t wo o f f ic ia l E gyp t ian o u tpo s t s i n s ou thern C anaan , E n B e sor a nd T e l Ma 'ahaz , E gyp t ian i mpo r ts a re l i kew ise r e la t ive ly n ume rous ( Gophna 1 987 ) . S uch a mass ive d i s tr ibu t ion o f i mpor ted g oods a long t he Nor th S ina i c orr idor i s a n u nequ ivoca l t e s t i mony t ha t t h is was a n 4 . F o r d i scu ss ion a nd p ara l le ls s ee K a ise r &D reye r 1 982 . T he s e rekh f r om n o r the rn S ina i i si lus t ra ted i n f i g . 1 4: 5 . 5 . N aom i P o ra t , who c onduc ted t he p e trog raph ic s tudy , c on f irmed o u r o bse rva t ion . M iss P o ra t h as k ind ly i n fo rmed me ( 1 5 -6 -87 ) t ha t t he E gyp t ian p o t te ry f r om n o r the rn S ina i t h a t was s ub jec ted t o a na ly s i s i si den t ica l w i th c e ra m ic sf r om T u ra a nd M insha t A bu Omar i nt he e as ter nD e l ta . 6 . T ransve rse a r rowhead s we re r e co rded a tt h e n awam i s s i te si ns ou the rn a nd e as te rn S ina id a ted t ot he l a te C ha lco l i th ic t oE a r ly B ronze I p e r iod s ,a sw e l la si nl a te P redynas t ic a nd A rcha ic c on tex t si nE gyp ta nd Nub ia ;s ee B ar -Yose f1 977 :f i g . 4:5 9; 1 986: f i g . 1: 1 5 . 7 . One s a mp le f r om s i te A -50 n ea r e l -Ar ish w as e xam ined b y P ro f . B .R o thenbe rg . I n al e t te ro f8 2 -85 P ro f . R o thenberg s ugges ted s ou the rn S ina i a s t he mo s t l i ke ly s ou rce f o r t he c oppe r . T he s a mp le i s" e ssen t ia l ly a s ands tone w i th a bund an tc h ry so co l la wh ich wou ld make av i ab le c oppe ro re " .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -4 00 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

EARLY B RONZE AGE S E ITLEMENT I N NORTH S INA I

E gyp t ian d om ina ted a rea a nd s hou ld b er egarded a sa ne as te rn e x ten s ion o fA rcha ic E gyp t . T h is c onc lus ion i sf ur ther s uppor ted b y t he f a c t t ha t a lmos t t he e n t ire a ssemb lage o f i den t i f iab le E gyp t ian p o t tery f r om n o r thern S ina i , l i ke t he c omparab le v e sse ls f r om E n B esor a nd T e l Ma 'ahaz , p roved u pon e xam ina t ion t ob ei mpor ted f r om t he N i le V a l ley ( s ee a bove p .4 00 ) . On t he o ther h and , E gyp t ian iz ing p o t tery — i . e . , v e sse ls i m i ta t ing E gyp t ian t ype s manu fac tured l o ca l ly , p erhaps i n workshops s uperv ised b y E gyp t ian p o t te rs — p redom ina ted i nt he p o t tery i nven tory o f ma jor E a r ly B ronze A ge c en te r ss uch a sT e lE ran i . Mo reove r , t he a ppearance o fE gyp t ian iz ing p o t tery i ne a r ly E B Ic on tex t ( Tau r I khbe ineh , F a ra H , T e l E ran i ) d emon s t ra te s t ha t t he p ermanen t E gyp t ian p resence i n C anaan g oes b ack t ot he Naqada I I o re ven l a te Naqada I p hase s ,b e com ing mos ti n ten s ive d ur ing l a te E a r ly B ronze Io r Dyn .0 1 a nd c eas ing a l toge ther d ur ing t he l a te Dynas ty 18. T he a na lys is o f E ar ly B ronze A ge s i te d i s tr ibu t ion i n Nor th S ina i i nd ica tes c l ear ly t ha t t hey f a l l i n to d is t inc t ive c lus ter s t ha t s eem t o f orm t he c ha rac ter is t ic s e t t lemen t p a t te rn o f t h is r eg ion . T he l a rger s i tes s hou ld b e r egarded a s p ermanen t s e t t lemen ts a nd i n s ta l la t ions

v i l lages , a dm in is tra t ive h eadquar ters , way s t a t ion s a nd c aravan sera i .

J udg ing b y t he i r s i ze a nd p reserved r ema in s , i ti sl i ke ly t ha t many w e re o ccup ied b y s o l id ( mudbr ick ) s t ruc tures s uch a s s t orehouses , g ranar ies , k i tchen f a c i l i t ies a nd o ther h ouseho ld i n s ta l la t ions . T he n umerous sma l le r s i te s , whe re o n ly a s ca t te r o f p o t tery a nd s t one i mp le men ts was r e corded , s e rved a s c a mp s i tes f o r p ass ing c aravan s a nd s easona l e ncampmen ts f o r t he l o ca l p opu la t ion whose s e cur i ty a nd s upp l ie s w e re p rov ided b y t he E gyp t ian a dm in is tra t ion i n t he n earby c en ters . I n r e turn t he l o ca l t r ibesmen were a pparen t ly r equ ired t o r ender c e r ta in s erv ices n ecessary f o r t he u pkeep o f t he a dm in is tra t ive n e twork i n n or the rn S ina i a nd t he smoo th p assage o f t r ade c a ravans a nd r oya l E gyp t ian e xped i t ions . I n o ur p re l im inary r epor t i n 1 973 we p o in ted o u t t he r e semb lance o f t he s e t t lemen t p a t tern i n n or thern S ina i d ur ing t he E ar ly B ronze Age t o t ha t o f modern B edou in s e t t lemen ti nt he s a me r eg ion ( O ren 1 973: 2 00 n . 7 ) . T h is a na logy was a dvan ced a tt he t ime a s a n a rgu men t s uppor t ing t he h ypo thes is o f p roper s e t t lemen ts a nd i n s ta l la t ions a l ongs ide t emporary e ncampmen t s , r a ther t han t ha t o f s porad ic c lus te r s o f e phemera l c amp s i tes o r ame re c ha in o f way s t a t ion s a long t he d e ser t r oad o fn or thern S ina i . A t t h is j unc ture i ts hou ld b e emphas ized t ha t t he B edou in a na logy c anno t s us ta in t he a s sump t ion t ha t t he l o ca l p opu la t ion o f n or thern S ina i wa s a c tua l ly r e spons ib le f o r t he c ommerc ia l a c t iv i ty a nd e xchange o f g oods a l ong t he c aravan r ou te . T he B edou in t r ibes o f S ina i a pparen t ly n ever e s tab l ished t he ir own t r ade n e twork b e tween E gyp t a nd P a le s t ine . An e xam ina t ion o f d eser ted B edou in e ncampmen t s i n n or thern S ina i f u l ly s uppor t s t h is c o nc lus ion . T he a ssor tmen to fh ouseho ld u tens i ls ( be fore t he i n t roduc t ion o ft i na nd p las t ic c on ta ine rs ) r evea led t ha t , e xcep t f o r ar e la t ive ly sma l l c o l lec t ion o f " Gaza Wa re " , t he se s i tes were h ard ly r epresen ted a t a l l b y d iagnos t ic i mpor ted E gyp t ian o r P a les t in ian p o t te ry v esse ls . Mos t o f t he a ssemb lage c on s is ted o f h and made , l o ca l ly manu fac tured v esse ls t ha t e v iden t ly c harac te r ized a n omad ic p opu la t ion a nd n o t p eop le who were c l ose ly i nvo lved i n i n terna t iona l c ommerce . I n teres t ing ly , t h is o bse rva t ion a ccords w i th t h e e v idence f r om e ar l ie r p er iods i n t he h i s tory o f No r th S ina i . T he r e su l t s o fo ur s urvey d emons tra ted t ha t a t t ime s o f u ns tab le p o l i t ica l o rgan iza t ion a t e i ther t he C anaan i te o r t h e E gyp t ian t e rm inus o f t he n o r thern S ina i l and b r idge ( e .g . t he M idd le B ronze Io r t he F i rs t I n ter med ia te p er iod ) , o r a t p er iods when t he E gyp to -Canaan i te t r ade was i n te r rup ted a l toge the ra nd t he d e se r tr ou te w as b ypassed ( e .g . t he M idd le B ronze Age I o r M idd le K ingdom a nd S econd I n te rmed ia te p e r iod ) , t he h ouseho ld r epe r to ire o f t he p oo r c a mps i te s i n n or the rn S ina i i ss urpr is ing ly a na logous t o t ha t o f t he s easona l B edou in 8 .F o r ac omp rehens ive t r ea tmen to ft h es ub jec ta nd b i b l iog raphy ,s e eB en -To r1 982 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -4 01 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

EUEZER D . OREN

e ncampmen t s . I n s hor t , t he B edou in a na logy i so f r e levance o n ly a s f a r a s t he a c tua l p heno menon o f s e t t lemen ti sc on cerned . I th a s l i t t le r e levance f o r t he i n te rp re ta t ion o ft he c omme rc ia l a nd p o l i t ica l r e la t ions b e tween E gyp t a nd C anaan i n t he l a te P redyna s t ic a nd A rcha ic p er iod

9.

I n c er ta in c hap ters i n t he h i s tory o f n or thern S ina i , e . g . t he New

K ingdom , A ssyr ian a nd P er s ian p er iods , t he l o ca l t r ibes were i ndeed i nvo lved i n t he a dm in is t ra t ion o f t he t r ade r ou te . Howeve r , j udg ing f r om t he w r i t ten a nd a r chaeo log ica l r e cords , t he t r ibesmen o fn or thern S ina i h ad b een i n corpora ted i n to t he a dm in i s t ra t ive a nd m i l i tary o rgan iza t ion o f t he p o l i t ica l p owe r t ha t r u led a tt he t ime o ver t he e n t ire r eg ion . T he r i ch a nd d ive rse a rchaeo log ica l r e cord f r om t h eE ar ly B ronze Age s i te s i nn or the rn S ina i a nd s ou thern C anaan , wh ich r anges f r om E gyp t ian a rch i tec ture t o i mpo r ted g oods a nd l uxury i t em s , r ef lec t s i no u rv i ew ad eve loped s y s tem o fc o mmer c ia lo rgan iza t ion t ha t was a dm in is tered b y t he E gyp t ian c rown . A s a work ing h ypo the s is we s ugges t t ha t a n a na logy f o r t he E ar ly B ronze Age s e t t lemen t p a t tern b e d rawn f r om t he New K ingdom o rgan iza t ion i n n or the rn S ina i , i n wh ich E gyp t 's v i ta l m i l i tary a nd e conom ic i n teres ts were s ecured a nd ma in ta ined b y a n e l abora te n e twork o f f o r t s a nd s upp ly s t a t ions e s tab l ished b y t he c rown a long t he P haraon ic "Way s o f Horus " . T h is w e l l trave l led a r tery o f c ommun ica t ion b e tween E gyp t a nd h er A s ian p rov ince s i sr ep resen ted i n t he Nor th S ina i S urvey b y more t han t wo h undred s e t t lemen t s i tes — f o r ts , w ay s t a t ion s a nd many sma l lc a mp s i te s t ha t were l i kew ise c l u s te red i ng roup so ff i ve t ot wen ty o ve ra na rea o f2 3 s quare k i lome te r s a nd d i s tr ibu ted e ven ly b e tween t he S uez C ana l a nd R aph ia ( O ren 1 987 ) .T he New K ingdom c l u s te r s we re c ha rac te r ized b y ac en t ra lf o r to rs t a t ion s u r rounded b y s ma l l c a mps i te s a nd s easona l e ncampmen t s . T he l a t te r , l i ke many d ozen s o f t he s ma l l E a r ly B ronze Age s i tes , h ad n o a r ch i te c tura l r ema ins b u t we re r ep re sen ted b y af ew s t one t oo ls a nd t h in s ca t te r s o f p o t te ry . F ur the rmore , a s i nt he c a se o f t he e ar ly s i te s , E gyp t ian a nd E gyp t ian iz ing p o t tery p redo m ina ted , r each ing a r a t io o f n ear ly 1 0: 1 . Need less t o s ay , we a re n o t s ugge s t ing h e re t ha t t he c omp lex o rgan iza t ion o f t he P haraon ic "Way s o f Ho ru s "d ur ing t he i mpe r ia lp e r iod may s e rve a s ap rec ise mode lf o rE gyp t 's i nvo lvemen ti n t h is a rea s o me 1 500 y ear s e ar l ier . Y e t , t he i mp ress ive b ody o f e v idence a t o ur d i sposa l c once rn ing E gyp t 's o f f ic ia l p resence i n n or thern S ina i a nd s ou thern C anaan i mp l ies a s im i lar , t hough a dm i t ted ly l e ss e l abora te , s t ruc ture o f " co lon ia l " a dm in is tra t ion . Moreover , i nt h e l i gh to fE gyp t ian e x t reme c on se rva t ism , w e may e ven v en ture t oa rgue i n f avor o f c on t inu i ty o f E gyp t ian t r ad i t ion r a ther t han a h ypo the t ica l p ro jec t ion f r om t he New K ingdom b ack t ot he v e ry b eg inn ing o ft he d yna s t ic a ge . I t s hou ld p erhaps b e r e i te ra ted h ere t ha t t he e x treme ly i nhosp i tab le c ond i t ion s p ecu l iar t o n o r thern S ina i , i . e . , s h i f t ing s and d une s a nd w ide marshy a reas , s c arc i ty o f f r esh wa te r a nd f ood s upp l ie s , h os t i le n omad ic p opu la t ion , e t c . , make i ti mpe ra t ive t o r e sor t t o h i s tor ica l a na log ies , e ar ly a nd l a te a l ike , f o r t he i n terpre ta t ion o f t he a rchaeo log ica l r e cord . A ccord ing ly , t r ade a c t iv i ty o n a ny a pp rec iab le s ca le i n n or thern S ina i ,c ou ld n eve rh ave b een ma in ta ined u n le ss t he e n t i re c or r idor a s we l l a s i t s C anaan i te a nd E gyp t ian t e rm in i w ere u nde rt he d om ina t ion o fo ne p o l i t ica l p owe r . T he h i s tory o ft h e d ese r t r ou te i nn or the rn S ina i s hows t ha t t he p assage o fc aravan s a nd f l ow o fg oods w a s n ever a ma t ter o f p r iva te e n te rp r ise o r t he r e su l t o f l o ca l i n i t ia t ive . I tr equ ired a w e l l o rgan ized a nd a dm in is te red n e twork o f way s t a t ion s p rov id ing s upp ly a nd wa ter ing f a c i l i t ie s . Mos t i mpor tan t , i n s uch a h os t i le a nd h ar sh e nv ironmen t t he s a fe p assage o f t r ade c a ravan sc ou ld h ave b een a s sured o n ly u nde rt wo c ond i t ions :t he m i l i tary p re sence o f

9 . I n t h is r e spe c t t he o f t q uo ted s cene i n t he t omb o f K hnumh -ho tep I I a t B en i H as san , whe re ag roup o f A s ia t ic s t r ave lo n d onkeys a c ro ss n o r thern S ina i( ? ) , i su n l ike ly t or ep re sen t ac on tempo rary me rch an tc a ravan o r t he s y s tem o f d onkey c aravans a l ong t he S ina i t r ade r ou te . I tp robab ly i lu s t ra te s ap ar ty o f n omads , p e rhap s m ig ran ts , mov ing t oE gyp ti nt ime o ff am ine ( s ee P o r te r & Mo s s 1 96 8: 1 45 146 f o rb i b l iog raphy ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 02 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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t he p o l i t ica l a u thor i ty a nd c l ose c oopera t ion b y t he l o ca l p opu la t ion , p e rhaps e ven t ot he e x ten t o f t he ir i n tegra t ion i n t he l o ca l a dm in is tra t ion . Obv ious ly , s uch c ond i t ions c ou ld o n ly e x is t i n t he f r amework o f a n e s tab l ished m i l i tary a nd t r ade o rgan iza t ion t ha t was mo s tl i ke ly a dm in is te red i n ap a t te rn b e s tk nown t ou sf r om t he N ew K ingdom p er iod . T he we l l e s tab l ished n e twork o f s upp ly s t a t ion s , t r ad ing p os t s a nd o ther b ase s f o r E gyp t 's c o mmerc ia l a c t iv i ty i n s ou thern C anaan ( e .g . A rad , E n B esor , T e l Ma 'ahaz , T e l Ha l i f , T e l E ran i , e t c . ) d emons tra tes c l ear ly t he l eve l o f E gyp t ian g overnmen ta l i nvo lvemen t i n t h is r eg ion ( Gophna 1 9 87 ) . S ure ly , t he sma l l E gyp t ian " r e s idency " ( c . 8 5 s q . m . ) a t E n B esor , wh ich l a cked a ny means o f d e fense a nd c ou ld h ard ly h ave a cco mmoda ted mo re t han ad ozen men ( Gophna 1 985 ) , was n o t t h e o n ly l i nk , n or e ven a ma jor o ne , i n t he a dm in is t ra t ive c ha in e s tab l i shed b y E gyp t i n t h e t e rr i tory t ot he e as t o f t he N i le D e l ta . T he s t ag ing p o s t a tE n B e sor , t oge ther w i th t he o the r s i te s d i scove red t hus f a ri ns ou thern C anaan ,p rov ide u sw i th a ni n s t ruc t ive mode lf o rr e con s t ruc t ing t he c omp lex s t ruc ture o f E gyp t ian o rgan iza t ion b e tween t he N i le D e l ta a nd s ou the rn C anaan . I ti s a lmos t i n conce ivab le t ha t t he mass ive E gyp t ian p resence i ns ou the rn C anaan a nd i t s l a rge s ca le c o mme rc ia l a c t iv i ty c ou ld h ave b een b ased me re ly o n e phemera l e ncampmen ts o r " overn igh t " c a mps i tes ( Gophna 1 987: 1 8 ) s ca t tered a long t he 2 50 km . ( ! ) s t re tch o f i nhosp i tab le t e r r i tory t ha t s epara ted E gyp t f r om C anaan . Obv iou s ly , t he e s tab l ishmen t o f ap ermanen t E gyp t ian b ase o f o pe ra t ions r i gh t o n t he d oor s tep o f C anaan i te t e r r i tory a nd e v iden t ly e ven w i th in ma jor C anaan i te c en ter s ( e .g . A rad , T e l E ran i ) b e came p oss ib le o n ly o nce t he v i ta l c orr idor o fn or the rn S ina i was f u l ly c on tro l led a nd a dm in i s te red b yt he E gyp t ian c rown . T he s a fe p assage o f t r ade c aravans , r oya l t r ad ing m iss ions , o f f ic ia l d e lega t ions a nd m i l i tary e xped i t ions i n n or thern S ina i was f a c i l i ta ted b y ap roper ly s paced n e twork o f s upp ly a nd s e rv ice s t a t ions , t r ad ing p o s t s , c a ravansera i a nd p e rhap s a l so f o r t i f ied i n s ta l la t ions o f s o me s or t . T he t o ta l o f s o me t wo h undred a nd f i f ty E ar ly B ronze Age s i te s t ha t make u p t he s e t t lemen t map o f n or the rn S ina i , c oup led w i th t he l a rge c o l lec t ion o fi mpor ted E gyp t ian p o t te ry a nd l uxury g oods ,i ndeed b ea rw i tne ss t ot he l e ve l o f r oya l E gyp t ian o rgan iza t ion t ha t f unc t ioned a t t he t ime a l ong t he ma jor r ou te t o C anaan . O fc our se , we c anno tr u le o u t t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t C anaan i te mer chan ts p layed a n a c t ive r o le i n t he c ommerc ia l o rgan iza t ion a long t he S ina i r ou te a nd t ha t t h is was a c tua l ly t he r eason f o r t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fE gyp t ian a nd C anaan i te g oods i n wha t s eem s t o b e as i gn i f ican t p a t te rn . I ndeed , i t was o b served t h a t a ts i te s i n t h e a rea s t ha t b orde r t he E gyp t ian D e l ta , l i ke t ho se c l ose t o s ou thern C anaan , t he p ropo r t ion s v a r ied w i th e i the r t he E gyp t ian o r C anaan i te ma ter ia l p redom ina t ing ( s ee T ab le 2 ) . P e rhaps s i tes w i th a h igh p ropor t ion o fC anaan i te p o t te ry mark t he p o s i t ion o f " Canaan i te " w ay s t a t ions 1° . An i lu m ina t ing p a ra l le l t o E gyp to -Canaan i te r e la t ion s i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age may b e s een i n t he h i s tory o f E gyp t 's p ene tra t ion i n to Nub ia . E gyp t ian t r ade i sa t tes ted i n l owe r Nub ia a s e ar ly a s t he Naqada I p er iod . B y t he b eg inn ing o f Dynas ty 1 t he E gyp t ian p resence was f i rm ly e s tab l ished , r each ing a s f a r s ou th a s t he S econd C a ta rac t . T he l a rge -sca le c o mme rc ia l a c t iv i ty i s d emon s tra ted , among s t o ther e v idence , b y a n e normous v o lume o fE gyp t ian g oods , i n c lud ing l uxury i t em s , i n Nub ian A G roup c on tex t s ( Arke l l 1 950; T r igger 1 9 65 ) . T he s imu l taneous p ene t ra t ion o f E gyp t ian c u l tu ra l t r a i t s i n Nub ia , S ina i a nd C anaan may b e v iewed a s a man i fes ta t ion o f E gyp t 's e xpan s ion is t p o l icy d ur ing t he l a te P redynas t ic p er iod . T he h igh ly o rgan ized E gyp t ian s t a te a ppa ren t ly h ad t he means a s w e l l a s t he i n cen t ive t oe xe rc ise f u l l c on t ro l o ver l a rge a reas t ha tl a y we l lb eyond h e r own f r on t ier s a nd e xp lo i t t h e i r n a tura l r e source s . I ts hou ld b e b orne i n m ind t ha t t he p o l i t ica l 1 0 . S ee Am i ran 1 969 f o ri v o ry i n lays f r om Abydos w i th r ep resen ta t ions o fC anaan i te me rchan ts ( ? ) c a r ry ing c harac te r is t ic E ar ly B ronze Ij a r s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts -4 03I and - II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

E L IF _ZER D . O REN

o rgan iza t ion a nd s oc io -econom ic s t ruc ture o fE a r ly B ronze Is e t t lemen ts i n No r th S ina i a nd C anaan , l i ke t hose o f t he c on tempora ry Nub ian A G roup , were much l e ss d eve loped t han t he P ro todynas t ic Uppe r E gyp t ian s t a te a nd t hus o f fe red n o s e r ious o bs tac le t o E gyp t ian o ccupa t ion " . T h is may w e l l h ave b een E gyp t 's ma jor c ons idera t ion when d i re c t ing h e r a t ten t ion t o t he se t e rr i tor ie s i n t he f i r s t p lace . T ha t E gyp t 's e xpans ion is t a c t iv i ty was a c once r ted e f for t b y t he s t a te may a l so b e d educed f r om t he s im i la r p roce ss o f s e t t lemen t a nd , i n p ar t icu lar , t he d i s tr ibu t ion o f i mpor ted t r ade g ood s i nn or the rn S ina i , s ou the rn C anaan a nd l owe r Nub ia . On t he b a s is o f c eram ic t ypo logy , s ea l i mp re s s ions a nd r oya l s e rekh s f r om t he se r eg ions , i ti se v iden t t ha t t he p roce ss o fe xpans ion a nd s ub sequen t s e t t lemen t mus t h ave b een r ap id a nd r e la t ive ly s hor t l ived . I t c o inc ided w i th t he z en i th o f p o l i t ica l o rgan iza t ion a nd c u l tura l d eve lopmen t t ha t c harac ter ized E gyp t u nder Dynas t ies 0 1 1 2 .I ndeed , an umber o f E gyp t ian k ing s — Narme r ,D je ra nd D en — we re a t te s ted i nb o th r eg ion s( E me ry 1 963 :16 1 20; S chu lman 1 976: 2 4 -25; 1 980: 3 2 -33; K a i se r 1 982 ) . A t s o me t ime i n t he c our se o f Dynas ty 1t he f l ow o f E gyp t ian t r ade g oods i n Nub ia s ub s tan t ia l ly d im in i shed , w i th ac on sequen t e nd t os e t t led l i fe . T he c essa t ion o fE gyp t ian c ommerc ia l a c t iv i ty i n C anaan a t a bou t t he s a me t ime i sl i kew ise d ocumen ted i n t he a rchaeo log ica l r e cord , i n c lud ing e v idence f o r t he t o ta l a bandonmen t o f t he E a r ly B ronze Age s i tes a long t he n or thern S ina i l and b r idge . A ccord ing ly , t he e nd o f t he E gyp t ian p resence i n C anaan , l i ke i t s Nub ian c oun terpar t , wa s d ue t o i n terna l E gyp t ian p o l i t ics r a the rt han t he g row ing menace o ft he n ew ly eme rg ing u rban c en te r si nC anaan .

C . SU M MARY AND CONCLUSIONS T he r esu l ts o f o ur s urvey h ave n o t o n ly p rov ided i nd ispensab le e v idence f o r r econ s t ruc t ing t he c u l tura l a nd c omme rc ia lr e la t ion sb e tween E gyp ta nd C anaan i nt he l a te P redynas t ic p er iod , b u t s hed n ew l i gh t o n t he n a ture o f t hese c on tac ts a nd t he ir r epe rcuss ions o n t he p o l i t ica l a nd c u l tura l e nv ironmen t . T he c omp lex o f s i te s i nn o r thern S ina i r ep resen ts ,i no ur v iew ,t he e as tward e x ten s ion o ft h eE gyp t ian s phere o fi n te re s ta nd c i v i l iza t ion , wh ich s e rved a s as pr ingboard f o r c o mme rc ia l ( and m i l i tary ? )v en tu res i n s ou thern C anaan a t t he v ery b eg inn ing o f t he Dynas t ic p er iod . T he i nf lux o f E gyp t ian g oods o f t he Dyn . 0( Naqada I I ) -Ih or izon i n n o r thern S ina i a nd s ou thern C anaan i nd ica te s ar ap id p roce ss o f e xpan s ion r a the r t han ag radua l i n tens i f ica t ion o fc omme rc ia l a c t iv i ty . T he n ew e v idence f r om n or thern S ina i , c oup led w i th t he d a ta f r om s ou thern C a .naan a nd E gyp t p roper , s uppor t o ur p re l im inary c onc lus ion t ha t d ur ing t he l a te P redyna s t ic a nd e ar ly A rcha ic p er iods t he e n t ire t e r r i tory o f n or thern S ina i a nd a s f a r n or th a s Naha l S h iqma i n s ou the r n C anaan was d om ina ted a nd a dm in i s te red b y E gyp t . T he a r chaeo log ica l r e cord f r om Nub ia , S ina i a nd C anaan t e s t i f ies t ha t E gyp t 's c onduc t o n h e r e as te rn f r on t ier was i nk eep ing w i th a n o ve ra l l p o l icy o f" co lon ia l " o ccupa t ion d ur ing t he l a te P redynas t ic p e r iod .

1 . I ti sp o ss ib le t h a t a rmy u n i t s a c tualy t ook p ar t i n r egu la t ing E gyp t 's t r ade a nd p ro tec t ing h e r i n te re s t s . A l though w e l a ck d i rec t e v idence o f t he r o le p layed b y E gyp t 's m i l i ta ry o rgan iza t ion d u r ing t he p e r iod u nde r r ev iew , t he c on tempo rary " r ecord s " , t hough o bscu re a nd c on t rove rs ia l , f r om t he r e igns o f D je r , D en a nd o the r I s t Dyn . k ing s may we l li mp ly m i l i ta ry i n te rven t ion , a lbe i t l im i ted , i nt h er eg ion t ot h e e as to f E gyp t , mo s tl i ke ly n o r the rn S ina ia nd s ou the rn C anaan ( He l ck 1 962: 1 3 16 ) . 1 2 . F o r ar ecen ts ummary s ee Need le r 1 984: 2 5 -3 1 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -4 0 4Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

EARLY B RONZE AGE S E I1 .EMENT I N NORTH S INA I

B IBLI OG RAP HY AM IRAN ,R . , 1 969

C anaan i te J a r s D ep i c ted o n E gyp t ian F i r s t Dynas ty Wooden L abe l s a nd I vo ry I n lays . E r e tz I s r a e l 9( W .F . A lbr igh tV o lume ) :19 121 ( i nH ebrew ) . ARKELL ,A . J . 1 950 V ar ia S udan ica . J ourna lo fE gyp t i an A rcha eo logy 3 6 : 2 1 -30 . B AR -YOSEF ,0 . ,e ta l . 1 977 T he Nawam is n ea r ' En Hude rah ( Eas te rn S ina i ) .I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on j ourna l2 7: 6 5 -88 . 1 986 Nawam is a nd H ab i ta t ion S i te sn ear G ebe l Gunna , S ou the rn S ina i .I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J o urna l3 6: 1 2 1 -167 . B EN -TOR ,A . 1 982 T he R e la t ions B e tween E gyp ta nd t he L and o fC anaan d u r ing t he T h i rd M i l lenn ium B .C .J ourna lo fJ ew i sh S tud i e s 3 3: 3 18 . CLEDAT ,J .

1 9 13 L e s v ase s d e E l -Bed a . A nn a l e s d u S erv i c e d e s A n t i qu i td s d el ' Egyp te 1 3: 15 124 . EMERY ,W .B . 1 963 E gyp tE xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty .P re l im ina ry R epo r to nt he E xcava t ions a tB uhen ,1 962 .K u sh 1: 16 -120 . GOPHNA ,R . & GAZ IT , D . 1 985 T he F i rs t Dynas ty E gyp t ian R e s idency a t' En B eso r . T e lA v iv 1 2 :9-1 6 . GOPHNA ,

1 987

E gyp t ian T rad ing P o s t si nS ou the rn C anaan a tt he D awn o ft h eA rcha i cP e r iod .P p .1 3 -22 i nA .F .R a iney ,e d . , E gyp t , I s rae l , S ina i: A r cha eo log i ca l a nd H i s tor i ca l R e la t ionsh ip s i n t h e B i b l i ca l P er iod . T e l Av iv: T e l Av iv Un ive r s i ty . HELCK ,W . 1 962 D i e B ez i ehung en Ä gyp t en s z u V orde r a s i en i m 3 .u nd 2 .J a hr tau s end v .C hr . Ägyp to log ische Abhand lungen , B and 5 .W ie sbaden: 0 . H a r ras sow i tz . KA ISER , W. & DREYER , G .

1 982

Umm e l -Qaab . N achun te rsuchungen i m f r ühze i t l ichen K ön ig s f r iedho f , 2 . Vo rbe r ich t . M i t te i lung en d e r D eu t sch en A r chäo log i schen I n s t i tu t , A b t e i lung K a i ro 3 8: 2 11 -269 . NEEDLER ,W . 1 984 P r edyna s t i ca nd A r cha i cE gyp t i nt h e B r ook lyn Mu seum . New Y o rk: T he B rook lyn Mu seum . OREN ,E .D .

1 973

T he Ove r land R ou te B e tween E gyp ta nd C anaan i nt he E a r ly B ronze Age .I s r a e lE xp lo r a t i on J ourna l2 3: 1 98 2 05 . 1 987 T he 'Ways o f Ho ru s ' i n No r th S ina i . P p . 6 9 120 i nA .F . R a iney ,e d . , E gyp t ,I s r a e l , S i na i: A r cha eo log i c a l a nd H i s to r i ca l R e l a t ion sh ip s i n t h e B ib l i ca l P e r iod . T e l Av iv: T e l Av iv U n ive r s i ty . OREN ,E .D . &G ILEAD ,I . 1 98 1 C ha lcol i th ic S i te s i n No r theas te r n S ina i . T e l A v iv 8 : 2 144 . P OR TER ,B . &MO SS ,R .L .B . 1 968 T opogr aph i c a l B i b l iog raphy o fA nc i en t E gyp t ian H ie rog lyph i c T ex t s , R e l i e f s a nd P a in t ing s , V o l . I V: L owe r a nd M idd l e E gyp t . O x fo rd: Un ive r s i ty P re s s . S CHULMAN ,A .R . 1 976 T he E gyp t ian S ea lI mp re ss ions f r om ' En B eso r . ' A t i qo t ( Eng l ish S e r ie s ) 1: 1 6 -26 . 1 980 More E gyp t ian S ea l I mp re ss ions f r om ' En B e so r . ' A t iqo t ( Eng l ish S e r ie s ) 1 4: 1 7 -33 . T R ICGER , B .G . 1 965 H is to ry a nd S e t t lemen t i n L owe r Nub ia . Y a l e U n iv er s i ty P ub l i c a t ion s i nA n thr opo logy 6 9 :6 8 -73 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 05 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

PALEST INIAN CERA MIC IMPORTS I N PRE- AND PROTO HISTORIC EGYPT K a r la KROEPER S t a a t l i ch e S amm lung Ä gyp t i s c h e r K un s t , Munch en

T he s ub jec t o f i mpo r ted c eram ics f ound i n E gyp t , a nd more s pec i f ica l ly P a le s t in ian ma ter ia l , was f i rs t b rough t t o o ur i mmed ia te a t ten t ion t h rough f i nds made d ur ing t he e xcava t ion o ft he p re -/ea r ly d ynas t ic c e me tery o fM in sha t Abu Omar i nt he E as tern D e l ta ( K roepe r & Wi ldung 1 985 ) . P rev ious e xcava tor s men t ioned i mpor ted w are among t he ir f i nds a se ar ly a s t he 1 9 th c en tury ,e . g . P e tr ie . A l though t he p lace o fo r ig in may n o ta lway s h ave b een c or rec t ly i den t i f ied a t f i r s t , mos t ly d ue t o l a ck o f c omparab le ma te r ia l a t t he t ime , t he f orm a nd t he c l ay f abr ic o f t he se v es se ls wa s r e cogn ized a s " non -Egyp t ian " . V ar ious a u thor s ( e .g . K an tor 1 965; Hennessy 1 967; Am iran 1 970; He lck 1 979 ) h ave s i nce d ea l t w i th t he s ub jec t b ased o n p ub l ished ma te r ia l f r om v ar ious p ar t s o f E gyp t ( mos t ly Upper E gyp t ) . T o t h is ma te r ia l we wou ld l i ke t o a dd t he f i nds f r om t he E as tern D e l ta ( F ig . 1 ) .

T he f o re ign v esse ls f r om M insha t Abu Oma r T he t wen ty f o re ign v e s se ls f ound s o f a ri n M insha t Abu Omar s t em f r om u nd i s tu rbed g rave c on tex ta nd a re t he re fore o fs o me v a lue f o rc ompa ra t ive c hrono log ica l s t ud ies . I nt he c e me tery 3 70 p re/ear ly d ynas t ic g rave s h ave b een c l eared s o f a r . T hese a re d a ted t o Naqada I c -Dynas ty 11 ( 3 200 -2950 B .C . ) , w i th mos t i mpor ts h av ing b een f ound i n t he o lder g rave s d a t ing t o Naqada I c I I I . Wavy -hand led a nd l o op -hand led j a r s T he f i r s t v e sse l t ob ec on s ide red i s awavy -hand led j a r ( F ig .2 a ) . I tw a s f ound u sed a sa c o f f in f o r af oe tus b ur ia l a nd h ad t o b e r e s tored f r om many p ieces i n to wh ich i th ad d i s in teg ra ted , d ue t ot he h igh s a l tc on ten to f t he s o i l a to ur s i te . I th ad af l a tb o t tom , w ide

1 .C h rono log ica l d iv is ions a cco rd ing t oK a ise r 1 957 .

-4 07 -

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

KARLA KROEPER

Da mietta

0 Menza leh

Mansura San e l- Hagar

0

Mendes

TELL SA MARA

0

EL -C iANTARA 0

S i mballa we in GEZ I RA

SANGAHA

EL-HUSSEINIYA

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0 F aqüs

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43 -4 08 -

50

PALEST IN IAN CERAM IC I MPORTS I N PRE - AND P RUTOH ISTOR IC EGYPT

Maad i

A bus i r e l -Me leq

M insha t A bu Oma r a S ca le: c a . 1 / 8 , e xcep t n ° a : c a . 1 / 3 .

A b ydos

e l -Am rah

A bydos

N agada

H ie rakonpo l is F iG .

N agada

A rad

2 . — Wavy -hand led j a r s .

-4 09 -I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

K ARLA K RO E P ER

M insha t A bu Oma r

a

G e rzeh FI G .3 . —Ledge -hand led j a r s . b ody ,r ounded s hou lde r s ,c oncave n e ck ,a nd s o mewha tr ounded o ve rhang ing l i p .T he re a re t r ace s o fr ed c o lor o n t he b ody a nd ad iagona l s t r ip o fa pp l ied c l ay r unn ing f r om t he n eck a rea t o t he b ody i sd e cora ted i n ar ope l ike p a t te rn . T he t wo wavy ledge h and les a re a t tached r a the rl ow o nt he b ody . T he c o lor o ft he c l ay i sy e l low ish ( Mun se l l 2 . 5/5 YR 8 /4 ) w i th s ome c e ram ic a nd m inera l t empe r . T he h e igh t o f t he v e sse l ( no t c o mp le te a t t he b o t tom )i s2 9 cm . S im i lar v e sse ls h ave b een f ound t h roughou tE gyp ti nw ide ly d i spe r sed p lace s: -A t Maad i r ema in s o f f our e xamp les h ave b een p ub l ished w i th , n o t o n ly t he s hape , b u t a l so t he p a s te b e ing n o ted a s f o re ign . T he c l ay i sd e scr ibed a s a lmos t wh i te o r r edd ish wh i te a nd c overed w i th a wh i te s l ip ( F ig .2 b ) . -I n Abus i re l -Me leq aw avy -hand led j a rf ound i n aNaqada I I t omb i sd e scr ibed a s3 6 cm . h igh w i th wavy h and les a nd ad ecora t ive r ope d e s ign n ea rt he t op o ft he v esse l ( F ig .2 c ) . -Two e xamp le s o fw avy -hand led j a r s f r om Abydos a re d e sc r ibed a s " coar se g ra ined h ard wa re , i n s ide y e l low ish w i th many g ra in s o f d ark s t one " a s r egards t he c era m ic ma te r ia l ( F igs . 2 d -2e ) . -A f ur the r e xamp le i sk nown f r om e l -Am rah wh ich c ar r ie sl edge h and les ( no t wavy ) a nd i sa dd i t iona l ly p a in ted i n s o me p ar t s ( F ig .2 f ) . -T he Naqada e xamp le , t oday i n t he A shmo lean Museum , w as a l ready r ecogn ized b y P e tr ie a s i mpor t -wa re; t h is was c on f irmed a f ter t he p e t rog raph ic a na ly s is c arr ied o u t b y G lass a nd Am iran ( F ig .2 g ) . -Ano the re xamp le o ft h i s t ype was f ound a tH ie rakonpo l is a nd p i c tu red i n ap la te b u tn o t men t ioned i n t he t e x t ( F ig .2 h ) . T he se r a ther f ew e xamp le sf ound i nE gyp ts t and i n ma rked c on t ras tt ot he l a rge n umbe r o f P a les t in ian p ara l le l s , w i th e spec ia l ly many f ound a t A rad ( Am iran e ta l . 1 978: e . g . p l s . 3 1-33 ) . T hese " t rue " i mpor ts a s o pposed t o l o ca l ly made c op ies , make t he ir f i r s t a ppea rance i nE gyp ti n Naqada I c t ime sa nd c on t inue s porad ica l ly u n t i lj u s tb e fore t he i s t Dynas ty . T he l o ca l p o t te rs o f E gyp t b egan a lmos t i mmed ia te ly ( Naqada I c ) t o p roduce v e sse ls wh ich a ppear t o b e i m i ta t ions o f t he i mpor ted wavy -hand led j a rs , c opy ing n o t o n ly t he p ro m inen t f e a ture , n ame ly t he wavy h and le s , b u t a l so u s ing ma r l c l ay s , p erhap s i n aa t temp t t o r ep roduce t he l i gh t c o lored s ur face/c lay o f t h e i mpor ted v esse ls . I ti s

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 4 10E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702.Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P A LE ST IN IAN C ERAM IC I M PORT SI NP R E - A ND P RO TOH I STOR IC E GYP T

M insha tA bu Oma r a

FI G .4 .— L oop -hand led j a r s .

g enera l ly a ccep ted t ha t t he i mpor ted P a les t in ian v esse ls were t he p ro to type f o r t he l o ca l ly p roduced E gyp t ian w avy -hand led j a rs . Howeve r , d i f ference s i n t he t wo p roduc t s a r e n o t iceab le f r om t he b eg inn ing . Whe reas t he h and les o f t he E gyp t ian j a r s a re u sua l ly a t tached a tt he w ide s t p a r t o f t he b ody o r a bove , t he h and le s o ft he i mpor t s a re a t tached mos t ly b e low t he w ides t p ar t o f t he b ody: c o mpare F ig . 2 i , a n E gyp t ian v e sse l f r om Naqada , w i th F ig . 2 j , aP a le s t in ian v e sse l f r om A rad . T he p ropor t ions a l so d i f fer , i n t ha t t h eb ase o f t he E gyp t ian v e sse ls i sn ar rower t han t he l i p/d iame te r; c on t rar i ly , t h eb ase o f t h e i mpor t v esse l i sw ide r t han t he l i p/neck . L a te r o fc our se t he E gyp t ian w avy -hand led j a rd eve loped a long c omp le te ly d i f fe ren tl i nes . T he l ower p ar t o f as e cond l edge -hand led j a r was f ound , o n ly p ar t ly p re se rved , i n g rave 8 40 ( F ig . 3 a ) . T he r ough ly mode l led l edge -hand le s a re a t tached r a the r l ow o n t he s moo thed b ody o f t he v e s se l wh ich e nds w i th af l a tb ase . B e tween t he t wo l e dge h and le s a nd s o mewha th ighe ru po n t he b ody ,t h er ema in so f av er t ica ll o op h and le i sp re se rved o n o ne s ide o n ly . T he o u t s ide o f t he l oop h and le i sv e r t ica l ly s cored i nt he c l ay b e fore f i r ing . T he e x is tence o f a n e ven tua l s econd l oop h and le o n t he o ppos i te s i de c ou ld n o t b e d e ter m ined w i th c er ta in ty . P ara l le ls t o t h is p iece i n E gyp t a re d i f f icu l t t ol o ca l ize u n less t he v esse l f r om G e rzeh ( F ig . 3 b ) , p ub l ished w i thou t r e fe rence i nt he t e x t , i sc on s idered t ob e t he c omp le te f o rm o f o ur f i nd f r om M in sha tA bu Oma r . As im i lar ly s haped v e sse l , b u t sma l ler , i sa no the r M in sha t A bu Omar f i nd f r om g rave 7 99 ( F ig .4 a ) . F u l ly p re se rved , s o mewha t sma l le r t han t he a bove , t he j a r c ar r ie s t wo l oop h and les a t tached a bove t he w ides t p a r t o f t he b ody a nd b e tween t hese i sa t tached a r a ised h or izon ta l s t r ip o f c l ay , d eep ly s cored v e r t ica l ly . An e xac t p ara l le l i sk nown t o c o me f r om Naqada ( F ig .4 b ) . T he ma ter ia l o ft he t wo a bove v e sse l s f r om t he E as tern D e l ta i sc l ear ly n o t E gyp t ian . T he s ur face o f b o th i sl i gh t o range i n c o lor ( Munse l l 5YR 7 /8 ) , f e e ls r ough t o t he t ouch , i sq u i te h ard , w i th many i n c lus ions v i s ib le t o t he e ye a t t he s ur face . T he s i ze a nd c o lor o ft he m ine ra li n c lus ion sd i f fer s o mewha ti nt h e t wo v e sse l sb u t t he ma t r ix o f t he t wo v esse ls ( F ig s .3 a a nd 4 a ) a ppears t o b e t he s ame . As a mp le o f t he c l ay o fv e s se lF ig .3 aw a se xam ined b yN .P o ra t who f ound i tt oc or re spond t os a mp le sf r om A rad . S evera l s im i lar ( bu t n o t i den t ica l ) v esse ls a re k nown f r om J e r icho ( F ig .4 c ) , A i ( F ig .4 d ) a nd A rad . A l l o f t hese c ompara t ive p o t s h owever d o n o t s eem t o h ave t he c harac ter is t ic r a ised , s cored , p las t ic b and b e tween t he h and les . No c on ten ts were

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 1 1 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

KARLA KROEPER

c a . 1 / 6

c a . 1 / 6

N a gada

M os tagada

c a . 1 / 2

M insha tA bu Oma r a

A l

A l

FI G .5 .— P o ts .

d e tec tab le i n t he t wo v e sse ls f ound i n M insha t Abu Oma r . T he d a te o f t he t wo g rave s i n wh ich t he se j a r s were f ound a s d e term ined b y t he r e s t o ft he g rave g oods i st h e Naqada I c I Id p er iod . P o t A sma l l p o t ( F ig .5 a; H: 8 . 7 cm . ) w i th a s o mewha t r ounded b o t to m a nd h and les a lmos t r educed t ol ugs was f ound i n g rave 2 21 . I td a te s t ot he s a me p e r iod a s t he o b jec t s a bove . S im i lar amphor isko i h ave b een f ound i n E gyp t a tv ar ious p laces s uch a s Naqada ( F ig .5 h ) a nd Mos tagada ( F ig .5 c ) . Ap a in ted v e sse l o ft he s ame t ype wa s f ound i n Abus ir e l - Me leq ( S char f f 1 926: T f l . 1 3: 5 9 ) . Un for tuna te ly i ti sn o t men t ioned i n t he a bove p ub l ica t ion s o f t he v e sse ls i ft he se a re made o f f o re ign c l ays , a s i st he c ase i n t he M in sha t Abu Omar p o t . P a le s t in ian p ara l le ls o ccu ra tv ar ious s i te si n c lud ing A rad a nd A i ( F ig .5 d ) . S p ou t ed j ug s •T hree s pou ted v e sse ls were f ound i nM in sha t Abu Oma r s o f a r , a l l o fw ide ly d i f feren t a ppearance ( F igs .6 a , 7 a , 7 c ) . T he s pou ted j ug ( F ig .6 a ) w i th t wo sma l l l oop h and le s a t tached v er t ica l ly t o t he b ody a tt he h e igh to ft he s pou tr ep re sen t s ,t oo ur k now ledge , au n ique f o rm f ound i nE gyp ts of a r . T he 1 6 cm . h igh v e s se l ( l ip n o t p re served ) was f ound i ns i tu a tM insha t Abu Omar i n a g rave o fG roup I ,d a t ing t o Naqada I c I Id . T he c l ay f abr ic i nd ica tes t he f o re ign o r ig in o f t he p iece . T he s u r face i su n t rea ted , n e i the r s l ipped n or p o l ished . C ompa ra t ive ma te r ia l , t he s o -ca l led " t eapo t " , i sk nown f r om F är 'ah ( F igs .6 b -6c ) , J e r icho ( F igs .6 d -6e ) a nd o the r s i te s , a l though t he p lacemen to f t he h and les i nr e la t ion t ot h e s pou t v ar ie s ag rea td ea l . I n t h is c ase , a ga in , ac l oser e xa m ina t ion o f t he c l ay c ompos i t ion m igh t h e lp t o l oca l ize t he p lace o fo r ig in o ft he E gyp t ian p i ece mo re p rec ise ly .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 12 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

PALE ST IN IAN C ERAM IC IMPORTS I N PRE - AND P ROTOH ISTOR IC EGYPT

c a . 1 / 2

M insha tA bu Oma r a

c a . 1 7

J e r icho

c a . 1 / 5

F ärah ( N )

c a . 1f 7

J e r icho

FI G .6 .— S pou ted j u g s . T he sma l les t o f t he t h ree s pou ted j ugs f r om M insha t Abu Omar ( F ig .7 a ) d a tes a cco rd ing t o g rave c on tex t t o t he s a me p er iod a s t he v e sse l a bove . I t was r e s tored f r om many sma l l f r ag men t s a nd i s c l ear ly made o f f o re ign c l ay ma ter ia l a l though f ur ther a na ly s is i sn eeded t ol o ca l ize t he p lace o fo r ig in . G ene ra l ly , t he v e sse l c or re sponds t oq u i te af ew o the rj a r sf ound i nE gyp t( F ig .7 b ) . Howeve r ,e ven as uper f ic ia le xam ina t ion a s tounds w i th t he mu l t i tude o f f o rm s a nd v ar ia t ions o f s ur face t r ea tmen t wh ich o ccur . T he s pou t f o rm a nd w ay o f a t tachmen t ; a s w e l l a s t he t ype o f c l ay u sed f o r t he se v e sse ls , v ar ies a g rea t d ea l . H ere ,a sw i th t he g roup o f wavy -hand led v es se ls a bove ,v ar iou sc on s idera t ion s mu s tb e t a ken i n to a ccoun t . On t h eo ne h and , we may h ave " t rue " i mpor t s f ound i nE gyp t; b u t o n t h e o ther h and , v e ry s im i lar p iece s we re p roduced i n E gyp t i t se l f . T he v e sse l s hape may owe i t so r ig in t oa no u t s ide i mpu lse b u tw as r ap id ly a b sorbed a nd d eve loped a l ong i t s own l i nes b y t he l o ca l p o t te r s , t o ap o in t where t he p roduc t h as l i t t le r e semb lance t o t he

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -4 13 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

K ARLA K ROEPER

1 / 1 .8

M insha tA bu Oma r

g 7

M insha t A bu Oma r FI G .7 .— S pou ted j u g s( c on t inu ed ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 14 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

)

F arah ( N )

P ALEST IN IAN C ERAM IC I MPORTS I N P RE - AND P ROTOH ISTOR IC E , GYPT

C a .

1 / 2

M insha t A bu Oma r a

A za r b

F IG .

J e r icho C 8 .— M is ce l laneous s pou ted v e s se l s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien,Parts and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. 4 15 IActes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

K ARLA K ROEP ER

M insha tA bu Oma r a

F ärah ( N )

FI G .9 .— K eg f o rm v e s s e l s .

p ro to type . I ft he f o rm type o f t he s pou ted v esse l o f F ig . 7 c ( Naqada . I I -Dynas ty I ) e vo lved f r om a n o lde r t ype ( e .g . F ig . 7 b ) , o r i fi n s tead a n ew t ype was " c rea ted " d ue t o o u t s ide i mpe tus , h as n o t b een s u f f ic ien t ly s t ud ied . T he q ue s t ion o f t he o r ig in o f s pou ted v esse ls a s p ropounded b y H . K an tor ( 1 965 ) , R . Am i ran ( 1 970 ) a nd o ther s , i sn o t as imp le o ne . I ti sc er ta in t ha t u n t i l n ow f ew " t rue " i mpor ts o fs pou ted v esse ls h ave b een i den t i f ied a s s uch o n t he b as is o f c l ay e xam ina t ion . T he c l ose s t n on -Egyp t ian p ara l le ls t o t he p o t F ig . 7 a f r om M insha t Abu Omar a re v esse ls f r om F är 'ah ( F ig . 7 d ) a nd a c ompara t ive a na ly s i s o ft he c l ay o ft he se p o t s m igh tb eo fi n tere s t . O the r s pou ted v e s se l s T ha to n ly af ew r ea li mpo r ts o ft he s pou ted v e sse l sw e re f ound i nE gyp ti sp robab ly d ue t o t he f a c t t ha t t he s hape was n o t v e ry c onven ien t f o r t r anspor t o ver l ong d i s tances . T he sma l l o va l v esse l w i th a s pou t a t t he t op m idd le , f l anked b y t wo u p r igh t l o op h and les i s o nce a ga in au n ique f i nd i nE gyp tf r om M in sha t Abu Oma r( F ig .R a; H . 1 2 cm . ,L .1 2 .9 cm . ) . One s i de o f t he o va l b ody i sd ecora ted w i th ar ope o rnamen t , t he o ther e nd i sp la in a nd f l a t tened . T he g rave d a tes t o Naqada I c I Id . •T h is t ype o f v e sse l h a s s o f a r n o t a ppeared a nywhe re i nE gyp t , t he f o rm a nd t he c l ay ma rk ing t he j a r a s i mpor t . T he p iece h as b een p a ra l le led t o c hurns a nd c hu rn f r ag men t s f r om J e r icho ( F ig . 8 c ) , A rad ( Am iran e ta l . 1 978: p l .5 : 4 ) a nd mos t r ecen t ly a n e xac t p ara l le l h as b een f ound a t Azor ( F ig .8 b ) . T he p ro to type o f t h is s hape s eem s t o b e a n a n ima l s k in w i th l e gs a nd n eck e nd t i ed t o s hape . T h is t ype o f a n i ma l h ide u sed a s a c on ta iner i n p repa r ing m i lk f o r b u t te r p roduc t ion i ss t i l l i n u se t oday i n E gyp t . E qua l ly f r equen ti st he u se o fs uch a na n ima ls k in a s wa ter c on ta ine r . S ince mos t o b jec t s d epos i ted i ng rave s i nE gyp t w e re i n tended t os upp ly t h e d eceased w i th t he n ece ssary o f fer ing f o r t he a f te r l i fe , i ts eem s mos t l i ke ly t ha t t h is i mpor ted v es se l may h ave , a to ne t ime , c on ta ined s o me i mpor ted l i qu id , p e rhaps o i l o r s ome s uch . Whe the r a t t h is t ime t he s hape o f t he v esse l a l ready r epresen ted t he l i qu id a s s uch i s h oweve rn o tc e r ta in ;i na ny c a se n or ema ins o fc on ten t sw e re f ound i nt h is j a r .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 16 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P A LE ST IN IAN C ERAM IC I M PORT S I NP R E - A ND P RO TOH I STOR IC E GYP T

H i e rakonpo l is b

M insha tA bu Oma r a

A l C

J e r icho d

FI G .1 0 . —L oop -hand led j u g s . An u pr igh t k eg f o rm v esse l c ar ry ing a n a symme tr ica l s pou t f l anked b y t wo l oop h and les i se qua l ly u n ique i n f o rm a nd f ab r ic f o r E gyp t ( F ig .9 a ) . T he t op p la t form i s d ecora ted w i th i mp re ssed p ara l le l r ows o f sma l l c i rc le s . T he h e igh t o f t he r e s tored v e sse l i sc .1 2 cm . I t s f abr ic i sg rey ish i nc o lor ( Munse l l 1 0 YR 5 /1 ) , v ery b r i t t le a nd f l aky . I to n ly l oose ly r e semb les t he P a le s t in ian c hurn ma ter ia l i n f o rm ( F ig .9 b ) . G ene ra l ly t he f abr ic a l so a ppear s d i f feren t f r om t he p rev ious i mpor ted p ieces b u t t h is q ue s t ion w i l l h ave t o a wa i t more d e ta i led e xam ina t ion o ft he c l ay f abr ic b y s c ien t i f ic me thods .

L oop -hand l ed j ug s T he l a s tf our e xamp le so fi mpo r t sf ound i nt he c e me te ry o fM insha t Abu Oma rb e long t o ad i f feren t c l a ss . T hey w e re f ound i nt he l a te r ,G roup I V ,g rave s d a t ing f r om Naqada I I t o t he b eg inn ing o ft he i s tD yna s ty . T he l oop -hand led j ug s , s uch a s t h eo ne f r om M in sha t Abu Omar ( F ig .1 0a; max . h e igh t a tt he h and le: 2 1 .7 cm . ) , w i th f l a t tened b ase a nd f l ared n eck , a re r a ther r a re i n E gyp t . I n Maad i , ap a r t ly p re se rved v esse l may b eo ne p a ra l le l ,b u ti n mos t c ase s t he E gyp t ian f i nds o f t h is t ype a re l im i ted t o l oop -hand led v esse ls i n c up s hape a s f ound , f o r e xamp le , i n H ierakonpo l is ( F ig . 1 0b ) . S ome p a in ted j ug le ts a l so a ppear s porad ica l ly a tv ar ious s i te s i n E gyp t , e . g . , a tG erzeh ( Pe tr ie e ta l . 1 912: p l .X I: 1 00 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts -4 1 7I and - II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

KARLA KROEPER

J e r icho C

M insha t A bu Oma r a M insha t A bu Oma r b

\

c a . 1 :6

A l C

S aqqa ra d

A bydos e FI G . 1 .— L oop -hand led j ug s( c on t inued ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -4 18 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

PALEST IN IAN C ERAM IC I MPORTS I N P RE - AND P ROTOH ISTOR IC E GYPT

T he M insha t Abu Omar v esse l was made p a r t ly ( uppe r p ar t ) o n as l ow mov ing whee l a nd w a s f i n ished w i th asmoo th b u f f s ur face o f al i gh t g rey c o lor . T he c l ay c ou ld o n ly b e e xa m ined f r om t he s ur face s i nce t he v e s se l w as i n tac t; a l though a f o re ign c l ay i sl i ke ly , t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t t he p o t i s made o f E gyp t ian mar l c l ay c anno t b e c o mp le te ly e l im ina ted . T he c l oses t f o re ign p ara l le ls c ome f r om A i ( F ig . 1 0c ) a nd J e r icho ( F ig . 1 0d ) a nd a re r e la ted i n s hape a nd s o me t ime s a l so i n s ur face t r ea tmen t . T he j ug s f r om A rad ( and many o ther p laces ) w i th s l ipped a nd p o l ished s ur faces , a nd a l so t he p a in ted j ug le t s , s eem t o b e long t o ad i f fe ren tg roup . Two sma l l v e sse ls ( F igs ha a nd lb; r e spec t ive ly 7cm . a nd 1 .7 cm . h igh ) w i th w ide b od ie s ,h igh n a r row n eck s a nd o ne l oop h and le ,c an b eg rouped w i th t he we l l k nown c l a ss o fr ed b urn ished E B I wa re . T he c l ay o ft he se t wo M in sha t A bu Omar v e sse ls , i ns o f a ra s c ou ld b e d e te rm ined , i s al i gh t b e ige/brown ish c o lored h omogeneous ma ter ia l . B o th a re s l ipped a nd p o l ished w i th b urn ish ma rk s q u i te v i s ib le o n t he r edd i sh/orange s u r face . On t he b ody o f v e sse l F ig . 1b t here a re t h ree d ark r ed , i r regu la r ly s haped s po t s a pp l ied a t e qu id is tan t a round t he w ide s t p ar t o f t he p o t . T he t r iangu lar s haped b ody o f t he v esse l F ig . 1a i s ar a ther i n f requen t t ype a s r egards t he P a les t in ian p ara l le ls whereas t he f l a t b o t tomed e xamp le o f F ig . l ib c or re sponds t o t he ma jo r i ty o f s im i lar f i nds i n E gyp t a nd P a les t ine , e spec ia l ly a tA rad , A i a nd J e r icho ( F ig . 1c ) . At h ird v e s se l o f t he s ame t ype b u t w i th more b u lbou sb ody c a r r ie s t wo sma l l p ierced l ug h and les , s im i lar t o f i nds f r om B u to , S aqqara ( F ig . 1d ) a nd Abydos ( F ig . 1e ) . On s he rds f r om t h is v e sse l , s eve ra l s c ra tch ma rks ,a pp l ied a f te rf i r ing , h ave b een f ound . I n teres t ing t on o te a sr egards t hese j ug le t si st he v o lume i n wh ich t hey o ccu ri nE gyp ti n c on tras t t o t he e ar l ie r w are . Abou t 1 00 p ieces a re s pec i f ica l ly men t ioned b y Emery a s h av ing b een f ound i nS aqqa ra , a tl e as t 1 0 a re k nown f r om Abydos a nd s porad ica l ly s o me o c cu ra tv ar iou so the rp lace st h roughou tE gyp t .C on s ider ing t ha tw ea re h e re i nt he t ime o f t he u n if ica t ion o f E gyp t , o ne s ees i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th a more c en tra l ized s t a te a nd o rgan iza t ion a s pec ia l ized t r ade i n teres t a r is ing o n t he p ar t o f t he r oya l ty a nd t he ir o f f ic ia ls .

D is c u ss ion

I n p resen t ing t he i mpor t wa re f ound i nM in sha t A bu Omar i tw i l l h ave b eco me c l ear t h a te ven w i th t h is sma l l amoun to ff i nd s , wh ich b y f a rd o n o ti n c lude t he who le s pec t rum o f i mpor ted f o rm types f ound i n E gyp t a t o ther s i tes , t he q ues t ions wh ich a r ise i n c onnec t ion w i th i n ter re la t ions , f o re ign t r ade , i n f luence a nd l o ca l i m i ta t ion a re man i fo ld a nd t he a n swer s a va i lab le f a r f r om c omp le te . P e r spec t ive s hou ld b e p reserved , e spec ia l ly a sr egards e s t ima t ing t h e amoun t o f t r ade wh ich m igh t h ave e x is ted b e fore t he u n i f ica t ion o fE gyp tb a sed o n af ew " t rue " i mpor tp i eces . One mus tr emembe r t ha tt he t r ue v o lume o f i mpor ts , e spe c ia l ly i nt he e ar l ie r t ime , may n ever b ea ccura te ly k nown . Due t ot he f a c t , a s men t ioned a bove , t ha t s o me o f t he p ieces a re i n a n e x treme ly f r ag i le s t a te when d i s covered ,s o me d oub ta r ise sa st o whe ther o rn o ts uch f i nds wou ld h ave b een n o t iced a nd r e corded , l e ta l one p ub l ished , i nt he 1 9 th a nd b eg inn ing o ft he 2 0 th c en tury . Ano ther p o in t i nt h is r ega rd i st he i den t i f ica t ion o fi mpor t w a re f ound i nE gyp t . U sua l ly t h ey a re n o t iced d ue t ot he ir u nusua l f o rm a nd a re t h en e xam ined mo re c l o se ly a st oc l ay ma t r ix a nd f o re ign p ara l le ls . B u t p iece s o f amore c ommon s hape , e spec ia l ly i fi n tac t a nd i fa dd i t iona l ly t he s ur face i ss l ipped , c an e s cape n o t ice . T he t r ue v o lume o f i mpor ts w i l l t here fore p robab ly n o t b e a ccura te ly a scer ta inab le .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 19 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

KARLA KROEPER

T he f a c t t ha t i n M insha t Abu Omar c .2 0 i mpor ted v esse ls h ave b een n o ted i n c ompar ison t o t he t o ta l v o lume o f c eram ic ma te r ia l ( c .2 000 p ieces ) may s eem a sma l l amoun ta tf i r s t ,b u ts i nce n o t many more f i nds a re k nown f r om o ther s i te so ft he P redynas t ic p e r iod ,t h is d e serve ss o me c ommen t . T he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t ag roup o f i mm igran ts may h ave s e t t led a t M in sha t Abu Oma r a nd c on t inued t he re t he ir own t r ad i t ion s f i nds , u n t i ln ow , n o s uppor t f r om t h e e v idence a t t he s i te . No u nusua lr i te s/ t rad i t ion sc an b en o ted i nt h eg rave s .T he b ur ia ls a re n o to n ly n o t f o re ign a ppear ing b u t n o t e ven p a r t icu lar ly " De l ta " look ing t ype s o f b ur ia ls . T hey a re o f t he u sua l t r ad i t ion o f t h is t ime p e r iod ( j us t b e fore t he i s t Dynas ty ) t yp ica l t h roughou t E gyp t . F ur ther , o ne wou ld e xpec t much more f o re ign type c e ram ic a t t he s i te , p robab ly made o f l o ca l c l ay , i f ac ommun ity o f f o re igne r s h ad b een l i v ing t here . S o f a r n o " im i ta t ions " o f f o re ign ware h ave a ppeared a t M in sha t Abu Omar . T he s ke le ta l ma te r ia l e xa m ined b y a n thropo log is t s ( a l though t he ma ter ia li si nb ad c ond i t ion ) g ive s n o h in to fa f o re ign e l emen tb e ing p resen ta tt h is s i te . T he p os i t ion o fM in sha t A bu Omar ( s ee F ig . 1 )o n t h e t hen a c t ive P e lu s ian N i le b ranch ( S ee B ie tak 1 975: e sp . 9 9 f . ) , d i rec t ly i n l i ne w i th t he o ve r land r ou te v ia Q an tara , e l -Beda t o P a le s t ine a nd p robab ly f u r ther n or th , mus t h ave g iven t h is v i l lage s ome s t a tus a s a t r ad ing p os t . T h is may a l so e xp la in why a tt he b eg inn ing o f t he i s t Dynas ty t he b ur ia ls o f M in sha t Abu Omar i n crease d rama t ica l ly a s r egards wea l th . P oss ib ly a t t he t ime o f u n i f ica t ion ak ind o fo f f ic ia l o u tpos t i na s soc ia t ion w i th t h e c our t w as c rea ted h ere . I ft hen M insha t Abu Omar wou ld h ave b een af o r t i f ied s e t t lemen t ,a si sk nown a to the rs i tes ,i sa n i n te re s t ing q ue s t ion . S ince we h ave t od a te n o tf ound t he s e t t lemen tb e long ing t ot he e ar ly Dynas t ic c eme tery , t h is q ues t ion w i l l h ave t ob e p u t a s ide u n t i l s uch a t ime t ha t we c an l o ca l ize i t .W i th t h is i nm ind w e a re u nde r tak ing a s e ason o f e xp lora t ion i n t h e s pr ing o f 1 987 . T he q ue s t ion a s t o why a tt he e nd o f t he i s t Dynas ty t h is p os t was n o l onge r n eeded ( un t i l n ow n o b ur ia ls d a t ing b e tween 2 nd Dynas ty a nd P to lema ic t imes h ave b een f ound ) c anno t b e a nswered a t p re sen t; b o th n a tura l ( e .g . , ac hange i n t he c ou rse o f t he N i le b ran ch ) o r s oc io -econo m ica l r easons ( e .g . r e loca t ion t h rough ac en t ra l p ower ) c ou ld b et he c ause f o rt he e nd o ft he u se o ft he c eme te ry a nd v i l lage o fM in sha t Abu Omar .

REFERE NCES

TO

F IG URES

FI G .2 .- a )K roepe r &W i ldung 1 985: Abb .2 07 . b ) Mengh in & Ame r1 932 , :p l . XXX I I :2 6 f . c )S cha r f f1 926 :p l .9 : 5 ,1 7 f . d e ) Qu ibel 1 905: p l . XX IX: 1 34 . f )R anda l l - Madve r & Mace 1 902: p l . X IV: 4 2 f . g ) Am i ran & G las s 1 979: 5 4 f . h ) Qu ibel & G reen 1 902: p l .L X IX: 3 . 1 )P e t r ie 1 921 :p l . XXV I I I: 3 .j )Am iran e ta l . 1 978 :p l .3 2 :5 . F IG .3 .- a )K roepe r &W i ldung 1 985 :Abb .2 08 . b )P e t r ie 1 92 1 :f i g .3 b =p l . XX 'V I I I: 2 b . FI G . 4 .- a )K roepe r & Wi ldung 1 985: Abb . 2 09 . b )P e t r ie 1 921: f i g . 4 b =p l . XXV I I I: 2 c; B ou r r iau 1 98 1: 1 27 , f i g .2 52 . c )H ennessy 1 967 :p l . XX I I :2 . d )I b id .: p l . XX I I: 3 . FI G . 5 .- a )W i ldung 1 98 1 :Abb . 2 2/37 . b )P e t r ie 1 921 :p l .X I I I: 7 9 . c )B run ton 1 937: p l . XXXV I: 2 8 . d ) Marque t K rause 1 949 :p l .L XX :6 65 ,6 68 ;p l . L XX I I I: 9 50 . FI G .6 .- a )K roepe r & Wi ldung 1 985 :Abb .2 02 . b e ) Am i ran 1 969 :p l .9 : 1 2 , 14 , 15 ,16 . FI G .7 .- a )K roepe r & Wi ldung 1 985: Abb . 2 03 . b )P e t r ie 1 921 :p ls . X V I I I , L I . c )K roepe r & Wi ldung 1 985 :Abb . 1 63 . d ) Am i ran 1 970 :f i g . 3:3 -4 . FI G . 8 .- a )K roepe r &W i ldung 1 985 :Abb .2 10 . b ) Am i ran 1 985 :f i g . 1 .c ) Am i ran 1 977 :

P .

5 5 ,f i g . 6:4 .

FI G .9 .- a )K roepe r & Wi ldung 1 985 :Abb .2 05 . b ) Am i ran 1 977 :f i g .p .5 5 ,n o5 -6 . FI G . 1 0 . - a ) Wi ldung 1 98 1 :Abb . 2 2/40 . b ) Qu ibe l l 1 905: p l . LX IX: 2 . c ) Marque t -K rause 1 949: p l . L XX: 5 64 . d ) Am i ran 1%9 :p l . 1 2: 1 . FI G . 1 .- a )K roepe r & Wi ldung 1 985 : Abb .2 04 . b )K roepe r &W i ldung 1 985 : Abb .2 06 . c ) Hennes sy 1 967 :p l .X L : 8 9 . d ) Eme ry 1 958: p l .3 1 , 7 5 . e )P e t r ie 1 9 12: p l .V I I I .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -4 2 0Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

P ALEST IN IAN C ERAM IC I MPORT S I N P RE - AND P ROTOH L STOR IC E GYPT

B IBLI OGRAP HY AM IRAN ,R . 1 969 1 970 1 977

A n c i en t P o t t e ry o ft h e H o ly L and . J e ru sa lem: Mas sada P res s . T he B eg inn ing so fU rban iza t ion i nC anaan . P p . 8 3 100 i nJ . A . S ande r s , e d . , N e ar E a s t e rn A r cha eo logy i nt h e T w en t i e th C en tury , E s say s i nH ono ro fN e l son G lu eck . New Y o rk: Doub leday & C o . P o t te ry f r om t he Neo l i th ic S i te Near T el D e lham iya a nd S ome No tes o n t he C harac te r o f t he

C ha lco l i th ic -Ea r ly B ronze IT rans i t ion . E r e tz I sra e l 1 3: 4 8 -56 ( i n Heb rew ) a nd 2 9 1* ( Eng l i sh s ummary ) . 1 985 C anaan i te Me rchan ts i nT omb so ft h eE a r ly B ronze Age Ia tA zo r . ' A t i qo t ( Engl i sh s e r ie s ) 1 7 : 1 90 192 . AM IRAN ,R . &G LASS ,J . 1 979 An A rchaeo log ica l -Pe t rog r aph ica l S tudy o f 1 5 W- Ware P o ts i n t he A shmo lean Mu seum . T e l A v iv 6 : 5 4 -59 . AM IRAN ,R . ,e ta l . 1 978

E ar ly A rad . T he C ha lco l i th i c S e t t l emen t a n t t h e E ar ly B ronz e A ge C i ty . I . F i r s t -F if th S ea son s o f E x c av a t ion s , 1 962 1966 . J e ru sa lem: T he I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . B IETAK ,M . 1 975 T e l l e l -D aba I . W ien: Ö s te r re ich ische Akadem ie d e r W is senscha f ten . BOURR IAU ,J . 1 98 1 Umm e l -Ga 'ab . P o t te ry f r om t h e N i l e V a l l ey b e f o r e t h e A r ab C onque s t . C a ta logue . E xh ib i t ion o rgan ized b y t he F i tzw i l l iam Mu seum , 6O c tobe r t o1 D e cembe r1 98 1 . C amb r idge . BR UN TON ,G . 1 937 Mo s tagedd aa nd t h e T a s i an C u l tu r e . L ondon: B . Qua r i tch . EMERY ,W . 1 958 G r e a t T omb so ft h eF i r s t D yna s ty V o lume I . L ondon: E gyp t E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . HELCK ,W . 1 97 9 E in ige B e t rach tungen z u d en f rühe s ten B ez iehungen zw ischen Ägyp ten u nd V o rde ras ien . U gar i t F o r schungen 2 : 3 57 -363 . HENNE S SY ,J .B . 1 967 T he F or e ign R e la t ions o f P a le s t in e d ur ing t h e E ar ly B ronz e A ge . C o l t A rchaeo log ica l I ns t i tu te P ub l ica t ion s .L ondon : B .Q uar i t ch . KA ISER ,W . 1 957 Z u r i nne ren C hrono log ie d e r N aq adaku l tu r . A r cheao log i a G eogr aph i c a 6 : 6 9 -77 . KANTOR ,H .J . 1 96 5 T he C hrono logy o f E gyp t a nd I t s C o r re la t ions w i th t h a t o fO the r P ar ts o f t he Nea r E as t i n t he P e r iods B e fo re t he L a te B ronze Age . P p . 1 27 i n R .W . E hrl ich , e d . , C hrono log i e s i n O ld W or ld A r chaeo logy . C h icago: C h ic ago Un ive r s i ty P res s . KROEFER ,K . , & WILDUNG , D . 1 985 M in sha t A bu Omar , Münchn er O s td e l taExp ed i t ion , V o rb er i ch t 1 978 -84 . S chr i f ten a u s d e r Ägyp t ischen S amm lung H e f t3 . München: S t aa tl iche S amm lung Ä gyp t is che rK uns t . RANDALL -MAC IVER ,P . & MACE ,A .C . , 1 902 E l Amr ah a nd A bydo s .L ondon :E gyp tE xp lo ra t ion F und . MARQUET -KRAUSE ,J . 1 949 L e s F ou i l l e s d e ' A i ( e t T e l l ) 1 933 -35 . I n s t i tu t f r a rKa is d ' archeo log ie o r ien ta le , B ib l io theque a rcheo log ique e th i s to r ique 4 5 . P ar is : P .G eu thne r . MENGH 1N ,0 . & AMER ,M . 1 932 T he E xcava t ions o f t h e E gyp t i an U n iv e r s i ty i n t h e N eo l i th i c S i te a t Maad i . F i r s t P r e l im inary R epo r t ( S e a son 1 9 . 3D -31 ) . E gyp t i an U n ive rs i ty , F acu l ty o fA r t sP ub l . n ° 1 9 . C a i ro :M i rs S okka r P re s s . S CHARFF ,A . 1 926 D ie a rchäo log i schen E rgebn i sse d e s v orgesch ich t l ichen G räberf e lde s v on A bus ir e l -M e leq . Wis senscha f t l iche V e rö f fen t l ichung d e r D eu tschen O r ien tGeselscha f t , 4 9 . L e ipz ig: J .C . H in r ich s . P E TR IE ,W .M . F . 1 90 2 A bydo sI .T he E gyp tE xp lo r a t ion F und ,V o l .2 .L ondon : E gyp tE xp lo r a t ion F und . 1 92 1 C o rpu s o fP r eh i s to r i c P o t t e ry a nd P a l e t te s . P ub l ica t ion o f t he B r i t ish S choo l o f A rchaeo logy i n E gyp t 3 0 . L ondon :B . Qua r i tch . P ETR IE ,W .M . F . ,e ta l . 1 9 12 T h e L aby r in th , G e rz eh a nd Mazghun eh . L ondon :B . Qua r i tch . QU IBELL ,M . 1 905 A r cha i c O b j ec t s . C a ta l ogu e g ene ra l d u Mu se e d u C a i r e . L e C a i re: I mpr imer ie d e l ' IFAO .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 21 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

KARLA I C ROEPER QU IBELL ,J .E ./ g z GREEN ,F .W . 1 902 H i er ak onp o l i sI .E gyp tR esea rch A cc coun t5 th Memo i r . L ondon: B . Quar i tch . WILDUNG ,D . 1 98 1 Ä gyp ten v o rd en P y r am id en . Ma inz a /Rh . :P h .v .Z abe rn .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

RELATIO NS BET WEE N LATE PRE DYNASTIC EGYPT AN D PALEST INE : SO ME ELE ME NTS AN D PHE N O ME NA S ava P . TUTUND I D epar tmen t o f A rcha eo logy F acu l ty o fA r ts , B e lg r ad e U n iv e r s i ty

T h is p aper a t temp t s t o i n terp re t t he r e su l t s o f r e cen t r e search o n t he Cha lco l i th ic o f L owe rE gyp ta nd i t sf o re ign c onne c t ion s .I tc o mb ine st he s t udy o fn ew e xcava t ion sa nd t he ir f i nd s w i th a f r e sh e va lua t ion o f ma te r ia l e x cava ted much e ar l ie r . I tw i l l f o cus o n t he s i te o f Maad i , whose p lace a nd i mpor tance , n o to n ly i nE gyp t ,b u ta l so i nt he s ou thern L evan t h a s b een s t ressed b y a r chaeo log ica l r e search o ver t he l a s t t wo d e cades . D iscover ies o f G e rzean f i nds i nt he e a s tern D e l ta t end n ow t op lace Maad i w i th in t he a rea o ft he G e rzean c u l ture . New c a l ibra ted r ad ioca rbon d a tes h ave a ss igned t o t he s i te a n e ar ly d a te , i n a g reemen t w i th t he o ne s ugge s ted s oon a f te r i t s d i scovery . R e cen t r e searche s i nn or thern S ina ip rov ide t o ac on s ide rab le e x ten t t he m iss ing l i nk b e tween E gyp ta nd P a le s t ine , wh i le t h e ma te r ia l f r om n ew e xcava t ion s i ns ou thern P a le s t ine p lay a n i mpor tan t p ar ti ns o lv ing t h e p rob le m o f t he p o t te ry o f P a les t in ian c harac ter f ound i n E gyp t i n c on tex ts o f t he Naqada I I I I p er iods . F ina l ly , e xcava t ion s w ere r e sumed r ecen t ly a t Maad i; t o j udge f r om I s abe l le C aneva 's c ommun ica t ion d e l ivered a t t he S ympos iu m i n Dymascewo i n P o land i n 1 984 , t he ir r e su l t s d id n o t a l ter e s sen t ia l ly t he p ic ture a l ready k nown f r om t he l i te ra ture o n t he s ub jec t; b u t t he f a c t t ha t e xcava t ions a re more o r l e ss i n p rogress c on s t i tu tes as t ep t owards as o lu t ion o f many p rob lem s p re sen ted b y t he ma te r ia l f ound a t t h is s i te . C omb ined t oge ther , a l l t he se r e searche s r ep re sen t ac on s iderab le a dvance o n t he r o ad t o ac l eare ru nder s tand ing o f Maad i 's s i gn i f icance . T h is p aper i n tends t o s ugge s t af r amework f o r ar e cons truc t ion o f Maad i 's r e la t ions w i th t he E as ta nd w i th t he n e ighbour ing G e rzean c u l tu re ,a nd t os i ng le o u te l emen t s wh ich c an s e rve a sl andma rks i nt h is a t temp t ,t hough s ome i nt he n a ture o f awork ing h ypo the s i s o n ly . I tw i l l f o cus o n f e a ture s i mpor tan t f o rd e f in ing Maad i 's p lace i n E gyp t ian p reh is tory a nd i t s r e la t ion s w i th P a les t ine v ia S ina i . New d a ta , i nc lud ing r ecen t ly p ub l ished p re l im inary r epor ts , w i l l a l so b ed i scussed . Maad ian a nd G e rzean c u l tures a re p ar t ly c on temporary a nd g eog raph ica l ly c l ose , s o t h a ta ny r e cons t ruc t ion o fe ach o ft he se c u l tu re s mu s tt a ke i n to a ccoun te v idence f r om b o th .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -4 23 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S AVA P . TUTUND M

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c omp lemen tary i nt he s t udy o ft ha tp er iod i nE gyp t ,a nd e spec ia l ly i nL owe rE gyp t .

Maad i a nd T e l E ran i A t Maad i , p o t tery v esse ls w i th t aper ing n eck a nd l edge h and les ( F ig . 1 : 1 ) , l oop h and les ( F ig . 1 : 2 -3 ) , ah igh l oop h and le ( F ig . 1:4 ) o r l ug h and les ( F ig . 1 : 5 )h ave b een c onnec ted , o n t he b as is o f l im i ted a nd m ixed p ara l le ls f r om P a les t ine , w i th t he o ver lapp ing o ft he s o -ca l led l a s t Gha ssu l ian p hase a nd t he P ro to -U rban p e r iod ( Tu tun c li i 1 976; 1 985 ) . T he t aper ing n eck s t hem se lves a re a w e l l k nown f e a ture o f t h e Neo l i th ic A p o t tery o f P a les t ine , b u t t hey c on t inue s porad ica l ly a nd i n al e ss d is t inc t ive v ar ian t t h rough Neo l i th ic A/B p o t tery ( c f . K enyon & Ho l land 1 982: 5 4 , f i g . 2 0: 4 ) , a nd a ppea r among Ghassu l ian ware f r om l a tes t s t ra ta . Ghassu l ian i s a l so r e la ted t o P o t tery Neo l i th ic B ,a s a t tes ted b ye xcava t ion s c onduc ted b yJ .B . Henne ssy i nt he m idd le s t ra ta o f T e le i la t Ghassu l ( J .B . H ennessy: p er s . c o mm . ) . T h is f e a ture may p erhaps r ep resen t t he s u rv iva l o f a n o ld t r ad i t ion i n t he S hephe la a nd t os o me e x ten t i n t he Negev , d ur ing t he o ver lapp ing o f t he Ghassu l ian a nd P ro to U rban p e r iods . A l terna t ive ly , i t may s imp ly b ea f e a ture a ssoc ia ted w i th t he l ong n e cks , wh ich a re a l so c harac ter is t ic o f s o me o f t he Gha ssu l ian p o t tery . A t Maad i , t he t ape r ing n ecks a ppear i n ap o t tery g roup wh ich , i n a dd i t ion t o i t s P a les t in ian e l e men t s , s hows a d e ter iora t ion o f q ua l i ty d ue t o t he c o mpara t ive ly l ow l i v ing s t andards o f i t s makers . T h is k ind o f p o t tery a ppears s porad ica l ly i n s ou thern P a le s t ine . T he p o t tery o fT e l E ran i s hows s o me c onnec t ion s w i th G erzean a nd A rcha ic E gyp t ian p o t tery . Y e iv in i n c luded t he p o t tery w i th E gyp t ian a f f in i t ies i n t he s o -ca l led " pecu l iar wa refound i n S t ra ta V I I I -V I , a nd e spec ia l ly i n S t ra tu m V I , o f a rea D ( Ye iv in 1 967: 4 8; 1 975 :9 6 ) . He w ro te: " much o ft he c omp lex o fc u l ture s man i fe s ted b yt he c hang ing c e ram ic s a s semb lages f r om l aye r t ol a ye r ( f rom t he e a r l ie s t l e ve l , X I I , u p t oa nd i n c lud ing l e ve l I V ) i so n t he who le n ew t o I s rae l a r chaeo logy; a nd a l though i n s o me c ases i ts how s c er ta in a f f in i t ie s w i th t he l a te Cha lco l i th ic o f T e le i la t Ghassu l a nd B eer sheva , i th a s s o f a r n o d e f in i te p ara l le l i n I s rae l " ( 1 960: 1 96 198 ) . T e l E ran i i sa l so " a k ey s i te f o r t h e h i s tory o f E gyp t ian -Pa les t in ian r e la t ions a t t he b eg inn ing o f B ronze A ge " (We ins te in 1 984: 6 1 ) a nd i t si mpor tance f o rc ompa ra t ive c h rono logy h as b een r epea ted ly n o ted . Moreove r ,b e cause o f i t s l ong e x is tence — f r om t h e e ar ly P ro to -U rban p e r iod , w i th s o me l i nk s w i th Ghassu l ian , u n t i l t he o ver lapp ing w i th E a r ly B ronze Age — , t he s i te i so f g rea t s i gn i f icance f o r u nder s tand ing t he r e la t ionsh ip o f E gyp t a s a who le w i th P a les t ine t hroughou t t he Q e rzean p er iod a nd f ur ther , i n to t he F i r s t Dynas ty . S t ra ta X I I -V I a re o f p ar t icu lar i n tere s t f o r t he p e r iod t ha t c once rn s u s h e re , a nd We ins te in h as a l ready i den t i f ied " no l e ss t han f i ve v esse ls w i th E gyp t ian s hapes " f r om t he s t ra ta X -V I ( 1 984: 6 3 ) . However , i n t he p re sen t s t a te o fp ub l ica t ion ,Te l E ran i r ema in s ma in ly ap o ten t ia l s ource , a l though af r esh , d e ta i led s t udy o f t he s i te i sn ow b e ing c ar r ied o u t ( B rand l 1 989 ) , t oge the r w i th f ur ther e xcava t ions ( by A .K emp insk i a nd I .G i lead ) . Ad e ta i led d i scuss ion o f t he E ran i ma ter ia l wou ld t he re fo re b ep rema tu re ,b u ts o me n o te s may b eu se fu l ,e ven a tt h is s t age . We we re u nab le t of i nd a tT e l E ran i a ny d e f in i te o rd i rec t p a ra l le l s , e i the ri nf o rm o ri n f ab r ic , t o t he Maad i p o t tery , a l though t h ere a re s o me r em in i scences o f Maad i . T he re a re j a r s w i th b o th l e dge h and le s a nd w avy h and le s; s uch v e sse l s s eem t oc ome f r om t he l a te G erzean a nd/o r Naqada I I . One s pe c imen i sf r om G e rzeh i t se l f( S .D .4 3 -70 ) ,a nd t he o the r , u nda ted , f r om Naqada , b o th o f t hem w e l l k nown i n l i tera ture ( Pe t r ie 1 921: p l . XXV I I I: 2 c -2b ) . Ac l ose p ara l le l t o t he l a s t -men t ioned v e s se l h as b een f ound r ecen t ly a tM insha t

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). 24 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702.-4 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

R ELAT IONS B ET WEEN LATE P REDYNAST IC E GYPT AND PALEST INE

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de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -4 25 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S AVA P . TUTUND f r

Abu Omar ( Lec lan t 1 983: 4 72 , T a f . X I I I: 1 3 ) , i n P hase Io f t he c e me tery ( Kroeper & Wi ldung 1 985: 7 2 , 9 3 , Abb . 2 09; K roepe r 1 989: f i g . 4 : a ) . Af r agmen t o f as im i lar v e s se l f r om M in sha t Abu Omar s eem s t oh ave b o th l oop a nd l e dge h and les ( Kroepe r & Wi ldung 1 985: 7 1 , 9 3 , Abb . 1 07 , 2 08; K roeper 1 989: f i g . 3 : a )T he c omb ina t ion o f l e dge w i th l o op h and le s h ad b een k nown s i nce E ar ly B ronze I( EB I C ) i n T e l l e l -Fär 'ah ( N ) a nd a t A i ( c f . Hennessy 1 967: 1 9 -20 , p l .X I: 1 5 , XV I: 3 9 )a nd o ccur so n t he e l onga ted s hou lde red v e s se ls c harac te r is t ic f o r t he p er iod . T he ir l edge h and les a re o n t he s a me s i de a s t he l oop h and le s , al i t t le b e low t hem . T he se v e sse ls c anno t , o fc ou r se , b e r e la ted i na ny way t ot h e a bove -men t ioned E gyp t ian j a r s ,e xcep t p e rhap s f o r t h ei dea o fc omb in ing t h et wo k inds o f h and le s— a n i dea wh ich o r ig ina ted i n P a les t ine . However , i ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t i n s hape — i na dd i t ion t ot he c omb ina t ion o fh and le s k nown f r om P a le s t ine — t he E gyp t ian s pec imen s h ave a ga in c l ose a na log ie s a tT e l E ran i , e spe c ia l ly i nS t ra tu m V ( Ye iv in 1 967: f i g . 1 7: 6 ) ( F ig . 1 : 6 ) . I ts eem s t ha t t h is S t ra tu m s t ands c hrono log ica l ly s o mewhe re b e tween t he men t ioned E B Iv e sse ls a nd t hose i mpor ted i n to E gyp t , p erhaps n eare r t ot h e l a t ter . Ano the re l emen tc an b ea dded t ot he a bove a na log ie s , t hough i ti sf ound o n v esse ls o f d i f feren t s hapes a t t he t wo s i tes . T h is i s at aper ing b ase w i th a " bu t ton " o ccurr ing o n a n u mber o f " sha l low g ob le t s " a tT e l E ran i ( Ye iv in 1 967: f i g . 1 9 ) . T h is f ea ture a ppear s f i r s t i n s t ra tu m I X ( Ye iv in 1 96 1 :p l .V I I I t op r i gh t , t h ird f r om a bove ) a nd e x is t s i n much t h e s a me manner o n t yp ica l ly Maad ian s herds a nd o n av e sse l o f t he " S moo th R ed Wa re " . Mengh in a nd Amer ( 1 936: 2 8 , p l . XXX I: 2 ) c a l led i ta" t ap -shaped b ase " . Mengh in c on s ide red t he b u t ton t o b e ad egene ra ted r i ng b ase o f Maad ian v esse ls , a s a t tes ted b y t r ans i t iona l f o rm s ( Mengh in 1 934: 13 , T a f . XX: c ) . T he re fore , i fs uch b ase s a tT e l E ran i a nd Maad i a re r ea l ly i n ter re la ted , n o t mere ly o f af o rma l r e semb lance — a s t andpo in t wh ich we p re fe ra tp re sen t— , t h ed i rec t ion o fi n f luence mus th ave b een f r om L ower E gyp t t o P a le s t ine . However , n o t r ace s o f t he Maad ian c u l ture o r o f t he p o t te ry o f P a les t in ian c ha rac ter s im i la r t o t ha t f ound a t Maad i a re k nown a t p re sen t f r om s i tes i nves t iga ted a l ong t h e V ia Mans .

P a les t in ian P o t tery a t Maad i a nd i n t he G erzean C u l tu re o f Upper E gyp t S ome o ft he P a le s t in ian c e ram ic i mpor ts a nd t he ir i m i ta t ion s i nG erzean E gyp th ave n o a na log ies a t a l l a nd s o me r e semb le t he c or re spond ing p o t tery a t Maad i o n ly i n s o me r e spec t s . Ou t o f a t l e as t n ine k inds o f c e ra m ic v esse l s f r o m Naqada I I I I s ugge s t ive o f P a les t in ian o r ig in o r c l ose i n f luence , o n ly t h ree c an b e s a id t o h ave g enera l p ara l le ls a t Maad i ( Tu tundi ie , n .d . ) . I ts hou ld a l so b e r e membe red t ha t t he r e la t ions b e tween t he G e rzean a nd Maad ian c u l tures a re b ased o n c ompar ison s o fi nven tor ie s f r om t h e G e rzean c e me te ry a nd f r om t he Maad ian s e t t lemen t a nd c e me tery . On t he o ther h and , t he G e rzean s i tes o u tnumbe r b y f a r t he Maad ian o nes , a nd a re s p read o ve r a much w ider a rea . T he c l ose s t l i nks , t hough n o t d i rec t o ne s , c an b e e s tab l ished w i th t he l edge -hand led a nd t h e l oop -hand led v e sse ls . T he ma jor i ty o f t hese , h oweve r , c l ea r ly b e long t o t he g roup w i th u pwa rd t aper ing n eck ( F ig . 1:1 3 ) , wh i le t he r e s tc an b ec onnec ted d i rec t ly w i th t he P ro to U rban p roduc t ion . S ome h ave t r an s i t iona l s hapes o f n eck s ( F ig . 1 : 7 ) , r ang ing b e tween s pec ia l ly e l onga ted a nd t ape r ing f o rm s a nd s hapes b yn o mean s u nusua l f o r P ro to -Urban v e sse ls ( c f . Mengh in & Amer 1 932: p l .) ( XX I I: 2 4; T u tun c ii ie 1 985: 1 6 , 1 9 f . ) . B u t e ven t hese a re n o t s u f f ic ien t ly c l ose t o v e sse ls o f s uch c ha rac te r i n G erzean E gyp t i n o rde r t o s e rve a su nden iab le e v idence o ft h es a me d i s tr ibu t ion r ou te s ,o ro ft he d ire c tc on tempo ra ry i n te r re la t ion s ,o ra bou ta ny r e la t ion o n ab roade rs c a le .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702.-4 26 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

R ELAT IONS B ET WEEN LATE P REDYNAST IC EGYPT AND PALE ST INE

R e la t ive c hrono logy o f P a les t in ian p o t tery i nt h e G erzean C u l ture o f Uppe r E gyp t P a le s t in ian p ara l le ls t o G e rzean v e sse ls , e i the r i mpor ted f r om t he E as t o r p roduced u nde r i t s d irec t i nf luence , c anno t b e t aken a s p roo f o f e a r ly P ro to -U rban c onne c t ion s a nd i nf luences o nG erzean c u l tu re . However , t h is d oes n o t mean t ha tt he re we re n o p a ra l le ls i n b roade r t e rm s ,o r ig ina t ing i nP hase 1o ft he P ro to -U rban p e r iod . A t t he s a me t ime ,t he re i s n o t as i ng le v esse l o fP a le s t in ian c ha rac te r e x tan t w i th in t he t ime -span o fG e rzean , wh ich c an b e d a ted w i th c e r ta in ty t o t he v ery b eg inn ings o f t ha t c u l tu re , i n s p i te o f t he we l l k nown o p in ion t ha t s uch v e sse ls a ppear e ven a t t he b eg inn ing o f E ar ly G e rzean . T he p lacemen t o f t he o n se t o f t h e W c l ass a t Naqada I c , b ased o n t he r e la t ive c hrono logy o f E gyp t worked o u t b y h or izon ta l s t ra t igraphy ( Ka iser 1 957: 7 2 , T a f .2 3 ) , i sa n i mpor tan t d a tum wh ich d oe s n o td epend o nP a le s t in ian p ara l le ls . I tf i t s s uch c ompar isons b e t te rt han t he p rev ious r e la t ive d a t ing o f t he b eg inn ing o f t he W c l a ss w i th in t he t ime span o f G e rzean c u l ture . T he M insha t Abu Omar f i nds , j udg ing b y t he p ub l ished r epor t s , d o n o t c on t rad ic t t h is l a ter d a te . T here i sn o P a les t in ian t ype o f t he P ro to -Urban p e r iod o f a ny c l oser c omparab i l i ty wh ich b e longs o n ly t ot he e a r l ies t p hase o f t ha t p e r iod . C e r ta in r e la t ive ly e a r ly a nd c l ose P a le s t in ian p ara l le ls — s uch a s t hose f r om J e r icho f o r t he p a in ted j ug f r om G e rzeh , a nd t hose f r om J e r icho a nd t he Ophe l f o r t he p a in ted j a r w i th t wo l ug h and les f r om B adar i ( Henne ssy 1 967: 2 8 , p l .X IX: 1 3 , 7 9; c f . a l so p p .29 -31 ;K an tor 1 967: f i g . 3 : 4 0 , 3 7 )— c an b e d a ted a t t he e ar l ie s t t oP hase 2o r P hase 3o f t he P ro to -Urban p e r iod ( Ca l laway 1 964: 5 3; M irosched j i 1 97 1: 7 4 ) . T he a na log ie s b e tween t h e l oop -hand led v e sse l s o f t h e P ro to U rban p er iod a nd G erzean ma ter ia l a l so c anno t b e a scr ibed t o ad e f in i te p hase . T he e a r l ies t d a ted s pec i men s b e long t oJ e r icho t omb A 9 4 , P hase H a , t ha t i st ot he P hase 2 o f t he P ro to -Urban p er iod , wh i le t hose f r om A i b e long t o P hases 2 a nd 3 r e spec t ive ly; i n H enne ssy 's o p in ion , h owever , " t he g enera l f o rm i sc ommon a nd h as a l ong h i s tory i n P a le s t ine " ( 1 967: 3 0 , p l . XX I I: 2 4 ) . T he W c l ass v esse ls , e i the r i mpor ts o r e ar ly c op ies , s eem t o f i t i n , t hough t he o n ly t h ree P a les t in ian t ype s o fl e dge -hand les among t hem ( and t he o n ly r epre sen ta t ives o f t he c l a s s i ng enera l )a re n o tc h rono log ica l ly i nd ica t ive , s i nce t hey we re i nu se i nt h ec oun try o f o r ig in f o r av e ry l ong p e r iod ( Henne ssy 1 967: 2 9 ) . A s W3 f r om Naqada h as b een s hown t o b e a n " ear ly c opy " ( Am iran & G lass 1 979: 5 4 , 5 6 f . , f i g . 1 ,p l . 1 2 , 1 3: 1 ; K a iser 1 957: T a f .2 3 ) , we r ema in u ncer ta in a bou t a ny e a r l ie r v e sse l s o fP a les t in ian o r ig in i nE gyp t . T he W1 , t he e ar l ies t e xamp le s o f wh ich a re d a ted i n G erzean ( S .D . 4 0 ) , h as e ven b een c ompared t o A rad I V b y R . Am iran ( i b id . ) . Henne ssy c ompared i tw i th e xamp les o f l a te P ro to -U rban P a le s t ine , b u ta l so w i th e xamp le sf r om Maad i( Hennes sy 1 967: 2 9 ) ( F ig . 1:7 ) . T he o ther t wo " e ar ly c op ie s " , a s t h ey a re c a l led b y R . Am i ran , h ave n o p rec ise p ara l le ls i n P a le s t ine . F ina l ly , o the r t ype s o fv esse ls o fP ro to -U rban c harac te r i nG e rzean Uppe r E gyp t , b o th i mpor t s a nd c l ose i m i ta t ions , wh ich h ave b een s t ud ied i n d e ta i l i n r e la t ion t o P a le s t ine , p a r t icu lar ly b y He len K an tor a nd l a ter b y H ennessy , a l so h ave n o p rec i se c h rono log ica l d e term inan t s , t ha t i sc r ea te t he a l ready k nown c h rono log ica l f r ame , s o i td oes n o t s eem w or thwh i le t o dwe l l u pon e ach o f t he m . T he f a c t r ema ins t ha t t he e a r l ie s t j u s t i f iab le a na log ies a ppear a round P hases Q -N a t J e r icho ( i . e . J e r icho V I I , Meg iddo X IX , e t c . ) , wh ich " f orm a n a rch i tec tu ra l g roup " ( Hennessy 1 967: 6 f . , Cha r t 2 ; c f . M irosched j i 1 97 1 : 7 4 ) . T h is s hou ld b e t a ken i n to a ccoun t , a l though t he t ime -span may b e t oo l a rge f o r o u r i nve s t iga t ion . I n a dd i t ion , i t mus t b e emphas ized t ha t t he e nd o f t he Dynas ty 0 ,i fo ne t a ke s Hor -Aha f o r t he b eg inn ing o f t he Dynas ty 1 ,i ss t i l l c on temporary w i th t he P ro to U rban p e r iod ( C f . S chaub 1 967: 2 94 ) , a nd t ha ti na b so lu te c hrono logy t he b eg inn ing o ft h e

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 27 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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G e rzean c u l ture t ends t o b e p laced e ar l ier ( Beckera th 1 97 1: 1; H assan 1 985: 1 09 -110 ) . T h is wou ld mean t ha tt he P ro to -U rban i nf luence d oe sn o ta ppear i nt he e ar ly p hase s o ft h e G e rzean c u l ture i nE gyp t( s ee b e low ) .

P a les t in ian p o t te ry a t Maad i a nd Min sha t Abu Oma r W i ldung a nd h i s c o l labora tor s h ave n o t y e t r e ached f i na l c onc lus ion s c once rn ing t he e v idence s a tM insha t Abu Omar , b ecause t he r e search i ss t i l l i n p rogress . R egard ing t he e ar l ies t s pec imens o f t he D c l ass p o t tery , i t was s a id a t f i r s t t ha t t hey p rove t he c on t inuous u se o ft he c eme tery d ur ing Naqada I , Naqada I I a nd Dynas ty 0u n t i l t he F i r s t Dynas ty ( W i ldung 1 984: 2 67 ) . I ft he a bove s t a temen t h ad b een c or rec t , t ha t i s , i fM in sha t h ad b een f ounded b e fore t he l a te G e rzean c u l tu re , t hen i t wou ld h ave b een c on tempora ry w i th Maad i f o r ac on s iderab le s pan o f t ime , a nd Maad i wou ld h ave r e ma ined a n i s o la ted s i te b e tween G e rzean Uppe rE gyp ta nd t he G e rzean s i te s i nt he E as te rn D e l ta . However , t h is e ar l ier v i ew o f M insha t h as b een o ver taken b y f ur ther i nve s t iga t ion . T he E gyp t ian ma ter ia l f r om p hase Io f t he c e me tery h as r e cen t ly b een p laced i n t he t r an s i t ion p er iod o f Naqada I c -d ( " in d ie s pä tere Naqada I c - b i s a ngehende Naqada I d P er iode " ) , a nd t he a u thor s t hem se lve s p o in t o u t t h a t M insha t , b y i t s v ery p os i t ion " s ich d er T rad i t ion s t ärker v e rpf l ich te t w e iss a l s d as K ern land " ( K roepe r & Wi ldung 1 985: 9 2 , 9 8 ) . T he p hase I o f t h is c e me tery h as b een d a ted t o Naqada I d2 , a nd s how s s ome r e semb lances w i th t he p o t tery o f Naqada I Ia 1 2 ( i b id .: 9 3 ) . T h is f i t s i n w i th t he P a le s t in ian i mpor ts d iscove red i n t ha t c e me tery , wh ich c an p e rhap s b e d a ted p ar t ly t o P ha se 2o ft he P ro to -Urban p er iod , a nd ma in ly t oP ha se 3 .T he c a l ibra ted d a t ing s uppor t s t h is v i ew , b u t f o cuses ma in ly o n t he Naqada I I , t ha t i sa f ter 3 300 B .C . ( i b id .: 9 4; c f . Hassan 1 985: 10 f . , f i g . 2 ) . A ssu m ing — a s i sg enera l ly a ccep ted — t ha t t he G erzeans o r ig ina ted f r om Uppe r E gyp t— , we b e l ieve t ha t t hey moved i n to t he e x t reme Nor theas t D e l ta b ecause o f t he ir i n te re s ti nS ina i a nd i nt he l and b eh ind i t .T he Maad ian s h ad d i rec to ri nd ire c tc onnec t ion s w i th Nor the rn S ina i e ar l ier t han t he G erzean s , who a tf i r s t w e re a cqua in ted d i rec t ly o n ly w i th t he S ou thern p ar t o f t he S ina i p en insu la ( Tu tundl iC n .d . ) . T he a ssump t ion t ha t G e rzeans made a n e ar ly u se o f t he s ea r ou te s f r om t he Nor theas t D e l ta (W i ldung 1 984: 2 69; K roepe r &W i ldung 1 985: 9 7 -98 ) , a nd t he ir k nown l o ca t ion n ear t he "Way o f Ho r n s " , r a ise s t he q ues t ion why t hey u sed t he c onven ien t c oas ta l l and r ou te a l ong t he Nor th S ina i c oas t o n ly p a r t ly , i fa ta l l . T h is r ou te was i n u se , t hough p e rhaps n o t c on t inuous ly , f r om P a le s t in ian C ha lco l i th ic t o t he F i r s t Dynas ty , a s a t tes ted b y t he e x cava t ions c onduc ted b y O ren a nd h i s c o l labora to r s ( Oren 1 973; O ren & G i lead 1 981) . A t t he p re sen t s t age o f r e sear ch ,a ny e xp lana t ion sc ou ld o n ly b ec on jec tura l . No t as i ng le o ne o ft he p ub l ished i mpor ted v e sse ls f r om M insha tc an b ec onnec ted w i th e ar ly G e rzean a nd t wo s pou ted j ugs f r om t ha ts i te ( W i ldung 1 981 :Abb . 2 2 :3 7; K roepe r& W i ldung 1 985: 7 0 , 9 3 , Abb . 1 03 , 2 03; K roeper 1 989: f i g . 7 : a ) f i t r a ther w e l l i n P ro to U rban p hase 2a nd 3 .Ac on s iderab le p ar t o f t he E gyp t ian p o t te ry a tM insha t c o mes f r om Naqada I I , t ha t i sf r om t he p er iod a f ter S .D . 6 3 o r 6 5 a nd f r om t he b eg inn ing o ft he F i r s t Dynas ty . T h is s hou ld c or re spond r ough ly t o t he b u lk o f t he p ub l ished p os t -Cha lco l i th ic f i nds f r om t he c oas ta l r ou te i n Nor th S ina i ( O ren 1 973; 1 979 ) . T he a bove men t ioned s pou ted j ug f r om p ha se Io fM in sha t ( K roepe r &W i ldung 1 985: Abb . 1 03 , 2 03 )h as g ene ra l p a ra l le l s i n P ro to -U rban P hase 2 ,e x tend ing a s f a r a s P ha se 3a ccord ing t o C a l laway . T he s im i la rj ug f ound i nt ombe 1 2 o fT e l l e l -Fär 'ah ( N ) ( de V aux 1 951 :5 83 , f i g . 1 2: 2 ; K roepe r 1 989: f i g . 7 : d ) a l so b e longs t o P ha se 2 .O therw ise , t h is t ype o f v esse l h as n o a na logy among r e la t ive ly f r equen t s pou ted j ugs f r om Upper E gyp t , wh ich l a ck t hemse lve s

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 28 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

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M ' AND PALEST INE

s a t i s fac tory p ara l le ls i n P a les t ine , a s H enne ssy h as a l ready n o ted . I ts hou ld b e s t re s sed t ha t , a ccord ing t o P e tr ie 's r e la t ive d a t ing , s uch j ugs a re among t he e a r l ies t v esse ls o f f o re ign o r ig in f ound i n Uppe rE gyp t .I nh i sd i scus s ion o ft he se j ug s ,H enne ssy c o mpare o ne o f t hem w i th a v esse l f r om t he L a te P ro to -U rban p er iod , a nd s t a ted t ha t t hey a re " me re ly a dap ta t ion s o fl o ca l p opu lar s hape s " ( Hennessy 1 967: 3 0 -31 ) . T he amphor iskos f r om M in sha t (W i ldung 1 981 :Abb . 2 2: 3 7; K roepe r 1 989: f i g . 5 : a ) h a s ag ene ra l p a ra l le l a l so i n A rad I V ( Am i ran e ta l . 1 978: p l .9 5: 5 ) , t hough i ti sn o t a s c l ose a s t ha tf o rt he j a rw i th l e dge h and le s( s ee b e low ) . Moreove r ,o ne s hou ld b ear i nm ind t he v i ew t ha t t he i mpor ted v e sse l s a tM insha t a ppea r s i nce t he b eg inn ing o f i t s e x i s tence ( K . K roepe r: p e r s . c omm . ) . Two j a r s w i th a c o mb ina t ion o f l oop h and les a nd o ther e l emen t s h ave a l ready b een men t ioned i n c onnec t ion w i th T e l E ran i . T he j a r w i th l edge h and les , d a ted t o Naqada I c I id ( i . e . P ha se Io f M in sha t ) ( K roepe r & Wi ldung 1 985: 9 3 , 7 1 , Abb . 1 06 , 2 07; K roeper 1 989: f i g . 2 : a ) , s eem s t oh ave c l ose p a ra l le ls i n S t ra tum I V o f A rad , t ha t i s , i n t he L a te P ro to -Urban p e r iod , wh ich o ve r lap s t he b eg inn ing o f t he F i r s t Dynas ty ( c f . Am i ran e ta l . 1 978: 15 -116 a nd p ass im ) . T he s pou ted k e t t le f r om M insha t w i th t wo a pprox ima te ly h o r izon ta l l oop h and les p laced h igh o n i t s s hou lde r ( Kroeper & Wi ldung 1 985: 7 0 , 9 3 , Abb . 1 04 , 2 05; K roepe r 1 989: f i g . 9 : a )( F ig . 1 : 8 )c ou ld b e d a ted t owa rds t he e nd o f t he P ro to -Urban p er iod b ya na logy w i th t h ek e t t le f r om A zor ( Ben -Tor 1 975: 1 2 ,2 5 ,2 9 , f i g . 1 0: 2 )( F ig . 1 : 9 ) . T h is d a te o f t h e M insha t s pec i men i sf ur ther s uppor ted b y t he f o rm o f i t s s pou t , wh ich i sr em in iscen t o ft he f unne l shaped s pou ts . C lose r t ot he M in sha t k e t t le , d ue t oi t s s o mewha t e l onga ted s hape , i sa no the r s pou ted j a r f r om A zor ( Ben -Tor 1 975: f i g . 1 0: 4 , c l ass if ied a s T ype F ) . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t " w i th t he e xcep t ion o f T e l G a t [ = T e l E ran i ] , A zor h as t he l a rges t c oncen t ra t ion i n P a le s t ine o f E gyp t ian a r t i fac ts " ( i b id . :2 9 ) . T h is a na lys is s ugges ts t ha t t he p ub l ished P a les t in ian p o t tery f r om M in sha t may c o r re spond t o l a te G erzean ( l a te Naqada I ) a nd c ou ld b e a s soc ia ted w i th t he Dynas ty 0 . Among t he p o t te ry o fP a le s t in ian c harac te r f ound a t Maad i , n one a re c l o se p ara l le ls t ot he P a le s t in ian i mpor ts a tM in sha t . I n t h i s c on tex t i t may p erhap s b e r e levan t t o men t ion t ha t t he e x is tence o ft he s e t t lemen t a t Maad i c a me t oa ne nd a s ar e su l to f av io len td e s t ruc t ion , n o t o fj u s t ap eace fu l a bandonmen t ( Haye s 1 965: 1 23 , 1 31 ) . D e f in i te c onc lus ions , h oweve r , h ave t ob ep os tponed u n t i l more i n forma t ion s a re a va i lab le . T he d a t ing o f t he p o t te ry o fP a les t in ian c ha rac te r a t Maad i s hou ld b e n a r rowed d own t ot he P ha se 2o f t he P ro to -Urban p e r iod . T h is p hase i sc r i t ica l f o r d e te rm in ing t he P ro to U rban p heno mena w i th in t he G erzean E gyp t . P a les t in ian p o t tery a ppears a t Maad i e a r l ie r t han i nt he G erzean c u l tu re . T hus P ha se 2s eems t ob e t he o n ly p hase when Maad i a nd G e rzean E gyp tc ou ld h ave b een c h rono log ica l ly c l ose ,p e rhaps e ven o ve r lapp ing . T he c on tro l led c a l ibra ted r ad ioca rbon d a te s f o r p reh is tor ic E gyp t d o n o t c on t rad ic t t h e se o b se rva t ion s . T he se d a tes p u t t he e nd o f Maad i a ta bou t t he s a me t ime a s t h e e nd o f t he E ar ly G erzean c u l ture ( Hassan 1 985 :1 05 , f i g . 2 ) , t hus mak ing l e ss l i ke ly t he o ve r lapp ing o f t he G erzean 's a ppearance i n t he E as tern D e l ta w i th t he e x is tence o f Maad i . A ccord ing t o Hassan ( 1 985: 10 ) , t he se c a l ib ra ted d a te s wou ld p lace t he b eg inn ing o f Naqada I I a tc a . 3 300 B .C . , wh ich may s eem s o mewha t t oo e ar ly . Howeve r , t h is d a te i sn o t i n con s is ten t w i th t he c a l ib ra ted d a te g iven t oA rad S t ra tum I V , 3 380 ±2 30 a c cord ing t ot he MASCA t ab le ( Ca l laway & We in s te in 1 977: 5 ,6 , 1; c f . We in s te in 1 980: 2 1 -22 )— a l though t he l a t te r d a te may s eem a l so s o mewha t e ar ly i nv i ew o f t he l e an ing o f A rad I V u pon t he F i r s t Dynas ty , c a .3 150 -3100 B .C . T he 3 380 ±2 30 d a te s hou ld n o t t aken l i t e ra l ly b ecause o f t he g rea t s t andard d ev ia t ion , i fn o th ing e l se; i n a dd i t ion , C a l laway a nd We in s te in a dm i t t ha t t h e s amp le i nq ue s t ion c ou ld h ave b een t aken f r om a t r ee t ha t w as o ld b y t he t ime o fi t s u se a tA rad . T he se c a l ib ra ted d a te s , t here fore , g ive ar a the rc ohe ren t p i c ture . R ecen t ly p ub l ished d a tes f o r P ro to -Urban J e r icho ( Kenyon & Ho l land 1 983: de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -4 2 9Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S AVA P . T UTUNDId

7 62 f . ) , c a l ibra ted b y t he MASCA t ab le , g ive 3 330 -3240 B .C . a nd 3 160 B .C . Moreover , t he a bso lu te c hrono logy c anno t i gnore Maad i 's p ar t ia l c on temporane i ty w i th E ar ly P ro to U rban P a les t ine . Ab so lu te d a t ing b ased o n h igh -ca l ibra ted c h rono logy h as n o t y e t b een d e term ined b y as a t is fac tory n umber o f t e s t s o f r e l iab le s a mp le s , n o t e ven f o r Maad i ( c f . Hassan 1 985 :11 ) ,s ot ha tf i na lc onc lus ion s hou ld b ep os tponed .

C on c lud ing r ema rk s On t he b as is o f t he p ub l ished d a ta a nd o f t he c ompara t ive s t ud ie s c ar r ied o u t s o f a r , t he f o l low ing c onc lus ions c an b e p re sen ted , s o me o f wh ich a re r a the r d e f in i te a nd o the r s s imp ly work ing h ypo these s . A t l e as t ac ons iderab le p ar t o f Maad i 's e x is tence ( p rec ise ly h ow much r ema ins t o b e d e te rm ined b y f u ture r e search ) c anno t b e d a ted b e fore t he b eg inn ing o f t he P ro to -U rban p er iod i nP a le s t ine . Wi th t he e xcep t ion o f t he g roup o f v esse ls w i th t aper ing n ecks , t here a re e l e men ts among t he p o t tery o f P a le s t in ian c harac te r a t Maad i wh ich s ugges t t ha t t he e nd o f t he Maad i s e t t lemen td id n o to ccur p r ior t oP ha se 2o ft he P ro to -U rban p er iod i nP a le s t ine . T he v esse ls o f P a les t in ian c harac ter i n G erzean E gyp t— b o th i mpor ts a nd c l ose i m i ta t ions — e i ther h ave n o p ara l le ls a t Maad i among t he v esse ls o f P a les t in ian c harac te r a t Maad i , o r o n ly ab road p a ra l le l i sm c an b e t r aced i n a sma l l n umbe r o fi t em s . C lose o rd i rec tp ara l le ls d o n o te x is t ,a tl e as t among t h ev e sse ls k nown t ot he p re sen t . Ne i the r t he p roducers o f t he v e sse l s o f P a les t in ian c harac te r e xcava ted a t Maad i , n or t he i nhab i tan t s o f Maad i a tt he t ime o ft he i r manu fac ture , s eem t oh ave b een med ia tor s i n t r an sm i t t ing e i ther me rchand ize o r i n f luence f r om P a le s t ine i n to G erzean E gyp t . I fa ny s uch med ia t ion e ve rt ook p lace ,i tmus th ave b een o n al im i ted s c a lz . P ro to -U rban p ara l le ls f o rt he k nown i mpo r ts i n to t h eG e rzean Uppe rE gyp t ,a nd f o rt he e a r ly i m i ta t ion s manu fac tured t here , a re n o t p rec ise e nough t ypo log ica l ly a nd a r e f a rf r om b e ing c er ta in c hrono log ica l ly . However , t he c ompar ison s p re sen ted s o f a r , a s w e l l a s t he h igh c hrono logy , t end t os ee aP ro to -Urban i nf luence i n al a te r p er iod . I ti sl i ke ly t ha t t he P ro to -U rban v e s se ls a ppear i nG erzean E gyp to n ly i nt h el a te rG e rzean c u l ture . T he e ar l ie s t p ub l ished ma te r ia l e v idence o f c on tac t b e tween M insha t a nd P a le s t ine c ou ld p oss ib ly b ep laced i nP hase 2o ft he P ro to -Urban p er iod i nP a le s t ine , a nd c e r ta in ly i n P hase 3 . T h is P a les t in ian p o t tery f r om t he E as te rn D e l ta c or responds t o t he p ub l ished P os t C ha lco l i th ic p o t te ry f r om No r th S ina i . R esearch c ar r ied o u t s o f a r i nd ica tes t ha t t he G erzeans d iscovered S ina i a nd e s tab l ished c on tac ts w i th t h is r eg ion d ue t ot he r e la t ive n ar rowness o f t he S uez Gu l fa nd a n i nher i ted t r ad i t ion o f u s ing t he R ed S ea c o mmun ica t ion r ou tes . T he p resen t e v idence c oncern ing t he c onnec t ion s o f t he G e rzean c u l ture w i th P a le s t ine v i a No r th S ina i p robab ly c ome s f r om t he t ime a f ter t he E a r ly G erzean — a t l e as t t h is i s wha t mos t o f i mpor ted g oods s ugge s t— , when s uch c on tac t sb ecame f r equen ta nd d i rec t ,e x tend ing f u r the rn or th ,u p t o P a le s t ine 's c oas ta l p la in . T he a rr iva lo ft he G e rzean s i n to t he L owe rE gyp ta cce le ra ted t he e nd o ft he p roduc t ion o f t he v es se ls w i th t ape r ing n eck . I tf i na l ly r e su l ted i n t he d es truc t ion o f t he c u l tura l c o mp lex o fL owe rE gyp t .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -4 3 0Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

R ELAT ION S B ETWE I N L ATE P REDYNAST IC E GYPT AND P ALES T INE

B IBLI OG RAP HY AMMAN ,R . &G LASS ,J . 1 979 An A rchaeo log ica l -Pe t rog raph ica l S tudy o f 1 5 W- W are P o ts i nt he A sh rno lean Museum . T e lA v iv 6 : 5 4 5 9 . AMMAN ,R .e ta l . 1 978 E ar ly A rad I .T he C ha l co l i th i c S e t t l emen t a nd E a r ly B ronz e C i ty . J e ru sa lem: T he I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . B ECKERATH ,J .R .F .v on 1 97 1 A br i s s d er G e sch i ch t e d e s a l ten A egyp t en . München: R . O ldenbou rg . B EN -TOR ,A . 1 97 5 Two B u r ia lC ave so ft h eP ro to -U rban P e r iod a tA zo r .Q edem 1 :1 53 . B RANDL ,B . 1 989 Ob se rva t ions o nt he E ar ly B ronze S t ra ta o fT e lE ran i .T h is v o lume :3 57 -387 . CALLAWAY ,J .A . 1 964 P o t t ery f r om t h e T omb s a t ' A i ( E t -T e l l ) . C o l t A rchaeo log ica l I n s t i tu te , Monog raph S e r ie s 2 .L ondon: B . Quar i tch L td . CALLAWAY ,J .A . & WE INSTE IN ,J .M . 1 977 R ad iocarbon d a t ing o f P a lest ine i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age . B u l l e t in o ft h e Am e r i c an S choo l s o fO r i en ta l R e s ear ch 2 25: 1 16 . HASSAN ,F .A . 1 985 R ad iocarbon Ch rono logy o f Neo l i th ic a nd P redynas t ic s i te s i n Uppe r E gyp t a nd D e l ta . T he A f r i can A rchaeo log ic a l R ev i ew 3 : 9 5 115 . HAYE S ,W .C . 1 965 Mo s tA nc i en tE gyp t .C h icago a nd L ondon :T he Un ive r s i ty o fC h i cago P re s s . HENNE SSY ,J .B . 1 967 T he F or e ign R e la t i on s o fP a l e s t ine d ur ing t h e E a r ly B ronz e A g e . L ondon: C o l t A rchaeo log ica l I n s t i tu te P ubl ic a t ions a nd B . Qua r i tch L td . KA ISER ,W . 1 957 Z ur i nne ren Ch rono log ie d e r Nakadaku l tu r . A r cha eo log i a G eogr aph i c a6 : 6 9 -77 . KANTOR ,H .J . 1 967 T he R e la t ive Ch rono logy o fE gyp ta nd i t sF o re ign C o r re la t ions B e fo re t h eL a te B ronze Age . P p . 1 46 i nR . W . E hr ich , e d . , C hrono log i e s i nO ld Wo r ld A r cha eo logy: C h icago a nd L ondon: T he Un ive rs i ty o f Ch icago P ress . K ENYON ,KM .8 z HOLLAND ,T .A . 1 982 E x cav a t i on sa tJ e r i cho , V o lume F our . L ondon: B r i t ish S choo l o fA rchaeo logy i nJ e ru sa lem . 1 983 E x cava t i on s a tJ e r i cho , V o lum eF iv e . L ondon: B r it ish S choo l o fA rchaeo logy i nJ e ru sa lem . K ROEPER „ K . 1 989 P a le s t in ian C e ram ic I mpo r t si nP re -a nd P ro toh is to r ic E gyp t .T h is v o lume :4 07 -42 1 . K ROE PER ,K . & WI LDUNG , D . 1 985 M insha t Abu Omar Münchne r O s tde l ta Exped i t ion V o rbe r ich t 1 978 -1984 . S c hr i f t en a u s d e r Ä gyp t i schen S amm lung H e f t3 . München :S t aa tl i che S amm lung Ägyp t ische rK uns t . L ECLANT ,J . 1 983 F ou ile se tt r avaux e nE gyp te e ta uS oud an , 1 98 1 1982 . O r i en t a l i a5 2: 4 6 1 -542 . MENGH IN ,0 . 1 934 D ie G rabung d e r Un ive rs i tä t K a iro b e i Maad i . M i t t e i lungen d e s D eu t schen I n s t i tu t s f ür ä gyp t i sche A l ter tumskunde 5 : 11 118 . MENGH IN ,0 . & AMER „M . 1 932 T he E xc av a t ion s o f t h e E gyp t ian U n iv e r s i ty i n t h e N eo l i th i c S i t e a t Maad i , F i r s t P r e l im inary R epor t . C a i ro :E gyp t ian Un ive rs i ty , F acu l ty o fA r ts . 1 936 T he E xc ava t ion s o f t h e E gyp t i an U n iv e r s i ty i n t h e N eo l i th i c S i te a t Maad i , S econd P r e l im inary R epo r t . C a i ro: E gyp t ian Un ive rs i ty , F acu l ty o fA r ts . M IRO SCHED J I ,P .R .d e 1 97 1 L 'epoqu e p r e -urba ine e n P a l e s t in e . C ah ie rs d el aR evue B ib l ique 1 3 . P ar is: G aba lda . OREN ,E .D . 1 973 T he Ove r land R ou te B e twe en E gyp ta nd C anaan i nt h eE ar ly i 3 ronze Age .I s r a e lE xp lo r a t i on J o u rna l2 3 :1 98 2 05 . 1 979 L and B r idge B e tween A s ia a nd A f r ica . P p . 1 8 1 -192 i nB .R o thenbe rg e ta l . ,S i na i .B e rn :Kümme r ly a nd F rey . OR EN ,E .D . &G ILEAD , I . 1 98 1 C ha lco l i th ic S i te s i n No r theas te rn S ina i . T e l A v iv 8:2 5 -44 .

431de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

S AVA P . T UTUNDAC PE TR IE ,W .M .F . 1 92 1 C o rpu s o fP r eh i s to r i c P o t te ry a nd P a l e t t e s . L ondon: B r i t ish S choo l o fA rchaeo logy i n E gyp t a nd E gyp t ian R e se arch A ccoun t .C ons tab le & B . Quar i tch . S CHAUB ,R . 1 976

T he E a r ly B ronz eI A -IB P o t t ery o f B äb e dh -Dhr a ' C eme t ery , J o rd an . P h .D . d isse r ta t ion , U n ive rs i ty o f P i t t sbu rgh . T u ruND M ,S .P . 1 976 E in B e i t rag z u r T ypo log ie d e r v on d en B ez iehungen m i t P a läs t ina a bhang igen T onge fäs se a u s Maad i . Z bo rn ik F i lozo f skog f a ku l te ta -R e cue i l d e t r av aux d e l aF acu l ti d e P h i lo soph i e 1 3: 9 15 . 1 985 T he G roup o f Nar row ing Necked J a rs a nd One -Loop -Hand led V e sse ls a t Maad i i n R e la t ion t o t he P a les t in ian C e ram ic Ware . Z bo rn ik F i lozo f sk og f a l cu l t e ta -R e cu e i l d e t r avaux d e l aF acu ld d e P h i lo soph i e 1 5 :1 -32 . n .d . Maad ian a nd G e rzean P o t te ry o fP a le s t in ian C harac te ra nd S ome R e la ted P rob lem s . VA UX ,R .d e 1 95 1 L a t r o is ieme c a mpagne d e f ou i l le s aT e l l e l -F är 'ah , p re s N ap louse , R appo r t p re l im ina i re ( s u i te ) . R evue B ib l i que 5 8: 5 66 -590 . WE INSTE IN ,J . 1 980 P a le s t in ian R ad iocarbon D a t ing: aR ep ly t oJ ame s Me l laa r t .A n t i qu i ty 5 4 :2 1 -24 . WE INSTE IN ,J .M . 1 984 T he S ign i f icance o f T el A re in i f o r E gyp t ian -Pa le s t in ian R e la t ions a tt he B eg inn ing o f t he B ronze Age . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r i can S choo l s o fO r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 56: 6 1-69 . WI LDUNG ,D . 1 98 1 Ä gyp ten v o rd en P y r am id en . Ma inz am R he in . :P h .v on Z abe rn . 1 984 T e rm ina l P reh is to ry o f t he N i le D e l ta: T he ses . P p . 2 65 -269 i n L . K rzyzan iak 8 zM . K obu s iew icz , e ds . , O r ig in a nd E a r ly D ev e lopmen t o f F o od -Produc ing C u l tur e s i n N or thea s tern A f r i ca . P oznan: P o l ish A cademy o fS c ience a nd P o l ish A rchaeo log ica l Mu seum . YE IV IN ,S . 1 960 E a r ly C on tac t sB e tween C anaan a nd E gyp t .I s r a e lE xp lo r a t i on J o urna l 1 0: 1 93 -203 . 1 96 1 F i r s t P r e l im inary R epo r t o n t h e E x cav a t ion s a t T e l " Ga t" ( T e l l S heykh ' Ahmed e l 'Ar eyny ) , S e a son s 1 956 1 967 1 975

1 958 .J e ru sa lem :D epa r tmen to f An t iqu i t ies . A New C ha lcol i th ic Cu l tu re a tT e l ' E rany a nd i t s I mp l ica t ion s f o r E ar ly E gyp to -Canaan i te R e la t ions . I n F our th Wo r ld C ong r e s s o fJ ew i sh S tud i e s , V o lume I :4 5 -48 . J e ru s a lem: Wo r ld Un ion o fJ ew ish S tud ie s . E l 'A re in i , T e l l E sh -She ikh Ahmed ( Te l ' E ran i ) . P p . 8 9 -97 i n M . Av i -Yonah , e d . , E ncy c loped ia o f A r cha eo log i ca l E x c av a t i on s i nt h eH o ly L and , V o lume 1 .L ondon: Ox fo rd Un ive rs i ty P re s s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -4 32 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

AT THE FRIN GE: THE HISTORIO GRAPHY AN D HISTORICITY OF THE RELAT IO NS OF EGYPT AND CANAAN IN THE EARLY BRO NZE AGE I* A lan R . SCHUL MAN Queens C o l lege C i ty Un iver s i ty o f New Y ork

A . THE PROBLE M OF THE SOURCES T he o f ten -s ta ted a phor is m p a s d e s ource s , p a s d ' h i s to i re i sn owhe re more a pp l icab le t h an i n t he c ase o f t he h i s tory o f t he r e la t ions b e tween p haraon ic E gyp t a nd t he l and o f C anaan a t t he e nd o f t he 4 th a nd b eg inn ing o f t he 3 rd m i l lenn ia B .C . , t he p er iod wh ich t h e b ib l ica l a rchaeo log is ts d e f ine a s t he e nd o f t he Cha lco l i th ic/beg inn ing o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age I ,a nd wh ich t he e gyp to log is ts u nders tand a s d e l inea t ing t he e nd o f t he P ro todynas t ic/beg inn ing o f t he A rcha ic P er iod , as pan o f t ime embrac ing b o th t he e pheme ra l Dynas ty 0 a nd a l l o f Dynas ty 11.I t may b e c om fo kt a b ly s t a ted t ha t t he re a re

Is hou ld l i ke t oa cknow ledge h e re , w i th my d eepe s t a pp re c ia t ion , t he k indnes so f D r s . R u th Am i ran , P i er re d eM i ro sched j i , R am Gophna a nd t h eo the r membe rs o ft he O rgan iz ing C omm i t te ef o ri nv i t ing me t op ar t ic ipa te i n t h eC o l loqu ium o f Emmaus ,p a r t icu lar ly D r . d eM i ros ched j if o rh i sp a t ience a nd f o rbea rance w i th my s l owne ss i n g e t t ing t he f i n ished manu sc r ip t o f t h i s p ape r t oh im , a nd a l so my g ood f r iend R am Gophna w i th whom Ih ave d i scussed many o f t he p o in ts r a is ed i n t h is s tudy o ve r a nd o ve r a ga in — a l though o f c ou r se a ny i nco r re c t c ondu s ions a re s o ley m ine . Is hou ld a l so l i ke t op o in to u t t h a t Ih ave d e l ibe ra te ly m ade b u tl i t t le u se i nt he w r i t ing o ft h is s tudy o ft he c on t r ibu t ions o fb o th B .B rand !a nd E .O ren t ot h eC oloqu ium . I ne ach c ase t h e i rf i na lr e su l t sa re q u i te s uppo r t ive o f , i fn o t t he s ame a s , my own . If e e l t h a ti n t h i s m anne r t he i mpac to f my own f i na l c onc lu s ions a r ei n c reased b ys how ing t h a tt hey a r eb as ica l ly r e ached i ndependen t ly o fo the rs cho lar s . 1 . Ih ave n e i the r t he i n ten t ion n o r t he d es ire t o e n te r i n to t he m ine f ie lds o f c h rono logy , c ompara t ive o r o t he rw ise . Iam we l l aware t ha t t h eb ib l ica l a r chaeo log is t s e nd t h e E B Ie ar ly i n D ynas ty 1s ho r t ly a f te r N arme r . T he e gyp to log is ts , o n t he o the r h and , v iew Dynas ty 1f r om N a rme r t o K aa a s as i ng le p ol i t ica l , h i s tor ica l a nd c u l tu ra l p henomenon a nd c anno t a rb i t rar i ly d iv ide i tt oc on fo rm t o t he b ib l ica l a rchaeo log is t 's d e f in i t ion o f t h e E a r ly B ronze . Iam , a f te r a l , a n e gyp to log is t . T he t e rm " Dynas ty 0 "i su sed b y e gyp to log is ts t or e fe r t ot h a t t ime p e r iod i mmed ia te ly p reced ing D ynas ty 1f o r wh ich t he re a re an umbe r o fk ing s , o r " f o l lowe r s o f Horus " , a t te s ted i n Mane tho , t he T u r in K ing L i s t , a nd t he P a lermo s t one , a s we l l a s b y s e rekhs o n p o t te ry a nd o the r a r t i fac ts; s ee n ow K a ise r/D reye r 1 982: 2 60 -269 a nd e spec ia l ly 2 6 3 , f i g . 1 4 . F o r t he i mp l ica t ions o f D yna s ty 0v i s -à -v is N arme r a nd t h e Un i f ica t ion ,s ee b e low ,n .5 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 33 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

ALAN R . SCHULMAN

c l ear ly p erce ivab le i nd ica t ions n o t o n ly o f c on tac ts b e tween t he t wo r eg ions a nd t he ir i nhab i tan t s , b u ta l so o fs o me s or to ft ang ib le E gyp t ian p re sence i nb o th C anaan a nd i nt he b u f fe r land b e tween i ta nd E gyp t , S ina i ( i ft he re r ea l ly i s ad i s t inc t ion t ob e made b e tween S ina i a nd C anaan ) t h roughou t t he j u s t -de f ined t empora l p arame ters , b u t t herea f ter , a t l e as t i n C anaan , t he E gyp t ian p resence v an ishes a nd o n ly r eappears much l a te r , i n Dynas ty 3 . However , t he momen t we a t temp t t o b r ing t hese g enera l o u t l ine s i n to a s harpe r , more d e ta i led f o cu s , t h e p i c ture o f t he se mu tua l E gyp to -Canaan i te r e la t ions a nd c on tac t s b lur s . P a r t o f t h is i sd ue t o t he r e la t ive p auc i ty o f o ur s ources , b u t p ar t o f i t , e qua l ly ,i sd ue t oo u ru se o rm isuse ,o ur u nde r s tand ing o rm isunde r s tand ing o ft he e v idence wh ich w ed o h ave a to ur d i spo sa l . T h is d ocumen ta t ion b as ica l ly f a l ls i n to t h ree d is t inc t , t hough f r equen t ly o ve r lapp ing , c a tegor ies : a ) a rchaeo log ica l , b ) p ic tor ia l , a nd c ) e p igraph ic . I nvar iab ly t he a rchaeo log ica l ma t ter wh ich i n c ludes b o th t he s i tes where f o re ign a r t i fac ts h ave b een f ound a nd t he o b jec ts t he m se lve s a re s tud ied a nd i n te rpre ted b y t he a rchaeo log is t . T he p ic tor ia l s ources wh ich v i sua l ly i lus t ra te i n c iden ts , t hemes , e ven ts , a re u sua l ly d ea l t w i th b y t he a r t h i s tor ian , b u t o f ten a l so b y t he a r chaeo log is t . T he e p igraph ic e v idence , wh ich may r ange f r om t he o ccas iona l t e r se s t a temen t i n as o ca l led a nna l is t ic i n scr ip t ion , t h rough t he e xp l ica tory c ap t ion o r d ocke t t o ap ic tor ia l s cene , t o n a mes a nd/or t i t les , u sua l ly f r ag men ta ry , wh ich a re d e scr ibed o n o b jec ts ( t hese o f ten b e ing b i t s a nd l ump s o f c l ay o n wh ich c y l inder s ea ls h ave b een i mp ressed ) a re n or ma l ly i n t he p rov in ce o f t he e gyp to log is ts , s pec i f ica l ly t he p h i lo log is t . T he p r imary t a sk o fe ach o f t he se t ypes o fs cho lar s i ss o mewha t d i f fe ren t . T ha t o ft he a rchaeo log is t i st of i nd a nd e xcava te t he ma te r ia l a nd i nd o ing s o , t oa ccura te ly r e cord i t w i th in i t s c on tex t s o t ha t a nyone , a ta ny t ime , b y s t udy ing t he a r chaeo log ica l r epo r t , w i l l k now e xac t ly wha t was f ound , where , a nd i n wha t r e la t ion t o o ther f i nds i n t h e s a me c on tex t . T he t a sk o f t he p h i lo log is t i st o p rov ide a ccura te a nd r e l iab le t r ans la t ions o f w r i t ten d ocu men t s s o t ha t a nyone who i sn o t v er sed i nt he l anguage i n wh ich t h ey were o r ig ina l ly w r i t ten c an u nde r s tand e ve ry n uance o f t he i rc on ten ts . T ha t o f t he a r t h i s tor ian i ss o mewha t more d i f f icu l tt od e f ine ,b u ti ti sc oncerned w i th t he h i s tor ica ld eve lopmen to f s t y le a nd t e chn ique a nd t he p lac ing o f awork o fa r t w i th in t he se p arame te r s mo re t h an i t i s w i th t he g enera l t r ad i t iona l f r a mework ( po l i t ica l , s oc ia l , e cono m ica l , r e l ig ious , c u l tura l , e t c . ) i n wh ich a s pec if ic a r t is t ic p henomenon i so r i sn o t t ob e s e t , a l though t h is l a s t i s c er ta in ly a l so p ar t o f t he a r t h i s tor ian 's t a sk . B acked b y t he ir r e spec t ive e xper t ises , o bv ious ly , t he a rchaeo log is t , p h i lo log is t , a nd a r t h i s tor ian w i l l s ucceed a dm irab ly i n t he ir p r i mary t a sks . Nor d o t hey s t op t here , f o r t hey t hen f r equen t ly a t temp t t he r e con s t ruc t ion o f h i s tor ica l e ven ts a nd s c enar ios , f o l low ing e s tab l i shed a nd p roper h i s tor ica l a pproaches . However , when d o ing s o , i t i s o n ly n a tura l a nd u nder s tandab le t h a t e ach may t e nd t op lace g rea te r emphas is o n t he ma te r ia l w i th wh ich h e o r s he i s mos t f am i l iar , t ha t wh ich s t em s f r om h i s o rh e r own p ar t icu lar d i sc ip l ine a nd , c on sequen t ly may g ive l e ss a t ten t ion o r l e ss we igh t t ot ha t wh ich i sn orma l ly d ea l t w i th b y t he o the r s . I t i s o n ly b u t r are ly t ha t t he d iverse , b u t f r equen t ly o ver lapp ing , t ypes o f d ocumen ta t ion a re e xp l ic i t ly i nves t iga ted b y t he h i s tor ian . B y n o means i s t h is l a s t s t a temen t i n tended t o b e l i t t le , d isparage , o r m in im ize t he e xper t ise a nd s k i l l s o f t he a rchaeo log is t , a r t h i s tor ian , a nd p h i lo log is t w i thou t whom t he h i s tor ian c anno t f unc t ion . I ti so n ly a f ter t hey h ave f i n ished t he ir r e spec t ive t a sk s a nd h ave , s o t o s peak , p rov ided t he h i s tor ian w i th r aw ma ter ia l a nd p re l im inary i n te rpre ta t ions t ha t t he h i s to r ian c an t hen b eg in t o work . T he j ob o f t he h i s tor ian , t r a ined s pec i f ica l ly i n h i s tor iog raphy , h is tor ica l me thodo logy a nd a pproach , t r a ined t o c r i t ica l ly e va lua te a nd c r i t ica l ly a na lyze t he n a ture , r e l iab i l i ty , c red ib i l i ty , a nd b ias o f a l l t he s ource ma ter ia l , i s t o

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -4 34 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

H ISTOR IOGRAPHY AND H ISTOR IC ITY OF THE R ELAT IONS OF EGYPT AND CANAAN I N THE E B I

s yn the s ize i ti n a n a t temp t t od i sce rn wha t h appened a t as pec i f ic t ime a nd p lace i n t he p as ta nd why a nd h ow i th appened o r , f a i l ing i nt h is , h e may a tl e as tb ea b le t od e term ine wha t may o r m igh t h ave h appened ( s ee R ed ford 1 979; 1 986; V an S e ter s 1 983; V e rne r 1 975 ) . T h i s i s , i ndeed , n o t t o s ay t ha t h i s a pproach t o s yn the s is i sn ece ssar i ly s uper io r t o t ha t o f t hose s cho lars who p rov ide h im w i th t he r aw d a ta , b u t t he p ure ly h i s tor ica l a pp roach m ay p rov ide n ew i n s igh t i n to t he ma te r ia l . Whe ther o r n o t t he h i s tor ian s ucceeds i n h i s t a sk i s , t o ag rea t d eg ree , d ependen t o n h ow h e h and les t he d a ta , o n wha t we igh t h e g ives t o i t b o th i nd iv idua l ly a nd c o l lec t ive ly a nd , mos ti mpo r tan t ly ,o n wha tq ues t ion s h ea sk sa bou ti t .E ve ry t ype o fs ource h as i t s own t ype o f q ue s t ion , s o me u n ique t o i ta l one , o the r s wh ich may b e r a ised b y s cho la r s who a re c once rned w i th p r imar i ly d i f feren t k inds o fs ource s . However , n o ma t ter who p o ses t he q ues t ions , i ti sc l ea r t ha t wha t mus t b e r a i sed a re n o t t he s ame q ue s t ion wh ich w ere p rev ious ly a sked . O therw ise , g iven t he s a me ma ter ia l t o work w i th , a nd w i th t h e s a me q ue s t ion s r a ised , o bv ious ly t he s a me a nswer s t ot hem w i l l b e f o r thcom ing . E i the r an ew a pp roa ch t ot he o ld q ue s t ion si sn eeded o r ,s t i l lb e t te r , an ew s e to fq ue s t ion s . I d o n o t k now i f my a pp roach a nd my q ues t ion s , a s ah i s tor ian , a bou tt he r e la t ion sb e tween E gyp ta nd C anaan a tt he s t ar to fE a r ly B ronze Iw i l lb es ucce ss fu l . I na ny e ven t ,i ta nd t hey a re wo r th e s say ing .

B . P ICTOR IAL EV IDENCE P robab ly t he mos t i mpor tan t g roup o f q ues t ions t o b e p osed a bou t t he h i s tory o f E gyp t ian -Canaan i te r e la t ion s a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he B ronze Age c oncern s t he ir n a ture . When d id t he E gyp t ians f i r s t c ome t o C anaan a nd f o r wha t p urpo se ?How a re w e t o e xp la in t he ir p re sence ? A s t r ans ien t o r p e rmanen t merchan ts a nd t r ade rs who c a me p eace fu l ly ( p ace B en -Tor 1 982: 1 9 11; 1 986: 1 2 -16 ) o r d id t hey e s tab l ish t hem se lve s a s s e t t le r s a nd c o lon is ts i n av i o len t manne r , b y i nvas ion ( p ace Y ad in 1 955; Y e iv in 1 960; 1 963; 1 967; 1 968 ) ?Why d oe s t he E gyp t ian p re sence s eem ing ly v an ish a t t he e nd o f Dyna s ty 1 a nd c an a ny i n fe rence s a bou t i t s n a ture b e d rawn f r om t he f a c t t ha t i td id v an ish ? Any a t temp tt or e spond t ot h e se q ues t ions mus ti nvar iab ly l e ad u st oy e ta no the rs e to f q ues t ions , t he se c oncern ing t he a va i lab le s ources . Wha t c an we l e arn f r om t hem ?How r e l iab le a nd h ow c r ed ib le a r e t hey ?A re t hey t o b e t aken a t f a ce v a lue a nd a re w e t o a s s ign e qua l w e igh t t o t hem . G iven t he r e la t ive p auc i ty o f t hose wh ich a r e a va i lab le , a re we e n t i t led t o make b road , s weep ing s t a temen ts a nd g ene ra l iza t ion s , p a r t icu lar ly i n t he c a se o ft he w r i t ten d o cumen ta t ion ,f o rw er e a l ly k now h ow t or e ad a nd u nde r s tand t h et e x ts o f t h e A rcha ic P e r iod ( Dyna s t ie s 0 3 ) o n ly i mper fec t ly ? T he p i t fa l ls a nd m ine f ie lds wh ich a re i nhe ren t i n t h e n a ture a nd u se o fo ur s ources i s b e s t d emons t ra ted b y a n e xam ina t ion o f s o me o f t hose wh ich Ih ave g rouped u nder t he r ub r ic o f p i c tor ia l e v idence . T he re a re t wo o f t he se t o b e c ons ide red h e re , t he Narme r p a le t te ( s ee P r i tchard 1 954: 9 2 -93 , f i gs . 2 96 -297 ) a nd t he i vory l abe l f r om Abydos , f o rme r ly i nt he MacGregor c o l lec t ion a nd n ow B r i t ish Museum N °5 5586 ( i b id: 9 1 , f i g .2 93 ) . I am aware t ha t t here a re ma jor d i f f icu l t ies a nd d isagree men ts r egard ing t he i n terp re ta t ions o ft he s c ene s o nb o th o ft h e se d ocu men ts ( e .g . Y ad in 1 955 ;Wa rd 1 963: 1 5; 1 969; Am iran 1 968; Eme ry 1 961 :4 3 -47; G ard ine r 1 96 1 :4 03 -404; Ha l lo & S imp son 1 97 1: 2 03 -205 ) p ar t icu lar ly i nr e spec t t ot he ir u se f o r t he r e con s t ruc t ion o f t he r e la t ions b e tween C anaan a nd E gyp t d ur ing Dynas t ies 0 1 . T hese , h owever , a re n o t g ermane t o t he

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -4 35 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

A LAN R . S CHULMAN

i mmed ia te a rgu men t wh ich I w ish t o d eve lop h ere a nd , f o r t he mo men t , w i l l b e d i sregarded .

T he s m i t ing s c ene T he ma in s c ene o f t he p a le t te a nd t ha t o f t he l a be l p i c ture e s sen t ia l ly t he s ame b a s ic c oncep t , t he we l l -known a nd f r equen t ly -s tud ied mo t i fo ft he E gyp t ian k ing t r iumphan t ly b ash ing o u t t he b ra in s o f ad e fea ted f oe ( s ee , e . g . , Ha l l 1 986; K ee l 1 974; S chä fer 1 957; S chu l man 1 987; S e ton 1 97 1-72; S i lwa 1 973; 1 974 ) . I n t h e c ase o f t he p a le t te , t h e k ing i s Narmer , t he p u ta t ive f ounder o f Dynas ty 1 a nd t he e nemy b e ing s l a in i s Washe , p re sumab ly ar u le ro f L ower E gyp t 2.On t he Abydos l a be l , t he p haraoh i su nques t ionab ly D en , t he f i f th k ing o ft he Dynas ty ,b u t t he n ame o fh i s d e fea ted f oeman wh ich ,o na na logy w i th t he p lacemen t o f t he n ame s o f i nd iv idua ls o n o ther monumen t s o f t h is p e r iod , i s p robab ly w r i t ten i n t he f i e ld b e tween t he t wo f i gure s ,b enea th D en 's l e f t a rm , i su ncer ta in ( s ee S p iege lberg 1 897: 9 ) . On t he b as is o f h i s l ong h a i r a nd b eard t h is e nemy h as b een i den t i f ied g ene ra l ly a s a n A s ia t ic ( E me ry 1 961 :7 4; E dwa rds 1 973: 2 7; G ard ine r 1 961 : 4 14 -415; P r i tchard 1 954: 2 83 ) a nd more s pec i f ica l ly a s aS em i te f r om S ina i ( Sp iege lbe rg 1 897: 8 ) a nd a l so f r om t he c ap t ion o n t he p laque wh ich r eads: " t he f i r s t o ccas ion o f sm i t ing t he E as t " . T hus i t wou ld s eem t ha t i n e ach o f t hese t wo d ocu men t s we h ave a p i c tor ia l a nd t e x tua l o rq uas i tex tua l r e cord o fa n h i s tor ica l e ven t , t he s l ay ing o fa ne nemy p r ince a nd p resumab ly t he c onque s to fh i s t e r r i tory . B u ti st h is r ea l ly t he c ase ? T he l a te J ohn A . W i lson , i n ab r i l l ian t ,b u to f ten -ove r looked s t udy o ft he r oya l my th i n Anc ien t E gyp t (W i lson 1 956b ) p o in ted o u t af a sc ina t ing p henomenon c oncern ing t h is v ery s a me mo t i f o f t he E gyp t ian k ing sm i t ing a d e fea ted e nemy c h ie f ta in: b o th S abure ' o f Dynas ty 5 a nd P ep i Io f Dyna s ty 6 h ave l e f t s cenes i n t he ir c on s truc t ion a t S aqqa ra i n wh ich t hey a re s hown s ac r i f ic ing aL ibyan p r ince i nt he p resence o fh i s w i fe a nd t wo s on s , w i th al i s t o f t he a n i ma l b oo ty a ppended (W i l son 1 956b :4 39 ) . J e an L ec lan t h as r e cen t ly p ub l ished a n e xamp le o f t he s a me s c ene d a t ing t o t he r e ign o f P ep i Ii n t he Dynas ty 6 ( Le c lan t 1 980: 4 9 -54 ) . On ly i nt he S at tu re ' v er s ion a re t he n umbe r so ft he c ap tured a n i ma ls p rese rved i nd e ta i l ,b u ti na l l t h ree c ase s t he n ame so ft h eL ibyan r u le r 's w i fe a nd c h i ldren a re g iven a nd , i ne ach c ase , t he woman i sn amed K hu tyo te s a nd t he s ons r e spe c t ive ly U sa a nd Un i . Moreover , s o me 1 600 y ear s l a te r t he Kush i te p ha raoh T aharka ( Dynas ty 2 5 ) i s p or t rayed a t h i s t emp le o f K awa i n t he S udan a s h e s l augh ter s aL ibyan c h ie f i n t he p resence o f h i s w i fe , K hu tyo te s , a nd h i s t wo s on s , U sa a nd Un i , w i th c ap tured a n ima ls b e ing s hown , t hough t he d e ta i ls a nd n u mbe rs o f t he se l a s t a re l o s t ( W i lson 1 956b: 4 39; L ec lan t 1 980: 5 2 ) . I ft aken a l one , w i thou t a ny s usp ic ion o f t he e x is ten ce o f t he o the r o ccur rence s , e ach v er s ion o ft h is e xp l ic i t s c ene wou ld s ure ly b e a ccep ted a st he p ic tor ia l/ tex tua l r e cord o fa h i s tor ica l e ven t wh ich t ook p lace a tf i xed p o in ti nt ime i nt he r e ign o ft he k ing i nq ue s t ion , 2 . T ha t N arme r , w ear ing t he Uppe r E gyp t ian C rown , i ss l augh te r ing Washe i sd ear . T he i d en t i f ica t ion o f Washe w i th L owe rE gyp to nt h i sf a ce o ft h ep a le t te s e ems t ob eb ased o nt h eg roup f a c ing N arme ra nd c ons is t ing o f t h e f a lcon p e rched u pon a nd h o ld ing p r isone r ap e r son i f ied p oo l f i l led w i th p lan t s . E dwards t a ke s t h is t ob e a monog raph o f ap ros t ra te e nemy a nd t h ep apy ru sp l an t ,s ymbo l ic o fL owe rE gyp t ,a nd r e ad si ta s" k lo rus b r ing s( t o t h ek i ng )c ap t ive so fL owe rE gyp t "( Edward s1 97 1 : 8;s e ea l so G a rd ine r1 96 1 :4 04; H alo & S impson 1 97 1 : 2 0 4 ) . B u t a sw el a sb e ing t h eg od , t l o ru si sa l so t h ek ing ,a nd s t r ipped o fi t sh uman h ead , t h eh i e rog lyph u nde r s tood a st h e p apyru ss ymbo lo fL owe rE gyp tl ooks mo re l i ke d oes l i ke t h eh i e rog lyph

e '

t

W

S 3"marshland", " sw amp l and "( W b .I V ,3 99 ,6 400 ,5 )t h an i t

" Lowe r E gyp t " ( I b id . I ,1 23 , 1 2 -124 ,7 ) . I ft h ep hy s ica lp lacemen to ft h ef a lcon

o v e rt h ep e rson if ied ma r sh land s i gn i su nde r s tood a s as po r t ive w r i t ing o f t h ep repos i t ion j r" ove r " ,i ti sp o ss ib le t o r e ad t he e n t ire monog raph a s 1 : I r ( o r ) g 3 " k lo rus ( i . e . t he k ing ) t r iumphs ( l i t , i so ve r ) t h e ( pe rson i f ied ) mar sh land " .T h i si sd ear ly Washe ,b u t whe re t h em ar sh land m ay h ave b een l o c a ted c anno tb ed e te rm ined .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 36 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

H ISTOR IOGRAPHY AND H ISTOR IC ITY OF THE R ELAT IONS OF EGYPT AND CANAAN I N THE E B I

at r iu mph o ver t he L ibyan s . Howeve r ,u n le s s t he w i fe o fe ve ry L ibyan p r ince f r om t he t ime o fS abure ' u n t i l t ha t o fT aharka w a s n amed K hu tyo te s a nd u n le ss e very L ibyan r u le r h ad t wo s ons who we re n amed r e spec t ive ly U sa a nd Un i , ap a ten t ly a b surd p ropos i t ion , i ti s o bv ious t ha t we a re n o t d ea l ing h e re w i th r ea l h i s tor ica l e ven ts wh ich t ook p lace i n t he r e igns o f S a t tu re ' , P ep iI ,P ep i I , a nd T aharka , b u t r a ther w i th t he r oya l my th . U ndoub ted ly a t s ome t ime i n E gyp t ian h i s to ry s ome k i ng c onque red a L i byan a nd s l ew h im i n t h e p re sence o fh i s w i f e a nd c h i ldren . T h is e ven t mus t h ave h ad s uch i mpor tance a nd s uch s i gn i f icance t ha t t he f e a t b ecame p a r t o f t he p er sona o f t he E gyp t ian k ing a nd t he rea f ter e ve ry p haraoh f e l t h imse l f c ons t ra ined t o c o mmemora te t he s a me v i c tory i n e very o ne o f i t s d e ta i ls , a s i fh e , h im se l f , h ad a c tua l ly a ch ieved i t . When v iewed i n t h is l i gh t , t hen n o t o n ly i st he h i s tor ic i ty o f t he s cene , f o r a l l p rac t ica l p urpose s , i nva l ida ted w i th r e spec t t ot hese s ub sequen t i lus t ra t ion s o fi t ,b u t we may a l so c a l l i n to q ue s t ion t he h i s tor ic i ty o fa l l s uch s c enes , u n le ss w e h ave a n o the rw ise i nd ispu tab le a nd v a l id c on tex t i n to wh ich we may a ss ign t hem a nd wh ich wou ld c orrobora te t he ir r e l iab i l i ty a s h i s tor ica l d ocumen ts . I ndeed , we m igh t a pp ly t h i s c r i ter ion f o r h i s tor ica l a ccuracy n o t o n ly t ot he se s c ene s o ft r iumph a nd s l augh te r ,b u tt oa l ls c ene si n wh ich t he k ing p l ay sa nd a c t ive r o le . G enera l ly , when o ne v iews a work o f a r t wh ich p i c tures a h i s tor ica l e ven t f r om v i r tua l ly a ny p e r iod w i th in t he We s te rn a r t is t ic t r ad i t ion , s t ar t ing w i th t he G reeks , o ne c l ea r ly u nder s tands a nd p er ce ives t ha t t he b as ic i n ten to ft h ea r t is t s was t oc ap ture f o rever a nd p ic ture f o r e t ern i ty s o me th ing wh ich h ad h appened a t af i xed momen t o r s e r ies o f momen t s i nt ime . I no the r words , t he p urpo se o fs uch awork i sp r imar i ly t or e cord i nt he a r t i s t 's t e rm s s o me th ing r ea l , s o me th ing a c tua l s o t ha t i tw i l l e ndure t ime le ss ly . A l though s ymbo l ic o r a bs t rac t c oncep ts m igh tb e i nhe ren to r i n c luded i n t he d ep ic t ion , n eve r the le ss t he work f unc t ions f i r s t a nd f o remos t o n i t s b as ic l e ve l a nd g ives a v i sua l r e cord o f t he h appen ing . T h is was a nd i sn o t t he c ase when w e a re d ea l ing w i th a work o f a nc ien t E gyp t ian a r t ( s ee S chu l man 1 984: 1 76 ) . Id e l ibe ra te ly d o n o t u se t he t e rm " h is tor ica l a r t " w i th r e ference t o t he E gyp t ians a t t h is p o in t , u n less w i th q uo ta t ion marks , b ecause t he E gyp t ian s ense o f h i s tory a nd t he w ay i n wh ich i tw as u nde r s tood b y t hem a s at ime less r epe t i t ion wa sa nd i sq u i te d i f fe ren tf r om o u r own . B e fore w ee ndeavou rt os eek t he r ea l i ty a nd u nde rs tand t he a c tua l ity wh ich u nder lays E gyp t ian r epresen ta t iona l a r t , h er s pec i f ica l ly t wo -d imen s iona l r e l ie f a nd p a in t ing , w e mus t f i r s t , i fp oss ib le , t r y t of a thom t he p sycho log ica l a nd s oc io log ica l n exus i n wh ich i tf l our ished . I ti s ac ommonp lace t r u ism t ha t t he c h ie fp reoccupa t ion o f t he E gyp t ian was w i th l i fe i n t he s p ir i t -wor ld o f t he A f te r l i fe wh ich w as a s r ea l t o h im , o r e ven m ore r ea l t o h im t h an was l i fe i nt h is wor ld . I mmor ta l i ty , o r r a ther c on t inua t ion i n t h e n ex t wor ld , t hough w ide sp read i nl a te r t imes , wa s , t oo ur k now ledge ama t te ro fs oc ia l s t a tus a tt he b eg inn ing o f t he d ynas t ic p e r iod i n E gyp t . T he f ew c eme te r ies t ha t a re k nown a re p r i mar i ly t he r oya l c e me ter ie s a tS aqqara a nd Abydos . I mmor ta l i ty w as t he e xc lus ive r i gh t o f t he k ing a nd was a p r iv i lege f o r who msoever t he k ing m igh t c hoose t o g ran t i t . S ince t he o ve rwhe lm ing amoun to fd ocumen ta t ion f o ro ur k now ledge o f Dynas t ie s0 1 c ome sf r om t h e c on te mporary p reserved t o mbs a nd s i nce t hese a re p r i mar i ly r oya l t o mbs , o ur d ocumen ta t ion i sg o ing t ob e a nd i sd i s tor ted t ot h e p e rspec t ive o f t he h ighe s t r eaches o f E gyp t ian s oc ie ty , t he r oya l l e ve l . T he b as ic r a t iona le o f t he E gyp t ian a bou t t he n ex t wor ld , t ha t l i fe i n E tern i ty was b o th ac on t inua t ion a nd r epe t i t ion o f l i fe i nt h is wo r ld , t ha t wha t w as a ch ieved a nd d one i n t h is wo r ld wou ld b e r epea ted e nd le ss ly f o rever i n t he n ex t , t hen a dds ad i mens ion o f t ime le ssne ss t o a n E gyp t ian " h is tor ica l " r e l ie f o r p a in t ing i n s p i te o f t he f a c t t ha t a n a c tua l e ven t m ay b e d ep ic ted . I n f a c t , s uch v i sua l r e cords s hou ld a lways b eu nde r s tood a s f unc t ion ing s imu l taneous ly o n t wo l e ve ls o fp e rcep t ion , t he c oncre te a nd t he a bs t rac t , a nd de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -4 37 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

A LAN R . S CHULMAN

we m igh t e ven i n c luded a t h ird l e ve l wh ich Iwou ld c a l l t he p sycho log ica l l e ve l . T he c oncre te l e ve l p i c tured wha t h ad h appened a t ap ar t icu la r p o in t i n t ime a nd t he a b s trac t i n sured t ha t t h is s a me e ven t t ook p lace i n t he s ame way w i th t he s a me r e su l t e nd le ss ly , f o reve r . T he p sycho log ica l l e ve l i s mos t a ppa ren t when we a re d ea l ing w i th " r oya l " a r t wh ich i sc l ear ly p ropagand is t ic a nd mean t t o p romu lga te t he r oya l my th , t o g l or i fy t he k ing . I ti sn eve r the less p resen t i n p r iva te a r t whose owne r s , d ed ica tor s a nd d ed ica tee s a l ike , a re e t erna l ly y oung a nd h ea l thy , a re e t e rna l ly f l our ish ing a nd p rosperou s b e cause o ft he i rr i gh teousne ss a nd e xce l lence . P robab ly t he mos t i mpor tan tl e ve l o n wh ich a n E gyp t ian work o f " r oya l h i s to r ica l " a r t f unc t ioned was t he p sycho log ica l l eve l . T he emphas is o n t he k ing a nd h i s i n ev i tab le t r iumph i n wha tever h e d id p e rmea te s e very a spec t o f E gyp t ian l i fe a nd t hough t . I n t he a rea o f war , t he c oncep t Ug ta t c ' e s t m o i i s , w i thou t q ue s t ion , t he o pe ra t ive p r inc ip le . I n t he New K ingdom , a dm i t ted ly a p er iod o f E gyp t ian h i s tory much much l a ter t han t he E a r ly B ronze I ,b u t o ne f r om wh ich t he v as t ma jor i ty o f " r oya l h i s tor ica l " i n sc r ip t ion s a re e x tan t , when t he k ing g oes t o war , h e marches o u t w i th h i s a r my , t he f a c t s o f t he c a mpa ign u p t o t he o u t se t o f t he b a t t le a re r e co rded , o f ten w i th l ov ing d e ta i l . T hen t he k ing makes h i s e p iphany o n t he b a t t le f ie ld a nd t he b a t t le i mmed ia te ly e nds i n v i c tory . Any r e ma in ing n arra t ive i sc once rned w i th t he d e ta i ls o f t he b oo ty t aken ( s ee W i lson 1 956a: 1 79 -180 , 1 85 ) . I n v i sua l p or t raya l s o f t he b a t t le f ie ld , E gyp t ian s o ld ie r s a r e p resen t , b u ti ti st he k ing who d om ina te st he s c ene a nd w in s t he v i c tory ( e .g . , Wre sz in sk i 1 925: p l s . 5 0 ,6 6 , 7 7 , 1 0 1 , 1 09 , 14 , 1 22 , 1 30 ) . A l le l se i si n c iden ta l , u n impor tan t ,a nd m igh ta sw e l l n o t e ven b e s hown a nd , i n f a c t , i ne a r l ie r E gyp t ian a r t , g o ing b ack t ot he E a r ly B ronze A ge , i s n o t ( Gaba l la 1 976: 1 00 ) . I n t he w r i t ten d ocu men ta t ion , when t he k ing g oes t o war , i ti s u sua l ly b ecause t he e nemy h as " r ebe l led " o r i s p lo t t ing " r ebe l l ion " a ga in s t h im ( s ee S pa l inger 1 982: 6 7 -69 , 6 0 ) . No ma t te r t ha t t he e nemy may b e as overe ign f o re ign l and wh ich w as n eve r s ub jec tt oE gyp t . I nt h eE gyp t ian n a tu ra l o rde ro ft h ing s ,a l l l a nds a nd a l l p eop les , i n t heory , we re s ub jec t t o E gyp t . I n a l l p e r iods o f E gyp t ian h i s tory , o ne o f t he c o mmones t words f o r " f oe " , " enemy " was t he t e rm

G

h rw , l i tera l ly " t he

o ver thrown o ne " (Wb . I I , 3 21 , 6 322 , 4 ) b ecause , o bv ious ly , i fa ny e nemy h ad t he m i sfor tune t o mee t t he p haraoh i n b a t t le , t he r e su l t w as a f o regone c onc lus ion t ha t h e wou ld b ed e fea ted a nd o ve r th rown . I ndeed ,t he v ery i deog raph wh ich i su sed t od e te rm ine h rw a nd o f ten a l l o f i t s s ynonym s w as u sua l ly t he h ierog lyph d ep ic t ing a man f a l l ing , w i th b lood s pur t ing f r om h i s h ead

%,t ( Ga rd iner 1 927: 4 36 , n °A 4 ) .

T he Na rmer p a le t te T he Narme rp a le t te i st oo we l l -known f o r me t oa ccord i tmuch s pace h ere .T he p oss ib le E gyp t ian -Canaan i te c onnec t ion wh ich Y ad in p os tu la ted b y i den t i fy ing a n e n igma t ic h ierog lyph i n t he l owe s t r eg is te r o f i t s r everse a s t he s o -ca l led d eser t k i te , wh ich i den t i f ica t ion h e t hen s ugges ted d ign i f ied a n E gyp t ian m i l i tary p ene tra t ion i n to A s ia u nde r Narme r ,i fn o ta na c tua lc onque s t( Yad in 1 955 ) ,h as f o r al ong t ime b een r e je c ted ( s ee , e . g . , Ward 1 963: 1 5; 1 969; B en -Tor 1 982: 9 10; Meshe l 1 974 ) . I ft h is " connec t ion " i s r emoved f r om f u r the rc on s ide ra t ion , wha tb ear ing , t hen , s hou ld t h is d ocu men th ave o nt he r e la t ions b e tween E gyp ta nd C anaan a tt he b eg inn ing o f t he E ar ly B ronze Age ?A f ter a l l , i ti sn orma l ly u nde r s tood a s d ep ic t ing t he v ar ious s t ages o f t he u n i f ica t ion o f E gyp t b y Narmer a nd t he e s tab l ishmen t o f Dynas ty 1 . T he ma in s c ene o nt h er eve r se s how s Narme rw ear ing t he Wh i te C rown o f Uppe rE gyp t c l ubb ing t od ea th a n e nemy n amed "Washe " wh i le t wo o ther e nem ies i nt he l owe s tr eg i s ter

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 38 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

H IS TOR IOGRAPHY AND H I STOR IC ITY O F THE R ELAT ION S O F E GYPT AND C ANAAN I N l ' HE E B I

f l ee i nt e r ror b e fore h im . T he g roup o fs i gn s o ppos i te a nd f a c ing Na rmer 's h ead p rov ide a c ap t ion f o r t he a c t ion: " Horus ( i . e . Narme r ) t r iumphs o ve r t he ( pe rson i f ied ) marsh c oun t ry " . One wonde r s , h oweve r , i ft he i den t i ty o f Washe i sa s sumed t o h ave b een t he r u ler o f L ower E gyp t . Now t he p hys iognomy o f t he h ead o f t he p e r son i f ied ma r sh land h i erog lyph a nd t ha t o f t he t wo f l ee ing e nem ies i nt he b o t tom r eg is te r i ss o s im i la r o f t ha t o f Wa she t ha t we may l e g i t ima te ly a ssume t ha t a l l t h ree r epre sen t t he s a me o r s im i la r n a t iona l t ype s . T ha t t hey a re p i c tured n ude d oes n o t mean t ha t t he ir c u l ture was s o p r im i t ive t ha t t hey e schewed t he wear ing o f c l o th ing , b u t i sr a ther a d e l ibera te a nd s ymbo l ic h um i l ia t ion wh ich u nde rscored t he ir d eg raded s t a tue a s p r isone r s ( T r igge r 1 979: 4 10 -414 ) . T he l a ck o f t he ir c l o th ing h inders a n i den t i f ica t ion o f t he ir e thn ic i ty a nd n e i ther t he ir p hys iognom ies n or t he ir h a irdos a nd b eards a l low a ny p os i t ive i den t i f ica t ion . T he b es t t ha t c an b e s a id i st ha t t hey a re l i ke t hose o f b o th t he E gyp t ians a nd t he f o re igner s who a re d ep ic ted o n t he ma jor i ty o f t he o the r c on temporary p ic tor ia l d ocumen ts ( s ee e . g . , P r i tchard 1 954: 9 0 -91 f i gs . 2 91 -292 [ t he B u l l p a le t te ]; Sm i th 1 958: 1 6 f i g . 3[ t he B a t t le f ie ld p a le t te ] , 1 7 f i g . 4[ t he S corp ion macehead ] ;Y e iv in 1 964: p l s . I[ t he Narmer p a le t te ] , I [ t he G ebe l e l `A raq k n i fe h and le a nd t he r ever se ( ? ) o f t he S iege p a le t te ] , I I [ t he o bver se ( ? ) o f t he S iege p a le t te ] ;A ldred 1 964: 4 9 f i g .3 8 [ t he Hun ter s ' p a le t te ] ;1 980: 3 4 f i g . 4[ t he O x ford p a le t te ] ) . I n t he l owes t r eg is te r o f t he Narmer p a le t te 's o bver se t he k ing i n t he g u ise o f t he m igh ty b u l l i s mau l ing an ude , b earded , e nemy b e fore ap ar t ia l ly d e s troyed f o r t i f ica t ion i n s ide o f wh ich i s t he h ierog lyph

it sk wh ich Y e iv in l i nked

w i th a s im i lar

r epre sen ta t ion w i th in o ne o f t h e f o r t i f ied a reas o n t he S i ege p a le t te , o n t he o the r s i de o f wh ich w a s t he h ierog lyph

f o r L ibya ( Ye iv in 1 964: 2 8 -29 ) .

On t he B a t t le f ie ld p a le t te , t he B u l l p a le t te a nd t he G ebe l e l lAraq k n i fe h and le t he e nem ies , a s t hose o n t he Narmer p a le t te , a re n ude s ave f o r ap en is shea th , a nd e ven t he r u le r who i sa bou tt ob ee xecu ted , Washe , wea r s as po r ran l ike w rappe ro no ro ve rh i sp en is wh ich c ou ld v ery we l lb ei n te rp re ted a s ap en is shea th ( s ee U cko 1 970: p l s . 1 2b , 1 2c ) . U cko h as c onv inc ing ly s hown t ha t t h is i t em o f" dre ss " ,o nce t hough t t ob e wo rn o n ly b yL ibyan s a tt h i s e ar ly s t age o f h i s to ry ( Ba te s 1 914: 1 22; Nav i l le 1 900: 6 8; W inck le r 1 938: 2 0 ) was e qua l ly worn i n E gyp t a t t h is t ime ( Ucko 1 970: 3 6 , 4 7 ) . E ven t he t wo men h o ld ing t he l e ashe s o f t he g i ra f fe -necked f e l ines o n t he P a le t te wea r s hea ths . Neve r the le ss , i n t he l i gh t o f t he r epe t i t ive s l ay ing o f t he L ibyan p r ince b y P ep i I ,P ep i I , S ahure ' , a nd T aharka , i ti s more t han t emp t ing t o s ee t he e nem ie s o n t he Na rme r p a le t te a nd o n i t s c on tempo rary p i c tor ia ld ocu m en t sa sn o to n ly f o re igne r s ,b u ta l so a sL ibyan s 3. I f Iam c or rec t i nt h is , i ti sp oss ib le t oc arry t h e s uppos i t ion e ven o ne s t ep f u r the r a nd q ues t ion t he n orma l ly -accep ted i n terp re ta t ion o f t he p a le t te a s r e cord ing t he c onque s t o f L ower E gyp t a nd t he u n i f ica t ion o f t he Two L ands b y N arme r . 4.A f te r a l l , t he ma in s uppor tf o rt he c onven t iona lu nde rs tand ing o ft he d ocumen tl ay si nt he f a c tt ha ti ti so nt he Narme r p a le t te t ha t a n E gyp t ian k ing i ss hown f o r t he f i r s t t ime w ear ing b o th t he Wh i te C rown o f Uppe rE gyp ta nd t h eR ed C rown o fL owe rE gyp to nt he s ame monumen t ,b u tt h i s 3 . I n te res t ing ly e nough , G a rd ine r ( 1 96 1: 3 94 -395 ) r a ises t he q ues t ion o f whe the r t he p redynas t ic L owe r E gyp t ian k i ng s were o fL ibyan s t ock b u td oe sn o tr ea l ly a t temp tt oa nswe ri t .Y e iv in ( 1 964 :2 8 -33 )i nh i sa t temp tt o s uppo r tY ad in 's g ene ra li n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e N arme r p a le t te , s ough t t os ee s ome o ft he e nem ie s p ic tu red o n i ta s L ibyans . Ward ( 1 963: 1 2 ) , o n t he o the r h and , s aw t hem a s s imp ly " t r ibe s wh ich i n fe s ted t he d ese r t s b o rde r ing E gyp t " 4 .A lmo s ts i x ty y ea rs a go b o th S e the ( 1 930 )a nd B reas ted ( 1 93 1 ) ,e ach i ndependen t ly o ft h eo the r ,p o s tu la ted a t l e as t o ne s ucces s fu l u n i f ica t ion o f Uppe r a nd L ower E gyp t b e f o r e Dynas ty 1 . Wh i le t he i r i deas h ave n o t b een r e je c ted o u t o fh and b y mo re mode rn s cho lar sh ip , t he n o t ion o f au n i f ica t ion b e fo re N arme r h as n o t g a ined a ny w ide sp read a ccep tance ,e i the r( Haye s1 953 :2 7 ;W i lson 1 956 a :4 7; D r io ton & V and ie r 1 952: 1 56; H alo & S imp son 1 97 1 : 2 02 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -4 39 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

ALAN R . S CHULMAN

d oes n o t p rove t ha t Narme r was t he p haraoh o f t he c onque s t a nd u n if ica t ion

i f wha ti s

5,

b e ing s hown o n t he p a le t te i s Narme r 's a ss im i la t ion o ft h e r oya l my th t oh im se l f t h rough as y mbo l ic r e enac tmen to fa ne a r l ie re ven t . I ft h is e ar l ie r e ven t w as t he u n i f ica t ion , w e s hou ld n o te t ha t t he e nem ie s f r om t he ma rsh land c ou ld h ave b een L ibyans . T oday L ibya i su nde r s tood a s t ha t p ar t o f Nor th A f r ica i mmed ia te ly t o t he we s t o f E gyp t , b u t w as t h is e xac t ly t he c ase i n a nd a tt he s t a r t o f t he E a r ly B ronze I?Whe re , s pec i f ica l ly , m igh t t he b orde r h ave b een ?F rom t he O ld K ingdo m o n , t he e x is tence o ft he g enera l c oncep t o f g eog raph ica l l im i ts i sa t te s ted b y t he e x is tence o f t he word f o r " border " , " boundary " ( t 3, Wb . V , 2 24 , 1 4 -246 , 1 6 ) . S te lae d e l inea t ing t he b orde rb e tween E gyp ta nd K ush a re k nown f r om t he r e ign o fS enwosre 'I I i n Dynas ty 1 2 ( s ee L DI , 1 36 , h ,i )a nd f r om Dynas ty 1 8 w eh ave c l ear s t a temen t s mark ing o u t t he b oundar ie s o f Akhena ton 's c ap i ta l a t Amarna ( [ I rk . I V , 1 965 -1990 ) , b u t n o s im i lar e xa mp le s h ave b een f o r thco m ing f r om t he E ar ly B ronze . Moreove r , t he c oncep t o f t he b orde r b e tween t wo r eg ion s may n o t a lways b e c once ived o f a s af i xed a nd s t a t ic o ne . A b orde r may move i ns pace a td i f feren t p er iods o f h i s to ry . Wha t wa s o nce ab order a to ne p o in t i n t ime may we l l b e b eh ind i t ac en tury o r s o l a ter . Moreover , i fw e a ccep t t he i den t i f ica t ion o f t he e ne m ie s w ear ing p en is s hea ths a s L ibyans , w e m ay f i nd a dd i t iona l s uppor t f o r i ti n t he s hea th -wear ing i vory f i gur ines f r om t he Cha lco l i th ic p er iod ( s ee P e r ro t 1 964: p l s . L -L I; Am iran & T admor 1 980: p l . 1 7E )

t he more s oa s U cko ( 1 970 )d oe s

6,

n o t a t tes t a ny p eop le s f r om A s ia who wore t he p en is s hea th . Ob jec t ions may b e r a ised t o t he f o rego ing o n e thno l ingu i s t ic g rounds . A f te r a l l , i n t he h i s tor ic p er iods o f t he l a t ter t h ird m i l lenn ium a nd o n ,u n t i lo ur own t ime s , t he p opu la t ion o fS ina ia nd C anaan was a nd i se s sen t ia l ly S em i t ic -speak ing . D oes t h is mean , h owever , t ha t t h is a l so h ad t o b e t he c ase a tt he d awn o f r e corded h i s tory ?L ingu is t ic b oundar ies o f ten e x tend s o me d is tance b eyond g eog raph ica lb orde r s .

T he i vory l abe lf r om Abydos T here i ss eem ing ly n o th ing u nequ ivoca l i n wha ti sb e ing s hown o n t he i v ory l abe l f r om Abydos: t he E gyp t ian k ing D en who r u led i nt he m idd le o f Dynas ty 1i ss hown c l ubb ing a n e nemy t od ea th . T he a ccompany ing c ap t ion r e la te s t ha t t h is w as " t he f i rs t t ime o f sm i t ing t he E as t " . No th ing more . I ti sa lmo s t f u t i le t oq u ibb le whe ther t he e nemy w as aB edou in f r om S ina i o r whe the r h e w as amore s eden tary i nhab i tan t o fC anaan p rope ro n t h is b a s i s o fh i s d re ss o r h a irdo . T he re i sn o c on temporary e v idence a va i lab 'e f o r c ompa r ison n or i s 5 . I th as l ong b een k nown t h a t ,o ft he p re -Dynas ty 1k ing sp i c tu red o nt he ma in C a i ro f r agmen to ft he P a le rmo s t one , s even ( a cco rd ing t o B reas ted 1 931: 7 10 -7 12 a nd p l . I )o r s i x ( a cco rd ing t o G a rd ine r 1 96 1 :4 29 ) wear t he Doub le C rown o f Uppe r a nd L owe r E gyp t ( s ee a l so H alo & S impson 1 97 1: 1 94 , 2 02 ) , wh i le a l t he o the r p re D ynas ty 1r u le rs p re se rved o n t he P a le rmo p o r t ion o ft he monumen ta nd t he o the rf r agmen t s wea r t h eR ed ( Lowe r E gyp t ian ) C rown . B reas ted b ased h i si dea o ft h ep reh is to r ic u n i f ica t ion o n t he a ppearance o ft he k ing s wear ing t he Doub le C rown , b u t mos t s cho lars h ave j u s t i gno red t he i mp l icat ions o f t hese u nequ ivoca l r ep resen ta t ions . Neve r the les s , i ft he D oub le C rown i st he C rown o f( au n i f ied ) Uppe ra nd L owe r E gyp t , t hen i ti sc l ear t h a t t he re h ad t ob e s o me s o r t o f u n i f ica t ion b e f o r e N arme r . O the rw ise t he C rown s hou ld h ave h ad , a tl e as t t h i s e a r ly , a d i f fe ren t ( g eog raph ica l? ) s i gn i f icance . B u t t h en wha t d o i t s c omponen t s , t he Wh i te C rown a nd t he R ed C rown , r ep re sen t? C ou ld i tb e t ha t o r ig ina l ly t hey h ad d i f fe ren t c e r emon ia l c onno ta t ions a nd/o r p u rpo ses a nd o n ly l a te r a cqu i red ag eog raph ic a l s i gn i f ic ance? I nt h i sr e spe c t , Ir emembe r t h a t i nt he m id f i f t ie s t he l a te K laus B aer g ave a t a lk wh ich , u n fo r tuna te ly , h e n eve rp ub l ished , t ot he Near E as tC lub o ft he O r ien ta l I n s t i tu te o ft h e Un iver s i ty o f C h icago i n wh ich h ep e r suas ive ly d emons t ra ted t he o r ig inaly Uppe rE gyp t ian o r ig in o ft he R ed C rown . I nt he s ame v e in ,V en tu ra p ub l ished a n i n te re s t ing s ugge s t ion t h a t ar ose t te o n as ma l lf r agmen to ft he S co rp ion macehead may h ave s t ood b e fo re an ow los tf i gu re o ft h e k ing w ear ing t he R ed C rown wh ich wou ld b a lance t he p re served f i gu re wear ing t he Wh i te C rown ( Ven tu ra 1 972: 1 84 a nd x x i i ) . Is ha l l r e tu rn t o t hese p rob lems a nd t ha t o f t h e " Un i f ic a t ion "i n as epa ra ted monog raph i nt he n o t too -d is tan tf u tu re . 6 . Iw ish t ot hank Mr . J .P e r ro t f o r r em ind ing me o f t he se s t a tue t te s , t he e x is tence o f wh ich Ih ad , o fc ou r se , k nown ,b u t wh ich Ih ad r eg re t t ab ly o ve r looked .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -40 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

H ISTOR IOGRAPHY AND H ISTOR IC ITY OF THE R ELAT IONS OF EGYPT AND CANAAN I N THE E B I

t he re a ny d is t inc t ly u n ique a nd c harac te r is t ic B edou in , a s o pposed t o C anaan i te , d ress , wo rn o n ly b yo ne o rt he o the rt ypes wh ich wou ld e nab le u s t od raw a ny c onc lus ions f r om l a te r r epresen ta t ions o f t hose p eop les . I n f a c t , t hough Ic e r ta in ly wou ld n o t p ush i t ,i ti s e ven p oss ib le t o s ee wha t a ppear s t o b e t he a pron o f k i l t a s as o mewha t t h icke r p en is s hea th s i nce n e i the r ah em n o r awa is t o ft he k i l t i sd ep ic ted a nd i ti sp os s ib le t oc ompa re t he h eaddress a nd b eard w i th t hose worn b y L ibyans p ic tured i nt he Dyna s ty 5mo r tuary t emp le s o f Nyuse r re ' a nd S ahure ' ( s ee B a te s 1 914: 1 23 f i g s . 2 0 , 2 3 , 1 24 , f i g .2 4 , 1 34 , f i g .4 3; P r i tchard 1 954: 1 ,f i g . 2 ) , a nd o f c our se , t here i st he p arad igm o f t he " L ibyan f am i ly " . Howeve r , t he t r u th o ft he ma t te ri st ha t w ej u s t d o n o t k now t he p rec ise n a t iona l i ty o ft h is v i c t im a nd t he e thn icon i n t h e a ccompany ing c ap t ion i so fn o h e lp e i the r . T he t e rm " Eas t " i st o og enera la nd t oo v ague .I ti sl i ke a t temp t ing t od ec ide f r om t he c on temporary A rab o r B yzan t ine s ources wh ich u sua l ly r e fer t o t hem c o l lec t ive ly a s F rank s o r Chr is t ians , whe the r ap ar t icu lar g roup o f C rusader s were No rmans , F l em ings , P rov inca ls , F rench , G e rmans , I t a l ians , E ng l ish , o r S cand inav ian s . I ns hor t , t he b e s t t ha tw ec an c onc lude f r om b o th t he s cene a nd i t s t e x ti st ha t av i c to ry o ve r E as terner s was c l a imed t oh ave p erhaps t aken p lace i n t he r e ign o fa nd b y D en . T he q ua l i f ica t ion " perhaps " i su sed b ecause t he t e x t i se qua l ly amb iguous o n t h is p o in t . We h ave n o way o f k now ing whe ther " t he f i r s t o ccas ion " h ere mean t t ha t t h i s w as t he f i r s t t ime i n t he h is tory o f t he r e la t ions b e tween t he t wo r eg ion s t ha t t h is h appened , o r t ha t t h is w as t he f i r s t t ime i n t he r e ign o f D en t ha t i tt ook p lace . And f i na l ly , a s e v idenced b y t he p a rad ig m o ft he " L ibyan f am i ly " , w e h ave t he p rob lem o fb e ing u n sure whe the r wha t i sp i c tured h e re i s ar ea l e ven t o r ac e remon ia l r e enac tmen to fs o me th ing a c tua l ly a ch ieved b ya ne a r l ie r ,u nknown k ing .T h is s a me o b serva t ion i sa l so t r ue f o rt he s c ene so nt h e Na rme r p a le t te .

C . THE WR ITTEN EV IDENCE I ft he e x tan t v i sua l d ocumen ta t ion f o r t he i n terre la t ions o f C anaan a nd E gyp t i n Dyna s ty 1i se qu ivoca l a nd n o t v ery i n c is ive , t he w r i t ten e v idence i so n ly a s hade more s a t is fac tory . T he s can t c on tempora ry ma ter ia l a t o ur d i sposa l f a l ls n a tu ra l ly i n to t h ree l oose g roup ings: a ) af ew b r ie f n a r ra t ive i n scr ip t ion s o f v ary ing i n ten t a nd h i s tor ic i ty: t he i n sc r ip t ion so n t he D en l a be l , t he Narme rp a le t te ,a nd t wo e i 't r ie so n t he P a lermo s t one ( s ee G ard iner 1 961 : p l . I I; Wr igh t 1 985 : 2 48 ) ;b ) E gyp t ian r oya l n a mes f r om Dynas t ies 0 -1 i n c ised o n p o t tery f ound o n v ar ious P a les t in ian a nd S ina i t ic s i te s ( s ee A tn iran 1 970 :8 8 p l . 1 ,9 2 f i g .2 ; 1 974 :5f i g . 1 ,p l . 1 ; 1 976; Gophna 1 970: 5 3 -54; S chu l man 1 976: 2 5 a nd p l . 1 ; S chu lman & Gophna 1 981: 1 65 -167 a nd p l . 2 8A; Y e iv in 1 960: 1 95 f i g . 2 ; 1 963: 2 02 f i g . 3a nd p l . 3 9; 1 968: 4 1 f i g . 3a nd p l . 1 A -B ); c )f r ag men tary i mp re ss ions o f t he c y l inde r s ea ls o f v ar ious Dynas ty 1 o f f ic ia ls a nd/or i n s t i tu t ions o n l ump so fd ry mud ( S ee S chu lman 1 976; 1 980; 1 983 ) .

I n sc r ip t ions S i nce we h ave a l ready d i scussed a ts o me l eng th t he i n sc r ip t ions o f t he p a le t te a nd t he l a be l w i th r egard t o t he i r h i s tor ica l r e a l i ty , a s f a r a s g roup ao f t he e p igraph ic ma ter ia l i sc once rned , we n eed l ook o n ly a t t he t wo t e r se e n tr ie s o f t he P a le rmo s t one wh ich , t oge the r w i th i t s s i s ter f r agmen t i n C a iro , i s ar e trospec t ive r e cap i tu la t ion p robab ly c omposed a tt he e nd o f Dynas ty 5a nd wh ich c on ta in s ay ea rb yy ear l i s t ing o ft he k ing so f E gyp t a nd s o me o f t he ir a ch ievemen ts f r om t he p redynas t ic t imes u n t i l t he r e ign o f

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -41 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

A LAN R . S CHULMAN

Ne fe r irkare ' ( s ee G ard iner 1 961: 6 2 -65 ) . O f t he t wo p reserved e n t r ies wh ich c oncern E gyp t ian r e la t ion s w i th A s ia , ay ear o f " t he sm i t ing o f t he l and o f S e t je t " i sr e co rded i n t he m idd le o f t he r e ign o fD je r ( s ee E dwards 1 97 1 :2 3; L app 1 970: 1 22 ) a nd a" y ea r x+2 " when " t he sm i t ing o ft he Y un t iu fo lk " i s men t ioned i sp robab ly t ob e a s s igned t ot h e r e ign o f D en ( s ee G ard iner 1 961: p l .I I; Newber ry & Wa inwr igh t 1 914 ) . B o th n ame s , " Se t je t " a nd " t he Y un t iu fo lk " , a l a s , l i ke t he d e s igna t ion " t he E as t " ( i3b t ) o n t he D en l a be l , a re v ery g ene ra l , v e ry v ague , a nd v e ry i mpre c ise . I n l a ter h i s tor ica l t imes t he " Land o f S e t je t " i s ag enera l d es igna t ion f o r " As ia " , a l though f o r r easons wh ich a re n o t a t a l l a pparen t t o me , modern E gyp to log ica l s cho lar sh ip s eem s t o r e s t r ic t i t s a ppearance o n t he P a lermo s t one t o S ina i ( s o G ard iner 1 961: 4 15; E dwards 1 97 1 :2 3; Emery 1 961: 7 4 ) . However , a ccord ing t o Gau th ie r , whose work o n E gyp t ian g eog raphy h as s t i l l n o t b een s upe r seded , S e t je t i sd e f ined a s" l en om d onne ,d e sl e sp rem ie r sa ge sh i s tor ique s , al ar eg ion s i tu & a un ord -e s te t al ' e s td el ' Egyp te , S ina i , P a les t ine e t S yr ie , c ' e s t -ä -d ire ä t ou t c e q ue l e s E gyp t iens c onna issa ien t d e l ' As ie a n te r ieure . " ( Gau th ie r 1 928: 9 5 ) . I n o ther words , o n t he a u thor i ty o f G au th ier , t here i s n o r eason t o l im i t t he c a mpa ign ing o f D je r t oS ina i . I tc ou ld v e ry we l l h ave r e fer red t oC anaan ( s ee L app 1 970: 1 21-122 ) . T he e thn icon " Yun t iu " p re sen t s u s w i th s im i lar d i f f icu l t ies . B as ica l ly t he t e rm means " i nhab i tan ts o f t he ( s ou th ) e as te rn d e ser t " a nd s eem s mo s t ly t ob e a pp l ied t o Nub ian s ( s o Wb . I , 2 -6 ) . A ccord ing t o G au th ier , h owever , t he n a me r e ferred " a l ' or ig ine i nd is t inc temen t ät ou te s l e s p eup lades d e r ace b lanche h ab i tan t l a v a l lee d u N i l e t l e s d e ser t s a d jacen ts" ( Gau th ier 1 925: 5 8 ) ,b u tb y t he h i s to r ica l p er iod , t he f o l low ing t ypes o f Y un t iu a s soc ia ted w i th s pec i f ic g eograph ic a reas a re k nown: -t he Yun t iu o f t he A rab ian d ese r t ( Iwn t iw p d t iw , I wn t iw n w S k t i ,i b id .: 5 8 , 5 9 ); -o f S ina i ( Iwn t iw Mn tiw ,i b id .: 5 8 ); -o f L ibya ( Iwn t iw T I : Ennw ,i b id .: 5 9 ); -o f t he R ed S ea h i l l c oun t ry ( Iwn t iw L ind w 3d w r ,ib id . ); -a nd o f Nub ia a nd t he S udan ( Iwn t iw Hn tiw ,iwn t iw n w Hn t i , I ▪ wn t iw nw t 3S t i , i b id . ) . I n t he f a ce o f t he se q ua l i f ied f o rm s o f t he e thn icon , a dm i t ted ly a l l s o mewha t l a ter t han t he E ar ly B ronze I ,t ha t ,t he t e rm i so f ten c ons t rued w i th ag eograph ica l s pe c i f ica t ion u nde r score s t he f a c tt ha t t he b are men t ion o f sm i t ing t h eY un t iu , w i thou t ar ea lc on tex t ,i s , i n i t se l f , v a lue le ss f o r ap rec ise o r e ven g ene ra l l o ca l iza t ion t o made a s t o whe re t he se t r ibesmen w e re sm i t ten . T h is wou ld a ppear t ob e an ega t ive c onc lu s ion f o r t h e h i s tor ica l v a lue o fD en 's sm i t ing t he Y un t iu . On t he o the rh and ,t h i sn eed n o tb es o . When c on s ide r ing t he v i sua l a nd t e x tua l a ccoun t o fb o th t he Narmer p a le t te a nd t he D en L abe l , we mus t a lway s k eep i n t he b ack o f o ur m inds t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t t h ey were a ccoun ts o fe ven t s wh ich m ay n ever h ave t aken p lace i nt he r e igns o ft hese k ing s , t hough o f c ou r se t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t t hey d id s hou ld n o t j u s t b e d i scarded . S uch ac on s idera t ion p robab ly i su nneces sary i nt he c ase o ft he t wo P a le rmo s t one e x t rac t s . When t he monumen t i sl ooked a t i n i t s e n t i re ty , o ne h as t he i mp ress ion t ha t w e may b e d ea l ing h e re w i th a p henomenon q u i te w e l l -known i n Me sopo tam ia ,t he y ea r -name l i s ts ( s ee R ow ton 1 970: 1 97 1 98; Me rcer 1 946 ) i n wh ich e ach s uccess ive y ear o f t he k ing r ece ived a n ame i n t he f o l low ing y ear , t h is r e cord ing t he mos t i mpor tan t e ven t wh ich t ook p lace i n i t . I ft h is a na logy w i l l h o ld u p , t hen i ti sc l ear t ha t t he mos t i mpor tan t e ven ts wh ich t o ok p lace i n t he t wo y ear s i nq ue s t ion we re t he r e spec t ive m i l i tary a c t ion s " sm i t ing t he l a nd o fS e t je t " a nd " sm i t ing t he Y un t iu fo lk " . T h is , i n t u rn , man i fe s t ly i nd ica tes t ha t t hese a c t ions d i d t ake p lace . We may g o e ven f u r ther . I n e ach c ase we mus t a sk why t he m i l i ta ry a c t iv i ty was s o s i gn i f ican t , s o n o tewor thy t ha t ay ear wou ld h ave r e ce ived i t s n ame f r om t h e v i c tory . T he

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and -4 42 -II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

H ISTOR IOGRAPHY AND H ISTOR IC ITY OF THE R ELAT IONS OF EGYPT AND CANAAN I N

E B I

m i l i tary p ower o f t he k ings o f Dynas ty 1 i sn o t t o b e u nderes t i ma ted . I ft here i sa ny h i s tor ic i ty i n t he ir i n scr ip t ion s , r ock -draw ings a nd o the r v i sua l e v idence p re se rved f r om t he i r r e igns , t he ir a rm ie s r anged f a r a nd w ide , d eep i n to t he S ou th a ga in s t Nub ia , t ot he We s t a ga ins t t he L ibyan s , a nd t o t he E as t a ga ins t t he A s ia t ic s ( Edwards 1 97 1 :2 3 -24 , 2 7 , 4 6 -47; Eme ry 1 961 :5 1 , 5 9 -60 , 7 4; G ard iner 1 961: 4 14 -415 ) . Where , u nder s uch c i r cum s tance s , m igh t S e t je t h ave l a in s o t ha t t he c rush ing ( o r sm i t ing ) o f i t wou ld h ave h ad r a ted a y ear b e ing n amed a f ter i t ?S ina i ?P erhaps , b u t a s we s ha l l s ee ( be low , S ec t ion D ) , t here a ppea r s t oh ave b een a s t rong , w e l l -e s tab l ished , we l l -de f ined E gyp t ian p re sence i nC anaan a l ready i n Dynas ty 0a nd t h rough Dynas ty 1u n t i l p oss ib ly t he r e ign o f Aned j ib o r S eme rkhe t ( S chu lman 1 983 :2 50 ) . I ti so n ly i nt he r e igns o fD je ra nd l a te ro fD en t ha t t he re i sa ny i nd ica t ion o f war fare i nA s ia . Iwou ld t he re fore s ubm i t t ha t t he c ru sh ing o fa ny t h rea tt oE gyp t ian c on t ro l o ft he e as te rnmos t ma rch o fh e rs phe re o fv i ta l i n tere s ti n C anaan , b e i t ar evo l t o rb e i t as e r ious i n cur s ion f r om b eyond t he l i me s a egyp t iaca wou ld h ave b een i mpor tan t e nough . On t he b as is o f t h is r a t iona le we may a ssume t ha t t he A s ia t ic war s o fD je ra nd D en t ook p lace i n s ide o fa nd o n t he f r on t ie r wh ich d e l inea ted t he t e r r i tory c on tro l led b y t he E gyp t ian s a nd t ha t c on t ro l led b y t he A s ia t ics . Moreover , i n v i ew o f t he P a le rmo s t one 's e n try f o r y ear x+2o fp robab ly D en , we c an t hen a ccep t t he t e x t a nd s cene o f t he D en l abe l f r om Abydos a s l i kew ise h av ing a h i s tor ica l r ea l i ty a nd may a ssu me t ha t t he " Ea s t " a s t he t hea ter o f o pe ra t ions o f t he P a le rmo s t one e n try wa s t he e as ternmo s t f r on t ie r o f E gyp t ian C anaan a nd t ha t t he p hrase " t he f i rs t o ccas ion " mean t t ha t t h is was t he f i r s t t ime e ve r t ha t t he l i me s a egyp t iaca was s o t h rea tened t ha t a nE gyp t ian r eac t ion i nf o rce was n e ce ssa ry .

E gyp t ian r oya ln ames i nc ised o np o t te ry T urn ing n ow t og roup bo f t he e p igraph ic e v idence , E gyp t ian r oya l n ames i n c ised o n p o t tery f ound i nC anaan , w e c an s ay w i th c er ta in ty t ha t t wo e xamp le s w i th t he n ame o f N arme rh ave b een f ound , o ne a tA rad ( s ee Am i ran 1 974: 4 1 f i g . 3a nd p l .I )a nd t he o ther a tT e l E ran i ( s ee Y e iv in 1 960: 1 95 f i g . 2a nd p l .2 4A ) , p robab ly o ne w i th t he n ame o f D en a tE n B e sor ( s ee S chu lman 1 976: 2 5 f i g . 2a nd p l .I :7 ; 1 983: 2 49 -250 ) 7,a nd p oss ib ly t wo w i th t ha t o f t he e phemera l k ing S corp ion a t t he e nd o f Dynas ty 0 i f , i ndeed , h e was a s epara te k ing a nd i sn o t t ob e e qua ted w i th Narme r , w ere d i scove red a t T e l E ran i ( s ee Y e iv in 1 968: 4 1 f i g . 3a nd p l .I )a nd a tT e l Ma 'ahaz ( S chu lman & Gophna 1 981) . T o t he se may b ea dded a tl e as t t wo f r om R a f iah where t h en ame c o mpar tmen ts we re l e f tb l ank ( s ee G ophna 1 970; Am iran 1 970 )a nd a no the rf our f r om e l -Beda i nn or thwe s tern S ina i ,o nt wo o f wh ich t he s e rekhs h ave n o n ame c ompar tmen t s , wh i le o n t he o ther t wo t he n ame c ompar tmen t s a re emp ty ( s ee CMda t 1 913: p l .X I I I ) . A l l o f t he p o ts a nd s herds o n wh ich t hese E gyp t ian r oya l n a me s a nd t he ir e qu iva len ts a re , w i thou t q ue s t ion , w e l l -a t te s ted member s o f t h e Dynas ty 0 -Dynas ty 1c e ram ic h or izon ( Ka iser & D reyer 1 982: 2 62 -265 ) . T he ir i mpo r tance f o r o ur p urpose i st he f a c t t ha t i n 7 . My o r ig ina lr e ad ing o ft he n ame i nt h i ss e rekh a sD en ( S chu lman 1 976 :2 5 -26 , f i g . 2a nd p l . I :7 ) wh ich w as c ha l lenged b yM i t tmann who w an ts t or e ad t he n ame o f Aa ( M i t tmann 1 98 1 :6 *a nd f i g .3 a )h as b een d e fended b y my se l f( S chu lman 1 983 ) . M i t tmann 's p ropo sed n ew r e ad ing o f Aha , mo reove r , h as b een d en ied b yb o th Win i f red Ne ed le r a nd J .M . We ins te in , b o th o f whom a re e gyp to log is t s s pe c ia l iz ing i n t h is p e r iod ( I b id . 2 49 -250 ) . As econd b ibl ica l a r chaeo log is t , A . B en -To r , h oweve r , a g ree s t h a t M i t tmann 's r e ad ing " i s v e ry p o ss ib le " ( Ben -To r 1 98 1 :1 8 ) b u t , l i ke M i t tmann , s eemed u nawa re o f my p ub l ic a t ion o f t he s econd g roup o f E n B eso r i mp re ss ion s , n ° 1 6 -42 ( S chu lman 1 980 ) , whe re t he re i s ac l ear i mp re s s ion o f Aned j ib a nd whe re a l o f t hese i mp res s ions , l i ke n ° 1 15 , c ome f r om t he s ame s t ra tum , a nd " a f te r a l , i ti st he l a t e s t i mp re ss ion t h a t c oun ts " ( Ben -To r , / o c . c i t . ) . K a ise r 8 z D reye r ( 1 982: 2 65 ) n o te s imp ly: J o urna l o ft h e Am e r i can C en t er i nE gyp t " de r E rha l tungszu s tand a l lem An sche in n ach ( i s t ) s ou nk la r , d aß s chon d as E rkennen d e rs chwachen R e s te Mühe mach t u nd e i ne D eu tung d e sha lb b e sse r ü be rhaup tu n te rb le ib t , " though i n af oo tno te ( i b id . ,n .1 97 )t hey s ugge s t" mög l iche rwe ise N arme r? "

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -4 43 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

ALAN R . S CHULMAN

a lmos t ad ozen i n s tances s herds a nd p o ts w i th r e la t ive ly d a teab le E gyp t ian r oya l n ames a re f ound d i s tr ibu ted a l ong a l i ne r unn ing f r om e l -Beda i n n or thwes tern S ina i t h rough R aph ia i n t he G aza s t r ip t oE nB esor , T e l E ran i , a nd A rad i nC anaan . Moreove r , n o t o n ly d o t he se p o t s a nd s he rds h ave E gyp t ian r oya l n ame s o r s im i lar d ev ices i nd ica t ive o f t he E gyp t ian c rown i n c ised o n t h em , i ti so fs o me s i gn i f icance t ha tn one o ft hese c e ram ic i t ems c an b ed e sc r ibed a s a ny th ing more t han o rd inary ,h umb le ,r un -o f the -m i l l k i tchenware . T h i s v ery f a c t f o rce s u s t or a ise t he q ues t ion o f why o rd ina ry k i tchenware s hou ld h ave ar oya ln ame o rs e rekh o ni t . We re t he i t em si nq ue s t ion s t one v a se so rd ecora ted p o t te ry we m igh t v ery w e l l t heor ize t ha t s uch c on ta ine rs a nd/or t he ir c on ten t s we re l uxury g oods o r we re i n tended a s g i f ts f r om t he E gyp t ian c our t . T h is i sh ard ly t he c ase w i th k i tchenware . Nor c an we d i sm iss t he se s e rekh s a s s imp le g ra f f i t i i d ly s c ra tched o n t he f ab r ic o f t he p o t o r a s p o t te r 's ma rks ( a s d oe s Ward 1 963: 1 3 , 1 6; 1 969: 2 16 -218 ) . I n v i ew o f t he f a c t t ha t l a rge q uan t i t ie so fc on tempo ra ry u n insc r ibed E gyp t ian p o t te ry w e re f ound a tt he s ame s i te s where t he p ieces w i th t he s e rekhs c a me t o l i gh t , t he r oya l ma rk ings t ake o n as pec ia l s i gn i f icance . Obv ious ly a r oya l n a me o r s e rekh o n ap o t d oe s n o t mean t ha t t he k ing d i rec t ly owned t he p o t i n q ues t ion , b u t i td oes d eno te a s or t o f owner sh ip i n t ha t t he i n s ta l la t ion where t he p o t was f ound c l ear ly s hou ld h ave b een a r oya l i n s ta l la t ion . I n o the r words , t hose s i tes a t wh ich E gyp t ian p o t tery w i th r oya l n ames w e re f ound a l ong w i th v as t q uan t i t ies o f u n inscr ibed E gyp t ian p o t tery c an v e ry we l l b e i n terp re ted a s E gyp t ian s i tes , " Crown p roper ty " , s o t os peak . When v i ewed i nt h is w ay ,t he a bundance o f E gyp t ian p o t tery , b o th i n sc r ibed a nd u n inscr ibed , i so f g rea t s i gn i f icance n o t o n ly f o r e s tab l ish ing ac l ear E gyp t ian p re sence i nv ar ious p ar t s o fC anaan ,b u ta l so f o r i n te rp re t ing t he n a ture o ft h is p resence .

C y l inde r -sea ls i mpress ions F ina l ly we c o me t o t he t h ird g roup o f w r i t ten s ource s , t he i mp ress ion s o f E gyp t ian o f f ic ia ls ' c y l inder sea ls o n t he l u mps o f mud wh ich o r ig ina l ly s ea led v a r ious j a r s , b ags , a nd p o t sc on ta in ing d ive rse k inds o fp rov is ion s . ( S ee S chu lman 1 976 f o rn ° 1 15; 1 980 f o rn ° 1 6 -42; 1 983: 2 50 f o r n ° 4 6 , 5 0; f o r thcom ing b f o r n ° 4 3 , 6 5 ) . T hese a l l c ome f r om t he e xcava t ion s o f R a m Gophna a t E nB esor a nd n umber n ine ty , t wen ty f ive o f wh ich a re c omp le te ly i leg ib le a nd c onsequen t ly h ave b een om i t ted f r om f u r the r c ons idera t ion 8 . S ince t he se h ave b een d i scussed i n d e ta i l i n t he i n i t ia l p ub l ica t ions , Ic an b e s o mewha t s ucc inc th ere . T he i nd iv idua l s ea ls f r om wh ich t h e i mpre ss ions w e re r o l led b e longed t o an umber o f E gyp t ian o f f ic ia ls . T he l o ca t ion o f t he i n s t i tu t ions a nd e s ta tes t o wh ich t hey we re a t tached i s n o t k nown , t hough p robab ly t hey w ere l o ca ted i n E gyp t . Mos t o f t he i mp re ss ion s c an b e d a ted o n ly o n s t y l is t ic g rounds ,b u ti ns eve ra l c ases t he n ame o f ak ing f o rmed a ne l emen ti nt he n ame o fo ne o ra no the ro ft h e se f ounda t ion sa nd e s ta te s ,s o t h a ti t i sa lmos t c e r ta in t ha t t he l a t ter were c r own i n s t i tu t ion s . F or t h e momen t Iw i l l l e ave o pen t he q ues t ion o f whe ther i t was t he o f f ic ia ls who owned t he s ea ls o f t he c o mmod i t ies whose c on ta ine r s t he s ea ls s ea led wh ich c a me t oE nB e sor f r om E gyp t . T he k ing s whose n ame sa re f ound o nt h ei mpre ss ion sa re D je t( n °4 2 ,p oss ib ly n °9 ) ,D en ( n °2 6 a nd 5 0 ) , a nd Aned j ib ( n ° 3 5 a nd 4 6 ) ,a nd t he re i st he p o ss ib i l i ty t ha to ne i mpre s s ion

8 . A c tua l ly s eve ra lo ft he se t wen ty f ive d id h ave ar ecogn izab le s ign p re se rved h e re a nd t he re ,b u ta tt h et ime i ts eemed p o in t le s s t op ub l ish t hem i nA t iqo ti n asmu ch a st hey d id n o tc on ta in e nough t ow ar ran te i the r t he s pace o r t he c o s t . T h is , h oweve r , was am i s take a nd w i th t he t h i rd a nd s t i l l u npub l ished g roup o fi mp re s s ions , t h i s h as n o t b een d one . A l l o f t he i mp res s ions , n o ma t te r h ow i n s ign i f ican t -seem ing s ome may b e , h ave b een i n c luded . P e rhap sa ts ome t ime i nt he f u tu re Iw i l lg ob ack a nd p ubl i sh t he om i t ted t wen ty f ive .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 44 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

H ISTOR IOGRAPHY AND H ISTOR IC ITY OF THE R ELAT IONS OF EGYPT AND CANAAN I N THE E B I

may h ave e ven n amed S eme rke t ( n °3 9 ) . I nt wo i n s tance s t he s e rekhs a re p re served ,b u tn o t t he n ames wh ich t hey o r ig ina l ly may h ave c on ta ined ( n ° 4 7 a nd 4 8 ) . A l l o f t he k ings n amed c l ear ly d a te f r om t he s econd h a l f o f Dynas ty 1 , b u t t here a re h a l f ad ozen i mpre ss ion s wh ich ,o n s t y l is t ic g rounds , wou ld s eem t op oss ib ly h ave c ome f r om t he v ery b eg inn ing o ft he Dyna s ty ( n °1 2 , 1 7 , 1 8 ,2 3 ,3 2 ,5 9 ) . C onsequen t ly , t he E gyp t ian p resence a t E n B e sor wou ld a ppear t o h ave l a s ted t he d ura t ion o f v i r tua l ly a l l o f Dynas ty 1 . Wh i le t h is may h ave b een s o , s uch a c onc lus ion c anno t b e made f r om t he e v idence o f t he s ea l i mp re ss ion s s i nce a l l o ft hem c o me f r om t he s ame l eve l a nd l o cus a nd mus t b e d a ted a s ag roup t ot he l a tes t , n o t t he e ar l ie s t . S t i l l , t he u nque s t ioned a t te s ta t ion o f t he n ame o f Aned j ib t w ice , c l ear ly g ives u s ab enchmark , a nd t he c hrono log ica l d i f f icu l t ie s d i sappear i f we a s sume t ha t t he n ame o f t he k ing a s a n e l emen ti nt he n ame o f af ounda t ion d oe sn o t mean t h a tt he f ounda t ion c eased t oe x is ta f te r t he k ing i nq ue s t ion 's d ea th . A s t o t hose i mp ress ions wh ich s eem s t y l is t ic t ob e e a r ly , t he b es t t ha t c an b e s a id i st ha t d a t ing o n s t y le i so ccas iona l ly f a l l ib le . More i mpor tan t i st he v e ry e x is tence o f t he i mpre ss ions . T hese p rov ide t ang ib le a nd i nd ispu tab le e v idence t ha t t he j a r s , b ag s , a nd p o t s wh ich t hey s ea led were o pened a tE n B esor a nd t ha t t he c ommod i t ie s wh ich t he c on ta ined w e re c onsumed t here . T he i r n umber a nd d iver s i ty , moreove r , a re p r ima f a c i e e v idence f o r a n E gyp t ian p re sence a t E n B esor d ur ing Dynas ty 1u n t i l p robab ly t he r e ign o f Aned j ib , a nd p oss ib ly e ven al i t t le l a te r u n t i l t he r e ign o f S e me rke t . I nasmuch a s t he c ommod i t ie s wh ich t hey s ea led a ppear t o h ave o r ig ina ted f r om E gyp t ian g ove rnmen ta l i n s t i tu t ion s a nd e s tab l ishmen t s , i ti st hen c l ea r , i f e ven o n ly o n t he b as is o f t h is e p igraph ic e v idence , t ha t t he E gyp t ian p resence a tt he s i te wa s a n o f i c ia l p re sence , f unc t ion ing o n s o me s or t o f c rown a dm in is t ra t ive l e ve l . We c an , h owever , g o al i t t le f u r ther t han t h is .

D . THE ARCHAEOLOG ICAL EV IDENCE I n t he f i na l a na lys is we a re more d ependen t o n t he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l f o r Dynas ty 0 1 r e la t ions b e tween E gyp t a nd C anaan t han we a re o n e i the r t he p i c tor ia l o r t h e w r i t ten d ocumen t s . B y t he a r chaeo log ica l e v idence Imean , o f c our se , t he s i te s whe re E gyp t ian ma ter ia l h as b een f ound a nd t he ma ter ia l i t se lf wh ich wou ld i n c lude a ny t ang ib le E gyp t ian a r t i fac t: p o t tery , t oo ls a nd weapons , a dornmen t a nd j ewe lry , a r ch i tec tu ra l r e ma ins , a nd b u r ia ls . S econdar i ly s uch e v idence wou ld b e t he l o ca l a r t i fac ts , e t c . , wh ich s how ac l ear E gyp t ian i n sp ira t ion o r mo t i f . T o my k now ledge ,n ob ur ia ls h ave b een f o r thcom ing i n Dyna s ty 0 1 C anaan wh ich c an b e. i nden t if ied s pec i f ica l ly a s E gyp t ian . T here fore b ur ia ls s ha l l n o t f i gure i n t h is d i scuss ion . L ikew ise , Id e l ibe ra te ly e l im ina te f r om c on s ide ra t ion h ere a r t i fac t s l i ke t hose f ound i n t he K far Monash h oard ( s ee H es t r in & T admor 1 963; Y e iv in 1 968 ) wh ich , i na ny c ase , h as b een s hown t ob e c on tex t le ss ( s ee Ward 1 969: 2 11 -214; B en -Tor 1 97 1; Wa tk in s 1 975 ) . S uch i t e ms a s t oo ls a nd w eapons , f l ans o f me ta l , a re n o t o n ly sma l l a nd e a s i ly p or tab le , t he ir v e ry n a ture makes t hem l ong l ived a nd d es irab le . T hey c an b e a cqu ired e as i ly i n many way s ,r ang ing f r om t r ade t op lunder . W i thou t ac on tex t ,a s i st he c ase o ft he K fa r Monash ma ter ia l ,n oc onc lus ion s a bou t t he i rp re sence , t he e thn ic i ty o ft he owner , a nd t h el i ke ,c an b e made . T hough s pecu la t ion c an b eo f fe red ,i ts eem s t o me t ha th e re i twou ld b e f r u i t les s .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -45 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

ALAN R . S CHULMAN

A rch i tec ture On ly as i ng le s t ruc ture wh ich c an b ei den t i f ied a s a n E gyp t ian b u i ld ing i sk nown f r om a ny o f t he s i tes wh ich h ave y ie lded ma ter ia l f o r a n E gyp t ian c onnec t ion . T h is i s t he b u i ld ing , t he o n ly b u i ld ing wh ich w as f ound a tE n B e sor ( Gophna & G az i t 1 985; Gophna 1 976; 1 980 ) . Gophna a nd G az i t h ave c l ea r ly s hown t ha t t he s t ruc ture , B u i ld ing A , wh ich t hey t e rm t he " Egyp t ian R es idency " wa s , i n f a c t , a n E gyp t ian b u i ld ing . Wh i le i ti st r ue t ha t t here i sn o s t ruc ture o f s im i la r n a tu re o r p urpose f r om t he E ar ly B ronze I ,e i ther i n E gyp t o r i n C anaan , w i th wh ich i t may b e c ompared , t he way i n wh ich t he b r icks w e re b o th l a id a nd b onded s how s t ha t i tw as E gyp t ian workmen who c on s t ruc ted i t( Gophna & G az i t 1 985 :9 ) . T h is i se ven u nde rs cored b yt he v e ry c ompos i t ion o ft he b r icks , am ix ture o f l o ca l l o ess s o i l w i th l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f s and , b u t n o c ha f f . T h is i st yp ica l o f E gyp t ian mudbr icks e ven o f t oday a nd t he v ery d i mens ions o f t he b r ick s , o n t he a verage 8x1 2 x2 3 cm . a re t hose o f t he b r ick s wh ich t he E gyp t ian s u sed i n c on temporary E ar ly B ronze Imonu men ta l c ons truc t ion s i n E gyp t . S uch b r icks a re q u i te d i f fe ren t f r om t ho se n orma l ly u sed i n C anaan i n t he E a r ly B ronze ( i b id . ) . T he o n ly c onc lus ion t ha t c an b e r eached f r om t he se f a c t s i st ha t E gyp t ian wo rkmen , u s ing l o ca l ma te r ia ls , made t he k ind o f b r ick s wh ich t hey w ere a ccus to med t o manu fac ture , a nd t ha t t hey b u i l t t he E n B esor R e s idency i nC anaan i ne xac t ly t h e s a me manner t ha t t hey wou ld h ave b u i l t ab u i ld ing i n E gyp t . T h is c onc lus ion h as i mpor tan t r am if ica t ions f o r o ur u nders tand ing a nd i n terpre ta t ion o f t he p re sence o f E gyp t ian p o t tery a t E nB esor a nd a ny o the r C anaan i te s i te whe re i th a sb een f ound i nq uan t i ty .

P o t tery T he s i ng le mos t i mpor tan t , mos t w ide sp read a nd mos t c omp rehen s ive t ype o f p ure ly a rchaeo log ica l e v idence f o r t he i n ter re la t ions o f E gyp t a nd C anaan i sp o t te ry , E gyp t ian p o t tery f ound a t A s ia t ic s i tes a nd , c onverse ly , C anaan i te p o t tery f ound i n E gyp t . D epend ing u pon i t sq uan t i ty ,b u ta l so o no the rf a c to r s ,p aramoun t among wh ich i s ac hange i n b o th a r ch i tec ture a nd b ur ia l c us tom s , i tc an i nd ica te t r ade o n al a rge o r sma l l s c a le , o r t he p resence o f an ew p opu la t ion f a c tor ,e i the rt emporary o rp ermanen t( s ee Gophna 1 972 ) . I fi td oe s i nd ica te t he c om ing o f an ew p eop le ,i tc an r e f lec t , d epend ing o n t he p re sen ce o r a b sence o f d es truc t ion l e ve l s , whe the r t h is n ew p eop le c a me g radua l ly a nd p eace fu l ly , o r was e s tab l ished a s t h e r e su l t o f av io len t c onques t . Un fo r tuna te ly , we k now l i t t le o f t he t ype s o f b u r ia ls o f t he o rd ina ry p eop le f r om E a r ly B ronze IE gyp t . O ther t han t he r oya l b ur ia ls , t he o n ly p r iva te g raves a nd t ombs wh ich w e h ave f r om E gyp t f r om D ynas t ie s 0 2 a re t hose o fp eop le who mus th ave r anked among t he h ighe s t s oc ia l a nd p o l i t ica l s t ra ta o f t he l and b e low t he k ing ( s ee P e t r ie 1 900: 1 2 a nd p l s . 3 1-36 , 1 90 1 :1 a nd p l s . 2 6 -30; S aad 1 957; 1 969: 1 7 -37 ) . I fs uch d ied o u t s ide o f E gyp t , w e may a s sume , o n a na logy w i th t he l a te rh i s tor ica l p e r iods , t ha t t h e ir c orp se s w e re s h ipped b ack t oE gyp tt ob eb ur ied a sc l ose a s p oss ib le t o t he ir r oya l mas te rs ( Urk . I ,1 35 -140 ) . A s f a r a s a r ch i tec ture g oe s , w e h ave o n ly t he E n B e sor R e s iden cy . T hus w e a re l e f t w i th o n ly t he p o t tery , b u tb e fo re t u rn ing t o t h is c l ass o fd ocu men t s d i rec t ly , af ew r ema rk s o n t h e r a t iona le wh ich may h ave u nde r la in E gyp t 's r e la t ion s w i th C anaan a nd w i th t he r e s t o fa nc ien t We s t A s ia i n t he E a r ly B ronze Age a re i no rde r . T ha t t hese r e la t ions wh ich a re b e t ter a t tes ted i n t he O ld K ingdom a nd l a ter t han i n Dynas t ies 0 1 w e re e s sen t ia l ly c o mme rc ia l i su nque s t ioned . E gyp t c l ea r ly i mpor ted t imbe r f r om t h e L ebanon , o i l a nd u nguen ts f r om S y r ia -Pa les t ine , o bs id ian a nd l ap is l a zu l i f r om f u r the r e as t , a nd t u rquo ise a nd c oppe r f r om S ina i a nd C anaan ( s ee B en -Tor 1 986: 1 2 -17 ) .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -4 6Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

H ISTOR IOGRAPHY AND H ISTOR IC ITY O F THE R ELAT IONS O F E GYPT AND CANAAN I N THE E B I

A l l o ft he se c o mmod i t ies a re e i the r n on -ex is tence o r i n v ery s hor t s upp ly i n E gyp t . W i th t he e xcep t ion o ft he s em ip rec ious s t one s ,t he S y r ian u nguen t s ,a nd p oss ib ly s o me o ft he o i ls , wh ich c an b ec l as s i f ied a sl uxury f oods , t he o the ri t em sc an b ec ons ide red a sn ece ssary r aw ma te r ia l . On t h ee xpor ts i de o ft he l e dge rw ea re o nl e ss f i rm g round .C er ta in ly t oj udge f r om s o me o ft h ef i ne s t one c on ta ine r s f r om t he A rcha ic P e r iod wh ich we re f ound a tB yb los ( s ee Wa rd 1 963 :2 1 -24 ) we may p e rhap s a s sume t ha t E gyp t a l so e xpor ted s o me l uxury i t em s s uch a s p e r fume s a nd o i l , a nd we may f u r the ra s su me t ha t s he a l so p robab ly t r an s sh ipped l uxu ry g oods c om ing f o rm t he S udan , e bony , i vory , o s t r ich f e a ther s , a nd p an ther s k in s . I n t he h is to r ica l p er iod , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he New K ingdom , E gyp t was s t or ied a s f a r e as t a s B aby lon a s t he s ource p ar e xce l lence f o r g o ld ( s ee E dzard 1 960: 4 7 -53; Hayes 1 973: 3 46 3 53 ) a nd i ti sn o t u n l ike ly t ha t e ven a s e ar ly a s Dynas t ie s0 1 g o ld was o ne o f E gyp t 's p r inc ipa l e xpor ts . I n e a r ly R o man i mpe r ia l t imes , c on t ro l o f E gyp t mean t c on t ro l o f a ma jor p or t ion o f R ome 's g ra in s upp ly a nd t he re c an b en oq ue s t ion b u tt ha tg ra in ,n o tab ly emme ra nd b a r ley , mus t h ave b een o ne o f E gyp t 's p r inc ipa l c rop s a t a l l t ime s i n a n t iqu i ty . However , o ne wonde r si fg ra in w as o ne o fE gyp t 's p r inc ipa le xpo r ts b e fore R oman t ime s .I n modern t ime s , o f c our se , i ti su n iversa l ly a n i t em o f i n terna t iona l t r ade d ue t o ap le thora o f f a c tor s , t he mos t i mpor tan t o f wh ich i st ha t s o me c oun tr ie s p roduce s urp luses wh ich t hey e xpor t t o o ther s wh ich , f o r v ar ious r easons , d o n o t o r c anno t p roduce e nough g ra in f o r t he ir own i n te rna l c onsu mp t ion . Was t h is r e a l ly t he c ase i n t he p rec lass ica l Near E as t t ot he 3 rd a nd 2 nd m i l lenn ia ?I si tt r ue t ha ta n E gyp t ian t e x to f Dynas ty 1 9 r e cords t he d i spa tch o fs h ip s l aden w i th g ra in f r om E gyp t t o Ha t t i t o r e l ieve a f am ine ( KRI I V , 5 ) , b u t t h is was e xcep t iona l . I n t he b ib l ica l t r ad i t ion , wheneve r t he re i sf am ine ( due t o c rop fa i lure ? )i n t he l and o f C anaan , t hose who c an , f l ee t o E gyp t t o wea ther o u t t he b ad t ime s . T h is s t rong ly s ugges ts t ha t i mpo r t ing g ra in i n to C anaan was n o t t he n orma l p rac t ice . I ft h is were t h e c ase , t hen i t wou ld s e em t ha t t he e xpor t o f g ra in ( and p robab ly o f s im i lar n ol uxury f oods tu f f s wh ich c ou ld b e p roduced l o ca l ly ) was n o t a ma jor p ar t a nd p arce l o f E gyp t 's e xpor t t r ade , t hough , i n teres t ing ly e nough , p re se rved f i sh a pparen t ly was ( s ee B en -To r1 986: 1 0n .1 7 ) . S o h ow t hen a re we t oe xp la in t he p re sence o f t he v as t q uan t i t ie s o fE gyp t ian p o t te ry , o rd ina ry k i tchenwa re ,a nd p a r t icu la r ly l a rge s t orage j a r s , i nC anaan ?T he more s o a s s uch v esse ls we re u sed , f i rs t a nd f o remos t , t o h o ld g ra in a nd , s e cond ly o i l . C onve rse ly , o the r t han l u xury i te m s , wha td id E gyp t i mpor t o r n eed t oi mpor t f r om e i the rC anaan o rS ina i? Wi thou ta ny q ue s t ion ,c oppe rw a sa l ready b e ing m ined i nt he T imna r eg ion o ft he A rava i n t he C ha lco l i th ic p e r iod ( s ee R o thenbe rg 1 972: 2 4 -53 ) a nd p oss ib ly a l so i n We s tern S ina i , i n t he r eg ion o f t he Wad i Nas ib n ear S erab i t e l -Khadem ( Ro thenberg: p er s . c o mm . ) . Wh i le t he re i s n o e v idence f o r a n E gyp t ian c on tac t w i th T i rnna b e fore t he R amess ide p er iod ( S chu l man i n L ec lan t 1 979: 4 02 -403 ) , t hey a re a l ready a t te s ted i n s ou thwe s te rn S ina i i n Dynas ty 3 ,d ur ing t he r e ign o f S ekhemkhe t ( Be i t -Ar ieh 1 984: 2 2; Sm i th 1 971: 1 51) . S ince t he e ar ly E ar ly B ronze Age c opper work ing s i n s ou thern S ina i w ere c l ear ly C anaan i te ( Be i t -Ar ieh 1 984: 2-23; B en -Tor 1 986: 1 7 ) . T h is t hen s ugges ts t ha t b y Dynas ty 3 t he E gyp t ians h ad d ec ided t o d i rec t ly c on tro l t hose s ources o f c opper a nd t u rquo ise c l oses t t ot h em , t he Wad is Nas ib a nd Ma 'arah a nd S e rab i t e l -Khadem . W i th h e r p erenn ia l n eed f o r wood , i ti sp oss ib le t ha t t imbe r f r om t he moun ta inous r eg ion s o fG a l i lee , J udea a nd S amar ia m igh t h ave b een aC anaan i te i mpor t t oE gyp t , b u t t h is i sl e s s l i ke ly i n v i ew o f t he d i f f icu l t ie s e n ta i led i n t he t r anspor t o f a ny q uan t i t ies o f t imber b y l and a s o pposed t o t h e r e la t ive e ase o f t r anspor t ing i tb y wa te r , a nd we h ave e v iden ce o f af l our ish ing mar i t ime t r ade b e tween E gyp ta nd S y r ia v i a t he L ebane se p o r to f

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. -4 47 Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

A LAN R . S CHULMAN

B yb los s i nce a t l e as t Dynas ty 3 ( Ben -Tor 1 986: 2 0 -21; Ward 1 963: 2 1-22 ) , at r ade wh ich v e ry we l l may h ave b egun e ar l ie r (Ward 1 963: 1 8 19 ) . However , n e i ther t imber n or me ta l i s s h ipped i n p o ts . O i l i s , a nd g ra in , a nd t he p re sence o fo i l j a r s , d e scr ibed a s " p robab ly o f Nor th S yr ian o r ig in " i n E gyp tc on f irms t h a t o i l , a nd p ar t icu lar ly o l ive o i l , c ou ld h ave b een i mpor ted f r om t he o l ive -produc ing a reas o f C anaan a nd c ou ld h ave b een s h ipped o ver land b y c a ravan . B u t wha t o f g ra in ?S ure ly g ra in wou ld h ave b een t he b as ic a gr icu l tura l c rop o fb o th E gyp t a nd C anaan . T he f e r t i le , a rab le l ands o f t he N i le V a l ley a nd t he D e l ta h ad t he ir c oun terpar ts i n t he e qua l ly f e r t i le p la in s a nd v a l ley s o f C anaan . I ti sn o t v e ry l i ke ly t ha t g ra in , p resumab ly b o th t h e b as ic c rop a nd t he b as ic s t ap le o f b o th a reas , wou ld n orma l ly h ave t r ave l led i n e i the r d i rec t ion . S o o nce a ga in we a re l ed b ack t ot he p rob lem o f a ccoun t ing f o r t h e p re sence o f E gyp t ian n on luxury i t ems , e v inced b y c on ta iner s f o r f ood -s tap les , i n g rea t q uan t i t ies a t C anaan i te s i tes . Wha t e xac t ly d o we mean when we s peak o f " Egyp t ian " p o t tery: p o t tery wh ich w as manu fac tured i nE gyp ta nd b rough t t ot he v ar ious C anaan i te s i te s whe re i tw a s f ound ?I f s o , t h i s wou ld b e i nd ispu tab le p r ima f a c i e e v idence f o r a n e x ten s ive g ra in t r ade b e tween t h e t wo r eg ion s ,b u ti f ,a s s ugge s ted a bove ,g ra in w a s ab a s ic s t ap le c rop g rown i nC anaan , why s hou ld t he C anaan i tes h ave i mpor ted i t?T h is wou ld r ea l ly h ave b een c a r ry ing c oa ls t o Newcas t le . Nor c an w e u se t he a rgumen t t ha t i tw as t he E gyp t ian s a l ready i nC anaan who " impor ted " s uch s t ap le f i l led k i tchenware f o r t he ir own u se . C lea r ly t h is wou ld h ave b een a r edundan t e xerc ise s i nce t hey u ndoub ted ly a cqu ired t he ir g ra in l o ca l ly . O f c our se ,o nce b ough t , g ra in o ra ny o the rp rov is ion s wou ld h ave h ad t ob e s t o red u n t i l u sed . F or t h is p urpose v ar iou s c on ta iner s wou ld h ave b een n ecessa ry a nd , o n a na logy w i th t h e s eem ing E gyp t ian mudbr icks u sed t o b u i ld t he E n B esor R e s idency , E gyp t ian p o t te r s p roduced much o ft he E gyp t ian p o t te ry a tE nB esor i fn o ta tt he s i te i t se l f , t h en s o mewhe re e l se i n C anaan ( Gophna , p er s . c o mm . ) 9.T h is c e r ta in ly was a l so t he c ase a tT e l E ran i wh ich h as more E a r ly B ronze IE gyp t ian ma te r ia l t han a ny o ther s i te i n C anaan ( Brand l 1 989 ) where t he g rea tes t amoun t o f t he E gyp t ian p o t tery was , i n f a c t , manu fac tured l o ca l ly a t t he s i te b u t was p ar t a nd p arce l o f a nd o u tward ly i nd is t ingu ishab le f r om t h e n orma l E a r ly B ronze IE gyp t ian c e ra m ic h or izon ( i b id :5 -6 ) . T o my m ind t h is d emon s tra te s t ha t i n Dynas t ies 0 1 t he E gyp t ians h ad a n a l ready e s tab l ished — a nd wha t t ot hem mus t h ave b een t hough to fa s ap e rmanen t— p resence i n C anaan . E nB esor i sa ne xce l len te xamp le o ft h ep e rmanency o ft h is p resence . R emembe r ing a lway s t h a t t he R e s idency i st h e o n ly b u i ld ing wh ich w as f ound a tt he s i te a nd s ave f o r i t t here i sn o th ing e l se a t a l l a t E n B e sor wh ich m igh t w ar ran t t he E gyp t ians b e ing t he re , e . x cep t , o f c our se , t he s pr ing i t se l f . T he n a ture o f t he E n B eso r i ns ta l la t ion h as b een f u r ious ly d eba ted , t he c u rren t i n te rp re ta t ion b e ing t h a t i t was as t ag ing p os t f o r E gyp t ian c a ravan s p ly ing t he we l l trave l led r ou te s b e tween E gyp t a nd C anaan , a nd as upp ly d epo t t op rov is ion t he ir n eeds ( s ee G ophna 1 976: 9 ; 1 980: 1 6; S chu lman 1 980: 3 3; O ren 1 989; Me l laar t 1 979: 1 8; M i t t mann 1 981: 8 * ) . T h is may h ave b een t he c ase f o r c aravans t r ave l l ing i n land f r om G aza t o t he D ead S ea a nd v i ce -ve r sa , t hough u ndoub ted ly t h ese wou ld h ave b een f ew i n c ompar ison w i th t hose t ha t wou ld h ave t r ave r sed t he c oas ta l r oad a nd , i f s o , wou ld e as i ly e xp la in t he r e la t ive ly sma l l s i ze o f t he i n s ta l la t ion . However , Ib e l ieve t ha t t he r e a l a nd mos t i mpo r tan t p u rpose f o r t he E gyp t ian p resence a t E n B e sor w as h i to n , a lmos ta sa n a f te r though tb yG ophna a nd G az i t when t h ey s ugge s ted 9 . E ven mo re i n conve r t ib le e v idence f o r t he E gyp t ian s 'p rocu r ing t he g ra in a nd o the rc ommod i t ie s wh ich m ay h ave b een s t o red i n t h is l o ca l ly manu fac tu red ware m igh t b e f o r thcom ing i ft he mud o f t h e s e a l i mp re s s ions i s g iven t he s ame p e t rog raph ic a na ly s is a s was t he c l ay o f t h e p o t te ry . I fi tt u rns o u t t ha t t h is w as a l so l o ca l , t h e q ue s t ion o ft h eo r ig in o ft he c ommod i t ie sa nd ,i nd irec t ly t h en a tu re o ft h ei n s ta l la t ion , wou ld b ea nswe red o nce a nd f o ra l . R am G ophna ,i nf a c t ,h as t o ld me t h a ts uch a n a na ly s is i sb e ing d one a tt h eI s r ae l Museum b yN aom iP o r a t .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. -4 48 Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

H ISTOR IOGRAPHY AND H ISTOR IC ITY OF THE R ELAT IONS OF EGYPT AND CANAAN I N THE E B I

t h a t " i ts ma in r eason ( . . ) was t oc on t ro l t he s p r ings wh ich a re t he r i che s t a nd mos t s t ab le p erenn ia l wa ter s ource t ob ef ound i nt he e n t ire c oas ta l p l a in o fC anaan . " ( Gophna & G az i t 1 985: 1 5 ) .

CONCLUSION I n s hor t , t he sma l l a nd w re tched t e l l o f E nB e sor was c l ear ly a l i nk i n a n E gyp t ian a dm in is t ra t ive n e twork . On t he b as is o f b o th t he N i le V a l ley a nd l o ca l ly -made E gyp t ian p o t tery f ound t he re ,a nd a l so o nt ha to ft he e roded r ema in so f mudb r ick c ons t ruc t ion sf r om s i tes r i ch i n E gyp t ian p o t tery , i tc an b e s a id t ha t t h is n e twork s t re t ched a l ong t he c oas t o f n or thern S ina i t o t he G aza s t r ip , t hen c on t inued a cross t he n or thern Negev t h rough E nB esor a nd T e l E ran i t o A rad ( O ren 1 989 ) — al i ne wh ich Id e f ine a s t he l im i ts o f t he l i me s a egyp t iaca , t he E gyp t ian f r on t ier i n C anaan . I ft he p urpo se o ft he E gyp t ian p resence a tE nB e so r w as t oc on t ro l t he wa ter t he re ( and t h is c an o n ly mean a cce ss t oa nd u se o ft he s p r ing s ) , t h is o n ly r e in force s my i n te rp re ta t ion o f t he n a ture o f E gyp t ian r u le t he re . I n t u rn , t h is i n terp re ta t ion c an b e e x tended t oa l l o f t he t e rr i tory l ay ing w i th in t he l i me s a egyp t i aca , wh ich s hou ld t hen b e u nder s tood a s E gyp t ian , o r E gyp t ian -dom ina ted , t e rr i tory , n o t a s af o re ign r eg ion w i th wh ich t he E gyp t ian sh ad o n ly c omme rc ia lr e la t ions . S uch ac on t ro lc an o n ly h ave c ome a bou tt h rough am i l i tary c onque s t a nd o ccupa t ion . A ccord ing ly , t he r e la t ionsh ip o f E gyp t t oC anaan a t t h is p e r iod o f h i s tory , t he b eg inn ing o f t he E ar ly B ronze I ,s hou ld b e v i ewed a s t ha t o fa n E gyp t ian c o lon ia l e l i te r u l ing o ver as ub jec tC anaan i te p opu la t ion . Add i t iona l q ue s t ion s s t i l l n eed t ob e p osed a bou tt he n a tu re , p u rpose , a nd c harac te ro f t h is r e la t ion sh ip , a s t o when i ta c tua l ly c a me i n to e x is ten ce , h ow , a nd why . On t he b as is o ft he a va i lab le e v idence , Iam n o tc e r ta in t h a ta l l o ft he se c an b ea n swered , n or am If u l ly p er suaded t ha t wha teve r p u ta t ive a nswe r s may b e f ound a re n ecessar i ly c or rec t o ne s . T o my k now ledge , t here i sn o a r chaeo log ica l e v idence f o r thcom ing f r om a ny C anaan i te s i te where t he E gyp t ian c onnec t ion h a sb een a t te s ted f o r av io len t u pheava l , i . e . , ad es truc t ion l eve l , a nywhere w i th in t he t empora l p ara me ters o f Dynas t ies 0 1 . T he i dea t ha t t he r az ing o f t he T e l E ran i f o r t i f ica t ion s wa s d one b y Narme r ( Ye iv in 1 967: 4 7; 1 975: 9 7 ) was f i rs t s er ious ly a nd p ersuas ive ly c ha l lenged b y We ins te in ( 1 984: 6 5 -67 ) a nd t hen b r i l l ian t ly d emo l ished b y B rand l ( 1 989 ) who s howed t ha t t hese f o r t i f ica t ions p robab ly s hou ld b e r eda ted t o t he E ar ly B ronze I I , t hus e f fec t ive ly p u t t ing a q u ie tus o n a Narmer ian i nva s ion . Moreove r , w i thou t ad e s t ruc t ion l e ve l , i tc an b e a ssumed t ha t t he t r an s i t ion f r o m Dynas ty 0 t o Dynas ty 1wou ld h ave b een a p eace fu l o ne , f o r i ti sh ard ly c r ed ib le t ha t , i ft he s c enes o n t he Narmer p a le t te s howed Narmer c onque r ing t he Nor th , c on t ro l o f E gyp t ian C anaan wou ld h ave a u toma t ica l ly p eace fu l ly b een h i s . O r , i n o the r words , t ha tE gyp t ian C anaan wou ld h ave g one o ve rt o Uppe rE gyp tw i th ac onque s to ft he Nor th . Moreover , o ne may a sk who , g eograph ica l ly , we re t he Dynas ty 0 r u ler s: k ings c om ing f r om Uppe r E gyp t , L owe r E gyp t , o ra n E gyp t u n i f ied i np re , i fn o t p ro todynas t ic t ime s ?A f ter a l l , c hange o f Dynas ty f r equen t ly t ake s p lace when t he ma in l i ne o f r u l ing f am i ly d ies o u t a nd i sr ep laced b y ac ade tl i ne o rb y an ew f am i ly . On t he b as is o f t h is p u ta t ive p eace fu l t r an s i t ion f r om Dynas ty 0 t o Dynas ty 1a nd o f t he p u ta t ive a t te s ta t ion o f Dynas ty 0 r u ler s ' s e rekh s ( s ee a bove , S ec t ion C ) , Ih ave n o h e s i ta t ion i n a s s ign ing t he b eg inn ing o f t he E gyp t ian p re sence i n C anaan t o s ome t ime d ur ing Dynas ty 0 . However , Ih ave s pecu la ted e nough . Ih ave r a ised q ue s t ions a nd p robab ly h ave n o t a n swered t hem t o a nyone 's s a t is fac t ion , b u t i n l i gh t o f o ur e x tan t e v idence t he re i sl i t t le h i s tory , b u t much h i s tor ica l s pecu la t ion .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 49 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

A LAN R . S CHULMAN

B IBLI O G R AP HY A N D ABBRE VIA TI O NS ALDRED ,C . 1 96 5 1 980

E gyp tt ot h eE nd o ft h eO ld K ingdom . L ondon :T ha mes & Hudson . E gyp t ian A r t i nt h e D ay s o ft h e P har aoh s ,3 100 -320 B .C . L ondon: O x fo rd Un ive rs i ty P res s .

AMMAN ,R . 1 968 No te o f One S ign i n t he Na rme r P a le t te . J ourna lo ft h e Amer i can R e s ear ch C en te r i nE gyp t 7 : 1 27 + 2p ls . 1 970 A New A cqu is i t ion: An E gyp t ian F i rs t Dynas ty J a r . I s r ae l Mu seum N ew s 4 : 8 8 -94 . 1 974 1 976

An E gyp t ian J a r F ragmen t w i th t he Name o fN arme r f r om A rad .I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion j ourna l2 4: 4 12 . T he Narme rJ a r F ragmen t f r om A rad: An Addendum .I s r ae l E xp lo ra t ion J ourna l2 6: 4 5 -46 .

AM IRAN , R .& T ADMOR ,M . 1 980 AF ema le Cu l t S ta tue t te f r om C ha lco l i th ic B ee r -Sheva . I s r a e l E xp lo ra t ion J ourna l 3 0: 1 36 -139 . BATES ,0 . 1 914 T he E a s tern L i byan s . L ondon: MacM i l lan . B E IT -AR IEH ,I . 1 984 New E v idence o n t he R e la t ions B e tween C anaan a nd E gyp t du r ing t he P ro to -Dynas t ic P er iod . I s ra e l E xp lo ra t ion J ourna l 3 4 :2 0 -23 . B EN -TOR ,A . 1 97 1 T he D a te o f t he K far Monash Hoard . I s ra e l E xp lo r a t ion J ourna l 2 1: 2 0 1 -206 . 1 982

T he R e la t ions b e tween E gyp ta nd t he L and o fC anaan d u r ing t he T h i rd M i l lenn ium B .C . J ourna lo fJ ew i sh

1 986

S tud i e s 3 3 :3 18 . T he T rade R e la t ions o f P a les t ine i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age . J ourna l o ft h e E conom i c a nd S oc ia l H i s to ry o f t h e O r i en t 2 9: 1 27 .

B RANDL ,B . 1 989 Observa t ions o n t he E ar ly B ronze S t ra ta o fT e l E ran i . T h is v o lume :3 57 -387 . B REASTED ,J . 1 93 1 T he P redynas t ic Un ion o f E gyp t . B u l le t in d e l ' In s t i tu t F r a ma i s d 'Ar chd o log i e O r i en ta le 3 0: 7 09 -724 . C LEDAT ,J . 1 913 L es v ases d e E l -Beda . Anna le s d u S erv ic e d e s A n t i qu i ti s d e l ' Egyp t e 1 3: 15 -121 . DR IOTON ,E , & VAND IER ,J . 1 952 L e s p eup le s d e l 'Or ien t m id i te rr anien , t ome 2 ,L 'Egyp te . 3 e 6 c 1 . P ar is: P re sses Un ivers i ta ires d e F rance . EDWARD S ,I .E .S . 1 97 1 T he E ar ly Dynas t ic P er iod i nE gyp t . P p . 1 -70 i nC amb r idge A nc i en tH i s tory ,3 rd e d . , Vo lume I ,P ar t 1 , Chap . C a mbr idge: A t t he Un ive r s i ty P res s . EDZARD ,D .0 . 1 960

D ie B ez iehungen B aby lon iens u nd Ägyp tens i nd e rM i t te lbaby lon ischen Z e i tu nd d as Go ld .J ourna lo ft h e E conom ic a nd S oc i a l H i s to ry o ft h e O r i en t 3 : 3 8 -55 . EMERY ,W . B . 1 96 1 A r cha i cE gyp t . H armond swor th: P engu in . GABALLA ,G .A . 1 976 N ar r a t iv e i nE gyp t i an A r t . Ma inz a /Rh: P h . v .Z abern . GARD INER ,A .H . 1 927

E gyp t ian G r ammar . Ox ford: Ox fo rd Un ive rs i ty P re s s .

1 96 1

E gyp t o ft h e P haroah s . Ox fo rd: Ox fo rd Un ive rs i ty P ress .

GAUT II IER ,H . 1 925

D i c t ionna ir e d e s n oms g i ogr aph ique s c on tenu s d ans l e s t e x te s h i d rog lyph ique s . T o me I .C a i ro: I ns t i tu t F ranca is d 'A rch6o log ie O r ien ta le .

1 928 I d em . T ome V C a i ro: I ns t i tu t F ra f l i s d 'A rch6o log ie O r ien ta le . GO IT INA ,R . 1 970 1 97 2 1 976 1 980

AP ro todynas t ic E gyp t ian J a r f r om R af iah . Mu seum H aar a e tz B u l l e t in 1 2: 5 3 -54 . E gyp t ian F i r s t Dynas ty P o t te ry f r om T e l H a l i f T er race . Mus eum H aar e tz B u l l e t in 1 4: 4 7 -56 . E xcavat ions a t' En B eso r . ' A t iqo t ( Engl i sh S e r ie s ) 1: 1 9 . E xcava t ions a t' En B eso r , 1 976 . ' A t iqo t ( Eng l ish S e r ies ) 1 4: 9 16 .

GOPHNA ,R . , GA M , D . 1 985 T he F i rs t Dynas ty E gyp t ian R e s idency a t' En B eso r . T e lA v iv 1 2 :9 16 . HA LL , ES . 1 986 T he P harao Sm i te s h i s E n em i e s . AC ompar a t iv e S tudy . Mun ich: D eu tsche r Kuns tver lag . HALLO ,W .W .& S IMPSON ,W .K 1 97 1 T he A nc i en t N ear E a s t , AH i s tory . New Y o rk: H arcou r t , B race . HAYES ,W .C 1 953

T he S c ep te r o f E gyp t P ar t I : F rom t h e E ar l i e s t T ime s t o t h e E nd o f t h e Midd le K ingdom . C ambr idge: A t t he Un ive rs i ty P ress .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 50 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

H I STOR IOGRAPHY AND H I STOR IC ITY O F THE R ELAT ION S O F E GYPT AND CANAAN N T HE E B I 1 973

E gyp t: I n te rna lA f f a i r sf r om T u tmo s i sI to t h eD ea th o fA r nenoph i sI . P p .3 46 -353 i nC amb r idg eA nc i en t H i s to ry . 3 rd e d . ,V o lume I ,P ar tI ,C hap .I X , s ec t ion v i i . C amb r idge: A tt he Un ive r s i ty P res s . HENNE SSY ,J .B . 1 957 T he F or e ign R e la t ions o f P a l e s t ine d ur ing t h e E ar ly B ronz e A g e . C o l t A rchaeo log ica l I ns t i tu te P ubl i ca t ions .L ondon :B . Qua r i tch . HE STR IN ,R .& T ADMOR ,M . 1 963 T he Hoa rd o fT oo l s a nd We apons f r om K f ar Monash .I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J ourna l 1 3: 2 65 -288 . KA ISER ,W .8 z DREYER ,C . 1 982 Umm e l -Qaab . Nachun te rsuchungen i m f r ühze i t l ichen K ön ig s f r iedho f . 2 .V o rbe r ich t . Mi t t e i lung en d e r d eu t schen A r chä o log i sch en I n s t i tu t , A b t e i lung K a i r o 3 8: 2 11 -269 . K EEL ,C . 1 974 W i rkmach t ige S i eg e sz e i ch en i m A l ten T e s tamen t . F re ibu rg: Un ive rs i tä tsve r lag . K R ! K .A . K ITCHEN ,1 982 . R am e s s id e I n sc r ip t ion s H i s to r i ca l a nd B i ogr aph i c a l . I V . Ox fo rd: B lackwel . L APP ,P . 1 970 P a le s t ine i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age . P p . 1 0 1 -13 1 i n J .A . S ander s , e d . , N e ar E a s te rn A r cha eo logy i n t h e T w en t i e th C en tury: E s say s i nH onor o fN e l son G lu e ck . New Y o rk: D oub leday . L D C .R . LE PS IU S ,1 849 -59 . D enmä le ra u sÄ gyp ten u nd Ä th iop i en . B e r l in :N ico la is che B uchhand lung . L ECLANT ,J . 1 979 F ou ile se tt r av aux e n E gyp te e ta uS oud an , 1 9n 1978 .O r i en ta lí a4 8: 3 40 -4 12 . 1 980 L a " f am i l le l i byenne " a uT emp le H au t d u Pe i l e r . P p . 4 9 -54 i n L eL iv r e d u C en tena i r e 1 880 1980 . C a i ro: I n s t i tu t F ranca i s d 'A rch6o log ie O r ien ta le . MELLAART ,1 1 979 E gyp t ian a nd Nea rE a s te rn C h rono logy . AD i lemma ?A n t i qu i ty 5 3 :6 18 . MERCER ,S .A . B . 1 946 S ume ro -Baby lon i an Y e ar f o rmu la e . L ondon: L uzac . MESHE L ,Z . 1 974 New D a ta a bou t t he D e se r t ' K i tes ' . T e lA v iv 1 : 1 29 -143 . M ITTMANN ,S . 1 981 F rühägyp t is che S i ege l insch r i f ten u nd e i n S RH -Emb lem d e s Ho r n s 1 13 a u sd em n o rd l ichen Negeb . E r e tz I s ra e l 1 5 :119 * . NA V ILLE , E. 1 900 F igu r ines 6 gyp t ienne sd e1 '4 : Pogue a rcha ique . R e cu e i ld et r av aux . . . . 2: 6 5 -7 1 . NEWBERRY ,P .E .& WA NW T IGHT ,G .A . 1 9 14 K ing Udy -mu a nd t he P a le rmo S tone .A n c i en tE gy p t1 :1 48 155 . OREN ,E .D . 1 973 T he Ove r land R ou te b e tween E gyp t a nd C anaan i n t he E ar ly B ronze Age , AP re l im inary R epo r t .I s r a e l E xp lo ra t i on J o urna l 2 3: 1 98 -205 . 1 989 E a r ly B ronze Age S e t t lemen t s i n No r th S ina i: A Mode l f o r E gyp to -Canaan i te I n te rconnec t ions . T h is v o lume : 3 89 -405 P ERROT ,J . 1 964 L e si vo i res d el a7 ec a mpagne d ef ou i l le s äS a f ad ip ra m sd eB e e rsheva . E r e tz I s r a e l7 : 9 2 * -93 * . P E 'TR IE ,W .M . F . 1 900 T h eR oy a l T omb so ft h eF i r s tD yna s ty ,I .T he E gyp t E xp lo ra t ion F und , v o l . 1 8 . L ondon: E gyp t E xp lo ra t ion F und . 1 90 1 T h e R oya l T omb s o f t h e E a r l i e s t D yna s t i e s I . T he E gyp t E xp lo ra t ion F und , v o l . 2 1 . L ondon: E gyp t E xp lo r a t ion F und . P R ITCHARD ,J .B . 1 954 T h e A nc i en t N e a r E a s t i nP i c tur e s . P r ince ton: P r ince ton U n ive rs i ty P res s . R EDFORD ,D .B . 1 979 E gyp to logy a nd H is to ry . P p . 1 20 i nK . Weeks , e d . , E gyp to logy a nd t h e S o c ia l S c i enc e s . F iv e S tud i e s . C a i ro: Ame r ican U n iver s i ty i nC a i ro P re ss . 1 986 P ha raon i c K ing -L i s t s , A nna l s a nd D ay -Bo ok s: A C on t inua t i on t ot h e S tudy o ft h e E gyp t i an S en s e o fH i s tory . M is s iss auga: B en -Ben . ROT I IE N IBERG ,B . 1 972 T imna , V a l l ey o ft h e B i b l i c a l C opp e r Min e s . L ondon: T hame s & Hudson . ROWTON ,M .B . 1 970 C h rono logy: Anc ien t Wes t A s ia . P p . 1 97 198 i n C ambr idg e A nc i en t H i s to ry , 3 rd e d . , V o lume I ,p ar t I , c hap . 6 ,s e c t ion I b .C amb r idge :A tt h eU n ive r s i ty P re s s . S AAD , 1 957 C e i l ing S t e lae i n S e cond D yna s ty T omb s f r om E x cava t i ons a t H e lwan . C a iro: I ns t i tu t F ranca is d 'A rch6o log ie O r ien ta le . 1 969 T he E x cav a t ion s a t H e lwan; A r t a nd C iv i l iz a t i on i n t h e F i r s t a nd S ec ond E gyp t i an D yna s t i e s . No rman: U n ive rs i ty o f Ok lahoma P re s s . S CHAFER ,H . 1 957 D as N iede rs ch lagen d e r F e inde . W i ene r Z e i t schr i f t z ur K und e d e s Mo rg en land e s 5 4: 1 68 -176 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 51 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

A LAN R . S CHULMAN SCHULMAN ,A .R . 1 976 T he E gyp t ian S ea lI mp res s ions f r om ' En B e so r . ' A t i qo t ( Eng l i sh S e r ie s ) 1: 1 6 -26 . 1 980 Mo re E gyp t ian S ea l I mp re ss ions f r om ' En B e so r . ' A t i qo t ( Eng l ish S e r ie s ) 1 4: 1 7 -33 . 1 983 On t he D a t ing o f t he E gyp t ian S ea l I mp re ss ions f r om ' En B e so r . T h e S o c i e ty f o r t h e S tudy o fE gyp t i an A n t i qu i t i e s J ourna l 1 3: 2 49 -25 1 . 1 98 4 T he I c onog raph ic T heme: ' Open ing o f t he Mou th ' o n S te lae . J o urna lo ft h e Am e r i can R e se a r ch C en t e r i n E gyp t2 1: 1 69 196 . 1 987 C e r emon i a l E x e cu t ion a nd P ub l i c R ewa rd . F re ibou rg: Un ivers i tä t sve r lag . f o r thcom ing S t i l l Mo re E gyp t ian S ea lI mp re s s ion sf r om ' En B e so r . S CHULMAN ,A .R .& GO PHNA , 1 98 1 An A rcha ic E gyp t ian S e rekh f r om T e l Ma 'ahaz . I s r a e l E xp lo r a t i on J ourna l3 1: 1 65 167 . S ETH E ,K . 1 930 U rg e sch i ch te u nd a l t e s t e R e l ig ion d e r Ä gyp t er . L e ipz ig: D eu tsche Mo rgen länd is che G e se l ls cha f t . S ETON ,D .R . 1 97 1 -72 T he K ing o fE gyp t A nn i h i la t ing H i s E nem i e s ;aS tudy i nt h e S ymbo l i sm o fA nc i en t Monar chy . Unpubl i shed MA E s say , Un ive r s i ty o fB i rm ingham . SL IWA ,J . 1 973 T he Ques t ion o f t he R ep re sen ta t ion o f t he v i c tor iou sr u le r i n E gyp t ian A r t . P r a c e A r cheo l og i zn e 1 6: 7 22 ( i n P ol i sh ) . 1 97 4 S ome R emark s C once rn ing V ic to r iou s R u le r R ep resen ta t ions i nE gyp t ian A r t . F or schung en u nd B e r i ch t e 1 6 :9 7 117 . SM ITH ,W .S . 1 96 5 T h e A r t a nd A r ch i te c tur eo fA nc i en t E gyp t . R ep r in ted w i th c o r rec t ions . H armond swo r th a nd B a l t imo re: P e l ic an . T he O ld K ingdom i nE gyp t .P p . 1 45 -207 i nC ambr idg eA n c i en tH i s to ry .3 rd e d . ,V o lume I ,P a r t2 ,C hap . x i v , S ec t ion i .C ambr idge :A tt he U n ive r s i ty P res s . SP AL INGER ,A .J . 1 982 A sp ec t s o f t h e Mi l i tary D ocum en t s o f t h e A nc i en t E gyp t i an s . New H aven a nd L ondon: Y a le U n ive rs i ty 1 97 1

P ress . SP I EGELBERG ,W . 1 897 E in n eue s D enkma l a us d e r F rühze i t d e r ä gyp t ischen Kuns t . Z e i t s chr i f t f ür Ä gyp t i sch e S p r ache u nd W i s senschaf t 3 5: 7 12 . TR IGGER ,B . 1 97 9 T he N arme r P a le t te i nC ro s scu l tu ra l P e r spec t ive . P p . 4 09 -4 16 i nM . G o rg a nd E .P u sch , e ds . , F e s t schr i f t E lmar E d e l1 2 Mä rz 1 979 . B ambe rg: Ku r t U r laub . UC KO ,P .J . 1 97 0 P en is S hea ths: A C ompara t ive S tudy . P r o c e ed ing s o ft h e R oya l A n thropo log i ca l I n s t i tu te o fG r ea t B r i ta in U rk .I U ik .I V

a nd I r e land f o r 1 969: 2 7 -67 . KS e the , U r kund en d e s ä gyp t i schen A l te r tum s , I ,U rkund en d e s A l t en R e i ch e s . L e ipz ig: H inr ich s , 1 932 . K . S e the , U rkunden d e s ä gyp t i schen A l te r tum s , I V , U rkunden d e r 1 8 . Dyna s t i e , H f t . 1 16 L e ipz ig: H in r ichs , 1 927 -30 .W . H e lck , U rkund en d e r1 8 . D yna s t i e , H f t . 1 7 -22 . B e r l in :Akadem ie V e r lag , 1 955 -58 .

VAN SE TER S ,J . 1 983 I n S ear ch o f H i s tor y . H i s to r iogr aphy i n t h e A nc i en t Wor ld a nd t h e O r ig in s o f B ib l ica l H i s to ry . New H aven a nd L ondon : Y a le Un ive r s i ty P re s s . VE NTURA ,R . 1 973 AF u r the rS tudy o ft he Mace H ead o fK ing S corp ion .P .1 84 i nE x c av a t ion sa nd S tud i e s :E s say si nH onour o f P ro f e s so r S hmue l Y e iv in . T e l Av iv: ( i n H eb rew w i th E ng l ish s umma ry o n p .x x i i ) . VE RNE F 1 ,M . 1 97 5 T he Anc ien tE gyp t .C on f ron ta t ion o f Man a nd T ime .P p .4 0 -55 i nV .S ou cek ,e d . ,A sp e c t so fA n c i en tO r i en ta l H i s tor iogr aphy . P rague: C ha r le s U n ive rs i ty . WA RD ,W .A . 1 96 3 E gyp t a nd t he E as t Med i te r ranean f r om P redynas t ic T ime s t ot h e E nd o ft he O ld k ingdom .J o urna lo ft h e 1 969

E conom i c a nd S o c i a l H i s tory o ft h e' Or i en t 6 : 1 57 . T he S upposed A s ia t ic C ampa ign o f Narme r . Me l ang e s d el 'Un iv e r s i ti S a in tJ o seph 4 5: 2 05 -22 1 .

WATK INS ,T .F . 1 975 T he D a te o ft he K f ar Monash Hoard Aga in . P a l e s t in e E xp lo ra t i on Q uar t e r ly 1 07 : 5 3 -6 3 . Wb . AE rman a nd H . G rapow , e d s . , Wö r t e rbuch d e r ä gyp t i sch en S p r a che . 1 2 v o ls . L e ipz ig: Akadem ie V e r lag , 1 926 -50 . WE INSTE IN ,J .M . 1 984 T he S ign i f icance o f T e l l A re in i f o r E gyp t ian -Pa le s t in ian R e la t ions a tt he B eg inn ing o f t he B ronze Age . B u l l e t in o f t h e Ame r i c an S choo l s o f O r i en ta l R e se ar ch 2 56: 6 1-69 . WI L SON ,J .A . 1 956a T h eC u l tur eo fA nc i en tE gyp t . C h icago: Un ive r s i ty o fC h icago P re ss . 1 956b T he R oya l My th i n Anc ien t E gyp t . P ro c e ed ing s o ft h e Ame r i can P h i lo soph i c a l S o c i e ty 1 00: 4 39 -442 .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 52 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

H I STOR IOGRAPHY AND H ISTOR IC ITY OF T HE R ELAT ION S O F E GYPT AND CANAAN N T HE E B I W NCKLER , H .A .

1 938 R o ck D r aw ing so fs ou the rn U pp e rE gyp t . I .L ondon :E gyp tE xp lo ra t ion S o c ie ty . WR ESZ JNSK I , W. 1 925 A t la s z ur a l tägyp t i sch en K u l turg e sch i ch t e I . L e igz ig: H in r ichs . WR IGHT , M. 1 985

C on tac t s B e twe en E gyp t a nd S y ro -Pa le s t ine d ur ing t he P ro to -Dynas t ic P er iod . B i b l i ca l A r cha eo log i s t 4 8: 2 40 -253 .

YAD N ,Y .

1 955 T he E ar l ies t R eco rd o f E gyp t 's M i l i ta ry P ene tra t ion i n to A s ia ?I s r ae l E xp lo r a t i on J ourna l 5 : 1 16 . YE I V IN , S. 1 960 E ar ly C on tac ts B e tween C anaan a nd E gyp t .I s r a e lE xp lo r a t i on J o urna l 1 0: 1 93 -203 . 1 963 F u r the rE v idence f o rN arme ra t" Ga th " . O r i en s A n t i quu s 2:2 05 -2 13 . 1 964 T he C e remon ia l S l a te -Pa le t te o f K ing Na rme r . P p . 2 2 -53 i n H . R o sen , e d . , S tud i e s i n E gyp to logy a nd L ingu i s t i c s i nH ono ro fH . J .P o lo t sky . J e ru sa lem: I s rae l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty . 1 967 A New C ha lco l i th ic C u l tu re a tT e l ' E rany a nd i t s I mp l ica t ion f o r E ar ly E gyp to -Canaan i te R e la t ions . P p . 4 5 -48 i nF our th Wo r ld C ongr e s s o fJ ew i sh S tud i e s . P ap er s . I .J e ru sa lem: Wo r ld Un ion o fJ ew i sh S tud ie s . 1 968 Add i t iona l No te s o n t he E ar ly R e la t ions b e tween C anaan a nd E gyp t . J ourna lo fN ear E a s t e rn S tud i e s 2 7: 3 7 -50 . 1 97 5 E l 'A re in i , T e l l e sh -She ikh Ahmed ( Te l E ran i ) . P p . 8 9 -97 i n M . Av i -Yonah , e d . , E ncy c lop ed i a o f A r chaeo log i ca l E x cav a t ion s i n t h e H o ly L and . I .J e ru sa lem: Mas sada P re ss .

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). -4 53 E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43

de Miroschedji, Pierre. L'urbanisation De La Palestine À L'âge Du Bronze Ancien, Parts I and II: Bilan Et Perspectives Des Recherches Actuelles. Actes Du Colloque D'Emmaüs (20-24 Octobre 1986). E-book, Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing, 1989, https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546702. Downloaded on behalf of 38.67.221.43