Java in the 14th century: a study in cultural history : the Nāgara-Kĕrtāgama by Rakawi Prapañca of Majapahit, 1365 A.D., Vol. 5 ff365540b, 1597402494, 9781597406482

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JAVA IN THE 14TH CENTURY NAGARA-KERTAGAMA VOLUME V

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LIST OF VEARS AND CHRONOGRAMS mentioned tn the Ndadgara-Kériadgama

Introductory Note. Chronograms (sangkdlas) are much used in Javanese literature, both in prose and in poetry, instead of numbers, or sometimes in combination with numbers, to mark years. Probably the original idea was that the chronogram (a short sentence or a composite word), being more easily

| remembered than a series of numbers, should serve as a mnemonic

formula. Moreover, when writing poetry, a chronogram made up of simple words can be incorporated in a verse, better than some numbers could.

Javanese chronograms are composed of Sanskrit or (sometimes) Javanese words with numeral connotations. As a rule the numeral connotation of a word is easily understood: it is based on some association suggested by knowledge of Indian mythology, religion and literature. E.g.: words meaning “arrow” have the connotation “five”, because according to ancient Indian lore a quiver should contain five arrows.

In the frame of the present book it is superfluous to explain the origin of the numeral connotations of the words used in the Nagara-

Kértagama chronograms. In the translation im vol. III the literal meanings of the chronograms are mentioned before the solutions based _ on the numeral connotations of the words. Some Javanese authors have shown the tendency to make chronograms which by the literal meanings of the words contain allusions to the events that happened in the years

marked by the numeral connotations. The Nagara-Kértagama and contemporaneous literary works seem to be innocent of this refinement. The present author’s Javanese-Dutch dictionary (Javaans-Nederlands Handwoordenboek) contains a (Dutch) list of concepts which, trans-

lated into Javanese, can have the numeral connotations from nought to nine. In the Nagara-Kértagama the concept “sun” has the numeral connotation “twelve”, because of the twelve months of the solar year or the twelve signs of the zodiac. In ancient chronograms the first word always indicates the units of the number, the second word the tens, etc.

In Java in the 14th century (and for many centuries before and since) the Shaka era was in use. For convenience’ sake it is the custom

to add 78 to the number of any year noted in Shaka to make up the A.D. year.

LIST OF YEARS 21

B.C. Shaka Nag. A.D. Shaka Nag.

before canto

1. 3102 Beginning of the Kali era gogendutri 3179 43—1

canto

2. 202 Madura and Java separated samudra 124 15—2 nangun bhumi

3. 1182 Ranggah Rajasa “appears” abdhidecendu 1104 40—1

4. 1222 Rajasa’s victory over King abdhikrta 1144 40—3

Kértajaya of Kadir cankara

5. 1222 flight of King Kértajaya abdhimanusa 1144 44—2

6. 1227 Rajasa’s death asyabdhirudra 1149 40—5 7. 1248 Anitsanatha’s death tilakadri 1170 41—1 cambhu

nagara tenduma

8. 1254 Royal consecration of Kérta- rasaparwa- 1176 41—3

9. 1258 Shastrajaya King of Kadiri astaikana 1180 44—2 10. 1268 Wisnuwardhana’s death kanawawani 1190 41—4 ksiti

11. 1270 Kértanagara’s victory over bhujagocaci 1192 41—5

Cayaraja ksaya

12. 1271 Jaya Katwang King of Kadiri trinisan 1193 44—2 cankara

13. 1275 Kértanagara’s expedition to nagasyabhawa 1197 41—5 Sumatra

14. 1280 Kértanagara kills Mahisa yamacinya 1202 42—1

Rangkah surya 15. 1284 Kértanagara’s expedition to Bali angawiyat 1206 42—l1 arka

16. 1292 Kértanagara’s death abdhijanarya- 1214 43—5 ma

17. 1294 Kértarajasa ratu of Majapahit masariparawi 1216 45—1 18. 1295 Jayanagara consecrated King of saptajana- 1217 47—2

Kadir1 surya

19. 1309 Kértarajasa’s death matryaruna 1231 4/7—3

20. 1316 Jayanagara defeats Nambi muktiguna 1238 48—2 paksartipa

21. 1328 Jayanagara’s death winducgara 1250 48—3 surya 22. 1329 Tribhuwana rules in Majapahit itndubanadwi 1251 49—1 rupa

23. 1331 beginning of Gajah Mada’s tryaninina 1253 7i—1l vizirate

24. 1331 Gajah Mada vanquishes Sadeng agniswar1 1253 49—3 and Kéta

22 JAVA IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY

A.D. Shaka Nag.

canto

25. 1331 Aksobhya miracle in the Jajawa analacararka 1253 57—4 temple

26. 1334 birth of Hayam Wuruk rtugarena 1256 1—4 27. 1338 foundation of Tathagata domain bhyomara- 1260 80—2 in Lampung by order of Tri- sarka bhuwana

28. 1343 Gajah Mada’s expedition to Bali isumasaksi- 1265 49—4 nabhi

29. 1350 the Ra@japatni’s death drstisaptaruna 1272 2—1

30. 1351 ground-purification for the agnisaptarka 1273 6/7—3 Radjapatni’s posthumous abode

31. 1353 Hayam Wuruk’s Royal Progress aksatistirya 1275 17—6 to Pajang 32. 1354 Hayam Wuruk’s Royal Progress anganagarya- 1276 17—6

to Lasem ma

33. 1357 Hayam Wuruk’s Royal Progress dwaradripa- 1279 17—6

to the South Coast dendu

34. 1359 Hayam Wuruk’s Royal Progress cacankanaga 1281 17—7

to Lamajang rawi

35. 1360 Hayam Wuruk’s Royal Progress dwigajarawi 1282 61—1 to Tirib and Sompur 36. 1361 Hayam Wuruk’s Royal Progress tritanurawi 1283 61—2 to Palah and Bhlitar

37. 1363 Hayam Wuruk’s Royal Progress anilastanah 1285 70—1 to Simping

38. 1364 Gajah Mada’s death rasatanwina 1286 71—1l 39. 1365 date of the list of 27 Royal saptadwija- 1287 74—2

religious domains rawi

40. 1365 date of the completion of the adrigajarya- 1287 94-2

Desha-Warnana (Nagara- ma

Kértagama)

41. 1740 date of the second Nagara- paksanrno- 1662 Col. I

Kértagama Colophon ghana dewa

NOTES ON JAVANESE CHRONOLOGY

Dr G. P. Rouffaer’s paper on Tydrekening, which is inserted in the

first number of the Aanvullingen en Wyztgingen (Additions and Amendments) of the Encyclopaedte van Nederlandsch-Indté, contains an excellent synopsis of Javanese chronology.

I. Names of the days of the native Javanese five-days week, the so-called market-week (pasar-week). In ancient Javanese cosmology the five days, the five “directions” (the four points of the compass and the centre) and the five colours

are corresponding units in the fundamental classification system based on Four and Five.

Old Jav. modern Jav. direction colour

Umanis, Légi East white Manis

Pahin Pain red Pwan, Pon PonSouth West yellow

Wage Wage Centre Northvariegated dark Kliwon Kliwon II. Names of the days of the continental seven-days week.

Sanskrit Old Jav. Arabic modern Jav.

Sunday Aditya Raditya, ahad nahad Redite Monday Soma Soma ithnain senen Tuesday Angara Angara thalatha sélasa Wednesday Budha Buda arbi‘a rébo Thursday Wrhaspati Wreéspati, khamis kémis Réspati

Friday Shukra Sukra jumti°ah jumuwah Saturday Shanaish- Tumpék sabt séetu cara

-

24 JAVA IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY

III. Names of the 30 weeks (of seven days each) of the native Javanese cycle of wukus.

1. Sinta 11. Galunan 21. Maktal

(Bali: Dunulan) (Bali: Matal)

2. Landép 12. Kuninan 22. Wuyeé

(Bali: Uyé)

3. Wukir 13. Lankir 23. Manahil (Bali: Ukir)

4. Kurantil 14. Mandasiya (Bali: 24. Pranbakat Madansiya)

5. Tolu — 15. Julun Pujut 25. Bala (Bali: Pujut)

6. Gumbrég 16. Pahan 26. Wugu

(Bali: Gumrég) , (Bali: Ugu)

7. Wariga 17. Kuruwélut 27. Wayan (alit) (Bali: Kurulut) —

8. Wariga agun, 18. Marakéh 28. Kulawu (Bali: Wariga- (Bali: Mrakth) dyan)

9. Julun Wani 19. Tambir 29. Dukut

10. Susan, 20. Médankunan 30. Watu Gunun

IV. Names of the twelve months of the solar year, Javanese and Sanskrit.

Javanese Sanskrit Old Javanese

1. Kasa Shrawana Srawana July-August 2. Karo Bhadrapada Badra August-September 3. Katiga Ashwina Asuji September-October 4. Kapat Karttika Kartika October-November 5. Kalima Margashirsa Mérgasirah | November-December 6. Kaném Pausa Posya December-January

7. Kapitu Magha Maga January-February 9. Kasana Caitra Cetra March-April

8. Kawolu Phalguna Palguna February-March 10. Kasé- §Waishakha Wesaka April-May puluh

11. Désta Jyaistha Jyesta May-June 12. Sada Asadha Kasada June-July

CHRONOLOGY 25 V. Names of the twelve months of the lunar year, Arabic and modern Javanese.

Arabic modern Javanese 1. Muharram Sura (from “Ashira festival, on the 10th day) 2. Safar Sapar

3. Rabi‘u ’lawwal Mulud (Mawlid, the Prophet’s birthday, on the 12th day)

4. Rabi°u ‘lakhir Bakda Mulud (After Mulud)

5. Jumada ‘lala Jumadil awal

6. Jumada ’‘lukhra Jumadil akir

7. Rajab Réjéb

8. Sha*ban Saban, Ruwah (from Arwah, Spirits) 9, Ramadan Ramélan, Pasa, Siyam (Fast)

10. Shawwal Sawal

11. Dhta 1Qa*dah Dul Kanidah, Sela, Apit (Between) 12. Dha ‘lHijjah Bésar (Great, Mecca Pilgrimage, on the 7th— 10th day)

LIST OF INDIAN METRES used by the Nagara-Kértagama poet Nag.

wipulawaktra I: 96 ve -- vy --sf/ev-- vee

I. Metres having 8 syllables in a quarter. canto

wipulawaktra IT: 97 vv -vv-- es /f/e--yvv eve

swagata : 72

2. Metre having 11 syllables in a quarter (tristubh). —- ve / wuwvuerne vue sd

bhujanga prayata: 39, 49 ~--v--f/vr--~--9

3. Metres having 12 syllables in a quarter (jagati).

wamgastha : 23 totaka : 52 wv Ye mo / yw eK we ee ew 9

ev -vfry-vy~v/f/-v-ys abhinawatamarasa : 60 vevvv-fyr-vv-es praharsini: 5, 50, 74, 90 ---/vrrrry-v-vy-s

4. Metres having 13 syllables in a quarter (atijagati).

another kind of atijagati: 61 another kind of atijagati: 28

wasanta tilaka : 34, 47 --v-vvv-frvrr-~- 98

5. Metre having 14 syllables in a quarter (Gakwari).

mandakranta : 30, 86 -~----fvrrvrv-f/-vy----9

6. Metres having 17 syllables in a quarter (atyasti).

prthwi: 14, 31, 51 ve vvv-v-frrrv-vy-- ve

METRES 27 Nag. canto

wamg¢apatrapatita : 38, 91 He euee ver vrvurre = / vevuvuvuvevs

eee / ee

cikharini: 15, 21, 24, 87 wilasini : 16,53 narkutaka, rajani: 33, 59 vvuvvnrvevfyrvre-vv-wvs

harini: 70 vevvvv-f/----f/r-vy-ys

another kind of atyasti: 81

mahamiailika : 4,57 Vee eve ie /--¥--/e-- UAW Fo) SS SS nj GY) sry WS HS”

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