Journal of the Siam Society; 79

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The Journal of the Siam Society

VOLUME 79, PART 1 1991

©

All Rights Reserved The Siam Society 1991 ISSN 0857-7099

Printed by

Amarin Printing Group Co., Ltd., 413/27-36 Arun Amarin Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. Tel. 434-0286

Front cover :

Footed jar from Wat Phra That Haripunjaya, 13th century. Photo courtesy Wat Phra That Haripun 'aya Museum. See pp. 88, 92.

THE SIAM SOCIETY PATRON

His Majesty the King

VICE-PATRONS

Her Majesty the Queen Her Royal Highness the Princess Mother Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhom Her Royal Highness Princess Galyani Vadhana

HON. PRESIDENT

Her Royal Highness Princess Galyani Vadhana

HON. VICE-PRESIDENTS

Mom Kobkaew Abhakara na Ayudhaya H.S.H. Prince Subhadradis Diskul Maj. Gen. M.R. Kukrit Pramoj Professor Chitti Tingsabadh

HON. MEMBERS

The Ven. Dhammaghosacariya (Buddhadasa Bhikkhu) The Ven. Debvedi (Payutto) Dr. Fua Haripitak Dr. Puey Ungphakom Dr. Kraisri Nimmanahaeminda Dr. Sood Saengvichien H.R.H. Prince Chand Chirayu Rajani Professor William Gedney Professor Prawase Wasi, M.D.

HON. AUDITOR

Mr. Yukta na Thalang

HON. ARCHITECT

Mr. Sirichai Narumit

HON. LEGAL COUNSEL

Mr. John Hancock

HON. LANDSCAPE CONSULTANT

Mr. William Warren

COUNCIL OF THE SIAM SOCIETY FOR 1991/92 Dr. Piriya Krairiksh Dr. Tern Smitinand Mr. Dacre F.A. Raikes, 0. B. E. Dr. Rachit Burl Mrs. Virginia M. Di Crocco Mrs. Jada Wattanasiritham Mr. Sidhijai Tanphiphat Dr. Warren Y. Brockelman Mr. James V. Di Crocco Prof. Dr. Sanga Sabhasri H.E. Mr. George A. Sioris Prof. Wongchan Pinainitisatra

President Vice President Vice President Vice President Honorary Secretary Honorary Treasurer Honorary Librarian Honorary Editor of the NHB Honorary Editor of the JSS Leader of the Natural History Section Honorary Officer Honorary Officer

MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL: Mrs. Bonnie Davis Mr. Kamjohn Kemasingki Dr. Philippe E. Annez Mr. Henri Pagau-Clarac Mr. Teddy Spha Palasthira Mrs. Vipavadee Patpongpibul Dr. Thawatchai Santisuk Mr. Smitthi Siribhadra

Mr. Barent Springsted Mr. James Stent Dr. Chaiyudh Khantaprab Dr. Charit Tingsabadh Dr. Steven J. Torok Mr. Swai Vivorakij Mr. Peter Rogers

Editor's Note

Special appreciation goes to Peter Rogers, Honorary Chairman of the Publications Committee of The Siam Society, for stepping in to furnish assistance to the JSS above and beyond the call of duty during the absence of the Honorary Editor on a trip abroad during a crucial period. Thanks as always go to Euayporn Kerdchouay, Administrative Secretary, and to the Assistant Administrative Secretary, Anothai Nanthithasana; also to Dr. Franl brick

PT"Ci

WT:

?

khin Al

Saek:

*'t-

TABLE IV: Exceptions

kin4

hook things laugh hall spirit axe athwart tamarind needle arm eggplant hom leg sell bodyhair log tallow bridge transport dove ask, beg imprison sift hard cucumber pheasant

h:>::>l }\:)I)

I

hoo1 h:>::>l van1 vaan1 vaa1)1 haam1 hem1 hen1 ma1 khla4 haw1 haa1 haayt hon1 kh:>nt khayt khoo 1 hon1 haw1 h:>::>l Sal)I se1)1 seiJ4 heiJ1 kheiJ4 khwaa1 khwaa 1

*xw*khw*kh*kh*kh*kh-

vaan2 vaa1)2 kaam 1 kim1 keen1 kee3

*G-

*kh*kh*kh*kh*kh/g*kh? ? *khr*khr*khl-; *thl*khl-; *thl*khl*kw- (?)

xaw Al xaa Al xaay Al xunAl X::>n Al xay Al khoo Al

kaw1 kwaa1 kwaayt puP

chaw Al ch::> Al chaiJ Al

khayt khaw4 khun2 haw2 thr:J::>2 thrai]2

cheiJ AI

raiJ2

khel) Al

thria1)2

Gloss:

Mime:

PT*Ci

WT:

Saek:

son- inlaw ditch

khet

khey AI

khoot

khum Al

khum4

right

khwaa4

xwaa Al

khwaa4

bitter

khom4

khum Al

-ram4

eggplant

khla4 ma1

*kh/g*G*kh/g*G*khw/gw*Gw*kh/g*l'*kh*G-

khe1

keel

hard

kheiJ4 he1)1 seiJ4

*khl-

kheiJ Al

thria1)2

*khl*thl*x-

cheiJ Al

raiJ2

khay Al

hay2

sift

khum4

s~t

to open

khat hot hoy1

softshell turtle fishnet

faa 1

*f-

faa Al

via3

hee 4

*xr-

he Al

reel

JAMES R. CHAMBERLAIN

110

The phonetic character of Tone 2 is of considerable interest because of hypotheses concerning the origins of the three PT tones which suggest they were once associated with syllable-final phonation features. Haudricourt (1954) first proposed that PT B tones could be associated with final I -hi. In 1969 I posited a whisper final feature for the B tone, figuring, albeit roughly in those days, that if both arytenoid and ligamenta! portions of the glottis were closed for final stops, the next closest state would be whisper where the ligamentals are still closed and only the arytenoids are open. (I have no idea whether this sort of reasoning is still phonetically valid or not.) Be that as it may, the ending of the B tone in Mene sounds like whisper and is so pronounced as to partially obscure the final nasal consonants, especially lnl and ITJI. The fact that all B and DL syllables share a single common tone implies that this feature is powerful enough to override pitch contour as the factor of primary distinction. A preliminary spectrographic analysis of this tone undertaken at the phonetics laboratory of Chulalongkorn University with the expertise of Dr. Theraphan Thongkum revealed that approximately the final third of syllables ending in final vowels or nasals show breathiness and eventual voicelessness for this tone. Thus it differs from other so-called breathy tones, such as that found in Hmong where the breathiness occurs throughout the entire voiced portion of the syllable. In languages of the AA family with final I -hi, phonetically either voiceless [h) or voiced [h), a similar spectrographic pattern appears suggesting that Mene B tones retain something of a syllable-final phonation closely associated with I -hi. (A more complete analysis is underway but is not yet complete.) Other Tai dialects lacking B tone splits, such as Lao, do not show the corresponding lack in DL found in Mene, and as a general rule, in Tai languages where the B-DL coalescence is complete, these tones have also been split according to the voicing of the initial consonants. Furthermore, in contrast to other surrounding Tai dialects, Mene does not possess the syllable final creaky voice feature commonly associated with the PT C tone, a characteristic of the Northern Branch languages found in Southern China as pointed out by Gedney (1989: 212). The final consonants are like those found in other Tai languages: t c k ? p m w

n

fJ

y

Examples: /tap6 / 'liver'; /tat6/ 'cut'; /tak6 / 'draw water'; I p'ia?6 l 'intsf. white' [note short dipthong here; this is the only example]; ltam21 'to stamp on'; 1tan21 'plugged'; ltarJ31 'set up'; /taw 'turtle'; ltay2 / 'crawl (of insects).'

Mene in Comparative Linguistic Perspective I will not attempt to provide a complete anaylsis of the position of Mene in a comparative and historical frame. I will, however, for convenience, show where Mene stands in

relation to several relevant comparative phonological issues and to suggestions made on historical geography and classification by such acknowledged sources on comparative Tai as Li, Gedney, and Haudricourt. Using Li 's (1977) reconstructions as a base, supplemented by Gedney's proposals (1989: 229££) on a new consonant series, the following tables should suffice to provide a general idea of how Mene relates to other Tai dialects. The tables are by no means exhaustive, focusing on the velar initials, but even these are not complete due to a lack of comparative data accessible to me at the time of this writing, and many more forms will be found in the wordlist which do not correspond to data already analyzed elsewhere. It will be noted that in the majority of instances for Li 's PT• kh- and PT• x-, Mene has the same pattern as WT, showing h- as the reflex of x- and kh- for kh- as in the forms shown in tables V, VI and XIII. In Tables VII and XV forms reconstructed by Gedney with initial PT"" G and PT"" l' the agreement does not hold. For 'sing' on Table VIII Mene shows an unaspirated consonant as if this could be the regular Northern correspondence (though not a Mene one), but Li reports that cognates do not occur in other N languages. Similar instances of Mene k-in the high series occur in 'year, cycle' on Table XIV, and for 'bitter,' 'dig,' and 'joint,' on Table XV. The other forms on Table VIII are irregular. Diller's (1988) argument on 'tamarind' is particularly convincing. The Mene forms deriving from py• g- and 't- are more regular, showing k- in the majority of instances. There are, however, a number of items where we find kh- and h-, as on tables XXII and XXIII, and in these cases, Mene agrees with Saek wherever the Saek wherever the Saek words are available. Mene correspondences with other dialects under Li's reconstructed velar clusters are more problematical. I have merely listed them here for future reference and analysis. TABLE V: PT• kh- (1) arm: PT• kh- A MENE: hen 1

Lao: khe en A1; WT: xe n 1; 51: kluea:n 5 LM: kheen 1; LC: kheen 1 WM: ken 1; Yay: cen 1; SK: keen 1 body hair, feathers: PT• kh- A MENE: hon 1 Lao: khon A1; WT: xun 1; SI: khon 5 LM: khon 1; LC: khun 1 WM: pun 1; Yay: pun 1; SK: pul 1 hom of animal: PT"" kh- A MENE: haw 1 Lao: khaw A1; WT: xaw 1; 51: khaw 5 Yay: khaw 5; SK: kaw 1 kill: PT• kh- C MENE: haa 3

Lao: khaa C1; WT: xaa 3; 51: khaa 3 LM: khaa 3; LC: khaa 3 WM: kaa 3; Yay: kaa 3; SK: kaa 3

MENE: A TAI DIALECT leg: PT* kh- A MENE: haa 1 Lao: khaa A1; WT: xaa 1; 51: khaa 5 LM: khaa 1; LC: khaa 1 WM: haa 1; Yay: ka 1; 5K: kwaa 1 sell: PT* kh- A MENE: haay 1 Lao: khaay A1; WT: xaay 1; 51: khaay 5 LM: khaay 1; LC: khaay 1 WM: haay 1; Yay: kaay 1; 5K: kwaay 1 tom, ripped: PT* khaat D MENE:haat2 Lao: khaat DLl; WT: xaat 2; 51: khaat 2 LM: khaat 2; LC: khaat 5 WM: kaat 6; Yay: haat 2; 5K: kaat 6

TABLE VI: PT* kh- (2) bridge (545) : PT* kh- A MENE: khoo 114 Lao: khua A1; WT: kho 1 5K: khau 4 hit, flick with finger: PT* kh- D MENE: kheek 2 'to hit with the middle knuckle (to children)' 51: khek DL1 Dioi: kek; Po-ai: ke k, kwe k scratch something: PT* kh- D MENE: khiit 2 Lao: khiit DLl; WT: khit 2; 51: khiit 2 5K: khiit 6

TABLE VII: PT* khlg- (3) eggplant: PT* kh- I g- A MENE: khia, ma-hia 1 Lao: khia A1; WT: khe 1; 51: khia 5 LM: khii' 1 Yay: ki:a 4; 5K: kee 3 hole, pit, ditch: PT* kh- A MENE: khum4 Lao: khum A1; WT: khum 1; 51: khum 5 LM: khum 1; LC: khum 1 WM: kum 2; Yay: kum 4; 5K: khum 4 ride: PT* kh- I g- B MENE: khwii 2 Lao: khii B1; WT: khi/khwi 2; 51: khii 2 LM: khwei 2; LC: khwii 5 WM: kiy 5; Yay: ki:ay 5; 5K: khooy 5 right: PT* khw I gw A MENE: khwaa 4 Lao: khua/khwaa A1; WT: xwaa 1; 51: khwaa 5

111

LM: saa 1; LC: £aa 1 WM: kwaa 2; Yay: kwa 4; 5K: khwaa 4 son-in-law (519) : PT* khl g- A MENE: khey4 Lao: kheey A1; WT: khey 1; 51: kheey 5 LM: khuuy 1; LC: kheey 1 WM: kiy 2; Yay: ki:ay 4; 5K: khooy 4

TABLE VIII: PT* kh- (4) murky, turbid: PT* kh- B MENE: hun 2 Lao: khun B1; WT: khun 2; 51: khun 2 LM: khon 2; Tay: khun B1; Tho: khun B1 Po-ai: hun C1 5K: khun 2 sing, chant: PT* kh- D MENE: kap 6 Lao: khap 051; WT: xap 2; 51: khap 2 Tay: khap, sap 5K: hap 4 tamarind: PT* kh- A MENE: haam 1 Lao: khaam A1; WT: khaam 1; 51: khaam 5 LM: kaam 1 WM: kaam 1; Yay: kaam 1; 5K: kaam 1

TABLE IX : PT* khrask, beg: PT* khr- I thr- A MENE: hOO 1 Lao: khOO A1; WT: chO 1; 51: khOO 5 LM: hoo 1; LC: khoo 1 5K: thrOO 2 centipede: PT* khr- D MENE: khep/hep 6 Lao: khep 051; WT: xep; 51: kheplkhaap 2 5K: ca 6 thrip 4 dove: PT* khr- A MENE: haw 1 Lao: khaw A1; WT: chaw 1; 51: khaw 5 LM: law 1 WM: raw 1; Yay: raw 1; 5K: haw 2 egg: PT* khr- B MENE: say 2 Lao: khay B1; WT: chay 2; 51: khay 2 LM: kay 2; LC: khjay 5 WM: ray; Yay: cay 2 top for spinning: PT* khr- B MENE: h/khaang 2 Lao: khaang B1; WT: chaang 2; 51: khaang 2 LM: laang 2; LC: haang 5 WM: raang 5; Yay: caang 2

JAMES R. CHAMBERLAIN

112 vine: Pf* khrMENE: ci'a 4 (haw 1) Lao: khia A1; WT: ce 4; 51: khria 1 LM: J.il4 5K: thaa 4

TABLE X : Pf* khldrive, chase: Pf* khl- D MENE: hap 2 Lao: khap DS1; WT: chap 2; 51: khap 2 5K: khap 4 fever: Pf* khlay C MENE: say 3 Lao: khay C1; WT: chay 3; 51: khap 3 LM: lay 3; LC: hay 3 Yay: cay 3

crosswise, disorderly, intersection: PT* khw- B MENE: kway2 WT: xway B1; 51: khway 2 Tay: khoay B1 Dioi: kouai B1 healthy, to be well: Pf* ? MENE: khwe e 2 (used as a greeting) 5K: three 5 'slowly, gradually' Viet. khoe (hoi tone) lie athwart: PT* khw- A MENE: vaang 1 Lao: khwaang A1; WT: khwaang 1; 51: khwaang 5 LM: khwaang 1; LC: khwaang 1 Yay: vaang 1; 5K: vaang 2 lock, a; key: Pf* ? MENE: khwaa 3 LM: saa 3; LC: £aa 3

hard: Pf* khl- A MENE: heng 1 Lao: khe eng A1; WT: khe ng 1; 51: khreng 5 LM: leeng 1; LC: kheeng 1 WM: kleng 1; 5K: thriang 2

sharpened stake: Pf* khw- D MENE: kwaak 2 Lao: khwaak DLl; WT: khaa? 2; 51: khwaak 2 LM: kuuk/vaak 2; LC: kuuk 5 5K: khwaak 6

imprison: Pf* thr /khlang A MENE: sang 1 Lao: khang A1; WT: chang 1; 51: khang 5 LM: lang 1 WM: klang; Yay: cang 1; 5K: thrang 2

whistle: PT* ? MENE: thiw 1 Lao: phiw A1; WT: thiw 1; 51: phiw 5 LP: khwiiw 2; LM: viiw 1 5K: thiw /phriw /hiw /hiiw 2

quail: PT* khl- C MENE: sum3 Lao: khum C1; WT: chum 3; 51: khum 3 Dioi: kioum C1; Po-ai: cum C1 side, ribs: Pf* khl- C MENE: saang 3 Lao: khaang C1; WT: chaang 3; 51: khaang 3 LM: laang 3; LC: haang 3 sift, to: Pf* thl/khl- A MENE: seng 1 Lao: kheq A1; WT: cheq 1; 51: khing 5 LM: leg 1; LC: khjeiJ 1 5K: rang 2 spider: Pf* khl- A MENE: (king) kaaw 4 WT: (cing 2) chaaw 1 LM: -laaw 1; LC: -khjaaw 1 WM: -klwaaw 1; Yay: -caaw 1; 5K: -thraaw 2

TABLE XI : PT* khwcross, to; twisted: PT* khw- (/gw-?) C MENE: vaay 3 WT: xway 2; 51: khway 3 Dioi: kouai C4

TABLE XII : Mene kh- k melon, cucumber: Pf* kw- A MENE: khwaa 1 (teng 4 khwaa 1 'an especially ripe melon where seeds are ready to plant' - said to rhyme with khwaa 'right') 51: kwaa 1 LM: kwaa 2; LC: kwaa 1 open an umbrella: PT* k/khMENE: khaang 3 Lao: kaang A2; 51: kaang LC: khaang

TABLE XIII : PT* x- (1) answer a call: Pf* x- A MENE: haan 1 Lao: khaan A1; WT: xaan 1; 51: khaan 5 WM: haan 1; Yay: haan 1; 5K: ngaan 2 cross, to: Pf* x- C MENE: haam 3 Lao: kh (w) aam C1; WT: xaam 3; 51: khaam 3 LM: khaam 3; LC: khaam 3 WM: haam 3; Yay: haam 3; 5K: haam 3

MENE :A TAl DIALECT dry: PT* x- AlB MENE: khoo 1lhee 2 WT: xay 2 LM: khay 2; LC: khay 5 WM: hay; 5K: khoo 2lhii: 6 Viet: kho enter: PT* xaw C MENE: haw lkhaw 3 Lao: khaw C1; WT: xaw 3; 51: khaw 3 LM: khaw 3; LC: khaw 3 WM: haw 3; Yay: haw 3; 5K: haw 3 ginger: PT* x- A MENE: hing 1 Lao: khing A1; WT: xing 1; 51: khing 5 LM: khing 1; LC: khing 1 Yay: khing 5; 5K: hi."ing 2 go up, ascend, rise: PT* xi'n C MENE: run 3 Lao: khin C1; WT: xin 3; 51: khin 3 LM: khen 3; LC: khen WM: hi'n 3; Yay: hi'n 3; 5K: hin 3 green: PT* x- A MENE: hew 1 Lao: khiaw A1; WT: xe w 1; 51: khiaw 5 LM: kheew 1; LC: kheew 1 WM: hew 1; Yay: hew 1; 5K: heew 2 hook, sickle: PT* x- A MENE: hOO 1 Lao: khOO 1; WT: xO A1; 51: khOO 5 LM: khoo 1 5K: hOO 2 knee: PT* x- B MENE: (hua 1) haw 2 Lao: khaw B1; WT: xaw 2; 51: khaw 2 LM: khaw 2; LC: khaw 5 WM: hcp 5; Yay: ho 2; 5K: kOO 6 knot, to: PT* x- D MENE: hOOt 2 WT: xOt DLl LC: khoot open, to: PT* xay 1 MENE: khay 4, hoy 1I 4 Lao: khay A1; WT: khay 1; 51: khay 5 LM: khay 1; LC: khay 1 WM: hOy A1; Yay: haay 1; 5K: hay 2 steel: PT* x- A MENE: haang 1 Lao: khaang A1; WT: xang A1 LC: (kaang B1) WM: hanglkang A1 teeth, tooth, fang: PT* x- C MENE: hew3

113

Lao: khe e w C1; WT: xe w 3; 51: khiaw 3 LM: kheew 3; LC: kheew 3 Yay: hew 3 white: PT* x- A MENE: haaw 1 Lao: khaaw A1; WT: xaaw 1; 51: khaaw 5 LM: khaaw 1; LC: khaaw 1 WM: haaw 1; Yay: haaw 1; 5K: haaw 2

TABLE XN: PT* x- (2) guest: PT* x- D MENE: khe e k 2 Lao: khe e k DL1; WT: khe? 2; 51: khrerek 2 LM: kheek 2; LC: kheek 5 WM: hek 3; Yay: hek 2; 5K: heek 6 press down, oppress, force: PT* x- B MENE: homlkom 2 Lao: khom B1; WT: khum B1; 51: khom 2 pull, draw: PT* x- A MENE: khen 1 Lao: khen A1; WT: khin; 51: khen 5 scrape, to: PT* x- D MENE: cok 6 Lao: khuut DLl; WT: xut 2; 51: khuut 2 5K:khuut6lhut4 year, annual cycle: PT* x- D MENE: kuap 2 Lao: khuap DLl; WT: khOp; 51: khuap 2 LC: khuup

TABLE XV : PT* xl't- (3) bite: PT* x-/'t- D MENE: khop 6 Lao: khop D51; WT: khop 2; 51: khop 2 LM: khop 3; LC: khoop 5 WM: xap 6; Yay: hap 1; 5K: 'tap 6lkhop 4 bitter: PT* x-I 't- A MENE: komlhom 1, khom 4 Lao: khom A1; WT: khum 1:51: khom 5 LM: khom 1; LC: khum 1 WM: xam 4; Yay: ham 4; 5K: 'tam 4 chicken, half-grown (female in M) : PT* x-l't- B MENE: khi'ang 2 Lao: khYang B1; WT: kheng; 51: khYang 2 LM: kheeng 2 dig: PT* x-l't-lg- D MENE: kut 6 Lao: khut DS1; WT: khut 2; 51: khut 2 LM: khot 4; LC: kut 2 Yay: hutlkut 1; 5K: khut 6

JAMES R. CHAMBERLAIN

114 excrement: PT* x-/'t- C MENE: khii 3 Lao: khii C1; WT: khi 3; 51: khii 3 LM: khii 3; LC: khii 3 WM: xai 4; Yay: hai 6; SK: 'tai 6

hail: PT* xr- D MENE: hep 6 Lao: hep DS1; WT: het 2; 51: hep 2 LM: hat 3; LC: hat 5 Yay: rip 3

joint, knuckles: PT* x-/'t- C/B MENE: kOO 2 (B4) Lao: khOO C1; WT: xO C1 Tay: kho C1; Nung: kho C1 WM: xo B4; Dioi: ho B4

hall, large building: PT* xr- A MENE: hOO 1 'building larger than a house' Lao: hOO A1; 51: hOO A1 Nung: ho; Tho: kho

rice: PT* x-/'t- C MENE: khaw 3 Lao: khaw C1; WT: khaw 3; 51: khaw 3 LM: khaw 3; LC: khaw 3 WM: xau 4; Yay: hau 6; SK: 'taw 6

TABLE XVI : PT* xwaxe: PT* xwaan A MENE: vaan 1 Lao: khwaan A1; WT: khwaan 1; 51: khwaan 5 LM: khwaan 1 Yay: vaan 1; SK: vaan 2 lie face down, turn upside down: PT* xw- C MENE: vam3 Lao: khwam C3; WT: xam 3; 51: khwam 3 LM: khom 3; LC: khum 3 Yay: ham 3; SK: ngam 3 spirit, whorl in the hair: PT* xwan A MENE: van 1 Lao: khwan A1; WT: xwan/xOn 1; 51: khwan 5 LM: khwan 1; LC: khwan Yay: van 1; SK: hOn 2

impetigo, the itch: PT* xr- D MENE: hit 6 Lao: hit DS1; WT: hit 2; Sl: hit 2 LM: lit 3; SK: hit 4 laugh: PT* xr- A MENE: hoo 1 Lao: hua A1; 51: hua 5 (rO? 4) LM: luu 1; LC: huu 1 WM: riaw 1; Yay: riaw 1; SK: ruaw 2 seek: PT* xraa A MENE: haa 1 Lao: haa A1; WT: haa 1; 51: haa 5 LM: laa 1; LC: haa 1 WM: raa 2; Yay: ra 1; SK: raa 2 storm, heavy rain: PT* xraa B MENE: haa 2 Lao: haa B2; WT: haa 2; 51: haa 2 LM: laa 2; LC: haa 5 WM: raa 5; Yay: ra 2; SK: raa 6 stream: PT* xr- C MENE: hoy 3 Lao: huay C1; WT: hoy 3; 51: huay 3 LM: luuy 3; LC: vuuy /huuy 3 WM: ruy 3; Yay: vi 3; SK: rii 3

TABLE XVII : PT* xrcover, to, to veil: PT* xr- C/B MENE: hom 3 'to cover or to veil (to cover silkworm tray with cloth)' 51: hum 3 (C1) LC: hum B1 Dioi: thorn (B1); Ling-yiin: lum (C2) Sui: kum B1 ear: PT* xr- A MENE: huu 4 Lao: huu A1; WT: hu 1; 51: huu 5 LM: lou 1; LC: huu 1 WM: r1 2; Yay: ria 4; SK: rua 4 fishnet for casting: PT* xr- A MENE: hee 4 Lao: he e A1; WT: he 1; 51: hrere 5 LM: hee 1; LC: hee 1 Yay: re 1; SK: ree 2

TABLE XVIII : PT* gacacia: PT* g- A MENE: kee 4 Lao: khe e A4; WT: ke 4; 51: khrere 1 LM: kee 4 Yay: ke 4 algae (long strands): PT* g- A/B . MENE: kay 4 Lao: khay A4; WT: kay A4; 51: khlay A4 (Palgx.)/ takhray Nung: tau-cay A4/B4 Dioi: pen-kay B4 'aquatic plants' cangue: PT* g- A MENE: kaa 4 Lao: khaa A4 'stuck' (?); WT: ; 51:

MENE: A TAI DIALECT carry on one end of pole: PT* g- A MENE: k00n4 Lao: khOOn A4; SI: khOOn 1 LC: koon A4

115

toad: PT* g- A, g- D MENEE: kan 4 kaak 2 Lao· khan A4 khaak DL4 trade: PT

carrying pole: PT* g-/'t- A MENE: kan 4 Lao: khaan A4; WT: kaan 4; SI: khaan 1 LM: kaan 4; LC: kaan 2 WM: xaan 2; Yay: haan 4; SK: 'taan 4 choke on something: PT* g- C MENE: keen 5 Lao: khe en C4; WT: ken; SI: khreren 4 WM: ken elf handle, rod: PT* g- A MENE: kan4 Lao: khan A4; WT: kan 4; SI: khan 1 WM: kan 2; Yay: kan 4; SK: khal4 gently, carefully: PT* g- B MENE: k0y5 Lao: khOOy B4; WT: kOy 5; SI: khOy 3 LM: kooy 5; LC: kooy 6 hold in the jaws: PT* g- D MENE: kaap 2 Lao: khaap DL4; WT: kaap 4; SI: khaap 3 Yay: kaap 5; SK: khaap 5 musical instrument, pipes: PT* g- A MENE: keen 4 Lao: khe en A4; WT: ken; Sl: Nung: ken A4 'bugle' narrow: PT* g- D MENE: bEEp/kEEp 2 Lao: khe e p DL4; WT: xe p 4; SI: khrerep q LM: keep 5; LC: kap/keep 2 SK: teep 5 sickle: PT* g- A MENE: kew 2 Lao: khiaw A4; Sl: khiaw 1 LC: keew A4; Nung: keo 'scissors' WM: kew 'scissors'; Dioi: kiao 'scissors' stuck: PT* g- A MENE: kaa 4 Lao: khaa A4; WT: kaa 4; SI: khaa 1 LM: kaa 4 Yay: ka 4; SK: khaa 4 stump of tree, hollow (Mene): PT* g- A MENE: koon 4 Lao: khOOn A4; SI: khOOn A4 WM: kon B1 'stump' swollen: PT* g- B MENE: kee 2 Lao: khay B4; WT: kay 5; SI: LM: kay 5; LC: kay 5

aa C NE: kaa 5 Lao: khaa C4; WT: kaa 6; Sl: khaa 4 LM: haa 6; LC: kaa 4 Yay: ka 6; SK: khaa 6

tripod: PT* g- A MENE: kiang 4 Lao: khiang A4; WT: keng 4; SI: khiang 1 LM: kiing 4; LC: kiing 2 WM: kiang 2; Yay: dang 4; SK: khiang 4

TABLE XIX : PT* gwcast a fishing net: PT* gw- AlBIC MENE: kwaang 2 (B) WT: kwang 4 (A4); SI: khwaang 4 (C4) LC: kwaang A2 WM: kwang A2 'to surround' [Note: this item is included here only because it occurs in Li's rather short list under PT* gw- where he glosses it as 'to turn, whirl around.' But even he admits there are many cross-related forms; Lao, for example, has at least three: /khwaang B4/ 'to throw;' I khwaang C4/ and/khwe eng C4/ 'to whirl, twirl.'] lame (of leg): PT* gw- A MENE: kwee 4 WT: kwe4 Tho: kwee A4 Dioi: koue A4; Po-ai: kwe e search (with hands): PT* gw- C MENE: kwaa 5 Lao: khwaa C4

TABLE XX : PT* grbunch of bananas: PT* gr- A (?) MENE: hi'a 4 Lao: khi:a A4; WT: he 4; SI: khria 1 LM: lll4 complete, entire: PT* gr- D MENE: kop 7 Lao: khop 054; SI: khrop 4 LM: lop 4 SK: khop 6 cover, put over: PT* gr- B MENE: hom2 Lao: khOOm B4; SI: khrOOm 3 Dioi: kioum B4; Ch'ien-chieng: kjum B4; Po-ai: cum B1 half, middle: PT* gr- B MENE: kheng 2

JAMES R. CHAMBERLAIN

116 WT: ci.I] B4; SI: khrll] B4 Lao: khlng B4; WM: klaiJ B4; SK: thri'ng 5 lkheng 5

indigo (sky color, dye): PT* gr- A MENE: khaam 4 Lao: khaam A4; WT: caam 4; SI: khraam 1 LM: laam 4; LC: kjaamllaam 2 Yay: saam 4; SK: khaam 4 kitchen: PT* grMENE: kua 4 Lao: khua A4; SI: khrua 1 SK: thrua 4 lazy: PT* gr- C MENE: (khii 3) caan 5 Lao: khaan 6; WT: caan 6; SI: khraan 4 LM: laan 6; LC: kjaan 4 lemon grass: PT* grMENE: (khing 1) khee 4 Lao: (sing A1) khay A4; WT: (hOm 1) cay 4; SI: (ta 2) khray 4 SK: ca-threelphree 4 litter of young: PT* gr- D MENE: hOOkS SI: khrOOk 3 LM: look 5; LC: kjook 2 Yay: cok 5; SK: rOOk 5 moan, to: PT* gr- A MENE: caang 4 Lao: khaang A4; WT: cang 4; SI: khraang 1 LM: laang 4 SK: reeng 1 mortar (for pounding with pestle): PT* gr- D MENE: cok 7 Lao: khok DS4; WT: cok 4; SI: khrok 4 LM: lok 4; LC: kjuk 2 Yay: cok 1

TABLE XXI : PT* glburned charred: PT* gl- D MENE: k00k2 WT:cO Tay: loc crawl: PT* glaan A MENE: kaan 4 Lao: khaan A4; WT: caan 4; SI: khaan 1 LM: laan 4; LC: kjaan 2 Yay: nan 4; SK: luan 4 grope, feel: PT* gl- A MENE: cam 4 Lao: kham A4; WT: cam 4; SI: khlam 1 lassoo, to: PT* glMENE: kOng 5 Lao: khOOng C4; SI: khlOOng 4 LM: loong 6; LC: kjoong 4 WM: klqmg 4; SK: 't00ng 6 similar but not same: PT* gl- D MENE: khap 6 (DS1) SI: khlap DS4 khlaay C4 Dioi: kiap DS4; Po-ai: cap DS4 'just right' stinkbug: PT* gl- A MENE: keng 4 Lao: khe eng A4; WT: ke ng 4; SI: khnereng 1 Nung: kel) A4 Dioi: kel) A4

TABLE XXII : Mene voiced series > kh accustomed to: PT* g- A MENE: khey 4 Lao: kheey A4; BT: khey 4; SI: kheey 1 SK: kheey 4 argue: PT* (?) MENE: khaaw 5

snake skin (536): PT* gr- D MENE: caap 2 Lao: khaap DL4; WT: caap 4; SI: khraap 3 LM: laap 5 SK: thraap 5

bent (with legs tucked up): PT* g- C MENE: khuu 5 Lao: khuu C4; SI: khuu 4 WM: kau A2

sticklac (for red dye etc.): PT* gr I dr- B MENE: cang 2 Lao: khang B4; SI: khrang 3 SK: thrang 5

crooked, bent: PT* g-lk- D MENE: khot 7 Lao: khot DS4; WT: kot 4; SI: khot 4 LM: kot 4 SK: khot 6

things, possessions, aparatus: PT* gr- I dr- B MENE: khi"ang 2 Lao: khlang B4; WT: ceng 5; SI: khnang 3 LM: lUng 5 SK: thri'ang 5

fin of fish: PT* g- A MENE: khii 4 Lao: khii A4 WM: koi; Dioi: ki; T'ien-chow: kii; Po-ai: cii SK: khii 4 gird, tie around waist: PT* 't- D MENE: khaat 2

MENE : A TAl DIALECT Lao: khaat DL4; WT: xat; SI: khaat 3 Dioi: heueut; Po-ai: hlit guard, oversee: PT* g- A MENE: khurn 4 Lao: khurn A4; SI: khurn 1; Lue; kurn 4 measure, thumb to forefinger: PT* 't- D MENE: khlip 2 Lao: khlip DL4; WT: xi:p 4; Sl: khiYp 3 Yay: hup 3/cip 3; SK: khlip 5 price, value: PT* g- B MENE: (naa) khaa 4 Lao: khaa B4; WT: kaa 5; Sl: khaa 3 LM: kaa 5; WM: kaa 6; Yay: ka 5; SK: khaa 5

TABLE XXIII : Mene voiced series > h eggplant, very small: PT* MENE: heng 5 Lao: khe Eng C4 tame, familiar: PT* MENE: hun 5 Lao: khun C4; Sl: khun 4 Yay: kun 6; SK: khun 6

TABLE XXIV : PT* 't-

gold: PT* 'tMENE: karn 4 Lao: kharn A4; WT: xarn 4; SI: kharn 1 SK: 'tarn 5 hammer, club: PT* 't- C MENE: kOOn 5 Lao: khOOn C4; WT: xOn 6; SI: khOOn 4 LM: hoon 6; LC: koon 4 Yay: hon 6; SK: 'tOOl 6 itch, to: PT* 't- A MENE: kan 4 Lao: khan A4; WT: xan 4; SI: khan 1 LM: han 4 SK: 'tal4 neck, throat: PT* 't- A MENE: kOO 4 Lao: khOO A4; WT: xO 4; SI: khOO 1 LM: hoo 4; LC: koo 4 WM: x

: XE : is a synonym of :> : bwa, the former stresses the communing within generations including the dead, and the latter emphasizes the communing among the living according to age in this community. Marshall reports that "Bgha (bwa)" is "the tutelary god of the family," and "each

family finds itself provided with a 'Bgha' of its own" (1922 : 248). Iijima describes the "bgha" as "ancestral spirits of kin groups called dopuweh; these groups perform the oxe (:>: xe:) rites propitiating the "bgha" (1979: 107). Mischung writes that "aii qui (:>: xe:) or its synonym aii bga (:>: bwa) means ' to eat jointly together (with the ancestors)' " (1980 : 82). 7. The spirits are unique to the Karen in this community, because to other Karen the deity who punishes the family members is referred as "Bgha" (cf. note 7); or some believe sickness is sent by a vengeful ancestor to a descendant (Mischung 1980 : 83-88). 8. However, sometimes, especially in the case of a lingering sickness, people believe that the 'message' may reach any of participants descending along the matrilineage regardless of their marital status. 9. The widower must build his own house and buy his own 'marked' animals to take the place of his deceased wife's and continue the practice of the rite; all of these are eventually destroyed at his death. 10. One example of this is as follows; the word "xeko," which indicates the leader of the rite who is the eldest female among the participants (Iijima 1979 : 110), is not used by the villagers in this community. They divide the rite into :>: xe: a mo ("mother's rite") and :>: xe: a pa ("father's rite"), each of which is performed and managed by the respective person. 11. The :>: xe: rite is often defined as an ancestor cult (Keyes 1979 : 50; Iijima 1979 : 109-113; Marlowe 1979 : 173; Mischung 1980: 101) [though Mischung points out that ritual contact is conducted with the direct ancestors-parents (1980: 101)]. It must be noted that this is not, as least in this com-

munity, a precise definition of the rite, since here the rite functions to reinforce the relationship between the living parents and children (through the former serving as intermediaries) rather than that position ascending backwards in the genealogy. 12. If the younger daughter marries earlier than the elder ones and begins to use the main fireplace with her mother, none of the elder daughters is allowed to use any fireplace in the house, even to build a new one in the family-room, because it is contradictory to the order of participation in the rite. 13. Marlowe reports a bilateral incest taboo (which is equivalent to that reported by the middle-aged informants in this community) among the Karen in Chiang Mai Province (1979 : 178). 14. Marshall reports it as a lord of the water and land who rules over the lands of the earth and as superior to the spirits that preside over rivers and mountains (1922: 225). Iijima describes it as a lord of water and land who stays just like ether in nature (1971 : 160). Mischung explains it as a 'mountain-owner' in the highest mountain. 15. The one is conducted at the beginning of the new year on the Karen lunar calendar, and the other occurs after the ricetransplanting but before the harvest. These are reported only among the Karen in Chiang Mai Province by Mischung (1980 : 127). 16. Methods for constructing wet-rice fields were learned from the Northern Thai, who held the rite for their spirits at the irrigation dams (Iijima 1971 : 136). 17. The informants gave a shorter distance to the village as their main reason for the shift.

RELIGION AND RELIGIOUS CHANGE IN A HILL KAREN COMMUNITY 18. In the current rules for the rites of wet-rice fields and dams, being married is no longer indispensable but only preferable as qualification. An unmarried son may inherit the rite if he is the only one that is available at his father's death. 19. The term is pronounced this way only by the Karen in this community and the adjacent areas. Most Sgaw Karen in other areas pronounce it as i: kho:.

20. Their souls become extremely dangerous spirits that bring death to human beings. They are believed to return to their villages after death, in which case no mortal can chase them away. 21. The informants explain it as being due to the fact that there is no longer an available site on which they can build a new village, because of overpopulation in the basin.

137

22. Kunstadter reports this rule as one reason for the instablility of the Karen villages in the hills with respect to the spreading of the Karen population (1979 : 130). 23. Marriage above the age of fifty took the place of marriage in the early twenties and thirties. However, marriage below the age of thirty took place at the age of the late teens onward.

REFERENCES

IIJIMA, Shigeru 1971 Karen-Soku-no-Shakai bunkaHen'you ("Social and Cultural Change of the Karen.") Tokyo : Soubun-sha. 1979 "Ethnic Identity and Sociocultural Change among Sgaw Karen in Northern Thailand." In Charles F. Keyes, ed., Ethnic Adaptation and Identity, Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues pp. 99-118. KEYES, Charles F. 1979 "The Karen in Thai History and the History of the Karen in Thailand," In Charles F. Keyes, ed., Ethnic Adaptation and Identity, Philadelphia: Institute for the study of Human Issues pp. 119-154. KUNSTADTER, Peter 1979 "Ethnic Group, Category, and Identity: Karen in Northern Thailand." In Charles F. Keyes ed., Ethnic Adaptation and !den-

tity, Philadelphia : Institute for the Study of Human Issues pp. 119-154.

KUNSTADTER, Peter, Chupinit KESMANEE and Prawit POTH-ART 1987 Hmong and Karen Health and

Family Planning: Cultural and Other Factors Affecting Use of Modern Health and Family Planning Services by Hill Tribes in Northern Thailand Bangkok: Ministry of Public Health. MARLOWE, H. David 1979 "In the Mosaic: The Cognitive and Structural Aspects of Karen-Other Relationships," in Charles F. Keyes ed., Ethnic Adaptation and Identity, Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, pp. 165-214. MARSHALL, Rev. Harry I. 1922 The Karen People of Burma: A

Study in Anthropology and Ethnology Columbus: Ohio State University.

MISCHUNG, Roland 1980 "Religion in a CGw0 (SGAW) Karen Village of Western Upland Chiang Mai Province, Northwest Thailand." Final Research Report presented to the National Research Council of Thailand, Bangkok. OTA, Tsunezo 1959 "Folktales of the Karen in Burma." In Minsokugakukenkyuu, 23-4, pp. 55-65 YOSHIMATSU, Kumiko 1989 "The Karen World: The Cosmological and Ritual Belief System of the Sgaw Karen in Northwestern Chiang Mai Province." Final Research Report presented to the National Research Council of Thailand, Bangkok.

A BRIEF GUIDE TO THE GOLDEN TANJUR PETER SKILLING cI o THE SIAM SOCIETY

1. Introduction For the study of the Tibetan Tanjur, modern scholars have relied to date on four "classical" xylograph editions: the Narthang (1742), the Derge (1744), the Cone (1772), and the Peking (1724).1 A fifth edition has recently been made available in a reprint published by the "China Nationality Library, Beijing", in 1988. This is a manuscript Tanjur commissioned by Mi dbang pho lha bsod nams,2 who reigned in Central Tibet from 1728-1747. Since the manuscript was inscribed in gold letters, I will henceforth refer to it as the Golden Tanjur.3 The work, which cost 5,125 zho of gold and 1,000 zho of silver, equalling 18,621 dngul srang,4 was dedicated for the benefit of the king's deceased mother and for the long life and ultimate attainment of Buddhahood of himself, his wife, and his sons.5 It is thus a royal edition, roughly contemporary with the Narthang xylograph Kanjur-Tanjur, which was commissioned by the same king. For nearly one thousand years the technology used for the preservation and transmission of the Buddhist canon in Tibet did not change. From the time of the prototypical collections, such as that housed in the Ldan dkar rna Palace at the beginning of the 8th century, to the protoclassical collections of the 14th century, the early Kanjurs and Tanjurs were transmitted in manuscript form. The appearance of the first xylograph Kanjur, the 1410 "Peking edition" sponsored by Emperor Yung Lo, would not have brought any radical change: the blocks were kept at Peking, and were of restricted access. (This would be the case with all subsequent Peking editions, Tanjur as well as Kanjur.) It was not until the first half of the eighteenth century, the age of the classical xylograph Kanjurs and Tanjurs, that block printing became a practicable alternative to writing. 6 From then on, the production of manuscript Kanjurs and Tanjurs accordingly declined. The copying of the Kanjur was more popular than that of the Tanjur. Many Satras, mainly but not exclusively those of the Mahayana, extol the benefits of writing down, preserving, and propagating the Dharma: thus the copying of the Kanjurthe translation ( 'gyur) of the Buddha's words (bka ')-was held to bring great merit, and manuscripts were sponsored not only

by monasteries but also by members of the nobility. In addition, sections of the Kanjur or revered Satras, such as the Collection of Dhtirm;tfs (Gzungs 'dus) or The Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand Slokas ('Bum) were also copied, and enshrined on household altars? Sometimes these manuscripts were inscribed with gold or silver letters, thereby enhancing the merit. Lists of some early manuscript Kanjurs are given in the Dkar chags of the Lithang and Derge xylograph editions.s The Blue Annals give an interesting account of the compilation of the "Old Narthang" manuscript Kanjur-Tanjur, its copying, and its distribution to several monasteries where it was further copied. 9 During the reign of the Fifth Dalai Lama (1617-1682), over one hundred Kanjurs were produced throughout Tibet.lO The copying down of the Tanjur was somewhat less common: as the translation ('gyur) of the commentaries and treatises (bstan), it was not as such Buddhavacana, and therefore carried less power and prestige. Furthermore, its copying was a stupendous and expensive task, involving the reproduction of as many as 225 volumes in later editions (such as the Golden Tanjur), compared with the approximately one hundred volumes of the Kanjur. Manuscript Tanjurs are known to have been produced at Narthang, Zha lu, 'Phyong rgyas, Rtses thang, Rgyal rtse, and elsewhere;ll whether any have survived the ravages of time remains to be seen. Several later (18th and 19th century) handwritten Kanjurs-such as the so-called Berlin, Kawaguchi or Tokyo, London, Phu drag, Stog, and Taipei manuscripts-are preserved in libraries outside Tibet.12 The Golden Manuscript is the first handwritten Tanjur to become accessible to modern scholars.

2. The Golden Manuscript Tanjur Like other Tanjurs.B the Golden Manuscript comprises three main divisions, which are paginated independently: Bstod tshogs (Ka : 1 volume), Rgyud 'grel (Ka-Lu: 87 volumes) and Mdo 'grel (Ka-Ma: 136 volumes), plus a single-volume catalogue (Tso: Dkar chag), making a total of225 volumes.14 The third division, Mdo 'grel, is traditionally divided into fourteen

A BRIEF GUIDE TO THE GOLDEN T ANJUR sections. The accompanying chart, "Structure of Tanjur Editions", shows that in number and sequence of volumes the Golden Manuscript agrees with the Narthang and Peking xylographs against the Derge xylograph. The accompanying Guide shows that the contents of the Golden Tanjur are very similar to those of the Peking Tanjur)S Textual comparison has shown that, with some reservations, the four xylograph Tanjurs fall into two broad groups in terms of variant readings : Narthang-Peking against Derge---Cone.16 In the few brief passages from the Golden Tanjur that I have compared with the four xylographs, the readings of the Golden Tanjur generally agree with Narthang-Peking against Derge---Cone, as indeed is to be expected. The exact relationship of the Golden Tanjur to the Narthang and Peking editions can only be determined by a more extensive comparison. With the exception of some of the very short texts, each new work opens with a title page, blank except for the single-line title. The Sanskrit titles given at the head of most texts are corrupt. Each folio bears six lines of text. The Golden Tanjur makes liberal use of contractions (bsdus yig) and abbreviations (skun yig) and of the "cancellation sign"P scribal conventions often met with in Tibetan manuscripts.

that contains three potis will have three independent paginations. In hope of eliminating confusion, I have labelled the first pagination series as A, the second as B, and the third as C; these letters are not, however, found in the original.

4. The Present Guide The present Guide consists of (a) a one-page chart and (b) the guide properly speaking. 4.a.

The chart shows the structure of four Tanjur editions by section and volume. First box: The three main divisions (Bstod tshogs, Rgyud 'grel, and Mdo 'grel), plus the Dkar chag, are labelled A to D, and shown in boldface type. The fourteen sections of the Mdo 'grel are numbered C.l, etc., and shown in plain type. The divisions and sections shown in the first box should apply to all Tanjur editions, with some minor differences in phraseology.I9 Second box: In the second box, thefirsttwocolumns, entitled "GNP Poti Vols. ",give the volume numbers for each division and section of the Golden Tanjur, Narthang, and Peking editions, both by Tibetan letter (Ka, Kha, etc.) and by running serial number for the entire Tanjur. The column entitled "No. of Vols." gives in parentheses the number of volumes within each division (A, B, C, and D) and within each section of C (C.l to C.14). A plus mark(+) indicates that a section runs to part of a succeeding volume; minus one (-1) indicates that a section occupies less than one volume. The column entitled "G Repr. Vols." gives the corresponding volume numbers of the Golden Tanjur reprint. The reprint volume numbers are printed in italic type in order to clearly distinguish them from the original potis.

3. The Reprint of the Golden Manuscript Tanjur The Golden Tanjur reprint takes up one hundred volumes, hereafter referred to as "reprint volumes" in order to distinguish them from the original volumes, here after referred to as "poti".IB The reprint volumes, which measure approximately 36 by 24 centimetres, are bound in a bright yellow brocade, with Bstan 'gyur in large golden Tibetan letters, and Tanjur in Chinese phonetic transcription in large red characters on the front cover. The same legends appear in gold letters on the spine, along with the volume number. The binding is poor: the brocade frays and the spines break after little use. The paper is thin and blotched, but fortunately the (xerographically?) reproduced folios, in a much reduced size (26 by 3.5 centimetres), are quite legible. The lettering is neat and, if gold be a sure mark of beauty, the original manuscript must be a handsome production, in contrast to its shabby reproduction. The first reprint volume opens with single page introductions in Tibetan, Chinese, and a sort of English, in that order. The remaining volumes have neither title page nor table of contents, and neither table of contents nor index for the Tanjur as a whole is provided. Thus, apart from the reprint volume number on the cover, no indication whatsoever is given of the contents of individual volumes. Each reprint volume contains either two or three potis. Four folios are reproduced per page: generally recto on the left, verso en face. Each reprint page has been stamped with a number, in either the top left or top right corner. Each poti within a reprint volume has been paginated separately, starting from page one. Thus a reprint volume that contains two potis will have two independent paginations, and a reprint volume

139

Third box: The first two columns of the third box, labelled "D Poti Vols. ",give the volume numbers of the Derge Tanjur, while the third column, labelled "No. of Vols." gives the number of volumes in each division or section. It may be seen from the chart that the number and distribution of volumes in the Derge edition is different from that in the Golden Tanjur, Narthang, and Peking editions. 4.b.

The Guide gives, in order of columns starting from the left, (1) the reprint volume number, (2) the name of the section (Bstod tshogs, Rgyud, etc.), (3) the character assigned to the original poti (Ka, Kha, etc.), followed in parentheses by the poti volume number (1, 2, etc., numbered serially throughout the entire Tanjur), (4) the modern page numbers, and (5) the Pekingor0tanicataloguenumber.20 I have supplied the names of the sections, which are traditional in all Tanjurs, from the Peking catalogue, since the right-

140

PETER SKILLING hand folio margins of the texts themselves generally carry abbreviated titles rather than the name of the section. For example, the margins of texts in the Vinaya section bear titles such as So(s)or thar 'grel, Rnam 'byed, or 'Dul 'grel, rather than the general section name 'Dul ba. Pagination refers to the modern pagination described above. Since the recto folios are all on the left-hand page and the verso on the right, the modern number of the first page of a succeeding text may precede that of the last page of the preceding text. For example, in reprint volume 4, Rgyud Nya, Otani number 2129 ends on modern page number97, while Otani number 2130 starts on page 96.

For volumes that contain only a few works, I have given the pagination for each work; for long works that run to more than one volume, I have indicated the bampo (bp.) or chapter (ch.) numbers, as available. For volumes that contain a large number of short works, I have given the Otani numbers of the first and last works only, without paginating individual works. The present work is offered simply as a guide, to enable scholars to locate a text in the Golden Tanjur by referring to its Otani number. It does not pretend to be complete, since it gives nor the titles, nor the exact pagination of the shorter texts, nor the Tibetan folio numbers. I hope that it will be a useful tool until it is superseded by a proper catalogue.

Chart: Structure of Tanjur editions Section A.

B.

c. C.1. C.2. C.3. C.4. C.5. c. 6. c. 7. c. 8. c. 9. C.lO. c. 11. c. 12. C.13. C.14. D.

Bstod tshogs Rgyud 'grel Mdo 'grel Sherphyin Dbuma Mdo 'grel Semstsam Mgnonpa 'Dul'grel Skyes rabs Springyig Tshadma Sgra rigpa Gso ba rigpa Bzorigpa Lugs kyi bstan bcos Ngomtshar Dkarchag

Reprint Section vol.

/No. ofVols./

/GNP Poti Vols./

Volume

Ka Ka-Lu Ka-Mo Ka-Ma Tsa-Gi Ngi-Pi Phi-Ku Khu-Nu Pu-U Ke-Nge Nge Ce-Re Le-She Se-Kho Go Go Go-Mo Tso

1 2-88 89-224 89-104 105-121 122-131 132-149 150-160 161-178 179-182 182 183-203 204-205 206-210 211 211 211-224 225

(1) (87) (136) (16) (17) (10) (18) (11) (18) (3+) (-1) (21) (2) (5) (-1) (-1) (13) (1)

Reprint page Peking cat. no.

A. BSTOD TSHOGS l.Bstod tshogs

Ka (1)

A 1-185

1A 1B-40 41-100B 41-47 48-56A 56B-60A 60B-67A 67B-72A 72B-79A 79B-80A BOB 81-90 91 92-94A 94B 94B 94B-100B 100C

Ka Ka-Tshu Ka-Po Ka-Ma Tsa-Gi Ngi-Pi Phi-Hi I-Thu Du-Su Hu-Ge Ge-Nge Ce-Ye Re-Se He-Go Ngo Ngo Co-Po Laksmi-Sri

/No. ofVols./

1 2-79 80-212 80-95 96-112 113-122 123-138 139-149 150-167 168-172 172-173 174-193 194-197 198-202 203 203 204-212 213

(1) (78) (133) (16) (17) (10) (16) (11) (18) (4+) (1+) (20) (4) (5) (-1) (-1) (9) (1)

Reprint Section vol.

Volume

4. Rgyud 'grel

Ja (8) Nya (9)

A 1-325 B1-97 B 96-182

2121-2128 2129 2130

5. Rgyud 'grel

Ta (10) Tha (11) Da (12)

A 1-189 B 1-150 c 1-232

2131-2134 2135 2136

2001-2063

B. RGYUD 'GREL

ID Poti Vols./

/G Repr. Vols./

Reprint page Peking cat. no.

Rgyud 'grel

Ka (2) Kha (3)

B 1-145 c 1-196

2064 (ch. 1-2) 2064 (ch. 3-5)

2. Rgyud 'grel

Ga (4) Nga (5)

A 1-222 B 1-255

2065-2069 2070-2103

6. Rgyud 'grel

Na (13) Pa (14)

A 1-252 B 1-271

2137-2170 2171-2230

3. Rgyud 'grel

Ca (6) Cha (7)

A 1-232 B 1-233

2104-2116 2117-2120

7. Rgyud 'grel

Pha (15) Ba (16)

A 1-285 B1-89

2231-2309 2310

A BRIEF GUIDE TO THE GOLDEN TANJUR

Reprint Section vol.

Volume

Reprint page Peking cat. no.

141

Reprint Section vol.

Volume

Reprint page Peking cat. no.

19. Rgyud 'grel

Nyi (40)

A 1-90

Ti(41)

A 90-239 B 1-335

2714 (ch. 14end) 2715 2716-2736

B90-123 B 124-197

2311 2312

A 1-47 A46-222 B 1-281

2313 2314 2315-2320

20. Rgyud 'grel

Thi (42) Di (43)

A 1-217 B 1-187

2737-2766 2767-2779

Tsha [1](19) A 1-181 Tsha [2](20) B 1-231

2321 2322-2326

21. Rgyud 'grel

Ni (44) Pi(45)

A 1-239 B 1-186

2780-2785 2786-2867

Dza (21) Va (22)

A 1-231 B 1-230

2328 2329-2346

22. Rgyud 'grel

Pi

A 187-303

11. Rgyud 'grel

Dza (21) Zha (23)

A 1-231" B 1-351

2328 2347

Phi (46) Bi (47)

c 1-185

2867 (cont.)2940 2941-3021 3022-3060

12. Rgyud 'grel

Za (24) 'A (25)

A 1-255 B 1-231

2419-2478 2479-2520

23. Rgyud 'grel

Mi (48) Tsi (49)

A 1-234 B 1-188

3061-3106 3107-3168

13. Rgyud 'grel

Ya (26) Ra (27)

A 1-306 B 1-229

2521-2532 2533-2554

24. Rgyud 'grel

Tshi (50) Dzi (51)

A 1-197 B 1-59 B 58-241

3169-3323 3324 3325

14. Rgyud 'grel

La (28) Sha (29)

A 1-195 B 1-213 B 212-240

2555-2647 2648 2649

25. Rgyud 'grel

Vi (52) Zhi (53)

A 1-181 B 1-161

Sa (30)

A 1-151 A 150-153 A 152-175 B 1-153 c 1-197

2650 2651 2652 2653-2657 2658[a]

Zi (54)

c 1-110

3326 (ch. 1-12) 3326 (ch. 13end) 3327-3332 3333 (ch.l-11)

Zi(cont.) 'I (55)

A 111-245 B 1-230

2659 2658[b] 2660 2661-2683

Yi (56)

c 1-37 c 36-186

Khi (34) Gi (35)

A 1-37 A38-155 B 1-160 c 1-150

3333 (ch.l-11) 3333 (ch. 12end) 3334 3335

27. Rgyud 'grel

Ri (57) Li (58)

Gi (cont.)

A 151-299

Ngi (36)

B 1-307

2683 (cont.)2696 2696-2705

A 1-237 B 1-147 B 147-213 B 212-233 B232-271

3335 (cont.) 3335 (cont.) 3336 3337 3338

Ci (37)

A 1-41 A40-124 A 124-188 B 1-95 B 94-215 c 1-115 c 114-135 c 134-152 c 152-247

2706 2707 2708 2709 2710 2711 2712 2713 2714 (ch. 1-13)

28. Rgyud 'grel

Shi (59) Si (60)

A 1-263 B 1-21 B 22-95 B 96-247

3339-3354 3355 3356 3357

29. Rgyud 'grel

Hi (61) I (62) Ku (63)

A 1-183 B 1-205 c 1-247

3358-3366 3367-3417 3418-3452

30. Rgyud 'grel

Khu (64)

A 1-141 A 142-192 B 1-233

3453 3454 3455-3485

8. Rgyud 'grel

Ma (17) Tsa (18)

9. Rgyud 'grel

10. Rgyud 'grel

15. Rgyud 'grel

Ha (31) A (32) 16. Rgyud 'grel

17. Rgyud 'grel

18. Rgyud 'grel

Ki (33)

Chi (38) Ji (39)

.

Duplication of Tibetan volume 21 in reprint volume 10.

B 1-263

B 160-228

26. Rgyud 'grel

Gu (65)

142

PETER SKILLING

Reprint Section vol.

Volume

Reprint page Peking cat. no.

31. Rgyud 'grel

Ngu (66)

A 1-48 A48-203 A 203-215 A 214-221 B 1-250

3486 3487 3488 3489 3490-3494

A 1-243 Bl-67 B 66-171 B 171-201 B 200-238

3495-3513 3514 3515 3516 3517

Nyu (70) Tu (71)

A 1-283 B 1-233

3518-3763 3764-3960

Thu (72) Du (73)

A 1-212 B 1-249

3961-4126 4127-4527

35. Rgyud 'grel

Nu (74) Pu (75)

A 1-271 B 1-211

4528-4603 4604-4666

36. Rgyud 'grel

Phu (76) Bu (77)

A 1-151 B 1-393

4667-4715 4716-4754

37. Rgyud 'grel

Mu (78) Tsu (79) Tshu (80)

A 1-161 B 1-215 c 1-210

4755-4786 4787 4787 (cont.)

38. Rgyud 'grel

Dzu (81) Vu (82)

A 1-248 B 1-227

4787 (cont.) 4787 (cont.)

48. Dbuma

Tsa (105) A 1-221 Tsha (106) B 1-207

5224-5245 5246-5254

Zhu (83) Zu (84) 'U (85)

A 1-154 B 1-201 c 1-241

4788-4830 4831-4935 4936-5012

49. Dbuma

Dza (107)

Yu (86) Ru (87) Lu (88)

A 1-159 B 1-112 c 1-189

5013-5030 5031-5090 5091-5183

Va (108)

A 1-28 A28-236 A236-237 A236-237 B 1-225

5255 5256 5257 5258 5259

50. Dbuma

Zha (109) Za (110)

A 3-257' B 1-255

5259 (bp. 1-54) 5259(bp.55end)

51. Dbuma

'A (111)

A 1-141 A 140-151 A 152-163 A 164-259 A258-259 B 1-21 B20-163 B 162-183 B 182-233 B232-261 B 260-261

5260 5261 5262 5263 5264 5265 5266 5267 5268 5269 5270

Cu (67) 32. Rgyud 'grel

33. Rgyud 'grel

34. Rgyud 'grel

39. Rgyud 'grel

40. Rgyud 'grel

Chu (68) Ju (69)

Reprint Section vol.

44. Sher phyin

Ka (89)

42. Sher phyin

43. Sher phyin

A 1-77 A 76-82 A82-134 A 134-187 Bl-55 B 54-153 c 1-169 c 168-176

5194 5195 5196 5197 5198 5199 5200 5201

Na (100)

A 1-169 A 168-222 A222-229 B 1-245

5202 5203 5204 5205 (bp. 1-23)

Pa (101)

A 1-190

Pha (102)

B 1-206 B 206-209 B208-223

5205(bp.24end) 5206 5207 5208

Ba (103) Ma (104)

A 1-226 B 1-234

5209 5210-5223

Nya (96)

46. Sher phyin

47. Sher phyin

Da (99)

C.2.DBUMA

Ga (91)

A 1-9 A 10-152 B 1-130 B 130-172 c 1-223

5184 5185 5186 5187 5188 (bp. 1-25)

Nga (92)

A 1-225

Ca (93)

B 1-264

5188 (bp. 2650) 5188 (bp. 5174)

Cha (94) Ja (95)

A 1-262 B1-55

Kha (90)

5191 5192 5193

Tha (98)

45. Sher phyin

Reprint page Peking cat. no.

B54-99 B 98-181 B 180-196

Ta (97)

C.1. SHER PHYIN 41. Sher phyin

Volume

5189 5190

Ya (112)

143

A BRIEF GUIDE TO THE GOLDEN T ANJUR

Reprint Section vol.

Volume

52. Dbuma

Ra (113) La (114)

Reprint page Peking cat. no.

A 1-265 B 1-25 B26-205 B 204-251

5271 5272 5273 5274

53. Dbuma

Sha (115) Sa (116)

A 1-215 B 1-207

5275-5282 5283-5289

54. Dbuma

Ha (117) A (118)

A 1-267 B 1-271

5290-5303 5304-5334

55. Dbuma

Ki (119) Khi (120)

A 1-255 B 1-202

5335-5357 5358-5377

Gi (121)

A 1-151

5378-5480

56. Dbuma

Reprint Section vol.

Volume

Reprint page Peking cat. no.

61. Sems tsam

Mi (134) Tsi (135)

A 1-211 B 1-197

Tshi (136)

c 1-8 CB-13 c 12-93 c 93-112

5531 (ch. 1-14) 5531 (ch. 15end) 5532 5533 5534 5535

62. Sems tsam

Dzi (137) Vi (138) Zhi (139)

A 1-207 B 1-141 c 1-165

5536 5537 5538

63. Sems tsam

Zi (140) 'I (141)

A 1-200 B 1-90 890-245

5539 (bp. 1-32) 5539 (bp. 33end) 5540

A 1-17 A 16-35 A36-51 A52-107 A 108-139 A 138-145 A 144-167 B 1-255

5541 5542 5543 5544 5545 5546 5547 5548

A 1-29 A30-81 AB0-133 A 134-207 A206-255 B1-87 B88-224

5549 5550 5551 5552 5553 5554 5555

I (148)

A 1-3 A2-3 A2-7 AB-9 AB-13 A 12-21 A22-99 A 100-108 A 108-109 A 108-127 A 128-147 B1-37 B 38-59 B 58-135 c 1-120

5556 5557 5558 5559 5560 5561 5562 5563 5564 5565 5566 5567 5568 5569 5570

Ku (149)

A 1-181

5571-5586

C.3. MDO TSHOGS Mdotshogs

Ngi (122) Ci (123)

B 1-201 c 1-207

5481-5494 5495

57. Mdo tshogs

Chi (124)

Ji (125)

A 1-52 A 52-191 A 192-223 B 1-211

5496 5497 5498 5499-5510

58. Mdo tshogs

Nyi (126) Ti (127) Thi (128)

A 1-193 B 1-213 c 1-211

5511-5516 5517 (bp. 1-25) 5517 (bp. 2654)

59. Mdo tshogs

Di (129)

A 1-132

Ni (130)

A 132-229 B 1-181

5517 (bp. 55end) 5518 5519

Pi (131)

A 1-221

5520

60. Mdo tshogs

64. Sems tsam

Yi (142)

Ri (143)

65. Sems tsam

Li (144)

Shi (145)

66. Sems tsam

Si (146)

C.4. SEMS TSAM Semstsam

Phi(132)

Bi (133)

B1-24 B24-27 B28-30 B30-33 B32-45 B 46-85 B 86-185 C1-19 c 18-25 c 24-110

5521 5522 5523 5524 5525 5526 5527 5528 5529 5530

Hi (147)

67. Sems tsam In the edition for this study, the first page of volume 50 is replaced by a duplication of the first page of the volume 51 ('A, P 5260). Thus the title page and first four recto folios of Zha, P 5259, are missing.

144

PETER SKILLING

Reprint Section vol.

Volume

Reprint page Peking cat. no.

C.S. MNGON PA Mngonpa

Khu (150)

B1-67 B 68-127 B 128-171 C1-17 c 16-187

5587 5588 5589 5590 5591 (ch. 1-5)

Cu (153)

A 1-71 A 70-201 B 1-229

5591 (ch. 6-9) 5592 5593 (ch. 1-3)

69. Mngonpa

Chu (154) Ju (155)

A 1-249 B 1-264

5593 (ch. 1-9) 5594 (ch. 1-3)

70. Mngonpa

Nyu (156) Tu (157)

A 1-250 B 1-193

5594 (ch. 4-8) 5595 (ch. 1-4)

Thu (158)

A 1-88 A88-176 A 176-195 A 194-245 A246-262 B 1-31 830-165

5595 (ch. 5-9) 5596 5597 5598 5599 5600 5601

A 1-154 A 154-155 A 154-157 A 156-184

5601 (cont.) 5602 5603 5604

Gu (151)

68. Mngonpa

Ngu (152)

Reprint Section vol.

Volume

Reprint page Peking cat. no.

76. 'Dul ba

'U (171) Yu (172)

A 1-205 B 1-201

5621 5621 (cont.)

77. 'Dul ba

Ru (173) Lu (174)

A 1-284 B 1-295

5622 5622 (cont.)

78. 'Dul ba

Shu (175) Su (176) Hu (177)

A 1-195 B 1-245 c 1-209

5623 5623 5625-5628

79. 'Dul ba

u (178)

A 1-186

5629-5649

C.7. SKYES RABS Skyes rabs

71. Mngonpa

Du (159)

80. Skyes rabs

Nu (160)

C.6. 'DULBA 'Dul ba

73. 'Dul ba

74. 'Dul ba

75. 'Dul ba

Pu (161) Phu (162)

Bu (163) Mu (164) Tsu (165)

B 1-175 c 1-65 c 66-193

5605 5605 (cont.) 5606

A 1-203 B 1-203 c 1-113 c 112-175

5607 5607 (cont.) 5607 (cont.) 5608

Tshu (166) A 1-131 A 130-161 A 160-175 A 174-199 A 198-205 Dzu (167) B 1-123 B 124-231

5609 5610 5611 5612 5613 5615 5615

Vu (168) Zhu (169)

5616 5617 5618 5619 5620

Zu (170)

A 1-152 B 1-159 B 160-221 c 1-67 c 66-185

Khe (180)

B 1-91 B 92-239 c 1-141 c 140-161 c 160-183

5650 5651 5652 5653 5654

Ge (181)

A 1-235

5655

C.7. SKYES RABS (cont.) C.B. SPRING YIG Nge (182)

72. Mngonpa

Ke (179)

B 1-285

5656-5699

C.9. TSHAD MA 81. Tshad rna

Ce (183) Che (184)

A 1-339 B 1-229

5700-5717(a) 5717(b)

82. Tshadrna

Je (185) Nye (186)

A 1-239 B 1-211

5718 (bp. 1-31) 5718 (bp. 32end)

83. Tshadrna

Te (187) The (188)

A 1-213 B 1-214

5719 5719 (cont.)

84. Tshad rna

De (189) Ne (190)

A 1-266 B 1-245

5720 (ch. 1) 5720 (ch. 2-4)

85. Tshad rna

Pe (191) Phe (192)

A 1-215 B 1-127 B 126-211

5721 5722 5723 (ch. 1)

86. Tshadrna

Be (193)

A 1-189

Me (194)

B 1-252

5723 (ch. 1, cont.) 5723 (ch. 2)

Tse (195) Tshe (196)

A 1-224 B 1-13 B 12-80 B 80-157 c 1-210

5723 (ch. 3-4) 5724 5725 5726 5727

87. Tshad rna

Dze (197)

A BRIEF GUIDE TO THE GOLDEN TANJUR

Reprint Section vol.

Volume

88. Tshad rna

Ve (198) Zhe (199)

Reprint page Peking cat. no.

A 1-219 B1-30 B 30-77 B 76-83 B 82-85 B 84-149 B 148-263

5728 5729 5730 5731 5732 5733 5734

89. Tshad rna

Ze (200) 'E (201)

A 1-274 B 1-89 B 88-250

5735-5763 5764 5765

90. Tshad rna

Ye (202) Re (203)

A 1-258 B 1-227

5765(cont.) 5766

C.10. SGRA RIG PA Le (204) She (205)

91. Sgra rig pa

A 1-211 B 1-211

Reprint Section vol.

93. Gso ba rig pa

94. Gso ba rig pa

Se (206)

Go (211)

He (207)

5795 5796 5797 5798 5799 5799 (cont.)

E (208) Ko (209)

A 1-197 B 1-237

5800 5800 (cont.)

Kho (210)

A 1-219 A 220-241

5800 (cont.) 5801

B 1-241

5802-5832

C.14. NGO MTSHAR(cont.) 95. Ngo rntshar

Ngo (212) Co (213) Cho (214)

A 1-191 B 1-218 c 1-229

5833-5844 5845 5845 (cont.)5851

96. Ngo rntshar

Jo (215) Nyo (216)

A 1-216 B 1-293

5852-5863 5864-5874

97. Ngo rntshar

To (217) Tho (218)

A 1-241 B 1-345

5875 (ch. 1-2) 5875 (ch. 3-8)

98. Ngo rntshar

Do (219) No (220)

A 1-207 B 1-284

5876-5883 5884-5896

99. Ngo rntshar

Po (221) Pho (222)

A 1-226 B 1-231

5897-5908 5909-5913

100. Ngo rntshar

Bo (223)

A 1-20 A20-167 B 1-162 B 162-214

5914 5915 5915 (cont.) 5916-5962

5767-5786 5787-5794

A1-7 A6-9 A8-11 A 10-213 A212-268 B 1-295

Reprint page Peking cat. no.

C.12. BZO RIG PA C.13. THUN MONG BA LUGS KYI BSTAN BCOS C.14. NGO MTSHAR

C.11. GSO BA RIG PA 92. Gso barigpa

Volume

145

Mo (224)

DKARCHAG 100. Dkar chag

Tso (225)

C1-97

N/A

146

PETER SKILLING

ENDNOTES

1 Dates are those of completion, based in the main on J. Samten Shastri and J. Russell, "Origins of the Tibetan Canon with Special Reference to the Tshal pa Kilnjur (1347-1349)", in Buddhism and Science, Tongyuk University, Seoul, 1987, pp. 763-781. The Cone date (1772) is that of completion of the Kilnjur itself, rather than that of the Dkar chag (1773). The Peking date is uncertain. On the basis of textual comparison, C. Vogel has argued that the date of completion must be later than that of the Narthang, i.e. later than 1742: see C. Vogel, Vtigbhata's A?ftiizgahrdayasalflhitti, Wiesbaden, 1965, pp. 23-24 and p. 32 n. 2. For Kilnjur-Tanjur dates, cf. also The Nyingma

Edition of the sDe dge bKil'-'gyur and bsTan'gyur, Berkeley, 1981, map entitled "Bka'' gyur /Bstan-' gyur Editions", frontispiece to vol. 101, and chart entitled "Blockprint Editions of the bi