Learn Japanese: New College Text — Volume IV 9780824842796

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LEARN JAPANESE NEW COLLEGE TEXT

written by Mr. Yasushi Inoue, who was born in 1907 and is one of the elders of the Japanese literary circle. He has received the "Bunka Kunsho," an imperial award to distinguished men of letters. He is the president ofJapan PEN and has hosted the Forty-seventh International Congress in Japan.

PEN

LEARN JAPANESE NEW COLLEGE TEXT

VOLUME IV

J o h n Young and Kimiko Nakajima-Okano

Published for University of Maryland University College University of Hawaii Press Honolulu

This volume is another in a series of Japanese language textbooks prepared by the Asian Division of the University of Maryland University College and published by the University of Hawai'i Press. Copyright © 1985 by the University of Maryland University College Copyright © 1968 by the University of Maryland All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 08

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Revised for volume IV) Young, John, 1920Learn Japanese. 1. Japanese language—Text-books for foreign speakers—English. I. Nakajima-Okano, Kimiko. II. Title. PL539.3.Y64 1984 495.68'3421 83-18060 ISBN-13: 978-0-8248-0859-4 (v. 1); ISBN-10: 0-8248-0859-2 ISBN-13: 978-0-8248-0881-5 (v. 2); ISBN-10: 0-8248-0881-9 ISBN-13: 978-0-8248-0896-9 (v. 3); ISBN-10: 0-8248-0896-7 ISBN-13: 978-0-8248-0951-5 (v. 4); ISBN-10: 0-8248-0951-3

(v. (v. (v. (v.

1) 2) 3) 4)

University of Hawai'i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources.

www.uhpress.hawaii.edu

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

vii

INTRODUCTION

ix

LESSON 1 INTRODUCTION T O SPEECH LEVELS

1

LESSON 2 Iroiro na Hyoogen "Various Expressions"

11

LESSON 3 Byooki "Disease"

33

LESSON 4 Nihon no Shizen "Nature in Japan"

54

LESSON 5 Review and Application (Lessons 1-4)

75

LESSON 6 Matsuri "Festivals"

93

LESSON 7 Nihon no Koogyoo "Manufacturing Industry in Japan"

117

LESSON 8 Nihon 'jin no Shokuseikatsu "Eating Habits of the Japanese People"

139

LESSON 9 Nihon no Rekishi "History ofJapan"

163

LESSON 10 Review and Application (Lessons 6-9)

188

LESSON 11 GakuseiSeikatsu "Student Life"

208

LESSON 12 Nihon'jin to Kikoo "The Japanese and the Climate"

232

LESSON 13 Jisho no Hikikata "How to Use Dictionaries"

256

LESSON 14 Kan'ji no Hanashi "The Story oiKan'ji"

276

LESSON 15 Review and Application (Lessons 1-14)

300

APPENDIX I

ABBREVIATIONS

317

APPENDIX II

SENTENCE S T R U C T U R E (Phrase Structure)

318

APPENDIX III

RELATION ALS

319

APPENDIX IV

CONJUGATION TABLE

320

APPENDIX V

PRESENTATION A N D DIALOG — Romanization and English Equivalent —

324

APPENDIX VI

GLOSSARY

339

APPENDIX VII

INDEX T O NOTES

355

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T h e authors are deeply indebted to the Japanese language faculty and administrative staff members of the University of M a r y l a n d ' s Asian Division and of Seton Hall University who assisted in the preparation of this book. We would like especially to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. T . Benjamin Massey, chancellor of the University of Maryland University College, for his resolute decision to push this revision project through and to thank Dr. R a y Ehrensberger and Dr. Stanley J . Drazek, two distinguished chancellors emeritus of the University of M a r y l a n d , for their more than two decades of friendship. W e would like also to mention the following people whose assistance was most valuable: M . Yoshiko Andô, who assisted us in preparing the text and enriched it with her practical and valuable suggestions. M r . Keiichirô Okutsu, who reviewed our notes, gave us his valuable suggestions, and gave us permission to use freely and adapt the content of Learn Japanese—Pattern Approach.

Urayama no Yuuhi ni utsuru Tsurara kana —Seien—

Back mountain icicles Transcendent in the setting sun; Splendid—ephemeral.

INTRODUCTION

This is the fourth volume of Learn Japanese: New College Text. In this volume, a total of 129 kan'ji characters with 158 different readings are introduced. Altogether in Volumes I through IV, 329 kan'ji characters with 405 different readings plus one kan'ji mark ¿t are introduced. Any kan'ji that has appeared in a previous lesson with a different reading or any compound kan'ji whose reading is especially derived as a result of a combination is introduced with the number with which it was originally introduced. Such kan'ji with different readings are assigned numbers (such as 2.6. a) that distinguish them from those numbers (such as IM 2.6.1) assigned to newly introduced kan'ji. Most of the kan'ji first appear in presentations and dialogs, but there are some that first occur in notes or drills. They are identified with an asterisk. In addition to the kan'ji for " a c t i v e " learning, we have introduced kanji for "passive" learning. We have attached furigana—reading of the kan 'ji in small hiragana—to these passive kan 'ji. T h e student is required to identify and possibly reproduce the active kan 'ji, but the passive kan 'ji need not be memorized until they are introduced as the kan 'ji for active learning. Kan 'ji appearing in Lesson 14 are also for passive learning. In many traditional kan'ji dictionaries, kan'ji are classified according to 214 bushu, or radicals. This kind of arrangement has generally been discarded by modern dictionary compilers because many simplified or modern kan'ji, as a result of the language reform measures taken since 1945, do not fit the various radicals. For example, the Agency for Cultured Affairs' Dictionary of Chinese Characters for Foreigners classifies kan'ji into 5 categories, namely, \ 1 , —, ), and 7 and 247 subcategories called elements. In this text the term "classifier" refers both to radicals of traditional dictionaries and categories/elements of reformed dictionaries. T h e traditional classifiers appear in parentheses after the reformed classifiers. For example: Vol. 2, 1.6.6 7\ (3) classifier -•- ( A ) . The following popular dictionary is used in determining classifiers: Kikuya Nagasawa, Meikai Kan'wa Jiten, 1959, San'seidoo, Tokyo. Other reformed dictionaries might have different ways of grouping kan'ji, however. Although an introduction to the speech levels has been incorporated into Lesson 1, it is not the authors' intention at this time to ask the student to practice the various levels, which have been listed there for cognitive or passive learning purposes. Lessons 2 through 4, 6 through 9, and 11 through 13 constitute the main text, while Lesson 14 is only for the passive study of kan'ji. Lessons 5, 10, and 15 are review lessons. The Mike Harrison Series, as in Volume III, is included in review lessons for passive learning purposes to help the student develop aural comprehension skills through application conversations in a variety of situations. A new section called reading comprehension has been added to main lessons.

LESSON 1 1.1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO SPEECH LEVELS

Generally speaking, a speech style is determined by the speaker's relative status relationship with the listener. Therefore, only the relationship between the speaker © and the listener (2) is involved. A speech level, on the other hand, is determined by the speaker's evaluation of the relative status relationship of the subject-person with the object-person involved in the speaker's talk. Thus, only the relationship between the subject (person) © and the object (person) © is involved. As described in Lesson 1 of Volume I I I , the following symbols and abbreviations have been used here:

®

no person involved

î P

O

the speaker, the first person

1 D demotion of(T)

© ©

the listener, the second person

-> F

more formal or polite

the third person or persons

?1\

2 3.

special structural forms:

r L J; 9

L t t , L £

1.3

tfcX-T
t

1.3.2

Type P 1 3 . . . . promotion of (Ìx), resulting in the downgrading of Example:

^»Oil t

f

a etc.

Depending upon the type of Verb, either -reru or -rareru is used: 1.

Vowel Verb

Stem form plus -rareru

deru taberu iru "exist" ki-o-tsukeru 2.

derareru taberareru irareru ki-o-tsukerareru

Consonant Verb

uru iku dasu tanomu 3. suru

kiru oriru yameru

kirareru orirareru yamerareru

Pre-Nai form plus -reru urareru ikareru dasareru tanomareru

yobu isogu matsu iu

sareru

kuru

yobareru isogareru matareru iwareru

Irregular Verb •

—

korareru

Other functions of -reru and -rareru are presented in Lessons 3 and 4. Gakubuchoo wa moo dekakeraremashita.

" T h e dean has already left."

Dochira made ikareru n desu ka?

"Where are you going?"

Maiban nan'ji goro ni neraremasu ka?

'About what time do you go to bed every night?"

Note that the verbal expression with -reru or -rareru may be used where the o- plus Stem form of Verb plus ni naru expression is used. (See Note 13.4.12, Vol. III.)

2.4.13

Hoka no kai ni derareru koto ni natta n dayo means " I t has been decided that he attend another

meeting." The plain imperfect tense form of a Verb plus koto ni naru carries the connotation "it is decided that . . . " or "an original intention or plan has been changed and another decision is made."

plain imperfect tense form of Verb + koto ni naru Rainen watakushi wa Furan'su e ikanai koto ni narimashita.

" I t has been decided that I am not going to France next year."

Oosaka e shutchoo suru koto ni natta n da yo.

" M y official trip to Osaka has been decided on."

Tsugi no kai wa raishuu hiraku koto ni narimashita.

"It has been decided that the next meeting will be held next week."

Some scholars have pointed out that in Japanese there is a tendency to use ~ni narimashita "became" instead of ~ni shimashita "did." The latter requires decision-making, whereas the former does not.

17

2.4.14

Uchi e kaette irassharu no? m e a n s " A r e you coming back h o m e ? " Irassharu can be used after the T E form of a V e r b a n d functions as an Extender. Extender iku m e a n s " g o away from the s p e a k e r , " a n d kuru m e a n s " c o m e to the speaker." T h e no is a sentence e n d i n g used mainly by women or children. It m a y be a question or a s t a t e m e n t , d e p e n d i n g u p o n the intonation with which it is said. If it is said with rising intonation, it is a question. W h e n it is a statement, the Sentence Particles such a s j o and ne often follow no. N a n no yoo desu no?

" W h a t do you w a n t with m e ? "

Doko e iku no?

" W h e r e are you going?"

Eiga ni iku no yo.

" I ' m going to a movie."

In the J a p a n e s e language quite a few commonly used Verbs such as " e a t , " " d r i n k , " " g o , " " c o m e , " " b e , " and " s a y " carry shared polite versions. For example, irasshaima.su is the shared very polite version referring to the second or third person for ikimasu " g o " a n d kimasu " c o m e " as well as imasu " b e . " Referring to the first person's going or coming, mairimasu is the h u m b l e version of both ikimasu a n d kimasu, while orimasu is the first-person h u m b l e version of imasu "be." Likewise the m o r e polite version of both " e a t " tabemasu, and " d r i n k " nomimasu, is meshiagarimasu, referring to a second or third person within a hierarchy, whereas itadakimasu refers to the first person's eating or drinking. Mooshimasu and osshaimasu are words to m e a n " s a y " with differing connotations. T h e former shows the speaker's humbleness, and the latter his politeness. Orimasu in Shujin orimasu ka? (see Note 2.4.4) and nasaimasu in Ohanashi o nasatte imasu (see Note 2.4.7) are also very polite Verbs.

2.4.15

Intransitive V e r b iru here m e a n s " n e e d . " Something which is needed is followed by the Relational ga, a n d the person w h o needs something is followed by the Relational wa.

Noun (person) + wa + Noun (object) -I- ga + iru Y a m a d a san wa okane ga iru soo desu.

" I heard that M r . Y a m a d a needs m o n e y . "

N a n i ga irimasu ka?

" W h a t do you need?"

K i t t e wa doo desu ka?

" D o you w a n t s t a m p s ? "

lie, irimasen.

" N o , I d o n ' t need t h e m . "

T h e r e is a n o t h e r V e r b iru, which m e a n s " e x i s t " or " b e . " It conjugates differently however. iru " n e e d " iru " b e "

• •

irimasu imasu

• >•

itte ite

>• •

iranai inai

2.4.16

Irete oite kurenai ka? is a m a n ' s expression used to peers. W o m e n would use Irete oite kurenai? to peers. Both m e n and w o m e n would say Irete oite kudasaimasen ka? to superiors or persons requiring m o r e formal expressions.

2.4.17

T h e wife of the division chief used de gozaimasu, the more polite version of desu, as well as orimasu, the h u m b l e version of imasu, when talking to the secretary. T h i s usage immediately establishes her a n d her h u s b a n d as an in-group, and the secretary as an out-group. T h e secretary, on the o t h e r h a n d , used very polite forms, for instance, de irasshaimasu ka? (very polite

18 version of desu ka?) and the ending -mase. All of these usages demonstrate hierarchical groupism. T h e conversation between Mr. and Mrs. Ando is much more intimate and less formal. This is shown particularly by the frequent use of Sentence Particles, such as yo, no, and ne. Comparison of their respective forms, however, demonstrates that the husband used the plain form constantly, while his wife always used the more polite form. It must be noted here that this kind of distinction in the use of speech levels has become less obvious with young couples in J a p a n today. wife to husband

husband to wife

(Aa,) anata. (Nan no yoo) desu no? (Meirei ga deta) n da. ( . . . ni natta) n da yo. (Uchi e kaette) irassharu no? (Hima ga nai) n da. (Irete oite) kurenai ka? (Kuroi kaban) desu ne. (Yooi shite) okimasu. . . . hikooki na n da kedo,... ( . . . ni tsuku to) omou yo. Wakarimashita. T a n o m u yo. Mr. Ando uses a different level of speech when referring to the president of his company. Ikareru and derareru are, in fact, honorific equivalents of iku and deru.

2.5

VOCABULARY

Presentation

mm

hyoogen

N

expression

meirei suru

V

order; give a command; direct

t z b f L tf

tatoeba

SI

for example

m

bun

N

sentence

*H>ftt>

19

na

SP

means " p r o h i b i t i o n " when used after the Dictionary form of a V e r b (see 2.4.2)

UtitfA.

HÏ11-3

hyoogen suru

V

express

An'doo

N

family name

Dialog

de gozaimasu

C + E

copular expression used for honorific purposes (see 2 . 4 . 3 )

ft*

orimasu

V

humble equivalent o f iru (normal form o f oru) (see 2.4.4)

hisho

N

secretary

de irasshaimasu

C + E

copular expression used for honorific purposes (see 2 . 4 . 3 )

V

T E form o f nasaru — do (polite equivalent of suru) (see 2.4.7)

Or

nasatte I J; ? t «t ?

shooshoo

-mase yoo L10*5 i. 7

tfUc

business to do; things to do

V

imperative form o f shutchoo suru — take an official trip (see 2 . 4 . 1 0 )

shutchoo

N

official trip; business trip

meirei

N

order; c o m m a n d

V

T A form o f deru - come out; is issued; appear; attend

Dv

Derivative used to show politeness and/or respect (see 2.4.12)

deta (ika)-reru

ze.

kai

th§è

N

imperative form o f -masu (see 2.4.9)

urgent; sudden

(Îf^)^-â

ffl^LT i.» hp ffl,®.

Dv

formal equivalent of chotto " a w h i l e " ; " a little" (see 2.4.8)

Na

kyuu shutchoo shiro

L t® -J J; 7 ub^S ftntll' np^"

Adv.

N

meeting

(de)-rareru

Dv

Derivative used to show politeness and/or respect (see 2.4.12)

kigae

N

spare clothes

iru

V

need (intransitive V e r b ) ( " n e e d iru) (see 2.4.15)

yooi shite

V

T E form ofjyooi suru — prepare; get ready for

yooi

N

preparations

shuppatsu

N

departure; setting out

is ~ ga

20 ti

aiiêts Notes

L if^

V

depart; set out

shibafu

N

grass; lawn

keikan

N

policeman

itasu

V

do (humble equivalent of suru) (see 2.4.7)

shinu

V

die

midori(iro)

N

green

hiraku

V

hold (a meeting); open

tano(mu)

l>b
*x 7 b m [jet plane],

(5)

«

*

[captain; pilot]A -\t/vfz Xfire

(1)

shi(meru)

n

fcw

(5)

#

(6)

(4) 2.6.11 É3

(2) red

aka(i)

red (3) classifier H

(2) close; shut

fl

p-fl r«1

(1)

shiro(i)

(4)

EH 0 0 0 0

(5)

t z è m i ò ò

(2) white

(3) forms the classifier Q (5)

•4.6.10, Vol. II

2.6.b

&

(1)

6.

dCD

t £ 'Ott

o

i i U o

'hilj££Ä* ioti ts^^a*

7.

fcgfêti

t ?

8.

r±Ali

£
hi> G i n n t e

f?

ZCO bhtto

^tMI

L » olio ÍÜIéLit^o

2.7.5

¿fíT) jftírí»{;

ttSti

tt

Uli í o

Transformation Drill t ?t - L

2- ¿" 9 f"

fUT^^è^o

4.


< 3.

hir>

h L t) u

/hUj

r^,

Uj¥ 'Mij

U û ï l f c M (Professor) CO

'RUè/t, rvn^x.,

^ofe

± A ¿

f

feürist:

^ T í f ^ t o

' j f b n s t ^ o r e t i t i

J

fnt'ii

m

o

U

i

^

t

j

£ o T ^ í t l t ¿ f

wfrïir.&tf ifz

heal; cure

3.6.9

0000S

(1

SHA

(1

fö

next

(4

(2)

(5

3.6.8

(3)

atama

3.6.11

classifier

0

(5)

classifier /

person

(2)

head

(3)

(4

0000000

(6

homonym T O O

(1

yoru

(4)

[center] •A V

(2)

night

hiku(i)

(4

\

(6

h o m o n y m T E I Jg^

(1

kusuri

V

*

(3)

low

\(

ft

(2)

KAI

(2)

(4

n

IS)

(6)

(4)

3

homonym^

classifier J j

(5)

(J()[head]

Sg^1^

classifier

Vi

[crescent moon]) ,

(3)

hn

- t H ^ ' f ä ^

gß

medicine

(3)

classifier

(5)

time(s); turn (5)

classifier \ (5)

&

* *

(1

classifier ^

(5)

(1

(2)

( fc)

S

ft.

(4

3.6.12

(3)

(3) ifi> [scholar]^ ^ ^

(4

3.6.10 f£

&

if A.

(5

3.6.6

[j|]

Ltz

12.6.11, Vol. Ill

3.6.a

[illness]

I S ^ t , E ^ d P [medical d e p a r t m e n t ]

(5

3.6.3

(2)

—

I, (3)

[grass]

M&Gktf classifier •

(6)

[enclosure]

h o m o n y m $1

1X3

43

3.6.13

m

(2)

(1) ne(ru)

sleep; go to bed

(3)

(5)

(4) 3.7

DRILLS

3.7.1

Transformation Drill (direct passive)

1. tKiSyTs^

Z-bLtLtzo

—

2. $ffU>

[roof]

zWz* M ,

tiftfyZtf

^a^iët

ZbZhtlfz

iJf Lv^

3. h Lfz

%%

4.

t

5.

B^CO

6. H^ïtÎlC:

X>b *

tytftlfzo Ztè

-CO

L «fc

-

Bàtl/zo frêZlfzo

-

^Mli

0*ct)

9.

msè

-C7)

t^tiH/;,

fctinnto

-

8. T ^ ' J ^ T I i

ISLT^ito

-

fêoT^to

-

Transformation Drill (direct passive)

1- CO

kAo

^fe^iii n è t

Lfzo

ftfrtl*

is t î t

i:

&*>Zltzo

ht

mfâ^

î tit

biziz

^fztitltzo

£'5l£?lz

f 9 -e-to T^'J^Ali

'Dtix

LfZo

$frU>

6.

o

t+o

7. ïsûrè

3.7.2

classifier

m-rttifz

o

dtf)

J;



) J: 9 0

ì t t t z fzt

zfzìW

T è i

5 7 - è

?

A,^

T Ai?b ^

c.

~ ka

&

ka

£ "whether ~ or

MbhZ

? £>t:

fr b fc < & ^

Èli ^ ^ ^

9 S-tìrA

jì:^

-tìrS ^

ÍíI)LÓ< A'/t-tfA.

$ 1 $ è Á, fr h