Journal of the Siam Society; 53

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VOWME UU PART l

JANUARY

THE

;JOURNAl.. OF THE

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TB)D SIAM SOOlETY His Majestytb'el{ing Ber Maj(!sty the Que~n Her Majesty Que~n· Ramb~li B11rni ·· ;Her Ro~al:Highile~s the ,Princess o£ Songkhla •· f{is-MiJ~sty I,\:ip:g.FrederikJX of Denmark· · !.'.:'· '. ., . ,·, • , /"' ,< "• '•, :' '·: ' ''I

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VOWME LIII PART 1

JANUARY 1965

THE

J

URNAL OF THE

BANGKOK

2508

TABLE OF CONTENTS ,JANUARY :l..IHH'i

VOLU.!VIE LIII PART 1

Page

Articles H.G. Quaritch Wales

Muang Bon, A Tawn of Northern Dvaravati

Professor Gordon H. Luce

Dvaravatz and Old Burma

10

John H. Brandt

The Southeast Asian Negrito

27

Thamsook Nurnnonda

The Anglo-Siamese Secret Convention of I 8D7

45

H.H. Prince Dhaninivat, Kromarnun Bidyalabh

Hide Figures of the Ramakien

61

Notes : W at Sijum, Sriraja, Lavo

67

Phya Anuman Rajadhon

Data on Conditioned Poison

69

Larry Sternstein

'K.rung K.ao' : The Old CajJital of Ayutthaya

83

Book Review

Larry Sternstein

Text-Book Thailand

Rece11t Siamese Publications :

123

D.

318.

Attributes of His Holiness Kromsanulecfna Param'iinujit

127

319.

Letters to a friend during the state visit of their Majesties to America

128

320. Their Majesties' Official Visits to Pakistan and Malaya

129

321. The Story of the Sihala Image

130

MUANG BON, A TOWN OF NORTHERN DV ARA v ATi by

'J(.r:J. Qrwritdz, C(Q)alcs In a previous article in this journal 1 I called attention to the correct location of Williams-Hunt's supposed most easterly "metropolis", which is really situated ncar Ban Bon, on the left bank of the Menam Chao Phya, some twenty miles south of Nnkhon Sawan ( Paknampo ). Further work with modern maps enabled me to plot its position more exactly, as shown on the accompanying sketch-map (Fig. 1 ). It lies about three miles south of r'yuhagiri, the main north-south highway running alongside the other rampart. Consequently it proved to be easily accessible. It is rather surprising that it should have remained so long unknown, except or course to the Ban Bon villagers, some of whom realized that the cat'lh works were the ramparts of an ancient town. MLiang Bon (Fig. 2 ), as the site may be called, has town status by reason of its extensive outer enclosure, though it is smaller than I had originally judged from the air photograph. The internal diameter of the circular inner enclosure i:s only about 300 yards, that of an average circular site on the Korat plateau, the total length of the outer enclosure being about 1000 yards. Each enclosure has a ~ingle moat, now dry, averaging some 35 yards wide, and in the case of the outer one often obliterated by agriculture. A small tributary of the Menum running west of the outer rampart would have provided a good water supply, and may have communicated with the moat. It would seem that multiple moats and ramparts were not needed even i 11 the smaller settlements of central Siam, as they were on the Korat plateau where the people must have been much more exposed to the danger of attack. It was during the first week of February 1964 that my wife and I were enabled by the kind co-operation of Khun Dlmnit Yupho, Director~General of the Fine Arts Department, to visit this site and ----·--·--·""·-~~-- ....... ~-.~

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1 H.G. Quaritch "Wales, "An Early Duddhist Civilization in Eastern Siam ", J.S.S., Vol. XLV. 1957, p. 5G.

2

H.G. QUAHITCH WALES

carry out some trial excavations. In this undertaking we were aided by two members of the Department, Khun Mali Koksanfia and Khun Raphisak Jaiwal, who proved most helpful. The inner enclosure has a rampart outside the moat (Fig. 3 ); but not one inside it, as appeared from the air photograph, this appearance having been given by a ring of vegetation. The rampart, some 20 yards broad at the base, stands at present about six feet higher than the level of the ground in the enclosure. Traces of bricks were seen at several places on the earth rampart when we walked round, and at one point on the south they seemed to be of some depth, a trench revealing laid bricks in two or three courses. I am unable to say what was the purpose of this brickwork. Gaps indicated the positions of former gateways at the cardinal points. The one on the south showed earth abutments, jutting out from each bank of the moat, which would have supported a bridge. The interior of the inner enclosure was bare, except for occasional trees and patches of scrub, most of it having been under bean cultivation. Potsherds were frequently to be seen on the surface, and were particularly abundant in the south-eastern part. So it was here that I made arrangements with the owner of the land to make trial excavations quite near to the moat, while about ten Ban Bon villagers were engaged to work for us. Meanwhile we were shown a more or less surface find, which had come to light when the ground was being tilled in this area, and it certainly excited my interest. This was a rather unusual terracotta votive tablet, a little over two inches high, embossed on one side with a representation of the abi§ekha of Sri (Fig. 4 A), a well-known Buddhist motif, which is found for example on a Wheel of the Law from Nakhon Pathom. On the reverse of the tablet (Fig. 4 B) there is a figure seated in the attitude of royal ease which, despite its weathering, seems to show a laudable freedom and mastery of design. The owner of the land where we were to dig mentioned that "enough beads to make a necklace" had been found after rain, but he had given them to children who had lost them. From his descrip-

' Fig. 1.

Sketch·map showing position of Miiang Bon.

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Mru;s

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c

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I /

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Oo

31)

./

Fig. 2. Outline of Miiang Bon (based on an air photograph at the Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford.) 1-4 positions of gateways ; A, inner enclosure excavation; B, outer enclosure excavations; C, inscribed stone found here; lJ, approxnnate vusiuon of stiipas.

Fig.

Fig. 4.

:l.

Miiang Bon: rnmpart and moat of inner enclosure.

Votive tablet from inner encLosure of Mi.iang Bon.

( 1\uthor'N

phol.o1~raphl

CFrom sketches made by f\:hun Raphisak).

Fig. 5.

Mi.iang Bon: inner enclosure trial excavation.

Fig. 6.

Examples of sherds.

(Author's photograph)

(Author's photograph)

\tijA\l; llll:\, .I TOll N OF \O!l!IIF!l\

1>\ :i"ILIUJ'J

:;

tion I should think they were common Kuala Sclinsing types, such as have also been found at U T'ong. :~ A trial trench 23 feet long was dug at right nngles to the moat, and ending 15 feet from it. Later this trench was extended right to the moat and the pottery deposits were found to continue to within six feet of the sloping edge of the moat. The upper six inches in the trench consisted of soil disturbed by agriculture, with few sherds. Below this was a layer of about 18 inches or undisturbed soil, with potsherds, animal bones etc; that is to say the bottom of the habitation level was about two feet beneath present ground level. A second trench was then dug parallel to the first, about nine feet from it. Then the intervening block (Fig. 5) was carefully cleared down to natural soiL first the six inches of disturbed soil, then the 18 inches with undisturbed deposits, which showed no stratification.

The slierds were of coarse reddish and greyi~h wares, some with simple impressed ornament (rigs. 6, 7, 8 ), while only a very small proportion was cord-marked. The sherds were on the whole very different from those previously found at the circular sites on the Korat plateau.:; The site \vas probably not inhabited much af'ter the Xth century A.D., since no gla;.cd pottery or porcelain was found. ft is important to place the~c sherds on record against the time when documented material may be obtained !'rom many other Dvuravati sites. Only then will it be possible to sec what conclusions may emerge from their comparative st.udy. Besides the shcrds there were also occasional pot-lid knobs, spouts and pottery counters. An iron knife blade was found at a depth or 14 in., and another at 15 in. At ll in. was found a small tin ring, probably f'rom a fishing net, and at 18 in. were found two broken portions of stone saddlc-qucrns and a rubber, similar to others that have been found at Dvrira vali' sites. Potsherds were also seen on the surface in many parts of the outer enclosure. I decided to dig a trial trench (about 10 ft. long) at a convenient spot some thirty yards south-east of the inner cnclo2 It may here be mentioned that at nnother D1·:iravmi site, Ku B11a, I\atburi, a collection of such glass bends, plus a few carnelian and other stone barrel bends, all found locally, are now preserver! nt 'Vat Khan ( Sitr~ 18 ), Kij Bun, 3 J.S.S. Joe. cit., Figs. l'lll'l' or pygrnnid t'ilaritcll:ri:.ti•.:·, in ·"me SPuth American Indian vr!IIIJ"' vaguely indie~dcd pu·.:.ihk· carl:. P~Tillllid vi~.itation. While tilt: rcmainill)' Auslral(lid-0k!'l'•>id · V.Clc nradllally being pu:,hcd inl11 l ht: 11\llt:r Cd)!e:; of the t'tllltinent. 111 ;th·.~~~ hed. till: much later Mnllf'Ploith replal:ed them not ''nly in A'>1;1 h11t llli)•rated on lP bccnrnc the Amerit.·an lndiatt~; \ll' tlttLt\'.

1 1 . dt., p. 201 and Wood, op. cit., p. 53) nor remarkable assertions to this effect (see Graham, A.W., ,)'iam, vol. 1, 1924. p. 28 and Tri Amatyakul, The Thai Guide Boull: llyudh:ya, oj>. dt ., pp. 4-5 or Guide to llyudh:ya and Bang·Pa-In, oj>. cit., pp. 5·6 ).

34. 'Ayutthaya' is the official modern English equivalent of the Thai name.

In

addition to the many variants which resemble this rendering C e.g. ' Ayulhia ' or 'Ayuddhya' ), 'Odia' (occasionally • Odiaa' ) '.Tudela' Coccasionally' Judea', 'Judia ', 'Juthia ', 'Juthya ',or' Hudia') 'Iudia' Coccasionally misprinted C?) ' India ' on maps ) and ' Siam ' ( occasionally ' Siaam ' ) were used by European writers of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. A number of infrequently used variants gleaned from the maps of this period are given by Wheatley (see The Golden K.hersonese, 1961, p. 235, footnote 3 ), and Anderson ( oj>. cit., p. 18) includes a partial list of early works in which several of the principal variants are to be found. 35. See Frankfurter, op. cit., pp. 4G·8 and Wood, a}'· r/t., pp. 71-2 and 81.. 36. See, for example, Wood, of'· cit., chaps. 5-1.4.

92

Lari' y Sternsteiti

extension of Burmese suzerainty throughout the Kingdoi11 durirtg the period A.D.l569 to c.1585; 37 and had been reduced to a 'second capital' under Phitsanulok during the period A.D. 1463 to 1488 after constant incursions from Chiengmai prompted Rama Boromo Trailokanat to establish the capital in a position from which retaliation was more easily effected.ss Further, to the bloody intrigue involved in the enthronement of twenty-seven kings was added the diplomatic crises which developed from the cut-throat competition of Indian, Arab, Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese, Dutch, English and French factors as their governments' everchanging interrelationships.3 9 However, though the cumulated construction of three and a half centuries had wrought 37. Important, though unsuccessful sieges were engineered by the Burmese CPeguans ) in A.D. 1549, 1564, 1568 and 1586; the Cambodians also laid siege in 1570 and 1575. See Frankfurter, op. cit., jmssim, Wood, oj;. cit., pp. 108-57 and Hall, Oj>. cit., pp. 207-23. 38. See Frankfurter, oj>. cit., pp. 49 and 5!, Wood, op. cit., p. 88 and Hall, oj>. cit;., p. 157. 39. The seizing of Malacca in 1511, then a nominal vassal of the Thai king, led to a treaty in 1516 which permitted the Portuguese to trade at Ayutthaya and several of the peninsula ports. The Dutch East India Company did not·begin trading at Ayutthaya until almost a century later, in 1608 (though their factory at Pattani. a nominal Thai vassal, was opened in 1602 ), by which time Portugal had been united with Spain for some thirty years and their efforts in the East seem to have developed a more religious, less commercial bent. C Though a Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Spanish Crown and Thailand was concluded in 1598, nothing seems to have come of it). Four years later the English East India Company was permitted to trade at Ayutthaya, being granted a plot of land close to that occupied by the Dutch Company. The Japanese, in the main religious refugees, had been allotted a 'quarter' by King Ekat'otsarot about five years previously. The first visit of French clergy in 1662, though unpremeditated, led to the establishment in Ayutthaya of the French Catholic Mission's headquarters for the propagation of the faith in the East, in 1664. Though the Mission attempted at the outset to interest the French Court in a trading venture at Ayutthaya, the French East India Company did not settle agents there until 1682, at which time political circumstances were such that they were especially favoured by being granted a' ramshackle house on the south side of the island', that is, within the city walls. (See Hutchinson, E.W., Adventurers in Siam in the Seventeent:h Century, 1940, chaps. 2 through 4; Wood, op. cit., chaps. 7 and 11 through 13; Hall, op. cit., chaps. 12 and 18 ). Arabs appear to have been trading at Ayutthaya in the 16th century (see Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese, OfJ. cit., p. 235 ) , and Indian and Chinese merchants were probably in residence when the city was founded-a Chinese section apparently being recognizable early in the 16th century (see Skinner, G.vV., Chinese Society in Thailand, 1957, p. 3 ).

'KiiUNG KAO': !'HE OLD CAPITAL OF AYUTTHAYA

93

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massive change in its appearance, that much had been, if not unaltered, but little affected during this period, is evident from contemporary description. In fact, brief general descriptions of Ayutthaya, while not numerous, are available from about the mid-16th century,4° but only three eyewitness accounts merit especial attention: Fernao Mendez Pinto's of about 1545; 41 Joost Schouten's of 1636;42 and John Albert de Mandelsloe's of 1637. 43 Pinto's description gathers value more from its antiquity than from its content-in truth, there appears to have been no attempt to describe the town per se-but in several instances what has been noted is useful in endeavouring to indicate the evolution of late-17th century Ayutthaya. Mandelsloe's description is useful for several remarks concerning the inhabitants, remarks which will be referred to during the discussion of the Ayutthaya of a halfcentury later, but, otherwise his observations follow those of Schouten so closely as to arouse the suspicion that the latter's contribution was 40. See, for example, Balbi, G., 'His Voyage to Pegu, and observations there, gathered out of his own Italian Relation, A.D. 1583'. Punolws His Pilgrimes, vol. 10, 1905, chap. 5, p. 163; Chevalier de Chaumont, A., Relation de l'ambassade de 1\1.onsieur le Che·valier de Chaumont ala Coil/' d1t Roy, 1G86; Tavernier, J.B., Tavernier's Travels in India, tr. from the French eel. of 1676, val. 2, 1889, chap. 18, pp. 288-96; van Vliet, J.. 'Deseription of the Kingdom of Siam', tr. von Ravenswaay, .Journal of the Siam Society, val. 7, 1910, pp. 12-19 and82-3. 41. In the Peregrina~am, 1558, but particularly in a long letter written in 1554 from

Malacca to the Society of Jesus in Lisbon-Christovam Ayres, Fern7w Mendez Pinto, Subsidios etc., Lisbon, 1904, Appendix B. See The Voyages and Adventures of Ferdinand Mende.z Pinto, The Porlt(guese, tr. of the PeregTinaqam by H. Cogan. 1663, abridged version, 1890; Colli~, M., The Grand Pereg1·ination, 1949; de Campos, J., 'Early Portuguese Accounts of Thailand; Selected Articles front the Siam Society .Journal, vel. 7, 1959, pp. 211-37. 42. Schouten, J. and Caron, F., A True Descrij•tion 1~{ the Mighty Kingdoms of .lajJan and Siarn, 1671, pp. 124·25. 43. de Mandelsloe, J.A., 'The remaining Voyages of John Albert de Mandelsloe, through the Indies, including his Descriptions of Countries, historical Remarks upon several Nations, and his Observations on the Commerce of the Portuguese, English, and Dutch at that Time, HaTris' Comj>lete Culleclion of Voyages and Travels, 1744, pp. 781-82.

94

Larry Sternstein

firmly in mind. Schouten, resident at Ayutthaya for eight years and manager of the Dutch East India Company's factory from 1633 to 1636 saw 'The City of Iudica [Ayutthaya_], the Metropolis of the King and his chiefest Nobles ... situate upon the River Menam !:Chao Phraya]' as ... a little round Island, encompassed with a thick stone wall, about six English miles round ... [with] Suburbs ... on the other side of the River, closely builded, and full of Temples and Cloysters, lying in a flat fruitful Country. The Streets of the walled Town are many of them large, straight and regular, with channels running through them, although for the most part of small narrow Lanes, Ditches, and Creeks most confusedly placed; the Citizens have an incredible number of small Boats ... which come to their very doors, especially at floods and high water. The building of the Houses is ... slight, and covered with Tiles; but the City is beautified with more than three hundred fair Temples and Cloysters, all curiously builded, and adorned with many gilded Towers,· Pyramids, and Pictures without number. The King's Palace is seated upon the River, resembling a little Town apart great and magnificent, many of its Buildings and Towers being entirely gilded. and he thought the city 'admirable', 'perfectly well seated' 'populous to a wonder' and 'impregnable as not to be besieged but six months in a year, by reason of the inundations of the River .... ' 41 Schouten's exuberance doubtless owes something to his most successful term as manager, during which he directed construction of the permanent Dutch factory; a structure which, while basically similar to other such establislunents, appears to have been as sumptuous as those of the Ayutthayan nobility: There is an excellent building, rather large, with high ceilings, roomy and well-designed store-houses behind it. The building itself has a double gabled front with a lot of carved wood decorations over doors and windows .... protected by bars against robbers! The walls are of baked bricks and .... thick, 4~. Schon ten, of'· cit., pp. 12~-25.

'Kl\UNG KAO' :THE OLD CAPITAL llJ. cit., p. 42. -19. Gervaise, oj>. cit., P· 15. A number of observers have, quite naturally, compared Ayutthaya and then Bangkok. with the canalized Adriatic port. Pinto appears to have been the first; referring to the Thai capital as the ' Venice of the East' in a letter to the Society of Jesus in Lisbon in 1554 (of>. cit.,),

·khUNG KAO': 'l'HE OLD CAPI'I'AL OF A\'UTT!IAYA

besides several small ones. The first is furnished with Cannon against the Ships coming up. 50 All vessels moor there because at that point the river forms a wide basin extremely useful and convenient for repairing ships ... 51 To fence the City-wall against the wasting of the current, a narrow bank, or key is left, which is built upon in many places.5 2 The first siege of Ayutthaya, in 1549, though unsuccessful, apparently stimulated preparations for another. Immediately afterward work began on a wall and fortifications of brick and mortar, which to judge from the description that ' The brick formed the surface while the inter spaces were filled with mud and broken brick ' 53 - apparently encased the previous, perhaps raised, wall of mud. While Wood 54 and Chakrabongse 55 maintain that these defences were dismantled following the successful attack by the Burmese in 1569, Frankfurter, 56 Phya Boranrajadhanin57 and Tri Amatyaku1 58 indicate that they were not; however, whatever the case, King Maha T'ammaraja convinced the Burmese, then suzerains of Ayutthaya, of the necessity for the erection of new fortifications in order to withstand Cambodian attack. A major feature of this renovation, which occurred about 1580, was the re-erection of the east wall nearer the west bank of the Pasak river, eliminating a strip of land which had previously been of service to besieging forces. Ayutthaya's fortifications ( as well as those of several other centres ) were being remodelled at the time of the above description, that is, late in the 17th century, under the capable direction of a member of 50. Kaempfer, ojJ. cit., p. 42. 51. Gervaise, op. cit, p. 16-17. 52. Kaempfer, oj>. cit., p. 42. 53. Tri Amatyakul, The Thai Guide J3ooll: Ayudhya, op. cit., p. 12 or Guide to, flyudhya and Bang-Pa-In, oj>. cit., p. 14, after Phya 13oranrajadhanin, op. t'ii., p. 33. 54. Op. cit., p. 126. 55. Op. cit., p. 43. 56. Op. cit., p. 58. 57. Op. cit., p. 32. 58. The Thai Guide Boo!1: Ayudhya, op. dt., pp. 12-13 or Guide to Ayudhya and Bang-Pa-In, op. cit., pp. 14·15.

tarry Sternsteiri

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the French Jesuit Mission-the Italian, Father Thomas Valguarneirato incorporate elements of more sophisticated European design; in particular, bastions were erected to command the river approach-see figure 2. 59 Considering the bigness of the City, it is not very populous60 ... scarce the sixth part thereof is inhabited, and that to the South-East only. The rest lies desart where the Temples only stand61 ... [and] there are abundance of empty spaces and large gardens behind the streets, wherein they let nature work, so that they are full of Grass, Herbs, Shrubs and Trees, that grow wild. 62 The Streets run in a straight line along the Canals; some of them tolerably large63 •.. and in some places planted with Trees, and paved with Bricks laid edgewise .... 6'1 but the greater part very narrow, and all, generally speaking foul and dirty: some also are overflow'd at high water ... and towards the South by reason of the morassy ground ... people make shift to get upon planks, or paltry bridges ... The first Street upon entering the City [from the bastion at the southeastern corner] is that which runs Westward along the turning of the Wall: it bath the best Houses, amongst which are those, that formerly belonged to the English, Dutch, and French ... The middle Street, which runs North towards the Court, is best inhabited, and full of shops of Tradesmen, Artificers ... Han. f 65 drcra tmen ... and squares for the markets. These markets are held every day, in the evening and in the morning. They are especially full of fish, eggs, fruit, vegetables and innumerable other merchandise ... Crowds of people so throng these 59. See Wood, op. cit.; pp. 195-96 and Hutchinson, OjJ. cit, p. 91. 60. Kru:mpfer, OjJ. cit., _P· 42. The two independent estimates of the population in 168D-500,000 from mformation contained in de Voogd, ojJ. cit. and 250,000 to 500,000 quoted by Gervaise, op. cit., p. 17-may be considered either remarkably

similar or r~ther dissimilar, but even the most divergent figures are of the same ~ross magmtude; and though an estimate of close to half a million may appear tmmod_erate, one of less than a quarter of a million seems improbable. However, th:se figur~s have resulted from a great deal of supposition frorn a 1neagre amount of mformat10n.

61. !a Loubere, ojJ, cit., p. 6. 63. Kaernpfer, oj>. cit., p. 44.

G:l. Ibid., p. 42. fi1. Ia Loubhe, oj>. cit., p. 6. 5. Kaempfer, oj>. cit., pp, 42-44.

'KHUN(; KAO': THE OLD CAPITAL OF AYUTTHAYA

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market places that, at times, it is almost impossible ... to pass along.66 In both these Streets are seen above one hundred Houses belonging to the Chinese, Hindostanians, and Moors [Arabs] ... They are all built alike of Stone, very small, being but eight paces [twelve meters?] in length, four [six meters?] in breadth and of two Stories, yet not above two Fathoms and a half [four meters] high. They are covered with flat tiles, and have large doors ... The rest of the Streets are less inhabited, and the Houses of ordinary Inhabitants are but mean and poor cottages, built of Bambous ... and boards, and carelessly cover'd with Gabbe' Gabbe', Branches and leaves of Palm Trees ... 67 but surrounded with pretty large Grounds... The Piles on which they are erected to avoid the Inundation, are Bambous as thick as one's Leg ... There never is more than four or six, on which they do lay other Bambou's across instead of Beams. The Stairs are a Ladder of Bambou, which hangs on the outside ... And by reason that their Stables are also in the Air, they have Climbers made of Hurdles, by which the Cattle enter therein.6S The Mandarins or Ministers of State and Courtiers live in separate palaces, with Courtyards to them, which are very dirty. The Buildings in general, though rais'd with Lime and Stone are but indifferent, and the apartments neither clean, nor well furnisb'd. The booth, or Shops of the town are low, and very ordinary, however they stand in good order, and in a straight line, as the Streets are.69 One single story sufficeth them; and I am persuaded that this manner of building is more commodious to them than ours; seeing that they are not strained for room ( ... and they take it where they please) and seeing they build with those slight materials, which every one takes at pleasure in the Woods, or which he buys at a low rate of him that has been there to take them. Nevertheless it is reported that the reason why their Houses have but one Story, is that no Person may be higher in 66. 67. 68. 69.

Gervaise, Oj>. cit., p. 17. Kaempfer. of'· r'it., p. 44. Ia Loubere, of'· cit .. p. 29. Kaempfer, oj>. cit., p. 44.

Larry StertHltt:in

]()l)

his own House than the King of ,~ 1;t.:r with ... Tin ... ur with Tiles varnished with ~·.:lh1w... But tl111 there appears not any Gold in the Palace of Siam tin the •Htbide, and there is but little gilding on the iw;idL:. yt:! tilt:y fail not l!l call it ... the Golden Palace, bccathe tht:y pivc ptilll!Hllls name.' to every thing which they horwur ... Tl!at whkh ... makes: their! real dignity ... is that althu tiler\.' i:• ll•' tll\H\~ than one st11ry, yet they arc not all level... The Ronf:; art: all high·ridu.ed, but the one is lower thun the uther: as it C•IV\~1'·· a part luwa than another. And a lower Rout' :icenh lu cunJL: PUt rr,,m a higher Roof'. and the highest to bear , 111 the ln'.'.T~it, 1ike a Saddle, tlw J'orl:-bow of which bears on the himl-pan of another ... this inequality of the Ruul"s ... d~:th1te·; grandcm, in lh. cit:. p. 782. 89. !a Loubere, ojJ. cit .• p. 71. 90. English and Dutch factors in Thailand ware able to dispo~e little else besides various Indian 'cloths' ; see letters quoted by Hutchinwn. op. cit .• p. 51 and Nunn, W .• 'Some Notes upon the Development of the Commerce of Siam.' Jott,nwl of the Siam Society, vol. 15, part 2. 19!!2, p. 21 apparently predominantly residential, can hardly be considered other than a paltry 'commercial core'. However, it may well have been adequate considering the peculiar nature of Thai trade. By way of introduction to his study nl' the et:lHlOmy of Thailand during the past century, Ingram considers the economy in 1850 and remarks that Siam appears to have occupied the position of an entrcp(lt for the trade of the South China Sea. Goods were collected and shipped to Bangkok from the Malay Peninsula, India, Cambodia, Manila, and other ncar-by places, after which they were shipped out again to China and Japan. Similarly, gouds from China and Japan were brought to Bungkok and then distributed to other countries ... We can only conjecture about why and how Siam came to fill this role. The sailing range or the junks may have had something to do with it, and so might the attitude or the Chinese toward foreign trade. In any case, the picture of Bangkok as an entrep!it .even in a minor way .".offers a startling contrast to her lutcr pa~sivc role in foreign trade. 96 If Bangkok's role as an entrcpM in the mid-19th century causes

surprise, that Ayutthaya previously performed this function even in a minor way-must verge on the inconceivable. But Ayutthaya's reputation as an ' emporium of the East ' ( however ill-deserved ) rests largely upon her role as a focus for the truns-shipmcnt uf goods between Europe/India and China/ Japan during the fairly frequent and relatively prolonged peaceful interludes of the 16th and 17th centuries; further, this function appears to have been fulfilled, albeit in a minor way and intermittently, from the very inception of this capital which, of course, was coincident with the abandonment of overland routes following the deterioration of Mongol power. The nature of the Chinese junk traffic appears a major factor in the development of the Ayutthaya entrepot; the continued importance of 95. Ingram, J.C., Economic Change in Thailand Since 1850, 1955, p. 26.

[()\)

this lrafli~: at mid-lllth l.:'cntury must cunlirm Ingram's conjecture regarding BangLnk·~ fullilhm:nt 111" this same role.

Long hcfurl.' Ayutthaylwcnlinked with 'lung Tlik ... a small island or high sand lnmk situated llrag.c junk~;

hrmnd for ~.out h!.!rn ports, like Pattani, to take advantage of tr:tding. !)tlssihilitics \It Ayutthayu by a simple detout' ulong the twi:-.ting Chan Phraya. Wlmtcver effect the royal trading moiwpolic) (intrndm·t•d timing the reign of King Prasat T'ong, 1630-55) had upon the level 11r trade, that certain commodities, for example, tin, had to he dep11:-.itcd in the king's storehouses at Ayutthaya prior to e.xporn::• 1 nn douht l'mthcr 'cn~:ouragcd' the re-routcing of traffic to the capital. It was to tap the China trade that the Dutch, and the English after them, first set up f:ttl\lt':> in Ayutthaya early in the 17th century. Furni\'al's 'The English, like the Dutch before them, were tempted tu explore the Irrawaddy route to China, but found it unattractive. The main interest of both English and French wus in Siam, where they cmlld lwpc to cut into the China trade and could join forces with the native pirates and smugglers of spices ',121 while uneonccrncd with ni~o:cty of fact presumably in the interest of brevity yet contains a germ of truth. Blankwaardt after ·what np· pears to have been an c:xhaustivc survey of Dutch/Siamese relations, notes that, in I MU. the Dutch wen: •well cstnblishccl in Patnni, which was conliidercd ... the " Door for China and Japan", and they were thinking nf making it their ··general rendez-vous". It was known however that the King uf Siam ... was doing a lively trade with Chinn and principally with the object 111' getting in touch with that country, we find in I(,()J, the Manager of' Pattani ... on a tour of investigation in Ayuthia. and the next year Admiral van Warwyck himself went there to !ieck the King·~ as\'iistancc'. 1:!:!. The Minutes of the Dutch East India Cwnpany fur the 5th September 1609 provide the record of u resolution ' by the I.\lrds Seventeen that this fleet shall embark the Embassy from th~.: King of Siam ... to the end that a trade may b~ fostered with China thmugh the favtlllr of the King ?f Siam '.lcrcpam:ic.;, bci\\Ccn a c:apital as cuntci\'ed in Buddhist doctrine am! thc lhai capital appear to have evolved more from the rationalizin~ l•l" privr gcum;m!ic dccbions, in consequence of site peculiaritil's anti the d;;w~lnt,~ milieu, than from any gross inability to confirm these prim:ipks or indif(crcncc. Yet, even Ayutthuya's carefully pl>i~cd · yin-yang· Wa)o. shaken by a stubborn Burmese investmcm, maintained. dc•;pitc tlnml periods. for nearly two years, and finally. during, the ni~1h1 ~·f the 7th of April 1767 the capital was taken.H•i But In the mid:.l t»f tht~i:· cnjnymcrll in celebration of the conquest ... the cummandcr-in-t:hicr Ncmyo Thihapatc, .. [informed] his ttfficcrs that new·; had been rct.:civcd that the Chinese Emperm· had ~.ctH a \'a:..t army. , . to invade Burma; and that their l·Hi. !:kh.. utt•n ( "/'·, ,f,, L: • li!HI 1·1111 '""'Itt• hit•,· vt:Hr'• t•arlier. in thp ltarly 1()30'H, e~lirontnl liw m•mlw• "' m t\'illl!lwy:t at • IIIUI't~ than thnK' huncln•cl' tllf• • p. '/H:~ ) ,

1111'1

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'a! Jr,lol ~~oirt:; li~tlli•,JIIIIj' (oil' :\{awf!·J~Jnt• !'U!ICIII"Ii 1 ~~C II}>• d/.,

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£ • l Sn•' ,I, . ''IIIII 1:/ the /·,'r~ '•I lwlit·s, \•ul. :!, I!J:lO, p. 8H ) 111 A::nllli:tv;l 111 1'."11.1. t•, k"nnl lli.11 llw!•' Wt'll' '1w h.•so; thau fifty tlwusnnd Ch!t~:•.lllt•u .. , 111 ,!Uri i!l.!i•,Jl tlw t 'it:.' .

l'Jii 1Jmll1g tb· IJ•H•i•l!•,j t!n,,,. 'lll·•~l!·h 11! ,,,,,.ll!lli'Y pnrviou•·· that h1:3S among them the 'many members of the Royal Family' 156 whom Phya Tak found at Ayutthaya when he 'liberated' it but six months later, the city may well have been depopulated more as a result of the decision to relocate the capital than from losses suffered during siege and removals effected by the Burmese.

155. Luang Phraison Salurnk, uj•. cit., p. 5:J. The Burmese historians' figure for the number of families removet! ..-HHi,lOO-is contested' because even calculating the modest average of three personR to a family, the number ... taken away would amount to :Hl:!,:JOO souiH'; an incredible figure, particularly in that the Siame~e version contends that 'about 200,000 Siamcsl~ died during the two years' inva~ion ... induding thnRc killed . . . ancl those who died of disease w1d starvution~ ', so that ' tlwn! could not possibly have been u very large population ldt in the l'ity '. Further, 'The Siamese history admits that about 30,000 pdsoncrH of wur ... were talwn awuy, which figure is more reasonable ... ' ( i/1id., pp. 11:!.:l ). However a~:rccablc this argument appears, during times uf siege the mu'l'ourHiing populatiun and armil~M rniscd in other parts of the kingdom were gathen!d in and immediately around the capital, so that an almorrnully large number of [)(.~uple would have been at 1\yutthnya. How 'abnormally large', is, of wurst!, not known, but in thut Burmese historians' total is based upon the upportioning of prisoner~; to . dt., p. 252.

BOOK REVIEW Text-Book Thailand

Unlike E.H.G. Dobby ( So.utheast Asia, University of London Press Ltd., London, 7th Ed., 1960, 415 pp.) C.A. Fisher has not explicitly stated that the aim of South-east Asia (Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, 1964, 831 pp.) was to 'provide the student with a basic text and at the same time stimulate the sociologist, the administrator, the politician and the businessman to see the relation of their work to the general field'. Perhaps the author believed-and quite rightly-that Soutlz-east Asia's 'text-book' character being self-evident, a statement to this effect could scarcely fail of being redundant. Certainly anyone who has satisfied even a casual interest in this fascinating part of the world previous to a reading of Professor Fisher's book will come away from it more in wonder than in wisdom. In general plan South-east Asia is much the same as Southeast Asia: first the 'region • is considered in broad physical and cui tural aspect, each political unit is then discussed in greater detail and finally, this hazy corner between India and China is placed in world perspective. Consequently, both books grant Thailand the benefit of an appreciation on several levels of generalization. The 'expert', of course, pales at the grossness of even that consideration given Thailand as an entity unto itself, but to damn these contributions for failing to titillate the informed is hardly warranted if, as seems obvious, this was not the audience intended. Indeed, criticism, if it is to be constructive, must be concerned with the value for the layman. And the synthesis of a great mass of unobtainable or too technical literature into a clear and comprehensible,' widely disseminated essay must be accounted n signal service-the worth of a 'text'. Unfortunately, the Dobby and Fisher syntheses, being based almost wholly upon available readable secondary sources-in the latter's text this reliance reaches remarkable proportions and even readily obtainable statistical data are so referred-cannot lay claim to such an accomplishment. In fact, Fisher goes so far as to express his conviction in the likelihood of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development's A Public Development Program for Thailand (Baltimore, 1959, 301 pp. )-as

12·1

Lnny StcrnHtein

glossy a study as could be imagined rt.'maining ·a maj,,r work of reference for many years'. Despite thcst.: slwrtcoming};, however, both authors ha vc presented fairly decent rcsumelection nwst be ruthless to be brief', and Thailand neatly disposed of on both sides of scarce a dozen pages. However, with this brief compass Dobby somehow manages to so vary the' mood' that the reader's interest never wavers as he is shuttled from the inocuous to the absurd and back again with remarkable pace. Indeed, I must confess that this snappy swipe was prompted (and, I hope, may he excused) by an attempt to analyze an involuntary grin which bubbled up and onto my f~tce upon a reading of the author's assertion (possibly innocent) that being' Written from inside Asia', this U!Ho-datc geography is not focused on any one Asian nation, and it should enable Asian students no less than Western students to sec their national problems in rela· tion to those of others! Apparently, in a most improbable moment of lucidity, it became quite clear that 'Written from inside Asia' referred to the fact that the text had been partially written ut the Univer· sity of Malaya; 'up-to-date' was warranted in that 'factual data' had been obtained from the very 'latest United Nations reports~; 'not focused on any one Asian nation' described the fractured presentation, by 'landscape types', of countries considered as belonging to the several 'regions' delimited- a format which, having served its some· what oblique purpose, has been abandoned (necessarily) when econo· mic and political aspects were under discussion; and 'enabling Asian

lt·:XT· BOOK 'l'IIAILANI>

125

students no less than Western students to see... .' had relied largely upon that eerie ability students (of whatever race, creed or color) possess seeing only that which is presented.

or

Occasionally, an author's opening remarks arc so temerous, so audacious - no, outrageous - however, that they invoke not the rather gleeful derision reserved for comrades in toil but rather hot indignation. The preface to Thailand (its People, its Society, its Culture)- Human Relations Area Files, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut, 1958, 528 pp, --states, complacently, that the book's 'Research and writing arc done with the aid of u new research guide and in accordance with new procedures for interdisciplinary team research', that 'Both guide and procedures were specifically developed to ensure that analysis undertaken within the context of any one discipline be informed by the theories and findings of the others; and that the resulting interpretations of the several disciplines be refined and integrated through a process of challenge and synthesis'; and claims, calmly, that the Survey 'examines in depth the sociological, political, and economic aspects of a whole society' in order to 'define basic cultural and institutional patterns, and to identify dominant values and attitudes'. Thailand (its Peajlle, its Society, its Culture) is simply a decent round-up of readily available information presented in staccato sing-song. The suspicion must be entertained that Professor Dr. Wilhelm Crcdncr's Siam, das Land dar Tai ( J. Engelhorns, Stuttgart, 1935, 422 pp.) owes some of its 'sacred cow ness' to both its unavailability and its german, but, Mvertheless, it is unquestionably the least contemptuous of the attempts at overall coverage- the more remarkable for being based on but two years personal observation ( 1927-29 ). Woefully inaccurate (most of the statistical data used have since been found wanting) and flushed with rhapsody (where information was scanty or entirely absent) as it is- premature as it is- Siam, das Land der Tai must remain the 'text' model for any future attentpts (though, unfortunately, it has not been so used in the generation srnce its publication). Had Professor Dr. Credner been content to confine himself to one aspect of his 'Landeskunde'- the sections on the physical landscape are exemplary- however, he surely would have

1~6

precluded the suggestion of a Wordswnrthinn l'ipcness. And, similarly, had the American Geographical Society :-;mtght ,,, honor the late Dr. Robert L. Pendleton it might better have collected and published his relevant works as Thailand: Aspects ~~! l.tmdscapc and l4t' (Duell, Sloan and Pearce, New York, 1962, 321 pp. ) instead or completing the Handbook after his death in 1957 with' the assistance of Robert C. Kingsbury and others'. For, with the exception nf those portions bearing the hallmark of Dr. Pendleton's lucid pen (this despite editing) this is a poorly written round-up of seemingly anything that came to hand which could be encompussed under the headings adopted. The simple clarity with which Pendleton treated complex subjects further obscured by a lack of basic information resulted from a life-time of intimate association; the simplicity which characterizes the remainder of Thailand: Aspects of Landscape mzd l,ije has resulted either from the unrealistic apportioning of space or from sheer naivity. And, although Dr. Pendleton's contribution is obviously in a dass apart, it demands a good measure of self-control to restrain a natural impulse to cut away the rest. 'Text' has been used herein as a derogatory term, f'or this written form has been so abused as to he almost synonymous with mediocrity. But a true text-· surely the rarest of volumes presents nn author with one of the most difficult tasks in writing: a clear, coherent synthesis following incisive analysis of a mass of information of varying quality. Obviously, a would-be text writer must first be possessed of sufficient information. Should basic data be unavailable for any reason--- and the author's inability to conduct an adequate enquiry is certainly not the least of such reasons-- it is not enough to gather together and rc~prescnl ( in a tate by 'RITma of Ayudhya 1, Then followed further peregrinations bet ween Kami)f'Qpcj, Chievmai, ChieiJrai, in between which time a model or the venerated image was made. Finally there remain a Sihala Image in Chic9nuti, another one in Bangkok, and u third in Nukorn Sridharmuraj One cannot but feel in reading the above jumble of traditions that the main objective of the story was not a historical narrative but an eulogy of the Silulla Image. From the historical point of view the first period in Ceylon is not substantiated by Singhalese history. Not even a mere mention of its name occurs in the long winded Mahavaysa. One might note the statement that when the Silulla Image was in Nakorn Sridharmaraj it 'ascended unto the heavens'. The implication seems to be that it returned to earth and was taken to Sukhodaya. Could we take this to mean that there were already two images'! The third one would surely be the 'model' made during the peregrinations in the north. The suppositions above arc admittedly 'tall'. In any case it is not the duty of a humble reviewer to solve the problem of the genuine image. Perhaps it now remains a problem for the historian of plastic art. From the point of view of the average reader one must bear in mind the remarkable sanctity attached in each locality to their individual Sihala Image. After all they arc representative of an ideal of hallowed memory and a highly respected personality.

PUBLICATIONS 01'' 1'HJi.l SIAM SOCIETY

1. The Journal.- per number The Journal- back numbers before 1946 2. Index to the Journal, Volumes I to XXV 3. Index to the Journal, Volumes XXVI to XL • . . 4. Florae Siamensis Enumeratio- per number • . • 5. The Natural History Bulletin~per number • . • 6. John Black, F.R.G.S.: The Lofty Sanctuary of Khao Phra

• •• •, • • •• Vihar

••.

REPBINT VOLUMES l·X

7. 'l'he Commemorative Publication issued on the occasion of the Society's 50th Anniversary; One set (Vols. I & II), cloth~bound One set (Vols. I & II), paper-bound Vol. III, paper-bound, Early History and Ayudhya Vol. IV, 1 , , • Lophburi, Bangkok, Bhuket Vol. V, u , , Relationship with Burma Part 1 ••• Vol. VI, ,, , Relationship with Burma Part 2 .• , 11 Vol. VII, , u , Relationship with Portugal, ·Holland, and the Vatican ••• , , Relationship with P'rance, Vol. VIII, , England and Denmark • , • Vol, IX, ·~ n , The Coinage of Siam ••• Vol. X, ,, , , Studies of old Sinmese Coins 8. Erik Seidenfaden.: The Thai Peoples • • • . ••• 9. Charles Nelson Spinks: Siamese Pottery in Indonesin 10. Gunnar Seidenfade.n and Tem Smitinnnd: The brehids o.f Thaihtnd: A Preliminary List, 1959, Part I · Part II, 1 Part II, 2 Part Ill

...

... ...

...

Part IV, 1 11. Monograph?No. 1 (iord!;)n Youn~; The Hill Tribes of NorthernThailar,ld, 2nd. ed. 19Q2 . · . · , J:l;R~H: Ptinee Da((irorig Rajunubhab; . :A: .Xiistocy of. Buddhist ,Monuments· in Siam ill, 1962 '·.1

''

'

'·,

'

:

.

'·'

I

I

.,

.

. ,'

·,

,'

f~· sr•.••loc1~:mY Ii:l$ M'ajeaty tbo King .!Itt M:oj6Sty the~!\ H~~ MaJosty.QUMU bmbll B«ml

Her'!~~l HigW.It t~ Pr:in•s ot Sr.tnJ,khla .tti:S Majesty King P~k: CX.ot ~n:Uldt ()O'()'Ncti.. Q~ "U.fllWt ~~lfW ~~OR tJ·U · •w · $unol'aty.,~.t

·

. lliomatntta Bidfllabh

VOLUME LUI PART 2

July 1965

THE

JOURNAL OF THE

SIAM SOCIETY (JS S)

BANGKOK 2508

TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME LUI l'AU'l'

~

JULY 1UG5

Articles

Page

Phya Anuman Rajadhon

A Study on Thai Folk Tale

133

Professor Gordon H. Luce

Rice and Religion

139

Nicholas Tarling

Harry Parkes' Negotiatians in Banghok in 1856

153

Christian de Saint-Hubert

Rolin-]aequemyns (Chao Phya Aphay Raja) and the Belgian Legal Advisors in Siam at the Turn of the Century

181

A Stone Casket from Satiypra: some Further Observatt'ons

191

Alastair Lamb

D.

Rece11t Siamese Publicatio11s : 322. Gazetteer of Thai Geography 323. Yiipo, D.:

Traitriys,

197

U-r80 and

Ayodhya

198

324. Yupo, D.: An Excursion into Nav Pim's Country 325. Mementos of the cremation of Momcaoying Vimol-padmaraj Chirapravat

202

326. A Memento to the late Momchaoying Dibyaratna-prabha Devakul

203

327. Vajiranan, His Royal Highness Kromapraya: Autobiography

205

328. Navsu Sanuh

206

329. Damrot]> His late Royal Highness Prince: To my eldest daughter

207

330. Customs of Daily Life 331. Fine Arts Department:

208 209

Chino-Siamese Relationship

332. Debafianakavi, the Ven.: A Handbook for the Practice of Buddhism and Other Topics 333. Boriraks-boiavalanj, Khun:

Memento at cremation

334. The Ven. Debavarabhorn: Colour in Visual Education 335. Kittisobhana, His Holiness the Patriarch : Tradition of the Kathin, and religious practice 336. Coedes, G.: Thai art of the Sukho.daya period 337. Scientists of the Department of Mineral Resources: A Trip to the 'Wondrous Island of Gems'

200

209 211

211 212

213 213

Accessions to the Siam Society's Library

215

Annual Report fol' 1964

237

A STUDY ON THAI FOLK TALE. by ~h,r;a

. .Anunum CR.aja.dho/1.

Ayudhya the former capital of Thailand preceding Bangkok, was founded by King Ramadhibodi I in 1349 A.D. Before he became the first king of Ayudhya, Ramadhibodi was a ruler of the city of U-t6IJ. succeeding his father-in-law the then ruler. U -f6IJ is now an amPJwe (district) of the same name in the Province of Su£mnburi some 130 kilometres by road north-west of Bangkok. Who was the father of Ramadhibodi and where did he come from'? History does not tell. King Ramadhibodi is known popularly in folk tales as fao

U-t6IJ; a design~tion commonly bestowed on all rulers of U-i6IJ by storytellers. Tao means in one sense "king" in romantic tales, and u-lu?J means a cradle made of gold which Ramadhibodi had in tradition as his cot when he was a child. tale gives the following account.

A well-known legendary

Once upon a time there was a miserable man in an abject state coming from nowhere. He lived in a hovel in the city of Traitri.iiJS· Where TraitrLiiJS was no one knows for sure except it must be one of the ruined cities somewhere in Central Thailand, of which there are many. Traitrii?JS means the thirty-three chief Vedic gods which Buddhism had adopted in its mythology; it therefore also meant the "city of gods" or heaven. Now, this man had fleshy knobs all over his face and body. He was therefore, nick-named Sen-pont meaning a hundred thousand knobs. To eke his scanty living the man grew vegetables for the market. In one place nearest his hut he planted makhua.l He planted and watered it with his urine as fertilizer. The plants thrived and bore abnormally large fruits. The king of the City of Traitrti~s had One night she dreamt through the inspiration a beautiful daughter; of Indra, the chief god of the Buddhist pantheon, that she had eaten a wonderful and delicious "makhiia" fruit. To fulfil her dream the princess' maid went to market but found no such wonderful thing. 1.

Name for a species of eggplants or brinjals, of which there are many varieties. Its fruits are often dipped in certain kinds of Thai sauce calle~ nam .. prik, etc.

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