Journal of the Siam Society; 33

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VOL. XXXIII, PT. I.

THE·

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THAILAND

RESEARCH SOCI .

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BIDYA,

l)ha Re'cita:ion and ·the Story f Kbun Ohaig Khun Pha.n ·

SEIDENFADEN.,

A Notification c.ription of

· .· ~J>pi'ec_JiaJ.on of th!:l Oahiers · the:: Ecole Franyaise d 'Exme-Orient 1 .... ~stitute con'c•rnfng the Trans. ters into the Bbman

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· en~s anthropologiqJ:es!i,~Methno­ logiques 1938 , ... ~· · ... • Rapports· entre les , ,~ljvures ru;)estres de Chapa, ~·y ~\Levy L'Art de Dvanw.~~i.\;Mis~Lon au Sam, by P. Du·pont11 '·''.'\l·,: .. Iacture on the ·r~age, 6f the 1 luddha Jinaraj, by- ; ~\la'ni;Bori­ lal Buribhand ,. ~··,,.i:t~iU;. . "he Gajaseni 'W.~·~i~1:1::.;i~yQ. the

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Errata

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List of M Obituary

218 11.7

1

. SEBHA Rf:CIT ATION

and THE STORY OF KHUN CHANG KHUN PHANl

hy H1s liiW!N!i:SS PRli\CB BIDYA.

Schlu~ lllllY be t1ufinuy tho cxprc::~sion Jl?'cuimLsly com1wsed, Hum! lthytncs being oxtcmporised ::~cings. · It is 11 long tin\0 Hinoe I had tho plen.sure of l'C!Lding bufure this .Society 11 ptLpel' ou ltnml H.l1ymcH, which, n.s I then stLid, tmwhes Uw j'1·inge of 8 iu:mesrJ jJOel?·y. lVfy pre son t paper iH on a kindred Rn bjeut, !Llld !LH only !L few llWilllJur::; of Ill}' !LlldiOl\C() to-night hOILL'cl lllC Oil the ltLKt oceaHion, perhlt[>H yon will pt1nlou lllO if I repmLt n few reuiarkH whie!t I mnclo liftoun yctLrs ngu. In the Hrst pltLcc, I would like to renew the statement which I 1nude in my previom; pupcr that tho TIHti of thiH country are tt poutimllyminducl people. 'l.'l1is, I muint11in, iR provecl Ly the existence of innmnet'tthlo illiLemte .rhymesters n.mong our rural popnl!1tion, and tl10 crowds which gttthet· round Lhetll with obvious cnjoymcut ns they fling their extemporisccl song~:~ into the small hours of the rnm·ni11g. The exproHsion ·i.llileTalrl ?'hyrnesteTs Rounds like tt contrn.diction in term::;, but f:mch people are to Le found nll over the country, and there il:l no need for me to ln.bour tho point. I sulmiit that an illiterate person who cu.n compose rhymes n.ncl sing them extempore is 11 poet hy nature, and tl111t ltis cxtemporised songR arc the pl'oduct of an elelllenta.ry but poetie11l mind. Poets nre suid to be bom, not ma.de, and the saying seems to tlpply forcibly here. 1 H.en.d before the 'rlmil!Lntl

Re~e,~rch Society ou September 34, 194,0.

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2

H. H.

PJUNCE Bllli'A

[VUL. XXXIII

This p11pcr clouH not prctontl to be :L trentise on 'l'hai Pnmudy. .i\Jy Hnhject, hoWl~\·et·, cn\lH l'ot' !L briuf cxpl:Ltmtion Ol OllC braneh of it. .'-lebhi'L rueil!ttion iH lL fortn of cutert:Linment, withont the ghtmonr of !L /,:hun chu) or lavon (M11), atHl can be lllOHt incxpen~ive. Suhhi'L rhyIIIIJH, on thu other lmml, form 11 lliOst important section of Thtti poetic litemtlll'u, 1twl /{/m·n Ohctng Khm1 Phwn, the Seuhii. ~toi·y, occupies tL pro1ninent poHition rtmong om· litcnuy workH. It iH uillicult to explain Tltui poetry in English; one runs the risk of being uskerl to e.I:jJliLI>n his c;cpltmaiions. I will, howevet·, try to indiettte to yon preRently how Sebhi'L differs from other fomts of rhyme. ~Tuitnwltile, it nmy l)(J Btl1ted n.9 an estttblisltod principle that rhyming iH an ()HHUittinl fetLLnt·o of 'l.'lmi puott·y; that with nH, iti fact, nothing iH poetry nnloss it rhyn1eH. Some 'l'lmi poet::J have attentpted to introduce blank ven;e into om writings, but without snceesfl. I have n1ysdf produced blank vci'Hl\ in Tlmi and introclneccl it into one of nty talks 011 poetry; not in order to persevere with the attelllpt, but mther to prove its futility. On thtLt occttHion the futility W!18 amply proved, for my twuieuce did not rccognir.o the blank vorHe iu the tttlk; they thought I Wt1H Hpe11king in pt·osc all the time. This pttper, 11s I lmve said, iH lJy no nwttns f1 tt•mttisc on Thai pnmmly, bnt, in onler to mtLke my~:~elf cleat· within my confined suu,iect, it :-Juenls neeei:!HILry to deflcribu briufiy tl1u Tlmi poeticttl systclll. Ht·ottrlly Hi'l\akiiig, Thai poett·y Jnu.y be cln.flflificcl under three m11in diviHionH, ll!1lltely, the J(lun (fHHl1l), the Gluny (1f1rH) rmd the Ohuncl (U\.ni\ In ttcldition, we luwe the Biii c~'lu), which is Illlithcr prOflC IlOL' verHo, a!lll mtty be ,Hhitul A hlintl ol' Jltelltid h1L?.O? r t, Hmy well pt·ovo neeilJ·:;t.,

ThiH thil'st for menhd rrmze; t:lo let's l'emove our ga?.e

And

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beyond t.he wold.

Yon will olJHerve that each line of the u.Lovc verses eontttilll:! six wot·tls or sylhtbleH. 'L'lte rhyming lookH like the English enclosing t·ltyrnos, but lloos not ttctually enclose. ~L'ho tertninu.ting word. of the lttst line of cllch qtmtmin is left loose, i. e., it htts no col't'cspondenco of HOtllHl with uny of the rhyme-words o.bove it. We c11ll this lool:!e wonl tho thr·ow wonl ('il~~), which mco.ns that it is thrown out ftooru one qno.truin 11ml caught in tho next to continue tho rhyme. In 'l'h11i rhyming we lmvo whn.t we call the extcm(l,l contact (11"1J !tllU the intcrmtl contact utmi'~Yht). 'l'he Tlud wonl for COil· ttLCt is ,qamphns, which hu.s a wilier lllcu.ning than the English exprcs~:~ion 1·h·yme, for it cmbmces not only the rhylllc proper, bnt u.ssonuncc ttnd n.Jlitem.tion tts well. In most cases, however, samphc~s, ·when used by itself, mettnf! rhyme; where we use it to mean nlorc thttn thn.t, we add I~ qtmlil'ying word. In Lito following rmrn.gmpltl:!, thorefOl'u, when I stty ?'II:!J11W, I mottn 8/CinjJh(~S (contttct) only itt tho ll(l,l't'OW scn~:~c. In demllllStruting- the 'l'lmi ~:~y~:~tem of rhyming to yon by l!le(Lllfl of the vm·scs t~bove given, [ pt•opol:!e to expl11in lhu extern11l contact, or extet•tml t·hyme, only. The cxtermtl rhyllle is n.n cssentitt! fe11tm·e of om· poetry-there ctumot be n. poem without it. I propose to touch on the intemcd contact, or intcrn(l,l rhyme, lo.ter on. Nf\"'Hlfl)

PT.

r]

'l'HE: S'l'ORY OF KHUN CllANG KHUN I'HAN

5

Now look at the fit·st cruo,tmin of my concoction, o,ud obsct'Ye tlw,t tile last wonl of tho first line is coy, and that tho second word of the Heeond line, Boy, rhymes with it. 'L'hcy arc the ih·st set of rhymes i11 tho quutmin, twd llo.vc to Lc thm·e to Lind the first and second lineH together. Next observe aolcl11ncl wold in the second and thit·d lines, !tml o.lRo tho Hocond syllable of behold in the lMt line. 'l'hcy are the second set of rhymes in the SU.JtlU cruatrain, and they too Lind tho lines togethm·. Notice tho.t the lust word of the qntttmin is woy, and tlmt it is the thl'ow-worcl which is t11ken up a.ncl rhymed in the qnutmin whieh follows. Now look 11t the second qnatmin o.nd see thn.t in this c11se the firHt sd of rhylllc-words 11re two 11ml who, the latter beiug placed at the beginning of the second line. 'l'he throw-word wny from the fit·st; qtmLmin iH followed Ly gay u,ml scty in tho second nnd thil·d lines, 11nrlng11in by bei1·a:y in the fourth line. 'l'he word thrown ont; Ly this quntmin is mind, which iH rhymed in tho next qnatmin with jinll o[ the JlloHt i111port1LIIt IIIILil in his lll'my. But wlmt n. lliHuppuintlllUIIt it lill!Ht lmve been to hin1! 'l'hns from intumn.l ovidonoo, it is possible to ttrgue that the ot·tgm of tho Klmn Ohd:nf} Klmn Phnn Htor:y Jutes lmck to the time when Kings Htill lmrl wihl lmffalocs l'OllllllecJ np 11ml driven i11to krn11ls for Ct1ptm·e. Tho flU or yon w Ito know tho history of Bnnntth mn.y l'C· lliOIIIbor Umt OliO o£ the ettrly Kings of tl111t country was gored to

PT. 1]

THE STORY. OF RIIUN CHANG KHUN !'HAN

15

death while out on tL butt'alo-lmnt. '.rhe early Kings needed buffaloes, for they fanned bml extensively, and ~:~tored the produce in royO:I ricc-godowns (UH1Hl1~) o,gainst fttmine and wo,r. Nowo,days we breed huH'ttloes almost exclusively in captivity, but we did not o,lways do so. At, n.ny rate, the buffu,loes would not be driven into tL krao,l except for captme, It is possible, therefore, to urgne from intem11l eddence, Hlight though it be, lihat the kernel of the Kh~m Ohci;ng lUmn Plwn story goeH back fmther tlmn Lhe foundation of .Ayudhyu., and thn t the exploits of the hero were afterwards tttt.ributed to a man wlw was born some hundreds of yettl'H n.fter. In tt Rimilar ltln.llner, much wisdom ttm1 mttny vo.liunt deeds 11re ttttribntecl to legendary heroes such ns Phm Huang of this country, King Arthur of Englund, and Vikmmaclityu, of Inditt. Agtdn, there may have been llln.ny Khun Pho.n:> in the pt1st, juHt o,s there may have been Ram Kamlmugs from tho 1'11tnous King of Sukhod11i to Phya H.o,m K1Lmhang of to-tluy. Ho.ving come to the end of my digression, I will now return to the nat'l'tl.tion of the story. Aftet· the deu,th of tlleit· .ft1thcrs, the three children gt·ow np, but appettt' to fol'get one anothct•, 'rhe hero, Plai Kaeo, is brought up by his mother in 11 distant town, and does 'not remembei· little Pim, the heroine, a playmate in Supun many years ago. Strangely enough, Khun Chang, who continues tc) reside in the same town, also lm:es sight o£ the girl, and does uot seem to ki10w tlmt pretty little Pin1 has grown iuto u. beo.utiful young woman. K.lllln Oh ung iH presumu.bly thu oldest of th 0 trio, [L!ld is tho fil'st tr;t,yluski'ii rmper, u'l/. ((1/(;ien ]H!nple ({1(, Pc·njuJJ, in Jum·nul Asir.ttiqtw, Vol. CCXIV-2, ID2D. On ptLge 25 1\L Uolouhew HttyH: Stwyn . .......... at times hi1:1 1:muge is aNsociuterl with tltat of a muon gurl. In Wo.t Pho in Bo.ngkok, high up under the roof of the bot (1LJ!OHallur,) at it:-; ettl:ltem end, 11re lieen confronting one tLnother 11 red ttnd tL 'vvhitc di~:~e inside which ttrc rept'eHentntions of SurytL a!lll Chamlru., the ~:~un t1nd the moon gods. In this mse the gods o.re here Himpl;y present t1S attendants to the )3ncldhn,JR M. Goloubew does not mention among Kltrner sculptures of Surya the beautiful ft·ontlll in the Puon1 Hung temple, 19 In his ~;ec~uncl lecture on Suryu l\1. Goloubew alHo :-;uyH thttt it l:leeins t-hat the kings of Mnt·undtt (of Indo-Sc:yth origin) who hud established t!Jen1selves iu Northem Indi11, were, uecording to Sylvain Levi, in friendly reltLtionR with the kingH of F'nnfLn. The Murumla kingH were u, bmneh of the Kuslmn dytHLsLy, and tLH such they ulso C!1lllC frorn Centml A:-;in.. The Chinese chroniclers t:my that King Fan'l'cheu of Fnn11n Rent 1111 cmbaf:lsy in 240 A. u. to the l\Inruncla king.' 'L'hiH cmbtLHHY returned witb four l,Jorses from Yne-tche. Possibly the FnutLll dynasty wn.s relntcd to the l\Iuri.md11s and were thus emigrants from Inclitt. 'l'his is in some wuy confirmed by Sylvain Levi who states al:l not impossible Lhat tLfter the victory o£ Emperor Samudmgupbt in 357 A. D., fugitive K.ushan princes Hed to Suv111'I111bhumi, i. e., Further Imli11 or Iudochinu.. 'J.'he Fum1n kings may therefore havo left. Indo-Scythiu.n blood in the veins of their descendant~:~. This is confirmed by the Chinese texts stLying tlmt the Funnn kings were tch(tn -t'cm, i. e. from India. CocHJNCHINA was formerly a part of Oo.wl>odia, and Saigon was a Khmer town. It wtts r:olonizecl by Anm1mites who have driven out the ot·iginal Khu1ct· popnlt1tiou ttnd even ,., of the Christian em, aml it~ lt~st t·otttllttntH wot·u Jinnlly eouqnered by tlte Atintttuitel:! towanls Llw entl oC tltu X Vtlt ccutmy. 'l.'lw Cltii.tn were gnmt architect~ nnd fine ttrtistR, t~m1 in religion both Bmlttuttnil:lt and BncluhiHt. l\lost of their tom ploH lHwe bucn destroyed lJy the vu.ml11listic Anna mites. Of 250 pltLCllH nly 150 luwe l>cen fonntcr arclmeologiHt, now in retit·omont after tuany ycn.rH of distinguished and i udeftttigttble wur k in the Held ovot· all French I m1oehinn., ii:i fully ~:~tuekCLl with bountiful Chl'Lm sculptm·cs, ntttny of tbetu true ntaHtot·pieceH. As tt mu.ttm· of fttct, M. P11rmtmtiut' is still working, for he simply ctutnot c1esist from it., n.nd wu nre continuously receiving proof~> of tllil.t. in tho form:,; of prLpers ot· books from his httntls, especitLlly on his bclo\'e!l KhtHer n.rehitcctmo. ChtLill ttrt though ukin to Khntct'ttrtwus tm iHdupcmlont tLnd virile nl't in itRelf. 27 M. CltwyH_28 sttys thu.t to begin with Qhii.m n.rt WlLH only un Imlian colouinlu.rt but tltnt afturwttnls it y the L'ostomtion of fine old Annttmitc ol' Chinese temples, w)lilo 110

u,~ltiet· 3, p. 11 ; Utdtier 10, pp. 7-8; a111l Otdtiet· 1 I, pp. 2-3.

lll

Onhiet· 4, pp. 12-13.

11'1'. 1]

A PPUECIA'l'ION OF '!'liE Ci\HIER

0~

EFEO

3'7

Mrin.l slll'veys lmve disclosed the existence of ancien~ fortified places. Finds of beautiful bronze drums n.re continually being made during exctwtttions; some of these drnms show a sun or staL· with sixteen· ro.ys, ethel'S with only fourteen mys, besides a representation of tire shipfl which carry away the souls of t.he dcatl wat·riors. 82 Mlle. Oolani, whose excav11tion8 o.nd exploro.tion.q in the limestone cn.vus, alone or in company with the late M. Munsui, are well kno\vn,. hn.s recently explored the ·island Clt\'CR in 'Along Bay, and on the coast at Hongay. 33 · It seems thn.t the neolithic· culture in lWidence there belongs to the so.me Bncso'nian cnltnro ns fonud by M. Man~:~ui n.ml ~llle. Colnni atHl thut the population was of the Rtl.mo stock too. Ltwge KjH1clcen?nl11ldi1!US are encountered on these isl!Lnds, and' the cn.vos seem to have been the cl welling's of the population. Mile: Oolo.ni Rttys that the stone axes of Along Bay arc rela-ted to these found in South Manellllt'itL u.nd Eu.~:~t Mongoli11, while the ~:~nn.ke motif on the: pottery is of OhineBc cll'igin. The find of the curious pi.err·es ct sLllon, or fmrowed stoneR, opens the question of their purpose. Were th'ey whet-or polishing stones 7 The existence of 1,000 such stones for each 100 axes seems to exclude such an explanation. Perhaps ·they were amulets. Ot·, as theBe ancient folk wet·e tr11ders, they m'n.y lm_ve been used for counting purposes, a rudimentary irleography .. · Ot· were they messu,ges? And th.e people,-did they' come down from ISonth Manchnria and East Mongolia. by raft or boat? What did they sell? Pottery probably. 'fhese mn.riners settled for· doing tmcle on the sand dunes of Annarn, and on these isles too. Mlle. Oolani clrn.\vs t.he following conclusions from her explorations, According to the finds of human .bones in tho limestone caves at Dong-'l'hu'oc aml Lo.ng Ouotn in Lung-so'n the people were of Papuan-ProtoMelanesians stock, and their cultm·e was a palaeolithic one with· a bit of polishing j so was it in Bo.c-Ro'n too. O~hers of these people were settled on an island near Hongkong. Lut.et·, several hundreds of yetLt'.'l after, followed the people of the furrowed stones, who perhaps had trading stations het·e. Finally we. hn,vc tho cave culture of the iRiands with large lcjolGkenmocldings, where we find the shells of ~he Melan·ia, the fresh-water snail so beloved by all pulaeoli.thic people. The presence of these shells shows that they wet·e brought to thea~ islu~ds. 32 Crthier 17, pp. 12-19, all Ctthier ·J 0,

pp.

5·6,

38

MAJOR Ell!K SETDENFADEN

[voL. xxxm

Bnt why? Pl'Oho,bly !1FJ o,n Mticle of tmrlc or lmrter. These island Cl1Vc-dwcllerR Hcem to luwc been pettceful folk. It might be o,ddcd here that the sequence of types of skulls found hy M. Mn.nsui and Mlle. Coh1-ni, is being more nncl more eontinned hy consecutive finds. 'J'biFJ HC_O_K. 0

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v. Gmy Birch'H 'rmm;lation, Hfl.k, Soe., Vol. III, P· 77-8.

JJw·nw with special ,·eference to lte1· ?"el(~­ tion.q to Chine£, Rn.ngoon, 1893. Also Hnrvey's J[istm·y of lht?'m((,, P· 14. ThlR king(lom of Indianized Pyns centred round modern Prome ancl wn.R known hy the Indian n111ne of Srikshetrn, 12 v. G. H. Pn,rker's 'l'mnslation,

124

Dn. J . .rm

0AMPOil

[VOL. XXXIII

proclitiutH thn.t W horme?' 1van/N l.o deal ·in .4il1J8?' nnrl gold m.u.y do 80, whieh inclimtec; that these 11Wt1tiH Wot'c nsed ltH n~crehnndise. At wlltl,t!lv!lr cl~tLe tlwy 1night lmvu been struck, tlte bnllet-shn.pecl hah/8 wet·e cnrreut in Aynthitt clmiug the en.l'ly yetLI'H of the l'onJH.btion of tlw lcingtlm11 in tho XIV eentlll'y, tttHl it \\'ti.H eeumu t'lce ns Sir Riclmrcl Temple l>dieve1:1, aud thence CtLme the ticc~l. 'l'he form tineal used l>y F'ernao 1\Iendefl Pinto reHeJul>les more closely the Sanskrit 11!Hl the originul l\Iou ter111 hmkc~ and support.s H.icli[Lrcl 'l'em pie's theory of the Indian origin of the tical. 'l'he Burmcl:le term kyat, or ta kyat (one kyu.t) if it is uot a corruption of the tical as Sit· A. Plw.yre suggested, appears to have replaced the Mon t'lce after the Bnrmese conquest of Pegu under 'l'al>in Shweti in 1539, particularly during the impei'i11lrule of his successor Bureng No.ung, 1551-81, when much that was of Mon or Shan origin was swept o.w11y or ausorbed into Burmese. Before the establishment of the Burmese in Pegu the e11rlier term tical of the Mon w11s used by the Portuguese u.ncl forBigners and long before them by the Sh11ns who, though rulers of Pegn before the Burmese, httd completuly identified thcm8eh·cs with the !lion. It is noteworthy thu.t the Bunucse King But·eng :Na.ung hinHwlf, according to Fern ito Mendes Pinto, pu.id in 1552 n. tineal of gold per mouth to each foreign soldier in his army. '.!;here cn.n be no queRtion thet·eforc th11t the Burmese o.doptecl Llte oa!'lier ticrd but gave it their own name l.:yat, representing '11 similar though not identical weight which they l111d probn.bly used pt'eviously. There are various exttmples of foreign weights lla.ving been rll1turalized under loc11l names. 'l'he Chinese t(wl serves to illustmte this fact u.ncl u.t the same time fumishes n. paro.llel illustra.tion to tho Ll~velopment of the l sound 11t the end of i'nclca or t'A:e. The tael is the truclc nan1c of the Chinese ounce which iH olio-sixteenth oft~ cc.ttti., ttnother Chinese weight. Both these terms ure not, howevm·, Chiuese l>ut Mo.lay-JLtvt~ueso: tahil n.nd kati. These names wore first applied by foreigners to the Chinese weights, though the Chinese 1111llle fot• the catti is uhin while for· the tael it is licmu. 'l'he weight of tho Chinese tael lms varied in different locn.lities bnt its stn.ndaru weight in Chiua mu.y be tukcn to be 580 gmins. As Chinese silver .was hu·gely imported into Cambodia the Chinese weight was 11lso 11dopted, taking the n11me of rlr.tmleng in Cu.mbodiu. from which comes the 'l'hn.i taml1~ng. 1'hese weights both in Cu.mbodi11 and Thu.il11ncl arc novv 37.5

J:l2

Da. ,),

Dl~ 0AMI'o~

[VoL, :XXXJll

cm·t·espomling with tho sb1!l:-; who Hilder the nn1Ue brtluw ~pretHl it, all over East Africu. 1md in t.iltl Ea~t; ~~~ fat• n:-; 1'\'[olma:n.s. l.h is iut.ereHting to nnte tlmt the Khmer used hot,h t.ho bluil'rt aut! l;ho tnlu, in Un.mbodiiL n.ntl Si 1tm, though Inter on, in both t·.he:;o eot!Iilwio~, t,huy wet·e givon up in fnvotll' of weiJ!:lti·,s ~f Chinese ol'igint.he Jlicul, mllud /w,l; in L!atubotlin., a.JIU Ll!ll tcr.el, 'rhot·o i.; 110 u.gJ'OCIIHllJt, !LS t,o t'.lte nX1tct. weight whit:h l;hu tnlr.t repJ.'eHulltotl in Cnmbodi1L. P1n·meutiet·, Cordie!', .l"inot ILII!l ot.lwt·:; nmke , Une 1•ecension pcilie cles Annnf.es rl'A?JUtltia, Bltl'NO, xrv, :J, p. ]. 2

Sm· cotte qneRtion il snffit !lo rcnvoyP.r 1ULX hettllX tmvnnx do M. Ling1tt, • 1 I qui n,, en p1trticulier, signn,IC lc texte treR importn.nt do Yl1:::11'11flll1~1'1 tn.J, 28, Oocle de 1805. 1:\d, Lingnt, m, p. 39ll, text.e qni donne una idee tln d6stt!:ltl'e tlo 176 7 at do son etendue.

II

.I

I ~ .~ I

• l

[\'UL. XXX1!1

1 :iS erudits ~:~ittlllOil:l, le 1JlltllUSCl'iL t1it Ju l'l\J'il.,lJY11~~lff ('iltl~), tt

Ue bttsu ;1 1'6ditiou publiee pttt' h• Bibliuthequl) un 1 D:17. Uuc prmniet·e ptLrtie, qui occupe dttns !'edition ituprituee Ius pp. 1-:371), Ll'llitc de ln. pet·iode qui v:t de Ia fund11tion d'Ayutllia en 1350 t't Itt uwrL Llu roi Pht'tL Cbtw Sn'1.1 (1703-1700), tlcuxii:Huc ~:~uccc::;scur tlu fttntcux Phm Nttmi. ()ette prewitn·e ptwtie coustitue l'cenvre lle~:~ reviseur::; de 1795. Ltt secondu, tLU contmire, (PP· :3/H-487) e:;t due it 1111 pct'HOII· nLLgc inco1mll ptu· aille\ll'S, le Ulmo PltytL l'hiphit Phiclttti, HtLIIB tlonLe un sm·vi VtLnt tlc ltL cout· d' AyuthhL. (~uelle est Ia tlttte tle ee textc? Lu pt'ettmlJnlu propre tle eutte HeconLle p111tie (P· 378) n'eu Honffic pas ntot, llttLiH il Illl rttut certttinelltuut [HtS tleHcendt·e IJutLlll\OlllJ plm; lm~ t[llt.: L7lJ5. lYLLillenrH lu Lmvnil d11 Ulttw l.'ltytt H'otelllbnL des demiurH tutnps du Phm NtwtLi a Itt uhntu d'Aynthia mt 1767, lt1 Jiu tle Phm NtLl'lLi l!~ luH regneH liu PheLmclm ut tlu l'ltm Ulmu Sn'tL He trouvent t'tLl!, I il, H, I[), ll:l, '.lO, 22. l'uul' utaiJiit· l'uditiull de 11J3i Oil 11. liOliJble le::; i!Lellll!lS a\1 lllli)'Oll t\';Llltl'eH llllLll\\l;et·ii;H, lllldK ~ILIIH !Jl'Olltll'e, j11 ]u lTH.ill>', Jt,:-; j)I'Cl~t.ntium; Cl'it,it1lteH uceeo:mil'e,.;,

·I l'm· 1\JII'ut. tl'uuu ut•t·mtt' ,;iuguliiJI·e, trt'allkl'ii l'lit!t' (.ISS, Vl :1, p. I), pt·eutt.nt, le l'il'ue !Jll\11' uu ltotHtne, ll.t;t;J·ilnw Itt. J'eeuu,.;ioll dtt premiet· l'egue i1 1111 antent· tpt'il nppellu 1u .Kt·ollt Mun M~t.ltisvm·itHlt·i~tltlt.t'us; d. Uoetles, loc. cit. .l•'t•tt.!ddiirtet· a pl'i,.; lHllll' le 110111 tie l'lt.liLenJ· le tiO!Il de l'uu tleH poHHeseu~H .~ueuv.~~ifK tl'llll malll!Hel'it; Sinm) t!out. nouK twons tmd; l't':cmnllll'llt nciHl\'e l'imprps:-;iou, . C'est 1111 livre de ...... . in-H, r11 qni n.jont.o ttl\ Jll'emirt· volnmo ftdt.,, ... pnges. Nons.\'e!HlonH I~ ~etll'i \I'ILi:! LtLmpuri, but the e:met. :,;igui tieauce of this mttu.e lm1:1 been \'tLl'iuusly explttinetl. ~:lome wl'itm·:-; htwe opined tlmt this mwicnt Luwu WlLS the etLpital of tL ~>outlwm L!L\\'ii. Htttte, ttud tlmt. it received itH mtwe in thnt Wtty. Such tL suggc~>tiuu iH, howe,·cr, tnot·e tlmu doubtful ttl:! this purt of tlw JHemLm pluiu Hectll!:! never to have been occupied by the LawiL, who~:~u !LUCicut Jtuhit,ttt lmt~ only been tl'UCCU ILS fat• HOUth lLH the llllLldJe of the Ping river vtdley. On the contrary, so fttr as historiwl ami £Lrchaeologiml evidence goes, we 111t1st presmHe that Lopbmi wa:; the site oE a very ancient M6n ~:;ettlen~ent, ttnd tlu1t it was very probably, at least for sotue tit11e, the capital of that highly civilized and ancient HinduiJ~ecl Man kingdom which ha~:; pt•ovisionally beeu given the lll1llHJ or Dvamvati. Anyhow, if the site ttnd t·egion of Lopburi ~:;hould ever have been occupied by any pt·irnitive, or ~:;o-callod primitive, people prior to the M6n, it seems more reasonable to presume that these were UlmoLou or ·Nia Kuol of whotu quite tL nnlllbcr arc still living in the Mell!1lll Sak vulloy to tho north-oust of Lopbmi. ~'l'hough the Lawi1 and Ni1.1 Kuol, or Chaobon, both belong to. the M6n-1Chlltm· ftt!llily they tH'e quite distinct. puoplcs especially Ml rcgard1:1 languu.ge. Frotn counteqmrts in 11ncient India we know that LtLvttpura touk it~; nn.nte ft·om Lltvtt, 011e of Htuuu's sons, tUHl the name wttl:l pwuu.bly Le:;towed uu the town by Indian colonists during the e1.1l'!y centuries of the Chl'i~:;tiun em. 'l'lw lH\llte Lopbul'i is tho ~:~ltorteneJ or cot'l'uptetl 'l'h11i ful'lll of the ot·igillld !11\llle, 11ntl the local people e\'ell now often eluwgo it into Nukuuri! In the Jotwnnl of the Bo'Yal Asiatiu Society, July 19:32, p. 597, undet· llfiscdlwneons OonL'I1mnicatio11.~: Ilnthu?· nnll A1·urn, Mt·. Jwala Sahtti Misra give~; o. num!Jer of ox..t.tnples of how tho name of seveml towns in the Punjab orighmlly under one form lmve been

~

.\

NO'l'ES ANI) QUElt!ES

changed hy tho locu.l people for the Hake of convenience into shorter ones, such all : Clmndratu.ta to Chaiot to Ln,horu, Ltwapnm to KasUJ', Kusapnra to Pu.lwal U paplrwijn. Onrugt•ttJlla to Gnrgtwn. Front the ttbovc cited exttmples it will Le seen that, while in India . L11vttpnm hall Leon changuu into Ltthore, here in '.l.'hailttud it ll!Ls Lccouth and tt Iittlo cttst of Lahore ot· Ltwttpum. Gi vcn the same orientation ltot•u wo !iuJ Kim .Mn'u.ug (801m Uttjtt Nakhon or Kitkin), which twcot•tliug Lo tt'tttliliun :Lud lucttl myth c:mtwt t•opt·oscut Kn~apum. H.uwevor, ttH om· country is far hom h11vi ng been ex.plot·ed su!Hciently, !Lrclll1eulugiettlly spettkiug, OL' to any cousidcmule kuowu, u~:~ tbet·e il:l uotl1iug stttucliug ul>ovu gt·outH.l on which to [!JI'Ill au itlett 11::1 to its fltyle;" ttud on p11ge 27 I repu11tcd, "'l.'hut·u Me no IJnildiug:> of thu Dvii,mvttti perioclauovu gt·oHIHl to-tlay in SitLIU;" bnt in lllY own defenee I lliUi:lt s11y that I wu,H referriug to buil1li·ny8 a:-; ~:~uch, 111:1 will be seen hom the context. 011 pttge 6, when I go on to :;tate tliut "K.lunet· temples aud ruiu:; are still to be seuu.'' Wlmt I hu,d in 111ind Wt1S thut one could tts yut for1n no general idu11 tti":l to tho ttpputtt•uuce of a teutple or Hanctnl1t'Y of tl111t early perivd and, u.lthongh I ttdutit tlHtt I ovel'looketl tbu inst11nce to wlticlt l.to rufer1:1 (uuneeess11ril_y so, as I ht1\'e t"t copy of Luu,ug Bol'iu11l's book iu lilY possesl:lion atHJ refol'l'ecl to it on pttge 17, footnote 4) such IL bttl:lement tLS the oue 11t Wttt Y t1i, m· tl111t n,t Pong 'l' Uk, bl'iugs to the lllind no vm·y couct·ute pic&ut·e of wl111t the supel'structnre was like. It is in this couuectiou that my refet·euce to Wttt Kukut u.t L11u1p'un on pt~ge 98 is inter·uBting, though, 11s I suggeBted thet·e, it is only ~~ pcmHilJility (yet not by ttny JJlettllS without the honnds of reo,son) tltut Llmt tumple iH the one t'Ctllaining nxatnple of t.he !11'ehitectm•td Rty 1e of l>vii,rtwt~ti. On tlte Hnhjeet oU,Jri vijayn, I fully re11lisu the mpill strides that

PT. 11 J

NOTES AND QUERII!:S

155

t'IJACIU'Ch haH been tnaldng in tho l1tst yeM to two, ancl all I conlu clo in ttty work \\'U.S to tt·y n.ncl bring tho fruits of thn.t t·esearch up t.o rhtte 11s f111' 111Hl n.s nceum.tcly as possible. 'l'hifl I hope I htL\'C dono.

T 1tm ttfmirl that tho elate, September 1087, gh·en in IllY Pt·efi1Ce is n. polite fiction. 'L'he book was finisher! in Dcc~umher 1936, 1tecepterl by tho Cttmbridge Unh·ersity Pt·eRH in Mn.y ] 037, amlactunlly began to he peoofetl in ,July of th11t yetH, so thttt tlw rcsetu·chcs of ~It·. Ij'.IIL Schnitger were not a\'ttilttblo tn nte in tinw; not· wcts Professor Coedes' reply to Dr. Qnaritch Wales, though I mnnugcd Inter on to include n. footnote (No. l on page 41) to the eH'ect that he wns llluking such 11 reply. With rcgal'(l to the origin of the Klllner HtLnetnary type, to which I luul fonnrl into resting tml'lllleiH in the CunLrn,J Pt·ovinccs ol' Im1i11, I lutvc tnkcn note of the Professor'~:~ refcrcnec to the temples of Rhitn,rgaon. The interesting nnd, to lllo, unexpected aHpeet of theRe temples in Centml lndin., rcful'!'cd to by Sit· A. Cunninglm111, Rcglni', nnd Codrington, is that they ttre nil of Gupta origin, 11nd date from snggesterl periods between the fifth 1111l1 eighth centmies of onr eru. Rnt t.here is still no known direct connection between Gupttt nml Khmer art and architecture (O\'Cll in the Jppliocl his nmne o.nd region to this ptuticnlo,r School. At any ro.te I saw, ancl still Ree, no ho.rm in ndopting it. Ft·om the foregoing cxpt·esBion of opinion it will be seen that the Professor is misto.ken in attdbnting to me, in my description of the evolution of the style, the pt·csentntion to my rendet'!l of "u. cmve ivhic:h first of all began with a pmely ~ro.i art, thou passed through a trn.nsition or mixed n.rt in which the originnl pt·edominating element WtLs gruduo.lly eliminated, n.nd finished in an at·L wilich ag11in WM pm·ely Ttti." I did not intend to convey this impression at all, o.nd I cun only think that his misnntrict uf Hio de .Tr111eiro, the t.crritory of Acre and 20 Stu,teH: all this huge extent of tctTitory coven; :~,275,510 illllltHe miles or 4l':i% of tho urea of Sunth Arnericu. It is theruforo 800,000 H(jllltl'e tuilc~:~ (or the Hi:w of Sptlill ami Italy cmulJiued) lnrge1' thau the whole United i:JtnteH of Alllel'iC11 Ulll1 .J.OO,OOO Hl[llUl'l\ ILlilcH (or the ~:~ize of Norwny, Swellcu ttllcl Finland combined) lttrger tlmtj China. '~he State of Aum;.:onus alouc (731,3u3. ilqtmre lllileH) is as large ttl:! the c01uuinetl urea~:~ of France, Uermt.wy, Belgium, HolltuH.l, Denmark und Switr.erltL!lll; while the Stu.tcs of Matto Gt·usso nt. 532,210 Sl]ll!Lre nliles and Puni. 11t 443,789 Se HCOII how comprehensive !1 synopsiR or Brazilit~n nn.ti01111l Ii fe and ecollOill.)' is gi vcn by tlw pu blinto bm.ntijnl r~pic J!Or•m.0\'C, is historicn.lly intct·esting. I do not mean to say, tmt11mlly, Llmt we 'l.'IHLi mnnttged to ~ct tt dctn.il of ttncient histot·y more !Lccumtely thn.n Vttl11d ki ! Wlmt constitutes the hiHtol'ico.l interest is mthet· the fttct tlmt tho episode is just. 11 reproduction of tL royl\1" custom in this country nnd no clonlJt reflects the (LCCepted procedure 11ncl sttttesmanship of the time when the Ramct1. ·-iPn wtts written. 'l'hc NtW?Yr.t.ion is 11ccompaniecl.by copious notes, AOIIle of which 11re ol' gren.t interest, more especially those nnmhet·ed 1 on 1mge 12, no 2 on p11ge 13, no 4 on page 16, !Lnclmitt'lced with an asterisk on p11ge 136o 'l'hc note on page 12, suggesting the predominance of Sivaic influence tLIIJOng the people who were responsible for introducing this phase o£ the stol'y of Hu.mn., which is by rmtnr& just the opposite because it extols Vishnu, is intcroBting. It is yet 11nother proof, in my opinion of the venue I htLve traccd-virt. Java11nd the Khmer people who were Siv11itcs. 'l'he note on page 13 reg11nling the founder of the dynasty of Ram11 whoHe ll(LIHO i.'l given ns Anomatan, 11nd not as H.11ghu, seems to me in!liCtLtivc of its independence of Vn.lmiki 11nd clttssicul Sanskrit litemtme. I agt·ce with the Swami thut the name Anoma:t1.tn tnight he derived from the ·Sa.nskrit rtno m.at~·i i. e. motherless, having

+

PT. II]

,,.

REVlEWil OF BOOKS

reference doubtless to the 1'hai vcrRion of tho thonaych having sprung 11t his birth from the ntwel of Vishnu. 'l'his legend was examined ·by HiR late l\f11jesLy King H.ama vr, in HiR NoteH to the N(wai Sibpang § 8 (p. 8) and§ 12 (pp. 12-14), 11nd wn.s judged to he 11 mistaken concept.ion ltl'ising ont of mixing it up with tho legend o£ the imperRonal hit't)t of Mann Vivasvat, the sire of King Ilcshvaku who was . 1mpposed to have foundennen to conset·ve their olrl ln.wR a.nd cn.9toms, to follow them and to obey them, which lH1H evidently hocn enl'l'iccl ont with success. 'l'hc originn.l pmcln1111~tion in Hluulttc WILR Higned hy ]\'1. Sn,bn,tiel' rtlHl hiH four hulpol'H in Wl'iting do,vn the ltl.\\'H, Mu.-Ngn.y, Ma-Bli, Ma-Bo'k and JVIn-L,tk, nil Jll'olmbly impm·t.ant chioHt"Lins of the H.ha.due. In maintn.ining the n.ntlwrity the village chiefH n,nd the tribal chiefs now

Bf

·.'

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PT. II]

ltEVJEWS 01•' lJOOlCS

195

~~oppuiuturl by tho Go,·ut·tuneut, tho Ft·utwb u.clministration has dono tho rigbL thing \l'hieh lltt\Y l:itWu thiH puoplu frwu breaking np int.o · luwlus~:~ne~o~H. It i~:~ eulltmun tu hutLt' eolllpiLLiut~:~ ft•om AfrictL, OeuttllliL, Pulyuesiu, tLllll uvun front plaeul:l liku Uppet' Bmmn, that eouttLet with the w hi to umu'l:l ei vi Ii:.mLiun temlH to tletri bu. Iiilu the uati vcH ttJHl destroy Lltu 11uthot'ity uf tl'10 cl!ief.':l. 'l'hiH ~:~houlu Le twoitlt~d by following tho Fruuch mltuiuiHtmt.ive Hy::;tetll in tho llintel'l11nd of Iuduchiw.t. The lUmdao heloug to the l\Ion-Khwur peoples, but it !:1een1:> tlmt their langtmge ttncl custolnH lmvc berm Htrongly intltH!UCetl by ilhlay clouwnt:::; through the Chii.tn. 'l.'he lthudu,e ut•c, of courl:ie, , not rettl primitives, their socitd order being too cotn plex for that. Also their lu,ws, in geneml just and human, lettve the impression that this people hal:! tLit·cady wtmdered f11r towrt,rcls ei vili;-.atiou. According to .t1 mytl1 the ltlutchw came out of u, hole in the earth. 'l'his bole is mlled Bang Adreii and is guarded by the Hdrue fiJ:mily. • We are, however, not told where in H.haclueland this hole is sittmted. 'l'he Rhadae live iri well-built house8 inside palisaded villages. 'l'hey possess paddy fields, gardens, fruit trees uuu domesticated unim11ls such as elephants, buffaloes, oxen, vct·y good ponies (the Hhudae pony bt'eed is famous), pig8 and fowls. 'l'hey understo..nd how to wmwu. 'l'he girls we11ve large thick blankets of a white colour and o£ VCl'Y good qualiby. They dye, uutke pottery and carve in wood, Theil· chiefs arc called metapho1·ically the Ji.g t?·ee of the vill,~ge ot• the banyan tree nt the well and the iniHLbitu,nts the ·you-ng hwwlcs. May be these names stand for former totemiFJtic clam! 'I It is clHLmcteristic of tho momlity of the H.hud11o that all kinds of wickeu gosHiping is severely punir;hed. 'l'here is .mnch tttlk of the ,.sorcm·er deciding mattcrf! by 71W(~SU7"in[J his st·iok or reacz.inu ·~n tlw wrdM·, but we suppose tiHLt sorcorerH arc not allowed any more. 'l'hey 111'0 a trouble~:~oute and expensive folk! 'l'here is 11 fly in tho ointment of these otherwise just ttnd dcm.ocratic laws, and that is the exaggel'l1ted regard paid to rich people, though in one section iH found n. clausu pt'otectiug the poor agttiust tho tyranny .of the ricb. A curious form of pnniHhment is o1· was tlmt of forcing the culpdt,-o, shmdercr-to sw11l!ow u. ]jot tom11to! An excellent ideo. we think I 'l'hc Rho.llae observe the mo.tl'inrchate which 11lso shows strong IntlmteHittn inflncnoo. MaJ'l'in.geH are CI)JJSidcred indisHolnblo, :tsamong Lite Lawit of North '.l'hailaml, and soetn generl\lly .to be 11tl'n.it•s of real love. 'l'hey are solemnized by p11y ing 11 dowl'y to the bl'idegroom'l:l

1%

lti!:VmWS OF llOOKR

ftunily, Ly an exchange of btnceleti:! between the bridttl couple u,nd a feu,st. BrctLClt of prulllii:!O ll:! puui~:~lmLle. A kiml of lcvimto uoes oxi1:1t, ttnd is 1m iutegt·al pttrt of Rhudtte cnHtomtl. It :occms, however, that the itleu, iH not only to pro~11gatc tho bmily but t1l1:1o thercLy to prm;crve htiHlod property within tlatt particulu,r family. If 11 ·widow be too old for the young h Utiband replncing the decea~:~ed one, Hhe must t1llow him to take tt euneuLine. In Cttse of love u,fftLil'K, where cltildreu t1re born, .the uum must 1::1upport the girl and their child. 'J.'hiH sounds quite utodem. The lUmdtte ure ttllinti~:~t~:~ Lnt also ptty t'eKpect to the spirits of their ttllouRtur:-;, In CtLHu uf epiLlemicA, sknllH of hufi'u,loes ttlld oxen are HW>pcmdcd outside the vilbge. TliiH ~:~eeuts to be 11 n~ttgiotd oustout reottlling tho placing of the skulls of killed nnentieR 11t the entmnce of the vilhtgo, as twwng Dy1~ks mttl Nii.gn.s. The eurth is sacred, and tho bloot! cll'(mehing it hom violent dcrttlu; pt·oft1llOI:l it. There· fore there muf:lt be lllltLle u,toneutettL hy libtLtiow; lliHl pruyen;, A Lord of Heaven is meutionecl severul time~ in the texts, ttnd one wonuet·s whether this should be t1 relic of t1 primitive monotheismIU:I in China 1'hirm? 'l'he H.lw,cltte ure noted warriors, thei~· wettpou.~ beiug subre, convex shield, javelin, cross bow and knife. Poisoned tLl'L'OWI:l at•e also used. At present many lmvc enlisted into 11 cmck ool'ps calleLl Les 1',i?'rJ,ille1~rs ?'luuU8. rl'hc reviewer had the oppor· tunity of. seeing them in i 9311Lild of achuiring their soldierly be11ring t1nd excellent drill. BIUK SEIDENl•'ADEN.

Bttugkok, the al'(l 8eptetubm· 1940.

.

t.

197

.~ lff!Ul

1nlrrfY-1'1llltul7 "' ./ ..o\ o~u1::1~N'¥11fl~ .I -I • (Explanation

Ou~tollli:!)

2

YOIU!IIUH.

of

tho Funcml

1!)0 pageH-Baugkok 1040.

Under hiH sumut11u of Sathien K.oscs, His Excellency J:>hyn.A 11 u111 n11 Ht.Ltchtttltou, the Ul'lH.lite A~:~sistt.Lnt Director-General of che Deptwtmeut of Fine At·tH, htlH wl'itten !L vet·y iutorei'ltiug-though inplaceH I:IOIIHlwhLLt tli::;ttml-book qn tlw l'ntwrtd customll of this country. Jt seolliH that thiH bO(Jk lmH boon writtmt in the nick of time, a~ nlnmdy u111 ny of the quem· aud u rv,v holesome customH, lwliefs o,nd superstitions cotmecteeu to ?'u,b Hin, i. c. to tu.ku IHtrt in the pmyc 1•8 • Hneh pmyurs 11re often .t:ontiunecl by day ttlld night·.. At tilliUH it iH 11 rcJtl t1·ial for the monks to recite Hnch prayers dose to tt rotting corp::~c-but so il:l the t:u~:~t01u. J)ul'iug the Hrst three d11ys 11fter de11tll, food ttnd wt•ter is plucecl twice tt day at the side of the coflln, ttllll oue of the faurily will knock and stty: Fathe?', O?' 11! othe?', J!lea~e eat. In some di_strict::~ this custom il:l performed for ~;even LltLyH. 'l'hu author su.ys thttt the idetL really is not that the deceu.sed should ettt of the fooL! o!fered; the act is !Jlerely dictated by love and re:;pect for the deceased. He compares this with the d11ily placing of food in hout of the image of the Buddhn.. We think, however, that the leal'llcd Clmokun i~ wrong. 'l'hc icle11 is or Wtts orjgimtlly th!lt the l:lpirit of the dead should partttke of the food oft'ered, lLI:l is :;till the CtUH.l with many pt·imitive people of to-dt~y. Tho !Luthor aumits LlllLt it ii:i difficult to nnmvel the affairs of tho spirit .. world unci nsks: Why have '"e gut housc-8pirits wlw are the ::;pit·its of our ancest~rs? Do the Czech peasants not belie,·e that their ancestral spirits watch over the tielc!H ttncl the domestic ttnimttls ·1 The custom of hired mourners, wailing women, is sprend ove1· the entire world hom China to Europe and Greenland, and wus al:;u common in this country but is now dying out. His late Majesty King Vajimvudh in his will forbade this custom in his own co.fle. The authot• !!Ullls up tl)e l'casons for the custom of loud ·wailing over the dead as follows: 1) real grief, 2) fear of beiug suspected o£ having caused the deceased's deu.th, 3) to clmse u wn.y other spirits, 4) in Ol'del' uo~ to otl'end the dead tLnd his f1tmily, uml finally, 5) in Ol'det· that the dead shall unclerstttud that he rctLlly i8 dettcl I The cn~:Jtonl of merit-1naking (with muukH pt•ese~lt) ~:~even clays tLftet· the death of the deceased ill ttuite uew and lutils from China twcl Anmtm. It was introduced dnrillg thu reign of King Ohulalongkom only. In fonner times it wu.:; not the ciH:Jtum to keep the curpHe Fonnel'ly UH in t,Jw how:~e for fHH;h luug puriodtJ Ml i::; now thu rule. HUOll ltll dcatlt lm of fll'l'::tnging tho bone!> in thr. shn.pe of tt human being wir.h t.hc hen.d i1rst t1l!'ner1 westwnrcls. Tha.t. men.ns denbh. Thereafter tl 11' bones n.1·e l'n-nrmngerl wir.h t.lw hen.d nnw t.nrned townrrls rnst.. 'l'hnt men.n!'l l'cbirth. H will be rern.lled thai; one of the Hnest t.emplcs in t.he Allgkor group is so culled. 1\{oney is scn.ttered O\'er the bones, n.\111 thi!'l money becorneA t.lw property of t.he m·onHI.tion \\'Ol'kmen. It. i~ the• C\11:\t.om for the rclnt,ivc~ to keep Some o[' the bitR of the de Effects on the life !LtlCl thouglJt of the J'ttpu.uese people by D!Lisetz 'l'eituro Suzuki (1989). 1 G. '!.'he CliuuLte of .JaptLII um1 its lnflncuce'! on the J'o.pu.neHe People by 'l'tLkeiuatsu 0 lmdtt (1937 ). 17. Develop!lleut of Et>IUNI> Tu 'l'HB SociETY's LIUltAltY.

2.15

4.

'J'he Im1iun Coluuy of Siam Ly Pl'Ut Phu.nindt·a Na~h Bose,· 1927.

5.

Ancient InditLn Colonies in tho Far East, Part l. (Olmmpii,) by Dt·. R C. l\lu.jumcl11r, 1927.

G.

Ancient Indian Colonies in the F1tt' Ea!lt, Part 2. Snvo,rtmd-

viptt by lk R C. 7.

Nf1;jnmda~·,

1936.

Indian Litcr&turc in Chin11 and tho F11,r g,tst, Ly Pl'ol1hnb 1\, Mukherji, 1931.

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