Language, culture and society: an introduction to linguistic anthropology [5 ed.] 9780813345406, 9780813345413

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Language, Culture, and Society

F I F T H

E D I T I O N

Language, Culture, and Society An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology

ZDENEK SALZMANN, J A M E S M . S TA N L A W, N O B U KO A DAC H I

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CONTENTS

Preface

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1 Introducing Linguistic Anthropology

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2 Methods of Linguistic Anthropology

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3 Language Is Sound: Phonology

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CONTENTS

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5 Nonverbal Communication

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6 The Development and Evolution of Language

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7 Acquiring Language(s): Life with First Languages, Second Languages, and More

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CONTENTS

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9 Languages in Variation and Languages in Contact

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10 Ethnography of Communication

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205

viii

CONTENTS

12 Language, Culture, and Thought

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13 Language and Ideology: Variations in Class, Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationality

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14 Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

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 Resource Manual and Study Guide Answers to the Objective Study Questions and Problems Glossary Bibliography Languages Mentioned in the Text and Their Locations (Map) Index

327 371 377 389 419 423

P R E FAC E TO T H E F I F T H E D I T I O N

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JU Zdenek Salzmann, James M. Stanlaw, and Nobuko Adachi

ix

1 Introducing Linguistic Anthropology

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Chapter 1: Introducing Linguistic Anthropology

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Modern Myths Concerning Languages

3

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4

Chapter 1: Introducing Linguistic Anthropology

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Modern Myths Concerning Languages

5

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6

Chapter 1: Introducing Linguistic Anthropology

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Modern Myths Concerning Languages

7

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UP

8

Chapter 1: Introducing Linguistic Anthropology

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232

Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

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Whorf’s Hypothesis Reconsidered

233

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MPOH

234

Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

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t t t t

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236

Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

UP
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UIF

F I G U R E 1 2 . 1 Partial Comparison of the American and Arapaho Kinship Systems

237

238

Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

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UIF

Color Nomenclature and Other Challenges to Linguistic Relativity

239

MFBSOFS
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240

Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

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242

Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

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Color Nomenclature and Other Challenges to Linguistic Relativity

243

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244

Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

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Color Nomenclature and Other Challenges to Linguistic Relativity

245

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246

Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

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Theoretical Alternatives to Linguistic Relativity

247

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248

Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

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Theoretical Alternatives to Linguistic Relativity

249

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250

Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

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Future Tests of Linguistic Relativity and Linguistic Determinism

251

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252

Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

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Future Tests of Linguistic Relativity and Linguistic Determinism

253

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254

Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

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Summary and Conclusions

255

B O X 1 2 . 2 C A R R O L L O N L I N G U I S T I C R E L AT I V I T Y

The speakers of one language . . . may tend to ignore differences which are regularly noticed by the speakers of another language. This is not to say that they always ignore them, for these differences can indeed be recognized and talked about in any language, but they are differences which are not always salient in their experiences. The effect of any one language category is to lead language users to assume, perhaps mistakenly, that there is uniformity of some sort within the category. . . . For example, historians have pointed out that the use of the term “the Middle Ages” may lead to the false impression that the period between the fall of Rome and the Italian Renaissance was in truth a distinct historical period which had uniform characteristics, throughout its length, which set it apart from other periods. . . . Let us now analyze a simple cross-linguistic example. In English, it is possible to report about someone, “He went to town.” Nothing is said about his mode of travel: he might have walked, run, rode a horse, driven a car, or taken a bus or even a boat or a helicopter. It is well known that in German one would have to specify at least a minimum of information about the mode of travel. Use of the verb gehen (as a cognate of go, apparently the most direct translation) would imply walking or some other form of self-propelled movement; use of fahren would imply going in a vehicle; of reiten, going on horseback; etc. Russian, and, it so happens, Navaho, could use an even longer list of verbs to distinguish modes of transportation. Thus, in English, it is possible to focus attention on the mere fact of someone’s having departed in the direction of town, even though the speaker of English can be more specific if he wants to: walked, ran, drove, rode, flew, bicycled, rowed, helicoptered could be substituted for went in the sentence indicated. . . . As compared with German speakers, English speakers are sometimes benefited, sometimes disadvantaged by the possible lack of specificity in the meaning of the English term go. from John B. Carroll, “Linguistic Relativity, Contrastive Linguistics, and Language Learning” (1963), 12–13

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256

Chapter 12: Language, Culture, and Thought

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13 Language and Ideology: Va riations in Class, Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationality

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5IVT 257

258

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

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MJLF

Language, Social Class, and Identity

259

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260

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

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Language and Gender

261

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262

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

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Language and Gender

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264

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

B O X 1 3 . 1 TA L K I N G L I K E A L A D Y

Aside from specific lexical items like color names, we find differences between the speech of women and that of men in the use of particles that grammarians often describe as “meaningless.” There may be no referent for them, but they are far from meaningless: they define the social context of an utterance, indicate the relationship the speaker feels between himself and his addressee, between himself and what he is talking about. As an experiment, one might present native speakers of standard American English with pairs of sentences, identical syntactically and in terms of referential lexical items, and differing merely in the choice of “meaningless” particle, and ask them which was spoken by a man, which a woman. Consider: (a) Oh dear, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again. (b) Shit, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again. It is safe to predict that people would classify the first sentence as part of “women’s language,” the second as “men’s language.” It is true that many self-respecting women are becoming able to use sentences like (b) publicly without flinching, but this is a relatively recent development, and while perhaps the majority of Middle America might condone the use of (b) for men, they would still disapprove of its use by women. (It is of interest, by the way, to note that men’s language is increasingly being used by women, but women’s language is not being adopted by men, apart from those who reject the American masculine image [for example, homosexuals]. This is analogous to the fact that men’s jobs are being sought by women, but few men are rushing to become housewives or secretaries. The language of the favored group, the group that holds the power, along with its nonlinguistic behavior, is generally adopted by the other group, not vice versa. In any event, it is a truism to state that the “stronger” expletives are reserved for men, and the “weaker” ones for women. from Robin Lakoff, Language and Woman’s Place (1975), 9–10

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Language and Gender

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266

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

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Language and Gender

267

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268

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

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Language and Gender

269

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Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

B O X 1 3 . 2 W H AT D O E S T H E W O R D M A N M E A N ?

It has been argued that the word man, as in man is a primate, is independent of sex, that it refers to all members of the species, and that it is just an etymological coincidence that the form for the species is the same as that for the male members of the species. Certainly, using the same form for the entire species and for half the species creates the possibility of confusion, as those colonial women discovered who rashly thought that the word man in the sentence “All men are created equal” included them. More confusion may come about when we use phrases like early man. Although this presumably refers to the species, notice how easy it is to use expressions like early man and his wife and how hard it is to say things like man is the only animal that menstruates or even early woman and her husband. . . . The common theme running through these last examples is that the male is taken as the normal, that masculine forms refer both to the sex and the species, while women are the exception, usually absorbed by the masculine, but needing special terms when they become noticeable. If the above examples have not convinced you that man as a generic is at best ambiguous, consider the following quote from Alma Graham . . . : If a woman is swept off a ship into the water, the cry is “Man overboard!” If she is killed by a hit-and-run driver, the charge is “manslaughter.” If she is injured on the job, the coverage is “workmen’s compensation.” But if she arrives at a threshold marked “Men Only,” she knows the admonition is not intended to bar animals or plants or inanimate objects. It is meant for her. from Francine Frank and Frank Anshen, Language and the Sexes (1983), 71–72

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272

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

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274

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

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Language, “Race,” and Ethnicity

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276

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

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278

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

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Language, “Race,” and Ethnicity

279

F I G U R E 1 3 . 1 Languages That Shaped African-American (Black) English

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280

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

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Language, “Race,” and Ethnicity

281

B OX 1 3 . 3 A F R I C A N - A M E R I C A N E N G L I S H I N AC T I O N : A F I F T E E N -Y E A R - O L D S P E A K S

INTERVIEWER: What happens to you after you die? Do you know? LARRY: Yeah, I know. I: What? LARRY: After they put you in the ground, your body turns into—ah—bones,

an’ shit. I: What happens to your spirit? LARRY: Your spirit—soon as you die, your spirit leaves you. I: And where does the spirit go? LARRY: Well, it all depends . . . I: On what? LARRY: You know, like some people say if you’re good an’ shit, your spirit

goin’ t’heaven . . . ’n’ if you bad, your spirit goin’ to hell. Well, bullshit! Your spirit goin’ to hell anyway, good or bad. I: Why? LARRY: Why? I’ll tell you why. ’Cause, you see, doesn’ nobody really know that it’s a God, y’know, ’cause I mean I have seen black gods, pink gods, white gods, all color gods, and don’t nobody know it’s really a God. An’ when they be sayin’ if you good, you goin’ t’heaven, tha’s bullshit, ’cause you ain’t goin’ to no heaven, ’cause it ain’t no heaven for you to go to. I: Well, if there’s no heaven, how could there be a hell? LARRY: I mean—ye-eah. Well, let me tell you, it ain’t no hell, ’cause this is hell right here, y’know! I: This is hell? LARRY: Yeah, this is hell right here! I: . . . But, just say that there is a God, what color is he? White or black? LARRY: Well, if it is a God . . . I wouldn’ know what color, I couldn’ say,— couldn’ nobody say what color he is or really would be. I: But now, jus’ suppose there was a God— LARRY: Unless’n they say . . . I: No, I was jus’ sayin’ jus’ suppose there is a God, would he be white or black? LARRY: . . . He’d be white, man. I: Why? LARRY: Why? I’ll tell you why. ’Cause the average whitey out here got everything, you dig? And the nigger ain’t got shit, y’know? Y’understan’? So— um—for—in order for that to happen, you know it ain’t no black God that’s doin’ that bullshit. from William Labov, “The Logic of Nonstandard English” (1970), 12–15

282

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

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284

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

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286

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

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Language and Nationality

287

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288

Chapter 13: Language and Ideology

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Summary and Conclusions

289

Summary and Conclusions "MUIPVHI
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14 Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

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292

Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

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Language Planning

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294

Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

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Literacy, Writing, and Education

295

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296

Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

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The Life and Death of Languages

297

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298

Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

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The Life and Death of Languages

299

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300

Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

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The Life and Death of Languages

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302

Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

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Intercultural Communication and Translation

303

B O X 1 4 . 1 P L A N S F O R T H E R E V I TA L I Z AT I O N O F K E R E S , THE DIALECT OF RIO GRANDE KERESAN, SPOKEN IN T H E P U E B LO O F CO C H I T I , N E W M E X I CO

As of this writing, the plans for the fall [2000] include (1) an all-Keres room where Head Start and preschool children can spend from half an hour to two hours daily, depending on their parents’ preferences; (2) Keres language classes for tribal employees, to be given three times a week; (3) after-school arts and crafts and recreational activities for school-age children; and (4) arts and crafts and Keres classes for adults in the evenings. In addition, CIEC [Cochiti Indian Education Committee] and CETF [Cochiti Education Task Force] committee members have committed themselves to providing mentoring to less fluent speakers and to revitalizing the practice of visiting each other and maintaining Keres during these visits. Several community projects such as ditch cleaning, weeding, and painting are planned in which fluent adults are matched with learning adolescents. All of these efforts will be undertaken either with volunteers or with tribal funds. This allows the tribe to maintain control and to remain faithful to its own values. Moreover, drawing in the different segments of the community—for example, the elders, the tribal council, tribal employees, parents, and children— underscores the fact that the language revitalization project belongs to everyone and therefore all have a responsibility to its continuation. Future plans include a language nest, where babies and very young children can be cared for by fluent Keres-speaking “grandmothers”; an all-Keres preschool program; a healthy after-school recreational program; more community projects; adolescent-elder pairings; and consistent Keres class offerings after school and in the evenings for adults. These plans for the future will necessarily mean that more fluent speakers will be needed to teach and to lead in the various initiatives that are to come. The CIEC, the task force, and the leaders of the community understand the commitment required to make all of this a reality. However, they also understand the power of these initiatives for the language learning of their future leaders. Much of the success that the Pueblo de Cochiti has enjoyed is owed to the fact that the leaders have moved slowly and planned carefully. Above all, they have made certain that every step taken has been consonant with Cochiti traditional culture and values. from Regis Pecos and Rebecca Blum-Martinez, “The Key to Cultural Survival” (2001), 81–82

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Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

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Intercultural Communication and Translation

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306

Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

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Intercultural Communication and Translation

307

B O X 1 4 . 2 C O M M U N I C AT I O N P R O B L E M S B E T W E E N E N G L I S H S P E A K E R S A N D AT H A B A S K A N S

What’s Confusing to English Speakers About Athabaskans

What’s Confusing to Athabaskan Speakers About English Speakers

They do not speak. They keep silent. They avoid situations of talking.

They talk too much. They always talk first. They talk to strangers or people they don’t know. They think they can predict the future. They brag about themselves. They don’t help people even when they can. They always talk about what’s going to happen later. They ask too many questions. They always interrupt. They only talk about what they are interested in. They don’t give others a chance to talk. They are always getting excited when they talk. They aren’t careful when they talk about things or people.

They only want to talk to close acquaintances. They play down their own abilities. They act as if they expect things to be given to them. They deny planning. They avoid direct questions. They never start a conversation. They talk off the topic. They never say anything about themselves. They are slow to take a turn in talking. They ask questions in unusual places. They talk with a flat tone of voice. They are too indirect, inexplicit. They don’t make sense. They just leave without saying anything.

from Ronald Scollon and Suzanne Wong-Scollon, “Athabaskan-English Interethnic Communication” (1990), 284

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308

Chapter 14: Linguistic Anthropology in a Globalized World

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Language and the Law

309

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371

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A N S W E R S T O T H E O B J E C T I V E S T U DY Q U E S T I O N S A N D P R O B L E M S

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A N S W E R S T O T H E O B J E C T I V E S T U DY Q U E S T I O N S A N D P R O B L E M S

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378

GLOSSARY

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GLOSSARY

379

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380

GLOSSARY

%JTDPOUJOVJUZ
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MBOHVBHF
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MBOHVBHF JT
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PG
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TP
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GBNJMZ 

GLOSSARY

381

(FOSF "
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MJUFSBSZ
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UIBU
JODMVEFT
BMM
FYUJODU
BOE
DPOUFNQPSBSZ
IV NBOT
BOE
BQFT
CVU
OPU
NPOLFZT
PS
QSPTJNJBOT  )PNP
FSFDUVT 5IF
FYUJODU
TQFDJFT
PG
IVNBOT
JNNFEJBUFMZ
BODFTUSBM
UP
NPEFSO
IVNBOT )PNP
IBCJMJT 5IF
FBSMJFTU
NFNCFS
PG
UIF
HFOVT
)PNP FYJTUJOH
BCPVU

UP

NJMMJPO ZFBST
BHP  )PNPOZNT 8PSET
TQFMMFE
BOE
QSPOPVODFE
BMJLF
CVU
EJGGFSFOU
JO
NFBOJOH
GPS
FYBNQMF CFBS
BOE
CFBS

PS
FBS

BOE
FBS  )PNPOZNZ 8PSET
UIBU
IBWF
UIF
TBNF
GPSN
CVU
EJGGFS
JO
NFBOJOH )PNP
TBQJFOT 5IF
TQFDJFT
PG
IVNBOT
UIBU
JODMVEFT
BMM
DPOUFNQPSBSZ
BOE
QSFIJTUPSJD
IV NBOT
BT
XFMM
BT
BDDPSEJOH
UP
TPNF
BOUISPQPMPHJTUT
UIF
FYUJODU
/FBOEFSUIBMT )PNP
TBQJFOT
TBQJFOT 5IF
TVCTQFDJFT
PG
NPEFSO
IVNBOT
GSPN
UIF
$SP.BHOPOT
PO
UP UIF
QSFTFOU )POPSJGJD "
GPSN
PG
B
XPSE
PS
QISBTF
VTFE
UP
FYQSFTT
QPMJUFOFTT
PS
SFTQFDU
GPVOE
FTQF DJBMMZ
JO
,PSFBO
+BQBOFTF
5JCFUBO
BOE
PUIFS
"TJBO
MBOHVBHFT  )ZQFSDPSSFDUJPO "O
BMUFSBUJPO
PG
B
TQFFDI
IBCJU
PO
UIF
CBTJT
PG
B
GBMTF
BOBMPHZ *DPOJD 1FSUBJOJOH
UP
B
TJHO
UIBU
CFBST
B
QIZTJDBM
SFTFNCMBODF
UP
XIBU
JU
SFQSFTFOUT *EFB
PS
TUJNVMVT
EJGGVTJPO "T
B
SFTVMU
PG
TUJNVMBUJPO
UIF
CPSSPXJOH
PG
B
HFOFSBM
JEFB SBUIFS
UIBO
PG
B
TQFDJGJD
UFDIOJRVF *EJPMFDU 5IF
TQFFDI
WBSJFUZ
PG
B
TJOHMF
JOEJWJEVBM
UIBU
JT
POFT
QFSTPOBM
EJBMFDU  *OGJY "O
BGGJY
UIBU
JT
BEEFE
XJUIJO
B
SPPU
PS
TUFN
PG
B
XPSE
GPS
FYBNQMF
JO
#POUPL
*H PSPU
B
MBOHVBHF
PG
UIF
1IJMJQQJOFT
UIF
JOGJY
JO
DIBOHFT
LBZV
AXPPE
UP
LJOBZV AHBUI FSFE
XPPE  *OGMFDUJOH
MBOHVBHFT Languages that mark grammatical relationships by one or two morphemes (for example, in the Latin amGs ‘you love’, the ending -Gs represents present tense, active voice, second-person singular, and indicative mood). *OGMFDUJPO 5IF
DIBOHF
JO
GPSN
UIBU
B
XPSE
VOEFSHPFT
UP
NBSL
DBTFT
OVNCFS
TJOHVMBS QMVSBM


QFSTPO
BOE
PUIFS
HSBNNBUJDBM
SFMBUJPOTIJQT *OGPSNBOU "
QFSTPO
TFSWJOH
BT
B
TPVSDF
PG
EBUB
GPS
UIF
BOBMZTJT
PG
B
MBOHVBHF
TQFFDI
CF IBWJPS
PS
DVMUVSF‰VTVBMMZ
B
OBUJWF
TQFBLFS
JO
SFDFOU
ZFBST
UIF
UFSN
DPOTVMUBOU IBT
GSF RVFOUMZ
CFFO
VTFE
UP
SFQMBDF
JOGPSNBOU  *OOBUJTN 5IF
UIFPSZ
UIBU
DIJMESFO
BSF
CPSO
XJUI
B
DBQBDJUZ
UP
BDRVJSF
FGGPSUMFTTMZ
UIF
MBO HVBHF
UIBU
JT
TQPLFO
UP
UIFN

382

GLOSSARY

*OOBUJTU
UIFPSZ
PG
MBOHVBHF
BDRVJTJUJPO 5IF
UIFPSZ
UIBU
DIJMESFO
BSF
CPSO
XJUI
B
DBQBD JUZ
GPS
SBQJE
MBOHVBHF
EFWFMPQNFOU *OUFSDVMUVSBM
DPNNVOJDBUJPO "O
JOTUBODF
PG
JOEJWJEVBMT
GSPN
UXP
PS
NPSF
TPDJFUJFT
XJUI EJGGFSJOH
DVMUVSFT
BUUFNQUJOH
UP
DPNNVOJDBUF
XJUI
FBDI
PUIFS
TVDI
DPNNVOJDBUJPO NBZ
SFTVMU
JO
NJTVOEFSTUBOEJOHT  *OUPOBUJPOBM
DPOUPVS 5IF
WBSZJOH
QJUDIFT
TVQFSJNQPTFE
PO
BO
VUUFSBODF
UP
JOEJDBUF
RVFT UJPO
PS
TUBUFNFOU *TPMBUJOH
MBOHVBHFT -BOHVBHFT
JO
XIJDI
SFMBUJPOTIJQT
BNPOH
XPSET
BSF
TIPXO
QSJNBSJMZ CZ
XPSE
PSEFS
DPNQBSF
UIF
TFOUFODFT 4IBSLT
FBU
QFPQMF BOE
1FPQMF
FBU
TIBSLT  ,FZ 5IF
UPOF
PS
NBOOFS
JO
XIJDI
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
UBLFT
QMBDF
GPS
FYBNQMF
B
NPDLJOH
TF SJPVT
PS
QFSGVODUPSZ
LFZ  ,JOFNF "
TVHHFTUFE
UFSN
GPS
UIF
TNBMMFTU
EJTDSJNJOBCMF
DPOUSBTUJWF
VOJU
PG
CPEZ
NPUJPO
,JOFTJDT 5IF
TUVEZ
PG
CPEZ
NPUJPOT
VTFE
JO
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
GPS
FYBNQMF
TISVHT
GBDJBM FYQSFTTJPO
XJOLJOH
SBJTJOH
PG
FZFCSPXT
QPJOUJOH
BOE
UIF
MJLF  ,JOTIJQ
UFSNJOPMPHZ 5IF
UFSNT
VTFE
UP
EFTJHOBUF
QFPQMF
SFMBUFE
UP
FHP
CZ
CMPPE
PS NBSSJBHF -BOHVBHF
BDRVJTJUJPO
EFWJDF "O
JOCPSO
DBQBDJUZ
PG
DIJMESFO
UP
BDRVJSF
UIFJS
NPUIFS UPOHVF
XJUIPVU
BOZ
GPSNBM
BUUFNQU
UP
UFBDI
JU
UP
UIFN -BOHVBHF
DPOUBDU "
TJUVBUJPO
PG
DMPTF
QSPYJNJUZ
BOE
NVUVBM
JOGMVFODF
CFUXFFO
MBOHVBHFT -BOHVBHF
GBNJMZ "MM
UIPTF
MBOHVBHFT
UIBU
BSF
SFMBUFE
CZ
WJSUVF
PG
IBWJOH
EFTDFOEFE
GSPN B
TJOHMF
BODFTUSBM
MBOHVBHF -BOHVBHF
JEFPMPHZ #FMJFGT
BCPVU
B
MBOHVBHF
IFME
CZ
JUT
VTFST
BT
SBUJPOBMJ[BUJPO
GPS
UIFJS DPODFQUJPO
PG
UIF
OBUVSF
BOE
GVODUJPO
PG
MBOHVBHF -BOHVBHF
JTPMBUF "
MBOHVBHF
VOSFMBUFE
UP
BOZ
PUIFS
MBOHVBHF -BOHVBHF
NBJOUFOBODF 5IF
BQQMJDBUJPO
PG
BQQSPQSJBUF
NFUIPET
UP
QSFWFOU
BO
FOEBOHFSFE MBOHVBHF
GSPN
CFDPNJOH
FYUJODU -BOHVBHF
NZUIT
6OGPVOEFE
PS
GBMTF
OPUJPOT
DPODFSOJOH
MBOHVBHF T  -BOHVBHF
QMBOOJOH "
EFMJCFSBUF
BUUFNQU
CZ
BO
JOTUJUVUJPO
UP
BGGFDU
MBOHVBHF
VTF
JO
PSEFS UP
QSFWFOU
PS
UP
TPMWF
TPNF
QSPCMFN
PG
DPNNVOJDBUJPO -BUFSBMJ[BUJPO 5IF
MPDBMJ[BUJPO
PG
DFSUBJO
GVODUJPOT
GPS
FYBNQMF
MBOHVBHF
DPNQSFIFO TJPO
PO
POF
TJEF
PG
UIF
CSBJO
SBUIFS
UIBO
UIF
PUIFS -FOHUI
PG
B
TQFFDI
TPVOE 5IF
SFMBUJWF
EVSBUJPO
PG
B
TQFFDI
TPVOE
GPS
FYBNQMF
JO
TPNF MBOHVBHFT
TIPSU
WPXFMT
DPOUSBTU
XJUI
MPOH
POFT
BOE
UIF
EJGGFSFODF
JO
MFOHUI
DBO
EJTUJO HVJTI
UIF
NFBOJOH
PG
PUIFSXJTF
JEFOUJDBM
XPSET -FYFNF "
WPDBCVMBSZ
JUFN
PG
B
MBOHVBHF -FYJDBM
EJGGVTJPO 5IF
TQSFBEJOH
PG
TPVOE
DIBOHFT
UISPVHIPVU
UIF
XPSET
UIF
MFYJDPO
PG B
MBOHVBHF -FYJDBM
JUFN MFYFNF
"OPUIFS
UFSN
GPS
XPSE -FYJDPO
BEK
MFYJDBM 5IF
XPSETUPDL
PG
B
MBOHVBHF
B
TPDJBM
HSPVQ
PS
BO
JOEJWJEVBM
TQFBLFS -FYJDPTUBUJTUJDT "
NFUIPE
PG
FTUBCMJTIJOH
UIF
MJOHVJTUJD
SFMBUJPOTIJQ
PO
UIF
CBTJT
PG
B
RVBO UJUBUJWF
TUVEZ
PG
MFYJDBM
JUFNT -JOHVB
GSBODB "
MBOHVBHF
VTFE
BT
B
DPNNPO
NFBOT
PG
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
CFUXFFO
QFPQMF TQFBLJOH
EJGGFSFOU
OBUJWF
MBOHVBHFT -JOHVJTUJD
BOUISPQPMPHZ 5IF
TUVEZ
PG
MBOHVBHF
JO
CPUI
JUT
CJPMPHJDBM
BOE
TPDJPDVMUVSBM DPOUFYUT -JOHVJTUJD
DPNQFUFODF 5IF
LOPXMFEHF
PG
UIF
HSBNNBUJDBM
SVMFT
PG
POFT
NPUIFS
UPOHVF -JOHVJTUJD
EFUFSNJOJTN 5IF
BTTVNQUJPO
UIBU
UIF
XBZ
JOEJWJEVBMT
UIJOL
JT
EFUFSNJOFE
UP B
TJHOJGJDBOU
EFHSFF
CZ
UIF
MBOHVBHF
UIFZ
TQFBL

GLOSSARY

383

-JOHVJTUJD
SFMBUJWJUZ 5IF
WJFX
UIBU
TUSVDUVSBM
EJGGFSFODFT
BNPOH
MBOHVBHFT
BSF
SFGMFDUFE
JO UIF
XPSMEWJFXT
IFME
CZ
UIFJS
TQFBLFST -JOHVJTUJD
UZQPMPHZ 5IF
TUVEZ
BOE
DMBTTJGJDBUJPO
PG
MBOHVBHFT
BDDPSEJOH
UP
TUSVDUVSBM
TJN JMBSJUJFT
SFHBSEMFTT
PG
HFOFUJD
SFMBUJPOTIJQ -JOHVJTUJDT 5IF
TDJFOUJGJD
TUVEZ
PG
UIF
WBSJPVT
BTQFDUT
PG
IVNBO
TQFFDI
JODMVEJOH
JUT
OB UVSF
TUSVDUVSF
BOE
DIBOHFT
PWFS
UJNF -PBOXPSE "
XPSE
CPSSPXFE
GSPN
BOPUIFS
MBOHVBHF
BOE
BU
MFBTU
QBSUMZ
OBUVSBMJ[FE
CZ
UIF CPSSPXJOH
MBOHVBHF
GPS
FYBNQMF‰JO
&OHMJTI
LJOEFSHBSUFO TQBHIFUUJ BOE SPVHF GSPN (FSNBO
*UBMJBO
BOE
'SFODI
SFTQFDUJWFMZ  .FTPMJUIJD
QFSJPE "
SFMBUJWFMZ
TIPSU
USBOTJUJPOBM
UFDIOPMPHJDBM
BOE
DVMUVSBM
QFSJPE
CFUXFFO UIF
1BMFPMJUIJD
BOE
/FPMJUIJD .FUBUIFTJT "MUFSBUJPO
JO
UIF
OPSNBM
TFRVFODF
PG
MJOHVJTUJD
FMFNFOUT
GPS
FYBNQMF
XIFO TPNFPOF
TBZT
BLT
GPS BTL  .POPHFOFTJT
PG
MBOHVBHF 5IF
UIFPSZ
UIBU
USBJUT
SFRVJTJUF
GPS
UIF
EFWFMPQNFOU
PG
MBO HVBHF
DBNF
JOUP
CFJOH
KVTU
PODF .PSQIFNF 5IF
TNBMMFTU
NFBOJOHGVM
VOJU
PG
TQFFDI
GPS
FYBNQMF
UIF
XPSE
VOSFTUGVM DPO TJTUT
PG
UISFF
NPSQIFNFT
VO SFTU BOE
GVM  .PSQIPMPHZ 5IF
TUVEZ
BOE
EFTDSJQUJPO
PG
UIF
JOUFSOBM
TUSVDUVSF
PG
XPSET
BOE
PG
UIF
JO UFSSFMBUJPOTIJQT
PG
NPSQIFNFT .PSQIPQIPOFNJDT 5IF
TUVEZ
BOE
EFTDSJQUJPO
PG
UIF
QIPOFNJD
EJGGFSFODFT
CFUXFFO
UIF WBSJPVT
GPSNT
PG
B
NPSQIFNF .PUJG
JO
PSBM
GPMLMPSF *O
B
UBMF
UIF
TNBMMFTU
FMFNFOU
UIBU
IBT
UIF
QPXFS
UP
QFSTJTU
JO
USB EJUJPO
CZ
WJSUVF
PG
IBWJOH
TPNFUIJOH
VOVTVBM
BCPVU
JU .PUJGFNF "
EJTUJODUJWF
VOJU
PG
GPML
OBSSBUJWFT
GPS
FYBNQMF
iUIF
IFSP
JT
TVCKFDUFE
UP
B
EJG GJDVMU
PS
EBOHFSPVT
UFTUw  .PUPS
DPSUFY 5IF
BSFB
PG
UIF
CSBJO
XIFSF
JNQVMTFT
GSPN
UIF
OFSWF
DFOUFST
UP
NVTDMFT PSJHJOBUF .VMUJMJOHVBMJTN (PPE
DPNNBOE
PG
NPSF
UIBO
UXP
MBOHVBHFT /FBOEFSUIBMT )PNJOJET
XIP
MJWFE
JO
QBSUT
PG
UIF
0ME
8PSME
CFUXFFO
BCPVU
 
BOE  
ZFBST
BHP /FPHSBNNBSJBO "
GPMMPXFS
PG
B
OJOFUFFOUIDFOUVSZ
TDIPPM
PG
DPNQBSBUJWF
QIJMPMPHZ DMBJNJOH
UIBU
TPVOE
MBXT
BENJUUFE
OP
FYDFQUJPO /FPMJUIJD
QFSJPE 5IF
MBUFTU
QFSJPE
PG
UIF
4UPOF
"HF
XIJDI
TBX
TPNF
SFWPMVUJPOBSZ
EF WFMPQNFOUT
JO
IVNBO
DVMUVSF
EPNFTUJDBUJPO
PG
QMBOUT
BOE
BOJNBMT  /FVSPMJOHVJTUJDT 5IF
CSBODI
PG
MJOHVJTUJDT
UIBU
EFBMT
XJUI
UIF
SPMF
UIF
CSBJO
QMBZT
JO
MBO HVBHF
BOE
TQFFDI
QSPDFTTJOH /FX
FUIOPHSBQIZ 4FF
FUIOPTDJFODF /POWFSCBM
DPNNVOJDBUJPO 5SBOTNJTTJPO
PG
NFTTBHFT
CZ
NFBOT
PUIFS
UIBO
TQFFDI
PS
XSJU JOH
GPS
FYBNQMF
CZ
NFBOT
PG
QJDUPSJBM
TJHOT  /PSNT
PG
JOUFSQSFUBUJPO
5IF
BDDFQUBCMF
CPVOEBSJFT
XJUIJO
XIJDI
DPNNVOJDBUJWF
BDUJW JUZ
JT
UP
CF
VOEFSTUPPE
PS
FYQMBJOFE 0MGBDUPSZ
DIBOOFM "
NFBOT
PG
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
VUJMJ[JOH
UIF
TFOTF
PG
TNFMM
GPS
FYBNQMF CBLJOH
DPPLJFT
PS
CSFBE
CFGPSF
QFPQMF
DPNF
UP
MPPL
BU
B
IPVTF
GPS
QPTTJCMF
QVSDIBTF  0QUJDBM
DIBOOFM "
NFBOT
PG
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
VUJMJ[JOH
UIF
TFOTF
PG
WJTJPO
GPS
FYBNQMF XSJUJOH
PS
SPBE
TJHOT  1BSBMBOHVBHF 'FBUVSFT
PG
WPDBM
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
UIBU
BSF
DPOTJEFSFE
NBSHJOBM
PS
PQUJPOBM TVDI
BT
WBSJBUJPOT
JO
UFNQP
JOUFOTJUZ
PS
QJUDI 1BSBMJOHVJTUJDT 5IF
TUVEZ
PG
QBSBMBOHVBHF

384

GLOSSARY

1BSUJDJQBOU
PCTFSWBUJPO 5IF
JNNFSTJPO
PG
BOUISPQPMPHJDBM
GJFMEXPSLFST
JO
UIF
EBZUP EBZ
BDUJWJUJFT
PG
UIF
QFPQMF
UIFZ
BSF
TUVEZJOH
VTVBMMZ
GPS
BO
FYUFOEFE
QFSJPE
1BTTJWF
SFDFQUJWF
CJMJOHVBM "
QFSTPO
XIP
VOEFSTUBOET
B
TFDPOE
MBOHVBHF
CVU
JT
VOBCMF UP
TQFBL
JU 1IBUJD
DPNNVOJDBUJPO "
TQFFDI
VTFE
GPS
TPDJBM
BOE
FNPUJWF
QVSQPTFT
SBUIFS
UIBO
GPS USBOTNJUUJOH
JOGPSNBUJPO 1IFSPNPOF 4QFDJFTTQFDJGJD
TVCTUBODF
TFDSFUFE
CZ
BOJNBMT
BOE
VTFE
BT
B
TUJNVMVT
UP
PUI FST
PG
UIF
TBNF
TQFDJFT 1IPOF 5IF
TNBMMFTU
QFSDFQUJCMF
EJTDSFUF
TFHNFOU
PG
TQFFDI
DPOTJEFSFE
BT
B
QIZTJDBM
FWFOU 1IPOFNF 5IF
TNBMMFTU
EJTUJODUJWF
TPVOE
VOJU
PG
B
MBOHVBHF
GPS
FYBNQMF
UIF
JOJUJBM
DPO TPOBOUT
PG
UIF
XPSET
CBU QBU WBU GBU BOE
TBU BSF
GJWF
EJGGFSFOU
QIPOFNFT
PG
&OHMJTI  1IPOFNJD
USBOTDSJQUJPO 5IF
SFQSFTFOUBUJPO
PG
EJTUJODUJWF
TQFFDI
TPVOET
CZ
NFBOT
PG QIPOFNJD
TZNCPMT 1IPOFUJD 3FQSFTFOUJOH
JO
TPNF
EFUBJM
UIF
OBUVSF
PG
TQFFDI
TPVOET
CZ
UIF
TQFDJBM
TZNCPMT PG
B
QIPOFUJD
BMQIBCFU 1IPOFUJD
USBOTDSJQUJPO 5IF
EFUBJMFE
SFQSFTFOUBUJPOT
PG
TQFFDI
TPVOET
CZ
VTF
PG
UIF
TZN CPMT
PG
B
QIPOFUJD
BMQIBCFU 1IPOPMPHZ 5IF
TUVEZ
BOE
EFTDSJQUJPO
PG
UIF
TPVOE
TZTUFN
PG
B
MBOHVBHF 1IZMVN -BOHVBHF
HSPVQT
SFMBUFE
NPSF
SFNPUFMZ
UIBO
MBOHVBHFT
DMBTTJGJFE
BT
CFMPOHJOH
UP B
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ 1IZTJDBM
PS
CJPMPHJDBM
BOUISPQPMPHZ 5IF
TVCGJFME
PG
BOUISPQPMPHZ
DPODFSOFE
XJUI
UIF TUVEZ
PG
IVNBO
FWPMVUJPO
BOE
QIZTJDBM
WBSJBUJPO 1JEHJO "
GPSN
PG
TQPLFO
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
XJUI
B
HSFBUMZ
SFEVDFE
HSBNNBUJDBM
TUSVDUVSF BOE
MJNJUFE
WPDBCVMBSZ
UIBU
JT
VTFE
CZ
TQFBLFST
PG
NVUVBMMZ
VOJOUFMMJHJCMF
MBOHVBHFT
UP DPNNVOJDBUF
XJUI
FBDI
PUIFS
B
QJEHJO
JT
OPU
UIF
OBUJWF
MBOHVBHF
PG
BOZ
TQFBLFS  1JEHJOJ[BUJPO 5IF
QSPDFTT
PG
HSBNNBUJDBM
BOE
MFYJDBM
SFEVDUJPO
PG
B
MBOHVBHF
UP
B
QJEHJO 1JUDI
UPOF 5IF
EJTUJODUJWF
QJUDI
MFWFM
UPOBM
IFJHIU
PG
B
TZMMBCMF
JU
JT
B
SFMBUJWF
GFBUVSF‰ UPOFT
PG
XPNFOT
WPJDFT
BSF
UZQJDBMMZ
IJHIFS
UIBO
NFOT 1PMZHFOFTJT
PG
B
MBOHVBHF 5IF
UIFPSZ
UIBU
USBJUT
SFRVJTJUF
GPS
UIF
EFWFMPQNFOU
PG
MBO HVBHF
PSJHJOBUFE
JO
TFQBSBUF
QMBDFT
BOE
BU
EJGGFSFOU
UJNFT 1PMZHMPU "
QFSTPO
XIP
TQFBLT
TFWFSBM
MBOHVBHFT 1PMZTFNZ 5IF
SBOHF
PG
EJGGFSFOU
NFBOJOHT
JO
POF
XPSE
GPS
FYBNQMF
UIF
WBSJPVT
NFBOJOHT PG
UIF
XPSE
TFBU  1PMZTZOUIFUJD
MBOHVBHFT -BOHVBHFT
JO
XIJDI
XPSET
BSF
MPOH
BOE
NPSQIPMPHJDBMMZ
DPNQMFY GPS
FYBNQMF
JO
UIF
BCPSJHJOBM
"VTUSBMJBO
MBOHVBHF
5JXJ
UIF
TFOUFODF
i*
LFQU
PO
FBUJOHw JT
FYQSFTTFE
CZ
UIF
XPSE
OHJSSVVOUIJOHBQVLBOJ  1SFGJY "O
BGGJY
UIBU
JT
BEEFE
BU
UIF
CFHJOOJOH
PG
B
SPPU
PS
TUFN
GPS
FYBNQMF
UIF
JOJUJBM NPSQIFNFT
JO
UIF
XPSET
SFXSJUF
VOEP
BOE
EJTBMMPX  1SFMBOHVBHF "OZ
PG
UIF
TUBHFT
JO
UIF
EFWFMPQNFOU
PG
TQFFDI
UIBU
QSFDFEFT
GVMMGMFEHFE MBOHVBHF 1SJNBSZ
TJHO
MBOHVBHF "
TJHO
MBOHVBHF
VTFE
UP
UIF
FYDMVTJPO
PG
TQPLFO
MBOHVBHF
GPS
FY BNQMF
CZ
QFPQMF
CPSO
EFBG 1SPDFTT
NPSQIFNF "
DIBOHF
PG
B
TPVOE
PS
TPVOET
GPS
FYBNQMF
GSPN
HPPTF UP
UIF
QMVSBM HFFTF
SBUIFS
UIBO
UIF
BEEJUJPO
PG
B
NPSQIFNF
BT
JO
UIF
QMVSBM
DBUT
GSPN DBU  1SPTPEJD
GFBUVSFT 'FBUVSFT
PUIFS
UIBO
WPXFMT
BOE
DPOTPOBOUT
UIBU
BSF
FTTFOUJBM
GPS
BO
VU UFSBODF
UP
TPVOE
OBUVSBM
BOE
UP
CF
GVMMZ
NFBOJOHGVM
GPS
FYBNQMF
TUSFTT
BOE
JOUPOBUJPO 

GLOSSARY

385

1SPUPDVMUVSF "O
BTTVNFE
PS
SFDPOTUSVDUFE
QSFIJTUPSJD
DVMUVSF
PG
B
QFPQMF 1SPUP*OEP&VSPQFBO 5IF
BTTVNFE
PS
SFDPOTUSVDUFE
BODFTUSBM
MBOHVBHF
PG
BMM
UIF
MBO HVBHFT
CFMPOHJOH
UP
UIF
*OEP&VSPQFBO
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ 1SPUPMBOHVBHF "O
BTTVNFE
PS
SFDPOTUSVDUFE
BODFTUSBM
GPSN
PG
B
MBOHVBHF
CSBODI
PS
MBO HVBHF
GBNJMZ 1SPUPXPSE "O
BTTVNFE
PS
SFDPOTUSVDUFE
BODFTUSBM
XPSE
PG
DPHOBUF
XPSET
GPVOE
JO
UIF MBOHVBHFT
PG
B
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ 1SPYFNJDT 5IF
TUVEZ
PG
UIF
DVMUVSBM
QBUUFSOJOH
PG
UIF
TQBUJBM
TFQBSBUJPO
JOEJWJEVBMT
OBUV SBMMZ
NBJOUBJO
JO
GBDFUPGBDF
FODPVOUFST 1SPYFNJD
[POF 5IF
SFMBUJWF
EJTUBODF
PG
JOUFSQFSTPOBM
TQBDF
SBOHJOH
GSPN
JOUJNBUF
UP
QVC MJD
UIBU
NFNCFST
PG
TPDJFUJFT
UFOE
UP
PCTFSWF
JO
GBDFUPGBDF
FODPVOUFST 1ZHNZ
DIJNQBO[FF
PS
CPOPCP "O
FOEBOHFSFE
TQFDJFT
PG
DIJNQBO[FFT
UIBU
BSF
NPSF JOUFMMJHFOU
BOE
TPDJBCMF
UIBO
UIF
TQFDJFT
PG
DPNNPO
DIJNQBO[FFT 3BDF
TPDBMMFE *O
NPEFSO
BOUISPQPMPHZ
B
EJTDSFEJUFE
UFSN
SFGFSSJOH
UP
B
QPQVMBUJPO
UIBU TIBSFT
B
OVNCFS
PG
QIZTJDBM
USBJUT 3FDPOTUSVDUJPO 5IF
CVJMEJOH
VQ
PS
SFDSFBUJOH
PG
TPNFUIJOH
PO
UIF
CBTJT
PG
BWBJMBCMF
FW JEFODF
GPS
FYBNQMF
PG
BO
FYUJODU
MBOHVBHF
PS
DVMUVSF  3FEVQMJDBUJPO 5IF
SFQFUJUJPO
PG
TQFFDI
TPVOET
NBSLJOH
B
HSBNNBUJDBM
GVODUJPO
GPS
FY BNQMF
JO
UIF
5BHBMPH
XPSE EBEBMBXÈ
APOMZ
UXP
GSPN EBMBXÈ AUXP 
&OHMJTI
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POMZ TPNF
SFEVQMJDBUJWF
DPNQPVOE
XPSET
TVDI
BT
HPPEZHPPEZ BOE
XJTIZXBTIZ  3FGFSFOU "OZUIJOH
SFGFSSFE
UP
CZ
B
XPSE 3FGMFYJWF
OPJTFT #BTJD
CJPMPHJDBM
OPJTFT
PG
BO
JOGBOU
TVDI
BT
CVSQJOH
DPVHIJOH
BOE
DSZJOH 3FTUSJDUFE
DPEF "
SFMBUJWFMZ
JOGPSNBM
WBSJFUZ
PG
MBOHVBHF
XJUI
B
SFEVDFE
TUZMJTUJD
BOE
HSBN NBUJDBM
SBOHF 3PPU "
CBTF
GPSN
PG
B
XPSE
UIBU
DBOOPU
CF
GVSUIFS
TVCEJWJEFE
PS
B
CBTJD
NPSQIFNF
GPS FYBNQMF UFBDI USFF CMVF OBTU

BOE
DFJWF  3VMFT
PG
JOUFSBDUJPO 5IF
LOPXMFEHF
PG
NFNCFST
PG
B
TQFFDI
DPNNVOJUZ
BT
UP
XIBU
JT
BOE XIBU
JT
OPU
BQQSPQSJBUF
JO
DPNNVOJDBUJPO 4BQJS8IPSG
IZQPUIFTJT "
UIFPSZ
PG
UIF
SFMBUJPOTIJQ
CFUXFFO
MBOHVBHF
BOE
UIPVHIU
BMTP LOPXO
BT
UIF
IZQPUIFTJT
PG
MJOHVJTUJD
SFMBUJWJUZ‰UIF
CFMJFG
UIBU
MBOHVBHF
EFUFSNJOFT
UIF XBZ
TQFBLFST
QFSDFJWF
UIF
XPSME
BSPVOE
UIFN 4FNBOUJD
EJGGFSFOUJBM "
UFDIOJRVF
UP
NFBTVSF
UIF
BGGFDUJWF
SFBDUJPO
PG
TQFBLFST
PG
B
MBO HVBHF
UP
XPSET
MFYJDBM
JUFNT  4FNBOUJDT 5IF
TUVEZ
PG
NFBOJOH
JO
MBOHVBHF 4FNJPUJDT 5IF
TUVEZ
PG
UIF
DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT
PG
TJHOBMJOH
TZTUFNT
UIBU
JT
PG
TJHOT
BOE
UIFJS VTF  4FRVFOUJBM
CJMJOHVBMJTN 5IF
BCJMJUZ
UP
TQFBL
UXP
MBOHVBHFT
BDRVJSFE
JO
TVDDFTTJPO 4FYVBM
CJBT
JO
MBOHVBHF 5IPTF
VTBHFT
JO
B
MBOHVBHF
UIBU
GBWPS
POF
HFOEFS
PWFS
BOPUIFS GPS
FYBNQMF
UP
VTF
UIF
QPTTFTTJWF
BEKFDUJWF IJT UP
JODMVEF
CPUI
NFO
BOE
XPNFO
JO
UIF TFOUFODF
i&BDI
ESJWFS
PO
QVCMJD
SPBET
NVTU
DBSSZ
IJT
ESJWFST
MJDFOTFw  4JHO
MBOHVBHF "
TZTUFN
PG
IBOE
HFTUVSFT
VTFE
BT
BO
BMUFSOBUJWF
UP
TQFFDI
GPS
FYBNQMF
CZ UIF
EFBG  4JNVMUBOFPVT
CJMJOHVBMJTN 5IF
BCJMJUZ
UP
TQFBL
UXP
MBOHVBHFT
BDRVJSFE
BU
UIF
TBNF
UJNF 4PDJBM
JOTFDUT 4QFDJFT
PG
JOTFDUT
UIBU
MJWF
JO
DPMPOJFT
XJUI
PUIFST
PG
UIF
TBNF
TQFDJFT 4PDJBMJ[BUJPO
JO
BOUISPQPMPHZ 5IF
QSPDFTT
CZ
XIJDI
JOGBOUT
BSF
UBVHIU
UIF
BTQFDUT
PG UIFJS
TPDJFUZT
DVMUVSF
UIFZ
OFFE
UP
LOPX
UP
GVODUJPO
BT
BEVMUT 4PDJBM
OFUXPSL "MM
UIPTF
QFPQMF
XJUI
XIPN
BO
JOEJWJEVBM
SFHVMBSMZ
JOUFSBDUT

386

GLOSSARY

4PDJBM
QPXFS
UIFPSZ
DPODFSOJOH
UIF
MBOHVBHFBOEHFOEFS
SFMBUJPOTIJQ 5IF
WJFX
UIBU UIF
EJGGFSFODFT
GPVOE
CFUXFFO
NFOT
BOE
XPNFOT
TQFFDI
SFGMFDU
UIF
EJGGFSFOU
EFHSFFT
PG QPXFS
PS
TUBUVT
FBDI
HFOEFS
IPMET
JO
TPDJFUZ 4PDJFUZ "
DPPQFSBUJOH
TPDJBM
HSPVQ
XJEFMZ
SBOHJOH
JO
TJ[F
XIPTF
NFNCFST
IBWF
EFWFM PQFE
PWFS
UJNF
DPNNPO
USBEJUJPOT
JOTUJUVUJPOT
BOE
CSPBE
JOUFSFTUT 4PDJPDVMUVSBM *OWPMWJOH
B
DPNCJOBUJPO
PG
DVMUVSBM
BOE
TPDJBM
GBDUPST 4PDJPMJOHVJTUJD
DIBOHF -JOHVJTUJD
DIBOHF
WJFXFE
JO
UIF
DPOUFYU
PG
UIF
TPDJFUZ
PS
DPNNV OJUZ
JO
XIJDI
JU
UBLFT
QMBDF 4PDJPMJOHVJTUJDT 5IF
CSBODI
PG
MJOHVJTUJDT
DPODFSOFE
XJUI
UIF
WBSJPVT
BTQFDUT
PG
UIF
SFMB UJPOTIJQ
CFUXFFO
TPDJFUZ
BOE
MBOHVBHF
UIF
TUVEZ
PG
XBZT
JO
XIJDI
BO
JOEJWJEVBMT
TQFFDI DPOWFZT
TPDJBM
JOGPSNBUJPO 4PVOE
DIBOHF "
DIBOHF
JO
UIF
TPVOE
TZTUFN
PG
B
MBOHVBHF
PWFS
B
QFSJPE
PG
UJNF
GPS
FY BNQMF
UIF
DIBOHF
GSPN
0ME
&OHMJTI TUGO UP
.PEFSO
&OHMJTI TUPOF  4PVOE
MBX 5IF
EFTDSJQUJPO
PG
B
SFHVMBS
TFSJFT
PG
DIBOHFT
JO
B
MBOHVBHFT
TPVOE
TZTUFN
PWFS B
QFSJPE
PG
UJNF 4PVOE
TZNCPMJTN "O
BTTPDJBUJPO
CFUXFFO
GPSN
TPVOE
BOE
NFBOJOH
JO
B
MBOHVBHF 4QFFDI
BDU 5IF
NJOJNVN
VOJU
PG
TQFFDI
GPS
FYBNQMF
B
HSFFUJOH
BO
BQPMPHZ
PS
B
TFMG JOUSPEVDUJPO  4QFFDI
BQQBSBUVT 5IF
WBSJPVT
QBSUT
PG
UIF
IVNBO
CPEZ
CFUXFFO
UIF
MBSZOY
BOE
UIF
MJQT XIFSF
TQFFDI
TPVOET
BSF
QSPEVDFE
BMTP
SFGFSSFE
UP
BT
WPDBM
PSHBOT
PS
PSHBOT
PG TQFFDI 4QFFDI
BSFB "O
BSFB
JO
XIJDI
TQFBLFST
PG
EJGGFSFOU
MBOHVBHFT
TIBSF
TQFBLJOH
SVMFT 4QFFDI
DPNNVOJUZ "MM
UIPTF
XIP
TIBSF
B
MBOHVBHF
WBSJFUZ
BT
XFMM
BT
TQFDJGJD
SVMFT
GPS TQFBLJOH
BOE
JOUFSQSFUJOH
TQFFDI 4QFFDI
FWFOU "
CBTJD
VOJU
PG
WFSCBM
JOUFSBDUJPO
GPS
FYBNQMF
BO
JOUFSWJFX
B
UFMFQIPOF
JO RVJSZ
PS
BO
BSHVNFOU
XJUI
B
TBMFTQFSTPO  4QFFDI
TJUVBUJPO 5IF
DPOUFYU
JO
XIJDI
TQFBLJOH
UBLFT
QMBDF
GPS
FYBNQMF
B
GJTIJOH
USJQ GBNJMZ
NFBM
PS
CFFS
QBSUZ  4UBOEBSE 5IF
QSFTUJHF
WBSJFUZ
PG
B
MBOHVBHF
VTFE
CZ
B
TQFFDI
DPNNVOJUZ
VOEFS
VTVBMMZ GPSNBM
DJSDVNTUBODFT
B
WBSJFUZ
PG
B
MBOHVBHF
VTFE
CZ
UIF
FEVDBUFE 4UFN "
TJOHMF
SPPU
NPSQIFNF
CJSE
PS
B
DPNQPVOE
XPSE
CMBDLCJSE 
UIF
QBSU
PG
BO
JO GMFDUFE
XPSE
UIBU
SFNBJOT
BGUFS
UIF
BGGJY
IBT
CFFO
SFNPWFE
GPS
FYBNQMF
XJEUI JT
UIF TUFN
PG
XJEUIT  4USFTT
5IF
EFHSFF
PG
GPSDF
PS
QSPNJOFODF
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI
B
TZMMBCMF
PG
TQFFDI 4USVDUVSBM
BQQSPBDI *O
MJOHVJTUJDT
BO
BQQSPBDI
BUUFNQUJOH
UP
EFTDSJCF
UIF
VOJUT
PG
B MBOHVBHF
BOE
UIFJS
DPNCJOBUJPOT
JO
UFSNT
PG
TUSVDUVSF
BOE
TZTUFN 4UZMF "
TJUVBUJPOBM
EJTUJODUJWF
VTF
PG
MBOHVBHF
JO
XSJUJOH
PS
TQFFDI
"
OVNCFS
PG
TUZMFT BSF
EJTUJOHVJTIFE
SBOHJOH
GSPN
QPNQPVT
UP
JOUJNBUF

4VCDVMUVSF
UIFPSZ DPODFSOJOH
UIF
MBOHVBHFBOEHFOEFS
SFMBUJPOTIJQ 5IF
WJFX
UIBU UIF
EJGGFSFODFT
PG
XPNFOT
MBOHVBHF
GSPN
UIBU
PG
NFO
NBZ
CF
EVF
UP
B
EJTUJODU
XPNFOT TVCDVMUVSF
JO
B
NBMFEPNJOBUFE
TPDJFUZ 4VGGJY "O
BGGJY
BEEFE
BGUFS
B
SPPU
PS
TUFN
PG
B
XPSE
GPS
FYBNQMF
UIF
GJOBM
NPSQIFNF
JO UIF
XPSET IPSTFT
TXJNT
PS
XBMLFE  4VQQMFUJPO 5IF
PDDVSSFODF
PG
QIPOFNJDBMMZ
VOSFMBUFE
BMMPNPSQIT
PG
B
NPSQIFNF 4VQQMFUJWF
GPSN "
MJOHVJTUJD
GPSN
DIBSBDUFSJ[FE
CZ
TVQQMFUJPO
BT
JO
UIF
TVQFSMBUJWF
GPSN CFTU
GSPN
HPPE  4ZMMBCBSZ "
TFU
PG
HSBQIJD
TZNCPMT
FBDI
PG
XIJDI
SFQSFTFOUT
B
TZMMBCMF
PG
B
MBOHVBHF

GLOSSARY

387

4ZMMBCMF "
VOJU
PG
TQFFDI
DPOTJTUJOH
PG
B
DPOTPOBOU
PS
DPOTPOBOUT


BOE
FJUIFS
B
WPXFM
PS WPXFMT
PS
B
TZMMBCJD
DPOTPOBOU 4ZNCPM 4PNFUIJOH
SFQSFTFOUJOH
TPNFUIJOH
FMTF
CZ
WJSUVF
PG
DPOWFOUJPO
SFTFNCMBODF
PS BTTPDJBUJPO 4ZODISPOJD
BQQSPBDI %FBMJOH
XJUI
MJOHVJTUJD
QIFOPNFOB
BT
UIFZ
FYJTU
BU
B
TQFDJGJD
QPJOU JO
UJNF
UIBU
JT
XJUIPVU
SFHBSE
GPS
IJTUPSJDBM
BOUFDFEFOUT  4ZOFTUIFTJB "
DPOEJUJPO
JO
XIJDI
B
QBSUJDVMBS
TUJNVMBUJPO
PG
POF
TFOTF
FWPLFT
UIF
TUJNV MBUJPO
PG
BOPUIFS
TFOTF 4ZOPOZN "
XPSE
UIBU
IBT
UIF
TBNF
PS
OFBSMZ
UIF
TBNF
NFBOJOH
BT
BOPUIFS
XPSE
PS XPSET
JO
B
MBOHVBHF 4ZOUBY 5SBEJUJPOBMMZ
UIF
NBOOFS
JO
XIJDI
XPSET
PG
B
MBOHVBHF
BSF
TUSVOH
UPHFUIFS
JOUP TFOUFODFT
JO
USBOTGPSNBUJPOBM
HSBNNBS
UIF
TUVEZ
PG
TFOUFODF
TUSVDUVSF
BOE
UIF
SFMB UJPOT
BNPOH
TFOUFODF
DPNQPOFOUT 5BDUJMF
DIBOOFM "
NFBOT
PG
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
VUJMJ[JOH
UIF
TFOTF
PG
UPVDI
GPS
FYBNQMF
LJTT JOH
PS
QBUUJOH  5BH
RVFTUJPO "
RVFTUJPO
BUUBDIFE
UP
B
TUBUFNFOU
UP
PCUBJO
UIF
BTTFOU
PG
UIF
QFSTPO
TQPLFO UP
GPS
FYBNQMF
i*UT
B
CFBVUJGVM
NPSOJOH
JTOU
JU w  5BYPOPNZ "
QSJODJQMFE
DMBTTJGJDBUJPO
JOUP
HSPVQT
BOE
TVCHSPVQT 5PL
1JTJO "O
&OHMJTICBTFE
DSFPMF
TFSWJOH
BT
UIF
OBUJPOBM
MBOHVBHF
PG
1BQVB
/FX (VJOFB 5SBOTGPSNBUJPO "EEJOH
EFMFUJOH
PS
PUIFSXJTF
DIBOHJOH
FMFNFOUT
PG
POF
MJOHVJTUJD
TUSVD UVSF
UP
QSPEVDF
BOPUIFS
POF 5SBOTGPSNBUJPOBM
HSBNNBS "
HSBNNBUJDBM
BOBMZTJT
VTJOH
MJOHVJTUJD
PQFSBUJPOT
USBOT GPSNBUJPOT
UIBU
TIPX
B
DPSSFTQPOEFODF
CFUXFFO
UXP
TUSVDUVSFT 5SBOTGPSNBUJPOBM
SVMF 5IF
HFOFSBM
TUBUFNFOU
EFTDSJCJOH
B
USBOTGPSNBUJPO 5SJMJOHVBMJTN 5IF
BCJMJUZ
UP
TQFBL
UISFF
MBOHVBHFT 6OJWFSTBMJTN 5IF
CFMJFG
UIBU
HFOFSBM
QSJODJQMFT
VOEFSMJF
UIF
TUSVDUVSF
PG
BMM
MBOHVBHFT
BOE DVMUVSFT  6QQFS
1BMFPMJUIJD
QFSJPE 5IF
NPTU
SFDFOU
QFSJPE
PG
UIF
0ME
4UPOF
"HF
DIBSBDUFSJ[FE
CZ BO
FYQMPTJPO
PG
DSFBUJWF
DVMUVSBM
BDUJWJUZ
SPVHIMZ
GSPN
 
UP
 
#$  7FSOBDVMBS 5IF
DBTVBM
TQPLFO
GPSN
PG
B
MBOHVBHF
PS
EJBMFDU 7PDBMBVEJUPSZ
DIBOOFM "
NFBOT
PG
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
VUJMJ[JOH
TPVOET
UIBU
BSF
TQPLFO
BOE IFBSE 7PDBM
QMBZ 5IF
FYUFOTJWF
QSPEVDUJPO
CZ
B
CBCZ
PG
TPVOET
SFTFNCMJOH
UIF
WPXFMT
BOE
DPO TPOBOUT
PG
JUT
NPUIFS
UPOHVF 7PDBM
USBDU 5IF
BSFB
PG
UIF
IVNBO
CPEZ
XIFSF
TQFFDI
TPVOET
BSF
QSPEVDFE 7PDBM
WPJDF
TFHSFHBUFT &YUSBMJOHVJTUJD
TPVOET
VTFE
JO
FYQSFTTJOH
DPODFSO
FYDJUFNFOU EJTBQQSPWBM
BOE
PUIFS
BUUJUVEFT
PS
GFFMJOHT 7PJDF
DIBSBDUFSJ[FST .PEJGJDBUJPOT
PG
UIF
TQFBLJOH
WPJDF
UIBU
PDDVS
XIFO
POF
UBMLT
XIJMF MBVHIJOH
ZBXOJOH
DSZJOH
FUD 7PJDFE
TPVOE "
TQFFDI
TPVOE
QSPEVDFE
XIJMF
UIF
WPDBM
DPSET
BSF
WJCSBUJOH
GPS
FYBNQMF C E H  7PJDFMFTT
TPVOE "
TQFFDI
TPVOE
QSPEVDFE
XJUIPVU
WJCSBUJPO
PG
UIF
WPDBM
DPSET
GPS
FY BNQMF
Q U
L  7PJDF
RVBMJGJFST
4VDI
NBSHJOBM
GFBUVSFT
PG
WPDBM
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
BT
UFNQP
BOE
JOUFOTJUZ 7PXFM 1IPOFUJDBMMZ
B
TQFFDI
TPVOE
BSUJDVMBUFE
XJUI
OP
TJHOJGJDBOU
DPOTUSJDUJPO
JO
UIF CSFBUI
DIBOOFM

388

GLOSSARY

7PXFM
IBSNPOZ "
UZQF
PG
BTTJNJMBUJPO
JO
XIJDI
WPXFMT
DPNF
UP
TIBSF
DFSUBJO
GFBUVSFT
XJUI PUIFS
WPXFMT
FMTFXIFSF
JO
UIF
XPSE
PS
QISBTF 8FSOJDLFT
BSFB "O
BSFB
PG
UIF
CSBJO
JO
UIF
VQQFS
QBSU
PG
UIF
UFNQPSBM
MPCF
BTTPDJBUFE
XJUI UIF
DPNQSFIFOTJPO
PG
MBOHVBHF 8IJTUMF
iMBOHVBHFw
PS
XIJTUMF
TQFFDI $PNNVOJDBUJPO
CZ
NFBOT
PG
XIJTUMJOH 8IPSG JBO
IZQPUIFTJT 5IF
BTTVNQUJPO
UIBU
TUSVDUVSBM
EJGGFSFODFT
BNPOH
MBOHVBHFT
BSF SFGMFDUFE
JO
UIF
EJGGFSJOH
XPSMEWJFXT
PG
UIFJS
TQFBLFST 8PSE
PSEFS 5IF
BSSBOHFNFOU
PG
XPSET
JO
B
QISBTF
PS
B
TFOUFODF 8PSE
UBCPP "
QSPIJCJUJPO
BHBJOTU
VUUFSJOH
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LANGUAGES MENTIONED IN THE TEXT A N D T H E I R L O CAT I O N S

&VSPQF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Albanian Basque Catalan Croatian Czech Dutch Estonian Finnish

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

French German Greek Icelandic Italian (and Latin) Lapp (Sami) Magyar (Hungarian) Polish Portuguese

419

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Romanian Romansh Russian Schwyzertütsch Serbian Slovak Spanish

4PVUIXFTUFSO
"TJB
BOE
/PSUI
"GSJDB 25 26 27 28

Arabic Armenian Persian Turkish

"GSJDB
4PVUI
PG
UIF
4BIBSB 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Abua Afrikaans Ashanti a Bantu language Ewe Kalabari Kamba

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Kikuyu Kugbo Luhya Luo Nembe Odual Ogbia Swahili Twi Vai Yoruba

-BUJO
"NFSJDB
BOE
UIF
$BSJCCFBO 47 Aguaruna 48 Araucanian

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

Aztec Caraya Chontal Guarani Island Carib Isthmus Nahuat Jamaican Creole Kuna Mazateco Nahuatl Otomi Pirahã Sierra Popoluca (Tenejapa) Tzeltal Yucatec Zoque

&BTU
BOE
4PVUI
"TJB 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

Agta Aklanon Assamese Badaga Bengali Bontok Cantonese Gujarati Hindi Japanese Javanese Kannada Kashmiri Korean Madurese

122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136

Malay Malayalam Mandarin (Chinese) Marathi Mongolian Oriya Panjabi (Punjabi) Subanun Sundanese Tagalog Tamil Telugu Urdu Vietnamese Yakan

"VTUSBMJB
BOE
0DFBOJB 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146

Hawaiian Creole Hiri Motu Kaluli Kiriwinian Maori Neo-Melanesian (Tok Pisin) Ngandi Pintupi Samoan Tolai (Kuanua)

(key continues)

/PSUI
"NFSJDB
/PSUI PG
.FYJDP 65 Acoma 66 Apache (and Western Apache) 67 Arapaho 68 Atsina (Gros Ventre) 69 Blackfoot 70 Cahuilla 71 Cheyenne 72 Cree-Montagnais

73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84

Crow Cupeño Dakota Eskimo Fox Gullah Hopi Hupa Keres Kiowa Kiowa Apache Koasati

85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

Kwakiutl Laguna Luiseño Menomini Mohawk Navajo Nootka Ojibwa Pawnee Penobscot-Abnaki Sarcee Shawnee

97 ShoshoneComanche 98 Takelma 99 Tewa 100 Tiwa 101 Tohono O’odham (Papago) 102 Tunica 103 Upper Chinook 104 Wichita 105 Yana 106 Zuni

Note: The locations are based on the map accompanying Comparative Studies of North American Indians by Harold E. Driver and William C. Massey (1957).

INDEX

"DDFOU
 "DPVTUJD
DIBOOFM


o "DPVTUJD
QIPOFUJDT
 "DSPMFDU
 "GSJDBO"NFSJDBO
7FSOBDVMBS
&OHMJTI i#MBDL
&OHMJTI
USJBM w
o EFTDSJQUJPO
PG
o FYBNQMF
PG

CPY
 HSBNNBUJDBM
EJGGFSFODFT
o PSJHJOT
PG
o

GJH
 QSPOVODJBUJPO
PG
o TUJHNBUJ[BUJPO
PG
o
 "GSJDBO"NFSJDBOT
TUVEZ
PG DPNNVOJDBUJWF
TUZMF
PG
o "GSP"TJBUJD
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ


 GJH
 "HBS
.JDIBFM
 "HHMVUJOBUJWF
MBOHVBHFT
 "HUB
MBOHVBHF
 "HVBSVOB
MBOHVBHF
 "MHPORVJBO MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ


 SFDPOTUSVDUJPO
PG
BODFTUSBM
IPNFMBOE o

CPY


GJH
 "MMPGBDU


GJH
 "MMPGPSN
 "MMPNPSQI

 "MMPNPUJG
o "MMPQIPOF
 "MUBJD
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ


GJH
 "MUNBOO
4UVBSU
"
 "NB[PO
CBTJO
MBOHVBHFT
PG
 "NCSPOB
4QBJO
BSDIBFPMPHJDBM FYDBWBUJPOT
BU


"NFSJDBO
4JHO
-BOHVBHF
"4-
PS "NFTMBO




 "NFSJOE
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ
 "ODFTUSBM
IPNFMBOE
SFDPOTUSVDUJPO
PG o
 "OHMP"NFSJDBOT MBOHVBHF
BDRVJTJUJPO
BNPOH
o TUVEZ
PG
DPNNVOJDBUJWF
TUZMF
PG
 "OHVMBS
HZSVT



GJH
 "OPNJD
BQIBTJB
 "OTIFO
'SBOL
 "OUISPQPMPHJDBM
MJOHVJTUJDT
4FF MJOHVJTUJD BOUISPQPMPHZ "OUISPQPMPHZ CSJFG
IJTUPSZ
PG
o EFGJOFE


o TVCGJFMET
PG
 "OUPOZN
o "OUT
DPNNVOJDBUJWF
CFIBWJPS
PG
o "QBDIF MBOHVBHF
PG

 TJMFODF
CFIBWJPS
PG
o "QIBTJB
o "SBCJD
FTUJNBUFE
OVNCFS
PG
TQFBLFST
PG 
GJH
 "SBQBIP EJDUJPOBSZ
o LJOTIJQ
UFSNT
o

GJH
 MBOHVBHF
o
o
 MBOHVBHF
NBJOUFOBODF
QSPHSBN o NZUIT
 "SBVDBOJBOT
BUUJUVEFT
UPXBSE
TQFBLJOH  423

424

"SUJDVMBUJPO
o "TIBOUJ
MBOHVBHF

 "4-
"NFSJDBO
4JHO
-BOHVBHF




 "TQFDU
 "TTJNJMBUJPO
 "UIBCBTLBO
USJCFT
DPNNVOJDBUJPO CFUXFFO
"NFSJDBOT$BOBEJBOT
BOE o

CPY
 "UIBCBTLBO
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ
 "ULJOT
#PXNBO
,
 "UTJOB
(SPT
7FOUSF
MBOHVBHF
o "VEJUPSZ
DPSUFY


GJH
 "VTUSBMPQJUIFDVT
BGBSFOTJT  "VTUSBMPQJUIFDVT
BGSJDBOVT  "VTUSPBTJBUJD
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ

GJH
 "VTUSPOFTJBO
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ


GJH  #BCCMJOH
 #BEBHB
MBOHVBHF
 #BLIUJO
.JLIBJM
 #BOUV
IJTUPSZ
MJOHVJTUJD
JOGFSFODFT
BCPVU 
CPY
 #BSPO
/BPNJ

 #BTJMFDU
 #BTRVF
MBOHVBHF
 #BTTP
,FJUI
)
o

 #FFS
UFSNJOPMPHZ
o #FIBWJPSJTN

 #FIBWJPSJTU
UIFPSZ
MBOHVBHF
BDRVJTJUJPO BOE
o #FOHBMJ
FTUJNBUFE
OVNCFS
PG
TQFBLFST
PG 
GJH
 #FSMJO
#SFOU

o #FSMJO,BZ
DPMPS
UFSNJOPMPHZ
TUVEZ
CZ  #FTOJFS
/JLP
 #JDLFSUPO
%FSFL

o #JMJOHVBMJTN EFGJOFE
 NJTDPODFQUJPOT
BCPVU
 TUBHFT
PG
o JO
4XJU[FSMBOE
 4FF
BMTP NVMUJMJOHVBMJTN #JOBSZ
PQQPTJUJPOT
o
 #JPQSPHSBN
IZQPUIFTJT


INDEX

#JSET
DPNNVOJDBUJWF
CFIBWJPS
PG
 #JSEXIJTUFMM
3BZ
-

 i#MBDL
&OHMJTI
USJBM w
"OO
"SCPS .JDIJHBO
o #MFOEJOH

GJH


CPY

  #MPPNGJFME
-FPOBSE

 #MVN.BSUJOF[
3FCFDDB
 #PBT
'SBO[



o
 

 #PLBNCB
&ZBNCB
 #PMJOHFS
%XJHIU


 #POUPL
MBOHVBHF
 #SBJO
IVNBO EFWFMPQNFOU
PG
o MBOHVBHF
BDRVJTJUJPO
BOE
o
CPY  PSHBOJ[BUJPO
PG
o

GJH
 TQFFDI
QSPEVDUJPO
BSFBT
PG
o #SB[JM
MBOHVBHFT
PG
 #SJHIU
8JMMJBN
 #SJUJTI
4JHO
-BOHVBHF
#4-


 #SPDBT
BQIBTJB
 #SPDBT
BSFB

o

GJH
 #4-
#SJUJTI
4JHO
-BOHVBHF


 #VSFBV
PG
"NFSJDBO
&UIOPMPHZ
 #VSMJOH
3PCCJOT
 $BEEPBO
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ
 $BNQCFMM
-ZMF
 $BOBEB
MJOHVJTUJD
EJGGFSFODFT
JO
o $BSBZB
MBOHVBHF
 $BSJC
EJBMFDU
 $BSSPMM
+PIO
#



CPY
 $BSSPMM
-FXJT
 $BTBHSBOEF
+PTFQI
#
 $BTF
GPSNT
 $BTUF×FEB
EF
/ÈKFSB
1FESP
EF
 $BUBMBO
MBOHVBHF
 $BUFHPSJ[BUJPO
o
 $FSFCSVN
 $FUBDFBOT
DPNNVOJDBUJWF
CFIBWJPS
PG
 $IBNCFSMBJO
"MFYBOEFS
'
 $IBNCFST
+
,
 $IBOOFMT
PG
DPNNVOJDBUJPO


UBCMF 
o




INDEX

$IFSFNF
 $IJNQBO[FFT
DPNNVOJDBUJWF
CFIBWJPS
PG o $IJOB
MFUUFS
PG
BQPMPHZ
UP
BCPVU
TQZ QMBOFGJHIUFS
DPMMJTJPO
o $IJOFTF
.BOEBSJO


UBCMF
 $IJOFTF
MBOHVBHFT

GJH

 $IJQFXZBO
MBOHVBHF
 $IPNTLZ
/PBN
o

o 
o
 $IPOUBM
MBOHVBHF
 $MBTTF
"OESÏ
 $PEF
HFOFSBM
MBOHVBHF
 $PEFNJYJOH
o $PEFTXJUDIJOH
o $PFYUFOTJPO
 $PHOBUF

o $PHOJUJPO DBUFHPSJ[BUJPO
BOE
o EJHJUBM
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
BOE
o MBOHVBHF
BOE
o
 $PHOJUJWF
BOUISPQPMPHZ

 $PJOFE
XPSET
 $PMPS 5IF .VOTFMM
#PPL
PG
$PMPS  7JSUVBM
"OUISPQPMPHZ
$PMPS
-BC XFCTJUF
 $PMPS
UFSNJOPMPHZ #FSMJO,BZ
TUVEZ
PG
o -FOOFCFSH3PCFSUT
TUVEZ
PG
o $PNNVOJDBUJPODPNNVOJDBUJWF BNPOH
OPOIVNBO
QSJNBUFT
o BNPOH
OPOIVNBO
WFSUFCSBUFT
 BNPOH
TPDJBM
JOTFDUT
o CFUXFFO
"UIBCBTLBO
USJCFT
BOE "NFSJDBOT$BOBEJBOT
o
 CPY
 DIBOOFMT
PG


UBCMF

o
 
 DPNQPOFOUT
PG

o EJHJUBM
o FUIOPHSBQIZ
PG
o
o FWPMVUJPO
PG
JOUP
MBOHVBHF
o GSBNFGSBNJOH
o HFOSF
o LFZ
o

425

NFTTBHF
GPSN
BOE
DPOUFOU
 OPSNT
PG
JOUFSQSFUBUJPO
o QIBUJD
 QIBUJD
DPNNVOJPO
 SVMFT
PG
JOUFSBDUJPO
 TUZMFT
PG

o 4FF
BMTP HFOEFS
TQFFDI
BOE
TQFFDI $PNNVOJDBUJPO
OPOWFSCBM DMBTTJGJDBUJPO
PG
o LJOFTJDT
CPEZ
MBOHVBHF


o QBSBMBOHVBHF
o

 TJHO
MBOHVBHF
o XIJTUMF
TQFFDI
o $PNQPOFOUJBM
BOBMZTJT
o $PODFQU
EFGJOFE
o $POOPUBUJPO
 $POTPOBOU
QIPOFNFT
JO
"NFSJDBO &OHMJTI

UBCMF
 $POTPOBOUT
BSUJDVMBUJPO
PG

UBCMF
 
UBCMF
 $POUFYUVBMJ[BUJPO
 $POUJOVJUZ
UIFPSZ
PG
MBOHVBHF
FWPMVUJPO  $PSQVT
TJ[F
PG
o $PXBO
(FPSHF
.
 $SFPMF
EFGJOFE
 $SFPMJ[BUJPO
o

CPY
 $SJUJDBMQFSJPEDSJUJDBM
BHF
IZQPUIFTJT
 $SP.BHOPOT

o

 $SVUUFOEFO
"MBO
 $SZTUBM
%BWJE





 $VMUVSBM
EFUFSNJOJTN
o $VMUVSBM
IJTUPSZ
SFDPOTUSVDUJPO
PG o $[FDIT BUUJUVEF
UPXBSE
$[FDI
MBOHVBHF o MJOHVJTUJD
EJGGFSFODFT
JO
o SFMBUJPOTIJQ
XJUI
4MPWBLT
o %FDSFPMJ[BUJPO
 %FFU[
+BNFT
'
 %FOF$BVDBTJBO
NBDSPGBNJMZ
 %FOPUBUJPO
 %FQBSUNFOU
TUPSF
FNQMPZFFT
TUVEZ
PG
JO /FX
:PSL
$JUZ
o

426

%FSJWBUJPO

 %FTJHO
GFBUVSFT
o
 %JBDISPOJDIJTUPSJD
MJOHVJTUJDT
 %JBMFDUT
o
 %JHMPTTJB
o
 %JMMBSE
+
-
 %JTDPOUJOVJUZ
UIFPSZ
PG
MBOHVBHF FWPMVUJPO
o %JTDPVSTF
 %JTQMBZT
o %JTTJNJMBUJPO
 %PMQIJOT
DPNNVOJDBUJWF
CFIBWJPS
PG
 %SBWJEJBO
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ


GJH  %VBMJUZ
PG
QBUUFSOJOH

 %VOEFT
"MBO
 %VUDI
MBOHVBHF

 &CPOJDT

 &ISFU
$ISJTUPQIFS
 &MBCPSBUFE
DPEF
 &MJDJUBUJPO
GSBNFT
 &MJDJUJOH
EBUB
o
 &MMJOHUPO
%VLF
 &NFSHFODZ
SPPN
DBTF
BQQMJFE
MJOHVJTUJDT BOE
o &NJDT
o &OHMJTI BTQFDUT
PG
XPSE
NFBOJOH
JO
o CPY
 DPSSFTQPOEFODF
CFUXFFO
DPHOJUJPO
BOE HSBNNBUJDBM
OVNCFS
JO
o FTUJNBUFE
OVNCFS
PG
TQFBLFST
PG
 GJH
 BT
JOUFSOBUJPOBM
MBOHVBHF
o o
o
 MPBOXPSET
JO
o QIPOFNFT
PG
o QPFN
PO
EJGGJDVMUZ
PG

CPY
 TFOUFODF
TUSVDUVSF
PG
o &TLJNP
MBOHVBHF



 &TQFSBOUP

 &UIOPQPFUJDT
o &UIOPTDJFODF DPNQPOFOUJBM
BOBMZTJT
o EFGJOFE
o

INDEX

EPVCUT
BCPVU
o FMJDJUBUJPO
GSBNFT
 GPML
UBYPOPNJFT

 &UJDT
o &WFSFUU
%BOJFM
o
 &WPMVUJPO
IVNBO


GJH

o &YPHBNZ
 'BDUFNF


GJH
 'FSHVTPO
$IBSMFT
 'JFMEXPSL DIBMMFOHFT
PG
 DIFDLMJTU
GPS
o DPSQVT
TJ[F
PG
o JOGPSNBOUTDPOTVMUBOUT
o QBSUJDJQBOU
PCTFSWBUJPO
o

CPY  UFDIOJRVFT
GPS
o 'JOOP6HSJD
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ
 'JTDIFS
+PIO
-
 'PML
UBYPOPNJFT

 'PSN
JO
BSDIBFPMPHZ


 'PSNFNF
 'PVUT
3PHFS
 'SBLF
$IBSMFT
0



 'SBNFGSBNJOH
o 'SBOL
'SBODJOF
 'SFODI
MBOHVBHF JO
$BOBEB

o JOGMVFODF
PO
&OHMJTI
 JO
/PSUI
"GSJDB
 BT
PGGJDJBMTFNJPGGJDJBM
MBOHVBHF

GJH  BT
iVOJWFSTBMw
MBOHVBHF
o JO
7JFUOBN
 'SJFOET
4PDJFUZ
PG
2VBLFST


MBOHVBHF
PG  'SJTDI
,BSM
WPO
 (BM
4VTBO
 (Ð
QFPQMF
CJOBSZ
PQQPTJUJPO
BOE o (FOEFS EFGJOFE
 JO
MBOHVBHFT



o 


INDEX

(FOEFS
TQFFDI
BOE JO
"NFSJDBO
TPDJFUZ
o

CPY 
 DPNNVOJDBUJPO
TUSBUFHJFT
BOE
 JO
/BUJWF
"NFSJDBO
TPDJFUJFT
o UIFPSJFT
PG
o (FOEFSMFDU
 (FOFSBUJWF
HSBNNBS


CPY
 (FOSF
PG
TQFFDI


o (FSNBO
MBOHVBHF JO
"VTUSJB

 FTUJNBUFE
OVNCFS
PG
TQFBLFST
PG
 GJH
 HFOEFS
JO

o JOGMVFODF
PG
PO
&OHMJTI
 JO
4XJU[FSMBOE

 (JHMJPMJ
1JFS
1BPMP
 (JWØO
5BMNZ
 (MPUUPDISPOPMPHZ
o

UBCMF
 (PGGNBO
&SWJOH

 (PPEFOPVHI
8BSE
 (PVME
4UFQIFO
+BZ
 (SBNNBS DIBOHFT
JO
 VOJWFSTBM
o WBSJBUJPOT
JO
o (SBWFT
5IFPEPSF
 (SFFLT
BUUJUVEFT
UPXBSE
UBMLJOH
 (SFFOCFSH
+PTFQI
)
o (SFZNPSOJOH
4UFQIFO
o (VMMBI
MBOHVBHF

 (VNQFS[
+PIO
+

 )BBT
.BSZ
3
 )BHF
1FS
 )BMF
$POTUBODF
 )BMF
,FOOFUI
-

 )BMM
&EXBSE
5

 )BMMF
.PSSJT
 )BOEFEOFTT
 )BQUJD
CFIBWJPS
 )BSSJT
.BSWJO
 )BVHFO
&JOBS
 )BZFT
$BUIFSJOF
 )BZFT
,FJUI
+


427

)FBSJOHJNQBJSFE
JOEJWJEVBMT
VTF
PG
TJHO MBOHVBHF
CZ


 )FBUI
+FGGSFZ
 )FEHF
XPSET
o
 )FMMFS
.POJDB
 )FSPEPUVT
 )JMHFS
*OF[
 )JMM
+BOF
)
 )JOEJ FTUJNBUFE
OVNCFS
PG
TQFBLFST
PG
 GJH
 BT
PGGJDJBM
MBOHVBHF
PG
*OEJB
o )PDLFUU
$IBSMFT
'




 )PJKFS
)BSSZ
 )PNJOJET
)PNJOJEBF


o
 )PNJOJ[BUJPO

 )PNJOPJET
)PNJOPJEFB


 )PNP
FSFDUVT 


o
 
 )PNP
IBCJMJT 

 )PNP
TBQJFOT 



 )PNP
TBQJFOT
OFBOEFSUIBMFOTJT 
 


 )PNPOZNZ
 )POFZCFF
"QJT
NFMMJGFSB


DPNNVOJDBUJWF CFIBWJPS
PG
o

GJH
 )POPSJGJDT
o )PQJ
MBOHVBHF
o
 )VNBOT
FWPMVUJPO
PG


GJH
 o )VNCPMEU
8JMIFMN
WPO
 )VQB
USJCF
 )ZNFT
%FMM


o

 

o )ZQFSDPSSFDUJPO

 *DFMBOEJD
MBOHVBHF
MBDL
PG
MPBOXPSET
JO  *EJPMFDU
o
 *ODMVTJPO
 *OEJB
MJOHVJTUJD
EJGGFSFODFT
JO
 o *OEP&VSPQFBO
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ

 
GJH

 *OEP1BDJGJD
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ
 *OEPOFTJB
MBOHVBHFT
PG


428

INDEX

*OGJY
 *OGMFDUJOH
MBOHVBHFT
 *OGMFDUJPO
o *OGPSNBOUTDPOTVMUBOUT
o *OOBUJTU
UIFPSZ
MBOHVBHF
BDRVJTJUJPO
PG o *OTUJUVUF
GPS
1SJNBUF
4UVEJFT
BU
6OJWFSTJUZ PG
0LMBIPNB
 *OUFSBDUJPO
SVMFT
PG

 *OUFSMJOHVB
 *OUFSOBUJPOBM
1IPOFUJD
"MQIBCFU
*1"


 *OUFSOFU
MBOHVBHF
PG
o *OUFSQSFUBUJPO
OPSNT
PG
o *OUPOBUJPO
o




  *SJBO
+BZB
MBOHVBHFT
PG
 *SPRVPJBO
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ
 *TIJHBLJ
:PLP
 *TUINVT
/BIVBU
MBOHVBHF
 +BLPCTPO
3PNBO
 +BNBJDB
DSFPMF
PG

 +BQBO
VTF
PG
&OHMJTI
CZ
XPNFO
JO o +BQBOFTF
MBOHVBHF FTUJNBUFE
OVNCFS
PG
TQFBLFST
PG
 GJH
 BTQFDUT
PG
XPSE
NFBOJOH
JO
o CPY
 MPBOXPSET
JO

o +BWBOFTF
MBOHVBHF
 +FBOOF
-B7FSOF
.BTBZFTWB
 +FGGFSTPO
5IPNBT
 +FTQFSTPO
0UUP
 +POFT
8JMMJBN
 +PPT
.BSUJO
 +VODUVSFT
JO
TQFFDI
 ,BMVMJ
QFPQMF
MBOHVBHF
BDRVJTJUJPO
BNPOH o ,BO[J
DIJNQBO[FF


 ,BSUWFMJBO
4PVUI
$BVDBTJBO
MBOHVBHF GBNJMZ
 ,BZ
1BVM
o ,FMMFS
$IBSMFT


,FMMFS
+BOFU
%JYPO
 ,FMTLZ
,BSFO
 ,FOZB
OBUJPOBMJ[BUJPO
PG
4XBIJMJ
JO o ,FOZBUUB
+PNP
 ,FSFT
MBOHVBHF
SFWJUBMJ[BUJPO
PG

CPY  ,FZ
o ,IPJTBO
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ
 ,JOFNF
 ,JOFTJDT
o
 ,JOTIJQ
TZTUFNT
DPNQBSJTPO
PG
"NFSJDBO BOE
"SBQBIP

GJH
 ,JOTIJQ
UFSNJOPMPHZ
o ,JPXB
*OEJBOT
TJHO
MBOHVBHF
PG
 ,JPXB5BOPBO
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ
 ,JQBSTLZ
1BVM
 ,JSJXJOJBO
MBOHVBHF
 ,PBTBUJ
MBOHVBHF
 ,PLP
HPSJMMB


 ,PSFBO
MBOHVBHF

GJH

 ,SVT
%BWJE
 ,VOB
QFPQMF
FUIOPQPFUJD
EJTDPVSTF BNPOH
o ,XBLJVUM
MBOHVBHF

 -B
(VBSEJB
'JPSFMMP
 -BCPW
8JMMJBN




 

 -BJUNBO
+FGGSFZ
5
o -BLPGG
3PCJO

o -BOHVBHF DIBOHFT
JO
IVNBO
DVMUVSF
BOE
 DPNQFUFODF
 DVMUVSBM
EFWFMPQNFOU
BOE
o EFTJHO
GFBUVSFT
PG
o GBNJMJFT
o



 GJH


 HSBNNBUJDBM
TUSVDUVSF
o JEFPMPHZ
EFGJOFE
 *OUFSOFU
BOE
o NPEFSO
NZUIT
BCPVU
 OBUJPOBMJUZ
BOE
o
 QFSGPSNBODF
 QIPOFNJD
BOBMZTJT
PG
o QIPOFNJD
USBOTDSJQUJPO



INDEX

QIPOFUJD
USBOTDSJQUJPO
o
o  BT
QSPEVDU
PG
FWPMVUJPO
o QSPTPEJD
GFBUVSFT
PG
o BT
SFGMFDUJPO
PG
DVMUVSF
o BT
SFGMFDUJPO
PG
JEFOUJUZ
 SFHJTUFS
 TUVEZ
PG
o
o

CPY

 VOJWFSTBMT
 XSJUJOH
TZTUFN
EFWFMPQJOH
o -BOHVBHF
BDRVJTJUJPO
PG CFIBWJPSJTU
UIFPSZ
PG
o JO
DIJMEIPPE
o JOOBUJTU
UIFPSZ
PG
o /PBN
$IPNTLZ
PO

CPY
 TPDJPDVMUVSBM
UIFPSZ
PG
o -BOHVBHF
FTUJNBUJOH
BHF
PG BOBUPNJDBM
FWJEFODF
o MJOHVJTUJD
DPOTJEFSBUJPOT
o QSFIJTUPSJD
DMVFT
o -BOHVBHF
GJFME
 -BOHVBHF
JTPMBUFT
 -BOHVBHF
QIZMVN
 -BOHVBHF
QMBOOJOH
o -BOHVBHF
QSFKVEJDF
 -BOHVBHF
3FTFBSDI
$FOUFS
PG
UIF
:FSLFT 3FHJPOBM
1SJNBUF
3FTFBSDI
$FOUFS  -BOHVBHFT DIBOHFT
JO
o DMBTTJGJDBUJPO
PG
o
 JO
DPOUBDU
o
o EFBUI
PG
 FOEBOHFSFE
o HFOEFS
JO



o
  NBJOUFOBODF
PG
o SFDPOTUSVDUJPO
PG
o XPSME
OVNCFST
PG


GJH

 -BUJO
MBOHVBHF
o

o
 -BUJOPT
TUVEZ
PG
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
TUZMF
PG  -FOHUI
PG
TPVOE
 -FOOFCFSH
&SJD
)

 -FV
%POBME


429

-ÏWJ4USBVTT
$MBVEF
 -FWJOTPO
4UFQIFO
 -FYJDBM
EJGGVTJPO
 -FYJDPTUBUJTUJDT
 -JFCFSNBO
1IJMJQ
 -JOHVB
GSBODB
o -JOHVJTUJD
BOUISPQPMPHZ BDDPNQMJTINFOUT
PG

CPY
 DPOUSBTUFE
XJUI
MJOHVJTUJDT

CPY
 o EFGJOFE
 FOEBOHFSFE
MBOHVBHFT
BOE
o  FUIJDBM
RVFTUJPOT
BOE
o JOUFSDVMUVSBM
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
BOE o MBOHVBHF
QMBOOJOH
BOE
o MFHBM
MBOHVBHF
BOE
o
o MJUFSBDZ
BOE
o OFX
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
UFDIOPMPHJFT
BOE o TUBOEBSET
PG
DPOEVDU
o USBOTMBUJPOT
BOE
o XSJUJOH
BOE
o -JOHVJTUJD
EFUFSNJOJTN DPVOUFS
BSHVNFOUT
UP
o EFGJOFE
 FYQFSJNFOUBM
GJOEJOHT
BCPVU
o -JOHVJTUJD
QSPGJMJOH
 -JOHVJTUJD
SFMBUJWJUZ BMUFSOBUJWFT
UP
o DPMPS
UFSNJOPMPHZ
BOE
o DPVOUFS
BSHVNFOUT
UP
o EFGJOFE
o FYQFSJNFOUBM
GJOEJOHT
BCPVU
o HFOEFS
BOE
o +PIO
$BSSPMM
PO

CPY
 -JOHVJTUJD
TFOTJUJ[BUJPO
 -JOHVJTUJDT DPOUSBTUFE
XJUI
MJOHVJTUJD
BOUISPQPMPHZ 
CPY

o EFGJOFE
o
 -PBOXPSET
o
o
o  -PVMJT
DIJNQBO[FF


 -VDZ
+PIO
o

430

-VDZ
DIJNQBO[FF


 -VDZ
IPNJOJE
TQFDJNFO


 .BMBZ
MBOHVBHF

GJH
 .BMJODIF
7PMDBOP
DPNNVOJUJFT
JOGMVFODF PG
4QBOJTI
PO
USBEJUJPOBM
MBOHVBHF o .BMJOPXTLJ
#SPOJTMBX


 .BO
NFBOJOH
PG

CPY
 .BSUIBT
7JOFZBSE
.BTTBDIVTFUUT MJOHVJTUJD
DIBOHF
JO
o
 .BUTVCBSB
+VOLP
 .B[BUFDP
MBOHVBHF
 .D&MIJOOZ
#POOJF
 .FBE
.BSHBSFU
 .FBOJOH DBUFHPSJ[BUJPO
o
 DPODFQU
EFGJOFE
o FUIOPQPFUJDT
TUVEZ
PG
o +BQBOFTF
BOE
&OHMJTI
BTQFDUT
PG
XPSE NFBOJOH
JO
o
CPY
 PTUFOTJWF
EFGJOJUJPO
 TFNBOUJD
EJGGFSFOUJBM
o TFNBOUJD
SFMBUJPOT
BNPOH
XPSET o TFNJPUJD
USJBOHMF
 TFOTF
 TPVOE
TZNCPMJTN
o
 TZOFTUIFTJB
 .FTPMJUIJD
QFSJPE
 .FTTBHF
GPSN
BOE
DPOUFOU
PG
 .FUBUIFTJT
o .FYJDP
JOEJHFOPVT
MBOHVBHFT
PG
o .POHPMJBOT
BUUJUVEFT
UPXBSE
TQFBLJOH  .POPHFOFTJT
UIFPSZ
PG
o

GJH  .POUBHV
"TIMFZ
 .PSQIFNF

o
 .PSQIPMPHJDBM
MBOHVBHF
DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT o .PSQIPMPHJDBM
QSPDFTTFT
o .PSQIPMPHZ

 .PSQIPQIPOFNFT
HFOEFS
EJGGFSFODFT
JO  .PSQIPQIPOFNJDT
o

INDEX

.PUJG
 .PUJGFNF
o .PUPS
DPSUFY


GJH
 .VMUJMJOHVBMJTN DPEFTXJUDIJOHDPEFNJYJOH
o EJHMPTTJB
o
 HMPCBM
o TPDJBM
BTQFDUT
PG
o TPDJPQPMJUJDBM
VOJUT
BOE
o JO
UIF
6OJUFE
4UBUFT
o 4FF
BMTP CJMJOHVBMJTN 5IF .VOTFMM
#PPL
PG
$PMPS  .ZFST4DPUUPO
$BSPM
 .ZUIPMPHZ
 /BUJPOBMJUZ
MBOHVBHF
BOE
o
 /BUJWF
"NFSJDBOT MBOHVBHF
GBNJMJFT
PG


 TUVEZ
PG

o /BWBKP BUUJUVEF
UPXBSE
TQFBLJOH

 MBOHVBHF
 JO
TIBQF
DPMPS
BOE
TQBDF
TUVEZ
 o iXBS
UBML w
 /FBOEFSUIBMT
)PNP
TBQJFOT OFBOEFSUIBMFOTJT




 
 /FP.FMBOFTJBO
5PL
1JTJO


DSFPMJ[BUJPO PG
o

CPY
 /FPHSBNNBSJBO
IZQPUIFTJT
 /FPMJUIJD
QFSJPE
 /FVSPMJOHVJTUJDT
o /FX
:PSL
$JUZ
TUVEZ
PG
EFQBSUNFOU
TUPSF FNQMPZFFT
o /HBOEJ
MBOHVBHF
 /JHFS$POHP
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ

 
GJH
 /JHFS
%FMUB
TPDJBM
BTQFDUT
PG NVMUJMJOHVBMJTN
JO
o /JN
DIJNQBO[FF


 /PPULB
MBOHVBHF
 /PSUI
"GSJDB
'SFODI
EJBMFDUT
JO
 /PTUSBUJD
NBDSPGBNJMZ
 /VLVMBFMBF
HFOEFS
JOFRVBMJUZ
JO
SFBEJOH BOE
XSJUJOH
PG
o

INDEX

0BLMBOE
$BMJGPSOJB
4DIPPM
#PBSE SFTPMVUJPO
PO
&CPOJDT

 0#BSS
8JMMJBN
.
 0CFSXBSU
"VTUSJB
DIBOHJOH
DIPJDF
PG MBOHVBHF
JO
 0DIT
&MJOPS
 0HEFO
$
,
 0IBMB
+PIO
 0ME
&OHMJTI

o


o 
 0ME
4UPOF
"HF
 0MEVWBJ
(PSHF
 0MGBDUPSZ
DIBOOFM
 0OFIVOESFE
XPSE
DPSF
WPDBCVMBSZ 4XBEFTI



UBCMF
 0QUJDBM
DIBOOFM

 0SUIPHSBQIZ
DIBOHFT
JO


CPY  0THPPE
$IBSMFT
o 0TUFOTJWF
EFGJOJUJPO
 0UPNJ
MBOHVBHF
 1BMFPMJUIJD
QFSJPE
 1ʆyJOJ
 1BQVB
/FX
(VJOFB MBOHVBHF
BDRVJTJUJPO
JO

 MBOHVBHFT
PG
 TQSFBE
PG
5PL
1JTJO
JO
 1BSBHVBZ
TQFFDI
DPNNVOJUZ
JO
 1BSBMBOHVBHF
o

 1BSBMJOHVJTUJDT
 1BSUJDJQBOU
PCTFSWBUJPO
o

CPY
 1BSUJDJQBOUT
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
DPNQPOFOU

o 1FDPT
3FHJT
 1IBUJD
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
 1IBUJD
DPNNVOJPO
 1IPOF
EFGJOFE
 1IPOFNFT
 1IPOFNJD
BOBMZTJT
o 1IPOFNJD
DPOUSBTUT
 1IPOFNJD
USBOTDSJQUJPO

 1IPOFUJD
USBOTDSJQUJPO
o
o
 1IPOFUJDT
BSUJDVMBUPSZ
 1IPOPMPHZ

o

431

1J4VOZFS
0SJPM
 1JEHJOJ[BUJPO
 1JEHJOT
o

 1JLF
,FOOFUI
-

 1JOLFS
4UFQIFO



 1JSBIÍ
MBOHVBHF
o 1JUDI
 1JUUTCVSHI
1PMJDF
%FQBSUNFOU
MBOHVBHF TUVEZ
PG
 1MBJOT
*OEJBOT MBOHVBHFT
GBNJMJFT
PG
 TJHO
MBOHVBHF
PG
o 1MBUP
PO
UBMLJOH
 1MVSBM
GPSNT JO
"GSJDBO"NFSJDBO
7FSOBDVMBS &OHMJTI
 JO
$IPOUBM
 JO
&OHMJTI

o

CPY

 
 JO
0ME
&OHMJTI
o JO
-BUJO
 JO
5PL
1JTJO
 JO
:VDBUFD
 1PMZHFOFTJT
UIFPSZ
PG
 1PMZHMPUT
 1PMZTFNZ
 1PMZTZOUIFUJD
MBOHVBHFT
 1PSUVHVFTF
FTUJNBUFE
OVNCFS
PG
TQFBLFST PG

GJH
 1PXFMM
+PIO
8FTMFZ
 1SFGJY
 1SFMBOHVBHF
 1SJNBUFT DPNNVOJDBUJPO
BNPOH
OPOIVNBO o FNFSHFODF
PG


GJH
 JOBCJMJUZ
UP
TQFBL

o 1SPGJMJOH
MJOHVJTUJD
 1SPOPVOT
VTF
PG
JO
WBSJPVT
MBOHVBHFT o 1SPTPEJD
GFBUVSFT
o 1SPUP"MHPORVJBO
QFPQMF
o
 CPY


GJH
 1SPUP*OEP&VSPQFBO

 1SPUPMBOHVBHFT
SFDPOTUSVDUJPO
PG
 o

432

INDEX

1SPYFNJDT
o

UBCMF


CPY  1VFCMP
QFPQMFT
MBOHVBHFT
PG
 1VFSUP
3JDBOT
BOE
MBOHVBHF
QSFKVEJDF
 2VBLFST
4PDJFUZ
PG
'SJFOET


MBOHVBHF
PG  2VBOUJUBUJWF
NFUIPE
TPDJPMJOHVJTUJDT


 3BDF
GBVMUZ
BTTPDJBUJPO
PG
XJUI
MBOHVBHF BOE
DVMUVSF
o
o 3FDPOTUSVDUJPO PG
BODFTUSBM
IPNFMBOE
o PG
DVMUVSBM
IJTUPSZ
o PG
QSPUPDVMUVSF
o PG
QSPUPMBOHVBHFT
 PG
QSPUPXPSET

 3FEVQMJDBUJPO
o 3FGFSFODF
 3FGMFYJWF
OPJTFT
 3FGMFYJWFOFTT
 3FHJTUFS
 3FTUSJDUFE
DPEF
 3JDIBSET
*
"
 3PCFSUT
+PIO
 3PNBOTI
MBOHVBHF
 3VTTJBO
MBOHVBHF



GJH
 
 4BCJS
NFEJFWBM
QJEHJO


 4BM[NBOO
;EFOFL
 4BNPB
8FTUFSO
MBOHVBHF
BDRVJTJUJPO
JO  4BOTLSJU
MBOHVBHF

o 4BQJS
&EXBSE


CPY


 o 4BQJS8IPSG
IZQPUIFTJT
o
4FF
BMTP 8IPSG
IZQPUIFTJT 4BSBI
DIJNQBO[FF


 4BWBHF3VNCBVHI
&
4
 4BWJMMF5SPJLF
.VSJFM
 4DBOMPO
+FTTF
 4DIJFGGFMJO
#BNCJ
#
 4DIMFJDIFS
"VHVTU
 4DPMMPO
3POBME

 4DPMMPO
4V[BOOF



4DPUU
)VHI
-FOPY
 4FNBOUJD
EJGGFSFOUJBM
o 4FNBOUJDT TUVEZ
PG
o 4FF
BMTP NFBOJOH 4FNJPUJD
USJBOHMF
 4FNJPUJDT
 4FOUFODF
BT
VOJU
PG
BOBMZTJT
o

GJH  4FSCP$SPBUJBO
MBOHVBHF
 4FUUJOH
DPNNVOJDBUJPO
DPNQPOFOU

o 4IBQFDPMPSTQBDF
JOGMVFODF
PO
CFIBWJPS CZ

o 4IFS[FS
+PFM

 4JFCFSU
'SBOL
5
+S
o 4JHO
MBOHVBHF
o 4JMCP  4JOP5JCFUBO
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ

GJH
 4JPVBO
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ
 4LJOOFS
#
'
 4MPWBLT
SFMBUJPOTIJQ
XJUI
$[FDIT
o 4NJUI
8JMMJBN
 4PDJBM
DMBTT
MBOHVBHF
BOE
o 4PDJBM
OFUXPSL
 4PDJBM
QPXFS
HFOEFS
BOE
MBOHVBHF
UIFPSZ PG
o 4PDJFUZ
PG
'SJFOET
2VBLFST


 4PDJPDVMUVSBM
EFGJOJUJPO
PG
o 4PDJPDVMUVSBM
UIFPSZ
MBOHVBHF
BDRVJTJUJPO BOE
o 4PDJPMJOHVJTUJD
DIBOHF
TUVEZ
PG
 4PVOE
DIBOHFT
o
o i4PVOE
MBXT w
 4PVOE
TQFDUSPHSBQI
 4PVOE
TZNCPMJTN
o
 4QBJO
MJOHVJTUJD
EJGGFSFODFT
JO
 4QBOESFM
 4QBOJTI FTUJNBUFE
OVNCFS
PG
TQFBLFST
PG
 GJH
 JO
.FYJDP
o
o JO
UIF
64

 41&",*/(
BT
NOFNPOJD
EFWJDF o 4QFDUSPHSBN


INDEX

4QFFDI BDU
 BQQBSBUVT

GJH
 BSFB
 BUUJUVEFT
BCPVU
o
 CFIBWJPS
VOJUT
PG
o DPNNVOJUZ
o
 FUIOPHSBQIZ
PG
o FWFOU
 GJFME
 IVNBO

CPY
 OFUXPSL
o TJUVBUJPO
 TUBOEBSE
 TUZMFT
o
 4FF
BMTP HFOEFS
TQFFDI
BOE 4QFFDI
TPVOET BOBMZTJT
PG
 BSUJDVMBUJPO
PG
o QSPEVDUJPO
PG
o
 4UBOMBX
+BNFT
.
o
 4UJNVMVTSFTQPOTFSFXBSE
GPSNVMB o 4UPLPF
8JMMJBN
$
+S
 4USFTT
JO
TQFFDI
 4USPTT
#SJBO
 4UVSUFWBOU
&EHBS
)
 4VCBOVO
QFPQMF EJTFBTF
EJBHOPTJT
CZ
o ESJOLJOH
UBML
PG
o

CPY
 4VCDVMUVSF
HFOEFS
BOE
MBOHVBHF
UIFPSZ PG
 4VGGJY
 4VNFSJBO
MBOHVBHF
 4VQFSPSEJOBUF
UFSN
 4VQQMFUJPO
o 4VQQMFUJWF
GPSN
 4XBEFTI
.PSSJT

 4XBIJMJ
MBOHVBHF

o 4ZODISPOJD
MJOHVJTUJDT
 4ZOFTUIFTJB
 4ZOPOZN
o 4ZOUBY


 5BDUJMF
DIBOOFM
 5BH
RVFTUJPO



433

5BLFMNB
MBOHVBHF
o 5BOOFO
%FCPSBI

 5BZMPS
%PVHMBT
 5BZMPS
+PIO
 5FFUFS
,BSM
7
 5FOFKBQB
5[FMUBM MBOHVBHF
PG
 TQFFDI
UFSNJOPMPHZ
PG
 5PL
1JTJO
/FP.FMBOFTJBO


DSFPMJ[BUJPO PG
o

CPY
 5POF
MBOHVBHFT
o
 5PSSBMCB
4QBJO
BSDIBFPMPHJDBM
FYDBWBUJPOT BU
 5SBOTGPSNBUJPO
 5SBOTGPSNBUJPOBMHFOFSBUJWF
HSBNNBS o
 5SBOTGPSNBUJPOBM
HSBNNBS
NPWFNFOU  5SBOTGPSNBUJPOBM
SVMF
 5TVEB
:VLJP
 5VOJDB
MBOHVBHF
o 5VSLJTI
MBOHVBHF NPEFSOJ[BUJPO
PG
o WPXFM
IBSNPOZ
JO
 5XJ
MBOHVBHF


 6OJWFSTBMJTN
o 6QQFS
$IJOPPL
MBOHVBHF
 6QQFS
1BMFPMJUIJD
QFSJPE
 6SBMJD
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ


 6UP"[UFDBO
MBOHVBHF
GBNJMZ
 7BJ
QFPQMF
MJUFSBDZ
BNPOH
 7FSUFCSBUFT
OPOIVNBO
DPNNVOJDBUJPO BNPOH
 7JLJ
DIJNQBO[FF


 7PDBM
BQQBSBUVT
FWPMVUJPO
PG
o 7PDBMBVEJUPSZ
DIBOOFM

 7PDBM
QMBZ
 7PDBM
TFHSFHBUFT
 7PFHFMJO
$IBSMFT
'
 7PFHFMJO
'MPSFODF
.
 7PJDF
DIBSBDUFSJ[FST
 7PJDF
GFBUVSFT
 7PJDF
RVBMJGJFST
 7PXFM
IBSNPOZ


434

7PXFM
QIPOFNFT
JO
"NFSJDBO
&OHMJTI
 UBCMF
 7PXFMT
BSUJDVMBUJPO
PG

UBCMF
 8BMUFS
)FOSJFUUF
 i8BS
UBML w
 8BTIPF
DIJNQBO[FF



 8BUBOBCF
4VXBLP
 8BUTPO
.JDIBFM
 8FSOJDLFT
BQIBTJB
 8FSOJDLFT
BSFB

o

GJH
 8FTDPUU
3PHFS
8
 8IBMFT
DPNNVOJDBUJWF
CFIBWJPS
PG
 8IJTUMF
TQFFDI
o
 8IPSG
#FOKBNJO
-FF
o 8IPSG
IZQPUIFTJT BMUFSOBUJWFT
UP
o FYQFSJNFOUBM
GJOEJOHT
DPODFSOJOH o
o FYUFOEFE
WFSTJPO
PG
o

INDEX

MJOHVJTUJD
SFMBUJWJUZ
BOE
EFUFSNJOJTN o

CPY
 SFDPOTJEFSBUJPO
PG
o

GJH
 8JUIFSTQPPO
(BSZ

 8PMGG
)BOT
 8PPMGPSE
&MMFO
#
 8PSET
BGGFDU
PG
PO
CFIBWJPS

CPY
 8PSET
DPJOFE
 8SJUJOH
FUIOPHSBQIZ
PG
o 8SJUJOH
TZTUFN
EFWFMPQNFOU
PG
o :BLBO
QFPQMF
MFHBM
TZTUFN
PG
 :BOB
USJCF
 :VDBUFD
MBOHVBHF
DPSSFTQPOEFODF CFUXFFO
DPHOJUJPO
BOE
OVNCFS HSBNNBS
JO
o ;IBOH
)BOH
o ;VOJ DPMPS
UFSNJOPMPHZ
TUVEZ
BOE
 TQFFDI
BUUJUVEFT
PG