Journal of the Siam Society; 27

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THE

JOURNAL Or

THE

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SIAM so·ciETY (J SS)

VOLUME XXVII

BANGKOK MCMXXXV

.

CONTENTS

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PHAULKON'8 HOUSJ~ A'J' LOl'llURT

5

Between both plots !tml the ontnr Southern Wn,ll are cm'l'esponding, hut smallm· plots, which connect by a couple of Rteps at the end of walls ('1'. 'l'.) with the snutll el( )tted Courts in front of the pro,iecting buildings (f) nncl (g). .~ 'l'he platform above the gritnd Rtairway extends into a pavement of noble llimmmions, ronghly G3' x 3!i', which probably formed the floor of a g'l'eat Hn,ll of Cet·emony, now totally destroyed (H). 'l'lw Witlls (l'. '1'.) arc conterminom; with the walls no longer exiflting o£ the Hall of Ceremony; they formed the sides of two long nat't'OW gttble-rool'cd buil1lings, which have been destroyed like the Hall. These two bnilclings ([) ltnd (g) together with the great stairway leading to the I-hll enclosed three sides of the Entrance Comt, and pl'Ojectcrl hom the HHtin 11lignment. Access to them was obtained by 11 small semicirculaJ: brick stairway hom each of the two small elevated Conl'ts on cithet' side oE the South end of the Entrance Court. Alth011gh the dimensions of (f) and (g) were approximately tho same, their ground pln.n was Ia.r Il'Olll identical, since (g) is filled up with the foundations of four ilmttll roomil, nnd tt flanking p11Bimge; (f) however u.ppeu.l'S to have consisted of a single big room. A nnn·ow pnssugoway outside the Ef1stern Wing leads through a g11p in tlie wall (which doubtlosR contained 11 gate) to the ndjoining hnilding, ctdlml i~1 the French Plan" Honse of the P'ra, Klang", the site of which hn.s rncently been clet1l'ed, l'cvealing an immense platform now devoid of foundation Wttlb, anJ nurncl'ous foundation walls o[ small buildings on the cast. twd north sides. The blocks HE, R W, ench consist o£ a ground Hool' and a first tluor room HJ' x 38'. In both cascR they are separated from the great . Hall by a small wttlled Courtyard, which in the W m;t Block (RW) contains 1111 outRide stttirway leading to the flr8t floor room. 'l'he col'l'esponcling room in the East Block (HE) was reached by a spacious indoor Rtt1ircase, the ontlim) of which can be seen on the walls at the Eitst end of (J ). (.J) is a long, narrow Annex, parallel with and 11cljoining the northem wall l)f the Hall, and overlapping a portion of t.he north walls o£ (RE) and (RvV). It may ha.ve served £ol' offices behind the H111J, as well as eoveeed way between (RE) and (lVvV) and the Central Court. :l'he ground behind (J) is honeycombed with the foundations of small buildings, presumably retainers' qunrters. A reference to the ground plan reveals the fact that the Chapel is in better alig-nn1ent with the Eastern th~n with the Westen1 section i

E. W.

HUTCHINSON

[VOL. XXVIJ

and an examination of the ruins shows that the Chit pel aud Eastern Section are more solidly built than the rest of tho rninN. 'rhese observations suggest the conclusion tlmt the Chapel and Eastem Section represent the original Buildings constructed by P'ra Narai's orders for the reception of Arnh1tssudor de Chaumont and his staff. The French map o( Lopbnri, made itt th11t time, supports th]s theory, which is furt;hermore reinforced by Prince Damrong's comments on the ornament!Ltion of the Chapel window~. In the French map, the site of the ruins iN described as "Tbe residence of the French Ambassttdor" (D), and the western boundary wall is shown close to the west end of the Chapel. The ground beyond that boundat·y is shown as a Buddhist Temple. which must have been acquired in orde1 to construd the western pal't of the present ruins, since the hotter extend tolmost to the City wall. Phaulkon's house (T) is shown outside the City wall. It is possible that after the departure of de Cbnumont'R Ernba:=;sy, Phaulkon built the Western Section fot· himself and for the twelve Jesuits who came out in 1687 as well as for the Bix left behind by de Chaumont. The two parallel narrow gabled buildings (b) 1111cl (e) are more suggestive of friars' cells than of lay babitatious. As mentioned above, the building on the E.tLst side of the Huins is mtuked as the " P'ra Klang's" House. 'l'he Royal Gardens (G) occupied the present site of the Co-operative Department Buildings-separated horn the Palace (A) by a line of Royal Stables (IO. Nothing now remains of the French Mission (F), or of the populous - quarter on the island (Q) opposite to the Mn,rket (S) which is still in that part of the town. Phanlkou's house ttnd garden ('l'J lie b8yoml the N.-E. end of the Moat, parallel with the Jesuit Astronomers' Observation 'l'ower (P), a ruin now known t"Ls San Polo. This quarter is now very sparsely populated and contains no vestiges of Phaulkon'r-; garden. Its place however ou the French map far away from the r.uins now known aR Phaulkon's house mrty be taken as evidence that at the time when the m11p was made Phaulkon resided far away :from the Palace; ttlso that the eaRtern and central portion of the site now known as Phaulkon's hon!'le contained 11partmonts which were built for the reception of the French Ambassador. It is incredible that a foreignflr in the Siamese service could have been permitted to bt!ilcl so lUttgnificent a palace for himself, while the

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Pl!Ln of Plmnlkon·H HonHe tLt Loplml'i lll 8r;nn.k:1. (:l) An Ncml, tlisnnt A et LP, il plus de tl'ois mois au IS'm·cl, pn',ci,.;e PY. Ueponrln,nt, tontes Jes vet·sious ~·n.cc01·dent ui•·,~ que h stn.t.no fnt enlovee de Ia ville meme tl'Angkot· 'l'hom pn.t· le roi d'A?i:ith'ya. LP semble :woir

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senti In, difliculte; il expliqno que le I'Oi d' Ayuth'ya., au::;sit6t aptos son entree drtns Angkor, fit reeherchcl' ln. stntne ot, n.pt·es l'avoil' J'etmnvee, l'emporta dn.ns sn. cttpitttle.

In h\gendo se · tt·ouve expos(,e, nsse~ curieu~ement semble-t-il, dn.ns une Jli'Oclamtttion qui etait lue solennellement cltn.que n.nnt\e dn.ns In, Ohapelle rlu Boucldlm d'ememncle t't l'ooca~ion do Ia Cel'etnonie de ]a prestation dn serment. Oc texte f\, ete impl'iliiC plnsienrs fois, notn.mment a Ia snite de la.trn.clnction dn Rntnnnbimbat•an_~sa mentionnee plus lmut ot dans le recueil des D(\Cl'ets l'Gln.tifs anx ee!'l\monies (fl) Oetto critique destt·nctdce de

royn.les

(th~1llfl\lld"~J:nuwfi'), Bangkok, 2459 (Hll6), I, p. 1-20.

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14

[voL. xxvrr

LINGAT

qu'une anciennete fort relttr.ive, Roit au plus tcJt; Ia fin rln XI\' 0 siecle(ll. Quant a ]a, snb:>tunce clHilH JaquelJe elJe CKG tnilJen, jj serttit !Jiun imprudent de SO prOllOIICCl', etnnt donne J'impo8silJjJjte Oll J'on est d'exnminer ]a statue de preR. Le metne roi Mongkut., survnteur tLURsi privilegie, il est permis d'twancet· nne hypoLhese qui numit twnt-etre fmtiRfnit le roi l\fongknt lui-meme, car elle ne eontt·edit ons, Pl'ince Kmisorn RtLj, ruler of Lttvo or Lophburi. This prince is s;tid to httve built for himst!lf tt wttlled city t1t a distn.ncu of 500 sun or 25 kilometre::; from Lophburi, vvhich is 11t the exact clistn,nce of om Kim Mu'ang fmm the fonner to\\'11. 'l'he chronicle goes on snying thttt when the cit.y \mlls, the gates, the wuteh towerR 11nd royttl palttce had bet,n coustructecl the prince, aecmnpttnied by his consort, went to the new city, ttnd waH cwwned a ruiet· over it. The name of Sena B.aja Nttkon was bestowed on the eity, ttml ttccut'tliug to the Plwngcmwadttu N u'tt tL!l this lmppenecl in the year ll.E. g'I'U,\'

1500

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957

A. D.

Accol·cling to popultu· belief the tale is eli (ferent. It. says tlmt wlwu King B.aum httd tirmlly guiued victory over the wicked H!LVttlllL he reeompensed hi!:! faurait :;'nppliquer qu'an Siam, Directory de S. J. Smith, l'ttutre mmuaire, 'l.'/w lJiredwy Jin· Bo:nglw/c anr:l 8iwn, aytLnt ete fonde par le Bangkok :times Oll HHJO. On peut :;u clenmncler Hi Cordier ue croyait pas quo le Directory clu B(&nglcuk J.'inws avait pri:; ltL suite de celui de S. J. Smith. En 1012, Cordier ne connaissait pttl:i uw:ore le 8i,UJI& de W. A. Graham (prcrnjere et deuxierne edition:-;, 1912), dont Ia notice n'nppamit qu'rnr~s n. pri:; t1e S. J. Smith ht suite de ln. publication qu'il a]Jpelle '1'/w Bnn,qlcok Di1·eufo?'Y· Mais S. J'. Smitlt on l'n. vu ne publia.it u.ucun Bung!cole D ,:rectoJ"y, dont il put passm· la suite; c'etttit un S,ianr Di,·ector·y qn'il publiuit. D'autre part, le Bu.ng kok 'l'imes n'a jamais publie do Bwnvlcok Di?'ecto?'Y· Sanfl doute, jut~qu'en 1907 incluK, a-t-il inHerit lo tHt•la suite de celui de Smith quo les deux annuaires ont paru concnrernment pendant trois annees: 1890,1891, 1892. J'ignore i1 est vrai si le Bangkok '.L'imes n'a pas finalement pat~se tmite pom· absorber l'ttnnuaire rival. Au point de vue bibliogmphique celu. importe pen. Oe qui impol·te, c'est que, bibliographiqucment, lcs deux publicatious, celle de Smith et celle du Bangkok '['imes, n'ont entl'B elles aucuu lien. On pourra done 11meliorer la notice de Cordier, l) en l11 completunt counne non:; l'nvons fttit; 2) 011 repoetant. la remn.rque: "Publie par S. J. Smith, Bangkok, depuis 1878 ", sous cette notice au lieu de ht hisser sons In, notice du Di,reclury j(!?' Bamgh.Jk w1ul S·icm~o; 8) en (l) Gmhn,m s'eH~ n.perc;u lui-meme de ,;on erreur touclmnt le titre clu Di1·eclOT?J fo1' llcmgkolc and /Jiarn. DallR l:t troisieme edition, en denx VOlumes, de sou Sinm, Londl'es, 1924, I, p. 303, il ~t l'efait, de la maniet·e snivn.nte l'nne des pln·n.ses incl'imineeR: "··· ...... since when it ]mf; n.ppe:u·ed ns Tlu3 Dir·ectory fm· !Jcmglco/c mul Siarn, n. pnhlien.i;ion that; consisi;R not only ............ "

L

114

NO'l'ES AND QUERIES

specifiant que le vol. 15 est le clerniet• de Itt publication. Le titre Hiam, Directo?'y a ete rept·is. O'est celui cl'uu mmuaire publie par l'imprirnerie du Siam Observer (prcrniere annee: 1909, R. s. 128). Le seconclHiL~m Direolory est celui dont parle Graham a ]n, tin clu passage cite plus lumt. Le dumiet· volume publie est celui de 1981. L'imprimerie du Siam, Observer ot le journal out disparu en 1932. J, B .

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115

1'1EVIEWS OF BOOKS.

JEAN YvEs CLAEYS, Me.mbre de !'Ecole Fmnc;a,iHe d'Extreme Orient, Inspecteur du Service Archeulogiqne de 1'Indochiue L'.A.?·eheolO[JI:o d1L Siam; Hano'i, 1931, in-8, 88 pages; with numerous photogntphs, sketches, phms a,ucl ouc mtLp of Si111u.

'rhe author of the above vet·y interesting book is a young French architect and archreologist ·who, t[Uite recently, on the retirement of Monsieur Henri Parmentier, the Nestor of Indochinese archreologists, took over the important position of Im>poctor of the Archreological Service in the iive countt-ies whiel1 constitute the French Indochinese Union. l\1. OlaeyH modestly calls his book a rapid survey o.E the archreological sites of Siam f'rom Nakhon Sri 'rhammarat in the south to Ohiengsaen in the extreme north. We think, however, that his survey contains more tha,n the rudiments of that complete and all embracing archu,eological Hnrvey of the kingdom o£ Siam which some day surely must be made if science is only given the necessu.ry means to carry it out. Monsieur Claeys' "book moreover reads easily, due to his clear style, his up-to-da~e information and the intelligent manner in which he treats hi,; Rubjcct aml an·ives at his conclusions. His book has made Siamese 11rchreology richer and better known to the world outside this country, for ·which all students of things Siamese will thank him. In his introduction, the author praises with good reasons the admirable pioneer work done by His Royal .Highness P?'l>nce Damrong, "un vrai erudit ",who by his indefatigable interest in his country's past history has also powerfully stimulated others to work for the cause of archaeology. As is well known, this interest in the glories of the past is lively shared by His Majesty the pt·esent King. One or the most important results of Prince Damrong's manifold

116

R.F.VIEWS OJ!' JlOOKS

(VOL. XXVII

activities is of comse the· Cl'eation of the ]Joyal MuHenm in Bangkok, probably the richest in its kind of t;lto musemus cast of Suez, and in the organization of which P1'of. Geo1'ge Cwcle&' Hcholarly Hpirit and orderly hand has helped so much. The author mentions a number of uanws of former m· present students and experts on Siamese archwoJogy, but we think tl111t only about hal£ of t.hosc have had rmy real connection with what is propet·ly understood by this term. Fournerew~,, fin;t of all, did his admirable work for the old ruined temple cities of Sukhothai and Savankaloke, besides other places, though some of his beautiful plans and drawings perhaps trtste a little too much of the " nrchiteet ", to quote om author. Next we have Aymonim', who did the first spt\do work in the vast regions of North-East Siam, to be followed by L1.Lnet cle Lajonquie7'e with his monumental inventory of the Khmer vestiges in that part of the kingdom where I, later on, was able to add further information. The work in Central, West, South aml pnrtly in North-West Si11m, is due to the efforts of Prince Damrong, Lunet de Lajonquiere and Professor Coodes. To these names may now be o,dded with honour that of Monsieur Claeys. Of the otht~r names given by the ttnthor we think that, with the exception of General (le BeyUe's, these are more connected with epigraphy ot· history than with archwology. The archwological work in this country is, of course, fa.r from finished, on the contrary it has just begun. '.l'he clearing and excavating of some few of the more important ruins constitute but a small fraction of the. task still left to be carried out. As a. former French minister to Siam has justly remarked, "this country is so rich in archreologicalmaterial that it is only neeessary to scmtch the surface in order to make new and startling discoveries." '.l'he number of archwological sites still unin vestigated is simply stupendous. Personally, I know of at least fifty such sitos, mostly situated in the forest covered parts of the vast Circle of N akhon RaJasima; these sites consist of temple ruins as well as of ancient fortified places. In North Siam there are a considerable number of 'l'hai temple ruins situated in the Mae Ing valley; and the renowned ancient cit-.y of Umong Selanakhon iH also found in tbat part of the country. When I was at Amphoe Mu'n.ng H6t (south of Chiengmai) last yeat' I waR told that around that town there lie, hidden in the jungle, no less than eighty ruined 'l'hats. In view of the numerous ruins I saw myself, this statement is not unbelievable. In the south of the king-

P'l'. I]

JEAN YVES CLAEYS

117

dom, to the west of Chaiya, there are su,id to exist several uninvestigated ruins of great interest, among them the remains of a ]arge ·walled city which is considered by the inhabitants of Chaiya to have been the ca.pital of a former petty kingdom and, t1f:1 such, anterior til· C!miya. Even not far from B11ngkok it is possible to make discoveries; for instance in the month of July this year, during a Rhort visit to 'l'ha Ru'a (on the N am Sale), I came across the remains af a large, double cross-shaped conskuction, probal>ly a temple from the Khmer period. There is, therefore, no doubt that a systematic exploration and survey would bring to light a hitherto undreamt of number of intereRting ruins which may furnish inscriptions and statmuy t.hat will assist considerably in unmveling the past history of Siam and its relations to the cults and arts of the neighbouring countries. But to return to om author. Before he sets out on his long perenigration from south to nortj1, North East and East Siam was not visited, he treats the reader with a short but clear, instructive and correct expose of the successive schools of art which have flolll'ished on the soil of this countey. From the Gupta influenced arts of Dvaravati and Srivijaya, pre Khmer and Kinner to the Thai schools of U-Thong, Sukhothai, Chiengsaon, Lopburi and Ayudhya he Rhows us the development of the imago of the Buddha right down to the modern type of the great Teacher so ·well known from the temples of Ba,ngkok. We think it not superfluous to mention here that this development of the Buddha image has also been ably traced by Mr. R. S. le May, a former Vice president of the Siam Society, in an excellent lecture given before the Siam Society in 1932 (so far unpublished) as well as by Mr. U. L. Guehler, a membet· of the Council of the Siam Society, in a paper published in the Ostasiatisehe Zeitschrift (8th volume, pad 6, 1932). This may be said without detracting in the least from the merit of the masterly work done by Prof. Coodes who, in intimate collaboration with Prince Danuong, was the first in the field in this country. It was thus Pro£. Cmdes who made the happy and important discovery that the Nakhon Sri Thammamt Buddha ima,ge and that originating in Ohiengsaen are intimately related to each other. A bridge had been built between the extreme South and the far away North! It is not the purpose of this review to follow the author in detail during his long journey from Nakhun Sri. Thammarat via Chaiya, Petchaburi, Rajaburi, Phpv Ptvthom to Ayudhya, Lopburi, Pitllamllok.e

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118

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REVIEWS OP BOOKS

[VOL. XXVII

aud Khun Hama Kamheng's old twin capitals to end with the visits to the noL·thern temple cities of Payao, Chiengsaen, Larnphun and Chiengmai, to giv1-1 tho ronte he followed. We shall content omselves with culling a little, here and there, when we encounter anything we think new or of special interest to the readers of the Journal of the Siam Society. U. Claeys, whon treating the constructions of the spacious Wat Phra That in N ukhon Sri 'l'hammarat, mentions the small models of stnpas which are believed, according to tradition, to represent earlier edifices now walled up and covered by larger ones, aR iR the case with the mighty stupa in Phra Patbom. He also mentions the find of such a reduced stupa or chedi which was recently brought to light in the centml chedi in Wat Sri Sanphet in Ayudhya, and which he considers to be a kind of relic casket;. In this connection it may be of interest to add that many years ttgo, when visiting Ku Kham Ku Na, a Khmer brick built sanctuary lying south of Suvannaplnun, Changvu,t Hoi Et, (Lunet de Lajonquiere's Kn Si Cheng, I. K. !3Gl), I saw, placed in the middle of the chamber in the central tower, a small model of this tower executed in red sandstone. Both in Nakhon Sri Thammarat and in Chaiya, the influence of Indo-Javanese nrt is strongly evident-in the httor pl11ce especially, in Wat Phra 'l'lu1t aud in Wat Kaeo whose eubistic style also reminds of the Clmm art. W1tt Kaeo, which seems to have fmffered much less from " restorations" than Wat. Phra That, shon ld prove tt very interesting object of Rtudy when it haR been clea,reristic feature oE this Hindu Kasbmirian style is the ma.jestic colonnades which encompass the temples and their courts and which, in their heyday, must have presented a true feast for the eye with their delicately fluted columns. The Martand temple is tbe greatest and most finished of all Kashmit·'s medirew1l Hindu temples. It was dedicated to the Sun and probably built by the middle of the 8th century A. D. by King Lalitaditya. rrhe central Sttnctun.ry was 75 feet high. An identical trait with Siamese temple construction is found here, viz. prior to the construction of the present temple there was another though smaller one but instead of destroying the base of this older temple it was enveloped by a new one on which the new temple was built. In ~

12nclrnn on the stories o£ the J Mu.lm. .

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133

'l'HE JA'l'AKA

'!'his wtts written to reconcile on the one hand the modern 'scientific' mind with ancient fable literature which ha1l contributed not a little to our pi1At culture; and on the other hand to try to reason with the conservative mind o£ devotion, presumably existing then, which conRidered tti1y criticism of the Pt1li to be blasphemy; and in either case to have them recognise the Jataka:s place in literature. (4) Dotn,ils of the 22 instalments and thoRe responsible for their Lrtmslations n,nd publications. Among the fonner will be found all the higher dignito,ries of the Buddhist Church in the last twenty years together with other ecclesiastics and laymen. Of the latter 11re names of 'l'heir Hoyn,l Highnesses the late Prince Sornmot and the l11te Prince of Chantaburi; Mom Chao Prom, whose work on the 13th Chapter o[ the Vessantara Jakat11 bears marks of extensive research wodc among Pali commentaries and old Siamese translations of this Birth-story dating back soTne 400 years. Names that Rtand out for httrd work are those of Phra Phinich, the present Secretary of the Hoyal Institute; Phra HiLj ii,blmom, and Ln

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Ahb ..1. Umlm1kc;tein in Tt1i Ho 'l'sUn, erl'ichtet vom Konig Ko Lo Fon" von NtLll THtto ;~,nr Eriunerung an die Veruiehtung des Chinesichen Heerus hl\i RhifL Kw11n in ;Jtthn~· 751 11. Chr. (Anfnalune Yet Hni, Juli 1930.)

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KULTURGEOGRAPHIS'CliE BEOBACHTUNGEN

143

ChinoRen lebt. Urnflo tiberraschender ist die ttbereinstimmnng mit rlem OloHs!1r II, JM1 in einem Dorfe im Mekongtn.l in der Nahe der F:'Lh1·e von L11m11 'l'ing 130 km NW von Shia Kw11n in dem am· weitestun n11ch W vorgeschohenen Gebiet der Mintshia aufgenommen wnrde. Und die Zuverliiflsigkeit nnserer Aufnahmeu wird durch rlttH Mintshin. Glosf:ln.r III bewiesen, daR ieh den sprachlichen Anf:-::eielmungen von H. R. Davies entnommen babe und das bei Yli.n Lnng etw:t 100 km WNW von Shia Kwan von diesem aufgenommen wnrde. Zum Vergleich habe ich ein Wortverzeichnis der Lola Spracbe heigefUgt, dor Stamme alHo, die den Siedlnngsramn der Mintshia fast allAeitig umgcben und schliesslich, uncl das ist f!lr uns hesonders wicbtig, ein solchos der von den Ohinesen als Payi bezeicbneten l'ai YUnnn.ns. Dieses wurde von nns im Tal des Salwin anfgenommen in den dot·t abseits der Strasse nach Burma sich findenden Siedlungen del' Tn.i, an der fast nordlichsten Stelle der Tai-Vorkommen im westlichen Yunnan. Eindrnckwoll ist do.bei die fast vi:illige UbereinsLimmnng der Sprache mit dem Siamesischen, do.s wir ansser der dcutschen und englischen Wortfolge beifugten. FUr die Sprache der :Mintf,\hia ergibt sich all:! ·wichtigstes die Tats11che, class Rie gc~r lceine Verwandtschaft zeigt mit dem Tai, class sie vielmehr viele OhineHische Elemente uncl zwar wahrscheinlich cines alteren OhineRisch y,eigt, wie mir Prof. H11loun in Gottingen nach einer ersten Durchsicht der GloRRlH'e brieflich mitteilt, class aber auch den Lolo Sprachen verwt1ndte Formen nicht· fehlen, worauf auch H.. H. Davies schon hingewiescm lw.t. Die Stellnng des Mintshia im System der YHnnanesischen Sprachen endgUldg fest?.ulegen wird Aufgabe weiterer linguistischet· Untersuchungen sein mlissen. FUr uns wiohtig ist anf jeden Fall die absol'l.&t sicbere Feststellung, class cine VerWtLndtflchaft zu den 'l'ai Sprachen Hherhaupt nicht feststellbar ist, clttss auch Helikte etwt1 aus der Zeit, wo die Tai in 'ro.i Ho 'l'si.in und clem alten '!'ali rosidierton, vo1lkommen fehlen. Sehr iuteress:mt iRt weiter ein Vergleich der verschiedene"n Forrnen, in denen uns cler Pflanzenbau bei den verschiedenen Volkern entgegentritt. Von alle~ Volkern Yilnnans vvird der Pflug verwamlt; uncl a1s Zugtiere je nach der Bodenbeschaffenheit Btitfel ocler Rind, wobei cler BUffel vor aHem in den Ebe~erl., clas Rind in den mehr gebirgigen Landschuften verwandt wircl. Die Volker Ylinnans sind also mit Einschluss der Lolo und der Lissn Pflugbanvi:ilker. An steilen Hangen konnnt aber auch der Grabsto~kbo.u yj 91£ach z"Qr A:nwendung:., Wl'llll 11u£ SiamesisclJCm l3oy (;he Lttwa. 'l'hc latte1· took them down for UH in tllfl origiwd, using the Ltw ~:~cript employed by the Lawa when they "'riLe: he ttlHo gave us a Siamese translation. 'l'o those invocation~:~ jR tLttnchecl the following cu,ution : " When nmking offerings to the Spirits of the House and of the "Minus, no one is to speak. "Speech is contmry to custom and will cause the Spirits of the " HouHe nud of tho Mines to refuse the offering." Ltt\\' Luang and Paug Cho Lawn, differs from 'l'ai in many Wttys, notably in the use of the Weh:;h double L, in the 'M or 'N before another consonant, and in the soundino· of final l )rcfh • 0 S and L, :LlRo in the short explosive sound with which many words termimtte. 'l'he tone system of Bo Lun,ng iR more developed than that of Pn.ng Cho, the Hising tone being the only 'r'ai tone not recorded at the former plu.ce. P1tng Cho fo1lowH the 'l"ai order of words, Bo Luang inverts it. :Both languages bonow a considerable number of T'ni words, but not on tho same occasions-e. g. Pang Cho uses T'ai numerals and the 'f'ai word for fire, while Bo Luang has its own native word for both, but Bo Luang nHes tho 'l"tti word £or iron, while Pang Cho has its own word. A comparison of 125 wordA from our Bo Luang vocabulary with the lists of .Mon-Khmer lttnguage vocabularies given in the Gazetteer of Upper Bm•m!t reveals the following results. 68 Bo Luang Lawa words identical with Wa, i.e. 50% tl , , , Fa laung. 9 , , , Khamn. Riang. 12 " " " " Rumtti . .7 " " " Nya Kuol. , 5

2

"

"

"

"

"

,

"

Mon.

In a number of other cases there are obvious affinities. The evidence of language thus points to the. Mo~1-Khmer family, as ~he source of the Law a tmwne also to the lonslup of Lawa and W a. 'I he 0 £act that the Bo Luang pe~ple have T'ui n~mes and use T'ai .words in a nurn ber of cases need not indicate anythmg more than the mfluence of more powerful and more cultured neigh bars. That the Lawa are of diffe1·ent origin from the 'l''n,i is suggested by theh· physical featur.es, absence of the fold of the eye-lid.

E. W.

HUTCHINSON

[YOT,, XXVII

'l'hat the Lawtt wear the dress of the Lao or the Karen Rmock is explicable in the same way as their use of Lao nomenclature. The similarity in spirit worship between I,awa and Lao with emphasis on the House-spirit would be natural, if the early home(!) of T'ai and Man-Khmer was-as has been claimed-the lo.ncl where Ancestorworship ,is observed until the preRent clay.

(l) Different areas in the Satltheru watershed of ).;he Yangtse river.

APPENDIX I

Al-:'l'llltOPOLOG!CJAL :MEASUREMEN'I'8 OF b'TF1'Y-0i'\E

LAWA MEK AND SIX \VoliiRN

by

E. W.

Hu·roHlNSON

i

TABLE I AN'l'I!IW!'OLO!HC:AL MEAHUH!·;~mNTH OF F!Jo''I'Y-!lNic LAWA ~f!C~ AND SIX IVO~[I·::O.: AT Btl LUANG

Head. wwl Face

11leo.~lt1'C11WnfH

fu tlw

'IIPJWI' •.,./. ·.·~:")

'lloi1li.1Jtt!h'e

Men

Nos.

NAm;

Yean;

n'"·'n

HElGH'I'

Am;

Standing em.

Sitting em.

.F.\CE

Bizigomalic

I.t~11gth

Breath

Clli.

em.

em. 12 12 11

Brc1vlth

Nen Bia, Kin Kau1 Mnn

Hl

16:2

l:l-t

]!)

16

2.

4~1

8. 4.

Kam Ban Suk

(ji)

H4 88 86

10.50 H\ 19

5. 6.

Chi Chu Wen

Hil 1G2 Hi2 l6ti

U2

1!) II-i

16.25 14.50 lii.IJO H. SO 14

p ]2 12

1.

7.

:3..J. 86 85

Suk Do 'l'ong Dooi Kn.m Mun Kt1m Cha Ngnan Keo Chan Pan Wet N gmn

:~4

2()

9. 10. 11. 12. 18. Pom Bn. J,ek 14. Sing 15. Sen Soi Huon 21. Ban Pn Ln. 22. 23. 24. 25.

26.

27. 28.

29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 311ig-boMcl man. No. 29. 11 promiueut nose, with heavy eye-browB. No. :3H. u bro11u nose, fairly stmight. No. 34. and 35, hetwy eye-brows. No. 37. small ears. No. 41. short nose, small ears, good teeth. No. 42. thin eye-bt·ows, small caL'S, No. 44. big earA. No. 45. 11 bi a- boned man. · ~ ealo, '" good eye-browH. No. 46.. sma"'11 prom~nen~

• •

E. No. No. No. No.

47. 49. 56.

59 .

w.

[vur,. xxvn

HU'l'UHINSON

Hmall ears, good teeth. small ears. good eye-brows, hairy legs. be·avy eye-brows.

. :-:lix women were measured five of ·whom were under 80 yen,rH of age, and three lmd retmwkably tine breast.s (Nos. 16. 17. 18.) while Nos. 19 uncl 20 had slight b1too m11rks on their fore-arms. No. 8. wa' the wife of No. 2, and No. 16 the cltwghter of No. :-:l~l. APPENDIX II GEoGHAPHlCAL Drs'l'ItiBUTION oF

'rim LAwA

by

E. Seidenfaclen. (1) Ohc&ngvcd Ohiengnu&i:

Am..p'ce Bc&n Mae, S. S. W. of Ohiengmai: Ban Biang, tho inhabitants are Lawa but now n,ll speak 'r'ai.

..

An1-p'w 1flh&cmg Hdt on both banks of Me Ping S. S. W. of Ohiengmai: Bo Luang, Eo Sa-ngae, Bo Pakwaen, B6 Na Fon and Eo Wang Gong all with a pure Lawn. popubtioll. Bo St1li (2 vilbges) Ln.wa mixed with T'n,i n.nd a few Khamu also Bo Gong Loi. At Doi Khun Dan ('l'n,mbon Khun Dan), a former Lawn village, debris of pottery found.

Umgoi is n sub-district of Hot S. S. W. o£ lVluaug H6t, a former Lawa stt•onghold.

A-mp'ce New Bim.. North of Chiengtmti: Follo>ving villages sn.id to be Lt1wa: Ban 'l'ha Kilek Noi, Ban 'l'ba Kilek Luang, B11n Ba-ngae and Ban Muang Ga. Amp'ce San JI!Iahaphon due north of Chiengmai at the upper reaches of Me Ping. On Mae 'l'aeng are found ruins of an old villt1ge, explorecl by Mr. Miles, of The Borneo Co., Ltd., who found an image of the Buddha and wtts told that many images had been ta,ken from he:re down to Bo,ngkok. 'l'his place is said to have been an im port11ut L11wa settlement.

Amp'ce Scm Sai: Following villages are said to be Lawa :Ban Lau, Ban Sali N gam and Ban Bon15.

1''1'.

1!]

'I'll!~ LA\\'A IN NOlt'l'llEltN SiA~l

179

./1.//I.JI'w Uhie·11 11 Dou: R1m .B1tk 'l'lmm. AmJiw Ntw 8rlil'ieii!J or .Muu,ng Ynam in the Sttlwin valley. In this district lie,.., Umpbi (North of: the Amphce village) which i:;; inlmhitntl by healthier Law11. ~'heir Rtrong-holcl may also he t't~itt:IH~d how Bo Luu,ng by m!1rching 40-50 Kilometen; towat·ds N. \V. '~he Umphai LtLWI1, about 300 in number, arc wctwet'H :111d supply the Amphce Hot Lttwa will ptwt of their dothing. The R6 Luang Lawa are H11icl to eome from Umphai. 'l.'lw clttn living then HpelLks however a dittlect slightly differ~ ent hom tlmt of B6 Luang and Eo Sali. They are held in clisdaim by the Arnphre Hot Lawa because they do not profess Buddhism, ettt dogs and are uncleanly in their habits. To judge fr\:Jm Photographs they look a better set up people than tho Bo Luang people having more elettn and features. 'rhcir wo11ten weal' gttiterH of cloth. Umphai is situated in very ditllcnlt irmccessible hills. 'l'o reach it from B6 Llmng at loast 4 days mn.rch is necessary. Elephants are to be prefened for tmnsport, since wnt.er is very scarce along the route. (2) Ulur.ngvnf. Mc.w HongNOn. On tlw hills forming tlw divide ttre found a great number of Lawa tombs, now mostly rifled for their contents. (3) 0/w:ngvuJ NuJcon Lr.~?npwng . .ln the town of Lam pang there was formerly tt renowned Lawtt Hpit·it ~;hriue.' 'l'he l~awa frmu Ban 'l'ha Chang, Na Viemg, f:l!tla, nml Amphce Go Klm nsecl to go every y oar to worship ttt this 8hl'ine. .,t\.11 the a·b ove Vl'llages are now compl et ely 'I'' a1.. ..:.l·mz/w Olwelwn~ N. N. E. of Lampang. 'J'tLmbon Oht1cs6n-'-Ban Muang 'ro, tho inhabitn.uts still Apeak

Law11 AmJ)'w Hanyc/w,£1· on the milway line W. N. W. of Lampaug. ~!'ambon Mao .San-La>va of origin but lJOW spcttkiug T'tti with a L11wa accent. (4) Ohwng'va.t Oh,iwngraJ. Around Old Chiengsaeu are said to live some Lawa. (This according to the .Saru,vat in Eo Luang. .. . (5) OhGmgva,t Plwa,e. According to legend a Lawa prince ruled here m anment days. Ban Yang Oi is s.aid to be a Lawa village.

...

180

E. vV.

riUTClllNSON

[vor,, XXVII

APPENDIX Ill APPENDIX Tt> l:IISTOltiCAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL NoTEs

by E. Seidenfaden. The Lawa,Ul who called themselves Lavn'a; constituted a large part of the ea,dy popula,tion of Northern Sittlll, according to the Pali work entitled Oamaclevivtti[tsa. 'l'his chronicle relates how the daughter of an independent M6n ruler, whose capital was at Lopburi, then ca,lled Ltwo or La.vapuri, was sent on a kind of civilizing mission to the North where she founded Hal'iplnmchai, the present L11mphun, about the year 660 A. D. 'l'he valley of the Upper~ Me Ping was at that time populated by the rude Milakkha or Lava, 'i.e., Lawa, and to them the M6n princess, later crowned a 4ueen of Haripui1jaya, brought civiliztttion and the Buddhist religion.( 2 ) It seems reasonably certain that the l\1.6n from Central Sit1Ul, where we find them organized in the kingdom of Dvfi,ravati already iu the 6th century A. D., expanded their dominion, at the latest during the 8th cenlimy, to North Siam where they built the towns of Haripuiijaya (La,mphun) and Khela1'1ga (Lampaug). 'l'he Lawa were considered by the l\16n as a kind of savage cousins, both belonging to the Man-Khmer group, a branch of the ancient A~stro­ Asiatic race. 'l'o begin with, the Lawa did not receive the M6n invaders in a friendly way, and it was only after having been beaten in war that they accepted the M6n hegemony. According to tho Oiillnctclev,zvai11Y'SC~, the Lawa of the present Changvat Ohiengrnai were ruled by a powerful king, a Milakkharaja, namedl\'Iila1ikkhua, who had his capital at Doi Suthep to the west of present clay Ohiengmai. 'l'bis king considered himself sufficiently great to demand Queen Camadevi in marriage after the death of her husband the Man prince of Rama:iiiianagara; and when he n'let with refusal he attacked Haripu:iiiaya at the head of an army of 80,000 warriors. However, Queen (l) By the Nol'i;hern T'ai they are called Lu6b, the word Lawa bei~1g a Siamese term. They call themselves Lcb·Wm a. (2) For the important part played by the Mon in the history of North Si>Lm, vide BEFEO, val. XXV, Doo~bments sw· l'Histoi?·e politique et 1·eligimtse d~b Laos Occiclentnl, by G. Cootles which gives the text and transla.tion of both Oamcbdev'ivcb?~1sc6 and Jinalcalwrnetlini..

p·r.

11.1

'I'IIE LAWA lN NOWl'lmHN SIAM

181

Uii.Hmd. :t Law:1 pri11ee, L:tkkhumlriyfl, or Mibkklu 1m11hi1r:i,j 11 lJV nn111n sL~izel'eHented m·e as follow;::-

l. Qu:ti d'OrRay, l\'lemoil·e::; et Doenment:. His~oi?·e de lc6 .i.l1iHs·ion de Siwm, 166F!- 1811, by Adrien Lannay, Pa.r1s, 1920. Cloutn,ins e~tmets f1 om the Memoil'e~ of de Choi~y niH] Vn,chet, and J•epnntR of let;ters by de Liorme, of Plmulkon's iustructious to 1'admn1, etc. vVith refet·encec; to their ROlll'CC 11,8 the Arcbivetl of the Fm·rligu J\li~~ions. M:L~HIHCH'ipts at the Foreign l\ti::;~ions m·e denoted by tlieletters 11'1. B. ~ollowetl by volume and folio number .. '.l'hose n.t the Propagnmln. Ill Home, by the letters: Scr. Itif.

-

r

I

l''l'. II]

185

FOUJt b'ltENCH K'I'A'l'E MAXUSCRIP'l'i'\

In l!Hi4, the seventh yettr ol' P'nt Nn,mi'H l'eigu. tlte Dutch repen.ted their bullying tncticR, tmcl theruh.Y ohtrtinud ft·eRh concesflions from Siam. Theil.' conquest tho Oe.lebos CttUscd tho King of the Macn.Rst1rs to tn,ke refnge in Sia.m, whm·e his proHimce :-;ervml to J'emind P'nt N:tmi or the powor anclmmmce of l:folland. 'l'o meet thiR mmmee, the policy of P'm Nand n.ppenl'H to hn.ve been to oit'm· n. Conces.sion in the tel'l'itoey of hiH vassals in the Peninsula, to ouo of tho Emopean rivn.ls of the Dutch. '!'his rival Power was to lH) permitted to erect fortifiwtions in the Concession n.nc1 garrison it with troops who wonlcl be l'eady to asRio.;t Siam in the event of tronhle with the Dntch, hut was not in vi ted to settle in plll'ely Siamese tereitol'y. An offer w:1~ fir.st made to the English. '!'heir Agency ftt Ayut'ia had been l'e-opencrl in 1674 hy three reyn·esentativos the East Indin, Oompttny, who came from Brtntam in Jrwa. 'l'he Sitlmese offered them the port of Patani, ·whieh they wem to fortify as the English in Inc1it1 lutd fortified lVfttclras. A young .Englishman, Samuel Potts, was .sent down to the Penin,cmb with orclerl'l to report to the Compn.ny upon the value of tho Rimnese offer. He found Patani engnged in a loca,l WM'. The parent Agency u.t Brtntttm imlistod that tho Sin.mese should contract to huy 11 fixed amount of good8 each year fl'om the Cmnpr1ny, nnclmeeting with a refmml, decided to withclmw its interest from Sirtm. 'l'hi.s llecision was confh·med by n letter from the Bon,rd of the Ea8t Imlir1 Coy in I.ondou, in which the ofi'er of the Simncse waH definitely refm;ed. \l) :Meanwhile, Fren~h lVT.issionaries lu1rl estftlJli.'lhecl t.hmnse]yes a,t Aynt'in, in lG62, and eventually attmcted tho notice of P'rn, Nrtn"Li. The l'efmlt of their interconrHC \Yith the Court of Siam waH twofold: P'm Narai heard from them of Louis XIV 11nd his victmics ovel' the Dntch in Emope, and cleciclecl to court the fl'ienclRhip of l?rance ; while the Missionarie.s, ttsHuming thn.t P'ra Nami's interest was of a religious natme, formed hopes of converting him to Christianity. J3i,shop Pallu, the founder of the Mission, WttH a statesman and 11 patriot as well as a great Ecclesit1stic. Side by side with his desire to convert the East, two other o~jects arc n.ppa1·ent in his letters, namely a desire to obtain the interest of Fmnce in Siam with tt

or

or

(l)

llth of .Tnmu:wy 1G8l. V. Neoo1·d of Rela.tions, vo1. iii, p. 7.

.....

186

E. W.

HUTCHINSON

view to securing his cornmunicatimm hy regular viHits of: French mercluwtmen to Siam, ancl 11 dmlire to increase his country'H renownY) During the periods which intervened between his three visits to Siam he snccedecl in obtaining lottorl-l from Lonis XIV to P'ra Nar:ti contt"dning an acknowledgement o1' tho llospibtlity which tho 1\fissiomtries enjoyed in Siam. 'rho flrst letter, (lVISS. No. I.), wa:-; presented to P'm Nnrai in 1678, n,nd the second in lG81. P'ra N ami's nnsuccessful a,ttempt to obtain tho interest of Engbnd occurred during the interval between the presentation of: these two letterR. After receiving Louis' f-irRt letter, P'm Narai conceived the idoo o£ deRpatching envoys to France. 'rlmt country however w11s at war with Holluml, and although victoriouR on land, wttR not able to destroy. the Dutch fleet which retn,ined comnmncl of the seu until the peace of Nimegnen in l G79 opened the eastern seas more effectively to French shipH. This fact accounts for P'm N ami'R clelity in sending his first Em busRy to France. rrhe Ambassador selected to represent Siam nt the French Court was P'ra P'ip'at B,a,chumaitri, an elderly diplomat, who had already led three Embassies to Chinn. HiR compnnions vvm·e Luang Sri WiRnn anrl Khnn Nak'6n Wichai. Father Oaymo, the moKt promising of the French younger MiAsionaries, n.ccompaniecl the EmbnsAy aA Intorpl·oter.(2) 'J'he party Railed from Ayut'ia on the 24th of Decem bel', 1680, in the Vautour which the French Ea,st India Company Rent from Sumt to collect them. ~!'he voyn.ge from Pttknam to Bantam wns effected in 'the record time of eleven dayH, but the party was detail1cd there for eight months unt.il the ttrrival of the Soleil d'Orient bound for France in August 1G8l. This Rhip watered o,t Mauritius, hut was not henrd of again. In 168:3 news reached Simn tha,t the Embassy was still expected in Europe. P'ra Narai thereupon ordered the despatch of two minor officials to France. They were to ascertain the reason of P'ra P'ip'n,t's non-arrival, and in the event of his death were to ask for, suggestions from the French Court concerning the best men.ns of cementing the growi.ng friendship between the two countries. Father B. Vachet . -+--~ ·-----~- ------ ·-----.-·-··-··--. ~---··----··-·-···---·-- -·--~-------~- ----"

•

[VOL. XXVII

(l) v. Laun~ty,

M .E., 856, p. 10. :p. 205,

(2) v. Lmmay;, .· M.E., 110,

'''

.

•

~

l'~l'. II

J

VOlT!t FRENCH R'l'A'I'E i\fA?\USCR1!'TS

1R7

wn.s :tppointml AdviRer nnd Interpl·etur, hut he ttppm1rH to luwo 11.''1sumed the rolo of )('fM1et· whon they ren.ched FJ•ttnce.fl) 'MS N o2. is Bishop Lanean's trmlH1ation of the .letter feom P'yn. Kos11, Minister of 'l'reasnry, to tlw French Fol'Oign Ministel', Coluert, the ttblc RUCeloRROl' or Cnrdh1t11 }\{[1,7,[1l'i1l. P'ya KoRa mit:;. Finding opinion in :Fmnce uxttsperatecl t1gttinst Sit1m ltl:l a l'csult of de Oht1umont's failure, 'l'aelmrd, it is suggestud, mmd the bttit of a French gttrrison in Ba1;gkok to obtttin Louis' consent to Ph:1nlkon's plan. 'l'he matter eoulcl not be made public until ~l'achnrd had rotnmed to Siam a.nd obliged Phnul'kon to give efl'ect to it. 'l'his theory accountfl for the eolTections mttde in the Obset·vtttimm on 'rrade for the EnvoyH. It alHo accounts for 'l'nchard's movements in proceeding ,from Bt1t1:wia to Siam in advance of the expedition t1nd in meeting it on its 11rl'ivt1l at the bar with the news tlmt its ttdmittance into Bttngkok lmd been armuged. 'l'he final instructions for thu Envoys, which have been publi:>hml,(l) in:>istcd that Bangkok was to be occupiucl, if lllll!OHHary by fm:ce ; though there were good grounds to bulievc that force would not he needed. 'l'hese grounds would be reliance upon 'l'nc!u1l'd'H rneditttion,-according to thiH explamttiJ,, XXVII.

conducted on the French Hitlu with a. l'anlty knu\\'lullgn h.>Llt ol' the real po~:~itiou reganling n ehange o[ ndigio11 by Llte King, ~~hK> ol' Llw clmnceH of sncceHs likely to ttcCt'lW 1'!'()111 n mi libtry occupation of B11ngkok with a, stmtll Enrupca,n fot·cu, Hot tu ttumt.ion the cliflicnlty

of effecting this occuptttiou. Ou the Siamese sitlc, Pha.nlkon'8 diploHilte,\' WttH tlw l'llHUit ol' an nttempt to combine hiH loytdty to .P'm N ttmi mnl to thu ;) e:-mits with his own ends, if we regar1l them as du:-;i ru for powut· and fur the Hnpport of foreign ~:~olcliet'H upon which lw might dupund in tltu event of the l(ing'~> death. His failure ltty in his Ch·eek aptitude for tineHHu ancl tt·id;.ury which antagonised the Freucl1 npon whom hu reliud m the bst resOl't for hi:; personal Httfety.

I QUAI n'Qw,AY,

1\H~wmr,:,;

(591' 0 ) Sittlfl

DoouM~sentiellus CFt'ilH uous ttnoiunt non seulement a cau~>e Je ln. prote~;tion que nous leur donn1~H 1lnns l'exorcice de ln religion chrestienne et de b generosite ~no vons tLnez en de leur prester sans interest clnml leur extreme be::;oign vue HOJn lll e dttrg; considerable mnis aussi pr leur nuoir encore cloJJne de plns gmncle::; preunes de votre libemlitc en leur faiHttut bttstir une maison pom lue~ luger. Nous sm·ons bien aise nussy de tronner lcH occnHions do vouH tesmoigner combien nous sonunes scnsiblcs nux marques echttttntu:; vn:s known as (Queen) Hamhai's Gohy (VI.timosa, Rambu.ia.e). '.l'hiR ~vas handed to the (~ueen by Dr. McCormick Smith, the Leader of the Ntttmal History Section. Mr. W. R S. Ladell, Honorary Librarian, showed \~trionH entomological exhibits of economic interest including n cnse containing tt whole plant of Pin Keo paddy, together with a Rheat of ears, and mounted specimens OI the grain. 'J'bis WttH the paddy which Wtts developed on the Klong B.angsit Experimental Farm from a grain selected by the rice millers as being what they l;I:HJUirecl, nnd which gained the first prize at the World Ornin Bxhihition held at Regina, Camtcla., in July Hl3:1. The Archaeological section of the B.oyttl Institute lutd prepttl'ecl tt serim.; of drawings, in regard to Wnt Sri Sttrn.pet nt Ayuclhytt. It was in the groundR of this temple tlmt in March l9BB a remarkable collection of: Buddhas, relics and Phmt, Phim on RhoetR of gold and silver, were discoverocl in a chamber in ' the miclc1le pagoda of three in the ruins. • H. H. Prince Bidyalankaramt, President of the Hoyal Institute, explained the sketcheR aml plans prepr1recl by the Archaeological service with a· view to making a Rpecial Rtudy .of: the knowledge of the age of the different buildings of this temple, which date hack to B. E. 2035. Mr. E. Fomo assisted the Prince with tbiR exhibit, which possesAed a great interest, and gave a glimpse of the imposing huildings which once formed part or this temple,

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ANNUAL MEE'l'ING.

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At the annw1l meeting held on February l4t.h, 1934, the President being in the chair, the Annual Rep01·t fol' 1933 and the Balance Sheet for the year were tmanirnously: adopted, • The Council were

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ANNUATJ REPOH'l' li'Olt

1934•

255

lil~ewise l'e-uleett~d

en bluo. Phytt Julmnttrk Bhichantmt w11s ttsked to•)u,ccupt 11 seat on the Council, ntltl tlw PruHident acknowledging reelection paid a tribute to the work of the two memberl:l of the Council who lmd passed n.-wn.y: 1\Tr. E. J. Godfrey, in 1933, n.nd M. Rene Nicoh>, early in 1934. A hearty vote of thanks to the Honorary Auditor, Mr. G. R. Brooks, waR pn.ssed, n.nd J\th. A. H. Hale was asked to join the small committee who wet·c looking after the by-out of the Society's compound. ' 'fHE CouNCIL.

r:l'he Council has met regularly throughout the ye111' u11der review, the number of meetings being ten and the 11verage n.ttendance nino. The l'etit~ment of Mr. W. R. S. Lad ell in 1\111rch from the position of Hon. Librarian and Secretn.ry of the Nn.tuntl History ,Section and from the Council, occn.sioned very grent regret, n.ncl at the June meeting o£ the Council it was decided to suggest to the next annual meeting the election of Mr. J_,adell as a CorreRponding member of the Society. Mr. U. Gt'?ehlot· agreed to n.ceept the position of Hem. Librarian.· In October, Dr. McCormick Smith, the lender of the Natural History , Section ancl Editor of the Supplement, retired tl'Om these positionR on le11ving Sin,m. The Council on bebn.J:f of the Society entertained Dr. Smith to luncheon prior to his departure, nnd on thiR occaRion t.l'ihuteR were p11id to his work for and on behalf of the Society for a period of fl(1mething like ten ycttl'R. During the abRence of Mr. C. J. House, the Ron. Treasurer, on leave, Mr. 0. W7 Wat·d kindly acted for him. Mr. Ward prepared the Budget for the year 1935 and drew up tho Bn.ln.nce Sheet for the year 1934· before lmnding over to Mr. Hom;e, and before his departure the Council fouml u:n opportunity to thank him for his services. In the course of the year ProfesRor George Ca~des, a former President of the Society ttnd 110vv an Honorary Member, re-visited Bangkok. The Council hnd the plensure o£ entertaining Professor Cmcles, and on· this occ!1sion were also a.blc to welcome another former active member a.nd contributor to the Journa.l, also now an Honorary Member, in the person of Sir Josin.h Crosby, the British Minister. It was the fh·st occasion that either had seeu the Society'fl horne.

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ANNUAL Hl~I'OH'l' l!'OH

1934

rvoL. XXV!! f

MEi\TBERSHIP.

In the com·se o£ the year twelve ordina1·y memhurs were elcc/fed as compared with sixteen in 19:3:-3, fifteen in 1932, iiftecn in 19:31, thirty-eight in 1930, and thirty-eight iu 1929. There were twenty resignation:-; of orclinn,ry members and two wm·e removed for non-payment of subscription. On the 1st ,Jn,mutry 1D!15 the membership was as follows:·Life Free Ordinttry Honorary Corresponding 4 151 " 20 11 umking n, totnJ of 189 as compared with 207 in 1833, 200' in 1932, 218 in 19i31, 2"!.4 in 1930 ftncl 2.58 in 1929. EVOLU'l'JON OF SIAlVIESE SCitiPT.

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Definite ad vn,nce is to be reported in connection with this work. Originally planned to be the Jubilee volume issued by the Society, the Council left the umtter in abeyance, on the ground of cost and ttlHo bcctwse they believed there waH tt poHsibility of thiH particuhtr study being included in a brger work to he producerJ in Emopo . During Hl34 the Council decided to aba.ndon the icletL of a Jubilee volume, and learning that tho projected publicn,tion in Emopo depeny, K. B.""'E., C. I. E.,

Professor L. Finot l~omtld

W. Giblin

W. A. Gmharn ·Count GyldenRtolpc

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..J. Homan Vt1ll der Heide . . . 'C. Boden Klcms .. . ProfesBOl' K. Kuroita H. Parmentier

H. B. ivi. Minister, Bangkok. Folco Mollat 83, Ste. Catherine, 'l'oulon, Fmnee. cfo Guthrie & Co., Ltd., Whittington Av., London, E.C. PlnRh 1\hnor, Piddletrenthide, near DorcheHter. R.oyal Nntuml History lHnRemn, Stockholm, Sweden. Bemmol, Holland. 2 Holbein House, Sloane Stplare, London, S. W. 'l'he OrienttLl Library, Tokyo. Ecole FmiH;:n.iBe cl'Extreme-Orient, Ht1noi.

H. K BiHhop R 1\'I. J. Perras 'Sir J. George Scott Dr. Malcolm Smith Dl'. Paul rruxen ...• ~

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Assumption Ot1thedral, Bangkok. 'l'hereaway, Graffham, Petworth, SusBcx. Lane End, Putney, London. 'l'he University, Copenhagen.

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• 267 FULL LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SIAM SOCIETY ON MARCH 1ST 1935.

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l 'YtLtron Viec-Patrcnt Honomry P;:J:~1Jcnt Houomry Vice-President "

His Maj eHty the King H. R. H. Prince Damrong Rajmmbhab. H. H.. H. hince of Nagara Svarga. H. H. H. Prince of Kamhaong Bejra.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

H. H. H. i:.he Prince of Jttinad. l:L H. Prince Bidyalankarana. R C. Stuart Baker 6 Harold H.oad, Norwood, London. Dr. C. B. ~ntdley Berkeley, Califomia, i:J. S. A. ProfeHHor G. CredeH

Ecole Fmn9nise d'Extreme-Oriont, Hanoi. 2217 Jule Street, St. Jml0ph, Mo., U.S. A.

l\:IiRH E. S. Cole .Sir J. Crosl>y, K. B.""'E., C. I. E.,

Professor L. Finot l~omtld

W. Giblin

W. A. Gmharn ·Count GyldenRtolpc

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..J. Homan Vt1ll der Heide . . . 'C. Boden Klcms .. . ProfesBOl' K. Kuroita H. Parmentier

H. B. ivi. Minister, Bangkok. Folco Mollat 83, Ste. Catherine, 'l'oulon, Fmnee. cfo Guthrie & Co., Ltd., Whittington Av., London, E.C. PlnRh 1\hnor, Piddletrenthide, near DorcheHter. R.oyal Nntuml History lHnRemn, Stockholm, Sweden. Bemmol, Holland. 2 Holbein House, Sloane Stplare, London, S. W. 'l'he OrienttLl Library, Tokyo. Ecole FmiH;:n.iBe cl'Extreme-Orient, Ht1noi.

H. K BiHhop R 1\'I. J. Perras 'Sir J. George Scott Dr. Malcolm Smith Dl'. Paul rruxen ...• ~

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Assumption Ot1thedral, Bangkok. 'l'hereaway, Graffham, Petworth, SusBcx. Lane End, Putney, London. 'l'he University, Copenhagen.

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JIIgi\lBEHHif ll'.

268

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Sir Walter Williamson, cjo Lloyd's Bank,

C. III. G.

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Pn,ll Mn.ll, London, S.

Corw.EHPONDlNG lVIEMBEHH.

C. J. Aagaarcl Professor A. Cabaton ,1. A. C11hlc

W. R. S. Ladell R. S. le lVIay

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J. Michell W. Nnnn ...

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P. Petitlmguenin Professor Conte F. L. Pulle C. A. S. Sewell .. . Dr. H. l\'I. Smith .. .

"Frederikshoj ", Haclsunf!l\ ,Jutland, ' · Demnark. cjo Ecole Nationale des Langues Orientt1lcH,. Paris . • Golfers' Club, Whitehall Court,. London, S. W. 1. "Codar~1 ", Lo,ver T.Jt1ton Road, • Wheathampsteacl, Herts. () Somerset Avenue, Haynes P.ark, London, S. W. 20 • 2 Oakhill Road, Bcckenham, Kent. 5 Dover Street, London, W. I. 74 Rue St. La;;mre, Paris. H.. UniversitiL, Bologna, Ital~. Birchington, Kent. 1209 M. St. N. W., Washington, D. C., U. S. A.

H. \Vt1l'ington Smyth, Calanmnsac, Fa.lmouth, England. cjo Archeological Department,

C. IlL G.

'l'aw Sein Ko

Mandal~y, Bunrm ..

• LIFE MEilfBEHR.

E. 'vV. Hutchinson Dt·. E. R. J 11IYICH

Chiengmn.i. Harvard University, Cn,mbriclge, Mass., U.S. A. Street House, Hn.yes, Kent, Engbnd.

Dr. A. F. G. Kel'l'

ORDINARY lVIEMBERS.(l)

Anusnsna, Phya Annvacl Raksa,, Phya Amn Raksrt, Phra

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l)etchaboon Pala.ce. 'fimber Revmme Station, Paknn.mpoh. 700 Pebin Road, Snlegon Qr., Monywa, Lr(Chinclwin District, Burma.

Allnddre~ses are in

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Bangkok unless otherwise stated . .

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• .Bure11n of Entomology, Rmna VI Hoad; Arit,tt Mttn'jiklm ' NtLi OricnttLl Avenue. P·t~lqtw tle l'JJHlochi,nc British Consul-Geneml. Lll!·y, ,1, ... Borneo Co., Ltd., ChiengmtLi. ,Lin, \V. Btmgkok Christian College Pt·a,m m1n Hon.d. ~ .. . .. . Mini:,;try of Finance. Bttxtcr, ,J. BlHtkdi No~et, Phyn, ... Nai Lert's Store. Bihliothequc Hoyale du Pnompenh. C~tmbodgc Ministry of Justice. Bily, Ch. Muglemosevej :37, Charlottenlund, Bjorliug, 0. Denmark. Royal Institute. BoriLml Bmihhand, Luang Royal Irrign.tion Deptwtment. Brii,ndli, H. Est Asiatique Fran9ais, Cbiengmi. Brettl, lVL Meklong Hailway Co., Ltd. BrookH, G. R. l\1euam Motor .Boat Co., J.,td. Brunn, .J. Ministry of Justice. Bmmty, ~f. (Hon. Editor) Department of Ways. ·0!1mbitLSO, 8.

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Ctttnhridge 'University Cambridge, Enghtnd. Library Chuln.longkorn University. Causey, Dr. 0. H. g53 Pmmnan H.oad. ·ClmkntptLni, Luang Chahrt Lobloefl11l1, Bmnrnng Mnang Road. H. R. H. Prince Clutl'OCll qlmi, II. S. H. Hoyal State Hn.ilways. Prince Assumption College. Chorin, (H.6v. :~ere) L. A. ·DaniRh Consul-Geneml. ChriHtiansen, H. Sathorn Hon.d. Collins, 1\il'R. E. Conseil de Recherches ScientiHqnes clc l'Inclochine Hano'i. ·CoultiLR, W. \V. .. . British Consul, Cbiengmai. D11ngel, Hichard . .. . Pressgn,sse 17/24, Vienna, IV. Daruphan Pitak, Phytt Forest Depa,rtment. Jhviclson, C. M. N. Bombay-Burmah 'frading Corporation, Ltd., I..ampang. Davies, J. E. Dlmni Nivn,t, H. H. Prince (Vice-PresidenJi)

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Law School. Sriraclm. Chnlalongkorn Uuiv'ersity.

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Dupltttrc, L. Eisenhofer, E. Ellis, Dr. A. G. Encyclopedic Bmeau, Govt.-Gen. ot FonnoHt1 'l'aipeh, Formostt, ,JnptLn. Eygout, Prot. H.... Lnw School. ' Fnculty of Arts & Sciences Chulalongkom Univendty. Kmt1a Lumpur. F. JH. S. :MnseumK 86 Belle Avenue, '!'roy, New Yor.Ji. Feltus, Rev. G. H. Borispah Court. • Folliet, H.. Fine Arts Section, Hoy:tl Institute. Forno, E. c/o ;'l'fessrs. Grindley & Co., Parliament Fmser, Lt. Col. F. C. St., V\Testminster, Loudon. R111gkok. French Legation ... • VVindsor & Co. Fnhrhop, W. French Legation . . Fuchs, P. W11t Pratat, near Kamlmeng Bejm. G~tirdner, K. G. Chiengmai. Garratt, H. B. Royal Irrigt1tion Dep:1rtnwnt. Gee, C. D. Sathorn Road. • Genmtn Club, The Borneo Co., Ltd., Lampang. Gould, A. N. Siam Electric Corporation, Ltd. Grnt, Commclr. W. L. Siam Electric Corporn.tion, Ltll. Grnt, Edmond B. Grimm & Co. Gnehler, U. Bmu bay-B m·malt 'l'mdiug Corporation. Httines, W. 47(1 l\a1m1 I Hoad. Ihlo, A. H. • l\1cFarlttnd Typewriter Co., LtU . • Httmmoncl, A. R. I-hulmrt, J. K. B. Grimm & Uo. Si11m Architects, H.ajadamri Hm1