Учебник по IP-телефонии

Citation preview

Учеб и

IP-те еф

ии

2004г.

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IP, gatekeeper («

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IP-

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1.4.

, (

).

1993 .

Maven. CU-SeeMe

Macintosh (Mac),

. 1994 .

Endeavor CU-SeeMe.

NASA Maven, -

,

. ,

, ,

. ,

CU-SeeMe

(PC). 1995 .

VocalTec PC, . VocalTec

Relay Chat (IRC)

Ens Free Network (EFNet), , VocalTec

IRC,

-

Internet Phone, Windows. ( ) Internet , . Internet Phone . -

EFNet.

Internet Phone,

VocalTec 1995 .

. -

,

,

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. ( .

),

«

»

-DigiPhone, , .

10

1996 . «Internet Telephone Gateway»

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-

:

VocalTec

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Dialogic.

IP-

( 11

, VTG (VocalTec Telephone Gateway) Dialogic , , VTG , , ). / (

. , . , ). . IP-

.

-

, ,

ё

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, . IP-

997% (

. 1.8

.

IPIP-

123

1%

210 .

.

), .

,

1996

IP-

1997 .

,

-

. IP1999

-

560

. IP.

.

-

,

, Frost&Sullivan

Killen&Associates 149%. 1,9 . .(

.

138% Philips Group-lnfoTech

2002 ., 2004 . 16

.

.). Yankie Group, IP-

,

,

, IP-

VoIP,

( ), 2005 . 15% ( . 1.6). Lucent Technologies .

,

TeleChoice, 0,1% IP-

-

, -

2%.

Insight Research

2004 . .

IP-

10% Insight Research Frame Relay (VoFR)

, ,

ATM

(VoATM).

IP-

. 1.6. Fortune 1000, IDC, Link Research

Killen & Associates, 1% 2001 -4

( IP-

1998 .

Yankie Group) , , :

.

;

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11

0,98% (

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Datamonitor,

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IPЕ

IPIP«

». 20

1995 . (95/ 275/02, OJ № », 1

« ,

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, 90/388/ 275). 90/388/

(

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. 10.1.1998

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services). -

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,

(Voice on the Net Coalition). -

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1. »

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», FCC «Computer»,

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( 2. FCC ( 3. ,

55 RR 2d 104

95 FCC 2d 584) «

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45.046-99 « IP.

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16

2.

IP-

2.1.

IP, IP-

•

•

• • • •

-

. : (International

IPTelecommunications Union - Telecommunications, ITU-T);

(European Telecommunication Standard Institute, ETSI); (Internet Engineering Task Force -IETF); (American National Standards Institute, ANSI); (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE); VoIP (Voice over IP)

. ,

(ETSI),

Voice over IP

-

, : iptel PINT (PSTN and Internet Internetworking) . 30 IP.323 International Multimedia Teleconferencing Consortium (IMTC) Forum. ITU-T ETSI

EU UNO (ITU-T) Internet. IETF Internet ( .323), Web. iNow! Profile,

2. Voice over IP IP-

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.

.323-

,

.323. ,

. 2.1 IP-

,

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IP-

IP-

. Т

2.1. URL

,

IP/

-

/ (

T.120 International Telecommunication www.itu.int Union (ITU)

H.320 H.323

ISDN )

(

-

H.324 ETSI/TIPHON

-

)

,

, ,

www.etsi.org OSP

IP

XML VoIP

SIP ,

RSVP

-

,

Internet Engineering RTP/AVT www.ietf.org Task Force (IETF)

(

) ,

,

MGCP

(

,

-

) ,

LDAP

-

URL International Multimedia Teleconferencwww.imtc.org ., ing Consortium i IMTC) Softswitch www.softConsortium switch.org .,

145

1993 -

1999

[

.323 (

ITU), iNow

SIP/MGCP

-

50

17

-

/

URL

Internet & Telecoms itel.mit.edu Convergence Consortium

-

/

/

-

,

-

URL Interoperability Now! www.imtc.org ITXC, Lucent, (iNow) /act_inow.htm VocalTec

IP-

Jerry Lucas IP Call Detail Record www.ipdr.org Initiative (IPDR)

19

Jeff Pulver

22

VON Coalition

www.von.org

2.2.

-

,

.323

-

IP-

IP-

ITU-T IP(ITU-T). 8

, 6,3/5,3

/

G.729a ,

/ ,

G.723.1, .323 v.2 ,(02/98). (

) (Quality of Service, QoS).

, IP-

, . .

.323 v.2

-

QoS. (

.323-

.

.323 -

.323

-

,

, Ethernet.

, ,

),

,

(IP).

(

),

IP

.323, .

-

, .

, ,

.323,

1998 . Session -

. .323-

,

.

,

. .323

Initiation Protocol.

«

IETF ,

,

» -

,

IP-

. .323 • • • • -

.32 ,

-

: .320 .321 .322 .324 (

, ISDN

-ISDN;

ATM; ; ( .323 -

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). ,

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.323 . .

,

.

-

.323

-

«

-

».

. 2.2.

18

. 323 .

.323

.32 -

. .32 .323, . (quality-of-service, ) . IETF Diff-Serv, .323

. IP-

.246.

( (class-of-service, CoS) QoS), . . , , , ( ) CoS/QoS , (ETSI), Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks (TIPHON).

), ( IEEE 802.1

.37, T.38 IP- .

.37 SMTP MIMETIFF. IP-

, .

.323

. 2.1. Т

.323

2.2.

,

.225

, -

.245

,

.261

64

/

.263 G.711

, 3,1

G.722

,7

G.728

, 3,1

G.723

,

48, 56,

64

48, 56,

64

16

/ 5,3

/ /

6,3

/

G.729 .37

,

-

IP

-

.

.37 .

,

-

,

,

,

.

,

, . .38

-

,

FaxRelay. ,

.38 ,

-

.

19

2.3.

ETSI ETSI

,

TIPHON (Telecommunications and IP Harmonization over Network). , IP. , TIPHON TIPHON .323.323( . 2.4). ( . 2.5). , ( . 2.6). 1999 .

2.4.

, IPITU-T E.164. . 2.2. . (

- 323

. 2.3),

IP,

IETF -

, RSVP). PSVP quality of service, QoS) UDP QoS , RSVP

IETF, — -

,

,

(Internet Engineering Task Force -IETF) . (Resource Reservation Protocol, (specific IP, . RSVP . Cisco, Nortel Networks .

RSVP

QoS,

, . -

,,

,

TCP/IP,

,

. -

, IP.

, . Transport Protocol).

-

. , (RTP, Real-time

IETF RFC 1889,

.323.

20

TIPHON

. 2.2.

. 2.3.

1

TIPHON

21

. 2.4.

2

TIPHON

. 2.5.

3

TIPHON

. 2.6.

4

TIPHON

,

RTP

UDP.

,

,

-

RTP, -

. -

.

,

,

,

,

, ,

,

RTP

.

,

RSVP .

RTP

IETF, (Real-time Transport Control Protocol, RTCP). , . , RTCP-

RTCP (spikes) -

-

/

,

.

IPIP. -

. (MMUSIC) IETF SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), SIP, ITU-T ,

,

RFC 2543

1999

-

.323, ,

.

22

IP-

, ISDNRTP RTCP, RTP Protocol).

.323. SDP (Session Description RTCP

.323,

SDP

S1P . SDP SIP

IP. ,

,

(

. Q.931, RAS

) -

.323

.245. IETF

QoS . (Multiprotocol Label Switching, MPLS), (Differentiated Services, Diff-Serv).

MPLS

, .

MPLS

IP-

, MPLS

,

Internet

.

,

-

, .

, MPLS QoS.

, MPLS

. ARIS

Tag Switching, IP,

IBM.

Cisco Systems, Ipsilon,

, ,

MPLS

,

Internet . Diff-Serv QoS.

IETF

Diff-Serv,

1 ToS)

,

1 -

, QoS

, ,

-

. Diff-Serv MPLS OSI, a MPLS .

QoS . MPLS - MPLSDiff-Serv ToS IP-

.

Diff-Serv

Diff-Serv,

,

.

IETF

:

, , Model, -

. , IETF Policy Framework Working Group (PFWG) . , QoS .

2.5.

. Policy Framework Core Information , -

iNow ,

-

.

iNow. ,

, .

».

,

, ( IP-

Dialogic, Natural MicroSystems (gatekeepers). iNow (Interoperability Now), iNow ,

-

,

Voice over IP «

-

,

Clarent -

, Voice over IP -

, ) . - Ascend Communications, Siemens, Cisco Systems, IPLucent Technologies, ITXC

VocalTec Communications.

, IP-

. iNow

.323

.225.0,

iNow

G

. Lucent Technologies VocalTec. ITXC. .

23

3.

IP-

3.1.

.323 .323 (

-

- )

,

, ( .323

). .

, ,

.323 ,

: ,

.

,

.323,

. -

.323 . • • • •

—

.323.

.323 ; gatekeeper ( ;

(

. 3.1):

); (MCU).

. 3.1.

.323 .323. , IP-

. ,

.

, ,

gatekeeper

gatekeeper

.323 .323

-

.

24

.323 .323

, .323,

, (MCU). •

-

: (

• • •

,

,

,

-

); (

,

); ;

.

.323-

.245, Q.931, RAS, RTP/RTCP

.450,

G.711. . 120. ,

Ethernet TCP/IP,

.323,

Selsius Systems ( ,

Cisco Systems). RJ-11.

,

, .

.323 IP. IP-

(

),

IP-

.

: .

. ,

-

. • • • • • • •

,

, IP-

. . . . .

. . . TCP/IP

. ,

,

-

. , , .

PSTN . 3.2.

. 3.2. , .

"

"

25

,

8-

(ADC) -

, .

12-

-

. (Echo canceller)

. (

,

)

,

(MF .

G.165. ),

(DTMF) (Speech Coder). (

)

-

. , (VAD - voice activity detector), .

, ,

.

«

»

.

,

.

,

.

-

(Noise Generator), . .

.

, , .

-

-

(DAC)

. .

ё

,

,

-

. ё

. ,

-

. VAD.

(

,

,

. .)

Gatekeeper H.323 ). Gatekeeper

gatekeeper ( • •

: -

; ,

• •

,

; ;

. gatekeeper

,

,

. .164

IP-

Gatekeeper

,

,

.

.

, ,

gatekeeper

,

.323 ( gatekeeper

, (Registration/Admissions/Status)

RAS

). .

(MCU) .

(MCU - Multipoint Control Unit) ,

, ,

,

MCU. ,

-

.323-

. .323

• •

-

: ; . (

, .

)

,

MCU.

. ,

MCU, MCU

. .

26

MCU

.323

gatekeeper .

, MCU.

MCU MCU

-

(Windows NT) ,

. MCU - Encounter Netserver 1.2.1 -White Pine Software, PictureTel330 NetConference MultiPoint Video Server MultiMedia Communications Exchange (MMCX) RADVision . ,

VideoServer, MeetingPoint 4.0 PictureTel. Lucent Technologies MCU-323 , .

Lucent

, IP-

-

-

.323-

.

3.2.

IPIP-

: /

(

IP. .

-

) , /

. ,

. . 3.3.

IPIP-

,

.

.323 IP,

-

H.323v2,

-

. .323 .323

. .

-

, ,

Microsoft NetMeeting.

IP-

. 3.3. , .323, Comminications Inc., F-50 IP F-200 IP Network Exchange 2201/2210

-

950 Access Switch Memotec Neura Communications Inc., VIP Gateway Nortel Networks, Netrix Corp.

(

RSVP

- DS byte)

. IPT (Ericsson Inc.), Netblazer 8500 (Digi International), Packetstar IP Gateway 1000 (Lucent Technologies Inc.), Vocaltec Telephony Gateway (Vocaltec Communications Ltd.), Webphone Gateway Exchange (Netspeak Corp.) . .

RSVP

27

, ,

,

IP(E1, PRI, BRI) : CAS, DTMF, PRI №7. .235.

,

, , : , ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM, Ethernet. , Frame Relay, 3COM (Pathbuilder S200 Voice Access Switch), Cisco ( 2600, 3600), Motorola (Vanguard 6560/6520), Newbridge Networks Corp. (MainStreetXpress 36100 VoIP Gateway) . ATM , Lucent Technologies (Packetstar IP Gateway 1000), Cisco ( 2600, 3600), Ascend Communications (MultiVoice Gateway), . Motorola Vanguard 6560/6520 Multiservice Access Device

, .

IP-

. ,

, (DSP - Digital Signal Processor)

.

, IP.

,

- .

.37

, .

.37

-

-

IP

,

.

.38 -

FaxRelay. .38 ,

-

, ,

.

.

IP-

.

. , . Clarent Command Center,

. , Clarent (Clarent Carrier Gateway), Telephony Packet Network Northern Telecom Ltd. (Nortel).

IP-

,

.

VoIP

-

G.723.1 (

5,3

, / ).

-

G.729a, G.711, G.726, G.728. .

. : Planet TechnoloIntegrated Enterprise Network), Memotec Communications Inc. (CX950 gies Inc. (VIP 000, 200, 400), Hypercom Corp. ( Network Exchange 2201, 2210), Vocaltec Communications Ltd. (Vocaltec Access Switch), Netrix Corp. ( Telephony Gateway).

28

3.3.

IP-

IP-

: ,

,

,

-

. ,

. , : IPTC Ericsson, PacketStar IP Gateway 1000 Newbridge, Hi-Gate 1000 ECI Telecom, Clarent Gateway IP( ( 1-

Lucent Technologies, MainStreetXpress 36100 Clarent. , Ethernet), ).

IPIP-

I.

IP. /

. (Digital Signal Processing, VocalTec); Micom IP, Vocaltec Communications Ltd., Neura , , , .

, -

DSP).

Dialogic , -1

Inter-Tel. Communications Inc., Netrix Corp.

DM3 IP ( -1; NMS -

E-Fusion Inc.,

. .

,

IP-

-

II.

, ,

(Memotec Comminications Inc. ,

IPCisco Systems ( 2600 3600), 950 Access Switch, Motorola Inc.

. Vanguard). IP-

-

-

.

III. RASIP(RAS). Multivoice Gateway Netblazer 8500

Digi International ( IP-

VoIP,

, Ascend Communications

). -

.

-

IV.

IP, Lucent Technologies ,

. Defmity . .

Meridian 1.

,

Nortel Networks IP-

(

, ),

,

.

,

,

,

-

.

-

V. IP-

, .

. -

, eBridge Interactive Web

29

Responce

eFusion, " .

ё

Web-

. Web-

"

-

VI. IP-

-

.

Planet Technologies

Inc. (VIP 000/400/410). , ,

, ,

,

IPEthernet).

lOBaseT ( ,

RJ-14

45

RJ-

Ethernet. . -

-

,

. ,

,

Planet Tachnology Corp. -

IPX-1000. ,

, . IPX-1000

,

, VoIP,

.

,

, IPX-1000 . IPX-1000 (FXO .

)

, ).

. IPX-1000 (FXS

4

2 ,

-

, IPX-1000

POTS (

) IPX-1000

. ,

,

. , roll over,

,

,

,

,

IPX-

,

1000 . VoIP , , IP

VoIP , DHCP

(NAT),

IPX-1000. , IPX-1000

.

-

QoS

VII. IPInternet PhoneJACK Quicknet Technologies, EtherPhone ATM Sphere Communications). .

( PhoNet Communications RJ-11

IP-

VIII.

" IP«

.

"

-

,

»

,

.

Cisco Systems. IP(

.

,

), .

,

: TAPI

( ), NetMeeting

Communications.

Microsoft

InternetPhone .323 2,

, . Vocaltec

gatekeeper.

30

3.4.

TIPHON .323 IP-

.323 OSI,

.

.323 .

, ,

(

.235)

.323

2

.

,

,

,

.323.

.323,

.450, ,

.

-

,

.450

IP-

,

. IP-

TIPHON,

-

,

,

,

,

,

,

-

. - gatekeeper,

TIPHON .

, (MG)

(SG),

(MGC). IP (

• • • • • •

).

.225 (RAS Q.931) ,

/

; ,

-

;

; ; ; DTMF. MGC .245,

.323,

.323, .323.

, . .

,

. (MG) -

• • • •

-

:

-

IP-

.

-

: ; ; ATM; . -

.

, . , .

Gatekeeper

: IP-

,

.323

Gatekeeper TIPHON , gatekeeper : • ; • ; • • . TIPHON . 3.4. , TIPHON, • D (gatekeeper); • — • N-

(

) ,

.323.

; , :

(MGC) MGC ,

;

,

.

; MG. ;

;

31

,

. ,

. 3.4.

,

,

3.4 .

TIPHON

32

4.

IP-

4.1.

IPIP. .

, (

. ,

«

),

»

-

,

,

,

,

. , :

. ,

.

,

(

)

-

.

№7. ,

,

,

,

,

.

, ,

(

).

IP-

-

. , / . .,

,

. IP,

IP-

:

OSPF

G

(

, RSVP).

,

,

IP, (

. 4.1). -

:

. -

,

-

. ,

.

. ,

, .

IP-

. 4.1. ,

IP(

. : ,

-

.

) IP-

,

, , . .

,

33

,

,

. , .

-

IP.

-

. ,

-

. . 4.2

IP-

,

-

:

IP.

.

IP-

. 4.2.

IP• • • • • • •

: gatekeeper,

; gatekeeper; ; ; ; ; . ,

.

4.2.

.323 (

,

- )

.323 IP.

, ,

,

,

-

.

,

,

.323

,

,

. 2 .323 (

.323 -

, .

-

. 4.3). . .323-

:

.

,

,

.

.323 Initiation Protocol.

«

,

»

IETF ,

, ,

-

Session IP-

. gatekeeper : RAS (Registration, Admission, Status); Q.931 ( .225.0); .245.

• • •

.323

-

RAS RAS (

,

) .323. RAS-

, .

, ,

(gatekeeper)

RAS

-

.

34

RAS

.225.0.

RAS

.245. • • • • •

RAS gatekeeper,

: ; ; ; ;

. RAS UDP.

RAS ,

•

:

; • TSAP (Transport Layer Service Access Point); • (Alias Address). , , , IPv4, IPv6, IPX, NetBIOS. TSAP , . gatekeeper y TSAP: 1718 ( gatekeeper) 1719 ( RAS).

. 64, , . . Gatekeeper . . 4.3.

.323

gatekeeper, . gatekeeper GRJ (Gatekeeper Reject), gatekeeper.

GRQ (Gatekeeper gatekeeper , GCF (Gatekeeper gatekeeper -

gatekeeper Request),

TSAP,

1718.

, Confirm). , ,

, RAS ( . 4.4). gatekeeper gatekeeper Confirm) .

. RRQ ,

,

gatekeeper ,

gatekeeper ,

registration». ,

gatekeeper RCF.

RRQ (Registration Request) RCF (Registration RRJ (Registration Reject) . , -

,

RRJ URQ (Unregistered Request), UCF (Unregistered confirm), URJ (Unregistered reject), gatekeeper

«duplicate -

. . .

gatekeeper gatekeeper IRQ (Information Request).

gatekeeper

-

10 . gatekeeper .

-

ARQ

35

(Admissions Request) , , 640 3. . Confirm),

Q.931. 100

ISDN

.

192

ACF (Admissions . Q.931 ACF.

/

, gatekeeper ARJ (Admissions Reject) Q.931 ( gatekeeper

.

ARQ

,

/ ,

gatekeeper gatekeeper, ,

.225.0).

,

-

.

. 4.4. Э

.323

36

Setup .245. :

gatekeeper Q.931

Connect, .245 .

-

,

gatekeeper,

.245

gatekeeper.

.245 .

RAS

,

.

,

-

,

Call ID.

.225.0 (Q.931)

.245

.225 .

.225.0

.323, UDP ( . 4.5). ISDN. , .245.

TCP

RAS

. .225.0

.

.225.0

. 4.5.

Q.931,

.323 ,

.245 ,

-

. . , ,

/

. ,

,

, .222.0,

.223

.225.0. • • • • •

.245

: ; ; ;

(

); .

.245 ,

. -

,

.

« »,

-

,

37

.

.

Q.931 :

-

• • • •

.225.0

.245

; ; ; . (

Setup

1)

2 (

TSAP, 1719. Connect, Call proceeding, Connect,

2) .

Alerting

4

. Connect

.245, terminal Capability Set. status Determination

RTP Number

Master Slave Determination. .

open Logical Channel

.245.

RTCP. BRQ (Bandwidth gatekeeper, . BRJ (Bandwidth Reject). -

RTP. Change Request)

RAS, , BCF (Bandwidth Confirm).

,

-

,

,

ARQ, .

close Logical Channel

•

-

close Logical Channel,

•

• •

.245,

open Logical Channel. : -

.245; end Session Command, .245; Q.931 Gatekeeper,

end Session Command, ,

.245; Release Complete. . RAS, DCF (Disengage Confirm)

DRQ (Disengage Request) . DRJ (Disengage Reject).

.450 IP-

.450.

, 450.1

, (Call Transfer),

-

,

.

Call Diversion,

.450.3,

,

450.2 -

,

.

4.3.

SIP ,

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) -

(MMUSIC)

IETF (

,

RFC 2543). .

,

-

•

•

: SAP (Session Announcement Protocol); SIP. , SIP. SIP

,

, Web-

IP-

(

, . 4.6):

-

38

,

.

SIP,

, - UAC)

( UAS)

.

,

(

-

.

SIP SIP,

. 4.6.

-

. ,

,

-

. SIP ( 2068). •

• •

• • •

HTTP (

RFC 2279) ,

. INVITE -

. RFC -

, : (

;

); BYE OPTIONS -

; (

-

SIP); INVITE;

CANCEL REGISTER -

; SIP, (Location Server). SAP SIP ,

:

SDP (Session Description Protocol) RFC 2327). SDP , , SDP. : (4 ), (5 ) SIP URL, (user@IPadress) . . (DNS)

. .(

. (2 ),

(

),

SIP (user@domain) SIP-

IP-

IP(

IP-

. DNS,

. 4.7). ,

SIP

,

Web-

. SIP

.

(1 ), (6 ).

,

,

,

. .

,

,

-

Radius. SIP (Cisco Systems, Planet Tachnology Corp., Lucent Technologies) ,

(AT&T, MCI, Level 3). , CableLabs, Telcordia, General Instrument,

Com21. SIP Dynamicsoft,

-vergence Server Solutions :

39

• • •

•

SIP Proxy Server -

,

UAC

/

UAS;

; ,

SIP Location Server -

,

-

; SIP User Agent -

,

; SIP CallAccounting Server TDR,

-

SIP Proxy Server, .

SIP

. 4.7.

4.4.

.323 .323

SIP

SIP

: (

),

SIP ,

, .323

-

,

,

gatekeeper

, №7.

, -

.323

Q.931 HTTP.

-

-

.323

,

-

. .

-

.323

, ,

.

, -

IP-

,

-

. .323 .

SIP

,

-

SIP

. ,

-

,

.

, , ,

,

,

SIP

( .323). SIP .

40

.323 SIP

),

,

(IP.

,

. .323 .

.

SIP

-

, . ,

SIP

-

,

-

.

.323

( .323

. ,

)

-

, IP-

,

SIP

-

,

. .

4.5.

TIPHON .323

IP-

,

TIPHON

,

. -gatekeeper,

TIPHON

,-

.323, (SG - Signalling Gate- way), (MGC - Media Gateway Controller) ( . 4.8).

. (MG - Media Gateway)

TIPHON

. 4.8. .

;

/ -

,

, (RAS

, MGC Q.931) .245, , gatekeeper,

, DTMF

. .

.323,

.323,

, . . . .

MGC

MGC

IP-

.323.

№7 ISDN).

(

, ,

.225 .323. .

ISUP (CAS), , MDTP (Multi-Network Datagram (ISUP, CAS, PRI)

MGC. Transmission Protocol), . MGC

-

, ( DTMF, .), -

, ( (G.711, G.723.1, G.729, GSM ), ,

, (

. .),

,

, . .),

,«

»

, ,

. MGCP -

.

(Call Agent), , -

-

/

. -

.

41

(

, MGCP

).

) «

(

/

,

-

», ,

-

. MGCP

, ,

.

-

, . MGCP ITU H.248, (Media Gateway, MG) , (Media Gateway Controller, MGC) ( . 4.9). , VoIP, , Access Multiplexer, DSLAM), (Multiprotocol Label Switching, MPLS), -

Control),

Megaco

. 4.9. MGCP Megaco ,

,, Megaco

,

.

IP, , (Real-Time Transport Protocol, RTF). , ATM.

,

,

,

, MGCP

, Megaco

Megaco (Media Gateway , , (Digital Subscriber Line

,

Megaco

, MGCP (

,

).

«

»

, DTMF

.

,

, ,

,

Q.BICC,

.323, SIP , -

. .

, ,

. ,-

(

),

, ,

MGCP

RTP.

,

Megaco .

, -

Megaco .

, MGCP, MGCP

-

, MPLS. ,

,

-

Megaco , ,

.

2000 . -

Megaco.

,

4.6. IP. , . . IP-

, ,

,

-

.

42

.323

G ,

.225.

«

» (Border Element).

,

.

, G.

, ,

. . 4.10

TIPHON.

-

, .

. 4.10. ,

. 4.11, IP-

.323 (

,

),

,

(

.

)

-

, ,

.

. 4.11

:

. 4.11. S1: S2: S3: S4: S5: S6:

gatekeeper 1. gatekeeper 1 gatekeeper 1 gatekeeper 2 gatekeeper 1

. . gatekeeper. . gatekeeper 2.

, IP-

.

43

5.

IP-

5.1.

IP-

.

,

. ,

-

. ,

,

, e-mail,

. IP-

,

, ,

IP

,

-

. IP -

•

, -

o

(

. 5.1):

: ; -

o •

;

;

-

-

-

. , o o o

: -

;

-

;

DTMF -

•

.

,

IPIP-

,

:

: —

o

,

-

; -

o

,

•

;

;

-

-

,

.

: -

o G.723 o

16,3 ,

-

.

/

,

; DSP

-

; -

o

, ;

—

o o

/

IP,

; ;

-

.

. 5.1.

,

IP-

44

5.2.

IP-

,

.

, .

,

,

50

.

,

. , 250

•

(

. 5.2). (

): ,

. (0,125

) : G.729 CS-ACELP (8 / ) - 10 G.723.1 -Multi Rate Coder (5,3; 6,3

•

-

.

.

/ ) - 30

,

-

.

:

-

. .

. G.729,

, 30

, -

•

. : ,

,

,

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. . IP-

. 5.2. •

: 200 150-200 ; 400 -

•

•

,

.

,

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. .

2-

),

(

400

; 700

-

. .

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2-3

,

-

, ,

IP-

.

,

. /

1-2

. -

.

IP-

150-250 .

.

.

, .

, .

, 1/ 1 .

.323

,

1997 . IP. , IP-

-

, .

-

IP-

1/ 1.

,

-

45

, Q.931,

.225

IP-

TCP.

-

Q.931, . Q.931

.225/

,

,

IP,

, Q.931,

2

.

.323 .225/ ,

Q.931

Connect,

2 IP-

H.323v2 Fast Q.931.

,

, IP-

.

IP-

,

. , : (Data Dependent Jitter - DDJ) -

. 1.

).

(

,

; (Duty Cycle Distortion - DCD) -

2.

; (Random Jitter .

3.

-

RJ)

-

. 5.3 , . , , . . 5.3. .

,

. ,

, .

, .

IP-

-

.

IP.

IP. -

,

. , .

,

, . ,

5%

10-15% -

,

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-

. .

, ,

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. . 5.4.

46

, ,

,

,

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-

. ,

,

, .

. 5.3 ,

-

5.4, -

. IP-

,

-

. 5.5. IP-

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5.3.

IPIP-

-

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. (

,

,

),

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) IP-

, .

.

IP,

IP,

.

2.

;

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4.

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,

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.

,

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5.

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,-

,

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IP-

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(

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), .

5.4. IP/

-

,

. :

1.

( .

(

),

)

-

50,

/

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.

47

2. .

-

.

,

. 3.

(

)

/

,

DSP. . . 5.6 .

-

. 5.6. IP/

-

, «G»

.323 (

. . 5.7).

,

IP-

,

. 5.7. ,

, .

,

,

,

-

,

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LPC , :

, ,

,

-

-

,

.

.

, ,

-

,

,

-

48

,

,

-

. ,

( ,

), 2,4

4,8

.

LPC / ,

, .

,

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. LPC

. ,

.

,

, ,

, -

. ;

.

,

. LD-CELP

(Low-Delay Code-Excited Linear Prediction). 16 / . 10; '

, 16-

-

. 16 / . 1995 . ITU

,

- G.723, .

-

.324, .

MP-MLQ (Multipulse Maximum Likelihood Quantization). . ; 20

.

G.723

4,8; 6,4; 7,2

/ . . ,

8,0

. . ,

IP-

.

G.711 G.711, 8

( -30/32

1984 ., 8 64

,

. 5.8) -

, . / (8

8

-

-

). :

-

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.

. .323

,

G.711

,

G.711 -

IP(

IP-

-

64

,

/

).

G.711 -

. G.711

IP-

Cisco.

. 5.8.

49

G.726 ADPCM -

(

1984 .). 16-32 ,

,

,

/ .

,

.

, .

G.726

, ,

,

ADPCM

-

,

. DSP 5,5-6,4 MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second). .

G.711 .

G.723.1 G.723.1 , ),

, - MP-MLQ (Multy-Pulse - Multy Level Quantization , .

-

, /

.

,

IP-

.

-

. G.723

64 /

/ (

),

,

IP-

. : 6,3

5,3-6,3 /

-

/

. MP-MLQ

5,3

/

CELP.

CELP, /

( -

). DSP 16,4-16,7 MIPS IP.

37

.

G.729a,

G.723.1

-

.

G.729 ).

VAD G.729, G.729 Annex A, G.729 Annex ( CS-ACELP Conjugate Structure - Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction . 15 . 8 / . , .

G.729 DSP 21,5 MIPS VoIP

G.728 , Code Excited Linear Prediction -

G.728 16

.

1992 .

/ , 40 MIPS.

3

5 , .

IP-

LD-CELP - Low Delay . , -

. 5.1. Т

5.1.

G.726

ADPCM

G.729 G.729A G.723.1 G.728

CS-ACELP CA-ACELP MP-MLQ LD-CELP

32/ 24/ 16 / 8 / 8 / 6,4/5,3 / 16 /

(8 MIPS) (30 MIPS) (20 MIPS) (16 MIPS) (40 MIPS)

(32 ),

(16 )

(0,125 ( (

(6,4),

(5,3)

)

) ) (37

) (3-5

)

50

QDU (Quantization Distortion ; -

Units): 1 QDU QDU Т

. 5.2. QDU

5.2. ADPCM 32 ADPCM 24 LD-CELP 16 CS-CELP 8

QDU 3,5 7 3,5 3,5

/ / / /

. QDU , 5 QDU.

,

/

- ,

14, 4 QDU.

, . -

. , (silence suppression) -

ATM-

. . .

60% ,

,

. . IPGSM (13,5 IP. G.711:

.323

16-

, / )

-

. -

G, .323-

.323 10

-

.

G.723 10 .

56 64 G.729 -

/ .

-

G.729

IP; IP-

.

5.5.

IP/ MOS (Mean Opinion Score). 3,5 , 3,0...3,5 , 2,5...3,0 MOS 3,5 . 5.3. Т

. MOS

.

-

5.3. ,

MOS

/ 64 16-40 5,3; 6,3 16 8 8 13

G.711 G.726 Multi-rate ADPCM G.723 MP-MLQ ACELP G.728 LD-CEL G.729 CS-ACELP G.729a CS-ACELP GSM RPE-LPC

,

4,3 2-4,3 3,7; 3,8 4,1 4,0 3,4 3,9

0,125 0,125 30 0,625 10 10 30

,

, ,

•

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: ,

• •

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; ,

; ,

,

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,

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51

.

TIPHON

( ,

. .

( )

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,

,

,

,

. ,

-

-

( MOS).

Т

TIPHON

5.4.

(4)

К

,

, , : IP.164 IP.164 IP-

2

-

2

.164 IP.164 IP-

3

-

3

IP'

(3)

(2) , GSM-FR

,

G.711

G.726 (32

/ )

(1)