Jerusalem Exavatins the Tyropoeon Vallery (givʻat Parking Lot) 9789654067225, 9789654067256, 9654067226

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IAA Reports, No. 66/3

Jerusalem Excavations in the Tyropoeon Valley (Givati Parking Lot) Volume II The Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods Part 3: Complementary Studies of Various Finds

Doron Ben-Ami and Yana Tchekhanovets

With contributions by

Oriya Amichay, Donald T. Ariel, Hagar Ben Dov, Ariel Berman, Gabriela Bijovsky, Ram Bouchnick, Salome Dan-Goor, Vitaly Gutkin, Dorit Gutreich, Masha Krakovsky, Inbar Ktalav, Omri Lernau, Inna Popov, Peretz Reuven, Irina Segal, Ariel Shatil, Michael E. Stone, David Tanami, Anna de Vincenz, Ehud Weiss, Ayala Zilberstein

ISRAEL ANTIQUITIES AUTHORITY JERUSALEM 2020

IAA Reports Publications of the Israel Antiquities Authority Editor-in-Chief: Zvi Greenhut Series and Production Editor: Shelley Sadeh Volume Editor: Shelley Sadeh Front Cover: Givati Parking Lot in the City of David, looking north (photograph, SkyView Photography Ltd.) Back Cover: Early Islamic bone dolls (photograph, Clara Amit) Cover Design and Production: Ann Buchnick-Abuhav Layout and Typesetting: Ann Buchnick-Abuhav Illustrations: Elizabeth Belashov, Natalia Zak Printing: Digiprint Zahav Ltd. Copyright © 2020, The Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem POB 586, Jerusalem, 91004 ISBN 978-965-406-722-5 EISBN 978-965-406-725-6 www.antiquities.org.il

Contents

ABBREVIATIONS

vii

FOREWORD

ix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Doron Ben-Ami

1

CHAPTER 2: STRATIGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE Stratigraphic Sections

Doron Ben-Ami

5 57

CHAPTER 3: THE BYZANTINE POTTERY

Anna de Vincenz

71

CHAPTER 4: THE BYZANTINE COINS

Donald T. Ariel

159

CHAPTER 5: A HOARD OF SOLIDI OF HERACLIUS

Gabriela Bijovsky

183

CHAPTER 6: THE BYZANTINE GLASS

Dorit Gutreich

201

CHAPTER 7: LITURGICAL FURNITURE

David Tanami and Yana Tchekhanovets

219

CHAPTER 8: A MINIATURE ICON DIPTYCH Appendix 8.1: SEM-EDS Analysis of the Miniature Icon Diptych

Yana Tchekhanovets Inna Popov and Vitaly Gutkin

237 243

CHAPTER 9: PICTORIAL GRAFFITO ON A STONE PLAQUE

Ayala Zilberstein

251

CHAPTER 10: ARMENIAN GRAFFITO

Michael E. Stone

261

CHAPTER 11: THE SOUTHEASTERN HILL OF JERUSALEM DURING THE BYZANTINE PERIOD––CONCLUDING REMARKS

Doron Ben-Ami and Yana Tchekhanovets

263

PART 1: STRATUM V: THE BYZANTINE PERIOD

iv PART 2: STRATA IV–I: THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD CHAPTER 12: STRATIGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE Doron Ben-Ami

271

CHAPTER 13: THE EARLY ISLAMIC POTTERY

Peretz Reuven

375

CHAPTER 14: THE COINS FROM STRATA III–II

Donald T. Ariel and Ariel Berman

523

CHAPTER 15: THE EARLY ISLAMIC GLASS

Dorit Gutreich

531

CHAPTER 16: PRODUCTION OF BONE OBJECTS IN THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD

Ariel Shatil

585

CHAPTER 17: A MINIATURE VESSEL CONTAINING CINNABAR

Salome Dan-Goor

641

CHAPTER 18: THE ARCHAEOBOTANICAL REMAINS Oriya Amichay and Ehud Weiss

645

CHAPTER 19: THE SOUTHEASTERN HILL OF JERUSALEM DURING THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD––CONCLUDING REMARKS

703

Doron Ben-Ami and Yana Tchekhanovets

PART 3: COMPLEMENTARY STUDIES OF VARIOUS FINDS CHAPTER 20: THE METAL OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I Appendix 20.1: Study of a Ceramic Crucible from Stratum III

Masha Krakovsky

709

Irina Segal

727

CHAPTER 21: THE BONE OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

Ariel Shatil

731

CHAPTER 22: THE SPINDLE WHORLS FROM STRATA V–I

Salome Dan-Goor

787

CHAPTER 23: THE BEADS AND A PENDANT FROM STRATA V–I

Hagar Ben Dov

799

CHAPTER 24: THE MARBLE ASSEMBLAGE FROM STRATA V–I

Yana Tchekhanovets

817

v CHAPTER 25: THE MOLLUSCS FROM STRATA VII–I Appendix 25.1: Chemical and Mineralogical Analyses of a Lump of Red Pigment from Stratum VI

Inbar Ktalav Irina Segal

835 863

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I Appendix 26.1: Bone Measurements of Faunal Specimens from Strata V–I (mm) Appendix 26.2: Distribution of Identified Bones (NISP) According to Period and Locus

Ram Bouchnick

865

CHAPTER 27: THE FISH REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I

Omri Lernau

897 911

915

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

923

APPENDIX 2: WALL LIST

963

D. Ben-Ami, Y. Tchekhanovets, 2020, Jerusalem: Givati Parking Lot II (IAA Reports 66)

Chapter 20

The Metal Objects from Strata V–I Masha K rakovsky

Introduction A total of 3076 metal objects were recovered in the Byzantine and Early Islamic strata (V–I) at the Givati Parking Lot site during the 2008–2012 excavation seasons, of which 1189 are iron nails and tacks. Apart from these, the assemblage comprises 1401 iron (74%), 312 copper-alloy (16.5%) and 173 lead (9%) artifacts; one silver object is also included.1 As this report is a continuation of the catalogue of metal objects from the first season of excavation at Givati (2007) in Area M1 (Krakovsky 2013), artifact types discussed in detail in that report are only presented here briefly. It should be noted that metal artifacts rarely display specific chronological characteristics; therefore, most of the artifacts discussed in this report are dated according to their stratigraphic context. Most originate in fills, otherwise their specific provenance is noted. A sample of 38 artifacts (1% of the assemblage), consisting of the most representative and complete examples, is presented here in catalogue format, divided into six categories based on functional characteristics (Table 20.1): tools and work implements (nails, tacks and rings [not in catalogue], an awl, a spud, a peg with a double-spiked loop, a modeling tool, a clamp and a fitting; Cat. Nos. 1–6); household implements (an oil-lamp filler, an oil-lamp holder(?), a handle, needles, knives and a lock; Cat. Nos. 7–15); items for personal adornment (kohl sticks, spoons and a hair or dress pin; Cat. Nos. 16–20); jewelry (finger rings, pendants, a bracelet and bells; Cat. Nos. 21–27); weights (Cat. Nos. 28–36) and pottery fittings (Cat. Nos. 37, 38). Selected items are illustrated in Figs. 20.1–20.8, ordered sequentially according to their catalogue numbers. The catalogue provides the details of each item: stratum, locus, basket, provenance, material and dimensions. In many cases, no close parallels were found in Jerusalem and its immediate vicinity, therefore parallels are cited from sites in other regions of Israel and abroad. In addition to this assemblage, two small, poorly preserved, ceramic crucibles for smelting metals were recovered in Abbasid (Stratum III) contexts (Fill 2349, Pit 2568).

I would like to thank Ayala Lester of the IAA and Guy Stiebel of Tel Aviv University for their generous help in identifying some of the objects in this assemblage and providing the relevant references, and especially for their time and good advice. It should be stressed, however, that responsibility for the content and the conclusions reached in this chapter are the author’s alone. 1

710

MASHA KRAKOVSKY

The crucible from Pit 2568 was analyzed by Irena Segal of the Geological Survey of Israel (Appendix 20.1).

Catalogue Tools and Work Implements This category includes tools and implements used for various crafts or specific functions that took place both indoors and outdoors in domestic environments, which cannot always be determined. Most common are nails, tacks and rings, usually found in large quantities at sites of the Byzantine–Early Islamic periods in Israel. The other objects are less common, represented here by one example of each. The typology of the tools is based largely on the comprehensive study by Manning (1985).2 Nails, Tacks and Rings (Figs. 20.1, 20.2) The assemblages of nails, tacks and rings differ from those of Area M1 only in quantity; therefore, they are not presented here in detail (see Krakovsky 2013:291–292). There are no obvious typological distinctions between nails, tacks and rings of the different periods. The nails and tacks (Fig. 20.1) comprise 1189 iron items (303 complete, 886 fragments), 22 bronze items (12 complete, 10 fragments), and seven lead items (four complete, three fragments). The nails differ in size and shape: their shafts have either square or rounded cross sections; most of the nail heads are rounded. The ring assemblage (Fig. 20.2) is comprised of 37 iron rings (15 complete, 22 broken) and 52 copper-alloy rings (32 complete, 20 broken).

0

2

Fig. 20.1. Nails and tacks.

Despite the fact that the artifacts discussed in the present report are not attributed to the Roman period, the unchanging nature of some of the tools renders this reference applicable. 2

CHAPTER 20: THE METAL OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

0

711

2

Fig. 20.2. Rings.

Tools (Fig. 20.3) No. 1. Awl The one example of this tool is made of iron and is heavily corroded. The handle is diamond shaped, and the stem narrows toward the broken end. Awls of this kind were probably used in industries such as leather working to punch holes (Manning 1985:39). No. 2. Spud The single example of this tool is made of iron. The blade widens toward the working end, which is broken. Inside the socket are remains of two rivets or nails with which the handle was attached. According to Manning (1985:49), the purpose of this tool was to clean certain parts of a plow. No. 3. Double-Spiked Loop on a Peg This implement is made of iron. The peg, with a rounded cross section, has a flat, bent bar looped around it forming two spikes, which are broken at both ends. This item could have had multiple functions. No. 4. Modeling Tool Three examples were assigned to this tool type, all made of iron. They have a square or rounded cross section that widens toward the flat working edge. The most complete example (Cat. No. 4) has a round cross section and a flat working edge, while the opposite end is broken. These tools are similar to carpenters’ chisels, though somewhat smaller (Manning 1985:31), and probably served different craftsmen, such as potters or sculptors. No. 5. Clamp Eight iron clamps were found, all originating in Early Islamic contexts, although with no specific spatial profile. Catalogue No. 5 is the most complete example. The head has a flat,

712

MASHA KRAKOVSKY

uneven, slightly convex oval shape and is broken on one edge. The stem is square sectioned and its tip is broken. These items probably had multiple functions in construction works. No. 6. Fitting The only example of a fitting is made of iron. It is a flat bar with a rectangular cross section; one side is bent to form a loop; the other side is curved. Its function is unknown.

2

1

3

4

6

5 0

4

Fig. 20.3. Tools and work implements.

CHAPTER 20: THE METAL OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

713

Household Implements (Fig. 20.4) Items included in this category were most probably used in domestic environments. Most are represented by a single example, except for knives, which were a common find in the excavation. No. 7. Oil-Lamp Filler One complete lamp filler is made of copper alloy. The bowl is hemispherical with a flat base and devoid of decoration. The handle is flat with two petals at the end. Oil-lamp fillers of this kind, sometimes richly decorated (Fitzgerald 1931: Pl. XXXVIII:4; Khamis 2013: Figs. 163–175), are known since the beginning of the Early Islamic period (Khamis 2013:48). Although termed here ‘oil-lamp filler’, such items might have had a variety of functions, such as grinding bowls for cosmetics or indigo powders, medicine-pouring vessels or baby-feeding cups (Khamis 2013:48, and see references therein). No. 8. Oil-Lamp Holder(?) This complete artifact is composed of two copper-alloy rods with round cross sections attached to each other at one end, and with a loop at the other end. No. 9. Handle This single example of a complete handle is made of copper alloy. It is round in section, and the arch of the handle is curved at both ends to form a loop. Two pins are attached to the ends of the handle; one is complete with a round cross section, the other pin is broken and only a small piece remains wrapped around the handle. Such handles appear on a variety of domestic articles, such as mirrors and boxes (Hayes 1984:193). Nos. 10, 11. Needles Of the three copper-alloy needles in the assemblage, two complete examples are presented in this catalogue. One is round in section with an oblong eye, and the tip is broken (Cat. No. 10). This type of needle was probably used to sew or embroider fabrics, but could also have been used in surgery (Rafael 2008:448). The other complete needle (Cat. No. 11) has a flat, round eye with a round hole in the center. The shaft is flat, tapering toward the tip, where it becomes rounded in section. This needle was found on a Stratum I floor (L1735) dated to the Abbasid period (see Chapter 12). Its function remains obscure. Nos. 12–14. Knives Seventeen iron knifes were recovered in the excavations, most of them relatively well preserved, although broken at both ends. They are all presumably household utensils, as opposed to weapons. Three nearly complete examples are presented in the catalogue. Knife No. 12 is broken at both ends, and its tang is corroded. Both edges of the knife are almost straight, tapering toward the tip. Knife No. 13 is a complete small knife. The tang is square in section and is a continuation of the blade’s back edge, which is slightly convex toward the tip; the cutting edge is straight. Knife No. 14 is a small knife, its tang

714

MASHA KRAKOVSKY

7

10

8

9

11

12

13

14

15

0

4

Fig. 20.4. Household implements.

CHAPTER 20: THE METAL OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

715

broken at the end. The cutting edge of the blade is convex while the back is straight but curves slightly toward the tip. The blade is rectangular in section, where it joins the tang, which is also rectangular in section. This knife was found in a Stratum II wall (W1444; see Chapter 12). No. 15. Lock One example of a rectangular lever padlock (Waldbaum 1983:70–71) is made of iron. The lock box is almost complete, with one of its plates preserved. It probably had a keyhole in it. The interior of the lock and remains of the lock mechanism are heavily corroded, and there are also traces of wood inside, probably remnants of the wooden surface to which the lock was attached. Three of the four nails or rivets are preserved in the corners of the preserved plate. Locks of this type, made either of iron or copper alloy, are known in the Roman–Byzantine world (Manning 1972:181–182; Waldbaum 1983:69–71). It was unearthed in L1963, the foundation of Channel 1934, dated to the Byzantine period (Phase VC; see Chapter 2). Items for Personal Adornment (Fig. 20.5) These items, all made of copper alloy, were used as cosmetic or medical implements. They can be divided into four groups according to their functional ends: kohl sticks to apply cosmetics, spoons to prepare cosmetics or medicinal powders, and a hair or dress pin. Broken rods without the diagnostic functional ends are collected under ‘rods’ and are not included in the catalogue. These objects are common finds from the Hellenistic period onward throughout the Near East, and while their basic forms did not change dramatically over time, minor differences in decorative styles and designs are noticed (Khamis 2008:170–171). Nos. 16, 17. Kohl Sticks Twenty-nine items were identified as kohl sticks based on their morphology; most are broken on one end. These items have one or two functional ends. Two complete examples are presented in the catalogue. Kohl Stick No. 16 is rounded in section with two functional ends. The ends are rounded, and the central part of the rod is decorated with a ground schematic design. While this item was found in a fill assigned to the Byzantine period, kohl sticks with a ground decoration in the center are characteristic of the Early Islamic period (Khamis 2008:172; see also Ploug and Oldenburg 1969: Figs. 24:6–13; 25:1, 2). Kohl Stick No. 17 has a rounded section with one rounded functional end. The handle is decorated with two pairs of rings on either side of a pierced bead topped by a small knob.

716

MASHA KRAKOVSKY

Nos. 18, 19. Spoons Twelve spoons were found. The differences in the shapes and sizes of the spoon bowls probably relate to their function, which cannot be determined today. Two complete examples of spoons are presented in the catalogue. Spoon No. 18 has a tear-shaped bowl with a flat rim; the shaft is somewhat curved and widens slightly toward a rounded end. The decoration between the bowl and the shaft consists of an incised bead set among six rings, two on the bowl side and four on the shaft side. It was found in a Stratum III pit (L2376; see Chapter 12). Spoon No. 19 has a flat, rounded functional end, and the shaft curves slightly and widens toward the end. This item could also have been used as a spatula (Colt 1962:54).3 No. 20. Pin Only one object could be confidently identified as a pin. This complete pin is very delicate, with a bead-like head and a curved, pointed stem. Pins of this kind were probably used as hair or dress ornaments (Davidson 1952:277–278).

16

17

19

18 0

20

4

Fig. 20.5. Items of personal adornment.

A similar spoon, but made of gold and slightly larger, is exhibited in the Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem. This object is assigned to the Nessana excavations (Auja Hafir) by the museum catalogue, but it is not mentioned in Colt’s (1962) final report of the excavations. 3

CHAPTER 20: THE METAL OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

717

Jewelry (Fig. 20.6) A variety of jewelry items were uncovered in the excavation; most of them are made of copper alloy with only a few made of iron and one of silver. Bells are assigned to this category due to their use as pendants. Nos. 21, 22. Finger Rings Four items from Byzantine–Early Islamic contexts can be confidently defined as finger rings, two made of iron, one of copper alloy and one of silver. Two are presented in the catalogue. The silver finger ring (Cat. No. 21) was found complete with the glass setting still attached to the bezel of the ring. After being cleaned, the setting and some small pieces of the ring fell apart. The ring has a round cross section. The setting was made of two hexagonal glass plaques: an upper convex plaque and a flat plaque beneath it. This ring was found in a Stratum III pit (L1537). A complete iron finger ring (Cat. No. 22) has a flat, slightly chipped bezel and a round cross section. It was found on a Stratum IV floor (L1790) south of Limekiln 1850 (see Chapter 12).

21

22

23

24

25

26

27 0

4

Fig. 20.6. Jewelry.

718

MASHA KRAKOVSKY

Nos. 23, 24. Pendants An almost-complete, copper-alloy pendant (Cat. No. 23) is shaped as a teardrop. It is flat and plain on both sides. A loop for a chain protrudes on the narrow end. It was found on a Phase IIA floor (L1464) in Building 1421 (see Chapter 12). A complete, copperalloy pendant (Cat. No. 24) is flat and rectangular. There is a hole on the long edge of the pendant with a small suspension ring. One face of the pendant was decorated, although the decoration is preserved only along one of the short sides. The decoration consists of two crossed, dotted lines forming an X, a dotted band and two circles with a dot inside. No. 25. Bracelet One complete example of an open, copper-alloy bracelet was found. The ends are flat and leaf shaped, decorated with apparently cast triangles. Nos. 26, 27. Bells A complete hemispherical bell made of copper alloy (Cat. No. 26) is decorated with four concentric engraved lines on the lower part of the bell. A suspension hole is located on the upper part of the bell, and inside it were found a small loop, broken on its end, and a small piece of a spring. Such bells are common finds in tombs of the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, and were used as pendants on various pieces of jewelry (Vitto 2011:123). A complete, copper-alloy bell (Cat. No. 27) is made of two spheres, probably soldered together, and a rounded loop is attached at the top; there is a slot on the bottom of the bell. Bells of this kind were probably attached to cloth or animals’ reins (Khamis 2008:182). Weights (Figs. 20.7, 20.8) Nos. 28–36. Weights An assemblage of 15 weights from Strata V–I consists of three barrel weights, four polyhedral weights and eight square and brick weights (the typology follows Holland 1986, 2009), all made of copper alloy, except Cat. No. 36 made of lead. The particular function of these weights is still under debate (for further discussion, see Holland 1986:185–192; Khamis 2008:165–166; 2010:279–280). Nine examples are presented in the catalogue. Most of the weights are assigned to the Early Islamic period on the basis of their stratigraphic context, shape and weight. These weights represent two weighing systems that were introduced during the Early Islamic periods (Balog 1970; Khamis 2008:165–168, and references therein; Holland 2009:41): the dirham series, which is based on a unit of 2.9 g, and the dinar series, which is based on a unit of 4.15 g.4 All the weights in this assemblage range in weight between 8 and 14 g. All but three can be confidently attributed to one of the weighing systems. Although there are some inconsistencies in weight, the deviations

The standard weights of these series vary slightly according to different authors. Here I follow Holland (1986). Khamis, for example, uses 2.97 g and 4.25 g for units of the dirham and dinar systems respectively (Khamis 2008:165). 4

719

CHAPTER 20: THE METAL OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

0

1

Fig. 20.7. Weights.

28

29

30

31 0

32

4

33 0

34

1

35

36

37

38

0

4

Fig. 20.8. Weights and pottery-mending fittings.

720

MASHA KRAKOVSKY

are usually less than 0.05 g and most probably indicate mass loss due to weathering, corrosion and cleaning procedures. Only one weight in this assemblage (Cat. No. 33) bears an inscription, most probably the name of a ruler or a place. Most of the Early Islamic copper-alloy weights such as those presented in this catalogue are known to appear during the Fatimid period (Khamis 2008:165; Holland 2009:41). However, the weights discovered at Givati are of earlier date, as most originate in Strata V–I, dated to the Byzantine–Early Islamic periods. Barrel Weights (Cat. Nos. 28, 29) These weights are known from Roman and Byzantine times, but are more oblate than those of the Islamic period (Balog 1970:236; Holland 1986:175), which are biconical in shape and characterized by flat bases bearing signs of lathe production (a dot with concentric circles around it; Balog 1970:235).5 Barrel Weight No. 28 has four punched dots on one base: three along one of the concentric lines near the center, the fourth opposite them; their function is unknown. No lines are seen on the other base, and there is only one dot in the center. This weight equals 5 dirhams. Barrel Weight No. 29 is slightly squat compared to Cat. No. 28, reminiscent of Byzantine weights. It has a rim on both bases and the concentric circles are clearer than on the previous item. This weight equals 2 dinars. Polyhedral Weights (Cat. Nos. 30–32) These represent some modification of the barrel form: the biconical body is decorated with facets arranged in rows around the body of the weight and each bears a dot-and-circle motif (except No. 32, see below). Polyhedral Weight No. 30 has three rows with six facets each; the bases, as in the barrel-shaped weights, have a dot and two clear concentric circles. Its weight (11.54 g) suggests that it can be attributed to the dirham series, although there are no denominations of 4 in this system (Holland 1986:173). Despite this inconsistency, it is most reasonable to assign this weight to the dirham system based on its shape and weight. Polyhedral Weight No. 31 is squatter than the previous item. It has three rows of six facets each; two circular depressions appear on both bases, very clear on one base and slightly worn on the other. This weight equals 2 dinars. Polyhedral Weight No. 32 differs from Nos. 30 and 31, as it is biconical and each cone has eight facets arranged in a manner resembling a peeled orange. It equals 5 dirhams. Brick-Shaped Weights (Cat. Nos. 33, 34) These are usually shaped as two truncated pyramids set base to base (No. 34), or as slabs cut from a metal sheet (No. 33), and are assigned to the dirham weighing system (Holland

Holland distinguishes between barrel weights of the dirham series and those of the dinar series, the latter he calls discoids, based on diameter to height ratio (1986:17). For simplicity, here I refer to both as barrel weights. 5

CHAPTER 20: THE METAL OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

721

1986:175–176). They are divided into three groups according to surface markings: plain; decorated with a dot-and-circle motif or an inscription; and weights with an inscription and punched marks. The latter group appears in three denominations: ½, ⅓ and ⁄� � of a dirham (three, two and one punched marks respectively; Holland 2009:45). Brick-Shaped Weight No. 33 is of the third group. On the obverse side it bears a stamped decoration of an Arabic inscription in Kufic script (unfortunately unreadable) enclosing a flower(?) in a circle, and on the reverse side are three punched dots indicating its value as half a dirham. It was found in the floor make-up (L2475) of Room 1577 in Building 1569 (Phase IIA; see Chapter 12). Weight No. 34 is plain and bears no decoration. It equals 1 dirham. Square Weights (Cat. Nos. 35, 36) Weight No. 35 is square and plain on both sides and has no characteristic features of the Islamic period. It is attributed to the Early Islamic period on the basis of its provenance on a Stratum IV floor (L1812; see Chapter 12). The square weight made of lead (Cat. No. 36) bears no decoration or inscription and has a frame on both sides. Pottery-Mending Fittings (Fig. 20.8) Two lead pottery fittings (Cat. Nos. 37, 38) still attached to pottery sherds were found in the excavation: No. 37 in a Stratum III pit (L1503), and No. 38 on a Stratum IV floor (L1790; see Chapter 12).

Summary This catalogue presents artifacts that were probably used primarily in household activities, although some of the tools and work implements may also have been in use in artisans’ workshops. Most of them originate in Early Islamic contexts, as do the crucibles for smelting metal. In a few cases, metal objects correspond with the proposed interpretation of the area as a marketplace (Stratum III) or commercial quarter (Stratum II; see Chapter 19), although in many cases the correlation is not obvious. No identifiable agricultural tools were recovered from Strata V–I. 

722

MASHA KRAKOVSKY

Table 20.1. Catalogue of Metal Artifacts Cat. No.

Object

Stratum

Locus

Basket

Provenance

Material

Dimensions (cm)

Parallels

1

Awl

IV–II

1734

24516/1

Fill

Iron

Total L 5.47; Head L 2.76; Head D 1.69

Manning 1989: Fig. 9:3b

2

Spud

II

2333

34623

Fill

Iron

L 10.52 Max W 3.77 Blade Th 0.61 Socket Th 1.95

Manning 1989: Figs. 14–17

3

Doublespiked loop on a peg

Medieval

2206

37327

Fill

Iron

Peg L 13.10 Spike max L 6.55

Waldbaum1983: Pl. 53:939

4

Modeling tool

Medieval

2206

33160

Fill

Iron

L 5.16; Rod W 0.36; Head W 0.64

Manning 1989:30

5

Clamp

IIB

2306

34991

Fill

Iron

Head max L 5.55 Stem L 2.07 Max W 2.21

6

Iron fitting

V–III

2348

38382

Fill

Iron

L 11.75 W 0.8

7

Oil-lamp filler

V–III

2348

38489

Fill

Copper alloy

L 6.6 Bowl D 3.18 H 1.19

Khamis 2013: Figs. 163–175

8

Oil-lamp holder

IIB–IIA

2280

33672

Fill

Copper alloy

L 7.36–7.39

Waldbaum 1983:Pl. 38:600

9

Handle

V–III

2389

38600

Fill

Copper alloy

D 4.33–4.38 Th 0.36–0.51

Edelstein 2002: Fig. 25:7

10

Needle

V–III

1946

25870

Fill

Copper alloy

L 4.35 W at eye 0.09

Rafael 2008: 458, Item 222

11

Needle

I

1735

22550

Floor

Copper alloy

L4 W at eye 0.28

12

Knife

IV

1394

24134

Fill

Iron

L 11.06 Max W 2.48 Max Th 0.2 Tang max Th 0.15

Davidson 1952: Pl. 93:1567– 1573; Khamis 1996:220, Fig. XVIII.3

13

Knife

IIB

2300

34442

Fill

Iron

L 10.66 Max W 1.68 Tang max Th 0.61

Davidson 1952: Pl. 93:1567– 1573; Khamis 1996:220, Fig. XVIII.3

14

Knife

IIB–IIA

W1444

35478

Wall

Iron

Max L 7.98 Max W 1.02 Tang max H 0.49

Davidson 1952: Pl. 93:1567– 1573; Khamis 1996:220, Fig. XVIII.3

15

Lock

V

1963

27029

Fill

Iron

L 5.35 W 4.54 H 1.48

Waldbaum1983: Pl. 23:346–363

16

Kohl stick

V

1884

24734

Fill

Copper alloy

L 11.78 Th 0.32–0.33 Dec. Th 0.39–0.42

Ploug and Oldenburg 1969: Fig. 24:7

723

CHAPTER 20: THE METAL OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

Table 20.1 (cont.) Cat. No.

Object

Stratum

Locus

Basket

Provenance

Material

Dimensions (cm)

Parallels

17

Kohl stick

Medieval

2207

36283

Fill

Copper alloy

L 0.35–0.38 Dec. max L 0.5

18

Cosmetic/ medicine spoon

III

2376

36403

Pit

Copper alloy

L 15.23 Th 0.37–0.48

Ploug and Oldenburg 1969: Fig. 27:4

19

Cosmetic/ medicine spoon

II

1406

14654

Fill

Copper alloy

L 10.6 Max Th 0.4

Colt 1962: Pl. 23:13; Taxel 2005: Pl. 58:3

20

Pin

VB

1482

17567

Fill

Copper alloy

L 6.2 Head D 0.38

Davidson 1952: Pl. 116:2276

21

Ring

III

1537

16637

Pit

Silver

Max D 1.29

22

Ring

IV

1790

23427

Floor

Iron

Ring max D 2.7 Bezel max D 2.1

23

Pendant

IIA

1464

15362

Floor

Copper alloy

L 4.1 W 3.25 Th 0.1

24

Pendant

V

2098

31827

Fill

Copper alloy

L 1.89 W 1.21

25

Bracelet

II

2303

34618

Fill

Copper alloy

Max D 6.09 Th 0.35

26

Bell

V–III

1895

24655

Fill

Copper alloy

Max D 2.24 Max H 1.12

Vitto 2011: Fig. 14:10

27

Bell

II

1865

24153

Fill

Copper alloy

Max D 2.31 Max L 4.58

Khamis 2008:182, Items 74, 75

28

Barrel weight

V–III

2414

37122

Fill

Copper alloy

D 1.46 Bases D 1.21 Th 1.12 Weight 14.33 g

Holland 2009:43, Item 114

29

Barrel weight

Medieval

2207

33310

Fill

Copper alloy

D 1.48 Bases D 1.25 Th 0.63 Weight 8.32 g

Holland 2009:48, Item 153

30

Polyhedral weight

I

2228

33231

Fill

Copper alloy

D 1.52 Bases D 1.26 Th 1.21 Weight 11.54 g

31

Polyhedral weight

II–I

2242

34695

Robber trench

Copper alloy

D 1.24 Bases D 1.12 Th 0.85 Weight 8.52 g

Holland 2009:49, Item 165

32

Polyhedral weight

VA

1497

17251

Fill

Copper alloy

D 1.38 Bases D 1.25 Th 1.2 Weight 14.46 g

Holland 1986: l33, Item 5; 2009:47, Item 149

33

Brickshaped weight

IIA

1577

18837

Floor make-up

Copper alloy

L 0.9 W 1.8 Th 0.3 Weight 1.3 9 g

Holland 2009:45–46, Figs. 136–141

724

MASHA KRAKOVSKY

Table 20.1 (cont.) Cat. No.

Object

Stratum

Locus

Basket

Provenance

Material

Dimensions (cm)

34

Brickshaped weight

VC–VB

2475

40456

Fill

Copper alloy

L 1.01 W 0.78 Th 0.48 Weight 2.89 g

35

Square weight

IV

1812

23496

Floor

Copper alloy

L 1.8 W 1.8 Th 0.5 Weight 12.77 g

36

Square weight

V

2529

40844

Fill

Lead

L 2.3 W 2.22 Th 0.57 Weight 21.22 g

37

Mending fitting

III

1503

15874

Installation

Lead

Max L 2.36

38

Mending fitting

IV

1790

23524

Floor

Lead

Max L 1.26

Parallels

CHAPTER 20: THE METAL OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

725

R eferences Balog P. 1970. Islamic Bronze Weights from Egypt. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 13:233–256. Colt D.H. ed. 1962. Excavations at Nessana (Auja Hafir, Palestine) 1. London. Davidson G.R. 1952. Corinth XII: The Minor Objects. Princeton. Edelstein G. 2002. A Section of the Hellenistic–Roman Cemetery at Berit Aḥim, North of ‘Akko (Acre). ‘Atiqot 43:75*–98*(Hebrew; English summary, Pp. 257–258). Fitzgerald G.M.1931. The Metal Objects. In G.M. Fitzgerald. Beth Shan Excavations 1921–1923 III: The Arab and Byzantine Levels (Publications of the Palestine Section of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania III). Philadelphia. Pp. 41–42. Hayes J.W. 1984. Greek, Roman and Related Metalware in the Royal Ontario Museum: A Catalogue. Toronto. Holland L. 1986. Islamic Bronze Weights from Caesarea Maritima. American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 31:171–201. Holland L. 2009. Weights and Weight-Like Objects from Caesarea Maritima. Ḥadera. Khamis E. 1996. The Metal Objects. In A. Ben-Tor, M. Avissar and Y. Portugali. Yoqne‘am I: The Late Periods (Qedem Reports 3). Jerusalem. Pp. 218–235. Khamis E. 2008. The Metal Artifacts. In V. Tzaferis and S. Israeli. Paneas II: Small Finds and Other Studies (IAA Reports 38). Jerusalem. Pp. 165–188. Khamis E. 2013. Tiberias: Excavations in the House of the Bronzes; Final Report II: The Fatimid Metalwork Hoard from Tiberias (Qedem Reports 55). Jerusalem. Krakovsky M. 2013. The Metal Objects. In Giv‘ati I. Pp. 291–296. Manning W.H. 1972. The Iron Objects. In S. Frere. Verulamium Excavations I (Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London XXVIII). Oxford. Pp.163–195. Manning W.H. 1985. Catalogue of the Romano-British Iron Tools, Fittings and Weapons in the British Museum. London. Ploug G. and Oldenberg E.1969. Les objets en métal sauf les monnaies. In G. Ploug, E. Oldenburg, E. Hammershaimb, R. Thomsen and F. Løkkegaard. Hama; Fouilles et recherches 1931–1938 IV/3: Les petits objets médiévaux sauf les verreries et poteries (Nationalmuseets Skrifter, Større Beretninger VII). Copenhagen. Pp. 13–88. Rafael K. 2008. The Metal Objects. In J. Patrich. Archaeological Excavations at Caesarea Maritima, Areas CC, KK and NN; Final Reports I: The Objects. Jerusalem. Pp. 433–469. Taxel I. 2005. The Transition between the Byzantine and the Early Islamic Periods (the 7th Century CE) as Seen through Rural Settlement: Horvat Zikhrin as a Case Study. M.A. thesis. Tel Aviv University. Tel Aviv (Hebrew; English summary, pp. IV–XI). Vitto F. 2011. An Early Byzantine-Period Burial Cave at Kabul. ‘Atiqot 66:107–136. Waldbaum J.C. 1983. Metalwork from Sardis: The Finds through 1974 (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, Monographs 8). Cambridge, Mass.

Appendix 20.1: Study of a Ceramic Crucible from Stratum III Irina Segal

A ceramic crucible was recovered in an Abbasid (Stratum III) pit (L2568, B42312). The crucible wall was cut in transversal section and polished, then it was covered with carbon and examined under a Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with an Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS, Quanta 450, FEI). The images were made in Back Scattered Electron mode (BSE) so that the lighter areas correspond to heavier elements. A study of the crucible with the naked eye revealed that its wall is porous, the external layer comprised of a glassy, reddish brown matrix. The SEM-EDS image of this area along with the spectrums of Spots A, B, C and D, is illustrated in Fig. 20.9. The edge area (Spot A) consists of a mixture of silica, calcium, aluminium and iron, while the gray matrix (Spot B) is made of alumo-silicate glass without calcium and iron. The latter lends the reddish brown color to the external layer of the crucible. The white inclusions (Spots C and D) contain mainly iron and varying concentrations of phosphorus and copper. Phosphorus is associated with iron in the Timna ores (Segal, Halicz and Cohen 1999). The internal edge of the crucible wall (Fig. 20.10) is more porous than the external layer and contains many inclusions. The dark matrix (Spot I) is made of alumo-silicate glass containing calcium that is similar to the bulk matrix of the crucible. Closer to the edge, the matrix becomes light gray and contains, in addition, copper and iron (Spot J). The composition of the inclusions is very different. White inclusions containing copper, iron and zinc (Spot G) and bright white inclusions consisting of lead (Spot L) were observed. Areas H and K revealed a mixture of metals: lead and copper with various concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and iron. Such a chemical composition corresponds to that of black copper, which is a result of smelting (Segal, Halicz and Cohen 1999), as well as to prills located in slags (Segal, Rothenberg and Bar-Matthews 1998; Segal, Halicz and Kamenski 2004). The central part of the crucible wall has a similar matrix to that of the internal edge (Fig. 20.11), although it is more homogeneous, and it also contains inclusions. Apart from inclusions resembling those described above, others comprised tin, lead, calcium, copper and iron (Prill M). The porous appearance of the crucible and its glassy matrix indicate that it was heated to a high temperature. The structure of its wall, particularly the internal layer, revealed many metal prills and veins, suggesting that this crucible was probably used for smelting/ melting metal alloys for further casting.

728

IRINA SEGAL

C spot

A spot

D spot B spot

E spot

Fig. 20.9. SEM-EDS image of the external layer of the crucible.

APPENDIX 20.1: STUDY OF A CERAMIC CRUCIBLE FROM STRATUM III

729

I spot - matrix

G spot - white

J spot - gray matrix

L spot - bright white

H spot

Fig. 20.10. SEM-EDS image of the internal edge of the crucible wall.

K spot

730

IRINA SEGAL

M spot

Fig. 20.11. SEM-BSE image of the central part of the crucible wall.

R eferences Segal I., Halicz L. and Cohen, R. 1999. A Study of Ingots and Metallurgical Remains from ‘En Ziq and Be’er Resisim, Central Negev, Israel. In S.M.M. Young, A.M. Pollard, P. Budd and R.A. Ixer eds. Metals in Antiquity (BAR Int. S. 792). Oxford. Pp. 179–186. Segal I., Halicz L. and Kamenski, A. 2004. A Study of the Metallurgical Remains from Ashqelon Afridar––Areas E, G and H. ‘Atiqot 45:311–330. Segal I., Rothenberg, B. and Bar-Matthews M. 1998. Smelting Slag from Prehistoric Sites F2 and N3 in Timna, SW Arabah, Israel. In Th. Rehren, A. Hauptmann and J.D. Muhly eds. Metallurgica Antiqua, in Honor of Hans-Gert Bachman and Robert Maddin. Bochum. Pp. 223–234.

D. Ben-Ami, Y. Tchekhanovets, 2020, Jerusalem: Givati Parking Lot II (IAA Reports 66)

Chapter 21

The Bone Objects from Strata V–I Ariel Shatil

Introduction This chapter discusses 197 bone objects found in the Byzantine and Early Islamic strata at the Givati Parking Lot site during the 2008–2012 excavation seasons (Table 21.1). Most of the bone objects are presented here in catalogue form (Table 21.2), apart from a miniature bone diptych, 29 bone spindle whorls/buttons and six bone beads (discussed in Chapters 8, 22 and 23 respectively). Many pieces identified as the production waste of a large-scale bone-tool industry are discussed in Chapter 16. The present analysis emphasizes the technological aspects of the objects, such as the choice of raw material, the carving methods and the traces of carving and use marks. Excluding a number of objects made from fish vertebrae (Cat. Nos. 69–76) and horn (Cat. Nos. 65, 114, 115, 120, 121, 128, 156),1 all the bone objects were crafted from mammalian bones, usually the thick cortical diaphyses of long bones, most notably the metapodials. Some were made from flat bones such as scapulae and ribs.2 There are no ivory or antler objects in the assemblage. Most objects were handmade, some exhibit the use of a lathe. All were smoothed or polished to varying degrees, some exhibiting a masterly craftsmanship in their finishing touches. A number were decorated with incised geometric patterns, latheturned and drilled decorations, artistic carvings, ajouré (open-work) or paint. It should be noted that as most of the bone artifacts bear no special chronological features, they are dated here according to the stratigraphic context in which they were found (Table 21.1). The majority of the assemblage originated in Byzantine Stratum V (31%) and Abbasid Strata III–I (37.5%), while only a small number can be attributed securely to Umayyad Stratum IV (1%). Most of the objects are well preserved, with the exception of several pieces found in Stratum III pits. Apparently, the environment and chemical reactions created by the materials deposited in some of these pits damaged the bones, leaving them porous and crumbling, while other perishable material survived, notably the paint applied to the surface of some of the bones. During the processing of the bone material from Givati, a detailed typological system was devised, based mainly on previous research and publications, most notably the assemblage from Caesarea (Ayalon 2005) and the catalogue of the Roman finds in the

The objects were identified as horn by Yuval Goren, Tel Aviv University.

1

Osteological analyses were conducted by the author, with the assistance of Noha Agha of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) and Noa Raban of the Zooarchaeological Laboratory at Haifa University. 2

2

1

Stratum II

Stratum III

* See Chapter 22. ** See Chapter 23. *** See Chapter 8.

4.6%

9 2.5%

5 1.5%

3 3.5%

7

16.8%

6.1%

12

11.7%

23

4

9.1%

18

3

6

33

1

10

4.6%

1

4

9

Totals

2

1

5

4

3

4

1

5

2

Game Pieces

Mixed contexts (VII–I)

5

2

2

Pins

Stratum V

1

3

2

1

Jewelry and Beads**

1

1

1

2

1

3

Grooming Utensils

1

1

1

Rods

Mixed Early Islamic contexts (IV–I)

1

2

Clothing Accessories

1

3

3

Needles

Stratum IV

6

6

1

1

Stratum I

Textile Processing Tools and Spindle Whorls*

8

Handles and Everyday Tools

Post-Abbasid contexts

Stratum

Object

6.6%

13

1

8

2

1

1

Dolls

6.1%

12

3

2

2

2

3

Furniture Mounts, inlays and Decorative Objects

Table 21.1. Breakdown of the Bone Assemblage by Strata

0.5%

1

1

Religious Art***

2%

4

1

1

1

1

Unidentified

24.4%

48

7

27

4

3

2

5

Shaft Fragments

197

26

62

9

2

38

30

6

24

N

13.2

31.5

4.6

1.0

19.3

15.2

3.0

12.2

%

100

Total

732

CHAPTER 21: THE BONE OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

733

Hungarian National Museum (Bíró 1994). A database program was created, and the objects were divided into main categories according to their presumed function (everyday work tools, textile processing tools and clothing accessories, grooming utensils, jewelry, leisure items, decorative objects). Each category was further divided into groups (for example, needles, gaming pieces, dolls, etc.), and within these groups, the objects were differentiated according to style and shape into types and subtypes. For each bone object in the catalogue, the following details were registered (Table 21.2): type, stratum, locus, basket, provenance, measurements and description (e.g., technique, color, raw material). In some cases, we decided to discuss each object in a group separately, due to their unique characteristics (e.g., types of handles, dolls). In other cases, especially when there is little difference between the objects in a group, we chose to discuss the entire group as a single catalogue entry (e.g., toggle fasteners, astragali, bell-shaped gaming pieces and shaft fragments). Parallels are listed alphabetically according to region. Most of the parallels are from sites in Jerusalem, for example, the assemblage from the first season of excavation at Givati in Area M1, the Armenian Garden, the City of David and the Jewish Quarter; then other sites in Israel such as Ashqelon, Caesarea, Meron and Nessana are cited (further parallels appear in Ayalon 2005). When required, parallels are brought from sites outside Israel, in particular the French excavations at Alexandria (Rodziewicz 2007) and the American and French excavations at Fustat (Scanlon 1968; Kubiak and Scanlon 1973, 1979; Rodziewicz 2012). While the dating of the finds from the Alexandria excavations is problematic, it is clear that the material is quite similar to that from our excavation, not only from the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods, but also from earlier contexts. Many of the bone tools excavated at Fustat parallel the Islamic bone objects from Givati, both in style and chronology. The catalogue below is accompanied by Figs. 21.1–21.14, which illustrate selected objects that are labelled according to their catalogue number. In general, objects are presented vertically: pointed or beveled ends point down, and sockets, perforations, hafted parts and heads point up (see Feugère 1982). In the text, the terms top, bottom, left, right, face and reverse refer to the orientation of the object as illustrated in the figures, while front or base refer to the orientation of the object when held or in use. In the majority of cases, the front of a tool is the part pointing away from the hand holding it. The terms proximal and distal refer to the orientation in the animal skeleton of the bone element from which the tool was crafted.

Catalogue Handles and Everyday Tools (Cat. Nos. 1–9; Fig. 21.1) Handles (Cat. Nos. 1–4) Four handles for implements made of metal or other materials were recovered at Givati in the Byzantine–Islamic strata. All are solid handles carved on a longitudinal section cut from a longbone diaphysis. One of them has a rounded cross section and a drilled socket for attachment of

734

ARIEL SHATIL

the implement (Cat. No. 1), two have an elliptical section and a drilled socket (Cat. Nos. 2, 3) and the fourth is a small lid handle attached to the lid with a pin at its bottom (Cat. No. 4). No. 1. Solid, Cylindrical Decorated Socket Handle Cylindrical, decorated handle of exceptional quality and craftsmanship. This handle, crafted from compact bone cortex, was lathe-turned and extensively polished. Both ends are broken, but part of the drilled socket hole is still visible (diam. 3.8 mm) and it is possible to identify the front of the tool. The base of the handle is decorated with a wide concave band, flanked by three delicate rings on each side. The remaining front end lacks decoration, although it can be assumed that at least 1 cm is missing and it might have borne a similar decoration to that on the base of the handle. This object was retrieved from a fill dated to the Umayyad–Abbasid periods (Strata IV–III). Parallels: Givati Area M1 (Byzantine; Shatil and Behar 2013: Fig. 17.1:11), Caesarea (undated; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 2:14), Alexandria (Late Roman–Byzantine; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 35:154, 155), Fustat (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 61:385; 114:8). Nos. 2, 3. Solid, Elliptical Socket Handles Two fragments of solid socket handles with an elliptical cross section. Cat. No. 2 is a wellpolished, handmade handle crafted from compact bone cortex. The entire length of the object is preserved, but part of one lateral side is broken. The socket was drilled from the top of the handle, through its center to a depth of 3.15 cm, with a sharp-pointed drill. The base of the handle bears oblique saw marks. This handle was found in a fill of Phase IIA. Cat. No. 3 is a smaller fragment of a similar handle that was recovered from the make-up of an Abbasid floor (Phase IIB). Parallels: Caesarea (eighth century; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 3:27), Fustat (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 61:380; 114:4). No. 4. Lid Handle Small, solid, cylindrical object carved from compact bone cortex. It was lathe-turned and the bottom has a lathe indentation. The object is so extensively polished that it resembles ivory. The peg-like cylindrical bottom is topped by a molding upon which sits a bottleshaped bulb with a small bead on top. The top of the object is missing. It could have been a handle for a box lid, a stopper for a small glass or ceramic bottle, a game piece for a board set with socket holes, or a fragment of a lathe-turned meshrebiyya rod (see Cat. Nos. 106–108). It was recovered from a fill covering the Byzantine street slabs together with Byzantine and Abbasid pottery. Parallels: Caesarea (Roman–Late Byzantine; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 3:36, 37), Fustat (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 31:234; 95:20), Jerash (fourth–fifth centuries; Clark and Bowsher 1986: Pl. XXVII.1:A). Everyday Tools (Cat. Nos. 5–9) This group consists of objects for daily use or of an ad-hoc nature, such as a serving spoon (Cat. No. 5), a blade (Cat. No. 6), a spatula (Cat. No. 7), and points (Cat. Nos. 8, 9). In earlier

CHAPTER 21: THE BONE OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

735

periods, bone was a preferred raw material for everyday tools because it is strong, easy to carve, and tends to become smooth over time (Ayalon 2005:22); however, at Givati this group is relatively small, as most utensils and working tools in the periods under discussion were already being made of metal (Ayalon 2005:18). Everyday bone tools are usually very simple, some probably made ad hoc by the user. In some cases, bones were used as tools without any modifications, and hence their identification as tools is problematic (e.g., Cat. No. 9). No. 5. Large Concave Serving Spoon, Grinding Palette or Polisher Tool crafted from a large scapula, probably cattle. Three fragments of the same tool were found, of which only two could be joined. The tool has a raised ridge on the right, broken longitudinally across. This is part of the natural spine at the center of the scapula blade, and it is possible that the entire right side of the tool is missing. The bottom, formed at the distal part of the scapula blade, is cut in a curved shape and is rather thin (1.4 mm). The top of the tool is closer to the proximal part of the bone. It is thick and cut straight. The face of the object is highly, but unevenly, polished, and decorated with at least two incised, ‘double-circle-and-dot’ motifs and has reddish stains. A hole was drilled into the raised scapula spine and it could have been used to hang the tool with a string, or to attach a wooden handle. The reverse was smoothed but not polished. Two little holes near the top (not seen in the figure) may have been left by nails or rivets that secured a handle in place, or were left by the carver for other reasons. This large concave object could have been used as a serving spoon or as a surface for grinding spices, medicines or cosmetics, as suggested by the uneven polish and the reddish stains on the surface. It was found in a Stratum I fill together with pottery dating back to the Byzantine period (see also Cat. No. 111). Parallels and Discussion: Analogous Iron Age objects are known from various sites, and three were published from the City of David (‘fan handles’; Ariel 1990:134–136, Fig. 16). Although they have a lot in common with No. 5, they do not seem to be the same type of object, as they often have a socket at the proximal end of the bone and incised ‘circle-anddot’ motifs along their entire perimeter. One similar scapula tool from Nessana is dated to the second–third centuries BCE (Colt 1962: Pl. 21:23). An example dated to the Islamic period is known from Caesarea (Ayalon 2005: Fig. 16:160). It is similar to No. 5 in shape, but has scratches on the surface rather than polish. At Fustat, ten similar objects were recovered from Early Islamic contexts (Rodziewicz 2012:29–30, Pls. 65:431–433; 66:434–440; 118:1, 2; 119:1–4), all quite fragmented. Rodziewicz suggests they were polishers used to scrape and work leather products––the scapula spine was used as the tool’s handle, and the perforations were used for stringing. No. 6. Flat Blade Almost-complete, flat, blade-like object. The tip and part of the head (top) are missing. The blade has a thin convex cross section, and narrows from the head toward the pointed tip. It could have been manufactured from a section of a long-bone diaphysis, or from the compact cortex of a thick, flat bone such as a cattle rib. At the head, the tool widens on either side

736

ARIEL SHATIL

to create a figure eight, with a hole drilled on each side. These holes were probably used to attach a handle. The head also shows a different coloring of the bone surface, probably due to the handle covering this part of the tool. Filing striations are visible on both surfaces of the blade, especially along its edges, as well as some longitudinal use-wear traces overlying these striations. One edge of the blade is sharper than the other, but neither are sharp enough for actual cutting. This blade could have been used in weaving or leather working (e.g., to

1

4

2

0

5

6

7

8 0

4

Fig. 21.1. Handles and everyday tools.

1

CHAPTER 21: THE BONE OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

737

separate the weft on a loom or to fold leather bindings or packages). It was found in an Abbasid pit of Stratum III. Parallel: Caesarea (Late Roman; Aylon 2005: Fig. 4:47, fragment of a similar object?). No. 7. Spatula Small fragment of a polished spatula, broken on three sides. It was fashioned from a rib bone of a sheep or goat and polished on both surfaces. This spatula was recovered in a fill together with Byzantine and Early Islamic pottery (Strata V–IV), but as this was a common tool in earlier periods, and it is the only example in our assemblage, it could have originated from a much earlier period. Parallels: Givati Area M1 (Early Roman–Byzantine; Shatil and Behar 2013: Fig. 17.1:6, 7), the City of David (Iron Age II–Byzantine; Ariel 1990: Figs. 14, 15), the Jewish Quarter (first century BCE–first century CE; Geva 2003: Fig. 13.1:B2, B3; 2006: Fig. 11.1:B1–B5; Nenner-Soriano 2010: Fig. 11.1:B1). Nos. 8, 9. Points/Awls Cat. No. 8 was made of an ulna of a large mammal with little modification. The proximal end of the ulna was cut and shaped for a more comfortable holding, and the pointed distal end shows a rounded and smoothed tip that is likely to be the result of use. It was found on a Byzantine plaster floor. A similar point (Cat. No. 9), made of an equid metatarsal IV with its distal pointed tip missing, was found in a fill together with Byzantine and Early Islamic pottery. Such naturally pointed bones may have functioned as awls, and were still used by basket weavers in England during the 1930s (Ayalon 2005:19). Parallel: Caesarea (undated; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 4:44). Objects Related to Textile Processing and Clothing (Cat . Nos. 10–27; Figs. 21.2; 21.3) Some of the objects in the previous category, everyday work tools (Cat. Nos. 5–9), could also have been used in the processing of textiles and leather, while tools in the present category (e.g., needles) could have had other uses, such as plaiting and hairdressing.3 Textile-Processing Tools (Cat. Nos. 10–22; Fig. 21.2) In the Byzantine–Early Islamic bone assemblage from Givati, no objects can be attributed beyond doubt to textile or leather processing. Bodkins and pegs (Cat. Nos. 10–13) are solid points that could have been used to punch holes in cloth or leather, or to stretch leather on a frame for cleaning, drying or other preparations. Needles (Cat. Nos. 14–22) are attributed to textile working in the literature due to the “conservative mind of researchers” (Ayalon 2005:24), as it appears that metal needles may have replaced the bone ones in sewing and in medicine during the Roman period (MacGregor 1985:193; Ayalon 2005:24). Close examination of the eyes and points of needles from the Roman period onward revealed no

Spindle whorls are discussed separately in Chapter 22.

3

738

ARIEL SHATIL

use-wear caused by a thread or by punching holes in cloth (MacGregor 1985:193; Ayalon 2005:24). Many other uses have been offered by researchers for needles, such as kohl sticks, dress pins, hair pins, plaiting points, etc. (Ayalon 2005:24). While it is likely that these were multifunctional tools, I have decided to follow the ‘conservative mind’ and include them here rather than under grooming or clothing accessories.

11

10

13

22 21

14 0

2

Fig. 21.2. Objects related to textile processing.

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No. 10. Rectangular Bodkin An almost-complete handmade tool with a thick, rectangular cross section at the top that rounds out as it narrows toward the tip, which is missing. At the top of the object, a hole was drilled through. The entire surface still bears saw marks and filing striations, suggesting that the object may not have been finished or had a simple function that did not require finishing touches. This object could have been used to stretch threads, strings, leather or cloth. It could also be a broken and unfinished doll arm, although it is thicker than the examples from Givati and other sites (cf. Cat. No. 90; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 33:323–325; Rodziewicz 2012: Pl. 105:3–7). It was retrieved from an Abbasid pit of Stratum III. Parallels: None were found. Nos. 11, 12. Pegs Cat. No. 11 is a short, pointed, cylindrical peg crafted from compact bone cortex. The head was lathe-turned, with a lathe indentation on top, polished, rounded and slightly thicker than the shaft. It sits on a molding and a collar of two rings. The shaft was carved with a knife and was intentionally left angular. It was found in a post-Abbasid fill along with finds from earlier periods (Abbasid pottery and a Tenth Legion tile); thus, it could even be of pre-Byzantine date. A similar peg (Cat. No. 12) was found in a similar fill. Parallels: The Temple Mount (Byzantine; Mazar 2003: Pl. II.2.3), Caesarea (undated; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 8:92, brooch), Nessana (Byzantine–Islamic; Colt 1962: Pl. XXI:10); Alexandria (Early Roman–Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 41:230–236), Fustat (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 57:349–353; 112:3, 5–7). No. 13. Decorated Peg Elaborate lathe-turned peg, finely polished. The shaft tapers to a point. Above the shaft is a flat bead, flanked on each side by a shallow concave band. The head is a small ball with a lathe indentation on top. The exact function of this object is unknown, as it is too elaborate to be a simple peg, and too short to be a hair or dress pin. It could have served as a peg or turnery on a more composite piece of furniture or instrument, or an engraver, kohl stick or stylus. This peg was found in a modern fill together with Mamluk and modern pottery, but its finishing and quality, as well as parallels from other sites, suggest it belongs to an earlier stratum. Parallels: Caesarea (undated; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 4:39, shaft decorated with a spirally fluted design), Alexandria (Early Roman–Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 41:228, 229). Nos. 14–22. Needles Nine needles were recovered, four in the Byzantine Stratum V, three in the Early Islamic Stratum II, and two in a Byzantine–Early Islamic fill. Needles are usually categorized typologically according to the shape of the head and eye (Davidson 1952:174; Bíró 1994:48– 49). All the nine have a single round eye except No. 22. Six of them were broken at their weakest point––across the line of the eye––and thus the shape of the head is unknown. The three needles with the head preserved were hand carved from compact bone cortex, have a flattened, elliptical cross section at the top, and a round cross section as they taper towards

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ARIEL SHATIL

the point, which is missing in all three (Cat. Nos. 14, 21, 22). This flattened cross section is typical of needles and aids in identification of needle shafts when the eye and head are completely missing, and thus it seems that at least two of the 48 shaft fragments in the assemblage could be needle shafts (Cat. Nos. 133, 138). Needle No. 14 has a pointed head, flattened by knife carving. It is polished around the eye, with striations visible on the rest of the object. It was found during the dismantling of an Abbasid wall (Stratum II). Needle No. 21, retrieved in the early phase of the Byzantine agricultural field (Phase VC), has a truncated head. Needle No. 22 is not a typical needle, as it has no eye. Its head is separated from the shaft by a circumventing groove cut by a saw or knife. A thread could have been tied around the groove, and the object used as a needle. It was found in a mixed Byzantine–Early Islamic fill (Strata V–III). Parallels: For Cat. No. 14: Tyropoeon Valley (Late Roman–Byzantine; Crowfoot and Fitzgerald 1929: Pl. XXI:52–54), the Temple Mount (Late Roman; Mazar 2011: Figs. 2.33:4; 7.11:3; 7.23:1), Caesarea (Late Roman; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 9:100, 101, note the differences in the fashioning of the head), Meron (Stratum V, Byzantine; Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981: Pl. 9.20:25, 26). For Cat. No. 21: Givati Area M1 (Early Islamic; Shatil and Behar 2013: Fig. 17.1:9), the Temple Mount (Early Roman; Ben-Dov 1982: Ill. p.165; Byzantine?; Mazar 2003: Pl. III.4.4), Caesarea (Roman; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 9:106). For Cat No. 22: the City of David (Strata 7a–6, Late Hellenistic–Hasmonean; Ariel 1990: Fig. 20:172), Caesarea (Early Roman; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 9:112). Clothing Accessories (Cat. Nos. 23–27; Fig. 21.3) This group comprises objects sewn or otherwise attached to garments for decoration, fastening, etc. No. 23. Flat Round Button Small, most probably lathe-turned, discoid object with a wide hole in the center. The object was evenly and highly polished and resembles ivory. It was polished after the drilling of the hole, as it is polished inside as well. There are no use-wear or production marks. This object could also have been a gaming counter; it is too small to have been used as a whorl. The polishing and finishing of the object is identical to that of an elongated bone bead (Chapter 23: Fig. 23.2:15), both originating in the same Early Islamic context (Strata IV–II; see also Chapter 16). Parallels: Caesarea (sixth–seventh centuries; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 7:85, 86, not as polished as Cat. No. 23), Ashqelon (Byzantine–Islamic; Wapnish 2008: Fig. 34:11), Alexandria (Late Ptolemaic–Early Roman; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 58:466, also not as polished as Cat. No. 23). Nos. 24–26. Toggle Fasteners Toggle fasteners are a type of button known from the City of David at least since the Middle Bronze Age (Ariel 1990:121, Fig. 9A). The three examples from Givati are lathe turned, the central shaft narrower than the protruding extremities. Toggle Fastener No. 24 has small dome-shaped extremities with incised ring decoration. It was found in a fill attributed to

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Phase IIB. Fastener No. 25 has cone-shaped extremities capped by small round knobs. The bases of the cones, as well as the knobs on top of them, are decorated with a delicate incised ring. It originated in an Abbasid pit of Stratum III. Fastener No. 26 is similar to No. 25, but much larger and without incisions. It was retrieved in agricultural soil of Byzantine Stratum V. Some researchers identify these toggle fasteners as bobbins on which threads were wound for weaving and sewing (MacGregor 1985:183–185; Ayalon 2005:23). Fastener No. 26 may have been suitable for this purpose if the thread was very thin, yet the other two fasteners are too small. Both Fastener Nos. 24 and 25 have a large lathe indentation on one extremity and a scar left by intentional breaking on the other, indicating that a series of similar objects was produced from one long, cylindrical blank and separated by breaking. The craftsman polished over the break in an attempt to hide the scar (see Chapter 16). Parallels: The City of David (Middle Bronze Age; Ariel 1990: Fig. 9A), the Temple Mount (Late Roman; Mazar 2011: Fig. 2.44:2, identified as a pin head), Caesarea (Byzantine; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 8:90, 91), Dor (Roman; Stern 1994: Fig. 225), Alexandria (Late Roman– Byzantine; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 55:443).

24

23

25

26 27

0

2

Fig. 21.3. Clothing accessories.

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No. 27. Decorated Belt Buckle Fragment of a belt buckle richly decorated with incised dots and ‘circle-and-dot’ motifs. The reverse (underside) of the object is undecorated, hardly worked, and the bone spongiosa is still visible. One end of the buckle’s face was shaped as a large hollow circle, most of which is missing, with an additional rectangular space for the buckle’s tongue. Two holes were drilled on either side to hold the axle of the tongue. In the center of the object is a large disk decorated with eight dots spread unevenly around a ‘circle-and-dot’ motif. On four sides of this disk are protruding decorative tangs. At the other end of the object is another circular shape decorated with a ‘double-circle-and-dot’ and a projecting tuft with four parallel incisions. It is unclear how the buckle was attached to the belt, perhaps with a thread, with the side tangs holding the thread in place. The size of the buckle suggests it was part of a narrow belt that supported a light-weight object. It was found on an Abbasid floor (Stratum II). Parallel: Caesarea (undated; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 8.98, almost twice the size of Cat. No. 27). Rods (Cat. Nos. 28–30; Fig. 21.4) Rods are long, solid, cylindrical objects, and their method of use is unknown––they could have been dress pins, pin beaters, spindles, or plaiting or burnishing tools (Ayalon 2005:35). As the shafts of rods are notably thicker than those of needles or pins, it is possible that the thickest objects among the 48 shaft fragments are, in fact, rod fragments (Cat. Nos. 127, 136, 139, 140, 152). The three rods from Givati were carved from the compact diaphyses of long bones. Rod No. 28 is a complete, hand-carved rod, and seems to be unfinished, as it is mostly unsmoothed. The long shaft, carved with a carving or draw knife, is angular, thickest at the top and tapering to a sharp point. At the top, the shaft terminates in a carved bead-and-reel design. Above the top reel rests a cone with a convex base. It is most likely that this object was meant to be polished, and perhaps further worked on a lathe, as the facets on the shaft and head are too visible for such a precise, elaborate work, especially if compared to the other two rod fragments, which were highly polished and 30 decorated using a lathe (see also Chapter 16). This rod was found in an Abbasid pit of Stratum III. Rod No. 30 has a lathe-turned shaft and a faceted, conical head; the pointed end of the shaft is broken. It was retrieved from an Early Islamic fill (Stratum II). Another broken rod (Cat. No. 29) shares almost the same dimensions as Cat. Nos. 28 and 30, although its head is missing. It has 28 a lathe-turned shaft and lathe-turned, incised decoration. 0 2 It originated in a fill together with Byzantine and Early Islamic pottery (Strata V–III). Fig. 21.4. Rods.

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Parallels: For Cat. No. 28: none were found. For Cat. Nos. 29 and 30: Caesarea (Roman; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 4:40, pin/engraver?), Alexandria (Byzantine–Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 53:417–419), Fustat (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2012: Pl. 57:346, 347, latheturned and lathe-decorated, identified as pins or styli; Pl. 58:354–357, lathe-turned and hand-carved shaft fragments identified as styli). Grooming Utensils (Fig. 21.5) Combs (Cat. Nos. 31–34) Double-sided bone combs (i.e., bearing teeth on both sides) may be divided into singleunit combs made from a single bone toothplate, and composite combs made from several toothplates attached together (Ayalon 2005:46; Ashby 2007). In Israel, composite combs with toothplates adjoined by metal pins are a relatively common find from the Byzantine time onward. In Europe, the toothplates were joined with a connecting central plate. Combs with more widely spaced teeth were used for combing and hairdressing, while those with densely spaced teeth may have been used for removing lice. The four examples from Givati include one double-sided single-unit comb, two double-sided composite combs and one fragment of a connecting plate.

31

32

33

35

34

36

37 0

4

Fig. 21.5. Grooming utensils.

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ARIEL SHATIL

No. 31. Double-Sided, Single-Unit Comb Large fragment of a double-sided, single-unit comb crafted from a flat bone, probably a rib or a scapula. This comb is slightly convex in cross section, with the center thicker than the ends. One side of the comb has thin, dense teeth––probably 26 in total, but only 22 can be clearly counted––arranged in a semicircle, which suggests that the toothed edge may have been the same shape. The other side has thicker, more widely spaced teeth––probably 16 in total, but only 14 can be clearly counted. Both surfaces of the comb were decorated with ‘double-circle-and-dot’ motifs. The comb was found on an Abbasid floor (Stratum II), together with a bracelet (Cat. No. 61). Parallels: The Armenian Garden (medieval; Tushingham 1985: Fig. 68), Caesarea (eighth– ninth centuries; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 16:156), Fustat (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 56:332; 111:1). Nos. 32, 33. Double-Sided Composite Combs Comb No. 32 comprises two toothplates crafted from thick segments of flat bone, probably a large rib or scapula. It was smoothed and polished, yet remains of spongiosa are still visible on its back surface. The toothplates were found attached to one another by two iron pins. One is a side plate with a rounded chamfered edge, the other is a central plate with straight sawn edges and two iron pins preserved in each edge. One toothed side of the comb has thick, well-spaced teeth (12 preserved) and is decorated with two horizontal parallel incisions (less than 3 mm between them) on both the front and back. These incised lines also served as guidelines for the craftsman when sawing the teeth. On the back, however, the craftsman did not heed these marks, and cut through them when sawing the teeth. The other toothed side of the comb with thinner, denser teeth––28 teeth––is also incised with two parallel horizontal guidelines. Comb No. 32 was found in a mixed fill together with Abbasid and modern pottery. Only a fragment of one toothplate remains of Composite Comb No. 33, also crafted from a thick segment of flat bone. It is unclear if this was a side or central toothplate. It was polished and attached to another toothplate with two iron pins, still preserved in place. The toothed side with thicker teeth has five teeth preserved. The side with thinner teeth has 16 teeth preserved, and both toothed sides bear decorative incised guidelines like those of Cat. No. 32. Comb No. 33 was found in a disturbed modern context. Parallels: The Temple Mount (Early Roman; Ben-Dov 1982:164), Caesarea (undated; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 16:158). No. 34. Composite-Comb Connecting Plate Fragment of what seems to be the central connecting plate of a composite two-sided comb (Marloes Rijkelijkhuizen, pers. comm., Feb. 20134), crafted from a thin, flat bone. It may have been horizontally attached to the tablets of the comb and held them together with

Department of Environmental Archaeology, Amsterdam Archaeological Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 4

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nails or rivets, as was common in European composite combs. One nail hole is preserved, as well as the beginnings of the teeth, which were sawn after the plates were adjoined. The connecting plate is decorated with three parallel incised lines. It was found in a modern fill, together with Byzantine to modern pottery. It is noteworthy that this tiny bone seems to have been reused after the original comb it was part of broke, as it appears rounded and polished over the breakage scars. Such polishing could have been the result of contact with skin and sweat, if someone carried this piece as a sort of personal object (Alice Choyke, pers. comm., June 2013), or it could have been intentional, if the small item was later used as an inlay or furniture attachment. Composite combs of this type are known in Europe from the Roman period to the fifteenth century (Ashby 2007:5–6) but are almost non-existent in Israel. Parallel: Caesarea (Roman; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 16:157). Short Cylindrical Box (Pyxis) (Cat. No. 35) Short, cylindrical, slightly conical, lathe-turned box (pyxis) crafted from the diaphysis of a large mammalian long bone. Almost half of the circumference is preserved. The exterior of the box is well polished, while the inside is smoothed and only lightly polished. The upper rim of the box has a flange on the inside for the insertion of a lid, and a flange at the bottom enabled insertion of the box into a base with a corresponding deep groove or high rim around its perimeter. The exterior of the rim is decorated with two rings: a wide convex upper one, and a thinner, delicate one below it. Such boxes were used to hold objects or materials ranging from dice to cosmetics (Ayalon 2005:39). This box was recovered from the make-up of an Abbasid floor (Stratum I). Parallels: Jerusalem, the Burnt House (Early Roman; Nenner-Soriano 2010: Pl. 11.1.B6), Caesarea (undated; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 12:128), Alexandria (fourth–seventh centuries; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 44:264, 265). Spoons (Cat. Nos. 36, 37) It is usually assumed that bone spoons were used to crush and mix medicines, cosmetics and paint (Ayalon 2005:46). Only two spoons were found in the Early Islamic strata at Givati. No. 36. Spoon Large, handmade, asymmetrical, leaf-shaped (ligula) bowl of a spoon crafted from the diaphysis of a long bone or the thick cortex of a large flat bone. The part of the bowl where the handle was attached is missing. The concave inner surface was smoothed, but minute traces of the inner spongiosa of the bone remain. The convex outer surface was less smoothed. The front of the rim is rough and worn, perhaps from use. It was found in an Abbasid pit of Stratum III. Parallel: The Temple Mount (Late Roman–Early Byzantine; Mazar 2007: Fig. 14.33). No. 37. Small Spoon A miniature hand-carved spoon. The bowl is deep and leaf shaped, and the handle has a triangular cross section. The rim shows signs of use-wear, especially at the tip. The entire

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ARIEL SHATIL

object is smoothed and polished, and most of it is covered with patina. At the joint of the bowl and handle, delicate, alternating ridges and grooves were carved. This spoon was found in a Stratum II fill together with Abbasid and Mamluk pottery. Parallel: Alexandria (fourth–seventh centuries; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 56:456, the bowl is missing but the handle is similar). Jewelry (Cat. Nos. 38–66; Fig. 21.6) This category includes pins, bracelets, rings, and a pendant. Beads, which also belong to this category, are discussed in Chapter 23. Pins (Cat. Nos. 38–60) Pins are cylindrical, elongated, thin (diam. 2–5 mm) artifacts with a modeled, stylized head. In the literature, they are usually considered hair pins, used to hold simple hairdos, or dress pins to fasten garments. The tips of pins are sometimes stained in a dark color, hence the suggestion that they were also used to apply kohl (Ayalon 2005:51). In the Byzantine and Early Islamic strata at Givati, 23 pins were identified, comprising the largest group of items in the assemblage. In addition, among the collection of 48 cylindrical shaft fragments (Nos. 114–161), 41 have a diameter of 2–4 mm and may have been pins. Pins were most probably produced from the diaphysis of long bones, and are divided into types according to the shape of their heads. Nos. 38–48. Pins with a Polygonal Head The eleven pins with a polygonal head were all hand carved; only three were polished and the others were merely smoothed. Pin No. 38 is a complete example: the shaft is somewhat smoothed but not polished, uniform in diameter almost its entire length, and the sharp tip is stained brown. It was retrieved from a mixed fill together with Iron Age to Byzantine pottery. The polygonal head of Pin No. 46 is unique, as it is almost 2 cm long and narrower than usual. It is so finely polished that the angular edges of the polygon are almost obliterated and it looks cylindrical. It was found in an Abbasid pit of Stratum III. The head of Pin No. 47 is exceptionally squat. It was truncated to create a diamond-shaped surface on top, and polished. This pin was found in the agricultural soil of Byzantine Stratum V. Pin. No. 48 is a unique incised, polygonal hair pin, with no parallels known to us. Like Pin No. 47, it was truncated to create a diamond-shaped surface on top. On the top and on three sides of the polygon, a ‘circle-and-dot’ motif was incised. This pin was found in a Byzantine context (Stratum V). Parallels: The Temple Mount (Late Roman–Early Byzantine; Mazar 2007: Fig. 13.9; 2011: Fig. 7.32:1), the Tyropoeon Valley (Late Roman–Byzantine; Crowfoot and Fitzgerald 1929: Pl. XXI:52–54), Caesarea (second–third centuries; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 19:181). Nos. 49–59. Pins with a Globular or Elliptical Head Of the eleven pins with a globular or elliptical head, seven were hand carved, while the four others were made on a lathe and have the typical lathe indentation on the top of their head.

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Pin No. 49 is an almost-complete, hand-carved pin with a tiny globular head no larger than the shaft in diameter. On the entire length of the shaft are brown-painted stripes, and this paint also covers part of the small head. This pin was found on a Byzantine floor (Stratum V). An identical pin (Cat. No. 50), painted in a similar manner, was found on an Abbasid floor (Stratum II). Pin No. 51 has a large elliptical head. The entire object was hand carved and polished. The tip is missing. It was found in a fill of Stratum III. Three other hand-carved pins with large globular or elliptical heads were found in the Byzantine stratum (Cat. Nos. 52–54). Pin No. 55 has a tiny ball as its head, with an incised ring decorating its base. The entire object was hand carved, but not polished. It was found in the agricultural soil of Byzantine Stratum V.

47

46

48

38 51 55 49

60

59 61 56

63

66

0

4

Fig. 21.6. Jewelry.

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ARIEL SHATIL

Pin No. 56 is an almost-complete, lathe-turned pin with a large globular head bearing a typical lathe indentation on top. This pin is so extensively polished that it resembles ivory. It was retrieved from a fill of Stratum III, together with Byzantine and Abbasid pottery. Two other lathe-turned pins with a globular head were retrieved, one from an Abbasid pit of Stratum III, the other from agricultural soil of Byzantine Stratum V (Cat. Nos. 57, 58). Pin No. 59 is the head and upper shaft of a decorated pin. The globular head, with a lathe indentation on top, sits upon a small truncated cone that rests on a molding of two protruding rings. Contrary to the head and molding, the shaft is hand carved and angular. The entire pin is polished. It was found in a Byzantine fill of Phase VB, together with Late Roman and Byzantine pottery. Parallels: For Cat. No. 49: Temple Mount (Late Roman; Mazar 2011: Fig. 7.23:2), Caesarea (undated; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 20:183). For Cat. No. 51: the Jewish Quarter (Early Roman; Geva 2003: Pl. 13.1:B15), the Temple Mount (Late Roman; Mazar 2011: Fig. 2.23:3), Ashqelon (Late Roman–Byzantine; Wapnish 2008: Fig. 34.16), Caesarea (Late Roman; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 20:182, 184), Meron (Str. IV, Late Roman; Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981: Pl. 9.7:24), Alexandria (fourth–seventh centuries; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 53:413). For Cat. No. 55: Caesarea (Roman–Byzantine; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 21:201, 202). For Cat. No. 56: the Jewish Quarter (Early Roman; Geva 2003: Pl. 13.1:B14), Caesarea (Early Roman– Byzantine; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 20:191, 192), Meiron (Str. IV, Late Roman; Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981: Pl. 9.7:24, 31, 32), Alexandria (Early Roman–Byzantine; Rodziewicz 2007: Pls. 50; 51:352–383). For Cat. No. 59: Fustat (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 57:348; 112:4, identified as a bodkin). No. 60. Bead-and-Reel Pin Head Head of a lathe-turned pin designed as a bead between two disks. There is a lathe indentation on top. The base of the top disk is somewhat conic toward the bead, and terminates in a delicate ridge where the two meet. Another delicate ring separates the bottom of the bead from the flat disk below it. The shaft of the pin is missing. This pin was found in a fill attributed to the Byzantine–Early Islamic Strata V–III. Parallels: Caesarea (undated; Aylon 2005: Fig. 22:226, handmade); Alexandria (fourth– seventh centuries; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 46:295, 296). Bracelets, Rings and a Pendant (Cat. Nos. 61–66) Five simple bone bracelets and rings were recovered in the Byzantine and Early Islamic strata at Givati. Such items were popular in Palestine from the Roman period onward (Ayalon 2005:65). Evidence for the manufacturing of bracelets and rings was found at Caesarea (Ayalon 2005:150; Dray 2005), Alexandria (Rodziewicz 2007: Pls. 74, 75), and other sites around the Mediterranean. Whether they were in fact arm bracelets or finger rings is uncertain, as some of them are too small even for a child’s finger. It is possible that these were used as hair bands, or were links in a chain.

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Nos. 61, 62. Bracelets Cat. No. 61 is a fragment (about one-third) of a simple bracelet with a trapezoidal cross section manufactured from a large mammalian long bone. A trapezoidal cross section is typical of rings and bracelets produced on a lathe with a side-point tool, as evidenced from the sites mentioned above (see Ayalon 2005:150–151, Fig. 51, Pl. 14). Item No. 61 is finely polished, and its size suggests it could only have been a child’s bracelet. It was found on an Abbasid floor of Stratum II, together with a comb (Cat. No. 31). A smaller fragment of a similar bracelet was recovered from a fill of Stratum III (Cat. No. 62). Parallels: Caesarea (third–fifth centuries; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 25:267); Alexandria (fourth– seventh centuries; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 54:433, 434), Fustat (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 59:368; 113:2, made of ivory). Nos. 63–65. Rings Cat. No. 63 is a fragment of a bone ring with a flat cross section, well polished inside and outside. The diameter is too large for an average finger ring, so it may have been a clasp or hair band. It was found in the agricultural soil of Byzantine Stratum V. A similar ring was recovered from a fill inside the Byzantine Building 1821 (Cat. No. 64), and a third, smaller ring (diam. 1.85 cm) possibly made of horn, was also found in the agricultural soil (Cat. No. 65). Parallels: Caesarea (Roman; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 25:263, 264); Alexandria (fourth–seventh centuries; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 54:429–431). No. 66. Pendant? Tablet carved from the diaphysis of a large mammalian long bone. The top is curved and has a notch on either side. Under each notch, a small hole was drilled. The sides and bottom of the tablet were sawn straight and still bear the saw striations and a separation scar on the bottom edge. The front surface of the object is somewhat smooth but still displays the natural shape of the bone and the marks left by the carving knife. The back of the object is only partially smoothed and the spongiosa of the medullar cavity is still visible. This object is probably unfinished. It was found in a fill of Strata V–III. Parallels: None were found. Objects Related to Leisure: Games and Dolls (Cat. Nos. 67–97; Figs. 21.7–21.9) Excavations in large urban centers, especially where cultural, religious and commercial activities took place, would be expected to yield an abundance of finds connected with the sphere of entertainment (Ayalon 2005:69), for example, musical instruments, gaming pieces, jetons, dice, toys, theater tickets, etc. Such a large and varied assemblage of leisurerelated items can provide evidence of the varying standards of living within a city. In the Byzantine and Early Islamic strata at Givati, 31 objects were classified as belonging to this category, among them two caches of astragali from the Stratum III pits, each cache assigned a single catalogue number.

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Games (Cat. Nos. 67–84) This group includes a variety of objects connected with games of chance and board games, some making use of natural bones, such as astragali and fish vertebrae, others carved or lathe turned, such as dice and bell-shaped gaming pieces. Gaming Pieces from Natural Bone (Figs. 21.7, 21.8) Astragali were popular gaming pieces throughout history, even to this day. Their surfaces were manipulated in various ways––smoothing, drilling, painting, inscribing––or left plain, and there are imitations of astragali made of marble, glass and precious metal (Bar-Oz 2001). The astragali were rolled like dice, usually a few of them together, and their value was determined according to their upper faces when they stopped rolling (Ayalon 2005:71). Worked and polished fish vertebrae are also a common find at Mediterranean sites. They were probably used as gaming pieces or counters (St. Clair 2003:176; Rodziewicz 2007:238), as they are much easier to shape than mammalian bones. It is reasonable to assume that they were used as substitutes for lost pieces, or by the poorer classes of society. The problem with most of these fish vertebrae is that they are usually not identified as bone objects, and hence not published as such. Nos. 67, 68. Astragali Caches (Fig. 21.7) In the Abbasid pits of Stratum III, two concentrations of astragali were recovered: 14 sheep/goat astragali in Pit 1479 and 14 cow astragali in Pit 1554.5 The same pits did not yield other skeletal parts of the leg to correlate with the large numbers of astragali. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that at least some of these bones were intentionally collected and could have been intended as gaming pieces.

67 68

0

10

Fig. 21.7. Two caches of astragali from Stratum III pits.

According to the zooarchaeological database compiled by Ayelet Sharir and Roni Zukerman of Haifa University, the numbers of astragali in these pits were higher: in Pit 1479, along with the group of 14 sheep/ goat astragali (7 right, 5 left, 2 side undetermined), one right cow astragalus was identified; in Pit 1554, along with the 14 cow astragali (5 right, 9 left), five sheep/goat astragali (4 right, 1 left) were also identified. 5

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The astragali caches deserve further discussion as to their actual function, and their relation to the pits in which they were found. The group from Pit 1479 (Fig. 21.7:67) consists of small sheep/goat bones, which are well suited as dice for throwing because of their comfortable size. Closer examination of this specific group reveals that the majority of them bear diagonal chop marks, a common result of butchering. The same pit (1479) did not yield any other sheep/goat butchering refuse, thus suggesting that the sheep/goat astragali from Pit 1479 were refuse from one or more butcheries collected in order to form this cache for sale or use as gaming pieces. On the other hand, the group of astragali from Pit 1554 (Fig. 21.7:68) consists of 11 complete cattle astragali and fragments of three additional ones. The complete ones bear no traces of butchering, apart from a few skinning marks. Although this pit also yielded no significant amount of butchering refuse to correlate with the number of cattle astragali in it, cattle astragali could hardly have been used as throwing dice as they are too big and heavy. It is possible that this collection of cattle astragali is part of a set of gaming pieces belonging to a specific board game, maybe with seven pieces (or more) on each side. Indeed, board games, and the boards themselves, are known from this period (Saban 2012), although none of them fit this description.6 It is noteworthy that a high representation of astragali and other low-meat bearing bones of the lower leg may also represent by-products of skin, leather and tendon industries. However, the waste products of such industries would also be expected to contain parts of the skull, phalanges, metapodials, carpals and tarsals––bones that had a relatively low frequency in Pits 1479 and 1554. Even so, it cannot be entirely ruled out that the astragali collections in the pits are the remains of such secondary skeletal industries. Parallels: The City of David (Iron Age–Byzantine; Ariel 1990:144), Caesarea (second– third centuries; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 27:279); Petra (second century BCE–fifth century CE; Schneider-Naef 2005: Taf. 8; 9:34–40); Alexandria (Early Roman; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 65:544), Fustat (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 69:457, 458; 120:7, 8). Nos. 69–76. Gaming Pieces from Fish Vertebra (Fig. 21.8) Of eight worked fish vertebrae, seven were found complete. The spikes encircling the vertebrae were removed and the surface sometimes polished. Four of the vertebrae were recovered from Byzantine contexts (Stratum V), three from Abbasid contexts (Strata III–II) and one from a mixed fill (Strata V–III). Parallel: Alexandria (fourth–seventh centuries; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 65:545).

0

1

Fig. 21.8. Assortment of gaming pieces made from fish vertebra.

I extend my gratitude to Noha Agha of the IAA, who kindly pointed out the differences between the groups of astragali in the pits of Stratum III. 6

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Dice (Fig. 21.9) Cubic bone dice are common in Israel at least since the Roman period. The numbers were usually marked with the circle-and-dot motif using a center-bit drill, and follow the ‘Roman numeration system’ (MacGregor 1985:129), in which the numbers on opposite faces add up to seven. Most dice are small and solid, made from the diaphysis of long bones, and hence their size is limited by the bone thickness. To overcome this size limit, some dice were made from an entire sawn-off bone roundel, and hence are large but hollow. Bone plugs were used to fill the natural cavity of the bone from which the hollow die was crafted, and to maintain its weight and balance. For a reason that is unclear, it was always the numbers 4 and 3 that were incised on the plugged surfaces (Ayalon 2005:72). At Givati, two solid and one hollow dice and one die plug were found (Cat. Nos. 77–81).

77

79

80

84

83

81 0

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Fig. 21.9. Dice and gaming pieces.

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Nos. 77, 78. Solid Dice Die No. 77 is a complete, medium-sized solid die crafted from compact bone cortex of the diaphysis of a long bone. The numeration was incised on the six faces using a center-bit drill. The die had been used extensively, and its edges are so rounded from use that some of the numbers are damaged. It was found in a mixed fill (Strata V–III). A smaller complete solid die (1.2 sq cm; Cat. No. 78), also found in a mixed fill (Strata VI–V), has sharp edges and was probably not in use for a long time. It is polished, but striations were intentionally (?) left on all surfaces. The numbers were incised using a center-bit drill. Parallels: The Armenian Garden (medieval; Tushingham 1985: Fig. 69:8–12), the Temple Mount (Early Roman; Ben-Dov 1982:164; Late Roman; Mazar 2011: Fig. 2.44:5), Caesarea (Early Islamic; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 27:280); Alexandria (fourth–seventh centuries; Rodziewicz 2007: Pls. 66; 67:546–558). No. 79. Hollow Die A large, hollow die crafted from a complete roundel of a large mammalian metapod, probably an equid metatarsal. The numeration, marked by ‘double-circle-and-dot’ motifs, was incised using a center-bit drill, and the entire die was highly polished, including the tubular surface inside the medullar cavity. The die had been used extensively, its edges somewhat rounded from wear, and its surfaces chipped in several places in ancient times. The faces of numbers 3 and 4 are the hollow faces where the plug was fitted. The face of number 6 and half of number 5 are missing, and on the face of number 2, two Greek letters (ετ-?) were etched using a hot implement (see Fig. 21.9, inset of microscopic image). This die was found on a Byzantine floor (Phase VB), while the floor’s make-up yielded a bone die plug (Cat. No. 80) belonging to a second die with the same dimensions. The plug for Die No. 79 was not found. Parallels: Givati Area M1 (Late Roman; Shatil and Behar 2013: Fig. 17.1:13, a hollow die with plug still inserted), Jerusalem (Early Roman; Avigad 1983: Fig. 224), the Jewish Quarter (Early Roman; Geva 2006: Pl. 11.1:B19), Caesarea (Roman–Byzantine; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 27:281, a hollow die with two stoppers instead of a plug dated to the Roman period; Fig. 27:282, a die plug dated to the Byzantine period). No. 80. Hollow Die Plug A hand-carved die plug from compact bone cortex. The plug shaft was carved with a knife to fit properly into the die. The two opposing faces were polished and the numbers 3 and 4 were incised with a ‘double-circle-and-dot’ motif using a center-bit drill after the plug was fitted. The plug was found in the make-up of a Byzantine floor (Stratum VB). Although Cat. Nos. 79 and 80 originated from the same floor and seem to belong together, with the same dimensions, color and incised numeration, in fact they do not fit. This plug apparently belonged to a twin die that was not recovered. Parallels: See Cat. No. 79.

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Bell-Shaped Gaming Pieces (Cat. Nos. 81–84; Fig. 21.9) Bell-shaped gaming pieces, known throughout the eastern Mediterranean in the Byzantine and Islamic periods (Rodziewicz 2012:21), are usually characterized by careful execution using a lathe, and by extensive polishing. They are all bell shaped with a wide base below a molding or collar. The medullar cavity of the bone was usually left unworked, except for carved flanges to enable the placement of a lid and a base. Four bell-shaped gaming pieces were found at Givati. Gaming Piece No. 81, carved from a complete section of a long bone of a large mammal, was lathe turned and extensively polished. It has a wide base terminating with a ring above it, and separated from the rest of the object by a concave band flanked by two sharp ridges. The upper part of the piece resembles a barrel-shaped bead, with most of the medullar cavity roughly worked. Inside the cavity, flanges at the top and the base enabled the placement of a lid and a base. This gaming piece was found in a fill of Strata IV–III. A fragment of a similar bell-shaped gaming piece (Cat. No. 82) was recovered in a fill of Stratum II. Piece No. 83 is similar to No. 81, but much smaller. Its base, separated from the rest of the object by a ridge, is missing. It was found in a fill of Stratum III. Piece No. 84 is squat and barrel shaped, its base wider than the rest of the object and separated from the upper body by one delicate ridge. The top and the base were carved and polished also inside the medullar cavity, but the middle part of the cavity was left rough. This gaming piece was found in a fill of Umayyad Stratum IV. Parallels: Caesarea (Late Roman–Byzantine; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 29:301–303), Ma‘on (sixth century CE; Rahmani 1960: Fig. 1.1, Pls. 16:4; 16:5b, the latter with a lid); Alexandria (Late Roman–Byzantine; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 65:540–543, squat as Cat. No. 84), Fustat (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 65:423; 116:15). Dolls (Cat. Nos. 85–97; Figs. 21.10–21.12) Dolls made of bone began to appear in Palestine in the Late Roman period (Shatil 2016:308). They represented women dressed in long gowns, with high and plastically rendered hairdos and faces carved in fine relief. By the Early Islamic period, dolls were carved in a much less realistic fashion, characterized by the schematization of their features, maybe reflecting the tendency of Islamic art to move away from realism (Elderkin 1930:478–479; Ayalon 2005:80). The Early Islamic strata (IV–I) at Givati yielded a varied group of 13 dolls. As this group of finds is quite unique, it was decided to present it in its entirety. The dolls are divided into three main types: articulated dolls with jointed arms attached to the body with a thread or a metal pin; unarticulated dolls made entirely from one piece of bone, with no moveable parts; and heads for cloth dolls. It is noteworthy that in general, Early Islamic dolls all display a common style, but no two dolls are exactly alike. Early Islamic Articulated Dolls (Cat. Nos. 85–90; Fig. 21.10) Articulated dolls, found throughout the Early Islamic period in the Middle East, had their arms connected to the body with joints, while their legs were immoveable. Facial and body

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features were fashioned by paint, carving or incisions occasionally further emphasized with paint. The top of the head is usually flat to enable the attachment of hair, and the body schematically portrays a naked female. These dolls were dressed with layers of cloth (see, for example, a dressed doll in the Benaki Museum, Athens; Pitarakis 2009: Figs. 28, 29). Five articulated dolls and one jointed arm were found at Givati. No. 85. Articulated Doll Doll crafted from a diaphysis of a large mammalian long bone. The front and back of the doll were worked and polished, but the natural curvature of the medullar cavity is still apparent. The head is missing, but was probably not much different from that of Doll No. 87. The chest and shoulders were carved as one piece, in the shape of triangles pointing inward with squared bases facing outward––a recurring motif in Early Islamic articulated dolls at Givati and elsewhere (e.g., Cat. Nos. 86, 87; see also Shatil 2016:305, 309). Holes were drilled in the sides of the shoulders, through the bone into the medullar cavity, to attach the jointed arms. The transition from the belly to the pelvis was marked by a thin protruding belt. The female genitalia were defined by a protruding triangle evident even in the doll’s profile. Feet or shoes were marked by two stepped ridges, and the legs by a long groove starting from the feet and reaching almost to the triangular genitalia. The doll bears no traces of paint, but is well polished, although striation lines are still visible on the surface, in a diagonal direction from top to bottom. This doll could not stand unsupported. It was retrieved from an Abbasid pit of Stratum III. No. 86. Articulated Doll Doll crafted from the diaphysis of a large mammalian long bone. The bone is porous and crumbling. The natural curvature of the medullar cavity is still apparent, and the inside was not cleaned of spongiosa. The head is missing, but was probably no different from that of Doll No. 87. As in Doll No. 85, the remaining left shoulder and chest were carved as one piece in the shape of an in-pointing triangle with the long, squared base facing outward. A hole was drilled on the side of the shoulder, piercing through the bone into the medullar cavity, to attach the arm. The chest was separated from the belly by a carved band. The transition from the belly to the pelvis was marked by another band, and the female genitalia were defined by a carved triangle emphasized by similar bands carved diagonally on either side. The doll was retrieved from an Abbasid pit of Stratum III. No. 87. Articulated Doll Doll crafted from the diaphysis of a large mammalian long bone. The front of the doll was worked, while the back was left rough and the natural curvature of the medullar cavity is still apparent, retaining some of the spongiosa. The head widens upward and has a convex surface that creates a three-dimensional impression. The nose was indicated by a small protruding triangle, and two carved lines beneath it represent a small mouth. The head was separated from the neck by a sharp ridge. The chest and shoulders were carved as one piece in the shape of in-pointing triangles with long squared bases facing outward. To emphasize the breasts, two crossing diagonal grooves were carved on the center of the

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chest. Holes were drilled on the side of each shoulder to attach the jointed arms. The doll shows no traces of paint, but is well polished. Striation lines are still visible on the surface, in a diagonal direction, especially around the forehead, perhaps representing hair. This doll fragment was retrieved in a fill together with Abbasid and medieval pottery. No. 88. Articulated Doll Doll crafted from the diaphysis of a large mammalian long bone. The front of the bone was worked, but the back was left rather rough. The head widens upward and has a flat face with no apparent facial features. Below the head, a series of protruding ridges can be discerned. The second from the top is the widest and could represent the doll’s chest. Signs of a perforation for attachment of an arm on the back left of the same ridge support this. This doll fragment was found in a sewage pit dated to the Abbasid period (Stratum II). No. 89. Head of an Articulated Doll Head of a doll crafted from the diaphysis of a large mammalian long bone. The top of the head is straight, and the lower part rounds toward the neck. Facial features similar to those of Cat. No. 87 were carved on the doll’s face; unfortunately, the surface of the bone disintegrated within a short time of its excavation. Although the entire body is missing, the curvature, shape and size of the head suggests it belonged to an articulated doll rather than an unarticulated one, or a cloth doll. It was retrieved from an Abbasid pit of Stratum III together with a cloth-doll head (Cat. No. 95) and another carved object (Cat. No. 111). No. 90. Arm of an Articulated Doll Complete left arm of an articulated doll. This object was polished on all sides. The fingers were defined by fine incisions on the back of the hand. The hand was separated from the arm by two grooves that could represent a sleeve or a bracelet. The inner elbow was marked by two small grooves. A hole of about 3 mm in diameter was drilled through the top of the arm to attach it to a doll with a pin or string. This object was retrieved from a floor of the Umayyad Stratum IV. Parallels and Discussion: Articulated dolls dating from the seventh–eleventh centuries CE, with similar body features to those from Givati (square shoulders, triangular protruding chest, jointed straight arms, pronounced female genitalia and carved lines at the neck, belly and feet), were excavated at Caesarea (Ayalon 2005: Figs. 32:319, 320; 33:321, 323; 34:328), Ramla (Ayalon and Sorek 1999: Fig. 91, center; Shatil 2016: Pl. 1:3, 4) and Tiberias (Shatil 2016: Pl. 3:4). Other articulated dolls were excavated in Alexandria, Fustat and other sites in Egypt (Scanlon 1968:21, Pl. 4, Figs. 4a, 4b, 4d; Kubiak and Scanlon 1979:112, Pl. XVII.2; Rodziewicz 1978:334–335, Figs. 15–17; 2007:26, 81–86, Pls. 15:27, 29–30; 16:31–33; 2012:19, 174–187, 192–195, Pls. 37–46; 47:298, 299; 49; 99–103; 105:3–7; Shatil 2016:305, Pl. 6:1–3). However, the Egyptian articulated dolls (as well as a single example from el-Burj, near Ramla, Rahmani 1981:77, Pl. 15A), differ from the articulated dolls found at Givati and other sites in Palestine, in that besides a slightly more naturalistic shape to some of them, they generally have incised or carved almond eyes and

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eyebrows and protruding carved ears, nose and mouth. The articulated dolls from Givati, Caesarea and Ramla have no apparent carved or incised facial features except a protruding nose and occasionally a carved mouth. Other features might have been painted on the bone (e.g., Ayalon 2005: Fig. 32:317). In some cases, such as Givati Cat. No. 87, the head is slightly convex, creating a three-dimensional impression of a rounded face.

86

85

87

88

89

90 0

4

Fig. 21.10. Articulated dolls.

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Early Islamic Unarticulated Dolls (Cat. Nos. 91–93; Fig. 21.11) Like the articulated dolls from Givati, these three unarticulated dolls are without facial features, although these may once have been painted. Unlike the articulated dolls, which were carved from long-bone sections preserving some of the natural curvature of the bone, the unarticulated dolls were made of long flat sections of long-bone diaphyses that show little of the natural bone curve. The limbs and other parts of the body are represented schematically by incised lines. As opposed to the articulated dolls, which are apparently naked, the unarticulated dolls seem to be wearing a long garment or robe, and examples from Yoqne‘am (see below) with zigzags and net patterns incised on the surface, perhaps confirm this. No. 91. Unarticulated Doll Complete doll crafted from the diaphysis of a long mammalian bone. The convex front of the doll was polished, while the back was left rough, retaining some of the spongiosa. The head and neck were fashioned as one unit widening toward the top. The convexity of the face creates an illusion of a protruding nose, and two small incisions represent the mouth. A wide groove separates the face from the neck. From the shoulders to the feet, the body of the doll is shaped like a rectangle with the arms projecting slightly. Diagonal incisions from the sides toward the chest define the arms, and two horizontal grooves at the end of each arm probably represent sleeves. The legs were defined only at feet level by a small vertical groove. Shoes or feet are represented by two horizontal incisions, and painted black (although this could be a result of fire). The surface of the doll is covered with hard, light gray patina. It was found inside the ashes of a ṭabun dated to Abbasid Stratum I, where it was probably unintentionally burned, and the heat caused the bone to crystallize. No. 92. Small Unarticulated Doll Doll crafted from an irregular fragment of a long-bone diaphysis. The front of the doll is convex and polished, while the back was worked and polished only on the left half. The doll has no facial features (these may have been painted and not preserved), but the concavity of the face creates a three-dimensional impression. The head and neck were fashioned as one unit, widening upward, and separated from each other by a groove. From the shoulders to the feet, the body is trapezoidal in shape, with the shoulder line wider than the head, and the rest of the body tapering down toward the feet. The arms were represented by two diagonal incisions from the sides of the doll, crossing a horizontal groove at chest level. The legs were marked by a carelessly incised line from the feet to the area of the belly. The feet were defined by two deep horizontal grooves. This doll was found in an Abbasid pit of Stratum III, and to the best of our knowledge it is the smallest Early Islamic doll ever found. No. 93. Unarticulated Doll Head Head of an unarticulated doll crafted from the diaphysis of a long bone or a thick scapula. The front is convex, smoothed, but not polished, while the back is flat, not polished, and retains some of the spongiosa. There are no remains of painted or carved facial features, but the concavity of the face creates a three-dimensional impression. The head was separated

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from the neck by a horizontal ridge. This head was attributed to an unarticulated doll as it is flat, and unlike the articulated dolls it does not show any of the natural curvature of the bone (cf. Cat. Nos. 85, 87, 89). This object was found in a post-Abbasid fill. Parallels and Discussion: It is noteworthy that no schematic, flat, unarticulated dolls like Nos. 91–93 are reported from Egypt. They are found in large numbers in Israel, however, and it is suggested that they represent a local tradition (Shatil 2016:305, Pls. 3:2, 3; 5:7–11). One fragment of a schematic unarticulated doll was published from Givati Area M1 (Shatil and Behar 2013: Fig. 17:12). At Caesarea, ten such dolls were found, all dated to the Early Islamic period, some to the later part of that period––the tenth–eleventh centuries (Ayalon 2005: Fig. 34:329; Shatil 2016: Pl. 5:10, 11). Three schematic dolls were uncovered at Yoqne‘am, and dated by Rahmani (quoted in Agadi 1996:238) to the Umayyad period, although the fact that at least two of them were found under a Crusader floor leaves room to assume that they date to the tenth or even eleventh centuries, as concluded by Agadi (1996:238). An undated schematic doll from Banyas was published as a handle or a box lid (Wilson 2001: Object 65). Additional schematic unarticulated dolls were found at Jaffa, Ramla, Tiberias and other sites (Shatil 2016: Pls. 1:5; 3:2, 3; 5:7–11).

92

91

93

0

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Fig. 21.11. Unarticulated dolls.

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Early Islamic Cloth-Doll Heads (Cat. Nos. 94–97; Fig. 21.12) These triangular or conical objects were presumably inserted into cloth dolls with only the top protruding. Hence, the lower part was usually unworked, as it was not meant to be visible, while the top was polished and carved or painted with facial features similar to those of the articulated dolls. The Givati excavations yielded four complete heads with surprisingly detailed facial features. All originated in Abbasid pits of Stratum III. No. 94. Painted Cloth-Doll Head Doll head crafted from the diaphysis of a mammalian long bone. The front, especially the top third, was polished extensively, while the back bears only traces of sawing. The nose was represented by a projecting triangular ridge carved in the center of the face and flanked by two small elliptical eyes with pupils and eyebrows painted in reddish-brown. Below the nose, traces of paint mark where the mouth was, and two reddish circles represent ‘love-curls’ on the cheeks. One horizontal groove separated the face from the area that was possibly the neck, which was painted with two horizontal lines and three vertical ones between them, creating a series of rectangles that probably represented a collar, necklace or scarf. No. 95. Painted Cloth-Doll Head Doll head crafted from the diaphysis of a mammalian long bone. The front, especially the top half, was polished, while the back was left unworked. The top of the head is thick and flat. The convex surface of the object creates a three-dimensional impression of a nose and a chin. Flanking the nose are two small elliptical eyes with pupils and eyebrows painted in reddish-brown. Under each eye, an arched line was painted, probably representing eye make-up, and two circles represent ‘love-curls’ on the cheeks. The mouth was marked by two small grooves. A thin ridge separated the face from the rest of the body. This object was retrieved from a Stratum III pit together with an articulated doll (Cat. No. 89) and an unidentified object (Cat. No. 111). No. 96. Painted Cloth-Doll Head Doll head crafted from a thick diaphysis of a mammalian long bone. The surface of the bone is porous and crumbling. Both the top and base of the object were sawn off, creating wide, flat surfaces. The convex shape of the object creates a three-dimensional impression. The mouth was marked by two small grooves. A wide, shallow groove separates the face from the rest of the object. Over much of the bone surface, especially the right front and the back, remains of red paint are clearly visible. As the paint does not represent any discernible facial features, it appears that it was applied carelessly or even unintentionally. In the groove between the head and the body, a band of metal was attached, the remains of which are seen as blue-green spots on the surface of the bone. A sample was examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at the Geological Survey of Israel,7 revealing that the band was made of tin and was probably meant to secure the bone head to the cloth doll.

7

The chemical and mineralogical analyses were performed by Irina Segal of the Geological Survey of Israel.

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No. 97. Flat, Painted Cloth-Doll Head Doll head crafted from a large mammalian flat bone––a rib or a scapula. The front surface was polished, while the back was unworked and retains the spongiosa. Reddish brown paint was used rather carelessly to indicate facial features: strings of hair from the forehead down the sides of the face, almond-shaped eyes with pupils, eyebrows, and what could be a grotesque mouth, and/or part of a garment covering the neck and chin. A shallow groove separates the head from the rest of the body. Parallels and Discussion: A painted cloth-doll head excavated in the Umayyad palace at Amman, Jordan, and dated by the excavators to the Umayyad–Abbasid periods (OlavarriGoicoechea 1985: Fig. 24:11), is strikingly similar to the cloth-doll heads from Givati, including the painted eyes, eyebrows and ‘love-curls’ on the cheeks. A cloth doll head very similar to No. 96 was found in Tiberias (Shatil 2016: Pl. 3:5), and another close parallel comes from the Cave of the Treasure in the Judean Desert (Shatil 2016: Pl. 5:5), although on these last two examples no paint has survived. Contrary to the rather plain, earless and painted cloth-doll heads from Givati, Amman, Tiberias and the Judean Desert, the clothdoll heads excavated in Egypt, at Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria (Rodziewicz 1978: Figs.

95

94

96

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Fig. 21.12. Cloth-doll heads.

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10–14; 2007: Pl. 15:28) and at Fustat (Scanlon 1968: Pl. 4, Fig. 4.c; Kubiak and Scanlon 1973: Fig. 19:e; Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 50:313; 106:1a, 1b), have a round, protruding face with incised facial features identical to those of the Egyptian articulated dolls, and seem to display the same Egyptian artistic traditions (incised almond eyes and eyebrows, carved nose and mouth, plastically rendered ears). In Egypt, the doll heads originated in contexts of the seventh–tenth centuries (Scanlon 1968:21; Rodziewicz 1978:332–333; 2007:26, 81– 86; 2012:20, 196; Kubiac and Scanlon 1979:112). Similar to the Egyptian incised clothdoll heads are two doll heads from Palestine, one from Tel Zomera and one from Kh. elMefjer, both dated to the seventh–eighth centuries (Rahmani 1981:77–78, Pl. 14b; Shatil 2016: Pl. 5:1, 2). Other cloth-doll heads found in Palestine at Caesarea (Ayalon 2005: Fig. 31:312, 313), Ramla, Beit She’an and Kh. ed-Deir (Shatil 2016: Pls. 1:2; 5:3, 4), and in Jordan at Ayla (Shatil 2016:311) and Heshbon (Thompson 1969: Pl. XXIII:D), have facial features incised in a careless manner and no plastically rendered ears (Shatil 2016:305). A complete cloth doll from Nessana (Colt 1962: Pl. XXIX.5) is often brought as an example of a cloth-doll head still stuck in its cloth body; however, upon closer inspection by the author in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, it is evident that the doll from Nessana is actually an articulated doll wrapped in cloth. Decorative Objects (Cat. Nos. 98–109; Fig. 21.13) This category consists of 12 carved objects with a decorative purpose, most of them used to decorate furniture, caskets and boxes. In the literature, there is no well-constructed typology for this category, and such objects appear interchangeably under various classifications such as panels, appliques, bands, frames, furniture mounts, furniture joints, inlays, balusters or carved pieces. The general terms furniture mounts and inlays can describe most of the items in this category. Furniture Mount (Cat. No. 98) Cylindrical, hollow object made from the shaft of a cattle metatarsus, shaped and decorated using a lathe and finely polished. The medullary cavity of the bone was cleaned but left rough and unworked at one end. The bottom is decorated with a series of delicate alternating rings and ridges, then it tapers conically upward to two sharp ridges and widens again to form a barrel-like shape. The sulcus running naturally down the surface of the bone is still visible on the surface. This object was found in a water cistern that was in use from the Late Roman period (Stratum VI) to the end of Abbasid Stratum II; thus, it should be dated to the latter. Parallels and Discussion: In the literature, cylindrical objects carved on large mammalian long-bone shafts with lathe turned horizontal grooves and rings are defined by various terms. At Alexandria, such objects were termed furniture joints by Rodziewicz (2007:36); on the other hand, an almost-exact parallel to Cat. No. 98 found in a context from the end of the seventh century at Fustat was identified by her as a gaming piece (Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 64:422; 116:14). Ayalon uses the term furniture mount for such objects (Ayalon 2005: Fig. 45:421, 422, 424, 425). It could also have served as a large hinge head, a finial or a handle.

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Bead-and-Reel Bands (Cat. Nos. 99–101) The three bead-and-reel bands in our assemblage were carved from the diaphyses of long bones, and are semicircular in cross section with rough reverse surfaces. The beads are elliptical with flattened ends, and each reel has two ridges. Two of the bands have an oblique end that enabled easy attachment in a corner (for a discussion of the production method of such bands, see Dray 2005:250). Band No. 99 is broken at both ends, thus its length is unclear. The front surface of the object was polished, while the back bears diagonal striations left by a saw, suggesting it was first turned on a lathe, and then sawn in half lengthwise, to create two identical bands. It was found in a Byzantine fill of agricultural soil (Stratum V). Band No. 100 is complete, and similar to Cat. No. 99 except that the bottom bead was sawn obliquely, probably for mounting in a corner. The top bead was truncated, probably to fit with the adjoining band. This object was also retrieved from a Byzantine fill (Stratum V). Another bead-and-reel band with an oblique end originated in a post-Abbasid fill together with Byzantine and Abbasid pottery (Cat. No. 101). Parallels: The City of David (Roman; Ariel 1990: Fig. 12.BI57), Caesarea (Late Byzantine; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 46:433), Nessana (undated; Colt 1962: Pl. XXI:11); Alexandria (fourth– seventh centuries; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 29:105, 106), Fustat (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2012: Pls .31:241–244; 96:5). Geometric and Ajouré Inlays (Cat. Nos. 102–105) Two types of flat inlays were recovered at Givati: geometric (Cat. No. 102) and ajouré (Cat. Nos. 103–105). Geometric inlays are usually simple, flat objects attached to boxes or furniture to create decorative designs or frames. Bone ajouré (open work) inlays are usually geometric or floral and seem to imitate metal and wood open work of the Early Islamic period (Ayalon 2005:89; Rodziewicz 2012:7). They comprise tablets usually made from flat bones and joined together to create composite designs or frames to decorate boxes, furniture, etc. Bone ajouré inlays are very numerous at Ashqelon and Caesarea, and there is evidence for their production at both these sites in the Early Islamic period (Ayalon 2005:89; Wapnish 2008:611–612). The production technique, as described by Ayalon and Wapnish, comprised drilling holes where the various geometrical designs (stars, triangles, etc.) were planned, and then shaping the holes using delicate saws and knives. The ajouré inlays from Givati display this same production technique. However, only No. 103 exhibits some of the masterly composite craftsmanship of the examples published from these two sites. No. 102. Geometric Inlay Flat, rectangular, elongated inlay. The front was smoothed, while the back retains the spongiosa. Its length, thickness and natural curvature suggest it was crafted from a mediumsized mammal rib and was probably unfinished. Such an inlay could have been used as a frame. It was found in a fill attributed to Strata IV–III (see also Chapter 16). Parallels: Caesarea (Byzantine–Islamic; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 42:400, 401).

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Nos. 103–105. Ajouré Inlays Inlay No. 103 is a rectangular tablet crafted from a flat bone, probably a scapula or a rib of a large-sized mammal. It bears three four-pointed stars carved in open work (the third star is broken) and pairs of round perforated holes between them. The face of the inlay was extensively polished, while the reverse was roughly smoothed and the spongiosa is still visible. It was found in an Abbasid pit of Stratum III. Inlay No. 104 was crudely crafted from a flat bone, probably a rib. Its face was only slightly smoothed, while the reverse was left unworked. In the center of the object, a round hole was drilled and slightly enlarged with a knife. On either side are two drilled holes that were reshaped into triangles. The three holes were framed with a carelessly incised line. This very simplistic ajouré inlay is probably unfinished, or was made by an apprentice or an unskilled artisan. It was found in a post-Abbasid fill. Inlay No. 105 was also crudely crafted from a flat bone, probably a rib or a scapula. The face was smoothed, while the reverse was left unworked. In the center of the object, a four-pointed star was carved by the same technique described above. The star is surrounded by four drilled holes that were reshaped into triangles, resulting in a complete ‘star within a square’ design. The design is framed by a carelessly incised line. It is similar in characteristics to Cat. No. 103, and it is possible that both were made by the same hand. It was found in an Abbasid fill of Phase IIB (see also Chapter 16). Parallels: Ashqelon (Islamic–Crusader; Wapnish 1991:59; 2008: Figs. 34.24; 34.25; Wapnish-Hesse 1999: Fig. 3), Caesarea (Late Byzantine–Crusader, sixth–twelfth centuries; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 43:403–412); Alexandria (Byzantine–Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 27:90, 91), Fustat (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 64:425, 426; 117:2, 3) Meshrebiyya Rods (Cat. Nos. 106–108; Fig. 21.13) Three lathe-turned rods crafted from sections of mammalian long-bone diaphyses. The three rods have projecting tenons at each end, with which they were attached to frames to create lattice work (meshrebiyya). Rod No. 106 is complete and finely polished, and on both tenons are lathe indentations where the lathe held the rod blank. The center of the rod is bottle-shaped, and flanked on either side by three ridges topped by a projecting band. It was found in a post-Abbasid fill. Rod No. 107 preserves one tenon characteristic of the carved meshrebiyya rods. It was found in a Byzantine drainage channel of Phases VC–VB, together with Early Islamic pottery. Another fragment (Cat. No. 108), also with a characteristic tenon, was found in an Early Islamic fill (Strata IV–III). Parallels: Ashqelon (Early Islamic; Wapnish 1991:59; Wapnish-Hesse 1999: Fig. 2), Caesarea (eighth–tenth centuries; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 46:427–429); Alexandria (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 40:207), Fustat (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 28:175–183; 29; 30:204–210; 93:10–14; 94; 95:1–5). Carved Piece with an Architectural Design (Cat. No. 109; Fig. 21.13) Almost-complete piece carved from the wall of a halved diaphysis of a radius bone into the shape of a column. The medullar cavity was cleaned and roughly smoothed, with spongiosa remaining only inside the flat base (the proximal end of the radius). One lateral

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side was sawn straight, while the other side and the upper part are broken. The object was not smoothed or polished, and filing striations are clearly visible on the column shaft and base. The bottom and straight edge bear sawing marks, characteristic of the first stage of manufacturing. The base of the column consists of alternating convex bands and shallow grooves. It was retrieved from a fill of Stratum III and was probably attached to a box or piece of furniture. As the only parallel we could find for this object is a carved, fluted Doric column from Caesarea, it is possible that the flutes on our column had not yet been carved and the object is unfinished. Parallel: Caesarea (Roman–Byzantine; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 37:352).

99 100 98

102

105

103

104

106 0

109 4

Fig. 21.13. Furniture mounts, inlays and other decorative objects.

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Unidentified Objects (Cat. Nos. 110–113; Fig. 21.14) Four objects could not be identified, three of which deserve further discussion. No. 110. Cylindrical, Hollow Decorated Object Decorated, lathe-turned, cylindrical object carved on a large mammalian long bone. The object is broken at both ends, and along its length, so its original dimensions can only be estimated. The lathe-turned decoration consists of at least three wide convex bands, each flanked by a series of two or three carved rings. The object was smoothed and polished and exhibits high-quality craftsmanship. As it is so fragmentary, its function is uncertain. It could have been a decorated furniture mount, or furniture joint, a decorated hinge (although no drilled holes are preserved), a game piece, or a hollow handle. It was found in a postAbbasid fill together with Early Islamic and medieval pottery. Parallels: The Armenian Garden (medieval; Tushingham 1985: Fig. 68:10), the Jewish Quarter (Early Roman; Geva 2003: Pl. 13.1.13), Caesarea (Ayalon 2005: Fig. 1:4, ninth– eleventh centuries, decorated hollow handle; Fig. 15:152, Roman–Byzantine, furniture mount; Fig. 45:421, 422, ninth–eleventh centuries, furniture mounts); Fustat (Early Islamic; Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 27:160–164; 92:9, 10; furniture joints). No. 111. Polished Scapula A cattle-sized scapula bone, polished on both surfaces. The proximal part of the bone (the glenoid cavity) was sawn off. The scapula spine may have been removed intentionally or may have broken. The object was found broken into over 25 pieces, of which only seven could be joined. Three of the pieces had ‘double-circle-and-dot motifs’ incised on them. Tablets made from a scapula could be used as grinding surfaces for medicines, cosmetics, spices, etc., as polishers or as large spoons (for example, Cat. No. 5), and similar objects were also used for the production of discoid blanks for beads, gaming counters, whorls, buttons, etc. (see, for example, Ayalon 2005: Fig. 54:515). There is no clear evidence for the purpose of this object, as it is very fragmentary, but it could have been a similar object to Cat. No. 5. It was found in a fill of Abbasid Phase IIB. Parallel: Caesarea (Ayalon 2005: Fig. 16:160, Islamic; Fig. 54:515, Early Roman). No. 112. Unidentified Carved Object Unidentified, almost-complete object. The back of this object was partially worked and has two flat steps making the center protrude outwards. This negates the possibility that the object was an inlay or furniture mount, unless there was a corresponding depression for it to fit into. What appears to be the head of the object is oblong, and on top is a barely visible band of tiny bead-like balls. Where it connects to the rest of the body, there is a similar band. The object widens at the ‘shoulders’ and tapers downward, where it ends in a base that protrudes forward. The remains of a hole that was drilled into the base is clearly evident, beginning on the left side (not preserved) and reaching, but not piercing through, the right side. This hole may have held a rivet or axle that attached it to another object. This also suggests that what is described here as the base, could actually have been the top. It

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110

111

112 0

4

Fig. 21.14. Unidentified objects.

is clear that this object was skillfully crafted, as it has many small details. It was found in an Abbasid pit of Stratum III. Like other bone objects from these pits (e.g., Cat. No. 92), it is poorly preserved and it is unclear if it was polished or painted. As two dolls were found in the same pit (Cat. Nos. 89, 95), it was possibly part of a larger toy, or a miniature sitting doll. Sitting dolls have never been found at Early Islamic sites, but they do exist in earlier periods in terracotta (Elderkin 1930: Figs. 20–22). Another suggestion is that the object was part of a hanging handle for a box or drawer, pulled from its axle when used to open the lid, and hanging down from it when released (cf. Ayalon 2005:17, Object 35). Parallels: None were found. Shaft Fragments (Cat. Nos. 114–161) There are 48 fragments of solid cylindrical shafts in the assemblage. Apart from a few made of horn, they were all crafted on sections of long-bone diaphyses, either hand carved or on a lathe. These fragments could be the remains of needles, rods, spoon handles, pins or kohl sticks, or any other object with a solid cylindrical shaft. The thickness of a shaft or the shape of its cross section may sometimes offer a clue as to the original item it was a part of. Thus, for example, the upper half of needle shafts have a lentoid cross section, while rod shafts are thicker than the shafts of other objects.

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Discussion and Conclusions An analysis of the bone finds in the Byzantine–Early Islamic strata (V–I) from Givati reveals some interesting phenomena and may elucidate characteristics of assemblages of certain periods and how these changed over time. Table 21.1 (above) presents a quantitative analysis of all the objects catalogued in this chapter, as well as bone objects discussed in other chapters (spindle whorls, beads, miniature diptych). Although the function of some objects is not entirely clear (e.g., needles, Nos. 14–22; rods, Nos. 28–30; see also Chapter 22 on the function of whorls), it seems that the majority of the assemblage is related to leisure. Clothing accessories, grooming objects, jewelry, games and toys and decorative objects were found in all the Byzantine–Early Islamic strata throughout the excavation. On the other hand, working tools of various kinds appeared in smaller numbers, even if one considers whorls/buttons, needles and even rods as working tools. Of the entire assemblage of 197 bone objects, only 60 (30%) were recovered in secure stratigraphic contexts of Strata V–I, such as floors, pits, ovens, etc. Therefore, a contextual or spatial analysis of the assemblage must be conducted with caution. Another 78 objects (40%) originating in fills (often, but not always, sealed by later elements) were assigned to one strata or another based on their stratigraphic context; 35 objects (18%) from mixed contexts have no chronological value, while 24 objects (12%) from various post-Abbasid contexts were attributed to the Byzantine or Islamic period based on style and parallels alone. The Byzantine assemblage of Stratum V (late fourth–early seventh centuries CE) originated in administrative structures, a stone-paved street and terraced agricultural land with drainage channels (see Chapters 2, 11), and comprises 62 bone objects (31% of the entire assemblage); however, it is worth noting that almost half of these (27) are shaft fragments. The few bone finds in Building 1821 and the adjacent building to the east do not reflect their administrative purpose. Rather than styli, writing tablets, counters or other bone objects that might be associated with administration, the only bone finds these buildings yielded are gaming dice, a ring and a shaft fragment from Building 1821 (Cat. Nos. 64, 79, 80, 126) and a bead (Chapter 23: No. 72), pin and shaft fragments from the eastern structure (Cat. Nos. 49, 132, 136, 137, 142). The unique icon diptych found on the sidewalk of the latest phase of the Byzantine street (VA; Plaster Floor 1809) is the only bone object found at Givati that has a clear religious purpose (see Chapter 8), and is also probably the only bone object to have arrived to Jerusalem from somewhere else. The terraced agricultural field and its drainage channels yielded 50 objects––a richer collection than the adjacent structures. These finds include spindle whorls, pins, needles, shaft fragments, gaming pieces from fish vertebra, decorative pieces, a ring and a fastener, probably artifacts that were accidently lost and carried to the field by rain water or through the drainage system. Possible exceptions are a pointed tool (Cat. No. 8) from a plastered space east of terrace W1469, and 15 items, among them pins, needles and shaft fragments, that were found in the vicinity of Installation 2587. The latter is a stone structure situated in one of the agricultural plots southeast of Building 1821. While the excavator suggests

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that this structure was the foundation of a watchtower (see Chapter 2), its association with so many pins and needles may indicate that it had a function related to bathing. A similar concentration of complete and broken pins and needles was also noted by Wapnish in Byzantine bathhouses at Ashqelon (Wapnish 2008:608), and indeed, the finding of large amounts of such objects in Roman bathhouses is a well-documented phenomenon (Whitmore 2013:207). Furthermore, the discovery of pins and needles together in the same context may be further support for the notion that these artifacts were used for the same purpose––the arrangement and securing of hairdos. In addition to the pins, needles and shaft fragments from the vicinity of Installation 2587, an additional 27 were recovered in other Byzantine contexts. A dramatic decline is evident in the popularity of these objects at the transition from the Byzantine to the Early Islamic period, the continuation of a decline that began at the end of the Late Roman period at Givati (Shatil, forthcoming) and other sites (Ayalon 2005:51–52; Rodziewicz 2007:28– 30; Wapnish 2008:608). The nature of the site underwent a major change following the destruction of Stratum V, and it became an industrial zone in the Umayyad period (early seventh to mid-eighth centuries CE). The main feature of Stratum IV is a large limekiln (L1850) built against the southern wall of the now-abandoned Byzantine Building 1821 (see Chapter 12). The change in the character of this part of the city is perhaps reflected in the almost-total disappearance of bone objects; only two were found in this stratum: a bell-shaped gaming piece (Cat. No. 84) and a doll’s arm (Cat. No. 90). Both were discovered in the vicinity of the structure adjoining Limekiln 1850 on its southern side, and it is interesting that they both belong to the category of games and toys. Although they originate in secure stratigraphic contexts, it is difficult to explain their presence in this locale, especially in association with an industrial kiln complex. It is possible that they are intrusions from Stratum III, as indeed in the following stratum this area (Sqs H–J/99–2) contained a cluster of pits that yielded bone objects, including six dolls. Sometime during the eighth century CE, the area again changed its character, the industrial function giving way to an Abbasid open market in Stratum III (see Chapter 12). The most prominent features of Stratum III are the many refuse pits scattered throughout the site, which constitute the only evidence for the market that once stood here. The pits were sealed after use and therefore constitute a secure archaeological context. The rich and well-preserved finds from the pits include pottery and glass vessels, metal artifacts, beads, egg shells, fish and animal bones and a variety of seeds and grains, as well as some 28 bone objects (c. 14% of the entire assemblage); another 10 bone objects where retrieved from other contexts attributed to Stratum III. A cluster of pits in the northeastern part of the excavated area (Sqs M–N\9–10; Pits 2376, 2425, 2379) contained only a bone pin and a shaft fragment; however, these pits and the fill around them were relatively rich in bone production waste, including an unfinished whorl/button in Pit 2425 (see Chapter 22: No. 15; also Chapter 16: No. 247). Further south, in Sqs G–J\6–8, eight additional pits (Pits 2426, 2437, 3650, 3746, 3783, 3815, 3833, 3883) contained some production waste and a number of objects that appear to be unfinished: a bodkin (Cat. No. 10), a rod (Cat. No. 28) and two elongated beads (Chapter 23: Nos. 71, 73;

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also Chapter 16: Nos. 254, 255). In addition, a fastener (Cat. No. 25), a spoon (Cat. No. 36), a pin (Cat. No. 57), a doll (Cat. No. 86), a shaft fragment (Cat. No. 135) and two spindle whorls (Chapter 22: Nos. 25, 28), were also found in this cluster of pits. It is possible that these latter objects were also unfinished, or had defects and thus were discarded in the pits, although we cannot ascertain this today. Another concentration of seven pits situated in the western part of the excavation area (Sqs H–J\99–2; Pits 1900, 1939, 1554, 1479, 1514, 1537, 1608) contained a bone blade (Cat. No. 6), two separate caches of astragali (Cat. Nos. 67, 68), six dolls (Cat. Nos. 85, 89, 92, 94, 95, 97), two spindle whorls (see Chapter 22: Nos. 6, 8) and an unidentified carved object. These pits did not contain any bone production waste, and here too, it is difficult to note any defects on the objects that may have been the reason for their discard. Additional pits yielded a doll (Cat. No. 96) and an ajouré inlay (Cat. No. 103), and other Stratum III contexts (mostly fills) contained pins, a bracelet, gaming pieces from fish vertebrae, a bell-shaped gaming piece, and a carved, column-shaped piece. The large and varied bone-tool assemblage from the Stratum III pits, along with the many pieces of bone production waste, especially in the northeastern part of the excavation area, testifies that bone objects were produced in the open market. Some of the objects from the pits appear to be unfinished products discarded for unknown reasons, while others were apparently completed but discarded because they broke or were defective in some way apparent to the carver or the merchants in the market. Among the bone objects from Stratum III, one type stands out: the dolls. The dolls may have first appeared in Stratum IV, and gained popularity in Stratum III. Early Islamic bone dolls were first published by Strzygowsky (1904) in Koptische Kunst, a catalogue of art objects in the Cairo Museum. Since then, they have been found in large numbers in excavations in Egypt and Palestine, and in smaller numbers all across the Middle East, from Turkey in the west to Iran in the east (Shatil 2016:298). Although Strzygowsky did not actually call them ‘Coptic dolls’ in his catalogue, the term has stuck, probably due to the catalogue’s title, and has often been used to describe bone dolls of the Early Islamic period (Shatil 2016:296). Recently, authors such as Rodziewicz (2012:16–17) and Shatil (2016:301–302) have stated that the use of this term is misleading, as there is no evidence that connects these dolls with a Christian population or that they existed in Palestine and Egypt prior to the Arab occupation of the region in the seventh century. It has been demonstrated (Shatil 2016:299–301, 311) that the Early Islamic bone dolls became very popular in Palestine during the Early Islamic period, and have been found in domestic contexts of every social status, from royal palaces to Bedouin desert caves. Their relatively large numbers in the Abbasid market of Stratum III at Givati only serve to further elucidate their popularity in this period. There is some disagreement among scholars as to the dating of these dolls (Elderkin 1930:478; Scanlon 1968:16; Ayalon 2005:80). For example, Török assigns them all to the ninth–tenth centuries (cited in Ayalon 2005:80), which seems too late, as at Givati and other sites they appear in the eighth, even seventh centuries. On the other hand, Friedman dates them to the fourth–eighth centuries (Friedman 1989:166), which seems too early, as there are no Islamic bone dolls known from excavations that predate the seventh century, while

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dolls that postdate the eighth century are many. Therefore, I have argued for a date ranging between the mid-seventh and the end of the eleventh centuries (Shatil 2016:311–312). Furthermore, there is also some debate as to the process of change these dolls underwent during the Early Islamic period––if at all––and whether or not the various types and styles reflect chronological changes. In recent years, the author has surveyed over 300 of these bone dolls, from museums, excavation sites and reports, ranging across the entire Middle East (Shatil 2016). In my opinion, the variations in style are rarely of any chronological significance, but rather reflect several geographical traditions of execution for the facial and body features, each tradition more common in a certain region, or even at certain sites, which all fall within the time frame of the Ummayad, Abbasid and Fatimid dynasties. Thus, only a few of these traditions can be identified in the dolls from Givati. One tradition that is predominant in the cloth-doll heads from Givati is painted facial features on a slightly convex, rather squared head. While the nose and mouth may be carved, other features such as round or almond-shaped eyes, eyebrows, ‘love-curls’ and hair, are painted (e.g., Cat. Nos. 94–97). In one example, a scarf or collar is painted as well (Cat. No. 94). The painted facial features appear to be limited to cloth-doll heads at Givati, but it is possible that the articulated and unarticulated dolls from the site were also painted in a similar fashion, and the paint has not survived. The painted cloth-doll head from the Umayyad palace at Amman, Jordan (Olavarri-Goicoechea 1985: Fig. 24:11) also belongs to this tradition. However, in the case of other examples on which the paint has not survived, such as a cloth-doll head from Tiberias (Shatil 2016: Pl. 3:5) and another from the Cave of the Treasure in the Judean Desert (Shatil 2016: Pl. 5:5), it is difficult to be sure. Another tradition noted at Givati, which is limited to unarticulated dolls, is schematically incised physical features––arms, legs, feet (they do not appear on articulated dolls that have separate arms, or cloth-doll heads that do not have arms or legs). The heads of the unarticulated dolls from Givati lack facial features, although it is possible that these were once painted in a similar fashion to the painted tradition described above. The dolls belonging to this tradition seem to be represented wearing a dress or robe (Cat. No. 91), in some examples decorated with zigzag patterns (Agadi 1996: Fig. XIX.1:7–9). The fact that they are dressed led to the suggestion that they may in fact represent male figures (Shatil 2016:305). This tradition does not occur anywhere outside Palestine, and it is the most common tradition from Banyas in the north to Ashqelon in the south (Shatil 2016:305). While all the unarticulated dolls from Givati belong to this tradition, it is noteworthy that there are examples in Palestine of unarticulated dolls that do not belong to it, including at least one example from Jerusalem (Shatil 2016: Pl. 2:5). In summary, the painted tradition on the Givati cloth-doll heads likely appeared on the plain heads of articulated and unarticulated dolls heads as well, although evidence for this is lacking. This tradition was popular in the area of Jerusalem, which was probably a production center of these dolls, and also reached the Jordanian plateau, as represented by the example from Amman. It was probably much more widespread than the archaeological evidence can elucidate, as its identification relies on the preservation of paint. The tradition of schematically rendered dressed dolls, limited to unarticulated dolls and perhaps representing males, reached as far north as the northern Galilee, but does not seem to have

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spread southward beyond Ramla or Ashqelon to the Negev or Egypt. This is the most widespread tradition among dolls in Palestine. In Stratum II, the large open marketplace of Stratum III gave way to a well-planned quarter of structures of diverse plans arranged on both sides of east–west streets. Open spaces and squares were also integrated between the various structures. The archaeological evidence testifies that these structures were dwellings, shops and workshops devoted to various small crafts during the ninth and tenth centuries CE (see Chapters 12, 19). The bone assemblage of Stratum II consists of 30 objects (c. 15% of the entire assemblage), of which 13 originated in secure stratigraphic contexts (floors, pits, etc.), and the rest in fills. Generally speaking, the Stratum II assemblage is quite varied, containing clothing accessories, grooming utensils, jewelry, gaming pieces and dolls, decorative objects and spindle whorls. It is not much different in composition than the assemblage retrieved from Stratum III, although dolls and pins are more common in the earlier stratum. The streets, squares and open spaces surrounding the buildings of Stratum II yielded a slightly larger amount of bone objects than the buildings. However, while the stratigraphy of the buildings, with their thick plastered floors and small rooms, is relatively clear, the expanses of streets and wide squares and the poor preservation of their beaten-earth or thin plaster floors, prevented clear-cut conclusions as to whether objects actually lay on the floors or originated in the fills below or above them. Thus, the finds from inside the buildings, although slightly fewer, have a greater stratigraphic significance. In Square 2210, for example, six objects were found, including a handle (Cat. No. 2), a toggle fastener (Cat. No. 24), a rod (Cat. No. 30), a doll (Cat. No. 87) and a whorl (see Chapter 22: No. 12); only one, a pin (Cat. No. 50), was actually found resting on a patch of preserved floor. Of all the structures in Stratum II, Building 2278 yielded the largest number of bone objects: a needle (Cat. No. 20), a comb (Cat. No. 31) and a bracelet (Cat. No. 61); the last two were retrieved from the floor of one of the rooms in the building, while the needle was found in a fill above the latest floor of another room. In summary, the bone objects from the buildings, streets and squares of Stratum II reflect mainly the residential nature of this quarter: a comb, a bracelet, dolls, a belt buckle, pins, gaming pieces and more. This is not to say that no bone objects are related to the industrial or commercial activities that took place here. Indeed, some of the finished objects may have been sold in shops or stalls. If needles and spindle whorls are considered tools related to textile crafts (see above and Chapter 22), then their relative abundance in both Strata III and II attests to the prominence of such crafts in this quarter of Jerusalem. Stratum I, the latest Early Islamic stratum at the site, reflects a cultural and urban decline in comparison with the previous Stratum II. The main features are open spaces with many ṭabuns amongst scattered walls and installations (see Chapter 12). The bone objects from this stratum include a large tool made of a scapula (Cat. No. 5), a pyxis (Cat. No. 35) found on a beaten-earth floor in Square 1345, a doll (Cat. No. 91) that was probably accidentally burned in one of the ṭabuns in Square 1314, and two shaft fragments.

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The assemblage of bone objects from Strata III–I provides insights into the cultural life and standards of living in this particular part of Jerusalem during the Early Islamic period. While many bone objects of fine craftsmanship, as well as a few ivory objects, are known from assemblages at other sites in Palestine, such are missing from the Givati assemblage or are represented by simpler versions of lesser artistic skill. For example, cylindrical boxes are represented at Givati by one simple and undecorated pyxis from Stratum I, while at Caesarea several tall, finely decorated cylindrical boxes dating to the Early Islamic period were recovered (Ayalon 2005: Figs. 12:132; 13:137, 138). Artistically carved bone inlays and furniture mounts for the decoration of boxes, furniture and musical instruments, usually with intricate floral reliefs or motifs and open work, are numerous in the Early Islamic assemblages of Caesarea (Ayalon 2005: Figs. 34:334; 36:341; 38:353–357; 39:360–363; 43:403–412; 44:413–420; 45:422, 424–425), Ashqelon (Wapnish 1991:59; 2008: Figs. 34.24; 34.25; Wapnish-Hesse 1999: Fig. 3), Alexandria (Rodziewicz 2007: Pls. 20–25) and Fustat (Rodziewicz 2012: Pls. 72–87), while at Givati they are represented by a few crude, simple ajouré inlays (Cat. Nos. 103–105) and a single column-shaped decorative piece (Cat. No. 109). The diversity of gaming pieces at Givati is also limited when compared to the other large Early Islamic sites (Ayalon 2005: Figs. 29, 30; Rodziewicz 2007: Pls. 64, 65; 2012: Pls. 52, 53, 62:403; 63:404, 416–419; 64:422, 423). The simple, mundane nature of the Early Islamic bone assemblage from Givati probably attests that Stratum III market customers and the inhabitants of the Early Islamic Stratum II neighborhood were simple craftsmen and workers from the lower echelons of society. This would also correspond with the simple nature of the architecture of Stratum II, with its small shops, workshops and numerous installations. Together with the previously published bone objects from Area M1 (Shatil and Behar 2013), the assemblage of bone objects from the Givati Parking Lot is one of the largest published to date in Israel from stratigraphic contexts of a single site. As Jerusalem was a religious, administrative and commercial urban center during the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods, the city was both influencing and influenced by artistic and cultural trends in the region. I hope that the publication of this assemblage will provide comparisons for sites in Israel and the Levant in future research.

Typology

Cylindrical, solid decorated handle

Elliptical solid handle

Elliptical solid handle

Lid handle

Large serving spoon?

Flat blade

Spatula

Point

Point

Rectangular bodkin

Peg

Peg

Decorated Peg

Needle

Needle

Needle

Cat. No

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

V–III

IIB–IIA

IIB–IIA

Modern

PostAbbasid

PostAbbasid

III

V–III

VC–VA

V–IV

III

I

V–III

IIB–IIA

IIA

IV–III

Stratum

2389

W1238

W1153

3506

2470

2288

3833

2389

2449

1776

1900

1404

1887

2272

2211

1438

Locus

37982

24254

38915

55000

38592

36209

61842

36844

38126

22721

24804

14917

24520

34651

36257

16601

Basket

Fill

Wall

Wall

Fill

Fill

Fill

Pit

Fill

Fill

Fill

Pit

Fill

Fill

Floor make-up

Fill

Fill

Provenance

L:81.1

L:64.9

L:74.2

L:65.3

L:24

L:38.5

L:48

L:107.5

L:109.9

L:49.6

L:90

L:119.4

L:23

L:65.3

L:68.1

L:58

 

 

W:6

 

 

 

W:11.8

 

 

W:13.3

W:24.4

W:44.8

 

W:14.1

W:17.8

 

D:5.6

D:5.6

D:4.5

SD:6.1

D:4.7

D:5.4

 

D:24.7

D:16. 6

 

 

 

D:7.7

 

 

D:9.5

Measurements (mm)*

Table 21.2. Catalogue of Bone Objects

 

 

 

HD:6.3

 

 

Th:9.7

 

 

Th:2.6

Th:4.7

Th:12

 

Th:6.9

Th:8.4

 

Almost complete; hand carved; polished; stained light brown

Almost complete; worn; hand carved; polished; light brown

Almost complete; hand carved; polished; filing striations; light brown

Complete; lathe turned; polished; lathe decoration; creamy

Almost complete; lathe turned and hand carved; polished; light brown

Complete; lathe turned and hand carved; somewhat polished; lathe decorated; light brown

Almost complete; hand carved; somewhat smoothed; filing striations; brown; unfinished?

Almost complete; natural bone; use-wear; light brown; equid metatarsal IV

Almost complete; natural bone; use-wear; light brown; ulna

Fragment; hand carved; polished; yellowish; rib

Almost complete; hand carved; polished; usewear; yellowish

Fragmentary; hand carved; polished; dot-andcircle decoration; light brown; scapula

Almost complete; lathe turned; polished; lathe decoration; creamy

Fragment; hand carved; patinated; polished; light brown

Almost complete; hand carved; polished; light brown

Almost complete; lathe turned; polished; lathe decoration; stained light brown

Description

 

 

Fig. 21.2

Fig. 21.2

 

Fig. 21.2

Fig. 21.2

 

Fig. 21.1

Fig. 21.1

Fig. 21.1

Fig. 21.1

Fig. 21.1

 

Fig. 21.1

Fig. 21.1

Fig.

774 ARIEL SHATIL

Typology

Needle

Needle

Needle

Needle

Needle

Notched needle

Flat round button

Toggle fastener

Toggle Fastener

Toggle fastener

Belt buckle

Rod, decorated

Rod, decorated

Rod, conic head

Double-sided singleunit comb

Double-sided composite comb

Double-sided composite comb

Cat. No

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Modern

Modern

IIB–IIA

IIB

V–III

III

IIB–IIA

V

III

IIB

IV–II

V–III

VC

II

VB

VB

VB

Stratum

2080

3517

2261

2210

2408

2437

1342

3853

3815

2210

1457

3757

1585

2225

2588

2588

2588

Locus

30381

55394

33547

33353

37859

37763

12628

61487

59086

35161

16335

57754

18242

37214

42217

41805

46216

Basket

Fill

Fill

Floor

Fill

Fill

Pit

Floor make-up

Fill

Pit

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Provenance

L:51.1

L:40.9

L:43

L:71

L:128.4

L:165.7

L:45.5

L:37.1

L:21.5

L:17.5

 

L:45

L:51.7

L:46.2

L:62.1

L:49.7

L:56.6

W:14

W:36

W:35

 

 

 

W:17.3

 

 

 

W:6.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

D:7.4

D:8

D:7.4

 

D:8

D:7

D:6.0

D:16.7

D:3.4

D:5.3

D:4.9

D:4.4

D:5.4

D:4.2

Measurements (mm)*

Table 21.2 (cont.)

Th:5.5

Th:3.8

Th:4.1

 

 

 

Th:4.9

 

 

HD:8.6

Th:3.9

 

 

 

 

 

 

One toothplate; hand carved; polished; yellowish; rib or scapula

Two toothplates; hand carved; polished; light brown; rib or scapula

Almost complete; hand carved; smoothed; circleand-dot decoration; light brown

Head and shaft fragment; lathe turned and hand carved; polished? patinated; brown

Almost complete; lathe turned; polished; lathe decoration; creamy

Complete; hand carved; decorated; creamy; unfinished?

Almost complete; hand carved; front polished and decorated; light brown; large rib or scapula

Complete; lathe turned? smoothed; brown

Complete object; lathe turned; polished; lathe decoration; light brown

Complete; lathe turned; polished; lathe decoration; light brown

Complete; lathe turned; polished; creamy

Almost complete; hand carved; somewhat smoothed; light brown

Almost complete; hand carved; polished; filing striations; creamy

Almost complete; hand carved; polished; patinated; creamy

Almost complete; hand carved; polished; creamy

Almost complete; hand carved; somewhat polished; light brown

Almost complete; hand carved; polished; stained light brown

Description

Fig. 21.5

Fig. 21.5

Fig. 21.5

Fig. 21.4

 

Fig. 21.4

Fig. 21.3

Fig. 21.3

Fig. 21.3

Fig. 21.3

Fig. 21.3

Fig. 21.2

Fig. 21.2

 

 

 

 

Fig.

CHAPTER 21: THE BONE OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

775

Typology

Composite-comb connecting plate

Short cylindrical box (pyxis)

Spoon

Small spoon

Pin, polygonal head

Pin, polygonal head

Pin, polygonal head

Pin, polygonal head

Pin, polygonal head

Pin, polygonal head

Pin, polygonal head

Pin, polygonal head

Pin, polygonal head

Pin, polygonal head

Pin, decorated polygonal head

Pin, globular head

Cat. No

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

VC–VA

VC–VA

VA

III

V

III

V

VI

Modern

IIB

VII–V

II

III

I

Modern

Stratum

2461

W1521

2576

2425

3853

2375

3828

2542

1648

1633

2464

2236

3650

3624

3507

Locus

39498

43329

41829

37271

62051

35728

13034

59095

40265

28760

19131

38984

33425

56684

56260

55028

Basket

Floor

Wall

Fill

Pit

Fill

Fill

Surface

Fill

Bedrock

Fill

Floor

Fill

Fill

Pit

Floor make-up

Fill

Provenance

L:89

L:28.2

L:28.4

L:28

L:31.8

L:74.3

L:64.5

L:79.3

L:15.5

L:70

L:48

L:112.6

L:34.3

L:46.1

H:53.3

L:13.2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

W:37.3

 

W:9.4

SD:3.9

 

 

 

 

SD:4.8

SD:4.6

SD:5

 

D:4

D:4

D:5.6

D:14.3

 

D:37 (est.)

 

Measurements (mm)*

Table 21.2 (cont.)

HD:4

HT:7

HT:6.2

HT:5

Th:5.6

HT:6

HT:4.8

HD:5.2

Th:5.6

HT:6

HT:6

HD:5.6

 

Th:5

Th:5.7

Th:1.6

Almost complete; hand carved; somewhat smoothed; reddish-brown paint; light brown

Head only; hand carved; somewhat smoothed; circle-and-dot decoration; light brown

Almost complete; hand carved; polished; filing striations; yellowish

Head only; hand carved; polished; brown

Head only; worn; hand carved; somewhat smoothed; filing striations; light brown

Almost complete; hand carved; polished; filing striations; light brown

Almost complete; worn; hand carved; somewhat smoothed; filing striations; brown

Almost complete; worn; hand carved; somewhat smoothed; filing striations; light brown

Head only; hand carved; somewhat smoothed; filing striations; creamy

Almost complete; hand carved; somewhat smoothed; filing striations; light brown

Almost complete; hand carved; somewhat smoothed; filing striations; light brown

Complete; hand carved; somewhat smoothed; yellowish

Bowl and part of the handle; hand carved; somewhat polished; patinated; light brown

Bowl only; hand carved; smoothed; use-wear; light brown

Fragment; lathe turned; polished; light brown

Fragment; hand carved; smoothed; light brown

Description

Fig. 21.6

Fig. 21.6

Fig. 21.6

Fig. 21.6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 21.6

Fig. 21.5

Fig. 21.5

Fig. 21.5

Fig. 21.5

Fig.

776 ARIEL SHATIL

Typology

Pin, globular head

Pin, elliptical head

Pin, globular head

Pin, ovoid head

Pin, elliptical head

Pin, globular head

Pin, globular head

Pin, globular head

Pin, globular head

Pin, globular head on a molding

Pin, bead-and-reel head

Bracelet

Bracelet

Ring

Ring

Ring

Pendant?

Cat. No

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

V–III

V

VA

VC

III

IIB–IIA

V–III

VB

V

III

III

V

VI–V

VB

VC–VB

III

IIB–IIA

Stratum

2431

3852

5006

2538

2396

2261

3757

2588

3853

3650

2396

3724

W1461

2588

2476

2349

2403

Locus

37633

61458

82006

41979

36188

33548

57880

41590

60723

56387

36159

57194

36661

42032

41639

35162

37596

Basket

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Floor

Fill

Fill

Fill

Pit

Fill

Fill

Wall

Fill

Fill

Fill

Floor

Provenance

L:37.4

 

 

 

 

 

L:21.5

L:43.6

L:41.2

L:29.5

L:62.1

L:77.5

L:64.8

L:69.6

L:72.7

L:68.4

L:56.1

W:22.2

W:2.6

W:3.9

W:5.8

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

D:18 5

D:39 (est.)

D:36 (est.)

D:52 (est.)

D:53 (est.)

D:7.2

SD:3.6

SD:5.4

SD:3.3

SD:4.3

SD:4

SD:4.3

SD:4.4

SD:4.8

SD:4.9

SD:3.9

Measurements (mm)*

Table 21.2 (cont.)

Th:5

Th:1.9

Th:2.11

Th:2

Th: 2.4

Th:2.6

 

HD:8

HD:7.1

HD:6.5

HD:9.7

HD:4.3

HD:5.6

HD:5.6

HD:6.2

HD:7.2

HD:4.0

Complete; hand carved; filing striations; light brown; unfinished?

Fragment; lathe-turned? polished; translucent yellow; horn?

Fragmentary; damaged surface; lathe turned; polished; yellowish

Fragment; lathe turned(?) and hand carved; polished; light brown

Fragment; lathe turned; polished; stained light brown

Fragment; lathe turned; polished; stained light brown

Head only; lathe turned; polished; light brown

Head and part of the shaft; head lathe turned; shaft hand carved; polished; creamy

Head and part of the shaft; head lathe turned; shaft hand carved; polished; brown

Head and part of the shaft; head lathe turned; shaft hand carved; polished; light brown

Head and part of the shaft; lathe turned; polished; light brown

Complete; hand carved; smoothed; creamy

Almost complete; hand carved; somewhat smoothed; patinated; light brown

Almost complete; hand carved; polished; light brown

Almost complete; hand carved; somewhat polished; patinated; yellowish

Almost complete; hand carved; polished; yellowish

Almost complete; hand carved; polished; reddishbrown paint; light brown

Description

Fig. 21.6

 

 

Fig. 21.6

 

Fig. 21.6

Fig. 21.6

Fig. 21.6

 

 

Fig. 21.6

Fig. 21.6

 

 

 

Fig. 21.6

 

Fig.

CHAPTER 21: THE BONE OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

777

Typology

Astragali cache

Astragali cache

Gaming piece

Gaming piece

Gaming piece

Gaming piece

Gaming piece

Gaming piece

Gaming piece

Gaming piece

Solid die

Solid die

Hollow die

Hollow die plug

Bell-shaped gaming piece

Bell-shaped gaming piece

Bell-shaped gaming piece

Bell-shaped gaming piece

Cat. No

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

IV

III

II

IV–III

VB

VB

VI–V

V–III

VA

III

III

IIA

VC–VB

VB

V–III

V

III

III

Stratum

1506

2375

3723

1438

1898

1881

2564

2359

3825

3733

3733

3645

2532

2504

2444

1480

1554

1479

Locus

15823

36339

57922

15594

25039

24411

42309

35743

59783

57660

57464

56483

40345

40020

39437

15758

17640

16385

Basket

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Floor make-up

Floor

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Floor make-up

Drainage channel

Fill

Fill

Fill

Pit

Pit

Provenance

H:21.4

H:25.4

H:34.7

H:53.8

L:26

L:26

H:12

L:12

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

BD:35 (est.)

 

 

TD:30 (est.)

 

W:26

W:12

W:16

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TD:34.5 (est.)

D:24 (est. )

D:38 (est.)

BD:40 (est.)

D:13

 

 

 

D:18.4

D:18.2

D:26

D:26.1

D:18.5

D:15.7

D:16.5

D:30

Measurements (mm)*

Table 21.2 (cont.)

Th:10

Th:5.2

Th:10

Th:11

 

 

 

 

Th:11.2

Th:10.2

Th:9.6

Th:12.6

Th:11.1

 

Th:11.1

Th:15.4

Fragment; lathe turned and hand carved; polished; stained brown

Fragment; lathe turned and hand carved; polished; light brown

Fragment; lathe-turned and hand carved; polished; creamy

Fragment; lathe turned and hand carved; polished; stained brown

Complete; hand carved; polished; creamy

Fragment; hand carved; polished; engraved; creamy; equid metatarsus?

Complete; hand carved; somewhat polished; filing striations; light brown

Complete; hand carved; polished; use-wear; light brown

Complete; smoothed? light brown; fish vertebra

Complete; worn; smoothed; beige; fish vertebra

Complete; worn; smoothed? light brown; fish vertebra

Complete; worn; smoothed? beige; fish vertebra

Complete; worn; smoothed? beige; fish vertebra

Fragment; worn; smoothed? light brown; fish vertebra

Complete; smoothed? patinated; beige; fish vertebra

Complete; smoothed; light brown; fish vertebra

14 cow astragali

14 sheep/goat astragali; 5 are chopped diagonally

Description

Fig. 21.9

Fig. 21.9

 

Fig. 21.9

Fig. 21.9

Fig. 21.9

 

Fig. 21.9

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Fig. 21.8

Fig. 21.7

Fig. 21.7

Fig.

778 ARIEL SHATIL

Typology

Articulated doll

Articulated doll

Articulated doll

Articulated doll

Articulated doll

Articulated doll arm

Unarticulated doll

Unarticulated doll

Unarticulated doll

Cloth-doll head

Cloth-doll head

Cloth-doll head

Cloth-doll head

Furniture joint

Bead-and-reel band

Bead-and-reel band

Bead-and-reel band

Cat. No

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

PostAbbasid

V

V

VI–II

III

III

III

III

PostAbbasid

III

I

IV

III

IIB–IIA

IIB

III

III

Stratum

2401

2000

2739

1391

1554

1883

1514

1537

1395

1554

1359

1444

1514

2377

2210

3883

1939

Locus

37275

28045

44831

27809

16993

80205

16022

16646

30751

17634

13244

14862

15979

36637

35946

62209

25548

Basket

Fill

Fill

Fill

Water cistern

Pit

Pit

Pit

Pit

Fill

L:25.6

L:52

L:38.5

L:70

H:74

H:71.6

H:65

H:72

H:40

H:59

H:119

Ṭabun Pit

H:47

L:43

L:58.6

L:59.1

H:74.2

H:113

W:6.6

W:9.1

W:9

 

W:24

W:27.7

W:21

W:17

W:29.7

W:24

W:38

W:9

W:40

W:19.8

W:46.1

W:22.9

W:35

 

 

 

D:33

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Measurements (mm)*

Table 21.2 (cont.)

Floor

Pit

Sewage pit

Fill

Pit

Pit

Provenance

Th:4.6

Th:5.5

Th:3.5

Th:9

Th:4

Th:12.2

Th:6

Th:9

Th:9

Th:9

Th:8

Th:7

Th:11

Th:7

Th:11.5

Th:37

Th:11

Complete; lathe turned and hand carved; polished; brown

Complete; lathe turned and hand carved; polished; brown

Almost complete; lathe turned and hand carved; polished; brown

Complete; lathe turned; polished; lathe decoration; stained brown; metatarsal

Complete; hand carved; smoothed; painted reddish-brown; light brown; rib or scapula

Complete; damaged and porous; hand carved; painted red, traces of metal band; white

Complete; hand carved; polished; painted reddish-brown; light brown

Complete; hand carved; polished; painted reddish-brown; light brown

Head only; hand carved; smoothed; light brown

Complete; hand carved; polished; creamy

Complete; hand carved; polished? patinated; burnt

Complete; hand carved; polished; light brown

Head only; damaged and porous; hand carved; light brown

Fragment; damaged and porous; hand carved; whitish

Fragment; hand carved; smoothed; light brown

Fragment; damaged and porous; hand carved; smoothed; light brown

Almost complete; head missing; hand carved; polished; yellowish

Description

 

Fig. 21.13

Fig. 21.13

Fig. 21.13

Fig. 21.12

Fig. 21.12

Fig. 21.12

Fig. 21.12

Fig. 21.11

Fig. 21.11

Fig. 21.11

Fig. 21.10

Fig. 21.10

Fig. 21.10

Fig. 21.10

Fig. 21.10

Fig. 21.10

Fig.

CHAPTER 21: THE BONE OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

779

IIB

PostAbbasid

VC–VB

IV–III

Ajouré inlay

Ajouré inlay

Ajouré inlay

Carved meshrebiyya rod

Carved meshrebiyya rod

Carved meshrebiyya rod

Carved piece with architectural design

Unidentified cylindrical fragment

Polished scapula

Unidentified carved object

Unidentified fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

Modern

VC

V

IV–III

VA

III

IIB

PostAbbasid

III

PostAbbasid

III

IV–III

Geometric inlay

102

Stratum

Typology

Cat. No

1649

1595

1521

1438

3818

1514

2429

3557

3733

1438

2532

1307

3701

2405

1966

1490

Locus

19803

19690

17295

16360

59945

15978

37545

56254

57239

15822

40069

12212

57019

36634

26242

15832

Basket

Fill

Fill

Fill

fill

Fill

Pit

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Drainage channel

Fill

Fill

Fill

Pit

Fill

Provenance

L:29

L:27

L:53

H:60.5

L:48.5

L:40

L:117.9

L:50.6

L:101.6

L:23

L:16.3

L:51

L:26.4

L:40

L:51

L:77.7

 

 

 

 

W:9.5

W:15

W:68.3

 

 

 

 

 

W:26

W:19

W:28

W:4

D:3.6

D:2.7

D:5

D:4.5

 

 

 

D:35 (est.)

D:27.3

D:9.2

D:9.7

D:7.8

 

 

 

 

Measurements (mm)*

Table 21.2 (cont.)

 

 

 

 

Th:6.85

Th:1

Th:17.9

Th:6.2

Th:7.3

 

 

 

Th:3

Th:3

Th:3

Th:1

Shaft fragment; surface damaged; hand carved; smoothed; brown

Tip fragment; lathe turned? ‫פ‬olished; brown

Shaft fragment; hand carved; polished; filing striations; translucent light brown; horn

Shaft fragment with molding; hand carved; polished; filing striations; translucent light brown; horn

Fragmentary; hand carved; polished; light brown

Almost complete; damaged and porous; hand carved; light brown

Fragmentary; hand carved; smoothed; circle and dot decoration; stained light brown; scapula

Fragment; lathe turned; polished; light brown

Upper part broken; lathe turned and hand carved; filing striations; light brown; radius; unfinished?

Fragment; lathe-turned; polished; light brown

Fragment; lathe turned; polished; light brown

Complete; lathe turned; polished; creamy

Complete; hand carved; smoothed; yellowish; rib or scapula; unfinished?

Complete; hand carved; smoothed; patinated; brown; rib or scapula; unfinished?

Almost complete; hand carved; polished; rib or scapula; light brown

Almost complete; hand carved; smoothed; light brown; rib; unfinished

Description

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 21.14

Fig. 21.14

Fig. 21.14

Fig. 21.13

 

 

Fig. 21.13

Fig. 21.13

Fig. 21.13

Fig. 21.13

Fig. 21.13

Fig.

780 ARIEL SHATIL

Typology

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment (rod?)

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment (needle?)

Shaft fragment

Cat. No

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

VI–V

III

V

V–III

III

III

V–III

I

VB

VC–IV

I

Modern

Modern

V

V

II

V

Stratum

W1461

2376

2415

2389

2368

2349

2327

2208

1898

1889

1754

2058

2030

1929

1929

1864

W1171

Locus

36840

36833

36710

36501

35920

35414

35262

33206

32284

31652

29990

29257

28560

26361

26330

24562

20519

Basket

Wall

Pit

Fill

Fill

Other

Fill

Fill

Fill

Floor

Drainage channel

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Wall

Provenance

L:22.9

L:27.2

L:41.5

L:51.1

L:39.9

L:63

L:36.2

L:24.9

L:68

L:18

L:85

L:88

L:58.8

L:64

L:91

L:23

L:25

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

D:3

D:3.6

D:3.1

D:4.6

D:4.5

D:5.3

D:3.5

D:7.5

D:5.5

D:4.2

D:4.9

D:4.2

D:4.2

D:4

D:4.6

D:5.7

D:3.5

Measurements (mm)*

Table 21.2 (cont.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tip fragment; lathe-turned? polished; painted reddish brown; creamy

Shaft fragment; hand carved; polished; stained brown

Shaft and tip fragment; lathe turned? polished; creamy

Shaft fragment; hand carved; polished; patinated; light brown

Tip fragment; lathe-turned? polished; creamy

Shaft fragment; hand craved; polished; light brown

Tip fragment; hand carved; polished; translucent light brown; horn

Shaft fragment; lathe-turned? polished; light brown

Shaft fragment; lathe-turned; polished; white

Shaft fragment; damaged surface; lathe turned? polished; brown

Shaft fragment; hand carved; smoothed; stained brown

Shaft fragment; lathe-turned; polished; creamy

Tip and shaft fragment; lathe-turned? polished; creamy

Shaft fragment; hand carved; polished; filing striations; translucent light brown; horn

Shaft fragment; hand carved; polished; translucent light brown; tip stained brown; horn

Decorated shaft fragment with molding; lathe turned; polished; creamy

Tip fragment; lathe-turned? polished; stained brown

Description

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig.

CHAPTER 21: THE BONE OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

781

Typology

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment (rod?)

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment (needle?)

Shaft fragment (rod?)

Shaft fragment (rod?)

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Cat. No

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

VC–VB

VC–VB

VB

VC–VB

VC–VB

V

VB

VI–V

V

VC–VA

VII–V

PostAbbasid

VC–VB

V–III

VC–VA

V

III

Stratum

2587

2587

2588

2607

2598

W1483

2588

2564

2566

2461

2464

2470

2476

2348

2411

2347

2426

Locus

42342

42293

42162

42082

42074

41708

41587

40955

40882

39499

39292

39291

39138

38972

38258

38194

37000

Basket

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Collapse

Wall

Fill

Fill

Fill

Floor

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Pit

Provenance

L:63.6

L:60.1

L:39.7

L:71.1

L:56.9

L:60.6

L:77.3

L:57.1

L:63.3

L:84.8

L:43.2

L:65.1

L:49.8

L:22.9

L:79.9

L:107.9

L:120.2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

D:4.9

D:2.1

D:3.2

D:4.8

D:4.4

D:4.6

D:3.7

D:4.5

D:4.4

D:4.6

D:4.8

D:7.5

D:10.1

D:4.1

D:3.2

D:6.2

D:4.1

Measurements (mm)*

Table 21.2 (cont.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shaft fragment; hand carved; polished; creamy

Shaft fragment; hand carved; polished; patinated; stained brown

Tip fragment; lathe-turned? polished; stained brown

Shaft and tip fragment; lathe turned? polished; patinated; creamy

Shaft and tip fragment; hand carved; polished; patinated; creamy

Shaft fragment; hand carved; polished; light brown

Shaft fragment; hand carved; polished; painted reddish brown; yellowish

Shaft and tip fragment; hand carved; polished; patinated; light brown

Shaft fragment; hand carved; patinated; light brown

Shaft and tip fragment; hand carved; polished; patinated; creamy

Shaft fragment; hand carved; filing striations; light brown

Shaft fragment; lathe turned? smoothed; light brown

Shaft fragment; hand carved; polished; creamy

Shaft fragment; hand carved; polished; light brown

Shaft fragment; lathe turned? polished; white

Shaft and tip fragment; lathe turned; polished; creamy

Shaft and tip fragment; hand carved; filing striations; creamy

Description

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig.

782 ARIEL SHATIL

Shaft fragment (rod?)

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

Shaft fragment

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

II

V

V

PostAbbasid

IIA

VB

VB

V

VB

VC–VB

Stratum

3723

3828

3762

3680

3645

2588

2588

2773

2630

2631

Locus

59876

58968

58775

57439

56576

46218

46217

45594

42597

42596

Basket

* HD = head diam.; SD = shaft diam.; TD = top diam.; BD = base diam.

Typology

Cat. No

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Provenance

L:45.5

L:74.4

L:52.5

L:37.7

L:35.2

L:63

L:51.5

L:44.8

L:46.9

L:49.9

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

D:3.7

D:4.6

D:4.1

D:4

D:3.1

D:5

D:2.8

D:2.9

D:3.8

D:6

Measurements (mm)*

Table 21.2 (cont.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tip fragment; lathe-turned; polished; creamy

Shaft fragment; hand carved; filing striations; light brown

Shaft fragment; hand carved; filing striations; light brown

Shaft fragment with collar; damaged surface; hand carved and lathe turned; top polished; yellowish

Shaft fragment; hand carved; polished; beige

Shaft fragment; head and tip missing; hand carved; polished; filing striations; translucent light brown with dark stains; horn

Shaft and tip fragment; lathe-turned? polished; patinated; stained light brown

Shaft fragment; hand carved; smoothed; filing striations; yellowish-green

Shaft and tip fragment; lathe turned; polished; light brown

Tip fragment; lathe turned; polished; creamy

Description

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig.

CHAPTER 21: THE BONE OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

783

784

ARIEL SHATIL

R eferences Agadi S. 1996. The Bone Objects. In A. Ben-Tor, M. Avissar and Y. Portugali. Yoqne‘am I:‎The Late Periods (Qedem Reports 3). Jerusalem. Pp. 236–238. Ariel D.T. 1990. Worked Bone and Ivory. In D.T. Ariel. Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh II: Imported Stamped Amphora Handles, Coins, Worked Bone and Ivory, and Glass (Qedem 30). Jerusalem. Pp. 119–148. Ashby S.P. 2007. Bone and Antler Combs. The Finds Research Group AD 700–1700 Datasheet 40. https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/files/16331458/FRG_40_Combs.pdf (accessed 28 July, 2018). Avigad N. 1983. Discovering Jerusalem. Nashville. Ayalon E. 2005. The Assemblage of Bone and Ivory Artifacts from Caesarea Maritima, Israel, 1st– 13th centuries CE (BAR Int. S. 1457). Oxford. Ayalon E. and Sorek C. 1999. Bare Bones: Ancient Artifacts from Animal Bones. Tel Aviv (Hebrew; English summary, pp. 6*–7*). Bar-Oz G. 2001. An Inscribed Astragalus with a Dedication to Hermes. NEA 64:215–217. Ben-Dov M. 1982. The Dig at the Temple Mount. Jerusalem (Hebrew). Bíró M.T. 1994. The Bone Objects of the Roman Collection (Catalogi Musei Nationalis Hungarici; Series Archaeologica II). Budapest. Clark V.A. and Bowsher J.M.C. 1986. The Archaeology of the Roman Theatre: Small Finds. In F. Zayadine ed. Jerash Archaeological Project 1981–1983 I. Amman. Pp. 264–302. Colt H.D. 1962. Miscellaneous Small Objects. In H.D. Colt ed. Excavations at Nessana (Auja Hafir, Palestine) I. London. Pp. 51–69. Crowfoot J.W. and Fitzgerald G.M. 1929. Excavations in the Tyropoeon Valley, Jerusalem 1927 (PEFA V). London. Davidson G.R. 1952. Corinth XII: The Minor Objects. Princeton. Dray Y. 2005. The Technology of Bone and Ivory Crafting in Caesarea Maritima, Israel. In H. Luik, A.M. Choyke, C. Batey and L. Lõugas eds. From Hooves to Horns, from Mollusc to Mammoth: Manufacture and Use of Bone Artefacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present (Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the ICAZ Worked Bone Research Group at Tallin, 26th–31st of August 2003) (Muinasaja Teadus 15). Tallin. Pp. 247–252. Elderkin K.M. 1930. Jointed Dolls in Antiquity. AJA 34:454–479. Feugère M. 1982. Normalisation du dessin en archéologie: Le mobilier non-céramique (métal, verre, os, bois, terre cuite) (Résultats de la table-ronde de Valbonne réunie le 12 Juin 1980 au Centre de recherches archéologiques) (Documents d’archéologie méridionale; Numéro spécial Série Méthodes et techniques 2). Lambesc. Friedman F.D. 1989. Beyond the Pharaohs, Egypt and the Copts in the 2nd to 7th Centuries A.D. Providence, R.I. Geva H. 2003. Bone and Ivory Artefacts. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem, Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 II: The Finds from Area A, W and X-2; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 343–350.

CHAPTER 21: THE BONE OBJECTS FROM STRATA V–I

785

Geva H. 2006. Bone Artefacts. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem, Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 III: Area E and Other Studies; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 266–271. Kubiak W. and Scanlon G.T. 1973. Fusṭāṭ Expedition: Preliminary Report, 1966. JARCE 10:11–25. Kubiak W.B. and Scanlon G.T. 1979. Fusṭāṭ Expedition: Preliminary Report, 1971 Part I. JARCE 16:103–124. MacGregor A. 1985. Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn: The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period. London–Totowa, N.J. Mazar E. 2003. The Temple Mount Excavations in Jerusalem 1968–1978 Directed by Benjamin Mazar; Final Reports II: The Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods (Qedem 43). Jerusalem. Mazar E. 2007. The Temple Mount Excavations in Jerusalem 1968–1978 Directed by Benjamin Mazar; Final Reports III: The Byzantine Period (Qedem 46). Jerusalem. Mazar E. 2011. The Temple Mount Excavations in Jerusalem 1968–1978 Directed by Benjamin Mazar; Final Reports IV: The Tenth Legion in Aelia Capitolina (Qedem 52). Jerusalem. Meyers E.M., Strange J.F. and Meyers C.L. 1981. Exccavations at Ancient Meiron, Upper Galilee, Israel 1971–72, 1974–75, 1977 (Meiron Excavation Project 3). Cambridge, Mass. Nenner-Soriano R. 2010. Bone Artifacts. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem, Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 IV: The Burnt House of Area B and Other Studies; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 284–287. Olávarri-Goicoechea E. 1985. El palacio omeya de Amman II: La arqueologia. Jerusalem. Pitarakis B. 2009. The Material Culture of Childhood in Byzantium. In A. Papaconstantinou and A.-M. Talbot eds. Becoming Byzantine: Children and Childhood in Byzantium. Washington, D.C. Pp. 167–251. Rahmani L.Y. 1960. The Ma‘on Synagogue: The Small Finds and Coins. Eretz-Israel 6:82–85 (Hebrew; English summary, p. 29*). Rahmani L.Y. 1981. Finds from a Sixth to Seventh Centuries Site near Gaza I: The Toys. IEJ 31:72– 80. Rodziewicz E. 1978. Reliefs figurés en os des fouilles à Kôm el-Dikka. Études et travaux 10:317– 336. Rodziewicz E. 2007. Bone and Ivory Carvings from Alexandria: French Excavations 1992–2004 (Études alexandrines 12). Cairo. Rodziewicz E. 2012. Fustat I: Bone Carvings from Fustat–Istabl ‘Antar; Excavations of the Institut français d’archéologie orientale in Cairo, 1985–2003 (Fouilles de l’Institut français d‘archéologie orientale 70). Cairo. Saban (Sebbane) M. 2012. Ancient Board Games in the Land of Israel. Qadmoniot 144:50–64 (Hebrew). Scanlon G.T. 1968. Ancillary Dating Materials from Fustat. Ars Orientalis 7:1–17. Schneider-Naef A. 2005. Die Beinartefakte von Ez Zantur, Petra. Ph.D. diss. University of Basel. Basel.

786

ARIEL SHATIL

Shatil A. 2016. Bone Figurines of the Early Islamic Period: The So-Called “Coptic Dolls” from Palestine and Egypt. In S. Vitezović ed. Close to the Bone: Current Studies in Bone Technologies. Belgrad. Pp. 296–314. Shatil A. Forthcoming. Bone, Horn and Ivory Objects. In Giv‘ati III. Shatil A. and Behar S. 2013. The Bone Objects. In Giv‘ati 1:321–326. St. Clair A. 2003, Carving as Craft: Palatine East and the Greco-Roman Bone and Ivory Carving Tradition. Baltimore–London. Stern E. 1994. Dor, Ruler of the Seas: Twelve Years of Excavations at the Israelite-Phoenician Harbor Town on the Carmel Coast. Jerusalem. Strzygowski J. 1904. Koptische Kunst (Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du musée du Caire). Vienna. Thompson H.O. 1969. Area C. In R.S. Boraas and S.H. Horn. Heshbon 1968: The First Campaign at Tell Ḥesbân; A Preliminary Report (Andrews University Monographs II). Berrien Springs. Pp. 127–142. Tushingham A.D. 1985. Excavations in Jerusalem 1961–1967 I. Toronto. Wapnish P. 1991. Beauty and Utility in Bone: New Light on Bone Crafting. In L.E. Stager. Ashkelon Discovered: From Canaanites and Philistines to Romans and Moslems. Washington, D.C. Pp. 58–62. Wapnish P. 2008. The Manufacture of Bone Artifacts. In L.E. Stager, J.D. Schloen and D.M. Master eds. Ashkelon 1: Introduction and Overview (1985–2006). Winona Lake. Pp. 587–637. Wapnish-Hesse P. 1999. Bone Uses, Typology and Technology. In E. Ayalon and C. Sorek. Bare Bones: Ancient Artifacts from Animal Bones. Tel Aviv. Pp. 14–17 (Hebrew). Whitmore A.M. 2013. Small Finds and the Social Environment of the Roman Public Baths. Ph.D. diss. The University of Iowa. Iowa City. Wilson J.F. ed. 2001. Rediscovering Caesarea Philippi: The Ancient City of Pan. Malibu.

D. Ben-Ami, Y. Tchekhanovets, 2020, Jerusalem: Givati Parking Lot II (IAA Reports 66)

Chapter 22

The Spindle Whorls from Strata V–I Salome Dan-Goor

An assemblage of 33 spindle whorls was recovered in the Byzantine and Early Islamic strata (V–I) at the Givati Parking Lot site during the 2008–2012 excavation seasons. The whorls are presented in catalogue format in Table 22.1; 29 are made of bone (88%) and 4 of fired clay.1

Bone Spindle Whorls The 29 bone spindle whorls (Fig. 22.1; Cat. Nos. 1–29) originated in a variety of archeological contexts (pits, floors, fills; Table 22.1). Their diameters ranging from 1.6 to 4.8 cm, their height from 0.2 to 1.4 cm, and their weight from 1.5 to 21.5 g. All the bone whorls have a hemispherical cross section except for one example with a disc shape (Cat. No. 23) and another with an omega shape (Cat. No. 26). The hemispherical whorls were carved from mammalian femur bones, while the disc-shaped whorl was carved from a humerus, which corresponds with the analysis of Becker (2005:158). All of the bone whorls have a centered cylindrical perforation. Of the 29 bone whorls, 27 are decorated, and nine different patterns were distinguished (Patterns 1–9; Fig. 22.2), which are discussed here from the most to the least common in the present assemblage. Pattern 1 (n = 6) This pattern is composed of one or two concentric circles around the hole, with several small dotted circles around the circumference (Fig. 22.2:1). It is very common on whorls in the Byzantine and Late Abbasid periods (Davidson 1952a: Pl. 123:2550, 2562; Oldenburg 1969: Figs. 45:7; 46:5; Bacharach and Rodenbeck 2002: Fig. 18:B18; Geva 2003: Pl. 13.1:B6, found in a first-century BCE context with Abbasid intrusion; Ayalon 2005: Figs. 6:64; 7.72; Platt and Ray 2009: Fig. 11.5:1). Pattern 2 (n = 5) This pattern comprises concentric circles around the hole and large dotted concentric circles interspersed with groups of two, three or four smaller dotted circles around the circumference

I sincerely thank Arieh Shimron of the Geological Survey of Israel, Orit Shamir of the IAA, Miriam Lavi of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Yuval Goren of Tel Aviv University for their help in examining and identifying the material. 1

788

SALOME DAN-GOOR

0

2

Fig. 22.1. Bone spindle whorls.

(Fig. 22.2:2). Sometimes lines are added between the circles. This pattern is common on whorls from the Byzantine to the Abbasid periods in Israel (Ariel 1990: Fig. 20:BI168; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 6:66; Vincenz 2008: Pl. 6.1.4). Pattern 3 (n = 5) This pattern is composed of one or two concentric circles around the hole and diagonal lines on the circumference (Fig. 22.2:3). It is common on whorls from the Byzantine to the Abbasid periods (Davidson 1952a: Pl. 123:2539–2547; Oldenburg 1969: Fig. 45:3–5; Agadi 1996: Fig. XIX.1:2, 3; Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 60.488). Pattern 4 (n = 2) These two whorls have concentric circles around the hole and two dotted double concentric circles separated by double lines forming two lambdas facing each other (Fig. 22.2:4). This pattern is relatively rare. Apart from several sites in Israel where close parallels were found (Johnson 2000: Fig. 24:43; Ayalon 2005: Fig. 7:72), other parallels are known from Egypt (Rodziewicz 2007: Pl. 60.484). Pattern 5 (n = 2) This pattern is comprised of one or two concentric circles around the hole, and around the circumference are dotted circles with two lines extending from each forming a triangle (Fig. 22.2:5). This pattern is relatively rare, with one identical whorl found in an Islamic fill at Yoqne‘am (Agadi 1996: Fig. XIX.1:1) and a close parallel from a Late Abbasid context at Ḥama (Oldenburg 1969: Fig. 46:3).

789

CHAPTER 22: THE SPINDLE WHORLS FROM STRATA V–I

1

2

4

3

6

5

8

7

9

0

2

Fig. 22.2. Patterns on bone spindle whorls. Pattern No.

Cat No.

Pattern No.

Cat No.

1

14

6

2

2

23

7

9

3

17

8

28

4

16

9

1

5

3

790

SALOME DAN-GOOR

Pattern 6 (n = 2) This pattern consists of a circle around the hole, and dotted circles on the circumference with four to six lines descending from each toward the edges of the whorl (Fig. 22.2:6). This pattern is rare; parallels from the Byzantine period have been found at Corinth (Davidson 1952a: Pl. 123:2561, 2565) and in a Late Abbasid context at Ḥama (Oldenburg 1969: Fig. 46:3). Pattern 7 (n = 2) This pattern consists of concentric circles around the hole and groups of three to five small dotted circles around the circumference. One of these whorls is black (apparently burnt) and polished (Fig. 22.2:7). This pattern is common from the Byzantine to the Abbasid periods (Davidson 1952a: Pl. 123:2556; Oldenburg 1969: Fig. 45:9, 10). Pattern 8 (n = 2) This pattern is composed of concentric circles around the hole with several large dotted concentric circles around the circumference (Fig. 22.2:8). It is common in the Byzantine to the Abbasid periods. Similar whorls have been unearthed in a Byzantine context at Corinth (Davidson 1952a: Pl. 123:2558) and in an Abbasid context at Tiberias (Johnson 2000: Fig. 24:41). Pattern 9 (n = 1) This pattern consists of concentric circles around the hole and pairs of dotted concentric circles around the circumference from which lines extend (Fig. 22.2:9). A similar whorl was unearthed in an Early Islamic context in Area M1 at Givati (Shatil and Behar 2013:325). This pattern was first noted by Davidson on an eleventh-century whorl from Corinth, described as a ‘water bird’ motif (Davidson 1952a:302; Pl. 124:2572). Oldenburg identified it as a ‘degenerated bird’ on a Late Abbasid period whorl from Ḥama (Oldenburg 1969: Fig. 46: 15, 16). It is noteworthy that these ‘bird’ motifs appear exclusively in Early Islamic contexts. Two of the whorls are undecorated; one has an omega shape (Cat. No. 26) and the other is hemispherical, broken and burnt (Cat. No. 18). In summary, bone spindle whorls from Givati originated exclusively in Strata V–I, and it is safe to state that bone whorls decorated with incised motifs of dots, circles and lines began to appear in the Byzantine period (6 whorls) and became common in the Abbasid period (20 whorls). No pattern of spatial distribution of bone spindle whorls was noted.

CHAPTER 22: THE SPINDLE WHORLS FROM STRATA V–I

791

Fired-Clay Spindle Whorls Four fired-clay spindle whorls were found in the excavation (Cat. Nos. 30–33; Fig. 22.3). They are all disc-shaped pottery sherds in secondary use, lacking any decoration. They range in weight from 21– 87 g. The perforations are conical, biconical or cylindrical. It is possible that these discs first served as pivots for a drill (Nodet 1980), and when a pivot was eventually pierced through by use, it was recycled as a whorl. These objects have no chronological significance, as they appear throughout the ages.

0

1

Fig. 22.3. Fired-clay spindle whorls.

Discussion The spinning process consists of twisting together fibers to produce a long, strong thread. Whorls are hung on the spindle (a rod made of wood, metal or bone) to weigh it down (Israeli 1962), enabling the spindle to turn and twist the fibers together (Shamir 1996). The number of whorls on one spindle varies between one and two (Becker 2005:160). The choice of the raw material, as well as the size and weight of the whorl, are crucial factors for creating the necessary momentum (Smith and Hirth 1988). Whorls made of light-weight material, such as bone and fired clay, are used to spin wool (short fibers). The whorls in the present assemblage range in weight from 0.9 to 22 g, except for one heavier, fired-clay example of 87 g (Cat. No. 33), apparently used to spin linen (long fibers; Shamir 1996). The location of the hole in the center of the whorl provides the best momentum and equal distribution of the object’s mass around the hole. Many scholars believe that these bone objects were actually buttons (Ariel 1990; Becker 2005), especially the decorated ones (Davidson 1952a: 296; 1952b:172), lids for pyxide (see Chapter 21; Dayagi-Mendels 1989:54; Ayalon 1999:39, Fig. 44; 2005:39) or gaming pieces (Ayalon 2005:22), based mainly on their light weight. However, recent research shows that even light-weight whorls could suit this function, and that the weight of the whorl determines the thickness of the thread to be produced (Andersson et al. 2008). Another important criterion for the identification of a whorl is the cylindrical perforation, as seen especially in the light-weight whorls, as this would affect the moment of inertia, and thus the ability of the whorl to spin properly (Verhecken 2010).

Locus

1306

1409

1457

1461

1490

1537

1565

1608

No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

18317

18237

16599

16443

16355

15730

15027

12364

Basket

III

VIA

III

IV–III

IV–III

IV–II

IIA

I

Stratum

Pit

Collapse

Pit

Fill

Fill

Floor

Floor

Floor make up

Context

 

Disturbance of Abbasid Pits 1485, 1608, 1611

 

 

 

 

 

 

Provenance

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Material

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Cross Section

4

5

8

3

1

5

6

9

Pattern

1.94

4.00

4.90*

4.34

1.61

3.39

3.03

3.50

Weight (g)*

1.7

2.3

2.7

2.1

1.9

2.4

2.5

2.4

Total Diam.(cm)

Table 22.1. Catalogue of Spindle Whorls According to Locus

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.4

Hole Diam. (cm)**

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.6

0.7

0.5

0.6

Thickness (cm)

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Perforation

Photograph (not to scale)

792 SALOME DAN-GOOR

Locus

1624

1670

1860

2210

2207

2348

2425

2470

No.

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

39761

37236

36966

36559

33520

24238

20432

18780

Basket

Medieval

III

V–III

Medieval

IIB

V–IV

VIA

V

Stratum

Fill

Pit

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Collapse

Fill

Context

 

 

 

 

 

 

Disturbance of Abbasid Pit 1562

 

Provenance

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Material

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Cross Section

3

2

1

3

1

2

2

7

Pattern

Table 22.1 (cont.)

1.89

4.86

3.59

1.92

2.74

5.10

21.56*

4.20*

Weight (g)*

2.0

2.5

2.0

2.0

1.8

3.1

4.8

2.9

Total Diam.(cm)

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.5

Hole Diam. (cm)**

0.5

0.7

0.9

0.5

0.7

0.6

0.9

0.9

Thickness (cm)

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Perforation

Photograph (not to scale)

CHAPTER 22: THE SPINDLE WHORLS FROM STRATA V–I

793

Locus

2489

Surface

3574

3590

3528

3632

3680

3777

No.

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

58291

56917

56564

56275

56119

55866

55552

39039

Basket

VI

Medieval

IIA

IIA

II

IIB–IIA

VB

Stratum

Fill

Fill

Fill

Floor make up

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Context

Disturbance: Byzantine agricultural soil

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Provenance

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Material

Hemispherical

Disc

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

7

2

6

3

1

1

4

Pattern

Table 22.1 (cont.) Cross Section

2.13*

2.05

3.80

3.88

1.47

4.85

9.00*

3.21

Weight (g)*

2.4

3.0

2.5

2.4

1.6

2.6

3.4

2.3

Total Diam.(cm)

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.6–1.0

0.4

Hole Diam. (cm)**

0.9

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.5

0.7

1.4

0.6

Thickness (cm)

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Conical

Cylindrical

Perforation

Photograph (not to scale)

794 SALOME DAN-GOOR

Locus

3815

3824

3789

3833

2147

1360

3506

No.

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

55213

14563

80500

60891

59486

59402

59118

Basket

Modern

II

VIA

III

V

V

III

Stratum

Fill

Fill

Collapse

Pit

Fill

Fill

Pit

Context

 

 

Disturbance: pottery from Byzantine period

 

 

 

 

Provenance

Fired clay

Fired clay

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Material

Disc

Disc

Hemispherical

Hemispherical

Omega

Hemispherical

Cross Section

2

8

3

1

Pattern

Table 22.1 (cont.)

22.31

61.02

6.64

 3.20

0.93*

6.64

2.38

Weight (g)*

4.3

3.3

2.4

2.0

3.3

1.8

Total Diam.(cm)

0.8

0.5–1.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Hole Diam. (cm)**

0.9

2.1

0.7

0.4

?

0.7

0.6

Thickness (cm)

Cylindrical

Conical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

Perforation

Photograph (not to scale)

CHAPTER 22: THE SPINDLE WHORLS FROM STRATA V–I

795

5006

W1231

32

33

23564

81792

Basket

VC–VA

VA

Stratum

Wall

Floor

Context

 

 

Provenance

Fired clay

Fired clay

Material

Disc

Disc

Pattern

Table 22.1 (cont.) Cross Section

* Broken whorl, weight is partial ** In cases where the perforation size varies from the top to the bottom of the whorl, the range is given

Locus

No.

86.86

20.63

Weight (g)*

7.0

4.5

Total Diam.(cm)

1.0–2.3

0.5–0.8

Hole Diam. (cm)**

1.7

0.8

Thickness (cm)

Biconical

Biconical

Perforation

Photograph (not to scale)

796 SALOME DAN-GOOR

CHAPTER 22: THE SPINDLE WHORLS FROM STRATA V–I

797

R eferences Agadi S. 1996. The Bone Objects. In A. Ben Tor, M. Avissar and Y. Portugali. Yoqne‘am I: The Late Periods (Qedem Reports 3). Jerusalem. Pp. 236–238. Andersson E.B., Martensson L., Nosch M.-L.B. and Rahmstorf L. 2008. New Research on Bronze Age Textile Production. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 51:171–174. Ariel D.T. 1990. Worked Bone and Ivory. In D.T. Ariel. Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh II: Imported Stamped Amphora Handles, Coins, Worked Bone and Ivory, and Glass (Qedem 30). Jerusalem. Pp. 119–148. Ayalon E. 1999. Corpus of Bone Artifacts. In E. Ayalon and C. Sorek. Bare Bones: Ancient Artifacts from Animal Bones. Tel Aviv. Pp. 18–72. Ayalon E. 2005. The Assemblage of Bone and Ivory Artifacts from Caesarea Maritima, Israel, 1st– 13th Centuries CE (BAR Int. S. 1457). Oxford. Bacharach J.L. and Rodenbeck E. 2002. Bone, Ivory and Wood. In J.L. Bacharach ed. Fustat Finds: Beads, Coins, Medical Instruments, Textiles, and Other Artifacts from the Awad Collestion. Cairo–New York. Pp. 32–43. Becker C. 2005. Spindle Whorls or Buttons? Ambiguous Bone Artefacts from a Bronze Age Castalliere on Istria. In H. Luik, A.M. Choyke, C.E. Batey and L. Lõugas eds. From Hooves to Horns, from Mollusk to Mammoth: Manufacture and Use of Bone Artefacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present (Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the ICAZ Worked Bone Research Group at Tallin, 26th–31st of August 2003) (Muinasaja Teadus 15). Tallinn. Pp. 157–174. Davidson G.R. 1952a. Buttons; Other Ornaments. In G.R. Davidson. Corinth XII: The Minor Objects. Princeton. Pp. 296–307. Davidson G.R. 1952b. Other Utensils for Spinning, Weaving, Sewing. In G.R. Davidson. Corinth XII: The Minor Objects. Princeton. Pp. 172–178. Dayagi-Mendels M. 1989. Perfumes and Cosmetics in the Ancient World (Israel Museum Catalogue 305). Jerusalem. Geva H. 2003. Bone and Ivory Artifacts. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 II: The Finds from Areas A, W and X-2; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 343–350. Israeli Y. 1962. Craft. Encyclopaedia Biblica IV:998–1010 (Hebrew). Johnson B.L. 2000. Small Finds. In M. Dothan. Hammath Tiberias II: Late Synagogues. Jerusalem. Pp. 84–92. Nodet E. 1980. Fusaïoles et pesons. In J. Briend and J.-B. Humbert eds. Tell Keisan (1971–1976): Une cité phénicienne en Galilée (OBO.SA 1). Fribourg. Pp. 315–321. Oldenburg E. 1969. Les objects en faïence, terre cuite, os et nacre. In G. Ploug, E. Oldenburg, E. Hammershaimb, R. Thomsen and F. Løkkegaard. Hama; Fouilles et recherches 1931–1938 IV/3: Les petits objets médiévaux sauf les verreries et poteries (Nationalmuseets Skriftor, Større Beretninger VII). Copenhagen. Pp. 107–141. Platt E.E. and Ray P. J. 2009. The Textile Tools from Tell Hesban and Vicinity. In P.J. Ray ed. Hesban 12: Small Finds; Studies of Bone, Iron, Glass, Figurines, and Stone Objects from Tell Hesban and Vicinity. Berrien Springs, Mich. Pp. 163–196.

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Rodziewicz E. 2007. Bone and Ivory Carvings from Alexandria: French Excavations 1992–2002 (Études alexandrines 12). Cairo. Pp. 220–223. Shamir O. 1996. Loomweights and Whorls. In D.T. Ariel and A. De Groot eds. Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh IV: Various Reports (Qedem 35). Jerusalem. Pp. 135–170. Shatil A. and Behar S. 2013. The Bone Objects. In Giv‘ati I. Pp. 321–326. Smith M.E. and Hirth K.G. 1988. The Development of Prehispanic Cotton-Spinning Technology in Western Morelos, Mexico. JFA 15:349–358. Verhecken A. 2010. The Moment of Inertia: A Parameter for Functional Classification of Worldwide Spindle Whorls from all Periods. In E. Andersson Strand, M. Gleba, U. Mannering, C. Munkholt and M. Ringgaard eds. North European Symposium for Archaeological Textiles X (Ancient Textiles Series 5). Oxford–Oakville. Pp. 257–270. Vincenz A. de. 2008. Bone, Metal, Stone and Glass Objects. In Y. Hirschfeld and O. Gutfeld. Tiberias: Excavations in the House of the Bronzes; Final Report I: Architecture, Stratigraphy and Small Finds. (Qedem 48). Jerusalem. Pp. 191–196.

D. Ben-Ami, Y. Tchekhanovets, 2020, Jerusalem: Givati Parking Lot II (IAA Reports 66)

Chapter 23

The Beads and a Pendant from Strata V–I Hagar Ben Dov

Introduction An assemblage of 74 beads of various sizes, shapes and materials, and one pendant was recovered from Byzantine and Early Islamic contexts (Strata V–I) in the 2008–2012 excavation seasons at the Givati Parking Lot site (Fig. 23.1). The catalogue is presented in Table 23.1. Beads are generally found scattered singly in excavations and the strings upon which they were thread, which were made of perishable organic material, have not survived. At Givati, beads were present in all of the five strata. Although many of them were uncovered in undisturbed contexts, beads tend to move through the soil layers due to their miniature size (the average length in this assemblage is 0.7 cm). Furthermore,

0

1

Fig. 23.1. Beads and pendant.

800

HAGAR BEN DOV

beads were valuable and were probably passed down as heirlooms through generations (Zuckerman 1996:276). These factors must be taken into consideration when discussing their original context and date of production. The assemblage consists of beads of a variety of materials1 and shapes and was analyzed accordingly (Table 23.1). These criteria are not to be assigned any chronological significance, as the same materials and shapes have been in use since the dawn of bead production (Zuckerman 1996:276–277). Therefore, the beads are not categorized chronologically or according to strata, but firstly according to material, and within each material category the different shapes, colors and decorations are discussed. The typological nomenclature adopted here follows the classification established by H.C. Beck in his Classification and Nomenclature of Beads and Pendants (Beck 1928) and his type numbers are noted in the catalogue. Figure 23.2 presents a selection of beads in the assemblage according to catalogue number. Parallels cited in the catalogue are to similar material and shape, rather than size or color.

Materials and Shapes Glass Beads and Pendant (Table 23.1:1–39; Fig. 23.2:7, 20, 23, 26, 32, 37, 39). Of the 39 glass beads in the assemblage, seven originated in Byzantine contexts and 32 in Early Islamic contexts. The most common type is the circular barrel bead (Fig. 23.2:7), which is represented by 16 beads of different lengths. Other prominent groups are the cylinder beads (Fig. 23.2:23) and the circular beads (Fig. 23.2:26). A more complex shape is the multiple-segmented bead (Fig. 23.2:37), a technique known in the ancient Near East since the Hellenistic period (Francis 2002:15, Fig. 2). In some cases, a special feature is added to the common shape, as can be seen in Fig. 23.2:32, which is a fluted variation of an ellipsoidal circular bead. In addition to the glass beads, a single glass pendant was found in Byzantine Stratum V (Fig. 23.2:39), shaped as a miniature juglet (Beck 1928:32, Fig. 27). Most juglet pendants are dated to the fourth century CE, but they continued into the fifth century. They were common in the Levant, and were found throughout the Byzantine empire (Spaer 2001:170– 173). The glass beads appear in a variety of colors. Most of them have no decoration, although some are decorated in different techniques, such as trail decoration (Fig. 23.2:20), eye decoration and a mosaic technique.

The identification of the materials was carried out with the help of Miriam Lavi of the Institute of Archeology of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, and Naomi Porat of the Geological Survey of Israel. 1

801

CHAPTER 23: THE BEADS AND A PENDANT FROM STRATA V–I

7

20

32

23

39

37

50

51

57

26

47

53

54

68

0

71

2

Fig. 23.2. Selected beads and pendant according to Cat. Nos.

802

HAGAR BEN DOV

Faience Beads (Table 23.1:40–44) Five faience beads were found, two in Byzantine contexts and three in Early Islamic contexts. Of these, two are shaped as notched beads, in the common form of ‘melon beads’ (Beck 1928:10, Fig. 11.a). Gemstone Beads (Table 23.1:45–54; Fig. 23.2:47, 50, 51, 53, 54) Ten beads made of gemstones are present in the assemblage, two originating in Byzantine contexts and eight in Early Islamic contexts. Most of them were made of local stones, such as agate, quartz and a green mineral from the Ḥatrurim Formation. One stone bead made of tourmaline found in Byzantine Building 1821 (Fig. 23.2:54) was probably imported from present-day Afghanistan, and may be indicative of long-distance trade connections. Another example of non-local stones are the carnelian beads (see below). In addition to six round gemstone beads (Fig. 23.2: 47, 50, 54), there are four faceted, complex shapes. Examples of complex shapes include a truncated, biconical octagonal carnelian bead (Fig. 23.2:51) that can be interpreted as a long imam bead that usually hangs at the end of the subḥa––the Muslim prayer strand (Jenkins and Keene 1982:30, MMA 48.101.70), and a cubical bead with rounded corners (Fig. 23.2:53). Apart from polishing, the stone beads are undecorated, as their natural color and inner structure lent them a decorative appearance. Exceptional in this respect is a carnelian bead (Fig. 23.2:50) with an etching of white geometric shapes. The etching of stone beads is a well-known decorative technique in the Indus Valley (Beck 1933; During Caspers 1972; Reade 1979), where it originated in the Harappan civilization (2600–1700 BCE; Possehl 1996:152–153). It spread to the Near East and continued throughout the history of these regions, with its main production center moving to Persia (Beck 1933:388). Unfortunately, the etched decoration on our carnelian bead is too eroded to be more specifically identified. Jet Beads (Table 23.1:55–60; Fig. 23.2:57) Six beads are made of jet or anthracite, a closely related form of coal, all retrieved from Abbasid pits of Stratum III. Two are tabular circular beads, almost identical in shape and size, that originated in the same pit (Table 23.1:56, 57; Fig. 23.2:57); thus, it is reasonable to assume that they were part of the same ornament. Another shape that appears in the jet beads in two variations is the double-chamfered cylinder bead (Table 23.1:58, 59). Shell and Pearl Beads (Table 23.1:61–67) Six perforated shells originated in Early Islamic contexts. These are natural, unworked shells and their identification as beads is uncertain (Francis 1982:713). In addition, a single pearl bead was found in Stratum II of the Abbasid period. Bone Beads (Table 23.1:68–73; Fig. 23.2: 68, 71) Six bone beads were found, one in a Byzantine context and five in Early Islamic contexts. Most of them are unfinished and only partly worked (e.g., Fig. 23.2:71), which further supports the presence of a bone workshop in this area (see Chapter 16). Three bone beads

CHAPTER 23: THE BEADS AND A PENDANT FROM STRATA V–I

803

(Table 23.1:68–70) are shaped as long, collared cylinders, incised at both ends (Fig. 23.2:68), and one of them was highly polished to imitate ivory (Table 23.1:70). Metal Beads (Table 23.1:74, 75) Two metal beads were found, one in Byzantine Stratum V, the other in Abbasid Stratum II. The latter is a circular gold bead decorated with twisted wire at both ends. Similar beads were found in a jewelry hoard of the Fatimid period at Caesarea as part of a gold necklace; they appeared in groups of nine beads that functioned as spacers between larger gold beads (Negev 1960:265; Brosh 1987: Fig. 10).

Context and Spatial Distribution As noted above, any contextual or spatial analysis of the bead assemblage must be attempted with caution as their small size resulted in their movement between soil layers. Furthermore, the total number of beads collected during the excavation most certainly constitutes only a small percentage of their actual number in the relevant context. However, some general observations can be made. The Byzantine Period (Stratum V) Twelve beads originated in Byzantine contexts, most of them from fills, with only two beads recovered upon floors and one in a floor make-up. Two beads were found in Building 1821: a glass bead (Table 23.1:4) on Floor 1772 in the same room where the gold-coin hoard was found (see Chapter 5), and the tourmaline bead (Table 23.1:54) beneath Channel 1934. Two beads were found within a construction fill west of Building 1821 (Table 23.1:41, 74) and three originated in the structure east of Building 1821––two on Floor 2461 in Room 2416 (Table 23.1:8, 72). The large agricultural field yielded five beads (Table 23.1:20, 31, 39, 42, 47). The small number of beads is probably due to the administrative nature of Building 1821, as it would be unlikely to contain personal objects such as jewelry; nor would the almost-sterile agricultural soil be expected to contain such objects. The Early Islamic Period (Strata IV–I) Stratum IV Stratum IV yielded only two beads (Table 23.1:10, 12), due to the industrial nature of the area in the Umayyad period (see Chapter 12). Stratum III A total of 29 beads were found in Stratum III, all originating in the pits. Many of the pits yielded only a single bead, while others had two to four beads. Pits 1479 and 1554 in Sqs J1–J2 yielded a relatively large quantity of seven beads. The spatial distribution of the beads in Stratum III reveals that Pit 3815 in Sq G8 is exceptional in that it contained

804

HAGAR BEN DOV

12 beads: eight glass beads of various shapes, colors and sizes, a faience bead, a pair of almost-identical jet beads (Fig. 23.2:57) and one unfinished bone bead (Fig. 23.2:71). This large concentration of beads can be interpreted as the remains of an ornament, or as the merchandise of a bead producer or seller. Stratum II A similar number of beads (26) was unearthed in Abbasid Stratum II: 11 beads in clear archaeological contexts, such as floors, floor make-ups and installations, the other 15 in sealed fills assigned to Stratum II. The spatial distribution of the beads in this stratum reveals that most of them were found in the northeastern quarter of the excavation area, which seems to have been occupied by workshops (see Chapter 16). Five beads were recovered on Street 2250, two of them inside a storage jar (Table 23.1:14, 43), while two beads were found on floors of structures on either side of this street: a glass bead (Table 23.1:13) on Floor 2430 of Building 2435, south of the street, and an agate bead on Floor 2278, north of the street (Table 23.1:48). Nine beads were recovered from the open area to the south of Street 2250 and east of Building 1421 (Table 23.1:15, 16, 29, 44, 45, 49, 50, 63, 67), comprising a variety of materials including glass, shell, pearl, agate and carnelian. In addition, a gold bead (Table 23.1:75) was found on the surface of an open square (L1863) north of Building 1421, an unexpected place to find a gold artifact. The fact that most of the beads were found scattered in open courtyards rather than inside structures renders the interpretation of their findspots a difficult task. Apart from the bone beads, which can be associated with the bone industrial waste (see Chapter 16), it cannot be determined with certainty if the beads were among the goods produced or offered for sale in this area, or if they were just part of randomly accumulated fills. Stratum I Stratum I was again characterized by a paucity of finds (two beads) due to a decline at the end of the Abbasid period. These two beads originated in different contexts, distant from each other: a glass bead above Floor 1317 (Table 23.1:23) and an agate bead in the fill inside Water Cistern 3587 (Table 23.1:46).

Summary The bead assemblages from the Byzantine and Early Islamic strata correspond with the general nature of their contexts. The administrative function of Byzantine Building 1821 and the agricultural field adjoining it explain well the few and scattered bead finds in Stratum V. In Stratum III, the large concentrations of beads in the pits support the interpretation of the area in this period as an open market, and add jewelry to the Abbasid market’s goods. The large quantity of beads in the northeastern quarter of the excavation area in Stratum II may be related to the nature of this neighborhood as a combination of residences, workshops and shops.

CHAPTER 23: THE BEADS AND A PENDANT FROM STRATA V–I

805

The majority of the beads were made of local and simple materials (e.g., glass, faience, local gemstones, bone), suggesting local industries and trade. Indications of imports and long-distance trade connections can be seen in those beads made of non-local materials such as the tourmaline bead from the Byzantine Stratum V (Table 23.1:54; Fig. 23.2:54), the jet beads from the Abbasid pits of Stratum III (Table 23.1:55–60, Fig. 23.2:57), and the etched carnelian bead (Table 23.1:50; Fig. 23.2:50), the pearl bead (Table 23.1:67) and the gold bead (Table 23.1:75) from the Abbasid Stratum II. Very little has been published to date on bead assemblages from the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods in Jerusalem. Therefore, local parallels for materials and shapes were found for only a third of the Givati beads, most of them elsewhere than Jerusalem. On the other hand, the majority of the Givati types are well-known in international bead research. Hopefully, the presentation of this assemblage will contribute to the study of this topic in our region.

Stratum

III

III

III

VA

V–III

IIA

V

V

III

IV

No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

W1254

3746

2461

2347

2237

1806

1772

1620

2472

1578

Locus

25435

57479

39497

35009

33622

23321

24339

82145

38539

18929

Basket

Cleaning wall

Pit

Floor

Fill

Fill

Collapse

Floor

Pit

Pit

Pit

Context

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Material

I.B.1.b

I.B.1.b

I.B.1.b

I.B.1.b

I.B.1.b

I.B.1.b

I.B.1.b

I.B.1.b

I.A.1.b

I.A.1.b

Beck Type (1928)

Dark blue

Bright

Dark blue

Green

Turquoiseblue

Pale light blue

Green

Black

Light blue

Dark blue

Color

Decoration

Conical

Wide

Perforation

Table 23.1. Catalogue of Beads and Pendant

0.35

1

0.85

0.8

0.4

0.3

0.4

0.3

1

0.5

Diameter (cm)

0.3

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.3

0.2

0.27

0.2

0.3

0.2

Length (cm)

Ḥ. Karkur ‘Illit (Spaer et al. 2004:220, No.7, Photo 230).

Kh. al-Karak (Delougaz and Haines 1960:62, Pl. 46:4)

Jewish Quarter (NennerSoriano 2006: Pl. 15.1:4)

Parallels

Not kept

Photograph (not to scale)

806 HAGAR BEN DOV

Stratum

IIA

IV

IIB

IIA

IIA

IIB

III

II

IIB

VC–VB

III

No.

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

3815

2575

2451

1455

1620

2259

2230

2247

2430

1459

W1936

Locus

59151

41477

38135

26077

29125

36383

33192

35174

37767

16586

56299

Basket

Pit

Fill

Fill

Fill

Pit

Fill

Fill

Fill inside SJ 35163

Floor

Fill

Cleaning wall

Context

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Material

I.D.2.b

I.D.2.b

I.D.2.b

I.D.2.b

I.B.2.b

I.D.1.b

I.D.1.b

I.C.I.b

I.C.1.b

I.C.1.b

I.B.1.b

Beck Type (1928)

Dark

Brown and white

Brown and white

Brown and white

Blue

Brown and white

Green

Opaque dark

Blue

Green

Greenish

Color

Traildecorated

Traildecorated

Traildecorated

Horizontal stripes

Longitudinal grooved line, white?

Decoration

Table 23.1 (cont.)

Conical

Perforation

0.5

0.7

0.8

0.6

0.3

0.2

0.4

0.75

0.5

0.35

0.5

Diameter (cm)

0.8

1.5

2

0.9

0.2

0.6

0.5

0.7

0.5

0.45

0.3

Length (cm)

Ḥama (Riis and Poulsen 1957:39, Fig. 64)

Kh. al-Karak (Delougaz and Haines 1960:62, Pl. 46:9)

Ḥama (Riis and Poulsen 1957:68, Fig. 214

Ḥ. Karkur ‘Illit (Spaer et al. 2004:220, No. 9, Photo 230)

Ḥ. Karkur ‘Illit (Spaer et al. 2004:221, No. 12, Photo 230)

Parallels

Photograph (not to scale)

CHAPTER 23: THE BEADS AND A PENDANT FROM STRATA V–I

807

Stratum

III

I

III

III

III

IIB

III–II

IIA

III

No.

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

3815

2410

2312

2222

1554

3815

3815

1317

3815

Locus

59149

37550

34974

33688

17048

59152

59073

12529

59088

Basket

Pit

Fill

Fill under W1419

Fill

Pit

Pit

Pit

Floor

Pit

Context

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Material

I.C.1.a

I.C.1.a

I.C.1.a

I.C.1.a

I.C.1.a

I.B.1.a

I.B.1.a

II.D.2.b

I.D.2.b

Beck Type (1928)

Dark

Black

Dark blue

Unidentified, white and blue

Dark red

Red

Blue

Blue and white

Unknown (patina)

Color

Collared

Horizontal grooved line, white?

Mosaic cane eyes, with spot and striped ring

Parallel stripes of plain canes (Beck’s Div. III. Group XLVII. A.2.a)

Decoration

Table 23.1 (cont.) Perforation

1.1

1.4

1.4

1.2

1

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.3

Diameter (cm)

1

1.3

1.2

1.2

1

0.7

0.6

2.6

1

Length (cm)

Tiberias (Lester 2004:209–211, Fig. 7.17:186)

Spaer 2001:96, Pl. 9:122, 123

Parallels

Photograph (not to scale)

808 HAGAR BEN DOV

Stratum

V

II

III

III

III

III

IIA

III

No.

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

3745

3646

3815

3815

3815

1554

1777

Balk

Locus

58386

56398

59148

59150

59687

17047

23551

61861

Basket

Pit

Fill above floor

Pit

Pit

Pit

Pit

Cleaning sewage pit

Agricultural soil

Context

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

Material

Multiple segmented

Multiple segmented

Multiple segmented

Multiple segmented

XIV.D.2.f

IX.B.1.b

I.D.1.a XXIII

I.C.1.a

Beck Type (1928)

Dark

Dark

Dark

Dark

Colorless

Blue

Brownish

Color

Eye decoration

Decoration

Table 23.1 (cont.) Perforation

0.6

0.4

0.7

0.5

1.3

1.2

0.9

Diameter (cm)

1.6

1.6

3

0.8

1.1

Length (cm)

City of David (Zuckerman, 1996:286–287, Fig. 44:2); Kh. al-Karak (Delougaz and Haines 1960:62, Pl. 46:5)

Parallels

Photograph (not to scale)

CHAPTER 23: THE BEADS AND A PENDANT FROM STRATA V–I

809

Stratum

V

III

V

V

IIA

IIB

IIB

II–I

V

No.

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

W1182

3587

2210

2210

2247

3853

1925

3815

3756

Locus

19581

56003

36123

34420

35168

60674

27085

59072

57639

Basket

Fill

Fill in water cistern

Fill

Fill

Fill inside SJ 35163

Agricultural soil

Fill

Pit

Agricultural soil

Context

Agate

Agate

Agate

Faience

Faience

Faience

Faience

Faience

Glass

Material

I.B.2.b

VIII.D.1.b

I.D.1.a.

XIII.D.2.b

I.C.1.b

I.B.1.b

I.C.1.a

I.B.1.a

Juglet pendant

Beck Type (1928)

White

Black, brown and white

Black with a white line, shiny

Unidentified and white

Light green

Grayish

Yellowish

Turquoise

Dark

Color

Polished

‘Melon bead’

‘Melon bead’

Decoration

Table 23.1 (cont.)

Conical, wide

Conical

Perforation

0.8

0.5

0.5

0.6

1.1

1.8

1.2

0.5

Diameter (cm)

0.3

1.1

0.9

0.75

1

0.95

1

0.3

1.9

Length (cm)

Ḥ. Qumran (Clamer 2003:178–183, Fig. 4-6)

Ḥama (Oldenburg 1969:107, Fig. 40.6)

Jewish Quarter (Geva 2003:447, Pl. 20.1:1)

Ma‘in (Barag 1985:373, Fig. 9:12, Photo 24)

Parallels

Photograph (not to scale)

810 HAGAR BEN DOV

Stratum

II

IIB

IIB

III

II

IIA

VC

III

III

No.

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

3815

2349

1963

3570

2304

1620

2210

2259

2278

Locus

59092

35299

26831

55878

34511

18575

36647

33897

34026

Basket

Pit

Fill

Fill below channel

Fill

Fill

Pit

Fill

Fill

Floor

Context

Jet or anthracite

Jet or anthracite

Tourmaline

Quartz

Mineral, Ḥatrurim Formation

Carnelian

Carnelian

Carnelian

Agate

Material

XVI.C.1.a

I.B.1.a

I.C.2.b

IX.C.1.b

XIII.A.2.b

XIV.D.2.f

XII.C.2.b

I.C.1.a

I.B.2.b

Beck Type (1928)

Black

Black

Turquoisegreen

Transparent white

Green

Red

Orange

Red, orange and pink

Black, brown and white

Color

Polished

White-etched squares and circles

Decoration

Table 23.1 (cont.)

Unsuccessfully drilled from both ends

Perforation

1

1.1

0.5

1.5

0.7

0.5–1

0.8

1.3

1.1

Diameter (cm)

0.85

0.8

0.55

1.6

0.3–0.1

1.9

0.85

1.2

0.6

Length (cm)

Qasr-i Abu Nasr (Whitcomb 1985: 185, Fig. 69: bb)

Kh. al-Karak (Delougaz and Haines 1960:62, Pl. 46:1)

Ḥ. Karkur ‘Illit (Spaer et al. 2004:220, No. 10, Photo 230)

Kh. Qumran (Clamer 2003:181, Khq 2664:19)

Parallels

Photograph (not to scale)

CHAPTER 23: THE BEADS AND A PENDANT FROM STRATA V–I

811

Stratum

III

III

III

III

III

III

IIB

III

IIA

No.

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

3528

1479

2210

1513

2478

3878

1547

1608

3815

Locus

56277

16622

34421

16107

37712

61076

17391

18443

59154

Basket

Floor makeup

Pit

Fill

Pit

Fill

Pit

Pit

Pit

Pit

Context

Shell

Shell

Shell

Shell

Shell

Jet or anthracite

Jet or anthracite

Jet or anthracite

Jet or anthracite

Material

Univalve (snail?) spiral shell

Pisania Striata

Cypraea, Cypraeidae or Triviidae

Monetaria Moneta

Dentalium

I.C.2.f

II.C.2.b.f

I.C.2.b.f

XVI.C.1.a

Beck Type (1928)

Black

Black

Black

Black

Color

Decoration

Table 23.1 (cont.) Perforation

0.6

0.7

0.6

0.6

1.1

Diameter (cm)

2.1

0.65

0.7

0.7

1.1

Length (cm)

South of the Temple Mount (Mazar and Mazar 1989:79, Pl. 9:19)

Parallels

Photograph (not to scale)

812 HAGAR BEN DOV

Stratum

IIA

IIB

IV–II

IIA

II– Ottoman

III

V

No.

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

2461

3815

3576

3528

1457

2300

3646

Locus

39597

59153

55905

56215

16359

34326

56612

Basket

Floor makeup

Pit

Fill

Floor makeup

Fill

Fill

Floor makeup

Context

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Bone

Pearl

Shell

Material

I.B.1.c

I.C.2.b.d.

I.D.2.b

I.D.2.b

I.D.2.b

II.B.1.b

Univalve (snail?) spiral shell

Beck Type (1928)

Shiny, imitation of ivory

White, shiny

Color

Partly worked

Collared, 2 horizontal grooved/ carved lines in each collar

Collared, 2 horizontal grooved/ carved lines in each collar

Collared, 2 horizontal grooved/ carved lines in each collar

Decoration

Table 23.1 (cont.) Perforation

1.5

0.8

0.8–0.7

0.7–0.6

0.55

0.4

Diameter (cm)

1

0.9

4.2

4.1

4.2

0.3

Length (cm)

Ḥ. Karkur ‘Illit (Spaer et al. 2004:220, No. 8, Photo 230)

Parallels

Photograph (not to scale)

CHAPTER 23: THE BEADS AND A PENDANT FROM STRATA V–I

813

Stratum

III

V

IIB

No.

73

74

75

1863

1925

3783

Locus

24531

25719

59194

Basket

Floor

Fill

Pit

Context

Gold

Metal

Bone

Material

I.C.I.a

I.C.2.b

V.D.2.b

Beck Type (1928)

Color

Collared with twisted wire

Decoration

Table 23.1 (cont.)

Tubular

Uncentered

Perforation

0.75

0.5

0.7

Diameter (cm)

1

0.5

1.8

Length (cm)

Caesarea (Negev 1960:265; Brosh 1987:Fig. 10)

Parallels

Photograph (not to scale)

814 HAGAR BEN DOV

CHAPTER 23: THE BEADS AND A PENDANT FROM STRATA V–I

815

R eferences Barag D. 1985. Finds from a Tomb of the Byzantine Period at Ma‘in. LA 35:365–374. Beck H.C. 1928. Classification and Nomenclature of Beads and Pendants. Archaeologia 77:1–76. Beck H.C. 1933. Etched Carnelian Beads. The Antiquaries Journal 13:384–397. Brosh N. 1987. Islamic Jewelry (Israel Museum Catalogue 281). Jerusalem (Hebrew). Clamer C. 2003. Jewellery Finds from the Cemetery. In J.-B. Humbert and J. Gunneweg eds. Khirbet Qumrân et ‘Ain Feshkha II: ‎Études d’anthropologie, de physique et de chimie (Novum testamentum et orbis antiquus. Series archaeologica 3). Fribourg–Göttingen. Pp. 171–183. Delougaz P. and Haines R.C. 1960. A Byzantine Church at Khirbat al-Karak (OIP LXXXV). Chicago. During Caspers E.C.L. 1972. Etched Carnelian Beads. Bulletin of the Institute of Archeology 10:83– 98. Francis P. 1982. Experiments with Early Techniques for Making Whole Shells into Beads. Current Anthropology 23:713–714. Francis P. 2002. Beads. In J.L. Bacharach ed. Fustat Finds:‎ Beads, Coins, Medical Instruments, Textiles, and Other Artifacts from the Awad Collection. Cairo–New York. Pp. 12–31. Geva H. 2003. Miscellaneous Finds. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 II: The Finds from Areas A, W and X-2; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 447–449. Jenkins M. and Keene M. 1982. Islamic Jewelry in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York. Lester A. 2004. The Glass. In D. Stacey. Excavations at Tiberias, 1973–1974: The Early Islamic Periods (IAA Reports 21 ). Jerusalem. Pp. 167–220. Mazar E. and Mazar B. 1989. Excavations in the South of the Temple Mount: The Ophel of Biblical Jerusalem (Qedem 29). Jerusalem. Negev A. 1960. Caesarea. IEJ 10:264–265. Nenner-Soriano R. 2006. Miscellaneous Finds. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 III: Area E and Other Studies; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 310–311. Oldenburg E. 1969. Les objets en faïence, terre-cuite, os et nacre. In G. Ploug, E. Oldenburg, E. Hammershaimb, R. Thomsen and F. Løkkegaard. Hama; Fouilles et recherches 1931–1938 IV/3: Les petits objets médiévaux sauf les verreries et poteries (Nationalmuseets Skrifter, Større Beretninger VII). Copenhagen. Pp. 107–141. Possehl G.L. 1996. Meluhha. In J. Reade ed. The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. London–New York. Pp. 133–208. Reade J.E. 1979. Early Etched Beads and the Indus–Mesopotamia Trade (British Museum Occasional Papers 2). London. Riis P.J. and Poulsen V. 1957. Hama; Fouilles et recherches, 1931–1938 IV/2: Les verreries et poteries mediévales (Nationalmuseets Skrifter, Større Beretninger III). Copenhagen. Spaer M. 2001. Ancient Glass in the Israel Museum: Beads and Other Small Objects (Israel Museum Catalogue 447). Jerusalem.

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Spaer M., Figueras P., Metz V. and Areal Guerra R. 2004. Beads and Pearls. In P. Figueras ed. Ḥorvat Karkur ‘Illit: A Byzantine Cemetery Church in the Northern Negev (Final Report of the Excavations 1989–1995) (Beer-Sheva XVI). Be’er Sheva‘. Pp. 219–222. Whitcomb D.S. 1985 Before the Roses and Nightingales. Excavations at Qasr-i Abu Nasr, Old Shiraz. New York. Zuckerman S. 1996. Beads and Pendants. In D.T. Ariel and A. De Groot eds. Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh IV: Various Reports (Qedem 35). Jerusalem. Pp. 276–290.

D. Ben-Ami, Y. Tchekhanovets, 2020, Jerusalem: Givati Parking Lot II (IAA Reports 66)

C hapter 24

The Marble Assemblage from Strata V–I Yana Tchekhanovets

Introduction The large marble assemblage presented in this chapter was recovered during the 2008– 2013 excavation seasons in secondary deposition. It originates mainly in Strata V–I, dated to the Byzantine–Abbasid periods, as well as in a few fills from the Late Roman Stratum VI and fills near the surface. It comprises over 2300 worked and polished marble items, mostly fragments of floor and wall-veneer slabs made of white and gray marble, but also examples of colored marble, as well as other, non-marble stones such as porphyry and alabaster. Every marble fragment in the present assemblage was measured, photographed and entered into a database that recorded type and provenance, and the original purpose of the item whenever possible. Special attention was given to the archaeological context of the marble finds and to the craftsmanship: the varieties of raw material, the technological methods of the marble cutters, the finishing or reuse of the imported pieces by local craftsmen whose marks are clearly visible on some of the fragments, and the various types of end products. This in-depth analysis of the marble assemblage from Givati served as a case study for understanding the process of ‘marble circulation’, its import, local finishing and placement, as well as the processes of final deposition as spolia and other forms of reuse (Tchekhanovets 2016). In this chapter, the raw materials, the archaeological context, the geographical provenance and the chronology of the marble assemblage are presented. A number of marble items in the assemblage are discussed separately in this publication, including Byzantine liturgical furniture (see Chapter 7) and an Armenian pilgrim’s graffito (see Chapter 10). Another epigraphic find, a Latin Imperial inscription (CIIP I/2: No. 729), was published elsewhere. An additional assemblage of Late Roman marble architectural decoration and marble vessels discovered in situ in the large mansion of Stratum VI will be published in the forthcoming volume Givati III, dedicated to the Late Roman period.

Marble Varieties and Colors The various stones discussed in this chapter were identified with the help of online catalogues, especially the large catalogue of decorative stones in the Corsi Collection of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History (http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/corsi/), and the most up-to-date bibliography can be found there; only a few references to classic works in the field are referred to here. The vast majority of the fragments in this assemblage

818

YANA TCHEKHANOVETS

belong to white-gray Proconnesian marble; among the most common colored marbles are light green cipollino and purple-white pavonazzetto, while many other colors are present in limited amounts (Color Pls. 24.1, 24.2; see also Tchekhanovets 2016). The varieties of marble are presented according to color (white-gray, green, red, black), followed by porphyry and alabaster.

1

2

3

4

Color Pl. 24.1. Common types of colored marble: 1. Cipollino; 2. verde antico; 3. pavonazzetto; 4. breccia di Settebasi.

CHAPTER 24: THE MARBLE ASSEMBLAGE FROM STRATA V–I

819

White or light gray Proconnesian marble (Fig. 24.1), sometimes white with parallel bands of darker gray, was quarried on Proconnesus Island (Marmara) in Asia Minor from

2

1

7

6

5

9

13

4

3

10

8

12

11

14

15

Color Pl. 24.2. Marble and other decorative stones: 1. Cipollino; 2. verde antico; 3. pavonazzetto; 4. breccia di Settebasi; 5. portasanta; 6. cippollino rosso; 7. africano; 8. bianco e nero antico; 9. nero antico; 10. bigio antico; 11. greco scritto; 12. bianco e nero tigrato; 13. porfido verde; 14. porfido rosso; 15. alabaster.

820

YANA TCHEKHANOVETS

the sixth century BCE until the sixth century CE. This marble was most commonly used as building material and spread throughout the Roman Empire from the second century on. Proconnesian marble comprised 50–60% of the general marble supply in Roman Palestine, and about 80% of imported, ready-made architectural décor details (Fischer 1998:257–258). In the present excavation, nearly 2000 fragments of Proconnesian marble form the bulk of the assemblage and comprise a variety of end products such as floor slabs, wall-veneer slabs, opus sectile tiles and liturgical furniture. It is worth noting that no other popular white marbles were discovered, such as luni, pentelicum or thassium, which originated in quarries that had ceased activity by the second or third centuries CE. Light green cipollino verde calcite marble (Color Pls. 24.1:1; 24.2:1) was quarried in Karystos, Euboea (Greece), between the first century BCE and the seventh century CE (Corsi Collection 90; see also Gnoli 1988:181–183, Fig. 204; Ward-Perkins 1992:156); 108 cipollino fragments were discovered, mainly in contexts dated to the Byzantine and Abbasid periods, and include wall-veneer slabs and opus sectile tiles. In addition, a single fragment of a rarer type of gray cipollino was found in an Abbasid fill. This stone was quarried in Mili, near Karystos (Corsi Collection 144). Verde antico (Color Pls. 24.1:2; 24.2:2), compact breccia of serpentine and calcite pastel matrix with white, black and green marble and serpentine inclusions, was quarried in Larissa, Thessalia (Greece), in the early second–sixth centuries CE (Corsi Collection 565, 566; see also Gnoli 1988:162–165, Fig. 118; Ward-Perkins 1992:157); 49 fragments were discovered, mainly in contexts dated to the Byzantine and Abbasid periods, and include wall-veneer slabs, opus sectile tiles and a single large fragment, probably a heavily damaged column. Purple and white brecciated pavonazzetto marble (Color Pls. 24.1:3; 24.2:3) was quarried in Docimion, Phrygia (modern Afyonkarahisar, Turkey), between the first century BCE and the sixth century CE (Corsi Collection 123, 124; see also Gnoli 1988:169–171, Figs. 125, 126; Ward-Perkins 1992:156); 33 fragments were discovered, mainly in contexts dated to the Byzantine and Abbasid periods, and include one thick floor slab, wall-veneer slabs and opus sectile tiles. Breccia di Settebasi (Color Pls. 24.1:4; 24.2:4), fine-grained purple and white breccia visually similar to pavonazzetto but with yellowish inclusions, was quarried on Skyros Island in the western Aegean from the first century BCE until the end of the Roman period (Corsi Collection 405; see also Gnoli 1988:223–233, Figs. 240–242; WardPerkins 1992:156–157); 13 fragments were discovered, mainly in contexts dated to the Byzantine and Abbasid periods, and include some especially thin and fine opus sectile tiles. 5 0 Portasanta (Color Pl. 24.2:5), veined marble of delicate pastel colors, e.g., pink, Fig. 24.1. Proconnesian marble fragments.

CHAPTER 24: THE MARBLE ASSEMBLAGE FROM STRATA V–I

821

purple and gray, sometimes with greenish inclusions, was quarried on Chios Island in the eastern Aegean from the first century BCE until the beginning of the Byzantine period (Corsi Collection 77, 78); 11 fragments were discovered, mainly in contexts dated to the Late Roman, Byzantine and Abbasid periods, and include wall-veneer slabs and opus sectile tiles. Dark purple calcite cipollino rosso (Color Pl. 24.2:6) was quarried in Iasos in Caria (modern Mugla province, southwestern Turkey) from the end of the third to the sixth centuries CE (Corsi Collection 95–97; see also Gnoli 1988:243–245, Figs. 244, 245; Ward-Perkins 1992:156); 15 fragments were discovered, mainly in contexts dated to the Byzantine and Abbasid periods, and include wall-veneer slabs and opus sectile tiles. Brecciated africano marble (Color Pl. 24.2:7) was quarried in Teos, on the central Aegean coast (modern Izmir province, Turkey), in the first century BCE–second century CE (Corsi Collection 104; see also Gnoli 1988:174–178, Figs. 132, 133, 197; Ward-Perkins 1992:157); a single fragment of purple matrix with dark gray veins was discovered at Givati in a Byzantine context. Bianco e nero antico marble (Color Pl. 24.2:8) was possibly quarried in the St. Girons region, Pyrenees, during the fourth–sixth centuries CE (Ward-Perkins 1992:156), or on Proconnesus Island in Asia Minor (Corsi Collection 125); four fragments were discovered, mainly in Abbasid contexts, and include wall-veneer slabs and an unidentified architectural fragment. Dark gray or black nero antico marble (Color Pl. 24.2:9) was quarried in Gebel Aziza, Tunisia, in the first–third centuries CE (Corsi Collection 71; see also Gnoli 1988:193– 194, Fig. 199; Ward-Perkins 1992:158); three fragments were discovered in unstratified contexts. Dark gray bigio antico marble (Color Pl. 24.2:10) was quarried along the Aegean coast of Asia Minor and the neighboring islands of Cos, Lesbos, Rhodes, Miletos and Teos, in the first–third centuries CE (Corsi Collection 140; see also Gnoli 1988:179–180, Fig. 201; Ward-Perkins 1992:158); 15 fragments were discovered, mainly in contexts dated to the Abbasid period, and include wall-veneer slabs and opus sectile tiles. The rare calcite greco scritto (Color Pl. 24.2:11), with a grayish matrix and dark blue or black markings resembling Greek lettering, was quarried in Hippo Regius, Algeria, in the first–third centuries CE (Corsi Collection 99, 100; see also Gnoli 1988:261); three fragments were discovered in Abbasid and unstratified contexts, and include wall-veneer slabs and opus sectile tiles. The rare bianco e nero tigrato stone (Color Pl. 24.2:12), visually similar to granite, was most likely quarried in Asia Minor during the Roman period (Gnoli 1988:198–199, Fig. 202); one small fragment was discovered in a post-Abbasid context. The dark green porphyry, porfido verde (Color Pl. 24.2:13), was quarried in Croceai in Laconia, Peloponnese, during the Roman and Byzantine periods (Corsi Collection 797– 801; see also Gnoli 1988:133–135, Fig. 140; Ward-Perkins 1992:158); seven fragments were discovered, mainly in contexts dated to the Abbasid period, and include wall-veneer slabs, opus sectile tiles, some of them especially thin, fine and well-polished, and two large fragments of architectural decoration, probably columns.

822

YANA TCHEKHANOVETS

The dark purple porphyry, porfido rosso (Color Pl. 24.2:14), was quarried in Mons Porphyrites, in the eastern desert of Egypt (Gebel Dokhan), in the first–early fifth centuries CE (Corsi Collection 783, 784; see also Gnoli 1988:122–133, Figs. 90, 91; Ward-Perkins 1992:158); 12 fragments were discovered, mainly in contexts dated to the Byzantine and Abbasid periods, and include wall-veneer slabs and opus sectile tiles, one of them especially thin and delicately worked. Six fragments of alabaster were discovered (Color Pl. 24.2:15), mainly in the Late Roman stratum, and are most probably of Egyptian origin. However, in classical antiquity, alabaster was also quarried in North Africa and Asia Minor (Corsi Collection 294–302, 312–332; see also Ward-Perkins 1992:159).

Archaeological Context All the marble finds discussed in this chapter were discovered in secondary deposition. Some had been collected as raw material for the large limekiln of the Umayyad period (Stratum IV; see Chapter 12), others were incorporated as spolia in structures of the Byzantine (Stratum V) and mainly Abbasid (Strata III–I) periods, while many more were simply discarded. In addition, some 400 fragments originate in Kenyon’s trench (see Foreword). Raw Material for Lime Production The largest concentration of marble finds, 160 fragments, was discovered in and around the limekiln (L1850) in the northwestern part of the excavation area in Stratum IV. Fills 1769 and 1770 contained gravel and larger stone pieces intended to be burned in the kiln, including 75 marble fragments (see Chapter 12: Fig. 12.12). Other fills in the vicinity, and in the kiln itself, yielded additional marble fragments. The fragments discovered in these Umayyad fills are mainly of Proconnesian marble, with only seven pieces of colored marble. This is not surprising as white marble is the most suitable raw material for lime production. In addition, nearly 100 burnt marble fragments were discovered in other contexts such as water cisterns, 5 0 later walls, installations and fills (Fig. 24.2), and it is Fig. 24.2. Burnt marble fragment. unknown where or when these were burnt. Reused in Later Constructions The vast majority of the marble spolia was found incorporated into walls: 14 in Byzantine walls (Stratum V), four in Umayyad walls (Stratum IV) and 57 in Abbasid structures (Strata II–I), including six fragments in Abbasid W1465 (Stratum II). Many large fragments of liturgical furniture (see Chapter 7), as well as stones bearing Latin (CIIP 1/2: No. 729) and Armenian inscriptions (see Chapter 10), were also discovered in the walls.

CHAPTER 24: THE MARBLE ASSEMBLAGE FROM STRATA V–I

823

In Byzantine floors (Stratum V), 19 marble fragments were found, while over 90 fragments were discovered in floor layers and floor foundations dated to the Abbasid period (Strata II–I). In one case, a total of 16 small marble fragments were incorporated into an Abbasid mosaic floor 1 (L1320) of Stratum IIA (see Chapter 12). In addition, eight marble fragments were reused in ṭabuns, and another 15 in various installations all dated to the Abbasid period 2 5 0 (Strata II–I). Some 200 fragments that were not discovered in walls, floors or installations, Fig. 24.3. Wall-veneer panels with original mortar (1) and later plaster remains (2). bear plaster remains that clearly demonstrate they were incorporated into masonry of some kind in secondary use. The plaster cannot be confused with mortar on the backside of wall-veneer slabs or opus sectile tiles (Fig. 24.3:1), as it covers the grooves of relief or appears on both polished faces of a slab (Fig. 24.3:2). Discarded Fragments The variety of the discarded marble finds testifies to their many original uses and their subsequent deposition in random Byzantine to Abbasid contexts. These include 24 discarded fragments in construction fills of the Late Roman–Byzantine periods (Strata VI–V); 76 in the Byzantine agricultural soil of Stratum V; 83 in the Abbasid refuse pits of Stratum III; and a concentration of 41 discarded marble fragments in Cistern 1391. This impressive water reservoir, originally built in the Late Roman period (Stratum VI), continued to serve the residents of the site until the final phase of the Abbasid settlement (Stratum I), when it was used as a large refuse container. Other Abbasid water reservoirs also contained marble finds: eight fragments in Cistern 2229, seven in Cistern 3587 and two in Cistern 1532; six additional fragments were found in Abbasid drainage channels. Another 704 fragments were recovered in Byzantine and Early Islamic fills (Stratum V–I). A few small marble fragments were discovered in later strata, mainly in agricultural terraces dated to the Ottoman period, and in surface loci. Kenyon’s Excavation Trench Nearly 400 mostly large marble fragments were unearthed during the clearing of the refill of Kenyon’s trench (see Foreword). After the 1960s excavation, the British archaeological expedition refilled this trench with debris brought from different areas in Jerusalem. Thus, it contained many present-day finds, including twentieth-century bricks and tiles, sewage pipes and sanitary supplies, floor slabs and pottery sherds. In its eastern part (mainly in

824

YANA TCHEKHANOVETS

Sqs D/8–9; see Chapter 2: Plan 2.1), a large concentration of Ottoman glazed tiles and ancient marble fragments was discovered, the vast majority of the marble comprising white Proconnesian and green cipollino and verde antico varieties, including splendid examples of wall-veneer slabs. It is possible that the source of this concentration was the restoration works at the Dome of the Rock complex carried out between 1955 and 1964, which included the replacement of a large number of damaged Ottoman tiles and marble veneer slabs (St. Laurent and Reidlmayer 1993). These may also have been deposited in the trench of the British archaeological expedition.

Original Marble Products Marble was usually imported to Palestine as ready elements pre-fabricated in distant quarrying sites and workshops. In numerous cases, the original purpose of the marble fragments can be determined, such as simple floor slabs, wall-veneer panels or details of opus sectile pavements. In some cases, evidence of the work of local craftsmen is discernible. Floor Slabs All 51 floor slabs are thick, square or rectangular, and made of white or gray Proconnesian marble. The upper surface is polished, while the bottom surface is usually roughly worked or chipped; especially large slabs have recessed frames along the four sides. Some of the slabs were broken before being incorporated into secondary use, and some were combined with other stones to repair pavements, displaying no unity or standardization. The only near-complete example of a floor slab (42 × 32.5 × 3.6 cm) was discovered out of context in Kenyon’s trench (Fig. 24.4). Despite the lack of complete examples, a certain standardization can be noted in the thickness of all the slabs, ranging from 2.7 to 4.4 cm, with the most common measure being 3 cm. Wall-Veneer Panels The technique of applying a wall veneer of marble or other valuable material was well known in the Roman period (Pliny, Natural History 36.47–50), but became especially popular in Byzantine times, when marble was becoming rarer and more expensive, and thus solid constructions began to give way to veneers (Waelkens 1999:559–560).

0

10

Fig. 24.4. Floor slab of Proconnesian marble.

825

CHAPTER 24: THE MARBLE ASSEMBLAGE FROM STRATA V–I

Wall-veneer panels differ from stone pavements in thickness: most fragments of the former vary from 1.7 to 2 cm, the latter from 3 to 4 cm. The outer surface is usually more smoothly polished, although equal polishing of both surfaces is also frequent. Another identifying attribute of a wall veneer is the metal peg for installing the panel, or the drilled hole for such a peg. All the drilled holes are 0.6 cm in diameter and 1.7–2.0 cm deep, and were clearly produced using the same type of tool and the same technique (Figs. 24.5, 24.6). Most of the preserved pegs are made of copper alloy, a few of iron, but in most cases the pegs have not survived, and only a layer of metal patina remains (Fig. 24.7).

2

1

4

0

Fig. 24.5. Wall-veneer fragments with drilled holes for metal pegs.

3

5

6 0

4

Fig. 24.6. Wall-veneer fragments with metal-peg holes. No.

Stratum

Locus

Basket

1

V

1574

17862

2

V–III

2348

38587

3

VI–I

1391

28640

Balk

16094

4 5

VA

1780

23931

6

I

1754

82063

0

2

Fig. 24.7. Wall-veneer fragment with remnants of metal peg.

5

826

YANA TCHEKHANOVETS

The marble veneer was laid upon a mortar base, leaving a narrow, horizontal gap between the panels, and marble border strips filled these gaps. One longer edge of the strip displays a smoothly rounded or molded finish, although all the other edges and surfaces were also carefully cut and polished. Such strips also served as crowning elements on the top molding of the dado (Ball 2002). The width of these border strips averages 5 cm, with a few wider or narrower exceptions, and the thickness varies from 1.7 to 2 cm; a few examples are over 2.5 or less than 1.5 cm thick. Altogether, 240 border fragments were unearthed, most of Proconnesian marble, with a few colored fragments. The large number of these minor elements of wall revetment implies that the Givati assemblage should contain a very large quantity of wall-veneer slabs, although these could not be identified with absolute certainty. Opus Sectile Fragments Elaborately decorated floors in the opus sectile technique (Guidobaldi and Olevano 1998) first appeared in the region in the Early Roman period (Rozenberg 2008; Snyder and Avraham 2013).1 Examples of similar floors dated to the Byzantine period are known in ecclesiastic complexes, especially in Jerusalem (Amit and Wolff 2000:294; Barkay 2000:89), but still await final publication. From the Givati excavations, nearly 190 fragments can be definitely identified as opus sectile tiles. As no complete opus sectile floor, or even its negative, was discovered, we cannot know what designs were employed here, and these scattered fragments could have been incorporated in a wide range of geometric patterns, from the simplest to the complex (see De Franceschini 1991). They are largely of Proconnesian marble, with a significant quantity of colored marbles. Their shapes are characteristic of the Roman and Byzantine periods; some of the tiles are highly elaborate, others were roughly reshaped, probably for refitting (Figs. 24.8–24.13; for detailed discussion of the shapes and dimensions, see Tchekhanovets 2016). Local Output Some 80 marble pieces discovered in Byzantine and Early Islamic contexts at the site bear evidence of secondary production stages, such as reshaping and fitting, most likely by local craftsmen using a variety of tools (Figs. 24.14; 24.15; for detailed discussion, see Tchekhanovets 2016).

An assemblage of opus sectile tiles dated to the Early Roman period, made of local materials––pinkish limestone and black bitumen––will be published in a future volume of the Givati excavations dedicated to the Late Hellenistic–Early Roman periods (Givati IV). 1

827

CHAPTER 24: THE MARBLE ASSEMBLAGE FROM STRATA V–I

0

5

Fig. 24.8. Opus sectile fragments: triangular tiles.

5

0

Fig. 24.9. Opus sectile fragments: square tiles.

0

0

5

5

Fig. 24.11. Opus sectile fragments: octagonal tiles.

Fig. 24.10. Opus sectile fragments: rectangular tiles.

0

0

5

Fig. 24.12. Opus sectile fragments: rhombic tiles.

5

Fig. 24.13. Opus sectile fragments: arch-shaped tiles.

828

YANA TCHEKHANOVETS

3

2 1

5

4

6

7

8

9 0

4

Fig. 24.14. Cutting outlines traced with a ruler (Nos. 1–4) and with a ruler and compass (5–9). No.

Stratum

Locus

Basket

1

IIA

3569

57693

2

I

1306

27010

3

IV

1796

82096

4

V–III

2348

48681

5

VB

1572

17858

6

II

2220

48682

7

IIB

1800

24295

8

IIB–IIA

W1419

34961

9

I–Ottoman

3567

37695

CHAPTER 24: THE MARBLE ASSEMBLAGE FROM STRATA V–I

2

1

4 3

0

4

Fig. 24.15. Pointed-chisel marks for marble reshaping. No.

Stratum

Locus

Basket

1

IV

1836

23957

2

VA

1834

23988

3

Modern

6050

101467

4

IIB

2224

33386

829

830

YANA TCHEKHANOVETS

Discussion Marble has always been a prestigious and expensive material. Its large-scale import into the country began during the Roman period in the second century CE. Unfortunately, it is usually only the finely worked and colored marble fragments that find their way into archaeological publications; in addition, the archaeological documentation of marble becomes problematic when ‘classical’ marble was reused as spolia in Late Antique and medieval structures (Greenhalgh 2009:23). However, even simple enumeration of the varieties of marble discovered at a certain site can make a significant contribution to the archaeological research; for example, marble can serve as an indicator of Romanization processes in distant provinces (for Britain, see Isserlin 1998; for Morocco, see Lazzarini 2011), reveal trade routes (Guidobaldi and Guidobaldi 1983; Gnoli 1988; Dodge 1991; Ward-Perkins 1992; Pensabene 1998), and even become an anchor for establishing the chronology of a site. Thus, the geographical provenance of the marble imports at Givati has implications regarding the chronology of the marble assemblage. Most of the quarries from which the Givati marble was imported are located in the Roman eastern provinces (Greece, Asia Minor), and a few in Africa (Fig. 24.16). In the Roman period, the majority of the marble exports from these sites was composed of finished or almost-finished architectural elements (Fischer 1998:261–262), sawn in the quarries and then carved prior to export (Waelkens 1999:560). The close similarity of architectural décor fragments discovered at various sites around the Mediterranean basin, and the evidence from the quarries (Ward-Perkins 1992:25–30), points toward a high degree of standardization in marble production. This situation did not change significantly in the Byzantine period. These quarries continued to flourish due to direct imperial control, and the first centuries of Byzantine rule in Palaestina witnessed extensive marble import. The fragments of architectural décor and the liturgical furniture at Givati (see Chapter 7) have numerous parallels in the region and were probably imported ready-made. The smaller and simpler products––floor slabs, wall panels and opus sectile tiles––also display a standardization of size and fine finish. By the sixth century CE, however, most of the quarries noted above had ceased activities. Following the Arab conquest of Palestine in the seventh century CE, spolia began to replace freshly quarried material. Therefore, the original date of the vast majority of the marble fragments discovered in secondary deposition in Byzantine and Early Islamic contexts at Givati is clearly the Roman and Byzantine periods. The variety and quantity of the marble finds suggest that they originated in several different structures, for example the large, Late Roman mansion in Stratum VI (see Givati III, forthcoming), as well as decorated ecclesiastic or residential Byzantine structures elsewhere in Jerusalem, in the vicinity of the site. It is noteworthy that all the spoliated marble fragments were used as simple building material, alongside the local limestone. Even large, well-preserved slabs, lavishly decorated fragments and rare colored stones were simply incorporated into the masonry in a careless

CHAPTER 24: THE MARBLE ASSEMBLAGE FROM STRATA V–I

831

Jerusalem

Fig. 24.16. The sources of marble and other decorative stone found at Givati: 1. Proconnesos (Proconnesian); 2. Karystos (cipollino verde); 3. Larissa (verde antico); 4. Docimion (pavonazzetto); 5. Skyros (breccia di Settebasi); 6. Chios (portasanta); 7. Iasos (cipollino rosso); 8. Teos (africano); 9. St. Girons (bianco e nero antico); 10. Gebel Aziza (nero antico); 11. Aegean coast (bigio antico); 12. Hippo Regius (greco scritto); 13. Croceai (porfido verde); 14. Mons Porphyrites (porfido rosso).

manner. This is especially surprising considering the luxurious dwellings of the Abbasid period decorated with fresco and stucco (e.g., Building 1421, see Chapter 12). During the Umayyad period, large amounts of marble were used as raw material in limekilns for the large-scale construction projects in Jerusalem. Marble as a raw material for the production of high-quality lime plaster was already known to the Romans, but the practice seems to have increased in the Early Islamic period throughout Palestine (Crowfoot, Kenyon and Sukenik 1942:139; Khadijah 1971:109; Fischer 1998:290; Spanier and Sasson 2001) and into the post-Fatimid period (Mazar 1969:21; Pl. II:2). In particular, the construction works on and around Ḥaram al-Sharif throughout the Early Islamic period absorbed large quantities of Roman and Byzantine marble decoration from the city of Jerusalem (Ben-Dov 1985:237, 309, 311, 318–319; Kaplony 2002:85, 101, 533, 681, 686). It is plausible that much of the best marble deposited at the Givati site found its way into the nearby mosques and palatial structures. The rest was used as ordinary building stone or simply burned, without any sentiments regarding the beauty or cost of the material, or the great distance it had travelled to reach Jerusalem.

832

YANA TCHEKHANOVETS

R eferences Amit D. and Wolff S. 2000. An Armenian Monastery in the Morasha Neighborhood, Jerusalem. In H. Geva ed. Ancient Jerusalem Revealed (reprinted and expanded ed.). Jerusalem. Pp. 293–298. Ball L. 2002. How Did the Romans Install Revetment? AJA 106:551–573. Barkay G. 2000. Excavations at Ketef Hinnom in Jerusalem. In H. Geva ed. Ancient Jerusalem Revealed (reprinted and expanded ed.). Jerusalem. Pp. 85–106. Ben Dov M. 1985. In the Shadow of the Temple: The Discovery of Ancient Jerusalem. New York. CIIP I/2: H.M. Cotton, L. Di Segni, W. Eck, B. Isaac, A. Kushnir-Stein, H. Misgav, J. Price and A. Yardeni eds. Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae I/2: Jerusalem 705–1120. Berlin– Boston 2012. Crowfoot J.W., Kenyon K.M. and Sukenik E.L. 1942. Samaria-Sebaste I: The Buildings at Samaria. London. De Franceschini M. 1991. Villa Adriana: Mosaici, pavimenti, edifici (Bibliotheca archaeologica 9). Rome. Dodge H. 1991. Ancient Marble Studies: Recent Research. JRA 4:28–50. Fischer M. 1998. Marble Studies: Roman Palestine and the Marble Trade (Xenia 40). Constance. Gnoli R. 1988. Marmora romana (2nd ed.). Rome. Greenhalgh M. 2009. Marble Past, Monumental Present: Building with Antiquities in the Medieval Mediterranean (Medieval Mediterranean 80). Leiden–Boston–Cologne. Guidobaldi F. and Guidobaldi A.G. 1983. Pavimenti marmorei di Roma dal IV al IX secolo (Studi di antichità cristiana 36). Vatican City. Guidobaldi F. and Olevano F. 1998. Sectilia pavimenta dell’area vesuviana. In P. Pensabene ed. Marmi antichi II: Cave e tecnica di lavorazione, provenienza e distribuzione (Studi miscellanei 31). Rome. Pp. 223–258. Isserlin R. 1998. A Spirit of Improvement? Marble and the Culture of Roman Britain. In R. Laurence and J. Berry eds. Cultural Identity in the Roman Empire. London. Pp. 125–155. Kaplony A. 2002. The Ḥaram of Jerusalem 324–1099: Temple, Friday Mosque, Area of Spiritual Power (Freiburger Islamstudien XXII). Stuttgart. Khadijah M.M. 1971. Lime Kilns. ADAJ 16:107–109. Lazzarini L. 2011. In limine imperii: I marmi colorati di Sala-Chellah (Rabat-Marocco). In O. Brandt and P. Pergola eds. Marmoribus vestita: Miscellanea in onore di Federico Guidobaldi (Studi di antichità cristiana 63). Vatican City. Pp. 835–848. Mazar B. 1969. The Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: Preliminary Report of the First Season, 1968. Jerusalem. Pensabene P. ed. 1998. Marmi antichi II: Cave e tecnica di lavorazione, provenienza e distribuzione (Studi miscellanei 31). Rome. Pliny. Natural History. H. Rackham ed. and transl. (Loeb Classical Library 330). Cambridge 1938. Rozenberg S. 2008. Hasmonean and Herodian Palaces at Jericho; Final Reports of the 1973–1987 Excavations IV: The Decoration of Herod’s Third Palace at Jericho. Jerusalem.

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Snyder F. and Avraham A. 2013. The Opus Sectile Floor in a Caldarium of the Palatial Fortress at Cypros. In R. Bar-Nathan and J. Gärtner eds. Hasmonean and Herodian Palaces at Jericho; Final Reports of the 1973–1987 Excavations V: The Finds from Jericho and Cypros. Jerusalem. Pp. 178–202. Spanier Y. and Sasson A. 2001. Lime Kilns in Eretz Israel (One-Day Conference in Memory of Shmuel Avitsur). Jerusalem (Hebrew). St. Laurent B. and Reidlmayer A. 1993. Restorations of Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock and Their Political Significance, 1537–1928. Muqarnas 10:76–84. Tchekhanovets Y. 2016. Spoils and Spolia: Large Marble Assemblage from Givati Excavations, Jerusalem. LA 66:269–300. Waelkens M. 1999. Marble. In G.W. Bowersock, P. Brown and O. Grabar eds. Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Cambridge, Mass.–London. Pp. 559–562. Ward-Perkins J.B. 1992. Marble in Antiquity: Collected Papers. London.

D. Ben-Ami, Y. Tchekhanovets, 2020, Jerusalem: Givati Parking Lot II (IAA Reports 66)

Chapter 25

The Molluscs from Strata VII–I I nbar Ktalav

Introduction This chapter presents the assemblage of 874 mollusc shells, fossils and a coral, of both local and imported species, that were collected from all strata during the 2007–2009 excavation seasons at the Givati Parking Lot site.1 Mollusc shells found in excavations can provide information on the life and everyday activities of the inhabitants of a settlement. The shells from the Givati site comprise the remains of food, raw material for the production of artifacts and ornaments, building materials, molds for lead weights and a container for pigment. While land snails that entered the site naturally can yield useful data on the ancient local environment, in the present excavation very few land snails were recovered (2% of the total assemblage; Table 25.1) and the subject of ancient environment will not be dealt with in this paper. The majority of the shells from the Givati excavation reached the site as a result of human activity, either from areas near the site, as in the case of local freshwater species and some fossils, or from locations as distant as the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Indo-Pacific Ocean and the Nile River. These results emphasize the far-reaching contacts of the inhabitants of the site. During the Abbasid period, these connections are also demonstrated by other bioarchaeological finds in the archaeological record, such as fish bones (see Chapter 27) and eggplant seeds (see Chapter 18).

Table 25.1. Provenance of Shell and Coral Assemblage Origin Number of Species and Genera Number of Specimens

Mediterranean Sea

Red Sea– Indo-Pacific

Nile River

Local Freshwater

Land

Fossils

Total

17

10

1

4

3

8

43

668

30

126

15

22

13

874

It was decided to present the mollusc assemblage from all the strata together, including the finds from the first season of excavation 2007 (Area M1), rather than divide it between volumes, as was done with most other finds. 1

836

INBAR KTALAV

Methods The shells were retrieved mostly by manual collection, and sieving was only undertaken in clearly stratified loci (e.g., floors, refuse pits, etc.) using a 0.5 × 0.5 cm mesh. Shell identification was based mainly on comparison with specimens in the mollusc collection at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.2 Systematic order is after WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species, http://www.marinespecies.org/) and Heller 2009. For quantification, the number of identified specimens (NISP) was used. In the description of the shells in Tables 25.3–25.9, the term ‘broken’ refers to a shell (or valve) of which more than half is preserved, while ‘fragment’ refers to a shell of which less than half is preserved.

R esults Almost the entire assemblage (99.4%; 869 specimens) was identified to species level, and altogether 37 species were identified, with another three identified to genus and two only to class (Table 25.2). The assemblage includes marine shells originating in the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Indo-Pacific Ocean, and freshwater shells from the Nile River, streams along the Mediterranean coast and springs around the Sea of Galilee, as well as local land snails. There is also one coral originating in the Red Sea and 13 fossil molluscs (Tables 25.1, 25.2). The species are presented in Table 25.2 in systematic order, according to their geographical provenance and archaeological period (the latter determined by the excavators, see Chapters 2, 12; the Roman stratigraphy will be published in Givati III, forthcoming; see also Ben-Ami and Tchekhanovets 2013). In Tables 25.3–25.9, the data is presented according to strata; therefore, when an archaeological period comprises several strata (Roman, Abbasid), the strata are combined in Table 25.2 under the main period, but presented separately in the tables per stratum. Stratum VII: Early Roman Period (Table 25.3) The shell assemblage from Stratum VII contains marine shells from the Mediterranean Sea and the Indio-Pacific Ocean, and a freshwater bivalve from the Nile River. Among the finds are two artificially holed valves of Glycymeris nummaria that were probably used as pendants, and one fossil, Turritella maussi.

In consultation with Henk K. Mienis, the curator of the Mollusc Collection at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University, whom I thank for his useful advice. I would also like to express my thanks to Zeev Lewy of the Geological Survey of Israel for his identification of the fossils and co-writing of the relevant paragraph, and to Irina Segal, also of the Geological Survey of Israel, for conducting the pigment analysis. I am also grateful to Alan Kohn of the University of Washington for his help in identifying Conus terebra Born 1778, and to Henk H. Dijkstra of the University of Amsterdam for his help in identifying Mimachlamys townsendi (Sowerby 1895). Thanks are also due to Daniella Bar-Yosef Mayer for her insightful remarks that helped to improve this paper. 2

Red Sea–IndoPacific

Red Sea/ Mediterranean Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Geographical Provenance

4

Byzantine (Stratum V)

1

Umayyad (Stratum IV)

1

Abbasid (Strata III–I)

Mixed Contexts (All Strata)

1

Tritia nitida*** (Jeffreys, 1867)

5

Stylophora sp. (coral)

1

3

Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758)

Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798)

1

Conus terebra Born, 1778

1

1

3

37

1

4

1

1

1

16

Chicoreus virgineus (Röding, 1798)

1

28

1

1

1

325

1

6

Monetaria annulus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Cypraea pantherina Lightfoot, 1786

Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758 (operculum)

1

17

Donax trunculus Linnaeus, 1758

Chama sp. (fossil)

5

Cerastoderma glaucum (Bruguière, 1789)

1

3

3

Acanthocardia tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758)

1

30 1

1

7

Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758

2

35

Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819

10

2

1

Glycymeris nummaria (Linnaeus, 1758)

1

1

1 12

Modiolus auriculatus (Krauss, 1848)

1 20

Tritia gibbosula**** (Linnaeus, 1758) 58

1

Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1767)

Nassarius circumcinctus (A. Adams, 1852)

7

Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2

2

6

Bolinus brandaris (Linnaeus, 1758) 1

5

Charonia variegata (Lamarck, 1816)

2

1

2

Roman (Strata VII–VI) 1

3

Hellenistic (Stratum VIII)

Semicassis undulata** (Gmelin, 1791)

1

Iron Age II (Strata XII–IX)

Luria lurida (Linnaeus, 1758)

Naria spurca* (Linnaeus, 1758)

Species/Genus

Table 25.2. List of Species/Genera According to Provenance and Period

1

2

16

1

1

1

3

1

1

426

8

12

1

11

1

154

1

1

1

4

26

10

5

4

1

2

Total

CHAPTER 25: THE MOLLUSCS FROM STRATA VII–I

837

1 1

Unio mancus eucirrus Bourguigant, 1857

Unio terminalis terminalis Bourguigant, 1852

Dentalium inaequale Bronn, 1831 (fossil)

Jordan River and Sea of Galilee

Naḥal Bessor

1

Gastropod (fossil)

Venerid sp. (fossil) 2

1

Gastropod (fossil)

177

1

1

Turritella reyi Lartet (fossil)

Lima sp. (fossil)

4

3

Levantina hierosolyma (Mousson, 1854)

Turritella maussi Lartet, 1872 (fossil)

5

Helix engaddensis Bourguignat, 1852

* Previously known as Erosaria spurca (Linnaeus, 1758). ** Previously known as Phalium undulatum (Gmelin, 1791). *** Previously known as Nassarius nitidus (Jeffreys, 1867). **** Previously known as Nassarius gibbosulus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Total

Mevasseret Ẓiyyon

Mishash Formation

Land snails

4

3

Potomida littoralis delesserti (Bourguigant, 1852)

Monacha syriaca (Ehrenberg, 1831)

5

Melanopsis buccinoidea (Olivier, 1801)

Mediterranean coastal streams

40

Chambardia rubens (Lamarck, 1819)

Streams and springs in the Levant

Roman (Strata VII–VI)

Nile

1

Hellenistic (Stratum VIII)

1

1

Iron Age II (Strata XII–IX)

Mimachlamys townsendi (Sowerby III, 1895)

Pinctada margaritifera (black-lip)

Species/Genus

Indo-Pacific Ocean

Geographical Provenance

Table 25.2 (cont.)

1

6

415

1

1

39

Byzantine (Stratum V)

56

1

1

2

10

Umayyad (Stratum IV)

100

1

1

1

1

1

18

Abbasid (Strata III–I)

120

3

1

18

3

Mixed Contexts (All Strata)

874

1

1

1

1

2

5

15

6

1

1

3

1

4

7

126

1

3

Total

838 INBAR KTALAV

839

CHAPTER 25: THE MOLLUSCS FROM STRATA VII–I

Table 25.3. Stratum VII: Early Roman Period Species

Locus

Turritella maussi (fossil)

2072

Hexaplex trunculus

2033

Complete

Broken

1

760

1

1

1

Pinctada margaritifera

Chambardia rubens

1

Natural hole in umbo

1 1

1 1

Pendant

1

Pendant

1

2012

1

1

2073

1

1

2012

1

1

2041

2

2

2042

1

1

2072

1

1

691

1

1

702

1

1

1

1

721 Mimachlamys townsendi

2092

Acanthocardia tuberculata

2054

Cerastoderma glaucum

2041

2

Donax trunculus

W1236

2

2

8

6

Total

Burnt

1

2012 2023

1 1

1

721

Total 1

1

739

714

Description

1

W1236 Glycymeris nummaria

Fragment

1

1 1

1 2 4

13

27

840

INBAR KTALAV

Stratum VI: Late Roman Period (Table 25.4) The shell assemblage from Stratum VI contains marine shells from the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea; a number of fossils; 16 perforated shells that were used as pendants; one Naria spurca with its ventral side ground, which was used as a game piece, weight or amulet; two shells with plaster that had been incorporated into construction material; pieces of mother-of-pearl shells belonging to six species: Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Mediterranean Sea, Pinctada margaritifera from the Red Sea, Chambardia rubens from the Nile River, and Potomida littoralis delesserti, Unio mancus eucirrus and Unio terminalis terminalis, which are freshwater bivalves from various regions in Israel; and a Stylophora sp., a small polyp stony coral from the Red Sea. One valve of Chambardia rubens contained a lump of red pigment that was analyzed and found to be ocher (see Appendix 25.1). Table 25.4. Stratum VI: Late Roman Period Species Turritella maussi (fossil) Turritella reyi (fossil) Melanopsis buccinoidea

Naria spurca Semicassis undulata

Bolinus brandaris

Hexaplex trunculus

Locus

Complete

Broken

Total 2

1992

1

1

1

1

1992 624

1

1

1964

3

3

1996

1

657

1

1996

1

1 Game piece, weight or amulet

1 1

2068

1

Pendant

1

1553

1

1

1612

1

1

1617

1

1

1964

1

Pendant

1

2090

1

Pendant

1

1659

1

Pendant

1

1558

1

1560

1

1 1

1612

1

1

1643

1

1

1558

1

Pendant

1

1705

1

Pendant

1

1689

Tritia nitida

1964

1

1

1

1

1964

1

1

1

1

1

2

1996

1

1

2090

1

1

1992

1

1

1996 2090

Levantina hierosolyma

Description

2

Stramonita haemastoma

Helix engaddensis

Fragment

1667

1

Gastropod (fossil)

1671

1

1

Gastropod (fossil)

1670

1

1

841

CHAPTER 25: THE MOLLUSCS FROM STRATA VII–I

Table 25.4 (cont.) Species

Locus

Complete

1699

Broken

1719

Total 1

1

1

1

1

2103

1

1

688

1

1

1543

1

1

1612

1

1

1667

1

1

1668

1

1669

1

1705

2

1713

1

1 1 Two with plaster inside shell

1

3 1

1

3

4

2089

3

1

4

2090

2

2

4

1

1

1992 1995

1

Pendant

1

688

1

Pendant

1

1560

1

Pendant

1

1667

1

Pendant

1

1705

1

Pendant

1

1964

1

Pendant

1

1996

1

Pendant

2

2090

1

Pendant

1

1719

1

Pendant

1

1992

1

Pendant

1

2089

1

Natural hole, drilled by gastropod

1

1603

1

Natural hole in umbo

1

1669

1

1996 2089

1

1 2

2

1

2090

Mytilus galloprovincialis

Description

1720

1996

Glycymeris nummaria

Fragment

1

1 1

1

669

1

1

1717

1

1

1975

1

1

1991

1

1992

1

1 1

1543

2 1

1

1612

1

1

1553

1

1

1992

1

1996

1

2089

2

Pinctada margaritifera

Figure in a double skirt

1 1

One shaped as a jug

2

842

INBAR KTALAV

Table 25.4 (cont.) Species

Locus

Complete

Broken

1672

1

1

1985

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1559

1

1

1612

1

1

1693

1

1

1705

1

1

1

2

1715

1

1983

1 1

2

Large specimen

1

7

7

2090

3

3

1956

1

1

1978

1

1

1991

2

2

2

2

1964 1996 1719

Unio mancus eucirrus

2089

Unio terminalis terminalis

W1208 1996

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

2089

1

1695

1

2090

1

2018

2

662

1

1 1

1

2 2 1

671

1

1

1558

1

1

1559

1

1

1

1

1617 1667

1

1

1964

1

1

1996

1

1

2090

2

2

1991 Venerid sp. (fossil)

1612

Stylophora sp. (coral)

1992

Total

Contained red pigment

2089

1992

Donax trunculus

1 2

2081

Cerastoderma glaucum

1

1558

1996

Acanthocardia tuberculata

Total 1

2064

Potomida littoralis delesserti

Description

1

2027

Chambardia rubens

Fragment

1661

1

1 1

1 61

37

1

1

52

150

843

CHAPTER 25: THE MOLLUSCS FROM STRATA VII–I

Stratum V: Byzantine Period (Table 25.5) The assemblage from Stratum V contains shells from the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea– Indo-Pacific Ocean and the Nile River, including numerous Donax trunculus that were probably consumed, two fossils, three pendants, worked mother-of-pearl shells and a worked shell that functioned as a decorative element.

Table 25.5. Stratum V: Byzantine Period Species

Locus

Complete

Broken

Fragment

Description

Total

Turritella maussi (fossil)

W1186

 

1

 

 

1

Cypraea pantherina

1809

 

 

1

Game piece

1

Melanopsis buccinoidea

1969

1

 

 

 

1

1639

 

 

1

 

1

1914

 

2

 

 

2

1962

1

 

 

 

1

Tritia gibbosula

W1227

1

 

 

 

1

Conus terebra

748 

 

 

1

Decorative element

1

1849

 

 

1

 

1

1852

 

 

2

 

2

1934

 

 

1

 

1

1963

 

 

1

 

1

2102

 

 

1

 

1

732

1

 

 

 

1

748 

1

 

 

Natural hole in umbo

1

W1171

1

 

 

 

1

W1232

1

 

 

 

1

1564

 

 

1

 

1

1579

 

1

 

 

1

1782

1

 

 

 

1

1834

2

 

 

Pendant

2

1849

 

 

1

Natural hole in umbo

1

1852

 

 

1

 

1

1858

 

 

1

 

1

1881

1

 

 

 

1

1925

1

 

 

 

1

1934

1

 

 

 

1

1949

1

1

 

 

2

1963

2

 

 

One pendant

2

1988

1

 

 

Pendant

1

Hexaplex trunculus

Levantina hierosolyma

Glycymeris nummaria

844

INBAR KTALAV

Table 25.5 (cont.) Species

Mytilus galloprovincialis

Pinctada margaritifera

Chambardia rubens

Ostrea edulis

Acanthocardia tuberculata

Locus

Complete

Broken

Fragment

Description

Total

744

 

1

 

 

1

756

 

1

 

 

1

1624

 

1

 

 

1

1858

 

 

1

 

1

1963

 

2

1

 

3

1624

 

1

 

Pre-carving sketch

1

1638

 

1

 

 

1

1834

 

 

1

 

1

748 

 

 

1

 

1

W1280

 

 

1

 

1

1563

 

 

1

 

1

1590

 

 

1

 

1

1628

 

 

1

 

1

1647

 

 

1

 

1

1757

 

 

1

 

1

1772

 

 

1

 

1

1821

 

 

1

 

1

1834

 

 

1

 

1

1849

 

 

2

 

2

1852

 

 

1

 

1

1858

 

2

 

 

2

1881

1

 

 

 

1

1884

 

 

1

 

1

1885

 

1

 

 

1

1898

 

 

1

 

1

1914

 

1

 

 

1

1923

 

1

 

 

1

1934

 

2

3

 

5

1949

 

1

1

 

2

1962

 

 

7

Ajouré

7

1963

 

2

 

 

2

2001

 

 

1

 

1

2102

 

1

 

 

1

1925

 

1

 

 

1

1849

 

1

 

 

1

1926

 

1

 

 

1

W1171

 

1

 

 

1

845

CHAPTER 25: THE MOLLUSCS FROM STRATA VII–I

Table 25.5 (cont.) Species

Locus

Cerastoderma glaucum

1582

Broken

Fragment

Description

1

 

 

 

1

744

3

 

 

 

3

W1227

1

 

 

 

1

1536

2

 

 

 

2

1540

1

 

 

 

1

1582

1

 

 

 

1

1

 

 

1

2

 

 

3

1628

Donax trunculus

Complete

 

Total

1772

1

1782

2

 

 

 

2

1809

1

 

 

 

1

1834

3

2

 

 

5

1849

17

12

 

 

29

1852

30

6

 

One with traces of plaster

36

1858

6

2

 

 

8

1866

1

 

 

 

1

1881

3

 

 

 

3

1884

2

 

 

 

2

1885

1

1

 

 

2

1

 

 

1

1

 

 

2

 

 

1

 

 

32

 

 

14

 

82

1888

 

1898

1

1912

1

1914

28

1923

14

 

1934

67

13

1947

4

 

 

 

4

1949

1

 

 

 

1

1962

61

2

 

 

63

1963

20

1

 

 

21

2102

2

1

 

 

3

1

 

 

1

45

 

415

Dentalium inaequale (fossil)

1628

 

Total

 

293

  4

77

2

846

INBAR KTALAV

Stratum IV: Umayyad Period (Table 25.6) The assemblage from Stratum IV contains shells from the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Nile River, including one round disk made of Pinctada margaritifera and one fossil. Table 25.6. Stratum IV: Umayyad Period Species

Locus

Turritella reyi (fossil)

1394

Cyprea pantherina

666

Bolinus brandaris

1769

1

Hexaplex trunculus

1769

1

Levantina hierosolyma

1791 1394

Complete

Chambardia rubens

1

1769

1

1796

1

1 1 1 1

Total

1 1 1

1

1812

1

1 1 1

1

1769

1

1839

1

1 Natural hole in umbo

1 1

Worked; round disk

1

1498

1

1443

1

1

1459

1

1

1790

1

1

1791

1

1

1796

1

1

1808

1

1

1812

1

1

1824

1

1

1

W1245

Donax trunculus

1

1

1810

Total 1

1

1766

672

Unio terminalis terminalis

Description

1

W1245

Pinctada margaritifera

Fragment

1

1

1459

Glycymeris nummaria

Broken

1 1

1459 1791

1

1

1

1

1

1

4

1394

3

1437

1

1459

1

1791

6

1

7

1805

1

1

2

1812

1

1

1824

1

1

1839

1

675

1

W1221

1

W1245

3

3

29

15

1 1

1 1 1

Burnt

2

Burnt

2 6

12

56

847

CHAPTER 25: THE MOLLUSCS FROM STRATA VII–I

Stratum III: Abbasid Period (Table 25.7) The assemblage from Stratum III contains shells from the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Nile River, eight of which were used as pendants. Table 25.7. Stratum III: Abbasid Period Species

Locus

Complete

Broken

Fragment

Description

Total

Melanopsis buccinoidea

1549

 

1

 

 

1

Cyprea pantherina

1547

1

 

 

 

1

1415

 

1

 

 

1

1485

1

 

 

 

1

1547

1

 

 

Natural hole

1

1415

1

 

 

Pendant

1

1549

 

1

 

Pendant

1

1611

 

1

 

Pendant

1

1793

 

1

 

Pendant

1

1503

 

1

 

 

1

1537

1

 

 

 

1

1554

1

 

 

 

1

1883

 

1

1

 

2

1547

1

 

 

Ground hole, pendant

1

1369

1

 

 

Natural hole in umbo

1

1416

 

1

 

 

1

1554

2

1

 

 

3

1845

 

1

 

 

1

1883

1

 

 

 

1

1611

1

 

 

 

1

1423

1

 

 

 

1

1537

 

 

1

 

1

1549

1

 

1

 

2

1554

 

 

1

 

1

1611

1

 

1

 

2

1763

1

 

 

 

1

613

 

 

1

 

1

638

 

 

3

 

3

1405

 

1

 

Pendant

1

1793

 

1

 

Pendant

1

1951

 

1

 

Pendant

1

Bolinus brandaris Hexaplex trunculus

Glycymeris nummaria

Mytilus galloprovincialis

Chambardia rubens

Acanthocardia tuberculata

848

INBAR KTALAV

Table 25.7 (cont.) Species

Locus

Complete

1471

 

1479

Donax trunculus

Total

1 1

1503

 

1514

 

1537

Broken

 

Fragment

Description

 

 

1

 

 

1

 

1

 

 

1

 

 

1

 

1 1

1

 

Total

1547

 

1

 

 

1

1828

 

1

 

 

1

1845

 

1

 

 

1

638 

 

1

 

 

1

 

18

10

 

47

19

Stratum II: Abbasid Period (Table 25.8) The assemblage from Stratum II contains shells from the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Nile River, including two that were used as pendants, and one fragment of Chambardia rubens with round holes that was probably part of an ajouré inlay.

Table 25.8. Stratum II: Abbasid Period Species

Locus

Semicassis undulata Charonia variegate

Fragment

Description

Total

1548

1

Natural cassid lip

1

1387

1

1

1794

1

1

Nassarius circumcinctus

1755

Levantina hierosolyma

1377

Glycymeris nummaria

Complete

Potomida littoralis delesserti

1

1

1846

1

1

1865

1

1

1402

1

1

1629

1762

Chambardia rubens

1

1

1

1800

Pinctada margaritifera

Broken

1 Natural hole in umbo

1 1

1740

1 1 1

1

1351

1

1

1385

1

1

1410

1

1

1432

1

1

1568

1

1

1320

1

1411

1

Ajouré

1 1

849

CHAPTER 25: THE MOLLUSCS FROM STRATA VII–I

Table 25.8 (cont.) Species Acanthocardia tuberculata

Locus

Complete

1544 1629

Cerastoderma glaucum

Donax trunculus

Broken

Fragment

Description

Total

1

Ground hole, pendant

1

1

Pendant

1

1440

1

1

1402

1

1

1385

1

1

1568

1

1

1642

1

1

1630

1

1

1800 Total

1 13

1 5

28

10

Stratum I: Abbasid Period (Table 25.9) The assemblage from Stratum I contains shells from the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Nile River, including two fossils, a pendant and a shell bearing traces of plaster.

Table 25.9. Stratum I: Abbasid Period Species

Locus

Complete

Charonia variegata

1754

Hexaplex trunculus

1735

Stramonita haemastoma

1530

1

1

Monacha syriaca

1530

1

1

1301

1

1

1

Apex

1

Total 1 1

1

2

2

2

1336

2

2

1340

1

1754

Traces of plaster 2

1753

Chambardia rubens

Comments

1306

1530

Pinctada margaritifera

Fragment

1

1305

Glycymeris nummaria

Broken

2

1

1

1

Pendant

1735 1933 1314

1

1

1

1

1

1

1325

1

1 1

1

Lima (fossil)

1305

Chama (fossil)

1735

Acanthocardia tuberculata

1915

1

1

Tridacna maxima

1378

1

1

Donax trunculus

1735

Total

1

1

1

1

1

1 10

6

9

25

850

INBAR KTALAV

Discussion This rich assemblage of mollusc shells from strata spanning over 2000 years contains 37 species and 874 specimens, most of which can be defined as artifacts. The following discussion examines the geographic origins of these shells, their possible uses, and their contribution to our overall understanding of the site. Geographic Origins of the Shells Marine Shells Apart from the land snails, no molluscs are found naturally in Jerusalem and thus they were all brought here either intentionally or indirectly by the inhabitants. The marine assemblage indicates contacts with the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Seventeen species were brought from the Mediterranean, a minimum distance of 55 km, and all except Charonia variegata are common today (Poppe and Goto 1991a; 1991b; Barash and Danin 1992). Connections with the Mediterranean region occurred throughout all the settlement phases of the site. Ten species originate in the Red Sea–Indo-Pacific Ocean, a minimum distance of 242 km. Turbo petholatus, Cypraea pantherina, Chicoreus virgineus, Pinctada margaritifera, Tridacna maxima and Stylophora sp. (coral) are common in shallow waters of the Red Sea (Dafni 2000:114–131; Heiman 2002:42–48). Monetaria annulus and Conus terebra are common in the Indo-Pacific region, but rarer in the Red Sea (Heiman 2002:19, Table 2.1; Alan Kohn, pers. comm. 2010). Mimachlamys townsendi, which occurs in the Persian Gulf (northwestern Indian Ocean), has been recorded as a fossil from the Aden– Perim area, but has never been found alive in the Red Sea (Henk Mienis, pers. comm. 2010). Connections with the region of the Red Sea–Indo-Pacific Ocean occurred from the Roman to the Abbasid periods. In the Abbasid Strata III–II, parrotfish bones (Sparisoma cretense) from the Red Sea were also recovered (see Chapter 27), indicating substantial trade in marine products between Jerusalem and the Red Sea–Indo-Pacific region during that period. Freshwater Shells One species, Chambardia rubens, was imported from the Nile River, about 450 km distant. Based on the occurrence of this Nilotic bivalve from the Hellenistic to the Abbasid periods, and the massive finds of the Nilotic Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in the Abbasid Strata II–I (see Chapter 27), it is evident that trade with Egypt took place throughout these periods. The other freshwater species occur in the vicinity of the site. Melanopsis  buccinoidea is widely distributed in the Levant. In the southern Levant it occurs in a variety of aquatic habitats ranging from small trickles to springs and streams, where it lives on stones and sometimes also in silty mud; it is absent from the Jordan River and the Sea of Galilee. It is encountered in many springs and small streams in the surroundings of Jerusalem, but not in the city itself (Mienis 1992:123; Heller et al. 2005:232–236). This gastropod was brought to the site during the Roman, Byzantine and Abbasid periods, probably unintentionally.

851

CHAPTER 25: THE MOLLUSCS FROM STRATA VII–I

Potomida littoralis delesserti and Unio mancus eucirrus are freshwater bivalves common in streams, and could have originated in the Mediterranean coastal area. They were brought to the site during the Roman and Abbasid periods. Unio terminalis terminalis is a freshwater bivalve common in the Jordan River and the Sea of Galilee, and was brought to the site during the Roman and Umayyad periods. In all, only eight specimens of local freshwater bivalves were recovered at the site. They were probably brought to the site due to their nacreous inner shells. Fossil Shells Fossil shells are frequently recovered at archaeological sites, but are rarely saved or studied. Sometimes they are found in definite votive contexts such as burials or sanctuaries, for example in the Egyptian mining temple at Timna (Reese 1988:267–268), but they may also have weathered out from building stones, been imported with clays, or randomly collected as curiosities by passersby. In some cases, fossils can reveal interregional connections of the site’s inhabitants (Bar-Yosef Mayer, Gümüş and İslamoğlu 2010:387). Most of the fossils from Givati were found in fills, and they originate in two geological epochs (Table 25.10). One fossil is probably from Pliocene beds, while the others belong to two different ages within the Late Cretaceous––the Campanian and the Cenomanian. The scaphopod fossil of Pliocene date (length 15.6 mm, diameter 7.38–8.95 mm, 23 ribs) must have originated far from Jerusalem, as the nearest Pliocene sediments are known from the coastal plain, and especially from the northwestern Negev (Naḥal Bessor, Be’er Sheva‘) where this Lower–Middle Pliocene Dentalium inaequale has been recorded (Blake 1936). This locality lies along ancient trade routes leading via Gaza, c. 30 km from Jerusalem, to northern Sinai, and thus this fossil probably attracted the eye of someone passing through on his way to Jerusalem. The site of Givati is located on hard limestone beds of the Turonian Age that incline slightly eastward. Thus, the younger Campanian beds occur to the east, and the older Cenomanian strata are exposed west of the site.

Table 25.10. The Fossil Assemblage Geological Period Pliocene

Campanian

Cenomanian

Species

Locus

Archaeological Period

Context

Dentalium inaequale

1628

Byzantine

Fill

Turritella reyi

1992

Late Roman

Collapse

Turritella reyi

1394

Umayyad

Fill

Turritella maussi

2072

Early Roman

Fill

Turritella maussi

1667

Late Roman

Floor

Turritella maussi

1667

Late Roman

Floor

Turritella maussi

1992

Late Roman

Collapse

Turritella maussi

1186

Byzantine

Wall

Venerid sp.

1612

Late Roman

Collapse

Inner core of gastropod

1670

Late Roman

Collapse

Inner core of gastropod

1671

Late Roman

Floor

Lima sp.

1305

Late Abbasid

Fill

852

INBAR KTALAV

The Campanian fossils are silicified, elongated gastropods (Turritellids) weathered out from the lower part of the Mishash Formation, which consists of chalk, porcelanite and chert beds. These beds are exposed on the road between Jerusalem and Jericho, and thus people travelling on this route would have observed the beautiful, brown, elongated shapes of these common fossils. Fossil marine invertebrates from the Campanian Age were discovered in other excavations in Jerusalem (Mienis 1992:122; Reese 1995:272), but their use is unknown. They may have been brought to the city with raw material such as clay or stone, or collected by passersby. The Cenomanian fossils are relatively well-preserved calcareous molds, although some are heavily abraded. The excellent preservation of one of the Cenomanian bivalves (Venerid sp.) indicates that it was removed from friable sediment such as clay or marl. This kind of sediment was quarried for pottery production and transported to the city for processing, and the fossils could have been brought to the city together with this clay. Such a marl-clay layer of the Moẓa Formation is exposed at Mevasseret Ẓiyyon (Mt. Qastel), 10–15 km west of Jerusalem, and was quarried until recent times for pottery and roof-tile production. In addition, a fossil of a Chama sp. was found on an Abbasid floor in Stratum I (L1735). This genus appears both in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, and its provenance and exact geological formation could not be determined. The Uses of the Shells Shellfish Consumption The 426 specimens of Donax trunculus comprise almost 50% of the mollusc assemblage (see Table 25.2); 325 of them originate in Byzantine contexts of secondary deposits such as fills, trenches and drainage channels. Donax trunculus is a small, edible saltwater clam that lives in the sand on exposed beaches of the Mediterranean Basin and can be collected by sifting the sand with a colander. It is a very tasty clam that is often used to make a clam broth (Davidson 2014:867). The shells of Donax trunculus that were found at Givati were well preserved, suggesting that they had been collected alive along the Mediterranean seashore to serve as food in Jerusalem. Another indication that these molluscs served as food is a small, v-shaped incision in the ventral margin of the valve of 13 shells, which is a result of opening the bivalve by inserting and twisting a blade between the valves. This species increased in popularity as a seafood item during the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, and has been found in other excavations in Jerusalem (Reese 1995:266; 2008:455; Mienis 2006b:409). Pendants (Table 25.11) The 35 artificially holed shells found scattered around the site, both gastropods and bivalves, were probably used as personal ornaments. In general, the most common method of forming a shell ornament is to simply perforate the shell. Perforations made by hammering––direct percussion aimed at a point on a shell––are applied to thick shells and leave a rather large

853

CHAPTER 25: THE MOLLUSCS FROM STRATA VII–I

Table 25.11. Pendants Species

Period

Roman

Glycymeris nummaria (n = 25)

Byzantine

Abbasid

Mixed contexts Acanthocardia tuberculata (n = 5)

Abbasid

Bolinus brandaris (n = 3)

Late Roman

Hexaplex trunculus (n = 2)

Late Roman

Semicassis undulata (n = 1)

Late Roman

Locus

Context

Method of Modification

688, 1667, 1995, 1996, 2012, 2023, 2090

Fill (7)

1705, 1719, 1964, 1996

Floor (4)

1560, 1992

Collapse (2)

1834, 1963, 1988

Fill (3)

1549, 1611, 1793

Pit (3)

1415, 1754

Fill (2)

1547

Fill (1)

Grinding

1439, 1567, 1598

Fill (3)

Hammering

1793, 1951

Pit (2)

1405

Fill (1)

1544, 1629

Floor (2)

1659, 1964

Floor (2)

2090

Collapse (1)

1705

Floor (1)

1558

Collapse (1)

2068

Collapse (1)

Hammering

Hammering Hammering

Hammering Grinding Hammering

Hammering Grinding

and ragged hole (Francis 1989:27). Another method of perforation is grinding––rubbing the shell against a hard surface until a hole is worn through––which produces smooth and very distinctive edges (Francis 1989:28–29). Sometimes the two methods are combined: first a hole is created by hammering and then it is smoothed by grinding. While holes in shells caused by sea action often resemble artificial perforation, the edges of the naturally abraded hole tend to be smoother than those made by hammering. In the Givati assemblage, the shells most commonly used as pendants are Glycymeris nummaria (n = 25) and Acanthocardia tuberculata (n = 5), with a hole either hammered (n = 27) or ground in the umbo (n = 3). Perforated Glycymeris nummaria were found in all periods, while perforated Acanthocardia tuberculata appear only in the Abbasid strata. Naturally abraded specimens were also collected from the shore (n = 39). Five muricid shells from the Late Roman period––three Bolinus brandaris and two Hexaplex trunculus––were perforated by hammering in the body whorl, and they could have been used as pendants or other ornaments. Perforated muricids were found at other sites in Early Roman (Ramat Ha-Nadiv), Early Islamic (Ramla South) and Crusader (‘Akko) contexts (Ktalav, pers. obs.; see also Reese 2008:457–458). A fragment of the aperture (lip) of a Semicassis undulata was found in a collapse from the Late Roman period (Fig. 25.1:1). It was ground flat on both sides and has two niches for stringing at each end; thus, this crescent-shaped object probably served as an

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ornament. Worked specimens of Semicassis undulata are known in the Levant from the Neolithic period to the Iron Age in graves and sanctuaries, but also in undefined contexts. The crescent shape of the cassid lip may have been associated with the new moon, symbolizing birth or a new beginning. Such cassid lips were probably tied with strings, as many are not holed (Reese 1989:33–38; Bar-Yosef Mayer 2007). Amulets, Beads and Game Pieces (Table 25.12) Seven specimens belonging to four species of cowry shells were found at Givati. Naria spurca and Luria lurida originate in the Mediterranean Sea and Cypraea pantherina and Monetaria annulus in the Red Sea. Two shells of Cypraea pantherina and one Naria spurca are complete and unmodified, one Luria lurida and one Monetaria annulus had their dorsal side removed by hammering, and one Naria spurca and one Cypraea pantherina had their ventral side ground. The modified Naria spurca, found in a Roman fill, was complete except that the middle teeth of the outer lip were broken (Fig. 25.1:2). Only a fragment of the modified ventral side of the Cypraea pantherina, ground from three sides, was found on a Byzantine floor (Fig. 25.1:3); most of the teeth of the outer lip are broken. Cowries processed in a similar way, with the ventral side ground, were found at Caesarea, one of which had lead poured inside it (Holland 2009:82–83). These shells might have been used for gaming or for divination––if the shell is thrown like a dice, it can fall on one of two sides (the dorsal or the ventral). A photograph taken in Botswana in the 1920s shows a magician and rainmaker of the Kgatla tribe using cowries among his divination bones (Russell and Alexander 2008: Fig. 46). Cowries are known to have symbolic significance associated with fertility and birth or rebirth (Eliade 1961:143; Reese 1991:189), as the form of the ventral side of the shell resembles female genitalia, and the behavior of the animal (its emergence from the shell) is reminiscent of birth. The form of the cowry also resembles a half-open human eye and served as a protective, apotropaic amulet against the evil eye. This belief still exists in many cultures around the world but is strongest around the Mediterranean Basin, in the Middle East and in northwest India (Safer and Gill 1982:140). As imitations of cowries

Table 25.12. Cowries Used as Amulets, Beads and Game Pieces Species

Period

Naria spurca (n = 2)

Late Roman

Luria lurida (n = 1)

Unstratified

Cypraea pantherina (n = 3)

Monetaria annulus (n = 1)

Locus

Context

Method of Modification

1996

Collapse (1)

Unmodified

657

Fill (1)

Ventral side ground

W1306

Wall (1)

Dorsal side removed by hammering

Byzantine

1809

Floor (1)

Ventral side ground

Umayyad

666

Floor (1)

Unmodified

Abbasid

1547

Pit (1)

Unmodified

Umayyad–Abbasid

1490

Fill (1)

Dorsal side removed by hammering

CHAPTER 25: THE MOLLUSCS FROM STRATA VII–I

855

made of other materials such as limestone, bone, glass and precious metals have been found at archaeological sites, it appears that the form of the shell, rather than the shell itself, held significance for the bearer (Safer and Gill 1982:140; Mienis 2005:6; Golani 2009:399; Meir 2009:12). An operculum of Turbo petholatus, also called Cat’s Eye, was found in a collapse from the Roman period. It might have been used as an ornament, a game piece or an amulet (Reese 2002:461; Mienis 2010:307).

1

2

3

4

6

5 0

4

Fig. 25.1. Worked Objects. No.

Locus

Basket

Description

1

2068

30628

Semicassis undulata

2

657

5422

Naria spurca

3

1809

24099

Cypraea pantherina

4

2089

31215

Pinctada margaritifera, shaped as a small jug

5

1992

29790

Pinctada margaritifera, figure in a double skirt

6

1624

19253

Pinctada margaritifera with pre-carving sketch

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In summary, the three complete cowries found at Givati could have been amulets, the two with their dorsum removed could have been used as beads, and the two with the ventral side ground could have been used as game pieces or in divination. In addition, it appears that the different types of modification are not characteristic of a certain period. Ajouré Inlays Seven fragments of Chambardia rubens with at least 18 small round holes (3 mm diam. each) were found in a Byzantine fill (Fig. 25.2). As a few pottery sherds from the Abbasid period were found in the upper layer of this locus, it is possible that the shell fragments also originated in the Abbasid 1 0 period. Another fragment was found on a Stratum II Abbasid floor (Fig. 25.3). These Fig. 25.2. Chambardia rubens (L1962, B26067). fragments seem to be waste material from ajouré (openwork) inlay production, and it is noteworthy that evidence of bone ajouré production was also found in Stratum II (see Chapters 16, 21). Ajouré inlays were common at Caesarea during the Early Islamic and Crusader periods (Ayalon 2005:240–241; Dray 2005:250–251). Decorative Elements Two finished objects of Pinctada margaritifera were found in a Late 1 0 Roman structure. The outer layers had been removed from the exteriors Fig. 25.3. of the shells, and both the inside and outside have a polished, pearly Chambardia rubens (L1320, B12352). appearance. Both objects were probably used as inlays. One has the shape of a small jug (height 22.38 mm, width 14.75 mm, thickness 2 mm; Fig. 25.1:4). The work is very delicate and skilled and the edges are smoothed. The other object is the lower part of a figure in a flowing garment of two parts: a long skirt and a second, shorter skirt above it (height 36.9 mm, width 11.52–32.28 mm, thickness 5.86 mm; Fig. 25.1:5). It seems that the figure is moving toward the left. The work is very skilled, lending an impression of movement and volume. On the base there is a narrow bracket (1.62 mm wide) that could have been used to insert the figure into a niche in another material. A broken piece from a large Pinctada margaritifera was found in a Byzantine fill. The edges are roughly broken but the inner surface bears a delicate pre-carving sketch (Fig. 25.1:6). Based on examples of engraved mother-of-pearl objects from the excavations in the City of David (Mienis 1992:129; 2006a:318) and elsewhere in the Mediterranean region (Reese 1991:189; Michaelides 1995:219–223), it appears that such decorations were carved on the inside of the valve, in a curved band beginning above the hinge, going around the flattish edge of the shell, and ending below the hinge, leaving the central part of the valve free. The partially finished nature of this shell suggests that engraving of mother-of-pearl was carried out locally in Jerusalem during the Byzantine period.

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A round, fractured disk (22 mm diam.) of Pinctada margaritifera was found on an Umayyad floor. The edges are not smooth, indicating that the object was still in the production process (Fig. 25.4). Parallels were found at Busayra dated to 550–300/200 BCE (Reese 2002:459). In addition to the decorative elements made of Pinctada margaritifera, a spire of Conus terebra was recovered from a fill under a Byzantine floor (Fig. 25.5). It was part of a large specimen that was probably about 90 mm long when intact; the diameter of the spire is 37.4 mm and it weighs 19 g. A hole, 4.76 mm in diameter, was made at the apex, but not centered, and part of the internal spire was destroyed. The base of the spire is flat and smooth. Objects of similar shape made of bone are often referred to as spindle whorls or buttons, game pieces, cosmetic-box covers with a hole for a brush, or inlays (Ayalon 2003:49). Based on the criteria of spindle whorls (Becker 2005:166, 169), it could not have served as such, and it is much more plausible that it was a decorative element or a box cover. Pilgrim Souvenirs Two fragments of the black lip variant of Pinctada margaritifera were found in a modern fill, one with straight cuts on three edges of the shell (34.38 × 22.00 mm; Fig. 25.6), and the other with one straight edge (56.16 × 9.64 mm; Fig. 25.7). The black lip variant originates in the Pacific Ocean and during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it was imported to Jerusalem as raw material for inlays in the pilgrim-souvenir industry (Ktalav 2015). Construction Five shells, four Glycymeris nummaria and one Donax trunculus, bear traces of plaster stuck to the shell. Two of the Glycymeris nummaria were part of a Late Roman floor (L1705), the other two originated in fills, one of the Abbasid period (L1340) and the other modern (L1748). The Donax trunculus was found in a drain of the Byzantine period (L1852). Shells were often incorporated into building material, in both walls and floors, as a coarse aggregate instead of gravel, mainly at coastal sites where they were easily available and arrived along with the sea sand. However, the incorporation of shells in construction material in Jerusalem is sporadic.

1

0

Fig. 25.4. Pinctada margaritifera (L1498, B15794).

1

0

Fig. 25.5. Conus terebra (L748, B8301).

1

0

Fig. 25.6. Pinctada margaritifera (black lip) (L1428, B14983).

0

1

Fig. 25.7. Pinctada margaritifera (L1303, B12534).

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Container for Pigments One shell of the Nilotic bivalve Chambardia rubens was found in a collapse from the Late Roman period (L1996, B28681) with a lump of red ocher inside the valve (not illustrated). The iron oxides goethite and hematite, the major components of ocher, are widely distributed throughout Israel, from Timna and the craters in the Negev in the south, to near Qiryat Shemona in the north (Ilani and Porat 1993). Ocher was used as a pigment from very early times (Hovers et al. 2003; D’errico 2008; Hoffmann et al. 2018). One of the earliest known examples of the use of a shell as a pigment container was discovered in a 100,000 yearold cave in South Africa. The cave was used as a workshop for the production of an ocher mixture that was stored inside abalone (Haliotis midae) shells (Henshilwood et al. 2011). Another example from the same period was found in Qafzeh Cave in northern Israel, where valves of Glycymeris sp. bore traces of ocher inside and outside the shell. As the shells were perforated in this case, it is more plausible that they were used as personal ornaments rather than containers (Hovers et al. 2003; for other examples of the use of ocher-stained shells as ornaments, see Errico 2008; Zilhão et al. 2010). During the Roman period, ocher was used in wall paintings (Mazzocchin, Agnoli and Salvadori 2004). An ocherous brown pigment was also applied on a miniature bone icon recovered on the Byzantine Street 1886 at Givati (see Chapter 8). As the shell from Givati contained a lump of ocher inside the valve, no ocher stains on the exterior, and was unperforated, I suggest it served as a container for pigment rather than as an ornament, as did examples far earlier than the Roman period, and as recent as medieval times (Ktalav, pers. obs.). Mold-Models for Shell-Shaped Lead Objects Three lead objects shaped like bivalves of Acanthocardia tuberculata were discovered in the excavation, two in a Late Roman context (L2090) and one in an Abbasid fill (L1401).3 Such shell-shaped objects are usually ascribed to the Roman period, although most of them were found in unstratified layers, as at Caesarea (Holland 2009:59–64), Ramat HaNadiv (Hadad 2009:75–77) and Tel Dor (Nagar-Hillman 2004:72–73). A small number were found in well-stratified contexts, such as three objects from Ḥorbat Shallale (Mount Carmel) that were dated to the Early Roman period (Mienis 2009:425–426), and one dated to the Late Roman period from Legio, Kefar ‘Otnnay in the Jezre’el Valley (Yotam Tepper, pers. comm. 2010). A clay mold for the production of these lead objects was created by inserting the shell into clay, thereby transferring the pattern of the dorsal side of the shell to the mold. Heated lead was then poured into the clay mold. Such a clay mold was found at Maresha (Holland 2009:88). These shell-shaped objects are often referred to in excavation reports as ‘weights’, although they apparently do not belong to any known weight system. At Caesarea, 80 such

3

These objects will be discussed in the forthcoming volume Givati III.

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weights range from 4.35 to 126.4 g, and Holland suggests that they may have been cult objects, decorations, game pieces or small ingots sold by weight (2009:59–64).

Summary Marine and freshwater shells and fossils do not occur naturally in the immediate vicinity of the Givati site and were brought there intentionally or indirectly by the inhabitants. While the few freshwater shells of Melanopsis buccinoidea and some of the fossils originated on the outskirts of Jerusalem, the majority of the molluscs were brought from the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Indo-Pacific Ocean, the Nile River, and some freshwater shells from the Mediterranean coast and the Jordan River or Sea of Galilee, demonstrating the farreaching contacts of the inhabitants of Jerusalem. The fossils were not perforated or worked in any way, and reached the site indirectly along with building materials or clay, or were collected as curiosities or souvenirs by travelers arriving to Jerusalem along the roadways from the east or the west. Throughout the various periods, different molluscs were used in different ways. During the Roman period, shells were used as pendants, amulets or objects for gaming or divination, as a pigment container, as a model for shell-shaped lead objects and as aggregate in construction materials. In the Byzantine period, the main use of molluscs was consumption, but they were also used as pendants and as decorative mother-of-pearl items. Such decorative items were also found in Umayyad contexts. During the Abbasid period, shells were used as pendants, ajouré inlays and construction material. It seems that a workshop for the production of shell ornaments and inlays was active at the site, mainly during the Abbasid period, coexisting alongside a bone workshop in the same period. During the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, shells of Pinctada margaritifera were imported to Jerusalem as a raw material for the pilgrim-souvenir industry. The study of the shell assemblage from Givati is an important contribution to our understanding of the far-reaching contacts and everyday activities, symbolism and beliefs, technological capabilities and crafts in Jerusalem during the Roman–Islamic periods.

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R eferences Ayalon E. 2003. The Assemblage of Bone and Ivory Artifacts from Caesarea Maritima, Israel, 1st– 13th centuries CE. Ph.D. diss. Bar-Ilan University. Ramat Gan (Hebrew; English summary, pp. I–IV). Ayalon E. 2005. The Bone Industry at Caesarea Maritima, Israel, 1st–13th Centuries CE. In H. Luik, A.M. Choyke, C.E. Batey and L. Lõugas eds. From Hooves to Horns, from Molluscs to Mammoth: Manufacture and Use of Bone Artifacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present (Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the ICAZ Worked Bone Research Group at Tallinn, 26th–31st of August 2003) (Muinasaja Teadus 15). Tallinn. Pp. 229–246. Barash A. and Danin Z. 1992. Fauna Palaestina Mollusca I: Annotated List of Mediterranean Molluscs of Israel and Sinai. Jerusalem. Bar-Yosef Mayer D.E. 2007. Archaeomalacological Research in Israel: The Current State of Research. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 56:191–206. Bar-Yosef Mayer D.E., Gümüş B.A and İslamoğlu Y. 2010. Fossil Hunting in the Neolithic: Shells from the Taurus Mountains at Çatalhöyük, Turkey. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 25/3:375–392. Becker C. 2005. Spindle Whorls or Buttons? Ambiguous Bone Artifacts from a Bronze Age Castelliere on Istria. In H. Luik, A.M. Choyke, C.E. Batey and L. Lõugas eds. From Hooves to Horns, from Molluscs to Mammoth: Manufacture and Use of Bone Artifacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present (Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the ICAZ Worked Bone Research Group at Tallinn, 26th–31st of August 2003) (Muinasaja Teadus 15). Tallinn. Pp. 157–174. Ben-Ami D. and Tchekhanovets Y. 2013. A Roman Mansion Found in the City of David. IEJ 63:164–173. Blake G.S. 1936. The Stratigraphy of Palestine and Its Building Stones. Jerusalem. Dafni J. 2000. Gulf of Eilat, from the Red Sea to the Red Line. Tel Aviv (Hebrew). Davidson A. 2014. The Oxford Companion to Food (3rd ed.). Oxford.‫‏‬ Dray Y. 2005. The Technology of Bone and Ivory Crafting in Caesarea Maritima, Israel. In H. Luik, A.M. Choyke, C.E. Batey and L. Lõugas eds. From Hooves to Horns, from Molluscs to Mammoth: Manufacture and Use of Bone Artifacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present (Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the ICAZ Worked Bone Research Group at Tallinn, 26th–31st of August 2003) (Muinasaja Teadus 15). Tallinn. Pp. 247–252. Eliade M. 1961. Images and Symbols: Studies in Religious Symbolism. London. Errico F. d’. 2008. Le rouge et le noir: Implications of Early Pigment Use in Africa, the Near East and Europe for the Origin of Cultural Modernity. In M. Lombard, C. Sievers and W. Ward eds. Current Themes in Middle Stone Age Research (Goodwin Series 10). Vlaeberg, South Africa. Pp. 168–174.‫‏‬ Francis P. Jr. 1989. The Manufacture of Beads from Shell. In C.F. Hayes III, L. Ceci and C.C. Bonder eds. Proceedings of the 1989 Shell Bead Conference. New York. Pp. 25–35. Golani A. 2009. The Development, Significance and Function of Jewelry and the Evolution of the Jeweler’s Craft in the Land of Israel during the Iron Age II. Ph.D. diss. Tel Aviv University. Tel Aviv.

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Hadad S. 2009. The Oil Lamps and Other Small Finds from Horvat ‘Eleq. In Y. Tepper and O. PelegBarkat. Horvat ‘Eleq (Khirbet Umm el-‘Aleq) at Ramat Hanadiv: Preliminary Report of the 2000–2005 Seasons; In Memory of Prof. Yizhar Hirschfeld. Jerusalem. Pp. 61–80. Heiman E.L. 2002. Cowries of East Sinai. Jerusalem. Heller J. 2009. Land Snails of the Land of Isra: Natural History and a Field Guide. Sofia–Moscow. Heller J., Mordan P., Ben-Ami F. and Sivan N. 2005. Conchometrics, Systematics and Distribution of Melanopsis (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the Levant. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144:229–260. Henshilwood C.S., Errico F. d’, Niekerk K.L. van, Coquinot Y., Jacobs Z., Lauritzen S. E., Menu M. and García-Moreno R. 2011. A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Science 334:219–222.‫‏‬ Hoffmann D.L., Angelucci D.E., Villaverde V., Zapata J. and Zilhão J. 2018. Symbolic Use of Marine Shells and Mineral Pigments by Iberian Neandertals 115,000 Years Ago. Science Advances 4(2):1–6. Holland L. 2009. Weights and Weight-Like Objects from Caesarea Maritime. Ḥadera. Hovers E., Ilani S., Bar-Yosef O. and Vandermeersch B. 2003. An Early Case of Color Symbolism: Ochre Use by Modern Humans in Qafzeh Cave 1. Current Anthropology 44:491–522.‫‏‬ Ilani S. and Porat N. 1993. Composition and Source of Pigments in Antiquity (Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/31/93). Jerusalem. Ktalav I. 2015. Button Waste and Religious Souvenirs in the Holy Land, during the 19th and Early 20th Centuries. Quaternary International 390:133–145. Mazzocchin G.A., Agnoli F. and Salvadori M. 2004. Analysis of Roman Age Wall Paintings Found in Pordenone, Trieste and Montegrotto. Talanta 64:732–741. Meir C. 2009. Chinese Coins: Chinese Means of Payment throughout History. Tel Aviv. Michaelides D. 1995. Cyprus and the Persian Gulf in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods: The Case of Pinctada margaritifera. In V. Karageorghis and D. Michaelides eds. Cyprus and the Sea (Proceedings of the International Symposium, Nicosia 25–26 September, 1993). Nicosia. Pp. 211–226. Mienis H.K. 1992. Molluscs. In A. de Groot and D.T. Ariel eds. Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh III: Stratigraphical, Environmental, and Other Reports (Qedem 33). Jerusalem. Pp. 122–130. Mienis H.K. 2005. Some Brief Notes on Imitation Cowries Found at Archaeological Sites. The Archaeo+Malacology Group Newsletter 8:6–7. Mienis H.K. 2006a. Shells. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 III: Area E and Other Studies; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 316–319. Mienis H.K. 2006b. Shells from Area A. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 III: Area E and Other Studies; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 408–410. Mienis H.K. 2009. A Report Concerning the Shells from the Excavation of H. Shallale. In S. Dar. Shallale: Ancient City of Carmel (BAR Int. S. 1897). Oxford. Pp. 421–426.

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Mienis H.K. 2010. Shells. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 IV: The Burnt House of Area B and Other Studies; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 305–307. Nagar-Hillman O. 2004. Typology, Chronology and Metrology of the Metal Weights from Tel-Dor from the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Periods. M.A. thesis. University of Haifa. Haifa (Hebrew). Poppe G.T. and Goto Y. 1991a. European Seashells 1: Polyplacophora, Caudofoveata, Solenogastra, Gastropoda). Wiesbaden. Poppe G.T. and Goto, Y. 1991b. European Seashells 2: Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda. Wiesbaden. Reese D.S. 1988. Recent Invertebrates as Votive Gifts; Addendum: Fossils as Votives from Archaeological Sites. In B. Rothenberg ed. The Egyptian Mining Temple at Timna (Researches in the Arabah 1959–1983 I; Metal in History 2). London. Pp. 260–268. Reese D.S. 1989. On Cassid Lips and Helmet Shells. BASOR 275:33–39. Reese D.S. 1991. The Trade of Indo-Pacific Shells into the Mediterranean Basin and Europe. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 10:159–196. Reese D.S. 1995. Marine Invertebrates and Other Shells from Jerusalem (Sites A, C and L). In I. Eshel and K. Prag eds. Excavations by K.M. Kenyon in Jerusalem 1961–1967 IV: The Iron Age Cave Deposits on the South-East Hill and Isolated Burials and Cemeteries Elsewhere (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 6). Oxford. Pp. 265–278. Reese D.S. 2002. Fossil and Recent Marine Invertebrates. In P. Bienkowski. Busayra: Excavations by Crystal-M. Bennett 1971–1980 (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 13). Oxford. Pp. 441–469. Reese D.S. 2008. Shells from Jerusalem: Sites B, D, E, J, S and V. In K. Prag. Excavations by K.M. Kenyon in Jerusalem 1961–1967 V: Discoveries in Hellenistic to Ottoman Jerusalem; Centenary Volume Kathleen M. Kenyon 1906–1978 (Levant Suppl. S. 7). Oxford. Pp. 455–466. Russell J.B. and Alexander B. 2008. A New History of Witchcraft. Tel Aviv (Hebrew). Safer J.F. and Gill F.M. 1982. Spirals from the Sea: An Anthropological Look at Shells. New York. Zilhão J., Angelucci D.E., Badal-García E., Errico F. d’, Daniel F., Dayet L., Douka K., Highamg T.F.G., Martínez-Sánchez M.J., Montes-Bernárdez R. and Murcia-Mascarós S. 2010. Symbolic Use of Marine Shells and Mineral Pigments by Iberian Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(3):1023–1028.

Appendix 25.1: Chemical and Mineralogical Analyses of a Lump of R ed Pigment from Strata VI Irina Segal A lump of red pigment was discovered inside a shell of Chambardia rubens, in a Late Roman context (L1996, B28681). The chemical analysis was carried out using a Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with an Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS, Jeol 840). The mineralogical composition of the sample, carried out by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD, Phillips PW 3710) with scanning in the range of 3–70, was determined as quartz, calcite, ferrihydrite (Fig. 25.8). The results of the chemical analysis are presented in Table 25.13. The sample contains alumosilicates with various amounts of calcium, magnesium and titanium and various concentrations of iron (ferrihydrite, Fe5O7 (OH).4H2O; Calcite CaCo3; Quartz SiO2), and can thus be identified as the pigment ocher. Table 25.13. Chemical Composition of Red Pigment (in wt. %) Si

Al

Ca

Mg

Na

Ti

Fe

P

6

1.8

9

1

0.6

0.1

15

0.6

(Abbrevations: cal = calcite, Q = quartz, ferrihyd = ferrihydrite)

Fig. 25.8. XRD of Sample (L1996, B28681).

D. Ben-Ami, Y. Tchekhanovets, 2020, Jerusalem: Givati Parking Lot II (IAA Reports 66)

Chapter 26

The Faunal R emains from Strata V–I R am Bouchnick

Introduction The large, rich faunal assemblages retrieved during the 2008–2010 excavation seasons from Byzantine (Stratum V), Umayyad (Stratum IV) and Abbasid (Strata III–I) contexts, comprise a significant contribution to our knowledge of Jerusalem during these periods. The description of the assemblages includes species representation, demographic composition, bone-surface modifications and skeletal-parts profiles, together with a tentative analysis of spatial distribution in each stratum. The assemblages reveal a wide range of animal species, including domestic livestock, wild game, small mammals (carnivores and rodents) and domesticated and wild birds.1

Methodology Most of the animal bones were manually collected during excavation, although selected loci underwent careful sieving (mainly Byzantine floors and Abbasid pits). All the animal bones were examined, documented and sorted according to identified and unidentified fragments in the laboratory. Bones from poorly defined or mixed loci (as defined by the excavators) were excluded from the analysis. Taxonomic identification was carried out to species and element using the comparative collection of the Laboratory of Archaeozoology, University of Haifa. When necessary, morphological markers aided in the differentiation of closely related species (e.g., Davis 1987). For example, separation of sheep (Ovis aries) from goat (Capra hircus) was based on morphological criteria of selected bones (following Boessneck 1969; Zeder and Lapham 2010), and skeletal elements that could not be identified to species were combined in a caprine (Capra/Ovis) category. Horse (Equus caballus) and donkey (Equus asinus), or their crossbreeds, were differentiated based on teeth or post-cranial elements that could be identified as to species (Davis 1980). Equid specimens that could not be identified to species were combined in an Equid sp. category. The bones of the various taxa were quantified for minimum number of elements (MNE) and minimum number of individuals (MNI). These values were calculated based

The complete research protocol and dataset for each of the identified zooarchaeological specimens are stored in the IAA archives, or may be acquired from the author. Fish remains from the Abbasid strata are discussed in Chapter 27. 1

866

RAM BOUCHNICK

on the assumptions described in Klein and Cruz-Uribe (1984) and Lyman (2008). Number of identified specimens (NISP) was used as the basic measure of taxonomic abundance (Grayson 1984). The mortality profiles of the major culled species were determined on the basis of epiphyseal closure (Silver 1969). Calculation of the ratio between juvenile and adult individuals was based on selected epiphyses that fused around the age of two years (Davis 1983). The recorded bones were inspected for natural macroscopic surface modifications, such as weathering marks (Behrensmeyer 1978), root etching (Lyman 1994) and signs of animal activity (e.g., rodent gnawing, carnivore punctures, digestion; Lyman 1994). Human-induced modification such as cut marks were coded according to Binford (1981) and classified into three categories representing the stages in the butchery sequence: removal of the skin, dismemberment of the carcass, and cutting and filleting of meat from the bones. There were some signs of sawing, chopping and carving, which are mostly indicative of a bone-working industry (see Chapter 16). Evidence of burning was recorded according to Stiner et al. (1995).

The Faunal Assemblages Species Representation This report presents a comprehensive analysis of 3,064 animal remains from the Byzantine and Early Islamic strata. In Table 26.1, NISP and MNI counts are presented according to strata. Tables 26.2–26.4 present the taxa frequencies for each period, and Fig. 26.1 illustrates the distribution of the dominant taxa in the three main periods. Appendix 26.1 documents the dimensions of all measurable bones,2 and Appendix 26.2 records the distribution of all the identified and non-identified bone remains according to stratum and locus. The faunal assemblage of each stratum is dominated by sheep and goat (caprine), and to a lesser extent by domestic cattle (Bos taurus). The distribution of major livestock in the three periods reveals significant differences (x2 = 434.47, p < 2.2e-16). These frequencies may be indicative of the role of livestock, both for their meat and their secondary products (milk, wool, etc.), in the Jerusalem economy during each period. On the basis of taxonomically distinctive features, varying trends in goat and sheep representation can be identified in the different periods. In the Byzantine and Abbasid assemblages, sheep were slightly more numerous than goats, while in the Umayyad period, goats dominate the assemblage (Fig. 26.2). Caprine sexing can be reliably based on humeri, especially goat humeri that exhibit well-expressed sexual dimorphism; sheep humeri, on the other hand, show a significant overlap between the sexes (Davis 1996, 2000). However, examination of the ratio between distal humeri width (Bd) and length (HDH; Dreisch 1976)

Bone measurements were recorded to 0.1 mm using a digital caliper (Sylvac model S225). The measurements were registered into a standard Windows Excel worksheet using OptoFace (version 1.01) software. 2

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I

867

Table 26.1. Taxa Representation in the Byzantine, Umayyad and Abbasid Periods* Period

Stratum

Total NISP

Total MNI

Taxa

Byzantine

V

789

51

Bos taurus, Caprine, Capra hircus, Ovis aries, Sus scrofa, Equid, Camelus dromedarius, Dama mesopotamica, Canis familiaris, Felis domesticus, Vulpes vulpes, Rodent, Gallus domesticus, Columba livia, Alectoris chukar, Passeriformes, molluscs*, fish**

Umayyad

IV

227

17

Bos taurus, Caprine, Capra hircus, Ovis aries, Sus scrofa, Equus caballus, Equid, Camelus dromedarius, Gallus domesticus, molluscs*

III

1,098

86

Abbasid II

904

I

46

Total Total

Bos taurus, Caprine, Capra hircus, Ovis aries, Sus scrofa, Equid, Camelus dromedarius, cervus elaphus, Gazella gazella, Canis familiaris, Vulpes vulpes, Martes foina, Vormela peregusna, Rodent, Gallus domesticus, Columba livia, Gyps fulvus, Garrulus glandarius, Passeriformes, Testudo graeca, molluscs*, fish** Bos taurus, Caprine, Capra hircus, Ovis aries, Sus scrofa, Equus asinus, Equid, Camelus dromedarius, Dama mesopotamica, Gazella gazella, Canis familiaris, Felis domesti, Vulpes vulpes, Herpestes ichneumon, Martes foina, Meles meles, Rodent, Gallus domesticus, Columba livia, Testudo graeca, molluscs*, fish** Bos taurus, Caprine, Capra hircus, Ovis aries, Sus scrofa, Equid, Felis domesticus, Gallus domesticus

2,048

 

3,064

 

* For details of the molluscs, see Chapter 25 ** For details of the Abbasid fish findings, see Chapter 27

in eleven caprine specimens (Fig. 26.3) did not allow clear identification of species or sex due to the small sample size. Significant chronological trends were observed in the cattle distribution, with the lowest frequency (3%) in the Byzantine period, rising to 15% and 21% in the Umayyad and Abbasid periods respectively (see Fig. 26.1). The presence of pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) is of ethnic-cultural significance (Hesse 1990; Cope 1999; Bouchnick 2010, 2016, 2018), and in the present assemblages their frequencies differ significantly between the Byzantine and Umayyad strata, in which they appear in larger numbers and are distributed throughout multiple loci, and the Abbasid strata, which present only isolated bones (see Fig. 26.1). The pig remains from the three periods were identified as domestic animals based on metric data. Additional evidence for the domestic status is seen in the dominance of piglets in the demographic profile (Table 26.5). Other livestock are evidenced by a small number of equid bones; a single tooth was identified as belonging to a donkey (Equus asinus). In addition, a low frequency of camel (Camelus dromedarius) was noted in all three periods. Isolated remains of herbivorous game animals such as red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica) were also found, as well as domestic carnivores such as dog (Canis familiaris) and cat (Felis domesticus), and wild carnivores such as fox (Vulpes vulpes), European badger

868

RAM BOUCHNICK

70% 60%

138

445

1208

50% 40% 30%

205

434

20%

33

71

10%

25

0%

15

11

11

12

6

Byzantine (n = 789) Cattle

32 12

51

Ummayad (n = 227)

Caprine

Pig

Equid + Camel

41

85

150 25

54

Abbasid (n = 2,048)

Carnivore

Fowl

Rodent

Other

Fig. 26.1. Distribution of dominant taxa. 100%

Ovis aries 4

80%

Capra hircus

42

98

60%

40% 7 82

40

20%

0%

Byzantine

Umayyad

Abbasid

Fig. 26.2. Distribution of identified sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus).

20 19 18

HDH (mm)

17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

20

25

30

35

40

Bd (mm)

Fig. 26.3. Caprine sexing by body-size: comparison of humeri measurements (HDH and Bd) in the Abbasid strata.

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I

869

(Meles meles), Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon, Fig. 26.4), marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna) and beech marten (Martes foina); most of these were retrieved from the Abbasid strata (Pits 1578, 2438, Cistern 2229). Remains of rodents living alongside humans (commensal) were also present. The domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) is another prominent species, important for providing animal protein (meat and eggs), and is represented in all strata at a moderate rate of 5–9% (see Fig. 26.1). Other birds such as pigeons (Columba livia) and song birds (Passeriformes) were present in the Byzantine and Abbasid assemblages, Partridge (Alectoris chukar) in a Byzantine context and griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) in an Abbasid context. Reptile remains were recovered only from Abbasid strata, mainly due to sieving; four of them belong to a Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca). The large numbers of fish bones were clearly affected by the sieving. They originated predominantly in the Abbasid strata, with much fewer in the Byzantine and Umayyad strata (see Chapter 27). Analysis of the Givati assemblages provides a number of insights into the preservation patterns of the faunal remains. The presence of bones of small carnivores, song birds, reptiles and fish are clearly indicative of the careful sieving of the sediments from Byzantine floors and Abbasid pits. In addition, it is noteworthy that bone-density-mediated attrition is not a main factor affecting the conservation of mammal skeletal parts at this site, as evidenced by the preservation ratio of 1.3:1 of fused (n = 34) to unfused (n = 25) caprine humeri bones. Thus, it seems that the composition of the faunal assemblages at Givati was influenced mainly by the meat-consumption patterns of the ancient residents, and to some extent by the collection methods during excavation, rather than by post-depositional processes.

Fig. 26.4. Mandibles of Herpestes ichneumon from Stratum II Cistern 2229.

1

NISP

1

MNE

1

3

Vertebrae

Rib

2

Metacarpus

11

28

27

1

1

3

15

12

13

1

Astragalus

1

3

Tibia

1

1

23

Metatarsus

1

Femur

2

Calcaneus

1

Pelvic

Hindlimb

1

Ulna

12

23

1

18 1

1

10

35

5

6

Radius

 

3

1 

1

18

Humerus

Scapula

Forelimb

1

Axis

Atlas

Trunk

Maxillary teeth

24

12

10

24

8

6

19

11 

18

16

10

28 

5 

5 

18

35 

2

9

2

1

1

 

2

2

4

2

9

2

1

1

2

 

2

4

1

4

2

1

1

5

3

6

1

4

2

1

1

5

3

6

13

3

5

4

4

7

17

9

1

4

9

20

1

29

41

2  4

12

3

4

4

3

4

17

7

1

4

9

19

1

28

39

 

MNE

Sus scrofa NISP

35 

1

MNE

Mandibular teeth

1

NISP

2 6 

2 

MNE

Ovis aries

4

3 

NISP

Capra hircus

6 2 

MNE

Capra/Ovis

Mandibular ramus

2

NISP

Bos taurus

Skull frag.

Horn

Head

A Livestock and ungulates 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1 

 

 

1

2

 

2

 

NISP

1 

1

2

1

MNE

Equus sp.

1

 

 

1

MNE

Camelus dromedarius NISP

Table 26.2. NISP, MNE and MNI of Taxa in the Byzantine Period (Stratum V)

1

NISP

1

MNE

Dama mesopotamica.

Total

870 RAM BOUCHNICK

2

Phalanx 3

Synsacrum

Sacrum

Rib

Vertebrae

1

2

Mandibular Teeth

Trunk

1

NISP

Skull frag.

Head

B Small mammals, birds

12

46%

363  

 

1

2

1

MNE

1

1

NISP

1

1

MNE

Felis domesticus

MNI

 

10 

11

3

34

MNE

Canis familiaris

*% NISP

2

12

11

4

34

NISP

321

NISP

 

 

2

2

3

MNE

Capra/Ovis

25

Unidentified long bones

MNE

2

 

25

3%

 

Metapodial

Other

3

2

Phalanx 1

NISP

Bos taurus

Phalanx 2

Toes

A Livestock and ungulates 

1

40

  

 

 

 

2

8

8

MNE

1

MNE

Carnivore* NISP

5

6%

40

2

8

8

NISP

Capra hircus

1

43

 

 

 

2

10

6

MNE

1

MNE

Rodent* NISP

3

6%

42

2

10

6

NISP

Ovis aries

193

4

3

10

12

MNE

2

1

NISP

2

1

MNE

Gallus domesticus

8

26%

205

4

4

3

10

12

NISP

Sus scrofa

Table 26.2 (cont)

1 

2

1

9

 

 

2

1

 

MNE

NISP

MNE

Columba livia

1

1%

10

 

NISP

Equus sp.

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

MNE

MNE

Wild Aves* NISP

1

0%

1

 

 

 

 

NISP

Camelus dromedarius

1

0%

1

 

 

 

 

NISP

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total

MNE

Dama mesopotamica.

Total

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I

871

1

MNE

3

1

NISP

3

1

MNE

8

2

2

1 3

1 4

11 3

1% 11

8

9%

71

70

10

15

12

10

* Carnivore: Vulpes vulpes, Unidentified; Rodent: Rattus rattus, Spalax sp.; Wild Aves: Alectoris chukar, Passeriformes ** % NISP calculated according to the whole assemblages (A and B).

7

1

MNI

MNE

1%

% NISP** 1%

5

7

NISP 0%

1

Unidentified long bones

Metapodial

Other

Phalanx

3

11

Toes

15

13

Tarsometatarsus

1

2

4

Tibiotarsus

1

2

Tibia

Calcaneus

4

Femur

Pelvic

Hindlimb

10

Coracoid

2

3

6

8

MNE

Gallus domesticus NISP

2

1

1

MNE

Carpometacarpus

1

1

NISP

Rodent*

3

1

NISP

Carnivore*

Ulna

1

MNE

Felis domesticus

6

1

NISP

Canis familiaris

Radius

Humerus

Scapula

Forelimb

B Small mammals, birds

Table 26.2 (cont)

1

0%

2

2

NISP

2

2

MNE

Columba livia

3

0%

3

1

1

1

NISP

3

1

1

1

MNE

Wild Aves*

51

100%

789

Total

872 RAM BOUCHNICK

 

 

 

1

 

Axis

Thoracic

Vertebrae

Rib

Synsacrum

1

1

2

3

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Metacarpus

1

1

1

1

 

1

Pelvic

Femur

Tibia

Astragalus

Calcaneus

Metatarsus

Hindlimb

 

Scapula

Forelimb

 

Atlas

Trunk

1

 

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

 

 

1

 

 

 

 

4

7

1

1

2

1

5

3

4

5

11

2

8

9

12

 

 

21

4

3

Maxillary teeth

 

1

NISP

9

 

Mandibular ramus

 

MNE

9

6

1

1

1

1

4

3

4

4

6

2

8

8

 

 

20

9

3

1

MNE

Capra/Ovis

Mandibular teeth

 

Horn

Head

NISP

Bos taurus

 

1

 

 

 

2

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NISP

 

1

 

 

 

2

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MNE

Capra hircus

 

 

 

 

 

2

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NISP

 

 

 

 

 

2

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MNE

Ovis aries

4

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

3

3

3

 

1

 

 

 

6

1

 

 

NISP

4

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

3

2

3

 

1

 

 

 

6

1

 

 

MNE

Sus scrofa

 

 

2

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6

 

NISP

 

 

2

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6

 

MNE

Equus sp.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NISP

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MNE

Camelus dromedarius

Table 26.3. NISP, MNE and MNI of Taxa in the Umayyad Period (Stratum IV)

 

 

 

 

5

 

1

 

 

 

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NISP

 

 

 

 

5

 

1

 

 

 

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MNE

Gallus domesticus

Total

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I

873

 

Tarsometatarsus

2

5

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 3

33

15%

1

Total NISP

% NISP

Total MNI

 

1

Unidentified long bones

Total MNE

3

Metapodial

Other

5

Phalanx 1

Toes

 

Tibio-tarsus

NISP

30

 

 

 

 

2

4

2

4

 

 

MNE

Bos taurus

3

11

1

7

 

5

56 %

127

 

 

 

NISP

1

7

110

 

 

 

 

10

 

 

 

MNE

Capra/Ovis

 

1

3%

7

 

 

 

2

 

 

NISP

7

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

MNE

Capra hircus

 

1

2%

4

 

 

 

 

 

NISP

4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MNE

Ovis aries

1

1

 

3

14%

32

 

 

 

 

NISP

31

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

 

MNE

Sus scrofa

Table 26.3 (cont.)

1

 

1

5%

11

 

 

 

 

 

NISP

11

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

 

 

MNE

Equus sp.

 

1

0%

1

 

 

 

1

 

 

NISP

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

 

MNE

Camelus dromedarius

 

4

5%

12

 

 

 

 

3

2

NISP

12

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

2

MNE

Gallus domesticus

 

17

100%

227

Total

874 RAM BOUCHNICK

21

8

Mandibular teeth

Maxillary teeth

1

15

24

Axis

Vertebrae

Rib

6

6

3

11

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Metacarpus

1

2

6

13

8

Calcaneus

Metatarsus

40

34

22

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 3

Toes

27

31

Astragalus

8

20

34

36

8

12

16

14

Femur

5

8

3

3

4

1

15

12

8

20

12

3

MNE

Tibia

8

Pelvic

Hindlimb

1

Scapula

Forelimb

2

Atlas

Trunk

5

24

Skull frag.

NISP

Bos taurus

Horn

Head

A Livestock and ungulates

19

25

45

23

17

36

60

56

45

24

32

40

54

31

154

46

4

14

42

78

45

23

NISP

19

25

40

22

16

32

35

16

25

21

24

18

20

26

104

36

2

13

41

74

36

10

MNE

Capra/Ovis

6

17

35

2

5

7

4

1

1

1

1

2

NISP

6

17

34

2

5

7

4

1

1

1

1

2

MNE

Capra hircus

8

18

32

12

18

1

1

1

1

6

NISP

8

17

30

12

17

1

1

1

1

6

MNE

Ovis aries

4

3

3

1

1

2

3

3

3

1

4

10

1

3

6

NISP

4

3

3

1

1

2

3

3

3

1

4

10

1

3

6

MNE

Sus scrofa

2

2

6

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

3

2

NISP

2

2

6

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

3

2

MNE

Equus sp.*

1

1

1

NISP

1

1

1

MNE

Camelus dromedarius

Table 26.4. NISP, MNE and MNI of Taxa in the Abbasid Period (Strata III–I)

1

NISP

1

MNE

Cervus elaphus

3

3

1

NISP

3

3

1

MNE

Gazella gazella

Total

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I

875

11 14

Synsacrum

4

Sternum

1

1

NISP

9

2

MNE

51

3

14

7

9

2

4

MNE

Gallus domesticus

3

2%

51

5

MNE

Sus scrofa NISP

Coracoid

2

1

1

2

NISP

Rodent*

94

MNE

2

2

1

1

6

5

MNE

9

5%

98

NISP

Ovis aries

Furcula

Rib

1

6

5

NISP

1

1

1

MNE

81

MNE

Carnivore*

4

4%

82

NISP

Capra hircus

Vertebrae

Trunk

Maxillary teeth

1

NISP 1

MNE

Mandibular teeth

NISP

695

17

MNE

Felis domesticus

18

51%

1028

97

18

NISP

Capra/Ovis

Skull frag.

Head

B Small mammals, birds, reptiles

274

17

MNE

Canis familiaris

14

MNE

22%

434

NISP

MNI

93

% NISP**

28

Unidentified long bones

NISP

Bos taurus

Metapodial

Other

A Livestock and ungulates

Table 26.4 (cont.)

37

12

MNE

1

5

3

NISP

1

5

3

MNE

Columba livia

1

2%

38

1

12

NISP

Equus sp.*

3

MNE

MNE

Gyps fulvus NISP

1

0%

3

NISP

Camelus dromedarius

1

MNE

1

2

NISP

1

2

MNE

Passeriformes

1

0%

1

NISP

Cervus elaphus

2

1

7

MNE

2

1

MNE

Reptile* NISP

1

0%

7

NISP

Gazella gazella

Total

Total

876 RAM BOUCHNICK

1

8

Tibia

3

2 14

9 67

11

5

8

7

2

8

6

2

2

MNE

1

5

1%

26

4

7

7

2

1

NISP

25

4

7

7

2

1

MNE

Rodent*

8

8%

153

5

3

12

23

2

17

2

9

9

22

9

NISP

134

3

10

14

2

15

2

8

9

16

9

MNE

Gallus domesticus

3

1%

25

4

2

2

3

2

1

2

NISP

25

4

2

2

3

2

1

2

MNE

Columba livia

1

0%

2

2

NISP

2

2

MNE

Gyps fulvus

2

0%

6

2

1

NISP

6

1

MNE

Passeriformes

3

0%

9

3

3

NISP

4

3

MNE

Reptile*

*Equus sp.: Equus assinus, Equus cabalus; Carnivore: Herpestes ichneumon, Meles meles, Martes foina, Vormela peregusna, Vulpes Vulpes; Rodent: Rattus rattus, Mus musculus, Microtus guentheri; Reptile: Testudo greca ** % NISP calculated according to the whole assemblages (A and B)

Total MNE

1

Total MNI

3%

68

1%

0%

14

3

% NISP**

11

5

Total NISP

1

1

9

1

1

1

1

1

Unidentified long bones

Metapodial

Other

Phalanx

Toes

Tarsometatarsus

Tibio-Tarsus

Fibula

3

3

2

1

7

1

6

2

2

NISP

Pelvic

1

1

1

2

1

2

MNE

Carnivore*

Femur

Hindlimb

Carpometacarpus

Ulna

2

1

Radius

1

2

NISP

1

MNE

Felis domesticus

Scapula

NISP

Canis familiaris

Humerus

Forelimb

B Small mammals, birds, reptiles 

Table 26.4 (cont.)

86

2,048

Total

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I

877

878

RAM BOUCHNICK

Demography The demography of the culled caprines sheds light on the manner in which the livestock was exploited. Although the sample sizes are inadequate for detailed demographic analyses, the age structures in the Byzantine and Umayyad periods are characterized by a relatively low proportion of juvenile caprines (c. 30% unfused epiphyses, Table 26.5; degree of teeth eruption, Fig. 26.5). The Abbasid period exhibits a higher proportion of juvenile caprines based on unfused epiphyses (47%), but a lower proportion based on teeth eruption (26%). Thus, it appears that a higher value was placed on products obtained from living caprines, such as milk and wool, as well as breeding, in all three periods, although culling of young caprines may have increased to some extent in the Abbasid period. The particularly high proportion of young caprine bones, most of them embryos, in Stratum II Cistern 2229 (c. 67%), may be interpreted in several ways: as they were clearly too young to represent meat production, this may be evidence of a disease in the herd that caused the abortion of multiple fetuses, or perhaps they were used in the parchment or leather industry (see below). Table 26.5. Mortality Profiles of Cattle, Caprines and Pigs in the Byzantine, Umayyad and Abbasid Strata Bone Period

Species

Cattle Byzantine Sheep/Goat

Cattle Umayyad Sheep/Goat

Cattle Abbasid Sheep/Goat

Period

Species

Byzantine

Pig

Umayyad

Pig

Abbasid

Pig

Condition

Distal radius epiphysis

Distal metapod epiphysis

Distal femur epiphysis

Distal tibia epiphysis

Proximal calcaneum epiphysis

Total

Unfused

0

0

1

0

0

1

Fused+Unfused

0

0

1

3

0

4

Unfused

2

7

5

4

8

26

Fused+Unfused

9

35

8

21

23

96

Unfused

0

0

0

0

0

0

Fused+Unfused

0

2

0

0

0

2

Unfused

0

2

0

1

2

5

Fused+Unfused

1

10

1

3

4

19

Unfused

0

2

1

1

2

6

Fused+Unfused

3

22

3

8

6

42

Unfused Fused+Unfused

Condition

8

14

12

15

14

63

17

30

18

43

25

133

Distal humerus epiphysis

Proximal radius epiphysis

Distal metapod epiphysis

Proximal Phalanx 1, 2 epiphysis

Distal tibia epiphysis

Total

Unfused

0

0

8

14

2

24

Fused+Unfused

4

0

15

24

2

45

Unfused

1

0

1

1

0

3

Fused+Unfused

1

2

3

1

1

8

Unfused

0

0

2

3

1

6

Fused+Unfused

0

3

5

6

1

15

% Juvenile

25

27

0

26

14

47

% Juvenile

53

38

40

879

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I A 0–1

Caprine

AGE (months)

1–12

13–24

25–36

37–48

+ 48 0

1

2

3

4

NISP

B Cattle

0–1

Caprine

AGE (months)

1–12 13–24 25–36 37–48 + 48 0

3

6

9

12

15

NISP

Fig. 26.5. Mortality profiles of caprine and cattle from Byzantine (A) and Abbasid (B) contexts based on teeth (DP4, P4, M3) eruption.

The mortality profiles of the cattle from the Byzantine and Abbasid periods (the Umayyad assemblage was too small to allow statistical analysis) reflect slaughtering of adult animals (75% in the Byzantine, 86% in the Abbasid), as suggested by bone fusion and the Abbasid teeth (Byzantine tooth assemblage too small). The high proportions of adult cattle in both periods suggest a husbandry system that placed a higher value on products obtained from living cattle, such as milk, as well as traction and breeding. On the other hand, the pig assemblages from all three periods (even the small Umayyad assemblage) include a large proportion of juveniles, indicating a husbandry system that emphasized meat production.

880

RAM BOUCHNICK

Post-Depositional Modification Evidence for bone-surface attrition is rare in these assemblages, and most of the bones were not affected by weathering and appear to be excellently preserved. Of the few natural post-depositional surface modifications detected, traces of gnawing, chewing and digesting are the most abundant (3%; Table 26.6), most probably related to carnivore, and to a lesser extent rodent activity. Table 26.6. Distribution of Post-Depositional Surface Modifications: Carnivore Gnawing, Chewing and Digestion Marks Period

Byzantine

Stratum

V

Locus

57

11

1821

4

147

3

1963

5

111

5

1977

4

6

67

27

468

6

46

789

6

1769

1

81

1

Other loci

1

146

1

2

227

1

Total

Abassid

III

1479

4

39

10

III

1793

4

82

5

III

2376

5

162

3

II

2229 Other loci

Total Total

% Modified Bones in Locus

6

Other loci

IV

Total NISP in Locus

1632

Total Umayyad

NISP Modified Bones

8

338

2

23

1427

2

44

2048

2

92

3064

3

Human-Induced Modification In general, the carcass-processing patterns reflected in faunal assemblages can be significant ethnic markers (Levinger 1985; Maltby 2007). For example, evidence of animal decapitation is found in the Roman world (Seetah 2004; Bar-Oz 2009), while Jews prohibited this method of slaughter (Greenfield and Bouchnick 2010; Bouchnick 2016). In the Givati assemblages, a moderate number of skeletal parts from all periods bear cut marks (6%), most of them on caprine and cattle bones, with a small number on pig and chicken bones; a single butchery mark was noted on a camel metapodial (Table 26.7). Most of the cut marks were made during the process of dismembering the carcass, a small number indicate filleting and a few represent skinning; the rarest cut marks appear on the neck bones and seem to attest to decapitation (Table 26.8). This pattern reveals an avoidance of both decapitation and the use of axes to break bones, and attests to the careful treatment of the skeleton with a knife that characterizes some parts of the Muslim world.

881

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I

Table 26.7. Distribution of Cut Marks Period

Species Cattle

Byzantine 

Umayyad 

% of Total

7

Caprine

41

Pig

10

Camel

1

Chicken

4

Total

63

Cattle

4

Caprine

9

Pig

1

Total

14

Cattle

32

Caprine

83

Pig

Abbasid

NISP

8

6

2

Chicken Total

6

1 118

Total

6

195

Table 26.8. Relative Frequencies of Cut-Mark Types on Caprine and Cattle Bones (after Binford 1981) Period

Decapitation NISP

%

Byzantine

1

2

Umayyad

0

Abbasid

1

Skinning NISP

Dismemberment

Filleting

Chopping

Unknown

Total

%

NISP

%

NISP

%

NISP

%

NISP

%

4

8

24

50

15

31

3

7

1

2

0

0

0

10

76

2

16

0

0

1

8

13

1

10

9

67

58

28

24

6

5

3

3

115

48

The bone assemblages also contain a very small number of worked bones (20; Table 26.9). Some 400 worked bones were separated from the faunal assemblage prior to the present study, and the 20 included here represent the few examples that were overlooked (see Chapter 16). On these, the orientation of most of the sawing/chopping is transversal relative to the axis of the long, straight bones (metapodial, radius, tibia), which appears to be evidence of bone-tool production (Fig. 26.6). In addition, 4% of the bones were burnt (Table 26.10, Fig. 26.7), most of them to a slight or moderate degree (Stiner et al. 1995). In summary, the taphonomic evidence of meat consumption and butchery practices indicates a consumer society that exploited meat to a moderate degree adapted to strict cultural codes, which is further supported by the paucity of evidence for decapitation and bone breaking with axes.

882

RAM BOUCHNICK

Table 26.9. Distribution of Worked Bones Period

Species

Cattle Byzantine Caprine Camel

Bone Metacarpus

1

Metatarsus

1

Tibia

2

Axis

1

Radius

1

Tibia

1

Metacarpus

1

Total Cattle

Abbasid Caprine

Total Total

NISP

8 Metacarpus

1

Astragalus

1

Rib

1

Horn

1

Astragalus

4

Cervical

1

Lumbar

2

Rib

1 12 20

Fig. 26.6. Worked caprine and cattle bones, and one camel bone (arrow) from Abbasid contexts.

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I

883

Table 26.10. Distribution of Burnt Bones Period

Byzantine 

Stratum

V

Locus

IV

% Burnt Bones in Locus

7

57

12

1934

23

42

55

1963

10

111

9

Other loci

19

579

3

59

789

7

1769

5

81

6

Other loci

3

146

2

8

227

4

Total

Abbasid

Total NISP in Locus

1632

Total Umayyad

NISP

III

1479

6

47

13

III

1547

13

47

28

III

1562

11

19

58

III

1793

7

14

50

III–I

Other loci

28

1921

1

65

2048

3

Total

Fig. 26.7. Burnt sheep and goat bones (left and right respectively) from Abbasid contexts.

Pathology Evidence for bone disease was noted on c. 2% of the bones, a large number of them on caprine skulls from Byzantine contexts (Table 26.11), perhaps evidence of a caprine herd (mainly sheep) suffering from congenital bone defects as a result of insufficiently diverse reproduction. However, this could also be indicative of bone deformities due to heavy workloads on young animals.

884

RAM BOUCHNICK

Table 26.11. Distribution of Pathology Caused by Disease or Labor Period

Byzantine

Species

Bone

Cattle

Phalanx 3

1

Maxillary teeth

9

Mandibular teeth

9

Rib

2

Tibia

2

Metatarsus

1

Calcaneus

2

Caprine

Pig

Ulna

Total

2

Phalanx 3

3

Femur

2

Phalanx 1

3

Mandibular teeth

1

Mandibular ramus

1

Metatarsus

1

Phalanx 1

1

Thoracic

1

Dog

Ulna

1

Mongoose

Phalanx 1

1

Chicken

Coracoid

2

Caprine  Abbasid Equid

Total

% of Total

1 27

Astragal Cattle

Total

NISP

3

19

1

46

2

Anatomical Representation Although most skeletal elements are present in the assemblages (Fig. 26.8), analysis of the distribution in all three periods reveals that upper and lower limbs are the most highly represented parts of caprine, cattle and pig. These are rich, meaty parts and presumably represent the remnants of food. Straight bones such as metapodials may also have been exploited by the bone industry, along with astragali that may have served as game pieces (Gilmour 1997; Ayalon 2005:76–81) or in ritual functions (Gilmour 1997). The disproportionately high frequencies of caprine and cattle astragali (internal lower hind) in the Abbasid period (Fig. 26.9) could also be taken as evidence of industrial activity related to a tanning industry (see Chapter 16). Herbivore horns appear in very low frequencies or are absent. Among the pig remains, skull parts are also common in the Byzantine and Umayyad periods, and vertebrae in the Abbasid period.

885

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I A 1

Capri Cattle

0.8 0.6

Pi Caprine

% 0.4 0.2 0

Pig Horn

Skull

Neck

Axial

Upper front

Lower front

Upper hind

Lower hind

Toes

B 16 0.8 04

Caprine

00.62 % Pig

0 04 0.2 0 Skull

Neck

Axial

Upper front

Lower front

Upper hind

Lower hind

Toes

C 1 Cattle

0.8 0.6 %

Caprine 0.4 0.2 0

Pig

Horn

Skull

Neck

Axial

Upper front

Lower front

Upper hind

Lower hind

Fig. 26.8. Distribution of caprine, cattle and pig skeletal parts from Byzantine (A), Umayyad (B) and Abbasid (C) strata.

Toes

886

RAM BOUCHNICK

Fig. 26.9. Worked sheep (Ovis aries) astragal from Stratum II Cistern 2229.

Spatial Analysis of the Finds in the Three Periods Byzantine Period The Byzantine period at the site is represented mainly by a large administrative building (Building 1821) uncovered along the northern edge of the excavation area, bordered by a wide street on the west and a large agricultural field on the south (see Chapter 2). Based on loci containing a sufficient amount of faunal material for statistical analysis, the finds could be assigned to three main archaeological contexts for the spatial analysis: floors inside Building 1821 (LBF), the agricultural soil (AS), and drainage channels associated with the building (DCH). Significant differences were revealed in the frequencies of the major livestock in these contexts (x2 = 152.74, p < 2.2e-16; Table 26.12; Appendix 26.2A). Caprines are the main component in the large building and the agricultural soil, while pig remains dominate the fills in the drainage channels and particularly in L1963, the foundation layer of Drain 1934 (N = 76), representing 11 different individuals. Taphonomic

Table 26.12. Spatial Distribution of Taxa in Byzantine Stratum V* Species

Floors in Building 1821 (LBF) NISP

Cattle

%

Agricultural Soil (AS) NISP

%

Drainage Channels (DCH) NISP

%

9

3

9

3

4

3

243

73

149

53

44

28

46

14

59

21

96

61

Equid

11

3

2

1

Camel

1 5

3

7

4

158

100

Caprine Pig

Deer

1

Carnivore

4

1

Rodent Fowl Wild Aves** Total

29

9

1 333

100

3

2

11

4

35

13

3

1

281

100

* Fish remains were discovered in two of the spatial contexts (LBF, GSF), but not in the third (DCH). ** For specification of Wild Aves species, see Table 26.2.

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I

887

analysis of the pig remains from L1963 reveals a high proportion of piglets (MNI = 7) and skull parts (N = 51), along with surface modifications such as butchery marks (N = 6) and burning (N = 3), indicating that the fills in these drains contained industrial butchery waste. In all three contexts, cattle bones were negligible, while the frequency of fowl indicates their relative importance. A single camel bone was discovered in the agricultural soil (L2527), and a single fallow-deer bone in Building 1821 (L1881). Umayyad Period The Umayyad period is represented by a large limekiln (L1850) built against the remains of the southern wall of the Byzantine building (see Chapter 12), and the bones originate in the layers of fill in and around the limekiln and on nearby floors (Table 26.13; Appendix 26.2B). Comparisons indicate similar rates of cattle and fowl, but significantly lower rates of caprine remains on the floors than in the kiln (x2 = 13.819, p < 0.007). Sheep, equid and most of the pig bones were discovered on the floors, while the only remnant of a camel was recovered in the kiln. It should be noted that half of the Umayyad pig bones were found on one floor (L1444; N = 17). A locus containing raw materials for the lime industry, mainly stone and marble fragments (L1769), was unusually rich in bones displaying cut marks (N = 5) and burning (N = 5). This suggests that after the kiln and its vicinity ceased to function as such, it was used as a refuse dump for the meat industry.

Table 26.13. Spatial Distribution of Taxa in Umayyad Stratum IV Species

Floors

Limekiln Fill

NISP

%

NISP

%

Cattle

18

15

15

14

Caprine

58

46

69

68

Goat

4

3

3

3

Sheep

4

3

Pig

23

18

9

9

Equid

11

9 1

1

Camel Fowl

7

6

5

5

Total

125

100

102

100

Abbasid Period The Abbasid faunal assemblage is derived from three strata (III–I; Table 26.14; Appendix 26.2C). In Stratum III, the many refuse pits contained numerous and varied finds, including ceramic and glass vessels, bone tools, rich botanical finds (see Chapters 13, 15, 16, 18) and animal, bird and fish bones, providing evidence of a market where goods and produce were sold. In Stratum II, a well-planned workshop and residential quarter appeared. A significant decline in the settlement occurred toward the end of the Abbasid period, in Stratum I. Substantial differences are evident in the consumption rate of livestock among the three

888

RAM BOUCHNICK

Table 26.14. Frequencies of Taxa in Abbasid Strata III–I Species

Stratum III NISP

%

Stratum II NISP

%

Stratum I NISP

%

Cattle

163

16

264

28

8

17

Caprine

745

68

445

49

29

63

Pig

27

2

21

2

3

7

Equid

6

1

31

3

1

2

Camel

2

1

0

Deer, gazelle

4

4

0 1

2

4

9

46

100

Carnivore Rodent

25

2

46

5

9

1

16

2

Fowl

81

7

69

8

Wild Aves*

27

2

7

3

9

1

1098

100

904

100

Reptile Total

Total

2048

* For specification of Wild Aves species, see Table 26.4.

Abbasid strata (x2 = 185.8, p < 2.2e-16; Table 26.14). Caprines were the main component throughout the period: in Strata III and I comprising over 60%, while in Stratum II just less than 50%. The incidence of cattle also varies between the Abbasid strata: in Strata III and I comprising 16% and 17% respectively, while in Stratum II it reaches 28%. It is noteworthy that high concentrations of cattle bones were found in Stratum III Pits 2360 and 2376, and in Stratum II Cistern 2229 and Workshop Floors 2278 and 2280. Pig and fowl consumption did not exceed 10% throughout the Abbasid period. However, substantial differences in the exploitation rate of beasts of burden (horse, donkey, camel) were discerned; most of these remains originating in Stratum II Cistern 2229. An outstanding phenomenon was the discovery of a wide variety of small carnivore remains (fox, Egyptian mongoose, beech marten, European badger, marbled polecat) mainly in Stratum III Pits 1578 and 2438 and in Stratum II Cistern 2229. Most of these predators (apart from the fox and the mongoose) tend to avoid contact with humans and finding them in the heart of a settled environment could attest to deliberate human exploitation; however, they were probably not eaten due to the Muslim prohibition against eating carnivores (Sura 5:2). A few songbird remains were also discovered in Stratum III, half of them in Pit 1622. Due to the size of the songbird bones and the similarities between them, only two bones could be identified to species: a brown-breasted bulbul (Pycnonotus xanthorrhous) in Pit 1578 and a Eurasian Jay (Garrulus glandarius) in Pit 1611. Two vulture hip bones from Pit 1827 comprise an exotic find, and their presence is perhaps due to their traditional link to human settlements as scavengers of waste material, notably human feces (Boessneck 1995; Croft 2004). The distribution of the skeletal parts of common livestock (cattle and caprine) in the Stratum III pits enables a restoration of trading patterns in the market (Fig. 26.10; see Crabtree 1990). The presence of all caprine skeletal parts (skull, axial, forelimb, hindlimb, toes) strengthens the excavators’ hypothesis of a market on the site (see Chapter 19), as

889

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I 05

Cattle 04 Caprine 03 % 02

01

0 Skull

Axial

Forelimb

Hindlimb

Toes

Fig. 26.10. Distribution of skeletal parts of caprines and cattle from the Stratum III Abbasid pits.

household or slaughterhouse refuse would leave only partial representations of animal skeletons. Among the caprines, axial and hindlimb parts were the most common; among the cattle, toes and hindlimbs were more numerous. As noted above, the numbers of caprine and cattle astragali are disproportionally high, perhaps evidence of a bone workshop in the market and/or the selling of these bones as game pieces in a nearby stall. Based on the evidence from Pits 1547, 2360 and 2376, meat was offered for sale at nearby stalls, while fish mongers operated near Pits 1622, 2425 and 2437 (Table 26.15; see Chapter 27: Table 27.2). Evidence for the sale of birds, poultry and eggs is seen mainly in Pits 1620, 1622 and 2425. As noted above, the frequency of small carnivores, particularly in the Stratum III pits and Cistern 2229 of Stratum II (see Table 26.14), is unusually high as compared to other faunal assemblages of this period, and suggests that they may have been exploited in the fur industry, which continues until today (Peterson 1914:191; Heptner and Naumov 2002:1108–1134).

Table 26.15. Contents of Market Stalls Based on Contents of the Stratum III Pits (NISP or eggshell weight*) Pit

Contents of Stall

Cattle

1547

Meat

 

Caprine

Carnivore

Fowl

Fish**

Comment

13

 

 

 

Beech marten

 

Eggshells (15 g)*

1578

Furs

 

1620

Chicken eggs

 

1622

Chicken eggs and fish

 

2360

Meat

33

128

8

 

 

2376

Meat

45

108

8

 

 

2425

Chicken eggs and fish

 

*

159

2437

Meat and fish

 

146

2438

Furs

 

 

** See Chapter 27: Table 27.2.

9 * *

35

71 10

 

 

Eggshells (28 g)*

Eggshells (8 g)*   Marbled polecat

890

RAM BOUCHNICK

Noteworthy among the archaeobotanical finds of Stratum III Pits 2425 and 2568 are two seeds of grey-leaved saucerberry (Cordia sinensis; see Chapter 18). The main use of this plant was for the manufacture of an adhesive that was applied to sticks used for bird hunting (Melamed and Kislev 2005). While remains of songbirds appeared in Stratum III, none were found in close proximity to the grey-leaved saucerberry seeds. This may be evidence of a separation between the market stalls selling glue and perhaps bird traps, and those selling songbirds. In Stratum II, the particularly high proportion of caprine embryo bones in Cistern 2229 (see above), may be evidence of their use in a parchment or leather industry in the Stratum II commercial quarter, a practice that is customary until today.

Discussion and Conclusions The bone assemblages of the Byzantine, Umayyad and Abbasid periods from the Givati Parking Lot site are dominated by bone fragments that represent the remains of meat consumption and bone-industry activities. The taxa consist of major food resources, primarily caprine and to a lesser extent cattle, and significant statistical differences in major livestock frequencies are discerned. The taxonomic composition of Stratum V is typical of other Byzantine sites, such as the ‘Ofel (Horowitz and Tchernov 1989), the City of David (Horowitz and Tchernov 1996) and Mount Zion (Bouchnick, pers. obs.)3 in Jerusalem, as well as Yoqne‘am (Horwitz and Dahan 1996), Caesarea (Cope 1999), Tel ‘Ira (Dayan 1999) and Hesban in Jordan (Driesch and Boessneck 1995). Comparitive faunal compositions to those of Strata IV–I are seen at Umayyad and Abbasid sites such as Yoqne‘am (Horwitz and Dahan 1996), Tel Bet She’an (Horwitz 2006), Tel Michal (Hellwing and Feig 1989) and Ramla (Sade 2005). One of the most notable results of the present study is the frequency of pig bones in the assemblages (see Fig. 26.1). They are common in the Byzantine period (Stratum V; 26%), decrease in the Umayyad period (Stratum IV; 14%), and by the Abbasid period (Strata III–I) are very low (2%); similar frequencies for the three periods were observed in Givati Area M1 (Bar-Oz and Raban-Gerstel 2013:350, Fig. 23.1). These data suggest certain trends: firstly, a population in Jerusalem coping with the Muslim prohibition against eating pork (Ahsan 1979:240), and secondly, the slow decline in the presence of Christians in Jerusalem under Muslim rule (Gil 1996; 1997:51–56). Evidence from the Crusader and Mamluk Mamilla cemetery in Jerusalem suggests that communities preserved their Christian character in Jerusalem after the Muslim conquest (Ellenblum 1998; Luz 2002, 2013); thus, the decrease in pork consumption was a gradual process. Evidence of pork consumption in the Early Islamic period was also recorded at Sumaqa (Horwitz, Tchernov and Dar 1990), Apollonia-Arsuf (Roll and Ayalon 1987), Ashqelon (Hesse 1990) and Hesban (La Bianca 1990:67–108).

Unpublished report by the author on zoological finds from the 2007 Mt. Zion excavation season, submitted to Shimon Gibson, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. 3

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I

891

It is important to note that no evidence was revealed of pork consumption in the Early Roman stratum at Givati (Bar-Oz and Raban-Gerstel 2013:350; Sharir, Zukerman and Bar-Oz, forthcoming), or at other sites in Jerusalem and its agricultural hinterland of that period (Bouchnick 2010). Domestic fowl were exploited in relatively low proportions in all periods. A small quantity of bones of wild animals (fallow deer) and edible fish were found together in Byzantine Building 1821, indicative of ‘gourmet food’ (desirable food that is not essential to the human diet; see Veen 2003; Van Neer, Zohar and Lernau 2005; Raban-Gerstel et al. 2008; Marom et al. 2009; Bouchnick 2010). Other animals that occur in the assemblage in lower frequencies, such as domesticated cats and dogs and small, wild carnivores, would have been common inhabitants of the ancient urban landscape of Jerusalem (Bouchnick, pers. obs., Mt. Zion; Raban-Gerstel and Bar-Oz 2008; Bar-Oz and Raban-Gerstel 2013; Sharir, Zukerman and Bar-Oz, forthcoming). The appearance of carnivore modifications on some of the bones from all strata indicates that these small carnivores, and especially the domesticated ones, had access to the refuse. The presence of cut marks from all stages of the butchery process on nearly all the skeletal elements of caprines, cattle and pigs, further demonstrates that these remains represent food refuse. Based on the small collection of chopped and sawn bones, most of which bear notably regular marks, it appears that a small number of the remains represent debris from bone-working industries at or near the site (see Chapter 16). The low frequency of young caprines and cattle suggests that these herds were raised for secondary products in the agricultural hinterland of Jerusalem. They were brought to the city markets only after leaving the labor cycle and their benefits to farmers had decreased. This pattern is evident in all periods, but most pronounced in the Byzantine and Umayyad assemblages. It can also be suggested that the relatively high proportion of piglets in the various periods indicates that pigs, which do not contribute secondary products, were raised predominantly for meat. Most piglets were slaughtered to reduce the economic investment in raising them and maximize the profits from their sale; only small numbers of piglets survived for herd continuation. These findings accord with the role of Jerusalem as an urban center of consumers who depended on rural producers for their subsistence. Byzantine Period Evidence for the importance of Building 1821 and the wealth of its residents is seen in the high frequencies of caprines and the remains of ‘gourmet food’ on the floors and in the soil of the adjoining field, attesting that the residents exploited wild animals and enjoyed food imported from afar, symbols of an affluent society. The resemblance between the fauna recovered from Building 1821 and the nearby agricultural field suggests that they comprise a single assemblage, and that the remnants of meals eaten in Building 1821 found their way to the agricultural soil. Evidence of utilizing meal remnants as organic manure are known in the archaeological record (Courty, Goldberg and Macphail 1990), as at Herod’s winter palace at Jericho (Gleason 1993) and at Pompeii (Jashemski 1979a, 1979b:95–96).

892

RAM BOUCHNICK

The faunal remains from the drainage channels are dominated by pig bones, while the caprine frequency is significantly lower. Multiple skull parts of pigs and the presence of cut marks and burning on the pig bones may attest that slaughterhouse waste was incorporated into the foundation of the plastered Channel 1934 and accumulated in the fills of the drains. Umayyad Period Despite the small sample of Umayyad bones, it displays similar livestock frequencies as those in the previous report from Givati Area M1 (Bar-Oz and Raban-Gerstel 2013). The two Umayyad contexts (the limekiln fills and the nearby floors) revealed some variance in the incidences of livestock groups; for example, caprines were predominant in both contexts, but less common in the limekiln, where pig and horse remains were more frequent. This, together with the large numbers of animal bones in the kiln and its immediate vicinity, may testify to garbage collection from a nearby industrial kitchen that made use of the abandoned limekiln. Similar phenomena are known at other sites from cisterns and ritual baths following their abandonment (Bouchnick 2018). Abbasid Period The large Abbasid faunal assemblages present greater species diversity, and significant differences are discerned in the frequencies of the major livestock groups (caprine, cattle, fowl) in the three strata, although caprines comprise the majority throughout. The rich faunal finds from the Stratum III pits illustrate their nature as refuse pits in an open-air market, and attest to some of the produce on sale in the stalls (cattle, caprine and poultry meat; fish; poultry eggs; small carnivore furs; see Table 26.15). The unusually high frequency of small carnivores may attest to the sale of furs in the vicinity; however, the possibility that these small carnivores were foraging in the abandoned market pits of Stratum III cannot be ruled out. Predator behaviour analysis shows that while some of the predator species (fox, mongoose, weasel) penetrate human settlements, badger and marten are deterred by human presence (Mendelssohn and Yom-Tov 1999:159–230). While it must be emphasized that the size of the Stratum I bone assemblage is statistically insignificant, the meager living conditions reflected in the architectural remains (see Chapter 19) are also evident in the small fauna assemblage; for example, the absence of gourmet food such as wild ungulates and fish, and carnivores utilized in the fur industry. The steady presence of pig bones in the three Abbasid strata, illustrating a gradual decline beginning in the Byzantine period, testifies to stable pork consumption and may be considered as evidence of the existence of a Christian population in Jerusalem during the Abbasid rule.

CHAPTER 26: THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I

893

R eferences Ahsan M.M. 1979. Social Life under the Abbasids: 170–289 AH, 786–902 AD. London. Ayalon E. 2005. The Assemblage of Bone and Ivory Artifacts from Caesarea Maritima, Israel, 1st– 13th Centuries CE (BAR Int. S. 1457). Oxford. Bar-Oz G. 2009. The Faunal Remains of Sha‘ar-Ha‘Amakim. In A. Segal, J. Mlynarczyk and M. Burdajewicz. Excavations of the Hellenistic Site in Kibbutz Sha‘ar-Ha‘Amakim (Gaba) 1984– 1998: Final Report. Haifa. Pp. 231–248. Bar-Oz G. and Raban-Gerstel N. 2013. The Faunal Remains. In D. Ben-Ami. Jerusalem: Excavations in the Tyropoeon Valley (Giv‘ati Parking Lot) I (IAA Reports 52). Jerusalem. Pp. 349–380. Behrensmeyer A.K. 1978. Thaponomic and Ecologic Information from Bone Weathering. Paleobiology 4:150–162. Binford L.R. 1981. Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. New York–London. Boessneck J. 1969. Osteological Differences between Sheep (Ovis aries) and Goat (Capra hircus). In D.R. Brothwell and E. Higgs eds. Science in Archaeology. London. Pp. 331–358. Boessneck J. 1995. Birds, Reptiles and Amphibians. In Ø.S. LaBianca and A. von den Driesch eds. Hesban 13: Faunal Remains; Taphonomical and Zooarchaeological Studies of the Animal Remains from Tell Hesban and Vicinity. Berrien Springs, Mich. Pp. 131–168. Bouchnick R. 2010. Meat Consumption in the Society of Judea in the Late Second Temple Period. Ph.D. diss. University of Haifa. Haifa (Hebrew; English summary). Bouchnick R. 2016. Meat Consumption Patterns as an Ethnic Marker in the Late Second Temple Period: Comparing the Jerusalem City Dump and Qumran Assemblages. In N. Marom, R. Yeshurun, L. Weissbrod and G. Bar-Oz eds. Bones and Identity: Zooarchaeological Approaches to Reconstructing Social and Cultural Landscapes in Southwest Asia (Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas, Haifa, 2013). Oxford. Pp. 302–322. Bouchnick R. 2018. Stocking or Abandonment: Wild Boar Remains Deposited in an Early Islamic Context (Accumulation 2626) at Tel Ḥevron. Journal of Scientific Research and Studies 27:59– 75. Cope C.R 1999. Faunal Remains and Butchery Practices from Byzantine and Islamic Contexts (1993–94 Seasons). In K.G. Holum, A. Raban and J. Patrich eds. Caesarea Papers 2: Herod’s Temple, The Provincial Governor’s Praetorium and Granaries, The Later Harbor, A Gold Coin Hoard and Other Studies (JRA Suppl. S. 35). Portsmouth, R.I. Pp. 405–418. Courty M.A., Goldberg P. and Macphail R. 1990. Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology. Cambridge. Crabtree P.J. 1990. Zooarchaeology and Complex Societies: Some Uses of Faunal Analysis for the Study of Trade, Status, and Ethnicity. In M.B. Schiffer ed. Archaeological Method and Theory 2. Tucson. Pp. 155–205. Croft P. 2004. Archaeozoological Studies. In D. Ussishkin. The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Tel Lachish (1973–1994) V (Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 22). Tel Aviv. Pp. 2254–2452. Davis S.J.M. 1980. Late Pleistocene and Holocene Equid Remains from Israel. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 70:289–312.

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Davis S.J.M. 1983. The Age Profiles of Gazelles Predated by Ancient Man in Israel: Possible Evidence for a Shift from Seasonality to Sedentism in the Natufian. Paléorient 9/1:55–62. Davis S.J.M. 1987. The Archaeology of Animals. New Haven–London. Davis S.J.M. 1996. Measurements of a Group of Adult Female Shetland Sheep Skeletons from a Single Flock: A Baseline for Zooarchaeologists. JAS 23:593–612. Davis S.J.M. 2000. The Effect of Castration and Age on the Development of the Shetland Sheep Skeleton and a Metric Comparison between Bones of Males, Females and Castrates. JAS 27:373–390. Dayan T. 1999. Faunal Remains: Areas A–G. In I. Beit-Arieh. Tel ‘Ira: A Stronghold in the Biblical Negev (Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 15). Tel Aviv. Pp. 480– 487. Driesch A. von den. 1976. A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites (Peabody Museum Bulletin 1). Cambridge, Mass. Driesch A. von den and Boessneck J. 1995. Final Report on the Zooarchaeological Investigation of Animal Bone Finds from Tel Hesban, Jordan. In Ø.S LaBianca and A. von den Driesch eds. Hesban 13: Faunal Remains; Taphonomical and Zooarchaeological Studies of the Animal Remains from Tell Hesban and Vicinity. Berrien Springs, Mich. Pp. 65–108. Ellenblum R. 1998. Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge. Gil M. 1996. The Political History of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim Period. In J. Prawer and H. Ben-Shammai eds. The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638–1099). Jerusalem–New York. Pp. 1–37. Gil M. 1997. A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge. Gilmour G.H. 1997. The Nature and Function of Astragalus Bones from Archaeological Contexts in the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16/2:167–175. Gleason K.L. 1993. A Garden Excavation in the Oasis Palace of Herod the Great at Jericho. Landscape Journal 12/2:156–167. Grayson D.K. 1984. Quantitative Zooarchaeology: Topics in the Analysis of Archaeological Faunas. Orlando. Greenfield H.J. and Bouchnick R. 2010. Shechita––Kosher Slaughtering and Jewish Identity in Zooarchaeology. In A. Whiteway ed. Identity Crisis: Archaeology and Problems of Social Identity (Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Chacmool Archaeology Conference, 2009). Calgary. Pp. 106–120. Hellwing S. and Feig N. 1989. Animal Bones. In Z. Herzog, G. Rapp Jr. and O. Negbi eds. Excavations at Tel Michal, Israel (Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 8). Minneapolis–Tel Aviv. Pp. 236–247. Heptner V.G. and Naumov N.P. 2002. Mammals of the Soviet Union II, 1b: Carnivora (Weasels; Additional Species). Enfield, N.H. Hesse B. 1990. Pig Lovers and Pig Haters: Patterns of Palestinian Pork Production. Journal of Ethnobiology 10/2:195–225. Horwitz L.K. 2006. Mammalian Remains from Areas H, L, P and Q. In A. Mazar. Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean 1989–1996 I: From the Late Bronze Age IIB to the Medieval Period (The BethShean Valley Archaeological Project 1). Jerusalem. Pp. 689–710.

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895

Horwitz L.K and Dahan E. 1996. Animal Husbandry Practices during the Historic Periods. In A. Ben Tor, M. Avissar and Y. Portugali. Yoqne‘am I: The Late Periods (Qedem Reports 3). Jerusalem. Pp. 246–255. Horwitz L.K. and Tchernov E. 1989. Subsistence Patterns in Ancient Jerusalem: A Study of Animal Remains. In E. Mazar and B. Mazar. Excavations in the South of the Temple Mount: The Ophel of Biblical Jerusalem (Qedem 29). Jerusalem. Pp. 144–154. Horwitz L.K. and Tchernov E. 1996. Bird Remains from Areas A, D, H and K. In D.T. Ariel and A. De Groot eds. Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh IV: Various Reports (Qedem 35). Jerusalem. Pp. 298–301. Horwitz L.K., Tchernov E. and Dar S. 1990. Subsistence and Environment on Mount Carmel in the Roman–Byzantine and Mediaeval Periods: The Evidence from Kh. Sumaqa. IEJ 40:287–304. Jashemski W.F. 1979a. The Garden of Hercules at Pompeii (II.viii.6): The Discovery of a Commercial Flower Garden. AJA 83:403–411. Jashemski W.F. 1979b. The Gardens of Pompeii: Herculaneum and the Villas Destroyed by Vesuvius I. New Rochelle, N.Y. Klein R.G. and Cruz-Uribe K. 1984. The Analysis of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Chicago. La Bianca Ø.S. 1990. Hesban 1: Sedentarization and Nomadization; Food System Cycles at Hesban and Vicinity in Transjordan. Berrien Springs, Mich. Levinger I.M. 1985. Modern Kosher Food Production from Animal Sources (3rd ed.). Jerusalem (Hebrew). Luz N. 2002. Aspects of Islamization of Space and Society in Mamlūk Jerusalem and Its Hinterland. Mamlūk Studies Review 6:133–154. Luz N. 2013. Islam, Culture and the “Others”: The Landscape of Religious (In)tolerance in Jerusalem 638–1517. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 40:1–50. Lyman R.L. 1994. Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge. Lyman R.L. 2008. Quantitative Paleozoology. Cambridge. Maltby M. 2007. Chop and Change: Specialist Cattle Carcass Processing in Roman Britain. In B. Croxford, N. Ray, R. Roth and N. White eds. TRAC 2006: Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference. University of Cambridge, 24–25 March 2006. Oxford. Pp. 59–76. Marom N., Raban-Gerstel N., Mazar A. and Bar-Oz G. 2009. Backbone of Society: Evidence for Social and Economic Status of the Iron Age Population of Tel Reḥov, Beth She’an Valley, Israel. BASOR 354:55–75. Melamed Y. and Kislev M. 2005. Remains of Seeds, Fruits and Insects from the Excavations in the Village of ‘En Gedi. ‘Atiqot 49:89*–102* (Hebrew; English summary, pp. 139–140). Mendelssohn H. and Yom-Tov Y. 1999. Mammalia of Israel. Jerusalem. Peterson M. 1914. The Fur Traders and Fur Bearing Animals. Buffalo, N.Y. Raban-Gerstel N. and Bar-Oz G. 2008. Archaeozoological Analysis of the Faunal Remains from Iron Age City of David Visitor Center 2007 (Unpublished Report, IAA Archives). Jerusalem.

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Raban-Gerstel N., Bar-Oz G., Zohar I., Sharon I. and Gilboa A. 2008. Early Iron Age Dor (Israel): A Faunal Perspective. BASOR 349:25–59. Roll I. and Ayalon E. 1987. The Market Street at Apollonia-Arsuf. BASOR 267:61–76. Sade M. 2005. Archaeozoological Remains from Ramla. ‘Atiqot 49:127–130. Seetah K. 2004. Meat in History––The Butchery Trade in the Romano-British Period. International Journal of Food History 2/2:19–35. Sharir A., Zukerman R. and Bar-Oz G. Forthcoming. Zooarchaeological Analysis of the Faunal Remains. In Givati III. Silver I.A. 1969. The Aging of Domesticated Animals. In D.R. Brothwell and E. Higgs eds. Science in Archaeology: A Survey of Progress and Research (2nd ed.). London. Pp. 283–302. Stiner M.C., Kuhn S.L., Weiner S. and Bar-Yosef O. 1995. Differential Burning, Recrystallization, and Fragmentation of Archaeological Bone. JAS 22:223–237. Van Neer W., Zohar I. and Lernau O. 2005. The Emergence of Fishing Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Survey of Evidence from Pre- and Proto-historic Periods. Paléorient 31/1:131–157. Veen M. van der. 2003. When is Food a Luxury? World Archaeology 34:405–427. Zeder M.A. and Lapham H.A. 2010. Assessing the Reliability of Criteria Used to Identify Postcranial Bones in Sheep, Ovis, and Goats, Capra. JAS 37:2887–2905.

Database Inventory Number

1501

2977

1017

2838

1376

1409

1446

400

440

965

1054

1553

2924

1442

1443

1444

1535

1597

1638

282

Period/Stratum

Byzantine

Byzantine

Abbasid II

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Abbasid III

A: MAMMALS

2360

636

884

633

613

613

613

1963

2437

2229

2376

2262

2280

613

613

621

1963

2229

1963

924

Locus

Bone

Pelvic Axial Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb

Species

Capra/Ovis Sus scrofa Bos taurus Capra/Ovis Capra hircus Ovis aries Ovis aries Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra sp. Ovis aries Capra hircus Capra hircus Ovis aries Ovis aries Ovis aries Capra/Ovis

Humerus

Humerus

Humerus

Humerus

Humerus

Humerus

Humerus

Humerus

Scapula

Scapula

Scapula

Scapula

Scapula

Scapula

Scapula

Scapula

Scapula

Scapula

Acetabulum

Acetabulum

Part

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F/U

Burnt

(following Driesch 1976)

BFd

35.51

31.48

30.74

30.92

37.74

33.02

34.26

29.57 BD

23.34

28.35

28.4

24.01

26.32

23.62

25.33

59.65

LG

38.36

31.26

35.72

35.45

33.91

25.94

28.15

68.08

GLP

33.59

34.94

LA

34.79

30.82

30.49

35.4

28.89

36.54

31.63

32.14

BT

25.11

22.84

21.32

22.69

20.43

18.63

18.11

20.19

47.26

BG

17.2

HDH

16.95

16.02

SLC

Bone Measurements of Faunal Specimens from Strata V–I (mm)

Appendix 26.1

Database Inventory Number

439

465

667

721

725

770

892

1296

1556

1169

1239

2991

2561

2829

1382

1439

1447

1503

1564

1637

281

690

791

855

856

909

Period/Stratum

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Abbasid III

2376

2502

2502

2502

2461

2360

636

633

884

613

613

602

1963

1960

1963

2229

2242

2437

2229

2376

2502

2500

2516

2461

2261

2262

Locus

Bone

Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb

Species

Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Bos taurus Bos taurus Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Ovis aries Capra hircus Ovis aries Capra hircus Capra hircus Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Ulna, radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Humerus

Humerus

Humerus

Humerus

Humerus

Humerus

Humerus

Humerus

Humerus

Part

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F/U

BR

Burnt

Appendix 26.1 (cont.)

46.49

41.02

34.65

34.39

32.06

24.71

32.23

35

31.74

23.07

24.88

58.98

30.33

31.94

31.04

31.11

54.44

71.23

29.35

25.8

BFd

81.64

36.23

30.9

32.97

35.13

32.82

17.41

Bp

BFp

35.85

28.91

32.75

31.79

38.31

31.4

33.45

36.83

33.62

36.79

29.66

33.78

32.66

LA

43.05

27.55

33.72

33.33

BFp

18.97

14.23

17.33

18.44

15.84

15.23

16.74

16.85

DPA

898 RAM BOUCHNICK

Database Inventory Number

966

1031

1297

1327

1437

1551

1678

1061

300

1240

2925

2968

281

370

356

1445

1446

1543

900

1018

1284

1686

2943

Period/Stratum

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Byzantine

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Byzantine

1963

2229

2229

2229

2376

2437

2437

2437

2403

2248

2360

1963

1963

2229

2366

2229

2229

2437

2437

2229

2229

2229

2376

Locus

Bone

Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb

Species

Capra/Ovis Capra/ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Equus sp. Sus scrofa Bos taurus Sus scrofa Sus scrofa Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Cervus elpus Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Femur

Femur

Femur

Ulna

Ulna

Ulna, radius

Ulna

Ulna

Ulna

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Radius

Part

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F/U

Burnt

Appendix 26.1 (cont.)

58.51

Bp

53.85

49.47

46.34

Bp

15.58

24.88

BFC

27.46

34.4

33.65

39.86

33.09

LA

GL

43.99

29.63

29.12

LmT

56.35

30.27

30.75

31.99

30.56

32.12

SD

44.68

47.07

GH

47.35

27.02

28.89

55.052

59.93

67.32

60.52

Bd

29.41

33.46

48.15

DPA

26.92

36.45

31.87

BFp

APPENDIX 26.1: BONE MEASUREMENTS

899

Database Inventory Number

2839

1441

1541

1411

1445

324

341

342

425

767

776

853

913

1069

1250

1453

1454

1658

2948

1445

1381

1382

867

911

1079

Period/Stratum

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

2282

2376

1611

1577

1577

613

1963

2280

2437

2437

2229

2275

2376

2502

2502

2502

2261

2272

2272

2278

1554

1611

870

613

1963

Locus

Bone

Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb hindlimb hindlimb hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb

Species

Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra sp. Ovis aries Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Ovis aries Camelus dromedarius

Calcaneum

Calcaneum

Calcaneum

Calcaneum

Calcaneum

Calcaneum

Calcaneum

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Tibia

Part

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F/U

BR

BR

Burnt

Appendix 26.1 (cont.)

150.73

25.31

Bd

45.96

35.31

46.99

LA

70.39

63.55

58.23

62.4

GL

27.93

29.43

26.64

28.42

38.15

34.43

30.57

31.34

28.15

29.43

27.95

30.15

32.54

25.83

19.83

17.69

23.62

22.4

20.24

GB

32.27

34.16

900 RAM BOUCHNICK

Database Inventory Number

355

479

981

1046

1231

1478

1518

1390

1317

864

1311

298

307

327

394

513

720

810

916

1029

1189

1294

1328

1511

Period/Stratum

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Roman– Byzantine VI–V

Byzantine

Abbasid I

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Byzantine

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Roman– Byzantine VI–V

864

2229

2229

2376

2229

2376

2540

2516

2280

2403

2278

2278

2366

1554

1554

1611

1735

636

864

2229

2229

2376

2279

2403

Locus

Bone

Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Forelimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb

Species

Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Ovis aries Ovis aries Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra hircus Ovis aries Ovis aries Ovis aries Ovis aries Ovis aries Ovis aries Ovis aries Ovis aries Capra hircus Ovis aries Capra hircus Sus scrofa

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Astragalus

Part

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F/U

Burnt

Appendix 26.1 (cont.)

40.95

21.15

19.05

29.69

19.92

19.24

20.46

20.54

18.14

21.22

22.91

21.38

22.4

37.87

43.7

48.07

45.68

Bd

LA

41.45

31.13

32.1

32.15

29.88

41.16

32.1

30.43

31.12

33.45

30.15

33.2

33.18

33.42

28.92

34.32

31.1

32.3

61.02

65.68

69.2

72.08

71.35

GLI

29.49

31.33

28.04

39.13

29.54

28.03

29.07

30.42

28.06

31.27

31.56

30.53

26.77

32.92

32.45

31.8

53.25

60.85

64.9

63.31

GLm

17.24

18.12

17.29

27.67

18.3

17.69

17.56

18.76

17.85

19.08

17.79

18.04

13.73

18.23

18.39

19.43

32.84

37.02

42.52

38.6

Dm

17.07

17.42

17.77

27.74

17.66

16.81

30.98

18.8

16.11

20.07

18.51

18.34

14.91

18.82

17.44

17.74

31.69

35.84

41.76

39.17

DI

APPENDIX 26.1: BONE MEASUREMENTS

901

Database Inventory Number

727

1220

413

368

369

978

1168

1181

1182

1232

1684

278

279

280

417

490

724

769

778

859

994

1032

1151

1631

808

Period/Stratum

Byzantine

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Byzantine

2500

2425

2377

2229

2229

2502

2502

2502

2500

2279

2224

2360

2360

2360

2229

2229

2376

2376

2242

2376

2248

2248

2357

2229

2500

Locus

Bone

Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Hindlimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb

Species

Sus scrofa Equus sp. Bos taurus Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra hircus Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Ovis aries Capra/Ovis Capra hircus Capra/ovis Capra/Ovis Ovis aries Sus scrofa

Metacarpus 4

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Metacarpus

Central 4th tars.

Central 4th tars.

Central 4th tars.

Astragalus

Astragalus

Part

F

F

F

F

F,F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F/U

Burnt

Appendix 26.1 (cont.)

22.17

24.97

25.06

25.2

28.92

25.72

24.86

28.88

24.39

25.92

25.88

60.02

61.73

61.01

Bp

29.51

32.96

57.63

GB

49.79

24.56

LA

22.3

28.28

28.25

28.67

56.08

58.87

53.53

54.07

Bd

111.81

212.54

GL

14.88

33.09

SD

LeP

B

902 RAM BOUCHNICK

Database Inventory Number

671

325

396

678

768

888

1030

1177

1341

2950

1410

883

893

328

711

792

793

997

998

2868

2844

2951

2843

2911

Period/Stratum

Byzantine

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Byzantine

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

2009

1963

1963

1963

1963

2229

2229

2502

2502

2516

2366

1611

1547

1611

1963

2229

2376

2229

2376

2502

2500

2403

2278

2516

Locus

Bone

Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes

Species

Sus scrofa Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra hircus Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/ovis Bos taurus Bos taurus Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Canis familiaris Canis familiaris Equus sp. Equus sp. Equus sp. Equus sp. Capra sp. Sus scrofa Sus scrofa Sus scrofa Sus scrofa

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Metapod

Metapod

Metapod

Metapod

Metapod

Metapod

Metapod

Metapod

Metapod

Metapod

Metatarsus

Metatarsus

Metatarsus

Metatarsus

Metatarsus

Metatarsus

Metatarsus

Metatarsus

Metatarsus 3

F

F

F

F

F

F,F

F,F

F

F

F,F

F,F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F,U

F,F

F/U

BR

BR

BR

Burnt

Appendix 26.1 (cont.) Part

14.38

Bd

Bp

13.41

14.38

13.43

13.48

11.67

Bd

Bp 12.17

33.39

34.37

33.93

29.47

27.84

25.5

25.22

17.48

Bd

36.31

36.78

39.7

6.47

8.74

41.02

23.19

48.2

50.55

23.75

21.66

22.97

22.37

18.58

Bp

LA

33.88

GL

37.95

GL

206.28

178.77

48.2

73.15

72.45

GL

SD

SD

22.25

24.83

SD

BFp

BFp

70.42

LeP

Dp

Dp

13.04

B

BFd

BFd

APPENDIX 26.1: BONE MEASUREMENTS

903

Database Inventory Number

222

374

375

376

377

480

901

301

972

1019

1089

1652

1385

897

1397

892

247

263

265

353

434

435

436

441

504

505

Period/Stratum

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid I

Abbasid III

Abbasid I

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

2280

2280

2262

2261

2261

2261

2403

2360

2360

2417

1611

1735

1611

1731

2280

2488

2229

2376

2366

2376

2279

2248

2248

2248

2248

2417

Locus

Bone

Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes

Species

Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra hircus Ovis aries Capra hircus Capra hircus Capra hircus Capra hircus Ovis aries Ovis aries Capra hircus Capra hircus

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Part

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F/U

Burnt

Appendix 26.1 (cont.)

14.44

11.24

14.34

14.56

14.28

13.13

12.91

13.38

12.68

12.66

31.75

12.47

12.89

31.15

32.81

25.95

29.21

30.17

36.6

30.58

34.9

31.89

32.45

LA

13.61

10.96

13.92

13.56

13.62

12.83

12.38

12.95

11.27

12.74

29.63

10.76

12.71

25.05

30.54

30.25

27.54

29.56

35.63

30.26

30.54

28.65

31.32

32.52

31.61

41.68

37.3

39.01

43.64

39.89

40.11

40.01

37.76

38.91

35.61

60.06

37.36

38.31

65.5

62.5

62.96

62.8

65.95

63.9

63.17

58.59

64.84

58.03

59.69

11.78

9.15

12.18

12.34

12.01

10.95

10.75

11.53

10.21

10.49

24.49

27.73

22.44

23.43

31.94

25.82

28.33

25.48

29.48

27.4

25.34

904 RAM BOUCHNICK

Database Inventory Number

716

738

843

844

845

879

940

1033

1034

1086

1204

1205

1206

1207

1224

1298

1330

1667

1668

1669

1379

304

365

1000

1269

Period/Stratum

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

2229

2229

2248

2278

621

2280

2280

2280

2229

2229

2229

2376

2376

2376

2376

2257

2229

2229

2376

2376

2502

2502

2502

2500

2516

Locus

Bone

Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes

Species

Ovis aries Capra hircus Capra hircus Capra hircus Ovis aries Ovis aries Capra hircus Capra hircus Capra hircus Capra hircus Ovis aries Ovis aries Ovis aries Capra hircus Capra hircus Ovis aries Capra hircus Ovis aries Ovis aries Capra hircus Bos taurus Sus scrofa Equus sp. Equus sp. Equus sp.

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

Phalanx 1

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F/U

Burnt

Appendix 26.1 (cont.) Part

35.21

40.63

30.82

14.68

32.07

28.89

39.99

16.15

30.6

14.19

12.48

Bd

Bp 13.75

13.16

12.83

12.56

11.7

13.07

12.91

13.48

12.47

11.44

13.1

11.48

24.05

12.74

12.32

11.86

11.58

13.63

11.57

13.71

14.12

15.12

13.51

14.39

13.96

14.24

13.34

12.19

14.1

12.24

23.63

13.81

14.08

12.44

11.75

13.38

11.8

LA

70.17

64.01

76.39

68.43

44.6

13.72

GL

41.51

38.68

39.62

37.81

43.94

40.46

41.5

38.08

38.05

38.78

37.7

50.31

38.72

38.38

36.46

37.87

40.49

37.88

9.58

22.97

21.51

29.53

12.27

11.17

SD

11.44

11.7

11.34

10.17

10.51

11.39

11.83

10.53

9.65

11.65

10.12

20.58

10.78

11.29

9.97

9.26

10.63

34.27

BFp

27.72

Dp

29.46

BFd

APPENDIX 26.1: BONE MEASUREMENTS

905

Database Inventory Number

2928

2819

2842

223

224

225

226

227

258

322

335

378

379

866

867

1163

1171

1174

1230

1285

1560

871

308

339

357

486

823

Period/Stratum

Byzantine

Byzantine

Byzantine

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Byzantine

2502

2279

2328

2272

2278

1611

2425

2229

2229

2376

2242

2377

2376

2376

2248

2248

2272

2278

2360

2417

2417

2417

2417

2417

1963

1963

1963

Locus

Bone

Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes

Species

Equus Sus scrofa Sus scrofa Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Ovis aries Capra/Ovis Ovis aries Ovis aries

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Part

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F/U

BR

BR

Burnt

Appendix 26.1 (cont.)

13.06

12.62

13.95

14.45

11.51

26.7

32.39

32.25

30.25

33.57

32.8

30.26

31.33

33.68

28.63

33.94

36.16

25.54

30.73

28.62

30.79

35.56

14.86

12.41

40.37

LA

10.51

10.14

11.94

11.63

9.49

13.49

23.43

26.29

28.72

24.21

26.73

30.94

24.61

26.72

28.49

24.62

23.4

29.52

22.29

270.43

26.11

26.5

29.87

11.81

14.75

38.78

24.01

24.31

26.2

24.94

27.78

40.11

42.84

40.58

44.46

45.47

47.7

42.08

42.92

42.86

37.45

44.37

37.23

40.22

41.77

40.4

46.24

21.61

24.07

36.88

10.35

9.76

10.65

11.01

8.13

21.98

24.79

23.92

27.18

23.36

25.32

26.19

24.69

23.67

28.59

29.2

26.18

29.58

906 RAM BOUCHNICK

Database Inventory Number

880

881

882

902

941

1093

1199

1200

1201

1225

1425

1490

1638

1639

1670

487

1491

1036

1270

229

230

336

457

974

1067

1286

Period/Stratum

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

2229

2275

2376

2261

2272

2417

2417

2229

2229

2437

2279

2280

2425

2425

2437

2437

2229

2376

2376

2376

2280

2376

2376

2376

2376

2376

Locus

Bone

Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes

Species

Ovis aries Ovis aries Ovis aries Ovis aries Capra hircus Capra hircus Capra hircus Ovis aries Ovis aries Capra hircus Capra hircus Capra hircus Ovis aries Ovis aries Ovis aries Sus scrofa Sus scrofa Equus sp. Equus sp. Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus Bos taurus

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Phalanx 2

Part

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F/U

Burnt

Appendix 26.1 (cont.)

59

74.06

70.6

57.5

66.64

50.69

57.8

53.43

44.56

54.8

55.56

DLS

SDO 72.01

29.95

35.04

7.45

11.8

10.6

11.31

9.74

10.56

9.67

10.46

11.75

9.92

21.59

20.71

11.47

9.95

12.08

32.8

32.08

11.31

14.4

13.48

13.8

12.21

14.19

13.04

13.09

13

14.28

14.38

12.56

24.03

22.71

14.21

12.51

14.19

LA

18.51

25.65

20.65

19.09

23.08

24.88

LD

33.56

34.99

23.51

25.29

25.55

28.16

24.06

24.02

22.4

25.71

24.75

27.41

25.64

26.11

35.22

34.74

28.13

27.29

27.27

GL

28.7

30.28

7.12

9.57

10.01

8.67

9.94

9.09

9.77

9.9

10.81

11.54

8.89

20.45

19.6

9.97

9.38

10.88

GB

BF

APPENDIX 26.1: BONE MEASUREMENTS

907

Database Inventory Number

1561

1687

1384

248

903

957

1196

1197

1198

1671

1001

1271

Period/Stratum

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid I

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid III

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

2229

2229

2280

2376

2376

2376

2376

2376

2417

1731

2229

2425

Locus

Bone

Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes Toes

Species

Bos taurus Bos taurus Capra/Ovis Capra hircus Capra/Ovis Ovis aries Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Capra/Ovis Ovis aries Equus sp. Equus sp. Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Phalanx 3

Part

F

F

F

F/U

Burnt

Appendix 26.1 (cont.)

27.23

26.48

30.04

29.21

34.38

39.79

37.91

64.68

59.66

LA

22.85

20.83

23.99

23.47

24.02

32.6

32.39

80.35

50.71

48.64

9.34

6.65

7.14

6.68

8.35

17.35

9.91

60.23

20.54

19.77

72.84

38.43 78.02

51.37

908 RAM BOUCHNICK

864

1217

1244

1650

1692

Byzantine V

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

1691

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

1245

1246

1007

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

1243

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

1006

1242

Abbasid II

295

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

302

Abbasid II

2229

2280

2229

2229

2376

2229

2229

2229

2229

2229

2229

2229

2278

2366

2360

2229

1688

275

Abbasid II

Abbasid III

2417

238

Abbasid III

Locus

Database Inventory Number

Period/ Stratum

B: AVES

Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb Hindlimb

Gallus domesticus Gallus domesticus Gallus domesticus Gallus domesticus

Forelimb

Gallus domesticus

Gallus domesticus

Forelimb Forelimb

Forelimb

Gallus domesticus Gallus domesticus

Hindlimb

Gallus domesticus

Gallus domesticus

Hindlimb Hindlimb

Hindlimb

Gallus domesticus Gallus domesticus

Forelimb

Gallus domesticus

Gallus domesticus

Forelimb Forelimb

Gallus domesticus

Axial

Gallus domesticus

Gallus domesticus

Bone

Species

Tibiotarsus

Tibiotarsus

Tibiotarsus

Tibiotarsus

Tibiotarsus

Coracoid

Humerus

Humerus

Humerus

Femur

Femur

Femur

Femur

Radius

Radius

Radius

Synsacrum

Part

F

F

F

F

F

F,F

F,F

F

F,F

F

F

F,F

F

F

F

F,F

F/U

Appendix 26.1 (cont.) Burnt

GL

18.26

Bp

57.22

Bb 15.19

66.61

66.79

GL

76.47

GL

59.82

70.86

GL

17.64

17.59

18.35

Bp

17.78

15.8

14.88

Bp

6.49

DIA

21.59

Dip

54.79

Lm

13.02

Dp

3.9

63.58

SC

11.55

14.91

12.44

Bd

13.41

14.54

Bd

12.15

15.13

Bd

7.47

7.81

7.34

Bd

12.83

11.92

13.54

Dd

13.06

11.88

Dd

APPENDIX 26.1: BONE MEASUREMENTS

909

1316

1689

1690

444

1265

1247

1267

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Abbasid II

Database Inventory Number

Period/ Stratum

2229

2229

2229

2262

2229

2229

2229

Locus

Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb Forelimb

Gallus domesticus Gallus domesticus Gallus domesticus Gallus domesticus Gallus domesticus Columba livia Columba livia

Bone

Species

Ulna

Ulna

Ulna

Ulna

Scapula

Scapula

Scapula

Part

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F/U

Appendix 26.1 (cont.) Burnt

8.72

8.62

9.07

8.8

Bp

DIA

64.45

65.16

GL

7.41

7.28

12.9

12.73

Dip

11.3

11.77

11.97

Dic

910 RAM BOUCHNICK

Appendix 26.2

Distribution of Identified Bones (NISP) According to Period and Locus

A: BYZANTINE Locus

Spatial Context

Cattle

Caprine

Pig

1772

Building 1821 floor

 

1782

Building 1821 floor

3

1809

Building 1821 floor

1821

Building 1821 floor

1881

Building 1821 floor

1898

Building 1821 floor

1908

Building 1821 floor

 

2

 

 

 

 

 

2416

Building 1821 floor

 

7

 

 

 

 

 

2461

Building 1821 floor

 

 

 

 

1

4

8

3

28

7

1

9

3

3

126

7

1

30

15

26

Total

Equid + Camel

Ungulate

Carnivore

Rodent

 

 

 

 

Fowl 6

7

6

9

243

46

 

Total 17

2

40

7

147

3

50

13 4 1

5

1

Bird

1  

32  

2

1

 

8

9

1

24

29

1

333

1564

Agricultural field

6

4

1

11

1595

Agricultural field

8

3

2

13

1596

Agricultural field

7

2

1

10

1631

Agricultural field

1632

Agricultural field

1635

Agricultural field

1645

Agricultural field

1647

Agricultural field

5

1960

Agricultural field

7

1961

Agricultural field

1

1977

Agricultural field

2009

Agricultural field

2500

1

3

2

35

8

2

1

2 2

3

3

1

16

11

1

2502

Agricultural field

4

39

6

2516

Agricultural field

2

14

8

2527

Agricultural field

2540

Agricultural field

2555

Agricultural field

1963

Channel foundation

Total

4  

1

6 1

 

3

2

 

34

2

1

2

11

2

67

1

2

1

1

1

30

8

 

3 59

2

3

1

24

17

3

20

76

2

4

46

96

2

Street slabs Eastern building floor

2

2469

Floor

1

1

1

 

149

2432

Total Assemblages

1

1

1886

Total

1

1

9 Channel

10 1

Agricultural field

1934

1

7 2

Channel

2

1

1

1852

8 57

2

1

Total

1 11

3  

12

 

 

 

4

3

11

35

3

281 5

2

42

5

5

111

5

7

158

1 8

16

 

1 4

 

 

 

 

 

2  

14 1

3

9

4

26

447

205

14

1

7

16

1

17

72

789

912

RAM BOUCHNICK

B: UMAYYAD Locus

Spatial Context

1444

Floor

1448

Floor

1449

Floor

1

1

1463

Floor

2

6

1790

Floor

2

15

1812

Floor

10

19

1829

Floor 18

66

23

11

14

56

6

1

8

2

8

1

Total 1769

Limekiln fill

1796

Limekiln fill

1836

Limekiln fill

Cattle 3

Caprine

Pig

22

17

2

1

Equid +Camel

Ungulate

Carnivore

Rodent

2

Fowl

Bird

4

48 3

1

3

2

6

16

3

2

3

25 29

1

1

Total

1 7  

 

 

4 1

125  

81 11 10

Total

15

72

9

1

5

102

Total Assemblages

33

138

32

12

12

227

913

APPENDIX 26.2: DISTRIBUTION OF IDENTIFIED BONES (NISP) ACCORDING TO PERIOD AND LOCUS

C: ABBASID Stratum III Locus

Spatial Context

1479

Refuse pit

3

1485

Refuse pit

1

2

1513

Refuse pit

2

18

1514

Refuse pit

1537

Refuse pit

1546

Refuse pit

1547

Refuse pit

1549

Refuse pit

1554

Refuse pit

1555

Refuse pit

12

1562

Refuse pit

19

1578

Refuse pit

2

1608

Refuse pit

1

5

1611

Refuse pit

3

18

1620

Refuse pit

1622

Refuse pit

1793

Refuse pit

1827

Refuse pit

1854

Refuse pit

1883

Refuse pit

1900

Refuse pit

1944

Refuse pit

2

2

2360

Refuse pit

33

129

2

2376

Refuse pit

45

108

1

2417

Refuse pit

14

32

2425

Refuse pit

5

42

1

2437

Refuse pit

4

146

2

2438

Refuse pit

2472

Refuse pit

6

13

1

21

2533

Refuse pit

2

26

2

30

2541

Refuse pit

3

4

1

8

2568

Refuse pit

4

21

2

27

2574

Refuse pit

Total

Cattle

Caprine

Pig

33

Equid + Camel

Ungulate

Carnivore

Rodent

 

 

 

 

Fowl

3 4

Pigeon

Wild Bird

Reptile

1

 

47

 

3

5

 

31

2

 

5

 

30

7 1

 

1

3 1

1

1

21

5

3

1

1

 

5

15

18

1

13

 

47

3

1

1

17

15

1

1

1

2

9

1

1 2

1

7

4

 

1

8 20

3  

1 1

1

1

1

5 1

1

Total

1

3

2  

 

 

 

2

18

 

2

5 3

1  

 

 

 

  1

 

 

5

 

37

 

12

 

19

 

12

 

7

 

33

 

5

 

10

 

14

 

40

 

3

 

6

 

4

 

8

3

1

 

 

8 1

4

6

7

1

1

163

 745

1

8

4

1 8

4

70 158 10

1

27

166 51

10

4

4 173

5 25

9

81

21

6

9

1098

914

RAM BOUCHNICK

Stratum II Locus

Spatial Context

Cattle

Caprine

1464

Floor

16

1545

Floor

3

1548

Floor

1577

Floor

1440

Floor

1468

Floor

1486

Floor

1

1629

Floor

1

1633

Floor

1798

Floor

1575 1455

Pig

Equid + Camel

Ungulate

Carnivore

Rodent

Pigeon

Wild Bird

1

7 1

Fowl

Reptile

Total

 

17

 

3

2

 

9

3

 

13

3

 

3

5

 

5

 

4

8

1

2

1

10

2

 

1

 

13

8

 

9

Installation

3

 

3

Sewage pit

1

 

1

1777

Sewage pit

1

 

3

2269

Fill

1

2247

Floor

2248

Floor

18

14

2275

Floor

2

2

2282

Floor

3

1

2224

Floor

8

2

2328

Installation

2229

Cistern

2257

Floor

2261

Floor

13

51

2262

Floor

1

8

2272

Floor

7

23

1

2278

Floor

20

28

3

2279

Floor

16

25

3

2280

Floor

31

63

1

2357

Floor

7

8

2366

Floor

16

8

2

2377

Sewage Pit

9

4

2

2403

Floor

15

21

2

2488

Ṭabun

1

2

264

445

Total

1

1

2

1 4 1

33 4

2

6 10

7 97

1

102 4

4

29

42

11

50

1

9

6

337

1

5 2

3

69

1

10 31

1

3

54

1

46

4

99 15

1

1

28

2

17

1

39 3

21

32

4

46

16

Pig

Equid + Camel

Ungulate

Carnivore

Rodent

69

7

904

Stratum I Locus

Spatial Context

1731

Floor

3

2

1735

Floor

3

25

1738

Floor

2

2

8 435

Total  Total Assemblages

Cattle

Caprine

Fowl

3

1

1

4

29

3

1

1

4

1219

51

41

Pigeon

Wild Bird

Reptile  

5

 

37

  8

72

25

154

Total

4 46

28

6

9

2048

D. Ben-Ami, Y. Tchekhanovets, 2020, Jerusalem: Givati Parking Lot II (IAA Reports 66)

Chapter 27

The Fish R emains from Strata V–I Omri Lernau

Introduction The present report deals with a small assemblage of fish bones from Strata III–II, dated to the Abbasid period (second half of eighth–tenth centuries CE; see Chapter 12). During this period, the excavated area featured a marketplace in Stratum III and a workshop and residential quarter in Stratum II. Most of the fish bones described here come from the sieved soil of two Stratum III pits (L2425, L2437). The other bones were manually collected.

Materials and Methods Identification and analysis of the fish remains recovered from the Abbasid strata at Givati followed standard zooarchaeological procedures. The bones were identified to the lowest taxon possible by direct comparison with the author’s private comparative reference collection. The specimens were measured (following Morales and Rosenlund 1979) and estimates of fish size (body length in cm) were determined using allometric formulas obtained from the literature (Desse, Desse-Berset and Rocheteau 1987; Desse and Desse-Berset 1996), or by direct comparison with bones of recent fish of known sizes. Quantification of the remains includes a count of the total number of identified specimens for each taxon (NISP), and calculated estimates of the minimum number of individual fish (MNI) according to stratum, spatial distribution (separately for each Stratum III pit), and skeletal elements (taxonomic nomenclature and details of the fish follow Goren 1983; Whitehead et al. 1986; Nelson 1994; Golani et al. 2006).

R esults The total number of fish bones received for analysis was 317, of which 279 bones originated in Stratum III and 38 bones in Stratum II. Ninety-six identified bones in Stratum III belong to seven different families of fish (MNI = 26), and 25 identified bones in Stratum II belong to three families (MNI = 5; Table 27.1).

Spatial Distribution of the Fish Bones In Stratum III, all the retrieved bones were found inside five refuse pits (L1622, L2417, L2425, L2437, L2472). The soil from Pits 2425 and 2437 was water sieved and thus yielded most of the bones. Pit 2425 contained 159 bones of which 24 could be identified

916

OMRI LERNAU

Table 27.1. Fish Bones from the Abbasid Strata Stratum

Family

Genus

Species

Clariidae (catfish)

Clarias

gariepinus

Mugilidae (mullets)

50

9

15

7

ramada

8

Mugil

cephalus

1 3

Dentex

Scaridae (parrotfish)

MNI

Liza Sparidae (porgies) III

NISP

4

3

Pagrus

pagrus

1

Sparus

aurata

2

Scarus

Sciaenidae (drums)

7

2

3

2

Anguilidae (European eels)

Anguilla

anguilla

2

1

Engraulidae (anchovies)

Engraulis

encrasicholus

1

1

Clarias

gariepinus

No identification Clariidae (catfish)

183

Mugilidae (mullets) II Scaridae (parrotfish) No Identification Total NISP Strata III and II

18

2

4

2

Liza

ramada

1

Mugil

cephalus

1

Scarus

1 13 121

Total MNI Strata III and II Total Examined Bones

1

31 317

to six different families of fish. Pit 2437 contained 71 bones of which 50 identified bones belonged to four different families of fish. The remaining three pits contained 49 bones of three families of fish (Table 27.2). The relative abundance of fish bones in Pits 2425 and 2437 suggests, considering the general nature of this stratum, that they were refuse dumps serving fish mongers. Later in the Abbasid period (Stratum II), a few bones were found scattered on the floors of workshops (L2261, L2278, L2403), one bone in an installation (L2328), one in a sewage pit (L2377), and a concentration of 32 bones inside a storage vessel (L2247; Table 27.3).

917

CHAPTER 27: THE FISH REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I

Table 27.2. Fish Bones from Stratum III Pits Locus

2425 (MNI = 9)

Family

NISP

Mugilidae

13

Sciaenidae

3

Sparidae

3

Anguilidae

2

Clariidae

2

Engraulidae

1

No identification

2437 (MNI = 9)

135

Clariidae

35

Scaridae

7

Sparidae

5

Mugilidae

3

No identification 1622 (MNI = 5)

21

Mugilidae

8

Sparidae

1

Clariidae

1

No identification

25

2417 (MNI = 1)

Clariidae

9

No identification

2

2472 (MNI = 2)

Clariidae

3

Total

279

Table 27.3. Fish Bones from Stratum II (MNI = 5) Locus and Context L2247; inside storage vessel on floor

Family

NISP

Clariidae

16

Mugilidae

4

No identification L2261; floor of bone-tool workshop

12

Clariidae

1

Mugilidae

1

L2278; floor of bone-tool workshop

Clariidae

1

L2328; plastered installation

No identification

1

L2377; sewage pit outside Building 2271

Mugilidae

1

L2403; floor in Building 2271

Scaridae

1

Total

38

918

OMRI LERNAU

Discussion The most common fish in both Strata III and II was Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822), the Nile catfish, with 68 bones comprising 56% of all identified bones. The Nile catfish is the largest freshwater fish in Israel, attaining a maximum size of 120 cm. It belongs to the Nilotic fauna that spread northward through the Levant as far as the foothills of the mountains of Anatolia. The proportion of Nile catfish in the assemblage is high compared to other excavated sites, both for sieved (e.g., the Iron Age City of David, see Lernau Reich and Shukron 2008) and non-sieved material (e.g., Iron Age Lachish, see Lernau and Golani 2004; Iron Age Miqne, see Lernau 2017). Apart from the present assemblage from Givati, most excavated sites in Israel contain large proportions of Nilotic fish imported from Egypt, mainly Nile perch (Lates niloticus). In those assemblages, the problem of the origin of the Nile catfish––whether obtained locally or imported together with other Nilotic fish––has yet to be determined (e.g., Tel Reḥov; Lernau, in press). This is not a dilemma in the present material, as there are no bones of Nile perch or any other Nilotic fish that do not occur in the Levant. Therefore, it seems certain that the origin of the Nile catfish in the Abbasid strata at Givati is indeed local, brought to Jerusalem from either the Jordan River system in the east or the Mediterranean coastal rivers and swamps in the west. All skeletal parts of the fish were represented in the assemblage: 29 vertebrae (the meat-bearing parts of the fish) as well as 14 bones of the heavy skulls, 18 bones of the face and seven strong pelvic spines. This indicates that the fish were brought whole to Jerusalem, in contrast to catfish bones found in many other excavations, which include only vertebrae. This is due to the ‘schlepp effect’, leaving the massive, non-edible heads at the fishing grounds. The reason that whole catfish were brought to Jerusalem in this case might be due to their relatively small size. The sizes of the catfish, according to 35 measurable bones, varied between 53 and 87 cm, with an average of 61 cm. Both Jews and Muslims refrain from eating catfish; Jews because they regard it to be non-kosher as it has no scales, Muslims apparently due to a legend concerning the Prophet Muḥammad. The discovery of catfish in this assemblage suggests that the Muslim taboo appeared later than the Early Islamic period; however, this must await more extensive collections of fish bones. The second most common fish in both Abbasid strata were Mugilidae (mullets) with 30 bones (25% of the identified bones). Some bones could be identified to the level of species: Liza ramada (Risso 1827), the thinlip grey mullet, and Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus 1758), the flathead grey mullet. These were marine fish brought to Jerusalem from the Mediterranean. They are well represented in most excavated assemblages across the country and are dated to different periods. These fish are still popular today in markets and restaurants. Sixteen measurable bones allowed size estimations of 9 to 32 cm, with an average of 23. The marine family Sparidae (porgies), which usually forms the majority of fish remains in excavations in Israel, is represented here by only nine bones (7.5% of all identified bones). Six of these belong to three different kinds of fish: Sparus aurata (Linnaeus 1758), the gilthead seabream; Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus 1758), the red porgy;

CHAPTER 27: THE FISH REMAINS FROM STRATA V–I

919

and the genus Dentex. These species of porgies inhabit the Mediterranean. In addition, there were a few bones of other kinds of marine fish from the Mediterranean: drums, eels and an anchovy. Of special interest are eight bones of the family Scaridae (parrotfish), of which only one species (Sparisoma cretense, Linnaeus 1758) exists in the Mediterranean, while there are 15 different species in the Red Sea. The scarid bones in the Givati assemblage do not match the Mediterranean species, which is easily identifiable, but rather belong to species of the genus Scarus that inhabit the Red Sea and were, therefore, imported to Jerusalem. One of the few sites in Israel that have so far yielded fish bones dated to the Early Islamic period is Elat-Elot, situated on the northern coast of the Red Sea between Elat and Aqaba, where 225 identifiable fish bones belonging to seven Red Sea families, including parrotfish, were recovered (Lernau 1998). There is little doubt that the parrotfish in the Givati assemblage were imported to Jerusalem from the synchronous settlement at Elat-Elot. The present assemblage from Givati is the third-largest collection of fish bones from sites dated to the Early Islamic period excavated in Israel so far. At Caesarea, this period produced 148 identifiable bones (Fradkin and Lernau 2008). As it is situated on the Mediterranean coast, there was a sizable assortment of Mediterranean as well as freshwater fish, including a few bones of fish imported from Egypt. A shipwreck north of Caesarea (Barkai, Lernau and Kahanov 2013), dated to the seventh century CE, contained several containers with remains of tiny freshwater fish constituting a fish product, most probably a type of ‘allec’ fish sauce. At several other sites dated to this period, small numbers of bones were found. In Jerusalem, an excavation of an Armenian monastery dated to the late Byzantine–Early Islamic period produced 19 identifiable fish bones. Among these were four bones of the local Nile catfish and one bone of a Red Sea parrotfish, again suggesting commercial connections, probably with Elat-Elot (Lernau, unpublished data). Interestingly enough, there were also four bones of Nile perch imported from Egypt. At Banyas in northern Israel, seven bones of Mediterranean marine and local freshwater species were found on an Early Islamic floor above a Roman ‘Temple of Pan’ (Lernau, unpublished data). At Tel Reḥov in the Jordan Valley (Lernau, in press) and at neighboring Tel Bet She’an (Lernau 2009), only 30 fish bones were dated to the Early Islamic period, all of Mediterranean marine and local freshwater fish except for a single bone of a Nile perch at Tel Reḥov. A few bones of Red Sea fish were retrieved from Early Islamic copper mines at Naḥal ‘Amram, about 10 km north of the Red Sea (Horwitz, Avner and Lernau 2018).

Conclusions Jerusalemites had been eating imported fish from various origins long before the Early Islamic period. The main source of fish for Jerusalem was always the Mediterranean, while freshwater fish were imported to Jerusalem from the Jordan River system and the coastal rivers along the Mediterranean coast. Another important source of freshwater fish to the Levant, over long periods of time, was the Nile. Nilotic fish were found in the City of David excavations in Jerusalem, mainly from the Iron Age, but none have been identified so far in

920

OMRI LERNAU

the excavated material from the Givati Parking Lot site. However, the present assemblage is too small for any definitive conclusions. The existence of Red Sea parrotfish species in Jerusalem in Early Islamic contexts is somewhat surprising. Red Sea fish bones have been found mainly in Roman and Byzantine contexts, especially in the southern part of the country (e.g., a large collection of Red Sea fish bones in a Byzantine monastery at Ḥorbat Karkur, north of Be’er Sheva‘; see Lernau 2004). The trade in these fish in the Roman and Byzantine periods followed the caravans entering the country from the south through the Arava and the Jordan Valley or through the Negev desert toward Gaza, as part of an active commerce in spices, incense and other luxury commodities to Europe. A clue to the reason for Red Sea fish in the present assemblage might be found at the contemporaneous site of Elat-Elot on the northern tip of the Red Sea, where many bones of Red Sea fish were identified in the excavations, including parrotfish. This suggests communication and trade between the two sites in the Early Islamic period.

R eferences Ba r ka iO.,Ler na u O.a nd Ka ha nov Y.2013.Ana l ysis of Fish Bones fr omt he Ta nt ur a FShipwr eck, Israel. Archaeofauna: International Journal of Archaeozoology 22:189–199. Desse J., Desse-Berset N. and Rocheteau M. 1987. Contribution à l’ostéométrie du mulet: Liza (Liza) ramada Risso, 1826 (= Mugil capito Cuvier, 1829) (Fiches d’ostéologie animale pour l’archéologie. Série A: Poissons 2). Juan-les-Pins. Desse J. and Desse-Berset N. 1996. Ostéométrie et archéologie de la daurade royale (Sparus aurata, Linne, 1758) (Fiches d’ostéologie animale pour l’archéologie. Série A: Poissons 9). Juan-lesPins. Fradkin A. and Lernau O. 2008. The Fishing Economy at Caesarea. In K.G. Holum, J.A. Stabler and E.G. Reinhardt eds. Caesarea Reports and Studies: Excavations 1995–2007 within the Old City and the Ancient Harbor (BAR Int. S. 1784). Oxford. Pp. 189–200. Golani D., Öztürk B., Başusta N. and Darom D. 2006. Fishes of the Eastern Mediterranean. Istanbul. Goren M. 1983. Fresh Water Fishes of Israel. Biology and Taxonomy. Tel Aviv (Hebrew). Horwitz L.K., Avner U. and Lernau O. 2018. Miner’s Meals at the Copper Mines of Nahal ‘Amram, Southern Israel. In E. Ben-Yosef ed. Mining for Ancient Copper: Essays in Memory of Beno Rothenberg (Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 37). Tel Aviv. Pp. 199–216. Lernau O. 1998. Fish Remains at Elat-Elot. ‘Atiqot 36:41*–46* (Hebrew; English summary, pp. 125–126). Lernau, O. 2004. Fish Remains. In P. Figueras ed. Ḥorvat Karkur ‘Illit: A Byzantine Cemetery Church in the Northern Negev (Final Report of the Excavations 1989–1995) (Beer-Sheva XVI). Be’er Sheva‘. Pp. 335–349.

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Lernau O. 2009. Fish Bones. In N. Panitz-Cohen and A. Mazar eds. Excavations at Tel Bet-Shean 1989–1996 III: The 13th–11th Century BCE Strata in Areas N and S (The Beth-Shean Valley Archaeological Project 3). Jerusalem. Pp. 774–781. Lernau O. 2017. The Fish Bones from Iron Age I Strata VII–IV and Iron Age II Strata Pre-IC, IC, IB, IA. In S. Gitin, T. Dothan and Y. Garfinkel. Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations 1985–1988, 1990, 1992–1995; Field IV Lower—The Elite Zone 2: The Iron Age IIC Late Philistine City (Final Reports of the Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations 9/2). Winona Lake. Pp. 365–382. Lernau O. In Press. The Fish Remains. In A. Mazar and N. Paniz-Cohen eds. Tel Reḥov, A Bronze and Iron Age City in the Beth-Shean Valley V: Various Objects and Natural-Science Studies (Qedem 63). Jerusalem. Lernau O. and Golani D. 2004. The Osteological Remains (Aquatic). In D. Ussishkin ed. The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994) V (Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 22). Tel Aviv. Pp. 2456–2489. Lernau O., Reich R. and Shukron E. 2008. Bullae and Bones of Fish in the City of David, Jerusalem: A Preliminary Report. In P. Béarez, S. Grouard and B. Clavel eds. Archéologie du poisson, 30 ans d’archéo-ichthyologie au CNRS; Hommage aux travaux de Jean Desse et Nathalie DesseBerset (Rencontres internationales d’archéologie et d’histoire d’Antilles, 28th, 2008, Juan-lesPins, France). Antibes. Pp. 391–397. Morales A. and Rosenlund K. 1979. Fish Bone Measurements: An Attempt to Standardize the Measuring of Fish Bones from Archaeological Sites. Copenhagen. Nelson J.S. 1994. Fishes of the World. New York. Whitehead P.J.P., Bauchot M.L., Hureau J.C., Nielsen J. and Tortonese E. 1986. Fishes of the NorthEastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Paris.

D. Ben-Ami, Y. Tchekhanovets, 2020, Jerusalem: Givati Parking Lot II (IAA Reports 66)

Appendix 1

Locus List

Asterisks indicate loci originating in archaeological contexts other than Strata V–I and the Mamluk pits. These loci will appear in locus lists in the following volumes of the Givati final reports. Most of the three-digit loci mentioned in the text were excavated in the first season of excavation in 2007 (Area M1), and appear in the locus list of that season (up to L841; see Givati I). No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

854

V

-

L870

699.13 

698.36     

Stone pavement (sidewalk)

1301

I

Surface

L1333, L1334

701.02

700.60

Fill

1302

IIB–IIA

Surface

L1362

701.21

700.66

Floor

1305

I

Surface

L1352

701.28

700.74

Floor

1306

I

Surface

L1342

701.06

700.58

Floor

1314

I

Surface

L1388

700.75

700.69

Floor

1317

I

Surface

L1412

702.67

701.58

Floor

1320

IIA

Surface

L1370

702.05

701.21

Floor

1325

I

L1304*

L1402

701.52

700.67

Floor

1326

IIB–IIA

L1304*

L1459

701.52

698.37

Sewage pit

1327

I

L1311*

L1350

700.89

700.53

Floor

1329

I

L1309*

L1336

700.64

700.61

Floor

1330

I

L1311*

L1349

700.62

700.38

Fill

1331

I

L1312*

L1341

700.78

700.62

Floor

1332

I

L1312*

L1341

700.55

700.45

Fill

1333

IIB–IIA

L1301

L1353

700.60

700.35

Floor

1334

I

L1301

L1427

700.60

699.95

Fill

1335

IIB–IIA

L1301

L1353

700.63

700.03

Installation

1336

I

L1329

L1347

700.61

700.42

Floor

1337

I

L1327

L1350

700.73

700.37

Ṭabun

1338

IIB–IIA

L1301

L1354

700.73

700.46

Floor

1339

VI–I

L1301

-

701.21

693.10

Shaft of Cistern 1391

1340

I

L1310*

L1377

701.21

700.50

Fill

1341

I

L1331

L1348, L1369

700.62

700.39

Floor

1342

IIB–IIA

L1306

L1367

700.58

700.33

Floor

1343

IIB–IIA

L1306

L1368

700.58

700.35

Floor

1344

I

L1310*

L1339

701.21

699.98

Fill

924

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

1345

I

L1308*

L1385

701.10

700.60

Floor

1346

I–0

L1308*

L1345

701.10

700.74

Fill

1347

II

L1336

L1351

700.42

700.29

Floor

1348

IIB

L1341

L1357

700.53

700.28

Other

1349

II

L1330

L1350

700.38

700.17

Fill

1350

I

L1327

L1460, L1461

700.53

700.28

Fill

1351

II

L1347

L1445

700.29

700.06

Fill

1352

I

L1305

L1366

700.74

700.59

Floor

1353

II

L1333

L1422

700.35

699.87

Fill

1354

II

L1338

L1423

700.46

699.82

Fill

1355

Mamluk

L1343

L1368

700.99

700.35

Pit

1356

Mamluk

L1303*

L1376

701.52

700.31

Pit

1357

III

L1348

L.1369

700.53

700.44

Ṭabun

1358

I

L1314

L1388

700.79

700.33

Ṭabun

1359

I

L1314

L1388

700.93

700.44

Ṭabun

1360

II

L1347

W1122

700.70

700.05

Fill

1361

IIB–IIA

L1302

L1362

700.74

700.27

Ṭabun

1362

II

L1302

L1405, L1410

700.66

700.07

Fill

1365

IIB–I

L1327

L1460

700.67

699.72

Drainage channel

1366

IIB–IIA

L1352

L1384

700.59

700.46

Floor

1367

II

L1342

L1419

700.33

700.06

Fill

1368

II

L1343

L1420

700.35

700.12

Fill

1369

III

L1341

L1450

700.39

700.24

Floor

1370

IIB

L1320

L1411

701.28

701.20

Floor

1371

I

L1307*

L1380

700.89

700.57

Fill

1372

I

L1307*

L1380, L1381

700.89

700.77

Fill

1373

Mamluk

L1323*

L1437

701.10

700.42

Pit

1374

I

L1314

L1314

700.69

700.61

Other

1375

III–II

L1492

L1525

699.77

699.65

Floor

1376

III

L1475

L1413

700.87

699.55

Floor

1377

VA

L1340

L1505

700.50

699.68

Fill

1378

I

L1319*

L1396, L1400

701.81

701.36

Floor

1380

I

L1372

L1476

700.78

699.65

Fill

1381

I

L1372

L1380

700.83

700.44

Fill

1382

I

L1366

L1384

700.46

700.34

Ṭabun

1383

I

L1314

L1314

701.84

701.44

Ṭabun

1384

II

L1366

L1401

700.46

700.35

Fill

1385

II

L1345

L1438

700.60

699.88

Fill

1386

II

L1315*

L1448, L1449

700.65

699.81

Fill

1387

II

L1315*

-

700.65

700.37

Fill

1388

III–II

L1314

L1446, L1447

700.61

699.92

Fill

925

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

1391

VI–I

L1377

-

701.06

693.10

Water cistern (1391A = shaft)

1392

I

L1385

L1385

700.74

700.63

Ṭabun

1393

IV

L1379*

L1437

700.67

700.12

Fill

1394

IV

L1379*

L1909

700.67

700.01

Fill

1395

Mamluk

L1321

L1456, L1457

700.80

700.36

Fill

1396

IIA

L1378

L1407

701.36

701.22

Floor

1397

I

L1317

L1317

701.90

701.86

Ṭabun

1398

IIB

L1318*

L1415, L1417, L1421

701.47

701.29

Floor

1399

II

L1316*

L1409

701.64

701.69

Fill

1400

II

L1378

L1472

701.25

700.58

Fill

1401

II

L1384

L1481

700.35

699.55

Fill

1402

IIA

L1325

L1431

700.67

700.23

Floor

1403

I

L1317

L1317

701.92

701.86

Ṭabun

1404

I

L1313*

L1430

700.51

700.23

Fill

1405

III

L1362

L1416

700.07

699.88

Floor

1406

II

L1401

L1481

700.35

699.37

Fill

1407

IIB

L1396

L1471

701.29

701.02

Floor

1408

IIA

L1396

L1474

701.43

700.93

Floor

1409

IIA

L1399

L1468

702.15

701.31

Floor

1410

II

L1405

L1416

700.00

699.47

Fill

1411

II

L1370

L1538, L1539

701.20

700.62

Floor

1412

IIA

L1317

L1440, L1441

701.68

701.32

Floor

1413

III

L1376

L1424

699.97

699.53

Floor

1414

IIB

L1398

L1415

701.68

701.35

Ṭabun

1415

III

L1398

L1434

701.29

700.87

Fill

1416

III

L1405

L1480

699.88

699.34

Fill

1417

II

L1398

L1434

701.49

701.12

Fill

1418

IIA

L1412

L1440

701.51

701.29

Ṭabun

1419

III

L1367

L1483

700.06

699.41

Fill

1420

III

L1368

L1483

700.42

699.41

Fill

1421

IIB–IIA

L1398

L1433

701.42

701.11

Floor

1422

III

L1353

L1482

699.87

699.45

Fill

1423

III

L1354

L1482

699.82

699.27

Fill

1424

III

L1413

L1491

699.53

699.34

Floor

1425

III

L1395

L1457

700.84

700.14

Pit

1426

III

L1369

L1450

700.45

700.32

Ṭabun

1427

II

L1330, L1334

L1439*

699.95

699.82

Floor

1429

Mamluk

L1395

L1395

701.20

700.39

Pit

1430

II

L1404

L1443

700.23

700.19

Fill

1431

II

L1402

L1458, L1459

700.23

700.11

Fill

926

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

1432

II

L1409

L1497

702.05

700.22

Fill

1433

III

L1421

L1470

701.11

701.01

Fill

1434

III

L1417

L1469, L1470

701.12

700.87

Fill

1435

IIA

L1408

L1475

701.35

701.27

Ṭabun

1436

I

Surface

L1302

700.80

700.78

Floor

1437

IV

L1393

L1444

700.29

700.17

Collapse

1438

IV–III

L1385

L1543*

699.88

699.03

Fill

1440

IIB

L1412

L1477

701.74

701.00

Floor

1441

II

L1412

L1407

701.74

701.26

Fill

1442

I

L1406

L1406

700.69

700.42

Ṭabun

1443

IV

L1430

L1452

700.19

700.01

Collapse

1444

IV

L1437

L1463

700.29

699.83

Floor

1445

III

L1351

L1508

700.06

699.07

Fill

1446

IV

L1388

L1473

699.92

699.32

Floor

1447

IV

L1388

L1478

699.92

699.46

Floor

1448

IV

L1386

L1494

699.81

699.45

Floor

1449

IV

L1386

L1493

699.81

699.43

Floor

1450

III

L1369

L1462

700.24

700.01

Floor

1451

IIA

L1409

L1464

701.71

701.49

Floor

1452

IV

L1443

L1504

700.01

699.59

Collapse

1453

IIA

L1400

L1496

701.59

700.78

Drainage channel

1454

III

L1450

L1462

700.33

700.07

Installation

1455

IIB–IIA

L1431

L1459, L1481

700.47

698.93

Sewage pit

1456

IV–III

L1395

L1457

700.36

699.76

Fill

1457

IV–II

L1395

L1566, L1567

700.36

699.14

Floor?

1458

III

L1380, L1431

L1476

699.87

699.75

Floor

1459

IV

L1431

L1582

700.11

698.11

Floor

1460

III

L1350

L1490

700.00

699.67

Floor

1461

IV–III

L1350

L1490

700.00

698.96

Fill

1462

II

L1450

L1509

700.01

699.12

Fill

1463

IV

L1444

L1506

699.83

699.69

Floor

1464

IIA

L1451

L1488

701.49

701.25

Floor

1465

II

L1411

L1411

701.21

700.84

Fill

1466

IIB

L1464

L1464

701.42

701.15

Ṭabun

1467

IIB

L1464

L1464

701.36

701.14

Ṭabun

1468

IIB

L1409

L1486

701.31

701.22

Floor

1469

V–IV

L1434

L1541

700.96

700.10

Floor

1470

IV–III

L1433, L1434

L1541

701.10

699.94

Fill

1471

III

L1407

L1475

701.02

700.97

Floor

1472

III

L1400

L1484

700.58

700.42

Fill

1473

VI–V

L1446

L1494

699.32

698.90

Fill

927

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

1474

IIB

L1408

L1487

700.93

700.73

Floor

1475

III

L1471, L1477

L1492, L1489

700.98

700.83

Floor

1476

IV

L1458

L1552, L1553*

699.75

698.73

Fill

1477

III

L1440

L1475

701.05

700.90

Floor

1478

V–IV

L1473

L1516

699.46

698.65

Fill

1479

III

L1456

L1457

700.33

698.42

Pit

1480

V

L1410, L1416

L1587, L1588

699.34

697.96

Fill

1481

V–IV

L1401, L1406

L1564

699.37

698.16

Fill

1482

VB

L1422, L1423

L1583

699.27

698.19

Floor

1483

V–IV

L1419, L1420

L1563

699.41

698.41

Fill

1484

V

L1472

L1520

700.42

699.85

Fill

1485

III

L1452, L1473

L1473, L1504

699.63

698.84

Pit

1486

IIB

L1468

L1497

701.22

701.09

Floor

1487

V

L1474

L1507

700.73

700.37

Fill

1488

IIB

L1464

L1486

701.25

701.20

Floor

1489

III

L1475

L1536

700.90

700.38

Floor

1490

IV–III

L1460

L1560*

699.67

698.69

Fill

1491

V

L1424

L1540

699.34

698.49

Floor

1492

III

L1475

L1375, L1498

700.83

700.68

Fill

1493

V–IV

L1449

L1524

699.43

699.43

Stone pavement

1494

V

L1448

L1560*

699.45

698.11

Collapse

1495

IV

L1456, L1457

L1457

700.17

699.61

Other

1496

II

L1453

L1520

700.78

700.27

Fill

1497

VA

L1486

L1574

701.09

699.58

Floor

1498

IV

L1492

L1510

700.68

700.44

Floor

1499

V–IV

L1481

L1481

699.55

699.09

Other

1500

III

L1486

L1497

700.96

700.71

Ṭabun

1501

III

L1486

L1497

700.94

700.79

Ṭabun

1502

III

L1486

L1497

700.90

700.85

Ṭabun

1503

III

L1477

L1477

701.05

699.51

Pit

1504

V

L1452

L1515*

699.59

699.37

Fill

1505

VC

L1377

L1565*

699.68

698.44

Agricultural soil

1506

IV

L1463

L1521

699.79

699.69

Fill

1507

V

L1487

L1520

700.37

700.11

Fill

1508

IV

L1445

L1558*

699.07

698.57

Fill

1509

V–IV

L1462

L1559*

699.12

698.69

Fill

1510

VA

L1498

L1523

700.44

700.38

Floor

1513

III

L1461

L1461

699.24

698.13

Pit

928

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

1514

III

L1476

L1476

699.72

698.60

Pit

1516

VA

L1504

-

699.37

698.83

Fill

1517

IV–III

L1411

L1550, L1551

700.57

700.20

Floor

1519

V

L1521

L1521

699.49

699.29

Other

1520

V

L1484, L1496, L1507

L1523

699.85

699.51

Fill

1521

V

L1506

L1602*, L1603*

699.79

698.40

Fill

1522

IIB

Surface

L1524

699.82

699.51

Floor

1523

V

L1510

L1589, L1590

700.38

698.85

Fill

1524

V–IV

L1522

-

699.51

699.51

Stone pavement

1525

IV

L1375

L1526, L1527

699.65

699.59

Fill

1526

IV

L1525

L1508

699.59

698.77

Fill

1527

V–IV

L1525

L1509

699.59

698.92

Fill

1528

I

Surface

L1544, L1545

703.71

703.14

Fill

1529

I

Surface

-

703.65

702.47

Fill

1530

I

Surface

L1548

703.50

703.17

Fill

1532

IIB–IIA

L1529

-

702.92

697.67

Water cistern

1536

VB

L1489

L1572

700.38

699.50

Floor

1537

III

L1438, L1508

L1438, L1508

699.49

697.35

Pit

1538

V–IV

L1411

L1550

700.62

700.22

Fill

1539

V–IV

L1411

L1551

700.62

700.16

Fill

1540

V

L1491

L1571

698.49

698.20

Floor

1541

V–IV

L1469

L1615

700.10

698.89

Fill

1542

V–IV

L1457

L1457

699.53

699.19

Other

1544

IIA

L1528

L1569

703.29

703.06

Floor

1545

IIA

L1528

L1573

703.29

703.17

Floor

1546

III

L1490

L1490

698.90

698.38

Pit

1547

III

L1490

L1560*

698.96

696.44

Pit

1548

IIA

L1530

L1568

703.17

702.89

Floor

1549

III

L1459

L1459

698.67

697.24

Pit

1550

V–IV

L1517

L1584

700.20

699.30

Fill

1551

V–IV

L1517

L1584

700.20

699.34

Fill

1552

V

L1476

L1582

698.73

697.91

Fill

1554

III

L1457, L1521

L1521, L1567

698.95

697.48

Pit

1555

III

L1552, L1553*

L1543*, L1553*

698.71

698.51

Pit

1562

III

L1523

L1523

699.51

698.38

Pit

1563

VA

L1483

L1585

698.41

698.05

Floor

1564

VC

L1481

L1595

698.16

697.89

Fill

1566

V

L1457

L1523

699.14

698.85

Fill

929

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

1567

V–IV

L1457

L1643*, L1644*

699.14

697.26

Fill

1568

II

L1548

L1576, L1577

702.89

702.77

Fill

1569

IIA

L1544

L1629

703.06

702.63

Floor

1571

VB

L1540

L1579, L1580

698.20

698.19

Floor

1572

VB

L1536

L1623

699.50

698.40

Floor?

1573

IIA

L1545

L1630

703.17

702.89

Floor

1574

V

L1497

L1604

699.58

698.88

Fill

1575

IIA

L1573

-

703.20

702.52

Installation

1576

II

L1568

L1531*

702.77

701.92

Fill

1577

IIA

L1568

L1633

702.77

701.64

Floor

1578

III

L1582

L1582

698.11

697.29

Pit

1579

VC

L1571

L1593

698.19

697.93

Agricultural soil

1580

VC

L1571

L1594

698.19

697.96

Agricultural soil

1581

VC

L1563

L1596

698.52

698.05

Agricultural soil

1582

VC

L1459

L1667

698.11

697.16

Agricultural soil

1583

V

L1482

L1592

698.19

697.99

Fill

1584

V–IV

L1551

L1609

699.34

699.21

Fill

1585

VC

L1563

L1596

698.05

697.99

Agricultural soil

1586

V

L1521

L1521

698.72

697.86

Other

1587

VC

L1480

L1646

697.96

697.90

Agricultural soil

1588

VC

L1480

L1646

697.96

697.92

Agricultural soil

1589

V

L1523

L1590

698.85

698.41

Fill

1590

V

L1523

L1616

698.85

698.39

Fill

1591

VC

L1583

L1647

697.99

698.01

Agricultural soil

1592

VC

L1583

L1647

697.99

697.88

Agricultural soil

1593

VC

L1579

L1645

697.93

697.90

Agricultural soil

1594

VC

L1580

L1645

697.96

697.95

Agricultural soil

1595

VC

L1564

L1668*

697.89

697.18

Agricultural soil

1596

VC

L1585

L1669*

697.99

697.29

Agricultural soil

1597

III

L1567

L1567

698.71

698.25

Pit

1599

I

Surface

-

703.58

702.60

Fill

1600

I

Surface

-

703.57

702.64

Fill

1604

V

L1574

L1605, L1606, L1607

698.88

698.67

Fill

1605

V

L1604

L1606

698.67

698.58

Fill

1606

V

L1604

L1626

698.67

698.50

Fill

1607

V

L1604

L1606

698.67

698.50

Fill

1608

III

L1560*, L1565*

L1560*, L1565*

698.57

697.57

Pit

1609

VI–V

L1584

L1624

699.21

699.06

Fill

1610

V

L1584

L1619

699.21

699.15

Fill

1611

III

L1565*

L1565*

698.03

697.71

Pit

1613

I

Surface

-

703.57

703.50

Fill

930

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

1614

I

Surface

-

703.58

702.93

Fill

1615

V

L1541

L1627, L1628

698.89

698.47

Fill

1616

VC

L1590

L1632

698.39

698.11

Agricultural soil

1618

III

L1567

L1567

698.27

697.67

Pit

1619

VC

L1590

L1632

698.39

698.31

Agricultural soil

1620

III

L1616

L1616, L1619

698.46

697.83

Pit

1622

III

L1616

L1616

698.33

697.70

Pit

1623

V

L1572

L1631

698.40

698.23

Fill

1624

V

L1609

L1643*

699.06

697.84

Fill

1625

V

L1609

L1627, L1628

699.06

698.66

Fill

1626

V

L1606

L1635

698.50

698.21

Fill

1627

V

L1615

L1662*

698.47

697.53

Fill

1628

V

L1615

L1662*

698.47

697.60

Fill

1629

IIB

L1569

L1637

702.63

702.53

Floor

1630

IIB

L1573

L1636

702.81

702.66

Floor

1631

VC

L1623

L1661*

698.23

697.20

Agricultural soil

1632

VC

L1616

L1666*

698.11

697.38

Agricultural soil

1633

IIB

L1577

L1640

701.64

701.48

Floor

1634

IIB

L1633

L1640

701.61

701.48

Ṭabun

1635

VC

L1626

L1638, L1639

698.21

698.09

Agricultural soil

1636

IIB

L1630

L1641

702.66

702.59

Floor

1637

IIB

L1629

L1642

702.53

702.43

Floor

1638

V

L1635

L1688*

698.09

697.06

Floor

1639

VC

L1635

L1653*

698.17

697.60

Fill

1640

III–II

L1633

-

701.48

701.36

Fill

1641

III–II

L1636

-

702.59

701.36

Fill

1642

II

L1637

-

702.43

702.04

Floor

1645

VC

L1593, L1594

L1663*

697.90

697.31

Agricultural soil

1646

VC

L1587, L1588

L1678*

697.90

697.25

Agricultural soil

1647

VC

L1591, L1592

L1672*

697.88

697.23

Agricultural soil

1655

VC

L1628

L1670*

697.67

697.23

Agricultural soil

1674

V–IV

L1557*

L1676*

697.36

696.61

Stone pavement

1723

I

-

L1734

701.21

700.78

Floor

1724

I

-

L1731, L1733, W1220

701.15

700.96

Floor

1728

I

-

L1735

701.21

700.98

Floor

1730

I

L1724

L1901

696.14

696.08

Fill

1731

I

L1724

L1732

700.96

700.86

Floor

1732

I

L1731

L1738

700.94

700.80

Floor

931

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

1733

I

L1724

L1732

701.09

700.82

Ṭabun

1734

IV–II

L1723

L1894, L1895

700.78

700.43

Fill

1735

I

L1728

L1886, L1887

700.98

700.49

Floor

1736

I

L1322

L1740, L1741

701.62

701.60

Fill

1738

I

L1732

L1755

700.92

700.58

Floor

1740

II

L1736

L1800

701.60

701.45

Fill

1741

IIA

L1736

L1784

701.60

701.50

Floor

1743

IV

-

L1811, L1812

701.68

700.78

Fill

1746

I

-

L1753

702.44

702.41

Fill

1749

II

-

L1756, L1757

701.99

701.89

Fill

1751

IV–III

-

L1760, L1761

702.03

701.89

Fill

1752

IV–III

-

L1767, L1768

702.29

701.79

Fill

1753

I

L1745*

L1802

702.44

701.44

Fill

1754

I

L1745*

L1802

702.44

701.39

Fill

1755

II

L1738

L1899

700.58

700.43

Floor

1756

VA

L1749

L1771

701.89

701.40

Collapse

1757

VA

L1749

L1764

701.89

701.73

Fill

1758

I

L1744*

L1753

702.44

702.21

Fill

1759

I

L1744*

L1754

702.44

702.18

Fill

1760

VA

L1751

L1779

701.89

701.35

Collapse

1761

VA

L1751

L1775

701.89

701.60

Collapse

1762

II

L1742*

L1765

701.55

701.40

Installation

1763

III

L1739*

L1938

700.93

699.80

Pit

1764

VA

L1757

L1771, L1772

701.73

701.55

Collapse

1765

IV

L1742*

L1813

701.38

700.86

Fill

1766

IV

L1742*

W1229

701.38

701.13

Fill

1767

IIB

L1752

L1778

701.79

701.37

Floor

1768

IIB

L1752

L1801

701.79

701.72

Other

1769

IV

L1748*

L1856

701.62

699.94

Fill

1770

IV

L1747*

L1796

701.58

700.89

Fill

1771

VA

L1764, L1765

L1781, L1782

701.55

701.26

Collapse

1772

VA

L1764, L1765

L1881

701.55

700.42

Floor

1773

V–IV

L1750*

L1788

701.56

701.23

Fill

1774

V–IV

L1750*

L1773

701.56

701.23

Fill

1775

VA

L1761

L1780

701.60

701.30

Collapse

1776

V–IV

L1761

L1789

701.60

701.32

Fill

1777

IIB–IIA

L1765

L2026*

701.29

699.23

Sewage pit

932

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

1778

V–III

L1767

L1801

701.37

700.21

Fill

1779

VA

L1760

L1806

701.35

701.08

Collapse

1780

VA

L1775

L1806

701.30

701.08

Collapse

1781

VA

L1771

L1782

701.26

701.00

Collapse

1782

VA

L1771

L1898

701.26

700.01

Floor (continuation of Floor 1772)

1784

V–III

L1741

L1792

701.50

701.39

Fill

1786

IV–III

L1739*

L1790, L1791

700.68

700.57

Fill

1787

IIA

L1778

W1227

701.69

701.32

Installation

1788

V

L1773

L1805

701.23

700.65

Fill

1789

IIB

L1776

L1849

701.32

701.01

Floor?

1790

IV

L1786

L1829

700.59

700.25

Floor

1791

IV

L1786

L1824

700.81

700.28

Fill

1792

V–II

L1784

L1800

701.39

701.33

Fill

1793

III

L1780

L1827

701.17

699.42

Pit

1794

IIB

-

L1819

702.38

701.71

Floor

1795

I

-

L1798

702.07

701.96

Fill

1796

IV

L1770

L1836

700.89

699.96

Fill

1797

IIB–IIA

L1795

L1532

701.96

701.90

Fill

1798

IIB

L1795

L1834, L1835

701.98

701.36

Floor?

1799

IIA

L1792

L1800

701.30

701.13

Ṭabun

1800

IIB

L1740, L1792

L1845

701.45

700.89

Floor?

1801

V

L1778

-

701.34

700.17

Ramp

1802

III–II

L1753, L1754

L1808, L1809

701.44

701.28

Fill

1803

IIA

L1792

L1800

701.39

701.09

Ṭabun

1804

III

W1234

L1806

701.40

701.08

Fill

1805

V–IV

L1788

L1857

700.05

700.04

Fill

1806

VA

L1779, L1780

L1816, L1817

701.08

700.44

Collapse

1807

V

L1778

-

700.65

700.12

Fill

1808

IV

L1802

L1876

701.28

700.52

Floor

1809

VA

L1802

L1820

701.28

701.11

Floor

1810

IV

L1808

-

701.58

701.02

Fill

1811

IV

L1743

L1874

700.78

700.52

Floor

1812

IV

L1743

L1896

700.78

700.47

Floor

1813

IV

L1765

L1838

700.86

700.76

Fill

1814

II

-

L1826

702.18

701.91

Fill

1815

II

-

L1825, L1797

702.12

701.86

Fill

1816

VA

L1806

L1821

700.44

700.14

Collapse

1817

VA

L1806

L1821

700.44

700.14

Collapse

1818

V

L1811

-

700.64

699.71

Drainage channel

933

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

1819

II

L1794

L1827, L1828

701.82

701.36

Fill

1820

VB

L1809

L1823

701.11

701.01

Floor

1821

VA

L1816, L1817

-

700.14

698.14

Floor

1822

IIB

L1800

L1800

701.28

700.84

Installation

1823

VB

L1820

L1877, L1889

701.01

700.93

Floor

1824

IV

L1791

L1839

700.38

700.37

Fill

1825

II

L1815

L1844

701.86

701.47

Fill

1826

IIA

L1814

L1837

701.91

701.37

Floor

1827

III

L1819

W1261

701.49

701.16

Pit

1828

III

L1819

L1847, L1848

701.36

701.22

Floor

1829

IV

L1790

L1840

700.25

700.06

Fill

1830

IIB

L1800

L1800

701.40

700.87

Installation

1831

IIB

L1800

L1800

701.27

700.90

Installation

1832

IIB

L1800

L1800

701.35

700.84

Installation

1833

IIB

L1800

L1800

700.89

700.71

Installation

1834

VA

L1798

L2016

701.36

698.75

Fill

1835

V–III

L1798

L1858

701.36

700.71

Fill

1836

IV

L1796

L1856

699.96

699.84

Fill

1837

II

L1826

L1859

701.96

701.41

Fill

1838

IV

L1813

L1850, L1851

700.76

700.21

Fill inside limekiln

1839

IV

L1824

L1910

700.37

699.8

Fill

1840

IV

L1829

L1882

700.06

699.75

Fill

1843

IIA

L1841*

L1865

702.17

701.85

Floor

1844

II

L1825

L1869

701.47

701.12

Fill

1845

III

L1800

L1884

700.89

700.29

Fill

1846

II

L1843

L1863

702.17

701.85

Fill

1847

V–IV

L1828

L1860, L1861

701.22

700.82

Fill

1848

V–IV

L1828

-

700.85

700.34

Fill

1849

V

L1789

L1884, L1885

701.01

700.40

Fill

1850

IV

L1838

L1967

700.21

699.38

Limekiln

1851

IV

L1838

L1850

700.21

699.35

Limekiln

1852

VA

L1789

L1934

700.75

700.52

Drainage channel

1853

IV

L1850

L1850

700.69

700.21

Limekiln

1854

III

L1782

L1920

700.59

699.23

Pit

1855

II–I

L1842*

L1863, L1864

701.98

701.95

Fill

1856

IV

L1769

-

699.94

699.85

Fill

1857

VI–V

L1805

-

700.04

699.97

Fill

1858

V

L1835

L1914

700.71

700.16

Fill

1859

IV–III

L1837

L1873

701.54

701.08

Fill

934

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

1860

V–IV

L1847

L1801

700.82

700.11

Fill

1861

V

L1847

-

700.82

700.18

Fill

1862

III

L1844

L1870

701.32

699.96

Pit

1863

IIB

L1855

L1938

701.95

701.50

Floor

1864

II

L1855

L1902

701.94

700.94

Fill

1865

II

L1843

L1897

701.85

701.38

Fill

1866

V

L1820

-

701.25

701.06

Fill

1867

IV

-

L1856

699.93

699.89

Fill

1868

III

L1858

L1858

700.68

700.17

Pit

1869

IV–III

L1844

L1925

701.12

700.11

Fill

1870

IV–III

L1844

L1927, L1928

701.12

700.37

Fill

1871

IIA

L1865

L1865

702.01

701.74

Ṭabun

1872

V–IV

L1859

L1906

701.08

700.63

Fill

1873

V–IV

L1859

L1907

701.08

701.63

Fill

1874

V–IV

L1811

-

700.52

700.09

Fill

1875

VC–IV

L1811

-

700.67

700.67

Street

1876

IV

L1808

L1856

700.52

699.90

Fill

1877

V

L1823

L2098, L2102

701.17

700.25

Street

1879

III

L1865

L1897

701.38

701.34

Fill

1880

IIB

L1864

L1864

701.64

701.22

Ṭabun

1881

VB

L1772

L1905

700.54

700.05

Floor

1882

V

L1840

L1937

699.82

699.75

Fill

1883

III

L1870

L1870

700.87

697.71

Pit

1884

V

L1845, L1849

L1929, L1930

700.40

699.89

Fill

1885

V

L1849

L1963

700.40

699.89

Floor

1886

V

L1735

-

700.49

699.51

Street

1887

V–III

L1735

-

700.40

700.16

Fill

1888

VA

L1863

L1918

701.50

700.30

Floor

1889

V

L1823

L2102

701.01

699.96

Drainage channel

1890

III

L1864

L1864

701.31

701.18

Pit

1891

III

L1888

L1888

701.41

701.35

Pit

1892

V

L1881

L1905

700.6

699.92

Other

1893

III

L1864

L1864

701.16

700.84

Pit

1894

V–III

L1734

L1886, L1887

701.43

700.18

Fill

1895

V–III

L1734

L1887

700.70

699.87

Fill

1896

V–IV

L1812

L1887

700.47

700.29

Fill

1897

VA

L1865

L1924

701.38

700.27

Floor

1898

VB

L1782

L1908

700.01

699.90

Floor

1899

II

L1755

L1903

700.64

700.64

Fill

1900

III

L1894, L1895

L1895

700.18

699.88

Pit

1901

IV–II

L1730

L1903

700.64

700.64

Fill

935

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

1902

VA

L1864

L1919

700.94

700.49

Floor

1903

V–III

L1899, L1901

-

700.64

699.16

Fill

1904

VA

L1888

L1888

700.76

700.46

Fill

1905

VC

L1881

L1913

700.05

699.76

Floor

1906

IV–III

L1872

L1869

700.63

700.32

Fill

1907

V

L1873

L1950

700.63

699.77

Fill

1908

VC

L1898

L1912

699.90

699.74

Floor

1909

V–IV

L1394

L1947

700.01

699.81

Fill

1910

V–IV

L1839

L1937

699.80

699.79

Fill

1911

V

L1897

L1897

700.99

700.90

Fill

1912

V

L1908

L1920

699.74

699.59

Fill

1913

V

L1905

L1936

699.76

699.11

Other

1914

V

L1858

L1988

700.16

699.08

Fill

1915

I

-

L1916

701.20

700.92

Floor

1916

I

L1915

L1921

700.92

700.42

Floor

1917

V–IV

L1895

-

700.22

699.98

Stone pavement (sidewalk)

1918

V

L1888

L1925

700.30

700.28

Fill

1919

V

L1902

L1926

700.49

700.28

Fill

1920

V

L1912

L1943

699.59

699.23

Other

1921

II

L1916

L1933

700.46

700.42

Fill

1922

I

L1916

L1921

700.83

700.52

Ṭabun

1923

VC–VB

L1914

L1949, L1960, L1961

700.16

699.67

Drainage channel

1924

V

L1897

L1925

700.45

700.25

Fill

1925

V

L1896, L1918

-

700.28

699.43

Fill

1926

V

L1919

L1931, L1932

700.28

700.26

Fill

1927

V

L1870

L1914

700.37

699.98

Fill

1928

VA

L1870

L1949

700.37

699.95

Pebble layer

1929

V

L1884

L1976*

699.89

698.81

Agricultural soil

1930

V

L1884

L1929

699.89

699.80

Fill

1931

V

L1926

L1948

700.26

699.51

Fill

1932

VA

L1926

L1948

700.26

700.04

Pebble layer

1933

I

L1921

L1946

700.42

700.20

Floor

1934

VC–VB

L1852

L1963

700.52

700.20

Drainage channel

1935

IV

L1910

L1947

699.82

699.80

Fill

1936

V

L1913

-

699.11

698.81

Fill

1937

V–IV

L1910

-

699.80

699.76

Fill

1938

V

L1763

L1953*

699.80

698.29

Fill

1939

III

L1938

L1938

699.59

698.52

Pit

1940

V–IV

L1910

L1977

699.73

699.17

Fill

1941

IV

-

L1947

699.81

699.80

Fill

1942

IV

-

L1947

699.96

699.86

Fill

936

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

1943

V

L1920

-

699.23

699.01

Fill

1944

III

L1938

W1158

699.69

699.12

Pit

1945

III

L1938

L1938

699.42

698.33

Pit

1946

V–III

L1933

L1886

700.20

699.29

Street

1947

V

L1909

L1996*

699.81

698.90

Agricultural soil

1948

VB

L1932

L1970

700.14

699.51

Pebble layer

1949

V

L1928

L1984

699.95

699.64

Agricultural soil

1950

V

L1907

-

699.77

699.69

Fill

1951

III

L1884

L1976*

699.64

698.27

Pit

1952

III

W1158

W1158

699.36

698.22

Pit

1960

V

L1923

L2007

699.61

698.99

Agricultural soil

1961

V

L1923

W1276

699.65

699.16

Agricultural soil

1962

V

L1914

L1914

699.88

699.60

Fill

1963

VC

L1934

L2000

700.20

699.17

Foundation layer of Channel 1934

1965

V

L1914

W1171

699.95

699.95

Other

1966

III

L1929

L1976*

699.60

698.08

Pit

1967

IV

L1850

L1969

699.38

699.15

Fill

1969

V

L1967

L2009

699.15

698.90

Agricultural soil

1970

V

L1948

L1986, L1987

699.51

699.31

Fill

1971

V

L1963

W1280

700.07

700.02

Other

1972

III

L1949

L2003

699.44

698.51

Pit

1977

V

L1947

L1996*

699.25

699.06

Agricultural soil

1984

V

L1949

L1988

699.64

699.13

Fill

1986

V

L1970

L2005

699.31

698.81

Fill

1987

V

L1970

L2004

699.33

699.02

Fill

1988

V

L1914, L1984

L2002, L2003

699.13

699.11

Fill

1994

III

L1986

L2005

699.18

698.85

Pit

1997

V

W1255

W1255

699.95

699.36

Window

1998

V

W1255

W1255

699.95

699.38

Window

2000

V

L1963

-

699.17

699.06

Fill

2001

V

L1996*

L1996*

698.78

697.90

Pit

2002

V

L1988

-

699.11

698.90

Fill

2003

V

L1988

-

699.11

698.90

Fill

2004

VI–V

L1987

-

699.02

698.90

Fill

2005

VI–V

L1986

-

698.81

698.80

Fill

2007

V

L1960

-

698.99

698.99

Fill

2008

V

W1232

W1232

699.87

699.50

Window

2009

VC

W1253

L2027*, L2029*

699.70

699.10

Agricultural soil

2010

V

W1232

W1232

699.85

699.49

Window

2011

IV

W1245

L2009

699.58

699.45

Fill

2016

V

L1834

-

697.92

697.91

Fill

2017

VC–VA

L1834

-

698.77

698.32

Stairs

937

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

2097

V

L1856

-

700.88

700.36

Fill

2098

V

L1877

L2102

700.82

700.10

Fill

2102

V

L1877

-

700.26

699.99

Fill

2114

V

-

L2116*

699.27

698.95

Fill

2115

V

-

L2118*, L2119*

699.34

698.77

Fill

2117

III

L2116*

L2116*

698.70

698.59

Pit

2131

III

L2113*

L2113*

698.43

697.91

Pit

2187

IIB–IIA

L1532

L1532

699.13

695.22

Fill

2188

IIB–IIA

L1532

-

697.82

697.63

Fill

2208

I

-

L2261, L2262, L2263

702.80

702.27

Fill

2210

IIB

-

L2433

702.60

701.17

Floor

2211

IIA

-

L2441

702.39

700.72

Floor

2212

I

-

L2249, L2250

702.75

702.35

Fill

2220

IIA

L2209*

L2259

702.43

702.29

Fill

2221

IIA

L2213*

L2306

702.36

701.94

Fill

2222

IIB

L2217*

L2315

702.46

701.98

Floor

2223

I

L2218*

L2227, L2228

702.14

702.13

Fill

2224

IIB

L2217

L2264

702.46

702.18

Floor

2225

II

L2216*

L2253

702.45

702.26

Fill

2227

I

L2223

L2239

702.15

701.93

Fill

2228

I

L2223

L2240*

702.14

701.93

Fill

2229

IIB–IIA

L2214*

-

702.19

698.76

Water cistern

2230

IIA

L2214*

L2319

702.28

702.02

Floor

2231

IIA

L2230

L2230

702.20

701.81

Ṭabun

2232

IIA

L2230

L2230

702.50

702.09

Installation

2233

IIA

L2230

L2230

702.08

701.74

Ṭabun

2234

Mamluk

L2222

L2222

702.31

701.64

Pit

2235

I

L2204*

L2241

702.26

702.08

Fill

2236

II

L2219*

L2271, L2272

702.07

701.99

Fill

2237

IIA

L2219*

L2273

702.07

701.99

Fill

2238

IIB

L2227

L2245

702.02

701.68

Floor

2239

IIB–IIA

L2227

L2303

701.93

701.80

Floor

2241

IIA

L2235

L2254, L2255

702.01

701.91

Fill

2242

II–I

L2205*

W1459

702.18

701.29

Robber trench

2244

IIB–IIA

-

L2355

702.42

702.03

Installation

2245

Mamluk

L2228

L2240

701.93

701.46

Pit

2246

II

L2200*

L2298

702.01

701.55

Fill

2247

IIA

L2200*

L2310

702.01

701.71

Floor

2248

IIB–IIA

L2244

L2332

702.29

702.20

Floor

2249

II

L2212

L2265, L2266

702.50

702.41

Fill

938

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

2250

IIB–IIA

L2212

L2304

702.35

702.02

Floor

2251

IIA

L2248

L2248

702.28

701.97

Ṭabun

2252

IIB

L2239

L2303

702.09

701.88

Installation

2253

II

L2225

L2280, L2281

702.43

702.26

Fill

2254

II

L2241

L2299

701.91

701.83

Fill

2255

IIA

L2241

L2311

701.91

701.82

Fill

2256

IIA

L2248

L2248

702.35

702.17

Ṭabun

2257

IIB–IIA

L2209*

L2338

702.31

701.86

Floor

2258

IIB–IIA

L2257

L2257

702.27

701.87

Ṭabun

2259

IIB

L2220

L2401*

702.29

701.30

Floor

2260

I

-

L2337

702.52

702.30

Fill

2261

IIB–IIA

L2208

L2312

702.27

701.99

Floor

2262

IIB–IIA

L2208

L2314

702.27

701.96

Floor

2263

IIB–IIA

L2208

L2338

702.40

701.86

Floor

2264

IIB

L2224

L2293

702.18

701.96

Fill

2265

II

L2249

L2297

702.60

702.08

Fill

2266

II

L2249

L2278, L2279

702.60

702.42

Fill

2267

IIA

L2205*

L2284

702.18

701.91

Floor

2268

IIA

-

L2399

702.75

701.81

Floor

2269

II

-

L2343

702.64

702.02

Fill

2270

IIA

L2267

L2267

702.09

702.04

Other

2271

IIB–IIA

L2236

L2333

701.99

701.66

Floor

2272

IIB–IIA

L2236

L2339

701.99

701.55

Floor

2273

IIA

L2237

L2325

701.99

701.58

Floor

2274

I

L2246

L2246

701.98

701.62

Drainage channel

2275

IIA

L2201*

L2294

701.98

701.74

Floor

2277

IIA

L2247

L2309

701.92

701.68

Floor

2278

IIB–IIA

L2266

L2313

702.42

702.04

Floor

2279

IIB–IIA

L2266

L2318

702.42

701.91

Floor

2280

IIB–IIA

L2253

L2367

702.26

701.80

Floor

2281

II

L2253

L2295

702.26

702.07

Fill

2282

IIA

-

L2342

702.46

702.19

Floor

2283

Mamluk

L2246

L2347

701.89

701.44

Pit

2284

IIB

L2267

L2427

701.91

701.09

Fill

2285

IIA

L2275

L2294

701.80

701.74

Floor

2286

IIB

L2230

L2319

701.97

701.85

Floor

2287

IIB

-

L2254

702.18

701.97

Fill

2290

II

L2257

L2284

702.16

701.67

Fill

2291

IIB–IIA

L2263

L2263

701.98

701.91

Ṭabun

2292

IIA

L2222

L2222

702.33

701.95

Installation

2293

III

L2264

L2321

701.96

701.96

Fill

2294

IIB

L2285

L2400

701.74

701.44

Floor

2295

II

L2281

L2322

702.07

702.01

Fill

2296

IIB–IIA

L2261

L2312

702.21

702.08

Installation

939

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

2297

II

L2265

L2349

702.08

701.90

Fill

2298

III

L2246

L2347

701.55

701.48

Fill

2299

V

L2254

L2447, L2448

701.83

700.59

Fill

2300

IIB

L2286

L2351*

702.02

701.54

Floor

2301

IIA

L2288

L2404*

702.16

701.92

Installation

2302

IIA

L2299

L2298, L2299

701.87

701.71

Other

2303

II

L2239

L2365*

701.80

701.40

Fill

2304

II

L2250

L2349

702.02

701.75

Fill

2305

IIB–IIA

L2215*

L2308

701.80

701.56

Floor

2306

IIB

L2221

L2350

701.94

701.57

Fill

2307

IIB–IIA

L2272

L2339

701.69

701.55

Floor

2308

III–II

L2305

L2395

701.62

701.25

Fill

2309

III–II

L2277

L2347

701.68

701.54

Fill

2310

III–II

L2247

L2347

701.71

701.53

Fill

2311

III–II

L2255

L2299

701.82

701.62

Fill

2312

III–II

L2261

L2348

701.99

701.85

Fill

2313

III–II

L2278

L2349

702.04

701.86

Fill

2314

III–II

L2262

L2348

701.96

701.86

Fill

2315

III–II

L2222

L2321

701.98

701.95

Fill

2316

IIB–IIA

L2243*

-

702.14

699.55

Sewage pit

2318

III

L2279

L2318

701.91

701.84

Fill

2319

IIB–IIA

L2286

L2229

701.85

701.29

Other

2320

IIB

L2300

L2300

701.73

701.68

Ṭabun

2321

III

L2293, L2315

L2326, L2327

701.96

701.74

Fill

2322

V–III

L2295

L2327

702.01

701.50

Fill

2323

IIA

L2282

L2366

702.44

702.32

Floor

2324

IIB

L2306

L2350

701.81

701.43

Installation

2325

II

L2273

L2364

701.58

701.38

Fill

2326

V–III

L2321

L2444

701.74

700.81

Fill

2327

V–III

L2321

L2374

701.74

701.27

Fill

2328

IIB

L2306

L2353*

701.80

701.75

Installation

2329

Mamluk

L2240*

L2240*

701.85

701.45

Pit

2330

IIB–IIA

L2316

L2317*

702.03

701.48

Drainage channel

2331

IIA

L2248

L2248

703.43

703.35

Installation

2332

II

L2248

L2340

702.20

702.00

Fill

2333

II

L2271

L2364

701.66

701.38

Fill

2334

IIA

L2260

L2337

702.28

702.18

Ṭabun

2335

IIB

W1437

L2284, L2299

701.83

701.54

Installation

2336

IIA

W1432*

L2309, L2310

702.08

701.88

Other

2337

IIA

L2260

L2341

702.30

702.11

Floor

2338

III

L2257, L2263

L2348

701.86

701.56

Fill

940

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

2339

II

L2272

L2396

701.55

701.28

Fill

2340

II

L2332

L2374

702.00

701.95

Fill

2341

IIB

L2337

L2356, L2357, L2358

702.03

701.95

Fill

2342

IIB

L2282

L2366

702.19

702.18

Fill

2343

III–II

L2269

L2390

702.02

701.83

Fill

2344

IIB

L2259

L.2259

701.69

701.57

Floor

2347

V

L2298, L2309, L2310

L2458

701.53

700.74

Fill

2348

V–III

L2312, L2314

L2511

701.85

700.02

Fill

2349

III

L2313, L2314

L2381, L2382

701.84

701.40

Fill

2350

IIB

L2306

L2380

701.57

701.40

Floor

2354

IIB

W1442

W1442

702.27

702.04

Installation

2355

IIB

L2244

L2374

702.03

701.80

Floor make-up

2356

V–III

L2341

L2327

701.95

701.58

Fill

2357

IIB

L2341

L2392

701.98

701.74

Floor

2358

IIB

L2341

L2418

701.95

701.70

Floor

2359

V–III

L2304

L2326

702.21

701.05

Fill

2360

III

L2280

L2367

701.73

701.33

Pit

2364

III

L2325

L2396

701.38

701.25

Fill

2366

IIB

L2323

L2375

702.32

702.20

Floor

2367

III

L2280

L2390

701.80

701.43

Fill

2368

III

L2349

L2382

701.72

701.19

Other

2369

III

L2348

L2348

701.59

701.50

Fill

2370

IIA

L2366

L2366

702.31

702.01

Ṭabun

2371

IIB

L2357

L2357

701.92

701.73

Ṭabun

2373

III–II

L2363*

L2408

701.44

701.30

Installation

2374

V–III

L2340, L2355

-

701.80

701.18

Fill

2375

III

L2366

L2389

702.20

701.85

Fill

2376

III

L2367

L2367

701.86

701.17

Pit

2377

IIB–IIA

L2339

-

701.30

699.45

Sewage pit

2378

Mamluk

L2365*

W1428

701.51

701.21

Pit

2379

III

L2349

L2411

701.65

700.65

Pit

2380

III

L2350

L2414

701.40

701.02

Fill

2381

III

L2349

L2411, L2413

701.40

701.07

Fill

2382

III

L2349

L2411, L2412

701.40

701.16

Fill

2383

V

L2299

L2299

701.52

701.19

Fill

2384

IIB

L2366

L2389

702.04

701.77

Ṭabun

2385

IIB

L2350

L2380

701.37

701.18

Ṭabun

2386

IIB

L2380

L2380

701.41

701.18

Ṭabun

941

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

2387

Mamluk

L2365*

L2365

701.25

701.06

Pit

2388

III

L2351*

L2407

701.16

701.09

Fill

2389

V–III

L2375

L2506

701.85

700.08

Fill

2390

V–III

L2343

L2415, L2416

701.83

701.37

Fill

2391

Mamluk

L2357

W1456

701.94

701.63

Pit

2392

IIB

L2357

L2422

701.74

701.53

Floor

2393

III

L2393

L2351*

701.51

701.51

Installation

2394

VC

L2317*

L2457

701.72

701.08

Floor

2395

III

L2372*, L2308

L2395

701.23

701.11

Fill

2396

III

L2339, L2363*

L2408

701.26

701.05

Fill

2397

IIB

L2392

L2392

701.69

701.53

Ṭabun

2398

IIB

L2294

L2294

701.60

701.44

Ṭabun

2399

III–II

L2268

-

701.81

701.54

Fill

2400

III

L2294

L2429

701.44

701.20

Fill

2402

V–III

L2361*

L2449

701.24

700.75

Fill

2403

IIB–IIA

L2395

L2460

701.11

700.53

Floor

2406

V–III

L2351*

L2419, L2420

701.05

700.97

Fill

2407

V–III

L2388

L2406

701.05

701.05

Fill

2408

V–III

L2396

L2504

701.05

700.27

Fill

2409

IIB–IIA

L2408

L2476

701.25

700.77

Drainage channel

2410

IIA

L2207*

L2493

701.36

700.62

Floor

2411

VC–VA

L2381, L2382

L2464

701.19

700.70

Floor

2412

V–III

L2382

L2423

701.16

700.83

Fill

2413

V–III

L2381

-

701.07

700.23

Fill

2414

V–III

L2380

L2556, L2557

701.02

699.95

Fill

2415

V

L2390

L2461

701.37

700.93

Fill

2416

VC–VA

L2390

L2479

701.37

700.76

Floor

2417

III

L2326

L2326

700.99

700.40

Pit

2418

VC–VA

L2358

L2905*

701.70

700.92

Floor

2419

V–III

L2406

L2518

700.97

700.05

Fill

2420

V–III

L2406

L2503

700.97

700.30

Fill

2421

III

L2326

L2326

700.96

700.33

Pit

2422

VC–VA

L2392

-

701.59

701.50

Fill

2423

VC–VA

L2412

L2462

700.83

700.40

Floor

2424

V

L2408

L2476

700.97

700.82

Stone surface

2425

III

L2415

L2415

701.21

699.91

Pit

2426

III

L2403

L2403

700.95

700.67

Pit

2427

IIB

L2284

L2466

701.09

700.59

Fill

2429

IIB

L2242, L2400

L2451

701.20

701.10

Fill

942

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

2430

IIB

L2276*

W1465

701.24

700.87

Floor

2431

V–III

L2401*

L2510

701.04

700.18

Fill

2432

V

L2401*

L2510

701.04

700.18

Pebble layer

2433

III

L2210

L2481, L2482

701.17

700.39

Floor

2434

IIB

L2428*

L2435

701.07

700.90

Floor

2435

IIB

L2434

L2484

700.90

700.72

Floor

2436

III

L2403

L2403

700.74

700.68

Pit

2437

III

L2211

L2211

700.89

699.78

Pit

2438

III

L2365*

L2365*

700.46

700.06

Pit

2440

IIB

L2404*

L2470*

701.22

700.89

Floor

2441

IIB

L2211

L2446

700.72

700.61

Floor

2442

VA

L2365*

L2444

700.76

700.41

Fill

2443

VA

L2365*

L2475

700.76

700.70

Fill

2444

V–III

L2326

L2504

700.81

700.18

Fill

2445

VC–VA

L2444

L2449

700.63

700.42

Floor

2446

IIB

L2441

L2453

700.67

700.49

Floor

2447

V

L2299

L2448

700.70

700.69

Fill

2448

V

L2299

L2469

700.70

700.52

Fill

2449

VC–VA

L2402

L2413

700.75

700.14

Floor

2450

III

L2402

L2449

700.75

700.12

Pit

2451

IIB

L2429

L2478

701.10

700.77

Fill

2452

IIB

L2440

L2440

701.22

701.07

Ṭabun

2453

VA

L2441

L2586*

700.61

699.55

Agricultural soil

2454

IIB

L2446

L2446

700.67

700.61

Installation

2455

IIB

L2430

L2477

700.98

700.75

Fill

2456

V–III

L2206*

L2526

701.19

700.26

Fill

2457

IIB

W1476

-

701.35

699.39

Water cistern

2458

VC–VA

L2347

L2498

700.74

700.34

Floor

2459

IIB

L2456

L2456

701.20

700.94

Installation

2460

V–III

L2403

L2501, L2502

700.53

700.43

Fill

2461

VC–VA

L2415

L2517*

700.93

700.61

Floor

2462

III

L2414

L2414

700.40

700.13

Pit

2463

IIA

L2493

L2493

700.80

700.70

Ṭabun

2464

VII–V

L2411

L2499*

700.70

699.95

Fill

2465

III

L2411

L2499*

700.62

700.30

Fill

2466

III

L2427

L2500

700.59

700.48

Fill

2467

IIB

L2430

L2430

700.89

700.60

Installation

2468

IIB

L2435

L2435

700.92

700.72

Ṭabun

2469

VC–VA

L2448

L2494

700.52

700.41

Floor

2472

III

L2443

L2475

701.05

698.91

Pit

2473

III

L2470*

L2470*

700.99

700.71

Pit

2474

III

L2456

L2456

700.82

700.36

Pit

2475

VC–VB

L2443

L2594*

700.70

699.85

Fill

943

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

2476

VC–VB

L2424

L2607

700.82

700.28

Fill

2477

III

L2455

L2489

700.75

700.66

Fill

2478

III

L2451

L2489

700.77

700.66

Fill

2479

VI–V

L2416

L2517*

700.76

700.48

Fill

2480

IIB

L2457

L2457

701.21

701.03

Other

2481

VB

L2433

L2522

700.38

700.15

Pebble layer

2482

VB

L2433

L2486, L2487

700.32

700.23

Fill

2483

IIB

L2434

L2434

700.72

700.49

Installation

2484

IIB

L2435

L2497

700.72

700.43

Fill

2485

III

L2477

L2489

700.60

700.28

Pit

2486

VC–VB

L2482

L2540

700.23

700.08

Agricultural soil

2487

VC–VB

L2482

L2540

700.23

700.08

Agricultural soil

2488

IIB

L2496

L2496

700.69

700.41

Ṭabun

2489

VB

L2477, L2478

L2516

700.66

700.39

Agricultural soil

2490

IIB

L2456

L2456

700.95

700.61

Installation

2491

IIB–IIA

L2410

L2514*

700.62

700.38

Floor

2492

V

L2458

L2498

700.45

700.01

Pit

2493

IIB

L2410

L2496

700.73

700.45

Floor

2494

V

L2469

L2549, L2550

700.41

699.88

Fill

2495

IIB

L2496

L2496

700.66

700.35

Ṭabun

2496

IIB

L2493

L2513

700.60

700.43

Floor

2497

III

L2484

L2500

700.46

700.43

Fill

2498

V

L2458

L2507, L2508

700.34

700.21

Fill

2500

V

L2466, L2497

L2560*, L2563

700.48

699.8

Agricultural soil

2501

VC–VB

L2460

L2524

700.43

700.15

Agricultural soil

2502

VC–VB

L2460

L2524

700.43

700.15

Agricultural soil

2503

VC–VB

L2420

L2523

700.30

700.21

Agricultural soil

2504

VB

L2408

L2589*

700.27

699.7

Agricultural soil

2507

V

L2498

L2536*

700.21

700.00

Fill

2508

V

L2498

L2507

700.21

700.04

Fill

2509

V

L2405*

L2525

700.51

700.29

Agricultural soil

2510

V

L2431, L2432

L2551, L2552

700.18

699.95

Fill

2511

V

L2348

L2572*

700.02

699.83

Fill

2512

V

L2464

L2581*

700.19

699.90

Fill

2513

IIB

L2496

L2519

700.45

700.25

Fill

2515

III

L2509

-

700.65

700.45

Pit

2516

VB

L2489

L2537

700.39

700.14

Agricultural soil

2518

VI–V

L2419

L2557

700.05

699.95

Fill

2519

III

L2413

L2531

700.30

700.08

Fill

2520

V

L2503

L2523

700.23

700.21

Agricultural soil

944

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

2522

VB

L2481

L2540

700.15

700.07

Agricultural soil

2523

V

L2503, L2520

L2597

700.21

699.60

Agricultural soil

2524

VB

L2501, L2520

L2605*

700.13

699.35

Agricultural soil

2525

VA

L2509

L2529

700.29

700.21

Pebble layer

2526

V

L2456

L2530

700.26

700.22

Pebble layer

2527

VA

L2470*

L2528

700.43

700.28

Pebble layer

2528

VA

L2527

L2573

700.28

699.95

Agricultural soil

2529

VA

L2525

L2575

700.21

699.62

Agricultural soil

2530

V

L2526

L2564

700.22

699.84

Agricultural soil

2531

VA

L2519

L2538

700.08

700.05

Agricultural soil

2532

VC–VB

W1480

L2540

700.33

700.07

Drainage channel

2533

III

L2523

L2523

700.22

699.91

Pit

2534

III

L2507

L2545*

700.13

699.93

Pit

2535

V

L2500

L2560*

700.12

699.76

Pebble layer

2537

V

L2516

L2546, L2547

700.14

700.07

Pebble layer

2538

VC

L2531

L2576

700.13

699.75

Fill

2539

VC–VB

W1491

L2540

700.40

700.06

Drainage channel

2540

VC

L2486, L2487

L2566

700.07

699.84

Agricultural soil

2541

III

L2510

-

699.98

699.35

Pit

2546

V

L2537

L2555

700.07

699.98

Agricultural soil

2547

V

L2537

L2565

700.07

699.85

Pebble layer

2549

V

L2494

L2602*

699.88

699.35

Fill

2550

V

L2494

L2602*

699.95

699.35

Fill

2551

V

L2510

L2561*

699.95

699.82

Pebble layer

2552

V

L2510

L2562

699.95

699.80

Agricultural soil

2553

III

L2549

L2549, L2550

699.98

699.78

Pit

2555

V

L2546

L2565

699.98

699.79

Pebble layer

2556

VI–V

L2414

L2567*

699.95

699.56

Fill

2557

V

L2414

L2613*

699.95

699.61

Collapse

2559

III

L2453

L2453

699.97

699.43

Pit

2562

VI–V

L2552

L2567*

699.80

699.55

Fill

2563

VI–V

L2500

L2622*, L2623*

699.80

698.92

Fill

2564

VI–V

L2530

L2603*

699.92

699.30

Fill

2565

VI–V

L2547

L2601

699.85

699.36

Fill

2566

V

L2540

L2583, L2584*

699.88

699.71

Fill

2568

III

L2475

L2475

700.27

699.85

Pit

2569

VI–V

L2555

L2601

699.79

699.37

Fill

2571

III

L2564

L2564, L2583

699.76

699.05

Pit

945

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

2573

VB

L2528

L2587, L2588

699.95

699.67

Agricultural soil

2574

III

L2545*, L2569

W1484

700.15

699.75

Pit

2575

VC–VB

L2529

L2598

699.62

699.54

Fill

2576

VA

L2538

-

699.75

698.93

Fill

2583

VI–V

L2566

L2564

699.71

699.23

Fill

2585

V

W1469

L2556

700.23

699.64

Fill

2587

VC–VB

L2573

-

699.67

698.81

Installation

2588

VB

L2573

-

699.67

698.81

Fill

2596

III

L2589*

L2589*

699.74

699.39

Pit

2597

VC

L2523

L2613*

699.60

699.45

Agricultural soil

2598

VC–VB

L2575

L2619, L2620, L2621

699.54

698.85

Collapse

2601

VB

L2569, L2565

-

699.40

698.89

Fill

2606

V

-

-

699.35

699.27

Fill

2607

VC–VB

W1470

L2733*

700.00

699.38

Fill

2612*

VI

L2603*

L2626*

699.13

698.83

Fill

2619

VB

L2598

L2624

699.03

699.00

Fill

2620

VB

L2598

L2624

698.94

698.81

Fill

2621

VB

L2598

-

698.85

698.61

Fill

2624

VC

L2619, L2620

-

698.85

698.7

Fill

2630

VB

L2588

L2646

698.81

698.66

Fill

2631

VC–VB

L2587

L2681

698.81

698.47

Fill

2646

VC

L2630

L2657

698.66

698.48

Fill

2657

VI–V

L2646

L2681, L2682*

698.48

698.41

Fill

2681

V

L2657

L2713*, L2717*

698.41

697.96

Fill

2692

III

L2669

L2669*

698.64

698.51

Pit

2706

VC

-

L2729*

699.00

698.58

Floor?

2721

V

-

L2730, L2731

698.93

698.61

Fill

2730

V

L2721

L2739

698.61

698.41

Fill

2731

V

L2721

L2739

698.61

698.41

Fill

2739

V

L2730, L2731

L2759

698.41

697.83

Agricultural soil

2759

V

L2739

L2772, L2773

697.88

697.85

Agricultural soil

2772

V

L2759

L2789

697.85

697.61

Agricultural soil

2773

V

L2759

L2810*

697.85

697.49

Agricultural soil

2789

V

L2772

L2810*

697.61

697.49

Agricultural soil

3528

IIA

L3513*

L3635

702.44

700.68

Floor

3558

IIA

L3555*

L3632

701.67

700.76

Floor

946

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

3559

IIA

L3553*

L3572, L3573

701.48

701.30

Floor

3562

IIA

L3523*

L3586

701.17

700.90

Floor

3568

IIA

L3556*

L3580

701.56

701.24

Installation

3569

IIA

L3556*

L3580

701.52

701.34

Floor

3570

IIA

L3565*

L3607

701.07

700.73

Floor

3571

II

L3565*

L3659

701.07

700.71

Fill

3572

II

L3559

L3588, L3589

701.30

701.17

Fill

3573

IIA

L3559

L3704*

701.41

700.89

Floor

3574

IIB–IIA

L3566*

L3590

701.07

700.62

Floor

3577

IIA

L3560*

L3615

701.02

700.91

Ṭabun

3578

IIA

L3561*

L3604

701.17

700.83

Floor

3580

IIB

L3569

L3608

701.34

701.31

Floor

3582

I

L3557*

L3611

701.13

700.89

Floor

3583

II–I

L3567*

L3601, L3602, L3603

701.02

700.88

Fill

3584

IIA

L3564*

-

700.82

700.80

Floor

3585

II

L3564*

-

700.80

700.80

Fill

3586

II

L3562

L3621

700.90

700.52

Fill

3587

II–I

L3585

-

701.00

698.49

Water cistern

3588

II

L3572

L3616

701.17

700.98

Fill

3589

II

L3572

L3612

701.17

700.99

Fill

3590

II

L3574

L3642

700.79

700.67

Fill

3591

IIB–IIA

L3560*

L3615

701.03

700.89

Ṭabun

3592

II

L3560*

L3590

701.04

700.61

Fill

3593

II

L3560*

L3639

701.03

700.79

Fill

3594

II

L3560*

L3640

700.99

700.63

Fill

3595

IIA

L3560*

L3617

701.04

700.79

Floor

3596

IIA

L3570

L3668

700.84

700.54

Installation

3597

II

L3567*

L3590

700.79

700.64

Fill

3598

Mamluk

L3569

L3608

701.49

701.39

Pit

3599

II

L3576*

-

700.86

700.64

Fill

3600

II

L3576*

-

700.86

700.64

Fill

3601

I

L3583

L3618

700.89

700.79

Floor

3602

II–I

L3583

L3619

700.89

700.79

Fill

3603

II

L3583

L3651

700.89

700.67

Fill

3604

IIB

L3578

L3621

700.83

700.71

Floor

3605

IIA

L3604

L3649

700.88

700.46

Ṭabun

3606

II

L3530*

L3664

700.78

700.51

Fill

3607

II

L3570

L3629, L3630

700.73

700.66

Fill

3608

II–I

L3580

L3622*, L3623*, L3624

701.31

701.13

Fill

947

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

3609

IIB

L3577

L3615

700.95

700.73

Ṭabun

3610

IIA

L3596

L3668

700.79

700.59

Floor

3611

IIA

L3582

L3643

700.93

700.68

Floor

3612

I

L3589

L3634

700.9

700.73

Floor

3613

I

L3547*

L3628

700.98

700.94

Fill

3614

IIB

L3547*

L3638

700.85

700.66

Floor

3615

IIB–IIA

L3577, L3591

L3676, L3677

701.00

700.48

Installation

3616

II

L3588

L3656

700.98

700.80

Fill

3617

II

L3595

L3640

700.79

700.63

Fill

3618

IIA

L3601

L3619

700.79

700.75

Floor

3619

II–I

L3602

L3652

700.79

700.65

Fill

3620

IIA

W1931

L3645

700.80

700.53

Floor

3621

II

L3604

L3677

700.71

700.48

Fill

3624

I

L3608

L3633

701.13

700.96

Floor

3625

Mamluk

L3528

L3669

700.97

699.91

Pit

3626

I

L3623*

L3655*

701.17

701.05

Ṭabun

3627

I

L3623*

L3655*

701.07

701.05

Ṭabun

3628

IIA

L3613

L3685

700.94

700.65

Floor

3629

II

L3607

L3646

700.69

700.59

Fill

3630

IIA

L3607

L3646

700.66

700.60

Floor

3631

I

L3612

L3647

700.75

700.60

Fill

3632

IIA

W1932

L3662

700.79

700.71

Floor

3633

II

L3624

L3611

700.96

700.9

Fill

3634

II

L3612

L3641

700.73

700.64

Fill

3635

II

L3528

L3644, L3645

700.68

700.63

Fill

3636

IIA

L3528

-

700.88

700.27

Installation

3637

IIB

L3622*

L3670

701.10

700.68

Installation

3638

II

L3614

L3651

700.66

700.62

Fill

3639

II

L3593

L3676

700.70

700.32

Fill

3640

II

L3594, L3617

L3648

700.63

700.59

Fill

3641

I

L3634

L3652

700.64

700.61

Fill

3642

II

L3590

L3650

700.67

700.56

Fill

3643

IIA

L3611

L3663

700.68

700.53

Floor

3644

IIB

L3635

-

700.64

700.62

Floor

3645

IIA

L3635

L3666, L3667, L3669

700.63

700.48

Floor

3646

IIA

L3629

L3673

700.76

700.43

Floor

3647

I

L3641

L3652

700.67

700.61

Fill

3648

II

L3640

L3676

700.59

700.32

Fill

3649

IIB

L3605

L3677

700.59

700.41

Ṭabun

3650

III

L3642

L3682

700.56

700.26

Pit

948

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

3650A

II

L3642

L3682

700.50

700.26

Fill

3651

II

L3603

L3684

700.67

700.40

Fill

3652

II

L3619

L3681

700.65

700.33

Fill

3653

II

L3643

L3663

700.60

700.46

Other

3654

II

L3622*

L3670

701.12

700.56

Fill

3656

II

L3616

L3683

700.80

700.34

Fill

3657

Mamluk

L3650

L3650

700.47

699.83

Pit

3658

II

L3571

L3659

700.74

700.44

Installation

3659

II

L3571

L3646

700.71

700.44

Fill

3660

III

-

-

701.01

699.62

Pit

3662

IIA

L3632

L3675, L3689

700.71

700.59

Floor

3663

IIB

L3643

L3678

700.54

700.43

Floor

3664

V–III

L3606

L3736

700.51

699.99

Fill

3665

IIA

L3662

L3662

700.75

700.68

Ṭabun

3666

IIB

L3645

L3669

700.53

700.40

Installation

3667

IIB

L3645

L3669

700.48

700.38

Ṭabun

3668

IIB

L3596

L3756

700.54

699.09

Sewage pit

3669

IIB

L3645

L3674

700.48

700.39

Floor

3670

III

L3654

L3703

700.56

700.26

Floor

3671

V

L3575*

L3697

700.62

700.41

Fill

3672

IIB

W1940

L3673

700.53

700.42

Ṭabun

3673

II

L3646

L3695, L3696

700.43

700.22

Fill

3674

IIB

L3669

L3686

700.39

700.33

Floor

3675

IIB

L3662

L3692

700.59

700.57

Floor

3676

V–III

L3639, L3648

L3737, L3738, L3739

700.32

700.07

Fill

3677

V–III

L3621

L3716

700.48

700.16

Fill

3678

IIB

L3663

L3715

700.43

700.36

Floor

3679

Mamluk

L3670

L3703

700.56

699.87

Pit

3681

V–III

L3652

L3768

700.33

699.74

Fill

3682

V–III

L3650

L3724

700.26

700.09

Fill

3683

III

L3656

L3705

700.34

700.27

Other

3684

III–II

L3651

L3685

700.40

700.34

Fill

3685

III–II

L3628

L3699

700.65

700.28

Fill

3686

IIB

L3674

L3700

700.33

700.21

Floor

3687

II

L3674

L3686

700.37

700.18

Fill

3688

II

-

L3699

700.50

700.50

Ṭabun

3689

III–II

L3662

L3719

700.48

700.34

Fill

3690

V–III

-

L3697

701.21

700.66

Fill

3691

V–III

-

L3698

701.18

700.70

Fill

3692

IIA

L3675

L3702

700.57

700.44

Floor

3693

IIB

L3678

L3715

700.39

700.3

Ṭabun

949

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

3694

IIB

L3678

L3678

700.41

700.33

Other

3695

V–III

L3673

L3712

700.22

700.02

Fill

3696

V–III

L3673

L3717

700.22

700.1

Fill

3697

V

L3690

L3742

700.66

699.92

Agricultural soil

3698

V

L3691

L3769

700.70

699.73

Agricultural soil

3699

III

L3685

L3733

700.28

700.16

Floor

3700

IIB

L3686

L3714

700.21

700.18

Floor

3701

IIB

L3686

L3721

700.21

700.10

Floor

3702

IIA

L3692

L3708

700.44

700.43

Floor

3703

III

L3670

L3797, L3798

700.26

699.41

Fill

3705

V–III

L3683

L3763

700.27

699.75

Fill

3706

IIB

L3700

L3714

700.20

699.92

Ṭabun

3707

III

L3697

W1513

700.46

698.95

Pit

3708

IIB

L3702

L3725, L3726

700.43

700.41

Floor

3709

VC–VB

L3676

L3758

700.46

699.83

Installation

3710

III

L3676

L3758

700.59

698.48

Pit

3711

IIB

L3678

L3723

700.50

700.12

Installation

3712

V

L3695

L3728

700.17

700.02

Agricultural soil

3713

IIB

L3708

L3725

700.39

700.19

Ṭabun

3714

V–II

L3700

L3735

700.18

700.02

Fill

3715

II

L3678

L3723

700.36

700.21

Fill

3716

V

L3677

L3741

700.16

699.92

Agricultural soil

3717

V

L3696

L3727

700.1

700.02

Agricultural soil

3718

III

L3681

L3681

700.34

699.91

Other

3719

III

L3689

L3734

700.34

700.21

Fill

3720

IIB

L3673

L3727, L3728, L3740

700.34

699.99

Drainage channel

3721

V–III

L3701

L3735

700.10

699.99

Fill

3723

II

L3715

L3744

700.21

699.97

Floor

3724

V

L3682

L3793

700.09

699.42

Agricultural soil

3725

III

L3708

L3749

700.41

700.17

Fill

3726

III

L3708

L3750

700.41

700.17

Fill

3727

V

L3717

L3756

700.02

699.83

Agricultural soil

3728

V

L3712

L3756

700.02

699.79

Agricultural soil

3729

V

L3712

L3727

700.17

700.02

Agricultural soil

3730

IIB

L3722*

L3722*

700.77

700.69

Ṭabun

3731

V–III

L3721

L3735

700.27

699.92

Fill

3732

III

L3725, L3681

L3754

700.43

699.99

Other

3733

III

L3699

L3748

700.26

700.19

Fill

3734

III

L3719

L3754

700.21

700.02

Fill

3735

V

L3714, L3721

L3781*

699.99

699.58

Agricultural soil

950

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

3736

V

L3664

L3792*

699.99

699.48

Agricultural soil

3737

V

L3676

L3753

700.07

699.93

Agricultural soil

3738

V

L3676

L3752

700.07

699.84

Agricultural soil

3739

V

L3676

L3738

700.07

699.97

Agricultural soil

3740

IIB

L3720

L3727, L3728

700.08

699.98

Drainage channel

3741

V

L3716

L3755

699.92

699.9

Agricultural soil

3742

V

L3697

L3755

699.93

699.92

Agricultural soil

3743

III

L3741

-

700.37

699.5

Pit

3744

II

L3723

L3757

699.97

699.72

Fill

3745

III

L3703

L3789

700.17

698.33

Pit

3746

III

L3735

L3735

699.83

699.12

Pit

3747

V

L3724

L3724

699.98

699.82

Pebble layer

3748

V–III

L3733

L3762

700.19

699.79

Fill

3749

V–III

L3725

L3754

700.17

700.03

Fill

3750

V–III

L3726

L3749

700.17

700.07

Fill

3751

V

L3727

L3756

699.94

699.82

Pebble layer

3752

V

L3738

L3758

699.84

699.79

Agricultural soil

3753

V

L3737

L3758

699.93

699.83

Agricultural soil

3754

V–III

L3734, L3749

L3822, L3823

700.03

699.07

Fill

3755

V

L3741, L3742

L3760, L3761

699.90

699.90

Agricultural soil

3756

V

L3727, L3728, L3740

L3779

699.83

699.64

Fill

3757

V–III

L3744

L3785, L3786

699.72

699.52

Fill

3758

V

L3752, L3753

L3769

699.89

699.73

Agricultural soil

3759

V

L3755

L3760

699.81

699.64

Fill

3760

V

L3755

L3776*

699.90

699.64

Agricultural soil

3761

V

L3755

L3777*, L3778*

699.90

699.70

Agricultural soil

3762

V

L3748

L3827

699.79

698.96

Agricultural soil

3763

V

L3705

L3771*

699.75

699.66

Agricultural soil

3764

V

L3763

L3763

700.05

699.78

Fill

3765

III

L3722*

L3766

700.19

699.42

Pit

3766

V

L3722*

L3787

699.96

699.59

Agricultural soil

3767

III

L3680*

L3772

700.47

699.59

Pit

3768

V–III

L3681

L3800

699.74

699.42

Fill

3769

VI–V

L3758

L3796

699.73

699.56

Fill

3772

V–II

L3680*

L3788, L3789, L3791

699.80

699.57

Fill

3773

III

L3768

L3768

699.73

699.31

Other

3774

III

L3757

L3757

699.85

699.48

Other

3775

III

L3703

L3703

699.58

699.19

Pit

951

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

3779

VI–V

L3756

L3810*

699.64

699.12

Fill

3783

III

L3768

L3832

699.77

697.97

Pit

3784

IIB

L3779

L3780*

699.77

699.53

Drainage channel

3785

V

L3757

L3818

699.52

699.13

Fill

3786

V

L3757

L3794

699.52

699.45

Fill

3787

V

L3766

L3877*

699.59

698.03

Fill

3788

V

L3772

W1962

699.57

699.30

Other

3789

V

L3772

L3875*

699.57

697.98

Fill

3790

III

L3789

L3789

699.57

699.12

Pit

3791

V–III

L3772

L3825

699.57

699.03

Fill

3793

VI–V

L3724

L3805*, L3806, L3809*

699.47

699.24

Fill

3794

V

L3786

L3807

699.45

699.22

Agricultural soil

3796

VI–V

L3769

L3882*

699.56

697.86

Fill

3797

V–III

L3703

L3811

699.41

699.33

Fill

3798

V–III

L3703

L3812

699.41

699.17

Fill

3799

III

L3797

L3811

699.33

697.59

Pit

3800

V

L3768

L3808

699.42

699.28

Agricultural soil

3801

Mamluk

L3781*

L3813*

699.52

699.19

Pit

3806

V

L3805*

L3821*

699.24

699.04

Robber trench

3807

V

L3794

L3829*

699.22

698.79

Agricultural soil

3808

V

L3800

L3828

699.28

698.96

Agricultural soil

3811

V

L3797

L3824

699.33

698.94

Fill

3812

V

L3798

L3817

699.32

699.25

Fill

3815

III

L3781*

L3813*

699.43

698.52

Pit

3817

VA

L3812

L3846

699.25

698.35

Degenerated agricultural soil

3818

VA

L3785

L3847

699.13

698.24

Degenerated agricultural soil

3819

III

L3817

L3846

698.81

698.04

Pit

3820

III

L3817

L3817, L3820

699.02

698.52

Pit

3822

V

L3754

L3829*

699.07

698.4

Fill

3823

V

L3754

-

699.07

698.31

Fill

3824

V

L3811

L3837*

698.94

698.73

Agricultural soil

3825

VA

L3791

L3845

699.03

698.37

Degenerated agricultural soil

3827

VI–V

L3762

L3829*

698.96

698.53

Fill

3828

V

L3808

L3832

698.96

698.76

Agricultural soil

3832

VII–V

L3828

L3930*, L3931*

698.76

697.3

Fill

3833

III

L3810*

L3884*

698.99

697.47

Pit

3845

V

L3825

L3881

698.37

698.02

Agricultural soil

3846

VA

L3817

L3853

698.35

698.22

Plaster surface

3847

VC

L3818

L3852

698.26

698.17

Degenerated agricultural soil

952

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

3852

V

L3847

L3914

698.17

697.37

Agricultural soil

3853

V

L3846

L3905*

698.22

697.65

Agricultural soil

3854

V

L3845

L3845, L3853

698.72

698.20

Collapse

3860

VI–V

L3844*

L3873*

698.48

698.11

Fill

3878

III

L3853

L3853

697.86

697.61

Pit

3881

V

L3845

L3895*

698.08

697.58

Agricultural soil

3883

III

L3831*

L3891*

698.11

697.34

Pit

3885

VI–V

W1985

L3898

697.81

697.50

Fill

3892

VI–V

L3887*

L3906*

697.96

697.80

Fill

3902

III

L3894*

L3912*

697.90

697.31

Pit

3907

VI–V

L3890*

L3890*

698.08

697.57

Installation

3914

V

L3852

L3918*

697.37

697.33

Agricultural soil

5005

V

-

L5028

699.47

699.07

Fill

5006

VB–VA

-

-

699.44

697.75

Floor

5007

V–VI

-

-

700.27

699.11

Fill

5028

V

L5006

-

699.05

698.77

Niche

5037

VI–V

W1227

-

700.70

-

Vault

5039

VC–VA

L1532

-

-

-

Other

6093

IIA

L6079*

L6107

700.73

700.68

Floor

6095

II

L6086*

L6105

700.89

700.89

Fill

6096

II

L6086*

-

700.86

700.57

Fill

6097

II

L6087*

-

700.77

700.61

Fill

6098

II

L6087*

-

700.77

700.62

Fill

6099

IIB–IIA

L6087*

L6118

700.84

700.57

Floor

6100

II

L6087*

L6119, L6120

700.89

700.52

Fill

6101

II

L6070*

-

700.50

700.17

Fill

6102

II

L6070*

-

700.50

700.50

Fill

6103

II

L6070*

L6115

700.50

700.35

Fill

6104

II

L6070*

-

700.50

700.50

Fill

6105

IIA

L6095

-

700.89

700.58

Floor

6106

IIB–IIA

L6096

L6217

700.70

700.30

Ṭabun

6107

IIA

L6093

L6116

700.68

700.49

Floor

6108

II

L6096

L6117

700.66

700.55

Fill

6109

II

L6071*

-

700.76

700.68

Fill

6110

IIII

L6071*

L6115

700.76

700.65

Fill

6112

IIA

L6088*

-

700.93

700.77

Floor

6115

II

L6103

-

700.35

700.24

Fill

6116

II

L6107

-

700.49

700.49

Fill

6117

II

L6108

-

700.55

700.55

Fill

6118

II

L6099

-

700.57

700.57

Fill

6119

II

L6100

-

700.52

700.52

Fill

6120

II

L6100

-

700.52

700.52

Fill

6121

IIA

-

L6314*, L6315

700.46

699.30

Floor

953

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

6141

II

-

L6166

700.24

700.20

Fill

6143

II

-

L6166, L6167

700.68

700.60

Fill

6144

IIB

-

L6212

700.16

699.69

Floor

6145

II

-

L6165

700.58

700.52

Fill

6146

IIB–IIA

-

L6217

700.61

700.33

Installation

6147

IIB

-

L6220

700.62

700.28

Floor

6148

IIB

-

L6203*

700.20

699.66

Floor

6149

II

-

L6202

700.57

700.31

Fill

6150

II

-

L6272

700.52

699.83

Fill

6151

IIA

-

L6218

700.52

700.36

Floor

6162

II

-

L6219

700.55

700.29

Fill

6163

IIA

L6130*

L6242

700.02

700.02

Floor

6165

IIA

L6145

L6179, L6183, L6185

700.52

700.44

Floor

6166

II

L6143

L6211

700.60

700.11

Fill

6167

IIB–IIA

L6143

L6224

700.60

700.10

Floor

6171

IIB

L6129*

L6284

700.23

699.53

Floor

6173

II

L6132*

L6174

700.23

699.83

Fill

6174

IIA

L6132*

L6236

700.23

699.72

Floor

6175

IIA

L6130*

L6227

700.12

699.85

Floor

6177

IIA

L6170*

L6214

700.41

700.26

Floor

6178

IIA

L6170*

L6214

700.58

700.24

Installation

6179

IIA

L6165

L6232

700.47

699.98

Ṭabun

6180

IIA

L6168*

L6223

700.60

700.31

Collapse

6181

IIA

L6168*

L6223

700.60

700.26

Collapse

6182

II

L6168*

L6229

700.60

700.38

Fill

6183

IIB

L6165

L6204

700.44

700.30

Floor

6184

IIA

L6180

L6228

700.60

700.25

Floor

6185

IIB

L6165

L6210

700.44

700.30

Floor

6186

IIA

L6150

L6150

700.49

700.23

Installation

6187

IIA

-

L6238

700.49

700.27

Floor

6188

IIB

-

L6311

700.59

700.42

Installation

6189

II

L6169*

L6169*

700.63

700.63

Other

6190

II

L6146

L6217

700.61

700.33

Fill

6191

II

L6159*

W3026, W3037

700.90

700.48

Fill

6192

II

L6159*

L6299

700.90

700.16

Fill

6193

II

L6164

L6214

700.71

700.14

Fill

6194

IIA

L6164

L6238

700.71

700.38

Floor

6195

II

L6122*

L6226

700.10

699.93

Fill

6196

IIA

L6122*

L6263

700.10

699.73

Floor

6197

IIA

L6159*

L6264, L6265

700.86

700.42

Floor

6198

IIA

L6163

L6241, L6242

699.98

699.79

Stone pavement

954

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

6201

II

L6175

L6175

700.26

699.88

Other

6202

II

L6149

L6222

700.31

700.28

Fill

6204

II

L6183

L6232

700.30

700.18

Fill

6210

II

L6185

L6232

700.30

700.18

Fill

6211

II

L6166

L6247

700.11

699.86

Fill

6212

IIB

L6144

L6251*

699.69

699.55

Floor

6213

IIB

L6212

L6251*

699.68

699.62

Ṭabun

6214

II

L6177

L6287

700.26

699.83

Fill

6215

IIA

L6172*

L6241

700.10

699.88

Floor

6216

IIA

L6171

L6277*

700.10

699.77

Installation

6217

II

L6146

L6221

700.33

700.27

Fill

6218

II

L6151

L6222

700.36

700.13

Fill

6219

II

L6162

L6221

700.29

700.29

Fill

6220

II

L6147

L6221

700.28

700.28

Fill

6221

II

L6217, L.6219, L6220

L6275

700.27

699.78

Fill

6222

II

L6202

L6250

700.27

700.03

Fill

6223

IIB

L6180, L6181

L6233

700.26

700.11

Floor

6224

II

L6167

L6244

700.10

700.00

Fill

6225

IIB

L6209*

W3058

700.71

700.13

Stairs

6226

IIA

L6195

L6263

699.93

699.74

Floor

6227

IIA

L6175

L6235

699.85

699.69

Floor

6228

II

L6184

L6234

700.28

700.27

Fill

6229

II

L6182

L6234

700.38

700.27

Fill

6230

IIA

L6227

L6282

700.05

699.52

Drainage channel

6231

II

L6174

L6295

699.85

699.22

Pit

6232

II

L6204, L6210

L6262

700.18

699.90

Fill

6233

II

L6223

L6355

700.11

699.58

Fill

6234

IIB

L6228, L6229

L6273

700.27

700.02

Stone pavement

6235

IIB

L6227

L6282

699.69

699.47

Floor

6236

IIA

L6174

L6295

699.72

699.54

Floor

6238

IIA

L6194

L6298

700.38

700.01

Floor

6239

II

L6160*

L6288

700.93

700.64

Fill

6240

IIB

L6126*

L6364, L6365

699.90

698.96

Floor

6241

IIA

L6215

L6258

699.88

699.78

Floor

6242

II

L6163, L6198

W3052

699.79

699.78

Fill

6243

IIB

L6234

L6333

700.09

699.78

Installation

6244

II

L6224

L6269

700.00

699.54

Fill

6245

IIB

L6203*

L6249*

699.54

699.46

Floor

6246

IIA

L6127*

L6304

699.74

699.38

Floor

955

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

6247

II

L6211

L6269

699.86

699.85

Fill

6250

II

L6222

L6272

700.03

699.85

Fill

6253

II

-

L6271

700.80

700.43

Fill

6254

II

-

L6274

700.75

699.84

Fill

6255

V–III

-

L6275

700.62

700.08

Fill

6256

IIA

-

L6320

700.50

700.28

Floor

6257

IIB

L6255

L6255

700.48

700.31

Ṭabun

6258

II

L6241

L6294

699.78

699.62

Fill

6259

IIB–IIA

L6246

L6326

699.90

699.15

Installation

6260

II

L6191

L6214

700.40

699.94

Fill

6261

IIB

L6233

L6233

700.03

699.88

Ṭabun

6262

II

L6232

L6270

699.90

699.90

Fill

6263

II

L6226

L6392*

699.74

699.15

Fill

6264

IIA

L6197

L6297

700.50

700.09

Floor

6265

IIA

L6197

L6243, L6279, L6280

700.42

700.13

Floor

6266

II

L6236

L6258

699.97

699.90

Fill

6267

IIB

L6253

L6271

700.45

700.18

Ṭabun

6268

IIB

L6124

L6290, L6291

699.53

699.29

Floor

6269

II

L6247

L6360, L6361

699.85

699.61

Fill

6270

V–III

L6262

L6274

699.90

699.79

Fill

6271

IIB

L6253

L6278

700.43

700.29

Floor

6272

VC–VA

L6250

L6325

699.85

699.85

Agricultural soil

6273

II

L6234

L6333

700.02

699.74

Fill

6274

VC–VA

L6270

L6324

699.79

699.79

Agricultural soil

6275

VC–VA

L6221

L6324, L6325

699.78

699.78

Agricultural soil

6276

IIB–IIA

L6237*

L6319

699.72

699.35

Floor

6278

II

L6271

L6302

700.29

699.89

Fill

6279

IIB

L6265

L6333

700.13

699.93

Floor

6280

II

L6265

L6333

700.13

699.83

Fill

6282

II

L6235

L6378, L6379

699.47

699.00

Fill

6283

IIB

L6278

L6278

700.53

700.27

Installation

6284

II

L6171

L6351, L6352

699.53

699.40

Fill

6285

IIB

L6214

L6287

700.30

699.81

Niche

6286

II

L6239

-

700.78

700.78

Pit

6287

IIB

L6214

L6403

699.83

699.56

Floor

6288

IIA

L6239

L6305, L6306

700.78

700.68

Floor

6289

IIB

W3062

L6324

699.91

699.62

Niche

6290

IIB

L6268

L6475

699.29

698.27

Floor

6291

II

L6268

W3064

699.29

699.28

Fill

956

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

6292

IIB–IIA

L6121

L6398

699.46

698.15

Sewage pit

6293

II

L6280

L6333

700.14

699.94

Fill

6294

II

L6277

L6351, L6352

699.62

699.40

Fill

6295

IIB

L6236

L6499

699.54

698.17

Floor

6296

II

L6137*

L6137*

699.69

699.69

Other

6297

II

L6264

L6312

700.09

699.97

Fill

6298

IIB

L6238

L6329

700.06

699.85

Floor

6299

IIB

L6192

L6331

700.16

699.73

Oven

6300

IIB

L6137*

L6380

699.70

699.51

Floor

6301

IIB

L6300

L6287

699.86

699.48

Installation

6302

II

L6278

L6313

699.89

699.75

Fill

6303

III

-

L6295

699.49

699.12

Pit

6304

IIA

L6246

L6308

699.38

699.29

Floor

6305

II

L6288

L6353

700.86

700.52

Fill

6306

II

L6288

L6309, L6310

700.86

700.71

Fill

6307

IIB

L6150

L6425

699.70

699.54

Floor

6308

IIB

L6304

L6326

699.30

699.28

Floor

6309

II

L6306

L6348

700.71

700.54

Fill

6310

IIB

L6306

-

700.71

700.71

Fill

6311

IIA

L6188

L6321

700.42

700.28

Floor

6312

IIB

L6297

L6332

699.97

699.87

Fill

6313

II

L6281*

L6360, L6361

700.09

699.61

Fill

6315

II

L6121

L6338, L6339

699.30

699.30

Fill

6319

II

L6276

L6366

699.35

699.18

Fill

6320

IIB

L6256

L6334

700.28

700.17

Floor

6321

II

L6311

L6371

700.28

699.97

Fill

6323

II

W3020

L6313

700.29

700.01

Fill

6324

VC–VA

L6274, L6275

L6427, L6428

699.79

699.64

Agricultural soil

6325

VC–VA

L6272, L6275

L6425, L6426

699.78

699.78

Agricultural soil

6326

IIA

L6308

L6381, L6382

699.28

699.09

Stone pavement

6328

II

L6187

L6370, W3090

700.16

699.99

Fill

6329

IIB

L6298

-

699.85

699.79

Floor

6330

IIB

L6329

-

699.95

699.77

Installation

6331

IIB

L6299

L6345

699.73

699.52

Fill

6332

IIB

L6312

-

699.87

699.87

Floor

6333

IIB

L6243, L6280, L6293

L6363

699.83

699.74

Floor

6334

II

L6320

L6356

700.17

700.01

Fill

957

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

6335

IIB

L6320

L6370

700.20

699.95

Ṭabun

6336

IIB

L6320

L6370

700.14

700.01

Ṭabun

6337

IIB

-

-

700.38

700.17

Ṭabun

6338

IIB

L6315

L6398

699.36

698.73

Floor

6339

II

L6315

L6490

699.34

698.40

Fill

6341

IIB

L6336

L6370

700.20

699.94

Ṭabun

6342

IIB

L6333

L6373

699.68

699.52

Ṭabun

6345

IIB

L6331

L6350

699.52

699.35

Floor

6346

II

L6282

L6282

699.38

699.38

Fill

6347

IIB–IIA

L6282

L6575

699.65

697.01

Sewage pit

6348

IIB

L6309

-

700.72

700.51

Floor

6349

IIB

L6309

L6492

700.72

700.54

Floor

6350

II

L6345

-

699.35

699.32

Fill

6351

II

L6284

L6437

699.40

698.71

Fill

6352

V–III

L6284, L6294

L6462

699.39

698.55

Fill

6353

IIB

-

-

700.87

700.35

Floor

6354

IIB

L6333

L6373

699.63

699.53

Ṭabun

6355

VC–VA

L6233

L6569*

699.58

698.6

Agricultural soil

6356

II

L6334

L6370

700.01

699.95

Fill

6360

V–III

L6269, L6313

L6494, L6495

699.61

698.65

Fill

6361

V–III

L6269, L6313

L6395

699.61

699.48

Fill

6363

II

L6333

L6373

699.74

699.73

Fill

6364

II

L6240

L6405

698.96

698.63

Fill

6365

V–III

L6240

L6406

698.96

698.87

Fill

6366

IIB

L6319

L6411

699.18

698.9

Floor

6367

III

L6352

L6352

699.57

699.06

Installation

6368

IIB

L6322*

L6434

698.91

698.500

Floor

6369

II

L6322*

L6486

698.91

698.22

Fill

6370

V

L6356

L6422

699.99

699.61

Fill

6371

V

L6321

L6396

699.97

699.86

Fill

6372

IIB

L6341

L6370

700.00

699.82

Ṭabun

6373

VC–VA

L6363

L6502*

699.73

698.80

Agricultural soil

6376

II

L6156*

L6366

699.44

699.15

Fill

6378

IIA

L6282

L6468

699.17

698.37

Pit

6379

IIB

L6282

L6402

699.00

698.87

Floor

6380

II

L6300

-

699.51

699.48

Fill

6381

IIB

L6326

L6410

699.09

698.81

Floor

6382

IIB

L6326

L6436

699.09

698.80

Installation

6383

IIB

L6326

L6436

699.09

698.81

Installation

6384

IIB

L6329

-

699.49

699.39

Stone pavement

6385

IIB

L6329

L6391

699.56

699.45

Fill

6388

-

-

-

-

-

Water reservoir (originally excavated by Kenyon)

958

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

6389

II

L6125*

L6421

699.79

698.93

Fill

6390

II

L6125*

L6438

699.79

699.16

Fill

6391

IIB

L6385

-

699.45

699.45

Fill

6395

VC–VA

L6361

L6521, L6522

699.48

698.81

Agricultural soil

6396

VC–VA

L6371

L6474*

699.86

699.34

Agricultural soil

6397

IIB

L6287

L6403

699.51

699.26

Floor

6398

II

L6338

L6516, L6517

698.73

698.19

Fill

6399

IIB

L6351

L6437

699.22

698.74

Sewage pit

6400

IIA

L6365

L6409

699.92

698.82

Installation

6401

IIB

-

-

700.37

700.3

Floor

6402

V–III

L6379

L6449, L6450, L6451

698.87

698.27

Fill

6403

V–III

L6287

L6447

699.56

699.41

Fill

6404

IIB

L6382, L6383

L6436

699.34

698.14

Installation

6405

II

L6364

L6529

698.63

698.14

Fill

6406

II

L6365

L6408, L6409

698.87

698.70

Fill

6408

II

L6406

L6416, L6418

698.70

698.68

Fill

6409

II

L6406

L6482

698.70

698.46

Fill

6410

IIB

L6381

L6469

698.81

698.47

Floor

6411

II

L6366

L6419, L6420

698.90

698.86

Fill

6415

IIB

L6368

L6434

698.87

698.40

Ṭabun

6416

II

L6408

L6481

698.75

698.45

Fill

6417

III

L6408

L6481

698.61

697.72

Pit

6418

II

L6408

L6369

698.75

698.32

Fill

6419

V

L6411

L6444

698.86

698.80

F

6420

V

L6411

L6456

698.91

698.58

Fill

6421

V

L6366

L6439

698.93

698.88

Fill

6422

VC–VA

L6370

L6448

699.61

699.48

Agricultural soil

6423

V

L6411

-

698.94

698.800

Fill

6425

VC–VA

L6325

L6465

699.78

699.51

Agricultural soil

6426

VC–VA

L6325

L6440

699.78

699.52

Agricultural soil

6427

VC–VA

L6324

L6498

699.64

699.09

Agricultural soil

6428

VC–VA

L6324

L6491*

699.64

699.25

Agricultural soil

6430

V–III

L6392*

L6531*

698.92

697.24

Fill

6433

III

W3097

W3097

698.74

698.28

Pit

6434

II

L6368

L6487

698.5

698.35

Fill

6435

V

L6352

W3115

698.89

698.82

Other

6436

VB–VA

L6382, L6383

L6506

698.81

697.92

Floor

6437

VA

L6351

L6542

698.71

697.93

Floor

959

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

6438

V–III

L6390

L6463, L6464

699.16

698.75

Fill

6439

V–III

L6421

L6445, L6446

698.88

698.80

Fill

6440

V

L6426

L6457*, L6458*

699.52

699.37

Fill

6442

VC–VA

W3091

-

698.59

697.99

Installation

6443

VC–VA

W3091

-

699.63

697.75

Gutter

6444

VB–VA

L6419

L6445

698.80

698.71

Floor

6445

VB–VA

L6439

L6488

698.80

698.59

Floor

6446

VC–VA

L6439

L6509

698.92

698.42

Floor

6447

VC–VA

L6403

L6515*

699.41

698.84

Agricultural soil

6448

V

L6422

L6461

699.48

699.34

Fill

6449

V

L6402

L6436

699.74

698.38

Fill

6450

VC–VA

L6402

L6518, L6575

698.79

698.00

Stairs

6451

V

L6402

L6468

698.72

698.31

Fill

6452

VC–VA

L6402

L6550

698.65

697.90

Floor

6453

VC–VA

L6402

L6469

698.75

698.58

Floor

6454

V–III

L6430

L6430

698.59

698.45

Other

6455

V–III

L6430

L6515*

699.25

699.15

Other

6456

VC–VA

L6420

L6446

698.85

698.69

Floor

6459

III

L6446

L6509

698.99

698.42

Pit

6460

III

L6425

L6569*

699.59

698.65

Pit

6461

VI–V

L6448

L6474*

699.34

699.09

Fill

6462

VA

L6352

L6468

698.55

698.42

Floor

6463

VB–VA

L6438

L6500

698.96

698.48

Floor

6464

VB–VA

L6438

L6472

698.78

698.73

Floor

6465

VC–VA

L6425

L6470, L6471

699.51

699.36

Agricultural soil

6466

III

L6436

L6436

698.74

698.17

Pit

6468

VA

L6462

L6503

698.44

698.22

Floor

6469

V–III

L6410

L6548

698.47

698.20

Fill

6470

VC–VA

L6465

L6498*

699.36

699.10

Agricultural soil

6471

VC–VA

L6465

L6484

699.36

699.32

Agricultural soil

6472

VC

L6464

L6514

698.73

698.36

Floor

6473

VC–VA

L6464

L6446

698.78

698.78

Floor

6475

VC

L6290

L6547

698.27

698.00

Floor

6481

V–III

L6416

L6566, L6567

698.45

697.61

Fill

6482

V–III

L6409

L6505, L6506

698.46

698.27

Fill

6483

IIB

L6469

L6469

698.70

698.47

Drainage channel

6484

VI–V

L6471

L6493*

699.32

699.28

Fill

6485

III

L6482

L6482

698.61

698.42

Installation

6486

V–III

L6369

L6487

698.22

698.22

Fill

960

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

6487

VC

L6434

L6546

698.35

697.96

Floor

6488

VC

L6445

L6507

698.59

698.3

Floor

6489

V–III

L6314*

L6562

698.40

697.55

Fill

6490

V–III

L6339

L6527, L6528

698.40

698.01

Fill

6492

IIB

L6349

-

700.71

700.54

Installation

6494

V

L6360

L6557

698.65

698.03

Fill

6495

V

L6360

L6560

698.65

697.97

Fill

6496

II

-

L6355

699.04

698.63

Fill

6500

VC

L6463

L6507, L6508

698.48

698.46

Floor

6503

VB

L6468

L6513

698.22

698.08

Floor

6505

V

L6482

L6529

698.27

698.14

Fill

6506

VB–VA

L6482

L6579

698.27

697.85

Floor

6507

VC

L6500

-

698.46

698.20

Fill

6508

VC

L6500

-

698.46

698.16

Fill

6509

VC

L6446

-

698.42

698.33

Floor

6511

V

L6507

L6469

698.31

698.28

Fill

6513

V

L6503

L6524, L6525

698.08

698.02

Fill

6514

V

L6472

-

698.36

698.30

Fill

6516

V

L6398

L6596

698.19

697.18

Fill

6517

VA

L6398

L6551

698.19

697.97

Floor

6518

V

L6469

L6585

698.31

698.00

Fill

6519

V

L6509

-

698.29

698.17

Installation

6521

VI–V

L6395

L6552

698.81

698.59

Fill

6522

VI–V

L6395

L6552

698.81

698.23

Collapse

6524

VC

L6513

L6525

698.02

697.87

Floor

6525

VC

L6513

L6576

698.02

697.73

Floor

6527

V

L6490

L6537

698.01

697.80

Fill

6528

V

L6490

L6430

698.01

698.01

Fill

6529

VA

L6405, L6505

L6554

698.14

698.03

Floor

6530

III

L6481

L6481

698.34

698.02

Pit

6534

III

L6528

L6555

697.80

697.69

Pit

6535

VI–V

L6491*

L6536*

698.38

697.97

Fill

6537

V

L6527

L6562

697.80

697.75

Fill

6538

III

L6469

L6548

698.07

697.56

Pit

6539

III

L6525

L6576

697.71

697.59

Pit

6540

VC

L6436

L6559

697.98

697.85

Floor

6541

VA

L6437

L6542

697.88

697.69

Floor make-up

6542

VB

L6537, L6541

L6577

697.93

697.52

Floor

6543

V

W3115

W3145

698.01

698.01

Other

6544

V

L6469

L6540

697.93

697.92

Fill

6545

VC–VA

W3091

W3091

698.77

698.11

Niche

961

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

6546

VI–V

L6487

-

697.96

697.81

Fill

6547

VI–V

L6475

-

698.00

697.90

Fill

6548

V

L6469

L6585

698.20

698.00

Fill

6549

III

L6436

L6574

697.92

697.71

Pit

6550

V

L6452

L6575

697.90

697.56

Fill

6551

V

L6517

L6555

697.97

697.93

Fill

6552

VI–V

L6521

L6650*, L6651*

698.59

698.00

Collapse

6553

VB

L6534

L6542

697.69

697.69

Floor

6554

V

L6529

L6561

698.03

697.65

Fill

6555

VB

L6551

L6580

697.93

697.33

Floor

6556

III

L6555

L6577, L6582

698.13

697.14

Pit

6557

VC–VA

L6494

L6626

698.03

697.12

Agricultural soil

6558

III

L6516

L6565

697.66

697.63

Pit

6559

V

L6540

L6587, L6588*

697.85

697.61

Fill

6560

VC–VA

L6495

L6658*

697.97

697.24

Agricultural soil

6561

VB

L6554

L6555

697.65

697.55

Floor

6562

VII–V

L6489

L6624*

697.55

696.82

Fill

6563

V

L6402

L6575

698.27

697.56

Fill

6564

III

L6506

L6574

697.85

697.53

Pit

6565

VB

L6555

L6581

697.61

697.38

Floor

6566

VB

L6481

L6578

697.61

697.41

Floor

6567

V

L6481

L6572

697.61

697.54

Fill

6571

VC–VA

-

-

–

-

Other

6572

V

L6567

L6594*

697.54

697.16

Fill

6573

V

L6567

L6594*

697.54

697.42

Fill

6574

VC

L6506

L6591

697.77

697.60

Floor

6575

VII–V

L6550

L6602*

697.56

697.39

Fill

6576

V

L6525

L6605*

697.73

697.15

Fill

6577

V

L6542

L6615*

697.52

697.20

Fill

6578

VC

L6566

L6592

697.41

697.29

Floor

6579

V

L6506

L6574

697.85

697.83

Fill

6580

VC

L6555

L6582

697.33

697.30

Fill

6581

VB

L6565

L6590

697.45

697.34

Floor

6582

VII–V

L6580

L6589

697.30

697.21

Fill

6585

VI–V

L6518, L6548

L6599*, L6600*

698.00

697.62

Fill

6587

V

L6559

L6594*

697.61

697.16

Fill

6589

VII–V

L6582

L6604

697.21

697.15

Fill

6590

V

L6581

L6596, L6597

697.34

697.33

Fill

6591

V

L6574

L6594*, L6595

697.62

697.61

Fill

6592

VC

L6578

L6601

697.29

697.10

Floor

962

APPENDIX 1: LOCUS LIST

No.

Stratum

Locus/Wall Above

Locus/Wall Below

Opening Level (m asl)

Closing Level (m asl)

Type

6595

VI–V

L6591

L6644

697.61

696.85

Fill

6596

VI–V

L6590

L6606*

697.33

697.33

Fill

6597

VI–V

L6590

L6603*

697.33

697.08

Fill

6598

VC

L6592

L6601

697.43

697.13

Installation

6601

V

L6592

L6628

697.10

696.96

Fill

6604

VI–V

L6589

L6611*, L6612*

697.26

697.25

Fill

6626

V

L6557

L6641*

697.12

697.11

Fill

6627

VI–V

L6606*

L6636*

697.05

697.03

Fill

6628

VI–V

L6601

L6661*

697.56

696.82

Fill

6629

VI–V

L6594*

L6632*, L6633*

697.56

697.27

Fill

6644

VI–V

L6595, L6605*

L6648*, L6649*

696.91

696.78

Fill

D. Ben-Ami, Y. Tchekhanovets, 2020, Jerusalem: Givati Parking Lot II (IAA Reports 66)

Appendix 2

Wall List

No.

Square

Stratum

Top Level (m asl)

Bottom Level (m asl)

1100

G–H1–2

I

700.87

700.55

1101

G2

I

700.82

700.54

1102

G–H1

I

700.81

700.49

1103

G3–4

IIB–I

700.84

700.04

1104

G0–2

IIB–IIA

700.54

699.40

1105

H1

I

700.99

700.53

1106

G4

IIB–I

700.76

700.14

1107

G3

I

700.81

700.54

1110

I0–1

I

701.15

700.67

1111

H3

I

700.90

700.50

1112

G4

IIB–I

700.48

700.11

1113

I2

I

701.10

701.03

1114

G–H3–4

IIB–IIA

700.90

700.40

1115

G3

I

700.62

700.49

1117

I2

I

700.94

700.79

1118

G4

IIB–I

700.79

700.24

1119

G3

IIB–I

700.72

700.27

1120

G3

I

700.69

700.49

1121

G–H2

IIB–IIA

700.59

700.06

1122

G2

IIB–IIA

700.82

700.06

1124

J0–1

IV

700.73

700.07

1125

H4

IIB–IIA

700.70

700.21

1126

J–3

IIB–IIA

701.47

701.32

1127

J3

IIB–IIA

701.43

700.71

1128

K3

IIB–IIA

701.55

701.24

1129

H3

IIB–I

700.88

700.20

1130

J3

IIB–IIA

701.98

700.74

1131

J3

IIB–IIA

701.74

700.57

1132

K3

IIB–IIA

701.54

701.29

1133

K3

IIB–IIA

701.47

701.25

1134

J4

IIB–IIA

701.94

701.28

1135

J1

IV

700.73

700.03

1136

J3–4

IIB–IIA

701.76

700.95

964

APPENDIX 2: WALL LIST

No.

Square

Stratum

Top Level (m asl)

Bottom Level (m asl)

1137

K3

IIB–IIA

701.36

701.10

1138

H3

IIB–IIA

700.78

700.14

1139

H2

IIB–IIA

700.88

700.17

1140

I2

I

701.17

701.05

1141

H2

IIB–IIA

700.87

700.14

1142

H–G3–4

I

700.70

700.21

1143

J3

IIB–IIA

701.73

701.40

1144

K4

IIB–IIA

701.96

701.16

1145

K4

IIB–IIA

702.36

701.20

1146

K2

IIA

701.68

701.37

1147

K2

IIB

701.47

701.07

1148

H–G0

IV

700.27

699.63

1149

J4

IIB–IIA

701.93

700.70

1151

K4

IIA

701.94

701.42

1152

I2

IIB–IIA

700.72

699.97

1153

K–J4

IIB–IIA

702.28

701.18

1154

J4

IIB–IIA

702.16

701.07

1155

K–J3

IIB–IIA

701.62

701.48

1156

J4

IIB–IIA

701.33

700.73

1157

K4

IIA

702.29

701.30

1158

F–K0

V

699.41

-

1159

J3

IIB

701.16

700.72

1160

J4

IIB–IIA

701.23

700.15

1161

J4

IIB–IIA

701.23

700.19

1162

K4

IIB–IIA

702.20

700.63

1163

J3

IIB

701.17

700.85

1164

J1

IV

700.38

699.79

1165

M1

IIB–IIA

703.94

702.75

1166

G0

IIB

700.25

699.02

1167

K4

IIB–IIA

702.30

701.32

1168

G1

IIB

699.59

699.26

1171

F–L2

VC–VA

699.03

697.17

1172

M1–2

IIB–IIA

703.94

702.78

1173

M2

IIB–IIA

703.65

702.79

1174

N3

IIB–IIA

703.45

702.87

1175

M2

IIB–IIA

703.63

702.07

1177

M1–2

IIB–IIA

703.16

702.64

1178

M3–4

IIB–IIA

703.10

701.54

1179

K–G3–4

VC

698.35

698.00

1180

G–J2–3

VC

698.57

698.14

1184

J2–3

VC

698.60

698.3

965

APPENDIX 2: WALL LIST

No.

Square

Stratum

Top Level (m asl)

Bottom Level (m asl)

1186

K2–3

VC

698.97

697.98

1187

K2–4

VC

698.41

697.38

1220

H–I99

I

701.18

700.64

1221

K–L0

IV

701.29

700.77

1222

K1

IIA

701.63

701.43

1223

K–L1

IIA

701.83

701.47

1224

L97–98

I

702.38

702.12

1226

L0–1

VC–VA

701.53

-

1227

L1–2

VC–VA

701.68

-

1228

L0

VC–VA

701.73

699.13

1231

L0

VC–VA

701.86

-

1232

L0

VI–IV

701.68

699.10

1233

L1–2

VC–VA

701.65

-

1234

L1

IIA

701.87

701.40

1235

M0–1

VC–VA

701.41

-

1236

L–K1

IV

701.59

700.97

1237

L2

IIB–IIA

702.06

700.80

1238

M2–3

IIB–IIA

702.02

700.83

1239

L2–3

IIB–IIA

702.07

701.24

1240

M1

VC–VA

700.92

-

1241

L98

IV

701.43

701.09

1242

L98

IV

701.55

701.21

1243

K99–0

IV

701.11

700.68

1244

L–K0–1

IV

700.89

700.59

1245

L–K0

IV

700.88

699.40

1246

K99

IV

700.8

700.58

1247

L2

IIA

701.92

701.32

1248

J–K0

IV

700.84

-

1251

L3

IIB–IIA

702.12

701.27

1253

K0–1

IV

700.59

-

1254

J0–1

IV

700.37

699.86

1255

L2–3

VI–II

701.24

-

1256

J0

IV

701.26

700.08

1258

M2–3

VB–VA

702.26

701.42

1260

M–L0–99

VC–VA

700.12

-

1261

M2

VC–VA

700.82

-

1262

L3

VI–II

701.27

-

1263

M3

V–II

701.08

-

1264

M2–3

VI–II

700.83

-

1265

L97–98

V–IV

701.25

700.01

1266

L–K2–4

VB

700.52

699.09

966

APPENDIX 2: WALL LIST

No.

Square

Stratum

Top Level (m asl)

Bottom Level (m asl)

1267

L2

IIB–IIA

700.20

-

1269

J0

IV

701.28

700.54

1270

J99–0

IV

700.29

700.06

1271

J99–0

IV

700.57

-

1276

K1–2

VC–VB

699.69

699.64

1279

L2–4

VB

699.80

699.41

1280

L–K0–1

VC–VB

700.16

699.34

1281

J0

IV

699.78

699.06

1282

J0

IV

699.84

699.62

1293

L2

VC–VA

701.12

-

1345

K3–4

VC

698.92

697.68

1387

F0. I–J99

V–IV

700.45

-

1388

J–I0

IV

700.36

699.92

1400

L7

IIA

702.68

702.34

1401

L–K9

I

702.51

702.13

1402

L7–9

IIB–IIA

702.69

701.08

1403

M–N9

IIB–IIA

702.55

702.21

1403A

M9–10

IIA

702.55

701.91

1404

L–K9

I

702.47

701.94

1405

L8

IIA

702.65

702.10

1406

M6

I

702.35

702.16

1407

K8–9

IIB–IIA

702.28

701.82

1408

K9

IIB–IIA

702.27

701.96

1409

J9

IIB–IIA

702.14

701.70

1410

K9

IIB–IIA

702.13

701.75

1411

M5–7

IIB–IIA

702.29

701.60

1412

L10

IIB–IIA

702.43

702.16

1413

L10

IIB–IIA

702.35

701.97

1414

K9

IIB–IIA

702.03

701.22

1415

M7–9

IIB–IIA

702.58

702.17

1417

L10

IIB–IIA

702.48

701.97

1418

M10

I

702.60

702.32

1419

M–N7

IIB–IIA

702.48

701.92

1420

M7–8

IIB–IIA

702.31

702.01

1421

M8

IIB–IIA

702.60

702.38

1422

M–N9–10

VI–V

702.52

-

1422A

M–N9–10

IIB–IIA

702.52

-

1423

J8–9

IIB–IIA

701.99

701.72

1424

J9

IIB–IIA

702.03

701.61

1425

M9

VI–V

702.50

-

1426

M–N9

VI–V

702.21

-

967

APPENDIX 2: WALL LIST

No.

Square

Stratum

Top Level (m asl)

Bottom Level (m asl)

1426A

M–N9

IIB–IIA

702.12

700.54

1427

N8

IIB–IIA

702.51

702.32

1428

J8–9

IIB–IIA

702.15

701.45

1429

L–M5

IIA

701.95

701.74

1430

L9–10

IIB–IIA

702.53

701.82

1431

L–M10

IIA

702.52

702.17

1433

K8

IIA

702.14

701.34

1434

L–M7

IIB–IIA

702.21

701.83

1436

K–L5

IIB

701.76

701.41

1437

L6

IIA

701.98

701.82

1438

L–M7

IIA

702.24

702.04

1440

L–M9

VI–V

702.12

700.68

1441

N8

IIA

702.52

702.40

1442

L10

IIB

702.04

701.80

1443

N8

IIB–IIA

702.55

702.25

1444

K10

IIB–IIA

702.29

701.85

1445

M–N9

VI–V

702.40

700.59

1446

L8

IIB

701.79

701.39

1447

L8–9

IIB

701.90

701.56

1448

J–K8

III

701.62

701.17

1449

J8

IIB

702.15

701.70

1450

M10

IIB

702.18

701.73

1451

M10

IIB

702.05

701.70

1453

L–M8

III

701.51

701.33

1454

M10

IIB

702.01

-

1455

L10

IIB

701.87

701.28

1456

L–M10

IIB

701.96

701.74

1458

K–L8

IIB

701.68

701.34

1459

L7

IIB

701.30

700.81

1460

M9

IIB–IIA

702.23

701.63

1461

M8

VI–V

701.41

-

1463

K7–9

VC–VA

701.17

699.75

1464

L7

VC–VA

701.04

700.35

1465

L5–7

IIB

701.15

700.83

1466

J–K9

VA

701.10

700.31

1467

L5–7

IIB–IIA

701.16

700.79

1468

K9

VA

701.14

700.46

1469

M–K7

VC–VA

701.11

700.08

1470

J–K9

VC–VB

700.99

699.80

1471

K9–10

VA

701.05

700.33

1472

L9

VC–VA

700.80

700.28

968

APPENDIX 2: WALL LIST

No.

Square

Stratum

Top Level (m asl)

Bottom Level (m asl)

1475

M5–6

VI–V

700.87

698.24

1476

K10

IIB

701.47

700.68

1477

K10

IIB

701.45

700.70

1481

J–K7

VC–VB

700.40

700.09

1482

J6–7

IIB–IIA

700.97

700.48

1484

L–M3–6

VI–V

700.80

696.42

1485

J–K8

VC–VB

700.54

700.21

1487

M–N7

VI–V

700.32

698.40

1496

L–M8

VC–VA

700.89

700.70

1499

M7–8

VI–V

699.83

699.09

1500

K5

VB

700.02

699.26

1505

K5

VC–VA

699.69

698.50

1508

J–K5

VC–VA

699.73

699.53

1514

J5

VB

699.43

699.07

1521

J5

VC–VA

699.62

698.63

1522

M6–7

VI–V

699.19

697.04

1524

K5

VC

698.93

698.65

1591

J5

VC

699.07

698.30

1911

I8–9

IIB–IIA

701.27

700.60

1913

H–I8

IIA

701.07

700.67

1914

J6–7

IIB–IIA

701.48

700.72

1915

H–I7

IIB–IIA

701.15

700.81

1916

H7

IIA

701.15

700.55

1917

H8–9

IIB–IIA

701.06

-

1918

J5

IIB–IIA

701.75

700.44

1919

J4–5

IIB–IIA

701.70

700.88

1920

H–I5

I

701.13

700.82

1921

H–I6

IIA

701.02

700.33

1923

H–I8

IIB–IIA

701.12

700.58

1924

I6–7

IIB–IIA

701.03

700.70

1925

I7

IIA

701.17

700.86

1926

I7

IIA

701.04

700.77

1927

I7

IIB–IIA

701.03

700.70

1928

H6

IIA

700.84

700.58

1930

H6

I

700.95

700.73

1931

G7

IIB–IIA

700.80

700.52

1932

H5–6

IIA

701.00

700.09

1934

H6

I

700.90

700.81

1935

I4–5

I

701.32

701.12

1936

G–H6

IIA

700.97

700.43

1937

H–I8

IIB–IIA

701.01

700.57

969

APPENDIX 2: WALL LIST

No.

Square

Stratum

Top Level (m asl)

Bottom Level (m asl)

1938

I6

I

700.91

700.61

1939

G8

IIB–IIA

700.76

700.07

1940

H7–8

IIA

700.78

700.30

1941

H6

IIA

700.65

700.48

1942

J5

IIA

701.74

701.36

1943

H8

IIB

700.67

700.13

1945

G8

IIB–IIA

700.43

700.02

1946

I8

VC–VB

700.68

699.26

1948

G5–6

III

700.52

700.19

1951

G4

III

700.46

700.21

1952

G5

III

700.44

700.17

1954

I7

VC–VB

700.24

699.93

1962

J–F5

VC–VA

699.32

697.30

1976

J5

VC–VA

699.07

698.33

3007

G7–8

IIB–IIA

700.94

699.79

3008

E8

IIA

700.64

699.91

3009

F7

IIB–IIA

700.93

700.43

3010

F7

IIB–IIA

700.86

700.60

3012

F5–7

IIB–IIA

700.76

699.83

3014

F7

IIA

700.43

700.09

3015

F5

IIA

700.50

699.70

3016

F5

IIA

700.49

699.92

3017

F–G5

IIB–IIA

700.69

700.16

3019

F4–5

IIB–IIA

700.95

700.00

3020

G4

IIB–IIA

700.90

700.09

3021

F5–6

IIA

700.61

700.18

3022

F–G6

IIB–IIA

700.67

700.34

3024

F8–9

IIB–IIA

700.96

699.84

3026

F8–9

IIB–IIA

700.89

699.77

3027

F–G6

IIA

700.68

700.07

3028

E8

IIB–IIA

700.15

699.81

3029

D6–7

IIB–IIA

700.17

699.52

3031

F8–9

IIA

700.77

700.52

3032

F6

IIB

700.46

700.23

3033

F8

IIA

700.86

700.23

3034

C–D4–8

IIB–IIA

700.22

698.43

3037

E–F9

IIB–IIA

700.8

-

3038

F9–10

IIB–IIA

700.73

-

3041

F8–9

IIB–IIA

700.64

700.07

3042

F7

IIB–IIA

700.92

700.23

3043

D6

IIA

700.11

699.70

970

APPENDIX 2: WALL LIST

No.

Square

Stratum

Top Level (m asl)

Bottom Level (m asl)

3044

F8

IIA

700.55

700.15

3045

E5

IIA

700.08

699.60

3046

E9

IIA

700.68

699.99

3048

E–F9–10

IIB–IIA

701.02

-

3049

F9–10

IIB–IIA

701.08

-

3051

G5

IIB–IIA

700.72

700.17

3053

F9

IIB–IIA

700.50

-

3054

F9

IIB–IIA

700.75

-

3056

G5–6

IIB

700.68

700.29

3058

E9

IIB–IIA

700.68

699.72

3059

B–C8

IIB–IIA

699.90

699.25

3060

F9

IIB–IIA

700.52

-

3061

C8

IIA

699.99

699.62

3062

F6

IIB

699.77

699.53

3063

B–C7

IIB–IIA

699.54

699.08

3064

B7–8

IIB–IIA

699.80

699.13

3065

F9

IIB

700.48

-

3066

F10

IIB

700.54

-

3067

E–F9

IIB–IIA

699.07

-

3068

E9

IIB

700.13

-

3069

G9

IIB–IIA

700.84

-

3070

G5

IIB–IIA

700.62

700.17

3071

F7

IIB

700.80

699.71

3072

E9

IIB

700.69

-

3073

E–F9

IIB

700.14

-

3074

G9–10

IIB

700.70

-

3075

G9

IIB

700.68

700.59

3076

F9

IIB

700.24

-

3077

E9

IIB

700.44

-

3078

D5

IIB–IIA

699.46

698.36

3079

E9

IIB–IIA

700.08

-

3080

E9

IIB–IIA

700.02

-

3082

F9–10

IIB

699.96

-

3083

E8–9

VC–VA

699.09

698.38

3084

G–F10

IIB

700.71

-

3085

E7–8

VC–VA

698.79

697.98

3086

D8

VC–VA

699.11

698.52

3087

D8

VC–VA

698.75

697.90

3088

B–C6

IIB–IIA

698.91

698.54

3089

F9

VC–VA

699.90

699.03

3091

C–D9

VC–VA

699.86

-

971

APPENDIX 2: WALL LIST

No.

Square

Stratum

Top Level (m asl)

Bottom Level (m asl)

3092

D9

VC–VA

699.04

-

3096

B–C7

IIB–IIA

699.42

698.99

3098

D7

VC–VA

698.90

697.82

3099

C8–9

VC–VA

698.72

698.07

3100

E8

IIB–IIA

699.68

699.62

3103

C6

IIB

698.79

698.71

3106

F–G5

IIA

700.63

700.18

3110

B–C8

VC–VA

698.91

698.40

3111

D6–7

VC–VA

698.71

697.56

3112

C–D7

VC–VA

698.60

697.63

3115

D6

VC–VA

698.70

697.32

3117

B8

VC–VA

698.82

698.34

3118

C7

VC–VA

698.73

698.31

3122

B7–8

VC

698.51

698.26

3123

C8

VC

698.45

-

3124

C7

VC

698.45

698.06

3125

D5

VC–VA

699.42

697.38

3126

C9

VC–VA

698.14

-

3127

E5–6

VC–VA

698.29

697.55

3128

B7

VC

698.69

698.30

3130

B8

VC

698.49

-

3133

D5

VB–VA

698.25

697.44

3134

CD7

VI–VC

697.98

-

3135

C5–6

VC–VA

697.99

697.52

3136

C6–7

VC–VA

698.25

697.51

3138

C6

VB–VA

697.93

697.52

3139

D5

VB–VA

698.40

697.40

3141

D7

VC

698.27

697.24

3142

D5–6

VC–VA

697.87

697.07

3144

C–D8

VC–VA

698.91

698.55

3145

C–D6

VC–VA

698.15

697.41

3146

C6

VC–VA

697.62

697.20

3147

C–D5

VC

697.59

696.96

3148

B8

VC–VA

698.89

698.42

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No. 1 G. Avni and Z. Greenhut, The Akeldama Tombs Three Burial Caves in the Kidron Valley, Jerusalem, 1996, 129 pp. No. 2 E. Braun, Yiftaḥ’el Salvage and Rescue Excavations at a Prehistoric Village in Lower Galilee, Israel, 1997, 249 pp. No. 3 G. Edelstein, I. Milevski and S. Aurant, Villages, Terraces and Stone Mounds Excavations at Manaḥat, Jerusalem, 1987–1989, 1998, 149 pp. No. 4 C. Epstein, The Chalcolithic Culture of the Golan, 1998, 352 pp. + plans. Hardcover. No. 5 T. Schick, The Cave of the Warrior A Fourth Millennium Burial in the Judean Desert, 1998, 137 pp. No. 6 R. Cohen, Ancient Settlement of the Central Negev I: The Chalcolithic Period, the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age I (Hebrew, English Summary), 1999, 396 pp. No. 7 R. Hachlili and A. Killebrew, Jericho The Jewish Cemetery of the Second Temple Period, 1999, 202 pp. No. 8 Z. Gal and Y. Alexandre, Ḥorbat Rosh Zayit An Iron Age Storage Fort and Village, 2000, 247 pp. No. 9 U. Dahari, Monastic Settlements in South Sinai in the Byzantine Period The Archaeological Remains, 2000, 250 pp. No. 10 Z. Yeivin, The Synagogue at Korazim The 1962–1964, 1980–1987 Excavations (Hebrew, English Summary), 2000, 216 pp. No. 11 M. Hartal, The al-Ṣubayba (Nimrod) Fortress Towers 11 and 9, 2001, 129 pp. No. 12 R. Gonen, Excavations at Efrata A Burial Ground from the Intermediate and Middle Bronze Ages, 2001, 153 pp. No. 13 E. Eisenberg, A. Gopher and R. Greenberg, Tel Te’o A Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Site in the Ḥula Valley, 2001, 227 pp. No. 14 R. Frankel, N. Getzov, M. Aviam and A. Degani, Settlement Dynamics and Regional Diversity in Ancient Upper Galilee Archaeological Survey of Upper Galilee, 2001, 175 pp. No. 15 M. Dayagi-Mendels, The Akhziv Cemeteries The Ben-Dor Excavations, 1941–1944, 2002, 176 pp. No. 16 Y. Goren and P. Fabian, Kissufim Road A Chalcolithic Mortuary Site, 2002, 97 pp. No. 17 A. Kloner, Maresha Excavations Final Report I: Subterranean Complexes 21, 44, 70, 2003, 183 pp. No. 18 A. Golani, Salvage Excavations at the Early Bronze Age Site of Qiryat Ata, 2003, 261 pp. No. 19 H. Khalaily and O. Marder, The Neolithic Site of Abu Ghosh The 1995 Excavations, 2003, 146 pp. No. 20 R. Cohen and R. Cohen-Amin, Ancient Settlement of the Negev Highlands II: The Iron Age and Persian Period (Hebrew, English Summary), 2004, 258 pp. No. 21 D. Stacey, Exavations at Tiberias, 1973–1974: The Early Islamic Periods, 2004, 259 pp. No. 22 Y. Hirschfeld, Excavations at Tiberias, 1989–1994, 2004, 234 pp.

No. 23 S. Ben-Arieh, Bronze and Iron Age Tombs at Tell Beit Mirsim, 2004, 212 pp. No. 24 M. Dothan and D. Ben-Shlomo, Ashdod VI: The Excavations of Areas H and K (1968–1969), 2005, 320 pp. No. 25 M. Avissar, Tel Yoqne am Excavations on the Acropolis, 2005, 142 pp. No. 26 M. Avissar and E.J. Stern, Pottery of the Crusader, Ayyubid, and Mamluk Periods in Israel, 2005, 187 pp. No. 27 E.C.M. van den Brink and Ram Gophna, Shoham (North), Late Chalcolithic Burial Caves in the Lod Valley, Israel, 2005, 214 pp. No. 28 N. Getzov, The Tel Bet Yeraḥ Excavations, 1994–1995, 2006, 204 pp. No. 29 A.M. Berlin, Gamla I: The Pottery of the Second Temple Period, the Shmarya Gutmann Excavations, 1976–1989, 2006, 181 pp. No. 30 R. Greenberg, E. Eisenberg, S. Paz and Y. Paz, Bet Yeraḥ: The Early Bronze Age Mound I: Excavation Reports, 1933–1986, 2006, 500 pp. No. 31 E. Yannai, En Esur ( Ein Asawir) I: Excavations at a Protohistoric Site in the Coastal Plain of Israel, 2006, 308 pp. No. 32 T.J. Barako, Tel Mor The Moshe Dothan Excavations, 1959–1960, 2007, 276 pp. No. 33 G. Mazor and A. Najjar, Bet She’an I: Nysa-Scythopolis The Caesareum and the Odeum, 2007, 316 pp. No. 34 R. Cohen and H. Bernick-Greenberg, Kadesh Barnea (Tell el-Qudeirat) 1976–1982, 2007. In 2 parts. Part 1: Text, 410 pp.; Part 2: Plates, Plans and Sections, 332 pp. No. 35 A. Erlich and A. Kloner, Maresha Excavations Final Report II: Hellenistic Terracotta Figurines from the 1989–1996 Seasons, 2008, 208 pp. No. 36 G. Avni, U. Dahari and A. Kloner, The Necropolis of Bet Guvrin—Eleutheropolis, 2008, 238 pp. No. 37 V. Tzaferis and S. Israeli, Paneas I: The Roman to Early Islamic Periods Excavations in Areas A, B, E, F, G and H, 2008, 196 pp. No. 38 V. Tzaferis and S. Israeli, Paneas II: Small Finds and Other Studies, 2008, 256 pp. No. 39 Z. Greenhut and A. De Groot, Salvage Excavations at Tel Moẓa The Bronze and Iron Age Settlements and Later Occupations, 2009, 363 pp. No. 40 M. Hartal, Paneas IV: The Aqueduct and the Northern Suburbs, 2009, 212 pp. No. 41 N. Getzov, R. Lieberman-Wander, H. Smithline and D. Syon, Ḥorbat Uẓa, the 1991 Excavations I: The Early Periods, 2009, 168 pp. No. 42 N. Getzov, D. Avshalom-Gorni, Y. Gorin-Rosen, E.J. Stern, D. Syon and A. Tatcher, Ḥorbat Uẓa, the 1991 Excavations II: The Late Periods, 2009, 232 pp. No. 43 J. Seligman, Naḥal Ḥaggit A Roman and Mamluk Farmstead in the Southern Carmel, 2010, 277 pp. No. 44 D. Syon and Z. Yavor, Gamla II: The Architecture, the Shmarya Gutmann Excavations, 1976–1989, 2010, 216 pp. No. 45 A. Kloner, E. Eshel, H.B. Korzakova and G. Finkielsztejn, Maresha Excavations Final Report III: Epigraphic Finds from the 1989–2000 Seasons, 2010, 247 pp. No. 46 Y. Dagan, The Ramat Bet Shemesh Regional Project The Gazetteer, 2010, 360 pp. No. 47 Y. Dagan, The Ramat Bet Shemesh Regional Project Landscape of Settlement From the Paleolithic to the Ottoman Periods, 2011, 356 pp. No. 48 R. Bar-Nathan and W. Atrash, Bet She’an II: Baysān The Theater Pottery Workshop, 2011, 411 pp. No. 49 Y. Alexandre, Mary’s Well, Nazareth The Late Hellenistic to the Ottoman Periods, 2012, 180 pp.

No. 50 D. Ben-Shlomo, The Azor Cemetery Moshe Dothan’s Excavations, 1958 and 1960, 2012, 238 pp. No. 51/1 E.J. Stern, Akko I: The 1991–1998 Excavations, the Crusader-Period Pottery, Part 1: Text, 2012, 192 pp. No. 51/2 E.J. Stern, Akko I: The 1991–1998 Excavations, the Crusader-Period Pottery, Part 2: Plates, 2012, 172 pp. No. 52 D. Ben-Ami, Jerusalem, Excavations in the Tyropoeon Valley (Giv ati Parking Lot) I, 2013, 396 pp. No. 53 Y. Porath, Caesarea Maritima Volume I: Herod’s Circus and Related Buildings Part I: Architecture and Stratigraphy, 2013, 244 pp. No. 54 R. Greenberg, Bet Yerah, The Early Bronze Age Mound II: Urban Structure and Material Culture, 1933–1986 Excavations, 2014, 316 pp. No. 55 E. Yannai and Y. Nagar, Bet Dagan, Intermediate Bronze Age and Mamluk-Period Cemeteries, 2004–2005 Excavations, 2014, 260 pp. No. 56 D. Syon, Gamla III: The Shmarya Gutmann Excavations 1976–1989, Finds and Studies, Part 1, 2014, 260 pp. No. 57 Y. Porath, Caesarea Maritima I: Herod’s Circus and Related Buildings Part 2: The Finds, 2015, 224 pp. No. 58/1 G. Mazor and W. Atrash, Bet She’an III: Nysa-Scythopolis The Southern and Severan Theaters, Part 1: The Stratigraphy and Finds, 2015, 288 pp. No. 58/2 G. Mazor and W. Atrash, Bet She’an III: Nysa-Scythopolis The Southern and Severan Theaters, Part 2: The Architecture, 2015, 382 pp. No. 59 D. Syon, Gamla III: The Shmarya Gutmann Excavations 1976–1989, Finds and Studies, Part 2, 2016, 380 pp. No. 60 M. Hartal, D. Syon., E. Stern and A. Tatcher, Akko II: The 1991–1998 Excavations, the Early Periods, 2016, 242 pp. No. 61 R. Greenberg, O. Tal and T. Da‘adli, Bet Yeraḥ III: Hellenistic Philoteria and Islamic al-Ṣinnabra, the 1933–1986 and 2007–2013 Excavations, 2017, 230 pp. No. 62 G. Mazor, W. Atrash and G. Finkielsztejn, Bet She’an IV: Hellenistic Nysa-Scythopolis The Amphora Stamps and Sealings from Tel Iẓṭabba, 2018, 196 pp. No. 63 S. Weksler-Bdolah and A. Onn, Jerusalem, Western Wall Plaza Excavations I: The Roman and Byzantine Remains Architecture and Stratigraphy, 2019, pp. 276. No. 64. R. Rosenthal-Heginbottom, Jerusalem, Western Wall Plaza Excavations II: The Pottery from the Eastern Cardo, 2019, 337 pp. No. 65 A. Golani, Ashqelon Barne a, The Early Bronze Age Site I: The Excavations, 2019, 353 pp. No. 66/1 D. Ben-Ami and Y. Tchekhanovets, Jerusalem, Excavations in the Tyropoeon Valley (Givati Parking Lot) II, Part 1: Stratum V The Byzantine Period, 2020, 271 pp. No. 66/2 D. Ben-Ami and Y. Tchekhanovets, Jerusalem, Excavations in the Tyropoeon Valley (Givati Parking Lot) II, Part 2: Strata IV–I The Early Islamic Period, 2020, 439 pp. No. 66/3 D. Ben-Ami and Y. Tchekhanovets, Jerusalem, Excavations in the Tyropoeon Valley (Givati Parking Lot) II, Part 3: Complementary Studies of Various Finds, 2020, 282 pp.