Living Italian : A Grammar-Based Course (with key) [3 ed.] 0340260300, 9780340260302

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MARIA VALGIMiGLI Third edition with Key

,

'

LIVING ITALIAN Third Edition

MARIA VALGIMIGLI Formerly Lecturer in Italian, College oj Commerce, Manchester

With Revisions by

DAVID S. WATSON B.A.

[pfjeadway* Hodder& Stoughton 7

Tape-recordings of Living Italian are available from Tutor-Tape Company Ltd, 102 Great Russell Street, London WCi

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Valgimigli, Maria Living Italian - 3rd ed. 1. Italian language - Grammar I. Title II. Watson, David S. 458.2'42i

PC1099

ISBN o 340 26030 o

First published 1961 Second edition 1969 Third edition 1982 Eighth impression 1989 Copyright © Maria Valgimigli Revisions copyright © 1982 David S. Watson All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in¬ cluding photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Typeset by Macmillan India Ltd, Bangalore Printed in Great Britain for Hodder and Stoughton Educational, a division of Hodder and Stoughton Ltd, Mill Road, Dunton Green, Sevenoaks, Kent by Richard Clay Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk

CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS. PREFACE

.

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION INTRODUCTION. The Alphabet; Pronunciation; Accentuation; Capital Letters; Practice.

Punctuation; Pronunciation

SECTION ONE LESSON I. The Definite Article the\ Gender of Nouns. La classe. LESSON II . The Indefinite Article a, an\ Cardinal Numbers (i to 12 ; Formation of the Plural of Nouns. Una casa. LESSON III. Plural of the Definite Article; Agreement of Adjectives; Position of Adjectives; Ordinal Numbers ist to 7th'; Days of the Week. L'n giardino. LESSON IV. Subject Pronouns; The Auxiliary Verbs avere and esserr, Months of the Year. Una sala da pranzo. LESSON V. Interrogatives; Plural of nouns ending in -co, -go, -ca, -ga\ Conjugation of Regular Verbs; Present Indicative of the Model Verbs parlare and vendere. In cittd.

6

LIVING ITALIAN

LESSON VI.49 Regular Verbs {continued)', Present Indicative of the Model Verbs capire and service; Prepositions; Contrac¬ tions of Prepositions; Possession. In campagna. II Primo Gioco dell’Alfabeto. LESSON VII.56 Direct Object Pronouns; The Partitive Construction some, any. Al mare. LESSON VIII.61 Indirect Object Pronouns; Cardinal Numbers (13 to 100); Dates; Age. La montagna. LESSON IX.67 Reflexive Verbs and Reflexive Pronouns; Conjugation of Reflexive Verbs; Present Indicative of lavarsi and divertirsi', Present Indicative of the Irregular Verbs andare, dare, fare, stare', The Conjunctive Pronoun ne. Un incontro.

LESSON X.73 Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns; Relative Pro¬ nouns che, cui, il quale; Ordinal Numbers (8th to 30th); Fractions. Al mercato. REVISION TEST.80 SECTION TWO LESSON XI.84 Formation of the Past Participle; Perfect Tense of the Model Verbs parlare, vendere, capire', Use of the Perfect Tense; Disjunctive Pronouns; Time. Al teatro. LESSON XII.89 Past Participles {continued)', Perfect Tense of the Auxiliaries; Perfect Tense of Reflexive Verbs lavarsi;

LIVING

ITALIAN

7

Position of Adjectives (continued); Irregular Adjectives bello, buono, grande, santo. A l podere. II Secondo Gioco dell’Alfabeto. LESSON XIII.97 Demonstrative Adjectives; Present Indicative of the Irregular Verbs tenere, dire. I lag hi. LESSON XIV

.

..I02

Future Tense of the Model Verbs and of the Auxiliaries; Use of the Future Tense; Present Indicat¬ ive of the Irregular Verbs potere, volere, venire, and verbs in -ciare and -giare. Una lettera. LESSON XV.108 Conditional Tense of the Model Verbs and of the Auxiliaries; Some Geographical Terms. La risposta. LESSON XVI.114 Irregular Plurals of nouns in -a and -ista\ The 18 Regions of Italy. Prepararsi per il viaggio. LESSON XVII.118 Nouns in -cia and -gia; Present Indicative of the Irregular Verbs dovere, satire, uscire, scendere. II viaggio: (I) La partenza. LESSON XVIII.122 Orthographic Changes in certain Verbs: Present and Future Tenses of cercare, pagare\ Negative Expressions. II viaggio: (II) Da Londra a Folkestone. LESSON XIX.127 More Nouns with Irregular Plurals; Present and Future Tenses of the Irregular Verbs, bere, sapere, conoscere. It viaggio: (III) La traversata della Manica.

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LIVING ITALIAN

LESSON XX.I3I Adverbs; Formation of Adverbs; Impersonal Verbs; sembrare, toccare. 11 viaggio: {IV) Sul treno continentale. REVISION TEST.138

SECTION THREE

LESSON XXI.142 The Gerund; The Progressive Construction; Irregular Verbs mettere, chiudere, venire; The Human Body. II viaggio: (V) L’arrivo in Italia. LESSON XXII.148 Imperfect Tense of the Model Verbs and of the Auxiliaries; Present Tense of the Irregular Verbs scegliere, sedere. II viaggio: ( VI) Da Genova a Viareggio. LESSON XXIII.154 Use of the Definite Article; Omission of the Definite Article; Omission of the Indefinite Article; Irregular Verbs nspondere, scendere, crescere. II viaggio: (VII) Pisa. LESSON XXIV.159 Past Definite of Regular Verbs and of the Model Verbs; Use of the Past Definite; Prefixes; Suffixes. II viaggio: (VIII) Da Viareggio a Firenze. LESSON XXV.167 Past Definite of Irregular Verbs vedere, decidere, scnvere, dare, stare and of the Auxiliaries; Idiomatic Uses of Prepositions. II viaggio: (IX) Siena. LESSON XXVI.174 Comparison of Adjectives, Comparison of Adverbs. II viaggio: 'X) Roma.

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LIVING ITALIAN

LESSON XXVII.181 The Subjunctive Mood; Present Subjunctive of the Model Verbs and of the Auxiliaries. II viaggio: XI'' Da Roma a Milano. LESSON XXVIII.193 The Imperative Mood; Imperative of the Model Verbs and of the Auxiliaries^ Table of Conjunctive Pronouns; Double Conjunctive Pronouns; Conjunc¬ tive Adverbs. II viaggio: XID Milano. LESSON XXIX.202 The Imperfect Subjunctive; Imperfect Subjunctive of the Model Verbs and of the Auxiliaries; More Com¬ pound Tenses; Verbs followed by Prepositions; “Verb Tree.” II viaggio: XIID Venezia. LESSON XXX.214 Idiomatic Expressions with certain Verbs; Classified Vocabulary. II viaggio: XIV REVISION TEST

II ritorno. .

.

.

.

.

.220

KEY TO EXERCISES.225 APPENDICES 1. Agreement in Compound Tenses of Reflexive Verbs ........ 2. The Passive ....... 3. The Impersonal Pronoun si .... 4. Possible combinations of Conjunctive Pronouns

256 257 257

and Adverbs ....... 5. Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verbs avere and essere. 6. Conjugation of the Model Regular Verbs. . .

260 265 265

7. Irregular verbs .....

266

•

VOCABULARIES.285 INDEX ...

....

.318

ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations have been used in the book: abb. adj. adv. cond. conj. j jut. imperf. impers. in. m. past def. perf pers. pi-

popp.p. pres. pron. sing. subj.

abbreviated, abbreviation adjective, adjectival adverb, adverbial conditional tense conjugation feminine future tense imperfect tense impersonal irregular masculine past definite tense perfect tense person, personal plural popular past participle present tense pronoun, pronominal singular subjunctive mood

PREFACE This Italian course is intended for students who are studying privately or attending Evening Classes. It is divided into three Sections, from Lessons I to X, XI ta XX and XXI to XXX. At the end of each Section there are extra exercises in the form of a short test, which enable students to revise the work studied so far. As it is important that students should acquire from the beginning an extensive vocabulary of everyday use, the Conver¬ sational Exercises at the end of each lesson should be carefully studied and put into practice. In all the Sections, it is recom¬ mended that Exercises A and B be done during the lesson, orally or in writing. Exercises C and D should be given as written homework and Exercise E as preparation for the following week. A short dictation of words or phrases from the lessons should be given by the teacher each week from the second lesson onwards, to enable the student to hear spoken Italian. From Lesson XI onwards, unseen dictations should be given, to prepare for the first examinations. Once the student has mastered the first five lessons, Alphabet Games (giochi dell’alfabeto) such as the ones which appear at the end of Lessons VI and XII could serve as a revision of vocabulary. In Sections II and III, in addition to the Grammar Rules, each lesson contains a list of words pertaining to Travel. Lessons XVII to XXIX take the student on a “Journey to Italy” and a little is mentioned about the places visited. With this extra vocabulary, students will have an opportunity to practise the conversation which is so essential in the study of a language. It is hoped that when students have completed the course they will have acquired a love of the Italian language and will have been encouraged to continue with their study of Italy and her language. M.V.

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION The revisions which have produced this third edition are extensive and detailed, involving not only the Lessons and Exercises in the body of the book, but also the Appendices and Vocabularies at the end. In addition to modifying the three original Appendices, (Appendices 5, 6 and 7 of the present edition), I have included four Appendices of my own, and the student should refer to all seven for a list of verb-forms, pronouns and explanations of some important grammatical points which the Lessons do not cover (the passive, the impersonal si, etc.). I apologise for the length and weight of Lesson XXVII. It has been completely rewritten and expanded in order to incorporate examples of most of the cases in which the subjunctive is required, so that the whole Lesson, like the Appendices, should be considered a point of reference. All verbs listed in the Vocabularies, Verb Lists and general Vocabularies at the end of the book are conjugated in their compound tenses with avert unless indicated: * marks essereconjugated verbs, while *t means that the verb may be conju¬ gated with essere or avere according to context and meaning. Reflexive verbs (cf. Lesson IX) are all unmarked, since they all take essere, without exception. If in doubt, the student should consult a good dictionary, (especially since the general Vocabu¬ laries are far from exhaustive even in terms of the Lessons and Exercises in the book): the Vocabolano della Lingua Italiana (N. Zingarelli, pub. Zanichelli) and the Grande Dizionario InglesellahanojItaliano-Inglese (M. Hazon, pub. Garzanti) are available in both full and shorter editions. The philosophy behind the revisions is simple: I have tried to bear in mind at all times the concept of living Italian, i.e. the language as it is used today. In the case of alternative forms or versions, the more common version is given first, and the alternative is placed in brackets afterwards. This applies not only to the Lessons, Appendices and Vocabularies, but also to the Key to the Exercises which I have provided. D.S.W.

INTRODUCTION THE ALPHABET The Italian alphabet consists of only 21 letters, which follows: LETTER

a b c d e f g h i

1 m

PRONUNCIATION

as a in car bee chee dee ay effay dgee acca ee ellay emmay

LETTER

PRONUNCIATION

n o p

q r s t u V

z

ennay as o in not pee coo erray essay tee oo voo dzayta

The letters j (i lunga), k (cappa), w (voo doppia), x (icks), y (ipsilon), do not figure in the Italian alphabet; they are, however, used for the spelling of foreign words.1 y has been replaced by i: e.g.

gioia

joy

raion

rayon

k is generally replaced by ch: e.g.

chilogramma

kilogramme

The Greek combination ph has been replaced by f e.g.

alfabeto

alphabet

fotografia

photograph, photography

'x is also found in expressions such as ex-prestdenle, ex-president, ex-cancetliere, ex¬ chancellor, etc.

PRONUNCIATION Vowels a is pronounced approximately like a in car. e.g. sala

room

caro

dear

e has two sounds: (1) like e in bell (known as the open e). e.g. bello

beautiful

lento

slow

(2) like a in late (known as the closed e). e.g. seta

silk

meno less

pineta pine grove

i is pronounced like i in marine: e.g. finire

to finish

primo

first

o has two sounds: (ij like 0 in not (known as the open 0). e.g. notte

night

opera

opera, work

(2) like 0 in note (known as the closed 0). e.g. nome

name

ora

hour

u is always pronounced like 00 in moon: e.g. uno

one

mwsica

music

Consonants Of the sixteen consonants the following ten are pronounced approximately as in English: b, d, f, 1, m, n, p, q, t, and v. c has two sounds: (1) like c in can, when followed by a, 0, u, or by any consonant, including h. cane con cura

dog with care, attention

che chi crudo

what, that who, whom raw

(2) like ch in chop, when followed by e or i. e.g. cena

supper

cima

top, summit

LIVING

ITALIAN

>5

cc before e or i is pronounced like tch in match: e.g. foccia

face

g has two sounds: (1) like g in go when followed by a, o, u, or by any consonant, including h. e.g. galante gola gufo

gallant throat owl

grande ' ghirlanda

big, great garland

(2) like g in ginger, when followed by e or i. e.g. gentile

kind

giardino

garden

gg before e or i is pronounced like dg in edge'. e.g. oggi

today

h is always silent. Initial h is found only in: ho hai ha

I have you have (familiar form) he, she has,you (polite sing.) have

hanno they have,you (polite sing.) have and in a few foreign words. The letter h prevents confusion between these four forms of the verb avere (to have) and 0 (or), ai (to the), a (to, at), anno (year). h is also found in a few exclamations: e.g. ah! ahi! ahime!

oh! ah! alas!

q is always followed by u and has the same sound as qu in quick: e.g. quanto questo r

how much this

qui quota

here share, quota

carro

cart

or rr is trilled in Italian: e.g. carne

meat

s has two sounds: (1) like s in sad, when beginning a word before any vowel. e.g. sala sette

hall seven

si to sole

site sun

i6

LIVING

ITALIAN

Also in compound words: e.g. ventisei

twenty-six

trentasette thirty-seven

or when doubled: e.g. basso

low

permesso

permission

or before the consonants f, p, q, and t: e.g. stz/dio study squadra spuntino snack, light refreshment

team, group

(2) but when intervocalic it usually sounds like s in rose: e.g. rosa

rose

vaso

vase

and similarly when the noun ends in ione: e.g. divisione division

confusione confusion

and it is similarly pronounced before b, d, g, l, m, n, r, v. Theoretically, there is a fine distinction between the two possible pronunciations of the intervocalic s, depending on the word in which it appears: cf. reso which, according, to the pronunciation of the intervocalic s means a monkey of the Macacus genus {/rezo/) or given back, rendered (/reso/). However, the distinction has become so blurred by regional variations that it may well be safer to stick to the z sound, as in the English rose . z or zz also has two sounds: (> ) like ts in bits. e.g. grazie (2 ) like ds in adds. e.g. pranzo

thanks, thank you dinner

terrazza

mezzo

terrace

half

The following combined letters are of great importance: ch like ch in chemist] , . _ „ >can only be followed by e or 2: like g in gun J e.g. cherubino cherub chiave key Margherita Margaret laghi lakes

LIVING

ITALIAN

17

gli has a similar sound to lli in million: e.g. lwglio

July

Ventimiglia

except in a very few words where it has the same sound as in English: e g. Anglicano negligere

Anglican to neglect

glicine

wistaria

gn has a similar sound to ni in union or gn in mignonette: e.g. ogni

each, every

signora

madam, lady

gu before a vowel is always pronounced like gw in Gwendoline: e.g. lingua

language, tongue

guida

guide

sc before e or i is pronounced like sh in ship: e.g. scmdere* uscire*

to go down, descend to go out

but before a, 0, u, and h it has a hard sound like sk: e.g. scala scuro

staircase dark

scopo scherzo

aim, purpose joke

It will be noticed that the Italian language has no nasal sounds.

PUNCTUATION Punctuation Marks The punctuation marks are the same in Italian as in English: , ; : ? ! . .

punto vzrgola punto e virgola due punti punto interrogativo punto esclamativo punti sospensivi

— “ ” ( ) [ ]

}

lineetta virgolette parmtesi parmtesi quadra asterisco graffa

They are used much in the same way as in English, except that the lineetta denotes a change of speaker in written conversation. The Apostrophe The apostrophe is used when a letter has been elided: e.g.

l’amica instead of la arnica,

l’ltalia instead of la Italia.

Syllabication Italian words are divided into syllables. The main rules are: (1) Any single consonant between two vowels belongs to the syllable which follows. e.g.

matita {pencil) parola (word)

ma-ti-ta pa-ro-la

(2) All double consonants must be distinctly pronounced in Italian. e.g.

bello (beautiful) tetto {roof)

bel-lo tet-to

ACCENTUATION Written accents Three accents are used in Italian: the grave (') , the acute (') and the circumflex (*). (i) The grave accent is the one most frequently used. It acts mainly as a stress mark. This accent is used: (a) to denote the open sound of e. e.g.

e

is, it is

caffe

coffee

(b) on words which have the stress on the last syllable, e.g.

citta

town, city

virtu

virtue

(This category includes mainly words contracted from the Latin.) (c) on the following five words. cio gia

that already

giu

down

piu pub

more can (third pers. sing.)

(d) on words of one syllable which otherwise would be confused with others of the same spelling but of different meaning. is and e e gives da da by, from day (poet.) di di (pronoun) yes si si himself, herself, itself (article) the there la la himself, herself, se se if itself (pronourr) li there li te

tea

te

them (m. pi) thee (you)

LIVING

20

ITALIAN

(2) The acute accent is sometimes seen written in a word over the letter e, when the e has a close sound. e.g. ne nor perche why, because This accent is frequently replaced by the grave accent. (3) The circumflex accent is very rarely used. It is written only on words which have been contracted; such words are found only in poetry. e.g.

corre

for

cogliere

to gather

Stress or tonic accent (1) In Italian the stress on words usually falls on the last syllable but one: e.g.

parola

word

Milano

Milan

In this case the words are known as parole plane. (2) The stress is also found on the last syllable but two: e.g.

sabato tavola

Saturday table

dom^nica

Sunday

These are known as parole sdrucciole. (3) Sometimes it is even found on the last syllable but three: e.g.

dimmticano

they forget

desiderano

they want

This is more uncommon and occurs chiefly in verbal forms; these are known as parole bisdrucciole. (4) And, finally, there are words with the stress on the last syllable, but in this case the stress is indicated by a grave accent, as already stated above: e.g. qualita

quality

carita

charity

These are known as parole tronche. Throughout this book, if the stress occurs other than as indicated in (1) above, the stressed vowel is shown in italic type, or in roman type if the word itself is in italic.

CAPITAL LETTERS Capital letters are used in Italian as in English for names of people, countries, towns, rivers and lakes: e.g.

Roberto

Italia

Roma

Como

But small letters are used as follows: (i) For the months of the year, days of the week, seasons and adjectives of nationality. e.g.

aprile lunedi la primavera la lingua italiana

April Monday Spring the Italian language

(2) For titles followed by a proper name. e.g.

il signor Neri la contessa Valli

Mr. Neri Countess Valli

(3) For the pronoun I, io, unless it begins a sentence. e.g.

Io parlo italiano. Anch’io

/ speak Italian. /, too.

Note, however, that the pronouns Lei (singular form) and Loro (plural form), when meaning “you”, are often written with a capital letter, although there is a contemporary tendency to write them with a small letter, especially since context usually rules out the possibility of confusion: e.g.

Dove va Lei, signora? Io vado a Milano. Anch’io.

Where are you going, madam? / am going to Milan. So am I.

PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE (1) Arnica, regina, matita, caro, chiave, lago, laghi, grande, penna, ogni, fz'glio, quasi, Roma, Milano, Bologna, Vinci, Rapallo, Napoli, Verona, Genova, Firenze, Pisa, Torino, Venezia. (2) Grazie. Prego. Permesso. Avanti. Presente. Assente. Buon giorno. Buona sera. Buona notte. Signore. Signora. Signorina. (3) Uno, due, tre, quattro, cinque, sei, sette, otto, nove. (4) Chi va piano va sano e va lontano. Una rondine non fa primavera. II tempo fugge e non ritorna piu. Chi e paziente e sapiente. La salute e la prima ricchezza. A ogni uccello suo nido e bello. Chi ben prindpia e alia meta dell’opera. L’uomo propone e Dio dispone. Bisogna battere il ferro mentre e caldo. ^cqua cheta rovina i pond.

SECTION ONE

■■

■

,

. '

LESSON

I

The Definite Article—the The is translated by: (a)

il before a masculine noun in the singular beginning with a consonant, except ^ impure (that is, s followed by a consonant), z, gn or ps. e.g.

(b)

il libro

the book

il ragazzo

the boy

lo before a masculine noun in the singular beginning with j impure, z, gn or ps. e.g. lo studente the student lo zio the uncle lo gnocco the dumpling lo psicologo the psychologist

{c)

la before a feminine noun in the singular beginning with a consonant. e.g.

(d)

la penna

the pen

la studentessa la zia

the student the aunt

1’ before a masculine or a feminine noun in the singular beginning with a vowel. e.g.

1’alunno l’alunna

the pupil (m.) the pupil (/.)

Gender of Nouns In Italian there are only two genders; every noun must be either masculine or feminine. As a preliminary guide, it is useful to know that: (a) Nouns ending in -o are masculine. e.g.

il libro

the book

il quaderno

the exercise book

There are only a few exceptions to this rule, the most common being: la mano

the hand

la radio

the radio

LIVING ITALIAN

25

(b) Nearly all nouns ending in -a are feminine: e.g.

la penna

the pen

la matita

the pencil

For masculine nouns ending in -a (e.g. ilpoeta, poet), see Lesson XVI. (c) Most nouns ending in -lone are feminine. e.g.

la stazione la televisione

the station the television

(d) Nouns ending in -e may be of either gender. Those denoting people are easy to remember. e.g. il padre the father

la madre

the mother

il nome la frase

the name the sentence

Others may cause confusion. e.g.

la classe the classroom l’animale (m.) the animal

Because of this, the student should try, from the beginning, to associate all nouns with their corresponding articles. To form the feminine of nouns which denote people and which end in -0, change the -0 to -a. e.g. il maestro il ragazzo

master

la maestra

mistress

boy

la ragazza

girl

VOCABULARY la classe i! maestro la maestra l’alunno I’alunna il tavolo la tavola la s«dia la porta il libro il quaderno la finestra il banco la penna la matita

class, classroom master, teacher mistress pupil (m.) pupil if.) table dining table chair door book exercise book window desk pen pencil

la stazione la televisione il nome 1’animale (m.) la frase la radio lo studio lo studente la studentessa lo zio la zia il padre la madre e (or ed before a vowel)

station television name animal phrase, sentence radio, wireless study, studio student (m.) student (f.) uncle aunt father mother and

LIVING

26

ITALIAN

e

is

mi passi

pass me

chi ha?

who has?

mi mostri

show me

dove?

where?

per lavore 1

please

dov’e?

where is?

per piacere j

ecco

here is, here are,

signore

sir, Mr.

signora

madam, Mrs.

signorina

Miss

there is, there are sopra

on, upon

sot to

under

Note

Signore ("like all the other titles ending in -ore, such as senatore, professore, doltore), drops the final -e before a name or title.

CONVERSATION Buon giorno.

Good morning {day).

Buona sera. Come sta? Bene, grazie, e Lei? Molto bene, grazie.

Good evening. How are you? Well, thank you, and you? Very well, thank you.

LA CLASSE Ecco la classe. Ecco il maestro. II libro e sopra il tavolo. II quademo e sopra il banco. Ecco l’alunno. L’alunno ha la matita. Ecco l’alunna. L’alunna ha la penna. Ecco la porta. Dov’e la finestra? Mi mostri la scdia, per favore. Ecco la s«Iia. Mi mostri il tavolo. Ecco il tavolo. Chi ha il libro? Il maestro ha il libro. Mi mostri il banco. Ecco il banco.

EXERCISES A. Translate,

and

then

answer

Dov’e il libro? Dov’e la porta? Chi ha il quaderno? Chi ha la penna? Dov’e la s^dia?

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

in

Italian,

the

questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Dov’e il banco? Chi ha la s«dia? Chi ha la matita? Dov’e l’alunno? Dov’e l’alunna?

following

LIVING ITALIAN

27

B. Put the correct form of the definite article in front of the following nouns: . — alunno . — maestro . — penna . — libro . — studente . — matita

7- — quaderno 8. — porta 9- — zio 10. — banco 11. — finestra 1*2. — zia

C. Translate into Italian: 1. The girl and the pencil. 2. The boy and the pen. 3. The master and the pupil [m.). 4. The mistress and the pupil (/.). 5. The door and the window. 6. The book and the exercise book. 7. Here is the student (m.). 8. Here is the student (/.). 9. Pass me the chair, please. 10. Thank you. Show me the table. D. Translate into Italian: 1. Good morning, madam. 2. Good morning, sir. 3. How are you? 4. Well, thank you, and you? 5. Very well, thank you. 6. Where is the teacher (/.)? 7. Who has the book? 8. Show me the pencil, please. 9. Pass me the exercise book, please. 10. Thank you, madam. E. Complete the following and then translate into English: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

II maestro ha — libro e penna. Mi mostri — televisione. Dov’e — animale? Per favore, signore, mi passi s^dia. II quaderno e sotto tavolo.

28

LIVING ITALIAN

6. La matita e sopra — radio. 7. Mi mostri — quaderno, per favore. 8. Ecco — studio. 9. La ragazza ha — matita. 10. Dov’e — studente?

LESSON II The Indefinite Article—a, an yl, an is translated by: (a) un before masculine nouns in the singular, except those beginning with s impure or with ze.g. un libro a book un amico a friend (m.) (b) uno before a masculine noun in the singular beginning with j impure, £ or gn. e.g. uno spillo a pin uno zio an unde uno gnomo a gnome (c) una before a feminine noun in the singular beginning with a consonant. (d)

un

e.g. una penna a pen una sala a room before a feminine noun in the singular beginning with a vowel. e.g. un’amica

a friend (f.)

un’ora

an hour

Cardinal Numbers i 2

uno due

6

3

tre quattro

8

4

5 7

cinque sei sette otto

9 10 11 12

nove dieci zzndici dodici

Note.—uno, with its different forms un, una, un’ as explained above, is the only number which changes its form according to the noun which follows. Formation of the Plural of Nouns (a) Masculine nouns ending in -o, -a or -e change the final vowel to -i. e.g.

libro —► libri

padre ->■ padri

poeta -* poeti (b) To form the plural of nouns ending in -to omit the -o, unless the -z- is stressed, in which case change -io to -ii.

e.g.

fz'glio —> figli but zio -+ zii

LIVING ITALIAN

3°

(c) Feminine nouns ending in -a change -a to -e. (d) Feminine nouns ending in -e change -e to -i. e.g.

madre —> madri

Note.—The

plural of the feminine nouns la mano (hand), I’arma (weapon, arm) and I’ala (wing) are le mam, le armi, and le all

respectively. VOCABULARY una casa

house

un’amica

friend (/.)

un giardino

garden

un’ora

hour

una sala

hall, room

uno spillo

pin

un salotto

lounge, living-

che?

what?

c’e

there is; is there?

room una sala da pranzo

chi e?

who is?

dining-room

che ha? or

kitchen

che cosa ha?J

un ragazzo

boy

questo, questa

this (m.), this (/.)

una ragazza

girl

a destra

to the right

un giornale

newspaper

a sinistra

to the left

una rivista

magazine

Maria

un amico

friend (m.)

Giovanni

una cucina

I

what has?

Mary John

CONVERSATION Cos’ e questo? Che (cosa) e questo? Permesso. Avanti. Mi scusi. Prego.

What is this? Allow me] excuse me. Forward, come in. Excuse me. Please; don’t mention it.

UNA CASA Ecco un giardino. Ecco una casa. Ecco una porta. A destra c’e la sala da pranzo. A sinistra c’e il salotto. Ecco la cucina. La casa ha quattro porte e sei finestre. Ecco il padre. Ecco la madre. II padre ha un giornale. La madre ha una rivista. Ecco una ragazza. Ecco due ragazze. Ecco un ragazzo. Ecco due ragazzi. Chi e questa ragazza? E Maria. Chi e questo ragazzo? E Giovanni. Maria ha un libro. Giovanni ha un quaderno.

LIVING ITALIAN

31

EXERCISES A. Translate, questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

and

then

answer

Dov’e la casa? Dov’e la porta? Che c’e a sinistra? Che c’e a destra? Chi e questa ragazza?

in

Italian,

the

following

6. Chi e questo ragazzo? 7. Che ha il padre? 8. Che ha la madre? 9. Che ha Maria? 10. Che ha Giovanni?

B. Put the correct form of the indefinite article in front of the following nouns: I. — zia 2. — 3- — 4- — 5- — 6. —

casa amico porta arnica rivista

7* — ragazzo 8. — zio 9- — sala 10. — giornale 11. — padre 12. — studente

C. Translate into Italian: 1. A boy and a girl. 2. A father and a mother. 3. A student (m.) and a pupil (/.).

LIVING

32

ITALIAN

4. A house and a garden. 5. To the right there is a door. 6. To the left there is a window. 7. Here is a dining-room. 8. Here is a lounge. 9. A newspaper is on the chair. 10. A magazine is under the table. D. Translate into Italian: 1. Good evening, sir. 6. To the left, sir. 2. Good evening, madam. 7. What is this? 3. Where is the dining- 8. It is a magazine. room? 4- To the right, madam. 9- What is this? 5- Where is the lounge? 10. It is a newspaper. E. Complete with a noun: 1. Ecco un — 2. Ecco una — 3- Ecco un’ — 4- Mi mostri una — 5- Chi ha uno —

6. Mi passi tre — 7- Mi mostri due — 8. Ecco cinque — 9- Ecco sette — 10. Ecco nove —

LESSON

III

Plural of the Definite Article

The plural The plural The plural The plural The-plural

of il of la of /’ (m.) of /’ {/.) of lo

e.g. il libro la penna l’alunno Palunna lo studente

is is is is is —► -» -* -* —►

i le gli le Sli

i libri le penne gli alunni le alunne gli studenti

Note.—gli generally becomes gl’ before a word beginning with i: e.g. l’ltaliano (the Italian) -* gl’Italiani, but gli Italiani is also Qorrect.

Agreement of Adjectives

All adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they qualify: (a) If the adjective ends in -o the feminine is formed by changing the -o to -a. e.g. nero italiano

{black) (m.) {Italian) {m.)

-* —►

nera {/.) italiana (/.)

The plural is formed by changing the -o to -i and the -a to -e. e.g. un ragazzo italiano una ragazza italiana

—► —►

due ragazzi italiani due ragazze italiane

(b) If the adjective ends in -e, it remains the same for the feminine singular. To form the plural for both genders change the -e to -i. e.g. un ragazzo inglese una ragazza inglese

-*

due ragazzi inglesi due ragazze inglesi

LIVING ITALIAN

34

Position of Adjectives The general rule for the position of adjectives is that they follow the noun, particularly where the adjective refers to colour, shape, nationality and religion, e.g. un libro nero una penna nera un libro quadrato una tavola rotonda un signore italiano una signora italiana un signore anglicano una signora cattolica

a black book a black pen a square book a round table an Italian gentleman an Italian lady an Anglican gentleman a Catholic lady

Ordinal Numbers ist 2nd

primo secondo

3rd 4th

terzo quarto

5th 6th

quinto sesto

7th

settimo

Ordinal numbers used as adjectives, agree with the noun they qualify and usually precede it. e.g. il primo giorno la prima settimana i primi mesi le prime lezioni

the first the first the first the first

day week months lessons

Note.—Whereas English tends to use the present perfect in sentences of the type: “It is the first time I have seen him”, Italian uses the present tense: E la prima volta che lo vedo.

Days of the Week—i giomi della settimana lunedi martedi mercoledi giovedi venerdi sabato domenica

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

As already stated, days of the week are written with a small initial letter. '

LIVING ITALIAN

VOCABULARY 1 entrata

entrance

celeste

pale blue

I’albero

tree

azzurro (-a)

blue

il fiore

flower

blu

blue

l’erba

grass

bruno (-a)

dark brown

la logiia

leaf

marrone

brown

il garofano

carnation

grande

big

il papavero

poppy

ptcoolo (-a)

small

la rosa

rose

molto (-a)

much, a lot

la margheriiina

daisy

molti (-e)

many

la farfalla

butterfly

si

yes

il colore

colour

no

no

1’idea

idea

piu

more

il mese

month

meno

less

la Iezione

lesson

di (or d’ before

bianco (-a)

white

nero (-a)

black

giallo (-a)

yellow

rosso (-a) verde

a vowel)

of

ci sono

there are; are

red

dove sono?

green

quanto (-a)

where are? how much

quanti (-e)

how many

there?

CONVERSATION Di che colore e questo? Che e questo? Che sono questi? Quanto fanno sette piu tre? Sei meno cinque fanno uno.

What colour is this? What is this? What are these? How many are seven plus three? (lit. How much make . . . ?) Six minus five are one.

UN GIARDINO Ecco un giardino. Questo giardino e piccolo. Ecco un albero. Sotto l’albero c’e un piccolo tavolo verde e ci sono due sgdie verdi. Ci sono molti fiori in questo giardino, fiori rossi, gialli e celesti. Le foglie di questi fiori sono verdi. L’erba e verde. Ecco un pzccolo ragazzo. 11 ragazzo ha tre fiori. Questi fiori sono papaveri. Ecco una pzccola ragazza. La ragazza ha dieci fiori, e questi fiori sono margheritine. La madre di questa ragazza ha quattro rose. II padre ha due garofani. Ecco una farfalla; questa farfalla e gialla.

LIVING ITALIAN

36

EXERCISES A. Translate, questions:

and

then

answer

in

Italian,

1. E grande il giardino? 2. Che c’e sotto l’albero? 3. Di che colore e l’erba? 4. Di che colore e la rosa? 5. Quanti papaveri ha il ragazzo? 6. Quante margheritine ha la ragazza? 7. Chi ha quattro rose? 8. Chi ha due garofani? 9. Quanto fanno sei piu due? 10. Quanto fanno nove meno quattro?

B. Translate into Italian: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Here is the garden. Where is the entrance? This table is round. Where are the chairs? There is a boy under the tree.

6. There are many butterflies in this garden. 7. What is this? 8. What are these? 9. Here is the teacher. 10. Here are the students.

C. Translate into English: 1• 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Questo signore e italiano. Questa signora e inglese. Questi ragazzi sono italiani. Queste ragazze sono inglesi. Ecco un quaderno rosso. Ecco una matita gialla. Ecco un libro verde. Ecco due penne nere.

9. Dieci piu due fanno dodici. 10. Ondici meno due fanno nove.

the

following

LIVING ITALIAN

37

D. Translate into Italian: 1. One red rose and two carnations. 2. One butterfly and three flowers. 3. Four tables. 4. Five gardens. 5. Six trees. 6. Seven flowers. 7. This red book. 8. This black pen. 9. These yellow flowers. 10. These green pencils. E. Put the correct plural form of the definite article in front of the following nouns: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

— fiori —rose —colori —idee — giorni

6. —studenti 7. —garofani 8. —zie 9. —case 10. —giardini

LESSON

IV

Subject Pronouns The personal subject pronouns are: io tu egli, lui, esso ella, lei, essa Lei noi voi essi, loro esse, loro Loro

/ you [familiar form sing.) he, it she, it you [polite form masc. and Jem. sing.) we you [familiar form pi.) they [masc.) they [fern.) you [polite form masc. and fern, pi.)

In Italian the subject pronouns are usually omitted before the verb as nearly all the verbal forms may be recognized by their terminations. These pronouns must, however, be used in the following cases: [a) For emphasis. e.g. Io non parlo italiano, signora. I do not speak Italian, madam. [b) When there are two subjects in contrast. e.g. Carlo parla italiano, io parlo francese. Charles speaks Italian, I speak French. [c) After the word anche (too, also, even). e.g. Roberto parla francese, anch’io parlo francese. Robert speaks French, I too speak French. egli (fern, ella) and lui (fern, lei) are used only for persons. egli and ella are used in writing, lui and lei in both conversation and writing, and for emphasis. esso (fern, essa) is used for persons, animals or things and is more often found in writing than in speech. Note.—it, used as a subject pronoun, is seldom expressed in

Italian.

LIVING ITALIAN

39

e.g. Dov’e il giornale? E sopra il tavolo. Where is the newspaper? It is on the table. Dov’e Where is it?

The translation of ‘‘you” In Italian there are four ways of translating you as a subject pronoun, viz: tu, Lei, voi and Loro.. (a) tu, known as the “familiar” form, is used when speaking (or writing) to a relation, an intimate friend, a child or an animal. The plural of tu is voi. e.g. Tu parli italiano molto bene, Roberto. You speak Italian very well, Robert. Voi pronunciate bene queste parole, ragazzi. You pronounce these words well, children. (b) Lei, known as the “polite” form, is used when addressing a lady or a gentleman with whom one is not on intimate terms. The plural oYLei is Loro. This form is derived from an old expression similar to Your Lordship or Your Ladyship. Lei must be followed by the verb in the third person singular, Loro by the verb in the third person plural. Lei and Loro are often spelt with a capital letter, and it must be remembered that they are, in any case, omitted more often than not. e.g.

Lei e molto gentile, signora. You are very kind, madam. Loro sono molto gentili, signori. You are very kind, gentlemen. Come sta, signora? How are you, madam? (Lei being understood). Come stanno, signorine? How are you, ladies? (Loro being understood).

(c) voi, besides being the plural form of tu, is used in commerce, and in southern Italy and Sicily for addressing an individual. It is also the usual modern plural of Lei. e.g.

Il prezzo che (voi) domandate e alto. The price you are asking is high. Che fate (voi), signore? What are you doing, sir?

LIVING ITALIAN

4o

The Auxiliary Verbs avere and essere Now let us study the present indicative of the auxiliary verbs avere (to have) and tssere (to be) with all the subject pronouns. Present Indicative ESSERE, to be

avere, to have

I have io ho you have tu hai he, it has egli, lui, essoj ella, lei, essafha she, it has you have Lei J we have noi abbiamo you have voi avete they have essi, loroj esse, loro/hanno they have Loro J you have

io sono tu sei egli, lui, essoj ella, lei, essa>e Lei noi siamo voi siete essi, loroj esse, loro>sono Loro

J

J

I am you are he, it is she, it is you are we are you are they are they are you are

Note.—To form the negative, place non in front of the verb:

e.g. io non ho

I have not

io non sono

I am not

The interrogative is formed by leaving the verb and pronoun as they stand and either by inflecting the voice, as one sometimes does in English when denoting surprise: e.g. Lei ha una macchina? Giovanni ha un telTono?

You have a car? Has John got a telephone?

or by using non e vero? (is it not?): e.g. II libro e caro, non e vero? La tavola e rotonda, non e vero?

The book is dear, is it not? The table is round, isn't it?

[Non e vero is equivalent to the French n'est-ce pas and is frequently reduced to vero? in spoken Italian.) Months of the Year—i me si delVanno gennaio febbraio marzo aprile maggio giugno

January February March April • May June

luglio agosto settembre ottobre novembre dicembre

My August September October November December

LIVING

ITALIAN

VOCABULARY il pranzo

dinner

l’ora

hour, the time

la credenza

sideboard

il lYglio

son

la tovaglia

tablecloth

la figlia

daughter

il tovagliolo

serviette, table

i figli

the children

napkin

(sons and

il vaso

vase

il piatto

plate, dish

proqto

ready

il coltello

knife

il signor Valli

Mr. Valli

la forchetta

fork

Mario

Mario

il cucchiaio

spoon

Pietro

Peter

il bicchiere

glass

quale or qual

which

daughters)

UNA SALA DA PRANZO Ecco una sala da pranzo. In questa sala c’e una grande tavola, ci sono sei sedie ed una credenza a sinistra. Sopra la tavola c’e una tovaglia bianca, e c’e un vaso di fiori; questi fiori sono rose. Ci sono piatti, coltelli, forchette, cucchiai, bicchieri e tovaglioli. II pranzo e pronto. Ecco il padre, il signor Valli, la madre, la signora Valli, e i due figli, Pietro e Mario. EXERCISES A. Translate, then answer in Italian: 1. Che c’e in questa sala da pranzo? 2. E che c’e sopra la tavola? 3. Quante sedie ci sono? 4. Che c’e a sinistra? 5. Che fiori sono in questo vaso? 6. Chi e il padre? 7. Chi e la madre? 8. Chi sono i due figli? 9. Qual e il primo mese dell’anno? 10. Qual e il secondo mese? B. Put the subject pronoun before these verbal forms: 1. —abbiamo 2. 3. 4. 5.

—e —ho —siamo — hai

6. —siete 7. —sei 8. —sono 9. —ha 10. —hanno

42

LIVING ITALIAN

C. Put a suitable adjective after the following nouns: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

II padre e — La madre e — Ecco un fiore— Ecco una tavola — Questa sala da pranzo e — Questo vaso e — Questi fiori sono — Queste s^die sono — I papaveri sono — L’erba e —

D. Translate into Italian: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I have He has We have She is We are

6. You (polite form sing.) are 7- They have 8. I am 9- You (polite form pi.) have 10. We are not

E. Translate: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Three knives Four forks Two glasses Five hours The second month

6. The fourth day 7- The first year 8. We have a small house. 9- You (sing.) are Italian. 10. I haven’t a glass.

LESSON

V

Interrogatives Chi, who, whom? Che 1 Che cosa i Cosa e.g.

are pronouns and they are invariable.

what?

Chi e questo ragazzo? Chi e questa ragazza? Chi sono queste signore?

Who is this boy? Who is this girl? Who are these ladies?

The words dove, where? (usually dov' before a vowel), come, how? and perch'e why? are also invariable. e.g.

Dov’e Maria? Dov’e Giovanni? Dove sono le signore? Come sta? Perche non compra una villa

Where is Mary? Where is John? Where are the ladies? How are you? Why do you not buy a villa?

Note.—perche also means because:

Because I have no money.

Perche (io) non ho denaro.

The following interrogatives may be used as pronouns or adjectives, but they are variable and therefore agree in number and gender with their nouns. Quanto? Quanti

How much? How many?

Used adjectivally:

Used as pronouns:

Quale? Qual?

Quanto denaro? Quanta carne? Quanti giorni? Quante settimane? Qual giorno? Quali settimane? Quale? Quali? Quanti?

Which? How much money? How much meat? How many days? How many weeks? Which day? Which weeks? Which one? Which ones? How many?

LIVING ITALIAN

44

e.g.

Ho due penne, quale preferisce? / have two pens, which one do you prefer? Ecco dei giornali inglesi, quali destdera? Here are some English newspapers, which ones do you want?

Plurals of Nouns ending in -co, -go, -ca, -ga Nouns and adjectives ending in -co and -go generally insert h in the plural to keep the hard sound. The general rule is: If the stress falls on the last syllable but one, insert the h, otherwise change the -o to -i in the normal way:

e.g.

but

il fuoco lungo tedesco il medico magnifico

—*

fire long German doctor magnificent

-*

-» —►

i fuochi lunghi tedeschi i medici magmfici

There are exceptions, however, two of which are: friend l’amico gli amici Greek greci greco Feminine nouns and adjectives ending in -ca and -ga always take h in the plural: — e.g. la barca boat le barche lunga long lunghe -* magmfica magnificent magnzfiche Conjugation of Regular Verbs Italian verbs are divided into three conjugations; these are determined by their infinitive endings. The First Conjugation ends in The Second Conjugation ends in The Third Conjugation ends in e.g.

parlare vendere

to speak to sell

capire

to understand

-are. -ere. -ire.

The stem or root of all regular verbs never changes (the stem is the part preceding the infinitive ending: e.g.

parbare

vend-ere

cap-ire)

LIVING ITALIAN

45

Different endings are added to the stem to denote the person, the number, the tense and the mood. With parlare and vendere as model verbs of the first and second conjugations, now let us study the present indicative, together with the subject pronouns. The third conjugation will be studied in Lesson VI.

Present Indicative parlare, to speak io parlo I speak tu parli you speak egli j he speaks elia > parla she speaks Lei J you speak noi parliamo we speak voi parlate you speak essi -) they (m.) speak esse Vparlano they (f.) speak LoroJ you speak

VfNDERE, to Sell io vendo / sell tu vendi you sell egli he sells ella V vende she sells Lei J you sell noi vendiamo we sell voi vendete you sell essi i they (m.) sell esse ivmdono they (f.) sell Loro) you sell

The Italian present translates not only the simple present “I speak”, but also the progressive “I am speaking” and the emphatic “I do speak”, although it is also possible to translate “I am speaking” by the progressive construction (Io) Hoparlando (cf. Lesson XXI). Note.—The verb “to do” used as an auxiliary is not translated in Italian. Note the following common endings in the present indicative of all regular verbs: The The The The The The

first person singular ends in second person singular ends in third person singular ends in first person plural ends in second person plural ends in third person plural ends in

-o. -i. -a or -e. -iamo. -ate -ete -lie (Lesson VI) -ano or -ono.

LIVING ITALIAN

46

Verbs conjugated like parlare:

and like vendere:

comprare entrare

ric^vere credere ripetere perdere

to buy to enter (followed by the preposition in before nouns) domandare/o ask mostrare to show trovare to find

to to to to

receive believe repeat lose

Note.—The

infinitive of the above verbs in -ere has the stress on the third syllable from the end, like cssere. As already stated, the subject pronouns are rarely used in Italian, except for clarity or emphasis. In conversation, tui (he) and lei (she) with the plural loro (they) are used in preference to the other third person pronouns. (Note the small initial letter, and do not confuse these pronouns with Lei and Loro, the polite forms for “you”.)

VOCABULARY la citta [pi. citta)

town

parlare

to speak

in citta

in town, into

vendere

to sell

le quattro

the four seasons

PedifYcio la cattedrale

building cathedral (in general)

la primavera

spring

il duomo

the city cathedral (e.g

Testate (f)

summer

II Duomo in Flor¬

Tautunno

autumn

ence, Milan etc.)

1’inverno

winter

town

la chiesa

church

il municipio 1 il comune

(

town hall

stagioni

lungo

long

largo

wide

corto

short

il museo

museum

stretto

narrow

la piazza

square

I’anno

year

il viale

avenue

dell’anno

of the year

la via

road, street

il denaro [or

money

la scatola

box

danaro)

il fazzoletto

handkerchief

i soldi (m.pl.,

la stagione

season

tutto i-a

all

alcuno, alcuni I alcuna, alcune ( altro

some, any other

money

popular) il negozio

shop

Tultimo

last

con

with

LIVING ITALIAN

47

IN CITTA In una citta ci sono molti edifici. In questa piazza, a sinistra c’e una cattedrale, a destra c’e un museo. In un’altra piazza c’e il munidpio. Alcune vie sono lunghe, altre sono corte. I viali sono lunghi e larghi. Due signore rntrano in un negozio ecomprano una tovaglia bianca e dodici tovaglioli. Una signorina compra una scatola con sei fazzoletti. Le quattrQ stagioni dell’anno sono la primavera, Testate, l’autunno, l’inverno. La primavera e la prima stagione, l’inverno e 1’Mltima.

EXERCISES A. Translate, then answer in Italian: 1. Che c’e in questa piazza, a destra? 2. E che c’e a sinistra? 3. Dov’e il munidpio? 4. Sono lunghe tutte le vie? 5. Sono stretti i viali? 6. Dove mtrano le due signore? 7. Che comprano? 8. Che compra la signorina? 9. Quanti giorni ci sono in una settimana? 10. Quante stagioni ci sono in un anno? B. Put a suitable subject pronoun in front of the following verbs and translate: 1. —compriamo 2. 3. 4. 5.

—parlo —vende —trovate —non riceve

6. —credo 7. —non compra 8. —wndono 9. —mostri 10. —riceviamo

Translate into Italian: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I do not sell We buy She believes I am speaking They believe

6. We find 7. He speaks 8. I lose 9. They find 10. You (/«, voi, Lei, Loro) buy

48

LIVING ITALIAN

D. Put into the plural: 1. Questo fazzoletto e bianco. 2. Questa scatola e bianca. 3. II giardino e lungo. 4. La porta e larga. 5. Questo ragazzo e tedesco. 6. Questa ragazza e tedesca. 7. Questo signore compra la casa. 8. Questa signora parla italiano. 9. L’alunno passa il quaderno. 10. L’alunna ripete la lezione. E. Translate into English: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

A destra c’e il munidpio. A sinistra c’e un negozio. Ci sono due chiese in questa via. Mi passi la rivista francese, per favore. Dov’ e il museo, signora, per favore? Mi scusi, signore, dov’e il duomo? Che e questo? E un giornale tedesco. Che sono questi? Sono due giornali tedeschi.

F. Translate into Italian: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

How many fires are there? These pens are German, but the boats are Greek. This boat is magnificent. These boats are magnificent. These doctors are friends.

LESSON VI Regular Verbs (continued) In the third conjugation the verbs are in two groups: (1) those conjugated like capire, to understand. (2) those conjugated like servire, to serve. The endings of the present indicative are the same for both groups, but those in the first group take -isc- between the stem and the ending in all the persons of the singular and in the third person plural. Now let us study a model verb in each of the groups. (See pages x81 —2 for further examples.) Present Indicative capire, to understand

I understand or I do understand you understand he understands she understands you understand we understand you understand they (m.) understand they (f.) understand you understand

io capisco tu capisci egli -j ella > capisce Lei j noi capiamo voi capite essi j esse > capzscono Loro J

servire, to serve

io servo tu servi egli ella Lei

>

serve

J

noi serviamo voi servite essi j esse > srrvono Loro J

The negative is, as already stated, formed by placing non before the verb: e.g.

(io) non capisco (io) non servo

I do not understand / do not serve

LIVING ITALIAN

50

The interrogative is formed either by placing the subject after the verb: e.g.

do you understand? do the boys understand?

capisce (Lei)? captscono i ragazzi?

or by mere intonation of the voice. Prepositions a da di in

su per con

to, at from, by of in

on for with

These prepositions are used in the normal way before the indefinite article:

e.g.

a un ragazzo da una signora

to a boy from a lady

Note.—Do not elide da.

Contractions of Prepositions However, when these prepositions precede the definite article, they are joined to it and form one word: e.g.

al ragazzo (a-f il) dalla signora (da-j-la)

to the boy from the lady

Now let us take the preposition a with all the different forms of the definite article. —► a+ il e.g. al ragazzo al a + la —► alia alia ragazza a + 1’ all’ all’alunno a-flo

—►

alio

a+i a + gli

—►

ai agli

all’alunna alio studente alio zio ai ragazzi agli studenti agli zii agli alunni

LIVING

ITALIAN

5'

Note also.—

from the, of the,

da + il da -f- la di + il

in the,

di -T la in + il

on the,

in -f- la su + il su -T la

-* -» -*■ -*■ -*• -*•

*

dal dalla etc. del della, etc. nel nella, etc. sul sulla, etc.

The prepositions con (with) and per (for) usually contract only with the masculine il and i, or they may be written as two words if desired—both ways are correct: e.g.

col (or con il) ragazzo pel (or per il) ragazzo coi (or con i) ragazzi pei (or per i) ragazzi

In writing all the other contractions with con and per are now obsolete, and the use ofboth/>e/ and pei is tending to die out. At the spoken level, most of the contractions tend to be maintained. This table will help the student to see, at a glance, the prepositions contracted with the definite article:

a (to, at) da (from, try) di (of) in (in) su (on) per (for)

con (with)

+ il

+ la

+ 1’

+ lo

+i

+ le

+ gli

al dal del nel sul pel or per il col or con il

alia dalla della nella sulla per la

all’ dalP dell’ nell’ sull’ per 1’

alio dallo dello nelk> sullo per lo

alle dalle delle nelle sulle per le

agli dagli degli negli sugli per gli

con la

con 1’

con lo

ai dai dei nei sui pei or per i coi or con i

con le

con gli

Possession In Italian, possession is shown by the use of the preposition di (usually d' before a vowel unless the vowel is the first letter of a proper name: cf. un quarto d’ora but la penna di Anna). There is no equivalent to the English apostrophe s.

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52

e.g.

il libro di Maria il libro del ragazzo le penne dei ragazzi

ITALIAN

Mary’s book The boy’s book The children’s pens

VOCABULARY lontano da (usually

la campagna

country

in campagna

in or into the country

il sole

sun

i.e. without

l’uccello

bird

agreement)

la giornata Che bella

whole day

giornata!

What a beautiful day!

used adverbially,

pieno

far from full

altrettanto a Lei

the same to you

dentro

inside

il cestino

basket

fuori

outside

la cosa

thing

ora, adesso

now

il pane

bread

splendere* t

to shine

il formaggio

cheese

cantare

to sing

il prosciutto

ham

passare* t

to pass, spend

la botu'glia

bottle

la limonata

lemonade

aprire

to open

I’aranciata

orangeade

tirare

to draw, pull

la frutta

(time)

tirare fuori

to pull out

cominciare

to begin

(pi. le frutta) la (prima)

fruit

mangiare

to eat

colazione

breakfast

vedere

to see

Roberto

Robert

dice (from dire,

Anna vicino

Ann a

(usually

used adverbially i.e. without agreement)

to say)

(he) says

rispondere

to reply

la domanda

question

I’acqua

water

near

Note.—vicino (near) is followed by a\ e.g. vicino a Lei near you entrare

e.g.

(to enter) is followed by the preposition in before a noun: entriamo in una casa we enter a house

(to begin) is followed by the prepositions a before another verb: e.g. comineiamo a parlare we begin to speak

cominciare

LIVING ITALIAN

53

IN CAMPAGNA E primavera, il sole splende e gli uccelli cantano. Roberto e tre altri ragazzi passano la giornata in campagna. Ora sono sotto un albero e vicino all’albero hanno un cestino. Che c’e in questo cestino? Molte cose per il pranzo dei ragazzi. Roberto apre il cestino e tira fuori pane, formaggio, prosciutto, frutta e due bottzglie. Una bottzglia e piena di limonata, l’altra e piena d’aranciata. E l’ora di colazione—i ragazzi comznciano a mangiare. Una signora vede i ragazzi e dice {says)—Buon appetito.—Grazie, altrettanto a Lei, signora, rispondono i ragazzi. EXERCISES A. Answer in Italian: 1. Dove sono Roberto e gli altri tre ragazzi? 2. Che c’e vicino all’zzlbero? 3. Che c’e nel cestino? 4. Chi apre il cestino? 5. Che c’e in una bottzglia? 6. E nell’altra? 7. Che dice la signora? 8. Che rispondono i ragazzi? 9. Capisce Lei questa lezione? 10. Chi risponde alle domande?

LIVING

54

ITALIAN

B. Translate into English: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Della signora Sul libro Dall’alunno Nello studio A1 maestro

6. Con gli studenti 7- Per il signore 8. Con la zia 9- Nel giardino 10. Dagli zii

C. Translate: 1. I ragazzi capiscono quasi (almost) tutto. 2. Noi rispondiamo alle domande. 3. II maestro non e nello studio. 4. I giornali sono sulla tavola. 5. La frutta e nel cestino. 6. Questa bottzglia e piena d’acqua. 7. Sotto questa s«Iia c’e una rivista. 8. Ecco i libri della ragazza. 9. Questo uccello canta bene. 10. I quaderni degli studenti sono sull’erba. D. Translate into Italian: 1. 2. 3. 4.

There is a bottle on the grass. There are two boys near the tree. The sun is not shining now. A bird is singing.

5. I do not see the bird. 6. We begin to speak Italian. 7. I do not understand. 8. Do you understand, Robert? 9. The students reply well. 10. Here is a book for you, Madam. E. Translate: (a) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The lady’s basket The boy’s hand Anna’s lunch Two bottles of lemonade Near the house

6. Far from the tree 7. In the basket 8. Of the girl 9. To the gentleman 10. From the master

{b) Write the present indicative of avere and tssere in the negative form, e.g.- io non ho, etc., Ao non sono, etc.

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55

II Primo Gioco delV Alfabeto This “Alphabet Game” is intended to help the student to revise the vocabulary studied in the lessons; the Italian translations of the given words will be found to be in alphabetical order. e.g.

i. August 2. (the) glass 3. (the) house

agosto (il) bicchiere (la) casa, etc.

Note.—The article must not be omitted, but should be placed, in brackets, before or after the noun, as the student wishes.

Now translate into Italian: I. 2. 3-

(the)

4* 56. 78.

(the)

910. 11. 12.

(the)

13HJ516.

(the)

(the)

*718.

(the) (the) (the)

1920. 21.

(the)

April white knife Sunday here is, here are February garden have you? (polite form) winter July pencil nine October first this rose student table eleven Friday uncle

a b c d e f g h i 1 m n 0 P q r s t u V

z

LESSON VII Direct Object Pronouns The direct object pronouns are: mi ti 10 la La

me you him or it (m.) her or it (f.) you (m. or f. sing., polite form)

ci vi 11 le Li Le

us you them (m.) them (/.) you (m. pi., polite form) you (f. pi., polite form)

They are placed immediately before the verb except in a few cases which will be explained later. Note.—The forms Li and Le are so rare in both speech and writing that it might be advisable to use Loro for both; unlike the other direct object pronouns, Loro follows the verb. e.g.

1 see him or it I see her or it We see them (m.) We see them (/.) Mary sees me I have it We invite him You invite us

io lo vedo io la vedo noi li vediamo noi le vediamo Maria mi vede io /’ho noi /’invitiamo Lei c’invita

Note.—mi, ti, lo, la and vi drop the vowel and take an apostrophe before a verb beginning with a vowel or h\ but ci becomes c’ only before e or i, as otherwise the c would become hard. The Partitive Construction—some, any (a) “Some” or “any” before a noun is usually translated by di

LIVING ITALIAN

57

and the contracted form of the definite article, when it stands for a part of something: e.g.

del pane della carne degli spinaci dell’acqua Ha (Lei) del pane?

some bread some meat some spinach some water Have you any bread?

However, it is omitted in negative sentences if the noun is collective or plural: e.g.

Non ho pane. I have no bread or / haven’t any bread. Non abbiamo libri. We have no books.

It may also be omitted in cases of enumeration: e.g.

Ho penne, matite e libri.

I have pens, pencils and books.

(b) “Some” or “any” is translated by alcuno, with its different forms alcuna (/.) alcuni (m.pl.) and alcune (f.pi.), by qualche, when “some” or “any” indicates “a few”, or by un poco (un po’), “a little”: e.g. un po’ di pane a little bread Alcuni (-e) agrees in gender with the noun to which it refers: e.g.

alcuni libri alcune penne

some books some pens

It should be noted that the singular form alcuno {-a) does not mean “some”, but can be used as an alternative to the negative adjective nessuno (-a), as in Non ho alcun/nessun amico — “I haven’t a (single) friend”. Qualche must be followed by a noun in the singular, and any adjective or verb used in connection with it must also be in the singular: e.g.

qualche libro some books Qualche libro italiano e sulla sedia. Some Italian books are on the chair. VOCABULARY

il mare

sea

la famtglia

al mare

at the seaside

I’aria

family air

la vacanza

holiday

il sole

sun

LIVING ITALIAN

58 la salute

health

ma

but

il tempo

weather, time

l’asciugamano

il bagno

bathe, bath

I’ombrelione

towel large umbrella

la sedia a sdraio

deckchair

bathing costume

abbronzato

bronzed, tanned

il vino

wine

sano

healthy

il pane

bread

calmo

calm

la came

meat

mosso

rough (sea)

lo ^ucchero

sugar

mare grosso

rough sea

la cabina

cabin

forte

strong

la spiaggia

beach

quasi

almost

la fine

end

molto tempo

long time

sempre

always

un poco or un

spesso

often

durante

during

affittare

to rent, hire

una volta

once

portare

to carry, bring

due volte

twice

imparare

to learn

qualche volta

sometimes

dopo

after

il costume da bagno

po’

a little

AL MARE Durante i mesi d’estate, giugno, luglio ed agosto, molte famzglie passano le vacanze al mare. L’aria del mare e sana. Sulla spiaggia ci sono cabine con tavoli e sfdie. Alcune farm’glie affittano una cabina per due o tre settimane; portano i costumi da bagno e gli asciugamani e passano molte ore sulla spiaggia. II mare non e sempre calmo, qualche volta e mosso. II sole e forte durante i mesi di lwglio e d’agosto ma ci sono gli ombrelloni e, sotto questi ombrelloni, le s?die a sdraio. I ragazzi passano molto tempo nel mare e, dopo un bagno, hanno sempre buon appetito. Alla fine delle vacanze sono abbronzati dal sole. EXERCISES A. Answer in Italian: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Quali sono i mesi d’estate? Dove passa (Lei) le vacanze d’estate? E sempre calmo il mare? Che c’e sulla spiaggia? Che c’e sotto gli ombrelloni? E sana l’aria del mare? Che preferisce Lei, il mare o la campagna? Dove passano molto tempo i ragazzi?

LIVING ITALIAN

9. E lontano da questa citta il mare? 10. E vicina la campagna? B. Complete with the partitive article and translate: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Maria ha—penne. Roberto ha — libri. Ecco — pane. Ecco — frutta. Io ho — acqua fresca. Lei ha — vino rosso. Questa signora compra—riviste. Questo signore compra — giornali.

C. Translate: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. to.

Mary understands it (/). John learns it (m.). We find them (m.). They lose them (/.). We see you (familiar form). Anna sees us. We have them {/.). I have them (m Anna has it if.). They do not have it (m.).

D. Complete with a noun: 1. Io ho del — 2. Noi abbiamo deila — 3. Essi comprano dello — 4. II maestro mostra dei — 5. Maria compra delle — 6. Non capisco la— 7. Anna compra un — 8. La signora vede il — 9. Il signore vede la — 10. Noi afhttiamo una—E. Translate: 1. We do not see the beach.

59

6o

LIVING ITALIAN

2. You find a cabin. 3. They speak to the lady. 4. He understands this lesson. 5. She buys some bread. 6. I buy some sugar. 7. Have you any Italian friends (m.)? 8. No, I have no Italian friends (m.). 9. Have they any English friends (_/.)? 10. Yes, they have many English friends {/■). F. Write the present negative form. 1. non compro, etc.

tense of comprare and

vendere in

2. non vendo, etc.

the

LESSON VIII Indirect Object Pronouns The indirect object pronouns are: mi ti

to me to you to him to her toyou(m. and/.)

g!> le Le

ci vi loro

to us to you to them (m. and f.)

Loro

to you (m. and f.)

These pronouns, with the exception of loro and Loro, usually precede the verb, except in certain cases which will be explained in a later lesson. e.g.

Mary is speaking to me. I am speaking to her. Robert is speaking to us. We are speaking to him. John is speaking to you (pi.) We are speaking to them. I send him a letter.

Maria mi parla. (Io) le parlo. Roberto ci parla. (Noi) gli parliamo. Giovanni parla Loro. (Noi) parliamo loro. Io gli mando una lettera.

Note.—The object is indirect when it is preceded by to or when to is understood, as in the last example. Also loro as an indirect object pronoun following the verb can be, and often is (especially in the spoken language), rendered by gli preceding the verb. Thus the example above, (Noi) parliamo loro may be rendered (Noi) gli parliamo. This use is gaining ground at the written level, too, although it is still considered “inelegant”. Cardinal Numbers (continued) >3 >4 >5 16 '7

tredici quattordici qumdici s^dici diciassette

18 •9 20 2I 22

diciotto diciannove venti ventuno ventidue

LIVING ITALIAN

62 23 3°

ventitre trenta

31 32

trentuno trentadue trentatre trentaquattro quaranta

33 34 40

4i 50 60 70 80 9° 100

quarantuno cinquanta sessanta settanta ottanta novanta cento

Note.— (a) Vend (20), trenta (30), quaranta (40), and so on up to 100 drop the final vowel when combined with uno and otto: e.g.

ventuno (21), ventotto (28), trentuno (31), etc.

(b) The e of tre (3) when used by itself has no accent but when it is combined with another number a grave accent is placed over it: e.g.

venture, trentatre, etc.

(c) Cento (100), has no plural form: e.g.

duecento, two hundred

(d) Mille (1,000) has an irregular plural mila. e.g.

cinquemila,/w thousand

(e) “One” is not translated before cento and mille: e.g. milleseicentoquaranta, one thousand six hundred and forty “And” is not translated between numbers. (/) Un milione (plural milioni) (1,000,000). Insert the preposition di or d’ after milione when a noun follows: e.g.

un milione d’abitanti, one million inhabitants

Dates In Italian the cardinal numbers are used to express the days of the month, with the exception ofprimo (first). “On” and “of” are not translated, and the article il (/’) is omitted when preceded by the day of the week. e.g.

il primo aprile (il 1° aprile) martedi, due luglio l’otto dicembre

on the first of April Tuesday, July 2nd December 8th

LIVING ITALIAN

il 1 goo nel 1944 nel settembre del i960

63

1900 in 1944 in September i960

Note.—In Italian, there are two ways of expressing centuries; ‘‘The seventeenth century”, for example, can be translated il diciassetttsimo stcolo or il Seicento (cf. “the 1600s” in English). Age Age is expressed by means of the verb avere. eg-

Quanti anni ha Roberto? Ha nove anni. Quanti anni ha Lei? Ho diciannove anni. Quanti anni ha il padre di Maria? Ha quarantasette anni.

How old is Robert? He is nine years old. How old are you? I am nineteen years of age. How old is Mary’s father? He is forty-seven.

VOCABULARY il villaggio

village

fresco

la collina

hill

freddo

fresh, cool cold

la montagna

mountain

profondo

deep

il bosco

wood

alto

high

il lago

lake

basso

low

il temporale

storm

difficile

difficult

il piacere

pleasure, favour

facile

easy

il sentiero

path, footpath

di salito

usually

l’ombra

shade

ogni

each, every

all’ombra

in the shade

durare* molto

to last a long

la cartolina

postcard

la fine

end

cambiare

to change

l’anno bisestile

leap year

diventare*

to become

la parola

word

camminare

to walk

la data

date

preferire

to prefer

la pagina

page

rtuotare

to swim

il numero

number

mandare

to send

time

LA MONTAGNA L’aria di montagna e fresca e sana. Alcune famz'glie preferzscono la montagna al mare. Ci sono dei pzccoli villaggi, delle colline, dei boschi e dei laghi di montagna. L’acqua di questi

laghi e molto fredda. Qualche volta ci sono dei temporali, ma, di solito, non durano molto. Alla fine d’estate le foglie degli alberi cambiano colore e diventano gialle, quasi rosse. II sole e forte, ma e un piacere camminare nei sentieri dei boschi, alPombra degli alberi. EXERCISES A. Answer in Italian: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Parla italiano (Lei)? Capisce tutte le parole (Lei)? E difficile la lingua italiana? Che data e oggi? Quanti giorni ci sono nel mese di settembre? Di che colore sono le foglie in autunno? Cammina molto (Lei)? Nuota (Lei)? Preferisce il mare alia montagna?

10. Quanti-giorni ci sono in un anno bisestile?

LIVING ITALIAN

B. Translate: 1. On June ist. 2. On December iith. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

There are twenty-eight days in the month of February. There are three hundred and sixty-five days in a year. Today is October 28th. This year is not a leap year. This leaf is nearly yellow. This path is short.

9. These lakes are very deep. 10. These mountains are high. C. Translate: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. g. 10. D.

1 speak to her. We speak to him. She speaks to me. You speak to them. We send him a newspaper. She sends us a postcard. I send her a box of handkerchiefs. Maria sends me a letter. The children send us some flowers. You send him a magazine. Translate:

1. Quanti anni ha questo ragazzo? 2. Ha quasi sette anni. 3. Quanti anni ha Lei? 4. Ho diciotto anni. 5. Giovedi, qutndici maggio. 6. Nel millenovecentoquarantasei. 7. Ci sono tre mesi in ogni stagione. 8. Gi sono duecentosei pagine in questo libro. 9. L’ltdia ha cinquanta milioni d’abitanti. 10. In un anno bisestile ci sono trecentosessantasei giomi. E. Translate: 1. This mountain is high. 2. This hill is low.

65

66

LIVING ITALIAN

3. The month of February is short. 4. The air is fresh. 5. Here is a wood. 6. These leaves are nearly yellow. 7. Each season lasts three months. 8. Friday, July 10th, 1959. 9. Four hundred and thirty-eight. 10. Two thousand seven hundred and sixty. F. Write the present indicative of: 1. diventare* to become io divento, tu diventi, etc. 2. credere to believe io credo, tu credi, etc. 3. preferire to prefer io preferisco, tu preferisci, etc. 4. sentire to hear io sento, tu senti, etc.

LESSON IX Reflexive Verbs and Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive verbs are those whose subject and object are the same person or thing. e.g.

/ wash myself; she enjoys herself; it stops itself.

Sometimes a verb is reflexive in Italian and not so in English; these verbs are easy to recognise in Italian as they always have the reflexive pronoun si (oneself) appended to the infinitive. Note that the final -e of the infinitive is omitted: e.g.

lavare lavarsi divertire divertirsi

to to to to

wash wash oneself amuse enjoy oneself

Whereas the reflexive pronoun is often omitted in English, it must always be used in Italian: e.g.

Io mi preparo. / am getting ready. Lei si avvicina alia stazione. She is/ You are (polite form sing.) approaching the station.

Note.—Not only the reflexive pronoun si but any of the conjunctive pronouns, except loro and Loro, may thus be ap¬ pended to the infinitive of a verb: e.g.

Vado a comprarlo. Andiamo a verderli. Vado a parlargli.

Here are the mi ti si ci vi si

/ am going to buy it. We are going to see them. I am going to speak to him.

reflexive pronouns: myself yourself himself, herself, itself, yourself ourselves yourself, yourselves themselves (m. and f.), yourselves

Note.—Mi, ti, si, etc., can also mean “to/for myself”, “to/for yourself”, “to/for himself, herself, itself, themselves”, etc.

68

LIVING ITALIAN

Conjugation of Reflexive Verbs Present Indicative lavarsi, to wash oneself io mi lavo tu ti lavi egli "I ella > Lei

si lava

J

divertirsi, to enjoy oneself io mi diverto tu ti diverti egli -j ella > si diverte Lei J

noi ci laviamo voi vi lavate essi 'j esse > si lavano Loro J

noi ci divertiamo voi vi divertite essi -j esse > si divertono Loro j

In the negative and interrogative form of all reflexive verbs non is placed before the reflexive pronoun: e.g.

Io non mi diverto. -j Non ti diverti (tu)? I Non si diverte (Lei)? J

I am not enjoying myself. Are you not enjoying yourself?

Note.—The pronoun si, apart from its uses as “himself”, “herself”, “themselves”, etc., is widely used as an impersonal pronoun, thereby providing a partial alternative to the passive (cf. Appendix 3). Irregular Verbs-—andare, dare, fare, stare Having studied the present indicative of the regular' verbs ending in -are, now let us take the only four irregular verbs which end in -are. andare stare

to go dare to give fare to make, do to be {a temporary condition, health); to stay, to remain Present Indicative

andare to go vado vai

DARE

FARE

STARE

to give do dai

to make, do faccio fai

to be, stay sto stai

LIVING ITALIAN

andiamo andate vanno

diamo date danno

facciamo fate fanno

69

stiamo state stanno

Note.—The third person singular of the verb dare has a grave accent over the vowel; and in the third person plural note the -anno in all four verbs. Note also the peculiar use of fare in the construction far fare qualcosa (“to have something done”); cf. Lesson XXX under FARE. The Conjunctive Pronoun tie Another conjunctive pronoun to be studied is ne, meaning “some, any, some of it, any of it” when referring to a substantive previously mentioned. Used as an adverb, ne means “from there”. e.g.

Ha dei libri Lei? Si, ne ho molti. Have you any books? Tes, I have many {of them). Ha delle penne Maria? Si, ne ha due. Has Mary any pens? Yes, she has two {of them).

In English of them is understood, but ne must not be omitted in an Italian sentence when an adjective of quantity or a number follows the verb. Note.—The pronouns mi, ti, lo, la, ci, vi, li, le and ne can be appended to the interjection ecco (“here is/are/am, there is/are/ am”) and to its derivative riecco: e.g.

(ri)eccomi (ri)«:coti (ri)fccolo

here/there I am {again) here/there you are {again) herejthere heft is {again), etc. VOCABULARY

I’incontro

meeting

I’entrata

entrance

la vetrina

shop window

la compera

purchase

il ristorante 1’orologio

restaurant watch or clock

il guanto

glove

il genitore

parent

il colletto

collar

la biblioteca

library

la sciarpa

scarf

la borsa

bag, purse

il prezzo

price

nuovo

new

l’arttcolo il nailon

article

poi

then

nylon

puro

pure

la seta

silk

verso

towards

l’uscita

exit

insieme

together

LIVING ITALIAN

70

davanti a

in front of

far la spesa

to do the shopping

tutt’e due

both

fare colazione

to have lunch

fare una

tutt’e quattro

all four

ammalato

ill

alzarsi

to get up

finire

desiderare

to want

Mcono {from

incontrare

to meet

fermare -1

passeggiata

to stop

fermarsi ■*

to go for a walk to finish

uscire*, irr.)

they go out

mentre

while, whilst

quando

when

conversare

to chat

Caterina

Catherine

riposarsi

to rest

Margherita

Margaret

far delle spese

1 to do some

far delle compere >

shopping

UN INCONTRO Anna incontra un’amica, Maria, in citta e tutt’e due fanno delle compere insieme. Si fermano davanti ad un negozio per qualche minuto. Nella vetrina di questo negozio vodono guanti, colletti e sciarpe, ma non c’e il prezzo di questi artzcoli. Le due signorine ontrano nel negozio e domandano il prezzo delle sciarpe. Anna deszdera una sciarpa verde, di nailon, Maria ne deszdera una celeste, di seta pura. Le comprano, poi vanno verso l’uscita. Mentre

market servant

la domrstica ’

il melone

melon

il cocomero

water melon

la macedonia di

la macelleria

butcher’s shop

il macellaio

butcher

il(la) nipote

il manzo

beef

1’eserazio

il vitello

veal, calf

il tipo

type

Pagnello

lamb

qui, qua

here

il pesce

fish

poi

then

il pescivrndolo

fishmonger

caro crudo

dear, expensive raw

frutta

fruit salad nephew (niece) exercise

la sogliola

sole

il merluzzo

cod

cot to

cooked

la tnglia

mullet

o

or

la verdura

vegetables

o . . . o

either ... or

il pisello

pea

eccetera (abb. ecc.)

il fagiolino

French bean

lo zucchino

small marrow

grad i to

welcome

gli spinaci

spinach

estivo

summer (adj.)

il fruttivendolo

fruiterer

mi dica

tell me

la pera

pear

stare* a casa

to stay at home

la mela

vuole from

he, she, it wants, you

la pesca

apple peach

l’uva

grapes

Rosa

volere*t irr.) Enrico

etcetera (etc.)

(polite sing.) want Rose Henry

Note.—The word la frutta is a collective term meaning fruit in general, although the student may well hear una frutta (a fruit). Technically, this is an unacceptable term, although, paradoxically, the plural form, le frutta (i.e. treating frutta as a countable noun) is quite regular. Frutto is largely a metaphorical term: I frutti del mio lavoro: “The fruits of my labour”.

78

LIVING ITALIAN

AL MERCATO Ogni mattina, Rosa, la domestica della signora Valli, si alza presto e va al mercato. Vicino al mercato c’e una macelleria dove Rosa compra la carne: manzo, vitello o agnello. Quando la signora Valli vuole del pesce, Rosa lo compra dal pescivmdolo: sogliola, merluzzo, tn'glia, ecc. Guarda i prezzi della verdura; piselli, fagiolini, zucchini; poi della frutta: mele, pere, uva, meloni e cocomeri. La frutta e buona per la salute, e non e cara nei mesi estivi: cosi ogni famiglia ne mangia molta, o cruda o cotta. La macedonia di frutta e sempre gradita, non e vero? Ogni domcnica la signora Valli prepara una macedonia di frutta e invita i suoi nipoti a pranzo. Buon appetito a tutti! EXERCISES A. Answer in Italian: t. Chi e Rosa? 2. Dove va ogni mattina? 3. Che compra al mercato? 4. Mangia molta carne Lei? 5. Preferisce il pesce? 6. Mi dica i nomi di tre frutta. 7. E i nomi di tre tipi di verdura? 8. Dov’e la porta? 9. Dove sono i libri? 10. Dove sono le sodie? B. Translate the word in brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Ecco (my) giardino. Ecco (his) casa. Dov’e (your) sorella? Dov’e (their) fratello? Ecco (my) penna. Ecco (her) libro. Dove sono (your) genitori? Dove sono (his) zii?

9. Queste sono (her) sorelle.

LIVING ITALIAN

io. Questi sono (my) fratelli. C. Translate: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

The first house. Chapter three. Henry VIII. Volume six. Lesson five. The ladies who are speaking Italian are English. The gentlemen of whom you are speaking are French. The boy to whom I give the book. The girl from whom I receive a letter. The students who are in this classroom. Half of this pear is for you (polite form). Thirty minutes make half an hour.

D. Translate: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Mio fratello va alia biblioteca. Scrivo l’eserazic nel mio quaderno. Gli studenti stadiano le loro lezioni. Rispondo alia lettera di mia madre. Scrivo una cartolina alia mia arnica. Io sto bene ma mia sorella e ammalata. II fratello del mio amico e al mare. I miei genitori stanno bene. Ecco l’orologio di mio padre. Ecco la borsa di mia madre.

E. Translate: 1. I am not going to the market. 2. My father is going to town. 3. Margaret is not here today. 4. How are you, Charles and Robert? 5. We are very well, thank you. 6. My sister is not well. 7. My brothers are in the country. 8. Our friends are at the seaside. 9. Have you any brothers, Mary? 10. Yes, I have two brothers and three sisters.

79

REVISION TEST A. Translate and put into the plural: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

This book The door The idea The uncle The lesson

6. The garden 7. The window 8. The name 9. The student (m.) 10. The student (f.)

B. Complete with a suitable noun: I. Il italiano 2. La--francese 3- I —— inglesi 4. Le--gialle 5- I——rossi

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

L’ italiana Le- tedesche I tedeschi Mold--lunghi Molte -lunghe

C. Translate: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Mary and John have many friends. Ann and Robert are Italian. Margaret and Charles speak French. We receive a postcard. You receive a letter. Their children are well.

7. I do not understand all these words. 8. We understand our lesson because it is easy. D. Answer in Italian: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Come sta, signorina (0 signore)? Dov’e il Suo quaderno? Qual e il terzo mese dell’anno? Qual e la quarta stagione dell’anno? Di che colore e l’erba?

6. 7. 8. 9.

Di che colore e Suo dizionario? Capisce (Lei) questa lezione? Capz'scono (Loro) tutte le parole? Quanto fanno tralici piu due?

10. Quanto, fanno diciannoye meno tre?

LIVING ITALIAN

8l

E. Translate: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

In my box On the tree For the lady In their garden At your house

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

With our student (m.) From the friend (m.) Of his uncle To the student (f.) Of the master

F. Put the answers to Exercise E in-to the plural. G. Write in letters: 28, 35, 49, 52, 69, 100, 460, 1000, 5800, 1,000,000, f, i, H. Translate: 1. On the 6th of May 2. On the 1st of July

4. This is the third watch I have bought. 5. This is the first time I have seen him.

3- 1° !949 I. Complete with a suitable adjective: 1. I ragazzi sono4. Questa casa e2. Le ragazze sono5. Questi signori sono3. Questo giardino eJ. Translate: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I see the master, I see him. We see the mistress, we see her. Mary speaks to him. John speaks to her. The teachers speak to us.

■

SECTION TWO

■

~

V

LESSON

XI

Formation of the Past Participle To form the past participles of regular and some irregular verbs, change the infinitive endings as follows: -are to -ato -ere to -uto -ire to -ito e.g.

parlare, parlato vendere, venduto

potere*t {in.), potuto uscire* {in.), uscito

capire, capito Note that the characteristic e of the verbs in the second conjugation has changed to u. The compound tenses are formed by using one of the auxiliary verbs avere or essere together with the past participle. Avere is used in conjugating all transitive and some intransitive verbs.1 Perfect Tense PARLARE,

ho

parlato

hai

to speak (/ spoke, / have spoken, etc.)

ha abbiamo avete hanno

Similarly:

V£NDERE, ho venduto, etc.

capire, ho capito, etc.

Use of the Perfect Tense The perfect tense expresses an action which happened in the past but has reference to the present, or an action whose effects are still lasting: e.g.

Roberto ha venduto la casa. Robert has sold the house. Oggi non ho ricevuto una Lttera. I did not receive a letter today.

'Transitive verbs are those which take an object, e.g. comprare, vendere, etc. Intransitive verbs are those used without an object, e.g. arrivare, restore, etc. Compare the foptnote to Past Participles (continued) in Lesson XII.

LIVING ITALIAN

85

In the north of Italy, the perfect tense is used in preference to the past definite, which means that the use of the past definite, and therefore the important difference between the perfect and past definite, is virtually unknown at the spoken level (cf. Lesson XXIV). Note.

Disjunctive Pronouns me te lui or esso lei or essa Lei se noi voi loro or essi loro or esse Loro

me you him, it her, it you himself, herself, itself, themselves us you them them you

These pronouns, except lui, lei, loro when used as emphatic subject pronouns (e.g. lui dice che, he says that . . ., loro dicono che, they say that . . .) usually follow the verb and are often separated from it by a preposition. They are most commonly used: (a) after prepositions: e.g. Ecco una lettera per me. Here is a letter for me. Vado con lui. / am going with him. (b) when a verb has two direct or indirect objects: e.g. Abbiamo visto te e lei oggi. We saw (have seen)you and her today. Parliamo a Lei ed a lui. We are speaking to you and to him. (c) for emphasis: e.g. Questa cartolina e per loro, non per noi. is for them, not for us.

This postcard

Time—Vora In Italian the definite article precedes the hour: e.g.

Che ora e ? or Che ore sono? E Tuna.

What time is it? It is one o’clock.

LIVING ITALIAN

86

It is two o’clock.

Sono le due.

I is used only with one o’clock, midday and midnight; sono is used with all the other hours. e.g. but

It It It It

E mezzogiorno. E mezzanotte. Sono le tre. Sono le otto.

is is is is

midday, noon midnight. three o’clock. eight o’clock.

Note—Both the articles and the verb agree: in e I’una, sono le due, etc., the articles are feminine singular or feminine plural, the words ora and ore being understood.

alle tre e un quarto at alle tre meno un quarto at alle otto e mezzo at (alle otto e mezza is also acceptable) alle nove e vend at

3.15 a.m./p.m. 2.45 a.m./p.m. 8.30 a.m./p.m.

depending on context

9.20 a.m./p.m.

The twenty-four hour system is used in Italy in official language, e.g. times of trains, theatre performances, etc., hence 4 p.m. is translated sedici, at 11 p.m. alle ventitre. e.g. II treno arriva alle diciannove e dieci. 7.10 p.m.

The train arrives at

VOCABULARY il teatro

theatre

10 strumento

instrument

la giornata

day [the whole

11 pianoforte

piano

day)

il violino

violin

il violoncello

cello

la festa

birthday party,

il tenore

tenor

l’onomastico

saint’s day or

il soprano

soprano

name day birthday

il basso

bass

il compleanno

il bis

encore

il biglietto

ticket

due volte

twice

il posto

seat or place

bravo

clever, able

l’opera

opera

vero

true, real

il secondo

second

suonare

to play {an

il silrnzio

silence giocare

to play {a game)

public holiday

il direttore d’orchestra

the conductor

la direzione

direction

la sorpresa

surprise

instrument) guardare attorno

to look around

potere*t (irr.)

to be able

uscire* {irr.)

to go out

LIVING ITALIAN

salutare

to greet, to say hello to

8?

chiamare

to call

gia

already

AL TEATRO Oggi e una bella giornata per Maria Bertipacini perche e il suo onomastico. I suoi genitori hanno comprato i biglietti per l’opera, e hanno invitato Margherita, Pamica della loro fzglia. Alle otto, tutti e quattro vanno insieme al teatro. L’opera commcia alle nove meno vend, e finisce a mezzanotte. Eccoli ora ai loro posti; guardano attorno alia vasta sala, wdono amici e li salatano. L’opera che danno e la Norma di Vincenzo Bellini. Dopo alcuni secondi di silmzio, l’orchestra, sotto la direzione del direttore, commcia a suonare. I genitori di Maria hanno gia sentito quest’ opera ma per Maria e la sua arnica e una vera e bella sorpresa. EXERCISES A. Answer the following: 1. Chi ha comprato i biglietti per l’opera? 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Perche? Come si chiama l’amica di Maria? Dove vanno tutti e quattro? Quale opera vanno a vedere? Di chi e quest’opera? Chi ha gia visto la Norma? Ha visto un’opera italiana, Lei? Canta Lei? Suona uno strumento? A che ora commcia l’opera? E a che ora finisce?

B. Give the past participle of: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

finire cantare partire rictfvere potere

6. suonare 7. vmdere 8. servire 9. credere 10. giocare

88

LIVING ITALIAN

C. Translate: 1. I have not bought the tickets for them. 2. We have sold the house to you, not to him. 3. Robert has received a letter today from her. 4. Charles and Peter received a postcard from 5. I have finished my lunch. 6. This child has not understood the opera. 7. Have you (pi.) heard this tenor? 8. These children have spoken Italian to me. 9. Mario has bought a piano. 10. My mother has invited some friends. D. Translate: 1. La signora apre il libro e lo legge. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

II signore compra una macchina per loro. Noi abbiamo ricevuto due cartoline da lui. Margherita ha suonato il violino per noi. Il mio onomastico e il 15 agosto. Ma il mio compleanno e il 6 ottobre. Questo direttore d’orchestra e molto bravo. Chi ha sentito quest’opera?

LESSON XII Past Participles (continued) The past participle of avere is avulo, and that of essere is stato. As already stated, avere is used to form the compound tenses of all transitive and some intransitive verbs. Essere is used with most intransitive verbs, all reflexive verbs and the verb essere itself.1 Note.—The

past participles of verbs conjugated with essere (apart from reflexive verbs) always agree with the subject in gender and number: e.g.

II ragazzo e arrivato. La ragazza e arrivata. I ragazzi sono arrivati. Le ragazze sono arrivate.

The The The The

boy has arrived. girl has arrived. boys have arrived. girls have arrived.

Note.—The modal verbs dovere (to have to), volere (to want) and potere (to be able to)—cf. the verb list, Appendix 7—are variably conjugated in the perfect and other compound tenses, i.e. they take avere or essere according to the conjugation of the verb with which they are used: 'The following are examples of verbs conjugated with essere in the compound tenses. Note that many of these are verbs of motion. andare

to go

partire

to depart

arrivare

to arrive

restare

to remain, stay

cadere

to fall

nmanere (p.p.rimasto

diventare

to become

salire

to remain

entrare

to enter

scmdere (p.p.sceso) to descend

to go up

morire ip.p. morto) to die

uscire

nascere 1 p.p. nato) to be born

venire 1 p.p. venutoi to come

to go out

Verbs like correre, vivere, saltare, passare take essere when the sense is intransitive (cf. Siamo vissuti in Italia/We have lived in Italy; Sono saltalo in ana/l jumped in the air; Le ragazze sonopassate di qua/The girls came this way); and avere when the sense is transitive, i.e. when the verb takes a direct object tcf. Marta ha vissuto una vita interessante/Mary has lived an interesting life; Giovanni ha saltalo la siepe/]ohn jumped the hedge; Hai passato molto tempo in Italia?/Wave you spent a lot of time in Italy?) In practice, however, sentences like Abbiamo vissuto m Italia or Ho saltato in aria are often heard, even in “cultured” circles. The student is reminded that such verbs, as well as modals, are marked* t

in the vocabulary lists of the lessons, and

in the general vocabularies and verb lists at the back of the book.

LIVING ITALIAN

9° e.g.

Hai dovuto comprare una macchina nuova.

but

You had to buy a new car. Siete dovuti partire presto. You (m.pl.) had to leave early.

In the first example dovere is conjugated with avere because comprare takes avere in its compound tenses; while partire in the second example is conjugated with tssere, so that the modal also takes essere. When the verb is conjugated with avere, the past participle may or may not agree with its direct object. It does not normally agree when the object follows the verb (i.e. Ho comprata la macchina may be heard at the popular level but is, strictly speaking, incorrect), it usually agrees when the object precedes the verb; it must always agree when the direct personal pronoun precedes the verb. e.g.

Abbiamo comprato una casa.

We have brought a house.

Ecco la casa che abbiamo comprato (comprata is possible but less common). Here is the house we have bought. The past participle may be used adjectivally, in which case it is known as a verbal adjective. It then follows the same rules of agreement as an adjective: e.g.

le vacanze passate a Roma i libri scritti dal Manzoni

the holidays spent in Rome the books written by Manzoni

Perfect Tense of the Auxiliaries AVERE

ho avuto hai avuto ha avuto

ESSERE

I have had, etc.

abbiamo avuto avete avuto hanno avuto

sono stato (a) sei stato (a) e stato (a) siamo stati (e) siete stati (e) sono stati (e)

Perfect Tense of Reflexive Verbs lavarsi, to wash oneself

mi sono lavato (a) ti sei lavato (a)

I washed {myself), etc.

si e lavato (a).

Similarly:

I have been, etc.

LIVING ITALIAN

ci siamo lavati (e) vi siete lavati (e) si sono lavati (e)

91

divertirsi, to enjoy oneself: mi sono divertito (a), etc.

The past participle of reflexive verbs usually agrees with the direct object. In the negative and the interrogative forms non precedes the reflexive pronoun: e.g.

Non mi sono divertito (a). * / did not enjoy myself, etc. Non ti sei divertito (a). Non si e divertito (a). Non ci siamo divertiti (e). Non vi siete divertiti (e). Non si sono divertiti (e). Non mi sono divertito (a) io? Did I not enjoy myself, etc. Non ci siamo divertiti (e) noi? etc.

Note.—Since

all reflexive verbs are conjugated with tssere in the compound tenses, it follows that the modal verbs (cf. Note on modals under Past Participles (continued)) will automati¬ cally take essere when used with reflexives: e.g.

Ci siamo dovuti(e) alzare.

We had to get up.

Si sono voluti(e) divertire.

They wanted to enjoy themselves.

However, forms such as Hanno voluto divertirsi and Abbiamo dovuto alzarci are not wrong, and are often used. For a more detailed analysis of reflexive verbs and their agreement, cf. Appendix 1. Position of Adjectives (continued) Most adjectives, as already stated in Lesson III, follow the noun they qualify. There are, however, adjectives of common use which usually precede the noun, unless they are modified by an adverb or used emphatically. Here is a list of these adjectives. bello brutto grande piccolo buono cattivo santo

beautiful ugly big small, little good bad, naughty holy

lungo corto, breve giovane vecchio ricco povero

long short young old rich poor

LIVING ITALIAN

92

Some adjectives vary in meaning according to their position: e.g. but but

un grand’uomo un uomo grande una povera donna una donna povera

a great man a tall man an unfortunate woman a poor woman

Irregular Adjectives The adjectives hello buono grande santo

beautiful, lovely, fine good big, great saint

undergo various changes when they precede the noun. Bello has similar forms to the definite article: e.g.

un bel cavallo una bella rosa un beH’fllbero una bell’isola

a beautiful horse a beautiful rose a lovely tree

a beautiful island (.although una bella isola is acceptable) un bello spccchio a lovely mirror due bei bambini two beautiful children due belle rose two beautiful roses due begli olberi two lovely trees Buono in the singular has forms similar to those of the indefinite article, but it is quite regular in the plural forms: e.g.

un buon ragazzo

a good boy

una buona ragazza a good girl una buon’amica a good friend (f.) {although una buona arnica is acceptable)

but

un buon amico un buono stipondio due buoni ragazzi

a good friend {m.) a good salary two goods boys

Grande and santo become gran and san before a masculine noun in the singular beginning with any consonant except s impure or Z, in which case its full form is kept {San ^eno being a notable

LIVING ITALIAN

93

exception). They become grand1 and sant’ before a noun beginning with a vowel (note that grande is often found in its full form, no matter what the noun following: un grandefavore, etc.; this is quite common, and perfectly acceptable, especially at the spoken level and/or when it is done for emphasis.) e.g.

un gran favore un grande scrittore un grand’albero una grandVpoca Sant’Antonio San Pietro Santo Strfano Sant’Anna

a great favour a great writer a targe tree a great epoch St. Anthony St. Peter St. Stephen St. Anne

Santo, however, is not irregular when it means “holy” or “blessed”: e.g.

il santo Padre Dzsputano tutto il santo giorno

the Holy Father (the Pope) They argue the whole blessed day

These adjectives are always written in their full form when they come after the noun they qualify or are separated from it.

Note.

e.g. but

Ecco un bel duomo. Questo duomo e bello. Questo duomo e molto

Here is a beautiful cathedral. This cathedral is beautiful. This cathedral is very beautiful.

bello. VOCABULARY la fattoria alia fattoria

farm

la stalla

cow-shed

on the farm

il bue, pi. buoi

ox, pi. oxen

il parente

relation

la mucca

cow

il marito

husband

il maiale

la moglie, pi. mogli

wife

il mulo

il cognato

brother-in-law

l’asino

P'g mule ass, donkey

la cognata

sister-in-law

l’oca

goose

il (la) cugino (-a)

cousin

l’anatra

duck

il contadino

peasant, farm

il gallo

cock

la gallina

hen chick

worker il cavallo

horse

il pulcino

il cane

dog

il contglio

rabbit

cat

la partenza

departure

il gat to

LIVING ITALIAN

94

seguire

l’animale domestico ogni tanto

domestic animal every now and

mentre

while, whilst

dappertutto

everywhere

again

conversare chiacchierare

}

to converse, chat

to follow

il campo

field

il legno

wood

la legna

firewood (collective)

il genero la nuora

son-in-law daughter-in-law

aiutare

to help

notare

to note, to notice

ALLA FATTORIA Il signor Moscari, fratello del padre di Carlo, abita in campagna con sua moglie e i loro due figli Roberto e Pietro. Hanno una fattoria, e ogni tanto Carlo ed i suoi genitori passano una giornata con i loro parenti. Mentre la madre di Carlo conversa con sua cognata e il padre vzsita la fattoria, i tre ragazzi si divmono insieme. I due cani, Pilu e Buffi, li s^guono dappertutto. A questa fattoria ci sono oche, anatre, galline, pulcini, conigli e gatti. I ragazzi vzsitano le stalle dove sono le mucche, poi wdono i maiali. Notano i buoi che lavarano nei campi ed i muli che portano la legna. Parlano con i contadini che incontrano. Che bella giornata! Carlo e sempre un po’ triste quando arriva l’ora di partire per la citta.

EXERCISES A. Answer in Italian: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Chi e il signor Moscari? /Ibita in citta? Come si chiamano i suoi due figli? Dove passano una giornata, ogni tanto, Carlo e i genitori? 5. Che fa la madre di Carlo? 6. Che fa suo padre? 7. Che fanno i tre ragazzi? 8. Chi lavora bene nei campi? 9. Ha capito bene questa lezione? 10. Chi ha capito ogni parola?

suoi

LIVING

ITALIAN

95

B. (a) Put the correct form of buono in front of the following nouns: 1. — amico 2. -amici 3. -arnica

4. -amiche 5. -ragazzo

(b) Put the correct form of grande in front of the following: 1. II-edifzcio 2. La-sala 3. Un-viaggio

4. Una-biblioteca 5. Due--uccelli

C. Translate: 1. We do not live in the country. 2. Robert’s father has a farm. 3. He has horses, cows, pigs and many other domestic animals. 4. This little dog follows me everywhere. 5. This donkey is called Morelia. 6. There are many rabbits on this farm. 7. The children enjoyed themselves. 8. They have helped their father. 9. They got up early this morning. 10. The peasants have worked well today. D. (a) Complete with the correct form of bello: 1. Un-cielo 2. Una -bambina 3. Dei ——fiori

4. Delle 5. Un

rose uccello

(b) Complete with the correct form of santo: 1. — Rita 2. -Giuseppe

4. 5.

3. -Antonio E. Translate the words in brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I cavalli (that) vediamo. La ragazza (who) lavora bene. Lo zio (with whom) parliamo. I fiori (that) vedo. La contadina (of whom) porlano.

Stdano Elisabetta

LIVING ITALIAN

96

6. L’uccello (that) guardo. 7. La zia (from whom) ho ricevuto la Lttera. 8. La signora (to whom) ho mandato una cartolina. 9. I ragazzi (who) abitano in campagna. 10. I cani (that) sono davanti alia porta. F. Write in full the perfect tense of the following verbs: parlare

ric^vere

partire

II Secondo Gioco dell’ Alfabeto This time the definitions are in Italian, but the answers to the definitions will be in alphabetical order: 1. L’ottavo mese dell’anno 2. II contrario di alto 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Un namero cardinale Una chiesa importante Una stagione dell’anno II contrario di difficile Nome di un ragazzo Gli abitanti d’ltalia II contrario di corto Nome di una ragazza Un namero ordinale II dccimo mese dell’anno Una stagione dell’anno Quanto fanno trenta piu dieci? Un fiore Un giorno della settimana

17. 18. 19. 20.

Quanti giorni ci sono nel mese d’aprile? Quanto fanno s