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English Pages 434 [449] Year 2012
Language, Culture, and Society
F I F T H
E D I T I O N
Language, Culture, and Society An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology
ZDENEK SALZMANN, J A M E S M . S TA N L A W, N O B U KO A DAC H I
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CONTENTS
Preface
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1 Introducing Linguistic Anthropology
1
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2 Methods of Linguistic Anthropology
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3 Language Is Sound: Phonology
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4 Structure of Words and Sentences .PSQIFNFTBOE"MMPNPSQIT .PSQIPMPHJDBM1SPDFTTFT .PSQIPQIPOFNJDT v
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5 Nonverbal Communication
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6 The Development and Evolution of Language
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7 Acquiring Language(s): Life with First Languages, Second Languages, and More
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8 Language Through Time )PX-BOHVBHFT"SF$MBTTJGJFE
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9 Languages in Variation and Languages in Contact
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10 Ethnography of Communication
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11 Culture as Cognition, Culture as Categorization: Meaning and Language in the Conceptual World $PODFQUT 8PSET BOE$BUFHPSJFT 5IF-FYJDBM/BUVSFPG$PODFQUT 5IF3JTFBOE 3FMBUJWF 'BMMPG&UIOPTDJFODF 4PVOE4ZNCPMJTNBOE4ZOFTUIFTJB 4UVEJFTPG%JTDPVSTF 4VNNBSZBOE$PODMVTJPOT
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12 Language, Culture, and Thought
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13 Language and Ideology: Variations in Class, Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationality
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14 Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World
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P R E FAC E TO T H E F I F T H E D I T I O N
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1 Introducing Linguistic Anthropology
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Chapter 1: Introducing Linguistic Anthropology
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Modern Myths Concerning Languages
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Chapter 1: Introducing Linguistic Anthropology
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Modern Myths Concerning Languages
5
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6
Chapter 1: Introducing Linguistic Anthropology
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Modern Myths Concerning Languages
7
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iIBWFBDIJFWFEUIFNJEEMFTUBUVT UIF BEWBODFE TUBUVT XPSME MBOHVBHFT BOE TPNF PUIFSs. . . BMMMBOHVBHFTBSFQPUFOUJBMMZFRual . . BOEIFODFDB QBCMFPGBEBQUBUJPOUPUIFOFFETPGBDPNQMFYJOEVTUSJBMDJWJMJ[BUJPO w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8
Chapter 1: Introducing Linguistic Anthropology
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Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought
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Whorf’s Hypothesis Reconsidered
233
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Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought
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Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought
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Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought
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Color Nomenclature and Other Challenges to Linguistic Relativity
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Color Nomenclature and Other Challenges to Linguistic Relativity
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Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought
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Theoretical Alternatives to Linguistic Relativity
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Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought
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Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought
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B O X 1 2 . 2 C A R R O L L O N L I N G U I S T I C R E L AT I V I T Y
The speakers of one language . . . may tend to ignore differences which are regularly noticed by the speakers of another language. This is not to say that they always ignore them, for these differences can indeed be recognized and talked about in any language, but they are differences which are not always salient in their experiences. The effect of any one language category is to lead language users to assume, perhaps mistakenly, that there is uniformity of some sort within the category. . . . For example, historians have pointed out that the use of the term “the Middle Ages” may lead to the false impression that the period between the fall of Rome and the Italian Renaissance was in truth a distinct historical period which had uniform characteristics, throughout its length, which set it apart from other periods. . . . Let us now analyze a simple cross-linguistic example. In English, it is possible to report about someone, “He went to town.” Nothing is said about his mode of travel: he might have walked, run, rode a horse, driven a car, or taken a bus or even a boat or a helicopter. It is well known that in German one would have to specify at least a minimum of information about the mode of travel. Use of the verb gehen (as a cognate of go, apparently the most direct translation) would imply walking or some other form of self-propelled movement; use of fahren would imply going in a vehicle; of reiten, going on horseback; etc. Russian, and, it so happens, Navaho, could use an even longer list of verbs to distinguish modes of transportation. Thus, in English, it is possible to focus attention on the mere fact of someone’s having departed in the direction of town, even though the speaker of English can be more specific if he wants to: walked, ran, drove, rode, flew, bicycled, rowed, helicoptered could be substituted for went in the sentence indicated. . . . As compared with German speakers, English speakers are sometimes benefited, sometimes disadvantaged by the possible lack of specificity in the meaning of the English term go. from John B. Carroll, “Linguistic Relativity, Contrastive Linguistics, and Language Learning” (1963), 12–13
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13 Language and Ideology: Va riations in Class, Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationality
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B O X 1 3 . 1 TA L K I N G L I K E A L A D Y
Aside from specific lexical items like color names, we find differences between the speech of women and that of men in the use of particles that grammarians often describe as “meaningless.” There may be no referent for them, but they are far from meaningless: they define the social context of an utterance, indicate the relationship the speaker feels between himself and his addressee, between himself and what he is talking about. As an experiment, one might present native speakers of standard American English with pairs of sentences, identical syntactically and in terms of referential lexical items, and differing merely in the choice of “meaningless” particle, and ask them which was spoken by a man, which a woman. Consider: (a) Oh dear, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again. (b) Shit, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again. It is safe to predict that people would classify the first sentence as part of “women’s language,” the second as “men’s language.” It is true that many self-respecting women are becoming able to use sentences like (b) publicly without flinching, but this is a relatively recent development, and while perhaps the majority of Middle America might condone the use of (b) for men, they would still disapprove of its use by women. (It is of interest, by the way, to note that men’s language is increasingly being used by women, but women’s language is not being adopted by men, apart from those who reject the American masculine image [for example, homosexuals]. This is analogous to the fact that men’s jobs are being sought by women, but few men are rushing to become housewives or secretaries. The language of the favored group, the group that holds the power, along with its nonlinguistic behavior, is generally adopted by the other group, not vice versa. In any event, it is a truism to state that the “stronger” expletives are reserved for men, and the “weaker” ones for women. from Robin Lakoff, Language and Woman’s Place (1975), 9–10
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B O X 1 3 . 2 W H AT D O E S T H E W O R D M A N M E A N ?
It has been argued that the word man, as in man is a primate, is independent of sex, that it refers to all members of the species, and that it is just an etymological coincidence that the form for the species is the same as that for the male members of the species. Certainly, using the same form for the entire species and for half the species creates the possibility of confusion, as those colonial women discovered who rashly thought that the word man in the sentence “All men are created equal” included them. More confusion may come about when we use phrases like early man. Although this presumably refers to the species, notice how easy it is to use expressions like early man and his wife and how hard it is to say things like man is the only animal that menstruates or even early woman and her husband. . . . The common theme running through these last examples is that the male is taken as the normal, that masculine forms refer both to the sex and the species, while women are the exception, usually absorbed by the masculine, but needing special terms when they become noticeable. If the above examples have not convinced you that man as a generic is at best ambiguous, consider the following quote from Alma Graham . . . : If a woman is swept off a ship into the water, the cry is “Man overboard!” If she is killed by a hit-and-run driver, the charge is “manslaughter.” If she is injured on the job, the coverage is “workmen’s compensation.” But if she arrives at a threshold marked “Men Only,” she knows the admonition is not intended to bar animals or plants or inanimate objects. It is meant for her. from Francine Frank and Frank Anshen, Language and the Sexes (1983), 71–72
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B OX 1 3 . 3 A F R I C A N - A M E R I C A N E N G L I S H I N AC T I O N : A F I F T E E N -Y E A R - O L D S P E A K S
INTERVIEWER: What happens to you after you die? Do you know? LARRY: Yeah, I know. I: What? LARRY: After they put you in the ground, your body turns into—ah—bones,
an’ shit. I: What happens to your spirit? LARRY: Your spirit—soon as you die, your spirit leaves you. I: And where does the spirit go? LARRY: Well, it all depends . . . I: On what? LARRY: You know, like some people say if you’re good an’ shit, your spirit
goin’ t’heaven . . . ’n’ if you bad, your spirit goin’ to hell. Well, bullshit! Your spirit goin’ to hell anyway, good or bad. I: Why? LARRY: Why? I’ll tell you why. ’Cause, you see, doesn’ nobody really know that it’s a God, y’know, ’cause I mean I have seen black gods, pink gods, white gods, all color gods, and don’t nobody know it’s really a God. An’ when they be sayin’ if you good, you goin’ t’heaven, tha’s bullshit, ’cause you ain’t goin’ to no heaven, ’cause it ain’t no heaven for you to go to. I: Well, if there’s no heaven, how could there be a hell? LARRY: I mean—ye-eah. Well, let me tell you, it ain’t no hell, ’cause this is hell right here, y’know! I: This is hell? LARRY: Yeah, this is hell right here! I: . . . But, just say that there is a God, what color is he? White or black? LARRY: Well, if it is a God . . . I wouldn’ know what color, I couldn’ say,— couldn’ nobody say what color he is or really would be. I: But now, jus’ suppose there was a God— LARRY: Unless’n they say . . . I: No, I was jus’ sayin’ jus’ suppose there is a God, would he be white or black? LARRY: . . . He’d be white, man. I: Why? LARRY: Why? I’ll tell you why. ’Cause the average whitey out here got everything, you dig? And the nigger ain’t got shit, y’know? Y’understan’? So— um—for—in order for that to happen, you know it ain’t no black God that’s doin’ that bullshit. from William Labov, “The Logic of Nonstandard English” (1970), 12–15
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287
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Chapter 13: Language and Ideology
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Summary and Conclusions
289
Summary and Conclusions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iNFOTMBO HVBHFw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
14 Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World
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CVUJUBMTPDBOBOEEPFT 291
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Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World
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B O X 1 4 . 1 P L A N S F O R T H E R E V I TA L I Z AT I O N O F K E R E S , THE DIALECT OF RIO GRANDE KERESAN, SPOKEN IN T H E P U E B LO O F CO C H I T I , N E W M E X I CO
As of this writing, the plans for the fall [2000] include (1) an all-Keres room where Head Start and preschool children can spend from half an hour to two hours daily, depending on their parents’ preferences; (2) Keres language classes for tribal employees, to be given three times a week; (3) after-school arts and crafts and recreational activities for school-age children; and (4) arts and crafts and Keres classes for adults in the evenings. In addition, CIEC [Cochiti Indian Education Committee] and CETF [Cochiti Education Task Force] committee members have committed themselves to providing mentoring to less fluent speakers and to revitalizing the practice of visiting each other and maintaining Keres during these visits. Several community projects such as ditch cleaning, weeding, and painting are planned in which fluent adults are matched with learning adolescents. All of these efforts will be undertaken either with volunteers or with tribal funds. This allows the tribe to maintain control and to remain faithful to its own values. Moreover, drawing in the different segments of the community—for example, the elders, the tribal council, tribal employees, parents, and children— underscores the fact that the language revitalization project belongs to everyone and therefore all have a responsibility to its continuation. Future plans include a language nest, where babies and very young children can be cared for by fluent Keres-speaking “grandmothers”; an all-Keres preschool program; a healthy after-school recreational program; more community projects; adolescent-elder pairings; and consistent Keres class offerings after school and in the evenings for adults. These plans for the future will necessarily mean that more fluent speakers will be needed to teach and to lead in the various initiatives that are to come. The CIEC, the task force, and the leaders of the community understand the commitment required to make all of this a reality. However, they also understand the power of these initiatives for the language learning of their future leaders. Much of the success that the Pueblo de Cochiti has enjoyed is owed to the fact that the leaders have moved slowly and planned carefully. Above all, they have made certain that every step taken has been consonant with Cochiti traditional culture and values. from Regis Pecos and Rebecca Blum-Martinez, “The Key to Cultural Survival” (2001), 81–82
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Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World
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Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World
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B O X 1 4 . 2 C O M M U N I C AT I O N P R O B L E M S B E T W E E N E N G L I S H S P E A K E R S A N D AT H A B A S K A N S
What’s Confusing to English Speakers About Athabaskans
What’s Confusing to Athabaskan Speakers About English Speakers
They do not speak. They keep silent. They avoid situations of talking.
They talk too much. They always talk first. They talk to strangers or people they don’t know. They think they can predict the future. They brag about themselves. They don’t help people even when they can. They always talk about what’s going to happen later. They ask too many questions. They always interrupt. They only talk about what they are interested in. They don’t give others a chance to talk. They are always getting excited when they talk. They aren’t careful when they talk about things or people.
They only want to talk to close acquaintances. They play down their own abilities. They act as if they expect things to be given to them. They deny planning. They avoid direct questions. They never start a conversation. They talk off the topic. They never say anything about themselves. They are slow to take a turn in talking. They ask questions in unusual places. They talk with a flat tone of voice. They are too indirect, inexplicit. They don’t make sense. They just leave without saying anything.
from Ronald Scollon and Suzanne Wong-Scollon, “Athabaskan-English Interethnic Communication” (1990), 284
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Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World
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Language and the Law
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GLOSSARY
381
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382
GLOSSARY
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GLOSSARY
383
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384
GLOSSARY
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i*LFQUPOFBUJOHw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
GLOSSARY
385
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386
GLOSSARY
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GLOSSARY
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388
GLOSSARY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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389
390
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392
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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400
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
401
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
417
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418
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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LANGUAGES MENTIONED IN THE TEXT A N D T H E I R L O CAT I O N S
&VSPQF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Albanian Basque Catalan Croatian Czech Dutch Estonian Finnish
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
French German Greek Icelandic Italian (and Latin) Lapp (Sami) Magyar (Hungarian) Polish Portuguese
419
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Romanian Romansh Russian Schwyzertütsch Serbian Slovak Spanish
4PVUIXFTUFSO"TJBBOE /PSUI"GSJDB 25 26 27 28
Arabic Armenian Persian Turkish
"GSJDB4PVUIPG UIF4BIBSB 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Abua Afrikaans Ashanti a Bantu language Ewe Kalabari Kamba
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
Kikuyu Kugbo Luhya Luo Nembe Odual Ogbia Swahili Twi Vai Yoruba
-BUJO"NFSJDBBOE UIF$BSJCCFBO 47 Aguaruna 48 Araucanian
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
Aztec Caraya Chontal Guarani Island Carib Isthmus Nahuat Jamaican Creole Kuna Mazateco Nahuatl Otomi Pirahã Sierra Popoluca (Tenejapa) Tzeltal Yucatec Zoque
&BTUBOE4PVUI"TJB 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121
Agta Aklanon Assamese Badaga Bengali Bontok Cantonese Gujarati Hindi Japanese Javanese Kannada Kashmiri Korean Madurese
122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136
Malay Malayalam Mandarin (Chinese) Marathi Mongolian Oriya Panjabi (Punjabi) Subanun Sundanese Tagalog Tamil Telugu Urdu Vietnamese Yakan
"VTUSBMJBBOE0DFBOJB 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146
Hawaiian Creole Hiri Motu Kaluli Kiriwinian Maori Neo-Melanesian (Tok Pisin) Ngandi Pintupi Samoan Tolai (Kuanua)
(key continues)
/PSUI"NFSJDB/PSUI PG.FYJDP 65 Acoma 66 Apache (and Western Apache) 67 Arapaho 68 Atsina (Gros Ventre) 69 Blackfoot 70 Cahuilla 71 Cheyenne 72 Cree-Montagnais
73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
Crow Cupeño Dakota Eskimo Fox Gullah Hopi Hupa Keres Kiowa Kiowa Apache Koasati
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
Kwakiutl Laguna Luiseño Menomini Mohawk Navajo Nootka Ojibwa Pawnee Penobscot-Abnaki Sarcee Shawnee
97 ShoshoneComanche 98 Takelma 99 Tewa 100 Tiwa 101 Tohono O’odham (Papago) 102 Tunica 103 Upper Chinook 104 Wichita 105 Yana 106 Zuni
Note: The locations are based on the map accompanying Comparative Studies of North American Indians by Harold E. Driver and William C. Massey (1957).
INDEX
"DDFOU "DPVTUJDDIBOOFM o "DPVTUJDQIPOFUJDT "DSPMFDU "GSJDBO"NFSJDBO7FSOBDVMBS&OHMJTI i#MBDL&OHMJTIUSJBM wo EFTDSJQUJPOPG o FYBNQMFPG CPY HSBNNBUJDBMEJGGFSFODFT o PSJHJOTPG o GJH QSPOVODJBUJPOPG o TUJHNBUJ[BUJPOPG o "GSJDBO"NFSJDBOT TUVEZPG DPNNVOJDBUJWFTUZMFPG o "GSP"TJBUJDMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ GJH "HBS .JDIBFM "HHMVUJOBUJWFMBOHVBHFT "HUBMBOHVBHF "HVBSVOBMBOHVBHF "MHPORVJBO MBOHVBHFGBNJMZ SFDPOTUSVDUJPOPGBODFTUSBMIPNFMBOE o CPY GJH "MMPGBDU GJH "MMPGPSN "MMPNPSQI "MMPNPUJG o "MMPQIPOF "MUBJDMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ GJH "MUNBOO 4UVBSU" "NB[POCBTJO MBOHVBHFTPG "NCSPOB 4QBJO BSDIBFPMPHJDBM FYDBWBUJPOTBU
"NFSJDBO4JHO-BOHVBHF "4-PS "NFTMBO
"NFSJOEMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ "ODFTUSBMIPNFMBOE SFDPOTUSVDUJPOPG o "OHMP"NFSJDBOT MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPOBNPOH o TUVEZPGDPNNVOJDBUJWFTUZMFPG "OHVMBSHZSVT GJH "OPNJDBQIBTJB "OTIFO 'SBOL "OUISPQPMPHJDBMMJOHVJTUJDT4FF MJOHVJTUJD BOUISPQPMPHZ "OUISPQPMPHZ CSJFGIJTUPSZPG o EFGJOFE o TVCGJFMETPG "OUPOZN o "OUT DPNNVOJDBUJWFCFIBWJPSPG o "QBDIF MBOHVBHFPG TJMFODFCFIBWJPSPG o "QIBTJB o "SBCJD FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFSTPG GJH "SBQBIP EJDUJPOBSZ o LJOTIJQUFSNT o GJH MBOHVBHF o o MBOHVBHFNBJOUFOBODFQSPHSBN o NZUIT "SBVDBOJBOT BUUJUVEFTUPXBSETQFBLJOH 423
424
"SUJDVMBUJPO o "TIBOUJMBOHVBHF "4- "NFSJDBO4JHO-BOHVBHF
"TQFDU "TTJNJMBUJPO "UIBCBTLBOUSJCFT DPNNVOJDBUJPO CFUXFFO"NFSJDBOT$BOBEJBOTBOE o CPY "UIBCBTLBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ "ULJOT #PXNBO, "UTJOB (SPT7FOUSF MBOHVBHF o "VEJUPSZDPSUFY GJH "VTUSBMPQJUIFDVTBGBSFOTJT "VTUSBMPQJUIFDVTBGSJDBOVT "VTUSPBTJBUJDMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ GJH "VTUSPOFTJBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ GJH #BCCMJOH #BEBHBMBOHVBHF #BLIUJO .JLIBJM #BOUVIJTUPSZ MJOHVJTUJDJOGFSFODFTBCPVU CPY #BSPO /BPNJ #BTJMFDU #BTRVFMBOHVBHF #BTTP ,FJUI) o #FFSUFSNJOPMPHZ o #FIBWJPSJTN #FIBWJPSJTUUIFPSZ MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPO BOE o #FOHBMJ FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFSTPG GJH #FSMJO #SFOU o #FSMJO,BZ DPMPSUFSNJOPMPHZTUVEZCZ #FTOJFS /JLP #JDLFSUPO %FSFL o #JMJOHVBMJTN EFGJOFE NJTDPODFQUJPOTBCPVU TUBHFTPG o JO4XJU[FSMBOE 4FFBMTP NVMUJMJOHVBMJTN #JOBSZPQQPTJUJPOT o #JPQSPHSBNIZQPUIFTJT
INDEX
#JSET DPNNVOJDBUJWFCFIBWJPSPG #JSEXIJTUFMM 3BZ- i#MBDL&OHMJTIUSJBM w"OO"SCPS .JDIJHBO o #MFOEJOH GJH CPY #MPPNGJFME -FPOBSE #MVN.BSUJOF[ 3FCFDDB #PBT 'SBO[ o #PLBNCB &ZBNCB #PMJOHFS %XJHIU #POUPLMBOHVBHF #SBJO IVNBO EFWFMPQNFOUPG o MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPOBOE oCPY PSHBOJ[BUJPOPG o GJH TQFFDIQSPEVDUJPOBSFBTPG o #SB[JM MBOHVBHFTPG #SJHIU 8JMMJBN #SJUJTI4JHO-BOHVBHF #4-
#SPDBTBQIBTJB #SPDBTBSFB o GJH #4- #SJUJTI4JHO-BOHVBHF
#VSFBVPG "NFSJDBO &UIOPMPHZ #VSMJOH 3PCCJOT $BEEPBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ $BNQCFMM -ZMF $BOBEB MJOHVJTUJDEJGGFSFODFTJO o $BSBZBMBOHVBHF $BSJCEJBMFDU $BSSPMM +PIO# CPY $BSSPMM -FXJT $BTBHSBOEF +PTFQI# $BTFGPSNT $BTUF×FEBEF/ÈKFSB 1FESPEF $BUBMBOMBOHVBHF $BUFHPSJ[BUJPO o $FSFCSVN $FUBDFBOT DPNNVOJDBUJWFCFIBWJPSPG $IBNCFSMBJO "MFYBOEFS' $IBNCFST +, $IBOOFMTPGDPNNVOJDBUJPO UBCMF o
INDEX
$IFSFNF $IJNQBO[FFT DPNNVOJDBUJWFCFIBWJPSPG o $IJOB MFUUFSPGBQPMPHZUPBCPVUTQZ QMBOFGJHIUFSDPMMJTJPO o $IJOFTF .BOEBSJO UBCMF $IJOFTFMBOHVBHFT GJH $IJQFXZBOMBOHVBHF $IPNTLZ /PBN o o o $IPOUBMMBOHVBHF $MBTTF "OESÏ $PEF HFOFSBMMBOHVBHF $PEFNJYJOH o $PEFTXJUDIJOH o $PFYUFOTJPO $PHOBUF o $PHOJUJPO DBUFHPSJ[BUJPOBOE o EJHJUBMDPNNVOJDBUJPOBOE o MBOHVBHFBOE o $PHOJUJWFBOUISPQPMPHZ $PJOFEXPSET $PMPS 5IF .VOTFMM#PPLPG$PMPS 7JSUVBM"OUISPQPMPHZ$PMPS-BC XFCTJUF $PMPSUFSNJOPMPHZ #FSMJO,BZTUVEZPG o -FOOFCFSH3PCFSUTTUVEZPG o $PNNVOJDBUJPODPNNVOJDBUJWF BNPOHOPOIVNBOQSJNBUFT o BNPOHOPOIVNBOWFSUFCSBUFT BNPOHTPDJBMJOTFDUT o CFUXFFO"UIBCBTLBOUSJCFTBOE "NFSJDBOT$BOBEJBOT o CPY DIBOOFMTPG UBCMF o DPNQPOFOUTPG o EJHJUBM o FUIOPHSBQIZPG o o FWPMVUJPOPGJOUPMBOHVBHF o GSBNFGSBNJOH o HFOSF o LFZ o
425
NFTTBHFGPSNBOEDPOUFOU OPSNTPGJOUFSQSFUBUJPO o QIBUJD QIBUJDDPNNVOJPO SVMFTPGJOUFSBDUJPO TUZMFTPG o 4FFBMTP HFOEFS TQFFDIBOETQFFDI $PNNVOJDBUJPO OPOWFSCBM DMBTTJGJDBUJPOPG o LJOFTJDT CPEZMBOHVBHF
o QBSBMBOHVBHF o TJHOMBOHVBHF o XIJTUMFTQFFDI o $PNQPOFOUJBMBOBMZTJT o $PODFQU EFGJOFE o $POOPUBUJPO $POTPOBOUQIPOFNFTJO"NFSJDBO &OHMJTI UBCMF $POTPOBOUT BSUJDVMBUJPOPG UBCMF UBCMF $POUFYUVBMJ[BUJPO $POUJOVJUZUIFPSZPGMBOHVBHFFWPMVUJPO $PSQVT TJ[FPG o $PXBO (FPSHF. $SFPMF EFGJOFE $SFPMJ[BUJPO o CPY $SJUJDBMQFSJPEDSJUJDBMBHFIZQPUIFTJT $SP.BHOPOT o $SVUUFOEFO "MBO $SZTUBM %BWJE $VMUVSBMEFUFSNJOJTN o $VMUVSBMIJTUPSZ SFDPOTUSVDUJPOPG o $[FDIT BUUJUVEFUPXBSE$[FDIMBOHVBHF o MJOHVJTUJDEJGGFSFODFTJO o SFMBUJPOTIJQXJUI4MPWBLT o %FDSFPMJ[BUJPO %FFU[ +BNFT' %FOF$BVDBTJBONBDSPGBNJMZ %FOPUBUJPO %FQBSUNFOUTUPSFFNQMPZFFT TUVEZPGJO /FX:PSL$JUZ o
426
%FSJWBUJPO %FTJHOGFBUVSFT o %JBDISPOJDIJTUPSJDMJOHVJTUJDT %JBMFDUT o %JHMPTTJB o %JMMBSE +- %JTDPOUJOVJUZUIFPSZPGMBOHVBHF FWPMVUJPO o %JTDPVSTF %JTQMBZT o %JTTJNJMBUJPO %PMQIJOT DPNNVOJDBUJWFCFIBWJPSPG %SBWJEJBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ GJH %VBMJUZPGQBUUFSOJOH %VOEFT "MBO %VUDIMBOHVBHF &CPOJDT &ISFU $ISJTUPQIFS &MBCPSBUFEDPEF &MJDJUBUJPOGSBNFT &MJDJUJOHEBUB o &MMJOHUPO %VLF &NFSHFODZSPPNDBTF BQQMJFEMJOHVJTUJDT BOE o &NJDT o &OHMJTI BTQFDUTPGXPSENFBOJOHJO o CPY DPSSFTQPOEFODFCFUXFFODPHOJUJPOBOE HSBNNBUJDBMOVNCFSJO o FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFSTPG GJH BTJOUFSOBUJPOBMMBOHVBHF o o o MPBOXPSETJO o QIPOFNFTPG o QPFNPOEJGGJDVMUZPG CPY TFOUFODFTUSVDUVSFPG o &TLJNPMBOHVBHF &TQFSBOUP &UIOPQPFUJDT o &UIOPTDJFODF DPNQPOFOUJBMBOBMZTJT o EFGJOFE o
INDEX
EPVCUTBCPVU o FMJDJUBUJPOGSBNFT GPMLUBYPOPNJFT &UJDT o &WFSFUU %BOJFM o &WPMVUJPO IVNBO GJH o &YPHBNZ 'BDUFNF GJH 'FSHVTPO $IBSMFT 'JFMEXPSL DIBMMFOHFTPG DIFDLMJTUGPS o DPSQVT TJ[FPG o JOGPSNBOUTDPOTVMUBOUT o QBSUJDJQBOUPCTFSWBUJPO o CPY UFDIOJRVFTGPS o 'JOOP6HSJDMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ 'JTDIFS +PIO- 'PMLUBYPOPNJFT 'PSN JOBSDIBFPMPHZ
'PSNFNF 'PVUT 3PHFS 'SBLF $IBSMFT0 'SBNFGSBNJOH o 'SBOL 'SBODJOF 'SFODIMBOHVBHF JO$BOBEB o JOGMVFODFPO&OHMJTI JO/PSUI"GSJDB BTPGGJDJBMTFNJPGGJDJBMMBOHVBHF GJH BTiVOJWFSTBMwMBOHVBHF o JO7JFUOBN 'SJFOET 4PDJFUZPG 2VBLFST
MBOHVBHFPG 'SJTDI ,BSMWPO (BM 4VTBO (ÐQFPQMF CJOBSZPQQPTJUJPOBOE o (FOEFS EFGJOFE JOMBOHVBHFT o
INDEX
(FOEFS TQFFDIBOE JO"NFSJDBOTPDJFUZ o CPY DPNNVOJDBUJPOTUSBUFHJFTBOE JO/BUJWF"NFSJDBOTPDJFUJFT o UIFPSJFTPG o (FOEFSMFDU (FOFSBUJWFHSBNNBS CPY (FOSF PGTQFFDI
o (FSNBOMBOHVBHF JO"VTUSJB FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFSTPG GJH HFOEFSJO o JOGMVFODFPGPO&OHMJTI JO4XJU[FSMBOE (JHMJPMJ 1JFS1BPMP (JWØO 5BMNZ (MPUUPDISPOPMPHZ o UBCMF (PGGNBO &SWJOH (PPEFOPVHI 8BSE (PVME 4UFQIFO+BZ (SBNNBS DIBOHFTJO VOJWFSTBM o WBSJBUJPOTJO o (SBWFT 5IFPEPSF (SFFLT BUUJUVEFTUPXBSEUBMLJOH (SFFOCFSH +PTFQI) o (SFZNPSOJOH 4UFQIFO o (VMMBIMBOHVBHF (VNQFS[ +PIO+ )BBT .BSZ3 )BHF 1FS )BMF $POTUBODF )BMF ,FOOFUI- )BMM &EXBSE5 )BMMF .PSSJT )BOEFEOFTT )BQUJDCFIBWJPS )BSSJT .BSWJO )BVHFO &JOBS )BZFT $BUIFSJOF )BZFT ,FJUI+
427
)FBSJOHJNQBJSFEJOEJWJEVBMT VTFPGTJHO MBOHVBHFCZ )FBUI +FGGSFZ )FEHFXPSET o )FMMFS .POJDB )FSPEPUVT )JMHFS *OF[ )JMM +BOF) )JOEJ FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFSTPG GJH BTPGGJDJBMMBOHVBHFPG*OEJB o )PDLFUU $IBSMFT' )PJKFS )BSSZ )PNJOJET )PNJOJEBF
o )PNJOJ[BUJPO )PNJOPJET )PNJOPJEFB
)PNPFSFDUVT o )PNPIBCJMJT )PNPTBQJFOT )PNPTBQJFOTOFBOEFSUIBMFOTJT )PNPOZNZ )POFZCFF "QJTNFMMJGFSB
DPNNVOJDBUJWF CFIBWJPSPG o GJH )POPSJGJDT o )PQJMBOHVBHF o )VNBOT FWPMVUJPOPG GJH o )VNCPMEU 8JMIFMNWPO )VQBUSJCF )ZNFT %FMM o o )ZQFSDPSSFDUJPO *DFMBOEJDMBOHVBHF MBDLPGMPBOXPSETJO *EJPMFDU o *ODMVTJPO *OEJB MJOHVJTUJDEJGGFSFODFTJO o *OEP&VSPQFBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ GJH *OEP1BDJGJDMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ *OEPOFTJB MBOHVBHFTPG
428
INDEX
*OGJY *OGMFDUJOHMBOHVBHFT *OGMFDUJPO o *OGPSNBOUTDPOTVMUBOUT o *OOBUJTUUIFPSZ MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPOPG o *OTUJUVUFGPS1SJNBUF4UVEJFTBU6OJWFSTJUZ PG0LMBIPNB *OUFSBDUJPO SVMFTPG *OUFSMJOHVB *OUFSOBUJPOBM1IPOFUJD"MQIBCFU *1"
*OUFSOFU MBOHVBHFPG o *OUFSQSFUBUJPO OPSNTPG o *OUPOBUJPO o *SJBO+BZB MBOHVBHFTPG *SPRVPJBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ *TIJHBLJ :PLP *TUINVT/BIVBUMBOHVBHF +BLPCTPO 3PNBO +BNBJDB DSFPMFPG +BQBO VTFPG&OHMJTICZXPNFOJO o +BQBOFTFMBOHVBHF FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFSTPG GJH BTQFDUTPGXPSENFBOJOHJO o CPY MPBOXPSETJO o +BWBOFTFMBOHVBHF +FBOOF -B7FSOF.BTBZFTWB +FGGFSTPO 5IPNBT +FTQFSTPO 0UUP +POFT 8JMMJBN +PPT .BSUJO +VODUVSFT JOTQFFDI ,BMVMJQFPQMF MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPOBNPOH o ,BO[J DIJNQBO[FF
,BSUWFMJBO 4PVUI$BVDBTJBO MBOHVBHF GBNJMZ ,BZ 1BVM o ,FMMFS $IBSMFT
,FMMFS +BOFU%JYPO ,FMTLZ ,BSFO ,FOZB OBUJPOBMJ[BUJPOPG4XBIJMJJO o ,FOZBUUB +PNP ,FSFTMBOHVBHF SFWJUBMJ[BUJPOPG CPY ,FZ o ,IPJTBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ ,JOFNF ,JOFTJDT o ,JOTIJQTZTUFNT DPNQBSJTPOPG"NFSJDBO BOE"SBQBIP GJH ,JOTIJQUFSNJOPMPHZ o ,JPXB*OEJBOT TJHOMBOHVBHFPG ,JPXB5BOPBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ ,JQBSTLZ 1BVM ,JSJXJOJBOMBOHVBHF ,PBTBUJMBOHVBHF ,PLP HPSJMMB
,PSFBOMBOHVBHF GJH ,SVT %BWJE ,VOBQFPQMF FUIOPQPFUJDEJTDPVSTF BNPOH o ,XBLJVUMMBOHVBHF -B(VBSEJB 'JPSFMMP -BCPW 8JMMJBN -BJUNBO +FGGSFZ5 o -BLPGG 3PCJO o -BOHVBHF DIBOHFTJOIVNBODVMUVSFBOE DPNQFUFODF DVMUVSBMEFWFMPQNFOUBOE o EFTJHOGFBUVSFTPG o GBNJMJFT o GJH HSBNNBUJDBMTUSVDUVSF o JEFPMPHZ EFGJOFE *OUFSOFUBOE o NPEFSONZUITBCPVU OBUJPOBMJUZBOE o QFSGPSNBODF QIPOFNJDBOBMZTJTPG o QIPOFNJDUSBOTDSJQUJPO
INDEX
QIPOFUJDUSBOTDSJQUJPO o o BTQSPEVDUPGFWPMVUJPO o QSPTPEJDGFBUVSFTPG o BTSFGMFDUJPOPGDVMUVSF o BTSFGMFDUJPOPGJEFOUJUZ SFHJTUFS TUVEZPG o o CPY VOJWFSTBMT XSJUJOHTZTUFN EFWFMPQJOH o -BOHVBHF BDRVJTJUJPOPG CFIBWJPSJTUUIFPSZPG o JODIJMEIPPE o JOOBUJTUUIFPSZPG o /PBN$IPNTLZPO CPY TPDJPDVMUVSBMUIFPSZPG o -BOHVBHF FTUJNBUJOHBHFPG BOBUPNJDBMFWJEFODF o MJOHVJTUJDDPOTJEFSBUJPOT o QSFIJTUPSJDDMVFT o -BOHVBHFGJFME -BOHVBHFJTPMBUFT -BOHVBHFQIZMVN -BOHVBHFQMBOOJOH o -BOHVBHFQSFKVEJDF -BOHVBHF3FTFBSDI$FOUFSPGUIF:FSLFT 3FHJPOBM1SJNBUF3FTFBSDI$FOUFS -BOHVBHFT DIBOHFTJO o DMBTTJGJDBUJPOPG o JODPOUBDU o o EFBUIPG FOEBOHFSFE o HFOEFSJO o NBJOUFOBODFPG o SFDPOTUSVDUJPOPG o XPSME OVNCFSTPG GJH -BUJOMBOHVBHF o o -BUJOPT TUVEZPGDPNNVOJDBUJPOTUZMFPG -FOHUI PGTPVOE -FOOFCFSH &SJD) -FV %POBME
429
-ÏWJ4USBVTT $MBVEF -FWJOTPO 4UFQIFO -FYJDBMEJGGVTJPO -FYJDPTUBUJTUJDT -JFCFSNBO 1IJMJQ -JOHVBGSBODB o -JOHVJTUJDBOUISPQPMPHZ BDDPNQMJTINFOUTPG CPY DPOUSBTUFEXJUIMJOHVJTUJDT CPY o EFGJOFE FOEBOHFSFEMBOHVBHFTBOE o FUIJDBMRVFTUJPOTBOE o JOUFSDVMUVSBMDPNNVOJDBUJPOBOE o MBOHVBHFQMBOOJOHBOE o MFHBMMBOHVBHFBOE o o MJUFSBDZBOE o OFXDPNNVOJDBUJPOUFDIOPMPHJFTBOE o TUBOEBSETPGDPOEVDU o USBOTMBUJPOTBOE o XSJUJOHBOE o -JOHVJTUJDEFUFSNJOJTN DPVOUFSBSHVNFOUTUP o EFGJOFE FYQFSJNFOUBMGJOEJOHTBCPVU o -JOHVJTUJDQSPGJMJOH -JOHVJTUJDSFMBUJWJUZ BMUFSOBUJWFTUP o DPMPSUFSNJOPMPHZBOE o DPVOUFSBSHVNFOUTUP o EFGJOFE o FYQFSJNFOUBMGJOEJOHTBCPVU o HFOEFSBOE o +PIO$BSSPMMPO CPY -JOHVJTUJDTFOTJUJ[BUJPO -JOHVJTUJDT DPOUSBTUFEXJUIMJOHVJTUJDBOUISPQPMPHZ CPY o EFGJOFE o -PBOXPSET o o o -PVMJT DIJNQBO[FF
-VDZ +PIO o
430
-VDZ DIJNQBO[FF
-VDZ IPNJOJETQFDJNFO
.BMBZMBOHVBHF GJH .BMJODIF7PMDBOPDPNNVOJUJFT JOGMVFODF PG4QBOJTIPOUSBEJUJPOBMMBOHVBHF o .BMJOPXTLJ #SPOJTMBX .BO NFBOJOHPG CPY .BSUIBT7JOFZBSE .BTTBDIVTFUUT MJOHVJTUJDDIBOHFJO o .BUTVCBSB +VOLP .B[BUFDPMBOHVBHF .D&MIJOOZ #POOJF .FBE .BSHBSFU .FBOJOH DBUFHPSJ[BUJPO o DPODFQU EFGJOFE o FUIOPQPFUJDT TUVEZPG o +BQBOFTFBOE&OHMJTI BTQFDUTPGXPSE NFBOJOHJO oCPY PTUFOTJWFEFGJOJUJPO TFNBOUJDEJGGFSFOUJBM o TFNBOUJDSFMBUJPOTBNPOHXPSET o TFNJPUJDUSJBOHMF TFOTF TPVOETZNCPMJTN o TZOFTUIFTJB .FTPMJUIJDQFSJPE .FTTBHF GPSNBOEDPOUFOUPG .FUBUIFTJT o .FYJDP JOEJHFOPVTMBOHVBHFTPG o .POHPMJBOT BUUJUVEFTUPXBSETQFBLJOH .POPHFOFTJT UIFPSZPG o GJH .POUBHV "TIMFZ .PSQIFNF o .PSQIPMPHJDBMMBOHVBHFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT o .PSQIPMPHJDBMQSPDFTTFT o .PSQIPMPHZ .PSQIPQIPOFNFT HFOEFSEJGGFSFODFTJO .PSQIPQIPOFNJDT o
INDEX
.PUJG .PUJGFNF o .PUPSDPSUFY GJH .VMUJMJOHVBMJTN DPEFTXJUDIJOHDPEFNJYJOH o EJHMPTTJB o HMPCBM o TPDJBMBTQFDUTPG o TPDJPQPMJUJDBMVOJUTBOE o JOUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT o 4FFBMTP CJMJOHVBMJTN 5IF .VOTFMM#PPLPG$PMPS .ZFST4DPUUPO $BSPM .ZUIPMPHZ /BUJPOBMJUZ MBOHVBHFBOE o /BUJWF"NFSJDBOT MBOHVBHFGBNJMJFTPG TUVEZPG o /BWBKP BUUJUVEFUPXBSETQFBLJOH MBOHVBHF JOTIBQF DPMPS BOETQBDFTUVEZ o iXBSUBML w /FBOEFSUIBMT )PNPTBQJFOT OFBOEFSUIBMFOTJT
/FP.FMBOFTJBO 5PL1JTJO
DSFPMJ[BUJPO PG o CPY /FPHSBNNBSJBOIZQPUIFTJT /FPMJUIJDQFSJPE /FVSPMJOHVJTUJDT o /FX:PSL$JUZ TUVEZPGEFQBSUNFOUTUPSF FNQMPZFFT o /HBOEJMBOHVBHF /JHFS$POHPMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ GJH /JHFS%FMUB TPDJBMBTQFDUTPG NVMUJMJOHVBMJTNJO o /JN DIJNQBO[FF
/PPULBMBOHVBHF /PSUI"GSJDB 'SFODIEJBMFDUTJO /PTUSBUJDNBDSPGBNJMZ /VLVMBFMBF HFOEFSJOFRVBMJUZJOSFBEJOH BOEXSJUJOHPG o
INDEX
0BLMBOE $BMJGPSOJB 4DIPPM#PBSE SFTPMVUJPOPO&CPOJDT 0#BSS 8JMMJBN. 0CFSXBSU "VTUSJB DIBOHJOHDIPJDFPG MBOHVBHFJO 0DIT &MJOPS 0HEFO $, 0IBMB +PIO 0ME&OHMJTI o o 0ME4UPOF"HF 0MEVWBJ(PSHF 0MGBDUPSZDIBOOFM 0OFIVOESFEXPSEDPSFWPDBCVMBSZ 4XBEFTI
UBCMF 0QUJDBMDIBOOFM 0SUIPHSBQIZ DIBOHFTJO CPY 0THPPE $IBSMFT o 0TUFOTJWFEFGJOJUJPO 0UPNJMBOHVBHF 1BMFPMJUIJDQFSJPE 1ʆyJOJ 1BQVB/FX(VJOFB MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPOJO MBOHVBHFTPG TQSFBEPG5PL1JTJOJO 1BSBHVBZ TQFFDIDPNNVOJUZJO 1BSBMBOHVBHF o 1BSBMJOHVJTUJDT 1BSUJDJQBOUPCTFSWBUJPO o CPY 1BSUJDJQBOUT DPNNVOJDBUJPODPNQPOFOU
o 1FDPT 3FHJT 1IBUJDDPNNVOJDBUJPO 1IBUJDDPNNVOJPO 1IPOF EFGJOFE 1IPOFNFT 1IPOFNJDBOBMZTJT o 1IPOFNJDDPOUSBTUT 1IPOFNJDUSBOTDSJQUJPO 1IPOFUJDUSBOTDSJQUJPO o o 1IPOFUJDT BSUJDVMBUPSZ 1IPOPMPHZ o
431
1J4VOZFS 0SJPM 1JEHJOJ[BUJPO 1JEHJOT o 1JLF ,FOOFUI- 1JOLFS 4UFQIFO 1JSBIÍMBOHVBHF o 1JUDI 1JUUTCVSHI1PMJDF%FQBSUNFOU MBOHVBHF TUVEZPG 1MBJOT*OEJBOT MBOHVBHFT GBNJMJFTPG TJHOMBOHVBHFPG o 1MBUP POUBMLJOH 1MVSBMGPSNT JO"GSJDBO"NFSJDBO7FSOBDVMBS &OHMJTI JO$IPOUBM JO&OHMJTI o CPY JO0ME&OHMJTI o JO-BUJO JO5PL1JTJO JO:VDBUFD 1PMZHFOFTJT UIFPSZPG 1PMZHMPUT 1PMZTFNZ 1PMZTZOUIFUJDMBOHVBHFT 1PSUVHVFTF FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFST PG GJH 1PXFMM +PIO8FTMFZ 1SFGJY 1SFMBOHVBHF 1SJNBUFT DPNNVOJDBUJPOBNPOHOPOIVNBO o FNFSHFODFPG GJH JOBCJMJUZUPTQFBL o 1SPGJMJOH MJOHVJTUJD 1SPOPVOT VTFPGJOWBSJPVTMBOHVBHFT o 1SPTPEJDGFBUVSFT o 1SPUP"MHPORVJBOQFPQMF o CPY GJH 1SPUP*OEP&VSPQFBO 1SPUPMBOHVBHFT SFDPOTUSVDUJPOPG o
432
INDEX
1SPYFNJDT o UBCMF CPY 1VFCMPQFPQMFT MBOHVBHFTPG 1VFSUP3JDBOT BOEMBOHVBHFQSFKVEJDF 2VBLFST 4PDJFUZPG'SJFOET
MBOHVBHFPG 2VBOUJUBUJWFNFUIPE TPDJPMJOHVJTUJDT
3BDF GBVMUZBTTPDJBUJPOPGXJUIMBOHVBHF BOEDVMUVSF o o 3FDPOTUSVDUJPO PGBODFTUSBMIPNFMBOE o PGDVMUVSBMIJTUPSZ o PGQSPUPDVMUVSF o PGQSPUPMBOHVBHFT PGQSPUPXPSET 3FEVQMJDBUJPO o 3FGFSFODF 3FGMFYJWFOPJTFT 3FGMFYJWFOFTT 3FHJTUFS 3FTUSJDUFEDPEF 3JDIBSET *" 3PCFSUT +PIO 3PNBOTIMBOHVBHF 3VTTJBOMBOHVBHF GJH 4BCJS NFEJFWBMQJEHJO
4BM[NBOO ;EFOFL 4BNPB 8FTUFSO MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPOJO 4BOTLSJUMBOHVBHF o 4BQJS &EXBSE CPY o 4BQJS8IPSGIZQPUIFTJT o4FFBMTP 8IPSGIZQPUIFTJT 4BSBI DIJNQBO[FF
4BWBHF3VNCBVHI &4 4BWJMMF5SPJLF .VSJFM 4DBOMPO +FTTF 4DIJFGGFMJO #BNCJ# 4DIMFJDIFS "VHVTU 4DPMMPO 3POBME 4DPMMPO 4V[BOOF
4DPUU )VHI-FOPY 4FNBOUJDEJGGFSFOUJBM o 4FNBOUJDT TUVEZPG o 4FFBMTP NFBOJOH 4FNJPUJDUSJBOHMF 4FNJPUJDT 4FOUFODF BTVOJUPGBOBMZTJT o GJH 4FSCP$SPBUJBOMBOHVBHF 4FUUJOH DPNNVOJDBUJPODPNQPOFOU
o 4IBQFDPMPSTQBDF JOGMVFODFPOCFIBWJPS CZ o 4IFS[FS +PFM 4JFCFSU 'SBOL5 +S o 4JHOMBOHVBHF o 4JMCP 4JOP5JCFUBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ GJH 4JPVBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ 4LJOOFS #' 4MPWBLT SFMBUJPOTIJQXJUI$[FDIT o 4NJUI 8JMMJBN 4PDJBMDMBTT MBOHVBHFBOE o 4PDJBMOFUXPSL 4PDJBMQPXFS HFOEFSBOEMBOHVBHFUIFPSZ PG o 4PDJFUZPG'SJFOET 2VBLFST
4PDJPDVMUVSBM EFGJOJUJPOPG o 4PDJPDVMUVSBMUIFPSZ MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPO BOE o 4PDJPMJOHVJTUJDDIBOHF TUVEZPG 4PVOEDIBOHFT o o i4PVOEMBXT w 4PVOETQFDUSPHSBQI 4PVOETZNCPMJTN o 4QBJO MJOHVJTUJDEJGGFSFODFTJO 4QBOESFM 4QBOJTI FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFSTPG GJH JO.FYJDP o o JOUIF64 41&",*/( BTNOFNPOJDEFWJDF o 4QFDUSPHSBN
INDEX
4QFFDI BDU BQQBSBUVT GJH BSFB BUUJUVEFTBCPVU o CFIBWJPS VOJUTPG o DPNNVOJUZ o FUIOPHSBQIZPG o FWFOU GJFME IVNBO CPY OFUXPSL o TJUVBUJPO TUBOEBSE TUZMFT o 4FFBMTP HFOEFS TQFFDIBOE 4QFFDITPVOET BOBMZTJTPG BSUJDVMBUJPOPG o QSPEVDUJPOPG o 4UBOMBX +BNFT. o 4UJNVMVTSFTQPOTFSFXBSEGPSNVMB o 4UPLPF 8JMMJBN$ +S 4USFTT JOTQFFDI 4USPTT #SJBO 4UVSUFWBOU &EHBS) 4VCBOVOQFPQMF EJTFBTFEJBHOPTJTCZ o ESJOLJOHUBMLPG o CPY 4VCDVMUVSF HFOEFSBOEMBOHVBHFUIFPSZ PG 4VGGJY 4VNFSJBOMBOHVBHF 4VQFSPSEJOBUFUFSN 4VQQMFUJPO o 4VQQMFUJWFGPSN 4XBEFTI .PSSJT 4XBIJMJMBOHVBHF o 4ZODISPOJDMJOHVJTUJDT 4ZOFTUIFTJB 4ZOPOZN o 4ZOUBY 5BDUJMFDIBOOFM 5BHRVFTUJPO
433
5BLFMNBMBOHVBHF o 5BOOFO %FCPSBI 5BZMPS %PVHMBT 5BZMPS +PIO 5FFUFS ,BSM7 5FOFKBQB5[FMUBM MBOHVBHFPG TQFFDI UFSNJOPMPHZPG 5PL1JTJO /FP.FMBOFTJBO
DSFPMJ[BUJPO PG o CPY 5POFMBOHVBHFT o 5PSSBMCB 4QBJO BSDIBFPMPHJDBMFYDBWBUJPOT BU 5SBOTGPSNBUJPO 5SBOTGPSNBUJPOBMHFOFSBUJWFHSBNNBS o 5SBOTGPSNBUJPOBMHSBNNBSNPWFNFOU 5SBOTGPSNBUJPOBMSVMF 5TVEB :VLJP 5VOJDBMBOHVBHF o 5VSLJTIMBOHVBHF NPEFSOJ[BUJPOPG o WPXFMIBSNPOZJO 5XJMBOHVBHF 6OJWFSTBMJTN o 6QQFS$IJOPPLMBOHVBHF 6QQFS1BMFPMJUIJDQFSJPE 6SBMJDMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ 6UP"[UFDBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ 7BJQFPQMF MJUFSBDZBNPOH 7FSUFCSBUFT OPOIVNBO DPNNVOJDBUJPO BNPOH 7JLJ DIJNQBO[FF
7PDBMBQQBSBUVT FWPMVUJPOPG o 7PDBMBVEJUPSZDIBOOFM 7PDBMQMBZ 7PDBMTFHSFHBUFT 7PFHFMJO $IBSMFT' 7PFHFMJO 'MPSFODF. 7PJDFDIBSBDUFSJ[FST 7PJDFGFBUVSFT 7PJDFRVBMJGJFST 7PXFMIBSNPOZ
434
7PXFMQIPOFNFTJO"NFSJDBO&OHMJTI UBCMF 7PXFMT BSUJDVMBUJPOPG UBCMF 8BMUFS )FOSJFUUF i8BSUBML w 8BTIPF DIJNQBO[FF
8BUBOBCF 4VXBLP 8BUTPO .JDIBFM 8FSOJDLFTBQIBTJB 8FSOJDLFTBSFB o GJH 8FTDPUU 3PHFS8 8IBMFT DPNNVOJDBUJWFCFIBWJPSPG 8IJTUMFTQFFDI o 8IPSG #FOKBNJO-FF o 8IPSGIZQPUIFTJT BMUFSOBUJWFTUP o FYQFSJNFOUBMGJOEJOHTDPODFSOJOH o o FYUFOEFEWFSTJPOPG o
INDEX
MJOHVJTUJDSFMBUJWJUZBOEEFUFSNJOJTN o CPY SFDPOTJEFSBUJPOPG o GJH 8JUIFSTQPPO (BSZ 8PMGG )BOT 8PPMGPSE &MMFO# 8PSET BGGFDUPGPOCFIBWJPS CPY 8PSET DPJOFE 8SJUJOH FUIOPHSBQIZPG o 8SJUJOHTZTUFN EFWFMPQNFOUPG o :BLBOQFPQMF MFHBMTZTUFNPG :BOBUSJCF :VDBUFDMBOHVBHF DPSSFTQPOEFODF CFUXFFODPHOJUJPOBOEOVNCFS HSBNNBSJO o ;IBOH )BOH o ;VOJ DPMPSUFSNJOPMPHZTUVEZBOE TQFFDIBUUJUVEFTPG