Japan's Road To The Pacific War Volume 1 - Japan Erupts, The London Naval Conference And The Manchurian Incident 1928-1932 0231057822

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JAPAN’S ROAD to the PACIFIC WAR

J apan Erupts THE LONDON NAVAL CONLERENCE and the MANCHURIAN INCIDENT, 1928-1932 Selected translations from Toiheiyo senso e no michi: kaisen gaiko shi

Edited by JAMES WILLIAM MORLEY

Columbia University Press • New York • 1984

The Japan Foundation, through a special grant, has assisted the Press in publishing this volume. Columbia University Press New York Guildford, Surrey Copyright © 1984 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Japan erupts. (Japan’s road to the Pacific War) (Studies of the East Asian Institute) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Japan— Foreign relations— 1912-1945. 2. London naval treaty, 1930. 3. Mukden Incident, 1931. 4. Manchuria (China)— History— 1931-1945. 5. China— Foreign relations—Japan. 6. Japan— Foreign relations— China. I. Morley, James Williams, 1921— II. Taiheiyo Senso e no michi. III. Series. DS885.48.J36 1984 327.52 83-27320 ISBN 0-231-05782-2

Clothbound editions of Columbia University Press Books are Smyth-sewn and printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper.

I

The East Asian Institute o f Columbia University The East Asian Institute is Columbia University’s center for research, publication, and teaching on modern East Asia. The Studies of the East Asian Institute were inaugurated in 1962 to bring to a wider public the results of significant new research on Japan, China, and Korea.

Contents Editor’s Foreword

ix

I.

1 3 11

The London Naval Treaty, 1930 Introduction by Arthur E. Tiedeinann Essay by Kobayashi Tatsuo

II.

The Manchurian Incident, 1931 Introduction by Marius B. Jansen Essay by Seki Hiroharu

III.

The Extension o f Hostilities, 1931-1932 Introduction by Akira Iriye Essay by Shimada Toshihiko

119 121 139 231 233 241

Tables

337

Notes

349

Glossary

373

Bibliography

381

Contributors

393

Index

397

Editors Foreword Not long after Japan had regained its independence from occupation fol­ lowing World War II, the Japan Association on International Relations (Nihon Kokusai Seiji Gakkai), which embraces Japan’s leading scholars of international affairs, undertook an ambitious collaborative research project on the origins of the Pacific War from the 1920s to 1941. Under the leadership first of Kamikawa Hikomatsu,* professor emeritus of in­ ternational j 2pljHcs_at Tokyo University, and then of Tsunada_J.un, pro­ fessor of diplomatic history at Kokugakuin University and head of the Shidehara Peace Collection of the National Diet Library, an impressive number of young, objective diplomatic and military historians were as­ sembled. They were given access to a wide range of primary materials, including not only those of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East hut also a mass of others hitherto unavailable from the former imperial army and navy, the Justice Ministry, and the Foreign Ministry. The private papers of Prime Ministers Konoe Fumimaro and Okada Keisuke, Ugaki Kazushige (who served as both army and foreign minister), Colonel Ishiwara Kanji, and others were opened. A number of leading participants in the events made themselves available for interview. Each scholar in the project was given personal responsibility to present the facts on a given subject as he saw them. The result was a collection of essays of remarkably objective quality, designed not to fit an overall interpretation of events, an approach that was consciously rejected, but, as one researcher put it, “to provide clues and materials for future historians.” Published in 1962-63 in seven vol­ umes by the press of Japan’s largest newspaper, the Asahi shimbun, un­ der the title Taiheiyo senso e no michi: kaisen gaiko shi (The Road to the Pacific War: A Diplomatic History of the Origins of the War), the series was immediately acclaimed as the most informative, factually based ac­ count of Japan’s road to war.

* In accord with Japanese usage, Japanese names are given throughout this volume with the surname first.

X

e d i t o r ’s f o r e w o r d

Japan's Road to the Pacific W ar is a translation of selected parts of that work. The principle of selection has been to include those essays or portions of essays that focus primarily on the policy of Japan rather than other countries and use particularly materials of an unusual character. In each case as faithful a translation as possible has been rendered, but translation is not a mechanical process. With languages and cultures as different as the Japanese and the American, minor omissions, revisions, or insertions have occasionally been made to make the translated version more readily intelligible. In addition, for the convenience of research­ ers, footnotes have been clarified and occasionally changed to indicate the published location of sources originally used archivally. An effort also has been made to standardize spellings and identifications of the names of persons and institutions and the titles of documents. While each essay stands on its own authority, its value has been greatly enhanced by a brief introduction by its scholar-translator. The maps are derived from those accompanying the original Japa­ nese text; place-names are spelled according to the current usage of the National Geographic Society. Except for widely recognized romanizations, such as Nanking or Canton, Chinese and Mongolian place-names are romanized according to the modified Wade-Giles system, retaining only essential aspirants. Personal names are rendered in the romanized form preferred by their users insofar as we have been able to ascertain them; otherwise, standard orthographical principles have been followed: modified Wade-Giles for Chinese, modified Hepburn for Japanese, and modified Library of Congress for Russian. It had been hoped when this project was begun that the translations could be produced more expeditiously than has been possible. In the intervening years much new research has been done and scholars on both sides of the Pacific have offered additional interpretations of these criti­ cal years. But the extraordinary richness of the factual data presented in the Japanese scholarship translated here has not been superseded. This work remains a fundamental source for any interpretation of the period and proves insights and implications that are still to be followed up. Many have contributed to this painstaking editorial work, but partic­ ularly Shumpei Okamoto and Dale K. A. Finlayson. Ishihara Naoki and David Deck verified bibliographical and geographical data; Anita M. O’Brien prepared the index and readied the volume for the press. Japan Erupts recounts the events surrounding the London Naval

e d i t o r ’s f o r e w o r d

XI

Conference and the Manchurian Incident in the critical period from 1928 to 1932 when the ‘fleet faction” expansions finally wrested control of the Japanese Navy and the Kwantung Army plunged the country into a war in China from which there was to be no turning back. This volume is one of five in the series Japan’s Road to the Pacific War. A list of the five volumes in the series is as follows: Japan Erupts: The London Naval Conference and the Manchurian In ­ cident, 1928-1932 (1984) The China Quagmire: Japans Expansion on the Asian Continent, 19331941 (1983) Deterrent Diplomacy: Japan, Germany, and the U .S.S.R ., 1935-1941 (1976) The Fateful Choice: Japans Advance into Southeast Asia, 1939-1941 (1980) The Final Confrontation: Japans Negotiations with the United States, 1941 J.W.M.

THE MANCHURIAN REGION, 1931 —

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376

GLOSSARY

Ishimitsu Maomi E^fcJttEL Ishimoto Kantaro E Ishiwara Kanji S Isogai Rensuke fgUZtlMfr Isugi Nobutaro Itagaki Seishiro fStMfiE H @|5 Ito Miyoji E ft 7a Iwakuro Hideo S'# Iwata Ainosuke EHS ~*Lftf) Jung Chen 3 l i | Kagesa Sadaaki Kanai Shoji ifcftig.'jK. Kanaya Hanzo Kanda Masatane 8 EHIE 8

Kaneko Kentaro Kan’in-no-miya Kotohito (Prince)

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Kanno Shoichi Yk"If jqj—* Kasaki Yoshiaki 3EJtJsEBH Kashii Kohei flfSEnJ2Kasuya Soichi Katakura Tadashi Kataoka Shun [ffi] Kato Kanji WMW.'ia Kato Takaaki (Komei) hUMM BH Kato Takayoshi Katsura Taro Kawabe Torashiro E3$|3 Kawai Misao Kawakami Seiichi JIlTUfjl— Kawashima Naniwa Kawashima Tadashi JllJUIE Kawashima Yoshiyuki IIIHISa'L Kido Koichi J tp ^ — Kikuchi Shinnosuke KikuchiTakeo Kimura Eiichi Kita Ikki (Terujiro) Jt—M( Ef&SP) Kita Reikichi JtHpeJ Kiyoura Keigo Kobayashi Seizo z|' Jg Kodama Gentaro EEEijUyfcfiP Kodama Yoshio Koga Mineichi iFSfNJt— Kohiyama Naotaka 0 ill 0

Koiso Kuniaki zJ\Jg|[||]Bg Kojima Masanori !M,!foIE¥5 Kojima Sojiro Komoto Daisaku }nj ^ Komoto Suemori vnf Kondo Nobutake 'sHMiMYl Konoe Fumimaro i5?liyUM Kuan Yii-heng IH33EIS Kubota Yuzuru EHHE Kuhara Fusanosuke XIMM2.BJ] Kuo T’ai-ch’i (Quo Tai-chi) fE^iS; Kuratomi Yuzaburo Kurihara Tadashi ft(gtjE Kuroda Nagashige H ffl gtR Kuroki Shinkei H zfc||l£ Kusakari Eiji Kusunoki Masashige fj$j!ElS Kuwashima Kazue ft j | i f f Kuzu Yoshihisa Li Li-san ^ \L=i Lo Chen-yii |(| jg3E Lo Wen-kan M Ma Chan-shan ,H rHill Maeda Yonezo gif EH jgc Makino Nobuaki (Shinken) Jjcff#!! Maruyama Masao jfLlil^^ Matsudaira Tsuneo T- tM Matsui Iwane E&JFEfll Matsui Seisuke Matsuki Tamotsu jSzfcjjfc Matsumoto Shigetoshi Matsuoka Yosuke E£[S] Mazaki Jinzaburo jjliKfSHSP Mi Ch’un-lin Mikami Takashi E_h^i Minamijiro Mine Yukimatsu Minobe Tatsukichi H))si*|Sit| Mitani Kiyoshi HSTS Mitani Takanobu Miura Takemi H S if t ii Miyake Mitsuharu H ~)fc7c! Miyake Yujiro (Setsurei) E^ijUUi!|5 (m m )

Miyazaki Masayoshi 'll'lterlEil

GLOSSARY

Miyazaki Torazo (Toten) *§■ili§ft (7®f t ) Mizumachi Kesaroku zJGHJSgjgft Mori Kaku (Tsutomu) Mori Ren # ) § Mori Takeshi jESfl Morioka Shohei $t[S]IEft Morishima Morito A Mudaguchi Renya ft EH Mugita Hirao ft EHft Eft Murai Kuramatsu Murakami Ryuei Jf_h^31 Muraoka ChotarS [S] SztcBP Muto Akira Muto Nobuyoshi iSjUEHII Nagae Ryoji TRiftft A Nagai Matsuzo zkft E&ft Nagai Ryutaro zk#$Pft£|S Nagano Osami 7;] portions of which have been reproduced in the G en d a i sh i shiryo series and in T a ih eiyo senso e no m ichi: B ekkan shiryo hen (see Section III below). Papers of Ishiwara Kanji Et IM A S , held in the Ishiwara family and JDA Archives (See under Tsunoda Jun in Section III below.) Papers of Makino Nobuaki '-fjClfPE §JjA -S, held in the Kenseishi Shiryoshitsu ijfiigf (Constitutional Government History Archives), National Diet Library, Tokyo. Okada Family Archives. These contain: “Okada Keisuke nikki” IS] EB 015 (Diary of Okada Keisuke), which has been published in part in G en dai sh i shiryo 7, pp. 3-34. Cited as O ka d a D ia r y . N o te :

II. Interviews

Hayashi Kyujiro former consul-general at Mukden, July 19, 1962. KatakuraTadashi ITitTsS, former Kwantung Army staffofficer, December 19, 1959. Kawashima Tadashi )l|,!i§IE> former Kwantung Army company commander, November 20, 1962. Mitani Kiyoshi H'S-ilf, former military police commander at Mukden, November 19, 1962. Mugita Hirao ^E B ^P it, former army officer and head o fjapan Airlines office at Dairen, July 10, 1962.

III. Published Works and M ajor Unpublished M aterials Cited

Adachi Kenzo A d a c h i K e n zo jijo d e n Still |||)3c S fX fs (Autobiography of Adachi Kenzo), edited by Izu Tomihito j p s t t A - Tokyo: Shinjusha, 1960.

384

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AokiTokuzo ilf T a ih eiyo senso ze n sh i (The Historical Back­ ground of the Pacific War), 3 vols. Tokyo: Gakujutsu Bunken Fukyukai, 1953. Asada, Sadao. “Japanese Admirals and the Politics of Naval Limitation: Kato Tomosaburo vs. Kato Kanji.” In Gerald Jordan, ed. N a v a l W a r fa re in the T w en tieth C entury , pp. 141-66. London: Croom Helm, 1977. ------“The Japanese Navy and the United States.” In Dorothy Borg and Shumpei Okamoto, eds. P e a rl H a rb o r a s H isto r y : J apan ese-A m erican R elation s, 1 9 3 1 - 1 9 4 1 , pp. 225-59. New York: Columbia University Press, 1973. Ayusawa Toshio D a i N ih o n S eisan toju n en sh i A + (Tenyear History of the Great Japan Production Party). Tokyo: Dai Nihon Seisanto Hunbu, 1941. Braisted, William Reynolds. T h e U n ited S ta tes N a v y in the P acific, 1 9 0 9 - 1 9 2 2 . Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1971. Buckley, Thomas H. T he U n ite d S ta tes a n d the W ashington Conference. Knoxville: University ofTennessee Press, 1970. Chaput, Rolland A. D isa rm a m en t in B r itish Foreign P olicy. London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1935. China Yearbook, 1 9 3 1 (Editor’s note: publishing data unavailable). Dai Nihon Teikoku Gikai Shi Kankokai A 0 SIil£^fi>f|JfT' zU ed. N ih on T eikoku G ik a i sh i A 0 (Records of the Imperial Japanese Diet), 17 vols. and index vol. Tokyo: Dai Nihon Teikoku Gikai Shi Kankokai, 1926-30. Dingman, Roger. P o w e r in the P acific: T h e O rigin s o f N a v a l A rm s L im ita tio n , 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 2 2 . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976. Ferrell, Robert H. F ran k B . K ello g g ; H en ry L . Stim son. Vol. 11 of T h e A m erican Secretaries o f S ta te a n d T h e ir D ip lo m a cy. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1963. Fujimoto Haruki fitftjniSt. N in g en Ish iw a ra K a n ji A RHf t HP'Jc'Sf (Ishiwara Kanji, the Man). Tokyo: Taichi Sangyosha, 1959. G endai sh i shiryo 7 : M a n sh u jih e n If, A A 7 ijSfjttl Jigg (Source Materials on Contemporary History 7: The Manchurian Incident). Tokyo: Misuzu Shobo, 1964. Cited as GS 7. G en dai sh i shiryo 1 1 : J o k u M a n sh u jih e n l i f t Sfjll (Source Materials on Contemporary History: The Manchurian Incident, 2). Tokyo: Misuzu Shobo, 1965. Cited as GS 11. Great Britain, Foreign Office. D ocum ents on B ritish Foreign P o licy , 1 9 1 9 - 1 9 3 9 . Second Series, vol. 1. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1947. Haibara Shigeki (H HP3c fit and Kashiwa Masahiko ffljEHS • S hanhai jih e n g a ik o shi A (S Iff fRAf 34 A (A Diplomatic History of the Shanghai Incident). Tokyo: Kinko-do Shoseki, 1932. Hamaguchi Naikaku Hensanjo jfe P A IS S I S Pfr, ed. H am aguchi n aikaku jJipAIM] (The Hamaguchi Cabinet). Tokyo: Hamaguchi Naikaku Hensanjo, 1947. Hanaya Tadashi “Manshujihen wa koshite keikaku sareta” ijSjfl'H Z 5 L T f t 1® & f t ft (Thus Was Plotted the Manchurian Incident), B essatsu C hisei 5 : H im era reta S h o w a sh i SlHflAPtt 5 K > ' k M t m DUA 0 HI HI £ T'CO gfj P # i3 $ § i§ (Mis­ cellaneous Personal Records Concerning the London Conference from the Request for Instructions Until the Dispatch of the Return Instructions). In the Enomoto Papers, reproduced in G en dai sh i shiryo 7, pp. 35-40. Cited as Hori, London Conference Records. ----- “Rondon kaigi to tosuiken mondai” n > R > t $t&|!$lFnlII (The London Conference and the Right of Military Command Problem). In the Enomoto Papers, reproduced in T aih eiyo senso e no m ichi: B ek k a n , pp. 63-71. ------“Rondon kaigun joyaku teiketsu keii” fm (Particulars Concerning the Conclusion of the London Naval Treaty). In the Enomoto Papers, reproduced in G endai sh i shiryo 7, pp. 88-100. Cited as Hori, Treaty Conclusion. ------“Showa go-nen shigatsu tsuitachi kaikun ni kansuru keii” BpEDi i £ [19 H — 0 HI f i l l i p A Ik fliil (Particulars Concerning the April 1, 1930, Return Instruc­ tions) . In Enomoto Shigeharu Papers, reporduced in part in T a ih eiyo senso e no m ichi: B ek k a n , pp. 7-56. Cited as Hori, Return Instructions. Horinouchi Kensuke S sA ItJE , Yamagata Kiyoshi i h j ^ W , and Unno Koshiro $$ K a ig u n gunshuku kosho. fu se n jo y a k u (Naval Arms Reduction Negotiations and the Antiwar Pact). Vol. 16 of Kajima Heiwa Kenkyujo £ .Sj 'T EDfIF'A PE, ed. N ih o n g a ik o sh i 0 £ 7f A A (Diplomatic History of Japan). Tokyo: Kajima Kenkyujo Shuppankai, 1973. Ichimata M asao—X IE If- “Kanshu tekijieiken no saiginmi” fit fU 0 ffr til K > ¥ &fl s ' H f ! ftt £ B j s f ^ 5 ( I h e Japanese Army and the Holding of the 1930 London Disarmament Conference), S a ita m a D a ig a k u kiyo (S h a k a i K a gaku hen) ) (March 1966), no. 1, pp. 1-9. ------“Tdsuiken to Sambo Hombu—issen kyuhyaku sanju-nen Rondon gunshuku kaigi o chushin toshite” fSBlf IS t aP—" O> cfj £ L T (The Right of Military Command Problem and the Army General Staff—The London Disarmament Conference of 1930), B o e i ronshu (October 1966), 5(3): 13-37. Shanhai Kyoryu Mindan _ h f i , KHI (Japanese Shanghai Residents Asso­ ciation). et. S hanhai jih e n shi (History of the Shanghai Incident). (Editorial note: publishing data unavailable). 1 9 3 1 -1 9 3 2 .

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Shanhai Nippo Sha ± M 0 ffcit't, ed. Shan hai jih e n (The Shanghai Incident). Shanghai: Shanhai Nippo Sha Shuppanbu, 1932. Shidehara Heiwa Zaidan ed. Shidehara K iju ro Tokyo: Shidehara Heiwa Zaidan, 1955. Shido Yasusuke T e tsu za n N a g a ta chujo + (LieutenantGeneral Nagata Tetsuzan). Tokyo: Senryudo, 1938. Shigemitsu Mamoru S j t H . G aiko kaisoroku ZT5cEOM M (Diplomatic Reminis­ cences). Tokyo: Mainichi Shimbunsha, 1953. Shimada Toshihiko J§EBf&Jc. K antdgun P*055 (The Kwantung Army). Tokyo: Chuo Koronsha, 1965. ------“Shanhai ekkai d5ro o meguru kokusai ronso” Jc$5iS#j|IjE§ £