Law and order 9785422203420

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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ МУРМАНСКИЙ АРКТИЧЕСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

О. В. Саватеева

LAW AND ORDER

МУРМАНСК 2017

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ МУРМАНСКИЙ АРКТИЧЕСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

О. В. Саватеева

LAW AND ORDER

Учебное пособие Рекомендовано учебно-методическим советом университета в качестве учебного пособия по направлению подготовки бакалавриата: 40.03.01 «Юриспруденция»

МУРМАНСК 2017 1

УДК 811.111(075.8) ББК 81.2Англ-923 С12 Печатается по решению Совета по научно-исследовательской работе и редакционно-издательской деятельности Мурманского арктического государственного университета Рекомендовано учебно-методическим советом МАГУ к использованию в учебном процессе (протокол № 2 от 9 февраля 2017 г.) Автор:

О. В. Саватеева, кандидат философских наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков МАГУ

Рецензенты: Е. Н. Квасюк, кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков МАГУ; С. Б. Дектерев, кандидат филологических наук, доцент с возложенными обязанностями зав. кафедрой английского языка для обществоведческих факультетов СПбГУ (протокол № 8 от 7 декабря 2016 г.)

Саватеева О. В. Law and Order : учебное пособие / О. В. Саватеева. – Мурманск : МАГУ, 2017. – 98 с. Целью учебного пособия, наряду с усвоением и отработкой лексического материала, является подготовка специалистов к чтению профессиональной литературы на английском языке, умению анализировать и обобщать полученную информацию. Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов, обучающихся по направлению подготовки бакалавриата 40.03.01 «Юриспруденция». Печатается в авторской редакции.

 Саватеева О. В., 2017  ФГБОУ ВО «Мурманский арктический государственный университет», 2017

ISBN 978-5-4222-0342-0

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ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 TOPICAL VOCABULARY………………………………………………………………………………5 I. LAW AND ORDER……………………………………………………….……….……………… 5 II. CRIME (I) …………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 III. CRIME (II) ………………………………………………………………………………………… 9 IV. AUTHORITIES AND POLICE……………………………………………………….……… 12 V. THE LANGUAGE OF LAW…………………………………………………………………..…14 TEST I……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……17 INSTANT DISCUSSIONS……………………………………………………………………………… 20 ARE WE ALL CRIMINALS? ……………………………………………………………………… 20 NAMING AND SHAMING…………………………………………………………..…………… 23 THE COST OF CRIME……………………………………………………………………………… 25 CHILDREN’S LIFESTYLES – A CAUSE FOR CONCERN? ………………………………29 AN EYE FOR AN EYE……………………………………………………………………………… 32 MURDER MYSTERIES……………………………………………………………………….…… 36 SHOPLIFTING – HARMLESS THRILL OR SERIOUS CRIME? …………………………39 LISTENING COMPREHENSION………………………………………………………………… 44 TEST II………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46 APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 51 THE WITNESS FOR THE PROSECUTION. AGATHA CRISTIE…………………………51 Chapter I. A RUN OF BAD LUCK…………………………………………………………… 51 Chapter II. INNOCENT IN SPITE OF THE FACTS………………………………………… 57 Chapter III. A DEVOTED WIFE………………………………………………………..……… 63 Chapter IV. CLENCHED HANDS……………………………………………..……………… 73 ROLE PLAY…………………………………………………………………………………………… 78 THE CASE OF LADY SANNOX………………………………………….……………………… 78 ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ…………………………………………………………………………………………… 87 GLOSSARY…………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 88 ANSWER KEY………………………………………………………………………………………………91 98 СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ………………………………………………

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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Учебное пособие “Law and Order” ориентировано на бакалавров 1–2 курса, обучающихся по направлению 40.03.01 «Юриспруденция». Данное учебное пособие предназначено для использования на практических занятиях по дисциплине «Иностранный язык». В ходе изучения данной темы предполагается текущий контроль выполнения студентами заданий для самостоятельной работы и промежуточный контроль в форме тестов, представленных в заключительных разделах каждой их двух основных частей пособия. Формы контроля обозначены в рабочей программе дисциплины «Иностранный язык». Результаты текущего контроля учитываются при выставлении баллов в рейтинге и экзамена по дисциплине. Основная цель учебного пособия – формирование профессиональной иноязычной компетенции будущих специалистов в области юриспруденции. Представленная в пособии система упражнений и коммуникативных заданий позволяет решить следующие задачи: сформировать умения применять знания иностранного языка в профессиональной деятельности; подготовить специалистов к чтению профессиональной литературы на английском языке, умению анализировать и обобщать полученную информацию. Данное пособие способствует обогащению словарного запаса студентов специальной терминологией, свободное владение которой поможет им в дальнейшем участвовать в межкультурной коммуникации на профессиональном уровне. Пособие позволит обучающемуся овладеть следующими общекультурными компетенциями:  способностью логично, верно, аргументировать и ясно строить устную и письменную речь (ОК-4);  необходимыми навыками профессионального общения на иностранном языке (ОК-13). Структурно учебное пособие состоит из 3 разделов: “Topical vocabulary”, “Instant discussions” и “Appendix”. The witness for the prosecution”. В пособие включены аутентичные тексты по профилю данной специальности. Тексты предназначены для изучающего чтения и последующего обсуждения. После текстов представлен комплекс лексических упражнений, что дает возможность максимально расширить и закрепить новые лексические единицы, а также использовать их в процессе говорения. Проверочные тесты по изученным темам в конце пособия помогут учащимся проверить полученные знания и тематическую лексику. Учебное пособие может также использоваться в качестве дополнения к любому традиционному учебнику для работы на уроках английского языка и элективных курсах в старших классах гимназий и средних общеобразовательных учреждений. 4

TOPICAL VOCABULARY I. LAW AND ORDER The police They do a number of things. When someone commits a crime (= breaks the law and does something wrong/illegal/against the law) the police must investigate (= try to find out what happened/who is responsible). If they find the person responsible for the crime, they arrest them (= take them to the police station). At the police station, they question them (= ask them questions to find out what they know) and if they are sure the person committed the crime, the person is charged with the crime (= the police make an official statement that they believe the person committed the crime). The person must then go to court for trial. The court

barrisbarrister

–

In court, the person charged with the crime (now called the defendant or accused) must try to prove (= provide facts to show something is true) that they did not commit the crime; in other words prove that they are innocent (not guilty). The jury listens to all the evidence (information about the crime, for and against the defendant) and then makes their decision. Punishment If the defendant is convicted of the crime (= the jury decides that the defendant is guilty), the judge will give the sentence (= the punishment). For example, if a 5

person is convicted of murder, the sentence will be many years in prison. The person then becomes a prisoner, and the room they live in is called a cell. For crimes that are not serious (often called minor offences, e.g. illegal parking), the punishment is usually a fine (= money you have to pay). Exercises I. Put this story in the correct order. 1. They found both men guilty. 2. And charged them with the robbery. 3. £10,000 was stolen from a bank in the High Street. 4. After the jury had listened to all the evidence 5. They were sent to prison for seven years. 6. The trial took place two months later. 7. and they finally arrested two men. 8. They questioned them at the police station 9. The police questioned a number of people about the crime II. Answer the questions. 1. Who investigates crimes? 2. Who sentences people? 3. Who live in cells? 4. Who decides if someone is innocent or guilty? 5. Who defend people and present evidence? 6. Who commit crimes? III. Fill the gaps with suitable words. 1. I have never … the law and ... a crime. 2. In Britain it is ... the law to drive a car without insurance. 3. If you park illegally you will have to pay a ... . 4. The police were fairly sure the man committed the crime, but they knew it would be difficult to … it in court. 5. The jury must decide if the accused is innocent or … . 6. In order to reach their decision the jury must listen carefully to the … . 7. If the accused is … of murder, the … may be at least ten years in prison. 8. He has been in trouble with the police once before, but it was only a minor… . IV. Read this short story, then write down your response to the questions below, based on your knowledge of the law in your own country.

Two fifteen-year-old boys broke into a house in the middle of the day when the owner was out and took money and jewellery worth about £900. The owner reported the crime to the police when she returned home at 6 p.m.

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Will the police investigate this crime? How will they investigate? What will they do? Do you think the police will catch the two boys? If they do, what crime will they be charged with? Can the boys be sent to prison? What do you think the sentence would be? Do you think this is the correct sentence? II. CRIME (I)

Against the law If you do something illegal (= wrong/against the law), then you have committed a crime. Most people commit a crime at some time in their lives, e.g. driving above the speed limit, parking illegally, stealing sweets from a shop when they were children, etc. Crimes Crime theft (= general word for stealing) robbery (= steal from people or places) burglary (= break into a shop/house and steal things) shoplifting (= steal from shops when open) murder (= kill someone by intention) manslaughter (= kill someone by accident) rape (= force someone to have sex)

Criminal (=person) Verb thief steal (also take) robber rob burglar

burgle/break into

shoplifter murderer --rapist

shoplift murder --rape

Crime prevention What can governments do to fight crime (= take action to stop crime)? These things happen in some countries, although many people may think they are not a good idea. Police carry (= have) guns. Police are allowed to (= are permitted to) stop anyone in the street and question them. The courts give tougher punishments for crimes committed than in the past (e.g. bigger fines or longer prison sentences than in the past). There is capital punishment (= death, e.g. by electric chair or hanging) for some crimes. What can individuals do to prevent a crime from happening (= stop a crime happening)? Here are things some people do to protect themselves and their property (= home and land), although you may not think they are all a good idea. Don’t walk along dark streets late at night on your own. Lock all doors and windows when you go out. 7

Don’t wear expensive jewellery. Leave lights on at home when you go out. Fit (= install) a burglar alarm (= a machine which makes a noise if someone enters your home). Make sure your money is safe, e.g. wear a money belt. Carry a mace spray (= a chemical, if you spray it in someone’s face, it is very unpleasant). Put money and valuables in a safe. Keep a gun in your house, if you have special permission for self-defence (= to protect yourself if someone attacks you). Exercises I. Organise the words in the box into three groups: crimes, people, places. murder thief prison barrister robbery burglar cell criminal court rape shoplifting manslaughter judge prisoner jury police station II. Respond to these statements or questions confirming the crime in each one. 1. A: He broke into the house, didn’t he? B: Yes, he’s been charged with … . 2. A: He killed his wife, didn’t he? B: Yes, he’s been charged with … . 3. A: She stole clothes and jewellery from that department store, didn’t she? B: Yes, and she’s been charged … . 4. A: The man on the motorbike didn’t mean to kill the boy. B: No, but he’s been charged … . 5. A: He took the money from the bag? B: Yes, but they caught him and he’s been … . III. How safe and secure are you? Answer these questions, yes or no. 1. Do you often walk in areas which are not very safe? yes=1 no=0 2. Do you often walk on your own in these areas late at night? yes=2 no=0 3. Do you wear a money belt when you go out? yes=0 no=0 4. Do you wear an expensive watch or expensive jewellery? yes=1 no=0 5. Do you check doors and windows before you go out when your home is empty? yes=0 no=2 6. Do you have a burglar alarm? yes=0 no=1 7. Do you leave lights on when you go out? yes=0 no=1 8. Is there someone who protects the building while you out? yes=0 no=2 9. Do you have a safe in your home? yes=0 no=1 Now add up your score: less than 3=very, very safe; 3–5=quite safe; 6–8=you 8

could take a lot more care; more than 8=you are a dangerous person to know!

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IV. Fill the gaps in these questions with a suitable word. 1. Do you think the police should … guns? 2. Do you think the police should be … to stop and question people without a special reason? 3. Do you agree with capital … for certain crimes such as murder? 4. Do you think it should be legal for people to carry a mace …? 5. Do you think people should be allowed to use a gun or knife in self-…? 6. Do you think tougher punishments will help to … crime? What is your opinion on these questions? III. CRIME (II) Make sure you know the difference between the verbs: steal and rob. The object of the “steal” is the thing which is taken away, e.g. they stole my bike, whereas the object of the verb “rob” is the person or place from which things are stolen, e.g. I was robbed last night. A masked man robbed the bank. “Steal” is irregular: steal, stole, stolen. The table below gives the names of some other types of crimes together with their associated verbs and the name of the person who commits the crimes. Crime murder shoplifting burglary smuggling

Definition killing people stealing something from a shop stealing from someone’s home taking something illegally into another country arson setting fire to something in a criminal way kidnapping taking a person hostage in exchange for money or other favours, etc.

Criminal murderer shoplifter burglar smuggler

Verb murder shoplift burgle smuggle

arsonist

to set fire to

kidnapper

kidnap

All the verbs in the table above on the right are regular apart from set (set, set, set). Here are some more useful verbs connected with crime and law. Note that many of them have particular prepositions associated with them.  to commit a crime or an offence: to do something illegal;  to accuse someone of a crime: to say someone is guilty;  to charge someone with (murder): to bring someone to court;  to plead guilty or not guilty: to swear in court that one is guilty or otherwise;  to defend/prosecute someone in court: to argue for or against someone in a trial;  to pass verdict on an accused person: to decide whether they are guilty or not;  to sentence someone to a punishment: what the judge does after a verdict of guilty; 10

 to acquit an accused person of a charge: to decide in court that someone is not guilty (the opposite of to convict someone);  to fine someone a sum of money: to punish someone by making them pay;  to send someone to prison: to punish someone by putting them in prison;  to release someone from prison/jail: to set someone free after a prison sentence;  to be tried: to have a case judged in court. Here are some useful nouns. trial: the legal process in court whereby an accused person is investigated, or tried, and found guilty or not guilty; case: a crime that is being investigated; evidence: information used in a court of law to decide whether the accused is guilty or not; proof: evidence that shows conclusively whether something is a fact or not; verdict: the decision guilty or not guilty; judge: the person who leads a trial and decides on the sentence; jury: group of twelve citizens who decide whether the accused is guilty or not. Exercises I. Put the right form of either rob or steal in the sentences below. 1. Last night an armed gang …… the post office. They ..…. ₤ 2,000. 2. My handbag …… at the theatre yesterday. 3. Every year large numbers of banks …… . 4. Jane …… of the opportunity to stand for president. II. Here are some more crimes. Complete a table like the one above. Crime Criminal Verb Definition terrorism blackmail drug-trafficking forgery assault assault pickpocketing mugging III. Fill the blanks in the paragraph below with one of the verbs above. One of the two accused men …... (1) at yesterday’s trial. Although his lawyer …... (2) him very well, he was still found guilty by the jury. The judge .….. (3) him to two years in prison. He’ll probably …... (4) after eighteen months. The other accused man was luckier. He .….. (5) and left the courtroom smiling broadly. 11

IV. Here are some words connected with law and crime. If necessary, use a dictionary to help you check that you understand what they all mean. Then divide them into three groups, in what seems to you to be the most logical way. theft member of a jury judge smuggling witness prison fine bribery detective hi-jacking flogging community service probation traffic warden death penalty rape drunken driving lawyer V. Write a paragraph to fit this newspaper headline. Give some details about the crime and the court case, using as many words given above as is appropriate. Local girl’s evidence gets mugger two years prison VI. What crimes are being defined below? 1) killing someone; 6) driving after taking alcohol; 2) stealing from a shop; 7) stealing from people’s pockets; 3) selling drugs; 8) threatening to reveal secrets; 4) making fake money; 9) taking illegal control of a plane; 5) taking a child and asking 10)taking something illegally into; its parents for money; another country. VII. Complete the table. Crime

Criminal

Verb forge

murder burgle blackmail kidnapper rape VIII. Here are some words for things that may happen to criminals at the end of or after a trial. Put the letters in the right order to make the answers. Example: TOCUYMIMN CVRSEEI community service 1. NEFI 3. BANTROPIO 5. TAHED NTYPFAL 2. SIRPNO 4. OUISPOERCTN 6. ATOAUIQTL IX. Use the words in the box to complete the paragraph. You must change the form of the verbs when necessary. arrest charge commit evidence plead prison witness release rob sentence serve time trial verdict steal 12

Jake (1) … a crime when he (2) ... a post office. He (3) … £5,000. A (4) … managed to take a photograph of him. The police (5) … him and (6) … him with robbery. The case came to court two months later. At his (7) … Jake not guilty. However, the photograph was used in (9) … against him and, as a result, the jury passed a (10) ... of guilty. The judge (11) … him to ten years in (12) … . He (13) … eight years but then he (14) … having got (15) … off for good behaviour. IV. AUTHORITIES AND POLICE Entering and leaving: customs On arrival in most countries as a foreigner you have to show your passport, a landing card (1) and often a customs declaration form (2). You may need a visa and a vaccination certificate (3), depending on the entry restrictions (4). Customs carry out spot checks/random checks (5) on people’s luggage. They use sniffer dogs (6) to search for drugs and explosives. In most cases, you have to clear customs (7) at the port of entry (8). Genuine refugees may try to seek political asylum (9). Customs officers also look out for illegal immigrants, some of whom may be economic migrants (10). 1) form with your personal details and date of arrival; 2) form showing how much money and what goods you are carrying; 3) paper proving you have had the necessary health injections; 4) rules about who can enter a country and for how long; 5) checks done without warning; 6) specially trained dogs who can smell drugs and bombs; 7) take your bags through customs; 8) the port or airport where you first enter a country; 9) permission to stay in another country to avoid political persecution back home; 10) people who try to enter from poorer countries just to get work. Police, traffic wardens, etc. Look at this extract from an information leaflet for students coming to study and live in an English-speaking country. Note the collocations. For some traffic offences (1) you have to pay a fixed penalty (2), and this may be an on-the-spot fine (3). Parking tickets (4) for illegal parking are issued by police and/or traffic wardens. If there has been an accident, the police may ask drivers to take a breathalyzer (5) test and to make a statement (6) at a police station. Police have limited stop-and-search (7) powers. Surveillance cameras (8) operate in many public areas. A police officer cannot normally enter your home against your wishes without a search warrant (9). 1) offence is a formal word for an illegal action; 2) fixed sum payable for a particular offence; 13

3) fine payable at the time and place that you commit the offence; 4) papers placed on driver’s windscreens fining them for illegal parking; 5) an instrument which you blow into that shows if you have consumed alcohol recently; 6) say what happened and sign a copy of it; 7) power to stop people and search them in the street; 8) cameras that record everything that happens; 9) official permission from a judge or magistrate to search your house. Other types of policing Name security forces

Definition often a name for the army and police together enforcing the law plain clothes/undercover police police who do not wear uniform paramilitary police police who are more like soldiers than civilian police officers drug squad police specially trained to fight the illegal drug trade anti-corruption squad police specially trained to discover and fight bribery/corruption Exercises

I. Rewrite these sentences using phrases and collocations given above instead of the underlined words. 1. You’ll have to show a paper proving that you have had injections for tropical diseases when you enter the country. 2. People entering from war-torn countries often ask for permission to stay to avoid political oppression in their own country. 3. You have to take your baggage through customs if you arrive on an international flight at San Francisco airport, even if you are flying on within the USA. 4. You have to fill in a paper saying how much money you’re bringing into the country before going through customs control. 5. Some of the people were people who were poor and travelling hoping to find jobs, rather than genuine political refugees. 6. Passenger to airline cabin attendant: Could you give me one of those papers for filling in my passport number and personal details before we arrive, please? 7. At the airport the security guards had those special dogs that can smell drugs. 8. You’ll need a visa; the rules about who can enter the country are very strict. 9. You have to fill in the city where you first entered the country in this box here. 14

II. Give possible reasons for the circumstances in which the police might do the following (based on your own country or your own experience). Guess the meaning of some new words or use a dictionary if necessary. 1) carry out spot checks on lorries; 6) set up a roadblock; 2) charge someone with drink-driving; 7) publish a photofit picture. 3) ask you to make a statement; 4) use their powers of stop and search ; 5) carry out a surveillance operation on someone’s house; III. What do we call ... 1) a police officer who does not wear uniform? 2) a police force that are more like soldiers than police officers? 3) police officers engaged in combating bribery in public institutions? 4) the official paper you sometimes find stuck on your windscreen when you park illegally? 5) the police unit that fights against the illegal drug trade? 6) the police and army considered as a single body? V. THE LANGUAGE OF LAW Legal verbs  to abrogate a law/treaty: to bring a law/treaty to an official end;  to bend the law/rules: to break the law/rules in a way that is considered not to be harmful;  to contravene a law: to break a law;  to impeach a president/governor: to make a formal statement saying that a person in public office has committed a serious offence;  to infringe someone’s rights: to prevent a person doing what they are legally allowed to do;  to lodge an appeal: to make an official appeal;  to uphold/overturn a verdict: to say that a previous decision was correct/incorrect;  to pervert the course of justice: to put obstacles in the way of justice being done;  to quash a decision/conviction: to change a previous official decision/conviction;  to set a precedent: to establish a decision which must, in English law, be taken into account in future decisions;  to award/grant custody to: to give one parent or adult the main responsibility for a child especially after separation or divorce;  to annul a marriage/agreement/law: to declare that it no longer exists and never existed.

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Crimes Crime discrimination embezzlement

harassment

insider trading/ dealing

joyriding

money laundering perjury trespass

Meaning unfair treatment on grounds of sex, race or nationality stealing money that is in your care or belongs to an organisation that you work for making a person feel anxious and unhappy (sometimes for sexual reasons, sometimes to get, say, a debt repaid) illegal buying and selling of shares by someone who has specialist knowledge of a company driving around for enjoyment in a car you have stolen moving money obtained illegally so that its origin cannot be traced lying when under oath go onto someone else’s land without permission

Verb discriminate (against) embezzle

Criminal

embezzler

harass

do/practise insider dealing/ trading

insider trader/dealer

joyride

joyrider

launder money

money launderer

commit perjury trespass

perjurer trespasser

Legal adjectives Matters relating to, say, divorce are of course dealt with in a civil court rather than a criminal court. More serious criminal offences are said to be indictable, i.e. they are tried by indictment in a higher level of court, while summary offences are less serious and can be tried a lower level of court. If a worker feels that his or her statutory rights have been infringed, then he or she may take the case to a tribunal, where an arbitrator has discretionary powers to rule on the dispute. The arbitrator’s decision is binding on both sides – they have to abide by his or her decision. Exercises I. Choose the correct verbs given above to fill the gaps. Put the verb in the correct form. 1. Presidents Nixon and Clinton of the USA were both …… . 2. The prisoner decided to …… an appeal against the court’s decision. 16

3. The appeal court ..…. the verdict of the lower court and the prisoner was released. 4. In English law any previous legal decision …… a precedent for future decisions. 5. Judges almost always …… custody to the mother rather than the father. 6. I’m not asking you to break the rules, just to …… them a little. 7. You …… my legal rights by not allowing me to vote. 8. Witnesses charged with perjury are accused of …… the course of justice. 9. The marriage was …… because the man had never properly divorced his first wife. 10.The Supreme Court …… the murder conviction and the man was freed. II. Which of the crimes given above might each of these people be charged with? 1. A camper who spent a night on a farmer’s land without asking permission. 2. A businessman who diverted funds from the account of the company he worked for into his own personal account. 3. Two boys who hot-wired a car and drove it around town before abandoning it. (to hot-wire means to start without using a key). 4. A witness who gave false evidence in court. III. Answer these questions about Legal adjectives. 1. If someone sues you because they tripped on the stairs in your house, would the case be heard in a criminal or a civil court? 2. Would murder be an indictable or a summary offence? 3. If a contract is binding what does that mean for the signatories, i.e. the people who signed it? 4. How could a fine or other punishment be described if a magistrate is free to decide whether to award it or not? IV. What are the nouns associated with these words? Use a dictionary to help you. From these verbs – abrogate contravene impeach infringe pervert From these adjectives – indictable discretionary statutory V. Choose one of the nouns you found in exercise IV to complete each of these sentences. 1. The …… is read out to the accused at the beginning of a trial. 2. The magistrates can choose the most appropriate penalty at their own …… . 3. Some people consider …… of others’ rights as being as serious a crime as theft. 4. Many rules relating to employment are set by …… . 5. The trial was criticised by many as a …… of justice.

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TEST I I. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence. a) Sally didn’t realize that she had broken/countered/denied the law. b) The police have banned/cancelled/refused parking in this street. c) I must remember to get a/an agreement/licence/permission for my television. d) The president admitted that there had been a breakdown of law and crime/government/order. e) Jim’s parents wouldn’t agree/allow/let him go to the demonstration. f) Carlos was arrested because he had entered the country falsely/illegally/ wrongly. g) Talking to other students is against the law/orders/rules of the examination. h) The two men were arrested before they could commit/make/perform any more crimes, i) I had to take the company to court/justice/law to get the money they owed me. j) Smoking is compulsory/prohibited/refused near the petrol tanks. II. Match each person in the list with the description given. blackmailer forger hooligan murderer shoplifter vandal burglar hijacker kidnapper pickpocket smuggler witness a) This person takes control of a plane or boat by force. b) This person sees what happens during a crime or accident. c) This person brings goods into the country illegally. d) This person might steal food from a supermarket. e) This person kills someone on purpose. f) This person takes people and demands money for their return. g) This person makes illegal copies of paintings, documents etc. h) This person damages other people’s property. i) This person might steal your wallet in a crowd. j) This person steals from houses. k) This person gets money from others by threatening to tell secrets. l) This person causes trouble at football matches. III. Complete each part sentence a) to j) with one of the endings 1) to 10). Use each ending once only. a) I decided to buy a burglar alarm after someone broke… b) When Alan was stopped outside the supermarket he ended… c) As it was Sheila’s first offence she was let… d) After climbing over the prison wall, Peter managed to get… e) The old couple who live opposite were taken… f) At the end of the trial Hilary was found… g) My neighbours admitted denting my car but got away… h) The bank at the end of the street was held… i) Nobody saw Jack cheating and he got away with… j) The hijackers took fifteen people… 18

1) …in by a salesman who cheated them out of their money. 2) …away by stealing a car parked nearby. 3) …up at the police station, charged with shoplifting. 4) …it, although everyone suspected what had happened. 5) …into my house and stole my stereo. 6) …off with only a warning. 7) …with paying only £50 damages. 8) …hostage and demanded £1,000,000 from the authorities. 9) …guilty and sentenced to six months in prison. 10)...up by two masked men last week. IV. Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use each word once only. accused evidence guilty lawyer statement charged fine jury sentence suspect a) The customs officers arrested Bob and …… him with smuggling. b) The police spent all morning searching the house for …… . c) Jean left her car in a no-parking area and had to pay a/an …… . d) Unfortunately at the end of the trial my brother was found …… . e) The trial took a long time as the …… couldn’t reach a verdict. f) George won his case because he had a very good defence …… . g) The police visited Dawn and asked her to make a/an …… . h) Because of his past criminal record, Brian was the main …… . i) Pauline decided to sue the police because she had been wrongly …… . j) The murderer of the children received a life …… . V. Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence. a) Most schools in my country no longer have …… punishment. A) physical B) capital C) bodily D) corporal b) The policemen following the robbers were in …… clothes. A) plain B) ordinary C) normal D) simple c) The two old ladies were …… of their purses. A) stolen B) attacked C) robbed D) snatched d) At the end of the story, the hero manages to arrest the …… . A) offenders B) villains C) wrongs D) evils e) I had to answer question A because it was …… . A) compulsory B) necessary C) a must D) an obligation f) Charles could not …… having been at the scene of the crime. A) refuse B) object C) deny D) alter g) As there was no evidence, the judge dismissed the …… . A) trial B) witness C) court D) case h) If your dog damages your neighbour’s property, you could be …… . A) guilty B) liable C) payable D) illegal 19

i) After ten years in prison, Stephen was …… and set free. A) pardoned B) released C) innocent D) forgiven j) The detective inspector told the young …… to make some tea. A) officer B) official C) guardian D) police VI. Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. a) They said that John had stolen the money. They accused………………………………………………. b) Ian said that he hadn’t punched anybody. Ian denied…………………………………………………… c) ‘OK, Andy, you can go now,’ said the detective. The detective gave Andy…………………………………... d) ‘James Frogget, you will go to prison for ten years,’ said the judge. The judge sentenced……………………………………….. c) ‘I forged the signature,’ said Mary. Mary admitted……………………………………………… f) Harry stole £30,000 and was arrested. Harry was arrested…………………………………………. g) ‘We saw the accused break into the car,’ said the witnesses. The witnesses stated………………………………………… h) Graham said that he wouldn’t go to the police station. Graham refused…………………………………………….. i) ‘It’s true,’ said Norman, ‘I murdered Alan.’ Norman confessed to………………………………………. j) ‘Can you come with me, please,’ the detective said to Helen. The detective asked…………………………………………

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INSTANT DISCUSSIONS ARE WE ALL CRIMINALS? I. Have you committed a crime? First answer the following questions on your own: 1. Have you ever stolen anything from a shop? 2. Have you ever taken something from your place of work or study – some paper or a pen? 3. Have you ever photocopied something at work or college without permission? 4. Have you ever not paid in a car park when you should have done? 5. Have you ever sent a private email while you were at work or used the office phone? 6. Have you ever kept something that you found? 7. Have you ever not declared something you should have done on your tax form? 8. Have you ever broken any traffic laws-speeding or parking, perhaps? Now compare your answers with a partner. II. Reading. Read the two articles and answer these questions: A) What did Stacy Truman do with the money she found? B) What did John and Darius Herbert do with the money they found? CLEANER JAILED Stacy Truman, 35, a cleaner at the Basingstoke branch of the Mid-West Bank, was jailed for ten months for the theft of £40,000 from the bank. Finding the safe open one morning, Ms. Truman took the money in what she described in court as a ‘moment of madness’. She then flew to France where she started spending the money. Two days later, stricken with guilt, she returned to Britain and gave herself up to the Basingstoke police, promising to pay back the money she had already spent. The judge said that her crime demanded an immediate prison sentence. Her solicitor described the sentence as harsh and said she would be appealing. HONESTY PRAISED BY POLICE Two boys who handed in a supermarket carrier bag containing £ 1,600 in cash were praised by the police yesterday. John Herbert, 11, and his brother Darius, 8, found the bag in a bush on their way to school and took it to the local police station. Police identified the bag from other contents as belonging to a local councilor. The boys were given a reward of £160, which they are intending to spend on football shirts and computer games. 21

III. Discussion. Discuss these questions in pairs or small groups: 1. If the boys had kept the money, would anybody have found out? 2. Do you think their reward was too much, too little, or about right? Why? 3. If the money the boys found had been yours, would you have given them a reward? 4. How did Stacy Truman think she would get away with her crime? 5. Do you think her prison sentence was too lenient, too harsh, or about right? Why? 6. What would you have done with the money in each situation? IV. Language 1. Match the phrases underlined in the sentences to the meanings in a-f below: 1. A woman answering to the thief’s description was caught on CCTV. 2. The police are looking into a number of burglaries in the area. 3. The thieves broke into the warehouse and stole some valuable carpets. 4. We thought he would go to prison, but he got away with a fine. 5. As it was his first offence, the judge let him off with a warning. 6. I thought we’d lost that book, but it turned up in a box in the attic. a) enter illegally; b) escape with a very light sentence; c) investigate; d) match; e) appear; f) let someone go free. V. Language 2. Complete this conversation with the correct form of the underlined verbs in Language 1 above: A: Have you heard? The police have caught the thieves who … (1) Jack’s home. B: That’s great. But it’s been ages since the burglary – how did they catch them? A: Well, the police were … (2) а bank robbery that happened last month. They found a couple of guys who … (3) the description that the bank clerk gave them. So they searched the flat where these guys were living. They didn’t find any money from the bank, but unfortunately for these guys a video recorder and a CD player from Jack’s house … (4). B: Wow! What’s going to happen now? A: Well, the thieves are saying that they don’t know anything. The stuff was given to them by a friend who’s gone to live in Australia. B: That’s not a very good story. A: No, but I think they may … (5) it. Apparently, the police want them … (6) with a warning. They don’t think they’ll win if the case goes to court. B: That’s terrible. They really should be going to prison. Jack was off work for weeks after it happened. 22

VI. Discussion. Recent figures in Britain suggest that more than one in five people would not give information about a crime to the police. Numbers varied according to the type of crime. Nearly one in ten said they would not give information – even for a rape or a murder. Almost a third said they would not give details of people using drugs. Would you contact the police if you had information about the following crimes: 1) a murder? 2) a rape? 3) a burglary at a friend’s home? 4) a burglary at the home of someone you don’t like? 5) young people using drugs in the city centre? 6) the son of a friend who is using drugs? 7) children buying alcohol underage? 8) a shopkeeper selling alcohol to underage children? VII. Discuss these questions with a partner. 1. You find a carrier bag full of money in a public toilet. Do you: a) keep it? b) leave it there? c) take it to the police? d) do something else? 2. You see a friend of yours removing a computer from your place of work/ study. Do you: a) assume she’s stealing it, but say nothing? b) assume she’s borrowing it and say nothing? c) tell the boss/principal? d) ask her what she’s doing? e) do something else? 3. You see somebody shoplifting in a supermarket. Do you: a) tell one of the assistants? b) tell the shoplifter to put it back? c) do nothing? d) do something else? 4. You discover a phone box that lets you make free international calls. Do you: a) call all your friends who live abroad? b) tell everyone you know about it? c) tell the phone company? d) do something else? VIII. Compare your answers with other pairs.

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NAMING AND SHAMING I. Discussion. 1. Match the following punishments to the definitions below: 1) a fine; 2) a prison sentence; 3) a suspended prison sentence; 4) community service; 5) tagging; 6) the death penalty; 7) corporal punishment; 8) solitary confinement; a) you go to prison; b) you have to pay money as a punishment; c) you have to spend some time working for the local community; d) you are beaten or punished physically in some way; e) you are killed (for example, by hanging, electrocution, or some other way); f) you can live at home, but if you commit another crime, you will be sent to prison; g) you are kept in prison on your own-away from other prisoners; h) you have an electronic device fitted to your body so that the police always know where you are. 2. Discuss these questions in pairs. 1. Which of the above punishments are used in your country? 2. What other punishments are used? 3. What is the reasoning behind each different type of punishment? 4. Which punishment is the most effective? Which is the least effective? II. Reading. Read the article below and then answer these questions: What sentences were given for a) shoplifting b) drunk driving? What does one woman think are the benefits of these sentences? LET THE PUNISHMENT FIT THE CRIME! In a number of courts in the US ‘naming and shaming’ is working. If you are found guilty of shoplifting, you may expect a fine or a short prison sentence, but you might actually receive a totally different punishment. You could have to spend a couple of weeks walking up and down the street outside the store you stole from, carrying a sign that reads: “I am a thief. Do not steal! This could be you.” This somewhat eccentric sentencing policy has an effect. Consider the drunk driver forced to confront the consequences of his actions every week for five years. His sentence was to write a one-dollar cheque every Friday to the man whose daughter he ran over. At the bottom of each cheque he had to write “For causing the death of your daughter.” Shamed offenders often do not like 24

their sentences – and that is the point. “Shame makes you stop and think,” says a woman with a recent conviction for theft. “It gave me humility, which helped me. And if other people see the sign, maybe they'll think twice before they commit a crime.” The only question is: how far will we go down this road? Will each town revive its public stocks? Will we soon be going along to throw tomatoes and rotten eggs at convicted criminals? And is this a step forward or a step back? III. Discussion. Look at these statements about the article you read. Decide if you agree or disagree. 1. I don’t think humiliation is a good way to punish people. In schools we don’t humiliate children any longer when they misbehave. We shouldn’t do it to adults either. 2. The punishment for the drunk driver is not enough. It’s a clever idea, but this man should also be spending a substantial time in prison. 3. I think the punishment for shoplifting is far too lenient. A few weeks in prison would be much more effective. 4. These types of punishment are a step back towards the middle ages. Surely civilisation has progressed since then. What will these people want next? Public hangings? Compare your answers in pairs or small groups. IV. Language. Find these words and expressions in the text above: sentence an offender conviction cause the death of... commit a crime a fine prison a criminal find someone guilty Complete the text below using appropriate forms of the words and phrases above: Darren Jackson, 31, of Oxford Road, Abingdon was … (1) yesterday of … (2) Abigail Hunt while driving under the influence of drink, judge Barbara Mowat … (3) Mr. Jackson to a £1,000 … (4) and three years in … (5) saying: “You have … (6) a very serious crime. And what is worse, you have a previous, similar … (7). You may think you are unlucky. I think you are a shameless … (8). I am giving you a harsh sentence in the hope that it will be a warning to other potential … (9).” Correct the wrong endings to this sentence: He should be

locked. put in bars. sent in prison.

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V. Discussion. In an effort to stop petty crime, your government wants to develop a new and radical system of punishments for dealing with minor criminals. Work in pairs and devise suitably imaginative punishments for people who: 1) steal stationery and pens from their employer; 2) break the speed limit when driving; 3) leave a restaurant without paying the bill; 4) pick pockets; 5) park illegally; 6) steal mobile phones.

“Excuse me, madam, but I have a reason to suspect…”

For example: People who steal mobile phones should: – be made to work in a call centre for two years; – spend one day a week for a year cleaning public phone boxes; – be fitted with an electronic device that blocks mobile phone signals for a distance of ten metres from the wearer. THE COST OF CRIME 1. Work in groups, discuss the following question. Crime is a growing problem in many countries. What do you think the main causes are? 2. Read the article. Cost of crime at £20.4 billion a year ACCORDING to a recent research survey, the cost of crime to individuals, businesses, taxpayers, and local authorities in England and Wales has now reached £20,4 billion a year. The research shows that £10 million of property is stolen every day. It estimates the cost of the Criminal Justice System, which includes the police and prisons, to be £9,5 billion. The cost to business is put at £7,5 billion; losses from car crime at £775 million; and goods stolen in domestic burglaries at £495 million. The £20,4 billion figure also includes the £2 billion cost of the private security industry and the £165 million paid in compensation to victims of violent crime. The research also shows that household and car insurance bills have risen by 20% in four years, due to a sharp increase in the number of claims for property theft.

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3. Read extracts from four interviews. Speaker 1 One crime expert said that expecting the police to prevent crime on their own is like expecting a nurse in a hospital to prevent road accidents and I completely agree with that. Everyone, that means social workers, schools, businesses, local authorities, as well as the Criminal Justice system, everyone needs to work together to prevent crime. If that happened I believe crime could be halved. Speaker 2 The government spends twice as much on the Criminal Justice system today as it did four years ago but the crime rate has doubled and it’s still rising, so the system just doesn’t work. If we used just one tenth of the money we spend punishing criminals on preventing crime we could save an enormous amount of money. Speaker 3 I understand why people with no hope of finding a job turn to a life of crime instead. They see crime as the only alternative. It’s their way of protesting against a society which they feel they don’t belong to. If people had jobs, they wouldn’t commit crimes. Speaker 4 We all pay a very high price for crime. It’s not just the cost of the police force – it’s higher taxes, higher insurance costs, and higher prices in the shops because of extra security. And of course there’s the enormous emotional cost – the fear of crime and the suffering of the people who are victims of crime. 4. Number the statements 1, 2, 3, or 4 to show which speaker’s opinion they express. a. There would be less crime if there was less unemployment. ________ b. If everyone worked together, we could reduce crime by 50%.________ с. If we spent more money on preventing crime, rather than on trying to find and punish the criminal, we would save ourselves a fortune.________ d. If we reduced crime, we would not only save a lot of money, we would also reduce the emotional costs of crime. ________ 5. Look through the extracts again and answer the questions. 1. Who does the first interviewee mean by everyone? 2. Why does the second interviewee believe the Criminal Justice system doesn’t work? 3. According to the third interviewee, why do people turn to crime? 4. What examples of the high price we all pay for crime does the fourth interviewee give?

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6. Read the newspaper article Study criticizes failure to prevent crime. Tick T (true) or F (false). According to the UK Crime study 1) video cameras help to reduce crime in car parks; 2) car manufacturers have improved car security; 3) improving home security does not reduce the risk of burglary; 4) the government has not dealt with the problem of young criminals. Study criticizes failure to prevent crime The latest UK Crime study criticizes the lack of crime prevention measures, and calls for much more to be done to reduce high crime rates. Car crime The study reported that 25% of all car crime takes place in car parks, and that in some car parks millions of pounds’ worth of cars were stolen every year. The study found levels of car crime were much lower in car parks that had video security systems. It estimated that there would have been 30% less car crime if all car park operators had installed video cameras. The study also criticized car manufacturers for not making any effort to improve car security: “Car manufacturers have known for years which cars are the favourites of car thieves. They should have fitted these cars with anti-theft systems. If they had done that, car thieves would have found them a lot less easy to steal.” Burglary One of the key findings of the study was that some people's homes had been broken into over and over again. The study was critical of home owners who had failed to improve security: “The owners should have followed the advice of the police. If they had made their homes more secure, they might have avoided another burglary.” Young criminals The study of crime in one town showed that some young offenders had started committing crimes at the age of nine or ten, and that by the age of sixteen they had cost the public over £1 million each. Many of them came from broken homes or had a parent with a criminal record. The study criticized the government for failing to deal with the problem: “The government should have set up schemes to help these children. If they had done that, the children might have stopped committing crimes. The schemes would have offered them an alternative to a life of crime.” 7. Identify the crimes in the headlines below. Use a dictionary to check the meaning of new words. Then complete the word-building table. Some of the words are in the headlines. 28

Hijacker kills passenger

Kidnap deadline passes

Mugger gets 12 months

Security cameras reduce shoplifting

Football hooligans sent home

Art thieves steal valuable paintings

Robbers caught in police chase

Drug smuggler sentenced

Man arrested in murder case

Burglar attacked by 60-year-old former boxing champion

Arson attack on school Rape victim identifies attacker Crime

Terrorist bomb made safe Criminal

arsonist

Verb to set fire to to burgle to smuggle

hijacking hooliganism kidnapper to mug murderer rapist robbery to shoplift terrorism theft

8. Match the words relating to crime in A with their definitions in B. A В 1. judge a. the decision: guilty or not guilty; 2. jury b. punishment of being killed; 3. evidenсе с. the legal process in court to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty; 4. trial d. information used during a trial; 5. death penalty e. person who gives evidence in a law court; 6. case f. crime that is investigated; 7. verdict g. the person who applies the law and decides on punishment; 8. witness h. group of 12 people in court who decide whether a person is guilty or not. 29

9. Work in groups. Discuss the following questions. 1. Which of the crimes in the table above do you think are the two most serious? Which do you think are the two least serious? 2. What do you think the punishment for the crimes should be? 3. What sort of crimes are usually reported in a. national b. local newspapers in your country? 4. Describe a crime you have heard or read about. Was the criminal caught? What was the punishment? CHILDREN’S LIFESTYLES – A CAUSE FOR CONCERN? 1. Work in groups. Discuss your opinions. 1. In what way are the lifestyles of children today different from when you were a child? 2. Do you think fear of crime has in any way restricted children's leisure activities? 2. Read the article quickly. Tick T (true) or F (false). According to the article 1) 80% of children in the UK walk to school today; 2) children are less active today than in the 1930s; 3) children get plenty of physical exercise at school; 4) researchers believe an inactive lifestyle is a health risk; 5) the risk of a child being killed by a stranger is very small; 6) press reporting reduces fear of crime; 7) an over-protective attitude to children is harmful. “Images from the past show us children playing out of doors... Now they are imprisoned by their parents’ fear of crime” In the 1970s, 80% of children in the UK walked to school unaccompanied. Now only 9% do. The rise of the motor car, combined with terror of crime, has turned children into sedentary captives. Where old-fashioned images show children playing out of doors, in the street or in parks, these days they are more likely to be found slouched over video games and television sets. Children today use up an estimated one-quarter fewer calories than they did in the 1930s and experts, worried about the long-term health effects of childhood inactivity, are warning of a future health crisis. One physiologist who checked children’s heart rates during school physical education activities found that only a handful ever got their heart rates up through exercise sufficiently to be of any benefit. One researcher was struck with horror when children came round to his door asking him to sponsor a fourmile walk, as if this was a great challenge. He used to walk a four-mile round trip to school every day of the week in his own childhood.

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Some researchers are now saying that an inactive lifestyle brings with it a risk factor equivalent to a packet of cigarettes a day, or even that it may be a higher risk than either smoking or high blood pressure. If so, that is a serious cause for concern for our children’s generation. What has been the chief cause of this disastrous change in children’s lives? The car, the video game, and the TV have played their part, but the most important factor is the unreasonable fear of crime. Children are imprisoned by their parents’ fear. Women and old people are afraid to go out alone and at night, but the effect on children is far worse. Yet the chances of a child being hurt or killed by a stranger are so small that it is a tragedy to think of all those millions of children living a confined life indoors, because of the rare horror story that grips the imagination. If it weren’t for this largely imagined danger, most parents would like the idea of their children walking to school and learning independence at a suitable age. But the way crimes are reported by the popular press greatly increases fear of crime. If something horrible does happen to a child, there is an implied question ‘What were the parents doing letting that child out alone?’ which is deeply unfair. We have to start replacing fear of crime, largely unrealistic, with a new fear for our children: of physical damage through idleness, and psychological damage through an over-protective attitude that never lets them explore the world around them. Adapted from article in Radio Times by Polly Toynbee

3. Work in pairs. Explain the underlined words and phrases, or guess their meaning from the context. 1) walked to school unaccompanied; 2) only a handful; 3) a risk factor equivalent to; 4) disastrous change; 5) that grips the imagination. 4. Find words or phrases in the text that mean. 1) extreme fear; 2) inactive prisoners; 3) sitting in a lazy way; 4) very shocked; 5) to give money for charity after a specific activity; 6) worry or anxiety; 7) restricted; 8) suggested in an indirect way; 9) allowing; 10)laziness.

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5. Read four people’s opinions on the article. Number the statements 1, 2, 3, or 4 to show which speaker’s opinion they express. Speaker 1 Well, I live in the country and I let my children play outdoors and walk to school by themselves. But I’m sure that if I lived in a big town I wouldn’t let them do that. Cities today are dangerous places. I know many parents who live in cities and they would like to give their children a lot more freedom but they are worried about their children’s safety. They feel that if anything bad happened it would be their fault. Speaker 2 Well, I agree with the author’s description of children as sedentary captives. I think many parents feel their children aren’t safe playing outside in the streets so they stay indoors instead. And children who don’t get enough exercise are sure to grow up less healthy than children who do. Maybe to talk of a ‘health crisis’ in the future is a bit strong but these inactive children will probably have more health problems and heart attacks when they're older. Speaker 3 I think what the author says about the danger of physical and psychological damage to children is a very real danger. It’s certainly bad for children to be protected too much. They have to learn to be independent – to stand on their own two feet! And she's right in saying the real risk of children being attacked by strangers is very small. If you look at the statistics they show that it’s babies under a year old that are the most likely victims and their attackers are not strangers but people in the family. Speaker 4 I agree with a lot of what the author says but I understand very well why parents don’t want to let their children go out alone. Maybe the risk is small but who wants to take any risk, even a small one? You only need to read one newspaper report of the murder of a child to realize that the dangers are there and you need to protect your children. Imagine being the parent of a murdered child, saying to yourself for the rest of your life “If I’d been more careful, it would never have happened”. That must be really awful. Speaker a. Inactivity in childhood is likely to result in poor health later in life. b. It’s better to be safe than sorry. If not, you could regret it for the rest of your life. с. The amount of freedom you can give children depends on where you live. d. Children are much more at risk of being damaged by inactivity and overprotection than they are of being victims of crime. 6. Work in groups. Give your opinion of the article and of the views expressed by the speakers. 32

7. Project. Work in groups. Write six to eight questions for a public opinion survey to find out people’s views on crime, e.g. causes, people’s fears, what should be done, etc. Then work in pairs and interview a student from another group. The groups discuss the results and present their findings to the class. AN EYE FOR AN EYE 1. What is capital punishment? Can you name any countries which have it? How many arguments can you think of for and against its use? 2. As you read the article and the missing paragraphs, check to see if your answers and ideas are mentioned. Which of the arguments do you agree with? 3. Read the article and the missing paragraphs again. Choose from the paragraphs A–G the one which fits each gap 1–6. There is one extra paragraph which you don’t need to use. The Hangman’s Rope Capital punishment has been used throughout history, although its methods and the crimes for which it is used have changed over the centuries. 1. In the USA, 85% of the population over the age of 21 approve of the death penalty. In many states which still have the death penalty, some use the electric chair, which can take up to 20 minutes to kill, while others use gas or lethal injections. 2. The first of these was the case of Ruth Ellis, who was hanged for shooting her lover in what was generally regarded as a crime of passion. The second was the posthumous pardon of Timothy Evans, hanged for murders which, it was later proved, had been committed by someone else. 3. The pro-hanging lobby uses four main arguments to support its call for the reintroduction of capital punishment. First there is the deterrence theory, which argues that potential murderers would think twice before committing the act if they knew that they might die if they were caught. The armed bank robber might, likewise, go back to being unarmed. 4. The other two arguments are more suspect. The idea of retribution demands that criminals should get what they deserve: if a murderer intentionally sets out to commit a crime, he should accept the consequences. Retribution, which is just another word for revenge, is supported by the religious doctrine of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.

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5. The arguments against the death penalty are largely humanitarian. But there are also statistical reasons for opposing it: the deterrence figures do not add up. In Britain, 1903 was the record year for executions and yet in 1904 the number of homicides actually rose. There was a similar occurrence in 1946 and 1947. If the deterrence theory were correct, the rate should have fallen. 6. The other reasons to oppose the death penalty are largely a matter of individual conscience and belief. One is that murder is murder and the state has no more right to take a life than the individual. The other is that Christianity preaches forgiveness, not revenge. A. By contrast, in Britain, public opinion started to turn against the use of capital punishment after the Second World War. A number of well-publicised cases in the fifties, two in particular, helped to bring about this swing. B. The next argument in favour of bringing back capital punishment concerns public security. If the death penalty were reinstated, it would mean that a convicted murderer could not be set free after serving 20 years or less of a life sentence and be able to go on to murder again. Consequently, the general public would be safer. C. As a consequence, juries were unwilling to convict. This brought about a gradual reduction in the use of a death penalty until finally it was decided that it should only be available for murder and serious violent crimes. D. Nowadays not only are the methods different but more importantly not everyone agrees that capital punishment should be used. People are divided into two distinct groups; those for and those against. This is because this issue is black and white; there is no grey area. E. The fourth and last pro-hanging argument is the most cold-blooded. It is that it makes economic sense to hang convicted murderers rather than keep them in prison wasting taxpayers’ money. F. However, despite this change of opinion, the death penalty was not actually abolished in Britain until 1965. And even now there are many people both inside and outside Parliament who would like it to be reintroduced. There have been 14 attempts to bring back hanging since its abolition. G. The second main argument against reintroducing capital punishment is that innocent people are sometimes wrongly convicted, and while people can be released from prison, they cannot be brought back from the dead if they have been hanged. 4. Which form of capital punishment does the author appear to find the most barbaric? Justify your answer. “There have been 14 attempts to bring back hanging since its abolition.” What does this tell us about British politicians’ views on hanging?

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5. Choose the best meaning for the words in italics from the article. 1. A convicted murderer. A. determined; B. declared guilty by the jury; C. one who has committed murder before. 2. The other two arguments are more suspect. A. questionable; B. understandable; C. justifiable. 3. The fourth pro-hanging argument is the most cold-blooded. A. convincing; B. controversial; C. unfeeling. 4. The arguments against the death penalty are largely humanitarian. A. mainly; B. especially; C. also. 6. Read the text below and decide which word A, B, C or D best fits each gap. Crime prevention You can make life more difficult for thieves by (1)_____ your wallet in an inside pocket instead of a back pocket. But make sure that you still have it if someone bumps into you in a (2)_____. Most pickpockets are very skilful. Never let your handbag out of your (3)_____. On public transport, (4)_____hold of it. You are also (5)_____ to take traveller’s cheques rather than cash when you go abroad, and to use cash dispensers which are on (6)_____ streets, or are well lit at night. A quarter of all crimes are car thefts or thefts of things from cars, like car audio systems. If your car is (7)_____, you may not get it back. One in four are never found, and even if it is, it may be badly (8)_____. Always lock all doors and windows, and think about fitting a car alarm too. If you are buying a new car audio system, it is (9)_____choosing one that is security-coded or removable by the driver. These precautions will help to (10)_____ thieves. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

A A A A A A A A A A

taking mass view keep suggested main robbed hurt beneficial put off

B B B B B B B B B B

holding band sight catch told important burgled damaged practical put down

C C C C C C C C C C 35

carrying crowd visibility take informed principal stolen spoilt worthwhile put out

D D D D D D D D D D

bringing group vision have advised major hijacked injured sensible put back

7. You are going to read two articles. The first is an advantages and disadvantages composition and the second is an opinion composition. Read the first question in the box. How many advantages and disadvantages can you think of? Read Text 1. How many of your ideas are mentioned? Community service is being used more and more as a punishment for young offenders, as an alternative to imprisonment. What are the main advantages and disadvantages of this system? Read the second question in the box. Think of arguments you could use to disagree with the statement. Then read Text 2 and see how many of your ideas are mentioned. Many people think that community service is a better punishment for young offenders than locking them up in prisons or special institutions. Do you agree? Text 1 Nowadays young people who are convicted of a crime are as likely to be given community service as they are to be locked up. Naturally, this system has both advantages and disadvantages. In the first place, young offenders are often first offenders. If they are sent to prison, they may be pushed towards a life of crime. In contrast, community service may help integrate them into society. Another advantage is that it is a cheaper alternative to prison as the offender continues to live at home. Besides, the offender is giving something back to the community instead of taking from it. The main advantage is that while the idea of going to prison might act as a deterrent for some people, community service would not. Also, not all young offenders are first offenders. Some have been committing crimes from an early age and are already hardened criminals. They would regard community service as a ‘soft option’. To sum up, it seems that there are as many advantages as disadvantages, and that while community service may work for some offenders, it fails for others. Text 2 I do not agree that it is preferable to give young offenders community service instead of imprisonment, unless the crime they have committed is minor, such as petty theft. First of all, I believe that if someone commits a crime, they should be punished for it. But, while prison punishes offenders by taking away their freedom, community service does not punish them at all. In my opinion, young people need to be taught from an early age that crime does not pay. Another reason why I am against community service is that it does not make people think twice before committing a crime. The only real deterrent is the thought of possibly facing a prison sentence if they are caught.

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To conclude, community service should, in my view, only be used as an alternative to locking young offenders up when the crime is minor and is a first offence. I believe that this view is shared by most victims of crime, who wish to see the people pay the price for the suffering they have caused. 8. Express your own opinion on everything you’ve read. Do you think the role of prison should be to punish or to reform criminals? What changes would you make to the system of dealing with prisoners in your country? MURDER MYSTERIES I. Read Jack the Ripper – case closed? and answer these questions. 1. Where and when did the murders take place? 2. How did ‘Jack the Ripper’ get his name? 3. How many murders were there? 4. How long did the murders go on for? 5. Who do the suspects include? 6. What does Patricia Cornwell usually do? 7. How did she try to solve the mystery? Jack the Ripper – case closed? One of the great unsolved murder mysteries of all time is that of Jack the Ripper. In the autumn of 1888 a brutal murderer walked the dark, foggy streets of London, terrorizing the inhabitants of the city. The victims were all women and the police seemed powerless to stop the murders. Panic and fear among Londoners was increased by a letter sent by the murderer to Scotland Yard. In the letter he made fun of police’s attempts to catch him and promised to kill again. It finished, ‘Yours truly, Jack the Ripper’. This was the first of many letters sent to the police. The murders continued – seven in total. But in November, they suddenly stopped, three months after they had first begun. Jack the Ripper was never caught and for more than a century historians, writers, policemen, and detectives have tried to discover and prove his identity. Hundreds of articles and books been written and many films made about the murders. But the question ‘Who was Jack the Ripper?’ has remained unanswered. There have been plenty of suspects, including a doctor, a businessman, a painter, and even a member of the royal family. Three years ago the American crime writer Patricia Cornwell left aside her fictional detective, Kay Scarpetta, and tried to solve the real-life murder mystery of Jack the Ripper. After spending a considerable amount of time and money on her investigation, and analyzing DNA samples, Cornwell thinks she has proved who Jack the Ripper really was...

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II. Now read the first part of an interview with Ken Morton, an expert on Jack the Ripper. Complete the information about the suspects. Tick the person who Patricia Cornwell says is Jack the Ripper. Interviewer: Good morning and thank you for coming, Mr Morton – or should it be Inspector Morton – you were a detective with Scotland Yard, weren’t you? Ken: Yes, that’s right. For twenty-five years. I retired last year. Interviewer: People today are still fascinated by the identity of Jack the Ripper, more than a hundred years after the crimes were committed. It’s incredible, isn’t it? Ken: Well, it’s not really that surprising. People are always interested in unsolved murders – and Jack the Ripper has become a sort of cult horror figure. Interviewer: Who are the main suspects? Ken: Well, there are a lot of them. But probably the best known are Prince Albert, Queen Victoria’s grandson, the artist Walter Sickert, and a Liverpool cotton merchant called James Maybrick. Interviewer: Patricia Cornwell in her book ‘Jack the Ripper – case closed?’ says that she has identified the murderer. Who does she think it was? Ken: Well, she’s convinced that Jack the Ripper was Walter Sickert, the painter.

Prince Albert, Queen Victoria’s________

_________ Maybrick, a cotton merchant

Walter Sickert, an __________

III. Read the second part of the interview and mark the sentences T (true) or F (false). Correct the false sentences. 1. Cornwell’s evidence is mainly scientific. 2. She took DNA samples from a letter written by Sickert. 3. Art lovers were angry with Cornwell. 4. Sickert was probably abroad at the time of the murders. 5. Maybrick confessed to the murders in a letter. 6. Ken Morton thinks that Prince Albert was a serial killer. 7. He doesn’t want to say who he thinks the murderer is. 8. He doesn’t think the mystery will be solved soon. 38

Interviewer: What evidence did she discover? Ken: Well, she mainly used DNA analysis. She actually bought a painting by Sickert at great expense and she cut it up to get the DNA from it – people in the art world were furious. Interviewer: I can imagine. Ken: And then she compared the DNA from the painting with DNA taken from the letters that Jack the Ripper sent to the police. Patricia Cornwell says that she’s 99% certain that Walter Sickert was Jack the Ripper. Interviewer: But you don’t think she’s right, do you? Ken No, I don’t. I don’t think her scientific evidence is completely reliable and there’s a lot of evidence which says that Sickert was in France not London when some of the women were killed. Interviewer: There’s been another recent theory, hasn’t there? About James Maybrick? Do you think he was the murderer? Ken Well, somebody found a diary which is supposed to be his, where he admits to being Jack the Ripper. But nobody has been able to prove that the diary is genuine and, personally, I don’t think he was the murderer. Interviewer: And Prince Albert, the Queen’s grandson? Ken: This for me is the most ridiculous theory. I can’t seriously believe that a member of the royal family could be a serial murderer. In any case, Prince Albert was in Scotland when at least two of the murders were committed. Interviewer: So, who do you think the murderer was? Ken: I can’t tell you because I don’t know. Interviewer: So you don’t think we’ll ever solve the mystery? Ken: No, I wouldn't say that. I think one day the mystery will be solved. Some new evidence will appear and we'll be able to say that the case of Jack the Ripper is finally closed. But at the moment it’s still a mystery, and people like a good mystery. IV. Read the text below and mark the sentences T (True) or F (False). 1. More than 40 films have been made about Jack. ____ 2. The Lodger was a horror film. ____ 3. The 1959 film mixed real and invented details.____ 4. Sherlock Holmes wasn't a real person.____ 5. Johnny Depp played the part of Jack the Ripper. ____ 6. In real life there were many clues to help discover Jack’s identity. ____ 7. Time After Time showed that Jack the Ripper was more violent than today’s murderers. ____ 8. A TV cowboy show was based on the Jack the Ripper story. ____ 9. The TV documentary about Jack the Ripper gave proof of his identity. ____ 10.People prefer not to find out the truth. ____

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Jack The Ripper At The Movies Who was Jack the Ripper? That question has interested everyone from police inspectors to armchair detectives for over a century, and the film industry is no exception. In 1926, the famous director, Alfred Hitchcock, made his first thriller, The Lodger, which was based on the Jack the Ripper story. A 1959 film generally follows the real events but doesn’t use any real names, and introduces an American policeman to help solve the murder mystery. In 1965, A Study In Terror put Jack the Ripper against the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. Holmes ultimately succeeds in finding Jack the Ripper, but had to face him again in Murder By Decree in 1979. Even the famous horror film producers, Hammer Films, made two movies based on the Ripper. One of the biggest recent films starred Johnny Depp as a policeman searching for Jack the Ripper in the 2001 film From Hell. With so few clues and methods of detection at the time, it seems the only way we might discover the real identity of Jack the Ripper would be to go back in time to one of the crime scenes before a murder occurs. In 1979’s Time After Time, H.G. Wells uses a time machine to find the murderer. And the film makes an interesting point – that compared with today’s violence and crime, Jack the Ripper is almost an amateur! Over the years, television has also taken its inspiration from the Ripper case for a number of shows, ranging from the western Cimarron Strip to science fiction in Star Trek. Today there are hundreds of books, articles, films, websites, and guided tours, and even a recent musical and CD. But why so much interest? In 2000, a television documentary concluded that, even if someone had proof of the Ripper’s identity, people still would not believe them. Perhaps in some way we want the bloody mystery of Jack the Ripper to remain just that – a mystery. V. Read the text again. Find compound nouns which mean the following. 1) people who enjoy solving crimes by just sitting at home and thinking; 2) a type of film, e.g. Dracula, Frankenstein; 3) the place where a crime, e.g. a murder, takes place; 4) a machine which can travel back to the past or into the future; 5) a kind of novel (or film) about space and fantasy; 6) a TV programme about real life, e.g. animals, history, etc. SHOPLIFTING – HARMLESS THRILL OR SERIOUS CRIME? 1. Read the article. Use a dictionary if necessary. ‘I don’t regard it as stealing, I regard it as a badly needed reallocation of economic resources.’ – a church of England priest. Picture the following scenario. The front door of a department store opens, and through it enter two teenage girls dressed in style. They walk down an aisle to the cosmetics section. A uniformed security guard follows but stops 40

when he is about ten meters from them, assuming a stance with his arms behind his back. He watches the girls as they casually finger the lipsticks and mascara. They glance at the guard, who is keeping his eyes on them. Emotion wells up inside them. One of the girls moves to the nail polish and picks up a couple of bottles. Her nose wrinkles as she pretends to evaluate two similar shades of red. She sets one bottle down and picks up another of a slightly darker hue. The security guard lowers his gaze and turns to look in the opposite direction. As if on cue, the girls slip lipsticks and bottles of nail polish into their handbags. Their faces look calm, but their emotions are now boiling. They stay in the aisle for a few more minutes, one gazing at emery boards, while eyebrow pencils occupy the other’s attention. The two look at each other, exchange nods, and begin walking to the front of the store. The security guard steps aside, and they smile at him as they pass. Moving to the cell-phone accessories directly opposite the cashier, they look at the display. Whispered comments about the leather cell-phone cases pass between them. Then they start toward the exit. With each step, the fire inside them heats up and increases the pressure of fright and thrill. As the girls cross the threshold, they feel like screaming, but their lips remain, closed. Once outside, an emotional rush paints their faces redder than any makeup could. The storm inside them dies down, and they sigh deeply with relief. The girls briskly stride off, but they cannot stop giggling. One thought fills their minds: ‘We got away with it!’ The two girls are just imaginary, but the scenario we have described is only too real. Shoplifting occurs an estimated one million times each day in the United States alone, but it is a global problem. As we shall see, it causes tremendous harm. Most shoplifters, however, pay little heed to the devastation they cause. Even many who are able to pay prefer to steal. Why? Why do people shoplift? If there is any truth to the legends, Robin Hood felt at liberty to steal. English folklore tells us that he robbed from the rich and gave to the poor. The clergyman quoted above also believes that poverty is a valid motive for stealing. He says of shoplifters: “I have every sympathy for them, in fact I think they are fully justified.” He suggests that large stores should open their doors to the poor one day each year and allow them to take whatever is on the shelves without paying. Many shoplifters, however, are driven by motives other than poverty. In Japan the police arrested two of their fellow officers for shoplifting. In the United States, a board member of a nonprofit food cooperative was caught stealing from the cooperative’s store. Teenagers with money in their pockets frequently steal things they don’t need. What drives such people to shoplift? ‘It Feels Good’ Thrills. Fright. Power. Like the two girls in the preceding section, some who shoplift get a big dose of these sensations, and the desire to drink from that 41

emotional torrent keeps them stealing again and again. After stealing for the first time, one woman said: “I felt excited. I’d gotten away with it and it was thrilling!” About her feelings after stealing for some time, she later commented: “I was ashamed of myself – but also exhilarated. I felt really alive. Stealing and not getting caught gave me a tremendous sense of power.” A young man named Hector says that for months after he stopped shoplifting, he felt the urge to steal again. “It followed me around like an addiction. I would be in a mall and see a radio in a store window and think, It would be so easy to take that thing. I could do it and never get caught.” Some who shoplift for the emotional rush do not want the items they steal. One Indian newspaper states: “Psychologists say the thrill of doing the forbidden is what drives these people... Some even replace the stolen goods.” Other Reasons Depression affects tens of millions of people. At times, afflicted ones act out their depression through bad behavior – such as shoplifting. The family of a 14-year-old girl was stable and well-off materially. Despite her advantages, a hopeless feeling hung over the teenager “like a cloud”. “I couldn’t get away from it,” she said. She began using alcohol and drugs. Then one day she was caught shoplifting. Two attempts at suicide followed. If a well-behaved youth suddenly begins shoplifting, parents might take emotional trouble into account. Dr. Richard MacKenzie, who specializes in adolescent health, said: “I believe that any kind of behavior that is unusual for your child should be thought of as possible depression until proven otherwise.” Some young people shoplift because of peer pressure – such theft may be the price of admission into a group of friends. Others may shoplift to dispel boredom. Professional shoplifters make their living by theft. Whatever the reason, thieves take millions of dollars in goods from stores every day. Someone has to pay the bill. Kleptomania ‘Ever since I was a teenager,’ says Maria, ‘I’ve had problems with shoplifting. The urge became worse and worse until I was stealing up to $500 of merchandise a day. ‘It is not in my heart to steal, but the urge becomes very powerful. I really want to change.’ Because her impulse to steal is so difficult to control, Maria suspects that her problem is kleptomania. The word ‘kleptomania’ means ‘a persistent neurotic impulse to steal especially without economic motive. ’Not a simple addiction, it appears to spring from deep-seated emotional problems. Some loosely call habitual thieves kleptomaniacs, but doctors believe that true kleptomania is rare. According to the American Psychiatric Association, less than 5 percent of those who shoplift suffer from that disorder. So prudence is in order before attributing the practice of shoplifting to kleptomania. There may be other reasons why a person steals. 42

In Japan a store owner caught a young boy stealing and called the police. When the officers arrived, the young boy took off running. The police gave chase. As the boy was crossing a railroad track, he was struck by a train and killed. Because of the publicity that ensued, some condemned the store owner for calling the police. He closed his business until the furor died down. After he reopened, shoplifters invaded once again. However, memories of his recent ordeal made him fearful of confronting the thieves. His store became known as an easy target. Before long, he had to close his store for good. Granted, that case was more tragic than most, but it serves to illustrate an important truth. Shoplifting is very costly – in many ways and to many people. How the Stores Pay Shoplifting costs the world’s merchants many billions of dollars every year. Some people estimate that the losses in the United States alone exceed $40 billion. How many businesses can afford to lose their share of such a sum? Many stores are overwhelmed. When thieves invade the aisles of a store, the work of a lifetime may be endangered. “Together with competition, shoplifting is one more thing to worry about. I don’t know how much longer we can stay in business,” says Luke, a store owner in New York City. He cannot afford an electronic security system. Regarding the thieves, he says: “Anybody could be doing it, even my good customers.” Some believe that Luke’s problem is not serious. “These stores make a lot of money,” they say, “so, what I take makes no difference.” But are retail profits truly so great? Stores in some places add 30, 40, or 50 percent to the price they pay for an item, but that percentage is not clear profit. The merchant uses the additional revenue to pay operating costs, such as rent, taxes, employee salaries and benefits, building maintenance, equipment repairs, insurance, electricity, water, heating fuel, telephone, and security systems. After expenses, his profit may be 2 or 3 percent. So when someone steals from a store, part of the merchant's livelihood goes out the door. What About Petty Theft? While in a store with his mother, a small boy goes by himself to where the sweets are located. There he opens a package and slides a candy bar into his pocket. Does such small-value shoplifting affect the store? In its brochure Curtailing Crime – Inside and Out, the U.S. Small Business Administration says this: “Petty thievery may not seem like a major crime to the casual crook who pockets a ballpoint pen here, a pocket calculator there. But to the small business fighting for survival, it’s murder.” Because profit margins are so small, in order to recoup an annual shoplifting loss of $1,000, a retailer must sell an additional 900 candy bars or 380 cans of soup every day. So the harm to a business is great if many little boys are stealing candy bars. Therein lies the problem. Tens of millions of people, young and old, rich and poor, from all races and backgrounds, are stealing from markets and stores. With what result? The U.S. National Crime Prevention Council reports that almost a third of all busi43

nesses in the United States are forced to close because of stealing. There is no doubt that businesses in other countries are under the same threat. The Customer Pays Prices go up when people steal from stores. Hence, in some areas consumers pay $300 a year in higher prices because of shoplifting. This means that if you earn $60 a day, you work the equivalent of one week each year to pay for what others steal. Can you afford that? To retired people subsisting on a pension or to a single mother struggling to support her family, losing a week’s income in this way can be crushing. The costs do not end there. An entire neighborhood may suffer when the shop on the corner closes. Shoplifting is reportedly what recently caused a drugstore in a close-knit American community to close its doors. To get their medications, many elderly and infirm residents now have to travel two and a half kilometers to another pharmacy. “Try that in a wheelchair,” one official said. The High Price Parents Pay Bruce is a man of high moral standards who teaches his children to be honest. One day his daughter was caught stealing. “I was devastated,” he says. “Imagine getting a phone call telling you that your daughter has been caught shoplifting. We spent years raising our daughter to be a good person, and now this. We never thought that she would rebel in this way.” Bruce was consumed with worries about his daughter and her future. Further, he resigned his position as a volunteer religious teacher. “How could I look at the congregation from the platform? How could I, with a good conscience, instruct them about raising their children? I did not feel right.” His daughter seems to have thought little of how her crimes would affect him. How the Shoplifters Pay When store managers, caught shoplifters in times past, they often issued a stern warning and let the thief go. Today proprietors frequently have even first time offenders arrested. The thieves then realize that their crime has serious consequences. A young woman named Natalie found this out for herself. “The more I stole, the more confident I became,” Natalie said. “I figured even if I got caught, the lawyer and court fees would still cost less than if I had paid for all the killer clothes.” Natalie was wrong. She was caught stealing a dress, and the police took her away in handcuffs. At the police station, she was fingerprinted and locked in a cell with other criminals. There she spent hours waiting while her parents arranged to bail her out. Natalie says this to anyone thinking of stealing: “Take my advice, and just buy the stupid dress or jeans. If you choose to steal,” she says, “you’ll regret it for a very long time.” A criminal record is cause for regret. To their chagrin, convicted shoplifters may find that their offense does not pass into oblivion but shows up to haunt them again and again, like a stain on a dress or a shirt. A shoplifter may have to declare his crime when seeking admittance to a university. He may have difficulties entering a profession, such as medicine, dentistry, or architecture. Companies may 44

think twice about giving him a job. And these problems can arise even though he has paid the penalty imposed by the court and never steals again. Shoplifting can be costly even if the offender is not convicted. Hector, mentioned earlier, discovered that. “I always got away with it,” he says. “I was never caught stealing.” But he had a bill to pay. He says in reflection: “I think that young people should understand one thing: You reap what you sow. Even if the police never catch you, you will pay.” 2. Find English equivalents for the following words and word combinations: проход между витринами (в супермаркете), трогать, бросить взгляд, закипать, морщиться, оттенок, пристальный взгляд, как по команде, пилочка для ногтей, уходить быстрым шагом, хихикать, огромный (гигантский), не придавать значения, не считать предосудительным, священник, бедность, веский, член правления, некоммерческий, стремительный поток, пристыженный, в приподнятом настроении, галерея магазинов, страдающий, выразить подавленные (импульсы, желания каким-л. действием), благополучный, нависать, сверстник, рассеивать, порыв (побуждение), устойчивый, пагубная привычка, укоренившийся, неточно, осмотрительность, преследовать, следовать, осуждать, суровое испытание, превышать, конкуренция, выручка, эксплуатационные расходы, горючее для отопительных целей, сокращение, жулик, связанный тесными узами, кресло-каталка, бунтарь, в прошлом, строгий, наручники, снимать отпечатки пальцев, освобождать из заключения под залог, огорчение, быть забытым, что посеешь, то и пожнёшь 3. Discuss the article with your partner. Do you think shoplifting is a harmless thrill or serious crime? Support your opinion. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 1. Listen to the newspaper article and think of a headline for it. (Straightforward. Intermediate. Work Book. Track 33) 2. Listen again and answer the questions: 1) Why did the judge have to speak to the jury? 2) Why did the judge say that the robbery was not a joke? 3) Why did the robber go into a toy shop? 4) Why did they go into a launderette? 5) Why did Michal fall over? 6) Why did no one reply to Laurence’s demands? 7) Why did Laurence fall over? 8) Why did the police arrest the brothers? 3. Do you agree with the judge’s sentence? Why or why not? 4. You will hear about nine famous people connected to one of the crimes 1–9. Listen and match the people to the crimes (Innovations. Intermediate. Course Book. p. 132, ex. 2). 45

1) murder; 6) possession of drugs; 2) vandalism; 7) burglary; 3) tax evasion; 8) rape; 4) drink-driving; 9) lying in court. 5) speeding; 5. Listen again and reproduce. 6. Match the sentences 1–6 to the pictures A–F. 1) My handbag was snatched. 2) My mobile phone was stolen. 3) I got mugged at knife point. 4) Someone broke into my car. 5) There’s a lot of vandalism in some areas. 6) A lot of kids go shoplifting in the big department stores.

7. You are going to hear about four of the crimes in the pictures A–F. As you listen, decide which person is talking about which picture (Innovations. Intermediate. Course Book. p. 135, ex. 4). Person 1___ Person 2___ Person 3___ Person 4___ 46

8. Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the verbs: cancel, get away with, hold, leave, let, report, smash, snatch. 1) They ___ a gun to my head. It was terrifying! 2) I came out of the house this morning and saw that my car windscreen had been ___ ! 3) I was so stupid. I somehow managed to ___ my keys at home. 4) They broke into my car and ___ my suitcase, which I’d left in the boot. 5) I want to ___ that I’ve had my bag snatched. 6) I’d just left my house when I had my digital camera ___ by this man. 7) We’d better ___ the police know about that boy we saw shoplifting. 8) All my credit cards were stolen, so I had to have them ___ straightaway. 9) All the sentences above are slightly different to what happens in the conversations on the recording. Can you correct each one? Listen again and see if you were right (Innovations. Intermediate. Course Book. p. 135, ex. 4). TEST II I. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence. Arthur’s life of crime INNOCENT At his last trial, nobody believed in Arthur’s (1) … . He had been THIEF accused of the (2) … of a valuable Chinese vase, and was also OFFEND charged with ten other (3) … . The value of the (4) … goods was STEAL said to be over £10,000. Arthur said in his own (5) … that the DEFEND vase had been put into his car (6) … . He also pointed out that the ACCIDENT Chinese vase was a fake, and was almost (7) … . The judge did WORTH not believe Arthur’s story. He told Arthur he was a hardened CRIME (8) … and that he deserved a severe (9) … . Then the judge sen- PUNISH tenced Arthur to five years (10) … . Arthur just smiled. He had PRISON spent most of his life in prison and so he was used to it. II. Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined in each sentence. a) Harry was told that fishing in the lake was against/by/over the law. b) Catherine led a secret life for/in/of crime before she was caught. c) Having trouble with your phone? Send at/for/to Fix-a-phone! d) I regret to tell you that you are for/in/under arrest. e) I only attacked the young man from/in/with self-defence. f) David was often at/in/with trouble with the police when he was young. g) The robbers’ car was hidden below/by/from sight behind the bank. h) The kidnappers have been caught, and the child is no longer at/in/on danger. i) Tony was caught by a policeman who was off/out/away from duty and cycling to work. j) The thieves took the wrong painting by/in/under mistake. 47

k) The suspicious manager left the safe unlocked from/on/with purpose. 1) The robbers met to plan the bank raid from/in/with secret. III. Decide which answer А, В, С or D best fits each space. ‘I think I know the identity of the murderer,’ said Inspector Crumb, ‘and at (1) … one of the guests in this hotel was a/an (2) … to the crime, probably by (3) … I believe that the same guest is also a (4) … , and has been given money by the killer.’ ‘So whoever (5) … this terrible crime is still here,’ I said. ‘But of course. In (6) … he – or she – is in this room, and will soon be (7) … arrest.’ There was silence for a moment. I noticed that everyone was trying to look (8) … , but they all looked guilty instead! ‘ Do you have any (9) … , Inspector,’ asked Lady Grimshaw finally, ‘or are you simply (10) … people for fun? If you intend to (11) … someone, you should do it now.’ The Inspector smiled. ‘I asked you here (12) … purpose, Lady Grimshaw. I have been reading your (13) … , you see, and it is quite clear that you have told several (14) … .’ ‘How dare you!’ Lady Grimshaw spluttered. ‘Do you (15) … that you were with Tim Dawson in the garden on the night of the murder?’ the Inspector said? ‘You forgot about the security cameras, you see… 1. A) last B) least C) the D) school 2. A) witness B) offender C) guilty D) verdict 3. A) now B) damages C) law D) accident 4. A) blackmailer B) hostage C) hooligan D) forger 5. A) confessed B) committed C) admitted D) performed 6. A) crime B) self-defence C) fact D) danger 7. A) to B) having C) under D) my 8. A) accused B) suspicious C) ordinary D) innocent 9. A) evidence B) witness C) permission D) body 10.A) suspecting B) suing C) denying D) accusing 11.A) trial B) charge C) sentence D) confess 12.A) with B) for C) on D) by 13.A) statement B) biography C) evident D) history 14.A) people B) errors C) times D) lies 15.A) refuse B) deny C) contradict D) suppose IV. Guilty or not Guilty All the answers to this puzzle are connected with crime and justice. Find each word by adding (when you see the symbol +) and taking away (when you see the symbol –) the letters shown beside each picture. Occasionally you may have to change the letter order as well. If all your answers are correct, you will be able to read a belief that is at the heart of the British legal system:______________________________________ For example: the answer to number 1 is jail (mail: – m=ail + j=jail)

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V. Translate the sentences into English using your active topical vocabulary. 1. Все мы рано или поздно делаем что-то противозаконное: превышаем скорость, паркуем машину в неположенном месте, не оплачиваем вовремя штрафы и т.д. 2. Водители почти всегда не согласны, когда их останавливают и штрафуют сотрудники патрульно-постовой службы. 3. Чтобы защитить свою собственность на время вашего отсутствия, установите в доме или квартире сигнализацию. 4. Непредумышленное убийство – это лишение жизни по неосторожности. 5. Несколько дней назад у моей тети вытащили из сумки кошелек. 6. Прокурор вызвал в суд нескольких свидетелей, показания которых подтвердили виновность обвиняемого. 7. Вы совершаете преступление не только, когда берете взятку, но и когда даете ее. 8. Будьте бдительны и предельно внимательны, когда пользуетесь общественным транспортом. На этой неделе было зарегистрировано 10 карманных краж. 9. Грабители проникли в дом, взломав замки и отключив сигнализацию. 10. Группа вооруженных бандитов атаковала местную тюрьму. Захватив пятерых заложников (hostage), они требовали освободить нескольких преступников. 49

11. Трое молодых людей в возрасте от 19 до 20 лет обвиняются в предумышленном убийстве с целью ограбления. 12. Незаконный вывоз из страны предметов исторической и культурной ценности карается законом. 13. Я думаю, он пытался шантажировать меня, чтобы я сказал то, что ему было надо. 14. В отношении него возбудили дело о взяточничестве. 15. Она должно быть подверглась сексуальным домогательствам, поэтому и находится в таком состоянии. 16. Я шел к своей машине от дома, когда этот парень попытался меня ограбить. 17. Детективы, расследующие дело о краже картин из Государственного Музея, обратились к экспертам, т.к. у них возникли подозрения, что часть найденных картин были подделками. 18. Его признали виновным и после вынесения вердикта судом присяжных, он был приговорен к смертной казни. 19. Адвокаты добились для него условно-досрочного освобождения. Не последнюю роль сыграло его хорошее поведение. 20. Большинство ДТП происходит по вине водителей, находящихся в нетрезвом состоянии. VI. Render these stories into English and discuss them. 1

В 1961 году из Британской национальной галереи исчез портрет герцога Веллингтонского, принадлежащего кисти Гойи. Похититель, безработный шофер Кэмптон Бантон, которому за 60, совершил этот поступок в занк протеста против того, то престарелым пенсионерам приходится платить высокие налоги за телевизор. Дело Бантона слушалось довольно долго. Было ясно, что он не вор и не вымогатель. Тем не менее суд приговорил его к тюремному заключению сроком на три месяца за то, что он украл… раму от картины! (Она стоила 100 фунтов; Банто не знал об этом и уничтожил ее, боясь оставлять вещественные доказательства совершенного им преступления.) 2

Француз Филипп Дельдик подал в суд на королеву Англии. Он требует с нее возмещение убытков на сумму 5 тысяч франков. Этот иск вызван визитом нескольких англичан в кафе, которое он содержит в Кале. Англичане «вели бурные дебаты». Когда же Дельдик вмешался в разговор, ему гости сломали ногу. Хозяин слег на несколько месяцев в больницу. Сначала Дельдик обратился в английское посольство с просьбой, чтобы оно поторопила своих соотечественников с выплатой денег на лечение, но от него поступило лишь вежливое соболезнование. Тогда француз решил, что коль его буйные гости являются подданными английской короны, платить должна его обладательница. 50

3

В своих впечатлениях об Америке Оскар Уайльд рассказывал, как один американец подал в суд на железнодорожную компанию за то, что выписанный им из Парижа гипсовый слепок Венеры Милосской был доставлен ему с отбитыми руками. И, что еще поразительнее, он выиграл иск и ему возместили убытки.

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APPENDIX THE WITNESS FOR THE PROSECUTION. AGATHA CRISTIE Agatha Christie is a well-known author. In this particular story the action takes place in a small town of Cricklewood. The plot is psychological and enigmatic. So we together with the author follow the dialogues of the characters and the speculations of the solicitor and in the long run we have to make up our own mind of the traditional question asked by the judge opening every trial: “Do you plead guilty or not guilty?” Chapter I. A RUN OF BAD LUCK Mr. Mayherne adjusted his pince-nez and cleared his throat. Then he looked again at the man opposite him, the man charged with wilful murder. Mr. Mayherne was a small man, precise in manner, neatly, not to say foppishly dressed, with a pair of very shrewd and piercing grey eyes. By no means a fool. Indeed, as a solicitor, Mr. Mayherne’s reputation stood very high. His voice, when he spoke to his client, was dry but not unsympathetic. “I must impress upon you again that you are in very grave danger, and that the utmost frankness is necessary.” Leonard Vole transferred his glance to the solicitor. “I know,” he said hopelessly. “You keep telling me so. But I can’t realize yet that I’m charged with murder, murder. And such a dastardly crime, too.” Mr. Mayherne was practical, not emotional. He coughed again, took off his pince-nez, polished them carefully, and replaced them on his nose. Then he said, “Yes, yes, yes. Now, my dear Mr. Vole, we’re going to make a determined effort to get you off – and we shall succeed – we shall succeed. But I must have all the facts. I must know just how damaging the case against you is likely to be. Then we can fix upon the best line of defence.” Still the young man looked at him in the same dazed, hopeless fashion. To Mr. Mayherne the case had seemed black enough, and the guilt of the prisoner assured. Now, for the first time, he felt a doubt. “You think I’m guilty,” said Leonard Vole in a low voice. “But, by God, I swear. I’m not. It looks pretty black against me, I know that. I’m like a man caught in a net. But I didn’t do it, Mr. Mayherne, I didn’t do it”. In such a position a man was bound to protest his innocence. Mr. Mayherne knew that. Yet in spite of himself, he was impressed. It might be, after all, that Leonard Vole was innocent. “You are right, Mr. Vole,” he said gravely. “The case does look very black against you. Nevertheless, I accept your assurance. Now, let us get to 52

the facts. I want you to tell me in your own words exactly how you came to make the acquaintance of Miss Emily French.” “It was one day in Oxford Street. I saw an elderly lady crossing the road. She was carrying a lot of parcels. In the middle of the street she dropped them, tried to recover them, found the bus was almost on the top of her, and just managed to reach the kerb safely. I recovered her parcels, wiped the mud off them as best as I could, retied the string of one, and returned them to her.” “There was no question of your having saved her life.” “Oh, dear me, no! All I did was to perform a common act of courtesy. She was extremely grateful, thanked me warmly, and said something about my manners not being those of most of the younger generation – I can’t remember the exact words. Then I lifted my hat and went on. I never expected to see her again. But life is full of coincidences. That very evening I came across her at a party at a friend’s house. She recognized me at once and asked that I should be introduced to her. I then found out that she was Miss Emily French and that she lived at Cricklewood. I talked to her for some time. She was, I imagine, an old lady who took sudden and violent fancies to people. She took one to me on the strength of a perfectly simple action which anyone might have performed. On leaving she took me warmly by the hand and asked me to come and see her. I replied, of course, that I should be very pleased to do so, and she then urged me to name the day. I did not want particularly to go, but it would have seemed churlish to refuse, so I fixed on the following Saturday. After she had gone, I learned something about her from my friends. That she was rich, eccentric, lived alone with one maid, and owed no less than eight cats”. “I see,” said Mr. Mayherne. “The question of her being well off came up as early as that?” “If you mean that I inquired.” began Leonard Vole hotly but Mr. Mayherne stilled him with gesture. “I have to look at the case as it will be presented by the other side. An ordinary observer would not have supposed Miss French to be a lady of means. She lived poorly. Unless you had been told the contrary, you would in all probability have considered her to be in poor circumstances – at any rate to begin with. Who was it exactly who told you that she was well off?” “My friend, George Harvey, at whose house the party took place.” “Is he likely to remember it?” “I really don’t know. Of course it is some time ago now.” “Quite so, Mr. Vole. You see, the first aim of prosecution will be to establish that you were in low water financially – that is true, is it not?” Leonard Vole flushed. “Yes,” he sad in a low voice. “I had a run of bad luck just then.” 53

“Quite so,” said Mr. Mayherne again. “That being, as I say, in low water financially, you met this rich old lady and cultivated her acquaintance assiduously. A great deal depends on the memory of Mr. Harvey. Is he likely to remember that conversation or is he not?” Leonard Vole reflected for some minutes. Then he said steadily enough, but with a rather pale face “I do not think that that line would be successful, Mr. Mayherne. Several of those present heard his remark, and one or two of them chaffed me about my conquest of a rich old lady. ” The solicitor tried to hide his disappointment. “Unfortunate,” he said “But I congratulate you upon your plain speaking, Mr. Vole. You made the acquaintance of Miss French, you called upon her, the acquaintanceship progressed. We want a clear reason for all this. Why did you, a young man of thirty three, good-looking, fond of sport, popular with your friends, devote so much of your time to an elderly woman with whom you could hardly have anything in common?” “I can’t tell you – I really can’t tell you. After the first visit, she pressed me to come again, spoke of being lonely and unhappy. She made it difficult for me to refuse. She showed so plainly her fondness and affection for me that I was placed in an awkward position. You see, Mr. Mayherne, I’ve got a weak nature, I’m one of those people who can’t say no. And believe me or not, after the third or fourth visit I paid her I found I was getting fond of the old thing. My mother died when I was young, an aunt brought me up, and she, too, died before I was fifteen. If I told you that I enjoyed being mothered and pampered, you’d only laugh.” A. Notes to the text. 1. “Dastardly crime” – подлое преступление; crime – (1.) преступление; capital crime – преступление, наказуемое смертной казнью; property crime – имущественное преступление; violent crime – преступление против личности; crime against humanity – преступление против человечности; crime against nature – противоестественное преступление, to commit a crime – совершить преступление; (2.) преступность, wave of crime – волна преступности. 2. “It looks pretty black against me” – дело выглядит довольно безнадежно для меня. Compare: pretty black, black enough – довольно безнадежно, достаточно безнадежно, badly – плохо. 3. Innocent – невиновный; innocence – невиновность, невинность (to prove one’s innocence – доказать чью-то невиновность; in all innocence – ненамеренно, he was declared innocent – он был признан невиновным, innocent victims – невинные жертвы; compare: innocent/ guilty- невиновный/виновный). 4. Guilty – юр. виновен (compare: blamed – обвинен; guilty – innocent, виновен – не виновен; to be guilty – быть виновным, ant. to be not 54

guilty – быть не виновным); he was found guilty (not guilty) – он был признан виновным (не виновным); to plead guilty – признавать себя виновным в предъявленном обвинении; to plead not guilty – (1.) объявить о своей невинности; (2.) просить об оправдании подсудимого. 5. To charge – (1.) платить. (2.) спец – обвинять; compare: to blame (he was charged with murder) – он был обвинен в убийстве, to be acquitted of the charge – быть оправданным, to lay smith to smb’s charge – обвинить кого-либо в чем-либо; to bring a charge against smb – предъявлять обвинение; to be arrested of the charge of murder – быть арестованным по обвинению в убийстве, what is the charge against him? – в чем он обвиняется? 6. Solicitor – адвокат, поверенный в делах; compare: lawyer (юрист, адвокат), barrister – барристер, адвокат, выступающий в суде, legal expert – адвокат законовед, консультант, company (corporation) solicitor – юрисконсульт. 7. To own (property) – иметь (собственность), владеть принадлежать кому-либо (to possess); who owns this land? – кто владеет этой землей? whom does this land belong to? – кому принадлежит эта земля. 8. Witness – (1.) свидетель; compare: viewer of the event – свидетель, очевидец события, witness for the prosecution – свидетель обвинения, there were no witnesses to the accident – не было свидетелей в несчастном случае, to call a witness – вызывать свидетеля, to call smb as a witness – вызывать кого-то в качестве свидетеля; (2.) свидетельство, in witness of which where of – в удостоверение чего; compare: testimony – свидетельство, показания свидетеля, evidence – свидетельство, основание, факт, улика; to witness – (1.) свидетельствовать; compare: to witness smth – давать свидетельские показания; (2.) заверять, “witnessed” – заверено. 9. Prosecution – судебное преследование (compare: proceeding судебное расследование), обвинение; witness for the prosecution – свидетель обвинения; he appeared for the prosecution – он выступил в качестве адвоката (или в качестве представителя обвинения) U.S. – государственное обвинение. 10. A run of bad luck – полоса невезения; a run – (1.) бег; (2.) отрезок времени; compare: a period of time; a run of success – полоса удач, a run of good luck – полоса везения (удач), a run of ill luck (a run of bad luck) – полоса невезения. 11. Believe me or not – хотите верьте, хотите нет; to believe: (1.) верить, полагать, думать; (2.) to believe in smb (human nature) – верить в кого-либо (в человека): (3.) I believe that you are right – я полагаю (думаю), что вы правы; I believe so – правильно, думаю что так; 55

I believe not – вероятно, нет; (4.) to make believe (in children’s games) – притвориться (в детских играх), let’s make believe we are pirates – давайте притворимся пиратами. 12. To make the acquaintance – познакомиться; acquaintance (person) – знакомый (человек), to make smb’s acquaintance = to make acquaintance of smb = to make acquaintance with smb. – знакомиться; заводить знакомство; to cultivate the acquaintance of smb – прилагать усилия для знакомства с кем-либо; to scrape acquaintance with smb – навязываться, to drop on acquaintance – раззнакомиться. 13. To expect – ожидать; (1.) to expect smb – ожидать кого-то, they expect me for supper – они ждут меня к ужину. (2.) to expect – рассчитывать (compare: to count on), expect to be back in time – я рассчитывал (полагал) вернуться вовремя. (3.) to expect – требовать (to compare: to require), you expect too much of her – вы требуете слишком много то нее. (4.) to expect – полагать, думать, I expect he’ll be here – я полагаю, он будет здесь; prices are expected to rise – полагаю что цены повысятся. 14. You keep telling me so – вы все время это говорите; to keep (on) talking – он продолжал говорить, he kept doing smth – он продолжал что-либо делать, to keep – держать, оставлять, compare: retain, set aside. 15. To urge – подгонять, подбадривать, настаивать; I urged her not to give in – я убеждал ее не сдаваться; he urged patience – он советовал потерпеть; he urged this policy on the government – он настоятельно советовал правительству проводить именно такую политику; urgent – срочный, безотлагательный. 16. To name the day – назначить день (compare: to appoint – назначать); to name a date for a meeting – назначить дату встречи; to name a price – назначить цену (определенно); she named a date for the meeting – она назначила день встречи; he named a price of the goods – он назначил цену товаров. 17. By no means a fool – ни в коем случае не дурак; by all means – во что бы то ни стало (you must do it by all means – вы должны это сделать во что бы то ни стало); by no means – ни в коем случае (it is not by no means easy – это совсем не легко); by any means – каким бы то ни было образом (he is not by any means a wretched man – он совсем не злой человек), by fair means – честным путем (he is rich by fair means – он богат честным образом); by fair means or foul means – любыми средствами 18. He was bound to protest his innocence – он был вынужден заявить о своей невиновности; to protest one’s innocence – заявлять о своей невиновности, to be bound (certain, obliged) – быть обязанным, вынужденным; it is bound to happen – это обязательно произойдет; I’m bound to say – считаю нужным заметить; I’m bound by contract – я 56

связан контрактом (я обязан это сделать по контракту). 19. Rich – богатый; compare: well off – обеспеченный, wealthy – богатый, в достатке, to be well off – быть обеспеченным; compare: to be in easy circumstances – жить в достатке, to be in poor circumstances – быть в стесненных обстоятельствах, compare: to be in low water financially – быть на мели в финансовом отношении, low water (affair, matter) syn. hot water – тяжелое положение (дело, обстоятельство). 20. To come across – встретить случайно; (l.) to come across the letter – случайно найти письмо; (2.) he came across her at the station – он случайно встретил ее на станции. 21. To take fancy to smb – полюбить кого-либо; to take smb’s fancy – понравиться кому-либо; fancy – вкус, склонность, пристрастие. She took fancies to people and took one to me – Она влюблялась в людей и в меня она тоже влюбилась. 22. In my favour – в мою пользу; he was in favour of doing it – он был за то чтобы сделать это, to be in favour – быть за, ant. to be against – быть против. 23. Against – (1.) против: to give evidence against smb – давать показания против кого-либо; the case was against him – дело (случай) был против него; dead against smb – резко (категорически) против кого-либо; (2.) на; to be so bitter against him – быть озлобленным на кого-либо. В. Exercises I. Translate the expressions with the verb “to expect” into Russian. Does the Russian translation always contain the verb – “ожидать”? II. Give examples that illustrate the difference in the usage of the following synonyms: well off – rich – wealthy; witness – testimony – evidence; solicitor – barrister – lawyer. III. Give antonyms of “guilty”, “against”. IV. Pick out from the passage sentences containing the verb “to come” and translate them into Russian. V. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the underlined expressions. 1. You keep telling me so. 2. I’m charged with murder. 3. A man was bound to protest his innocence. 4. Tell me how you came to make the acquaintance of miss Emily French. 5. I never expected to see her again. 6. The old lady took sudden and violent fancies to people. 7. Believe me or not I was getting fond of the poor thing. 57

VI. Read the text carefully and paraphrase the underlined parts of the following sentences. l. She was rich and owned no less than eight cats. 2. The question of her being well off came up. 3. You would have considered her to be in poor circumstances. 4. You were in low water financially. 5. I had a run of bad luck just then. 6. It looks pretty black against me VII. Make up sentences using the following words and word combinations: solicitor, to observe, dastardly crime, to take fancies, to enjoy. VIII. Make up sentences using the following antonyms paying attention to the difference in usage: against – in favour; guilty – innocent. IX. Answer the following questions. 1. Did Mr. Mayherne’s reputation as a solicisitor stand very high? 2. Was the guilt of the prisoner assured? 3. What could Mr. Mayherne fix upon? 4. Was Mr. Mayherne impressed by Mr. Vole’s arguments? 5. Did Mr. Vole cultivate the acquaintance of Ms French? 6. Was it really a run of bad luck for Mr. Vole? Why? X. Translate the following sentences. 1. Он был обвинен в тяжком убийстве. 2. Он все время говорил это. 3. Она была свидетелем обвинения. 4. Дело выглядело безнадежно. 5. Я случайно с ней столкнулся. 6. Она вынудила меня встретиться с ней. 7. Он совсем не считал, что она в стесненных обстоятельствах. 8. Правда, вы были на мели в финансовом отношении. 9. В это время у меня была полоса невезения. XI. Give a brief summary of the extract. Chapter II. INNOCENT IN SPITE OF THE FACTS Mr. Mayherne did not laugh. Instead he took off his pince-nez again and polished them. “I accept your explanation, Mr. Vole,” he said at last. “I believe it to be psychologically probable. Whether a jury would take that view of it is another matter. Please continue. When was it that Miss French first asked you to look into her business affairs?” “After my third or fourth visit to her. She understood very little of 58

money matters, and was worried about some investments.” Mr. Mayherne looked up sharply. “Be careful, Mr. Vole. The maid, Janet Mackenzie, declares that her mistress was a good woman of business and transacted all her own affairs, and this is borne out by the testimony of her bankers.” “I can’t help that,” said Vole. “That’s what she said to me.” Mr. Mayherne looked at him for a moment or two in silence. Though he had no intention of saying so, his belief in Leonard Vole’s innocence was at that moment strengthened. He knew something of the mentality of elderly ladies. He saw Miss French, infatuated with the good-looking young man, hunting about for pretexts that would bring him to the house. What more likely than that she should plead ignorance of business, and beg him to help her with her money affairs? She was enough of a woman of the world to r ealize that any man is slightly flattered by such an admission of his superio rity. Leonard Vole had been flattered. Perhaps, too, she wanted to let this young man know that she was wealthy. Emily French had been a strongwilled old woman, willing to pay her price for what she wanted. All this passed rapidly through Mr. Mayherne’s mind, but he gave no indication of it, and asked instead a further question. “And did you handle her affairs for her at her request?” “I did.” “Mr. Vole,” said the solicitor, “I am going to ask you a very serious question, and one to which it is vital to have a truthful answer. You were in low water financially. You had the handling of an old lady’s affairs – an old lady who, according to her own statement, knew little or nothing of business. Did you at any time, or in any manner, convert to your own use the s ecurities which you handled? I beg of you, take your time before you reply.” But Leonard Vole took no time at all. “My dealings with Miss French’s affairs were all perfectly fair, I acted for her interests to the very best of my ability.” “Thank you,” said Mr. Mayherne. “I believe that you are far too clever to lie me over such important matter.” “Surely,” said Vole eagerly, the strongest point in my favour is the lack of motive. “Granted that I cultivated the acquaintanceship of a rich old lady in the hopes of getting money out of her, surely her death frustrates all my hopes?” The solicitor looked at him steadily. Then, he repeated his trick with his pince-nez. It wasn’t until they were replaced on his nose that he spoke. “Are you not aware, Mr. Vole, that Miss French left a will under which you are the principal beneficiary?” “What?” The prisoner sprang to his feet. His dismay was obvious and, unforced. “My god! What are you saying? She left her money to me?” Mr. Mayherne nodded slowly. “You pretend you know nothing of this will?” 59

“Pretend? There’s no pretence about it. I knew nothing about it.” “What would you say if I told you that the maid, Janet Mackenzie, swears that you did know? That her mistress told her that she had consulted you in the matter, and told you of her intentions?”

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“She’s lying! Janet is an elderly woman. She was a faithful watchdog to her mistress, and she didn’t like me. She was jealous and suspicious.” “You don’t think she dislikes you enough to lie deliberately about the matter?” Leonard Vole looked shocked and startled. “No, indeed! Why should she?” “I don’t know,” said Mr. Mayherne. “But she’s very bitter against you.” The wretched young man groaned again. “I’m beginning to see,” he muttered. “It’s frightful. They’ll say that I got her to make a will leaving her money to me, and then I go there that night, and there’s nobody in the house – they find her the next day – oh, my God, it’s awful!” “You are wrong about there being nobody in the house,” said Mr. Mayherne. “Janet, as you remember, was to go out for the evening. She went, but about half past nine she returned. She let herself in by the back door, went upstairs and went out again. She heard voices in the sitting-room. One of them was Miss French’s and one was a man’s.” “At half past nine,” said Leonard Vole. “At half past nine”. He sprang to his feet. “But then I’m saved – saved “What do you mean?” cried Mr. Mayherne. “By half past nine I was at home again! My wife can prove that. I left Miss French about five minutes to nine. I arrived home about twenty past nine. My wife was there waiting for me. Oh, thank God – thank God”. “Who then in your opinion, murdered Miss French?” “Why, a burglar, of course.” “That will hardly do, Mr. Vole,” said the solicitor. “Think for yourself You say you were no longer in the house by half past nine. Who, then, was the man Janet heard talking to Miss French in the sitting-room? She would hardly talk with a burglar.” “No,” said Vole. “No” – He looked puzzled. “But, anyway,” he added with reviving spirit, “it lets me out. I’ve got an alibi. You must see Romaine – my wife – at once.” “Certainly,” agreed the lawyer. “I should already have seen Mrs. Vole but for her being absent when you were arrested. I wired to Scotland at once, and I understand that she arrives back tonight. I am going to call upon her immediately I leave her.” Vole nodded, a great expression of satisfaction setting down over his face. “Yes, Romaine will tell you. My God it’s a lucky chance that.” “Excuse me, Mr. Vole, but you are very fond of your wife?” “Of course.” “And she of you?” “Romaine is devoted to me. She’d do anything in the world for me.” 61

He spoke enthusiastically, but the solicitor’s heart sank a little lower The testimony of devoted wife – would it gain credence? “Was there anyone else who saw you return at nine-twenty. A maid, for instance?” “We have no maid.” “Did you meet anyone in the street on the way back?” “Nobody I knew. I rode part of the way in a bus. The conductor might remember.” Mr. Mayherne shook his head doubtfully. “There is no one, then, who can confirm your wife’s testimony?” “No. But it isn’t necessary, surely?” “I dare say not. I dare say not,” said Mr. Mayherne hastily. He rose and held out his hand. “Good-bye, Mr. Vole. I believe in your innocence in spite of the multitude of facts against you. I hope to prove it.” Vole smiled back at him. “You’ll find the alibi is all right,” he said cheerfully. A. Notes to the text. 1. Granted that – при условии, принимая во внимание; granting – при условии, при наличии, принимая во внимание; to grant – разрешать, давать согласие, удовлетворять просьбу; to take smth for granted – считать что-либо доказанным, само собой разумеющимся, to take nothing for granted – ничего не принимать на веру, I grant you the force of that argument – я принимаю справедливость вашего довода. 2. He looked into her business affairs – он занялся ее делами; compare: to investigate, to examine – рассматривать, изучать исследовать; to transact smb’s affair – вести чье-то дело. 3. To declare – заявить (выступить); compare: to announce – объявить, заявить, to make statement – заявить, to proclaim – заявить, объявлять, опубликовать. 4. Beneficiary – бенефициант; (1.) to be the beneficiary; compare: in favour, for the benefit of – в пользу; for your special benefit – только ради вас; (2.) лицо получающее доходы с заверительной собственности или в пользу которого эта собственность учреждена, бенефициант, получатель денег по аккредитиву. 5. To hunt for pretext – искать предлога; on (under, upon) pretext – под предлогом, to hunt for (after) smth – разыскивать что-либо. 6. She was enough woman of the world – умудренная опытом светская женщина; a man of the world – светский человек; it’s a small world – мир тесен; you’ve got to take the world as you find – такова жизнь; that’s the way of the world – так уж повелось, who is he? compare: who in the world is he? – кто бы это мог быть? (усиление); I think the 62

world of her – я о ней высокого мнения; it did him a world of good – это принесло ему огромную пользу 7. Testimony – показания свидетеля; to bear the testimony – давать свидетельские показания под присягой; he bears witness that – он свидетельствует, что; to bear false witness (against) – лжесвидетельствовать. Bible: Thou shalt not bear false against thy neigbour – не послушествуй на друга твоего свидетельства ложна (заповедь); testimony; compare: witness – свидетельство. 8. To plead ignorance – ссылаться на неосведомленность; to plead – привести в оправдание, to plead smb’s case – защищать коголибо, to plead smth – ссылаться на что-либо, he pleaded guilty – он признал себя виновным. 9. To handle smb’s affairs – управлять делами; compare: to deal with; the account department will handle this affair – это дело будет вести бухгалтерия; I can’t handle the matter on my own – я с этим сам не могу справиться. 10. According to her own statement – согласно ее собственному заявлению; according to him – по его словам, according to the newspapers – согласно сообщению газет, according to the treaty – согласно договору. 11. To convert to smb’s use the securities – обращать ценные бумаги к собственной выгоде; to convert: – (1.) превращать, обращать; they converted money into securities – они перевели деньги в ценные бумаги; (securities – ценные бумаги, convertible currency – конвертируемая валюта); (2.) изменять юридический характер собственности, обращать вверенное имущество в свою пользу. 12. Take your time – не торопитесь; compare: don’t be in a hurry – не спешите, don’t worry – не беспокойтесь. 13. To the very best of my ability – по мере своих сил и возможностей; great abilities – большие способности, he has not great abilities in English, but he learns it to the very best of his abilities – у него нет больших способностей к английскому языку, но он учит его по мере своих возможностей. 14. Lack of motive – отсутствие мотива; lack – недостаток, for lack of money – за неимением денег; to lack: (1.) испытывать недостаток, нуждаться; to lack courage, (wisdom, wit) – не иметь достаточно мужества (мудрости, ума); (2.) не хватать, недоставать; money was lacking for the plan – для осуществления плана не хватало денег; five copies are lacking – не достает пяти экземпляров. 15. To lie deliberately (on purpose) – лгать нарочно (преднамеренно); to lie gratuitously and wildly – врать необоснованно и безудержно. 16. Wrong – (1.) обида, to do smb wrong – обидеть кого-то, несправедливо поступить с кем-либо; you do me wrong – вы меня 63

обижаете (вы несправедливы ко мне); (2.) зло; two wrongs don’t make a right – зло не поправить злом; (3.) неправильность; all goes wrong – все идет не так, syn. nothing goes right -все не слава богу; what’s wrong with you? (what’s wrong?) – что с тобой?; is something wrong? – что-нибудь не так?; ant. right – верно, everything will come right – нормально; хорошо; ладно; is it right for me? – я правильно сделал? to do the right thing by smb – поступить честно с кем-либо. 17. I can’t help it – ничего не могу сделать; it can’t be helped – ничего не поделаешь; I can’t help sleeping – я не могу не спать, he can’t help singing – он не может не петь 18. His heart sank – у него екнуло сердце; to sink (1.) погружаться; (2.) погружаться, тонуть. 19. To confirm – подтвердить; compare (1.) to approve – одобрить, to uphold – принять; his suspicions were confirmed – его подозрения подтвердились; (2.) to ratify – утвердить, his appointment was confirmed – его назначение утверждено. B. Exercises I. Pick out sentences containing the verb “to take” and translate them into Russian. II. Give examples that illustrate the difference in the usage of the synonyms: to declare – to announce – to proclaim – to explain – to make a statement; to transact – to handle; evidence – witness – testimony. III. Translate expressions of this extract containing the adverb “against” into Russian. IV. Make up sentences using the following antonyms, paying attention to the difference in usage: wrong – right; granted – lack of. V. Make up sentences using the following words and word combinations: to transact smb’s affairs, to plead ignorance, in my favour, lack of motive, beneficiary, granted, against you, to be wrong. VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the underlined expressions: 1. She was enough of a woman of the world. 2. Miss French was hunting about for pretext. 3. Granted that I cultivated the acquaintanceship. 4. You are the principal beneficiary. 5. Solicitor’s heart sank. 6. I can’t help that. 7. This is borne out by the testimony of her bankers. 64

8. In my favour is lack of motive.

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VII. Read the text carefully and paraphrase the underlined parts of the following sentences. 1. Miss French asked you to look into her business affairs. 2. The maid declared that her mistress transacted her own affairs. 3. She was wealthy. 4. Take your time before your reply. 5. You are wrong about there. 6. Who can confirm your wife’s testimony? 7. The alibi is all right. VIII. Answer the questions. 1. Were the facts against Mr. Vole? 2. What was his alibi? 3. Who lied deliberately about the matter? 4. Who was wrong about the case? 5. Why did Ms. French leave a will of Mr. Vole’s being principal beneficiary? 6. Why did Mr. Vole handle Ms. French’s affairs? 7. What was borne out by the testimony of the bankers? IX. Translate the following sentences. 1. Согласно вашему заявлению вы вели ее дела. 2. При условии, что вы являетесь лицом, получающим доходы. 3. Отсутствие причины преступления – в мою пользу. 4. Не торопитесь с ответом. 5. Она не может не лгать. 6. Она очень зла на вас. 7. Он перевел деньги в ценные бумаги. 8. Она давала свидетельские показания. 9. Вы признаете себя виновным? X. Give a brief summary of the extract. XI. Make up questions to the text so that the answers will bring out the main facts developed in the extract. Chapter III. A DEVOTED WIFE The Voles lived in a small shabby house near Paddington Green. It was to this house that Mr. Mayherne went. In answer to this ring, a big slatternly woman, obviously a charwoman, answered the door. “Mrs. Vole? Has she returned yet?” “Got back an hour ago. But I dunno if you can see her.” “If you will take my card to her,” said Mr. Mayherne quietly, “I am quite sure that she will do so.” 66

The woman looked at him doubtfully, wiped her hand on her apron, and took the card. Then she closed the door in his face and left him on the step outside. In a few minutes, however, she returned with a slightly altered manner. “Come inside, please.” She ushered him into a tiny drawing-room. Mr. Mayherne, examining a drawing on the wall, started up suddenly to face a tall, pale woman who had entered so quietly that he had not heard her. “Mr. Mayherne? You are my husband’s solicitor, are you not? You have come from him? Will you please sit down?” Until she spoke he had not realized that she was not English. Now, observing her more closely, he noticed the high cheekbones, the dense blueblack of the hair, and an occasional very slight movement of the hands that was distinctly foreign. A strange woman, very quiet. So quiet as to make one uneasy. From the very first Mr.Mayherne was conscious that he was up against something that he did not understand. “Now, my dear Mrs. Vole,” he began, “You must not give way.” – He stopped. It was so very obvious that Romaine Vole had not the slightest i ntention of giving way. She was perfectly calm and composed. “Will you please tell me about it?” she said. “I must know everything. Do not think to spare me. I want to know the worst.” She hesitated, then repeated in a lower tone, with a curious emphasis which the lawyer did not understand, “I want to know the worst.” Mr. Mayherne went over his interview with Leonard Vole. She listened attentively, nodding her head now and then. “I see,” she said, when he had finished. “He wants me to say that he came in at twenty minutes past nine that night?” “He did come in at that time?” said Mr. Mayherne sharply. “That is not the point.” she said coldly. “Will my saying so acquit him? Will they believe me?” “That is what I want to know,” she said. “Will it be enough? Is there anyone else who can support my evidence?” “So far there is no one else,” he said reluctantly. “I see,” said Romaine Vole. She sat for a minute or two perfectly still. A little smile played over her lips. The lawyer’s feeling of alarm grew stronger and stronger. “Mrs. Vole” – he began. “I know what you must feel –” “Do you?” she asked. “I wonder.” “In the circumstances –” “In the circumstances – I intend to play a lone hand.” He looked at her in dismay.

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“But my dear Mrs. Vole – you are overwrought. Being so devoted to your husband –” “I beg your pardon?” The sharpness of her voice made him start. He repeated in a hesitating manner, “Being so devoted to your husband.” Romaine Vole nodded slowly, the same strange smile on her lips. “Did he tell you that I was devoted to him?” she asked softly. “Ah yes, I can see he did. How stupid men are. Stupid – stupid – stupid –” She rose suddenly to her feet. “I hate him, I tell you! I hate him. I hate him. I hate him. I would like to see him hanged by the neck till he is dead.” The lawyer recoiled before her and the smouldering passion in her eyes. She advanced a step nearer and continued vehemently. She came closer to him, looking into his eyes with her own wonderful dark ones. “Tell me,” she said, “did you believe – honestly – that he was innocent when you came here today?” “I did,” said Mr. Mayherne. “You poor little man.” She laughed. “And I believe so still,” finished the lawyer. “Good evening, madam.” He went out of the room, taking with him the memory of her startled face. Extraordinary, the whole thing. An extraordinary woman. A very dangerous woman. The police court proceedings were brief and dramatic. The principal witnesses for the prosecution were Janet Mackenzie, maid to the dead wo man, and Romaine Heilger, Austrian subject, the mistress of the prisoner. The prisoner reserved his defence and was committed for trial. Mr. Mayherne was at his wits’ end. The case against Leonard Vole was black beyond words. It was the eve of the trial when Mr. Mayherne received the letter which was to lead his thoughts in an entirely new direction. It came by the six o'clock post. An illiterate scrawl, written on common paper and enclosed in a dirty envelope with the stamp stuck on crooked Mr. Mayherne read it through once or twice before he grasped its meaning. Dear Mister, Youre the lawyer chap wot acts for the young feller. If you want that painted foreign hussy showd up for wot she is in her pack of lies you come to 16 Shaw’s Rent Stepney tonight It till cawst you 2 hundred quid Arsk for Missis Mogson. The solicitor read and reread this strange epistle. It might, of course, be a hoax, but when he thought it over, he became increasingly convinced that it was genuine, and also convinced that it was the one hope for the prisoner. 68

The evidence of Romaine Heilger damned him completely, and the line the defence meant to pursue, the line that the evidence of a woman who had admittedly lived an immoral life was not to be trusted, was at best a weak one. Mr. Mayherne’s mind was made up. It was his duty to save his client at all costs. He must go to Shaw’s Rents. He had some difficulty in finding the place, a ramshackle building in an evil-smelling slum, but at last he did so, and on inquiry for Mrs. Mogson was sent up to a room on the third floor. On this door he knocked, and getting no answer, knocked again. At this second knock, he heard a shuffling sound inside, the door was opened cautiously half an inch and a bent figure peered out. Suddenly the woman, for it was a woman, gave a chuckle and opened the door wider. “So it’s you, dearie,” she said, in a wheezy voice. “Nobody with you, is there? No playing tricks? That’s right. You can come in – you can come in.” With some reluctance the lawyer stepped across the threshold into the small, dirty room, with its flickering gas jet. There was an untidy unmade bed in a corner, a plain deal table, and two rickety chairs. For the first time Mr. Mayherne had a full view of the tenant of this unsavory apartment. She was a woman of middle age, bent in figure with a mass of untidy grey hair and scarf wound tightly round her face. She saw him looking at this and laughed again, the same curious, toneless chuckle. “Wondering why I hide my beauty, dear? He, he, he. Afraid it may tempt you, eh? But you shall see – you shall see.” She drew aside the scarf, and the lawyer recoiled involuntarily before the almost formless blur of scarlet. She replaced the scarf again. “So you’re not wanting to kiss me, dearie? He, he, I don’t wonder. And yet I was a pretty girl once. Vitriol, dearie, vitriol – that’s what did that.” She burst into a hideous torrent of profanity which Mr. Mayherne tried vainly to quell. She fell silent at last, her hands clenching and unclenching themselves nervously. “Enough of that,” said the lawyer sternly. “I’ve come here because I have reason to believe you can give me information which will clear my client, Leonard Vole. Is that the case?” Her eyes leered at him cunningly. “What about the money, dearie?” she wheezed. “Two hundred quid, you remember.” “It is your duty to give evidence; and you can be called upon to do so.” “That won’t do, dearie. I’m an old woman, and I know nothing. But you give me two hundred quid, and perhaps I can give you a hint or two. See? ” “What kind of hint?” “What should you say to a letter? A letter from her. Never mind how I got hold of it. That’s my business. But I want my two-hundred quid.” Mr. Mayherne looked at her coldly, and made up his mind. 69

“I’ll give you ten pounds, nothing more. And only that if this letter is what you say it is.” “Ten pounds?” She screamed and raved at him. “Twenty,” said Mr. Mayherne, “and that’s my last word.” He rose as if to go. Then, watching her closely, he drew out a pocketbook, and counted out twenty one-pound notes. “You see,” he said. “That is all I have with me. You can take it or leave it.” But already he knew that the sight of the money was too much for her. So she drew something out from beneath the mattress. “Here you are, damn you!” she snarled. “It’s the top one you want.” It was a bundle of letters that she threw to him, and Mr. Mayherne untied them and scanned them in his usual cool, methodical manner. He read each letter through, then returned again to the top one and read it a second time. Then he tied the whole bundle up again carefully. They were love letters, written by Romaine Heilger, and the man they were written to was not Leonard Vole. The top letter was dated the day of the letter’s arrest. “How did you get hold of this correspondence?” “That’s telling,” she said with a leer. “But I know something more. I heard in court what that hussy said. Find out where she was at twenty past ten, the time she says she was at home. Ask at the Lion Road Cinema. They’ll remember – a fine upstanding girl like that – curse her!” “Who is the man?” asked Mr. Mayherne. “There’s only a Christian name there.” The other’s voice grew thick and hoarse, her hands clenched and unclenched. Finally she lifted one to her face. “He’s the man that did this to me. Many years ago now. She took him away from me. And when I went after him he threw the cursed stuff at me! And she laughed – damn her I’ve had it in for her for years. Followed her, I have, spied upon her. And now I’ve got her! She’ll suffer for this, won’t she, Mr. Lawyer? She’ll suffer?” “She will probably be sentenced to a term of imprisonment for perjury,” said Mr. Mayherne quietly. “Shut away – that’s what I want. You’re going, are you. Where’s my money? Where’s that good money?” Without a word, Mr. Mayherne put down the notes on the table. Then drawing a deep breath, he turned and left the squalid room. Looking back, he saw the old woman crooning over the money. He wasted no time. He found the cinema in Lion Road easily enough, and, shown a photograph of Romaine Heilger, the commissionaire recognized her at once. She had arrived at the cinema with a man some time after ten o’clock on the evening in question. He hadn’t noticed her escort particu70

larly, but he remembered the lady who had spoken to him about the picture that was showing. They stayed until the end, about an hour later. Mr. Mayherne was satisfied. Romaine Heilger’s evidence was a tissue of lie from beginning to end. She had evolved it out of her passionate hatred. The lawyer wondered whether he would ever know what lay behind that h atred. What had Leonard Vole done to her? He had seemed dumbfounded when the solicitor had reported her attitude to him. He had declared earnestly that such a thing was incredible – yet it had seemed to Mr. Mayherne that after the first astonishment his protests had lacked sincerity. He did know. Mr. Mayherne was convinced of it. He knew, but he had no intention of revealing the fact. The secret between those two remained a secret. Mr. Mayherne wondered if some day he should come to learn what it was. A. Notes to the text. 1. In answer to – в ответ на; to answer the bell (the letter, the phone, the door, the call, the summons) – ответить на звонок, письмо, телефонный звонок, откликнуться на зов); don’t answer back! – не дерзи! 2. Altered (manner) – изменившийся; to alter – менять, изменяться, переменять, чередовать; that alters things (case) – это меняет дело; compare: to change – менять. 3. To usher – впускать; he ushered her into his house – он впустил ее в дом. 4. At his wit’s end – в растерянности, в тупике; compare: he was at a loss – он был в отчаянии; to be at one’s wit’s end – быть растерянным; wit – разум, compare: intelligence; he had not wit enough – у него не достаточно разума; use your wit – подумай, пошевели мозгами; keep your wit about you – не сходи с ума. 5. Untidy – неопрятный, неаккуратный: unmade bed – неубранная кровать, to make one’s bed – убрать (заправить) постель. 6. Tenant – (1.) жилец, compare: lodger – жилец, she takes in lodgers – она сдает комнаты жильцам; (2.) арендатор, съемщик: а tenant of land – арендатор земли, a tenant of property – арендатор собственности, compare: landlady – хозяйка, домовладелица, landlord – хозяин, домовладелец. 7. (Under) the circumstances – при данных обстоятельствах; under no circumstances – ни при каких обстоятельствах. 8. To play a lone hand – действовать в одиночку, без всякой помощи; don’t play the fool – не валяй дурака, let’s play it by ear – поживем увидим; lone – (1.) одинокий; (2.) уединенный, a lone house – домик на отшибе; (3.) замкнутый, необщительный. 9. In dismay – в смятении; dismay – тревога, don’t be dismayed – не тревожьтесь; I was dismayed – я был встревожен. 10. To observe closely – разглядывать близко (пристально); to ob71

serve – (1.) наблюдать, compare: to watch (scientifically); (2.) наблюдать, compare: to notice; the suspect was observed leaving the house – подозреваемый вышел из дома, he is under police observation – он под наблюдением полиции. 11. To make one uneasy – заставить кого-либо почувствовать себя неловко; take it easy – не беспокойтесь, don’t worry – не беспокойтесь, не волнуйтесь; don’t hurry – не торопитесь; to feel at ease – чувствовать себя легко, свободно; to be ill at ease – чувствовать себя неловко. 12. To give way – отступать, уступать; compare: to yield, to collapse – не выдерживать; to give way to despair – предаваться отчаянию; the clouds give way to sunshine – тучи разошлись и засияло солнце; the bench (the bridge, the roof) gave way – скамейка не выдержала. 13. To spare – (1.) жалеть, he doesn’t spare himself – он не жалеет себя; no expenses spared – не жалея затрат, (2.) щадить, compare: to show mercy; he spared his enemy – он пощадил врага; if we are spared and well – если мы будем живы – здоровы; spare time – свободное время; spare ticket – лишний билет. 14. That is not a point – не в этом дело; point – (1.) острие, compare: tip, sharp end; (2.) дело, compare: the matter; I take your point – я разделяю ваши взгляды; the point is – дело в том, что; keep to the point – ближе к делу, говори по существу; that’s a sore point – это больной вопрос; just the point – в этом-то все и дело; there is no point – нет смысла; compare: there is no sense. 15. To acquit smb – оправдать кого-либо, compare: to justify, he was acquitted of two of the charges – он был признан невиновным по этим двум пунктам. 16. To support one’s evidence – подтвердить чье-либо свидетельство; to support – поддерживать, to support a column (a team, a candidate) –поддерживать колонну (команду, кандидата). 17. Reluctantly – неохотно, with reluctance – неохотно, to show reluctance – проявить нежелание. 18. Hanged by the neck – повешен; to hang smth – повесить чтолибо, to hang smb – повесить кого-либо; the prisoner was hanged by the neck – заключенный был повешен. 19. To recoil before – отпрянуть; he recoiled before her – он отпрянул перед ней. 20. Vehemently – неистово; vehement passion (protest) неистовая страсть (протест) 21. To commit murder – совершить убийство; to commit suicide – совершить самоубийство, to commit a mistake – сделать ошибку; he was committed to the trial – он был предан суду. 22. Endeavour – старание, попытка; compare: attempt, I’ll make 72

every endeavour – я обязательно постараюсь, to endeavour – стараться

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23. He reserved his defence – он сохранил право на защиту; to reserve judgment on smth – воздержаться по какому-либо вопросу, to reserve – сохранять; compare: to keep – хранить. 24. To give evidence against smb – давать показания против коголибо. 25. Black beyond words – зд. трудный, мягко говоря; beyond words – и так понятно, beyond belief – невероятно, beyond one’s gasp – недостижимо, beyond hope – безнадежно, beyond the mark – не по существу, слишком далеко; beyond repair – не подлежит ремонту; beyond cure – неизлечимый, it’s beyond a joke – это дело не шуточное. 26. Illiterate scrawls – безграмотные каракули. 27. To reread – перечитать; compare; to rewrite – переписать, tо reelect – переизбирать, to re-examine – повторно рассматривать, to reexamine the witness – повторно спрашивать. 28. His mind was made up – решение было принято, to make up one’s mind – принять решение, compare: to decide – решить; absent minded – рассеянный, mind n. – (1.) opinion – взгляд, мнение; to my mind – на мой взгляд; I’m still into minds about this – я вес еще не решил что с этим делать; I’m of the same mind – я разделяю твое мнение. (2.) attention – внимание; give your mind to what you are doing – думай, что делаешь; memory – память; it slipped my mind – это выскочило у меня из головы; never mind – ничего; never mind the expense – не думай о расходах; mind what I say – слушай, что я говорю. Mind v. возражать – to object to; do you mind if I smoke? – вы не возражаете, если я закурю?; – where shall we eat? – I don’t mind – где мы будем обедать? – мне все равно. 29. To chuckle – хихикать, сдавленно смеяться, фыркать; compare: to giggle – глупо хихикать, to laugh – смеяться, to titter – хихикать, to snigger – посмеиваться, to grin – ухмыляться. Скалить зубы, to smirk – ухмыляться; he giggled with pleasure – он хихикал от удовольствия, he grinned with delight – он оскалился от удовольствия: he grinned at me – он улыбнулся мне: he grinned like a dog – он оскалился как собака. 30. To convince – убеждать, compare: to persuade; to convince smb of smth (idea) – убедить кого-либо в чем-либо (мысли), to persuade of an action – убеждать в действии; I was convinced – я был убежден, уверен; he persuaded me to come – он убедил меня прийти. 31. Genuine – подлинный: genuine Rubens – подлинный Рубенс, ant. false, imitation – подделка. 32. Hideous torrent of profanity – грязный поток ругательств; to burst into profanity – разразиться ругательствами, profanity – ругательство, compare: a swear – проклятие, torrent of abuse – поток оскорблений, hideous – мерзкий, compare: ugly – уродливый, гадкий disgusting – отвратительный. 74

33. Pounds – фунты; U.K. colloq. quid. compare: dollars – доллары, USA colloq. bucks. 34. Take it or leave it – как хотите, воля ваша. 35. To be too much for one – быть не по силам для кого-либо; а bit too much – слишком, as much again – столько же; don’t make too much of this fact – не придавай этому большого значения; it proved too much for him – это оказалось ему не под силу. 36. To give in – поддаваться (сдаваться); don’t give in – не сдавайся; you give in to her too easily – ты слишком легко ей поддаешься. 37. To clench – сжать, сцепить; to unclench – разжать, расцепить, to clench hands, (fists, teeth) – сжать руки (кулаки, зубы), to unclench hands (fists, teeth) – разжать, расцепить руки (кулаки, зубы). 38. I’ve had it in for her – у меня на нее был зуб; what I am in for? – что меня ждет?; to be in for – участвовать; what is he in for? – за что он сидит?; he had it in him – он на это способен. 39. Perjury – ложное показание; to perjure oneself – лжесвидетельствовать, давать ложные показания. 40. To evolve – развивать; compare: to develop – развивать, to evolve smth (theory) – развивать что-либо (теорию), to develop industry – развивать промышленность, development – развитие, compare: evolution – развитие, the theory of evolution. 41. Incredible – невероятный. 42. To lack smth – недоставать чего-либо; to lack money (time) – не хватать денег (времени), compare: to be short of money; he lacked sincerity – ему не хватало искренности; sincere – искренний, sincerely yours – искренне ваш. В. Exercises I. Give examples that illustrate the differences in the use of the synonyms: to chuckle – to giggle – to laugh – to grin – to titter – to smirk – to smile; a tenant – a lodger; to evolve – to develop; overwrought – exhausted – overexcited. II. Study the antonyms paying attention to the differences in usage: perjury – evidence; genuine – imitation; literate – illiterate. III. Give antonyms of: to feel at ease, the point is. IV. Pick out from the extract sentences containing preposition “in” and translate them into Russian. V. Pick out sentences containing the verb “to make” and translate them into Russian. VI. Read the text carefully and paraphrase the underlined parts of the 75

following sentences. 1. Observing her more closely. 2. That is the point. 3. There seems no point. 4. His mind was made up. 5. He became increasingly convinced. 6. Two hundred quid. 7. He lacked money. 8. Take it easy. VII. Make up sentences using the following synonyms: to laugh – to giggle – to chuckle – to grin – to smirk – to smile; a tenant – a lodger; to evolve – to develop; to convince – to persuade; overwrought – exhausted. VIII. Give English equivalents of the following Russian word combinations: лжесвидетельствовать, поток ругательств, поставить кого-либо в неловкое положение, ложные свидетельские показания, безобразный поток ругательств, в данных обстоятельствах. IX. Make up sentences using the following words and words combinations: in answer to, altered manner, at one’s wit’s end, to give way, to support one’s evidence, reluctantly, to acquit smb, to play a lone hand, hanged by the neck, to recoil. X. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the underlined expressions. 1. She ushered him into her house. 2. You must not give way. 3. Don’t think to spare me. 4. Who can support my evidence? 5. She was acquitted of the charge. 6. “You are overwrought,” – he said in dismay. 7. She bursted into hideous torrent of profanity. 8. She didn’t give evidence, but she perjured. 9. Take it or leave it. 10.I’ve had it in for her. XI. Answer the following questions. 1. What was Mr. Mayherne’s mind about Ms. Romaine? 2. Did he spare Ms. Romaine or Mr. Vole? 3. Who can support Ms. Romaine’s evidence? 4. Who was in dismay? Why? 5. Who endeavoured to give evidence against Mr. Vole? Why? 6. Why was Mr. Mayherne convinced that the letter was genuine? 76

7. Who had it in for Ms. Romaine? XII. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Ему недоставало искренности. 2. Это был подлинный Рембрандт. 3. Он поддался, потому что это ему оказалось не по силам 4. Как хотите, воля ваша. 5. Решение было принято. 6. Не в этом дело. 7. Он заставил ее почувствовать себя неловко. XIII. Give a brief summary of the extract. Chapter IV. CLENCHED HANDS The trial of Leonard Vole for the murder of Emily French aroused widespread interest. In the first place the prisoner was young and good looking, then he was accused of a particularly dastardly crime, and there was the further interest of Romaine Heilger the principal witness for the prosecution. There had been pictures of her in many papers, and several fi ctitious stories as to her origin and history. The proceedings opened quietly enough. Various technical evidence came first. Then Janet Mackenzie was called. She told substantially the same story as before. In cross-examination counsel for the defence succeeded in getting her to contradict herself once or twice over her account of Vole’s association with Miss French; he emphasised the fact that though she had heard a man’s voice in the sitting-room that night, there was nothing to show that it was Vole who was there, and he managed to drive home a feeling that jealousy and dislike of the prisoner were at the bottom of a good deal of her evidence. Then the next witness was called. “Your name is Romaine Heilger?” “Yes.” “You are an Austrian subject?” “Yes.” “For the last three years you have lived with the prisoner and passed yourself off as his wife?” Just for a moment Romaine Heilger’s eyes met those of the man in the dock. “Yes.” The questions went on. Word by word the damning fact came out. On the night in question the prisoner had taken out a crowbar with him. He had returned at twenty minutes past ten, and had confessed to having killed the old lady. His cuffs had been stained with blood, and he had burned them in the kitchen stove. He had terrorised her into silence by means of threats. 77

As the story proceeded, the feeling of the court which had been slightly favourable to the prisoner, now set dead against him. Formidable and ponderous, counsel for the defence arose. He put it to her that her story was a malicious fabrication from start to finish, that she had not even been in her own house at the time in question – that she was in love with another man and was deliberately seeking to send Vole to his death for a crime he did not commit. Romaine denied these allegations with superb insolence. Then came the production of the letter. It was read aloud in court in the midst of a breathless stillness. “Max, beloved, the Fates have delivered him into our hands! He has been arrested for murder – but, yes, the murder of an old lady! Leonard, who would not hurt a fly! At last I shall have my revenge. The poor chicken! I shall say that he came in that night with blood upon him – that he confessed to me. I shall hang him, Max – and when he hangs he will know and realize that it was Romaine who sent him to his death. And then – happiness, beloved! Happiness at last!” There were experts present ready to swear that the handwriting was that of Romaine Heilger, but they were not needed. Confronted with the letter, Romaine broke down utterly and confessed everything. Leonard Vole had returned to his house at the time he said, twenty past nine. She had invented the whole story to ruin him. Sir Charles called his few witnesses, the prisoner himself went into the box and told his story in a manly straight – forward manner, unshaken by cross-examination. The prosecution endeavoured to rally, but without great success. The judge’s summing up was not wholly favourable to the prisoner, but a rea ction had set in and the jury needed little time to consider their verdict. “We find the prisoner not guilty.” Leonard Vole was free! Little Mr. Mayherne hurried from his seat. He must congratulate his client. He found himself polishing his pince-nez vigorously, and checked himself. His wife had told him only the night before that he was getting a habit of it. Curious things, habits. People themselves never knew they had them. An interesting case – a very interesting case. That woman, now, Romaine Heilger. If he closed his eyes he could see her now, tall and vehement, her right hand clenching and unclenching itself unconsciously all the time. Curious things, habits. That gesture of hers with the hand was her habit, he supposes. Yet he had seen someone else do it quite lately. Who was it now Quite lately – The woman in Shaw’s Rents – It was impossible – impossible – Yet, Romaine Heilger was an actress. 78

He wanted one thing only – to see Romaine Heilger face to face.

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He did not see her until some time later, and the place of their meeting is not relevant. “So you guessed,” she said “The face? Oh that was easy enough, and the light of that gas jet was too bad for you to see the make-up.” “But why – why –” “Why did I play a lone hand?” She smiled a little, remembering the last time she had used the words. “My friend I had to save him. The evidence of a woman devoted to him would not have been enough – you hinted yourself. But I know something of the psychology of crowds. Let my evidence be wrung from me, as an admission, damning me in the eyes of the law, and a reaction in favour of the prisoner would immediately set in.” “And the bundle of letters?” “One alone, the vital one, might have seemed like a – what do you call it? – put-up job.” “Then the man called Max?” “Never existed, my friend.” “I still think,” said little Mr. Mayherne, “that we could have got him off by the – er – normal procedure.” “I dare not risk it. You see you thought he was innocent –” “But you knew it? I see,” said little Mr. Mayherne. “My dear Mr. Mayherne,” said Romaine, “you do not see at all. I knew – he was guilty!” A. Notes to the text. 1. Set dead against him – резко против него; I am dead set against it – я категорически против (этого); I am set in my purpose – я утвердился в своем намерении; I’m dead against – я резко (категорически) против. 2. Superb insolence – восхитительная наглость; compare: superb – восхительный; wonderful – удивительный, splendid – прекрасный, insolent – (1.) нахал, грубиян; (2.) высокомерный, наглый, презрительный; impudent – бесстыдный, наглый, нахальный: impertinent – нахальный, вызывающий, impudent charge (look) – вызывающие обвинение (взгляд), insolent remark (conduct) – резкое замечание (поведение). 3. In cross examination counsel for the defence – в перекрестном допросе защитник по обвинению; cross-examination – перекрестный допрос, counsel for the defence – защитник обвиняемого, counsel – (1.) совет; (2.) адвокат, counsel for the prosecution (in civil cases) – адвокат (в гражданских делах); (3.) (in criminal cases) – прокурор (в деле о преступлении). 4. To drive home a feeling – заставить кого-либо почувствовать что-либо; she drove home a feeling of jealousy – она заставила 80

почувствовать ревность. 5. Threat – угроза; threat of war – угроза войны, threat of civilization – угроза цивилизации. 6. At the bottom – в основе, в глубине; at the bottom of my soul – в глубине души, at the bottom of her evidence – в основе ее свидетельств, compare: the main thing of her evidence – основа ее свидетельства. 7. A good deal – большая часть, compare: a majority (a plenty of) большая часть (большинство), a good deal of money – большая часть денег, compare: much money – много денег, a good deal of time большая часть времени; compare: much time – много времени; at the bottom of a great deal of her evidence – в основе (глубине) большей части ее показаний. 8. To have one’s revenge – отомстить, take revenge on smb for smth. – отомстить за что-либо, кому-либо, revenge – месть. 9. Straightforward – прямой, compare: direct – прямой непосредственный, open – прямой, открытый, straightforward answer (man) – прямой ответ (человек); it’s quite straightforward – это очень просто; an open mouth (look) – открытый рот (взгляд), a direct person (reply, heir, discendant) – прямой человек (ответ, наследник, потомок) – непосредственный. 10. Verdict – приговор; the jury brought in (returned) a verdict of guilty – суд присяжных признал подсудимого виновным. 11. Face to face – лицом к лицу; друг напротив друга. 12. Let my evidence be wrung from me – если бы из меня выжали показания; to wring from – выжать из; to wring evidence from smb – выжать показания из кого-либо; to wring an admission from smb – выжать признание из кого-либо; an admission of guilt – признание вины; an admission of defeat – признание поражения. 13. Put-up job – сфабрикованное дело; it’s a put-up job – это все подстроено. B. I. Find Russian or English equivalents for the following constructions. Remember the rule of translating the attributive constructions. a) 1. bank statement; b) 1. суд присяжных; 2. cross examination; 2. заключительная речь судьи; 3. property crime; 3. защитник обвиняемого; 4. company corporation solicitor. 4. судебное разбирательство; 5. заставить почувствовать; 6. свидетельство преданной жены. II. Give examples that illustrate the differences in the usage of the synonyms: a good deal – a majority – a plenty of; straightforward – direct – open. 81

III. Read the text carefully and paraphrase the underlined parts of the following sentences. 1. He received a good deal of money. 2. He suffered at the bottom of his soul. 3. He could not have his revenge just at once. 4. He had a straightforward answer. IV. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the underlined expressions. 1. I’m set dead against it. 2. Her speech was a superb insolence. 3. The cross examination was short. 4. He had no counsel for the defence. 5. She drove home a feeling of jealousy. 6. There were no threats. 7. The jury brought in a verdict of guilty. 8. It’s a put-up job. V. Make up sentences using the following synonyms: superb – wonderful – splendid; insolent – impudent – impertinent; straightforward – direct – open. VI. Give English equivalents: лицом к лицу, в глубине души, все подстроено, признание, выжать показания из кого-либо, вынести приговор, быть категорически против. VII. Think of situations and make up sentences using the following words and word combinations. dead against, to drive home a feeling, at the bottom of, a great deal, to have one’s revenge, put-up job. VIII. Answer the following questions. 1. Did Janet Mackenzie succeed in cross examination ? 2. Was she bitter against Mr. Vole? Why? 3. Did Ms. Romaine do Mr. Vole wrong at the Trial? Why? 4. What was her purpose? 5. Did counsel for the defence succeed at the trial? 6. Who benefited when the prisoner was found not guilty? IX. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Я был категорически против вынесения приговора суда. 2. Он выжал из свидетеля все показания. 3. Ее признания поразили всех своей наглостью. 4. Защитник обвиняемого заставил всех почувствовать неловкость. 5. В основе большей части ее показаний были лжесвидетельства. X. Retell the extract on behalf of. 82

1. Mr. Vole; 2. Ms. Romaine Heilger; 3. Mr. Mayherne.

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ROLE PLAY Role play a trial based on Agatha Christie’s story “The witness for the prosecution”. Suggested main characters: The Judge – Mr. Mayherne, the solicitor – Mr. Charles, the prosecutor – Mr. Leonard Vole, the accused – Miss Romaine Heilger, the principle witness for the prosecution – Miss Janet Mackenzie, the witness – The Banker – The Expert – The Chairperson of the Jury – The Secretary of the Trial – ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE (1859–1930) BIOGRAPHY Although best known as the creator of Sherlock Holmes, Arthur Conan Doyle’s work includes science fiction, historical romance and books on warfare and spiritualism. Born in Edinburgh, he qualified as a doctor and practised in Southsea before turning to writing as a means of supplementing his income. The first Sherlock Homes novel appeared in 1887 and the fictional detective soon brought fame and fortune – though Doyle always maintained his historical romances held more worth. His personal interests were far ranging: he was a strong advocate of a tunnel between England and France, of inflatable life jackets and, in one unfortunate incident, of a (faked) photograph of fairies. But it was for a paper justifying Britain’s involvement in the Boer War – where he had served as a physician – that he received his knighthood. Influenced by Edgar Allan Poe, Doyle’s work often demonstrates a similar contrasting of the rational and the imaginative. THE CASE OF LADY SANNOX

The relations between Douglas Stone and the notorious Lady Sannox were very well known both among the fashionable circles of which she was a brilliant member, and the scientific bodies which numbered him among their most illustrious confreres. There was naturally, therefore, a very widespread interest when it was announced one morning that the lady had absolutely and for ever taken the veil, and that the world would see her no more. When, at the very tail of this rumour, there came the assurance that the celebrated operating surgeon, the man of steel nerves, had been found in the morning by his valet, seated 84

on one side of his bed, smiling pleasantly upon the universe, with both legs jammed into one side of his breeches and his great brain about as valuable as a cap full of porridge, the matter was strong enough to give quite a little thrill of interest to folk who had never hoped that their jaded nerves were capable of such a sensation. Douglas Stone in his prime was one of the most remarkable men in England. Indeed, he could hardly be said to have ever reached his prime, for he was but nine-and-thirty at the time of this little incident. Those who knew him best were aware that famous as he was as a surgeon, he might have succeeded with even greater rapidity in any of a dozen lines of life. He could have cut his way to fame as a soldier, struggled to it as an explorer, bullied for it in the courts, or built it out of stone and iron as an engineer. He was born to be great, for he could plan what another man dare not do, and he could do what another man dare not plan. In surgery none could follow him. His nerve, his judgement, his intuition, were things apart. Again and again his knife cut away death, but grazed the very springs of life in doing it, until his assistants were as white as the patient. His energy, his audacity, his full-blooded self-confidence – does not the memory of them still linger to the south of Marylebone Road and the north of Oxford Street?

His vices were as magnificent as his virtues, and infinitely more picturesque. Large as was his income, and it was the third largest of all professional men in London, it was far beneath the luxury of his living. Deep in his complex nature lay a rich vein of sensualism, at the sport of which he placed all the prizes of his life. The eye, the ear, the touch, the palate, all were his masters. The bouquet of old vintages, the scent of rare exotics, the curves and tints of the daintiest potteries of Europe, it was to these that the quick-running stream of gold was transformed. And then there came his sudden mad passion for Lady Sannox, when a single interview with two challenging glances and a whispered word set him ablaze. She was the loveliest woman in London and the only one to him. He was one of the handsomest men in London, but not the only one to her. She had a liking for new experiences, and was gracious to most men who wooed her. It may have been cause or it may have been effect that Lord Sannox looked fifty, though he was but six-and-thirty. He was a quiet, silent, neutral-tinted man, this lord, with thin lips and heavy eyelids, much given to gardening, and full of home-like habits. He had at one time been fond of acting, had even rented a theatre in London, and on its boards had first seen Miss Marion Dawson, to whom he had offered his hand, his title, and the third of a county. Since his marriage his early hobby had become distasteful to him. Even in private theatricals it was no longer possible to persuade him to exercise the talent which he had often showed that he possessed. He was happier with a spud and a watering-can among his orchids and chrysanthemums. 85

It was quite an interesting problem whether he was absolutely devoid of sense, or miserably wanting in spirit. Did he know his lady’s ways and condone them, or was he a mere blind, doting fool? It was a point to be discussed over the teacups in snug little drawing-rooms, or with the aid of a cigar in the bow windows of clubs. Bitter and plain were the comments among men upon his conduct. There was but one who had a good word to say for him, and he was the most silent member in the smoking-room. He had seen him break in a horse at the University, and it seemed to have left an impression upon his mind.

But when Douglas Stone became the favourite all doubts as to Lord Sannox’s knowledge or ignorance were set for ever at rest. There was no subterfuge about Stone. In his high-handed, impetuous fashion, he set all caution and discretion at defiance. The scandal became notorious. A learned body intimated that his name had been struck from the list of its vice-presidents. Two friends implored him to consider his professional credit. He cursed them all three, and spent forty guineas on a bangle to take with him to the lady. He was at her house every evening, and she drove in his carriage in the afternoons. There was not an attempt on either side to conceal their relations; but there came at last a little incident to interrupt them. It was a dismal winter’s night, very cold and gusty, with the wind whooping in the chimneys and blustering against the window-panes. A thin spatter of rain tinkled on the glass with each fresh sough of the gale, drowning for the instant the dull gurgle and drip from the eaves. Douglas Stone had finished his dinner, and sat by his fire in the study, a glass of rich port upon the malachite table at his elbow. As he raised it to his lips, he held it up against the lamplight, and watched with the eye of a connoisseur the tiny scales of beeswing which floated in its rich ruby depths. The fire, as it spurted up, threw fitful lights upon his bald, clear-cut face, with its widely-opened grey eyes, its thick and yet firm lips, and the deep, square jaw, which had something Roman in its strength and its animalism. He smiled from time to time as he nestled back in his luxurious chair. Indeed, he had a right to feel well pleased, for, against the advice of six colleagues, he had performed an operation that day of which only two cases were on record, and the result had been brilliant beyond all expectation. No other man in London would have had the daring to plan, or the skill to execute, such a heroic measure.

But he had promised Lady Sannox to see her that evening and it was already half-past eight. His hand was outstretched to the bell to order the carriage when he heard the dull thud of the knocker. An instant later there was the shuffling of feet in the hall, and the sharp closing of a door. “A patient to see you, sir, in the consulting room,” said the butler. “About himself?” “No, sir; I think he wants you to go out.” 86

“It is too late,” cried Douglas Stone peevishly. “I won’t go.” “This is his card, sir.” The butler presented it upon the gold salver which had been given to his master by the wife of a Prime Minister. “‘Hamil Ali, Smyrna.’ Hum! The fellow is a Turk, I suppose.” “Yes, sir. He seems as if he came from abroad, sir. And he’s in a terrible way.” “Tut, tut! I have an engagement. I must go somewhere else. But I’ll see him. Show him in here, Pim.” A few moments later the butler swung open the door and ushered in a small and decrepit man, who walked with a bent back and with the forward push of the face and blink of the eyes which goes with extreme short sight. His face was swarthy, and his hair and beard of the deepest black. In one hand he held a turban of white muslin striped with red, in the other a small chamoisleather bag. “Good evening,” said Douglas Stone, when the butler had closed the door. “You speak English, I presume?” “Yes, sir. I am from Asia Minor, but I speak English when I speak slow.”

“You wanted me to go out, I understand?” “Yes, sir. I wanted very much that you should see my wife.” “I could come in the morning, but I have an engagement which prevents me from seeing your wife tonight.” The Turk’s answer was a singular one. He pulled the string which closed the mouth of the chamois-leather bag, and poured a flood of gold on to the table. “There are one hundred pounds there,” said he, “and I promise you that it will not take you an hour. I have a cab ready at the door.” Douglas Stone glanced at his watch. An hour would not make it too late to visit Lady Sannox. He had been there later. And the fee was an extraordinarily high one. He had been pressed by his creditors lately, and he could not afford to let such a chance pass. He would go. “What is the case?” he asked. “Oh, it is so sad a one! So sad a one! You have not, perhaps heard of the daggers of the Almohades?” “Never.” “Ah, they are Eastern daggers of a great age and of a singular shape, with the hilt like what you call a stirrup. I am a curiosity dealer, you understand, and that is why I have come to England from Smyrna, but next week I go back once more. Many things I brought with me, and I have a few things left, but among them, to my sorrow, is one of these daggers.” “You will remember that I have an appointment, sir,” said the surgeon, with some irritation; “pray confine yourself to the necessary details.” 87

“You will see that it is necessary. Today my wife fell down in a faint in the room in which I keep my wares, and she cut her lower lip upon this cursed dagger of Almohades.” “I see,” said Douglas Stone, rising. “And you wish me to dress the wound?” “No, no, it is worse than that.” “What then?” “These daggers are poisoned.” “Poisoned!” “Yes, and there is no man, East or West, who can tell now what is the poison or what the cure. But all that is known I know, for my father was in this trade before me, and we have had much to do with these poisoned weapons.” “What are the symptoms?” “Deep sleep, and death in thirty hours.” “And you say there is no cure. Why then should you pay me this considerable fee?” “No drug can cure, but the knife may.” “And how?” “The poison is slow of absorption. It remains for hours in the wound.” “Washing, then, might cleanse it?” “No more than in a snake bite. It is too subtle and too deadly.” “Excision of the wound, then?” “That is it. If it be on the finger, take the finger off. So said my father always. But think of where this wound is, and that it is my wife. It is dreadful!” But familiarity with such grim matters may take the finer edge from a man’s sympathy. To Douglas Stone this was already an interesting case, and he brushed aside as irrelevant the feeble objections of the husband.

“It appears to be that or nothing,” said he brusquely. “It is better to loose a lip than a life.” “Ah, yes, I know that you are right. Well, well, it is kismet, and it must be faced. I have the cab, and you will come with me and do this thing.” Douglas Stone took his case of bistouries from a drawer, and placed it with a roll of bandage and a compress of lint in his pocket. He must waste no more time if he were to see Lady Sannox. “I am ready,” said he, pulling on his overcoat. “Will you take a glass of wine before you go out into this cold air?” His visitor shrank away, with a protesting hand upraised. “You forget that I am a Mussulman, and a true follower of the Prophet,” said he. «But tell me what is the bottle of green glass which you have placed in your pocket?” “It is chloroform.” 88

“Ah, that also is forbidden to us. It is a spirit, and we make no use of such things.” “What! You would allow your wife to go through an operation without an anaesthetic?” “Ah! she will feel nothing, poor soul. The deep sleep has already come on, which is the first working of the poison. And then I have given her of our Smyrna opium. Come, sir, for already an hour has passed.” As they stepped out into the darkness, a sheet of rain was driven in upon their faces, and the hall lamp, which dangled from the arm of a marble Caryatid, went out with a fluff. Pim, the butler, pushed the heavy door to, straining hard with his shoulder against the wind, while the two men groped their way towards the yellow glare which showed where the cab was waiting. An instant later they were rattling upon their journey.

“Is it far?” asked Douglas Stone. “Oh, no. We have a very little quiet place off the Euston Road.” The surgeon pressed the spring of his repeater and listened to the little tings which told him the hour. It was a quarter past nine. He calculated the distances, and the short time which it would take him to perform so trivial an operation. He ought to reach Lady Sannox by ten o’clock. Through the fogged windows he saw the blurred gas lamps dancing past, with occasionally the broader glare of a shop front. The rain was pelting and rattling upon the leathern top of the carriage, and the wheels swashed as they rolled through puddle and mud. Opposite to him the white headgear of his companion gleamed faintly through the obscurity. The surgeon felt in his pockets and arranged his needles, his ligatures and his safety-pins, that no time might be wasted when they arrived. He chafed with impatience and drummed his foot upon the floor. But the cab slowed down at last and pulled up. In an instant Douglas Stone was out, and the Smyrna merchant’s toe was at his very heel. “You can wait,” said he to the driver. It was a mean-looking house in a narrow and sordid street. The surgeon, who knew his London well, cast a swift glance into the shadows, but there was nothing distinctive – no shop, no movement, nothing but a double line of dull, flat-faced houses, a double stretch of wet flagstones which gleamed in the lamplight, and a double rush of water in the gutters which swirled and gurgled towards the sewer gratings. The door which faced them was blotched and discoloured, and a faint light in the fan pane above, it served to show the dust and the grime which covered it. Above in one of the bedroom windows, there was a dull yellow glimmer. The merchant knocked loudly, and, as he turned his dark face towards the light, Douglas Stone could see that it was contracted with anxiety. A bolt was drawn, and an elderly woman with a taper stood in the doorway, shielding the thin flame with her gnarled hand.

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“Is all well?” gasped the merchant. “She is as you left her, sir.” “She has not spoken?” “No, she is in a deep sleep.” The merchant closed the door, and Douglas Stone walked down the narrow passage, glancing about him in some surprise as he did so. There was no oil-cloth, no mat, no hat-rack. Deep grey dust and heavy festoons of cobwebs met his eyes everywhere. Following the old woman up the winding stair, his firm footfall echoed harshly through the silent house. There was no carpet. The bedroom was on the second landing. Douglas Stone followed the old nurse into it, with the merchant at his heels. Here, at least, there was furniture and to spare. The floor was littered and the corners piled with Turkish cabinets, inlaid tables, coats of chain mail, strange pipes, and grotesque weapons. A single small lamp stood upon a bracket on the wall. Douglas Stone took it down, and picking his way among the lumber, walked over to a couch in the corner, on which lay a woman dressed in the Turkish fashion, with yashmak and veil. The lower part of the face was exposed, and the surgeon saw a jagged cut which zigzagged along the border of the under lip. “You will forgive the yashmak,” said the Turk. “You know our views about women in the East.” But the surgeon was not thinking about the yashmak. This was no longer a woman to him. It was a case. He stooped and examined the wound carefully. “There are no signs of irritation,” said he. “We might delay the operation until local symptoms develop.” The husband wrung his hands in uncontrollable agitation. < 10 > “Oh! sir, sir,» he cried. «Do not trifle. You do not know. It is deadly. I know, and I give you my assurance that an operation is absolutely necessary. Only the knife can save her.” “And yet I am inclined to wait,” said Douglas Stone. “That is enough,” the Turk cried, angrily. “Every minute is of importance, and I cannot stand here and see my wife allowed to sink. It only remains for me to give you my thanks for having come, and to call in some other surgeon before it is too late.” Douglas Stone hesitated. To refund that hundred pounds was no pleasant matter. But of course if he left the case he must return the money. And if the Turk were right and the woman died, his position before a coroner might be an embarrassing one. “You have had personal experience of this poison?” he asked. “I have.” “And you assure me that an operation is needful.” “I swear it by all that I hold sacred.” 90

“The disfigurement will be frightful.” “I can understand that the mouth will not be a pretty one to kiss.” Douglas Stone turned fiercely upon the man. The speech was a brutal one. But the Turk has his own fashion of talk and of thought, and there was no time for wrangling. Douglas Stone drew a bistoury from his case, opened it and felt the keen straight edge with his forefinger. Then he held the lamp closer to the bed. Two dark eyes were gazing up at him through the slit in the yashmak. They were all iris, and the pupil was hardly to be seen. < 11 > “You have given her a very heavy dose of opium.” “Yes, she has had a good dose.” He glanced again at the dark eyes which looked straight at his own. They were dull and lustreless, but, even as he gazed, a little shifting sparkle came into them, and the lips quivered. “She is not absolutely unconscious,” said he. “Would it not be well to use the knife while it will be painless?” The same thought had crossed the surgeon’s mind. He grasped the wounded lip with his forceps, and with two swift cuts he took out a broad V-shaped piece. The woman sprang up on the couch with a dreadful gurgling scream. Her covering was torn from her face. It was a face that he knew. In spite of that protruding upper lip and that slobber of blood, it was a face that he knew. She kept on putting her hand up to the gap and screaming. Douglas Stone sat down at the foot of the couch with his knife and his forceps. The room was whirling round, and he had felt something go like a ripping seam behind his ear. A bystander would have said that his face was the more ghastly of the two. As in a dream, or as if he had been looking at something at the play, he was conscious that the Turk’s hair and beard lay upon the table, and that Lord Sannox was leaning against the wall with his hand to his side, laughing silently. The screams had died away now, and the dreadful head had dropped back again upon the pillow, but Douglas Stone still sat motionless, and Lord Sannox still chuckled quietly to himself. “It was really very necessary for Marion, this operation,” said he, “not physically, but morally, you know, morally.” < 12 > Douglas Stone stooped for yards and began to play with the fringe of the coverlet. His knife tinkled down upon the ground, but he still held the forceps and something more. “I had long intended to make a little example,” said Lord Sannox, suavely. “Your note of Wednesday miscarried, and I have it here in my pocket-book. I took some pains in carrying out my idea. The wound, by the way, was from nothing more dangerous than my signet ring.” He glanced keenly at his silent companion, and cocked the small revolver which he held in his coat pocket. But Douglas Stone was still picking at the coverlet. 91

“You see you have kept your appointment after all,” said Lord Sannox. And at that Douglas Stone began to laugh. He laughed long and loudly. But Lord Sannox did not laugh now. Something like fear sharpened and hardened his features. He walked from the room, and he walked on tiptoe. The old woman was waiting outside. “Attend to your mistress when she awakes,” said Lord Sannox. Then he went down to the street. The cab was at the door, and the driver raised his hand to his hat. “John,” said Lord Sannox, “you will take the doctor home first. He will want leading downstairs, I think. Tell his butler that he has been taken ill at a case.” “Very good, sir.” “Then you can take Lady Sannox home.” “And how about yourself, sir?” “Oh, my address for the next few months will be Hotel di Roma, Venice. Just see that the letters are sent on. And tell Stevens to exhibit all the purple chrysanthemums next Monday, and to wire me the result.” 1. Read the story. 2. Make up questions to the story so that the answers help you to retell it. 3. Work in pairs or in groups of three-four students and speak on your impression of the story.

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ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ В ходе реализации коммуникативно-когнитивного, интерактивного, межкультурного и компетентностного подходов к обучению иностранному языку представленного учебное пособие способствует развитию профессиональной иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции студентовбакалавров, будущих юристов, на английском языке. При разработке системы упражнений и заданий данного учебного пособия автор исходил из того, что необходимой предпосылкой для успешного овладения иноязычной устной речью как средством межкультурной коммуникации является одновременная специальная работа над всеми сторонами речевой деятельности, устной и письменной речью, а также аспектами языка. Задания и упражнения основаны на принципах интегрированного и дифференцированного обучения иностранному языку. Предложенная система упражнений и заданий данного учебного пособия учитывает также принципы последовательности использования языкового материала, речевой направленности и интерактивности. Автор надеется, что материал данного учебного пособия позволяет обучающимся постепенно, поэтапно и эффективно овладеть иноязычными речевыми умениями и навыками, что будет способствовать дальнейшему формированию профессиональной иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции студентов. Методические материалы данного учебного пособия могут быть также полезными будущим и практикующим учителям иностранного языка как с точки зрения развития профессионально значимых умений и навыков устной речи, так и с точки зрения их использования на уроках английского языка для развития иноязычных речевых умений и навыков учащихся.

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GLOSSARY abide by someone’s decision abrogate a law/treaty accuse someone of a crime accused acquit an accused person annul an agreement/law arbitrator arrest someone arson assault award/grant custody to barrister bent the law/rules binding decision breathalyzer burglary capital punishment carry guns case cell charge someone with civil court clear customs commit a crime/an offence contravene a law convict of the crime court criminal court declaration form defend/prosecute someone in court defendant discretionary powers discrimination drug-trafficking embezzlement entry restrictions evidence fight crime fine

выполнять чье-либо решение отменить/аннулировать закон/договор обвинять/предъявлять обвинение в чем-либо обвиняемый/подсудимый оправдать обвиняемого аннулировать соглашение/закон третейский судья, арбитр арестовать кого-либо поджог нападение назначить опеку над адвокат, барристер повернуть закон/правила в нужную сторону обязательное решение разг. взять пробу на алкоголь (у водителя) (ночная) кража со взломом высшая мера наказания носить оружие дело камера обвинять кого-либо в чем-либо суд по гражданским делам уплачивать пошлины совершить преступление преступать закон признавать виновным/выносить приговор суд/зал суда суд по уголовным делам декларация защищать кого-либо в суде ответчик/подсудимый, обвиняемый дискреционные (представленные на собственное усмотрение) полномочия дискриминация незаконный оборот наркотиков растрата ограничения на въезд улика/свидетельские показания бороться с преступностью штраф 94

fine someone a sum of money fixed penalty forgery guilty harassment illegal impeach (a president) indictable indictment infringe someone’s rights innocent insider trading/dealing joyriding judge jury kidnapping landing card lodge an appeal make a statement manslaughter minor offence money laundering mugging murder on-the-spot fine pass verdict on an accused person perjury pervert the course of justice pick-pocketing plead guilty or not guilty political asylum port of entry prison proof prove smith quash a decision/conviction question someone rape

оштрафовать кого-либо на какую-либо сумму фиксированный штраф/наказание/взыскание подделывание (документа)/подлог, подделка (подписи) виновный домогательство незаконный предъявлять (президенту) обвинение в государственном преступлении подсудный/подлежащий рассмотрению в суде предъявление обвинения нарушать чьи-либо права невиновный использование служебного положения в корыстных целях угон автомобиля с целью развлечения судья присяжные заседатели похищение миграционная карта подавать аппеляцию делать заявления непредумышленное убийство мелкое преступление отмывание денег ограбление на улице предумышленное убийство оплата штрафа на месте вынести приговор обвиняемому лжесвидетельство искажать правосудие карманная кража признавать виновным/невиновным политическое убежище страна въезда тюрьма доказательство доказывать что-либо аннулировать, отменять решение/приговор допрашивать кого-либо изнасилование 95

release someone from prison rob robbery search warrant self-defence send someone to prison sentence sentence someone to a punishment set a precedent shoplifting smuggling sniffer dog spot checks/random checks statutory rights stop-and-search powers steal summary offence surveillance cameras theft traffic offences trepass trial tribunal try uphold/overturn a verdict vaccination certificate verdict

выпускать из тюрьмы грабить, обкрадывать кража, грабеж ордер на обыск самозащита отправить кого-либо в тюрьму приговор приговорить кого-либо к наказанию установить прецедент кража из магазина занятие контрабандой собака, обученная находить наркотики и взрывчатые вещества законные права полномочия на обыск воровать, красть дисциплинарное преступление камеры наблюдения кража преступления, связанные с нарушением правил дорожного движения нарушение границ частного владения судебное заседание суд, трибунал расследовать (дело)/допрашивать подтверждать/опровергать приговор сертификат о прививках приговор

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ANSWER KEY I. LAW AND ORDER I. 3, 9, 7, 8, 2, 6, 4, 1, 5 II. 1. the police 2. the judge 3. prisoners III. 1. broken; committed 2. against 3. fine 4. prove II. CRIME (I) I. Crimes murder robbery rape manslaughter shoplifting

II.

4. the jury 5. barristers (lawyers) 6. criminals 5. guilty 6. evidence 7. convicted; sentence 8. offence

People thief barrister burglar judge criminal prisoner jury

1. burglary 2. with murder 3. charged with shoplifting IV. 1. carry 2. allowed/able 3. punishment

Places prison cell court police station

4. with manslaughter 5. charged with theft 4. spray 5. defence 6. reduce/cut

III. CRIME (II) I. 1. robbed; stole 3. are robbed 2. was stolen 4. was robbed III. 1. was convicted 4. be released 2. defended 5. was acquitted 3. sentenced IV. Possible groupings: crimes, punishments, people connected with the law. VI. 1) murder 6) drunken driving 2) shop-lifting 7) pick-pocketing 3) drug-trafficking 8) blackmail 4) forgery 9) hijacking 5) kidnapping 10)smuggling VIII. 1. fine 4. prosecution 2. prison 5. death penalty 3. probation 6. acquittal 97

IX. 1. committed 2. robbed 3. stole 4. witness 5. arrested

6. charged 7. trial 8. pleaded 9. evidence 10. verdict

11. sentenced 12. prison 13. served 14. was released 15. time

IV. AUTHORITIES AND POLICE I. Suggested answers: 1. vaccination certificate 2. seek political asylum 3. to clear customs 4. customs declaration (form) 5. economic migrants

6. a landing card 7. sniffer dogs 8. entry restriction 9. port of entry

III. 1) a plain clothes (police) officer 2) a paramilitary police force 3) the anti-corruption squad V. THE LANGUAGE OF LAW I. 1. impeached 2. lodge 3. overturned 4. sets 5. award/grant II.

1. trespass 2. embezzlement

4) a parking ticket 5) the drug squad 6) the security forces

6. bent 7. are infringing 8. perverting 9. annulled 10. quashed 3. joyriding 4. perjury

III. 1. a civil court 2. an indictable offence 3. The signatories have to do what they have agreed to do. 4. discretionary IV. abrogation contravention impeachment infringement perversion Indictment discretion statute V. 1. indictment 2. discretion 3. infringement Test I I. a) broken b) banned c) licence d) order e) let

4. statute 5. perversion

f) illegally g) rules h) commit i) court j) prohibited

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II.

a) hijacker b) witness c) smuggler d) shoplifter e) murder f) kidnapper

g) forger h) vandal i) pickpocket j) burglar k) blackmailer l) hooligan

III. a) 5 b) 3 c) 6 d) 2 e) 1

f) 9 g) 7 h) 10 i) 4 j) 8

IV. a) charged b) evidence c) fine d) guilty e) jury

f) lawyer g) statement h) suspect i) accused j) sentence

V.

f) C g) D h) B i) A j) A

a) D b) A c) C d) B e) A

VI. a) They accused Jack of stealing the money. b) Ian denied having punched anybody. c) The detective gave Andy permission to go. d) The judge sentenced James Frogget to ten years in prison. e) Mary admitted having forged the signature. f) Harry was arrested for stealing $ 30,000. g) The witnesses stated that they had seen the accused break into the car. h) Graham refused to go the police station. i) Norman confessed to having murdered Alan. j) The detective asked Helen to go with her/him. INSTANT DISCUSSIONS. ARE WE ALL CRIMINALS? II. A) She took it and flew to France. B) They took it to the police station. IV. 1. d 4. b 2. c 5. f 3. a 6. e V.

1) broken into 2) looking into 3) answered to

4) turned up 5) get away with 6) let them off 99

NAMING AND SHAMING I. 1) b 2) a 3) f 4) c

5) h 6) e 7) d 8) g

IV. 1) found guilty 2) causing the death of 3)sentenced 4) fine 5) prison He should be

6) committed 7) conviction 8) criminal 9) offenders locked up. put behind bars. sent to prison.

THE COST OF CRIME 4. a. 3 c. 2 b. 1 d. 4 5. 1. Social workers, schools, businesses, local authorities, and the Criminal Justice System. 2. Because the government spends twice as much on it as it did four years ago but the crime rate has doubled and it still rising. 3. Because they don’t have jobs and they see crime as the only alternative. 4. Higher taxes, higher insurance costs, higher prices in shops and the emotional cost. 6. 1) T 3) F 2) F 4) T 7. crime criminal verb arson burglary burglar smuggling smuggler hijacker hooligan kidnapping mugging murder rape

to kidnap mugger

1. g 2. h

to murder to rape to rob

robber shoplifter terrorist thief

shoplifting

8.

to hijack

3. d 4. c

to steal

5. b 6. f

7. a 8. e 100

CHILDREN’S LIFESTYLES – A CAUSE FOR CONCERN? 2. 1. F 5. T 2. T 6. F 3. F 7. T 4. T 3.

1) without an adult 2) a few 3) as risky as

4) very harmful 5) takes hold of the imagination

4.

1) terror 2) sedentary captives 3) slouched 4) struck with horror 5) sponsor

6) concern 7) confined 8) implied 9) letting 10)idleness

5.

a. 2 b. 4

c. 1 d. 3

AN EYE FOR AN EYE 1. Capital punishment is the execution of a human being for crimes which can range from political offences to robbery. The most common methods of execution are hanging and the electric chair. Some of the countries which have it: the USA, Japan, Iran, Iraq etc. Some of the countries which do not have it: Austria, Denmark, France. Some countries have capital punishment for treason only (e.g. Britain). 3.

1. D 2. A 3. F

4.

1. The electric chair. He is shocked because someone could suffer for as long as 20 minutes before they died. 2. A majority of politicians are against it though there are obviously enough who are very much in favour of bringing it back to have tried 14 times. 1. B 3. C 2. A 4. A

5. 6.

1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. D

4. B 5. E 6. G

6. A 7. C 8. B 9. C 10.A

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MURDER MYSTERIES I. 1. In London in the autumn of 1888. 2. He sent the police letters signed Jack the Ripper. 3. Seven. 4. For three months. 5. A doctor, a businessman, a painter, and a member of the royal family. 6. She’s a crime writer. 7. By analyzing DNA. II. Walter Sickert, an artist. √ III. 1. T 2. F (From a painting) 3. T 4. T 5. F (A diary) 6. F (He thinks it’s a ridiculous theory) 7. F (He doesn’t know) 8. T IV. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F V. 1) armchair detectives 2) horror film 3) crime scene

6. F 7. F 8. T 9. F 10.T 4) time machine 5) science fiction 6) television documentary

SHOPLIFTING – HARMLESS THRILL OR SERIOUS CRIME? 1. aisle, finger, glance, well up, wrinkle, hue, gaze, as if on cue, emery board, stride off, giggle, tremendous, pay little heed, feel at liberty to, clergyman, poverty, valid, board member, nonprofit, torrent, ashamed, exhilarated, mall, afflicted, act out, stable, hang over, peer, dispel, urge, persistent, addiction, deep-seated, loosely, prudence, give chase, ensue, condemn, ordeal, exceed, competition, revenue, operating costs, heating fuel, curtailing, crook (Am.E), close-knit, wheelchair, rebel, in times past, stern, handcuffs, fingerprint, bail out, chagrin, pass into oblivion, you reap what you sow Test II I. 1) innocence 2) theft 3) offences 4) stolen 5) defence

6) accidentally 7) worthless 8) criminal 9) punishment 10) imprisonment 102

II.

a) against b) of c) for d) under e) in f) in

III. 1) B 2) A 3) D 4) A 5) B

g) from h) in i) off j) by k) on l) in 6) C 7) C 8) D 9) A 10)D

11) B 12) C 13) A 14) D 15) B

IV. The belief is: INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY

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СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 1. Redman, S. English vocabulary in use (pre-intermediate and intermediate) / S. Redman. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1997. – 270 p. 2. McCarthy, M., O’Dell, F. English vocabulary in use (upper-intermediate and advanced) / M. McCarthy, F. O’Dell. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1997. – 296 p. 3. McCarthy, M. English vocabulary in use (advanced) / M. McCarthy, F. O’Dell. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2006. – 315 p. 4. Taylor, L. International Express (intermediate) / L. Taylor. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1999. – 140 p. 5. Haines, S. New First Certificate. Masterclass / S. Haines, B. Steward. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1996. – 223 p. 6. McAndrew, R. Instant Discussions / R. McAndrew, R. Martinez. – London : Thompson, 2002. – 50 p. 7. Howard-Williams, D. Herd, C. Word Games with English plus / D. HowardWilliams. – Oxford : Heinemann, 2001. – 59 p. 8. Cristie, A. The Witness for the Prosecution / A. Cristie. – London : Harper Collins Publishers, 1996. – 42 p. 9. Oxenden, C. New English File (intermediate) / C. Oxenden, C. LathamKoenig. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2006. – 160 p. 10. Della, H. Innovations: a course in natural English. Intermediate. Course Book / H. Della, A. Walkley. – Singapore: Thompson corporation, 2004. – 176 p. 11. Kerr, Ph. Straightforward. Intermediate Students’ Book / Ph. Kerr, C. Jones. – Mackmillan, 2005. – 168 p.

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Саватеева Оксана Викторовна

LAW AND ORDER Учебное пособие Подписано в печать 29.09.2017. Формат 60×90/16. Усл. печ. л. 6,2. Тираж 300 экз. Отпечатано в редакционно-издательском отделе (РИО) МАГУ. Мурманский арктический государственный университет. 183038, г. Мурманск, ул. Капитана Егорова, 15. 105