Language, culture and society: an introduction to linguistic anthropology [5 ed.] 9780813345406, 9780813345413

5th ed. — Westview Press, 2012. — 448 p.For four previous editions, professor have turned to Zdenek Salzmann’s Language,

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Language, Culture, and Society

F I F T H

E D I T I O N

Language, Culture, and Society An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology

ZDENEK SALZMANN, J A M E S M . S TA N L A W, N O B U KO A DAC H I

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CONTENTS

Preface

ix

1 Introducing Linguistic Anthropology

1

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2 Methods of Linguistic Anthropology

17

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3 Language Is Sound: Phonology

31

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4 Structure of Words and Sentences .PSQIFNFTBOE"MMPNPSQIT  .PSQIPMPHJDBM1SPDFTTFT  .PSQIPQIPOFNJDT  v

53

vi

CONTENTS

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5 Nonverbal Communication

73

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6 The Development and Evolution of Language

87

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7 Acquiring Language(s): Life with First Languages, Second Languages, and More

119

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8 Language Through Time )PX-BOHVBHFT"SF$MBTTJGJFE 

141

CONTENTS

vii

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9 Languages in Variation and Languages in Contact

169

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10 Ethnography of Communication

185

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11 Culture as Cognition, Culture as Categorization: Meaning and Language in the Conceptual World $PODFQUT 8PSET BOE$BUFHPSJFT  5IF-FYJDBM/BUVSFPG$PODFQUT  5IF3JTFBOE 3FMBUJWF 'BMMPG&UIOPTDJFODF  4PVOE4ZNCPMJTNBOE4ZOFTUIFTJB  4UVEJFTPG%JTDPVSTF  4VNNBSZBOE$PODMVTJPOT 

205

viii

CONTENTS

12 Language, Culture, and Thought

225

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13 Language and Ideology: Variations in Class, Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationality

257

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14 Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

291

-BOHVBHF1MBOOJOH  -JUFSBDZ 8SJUJOH BOE&EVDBUJPO  5IF-JGFBOE%FBUIPG-BOHVBHFT  *OUFSDVMUVSBM$PNNVOJDBUJPOBOE5SBOTMBUJPO  -BOHVBHFBOEUIF-BX  &OHMJTIBTBO*OUFSOBUJPOBM-BOHVBHF  "MXBZT0O/FX-JUFSBDJFTBOE-BOHVBHFJOBO0OMJOF(MPCBM8PSME  &UIJDBM2VFTUJPOTBOE4UBOEBSETPG$POEVDU  4VNNBSZBOE$PODMVTJPOT  Resource Manual and Study Guide Answers to the Objective Study Questions and Problems Glossary Bibliography Languages Mentioned in the Text and Their Locations (Map) Index

327 371 377 389 419 423

P R E FAC E TO T H E F I F T H E D I T I O N

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denek Salzmann, James M. Stanlaw, and Nobuko Adachi

ix

1 Introducing Linguistic Anthropology

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2

Chapter 1: Introducing Linguistic Anthropology

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Modern Myths Concerning Languages

3

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4

Chapter 1: Introducing Linguistic Anthropology

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Modern Myths Concerning Languages

5

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6

Chapter 1: Introducing Linguistic Anthropology

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Modern Myths Concerning Languages

7

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8

Chapter 1: Introducing Linguistic Anthropology

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Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

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Whorf’s Hypothesis Reconsidered

233

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Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

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Color Nomenclature and Other Challenges to Linguistic Relativity

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Summary and Conclusions

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B O X 1 2 . 2 C A R R O L L O N L I N G U I S T I C R E L AT I V I T Y

The speakers of one language . . . may tend to ignore differences which are regularly noticed by the speakers of another language. This is not to say that they always ignore them, for these differences can indeed be recognized and talked about in any language, but they are differences which are not always salient in their experiences. The effect of any one language category is to lead language users to assume, perhaps mistakenly, that there is uniformity of some sort within the category. . . . For example, historians have pointed out that the use of the term “the Middle Ages” may lead to the false impression that the period between the fall of Rome and the Italian Renaissance was in truth a distinct historical period which had uniform characteristics, throughout its length, which set it apart from other periods. . . . Let us now analyze a simple cross-linguistic example. In English, it is possible to report about someone, “He went to town.” Nothing is said about his mode of travel: he might have walked, run, rode a horse, driven a car, or taken a bus or even a boat or a helicopter. It is well known that in German one would have to specify at least a minimum of information about the mode of travel. Use of the verb gehen (as a cognate of go, apparently the most direct translation) would imply walking or some other form of self-propelled movement; use of fahren would imply going in a vehicle; of reiten, going on horseback; etc. Russian, and, it so happens, Navaho, could use an even longer list of verbs to distinguish modes of transportation. Thus, in English, it is possible to focus attention on the mere fact of someone’s having departed in the direction of town, even though the speaker of English can be more specific if he wants to: walked, ran, drove, rode, flew, bicycled, rowed, helicoptered could be substituted for went in the sentence indicated. . . . As compared with German speakers, English speakers are sometimes benefited, sometimes disadvantaged by the possible lack of specificity in the meaning of the English term go. from John B. Carroll, “Linguistic Relativity, Contrastive Linguistics, and Language Learning” (1963), 12–13

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13 Language and Ideology: Va riations in Class, Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationality

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B O X 1 3 . 1 TA L K I N G L I K E A L A D Y

Aside from specific lexical items like color names, we find differences between the speech of women and that of men in the use of particles that grammarians often describe as “meaningless.” There may be no referent for them, but they are far from meaningless: they define the social context of an utterance, indicate the relationship the speaker feels between himself and his addressee, between himself and what he is talking about. As an experiment, one might present native speakers of standard American English with pairs of sentences, identical syntactically and in terms of referential lexical items, and differing merely in the choice of “meaningless” particle, and ask them which was spoken by a man, which a woman. Consider: (a) Oh dear, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again. (b) Shit, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again. It is safe to predict that people would classify the first sentence as part of “women’s language,” the second as “men’s language.” It is true that many self-respecting women are becoming able to use sentences like (b) publicly without flinching, but this is a relatively recent development, and while perhaps the majority of Middle America might condone the use of (b) for men, they would still disapprove of its use by women. (It is of interest, by the way, to note that men’s language is increasingly being used by women, but women’s language is not being adopted by men, apart from those who reject the American masculine image [for example, homosexuals]. This is analogous to the fact that men’s jobs are being sought by women, but few men are rushing to become housewives or secretaries. The language of the favored group, the group that holds the power, along with its nonlinguistic behavior, is generally adopted by the other group, not vice versa. In any event, it is a truism to state that the “stronger” expletives are reserved for men, and the “weaker” ones for women. from Robin Lakoff, Language and Woman’s Place (1975), 9–10

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B O X 1 3 . 2 W H AT D O E S T H E W O R D M A N M E A N ?

It has been argued that the word man, as in man is a primate, is independent of sex, that it refers to all members of the species, and that it is just an etymological coincidence that the form for the species is the same as that for the male members of the species. Certainly, using the same form for the entire species and for half the species creates the possibility of confusion, as those colonial women discovered who rashly thought that the word man in the sentence “All men are created equal” included them. More confusion may come about when we use phrases like early man. Although this presumably refers to the species, notice how easy it is to use expressions like early man and his wife and how hard it is to say things like man is the only animal that menstruates or even early woman and her husband. . . . The common theme running through these last examples is that the male is taken as the normal, that masculine forms refer both to the sex and the species, while women are the exception, usually absorbed by the masculine, but needing special terms when they become noticeable. If the above examples have not convinced you that man as a generic is at best ambiguous, consider the following quote from Alma Graham . . . : If a woman is swept off a ship into the water, the cry is “Man overboard!” If she is killed by a hit-and-run driver, the charge is “manslaughter.” If she is injured on the job, the coverage is “workmen’s compensation.” But if she arrives at a threshold marked “Men Only,” she knows the admonition is not intended to bar animals or plants or inanimate objects. It is meant for her. from Francine Frank and Frank Anshen, Language and the Sexes (1983), 71–72

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F I G U R E 1 3 . 1 Languages That Shaped African-American (Black) English

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B OX 1 3 . 3 A F R I C A N - A M E R I C A N E N G L I S H I N AC T I O N : A F I F T E E N -Y E A R - O L D S P E A K S

INTERVIEWER: What happens to you after you die? Do you know? LARRY: Yeah, I know. I: What? LARRY: After they put you in the ground, your body turns into—ah—bones,

an’ shit. I: What happens to your spirit? LARRY: Your spirit—soon as you die, your spirit leaves you. I: And where does the spirit go? LARRY: Well, it all depends . . . I: On what? LARRY: You know, like some people say if you’re good an’ shit, your spirit

goin’ t’heaven . . . ’n’ if you bad, your spirit goin’ to hell. Well, bullshit! Your spirit goin’ to hell anyway, good or bad. I: Why? LARRY: Why? I’ll tell you why. ’Cause, you see, doesn’ nobody really know that it’s a God, y’know, ’cause I mean I have seen black gods, pink gods, white gods, all color gods, and don’t nobody know it’s really a God. An’ when they be sayin’ if you good, you goin’ t’heaven, tha’s bullshit, ’cause you ain’t goin’ to no heaven, ’cause it ain’t no heaven for you to go to. I: Well, if there’s no heaven, how could there be a hell? LARRY: I mean—ye-eah. Well, let me tell you, it ain’t no hell, ’cause this is hell right here, y’know! I: This is hell? LARRY: Yeah, this is hell right here! I: . . . But, just say that there is a God, what color is he? White or black? LARRY: Well, if it is a God . . . I wouldn’ know what color, I couldn’ say,— couldn’ nobody say what color he is or really would be. I: But now, jus’ suppose there was a God— LARRY: Unless’n they say . . . I: No, I was jus’ sayin’ jus’ suppose there is a God, would he be white or black? LARRY: . . . He’d be white, man. I: Why? LARRY: Why? I’ll tell you why. ’Cause the average whitey out here got everything, you dig? And the nigger ain’t got shit, y’know? Y’understan’? So— um—for—in order for that to happen, you know it ain’t no black God that’s doin’ that bullshit. from William Labov, “The Logic of Nonstandard English” (1970), 12–15

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Summary and Conclusions

289

Summary and Conclusions "MUIPVHI XF PGUFO UIJOL UIBU MBOHVBHF WBSJBUJPO JT MBSHFMZ EVF UP HFP HSBQIJDBMMZCBTFEEJBMFDUT NVDIPGUIFUJNFUIFEJGGFSFODFTJOMBOHVBHFVTF XFIFBSBSPVOEVTBSFEVFUPPUIFSSFBTPOT.BOZMBOHVBHFTFYIJCJUEJGGFS FODFTBDDPSEJOHUPXIFUIFSUIFZBSFTQPLFOCZXPNFOPSNFO*OTPNF MBOHVBHFT UIFTFEJGGFSFODFTBSFMJNJUFEUPBGFXTPVOETJOPUIFSTUIFZBSF MFYJDBMBT GPSFYBNQMF JO"NFSJDBO&OHMJTI XIFSFDFSUBJOXPSETBSFIFBSE QSJNBSJMZGSPNXPNFOSBUIFSUIBONFO BOEWJDFWFSTB(FOEFSJTOPUUIF POMZTPVSDFPGUIJTLJOEPGWBSJBUJPO‰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‰BHPPEFYBNQMFPGJHOPSBODFCSFFEJOHQSFKVEJDF -BOHVBHFSFGMFDUTQFSTPOBMJEFOUJUZ CVUTPNFUJNFTUIJTDPOGMJDUTXJUITP DJBMFYQFDUBUJPO'PSFYBNQMF BUBGPSNBMCVTJOFTTNFFUJOH UIFVTFPG""7& XPVMECFUIPVHIUJOBQQSPQSJBUF-JLFXJTF JGBXPNBOJTVTJOHiNFOTMBO HVBHFw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

14 Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

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CVUJUBMTPDBOBOEEPFT 291

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B O X 1 4 . 1 P L A N S F O R T H E R E V I TA L I Z AT I O N O F K E R E S , THE DIALECT OF RIO GRANDE KERESAN, SPOKEN IN T H E P U E B LO O F CO C H I T I , N E W M E X I CO

As of this writing, the plans for the fall [2000] include (1) an all-Keres room where Head Start and preschool children can spend from half an hour to two hours daily, depending on their parents’ preferences; (2) Keres language classes for tribal employees, to be given three times a week; (3) after-school arts and crafts and recreational activities for school-age children; and (4) arts and crafts and Keres classes for adults in the evenings. In addition, CIEC [Cochiti Indian Education Committee] and CETF [Cochiti Education Task Force] committee members have committed themselves to providing mentoring to less fluent speakers and to revitalizing the practice of visiting each other and maintaining Keres during these visits. Several community projects such as ditch cleaning, weeding, and painting are planned in which fluent adults are matched with learning adolescents. All of these efforts will be undertaken either with volunteers or with tribal funds. This allows the tribe to maintain control and to remain faithful to its own values. Moreover, drawing in the different segments of the community—for example, the elders, the tribal council, tribal employees, parents, and children— underscores the fact that the language revitalization project belongs to everyone and therefore all have a responsibility to its continuation. Future plans include a language nest, where babies and very young children can be cared for by fluent Keres-speaking “grandmothers”; an all-Keres preschool program; a healthy after-school recreational program; more community projects; adolescent-elder pairings; and consistent Keres class offerings after school and in the evenings for adults. These plans for the future will necessarily mean that more fluent speakers will be needed to teach and to lead in the various initiatives that are to come. The CIEC, the task force, and the leaders of the community understand the commitment required to make all of this a reality. However, they also understand the power of these initiatives for the language learning of their future leaders. Much of the success that the Pueblo de Cochiti has enjoyed is owed to the fact that the leaders have moved slowly and planned carefully. Above all, they have made certain that every step taken has been consonant with Cochiti traditional culture and values. from Regis Pecos and Rebecca Blum-Martinez, “The Key to Cultural Survival” (2001), 81–82

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Intercultural Communication and Translation

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Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

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B O X 1 4 . 2 C O M M U N I C AT I O N P R O B L E M S B E T W E E N E N G L I S H S P E A K E R S A N D AT H A B A S K A N S

What’s Confusing to English Speakers About Athabaskans

What’s Confusing to Athabaskan Speakers About English Speakers

They do not speak. They keep silent. They avoid situations of talking.

They talk too much. They always talk first. They talk to strangers or people they don’t know. They think they can predict the future. They brag about themselves. They don’t help people even when they can. They always talk about what’s going to happen later. They ask too many questions. They always interrupt. They only talk about what they are interested in. They don’t give others a chance to talk. They are always getting excited when they talk. They aren’t careful when they talk about things or people.

They only want to talk to close acquaintances. They play down their own abilities. They act as if they expect things to be given to them. They deny planning. They avoid direct questions. They never start a conversation. They talk off the topic. They never say anything about themselves. They are slow to take a turn in talking. They ask questions in unusual places. They talk with a flat tone of voice. They are too indirect, inexplicit. They don’t make sense. They just leave without saying anything.

from Ronald Scollon and Suzanne Wong-Scollon, “Athabaskan-English Interethnic Communication” (1990), 284

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Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

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Language and the Law

309

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GLOSSARY

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382

GLOSSARY

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GLOSSARY

383

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384

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GLOSSARY

385

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386

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GLOSSARY

387

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388

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389

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400

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

401

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

417

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418

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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LANGUAGES MENTIONED IN THE TEXT A N D T H E I R L O CAT I O N S

&VSPQF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Albanian Basque Catalan Croatian Czech Dutch Estonian Finnish

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

French German Greek Icelandic Italian (and Latin) Lapp (Sami) Magyar (Hungarian) Polish Portuguese

419

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Romanian Romansh Russian Schwyzertütsch Serbian Slovak Spanish

4PVUIXFTUFSO"TJBBOE /PSUI"GSJDB 25 26 27 28

Arabic Armenian Persian Turkish

"GSJDB4PVUIPG UIF4BIBSB 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Abua Afrikaans Ashanti a Bantu language Ewe Kalabari Kamba

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Kikuyu Kugbo Luhya Luo Nembe Odual Ogbia Swahili Twi Vai Yoruba

-BUJO"NFSJDBBOE UIF$BSJCCFBO 47 Aguaruna 48 Araucanian

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

Aztec Caraya Chontal Guarani Island Carib Isthmus Nahuat Jamaican Creole Kuna Mazateco Nahuatl Otomi Pirahã Sierra Popoluca (Tenejapa) Tzeltal Yucatec Zoque

&BTUBOE4PVUI"TJB 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

Agta Aklanon Assamese Badaga Bengali Bontok Cantonese Gujarati Hindi Japanese Javanese Kannada Kashmiri Korean Madurese

122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136

Malay Malayalam Mandarin (Chinese) Marathi Mongolian Oriya Panjabi (Punjabi) Subanun Sundanese Tagalog Tamil Telugu Urdu Vietnamese Yakan

"VTUSBMJBBOE0DFBOJB 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146

Hawaiian Creole Hiri Motu Kaluli Kiriwinian Maori Neo-Melanesian (Tok Pisin) Ngandi Pintupi Samoan Tolai (Kuanua)

(key continues)

/PSUI"NFSJDB/PSUI PG.FYJDP 65 Acoma 66 Apache (and Western Apache) 67 Arapaho 68 Atsina (Gros Ventre) 69 Blackfoot 70 Cahuilla 71 Cheyenne 72 Cree-Montagnais

73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84

Crow Cupeño Dakota Eskimo Fox Gullah Hopi Hupa Keres Kiowa Kiowa Apache Koasati

85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

Kwakiutl Laguna Luiseño Menomini Mohawk Navajo Nootka Ojibwa Pawnee Penobscot-Abnaki Sarcee Shawnee

97 ShoshoneComanche 98 Takelma 99 Tewa 100 Tiwa 101 Tohono O’odham (Papago) 102 Tunica 103 Upper Chinook 104 Wichita 105 Yana 106 Zuni

Note: The locations are based on the map accompanying Comparative Studies of North American Indians by Harold E. Driver and William C. Massey (1957).

INDEX

"DDFOU  "DPVTUJDDIBOOFM   o "DPVTUJDQIPOFUJDT  "DSPMFDU  "GSJDBO"NFSJDBO7FSOBDVMBS&OHMJTI i#MBDL&OHMJTIUSJBM wo EFTDSJQUJPOPG o FYBNQMFPG CPY HSBNNBUJDBMEJGGFSFODFT o PSJHJOTPG o GJH QSPOVODJBUJPOPG o TUJHNBUJ[BUJPOPG o  "GSJDBO"NFSJDBOT TUVEZPG DPNNVOJDBUJWFTUZMFPG o "GSP"TJBUJDMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ    GJH "HBS .JDIBFM  "HHMVUJOBUJWFMBOHVBHFT  "HUBMBOHVBHF  "HVBSVOBMBOHVBHF  "MHPORVJBO MBOHVBHFGBNJMZ    SFDPOTUSVDUJPOPGBODFTUSBMIPNFMBOE o CPY GJH "MMPGBDU  GJH "MMPGPSN  "MMPNPSQI   "MMPNPUJG o "MMPQIPOF  "MUBJDMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ  GJH "MUNBOO 4UVBSU"  "NB[POCBTJO MBOHVBHFTPG  "NCSPOB 4QBJO BSDIBFPMPHJDBM FYDBWBUJPOTBU 

"NFSJDBO4JHO-BOHVBHF "4-PS "NFTMBO

   "NFSJOEMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ  "ODFTUSBMIPNFMBOE SFDPOTUSVDUJPOPG o  "OHMP"NFSJDBOT MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPOBNPOH o TUVEZPGDPNNVOJDBUJWFTUZMFPG  "OHVMBSHZSVT   GJH "OPNJDBQIBTJB  "OTIFO 'SBOL  "OUISPQPMPHJDBMMJOHVJTUJDT4FF MJOHVJTUJD BOUISPQPMPHZ "OUISPQPMPHZ CSJFGIJTUPSZPG o EFGJOFE   o TVCGJFMETPG  "OUPOZN o "OUT DPNNVOJDBUJWFCFIBWJPSPG o "QBDIF MBOHVBHFPG   TJMFODFCFIBWJPSPG o "QIBTJB o "SBCJD FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFSTPG GJH "SBQBIP EJDUJPOBSZ o LJOTIJQUFSNT o GJH MBOHVBHF o o  MBOHVBHFNBJOUFOBODFQSPHSBN o NZUIT  "SBVDBOJBOT BUUJUVEFTUPXBSETQFBLJOH  423

424

"SUJDVMBUJPO o "TIBOUJMBOHVBHF   "4- "NFSJDBO4JHO-BOHVBHF

   "TQFDU  "TTJNJMBUJPO  "UIBCBTLBOUSJCFT DPNNVOJDBUJPO CFUXFFO"NFSJDBOT$BOBEJBOTBOE o CPY "UIBCBTLBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ  "ULJOT #PXNBO,  "UTJOB (SPT7FOUSF MBOHVBHF o "VEJUPSZDPSUFY  GJH "VTUSBMPQJUIFDVTBGBSFOTJT  "VTUSBMPQJUIFDVTBGSJDBOVT  "VTUSPBTJBUJDMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ GJH "VTUSPOFTJBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ  GJH  #BCCMJOH  #BEBHBMBOHVBHF  #BLIUJO .JLIBJM  #BOUVIJTUPSZ MJOHVJTUJDJOGFSFODFTBCPVU CPY #BSPO /BPNJ   #BTJMFDU  #BTRVFMBOHVBHF  #BTTP ,FJUI) o   #FFSUFSNJOPMPHZ o #FIBWJPSJTN   #FIBWJPSJTUUIFPSZ MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPO BOE o #FOHBMJ FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFSTPG GJH #FSMJO #SFOU  o #FSMJO,BZ DPMPSUFSNJOPMPHZTUVEZCZ  #FTOJFS /JLP  #JDLFSUPO %FSFL  o #JMJOHVBMJTN EFGJOFE  NJTDPODFQUJPOTBCPVU  TUBHFTPG o JO4XJU[FSMBOE  4FFBMTP NVMUJMJOHVBMJTN #JOBSZPQQPTJUJPOT o  #JPQSPHSBNIZQPUIFTJT 

INDEX

#JSET DPNNVOJDBUJWFCFIBWJPSPG  #JSEXIJTUFMM 3BZ-   i#MBDL&OHMJTIUSJBM w"OO"SCPS .JDIJHBO o #MFOEJOH GJH CPY   #MPPNGJFME -FPOBSE   #MVN.BSUJOF[ 3FCFDDB  #PBT 'SBO[    o     #PLBNCB &ZBNCB  #PMJOHFS %XJHIU    #POUPLMBOHVBHF  #SBJO IVNBO EFWFMPQNFOUPG o MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPOBOE oCPY  PSHBOJ[BUJPOPG o GJH TQFFDIQSPEVDUJPOBSFBTPG o #SB[JM MBOHVBHFTPG  #SJHIU 8JMMJBN  #SJUJTI4JHO-BOHVBHF #4-

 #SPDBTBQIBTJB  #SPDBTBSFB  o GJH #4- #SJUJTI4JHO-BOHVBHF

 #VSFBVPG "NFSJDBO &UIOPMPHZ  #VSMJOH 3PCCJOT  $BEEPBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ  $BNQCFMM -ZMF  $BOBEB MJOHVJTUJDEJGGFSFODFTJO o $BSBZBMBOHVBHF  $BSJCEJBMFDU  $BSSPMM +PIO#   CPY $BSSPMM -FXJT  $BTBHSBOEF +PTFQI#  $BTFGPSNT  $BTUF×FEBEF/ÈKFSB 1FESPEF  $BUBMBOMBOHVBHF  $BUFHPSJ[BUJPO o  $FSFCSVN  $FUBDFBOT DPNNVOJDBUJWFCFIBWJPSPG  $IBNCFSMBJO "MFYBOEFS'  $IBNCFST +,  $IBOOFMTPGDPNNVOJDBUJPO  UBCMF  o   

INDEX

$IFSFNF  $IJNQBO[FFT DPNNVOJDBUJWFCFIBWJPSPG o $IJOB MFUUFSPGBQPMPHZUPBCPVUTQZ QMBOFGJHIUFSDPMMJTJPO o $IJOFTF .BOEBSJO  UBCMF $IJOFTFMBOHVBHFT GJH  $IJQFXZBOMBOHVBHF  $IPNTLZ /PBN o  o  o  $IPOUBMMBOHVBHF  $MBTTF "OESÏ  $PEF HFOFSBMMBOHVBHF  $PEFNJYJOH o $PEFTXJUDIJOH o $PFYUFOTJPO  $PHOBUF  o $PHOJUJPO DBUFHPSJ[BUJPOBOE o EJHJUBMDPNNVOJDBUJPOBOE o MBOHVBHFBOE o  $PHOJUJWFBOUISPQPMPHZ   $PJOFEXPSET  $PMPS 5IF .VOTFMM#PPLPG$PMPS  7JSUVBM"OUISPQPMPHZ$PMPS-BC XFCTJUF  $PMPSUFSNJOPMPHZ #FSMJO,BZTUVEZPG o -FOOFCFSH3PCFSUTTUVEZPG o $PNNVOJDBUJPODPNNVOJDBUJWF BNPOHOPOIVNBOQSJNBUFT o BNPOHOPOIVNBOWFSUFCSBUFT  BNPOHTPDJBMJOTFDUT o CFUXFFO"UIBCBTLBOUSJCFTBOE "NFSJDBOT$BOBEJBOT o  CPY DIBOOFMTPG  UBCMF o    DPNQPOFOUTPG  o EJHJUBM o FUIOPHSBQIZPG o o FWPMVUJPOPGJOUPMBOHVBHF o GSBNFGSBNJOH o HFOSF o LFZ o

425

NFTTBHFGPSNBOEDPOUFOU  OPSNTPGJOUFSQSFUBUJPO o QIBUJD  QIBUJDDPNNVOJPO  SVMFTPGJOUFSBDUJPO  TUZMFTPG  o 4FFBMTP HFOEFS TQFFDIBOETQFFDI $PNNVOJDBUJPO OPOWFSCBM DMBTTJGJDBUJPOPG o LJOFTJDT CPEZMBOHVBHF

o QBSBMBOHVBHF o   TJHOMBOHVBHF o XIJTUMFTQFFDI o $PNQPOFOUJBMBOBMZTJT o $PODFQU EFGJOFE o $POOPUBUJPO  $POTPOBOUQIPOFNFTJO"NFSJDBO &OHMJTI UBCMF $POTPOBOUT BSUJDVMBUJPOPG UBCMF UBCMF $POUFYUVBMJ[BUJPO  $POUJOVJUZUIFPSZPGMBOHVBHFFWPMVUJPO  $PSQVT TJ[FPG o $PXBO (FPSHF.  $SFPMF EFGJOFE  $SFPMJ[BUJPO o CPY $SJUJDBMQFSJPEDSJUJDBMBHFIZQPUIFTJT  $SP.BHOPOT  o   $SVUUFOEFO "MBO  $SZTUBM %BWJE       $VMUVSBMEFUFSNJOJTN o $VMUVSBMIJTUPSZ SFDPOTUSVDUJPOPG o $[FDIT BUUJUVEFUPXBSE$[FDIMBOHVBHF o MJOHVJTUJDEJGGFSFODFTJO o SFMBUJPOTIJQXJUI4MPWBLT o %FDSFPMJ[BUJPO  %FFU[ +BNFT'  %FOF$BVDBTJBONBDSPGBNJMZ  %FOPUBUJPO  %FQBSUNFOUTUPSFFNQMPZFFT TUVEZPGJO /FX:PSL$JUZ o

426

%FSJWBUJPO   %FTJHOGFBUVSFT o  %JBDISPOJDIJTUPSJDMJOHVJTUJDT  %JBMFDUT o  %JHMPTTJB o  %JMMBSE +-  %JTDPOUJOVJUZUIFPSZPGMBOHVBHF FWPMVUJPO o %JTDPVSTF  %JTQMBZT o %JTTJNJMBUJPO  %PMQIJOT DPNNVOJDBUJWFCFIBWJPSPG  %SBWJEJBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ  GJH  %VBMJUZPGQBUUFSOJOH   %VOEFT "MBO  %VUDIMBOHVBHF   &CPOJDT   &ISFU $ISJTUPQIFS  &MBCPSBUFEDPEF  &MJDJUBUJPOGSBNFT  &MJDJUJOHEBUB o  &MMJOHUPO %VLF  &NFSHFODZSPPNDBTF BQQMJFEMJOHVJTUJDT BOE o &NJDT o &OHMJTI BTQFDUTPGXPSENFBOJOHJO o CPY DPSSFTQPOEFODFCFUXFFODPHOJUJPOBOE HSBNNBUJDBMOVNCFSJO o FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFSTPG  GJH BTJOUFSOBUJPOBMMBOHVBHF o o o  MPBOXPSETJO o QIPOFNFTPG o QPFNPOEJGGJDVMUZPG CPY TFOUFODFTUSVDUVSFPG o &TLJNPMBOHVBHF     &TQFSBOUP   &UIOPQPFUJDT o &UIOPTDJFODF DPNQPOFOUJBMBOBMZTJT o EFGJOFE o

INDEX

EPVCUTBCPVU o FMJDJUBUJPOGSBNFT  GPMLUBYPOPNJFT   &UJDT o &WFSFUU %BOJFM o  &WPMVUJPO IVNBO  GJH o &YPHBNZ  'BDUFNF  GJH 'FSHVTPO $IBSMFT  'JFMEXPSL DIBMMFOHFTPG  DIFDLMJTUGPS o DPSQVT TJ[FPG o JOGPSNBOUTDPOTVMUBOUT o QBSUJDJQBOUPCTFSWBUJPO o CPY  UFDIOJRVFTGPS o 'JOOP6HSJDMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ  'JTDIFS +PIO-  'PMLUBYPOPNJFT   'PSN JOBSDIBFPMPHZ

 'PSNFNF  'PVUT 3PHFS  'SBLF $IBSMFT0     'SBNFGSBNJOH o 'SBOL 'SBODJOF  'SFODIMBOHVBHF JO$BOBEB  o JOGMVFODFPO&OHMJTI  JO/PSUI"GSJDB  BTPGGJDJBMTFNJPGGJDJBMMBOHVBHF GJH  BTiVOJWFSTBMwMBOHVBHF o JO7JFUOBN  'SJFOET 4PDJFUZPG 2VBLFST

MBOHVBHFPG  'SJTDI ,BSMWPO  (BM 4VTBO  (ÐQFPQMF CJOBSZPQQPTJUJPOBOE o (FOEFS EFGJOFE  JOMBOHVBHFT    o  

INDEX

(FOEFS TQFFDIBOE JO"NFSJDBOTPDJFUZ o CPY   DPNNVOJDBUJPOTUSBUFHJFTBOE  JO/BUJWF"NFSJDBOTPDJFUJFT  o UIFPSJFTPG o (FOEFSMFDU  (FOFSBUJWFHSBNNBS  CPY (FOSF PGTQFFDI

o (FSNBOMBOHVBHF JO"VTUSJB   FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFSTPG  GJH HFOEFSJO  o JOGMVFODFPGPO&OHMJTI  JO4XJU[FSMBOE   (JHMJPMJ 1JFS1BPMP  (JWØO 5BMNZ  (MPUUPDISPOPMPHZ o UBCMF (PGGNBO &SWJOH   (PPEFOPVHI 8BSE  (PVME 4UFQIFO+BZ  (SBNNBS DIBOHFTJO  VOJWFSTBM o WBSJBUJPOTJO o (SBWFT 5IFPEPSF  (SFFLT BUUJUVEFTUPXBSEUBMLJOH  (SFFOCFSH +PTFQI) o (SFZNPSOJOH 4UFQIFO o (VMMBIMBOHVBHF   (VNQFS[ +PIO+   )BBT .BSZ3  )BHF 1FS  )BMF $POTUBODF  )BMF ,FOOFUI-   )BMM &EXBSE5   )BMMF .PSSJT  )BOEFEOFTT  )BQUJDCFIBWJPS  )BSSJT .BSWJO  )BVHFO &JOBS  )BZFT $BUIFSJOF  )BZFT ,FJUI+ 

427

)FBSJOHJNQBJSFEJOEJWJEVBMT VTFPGTJHO MBOHVBHFCZ    )FBUI +FGGSFZ  )FEHFXPSET o  )FMMFS .POJDB  )FSPEPUVT  )JMHFS *OF[  )JMM +BOF)  )JOEJ FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFSTPG  GJH BTPGGJDJBMMBOHVBHFPG*OEJB o )PDLFUU $IBSMFT'      )PJKFS )BSSZ  )PNJOJET )PNJOJEBF

o  )PNJOJ[BUJPO   )PNJOPJET )PNJOPJEFB

 )PNPFSFDUVT    o    )PNPIBCJMJT    )PNPTBQJFOT      )PNPTBQJFOTOFBOEFSUIBMFOTJT       )PNPOZNZ  )POFZCFF "QJTNFMMJGFSB

DPNNVOJDBUJWF CFIBWJPSPG o GJH )POPSJGJDT o )PQJMBOHVBHF o  )VNBOT FWPMVUJPOPG  GJH o )VNCPMEU 8JMIFMNWPO  )VQBUSJCF  )ZNFT %FMM   o     o )ZQFSDPSSFDUJPO   *DFMBOEJDMBOHVBHF MBDLPGMPBOXPSETJO  *EJPMFDU o  *ODMVTJPO  *OEJB MJOHVJTUJDEJGGFSFODFTJO  o *OEP&VSPQFBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ   GJH  *OEP1BDJGJDMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ  *OEPOFTJB MBOHVBHFTPG 

428

INDEX

*OGJY  *OGMFDUJOHMBOHVBHFT  *OGMFDUJPO o *OGPSNBOUTDPOTVMUBOUT o *OOBUJTUUIFPSZ MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPOPG o *OTUJUVUFGPS1SJNBUF4UVEJFTBU6OJWFSTJUZ PG0LMBIPNB  *OUFSBDUJPO SVMFTPG   *OUFSMJOHVB  *OUFSOBUJPOBM1IPOFUJD"MQIBCFU *1"

  *OUFSOFU MBOHVBHFPG o *OUFSQSFUBUJPO OPSNTPG o *OUPOBUJPO o       *SJBO+BZB MBOHVBHFTPG  *SPRVPJBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ  *TIJHBLJ :PLP  *TUINVT/BIVBUMBOHVBHF  +BLPCTPO 3PNBO  +BNBJDB DSFPMFPG   +BQBO VTFPG&OHMJTICZXPNFOJO o +BQBOFTFMBOHVBHF FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFSTPG  GJH BTQFDUTPGXPSENFBOJOHJO o CPY MPBOXPSETJO  o +BWBOFTFMBOHVBHF  +FBOOF -B7FSOF.BTBZFTWB  +FGGFSTPO 5IPNBT  +FTQFSTPO 0UUP  +POFT 8JMMJBN  +PPT .BSUJO  +VODUVSFT JOTQFFDI  ,BMVMJQFPQMF MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPOBNPOH o ,BO[J DIJNQBO[FF

 ,BSUWFMJBO 4PVUI$BVDBTJBO MBOHVBHF GBNJMZ  ,BZ 1BVM o ,FMMFS $IBSMFT 

,FMMFS +BOFU%JYPO  ,FMTLZ ,BSFO  ,FOZB OBUJPOBMJ[BUJPOPG4XBIJMJJO o ,FOZBUUB +PNP  ,FSFTMBOHVBHF SFWJUBMJ[BUJPOPG CPY  ,FZ o ,IPJTBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ  ,JOFNF  ,JOFTJDT o  ,JOTIJQTZTUFNT DPNQBSJTPOPG"NFSJDBO BOE"SBQBIP GJH ,JOTIJQUFSNJOPMPHZ o ,JPXB*OEJBOT TJHOMBOHVBHFPG  ,JPXB5BOPBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ  ,JQBSTLZ 1BVM  ,JSJXJOJBOMBOHVBHF  ,PBTBUJMBOHVBHF  ,PLP HPSJMMB

 ,PSFBOMBOHVBHF GJH  ,SVT %BWJE  ,VOBQFPQMF FUIOPQPFUJDEJTDPVSTF BNPOH o ,XBLJVUMMBOHVBHF   -B(VBSEJB 'JPSFMMP  -BCPW 8JMMJBN         -BJUNBO +FGGSFZ5 o -BLPGG 3PCJO  o -BOHVBHF DIBOHFTJOIVNBODVMUVSFBOE  DPNQFUFODF  DVMUVSBMEFWFMPQNFOUBOE o EFTJHOGFBUVSFTPG o GBNJMJFT o     GJH   HSBNNBUJDBMTUSVDUVSF o JEFPMPHZ EFGJOFE  *OUFSOFUBOE o NPEFSONZUITBCPVU  OBUJPOBMJUZBOE o  QFSGPSNBODF  QIPOFNJDBOBMZTJTPG o QIPOFNJDUSBOTDSJQUJPO  

INDEX

QIPOFUJDUSBOTDSJQUJPO o o  BTQSPEVDUPGFWPMVUJPO o QSPTPEJDGFBUVSFTPG o BTSFGMFDUJPOPGDVMUVSF o BTSFGMFDUJPOPGJEFOUJUZ  SFHJTUFS  TUVEZPG o o CPY  VOJWFSTBMT  XSJUJOHTZTUFN EFWFMPQJOH o -BOHVBHF BDRVJTJUJPOPG CFIBWJPSJTUUIFPSZPG o JODIJMEIPPE o JOOBUJTUUIFPSZPG o /PBN$IPNTLZPO CPY TPDJPDVMUVSBMUIFPSZPG o -BOHVBHF FTUJNBUJOHBHFPG BOBUPNJDBMFWJEFODF o MJOHVJTUJDDPOTJEFSBUJPOT o QSFIJTUPSJDDMVFT o -BOHVBHFGJFME  -BOHVBHFJTPMBUFT  -BOHVBHFQIZMVN  -BOHVBHFQMBOOJOH o -BOHVBHFQSFKVEJDF  -BOHVBHF3FTFBSDI$FOUFSPGUIF:FSLFT 3FHJPOBM1SJNBUF3FTFBSDI$FOUFS  -BOHVBHFT DIBOHFTJO o DMBTTJGJDBUJPOPG o  JODPOUBDU o o EFBUIPG  FOEBOHFSFE o HFOEFSJO    o   NBJOUFOBODFPG o SFDPOTUSVDUJPOPG o XPSME OVNCFSTPG  GJH   -BUJOMBOHVBHF o  o  -BUJOPT TUVEZPGDPNNVOJDBUJPOTUZMFPG  -FOHUI PGTPVOE  -FOOFCFSH &SJD)   -FV %POBME 

429

-ÏWJ4USBVTT $MBVEF  -FWJOTPO 4UFQIFO  -FYJDBMEJGGVTJPO  -FYJDPTUBUJTUJDT  -JFCFSNBO 1IJMJQ  -JOHVBGSBODB o -JOHVJTUJDBOUISPQPMPHZ BDDPNQMJTINFOUTPG CPY DPOUSBTUFEXJUIMJOHVJTUJDT CPY o EFGJOFE  FOEBOHFSFEMBOHVBHFTBOE o  FUIJDBMRVFTUJPOTBOE o JOUFSDVMUVSBMDPNNVOJDBUJPOBOE o MBOHVBHFQMBOOJOHBOE o MFHBMMBOHVBHFBOE o o MJUFSBDZBOE o OFXDPNNVOJDBUJPOUFDIOPMPHJFTBOE o TUBOEBSETPGDPOEVDU o USBOTMBUJPOTBOE o XSJUJOHBOE o -JOHVJTUJDEFUFSNJOJTN DPVOUFSBSHVNFOUTUP o EFGJOFE  FYQFSJNFOUBMGJOEJOHTBCPVU o -JOHVJTUJDQSPGJMJOH  -JOHVJTUJDSFMBUJWJUZ BMUFSOBUJWFTUP o DPMPSUFSNJOPMPHZBOE o DPVOUFSBSHVNFOUTUP o EFGJOFE o FYQFSJNFOUBMGJOEJOHTBCPVU o HFOEFSBOE o +PIO$BSSPMMPO CPY -JOHVJTUJDTFOTJUJ[BUJPO  -JOHVJTUJDT DPOUSBTUFEXJUIMJOHVJTUJDBOUISPQPMPHZ CPY o EFGJOFE o  -PBOXPSET o o o  -PVMJT DIJNQBO[FF

 -VDZ +PIO o

430

-VDZ DIJNQBO[FF

 -VDZ IPNJOJETQFDJNFO

 .BMBZMBOHVBHF GJH .BMJODIF7PMDBOPDPNNVOJUJFT JOGMVFODF PG4QBOJTIPOUSBEJUJPOBMMBOHVBHF o .BMJOPXTLJ #SPOJTMBX    .BO NFBOJOHPG CPY .BSUIBT7JOFZBSE .BTTBDIVTFUUT MJOHVJTUJDDIBOHFJO o  .BUTVCBSB +VOLP  .B[BUFDPMBOHVBHF  .D&MIJOOZ #POOJF  .FBE .BSHBSFU  .FBOJOH DBUFHPSJ[BUJPO o  DPODFQU EFGJOFE o FUIOPQPFUJDT TUVEZPG o +BQBOFTFBOE&OHMJTI BTQFDUTPGXPSE NFBOJOHJO oCPY PTUFOTJWFEFGJOJUJPO  TFNBOUJDEJGGFSFOUJBM o TFNBOUJDSFMBUJPOTBNPOHXPSET o TFNJPUJDUSJBOHMF  TFOTF  TPVOETZNCPMJTN o  TZOFTUIFTJB  .FTPMJUIJDQFSJPE  .FTTBHF GPSNBOEDPOUFOUPG  .FUBUIFTJT o .FYJDP JOEJHFOPVTMBOHVBHFTPG o .POHPMJBOT BUUJUVEFTUPXBSETQFBLJOH  .POPHFOFTJT UIFPSZPG o GJH  .POUBHV "TIMFZ  .PSQIFNF  o  .PSQIPMPHJDBMMBOHVBHFDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT o .PSQIPMPHJDBMQSPDFTTFT o .PSQIPMPHZ   .PSQIPQIPOFNFT HFOEFSEJGGFSFODFTJO  .PSQIPQIPOFNJDT o

INDEX

.PUJG  .PUJGFNF o .PUPSDPSUFY  GJH .VMUJMJOHVBMJTN DPEFTXJUDIJOHDPEFNJYJOH o EJHMPTTJB o  HMPCBM o TPDJBMBTQFDUTPG o TPDJPQPMJUJDBMVOJUTBOE o JOUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT o 4FFBMTP CJMJOHVBMJTN 5IF .VOTFMM#PPLPG$PMPS  .ZFST4DPUUPO $BSPM  .ZUIPMPHZ  /BUJPOBMJUZ MBOHVBHFBOE o  /BUJWF"NFSJDBOT MBOHVBHFGBNJMJFTPG    TUVEZPG  o /BWBKP BUUJUVEFUPXBSETQFBLJOH   MBOHVBHF  JOTIBQF DPMPS BOETQBDFTUVEZ  o iXBSUBML w /FBOEFSUIBMT )PNPTBQJFOT OFBOEFSUIBMFOTJT

      /FP.FMBOFTJBO 5PL1JTJO

DSFPMJ[BUJPO PG o CPY /FPHSBNNBSJBOIZQPUIFTJT  /FPMJUIJDQFSJPE  /FVSPMJOHVJTUJDT o /FX:PSL$JUZ TUVEZPGEFQBSUNFOUTUPSF FNQMPZFFT o /HBOEJMBOHVBHF  /JHFS$POHPMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ   GJH /JHFS%FMUB TPDJBMBTQFDUTPG NVMUJMJOHVBMJTNJO o /JN DIJNQBO[FF

 /PPULBMBOHVBHF  /PSUI"GSJDB 'SFODIEJBMFDUTJO  /PTUSBUJDNBDSPGBNJMZ  /VLVMBFMBF HFOEFSJOFRVBMJUZJOSFBEJOH BOEXSJUJOHPG o

INDEX

0BLMBOE $BMJGPSOJB 4DIPPM#PBSE SFTPMVUJPOPO&CPOJDT   0#BSS 8JMMJBN.  0CFSXBSU "VTUSJB DIBOHJOHDIPJDFPG MBOHVBHFJO  0DIT &MJOPS  0HEFO $,  0IBMB +PIO  0ME&OHMJTI  o   o   0ME4UPOF"HF  0MEVWBJ(PSHF  0MGBDUPSZDIBOOFM  0OFIVOESFEXPSEDPSFWPDBCVMBSZ 4XBEFTI

UBCMF 0QUJDBMDIBOOFM   0SUIPHSBQIZ DIBOHFTJO  CPY  0THPPE $IBSMFT o 0TUFOTJWFEFGJOJUJPO  0UPNJMBOHVBHF  1BMFPMJUIJDQFSJPE  1ʆyJOJ  1BQVB/FX(VJOFB MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPOJO   MBOHVBHFTPG  TQSFBEPG5PL1JTJOJO  1BSBHVBZ TQFFDIDPNNVOJUZJO  1BSBMBOHVBHF o   1BSBMJOHVJTUJDT  1BSUJDJQBOUPCTFSWBUJPO o CPY 1BSUJDJQBOUT DPNNVOJDBUJPODPNQPOFOU

o 1FDPT 3FHJT  1IBUJDDPNNVOJDBUJPO  1IBUJDDPNNVOJPO  1IPOF EFGJOFE  1IPOFNFT  1IPOFNJDBOBMZTJT o 1IPOFNJDDPOUSBTUT  1IPOFNJDUSBOTDSJQUJPO   1IPOFUJDUSBOTDSJQUJPO o o   1IPOFUJDT BSUJDVMBUPSZ  1IPOPMPHZ  o

431

1J4VOZFS 0SJPM  1JEHJOJ[BUJPO  1JEHJOT o   1JLF ,FOOFUI-   1JOLFS 4UFQIFO     1JSBIÍMBOHVBHF o 1JUDI  1JUUTCVSHI1PMJDF%FQBSUNFOU MBOHVBHF TUVEZPG  1MBJOT*OEJBOT MBOHVBHFT GBNJMJFTPG  TJHOMBOHVBHFPG o 1MBUP POUBMLJOH  1MVSBMGPSNT JO"GSJDBO"NFSJDBO7FSOBDVMBS &OHMJTI  JO$IPOUBM  JO&OHMJTI  o CPY    JO0ME&OHMJTI o JO-BUJO  JO5PL1JTJO  JO:VDBUFD  1PMZHFOFTJT UIFPSZPG  1PMZHMPUT  1PMZTFNZ  1PMZTZOUIFUJDMBOHVBHFT  1PSUVHVFTF FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFST PG GJH 1PXFMM +PIO8FTMFZ  1SFGJY  1SFMBOHVBHF  1SJNBUFT DPNNVOJDBUJPOBNPOHOPOIVNBO o FNFSHFODFPG  GJH JOBCJMJUZUPTQFBL  o 1SPGJMJOH MJOHVJTUJD  1SPOPVOT VTFPGJOWBSJPVTMBOHVBHFT o 1SPTPEJDGFBUVSFT o 1SPUP"MHPORVJBOQFPQMF o  CPY GJH 1SPUP*OEP&VSPQFBO   1SPUPMBOHVBHFT SFDPOTUSVDUJPOPG  o

432

INDEX

1SPYFNJDT o UBCMF CPY  1VFCMPQFPQMFT MBOHVBHFTPG  1VFSUP3JDBOT BOEMBOHVBHFQSFKVEJDF  2VBLFST 4PDJFUZPG'SJFOET

MBOHVBHFPG  2VBOUJUBUJWFNFUIPE TPDJPMJOHVJTUJDT

 3BDF GBVMUZBTTPDJBUJPOPGXJUIMBOHVBHF BOEDVMUVSF o o 3FDPOTUSVDUJPO PGBODFTUSBMIPNFMBOE o PGDVMUVSBMIJTUPSZ o PGQSPUPDVMUVSF o PGQSPUPMBOHVBHFT  PGQSPUPXPSET   3FEVQMJDBUJPO o 3FGFSFODF  3FGMFYJWFOPJTFT  3FGMFYJWFOFTT  3FHJTUFS  3FTUSJDUFEDPEF  3JDIBSET *"  3PCFSUT +PIO  3PNBOTIMBOHVBHF  3VTTJBOMBOHVBHF   GJH   4BCJS NFEJFWBMQJEHJO

 4BM[NBOO ;EFOFL  4BNPB 8FTUFSO MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPOJO  4BOTLSJUMBOHVBHF  o 4BQJS &EXBSE  CPY   o 4BQJS8IPSGIZQPUIFTJT o4FFBMTP 8IPSGIZQPUIFTJT 4BSBI DIJNQBO[FF

 4BWBHF3VNCBVHI &4  4BWJMMF5SPJLF .VSJFM  4DBOMPO +FTTF  4DIJFGGFMJO #BNCJ#  4DIMFJDIFS "VHVTU  4DPMMPO 3POBME   4DPMMPO 4V[BOOF  

4DPUU )VHI-FOPY  4FNBOUJDEJGGFSFOUJBM o 4FNBOUJDT TUVEZPG o 4FFBMTP NFBOJOH 4FNJPUJDUSJBOHMF  4FNJPUJDT  4FOUFODF BTVOJUPGBOBMZTJT o GJH  4FSCP$SPBUJBOMBOHVBHF  4FUUJOH DPNNVOJDBUJPODPNQPOFOU

o 4IBQFDPMPSTQBDF JOGMVFODFPOCFIBWJPS CZ  o 4IFS[FS +PFM   4JFCFSU 'SBOL5 +S o 4JHOMBOHVBHF o 4JMCP  4JOP5JCFUBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ GJH 4JPVBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ  4LJOOFS #'  4MPWBLT SFMBUJPOTIJQXJUI$[FDIT o 4NJUI 8JMMJBN  4PDJBMDMBTT MBOHVBHFBOE o 4PDJBMOFUXPSL  4PDJBMQPXFS HFOEFSBOEMBOHVBHFUIFPSZ PG o 4PDJFUZPG'SJFOET 2VBLFST

 4PDJPDVMUVSBM EFGJOJUJPOPG o 4PDJPDVMUVSBMUIFPSZ MBOHVBHFBDRVJTJUJPO BOE o 4PDJPMJOHVJTUJDDIBOHF TUVEZPG  4PVOEDIBOHFT o o i4PVOEMBXT w 4PVOETQFDUSPHSBQI  4PVOETZNCPMJTN o  4QBJO MJOHVJTUJDEJGGFSFODFTJO  4QBOESFM  4QBOJTI FTUJNBUFEOVNCFSPGTQFBLFSTPG  GJH JO.FYJDP o o JOUIF64   41&",*/( BTNOFNPOJDEFWJDF o 4QFDUSPHSBN 

INDEX

4QFFDI BDU  BQQBSBUVT GJH BSFB  BUUJUVEFTBCPVU o  CFIBWJPS VOJUTPG o DPNNVOJUZ o  FUIOPHSBQIZPG o FWFOU  GJFME  IVNBO CPY OFUXPSL o TJUVBUJPO  TUBOEBSE  TUZMFT o  4FFBMTP HFOEFS TQFFDIBOE 4QFFDITPVOET BOBMZTJTPG  BSUJDVMBUJPOPG o QSPEVDUJPOPG o  4UBOMBX +BNFT. o  4UJNVMVTSFTQPOTFSFXBSEGPSNVMB o 4UPLPF 8JMMJBN$ +S  4USFTT JOTQFFDI  4USPTT #SJBO  4UVSUFWBOU &EHBS)  4VCBOVOQFPQMF EJTFBTFEJBHOPTJTCZ o ESJOLJOHUBMLPG o CPY 4VCDVMUVSF HFOEFSBOEMBOHVBHFUIFPSZ PG  4VGGJY  4VNFSJBOMBOHVBHF  4VQFSPSEJOBUFUFSN  4VQQMFUJPO o 4VQQMFUJWFGPSN  4XBEFTI .PSSJT   4XBIJMJMBOHVBHF  o 4ZODISPOJDMJOHVJTUJDT  4ZOFTUIFTJB  4ZOPOZN o 4ZOUBY    5BDUJMFDIBOOFM  5BHRVFTUJPO  

433

5BLFMNBMBOHVBHF o 5BOOFO %FCPSBI   5BZMPS %PVHMBT  5BZMPS +PIO  5FFUFS ,BSM7  5FOFKBQB5[FMUBM MBOHVBHFPG  TQFFDI UFSNJOPMPHZPG  5PL1JTJO /FP.FMBOFTJBO

DSFPMJ[BUJPO PG o CPY 5POFMBOHVBHFT o  5PSSBMCB 4QBJO BSDIBFPMPHJDBMFYDBWBUJPOT BU  5SBOTGPSNBUJPO  5SBOTGPSNBUJPOBMHFOFSBUJWFHSBNNBS o  5SBOTGPSNBUJPOBMHSBNNBSNPWFNFOU  5SBOTGPSNBUJPOBMSVMF  5TVEB :VLJP  5VOJDBMBOHVBHF o 5VSLJTIMBOHVBHF NPEFSOJ[BUJPOPG o WPXFMIBSNPOZJO  5XJMBOHVBHF    6OJWFSTBMJTN o 6QQFS$IJOPPLMBOHVBHF  6QQFS1BMFPMJUIJDQFSJPE  6SBMJDMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ    6UP"[UFDBOMBOHVBHFGBNJMZ  7BJQFPQMF MJUFSBDZBNPOH  7FSUFCSBUFT OPOIVNBO DPNNVOJDBUJPO BNPOH  7JLJ DIJNQBO[FF

 7PDBMBQQBSBUVT FWPMVUJPOPG o 7PDBMBVEJUPSZDIBOOFM   7PDBMQMBZ  7PDBMTFHSFHBUFT  7PFHFMJO $IBSMFT'  7PFHFMJO 'MPSFODF.  7PJDFDIBSBDUFSJ[FST  7PJDFGFBUVSFT  7PJDFRVBMJGJFST  7PXFMIBSNPOZ 

434

7PXFMQIPOFNFTJO"NFSJDBO&OHMJTI  UBCMF 7PXFMT BSUJDVMBUJPOPG UBCMF 8BMUFS )FOSJFUUF  i8BSUBML w 8BTIPF DIJNQBO[FF

  8BUBOBCF 4VXBLP  8BUTPO .JDIBFM  8FSOJDLFTBQIBTJB  8FSOJDLFTBSFB  o  GJH 8FTDPUU 3PHFS8  8IBMFT DPNNVOJDBUJWFCFIBWJPSPG  8IJTUMFTQFFDI o  8IPSG #FOKBNJO-FF o 8IPSGIZQPUIFTJT BMUFSOBUJWFTUP o FYQFSJNFOUBMGJOEJOHTDPODFSOJOH o o FYUFOEFEWFSTJPOPG o

INDEX

MJOHVJTUJDSFMBUJWJUZBOEEFUFSNJOJTN o CPY SFDPOTJEFSBUJPOPG o GJH 8JUIFSTQPPO (BSZ   8PMGG )BOT  8PPMGPSE &MMFO#  8PSET BGGFDUPGPOCFIBWJPS CPY 8PSET DPJOFE  8SJUJOH FUIOPHSBQIZPG o 8SJUJOHTZTUFN EFWFMPQNFOUPG o :BLBOQFPQMF MFHBMTZTUFNPG  :BOBUSJCF  :VDBUFDMBOHVBHF DPSSFTQPOEFODF CFUXFFODPHOJUJPOBOEOVNCFS HSBNNBSJO o ;IBOH )BOH o ;VOJ DPMPSUFSNJOPMPHZTUVEZBOE  TQFFDIBUUJUVEFTPG