Table of contents : Contents List of Abbreviations Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Historical Legacy 3. Iranian Fears and National Interest 4. Geostrategic Interests 5. Cultural and Ideological Influences 6. Iran’s Political Influence 7. Economic Relations and Influence 8. Recruitment: Shi’a Brigades in Syria 9. Conclusion Annexure 1. Afghan Participants Annexure 2. Pakistani Participants Bibliography Index