Intimate songs from the ms. Vatican Arabic 366 8821008169, 9788821008160

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STUDI E E TESTI STUDI TESTI 436 436

Kallas Elie Kallas

INTIMATE SONGS FROM THE MS. ARABIC 366 366 THE MS. VATICAN VATICAN ARABIC INTIMATE SONGS FROM

CITTÀ VATICANO CITTA DEL VATICANO Biblioteca APOSTOLICA Vaticana VATICANA BIBLIOTECA Apostolica 2007 20 0 7

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E TESTI TESTI STUDI E

STUDI

100. Tavole indici generali generali dei cento voluvolu100. Tavole ee indici p~mi cento dei primi mi di "Studi ee testi", testi", 1942 1942 ((rist. 1973), pp. XXU, di "Studi ~st. 1973), II , pp. xx 182. 182. 200. indici generali generali dei 101-200 di di 200. Tavole Tavole ee indici dei volumi volumi 101-200 "Studi testi", 1959 1959 (rist. (rist. 1987), 1987), pp. pp. 151. 151. "Studi ee testi", 311.Dykmans, M. le Pontificai romain. Révisé Révisé au 311. Dykmans, Μ. le Pontifical au XVe 1985, pp. 205, 22 tay. tav. XVe siècle. siècle. 1985, pp. 205, 312-313. Heck, A. II Commentarii Rerum 312-313. van van Heck, Α. Pii Pii II Commentarii Rerum memorabilium quae quae tempo temporibus memorabiiíum ~bus suis contigecontigerunt. Vol. I-II. 859, 28 28 tay. tav. runt. Vol. I-II. 1984, 1984, pp. pp. 859, 314. Argyriou, A. Macaire Macaire Makrès la polémique Argyriou, A. Makrès et et la contre l'Islam. Édition Édition princeps princeps de l'Eloge de de M. Μ. contrel'Islam. de l'Eloge Makrès et de de ses deux œuvres Makrès oeuvres anti-islamiques, anti-islûmiques, 1986, pp. pp. x, x, 348. 348. précédée d'une étude critique. critique. 1986, 315. Mogcnet, J. Le Théon Mogenet, J. Le «Grand «Grand Commentaire» de ThYon d'Alexandrie aux tables d'Alexandrie tables faciles de de Ptolémée. Livre I.I. Histoire du critique, tradu texte, édition critique, duction, Revues et complétées par Tihon. A. Tihon. duction. Revues et par A. Commentaire par 359. A. Tihon. Tihon. 1985, par A. 1985, pp. pp. 359. 316. Oechslin, L. Die Uhr als als Model Model des des Kosmos Kosmos Oechslin, L. Die Uhr astronomische Apparat Bernardo Faund der der astronomische Bernardo Facinis. 1985, 1985, pp. pp. 156. 156. cinis. 317. Bedini, S. A. A. Clockwork PaciBedini, S. Clockwork cosmos, cosmos. Bernardo Bernardo Facíni and the Farnese FarnesePlanisferologío. Planisferologio.1985, 1985,pp. pp.223. 223. and the 318-319. Buonocore, maΜ. Bibliografia dei fondi maBuonocore, M. noscritti della Biblioteca Vaticana Vaticana (1968-1980). (1968-1980). Voi. I-II. I-II. 1986, 1986,pp. pp.XLVII, XLVii, 1414. 1414. Vol. 320. Sauget, J.-M. Μ. Deux «panegyrika» melkites pour Sauget, J.la seconde partie de «Jérusade l'année liturgique: «Jérusalem S. «Harisâ~~37». 37». 1986, 1986, pp. pp. 88. 88. S. Anne Anne 38» 38» et et «Haris 321. Carboni, F. Incipitario italiana dei Carboni, F. Incipitario della lirica lirica italiana secoli XV-XX. XV-XX. IV. IV. Biblioteca Angelica di Roma. 1986, pp. 624. 624. 1986,

322. AΑ Catalogue Canon and and Roman Roman Law Law Catalogue of of Canon Manuscripts in the Vatican Vatican Library. Library. ComManuscripts in the piled at the the Institute Institute ofofMedieval Medieval Canon Canon law law piled under the the direction direction of of S. Kuttner, with the the aid aid under S. Kuttner, of the the Deutsches Deutsches Historisches Historisches Institut Rom, Rom, of under the the direction direction of of R. Elze. Vol. Vol. I:I: Codices under R. Elze. Codices Vaticani latini541-2299, 541-2299,1986, 1986,pp. pp.XXLV, XXLV, 334. 334. Vaticani latini 323. Tavole indici generali generali dei volumi 201-300 201-300 dí di Tavole ee indici «Studi e testi», a cura di P. P. Vian. V, “Studi Vian. 1986, 1986, pp. V, 160. 324. Rallones decimarum Italiae nei secoli secoli XIII XIII ee Rationes decimarum Italiae nei XrV.. Lombardia et Pedemontium, Pedemontium, aa cura XIV Μ. cura di M. Rosada. Con carta topografica Rosada. Con ca rt a topogra fi ca delle diocesi. 1990, pp. xxxII, xxxn, 605, 2 c. geogr. geogr. 1990, 325. Bandelier, A. F. F. AA History of the the Southwest. Southwest. AA Bandelier, A. Civilization and Conversion Conversion of the the Study of the Civilization Indians Southwestern United United States States and and Indians in Southwestern Northwestern Mexico Mexico from the the Earliest Earliest Time Time to to Northwestern 1700. Vol. original Text Notes in in 1700. Vol.II: II: the the original Text and Notes French (1887) (1887) edited, with English English Summaries Summaries from MS. MS. Vat. Vat. lat. lat. 14111, 14111, and Additional Notes from J. Burrus in Collaboration Collaboration with with M. T. by E. E. J. Burrus in Μ. Τ. Rodack, Parts one and and two. two. 1987, 1987, pp. pp. 516. 516. Rodack, 326. Sauget, J.-M. Un Gazza disparu et Sauget, J.-M. Gazz~~ chaldéen chaldéen disparu retrouvé: le ms. «Borgia syriaque 60». 1987, pp. 94. 327. Dykmans Dykmans M. Pierre Marso. Marso. Μ. L'Humanisme de Pierre 1988, 143. 1988, pp. 143. 328. A A Catalogue of Canon Canon and and Roman Roman Law Law ManuManuCatalogue of scripts in in the theVatican VaticanLibrary. Library. Compiled scripts Compiled at

the Institute Institute of of Medieval Medieval Canon Canon law law under under the the the direction of S. Kuttner, with aid of of the the direction of S. Kuttner, with the the aid Deutsches Historisches Rom, under under the the ~sches Institut Deutsches Histo Institut Rom, direction of R. Elze. Vol. direction of R. Elze. Vol. II: II: Codices Codices Vaticani Vaticani latini 1987, pp. XXX, 366. 366. latini 2300-2746. 2300-2746. 1987, pp. xxx,

329. Miscellanea Bibliothecae Apostolicae Apostolicae VatiMiscellanea Bibliothecae Vaticanae. I. 1987, 258. 1987, pp. pp. 258. canae. I. 330. Carboni, F. Incipitario lirica italiana italiana dei dei Carboni, F. Incipitario della della lirica secoli XV-XX. V. Apostolica Vaticasecoli XV-XX. V. Biblioteca Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. na. Fondi Fondi Boncompagni, Bonconmpagni, Borghese, Borghese, Borgiano Borgiano latino, Capponi, Carte Belli. 1988, 1988, pp. pp. 256. 256. latino, Capponi, Carte Belli. 331. Miscellanea Bibliothecae Apostolicae Apostolicae VatiVati Miscellanea Bibliothecae canae. II. 1988, 329. canae. II. 1988, pp. pp. 329. 332. Piazzoni, A.M. M.— - Vian, P. Manoscritti Vaticani Piazzoni, A. Vlan, P. Manoscritti Vaticani latini 14666-15203. latini Catalogo sommario sommario (Catalo(Catalo14666-15203. Catalogo ghi sommari ee inventari fondi manoscritti, manoscritti, ghi sommari inventari dei dei fondi 1). 1989, pp. pp. XxVIII, xxvill, 305. 305. 1). 1989, 333. Miscellanea Bibliothecae Apostolicae Apostolicae VatiVati Miscellanea Bibliothecae canae. III. III. 1989, 370. canae. 1989, pp. pp. 370. 334-335. Carboni, F. Incipitario lirica italiana italiana Carboni, F. Incipita ~o della della lirica 334-335. dei secoli XV-XX. XV-XX. VI-VII. Apostolica dei secoli VI-VII. Biblioteca Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. Fondo: Fondo: Patetta. Paletta. Parte prima: A-M. Α-Μ. Vaticana. Parte prima: Parte seconda; N-Z. ee Biblioteca Biblioteca dell'Ambasciadell'Ambasciart e seconda: Pa ta di Spagna presso presso la Santa Santa Sede. 1990, pp. ta 1990, pp. 1091. 1091. 336. La «Raccolta «Raccolta prima» Autografi FerFerprima» degli degli Autografi rajoli. Introduzione, inventario inventario e indice a cura rajoli. di P. Vian (Cataloghi sommari e inventari de; P. Vian (Cataloghi sommari de. 2). 1990, 1990, pp. pp. XXV, 275. fondi manoscritti, 2). 337. Alteri, Alteri, G. monete della della RepubG. Tipologia Tipologia delle monete blica di Roma (con (con particolare riferimento riferimento al di Roma denario). 1990, 1990, pp. pp. 350, 350, 126 126 tay. tav. denario). 338 Miscellanea Bibliothecae Apostolicae Apostolicae VatiMiscellanea Bibliothecae Vati canae. FV. 1990, pp. pp. 399. 399. canae. Ν. 1990, 339. Pagano, S. IlIl processo Endimio Calandra Calandra ee Pagano, S. processo di Endirnio l'inquisizione a Mantova nel nel 1567-1568. 1991, 1567-1568. 1991, pp. XXI, XXI, 406. 406. 340. Tihon, Tihon, A. A. lele «Grand «Grand Commentaire» Théon Commentaire» de Thé οn d'Alexandrie aux tables faciles faciles de de Ptolémée. Ptolémée. d'Alexandrie aux tables Livres II III. Édition critique, traduction, traduction, II et III. Édition critique, commentaire. 1991, pp. pp. 367. 367. commentaire. 1991, 341. Enee Silvii Piccolominei Piccolominei postea II De Enee Silvii postea Pii pp. II De viris illustribus, illustribus, edidit A. Heck. 1991, 'iris Α. van van Heck. 1991, pp. xvi, 122. XVI, 342. Ceresa fondi manoscritti manoscritti Ceresa M. Μ. Bibliografia Bibliografia dei dei fondi 1991, pp. pp. della Biblioteca Vaticana (1981-1985). 1991, xlv, x L V, 696. 343. McCormick, Unknown GlossGlossMcCormick, M. Μ. Five Five Hundred Unknown the Palatine PalatineVirgil Virgil(The (TheVatican VaticanLibrary, Library, es from the MS. 1631). 1992, 1992, pp. Ix, IX, 118, 16 MS. Pal. lat. 1631). 118, taw. tau. 16. 344. Schreiner, Schreiner, P. P. Texte spatbyzantinischen FiFiTexte zur spätbyzantinischen Handschrifnanz- und and Wirtschaftsgeschichte Wi rt schaftsgeschichte in Handschríften der der Biblioteca Vaticana. 1991, pp. 529, 529, 1991, pp. ten Biblioteca Vaticana. taw. 12. 12. taw. 345. Wright, D. H. H. Codicological the VerVerWright, D. Codicological Notes on the Romanus (Vat. (Vat. Lat. Lat. 3867). 3867). 1992, 1992, pp. pp. 139. 139. gilius Romanus 346. The the Deacon Deacon of of The Atina Atina Dossier Dossier of of Peter Peter the Monte Cassino. Cassino. AA Hagiographical Romance of of Monte Century by by H. Bloch. Bloch. 1998. 351 the twelfth Century 1998. pp. 351 tav. 29. tay. Latini. Barlaam Calabro, 347-348. Barlaam Calabro, Opere Opere contro contro ii Latini. Introduzione, Introduzione, storia dei dei testi, testi, edizione edizione critica, critica,

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INTIMATE SONGS FROM MS. VATICAN VATICAN ARABIC THE MS. ARABIC 366 366

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STUDI E E TESTI TESTI STUDI 436 436

Elie Kallas Kallas Elie

INTIMATE SONGS FROM THE MS. MS. VATICAN VATICAN ARABIC THE ARABIC 366 366 INTIMATE SONGS FROM

CITTÀ DEL DEL VATICANO VATICANO CITTA Biblioteca Apostolica APOSTOLICA Vaticana VATICANA BIBLIOTECA 2007

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Descrizione bibliografica in www.vaticanlibrary.vatlib.it

Stampato con il contributo contributo dell'associazione dell'associazione American Friends of the Vatican Library Library Proprietà letteraria ri età lettera ri a riservata Prop © Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 2007 2007 © ISBN 978-88-210-0861-0 978-88-210-0861-0 TIPOGRAFIA VATICANA TIPOGRAFIA VATICANA

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Contents CONTENTS preface PREFACE ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS

9 10 10

II

§§ § §§ §

1-3 1-3 1. 2. 3.

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION The Manuscript The Author and and His His Addressees Addressees Aim and Structure of this this Work Work Aim Structure of

11 11 11 11 12 14

II Π

§§ §§ § § § § § § § § §

4-7 4. 5. 6. 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. 6.5. 6.6. 7.

PROSODY Syllabic and Metrical Metrical Innovation Innovation Syllabic Structure Structure and Musical and Prosodic Prosodie Innovations Innovations Musical The Corpora Corpora of Popular Songs Popular Songs MuwaSSah Μuwaαfah 'ataba `at~bα Mu'annâ Μu ánn~~ Mawâliyâ Μaw~liy~~or Mawwâl Μaww~l Surûqî .. ur~g~~ Qüma Q~ m~~ The Strophic and Syllabic Syllabic Structures of our Manuscript Manuscript ..

16 16 16 18 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 23

III

§§ § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § §

8-23 8. 9. 10. 11. 11.1. 11.2. 11.3. 12. 13. 14. 14.1. 14.2. 14.3. 14.4. 15. 16. 17. 17.1. 17.2. 17.3. 17.4. 18.

ORTHOGRAPHY AND AND PHONETICS PHONETICS Introduction Declension Tanwln Tanw~n The Glottal Stop (Hamza) (Hamza) Initial Hamza Hamza Middle Hamza 7/amza Final/iamza Final Hamza Alif Alif Maqsüra laq$~ra Yâ' Υ ' Ha ' v, Η~ //a'instead Η~ ' instead of of Ya' Y' ffa'instead Η~ ' instead of Tanwm Tanw~n Ha ' instead of of ;» (§ 22 Feminine Feminine Suffix) Suffix) H~ 3 f/a'Denoting m. Pronominal PronominalSuffix Suffix(§ (§ 29.1) 29.1) H~ ' Denoting the sg m. Alif Otiosum {\j) Alif Otiosum Q,) The Unvoiced Uvular Qâ/" Q~f Interdentals i>j i >> ; j>i ρ ¿.>0 .>‚ 1,> i >Ü¿° Emphatic vs. Non-Emphatic

25 25 25 26 26 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 32 32 32 32 33

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6

MS. VATICAN VATICAN ARABIC MS. ARABIC 366 366 § § § § §

IV Ν

19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Solar Letters Letters following following Jt JÌ Assimilation of Solar Assimilation and Coalescence Coalescence Vocalic Rising and/mâ/a and Im~la Vocalic Rising of the Vocalic the Feminine Morpheme ;5 //0» Diphthongs

24-48. MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY §§ 24-48. §§ 24-27. 24-27. Noun §§ § 24. Stress, Consonant Consonant Clusters Clusters and and Anaptyxis Anaptyxis § 25. Dual § 26. Plural § 26.1. Pluralis Pluralis Sanus Sanus § 26.2. Pluralis Pluralis Fractus Fractus § 27. Numerals §§ 28-29. 28-29. Pronouns Pronouns §§ § 28. Separate Personal Pronouns Pronouns § 29. Personal Suffixes Suffixes § 29.1. H~ Ha ' Denoting the sg'm. Pronominal Suffix Suffix sg m. Pronominal § 29.2. Pronominal Suffix System Pronominal Suffix §§ 30-45. 30-45. Verbs §§ § 31-39. Strong Verb Verb (Verbum (Verbwrn Firmum) fïmiMw) 31-39. Triradical Triradical Strong §§31. First 31. Verbal Form §§ § 32. Second Verbal Form § 33. Third Verbal Form § 34. Fourth Verbal Form § 35. Fifth Verbal Form § 36. Sixth Verbal Form § 37. Seventh Verbal Form § 38. Eighth Verbal Form § 39. Tenth Verbal Form § 40. Verba Mediae Mediae Geminatae § 41. Verba Primae InRrmae Infirmae Wâw Wâw § 42. Verba P Primae Infirmae Wâw and Tertiae Teniae Ya Y' rimae Ιn firm αe Wâw § 43. Verba Mediae Mediae Infirmae § 43.1. Verba Mediae Mediae Infirmae Wâw Wâw § 43.2. Verba Mediae Mediae Ιnfirm Infirmae Yâ' αe Ya' § 43.3. Verba Mediae and Teniae Tertiae Infirmae Infirmae § 44. Teniae Infirmae Infirmae Verba Tertiae § 44.1. Verba Tert~ae Teniae W~w Wâw § 44.2. Verba Tertiae Teniae Yâ' Y' § 44.3. Verba Tertiiie Teniae -iya becoming -â~~in the sg' sg3 m. m § 45. Hamzatae Verba Hamzatae § 45.1. Verba P Primae Hamzatae rimae Hamzatae § 45.2. Verba Mediae Mediae Hamzatae and Tertiae Teniae Ιn Infirmae f~rmae § 45.3. Verba Tertiae Teniae Hamzatae Hamzatae § 45.4. Verba Tertiae Teniae Hamzatae Mediae Infirmae Hamzatae and Mediae §§ 46-48. 46-48. Particles §§ -

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33 33 33 34 35 37 37 37 39 40 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 43 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 51 51 51 52 53 53 53 53 54 54 54

CONTENTS CONTENTS § 46. 46.Prepositions Prepositions andAdverbs Adverbs § and § 46.1. 46.1. Local Local § § 46.2. 46.2. Motion Motion § § 46.3. 46.3. Cause Cause § §§ 46.4. 46.4. Time Time §§ 46.5. 46.5. Possession Possession §§ 46.6. 46.6. Manner Manner § 46.7. 46.7. Oaths Oaths § § 47. 47. Demonstratives Demonstratives § § 48. 48. Interrogatives Interrogatives §

7 54 54 54 54 55 55 55 55 56 56 56 56 56 57 57 57 57 58 58

V §§§§ 49-55.SYNTAX SYNTAX V 49-55. § 49. 49. Asyndetíc AsyndeticClauses Clauses § § 50. 50. 'Ann / 'Inn Subjunctive Clauses Clauses 'Inn and Subjunctive § § 51. 51. Relative Clauses § §§ 52. 52. Conditional ConditionalClauses Clauses § 53. 53. Negative NegativeClauses Clauses § § 54. 54. Passive Passive § § 55. 55. Concordance Concordance §

60 60 60 60 60 61 61 61 62 62

VI §§§§56-59. 56-59. CERTAINLEXICAL LEXICALFEATURES FEATURES VI CERTAIN § 56. 56. Diminutive Diminutive § § 57. 57. Erotic EroticCorpus Corpus § § 58. 58.Elements Elements Non-ArabicOrigin Origin § of of Non-Arabic § 59. 59.Elements Elements of ColloquialRelevancy Relevancy § of Colloquial

64 64 64 67 69

VII §§ §§ 60-75. 60-75. HALLMARKS HALLMARKS VIΙ § 60. 60. How How to DetectHallmarks? Hallmarks? § to Detect § 61. 61. Neither Neither Bedouinnor norIraqi Iraqi § Bedouin §§ 62-75. 62-75. Syrian or or Egyptian? Egyptian? §§ § 62. 62. § Interdentals § 63. 63. Diphthongs Diphthongs § § 64. 64. Imâla Morpheme Im~la and the Feminine Morpheme § § 65. 65. Independent IndependentPronouns Pronouns § § 66. 66. Suffixes § § 67. 67.Demonstratives Demonstratives andPresentatives Presentatives § and § 68. 68. Reflexives § § 69. 69. Interrogatives Interrogatives § § 70. 70. Negation Negation § § 71. 71. Comparatives Comparatives § § 72. 72. Taltala § Taltala § 73. 73. Imperfect Imperfect h§ b§ 74. 74. Imperative ImperativeForm Form II II § § 75. 75. Imperfect Imperfect FormVI VI § Form

73 73 74 75 75 76 77 77 78 79 79 80 81 82 82 83 84 85

VIII §§ CONCLUSION VIΙΙ §§ 76-78. CONCLUSION § § 76. 76. Evaluation Evaluation

86 86

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8

MS. VATICAN VATICAN ARABIC MS. ARABIC 366 366 § §

77. 78. 78.

Linguistic Mixing Mixing Artistic Linguistic "Arabe levantin" during the the Ottoman Ottoman Period? Period? "Arabe levanti n" during

87 88 88

Bibliography

89

Manuscript text text

3*

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PREFACE PREFACE While examining manuscripts of the the Bibliotheca Bibliotheca Vaticana Vaticana in in While examining the the manuscripts search of of Neo-Arabic Neo-Arabic works coming from Mount Mount Lebanon Lebanon (which (which usually usually contain prayers prayers and and sermons, sermons, hagiographic hagiographie poems poems and andtheological theologicalpopolemics, written in the the Syriac Syriac alphabet alphabet "garsüní"), came upon upon aa lemics, etc. etc. written "gar ~ni), I came pocket-size (Vat. Ar. Ar. 366), 366), containing aa collection collection of ofvery very erotic erotic pocket-size quire quire (Vat. songs, written in the Arabic alphabet and in a dialect which seemed songs, written in the Arabic alphabet and in a dialect which seemed Syrian, hypothesized by Levi Levi Della Della Vida Vida in in his his Elenco. The The most most Syrian, as as hypothesized original dialectological aspect of of this this quire quire was was its its fully fully vocalised vocalised idiom. idiom. Bewildered by vulgarity of some passages, passages, I ignored ignored this this Bewildered by the the brutish vulgarity ms. for several years, before confiding my perplexity to my friend and ms. several years, confiding perplexity my friend and colleague Crevatin. His encouragement helped helped me me overcome overcome my my colleague Franco Crevatin. resistance and his his long long experience experience as as an anEgyptologist Egyptologist and andethnolinguist ethnolinguist stimulated to put put forward forward aafew fewhypotheses hypothesesconcerning concerningsome someenigenigstimulated me to matic points. A couple my work work was was almost almost ready, ready, hesitantly, hesitantly, I A couple of years later, when my applied to the prefect prefect of of the the Vatican Vatican Apostolic Apostolic Library to get get his his authoriauthoripublish this thisms. ms.But Butwhen whenDelio DelioProverbio, Proverbio,Keeper Keeperof ofthe theVatiVatisation to publish cana Oriental Oriental Manuscripts, Manuscripts, glanced glanced through through my my work, work, he he suggested suggested that that his fact be be interested interested in in publishing publishing it. it. This This helped helped his Department might in fact in relieving relieving me. to him him for for the the valuable valuable opporopporme. I am particularly grateful to tunity he has offered offered me. me. II can can not not hide hidemy myembarrassment embarrassmentfor forpublishpublishing this work, in spite of of its priceless priceless linguistic linguistic and and cultural culturalvalue. value. Several colleagues in this this work: work: Riccardo RiccardoContini, Contini, Several colleagues also also assisted assisted me in Luciano Rocchi, Heikki Heikki Palνa, Palva, Jérôme Lentin, Lentin, Humphrey Humphrey Davies, Davies, R Rania af ia Emanuela Mascarin. Mascarin. Some Some read read my my ms. ms. and and gave gave me me hints, hints, some some Kattan, Emanuela sent me material and and gave gave me me encouragement. encouragement. To To all all of of them them I am grateful. translation provided, provided, for for itit is is intended intendedfor for Nowhere in this work is any translation experts Neo-Arabic dialectology its corpus corpuswithwithexperts in Neo-Arabic dialectology who who will will understand understand its out any need for translation. Nowhere in ms. are any any Author's Author's name or or literary literary genre, genre, date date or or Nowhere in my ms. Except for for the the information informationsupplied suppliedby byaa place of provenance mentioned. Except very short dedication, everything everything else else has has had had to tobe bepainstakingly painstakinglyreconrecondocument can can structed. Only those who who have have tried to interrogate a dumb document understand the the anguish anguish aa silent silent ms. ms. can can cause. cause. understand EK

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ABBREVIATIONS # Frequency AB Aleppo according to to Berésine Berésine {Guide, AB Aleppo (Guide, 1857) Arabian Peninsula Peninsula AP BB Baghdad according according to to Berésine Berésine (Guide, 1857) 1857) Consonant C CA Classical Arabic Arabic CB Cairo according to to Berésine Berésine (Guide, 1857) 1857) Cairo according Cairo according according to to Ullerstorff Ullerstorff(1690) (1690) CU DC Damascus according to to Callenberg Callenberg (Colloquia, 1729-1740) E Egypt / Egyptian fern. feminine f. folio flex. flexion HQ Sirbînî's Hazz al-Quhüf on Davies Davies (HQ) (HQ) al-Quli~f based on . irb~n~ 's Hazz Iraq / Iraqi I imp. imperative imperi, imperfect imperfect imperf. inflection infl. ivp Internal Vowel Vowel Pattern Pattern lIP Internal L Lebanon / Lebanese Lebanon/Lebanese m. masculin Μ. NA Neo-Arabie NA Neo-Arabic dialect Osm. Osmanli Osm. P Palestine / Palestinian Persian Per. perfect perf. pers. personal rd pi. plural (pl (pi33 = 33rd pers. pl.) pi.) pl. pron. pronoun prop. S Syria / Syrian SA Standard Arabic Standard Arabic nd singular (sg2 (sg2 == 22nd pers. sg.) sg. SLPEI common Syria,Lebanon, Lebanon,Palestine, Palestine,Egypt Egyptand andIraq. Iraq. SLPEI common to to Syria, SPA South-Palestinian Arabic South-Palestinian Arabic suffix suff. synonymous syn. Turkish T. Vat. Vatican Vat. Vatican v short vowel or short short syllable syllable v long vowel

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II §§1-3. §§ 1-3. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

§ 1. 1. The § The Manuscript This does not contain any any author's author's name, name, nor norany anycompilation compilation This quire quire does date. The The only only information information given given by byLevi Levi Della Della Vida Vida {Elenco, 39) concondate. (Elenco, 39) cerning this this codex codex isis the thefollowing: following:"366 "366(sec. (sec.X-XI, X-XI, cm. cm.15 15xx10, 10, ff. ff. 19). 19). Piccola raccolta di poesie erotiche in lingua volgare (dialetto di Siria)." Piccola poesie erotiche in lingua volgare (dialetto di Siria)." To the earlier description description (Mai, (Mai, Catalogas, 487), he he adds only the identity Catalogus, 487), of the ms. idiom. Is it really really Syrian? Vellum cover, 15 xx 10, 58 unnumbered unnumbered leaves leaves ++ 22 Vellum cover, cm. cm. 15 10, consisting consisting of 58 flyleaves 13 erotic songs, starting starting flyleaves (1 (1 ++ 58 58 ++ 1). 1).The Thefirst first 19 19 leaves leaves contain contain 13 at f. f. lv Iv and andending endingatatf.f.19v. 19v.The Theremaining remaining39 39leaves leaves are areblank. blank. The The and its its nashi elegant. Each page page quire's appearance and nash~~calligraphy calligraphy are very elegant. double red red line line crossed crossed by by 99 white white ruled ruled lines. lines. The The songs' songs' is framed in aa double titles are set in in aa red red frame. frame. Dots Dots and and commas commas seem seem to tosuggest suggest chanting chanting pauses the end end of ofaasection, section, verse verse or orhemistich. hemistich. Thirteen Thirteen isis pauses rather than the number of of the the songs songs and andnot nottwelve, twelve, as as suggested suggested in inMai Mai (Catalogas, the number (Catalogus, th 487) who probably did not distinguish between the 10 (f. 16v) andthe the 487) who probably did not distinguish between the 10 (f. 16v) and ,h ll vowels, even quiescent quiescent suk sukîms, constantly 11th(f. (f. 17r) 17r) songs. songs. Short vowels, ~ns, are constantly annotated. 0 This codex, 17 among among the the oriental oriental mss. mss. that that once once belonged belonged to to This codex, nn° 17 1 Valle (1586-1652), (1586-1652), was to Rome Rome by by della della Valle Valle himhimPietro della Vallet was brought to 1 Pietro della della Valle Valle (Rome (Rome 1586-1652), 1586-1652), aa noble noble Italian Italian traveller, traveller, versifier versifier and and rhetorirhetori1 Pietro cian. Della Della Valle pilgrimage to to the the Holy Holy Land. Land. He He sailed sailed from fromVenice Venice (8th (8111 cian. Valle vowed vowed to to make make aa pilgrimage th June 1614) 1614) to to Istanbul. Istanbul. On On Sept. Sept. 25, 25, 1615, 1615, he he left left Istanbul Istanbul for for the the Holy Holy Land Land (8 (8 ιh March March June 1616) by Sina. He He journeyed journeyed through throughDamascus Damascustoto 1616) by way way of of Alexandria, Alexandria, Cairo, Cairo, and and Mount Mount Sina. Aleppo, and to Baghdad, Baghdad, Isfahan, Isfahan, Persepolis, Persepolis, Shiraz Shiraz and and Surat Sural(1623). (1623). He Heremained remained Aleppo, and thence thence to in India till till November November 1624. 1624. By By way and the the desert desert route routetotoAleppo, Aleppo, then then in India way of of Basra Basra -- Muscat Muscat and Alexandretta, della Valle finally Rome (March (March 28, 28, 1626), 1626), where where he he was was appointed appointed Alexandretta, della Valle finally reached reached Rome gentleman the bedchamber bedchamber by by Pope Pope Urban Urban VIII VIII and and died died in in 1652. 1652. He He wrote wrote aa full full diary diary gentleman of of the that was was addressed addressed as as 56 56 very very elaborate elaborate letters letters to to Mario Mario Schipano, Schipano, professor professorof ofmedicine medicine inin that Naples. This Diary is preserved in in the the Codex Codex Ottoboniano Ottoboniano Latino Latino 3382 3382 of ofthe theVatican Vatican Naples. This Diary is preserved Apostolic Library. Library. Apostolic

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12

MS. VATICAN VATICAN ARABIC ARABIC 366 366

travels (1614-1626); (1614-1626); this is to to be be considered consideredthe the post self during his travels this date is quem non for its production, but but itit may may well well be be much much older. older. ItIt remained remained quern in his heirs' heirs' possession possession until until 1719, 1719, when when della della Valle's Valles collection collection joined joined Vatican Apostolic Apostolic Library Library(Levi (Levi Della Della Vida, Vida, Ricerche, 2). song the Vatican 2). Its first song h is entitled as-Suwaysiyye with the the name name of of the the is as-Suwaysiyyek . This This has has nothing nothing to do with "Suaissi" ("ex ("ex cognomine cognomine auctoris auctoris Suaissi Suaissi insc inscripta"), (see Mai, Mai, author "Suaissi" ri pta"), (see Catalogas, 487), to the the nationality nationalityof ofhis his prosprosCatalogus, 487), but seems to be an allusion to (Egyptian/from Suwais) whom whom he he often oftencalls calls ['umm ['amm as-S as-Süsü], titute (Egyptian/ from Suwais) ~s~ ], because she she was admired admired for for her her genital genital organ organ (sus) (see 57). Was he he cause (see §§ 57). himself Egyptian? many Egyptian Egyptian linlinhimself Egyptian? This This is is suggested suggested by by the the fact that many guistic features are present present in in this this ms. ms. His Adressées § 2. 2. The The Author and His Adressees These songs by aa pious pious Muslim Muslim for for aapious piousMuslim Muslim These songs were were not written by community, as might might be be suggested suggested by: by: a) his appeals "yà yd muslim muslimin" 3v,6 & & 9; 9; 44r,3; his ardent appeals `y~~muslimin, muslim ~n, y~~ ~n" [f. [f. 3ν,6 r,3; 13r,7; 13v,2; 13v,2; 16 16v,2; 17r,6], ν,2; 17 r,6], b) his imploring imploring All Allah l-'arühi 1-'ummuh l-'ummuh ... ... [f. 13r,9], the ~h [wa-l-Ldhi [wa-l-L~hi 1-'ar~hí [f. 13r,9], (14v,6)] Prophet [be-n-nabi [be-n-nab~~dissü diss~~(12r,3)] [be-n-nabî hall~h yahuttuh (14ν,6)] [be-n-nab~~hallîh people of of Makka Makka [yd 'ahla and the people áhla Makkah (9v,2-3)], (9ν,2-3)], c) and his his seeking seeking forgiveness forgiveness ['astagfim l-Ldh yd rabb. rabb. 'an~~ 'and dalleyt dalleyt [ ástagfiru 1-L~h (16r,4-5)]. desperate pleas pleas for forsatisfaction satisfactionof ofphysical physicaldesire. desire. These are in fact desperate His allusions (that is, is, traversing traversing the the distance distance seven seven times) times) His allusions to the say sa Ý (that Safa and and Marwa Marwa [f. [f. 5r,7-9] 5r,7-9] do refer to to aashort shortpilgrimage pilgrimage between Saf~~ do not refer {'umm) holy places, places, but to to aa metaphorical metaphorical pilgrimage pilgrimage to to his hisbebe('umra) to two holy loved's breasts "are worth worth two two pilgrimages". pilgrimages". loved's breasts or eyes which, to him, "are The Say h 's turban (qubbat sheikh's dome, dome, cupola) cupola) to to .ayh's (qubbat '.'S .Sayh, ayh, litt. litt. the sheikh's but his his beloved's beloved's mons pubis (2v,2). which he refers is nothing but of aa neighborhood neighborhood or or of of aa The husayniyya husayniyya (which (which may may be be the name of Shi'ite meeting place place social and religious Sh ~`ite meeting meeting place) place) is is nothing nothing but a meeting may visit visit his his beloved's beloved's Sayh under her herbelly belly [f. [f. 3r,1] 3r, 1 ] {wa where he may fayh pleated under (Wa qubbat 'S Sayh taht 7 batn matniyyeh [f. 2v,2]) and caress it with his own qubbat '.ayh taht '1 barn matniyyeh [f. 2ν,2]) it with his own eyes (see also also §§ 57). 57). so many many desecrating desecrating invocations, invocations, it to suppose suppose In light of so it is natural to that our our anonymous anonymous Author Author was was not not Muslim Muslim himself. himself.

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§§ 1-3. 1-3. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION §§

13

The Author uses the masculine masculine gender gender to to address address his his beloved beloved The Author often often uses (( ? ' -' l [f. t [f. 5v,2]; ^j-í[f. 55v,l]: [f. 7r,5]). common ν,1 ]; [f. 7r,5]). But this is the common 5v,2]; ' + Lb [f. traditional Arabic Arabic poetry poetry since since the the preislamic preislamic period period22,, so, so, there usage in traditional is to speculate speculate about about his his sexual sexual inclination, inclination, as as the the promiscuity promiscuity is no need to he describes leaves no doubt (¿X,} Jí [f. 110v,4-5]) his tentenhe describes leaves no doubt ( '¿LlS' .t . ji-j : 3 [f. Ον,4-5]) about his dency to direct sexual desire toward toward the the opposite oppositesex. sex. Faced with such aa ms., ms., the the main mainquestion questionan anArabist Arabistasks askshimself himselfís: is: Faced why the Author Author fully fully vocalise vocalise such such vulgar vulgar and and vernacular vernacular songs? songs? why did the Also, well decorated? decorated? The The only only ananAlso, why why is is its its calligraphy calligraphy so so elegant and well give is the following: following: this quire was was commissioned commissioned by by aa non non swer we can give native wealthy man, to to be be used used by by aa non-native non-native chorus. chorus. The euphonic tad~d taSdîd is always placed over the the so-called so-called solar solar letters letters is always The following article Jl, e.g. 1I (2r,6): (2r,6): dï-al-Sah-hà-qa, following the definite article d~-al-§αh-h~-qa, mark'j, e.g. ing their assimilation: assimilation: diS-Sah-hd-qa. annotation of of the the sosodig-.ah-h~-qa. Such a steady annotation lar letters in in aa colloquial colloquial context context is is aa rarity, rarity, for forany anynative nativespeaker speakershould should have aquired these elementary elementary habits since childhood. childhood. Had it not not been been have squired these destined to aa non-native non-native target, target, such such spelling spelling would would have have been beenconsidconsiddestined ered childish. Had it it not not been been for for the the song's song's prosody, prosody, spelling spelling would would have have been absent or or occasional. occasional. only three three non-vocalised non-vocalised lines lines of of our our ms. ms. are areaakind kindof ofamamIn fact, the only biguous intendend to to be be sung. sung. We We find find them them at at biguous dedication and were not intendend of the second second song: song: the end of "May Allàh us ['alaynà] Tal'at [a proper proper name name which which also also "May Allàh protect protect over us [ álayn~] Tal'at means means the look, look, the appearance appearance of of ...] ...] our our master masterand andlord lordwho whoisiswatching watching reading in in ititand andlearning learningfrom fromit.it.Amen!" Amen!"[f. [f.4r,7-9]. 4r,7-9]. over [this book], reading This means that this this quire quire was was commissioned commissioned by by this this lord lord Tal'at Tafat who who This was not aa native was native speaker speaker and and was was not not able able to toplay playand andsing singcorrectly correctly without full full vocalisation vocalisation and correct correct syllabisation. syllabisation. But But was was this this quire quire without destined for personal personal use by this this Tal'at, Tal'at, for for use use by by the the members members of ofhis his destined personal brothel, or or by by both? both? In Incarefully carefullyexamining examining some somerefrains refrainswe we personal may note that the the fatha before the suff. suff. sg sg22 m. -(a)k and the kasra before the suff. suff. sg sg22 fern. fern. -(i}k missing despite despite their their indispensable indispensable gender gender -(i)k are missing 1 > [1 k~na kàna and to the fact fact that that yu'jibak yu'jibak >> k~n > needed one more more syllable syllable in in order order to tofit fitthe the14-syllable 14-syllablestrucstrucya'jibuka needed of the the previous previous verse. verse. ture of This the traditional traditional strophic strophic songs, songs, that thatall all This strategy strategy is is so so common in the the same same refrain refrainwith withits itsmodified modifiedversion versioninin we have to do is to compare the 1 Or,3-9: f. 10r,3-9: Yd Υ

nd η~~ — di d~~ —

a '~~

yii y ν

li — vν W(a) ki W( α) rak ki — ν 'in ka kd ——

Wa

α) d wâ n(a)k n(a)k 'in lak ~~ 'a r(a)d r( 'in lak leyl ω~~ ν — — — — — tab ta bâ si qa 1(a)' tuh tah s~~ ga 1(α) ` tuh b~~ vν νv ___ ν — — —v — bak sir ra tuh wa' (~~ ti ka tuh wa' ra ν ν — — — —— h~~ di na mà bak hâ m~~ yu' ji ν ν —— ν —— —

fiy fïy yeh yeh

—

—

lay yeh rij lay yeh ___ — — — day yeh nah day yeh — — — h(i)1 1(i)y h(i)l l(i)y yeh yeh ——

~l n. 16 Now compare our verses verses with with this this erotic erotic maww mawwâl 16 collected collected in Now nd 20th century in Cairo Cairo by by Fanjul Fanjul (Mawwa:l, (Mawwad, 119) the 2 nd half of the 20th 1. Ya: 1. Υα:

mar — 2. Mak tu:b — 3. Ι1 Il bun —

ka

'il bil hubb wat ti: — — — ν 'a la 'il 'ak bun ni: 'a la ν — — — — ν :n ni: li-l hi:' wid wid dukh dukh kha kha;n li-1 bi:' — — — — — — —

'a: li: ~~ k il 'a 'a: — — — ν w w dukh dukhkha: kha. ni: ν — — — fish lish sha ri: — ν

νa, relates to the syllable syllable structure, which is is trochaic trochaic in in Α A and Β B and atrochaic atrochaic in in CC (see (see Pal Palva, Metrical-'94, 94-95). 94-95). Metrical-'94,

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18

ARABIC366 366 MS. VATICAN VATICAN ARABIC

ri: ma: sha: sha: ri: ri: ya: 'am mi: ma: 'a:d á:d shi /ji hibr liibrsul 4. Sha: ri: mi: ma: sul ta: (a: ni: ni: — — — — ν — — — — — — — — — — —— — ——— — — — — — — — V hag gib gib 'a li: lal ra:h wa wa la: la: ga: ga: ni: n i: 5. Ak tub wa wa hag 'a lai li: ra:h — ν ν —— — — — ν ——— Da:l li: 1~: ha dar dar sadd ya: 'e:n 'e:n wil ii: gha luh :b nib nib 'at 6. Da:l sadd ya: wil li: gha:b 'at luh — — — — — — — vν — — — — — — —— — — — — ___ 7. Tís w tis 'i:n 'i:n ga ga bi: bi: la di: m ilil asl asl tit tit fa:t 7. Tis 'a'a w la lilí 'a~~ di: m fa:t luh luh —— — — — — —— vν — vν ν v vν — _____ love, strike your high Ship of love, high sails: sails: My coffee coffee and and my my tobacco tobacco (are tossing) in them My them The brown to sell and The and the the grey grey to to buy. buy. ohman, man,there there isis no no longer longer ink of truth truth -Buy what you buy — - oh left and and not returned. I write and plot with him who has left He who who was was present present filled the vacuum, vacuum, my my eyes, eyes, and and to to get him He filled the him who is absent we send. even ninty nifty nine 7. Not even nine tribes tribes can can tame tame one one who who lacks lacks principles. principles.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

There is is no doubt that There that the the atrochaic atrochaic stucture stucturemade madequantitive quantitivescansion scansion no longer practicable and strengthened strengthened the the role role of of stress. stress. 5. Musical Musical and Prosodie Prosodic Innovations §§ 5. In addition to the the syllabic syllabic alteration alteration of of the the classical classical schemes, schemes, the the facfaclikely to have encouraged metrical innovations innovations is is the the interdeinterdetor most likely to have encouraged metrical pendency between music music and and poetry. poetry. It It is pendency between is from from singing singing that that people people 397) is is coined not vice coined melody melody and and metre metre and not vice versa. Bailey {Bedouin, (Bedouin, 397) right5 when the rights when he writes concerning his Bedouin Bedouin Poetry Poetry from from Sinai and the Negev: "It an illiterate illiterate person person can cancomcom"It seems seems unlikely unlikely to to the the present writer that an pose since this this requires requires aa knowledge knowledge pose poetry poetry according according to quantitative meter, since of too only be comprehended by seeing the written word too many rules that can only on the page". page". 5 long time, time, the the structural structuralinnovations innovations of ofthe thepost-classical post-classical genres genres were were mainly mainly 5 For a long attributed to foreign foreign patterns patterns (see (see Baumstark, Baumstark, Altsylische, 345-347)or orto to the the union union between Altsyrische, 345-347) the classical classical 'ariid the troubadour troubadour genre genre (see (see Pérès, Pérès, Troubadours, ár~d and the 107-130)giving givingbirth birth the Troubadours, 107-130) to the muwaSSah the popular popular zajal. former, Cor Corriente to the and the zajal. Concerning Concerning the the former, ri ente (Acento (Acento and and muwafah and Metrical) supports its its accentual accentual scansion, scansion, while while Cachia Cachia (Mawwdl) claim Metrical) (Maww~l) and and Cotton Co rt on (Zajal) (Zajal) claim it is quantitative.

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§§ 4-7. PROSODY §§

19 19

Is it not hid~~, based based upon free Is not from from the theoldest oldestpre-íslamíc pre-islamic caravan caravan hida, free rhythm, intonation and and stress, rhythm, intonation stress, that that the the long, long, monorhythmic monorhythmic and and monorhyming qaslda gas~da was was classified? classified? Is Is itit not under the influence of the influence of the the st 1st music introduced in the 1 century of the Hejira by the female rhythmic music female singing slaves gayna) (Asad, Qiyàn) Qiy~n) and and non-Arab (giy~n s. qayna) slaves {qiyàn non-Arab musiciansb musicians6 that rhythm rhythm was was introduced introduced to to Arabic Arabic music music and and generated generated new new artistic artistic and Persian al-ha/if and ar -rajaz, and metres like like al-hafïf ar-rajaz, Persian structured strophic strophic verses verses like dubayt/muzdawij and murabba'? dubayt/muzdawij murabba'? th th During the 88th-9th -9 centuries, one one of of the the seven seven post-classical post-classical genres genres (the (the emigrated with with his maw~liyya) was in fashion in ~b emigrated mawàliyya) was in Baghdad? Baghdad7 when when Zíry Ziryàb music synthesis from Baghdad Baghdad to to Cordoba (in 822) music synthesis from Cordoba (in 822) through through the the Maghreb, stimulating new popular popular genres like the zajal. zajal. Maghreb, When these genres found When found their their way way back backto toBaghdad Baghdad(12th (12th century) century) s~~ f circles88 through the Maghreb and Egypt, they spread throughout the Maghreb the süfiï circles in Bilâd Bil~d aS-Sàm a.§-g~m and Egypt, Egypt, and achieved remarkable success success during the who, according to 10 rule of the Mamluk Mamluk Sultans99 (1250-1517) (1250-1517) who, to Ibn Ibn 1{ajja Hajja10 ~l. (d. 1433), used to hire their (d. 1433), used their own own court-zajj court-zajjdl. In the (d. prob. in the 151 1st half half of of the the14th 14,h century, century, according according to toal-Hí11í al-Hilli (d. in 11 there were seven main post-classical 1348) and to to Ibn Hajja 11,, there 1348) and post-classical poetic poetic gengenBoth al-Hill res {al-funün (al-fun ~n as-sab`). as-sab'). Both al-Hilli~~ and and Ibn Ibn Hajja Hajja classified classified them them acaccording to their their linguistic linguistic variant variantas asfollows: follows; mu'rab (arabic)

d~ bayt gar~d, muwaiSah muwa∆. ah and dübayt qarïd,

muzannam (mixed)

maw~liyya mawàliyya

gayr mu'rab (vernacular) mu 'rab (vernacular)

h~m~q kàn k~η u lean, k~n, zajal and himdq

and They both stated that in ~r Bakr people ignored zajal zajal and They both in Iraq Iraq and and Diy Diyár h ~m~q and used their own hijdzt hij~ z ~~and qomd. g~m~ . himdq 6

6 For For example example Ibn Ibn Xuways Tuways (d. (d. 710) 710) and and Ibn Ibn Misjah Misjah (d. (d. c. c. 715) 715) who who grew grew up up under the Zajal, 218. 218. ~~in~ ', 307 307 and and Azzouna, Zajal, Byzantine and and Persian Persiancivilisations; civilisations; see see Dayf, Dayf, Cina', 77 and ~lib~~ in his Yat~mat al-dahr and It was was documented documented before before the the 10t 10thh century century by by at-Tá at-Ta'àlibi his Yatïmat during the the 13 13111 century by by al-Magríb al-Magribi~~ (d. 1275). 1275). th century 8 See Bàia B~t~~(Adab, (Adab, 534-586). 8 See 9 See Ibn Hald~n, Haldiin, al-Muqaddima, al-Mugaddima, 9 See 10

351-352.

had, the zajal in (27-28 and and 129), 129), Ibn Ibn Hajja Hajja informs us that the in Bilad ΒiΙ d ai-Sám a. - ~ m had, 10In In his his Bulüg Βul~g (27-28 in his his time, time, its its own own arbiters arbiters and and that that Sultan Sultanan-N an-Nâsir Qalawün (ruler of Egypt and Syria Syria in ~ιir Qalaw~n from 1279-1290) 1279-1290) was committee whose whose task task was was to to judge judge from was once once compelled compelled to to nominate nominate a committee which Damascus or or the the other other representing representingHama, Hama,was wasbest. best. which zajjal, zajj~l, the one representing Damascus 11

Βul~g 138. 11 See See al-Hilli, al-Hílli, al-'Átil, al i1ä1, 6-8 6-8 and and Ibn Ibn Hajja, Iiajja, Bulüg, 138. -

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VATICANARABIC ARABIC366 366 MS. VATICAN

6. The The Corpora Corpora of Popular Songs §§ 6. Our corpus reflects reflects many many aspects aspects of of the the Syro-Egyptian Syro-Egyptian popular popular melmelody. Some Some of its ody. its melodies melodies are are also also well well known known elsewhere. elsewhere. They They are are largely monophonie, monophonic, subject subject to to a floating largely floating intonation. Some are arranged arranged for solo solo execution, execution, others others are antiphonal and and responsoríal; responsorial; some some are are sylsyllabic labic and rhythmic, while others are are melismatic. melismatic. They They may be accompanied by hand nied hand clapping, clapping, belly belly dancing, dancing, percussion percussion (tamburines, (tamburines, drums, drums, darabukka), stringed stringed instruments instruments (ribèba or 'üd) '~d) and and a variety of flutes dambukka), n~y or sabbàbah, sabb~bαh, clarinet-like clarinet-like (single-reed) (single-reed) double-piped double-piped instrucalled nây instruments such as the dunay, dungy, zamm~rah used in folk and urgül, urg~l, used ments such zammàrah and folk events events and open-air ceremonies. The popular poetry we are dealing with is often improvised according The to a short musical musical theme theme which which serves serves as as an an example example for for poetry poetry composicomposition. Some tion. Some of these these themes themes are are part partofofthe theseven sevenpost-classical post-classicalgenres, genres, others are local others local songs. songs. As As for the refrain, refrain, itit may may be be repeated repeatedexactly, exactly, or or have a slight variation. variation. It may be a reiteration of have of the the last last verse verse of a stanza stanza sung sung by by a soloist, soloist, or or aasingle single and andfixed fixed verse verse repeated repeated between between each each math' starting with 'alâ á1â dal'ónà, dal`~n~, stanza, as for for example example an an opening opening verse verse matla' ya wëlî, w~l~, yd y~~lèi, etc. y~~mïjanà, m~jan~, ah ~h yd y~~ummî, umm ~, ya y~~`~n, l~l, etc. yd en, yd The basic basic unit of a strophic song is the stanza that The that may may be be of of different metres sections. Its length is subordinated to to the the metres and comprise different sections. type of melody melody and and to its rhythmic type rhythmic structure. structure. In In syllabic syllabic song, song, the the musimusical to the the syllabic syllabic scansion, scansion, but but its its cadence cadence cal tempo, tempo, when regular, adapts to is not always is always regular, compelling the singer singer to to constantly constantly adjust adjust the thesylsyl12 labic structure, making it shorter labic shorter or or longer longer according to need 12.. §§ 6.1. MuwaSSah, the Arab Arab counΜuwas.§αh, originating in Spain, soon conquered the tries. Africa, itit reached Egypt, Yemen Orient. It It is is aa tries. Via Via North North Africa, reached Egypt, Yemen and and the Orient. stanzaic meant for for musical musical recitation, recitation, composed composed in inClassiClassistanzaic poetic genre meant cal Arabic vernacular Arabic Arabic Arabic and and ending with a (harja) that that was mostly in vernacular or Romance. Romance. The The lines of the muwaSsah muwaah may may be be divided divided into into two, two, three or four segments. segments. The The segments segments of a line line may may be be of of equal equal or ordifferent different length. of stanzas — — often five five — rhymes: the length. The The number of — had had separate rhymes: first one (aaabb introductory (aaabb /cccbb) was was often often preceded preceded by by two two or more introductory lines, matla' {ab cccab cccab /dddab), /dddab), sung soloist and and repeated repeated by by a math` (ab sung by by aa soloist chorus. last of of chorus. Stanzas Stanzas were were separated separated by by common common rhyme rhyme lines, lines, the the last 12 12

"Autrefois, les les expressions expressions subissubis"Autrefois, les voyelles, voyelles, les les consonnes, consonnes, les les syllabes, syllabes, les les mots mots et et les saient mutilations énormes énormes pour pourépouser épouserl'air l'airchanté chanté..." ..."Abdel-Nour Abdel-Nour (Étude, 105). (Étude, 105). saient des des mutilations

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§§ 4-7. 4-7. PROSODY PROSODY §§

21 21

jarcas in the almost always always identified identified with with the the (jareas). (jarcas). The jareas which was almost closing stanzas introduced by formulae such "I sang, sang, said; said; closing stanzas were were introduced by formulae such as "I he/she/it said", where, occasionally, the girl directs her her lament lament to to he/she/it sang, sang, said", where, occasionally, the girl may address as as "yà 'ummi". ~". her mother, whom she may "y~~'umm a'-dm, usually imBilàd as-Sdm, imis a common responsal song in Bil~d § 6.2. 'Atdba `At ~ba is provised between composed of three lines lines repeating repeating aa provised between two two soloists soloists and and composed homonymie suggesting different fourth line line homonymic rhyme rhyme suggesting different meanings. meanings. The The fourth followed by by a refrain. According According to many many scholscholrhymes with db ~b or dba, ~ba, followed ars, its metre metre is is aa kind kind of of w~ftr wdfirn peculiar Mesopotamian Mesopotamian form form is is 13. Its peculiar ars, its díyya. οr diyya. called abudiyya fourth line line ending in iyya or abudíyya with the fourth Mu'annd stanzaic song song (< (< mugannd). stanzas is is mugaηΡn~). Each of its stanzas is a stanzaic § 6.3. Mu ann~~is composed of four sections composed sections followed followed by a ritornello. ritornello. The The first first three threesecsections are melismatic, tions melismatic, while while the fourth fourth is is destined destined to to be be repeated repeated by bythe the Audience. originated in Iraq §§ 6.4. 6.4. Mawdliyd Iraq during during the theearly early'Ab'AbΜaw~liy~~or Mawwdl Μaww~l originated '~. then ex(aaaa) rub~ bàsid period as a monorhyming quatrain (aaaa) called rubaï. It then exmonorhyming quatrain b~sid tended all the the way way to to Egypt Egypt and and North NorthAfrica, Africa, assuming assuming aavariety variety of of tended all multi-rhyming compositions, resulting resulting from from the the insertion in multi-rhyming compositions, in the the fourth fourth a'raj; b) ~l ara/; line (aaaxa) (aaaxa) in the case of the maww mawwdl place of a) one unrhymed line maww ~l bbb a) in three lines lines of of different different rhymes rhymes (aim (aaa bbb in the case case of of the the mawwdl c) four, bagdddî four, five five or or even even seven seven lines lines with with alternating alternating nυ `m~n ; c) bαgd~d~~. or nu'mànî; mard~f (upper Egypt), rhymes (aaa (aaa bebebe the mardüf Egypt), etc. etc. (Cachia, (Cachia, bcbcbc ddd ddd a) a) in the Mawwdl, 95-99). mawwdl is usually usually introduced by by aa vocative vocative forforΜaww~l, 95-99). The The mαww~l y~~ ~~nayum al-ley! mula (Hey, (Hey, you our first first song: song: yyd al-leyl ... ... or yd mula you who...) who...) as as in our "The word maww ~l stands for ddkhil mawwdl for an an interpretative interpretative freefreed~khil il-karm(i). íl-karm(i). "The song, with tune. The The words words sung sung may may fall fall within the the norms norms dedesong, with no no set tune. ritailed above, above, but more often often rhythmic rhythmic and and rhyming rhyming regularity regularity are aresac sacriand the coherence of the Μaw~liy~) ficed to dramatic dramatic effect" effect" (Cachia, (Cachia, Mawdliyd) the coherence of the ficed (jin~s) causing meaning is sacrified sacrified to fit fit paronomasia paronomasia (jinds) causing unpleasant linlinmeaning maww ~l scansion, Bencheartifices14 (see hadd in f. 11r). llr). In the the mawwdl Bencheguistic artifices 14 (see (Μαww ~l, 83) rec(ètude, 105) 105) and and Cachia (Mawwdl, 5: 415), 415), Abdel-Nour Abdel-hour (Étude, neb (EI 1',, 5: ognise the basït bas~t metre:

13

v-w-/v-w-Nα1-w~fir. v-w-/v-w-/v— 103) attributes the metre metre al-wafir. 13 To Το the 'ataba. át~ba, Abdel-Nour Abdel-Now (Étude, 103)

change into into-v--. -v~. where v-w- may change 14 14 ~l, see Concerning the unnatural unnatural linguistic linguistic features features of ofthe theEgyptian Egyptianmaww mawwdl, see Fanjul Fanjul Concerning (Mawwad, 106-107) and Cachia Cachia (Maww (Mawwdl, 103). (Mawwa:l, ~l, 85-86 and 103).

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22

MS. VATICAN VATICAN ARABIC ARABIC 366 366 —

ν —

V νV ν

ν

I

— — ν -1 —v—II VV ii ν ν

ν

I

ν

odes that that elbowed elbowed its its way way into into the the § 6.5. Sèurûqî ur~g~~is one of the Bedouin odes urban context. Using an Arabian one-string spike-fíddle (rebaba), Bedouurban context. Using an Arabian one-string spike-fiddle (reb~ba), ins used to execute their art art in in the the bazaars bazaarsand andininthe thehouses housesofofnotables. notables. From linguistic point of view, view, the does not use his his own own mother mother From a linguistic the poet poet does tongue familiar Bedouin Bedouin dialect. dialect. Like Like the the Provençal Provençal idiom idiom of ofthe the tongue but aa familiar Troubadours, this kind of of Bedouinised Bedouinised idiom fascinated fascinated the the public public and and Troubadours, evoked Many poets poets composed composed in in aapseudo-Bedpseudo-Bedevoked legends legends from from the the past. Many idiom, but in in these these cases, cases, like like in in that that of ofthe theProvençal, Provençal, they they left left aa ouin idiom, trace of their native idiom. Their rhythmic rhythmic and and rhyming rhyming errors errorswere weredisdisguised by melody of their their rebaba. 102-103) atguised by the melody reb~ba. Abdel-Nour Abdel-hour (Étude, 102-103) tributes this kind kind of al-basït (~v-/-v-/~v-/—//~v-/-v-/~v-/-v-) to the the sur~g~. surüqí. al-bas ~t (--v-/-v-/--v-/---//--v-/-v-/--v-/-v-) (around 1179-1225) 1179-1225) and and only only cultivated cultivated by by §. 6.6. Qümd Q~ m~~was invented (around the people people of Baghdad Baghdad for the the purpose purpose of of calling calling people people to to break break their their fast during last part part of of the the night nightof ofRamadan Ramadanby bycalling calling qqümd li-sfast during the last ~m~~lí-seach stanza. stanza Its Its language language was wasstrictly strictlydialectal. dialectal. Later, Later,this this sahar after each genre used to to express express love, love, wine-drinking, wine-drinking, etc. etc. Two Two types types of ofqqümd genre was used ~ m~~ have been identified identified by by Bencheneb Bencheneb & & Pellat Pellai (a1-K~ (al-Kümd). The first first was was have m~ ). The made up of of strophes strophes of offour fourhemistiches hemisticheswhere wherethe the1st 1st,, 2nd 2nd and and 4th 4th were of the same same length length and and rhyme, rhyme, while while the the 3rd 3rcl was was longer longer and did did not not rest. The The second second type type was was made made up upof ofthree threehemistiches hemistiches rhyme with the rest. but of of increasing increasing length. length. of the same rhyme, but Genre

variation

stanza

rhyme

4+10 sections

abab cdcdcdabab, cdcdcdabab, efefefabab efefefabab

2+5 sections 2+5

cccbb aa bbbbb, cccbb

4 sections 4

aaba, ccdc

8 sections

abababab

12 12 sections

abcabcabcabc abcabcabcabc

abüdiyya ab~diyya

4 sections sections 4

bbb(iyya) aaa(iyya), bbb(iyya)

'ataba 'ataba mu'anna mu'attn~~

4 sections

aaa(àba), ccc(ba) ccc(àba) aaa(ba),

++ matla' matla`

4+4 sections

bbba aaaa bbba

murabba' mura bba ` aa'raj `raj

4 sections

aaaa

5 sections

aaaba

muwassah

dübayt d~bayt mardüf mard tif mardûff al-mard~~ al-mardüff mard~~

mawwâl maww ~l

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23 23

§§ 4-7. PROSODY §§

nυ 'm~n~/bagd~d~~ nu'mam/hagdadï

77 sections

15 aaabbba15 aaabbba

7. The The Strophic Strophic and and Syllabic Syllabic Structures Structures of our Manuscript §§ 7. Since the Author himself chose chose not to indicate Since indicate the the genre genre of ofhis his songs songs and indeed artistically mixed together several variants and metres metres within within the same song, have chosen chosen to to do the same song, we have same and and to to limit limit ourselves ourselves to to illustrating the strophic strophic and and syllabic syllabic structures structures of ofthe thems. ms. f.

syllables, verses, verses, stanzas stanzas and refrains syllables,

rhymes rhymes

13 12 12 11

14 14 12 12

14 4+41 4+4+4 +4 +4Ι 4+4+4+4 14 4+41 4+4 4+4+41 14 4+41 4+4 4+4+41 14 4+41 ±41 4+4+4+4 12 4+4 4+4+414+4+4 +4 12 4+411 4+4+41 4+4+4+4 12 4+41 12 4+41 4+4+414+4+4+4 4+4+41 4+4+4+4

bc dbe dbe aafa asfa aaaa be bc dbe aafa bbbb be bc dbe aafa bbbb be bc dbe aafa bbbb be

8 8 8 8 8

8 8 8 8 8

2 +2 12+21 2+2 2+21 2+21 2+2 2 +212+2 2+21 2+2 2+21.22+2 +2 ` 2+21 2 +212+2 2+21 2+2 2 +212+2 2+21 2+2 ,

éyn a+way a +w~y aab 6 yya a eyn aaa 4 ya ya 'eyn éyn cc bbb 44 yyaa 'eyn éyn b+vmy b +w~y bbb ddd 4 yyaa 'eyn 'eyn e+wây e +w~y ddd éyn e+wây e +w~y ccc 44 ya 'eyn

III 4v1 4vl 8+71 8+71 8+71 8+71 8+71

8+7 6/8+7 8+7 8+7

18+7 18+7 18+7 18+7

+7 i8 18+7 18+7 Ι8+7 18+7 18+7

Ν IV 5v' 5vl 5+61 5+61 7+71 6+61 5+51 5+51 5+51

5+4+51 4+4+5 5+4+51 6+6+51 4+4+5 6+6+51 4+4+51 4+4+6 4+4+51 4+4+51 4+4+5 4+4+51 3+3+71 3+3+71 4+4+6 3+3+61 3+3+4 3+3+61

Ivi

II

13 12 14 11

3r1 8 3rl 8 8 8 8

V 7v' 4+4+41 4+4+4 V 7vl 4+4+41 8 9 5+4+51 8 5+4+51 8 8 8 8

6 8 8 8

88+way +w~y 8 8 +w~y 8+wày 8 +w~y 8+way 8 +w~y 8+way

dc ababac dc dc ebebfc dc gbgbhc dc dc gbgbhc fbfbfc dc dc aa bed bcd efd aa ggd hhd hhd ff ggd ffd ffd iií i ffd ffd ffd ffd jjji ffd ldclid lld bmd bmd kk nn ood nn ood ood ood

8 8

~1~~yd y~~lay laylI 6 'alâ bcb [matla'] [matla.`] beb dcddd deddd eefe ggge

15

bagdadi, the first three three lines lines are are homonymic, homonymie, as in the the 'ataba 15In In the mawwal maww~l bagd~d~, the first as ín át~ba and and abudiyya. abυdiyya.

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24 24

MS. VATICAN MS. VATICAN ARABIC ARABIC 366 366

8vl 8+71 8+71 VI 8v' 8+71 8+71 8+71 8+71 8+71 8+71

8+71 8+71 7+71 7+71 7+71 8+71 8+71

8+71 8+71 8+61 8+61 8+61 8+81 8+81

14 14 14 14 14 114 4

ababac cc (in (in ah\) ababac ill) dbbbdc c (in âh\) ~h!) dededc cc (in (in ahi) dededc ~h!) fgfghc c (in (in ~h!) ahi) fgfghc

VII 12[+1] VIΙ lOrl l Orl 12[+ 1] 4+4 4+4 12 12 88 6+7 6+7 10 10 13 13 13 13 8 99 99 11 11 88 77 9 9 99 99 88 99

113 Ι 13 14+4 14+4 112 112 88 6+6 6+6 10 10 13 13 13 13 88 99 88 88 88 66 10 10 9 9 99 77 99

113 113 14+4 14+4 112 112 88 13 13 77 13 13 13 13 4+4 4+4 88 99 88 88 77 99 99 99 88

14+41 4+4+414+4+4 4+4+41 4+4+4 1113 13 14+41 14+4 14+4 112 Ι12 6 8 68 88 88 10 10 13 13 13 4+414+4+414+4+4 13 4+41 4+4+41' 4+4+4 2+21 2+2188 2+2177 2+21 2+2199 2+21 4+4 18 4+4 18 88 2+2 17 17 2+2 10 77 10 10 10 88 10 10

aaaa ab cca cca ddd ddd aaaa dd ed fg hg dd hg hhhh [paronomasia] hhhh [paronomasia] aaaaai aaaaai jajaaa jajaaa kbjb kbjb dddd dddd aaaa bd eeb fff aaaa eeb fff 11mm mm [2 y à '~n] en] 11 llmm mm [2 y~~ 111 mm mm [2 [2 y~~ yâ '~n] en] ηn lll ooo mm [2 y~~ yâ '~n] en] hh οοο mm [2 jjq mm mm [3 [3 y~~ yâ 'en] jjq '~n] s nnnt nnnt uuu [2 yâ υυυ mm mm [2 y~~'en] `~n] u

VIII 15rl 11 11 1III15r1 12 12 11 11

15 15 12 12 12 12

12 12 10 10 14 14

15 15 13 13 16 16

aaaa aaaa bbbb bbbb cccc cccc

IX 16vl 11 16ν' 11 IX

10 10

11 11

10 10

aaaa aaaa

X Χ

16vl 12 16ν ' 12

12 12

14 14

XI 17rl 11 17r1 11

10 10

11 11

11 11

aaaa

17vl 8+6 8+6 XII 17v1

9+6 8+6 6+6

18+7 19+6 18+6 18+6

19+6 18+6 18+6

18+618+6 18+6 18+6 18+618+6 18+618+6 18+6 18+6

abab (mat/a') (malla') abab cdcdcd abab abab cdcdcd efefef abab efefef abab ghghgh abab ghghgh abab

XIII 18v 14 ΧΙIΙ 18ν 14 8+8 8+8 7+7 7+7 8+7 8+7

18+8 18+8 16+6 16+6 18+7 18+7

18+8 18+8 18+8 18+8 18+8 15+8 15+8 18+8

(malla' in in âh) ~h) aa (ma(la` bebe bcbc dedede bcbc bebe dedede fgfgfg bebe fgfgfg bcbc

vww viviv www wwvv iiiv 111ν aaav aaav

yy • ••

17+5 17+5 18+7 18+7

aaa aaa

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III Ill 8 23. ORTHOGRAPHY AND AND PHONETICS PHONETICS §§ 8-23. -

§ 8. Introduction Texts written written in Middle Texts Middle and and Neo-Arabic Neo-Arabic do not have have aa shared sharedcanoncanonised orthography. Their transcriptions vary according to the provenance ised transcriptions vary according to the provenance of the Author/Copyist, Author/Copyist, their their degree degree of phonetic phonetic realism, the literary literary genre genre and the orthographic orthographic model model they they consider more prestigious or to to which which they were exposed exposed and and are are thus imitating. they were imitating. Such Such aa model model isis not notalways always Standard Arabic. Standard Arabic. c § 9. Declension The register of our ms. varies from an The an elegant elegant poetic poetic SA SA to one one of of the the most vulgar registers of of living living speech, especially especially in obscene obscene utterances. utterances. When declension declension is is annotated, annotated, it may be in conformity with with the norms of Ι v,2]), if if the the meter permits. SA [[1v,2]), SA (e.g. (e.g. ¿lli. plil permits. Otherwise Otherwise itit complies complies with rhyme, vocalic vocalic harmony and and the the syllabic syllabic cadence cadence of of the thesong. song. This This ~.,.s is why the same expression expression may may be be vocalised vocalised differently differently elsewhere: elsewhere: ¿111.^1(11^1-2). '.0 e tL' (1 Ιν,1 2). riHow corpus where where prosody prosody is is the the main main ccriHow must one interpret such aa corpus ,-¿3 .-sjjl .'~~ (7r,2) aa correct terion? Is the the case case of of the the imperative imperative(o^l) (4) in terion? Is in ., µJ11ó (7r,2) imperative of of aa N imperative IV verbal verbal form, form, aapseudo-correction pseudo-correction of of aa IIverbal verbal form form ( ‚i) or a prosodic (ó) prosodie arrangement arrangementtotoget geta abisyllabic bisyllabicform form(— (- v) which might might counterbalance that of (3l¿ ?? counterbalance that of (— v)v) g11ó What makes these songs so special special artistically is mainly mainly this this floating floating strategy, delicate artistic mixture, mixture, one one that that isishighly highly strategy, which which produces produces a delicate ris, as as in melodic, rhythmic linguistically variegated variegated and and sui generis, in melodic, rhythmic and linguistically sui gene 41r (16r,7), even applied applied to the the excluexclu(16r,7), where where declension declension is is even :Jáí (14r,4). sively colloquial verb.óΤ .«T .'Jcút (14r,4). colloquial verb It is no no wonder, wonder, then, then, that that we we encounter theaffirmative affirmative case case where where the « encounter « be expected expected (Jdll colloquial m. (α:111 rlilLi ¡3rl ‚. ηΡi 13ο f.f. 1lv,3), ν,3), or or the colloquial the jussive is to be sg. suffix -ak ¿ÚUj gj„ (6r,8) The -'ik instead of -ik ~~U,o. (6r,8) to to avoid avoid altering the rhyme. The sg. same cases, likelike thatthat of Ojy. (12r,2), or or same can canbe besaid saidfor fordifferent different cases, of ,.:ÿ (12r,2), -

'á

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26

is. VATICAN VATICAN ARABIC ARABIC 366 366 MS.

4. (lOv.S), oÿ13 aÍV (10ν,8), or ey\j (12r,9-13 ν,1). In ,Á~ ~~~ «úiij 4 (12r,9-13v,l). In the the case Ails case of líiL•i (13r,3) the the rising instead of -(a)kum -(a)kum is is intended intended in in (13r,3) rising of of the the vowel vowel -(i)kum instead . (13r,4). order to produce a better better rhyme rhyme with "xilîj .¿JSTj (13r,4). Harmony is is not only Harmony only acoustic acoustic but but also also orthographic: orthographic: in in 'IA5 jUjll j4, the the (—)isisreplaced replacedby bythe thelong longvowel vowel^(phonetically short vowel vowel (—) (phonetically short) short) in in ‚ «jí(6ν,2 -3). In In the the order to fit with the the suffix suffix of of the preceding preceding rhyme rhyme ..Jbi (6v,2-3). h case of of oyL ~,.pJçL k(14r,9) 16,, the -~ -h after case (14r,9)16 the addition addition of of aa long long vowel vowel -üafter a is meant to j) to to match match the length length and the short -u- is to force force aa long long vowel vowel ((j) orthography of oy'. Ι . (14r,8) (14r,8) in in the preceding section. ,

Tanw ~n §10. Tanwîn 167-212)and and in in the the modem modern Both in Middle Middle Arabic (Blau, Emergence, 167-212) Bedouin dialects, dialects, the tanwîn tanw~n has has been preserved Bedouin preserved and denotes indefinite indefinite (a part part of it), it), etc. etc. In many nouns regardless of the case, as in in jiz'-in jiz'-in minh (a has survived survived as as an adverbial morpheme, urban and and Bedouin Bedouin dialects dialects -an -an has matai-in /matai-an (for example) or mbdsir-in/mbaSar-an mb ~sir-in/mb~. ar--an (soon). (soon). e.g. matal-in/matal-an is optional. optional. It may may be be applied applied and ignored in a In our ms., the tanwîn tanw~n is single expression, - jSCbut when single expression, [18v,5]; but when it is is applied, applied, declendeclen,ς [¿li18ν,5]; sion always respects the the norms normsof ofSA: SA: 3 (16r,7-8), twice --~ ° for the accusative accusative e.g. e.g. G~ IsJc .~ ~~~~~(16r,7-8), in four times --'" for e.g. for the thegenitive genitive e.g. ; u je j (8r,2-3) un (1v,9). eleven times --°" for Sy- ~¿jj. for the the nominative nominativee.g. e.g.:,: y c ¿11 '1 (lv,9).

Only two two spelling spelling cases cases are are not in Only in conformity conformity with with SA SA orthography, orthography, m lh that is maybe > but rather rather with with those those of of MA: MA: that is in the case of --'n > -- 'l' maybe > èh áU .ill-t (12v,l) and . > ^: .¿^i .dill (15v,8). .1 a ~~(12ν,1) §11. The Glottal Stop (Hamza) The disappearance disappearance or or assimilation assimilation of of the the glottal stop is aa common, The glottal stop common, though independent, innovation innovation in in all all Semitic Semitic languages. languages. Actually, Actually, this phenomenon to almost almost all all the the NA NA dialects: dialects: bi'r bi'r >> bìr, b~r, ras ra s >> phenomenon is common to ras, sum>> .§~ Süm. to The classical classical Arabic Arabic orthography orthography of the hamza seems to r~s, su'm m. The be compromise between assimilated the the glottal glottal stop, stop. be a compromise between a dialect that has assimilated 16 16

{¿J) in the the margin. margin. ( 4 ) in

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ORTHOGRAPHY AND AND PHONETICS §§ 8-23. ORTHOGRAPHY

27

as in the the case case of ofthe thewestern westerndialects dialects of ofthe theAP AP (Hij (Hijazi), another as in ~z~), and another 17 dialect that that preserved preserved itit (Najd (Najdi) ~) 17.. of the hamza in our text may be interpreted as as aa habit habit of of The presence of standardisation or aa prosodic prosodie process, process, but but its its frequent frequentabsence absenceisisaareareasonable of its its disappearance. disappearance. "The "The regular dots of of sonable indication of regular use use of the dots yâ, to Classical Classical spelling spelling it it should should serve serve as as kursi yd, even even when according to kursî of may also as an an additional additional sign sign of ofthis thisphenomephenomehamza, may also be interpreted as non" (Blau, Grammar, Grammar, I: 84). For some pros prosodie reason, the graphemic graphemic qualqualοdic'reas οn, our Author annotates the ity of the hamza in a very precise way. syllabic initial, initial, way. When it indicates aa syllabic the auf alif separationis indicate separationis (hamzat (hamzat qat' qat` 1) 1)or or the madda TΤ was was used to indicate [cv] alif coniunctionis was (1) or orwithwith[cv] or a [cv], [cg], while the alif was annotated with () out wasla order to avoid avoid any syllabic interruption. wash in order interruption. §§ 11.1. 11.1. Initial Hamza The initial alif auf is is written, written, indicating alif alif coniunctionis, as follows: #

f.

15

Ι

ι:U

' ~'

#

2r,l 2r,1

0 iτ

ι166

s ft. ;~;

10v,3 10ν,3

f.

JI

58

J411Ι jcU J

S\ JÍ

2

JJi

111

~:.(Ι ~~~

lv,2 1ν,2 2r,5 lv,3 1ν,3

~1 t;l

With three exceptions exceptions (4v,4; (4v,4; 4r,9 and 5r,3), 5r,3), the the glottal glottal stop stopisisconsisconsisWith tently written 161 161 times with aa hamzat qat' qat ` or a hamzat madd to indicate a syllabic initial: #

i

f.

105

,.ÿ ¿;,1

f.

#

6r,2

JiJ1

8 14

Τ

3

2r,2

i

10

‚ l„Τ ¿lU» flií Jil.t''

o\ oT

lv,2 1v,2

J! J1

ο0

1

21

4.~ ^15IÁ oli

lv,8 1v,8

JI

Ο0

jf ~t"~Ι ¿-M jc L oT v

13v,7 13ν,7 5r,4

The initial initial hamza is is omitted omitted when when flanked flanked by by identical identical vowels vowels or or The when it occurs occurs at at the the beginning beginning of of aa word wordpreceded preceded by by aapreposition. preposition. when 17 (Ancient, 132) for a map map illustratin illustratingg the the absence absence of of the the hamza hamza in in prepre~ 7 See Rabin (Ancient, Islamic times.

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28

VATICAN ARABIC MS. VATICAN ARABIC 366 366

This may may help help to to explain explain the the historic historic passage passage from from the the SA SA min min áyn 'ayn This (whence?) (ay') (why?) Neo- Arabic Arabic interrogative interrogative (whence?) and lili {la) (la) 'ay 'ay s(ay') (why?) to to the Neoparticles mnayn /mn Armen? text. ~n? and laysIlèS? laya /l~ ? used in this text. Both SA SA äi and andNA NA .ju\ (hand) are present in our ms. The The spelling spelling of of the the λΙ (hand) present in our ms. former is 8r,5) irrelevant to our study. forthe thelatter, latter, former isstandard standard(^jù 8r,5) andand irrelevant to our study. AsAsfor are preceded preceded by by the the prepositions prepositions bi bi-it occurs seven times. Of these, three are orfx the initial initial hamza hamzaisistherefore thereforeomitted omitted(1.14 (ihw. 12r,7), 12r,7), (iláJ οr ~~ and the (,5 (:Já;; 12,9) (^jui 14r3). But is written written in in 14r3). But in in the the remaining four cases, the colloquial hamza is different ways: ways: four different 14r,9

14v,l 14ν,1

~λ.~

~

14v,2 14ν,2

f

14v,7 14ν,7

64,1

~'¡,

✓

11.2. Middle Hamza § 11.2. Classical spelling five times to the the middle middle hamza hamza (~Ι) ( jjb Classical spelling is is applied applied only five 18r,9; 4Lé ÍU 17r,4; 9r,6; ‚ y» 7r,7). In the remaining remaining 23 23 cases: cases: 18r,9; 17r,4; bs ιΡ ljí 3r,2 & 9r,6; — the middle hamza is elided in in the the final final syllabic syllabic position, position, thus thus the middle ís elided lengthening the preceding preceding vowel vowel [e.g. [e.g. SA: SA: bí-ra'-si-hi bi-ra'-si-hi > > bi-m-suh lengthening the bí-r~-suh (12r,2)]; (12r,2)1; — or replaced by ythe beginning beginningof ofaasyllable syllablee.g. e.g.SA: SA: nnd-'im nây at the ~-'im > ~~yim, n~~ nd yum: yím, -

'ii->-y(é)-

-> -y(é)-

# 13

-'i->-yu-'i-> -yu-

1

,

f. lv,2 1ν,2 jéC

-a'-> a~~

# 9

f. ~ l0

8v,5 8ν,5

2r,l 2r,1

§ 11.3. 11.3. Final Hamza Historically, the final position position is due due to to the the Historically, the elision elision of of hamza hamza in in the the final declension system system (of (of the the case case and and mood moodendings). endings). disappearence of the declension In no other other position position is is the the elision elision of of the the hamza as clear as in in the the final final position: -i' > -i

#

f.

1

4r,8

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§§ 8-23. 8-23. ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONETICS §§ -i'>-! -i'> - I >.

11

jSUli

19r,8

-ai' > -ala -a/~~

6

Uj IP

16r,3

-

29

Except for instances of of classical classical and and prosodic prosodie spelling, spelling, the the hamza hamza is is Except marked, which which seems seems to indicate that the the glottal glottal stop stop had had aavery very not marked, to indicate limited use in the Author's mother mother tongue. tongue. §§12. 12. Alif Α1íf Maqsura Mags~ra In final position, alif maqsüra is written None alif mags~ ιra (^j (s = -a) is written (52 (52 times) times)as as . None be considered considered as as imâla > î), ^ is preceded of these cases can be im~la (à (~~> ~), for often (} by some kind kind of of a- (see further). This to be be considered considered an an (see further). This has has to by some attested in in many many M MA orthographical habit, attested Α texts texts and still still used in modern SA. 13v,2) and andonly only twice twice (e- ' li13v,2) SA. In In addition, addition, the the SA SA ^‚ is written once as i~~(sjias Í\ (Ú lálii ΙΟν,9): 10v,9): (W 15r,6 15r,6 and and Wι f.

# (L? ',

ζ$

29

8

8r,2

j

9? 'Ι

2r,9

`

~

'λ

7

f. 8r,4

5

?

9v,7 9ν,7

3

7v,7 7ν,7

§ 13. Ya §13.Fá' ^ is regular. Only Only twice twice is is it represented by an alif The spelling of final ~~ 2r,2) {¿s (‚ 3r,4), maqsura, both cases cases itit is is preceded preceded by by a kasra 3r,4), kasra(^j-ü, ( lJ, 2r,2) mags~ra, but in both Four other times it is replaced by as if to indicate its phonetic phonetic value value (t/T). times it is replaced by (ii). a short short vowel, vowel, in spite of of its its radical radical value. value.

~~

#

i>_ 4 >—4

f. JUllj j'SÚli ~~ 19r,8 ')j ,l)

I

ιIΧL J L1,Í3 jUslj jliil

f. 19ν,7 19v,7

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30

VATICANARABIC ARABIC 366 366 MS. VATICAN

Hij' § 14. Ha H~ ' instead oiYa of l~ ' §§ 14.1. f/a'instead

hd' replaces the SA ya 88 times18 18.. It It is is preceded by a The final ha SA sg11 suff. ya y~ ' musaddada and vocalised in accordance with its imàla: y a musaddada vocalised -i in accordance with im ~la: 'alayya álayya >> h h álayyeh, 'alayye , fiyya > fiyye 9yya > fyye h:: Aiti> ")) has been attested in th Syro - Egyptian least since since the the12th 12 century century(Lentin, (Lentin, Syro — Egyptian MA MAtexts texts at at least overwhelming SA SA spelling our ms., ms., Recherches, 105). 105). However, However, the the overwhelming spelling of our where almost always always occurs (155 (155 times) as v, j, renders renders this thistask taskvery very where it almost difficult. where j seems to be be enlightening enlightening is that of of the the difficult. The The only case where ,3 seems Persian > > Osmanli Osmanli >> Arabic loanword: loanword: bah bahsîs .--¾. (gift, ~f y.,* , .s (gift, tip) spelled „: d (15v,l-2). Was as /q!/kJ/g/or /gR We We cannot be certain, for for the the (15v,1-2). Was itit rendered rendered as /q//k//g/or/g/? alteration of of h/? > g (Lî < i»-), q > h (^ < ¿lì) and q > g < J^j) was >k( < „s) q (Já+ < Jm), q >h ( fib < ) common mss. of of Bil~d Bilâd a.aS-èdm same period. period. As As to to ~m during during the same common in in the mss. through Turkish, Turkish, Halaski-kun Halaski-kun (Archivium, I: 57) 57) has drawn up loanwords through (Archivíum, I: the velar velar Ottoman Ottoman /q/ [k] transmuted transmuted into into aa Syrian Syrian h: a list of cases where the e.g. ôdrûh, 103). This This closeness between q r~h, hdzuq h~z ~q etc. (Lentin, Recherches, 103). and h can justify a velar pronunciation pronunciation of of the the grapheme grapheme qdf, for q~f, reported for th the word Spiro's century Egyptian Dictionary( (VbqSS) the wordj:..iin in Spiro's 19th 19 century Egyptian Dictionary ✓bq§§) (see §§ 58 s.v. baq. baqSIS). ff). ,

»

§17. Interdentals As to their plosivepostdenpostdenAs to interdentals, interdentals,aashift shiftof ofthe theSA SA{¿j( ' 'y. a" 0

f. # # f. j=j 50 jUó b\,9 15v,9 ν,9 6ν,9 &=i 88 ‚ _4 ' ι1'O 15 i>j 28 28 blJJl 4^ ¿bL-i ιJ^' ^¿> 15r,4 15r,4 ν,4 ^>>' jò ρ 11 ι:l',L-,..á f' 22v,4 i>j0 ^>¿0 :ι> j 0 j> i 00 .ι>. j> ι 55 ùi ~λ 12r,5 „

‚

§§ 17.1. > .j The shift shift of of d to d may may not be as as certain certain as as itit seems, seems, bebe17.1.i > cause except for for one one case case of of „ (3r,4), (3r,4),one onecase case of U» > Ij» (14v,4) and one of 'id- > ~~ - (14ν,4) oii)I >> (5ν,4), ojJj (5v,4), all all the remaining remaining 28 28 cases cases mentioned mentioned above above case of ι:4 unique phenomenon: phenomenon: the thefeminine femininedemonstrative demonstrative(this) (this).)/?/ ^ concern a unique ρ (here vs.the themasculine masculineSA SA demonstrative demonstrative (IWb). Thismay may and 4 (here is is ...)...)vs. (I/Ii). This hallmark or oran anEgyptian Egyptianloanword loanword(see (see§§47 47and and§§67). 67). be an Egyptian hallmark §§ 17.2.. 17.2. j>> si The only case case of of aa zz >> d shift concerns the the word wordzíbb zibb (pe(penis), always Thismay mayseem seemtotobe beevidence evidence of ofan anunderlying underlying nis), always written written ¿jí ví This dialect in which the interdentals interdentals in in some some items items had hadsibilant sibilantsubstitutes, substitutes, but according according to to Blau Blau (Grammar, {Grammar, 109) 109) "Words "Words containing zdy zdy spelled spelled dhâl do not exhibit a living phenomenon, but have to be interpreted interpreted with dhid disappearanceof of dhâl dhdl in as a pseudo-etymological spelling, caused by the disappearance living speech." Lentin, Recherches, 83). 83). This indicate This seems seems to indicate living speech." (see also Lentin, the underlying underlying dialect dialect both both phenomena phenomena (a (a less less frequent frequent sibilant sibilant i that in the >). j justified justified by a natural postdental postdental > i >. shift) j shift)were wereknown. known.However, However, risky conclusion needs needs to be be confirmed confirmed by by aa similar similar shift shift in inthe the such a risky andJa, otherwise otherwiseititremains remainsaahazardous hazardousaffirmation affirmation(see (see§ §62). 62). case of ¿j , and § 17.3. 17.3. ¿j > Cj Two Two cases cases of of postdental postdental shifts shifts were were noticed: noticed; 41.1 § (pleated)(2v,2) ofof aíJú sent me)(15v,5)instead insteadof of (pleated)(2v,2)instead instead 41 and and ,:¿Jí (he(he sent to to me)(15v,5) ¿Jú; but evidence of a sibilant shift Zj > ^. ~. there is no evidence of a sibilant shift ' > ζ an § 17.4. 17.4. i the case case of of ¢(, z and d d, the situation situation is is more more complex. complex. § 10> > ' In the is only colloquial and SA SA has only one letter letter Since the velarised sibilant zτ is (¿) both (d, (¢(, z), discern any any sibilant sibilantshift. shift. ;), we have no chance to discern (i) to express both As for the plosive plosive postdental postdentalshift shiftJóí>> ^ the case ° , it occurs only once in the case As v of jls-4 ~~(15r,4) often written ¿b-4 "(jii (15v,9). (15r,4)more more often written (15v,9).

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§§ 8-23. 8-23. ORTHOGRAPHY ORTHOGRAPHY AND AND PHONETICS PHONETICS §§

33 33

§18. Emphatic vs. Non-Emphatic

Sin shifts twice to ssàd ‚i ~d ^ > ‚^ο preceding .6: (11r,9) Sïn Jk 11 6 J)¿ lr.9) ζζij (' ') ‚^3 , (9v,5). A A third third case case may he that of be that correctly written written elsewhere: elsewhere: .6 .k-j(9ν,5). (17ν,1) (see infra). The The opposite opposite shift jo vo >~ occurs occurs only only once s > s> > ss (17v,l) > ,~ (9r,7). > CjjL (9rt7).One Onemore morenon-standard non-standardcase case of ofvelarisation velarisation is is that that of of (16r,5) J. C-la»- (16r,5) C—û?>>.6,.>> k. following Jl j' § 19. Assimilation of Solar Letters following The euphonic taSdid ta.d~d is is always always placed placed over over the the so called solar letters The letters following ...IJ'. We We have haveno nocase caseofofCjor following the definite article article e.g. e.g. -ill. orJ;kfollowing following Ji, but we have that such Jl, have evidence evidence that such an an assimilation, assimilation, as in in SA, SA, was was not not -~~ applicable to ^as as it itisisininsome (9r,8). We We do applicable to someNA NAdialects dialects e.g. LΙ: (9r,8). not need to prove prove the the significance significance of such an accurate accurate spelling spelling habit habit for for ‚ (2r,6) (2r,6) with scanning metrical metrical feet, feet, suffice suffice itit to tocompare comparebetween betweenÚlß J ~~ & without assimilation. [dí.ß-.ah-h~-qa] and [dî-al-Sah-hâ-qa] [d~-al-.ah-h~-qa] without assimilation \diS-Sah-hà-qd\ § 20. Assimilation and Coalescence Owing to to the Author's accurate Owing accurate classicising classicising spelling, spelling, few few cases of of asassimilation are attested attested in in our ourms.: ms.:

16r,5 -6 16r,5-6

## 11




ll +

v..

~~ /sf/ >[s /sf/> [ss]] α~~ A¿C¿


~ ¿kí-j

The assimilation of a final spelt as as one The final -/n/ -/n/ followed followed by an initial initial /1/- spelt „& (Lentin, word often occurs occurs in in MA: MA: (we (we are are sending sending you...) you...) 'JlcL is never preceded by kasra ta > et. t~ ' is represented by by o ' asaswas represented wasthe thecustom customininsome someMA MAtexts textswith withaaless lessclassiclassicising spelling spelling (Blau, (Blau, Grammar, Grammar, 115-117). Anotherconstant constant point point in our cising 115-117). Another which is is never never marked marked by dots ~ ' marbüta marb~ ta which case the spelling spelling of of ttà' case is is that of the h h [-ah /-éh]. (a) (i

ojc ÁÍd

5

12v,l 12ν,1 s

62

1ν,6 lv,6

f.f.

f.

f.

2ν,2 2v,2

J

lv,7 1ν,7

ι~lg :JΙ s.ι

lv,7 1ν,7

19 dialects, see galtu dialects, 135, 7-136, 7-136, 154, 154, 13 13and and 168, 168, 5. 5. For For present-day present-day Iraqi qaltu 19 Hilli, Hilli, al-'Atil, al '~ltil, 135, also Levin, Hilti, Hilt, 261-264 n.39. -

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35 35

§§ 8-23. ORTHOGRAPHY ORTHOGRAPHY AND AND PHONETICS §§

t~ ' marbüta marb~ta may may be be that Of all all the ending morphemes, that of Of the -a ending morphemes, that of the the ta that ν~calic rising most most inclined inclined to to vocalic rising in in some some dialects. dialects. Following Following some some phophonemes this t~ ' marbüta marb~ta may may rise rise all all the the way nemes this ta way from from æ ce to to i.í. Lentin {Recherches, (Recherches, 132) 132) noticed noticed such such aa In the mss. mss. of of Bilâd Bil~d aS-Sàm, a -S~m, Lentin In the b, t, j, d, s, r, g, f, k, vocalic rising after the following consonants: vocalic rising after the following consonants: b, t, j, d, z,z, s, r, s, f k, 1, I, m, In our our ms., ms., only and, rarely, rarely, after after , h, d. In n, w, y and, h, d. only half half of of the the Arabic Arabic letters letters Thanks to to its its vocalised occur in t~ ' marbüta. marb~ta. Thanks occur in contiguity contiguity with with aa final final ta vocalised syssystem we are able to to confirm: confirm: -αhh of following (3, (,, ; d, h, Jo , ar): ~r): 1) the low low position position -a of -c following 1) the d, h, after

#

j

o8 4

f.

after

#

.51 1Ji

2r,6

d

α~;.1~~

8r,4

~r àr

2 1

5r,6

h

1

1

f.f.

π,~.,íιδlL ~~~ , ..s, ■o-p*

3ν,9 3v,9 12ν,2 12v,2 10ν,8 10v,8

h „ahh > ce æh ' after y, y, d, d, s, c, 1, k: 2) the the rising rising of of -a /, k:

after

#

f.

y y

28

1ν,6 lv,6

d

2

oJtlj

15r,7

s

2

y..ιν

16v,4 16ν,4

after ~ L

1

k

#

f.f.

8

1ν,6 lv,6

1 1

.J.xólÍ J'

lbr,7 16r,7

4.

1 Ον,6 10v,6

merely fatha e.g. e.g. ,.,.Á (2v,2) (2ν,2) merely followed by by a fatha Only 44 times times out of 32, is y followed Only gadíyyati > for prosodie prosodic reasons or in order to conform to SA. SA. The case of of qadiyyati > (4r,2) is significant enough. Such a vocalic rising is gadiyyiti;$ qadiyyiti ^ jíj (4r,2) is significant enough. Such a vocalic rising is _, h ~whose rising -ræhh whose -rah very likely -to to be applied to -ra >> -rce rising is is impeded impeded by by the the -dν,2). inthe thecase case of (12 of ijlíli (12v,2). preceding the -r in in o15. and that that of .Χ(9ν,8) and Less significant isis the the shift shift of of o v > ;5>> a. in Less significant i\jilir(9v,8) of LI >> ,ι 4 also denotes marb~ta, -ha -h~ ' also Besides the ta t~ ' marbüta, denotes the the pronominal pronominal in 4* ,:~~ (2v,8). (2ν,8). Besides suffix sg sg33 m. (see § 29.2). ,

-

§ 23. 23. Diphthongs The shortening shortening of of long diphthongs is aa general The general Semitic Semitic phenomenon, phenomenon, "long diphthongs diphthongs being being preserved only because because of "long preserved only of morphological morphological patpat67 n. terning" n. 23 23 and and n. n. 24) 24)after afterBrockelman Brockelman (Grammar, 67 terning" states states Blau {Grammar, I: 60 and {Grundriss, and 241). 241). This This feature feature was was attested attested in in the themediaeval mediaeval (Grundriss, I: vernacular of Iraq Iraq and and in aa Jewish vernacular of Jewish Arabic Arabic Yemeni Yemeni document document from from the the

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36

ARABIC 366 MS. VATICAN ARABIC

th century. 11th century. Short Short diphthongs diphthongs have have been been most most probably probably monophthonmonophthonespecially in in a strong imâla im~la aa >> ii context. context. gised in many places, especially

As to to our our ms., ms., diphthongisation diphthongisation is one of the dominant dominant features: As features: ex. ay = ay

&i ¿id

f. 1ν,7 lv,7

ay+ya = ay+ya ay +yi = ay+yi ay+yí ay+yi

'.l'

12ν,5 12v,5

11 11

,ι'.., 14r,8 εy', τ SU*

14 14

ay +yu = ay+yu ay +yu ay+yu

lkÍ 1^1

íy +ya[e] = iy+ya iy +ya [e] iy+ya[e]

aw=aw aw = aw aw+wa = = aw+wa

pJi ‚

L'

# 123 123

9r,5

2

1v,6 lv,6

21 21

17ν,6 17v,6

26 26

19r,1 19r,l

1

To this summary To summary we we might might add add3 3unvocalised unvocalisedcases casesL 1 yo (4r,8), (4r,8), 2 2 cases of monophthongisation ay + yi yí > τ : oy'.t (14v,!) and and one case of cases 1 1-:~ w (14v,l) ay shifting to â~~[ (10r,3). (10r,3). Such Such an an overwhelming overwhelming diphthongisation diphthongisation is probably backed backed by by the the standard style, probably style, preferred by our Author when no reason compels him to to violate violate it. it. As for for the the latent phonetic rendering of the diphthong, As diphthong, having having verified verified im~la in in our text, a medium medium imâla text, we we are inclined inclined to suppose suppose that the the diphdiphthongisation was weakened weakened but butsteady: steady: lay/ /ay/ >> [e>]. thongisation was [ey]. -/Tn! More concrete evidence is given given by by the the Author's Author's combined combined rhymes -Un! More and -laynl e.g. the combination combination(f. (f. 3v): 3v): -/ayn/ otherwise unpractical; e.g. ^ a!ai.t li CíP t

ùyik

^

To as follows: follows; To match rhymes as h lυh y~~sa sa min min [ya ya mn ya y~~mus li min mTf 'al-war ~ 1-wardu du haw h aw lu [γ~~mus li min y y 'eYn yd yd 'een yd 'eyn] 'a nà meSn yd n yd n yd 'eSn] b~~nà η~~yi yi mel'n y~~'eSn y~~'e'eyn n~~wa hub bl '

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IV N §§ 24-48. §§ 24-48. MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY NOUN §§ 24- 27 NouN §§ 24. Clusters and and Anaptyxis Anaptyxis 24. Stress, Stress, Consonant Clusters In almost all all ΝA NA dialects, by the the syllabic syllabic dialects, stress stress is usually determined by structure of of isolated isolated prefixless prefixless words words (e.g. (e.g. the the vcc vc closest end structure icc or v"c closest to to the end word), by by morphological morphological considerations, considerations, for for example example the the shift shiftof of of the word), to the the syllable syllable preceding preceding the theobject objectsuffix suffixe.g. e.g. kétbat >> ketbàta (she stress to the first first syllable syllable of of aa VII VIII verbal bases: äftehem aftehem (I underwrote it), the ΝΗ or VIΙI stand), or the the stressing stressing of of aanumber numberofofprepostioned prepostionedparticles: particles: gétr~d? sétñd? stand), (what do you want?). When Arabic was was standardised standardised combining combining western western and and eastern eastern When old Arabic Peninsular dialectal former was was inclined inclined to to inserting insertinganapanapPeninsular dialectal habits, habits, the former tyctic vowels vowels in final final clusters clusters-cvc: -cvc; husun (bellezza), latter tyctic (bellezza), whereas whereas the latter avoid such such an an insertion: insertion: -cc -cc husn maybe compelled by an accenaccenused to avoid tuated expiratory expiratory stress helped in in assimilating assimilating and and slurring slurring ununtuated stress that helped stressed vowels: vowels: ba'îr stressed ba 7r >> bi'îr bi'~r >> bb'îr Tr (camel). When old Arabic Arabic was standardised, standardised, SA SA adopted adopted western western Peninsular Peninsular When habits for these these cases. cases. If If we we examine examine the the substantival substantival corpus corpus patterns patterns habits their flexions, flexions, we we notice notice their theirstriking strikingconformity conformitywith withSA: SA: and leave out their SA

ex.

f.

0C C 1aC aC2aC3

badr badr

2 W11aC 0C3 aC2iC3

waqt

1

1

2

2

3

3

iY C 1aC aC2iY3 1

2

3

2

missing vowel

6r,3

56

+4

17v,3 17ν,3

2

nabi nab~~(-y) (-y)

14v,6 14ν,6

6

ruh rib

13v,4 13ν,4

2

3

amil '~míl

12r,4

12

3

0C aW2aC3 C 1aW 1

#

C 1àC iC ~C2iC3

C'iY^C C 1 iY2aC3

'id '~d

12v,l 12ν,1

3

1

2

3

'iSq 'i.q

5r,5

18

+4

1

2

3

qamar gamar

9r,5

10

+2

1

2

3

anís arüs 'artis

7r,8

1

C 1iC 0C iC2tσC3

C 1aC aC aC2aC3

C 1aC üC aC2~C3

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38

ARABIC366 366 MS. VATICAN ARABIC

C 1 aC2~C33 (^aC^aC

gar~m garâm

4ν,8 4v,8

30 30

C 1 uC2~C3 C'uC^aC

sul~f sulaf

8r,1 8r,l

22

3

tawb

16ν,4 16v,4

77

h~l hai

4r,6

99

aY20C3 C 1aY 0C

zayt

16r,8 16r,8

39 39

2 C,1aY aY20Y3 0Y3

hayy

18ν,4 18v,4

22

2 3 C11aY ~Y2iC3 iC

n~yim ndyim

3ν,7 3v,7

I1

++ 66

C 1 uC20C33 C^C20C

husn

4ν,2 4v,2

14 14

++ 11

C 1 aC2~C33 C'aC^C

kah~l kahïl

4ν,3 4v,3

3

C 1 aW20C3 C^W^C 3

C 1 ~C3 C'aC l

2

3

sullam

14ν,4 14v,4

3

áltaf 'altaf

4ν,4 4v,4

19 19 66 11 II 11 77

3

'ihs~n 'ihsàn

15r,2

11

C 1 íC2~C33 C'i^aC

lib~s libâs

lOr,5 10r,5

3

C 1 aC2C2~C3 C'aC^aC

gann~j gannâj

1ν,6 lv,6

3

C 1 uC2C2aC3 C'u^^aC ~~ a

'ii '

C 1 0C2aC3 C^^aC C 1 0C2~C3 C^^áC 3

'in

C 1 iC2~C3 C'iC^C

'insij~m 'insijàm

8ν,4 8v,4

22

ma ma

3

mahdar mahdar

7ν,9 7v,9

33

mud~m mudàm

17ν,6 17v,6

11

mu mu

C0C^C C 1 0C2aC3 3

C 1 ~C3 C^C 3

ma

C 1 0C2~C3 C^C^C

mahb~b mahbüb

1ν,4 lv,4

88

ma ma

2 3 C110C 0C2iY C iY 3

mah.~t (-y) (-y) mahsi

2ν,11 2v,

22

1

2 2

3

mu mu

C 1aC aC2C2iC3 C C iC

muhaggiq muhaqqiq

19ν,9 19v,9

11

mu mu

C1aC2C2aC3 ClaC2C2aC3

mudahhab

7r,6

44

mu mu

C10C2aC3 Cl0C2aC3

mudhah mud/jab

3ν,5 3v,5

11

++ 33 ++8 8

However, a vowel is added or elided metrielided in in order to fit words into a metrical rhythm, to facilitate facilitate the pronunciation of of cal scheme, scheme, to to smooth smooth out the rhythm, words cases. The The resulting resulting non-standard not acciacciwords in some cases. non-standard patterns are not dental and might might reveal reveal underlying underlying native native patterns. patterns. See, See, for forexamexamdental then and ple, the elision elision of of anaptyctic anaptyctic vowels vowels in: ple, the vocalic vocalic harmony and the SA Ca-Ci-C Ca-Cí-C

kabid

# 0

ex. >> kibd kibd

f.f. 14r,4 14r,4

# 33

a% (10v,6) In the case of of of ¿y. (10v,6) (inheritance, (inheritance, gift), gift), the the elision of the anaptyctic vowel is evident, but both nominal stems /a-i-a/ tyctic vowel is evident, but both /a -i -a/ and and /i-0-a/ /í-0—a/are are SA. As concerned is poem to be be sung, sung, we we shall shall not not ignore ignore the the As the the text text concerned is aa poem

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24-48. MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY §§ 24-48.

39

significance such aa choice choice which which favours favours the the bibisignificanceof of the the scansion scansion of of such h syllabic [ter-ke the tri-syllabic tri-syllabic [ta [ta-ri-ke], shall we we ignore ignore [ter- keh]] as against the ri-Ice], nor shall vocalic assimilation assimilation which which would would weaken weaken and slur slur the theunstressed unstressed the vocalic vowel. -

Alternation of SA and colloquial colloquial patterns patterns occurs occurs in in the thefollowing following Alternation of SA cases: SA

ex.

1

2 2

3

C 1aY Y iC aY2Y2iC3 3

C'iC^C C 1 iC2=C3 3

C'aC^C C 1 aC2 =C3 3

f. 14r,8

-4-* 4. 3g >

1 lr,3 llr,3

-

1 lr,2 llr,2

colloquial

ex.

f.

#

3

J—U L.

14v,l 14ν,1

6

5

3

C'uC^C C 1 uC2=C3

9

3

chc C 1 ~C3 C'uC^C C 1 uC2=C3 !

2

üj

0

C =C C 1iC iC2=C3 11"

2= 3 C11iC Ca iC2=C3a

λs°

0

C 1 aC2=C3a

C1 aC2aC3

C^uC an C 1 uC2C C3~n II

ΙΙ

1

15r,4

3

iC C 1aY ~Y2iC3

f l; Jl'ε:.Á

3

muC'taC muClt~C3 2

3

iC muC 1C C2iC3

Ch^âC C 1 iC2~C3 1

2

3v,7 3ν,7 8r,8 4r,3

10v,5 10ν,5

5

1 lr,5 llr,5

2

15v,l 15ν,1

1

~4

10v,5 10ν,5

5

:ιs°

10v,8 10ν,8

1

Jlá. JLá,

15v,3 15ν,3

1

3v,3 3ν,3

2

3v,4 3ν,4

4

fL' ¿t

2r,l 2r,1

1

,1..:... i3

15r,8

2

LmA

17r,6

1

2 3

an C 1iC iC2C C3~n H

0

J IO•'~

2

!

u¿SS. G.:.i

3

0

,J.:,, Sa

2 3

5

„$ p,

i ',> i.

3

C'uC^C C 1 uC2 =C3 H"

;..-

13r,7

# 4

1

‚)

2

3

1

uC C 1âY ~Y2uC3

1

3

miC'táC miC1 t~C3

7

1

2

3

iC maC 1C C2iC3

b:á

these cases cases the the first firstcluster clusterisisnever neveraaCCCC- type. type. N.B. In all these § 25. Dual In spite spite of of the the predominance predominance of ofSA SA features, features, our ourms. ms.never neverexhibits exhibits dual synthetic synthetic type type of oflanguage. language.Accordingly, Accordingly, the the casus obliquus rethe dual -\eyn\ is ending. In status places the casus rectus, and -ayn -[eyn] is the only dual ending. constructus and pronominalis -lay/ [ -ey] replaces --la/ Ιδι and -/ayn/ - /ay/ [-ey] /αyn/L200.. The dual form occurs 16 times in our our ms., ms., and and always always as as an an invariable invariable suffix -ay(n): -

SA

ex.

-ayn

== -ayn

¿jcÜií

b

f.

#

4v,3 4ν,3

8

20

living speech, the nun all cases cases in status constructus. constructus. For the In living n~n was not elided in all ASP, see Blau, Grammar, 219, n.92. ASP, 20

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40

VATICAN ARABIC ARABIC 366 MS. VATICAN 366

-ayn ++ suff. > ayya

h = -ayye -ayyeh

-ann (nom.)

> -ayn >

-

44

J (Ji-j bl

2r,3 2r,3

66

3v,7 3ν,7

2

The dual form was applied only to nouns and and participles participles and and was was rereThe placed by the plural, and and in in exceptional exceptional cases, cases, by by the the singular singular(4 (4v,9-5r,l), ν,9 -5r,1), with verbs, adjectives and pronouns. Nowhere, Nowhere, not not even even for for the the purpose purpose verbs, adjectives nominative dual dual -àn have been been perperof rhyme, was the nominative ~n used. This would have ceived as too artificial and and too too far farfrom fromliving livingspeech. speech. -

§ 26. 26. Plural § 26.1. Pluralis Plumlis Sanus Sanus pluralis sanus, case, morphemes morphemes are are invariable invariable In the pluralis sanus, like like in the dual case, and no flexion flexion is is applied. applied. The The only only pluralis sanus masc. ending pluralis ending that our ms. exhibits is -Uni: -/Tnl: SA SA

ms.

-üna -una

> -in

-ina -~na

> -in

ex. ex. ^ ¿julliíi j ~ ω1 ÓJ ~~Jσδs~

f.f.

#

3v,6 3ν,6

88

3v,8 3ν,8

1

fern, ending that that our our ms. ms. exhibits exhibits is is -lati The only pluralis sanus sanus fem. /~t/ -

ms .

ms.

f.

i#

-atu -~tu°

> -at -~t

Odui cι;.cM ν~. -at >

‚ λ.

18r,3-4 18r,3 -4

j

SA SA n

-

' ‚ ‚..L j

1 4

§ 26.2. Pluralis Pluralis Fractus Fractus of pluralis fractus, 41 are common common to toboth bothSA SAand andNA. NA. Out of 42 cases of fractus, 41 The onlyexception, exception, JUllj Jyili (19r,8) sg. sg. .431 S3I3Ì (pearl), prosodie ΟΙΑ (19r,8) The only ,JL-Úi3 (pearl), isis merely merely a prosodic choice: f.f

ex.

JF

Jf fï ff

ex.

.

f.

#

1ν,4 lv,4

2

4J ~I,J

¿Ú

5r,3

4

6r, 5 ~j'Vjp ~ f 6r,5

1

.L•Ι

6v,7 6ν,7

2

6 8 6ν,8

1

'3y ,

6¿\j\ ~,' ιJ\>il 3Ιjii

7r,1 7r,l

1

òjf fbf

r~

v-

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41

24-48.MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY §§ 24-48. ,

7r 7r,7 (7

1

18v,9 18ν,9

¿¿.jj 4óy

‚'~~ 19r,4

1

,)llo

19v,3 ν,3 J Υ i 19

1

19v,l 19ν,1

1

yJ~ ¿r-

19v,5 19ν,5

1

19ν,4 v^ 19v,4 •,li« 19v,7 λ. 19ν,7

1

~~..

1

cií0

i

‚)~.' jUtl

_o-L¿>

5

~.. ci"

υ~b üe9

8r,6 ,jIj;.i 8r,6 ‚

L. 119v,7 9ν,7

1 1

1

1

§ 27. Numerals Ordinal

Cardinal

¿¿\ j¿. ~ tG 1 Ir,4-5 11 r,4-5

Olí

(_ri-

■Clí 10v,8 1 Ον,8

16r,l-2 16r,1-2

0

AJÍ jull

'-s .,

4_ólí 0 ^ycf. 16v,9 16ν,9

The only interesting case among the few few numerals documented documented in in our our text is that of 'ahad áhad "one" "one" shortened to hadd. ΡιτοΝΟυΝs §§ 28-29. Pronouns §28. Separate Personal Pronouns Pronouns The Author The Author respects respects the the SA SA version version of of separate separate personal personalpronouns pronouns when it most most probably probably corresponds corresponds to to living living speech, speech, thus thus avoiding avoiding when y, he choices that could could sound sound fake. fake. As As in traditional traditional erotic erotic Arabic Arabic poetr poetry, choices addresses his beloved beloved with invariable masculine masculine pronouns. pronouns. As As in in the the case case y masculine/feminine of other grammatical features, we find an any masculine/feminine grammatical features, we do not find in the the p12 pi2 and p13, pi3, common The only only distinction in common in in the Bedouin dialects. The

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42

MS. VATICAN ARABIC ARABIC366 366

discriminating colloquial colloquial feature feature in in this context is the separate discriminating separate personal personal ehn~~whose provenance will be discussed pronoun 'ehnà discussed later later (§ (§ 65). 65).

1

sg l sg22 m sg m. 2 sg2 fern. sg fem. sg33 m. sg sg33 fern. sg fem. .

'a na 'ana anta 'anta

bi'δ' 'i ~,,"." d-

'

#

f.ε.

*σ

1ν,3 \v,3 6r,2 f.ε

9

13ν,8 13v,8

2 0

8

pl 1 'ahna 'ahna pi 2 ρ12 antum pi 'antum

,

1

, f:. ~1

f.ε.

#

3r,9 3r,9 12ν,9 12v,9

22 22

ο

.

huwa j¿i\3 Ι yn j.'

1

2133 pi

00

29. Personal Suffixes §§ 29. As in in most most cases, cases, for for prosodie prosodic and stylistic As stylistic reasons, the Author strategically uses uses three three registers. pers. gically registers. If we observe, observe, for example, example, the sg sg33 m. m. pers. suff., we we notice notice him opting -~hu as as in in 'aSkühu 'a'k~hu 1-min suff., opting for: for: 1) 1) SA SA -ühu l-mïn l 5 while -àhu (4r,4); 2) 2) living living speech in which -ühu -~hu shifts shifts to -üh -~h > -~, while -~hu > -~h (4r,4); > -ü, > -âh preserves an old but weak aspiration; aspiration; 3) 3) aa mixed mixed but but well-defined well-defined stylistic stylistic suff. of of its declension formula depriving formula depriving the SA SA pers. suff. declension vowels vowels and thus thus nd -ah, -ih,l-üh, -ih,/- ~h, -àh, -~h, -ïh. -~h. levelling both the 1st and the 22nd -uh, -ah, levelling 1st and registers: -uh, Η~ ' Denoting the sg33 m. Pronominal Suffix § 29.1. Ha Suffix was aspirated when vocalIt is certain that the the sg33 m. prop. pron. suff. suff. -h~ -ha ' was vocaland -ihi: -aim, uhu ised according to SA SA norms, as such -ahu, uhu and -ihi: norms, #

#

f.

:~~ 66

:~ ~y ^

18r,l 18r,1

ä

3

f.f. 'h-

9r,2

#

eli G Ui ~~ 22 ιk

f.f. 17v,5 17ν,5

When the sg3 sg3 m. prop. pron. suff. suff. -h -ha' ~ ' was was not vocalised: and 6 times to to \_¡'j and a) following aa consonant, shifts 16 16 times times to to j,j, 44 times 6 a) following consonant, -u -u'h shifts times to to.:

_:

f.

# d~~ ä cα

23 12

aÜÍÍ á.wJ's

2r,2

iLL" :~~J. γ

2

_‚

# j

16

lv,8 1ν,8

Ι~

4 4

18r,8

:

6

j-c j

. >^-" ¿Pj

cÀj-

f. 14v,2-3 14ν,2 -3 18v,6-7 18ν,6 -7 15r,9 15r,9

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§§ 24-48. MORPHOLOGY §§ MORPHOLOGY

43 43

We can, can, therefore, conclude that in the We the Author's Author's mother mother tongue tongue such suchaa 21 suffix had shifted to C-u/~ 21.. Its Its presence suffix had to C-u/ü presence in the the remaining remaining 37 37 cases cases should not always always be interpreted interpreted merely merely as as aa SA SA spelling habit. How How can we exclude the the stylistic stylistic and and prosodie prosodic echo echo of of the the final we exclude final aspiration in the the following verses? a`•,,. ;Js` ó ,`.13 4.? 3.4 —(10ν,3-4) or or ¿U¿ , (1ν,8-9) and and especially 4.1 ¿S'j iU-i 3^(1(^,3-4) ¿Vj 613 (lv,8-9) h _/ah/ in the following cases -/a and —/ih/: / and -/ih/: f. 3

0 ~iι3 iJUt •J

f.f-

18r,8

α

3

4r,1 4r,l

h If we exclude `indah "he has" has" would would shift shift to 'ind.[a] 'índ[aj "she "she exclude aspiration, aspiration, 'inda "he has" and li -'ummil'z"for "forhis his mother" mother" to li - 'umm[i] "for "for my my mother". li-'ummih

b) after verba tertiae and long b) after verba teniae inf?rmae infirmae and long vowels, vowels, similar similar confusion confusion C: might arise without a longer stress on the last last syllable syllable Cv: f. Ii

.

i

5

.,iá 0οJ«Ud-

13r,8

6

o y\

14ν,7 14v,7

ti

#

f.

3

14ν,6 14v,6

3

~ι3~ ~ι ilji

9ν,11 9v,

29.2. Pronominal Pronominal Suffix §§ 29.2. Suffix System System

We shall try to classify We shall classify the pronominal pronominal suffix suffix system system of our our ms. ms. acaccording to the Author's triple triple strategy strategy as as illustrated illustratedabove abovein in§§28: 28: 1

sg i

after

SA

NA

c/v

-iya: 3 ι # 1ι -iya\

-î 73 -~ :: 3 ¿Jú ##73

{ ~~ # -rii: it 23 -ni: Jii-

ρ1 1 pi

c/y/v

nd: \U ## 15 -nà:

sg22 m. sg

cC-

-ka: ¿li» 1~~ ## 11

10 ^ ## 10

-

-ak: ¿U>J4 25 ~i?•*; ti# 25 -fc:¿U ## 55 -k:

yyV-

‚

-iyyeh: tyye'':

yyverb 1

mixed mixed

-ka: ¿iUj ι;u,ój # 13

21 21

corrected by by the the Author The «jL. (14r,9) Author in the the (14r,9)isismerely merelyaa calque calque of of .»3Τ corrected The case case of of .y'-_.. margin

-ah1:: íjúf ε~:ι ## 33 -a'

i-

..> ->

h -i-ik: : ,Ä`1 ¿I ## 33

yεc-

-hi: fi # 2

-u: yL #26 # 26 -u:

~Û-

..> —>

~h1::~ÿt 11 -M' «jíl ## 11

i-~-

—>

-ih: ,.Jó ## 33

~â-

1 ~h:: ólj~ -a' iVji ## 33

sg33 fem. fer. sg

ε/ν/y c/v/y

-/id: -tó:

##77

5r,7

10

pi1 ρ11

CL' s° 'p.

16r,2

f.

#

0

1

0

2

pi ρ12

0

0 ji-i+suff. +suff. 8r,2

1

2

0

1

0

sg m. sg2m. 3

sg m. sg3m. IV Ν

imp.

lü

14r,4

2

sg m. sg2m.

5L

14v,8 14ν,8

2

0

0

0

ju£-+suff. 14r,i α.ι+suff. 14r,8

4

§ 43.3. Verba Mediae and Tertiae Tertiae Infirmas Infirmae IV

/ 1 2 3 \JC C 1Y W Y2W3

perf.

f.

3 sg m. sg3m.

#

imperf.

f.

#

0

~.'s.

6r,l 6r,1

1

imp.

f.

#

Verba Teniae § 44. Verba Tertiae Infirmae In firmae 2 C2W3 levelling between third radical radical w: w: JC VCI1C W3 The levelling between the the weak weak verb verb with with a third 3 that of of aa third thirdradical radicaly: y.1C VC'C^Y time ago ago in in Old Old Arabic Arabic and that 1 C2Y3 began a long time (Blau, Grammar, 190 190 note 214).

Teniae waw § 44.1. Verba Tertiae w~w With regards regards to to Verba Verba Tertiae Teniae w~w, wdw, none none of the the available available form form II With gakawt > a. k~~> did1 merges with a third radical merges with radical y e.g. Sakawt > gakayt Sakayt imperf. 'aSkü > 'eSkîl 'askï. a' k~.

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52

MS. VATICAN VATICAN ARABIC MS. ARABIC 366 366 3 vc'c^w 1CIC2W3

I

perf.

f.

imperi. # imperf.

f.

#

1

sg sgI

0

4r,4

1

3

sg m. sg3m.

0

18r,6

2

3

0

18r,9

1

sg fem. sg3fem. 3

VI sg3m. sg m.

4r,4

Gls

1

imp.

f.

#

0

Tertiae Ya' § 44.2. Verba Tertíae Y' 3 The final final ^ the imperative imperative of the the third third radical radical y: y. JCIC /C'^Y could The ‚ in in the 2Υ3 could have been interpreted as scripta text not not been been fully fully have been interpreted as aa sc ripta plena had had our text vocalised. as aa living living speech habit habit since since itit is is not not vocalised. It It can not be interpreted as suffix. Moreover, Moreover, the the Author Author was was well well aware awareof of followed by a pronominal pronominal suffix. the spelling spelling rules (§ 42). 42). ItItisissimply simply an an the rulesof of SA SA(see (seethe thecase caseof ofójl ' ' (§ orthographic habit habit and/or and/oran anetymological etymologicalspelling spellingof ofaa ^ considered as as a strong radical radical of of the the verb. verb. ‚

I

1

2

3

v'C C Y perf. JCIC2Y3

f.

#

imperf.

sgI sg'

14r,3

1

‚

6v,2 6ν,2

6

3 3

.4a;

3

sg m. sg3m. sg fem. sg3fem. sg £em. sg3fem. II

sg' sg 1

~~,1.

2r,8

2

sg sg2 m. 3 sg m. sg3m.

f.

#

13v,l 13ν,1

2

$; &

12r,5

2

0

‚s(.,)

Ι1 Ιlr,2 r,2

1

0

„ς)

ISr.S 15r,3

2

~~

-

4

0

0

0

1

0

2

III sg sg2 m.

0

0

IV Ν

sg' sg1

0

J~~~~ 4='~

3 sg sg3 m.

V

3

sg fem. sg3fem.

113

6v,8 6ν,8

‚ τ

9r,4

4

~...Ι

5r,3

4

2r,3

2

6r,l 6r,1

1

imp.

f.

5λ'

14ν,6 3

ρl;

18ν,9

0

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#

1

§§ 24-48. 24-48.MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY §§

53

§ 44.3. Verba Teniae to --à sg3 m. Tertiae -iya becoming becoming to ~~in the sg3

Form I

1 2 3 v'C Y JC 1C C2Y3

perf.

f.

#

1 sg sgl

ι%..~ιΙ

12r,l 12r,1

1

3

sg m. sg3m.

‚

imperf.

#

imp.

f.

#

0

14v,3 2 14ν,3

ι1

f.

Jk

9r,3

3

§ 45. Verba Verba Hamzatae Hamzatae In MA texts, texts, the the weakening weakening and partial partial disappearance disappearance of of the the SA SA In MA glottal stop in in living living speech speech (see (see §11) §11) has has generally generally entailed entailed the the merging merging of verba verba primae hamzatae (forms VIII) into the the category category of of p rimae hamzatae (forms II-VI II-VI and and VIII) primae verba mediae mediae hamzatae into mediae inf9rmae infirmae and the the p rimae wdw, w~w, the verba verba teniae verba tertíae hamzatae hamzatae into tenia tertia yd. y~. in our ourtext textare arevery verycommon commonininMA MA The few verba verba hamzatae contained contained in texts. They all occur in the the first first verbal verbal form. form. § 45.1. Verba Primae Primae Hamzatae that the the verb verb perf. perf. sg sg11 reflects reflects SA SA is well in the the whole whole The fact that well attested in perf. sg sg11 but is butabsent is absent theperf. perf. in in the text. The hamza is preserved in the perf. 3 pi jii(see § 72 Taltala). p13 ~. (see § 72

Ν1 C2 C2 C3 C3 Form IΙ \h

perf.

f.

#

~.~~1

14r,2

3

0

2

0

0

2

0

0

2

0

1

sg 1

sg m. sg2m. pi ρ12

3

pi ρ13

,.~ ;-

3v,9 3ν,9

imperf.

f.

#

rmp. imp.

f.

#

.

lv,7 1ν,7

4

I áé

8r, 8r,11

2

§ 45.2. Verba Mediae Teniae Infirmae Mediae Hamzatae Hamzatae and Tertiae Inftrmae 3 Only one VC^â [ra'a) is attested in in our our text. text. It It occurs occurs as as an an 1 '2â3 (ra'd) Only one case of JC 1 \j\ (8v,6). (8v,6). The this SA SA verb 23 of the the MiddleMiddle- and The use of this 23 instead of imperf. sg 1 1;1

23

Concerning the the verb verb 23 Concerning

ra'â, 173-176 and Lentin, Lentin, Recherches, Recherches, 515. rad, see Grammar, 173-176 see Blau, Grammar,

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54

MS. VATICAN ARABIC ARABIC 366 MS. VATICAN 366

Neo-Arabic variants ( 1»(19r,6). (19r,6).As As itit is is aa sg sg3 m., we are unable unable to to decide decide whether it was treated as as aa fa'al fi'il. But we can still still explain explain the the fa al or as a fril. coalesced of jd'a > jd preposition b(i) producing an an excluexclucoalesced form of j~ 'a > j~~with its preposition sively "to bring" bring" (jab) (jdb)24 sively colloquial verb "to 24 . Particles §§ 46-48. PARTICLES § 46. and Adverbs Adverbs § 46. Prepositions and Originally, place and/ and/or ortime. time. Originally, prepositions prepositions designated designated aa relation relation of place Later, they expressed ideal and motion motion relations. relations. They They are areeither eithersimple simple Later, or compound. §46.1. § 46.1. Local 11

32 32

In In

24 24

jS is twice prefix takin takingg the the place place of of i_j twice treated as aa prefix ~~ is 2 (see 14r,2-3) .Lp A similar use of Ju j ...Jà-Ì (see 14r,2-3) „ aä .~~í- ~ι.;~~Ι. 3 ...;ói has been attested in early SPA by Blau {Grammar, Blau (Grammar, has been attested in earl y SPA 247). ItIt replaces once -ù—JM ¿xli (2v,9). ι` Ι Jj 247). replaces ‚ once Ι Ιl Εjÿ (2ν,9). 43 '

Concerning the the verb verb j~, ja, see see Blau, Blau, Grammar, 178-179 and Recherches, 517. 517. Concerning Grammar, 178-179 and Lentin, Lentin, Recherches,

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§§ 24-48. MORPHOLOGY §§ MORPHOLOGY

In/with by by

=

25

v i replaces (10ν,9). It It is is superfluous superfluous in replaces jonce once,}Ul, Jdll; ~ Ο (10v,9). 'two cases cases will. us to suppose this passage wa-'i1-~~> wil~. Such a passage the SA SA 'ila + suffix 'il + suffix is passage from from the 'ii + suffix to to 'il suffix is common in ancient ancient and andmodern modemNA NA dialects. dialects.

JJ

29

li/a ++ suff. is spelt spelt compound compound lí/a suff.== ? vóλ dll (2r,l). (2r,1). It is jèj. ':1 diti (10r,4) once with 'in 'in ai-Sartiyya ag-.artiyya ¿J ' ~ρJC (Ι Or,4) (sic.).

xs.1.~ι

1

ji-\I oái oÀit- (18r,8).

4

¿lü .^} 3ií (15v,6) .,ΑΙ 3\ (15ν,6)

c

~

§ 46.6. 46.6. Manner #

Like

il

5 5 1

Like this Except

iiT

Never In order to

loi

2 1

~

~

..¿jx i

.

(9r,2).

3^1^^(19^4-5). ,J1811 j.1y.:ó(19r,4-5). X (16r,7). The The use of the 4^111 (16r,7). the SA SA kayfa and klf meaning "as" "as" in an an affirmative affirmative sense sense isisnowanowaNA kif days Egyptian and Maghrebian. (5^9), see § 71. 71, Comparatives. Comparatives. (5r,9), j-yi lr,l). (11r,1). 4ςj,.. (1 ßfÿ' ijy* ^ ¿il¿J. ids'

2

CÀÀi U iai (16r,6).

3

3Üt .^jjii 3' .01

(13v,4). (13ν,4).

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§§ 24-48.MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY §§ 24-48. Instead of

J\ju JΙΙ

1

57

(15v,3) bidal+suñ. ‚JJijo λ .Oi-ii- jjΙ (15ν,3) bid~l+suff. serves serves as as a preposi‚

.

tion 25.. 25

§§ 46.7. 46.7. Oaths it For the sake of

2

'.~

JJ

1ÿ? .lL (12r,3).

4» t,

|33

ιΥ~

1

J... J ... j...

2

~ ...

(2v,8). (2ν,8).

±jj\ ¿j» ji-j (12r,3) as as for for found in SPA SPA υJ.~~ found in J (12r,3) texts, itit is used used as if if itit were were aa preposition preposition in in texts, (Blau, Grammar, 243). oaths (Blau, 243). The The same same is true of já-j, whichoccurs occursininlate late MA. of j, which ((13r,9) 13r,9). .

§ 47. 47. Demonstratives Our ms. only only shows shows demonstratives demonstratives denoting denoting closeness: closeness: a) a) the the stanstanmasculine demonstrative demonstrative "this" "this" (hàdà dard masculine (h~d~~lia), Υιε), also abbreviated {da!da) (da / d~) (i/li), is pronoun; b) b) the the standard standardfeminine feminine (:/'S), is used as an adjective and as a pronoun; h demonstrative "this" "this" (hàdi oia) is used only twice as a pronoun, and (h~díηΡ a im) ís used only twice as pronoun, and what could seem seem to to be be its itsabbreviated abbreviated form form di/ dì (< (< dì) used only only dí/ d~~ d~ ) is is used what could article al- as an adjective. adjective. before the definite article

this (m.)

adj.

f.

#

pron.

f.

#

liá Ι.áíε

~I~lÍ Ili ' ~~

9r,6

1

~1.. I:~.íε

12v,9 12ν,9

3

'i

jjdl li 'i

lv,5 1ν,5

1

t t Ι~ fjg-

5v,l 5ν,1

5

,.~.JI ~i j ■idi ½3

111ν,6 lv,6

1

►till ρ ι~L;dl

2r,5

10

,'.►tilb IííJ

lv,6 1 ν, 6

10

(fem.) & this (fern.) ‚ρ

0

JtUsl J~II~T oi_» ελJε

19v,3 19ν,3

2

di/dt is one of very few cases (see §17.1) in which the the Considering that di/d~~ interdental d has a postdental postdental spelling spelling >> d, we to consider consider itit we are tempted to 25 25 According to Blau (Grammar, 243), influence of and "Through the the influence of Aramaic Aramaic .sl„» and According to Blau 243), "Through Greek both "instead "instead of" of and and"for", "for", boj-Ini badal has acquired the thesense senseofof"for". "for". has acquired äν~ , denoting denoting both Greek vnép ~ΠYρ // ctvrí,

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58

MS, MS. VATICAN VATICAN ARABIC ARABIC 366 366

26 an Egyptian loanword or an an Egyptian Egyptian hallmark . One hallmark26. One may suppose that masculine dee the imâla im~la lai /~/ > [ce], [cs], weakening weakening the the opposition between the masculine dαe and the feminine feminine di, urged urged such such a grammaticalisation (di); (dî); but this but this and the possibility is belied by the Egyptian Egyptian presentative presentative 5~Τ (here ...) ...) used eight eight possibility times for the masculine masculine and and for forthe thefeminine: feminine: ‚

fem.

.m.

here is... is...

4~~ v.:1ä aííÍí " ~ .) ~~

f.f. 2r,2 #7 2r,2 #7

... c-jyill

f.f.2r,4 2r,4 #1 #1

These demonstratives (d~~ {dì and 'adì) Egyptian hallmarks. hallmarks. Did Did they they These ~d~) are Egyptian belong to the Author's Author's living living speech? speech? Were Were they they just as as common common belong to the elsewhere? Were they only used for for stylistic stylistic reasons? reasons? A A global global evaluation evaluation of the Egyptian Egyptian features of of our our ms. ms. should should be bemade madebefore beforegiving givingany any reasonable answer(see (see §§ 67. 67. Demonstratives Demonstratives and andPresentatives). Presentatives). reasonable answer §. §. 48. 48. Interrogatives Besides the Besides the exclusively exclusivelystandard standardinterrogative interrogativeparticles particles(;1( ,, ‚ÿ t ,3^), our ms. ms. contains contains (SA, (SA, NA NA and mixed) mixed) interrogative interrogative elements elements (pronouns, (pronouns, adjectives and adverbs). We and evaluate evaluate their their adjectives and adverbs). We will will sift sift these elements and and provenance: provenance: frequency and is used only — 3i>:: As As in SA SA the interrogative interrogative particle particle hal hai is only once and and 27 :: jklii (9r,6-7). only in a positive question question27 — ¡yy SA, MA NA some derivatives derivatives of ra'a "to "to see" see" are are used used ΜΑ and NA ~ÿ tL :; In SA, as interrogative particles. We noticed this use only only once in in our our ms. ms. ‚

— ~4"or": blend between between aa question question "or":As As in in SA, 'amm 'arm is used once as a blend .i (5ν.5). and a conditional clause: ¿ií (5v.5). ! ^ ^ J~~lÁ, ~ ,¡ . i - iU. ^ ~~~i, S 'ς) , SA what? what?

NA

iU#l [ Ili ¿4-li I jJÍ (9r,5 6)]

.

-

mixed mixed

¶‚)‚ # 22 [i& [¿U. jqi (15v,6)] (15ν,6)]

why? why? 26 26

Demonstratives. For aa historical historical study study of ofdemonstratives demonstrativesíninNA NA dialects, dialects, see see Fischer, Fischer, Demonstrativen. For "In ASP ASP hai quite clearly clearly differentiated: differentiated: hai is used in in positive positive questions, questions, 'aá hal is "In hal and and 'a á are quite in negative ones." ones." Blau, Blau, Grammar, Grammar, 297. in negative 27 27

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§§ 24-48. MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY

59 59

JL (5r,9)] Jp ') ¿iU- (5r,9)] forwhom? for whom? (4r,4)] (4n4)]

where?

# 2 [ ~~'6131 JL-1 ...1 ~j# 1[J. ?^#2[îi\35 ?0T3#1[ Jilîip.U „ti Τ (1 (10r,3)] (9r,3)] ¿1:13 Or,3)]

wherefrom? where from?

5 #4 (3r,9)]

)[

‚‚)

(9r,9-9-1)] (9r,9-9v-l)]

Ui-\ it# 1 [|»uj U~~ s ' (17ν,7)] (17v>)]

how/however? how many?!

icA

? fit 2 (6r,9)]

^\'f

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νV §§ §§ 49-55. 49-55. SYNTAX SYNTAX § 49. Asyndetic Clauses Clauses corpus exhibits exhibits few few asyndetic asyndetic clauses, clauses,e.g. e.g. ,las ~l . (14v,6), Our corpus (14ν,6), lL ili* .j¿ iiJ ¿U (12r,9-12v,lj; (12v,8-9); (12r,9-12ν,1); . '1ili31'13 (12ν,8 -9); )J í .^'V . r~~ (18v,6). (18 ν,6).

fig

li

§ 50. 'Ann 'Ann/'Inn Clauses /'Inn and Subjunctive Clauses Unlike other MΑ MA texts, texts, the boundaries boundaries between between 'anna/'ann Unlike anna/ann and 'inna 'inns are standard and and very very distinct distinct (See (See Blau, Blau, Grammar, As in SA SA Grammar, 510-534). 510-534). As MA, 'innamd compoundóf ofjI¿iand and'd., U is particle. It and MΑ, 'innam~~(but), áa compound is aa restrictive particle. occurs in in,)413 ¿LLij ¿lili occurs ~l'LL ^¡¿1 4.W J. \¿\ Ι Khali j3 ..J (19v,7) (19ν,7) once and is used after a negative proposition. ‚

That

~~~ Truly that

‚)

1

ν~3~ ι,',~i .ili 'Jij ag:á

lv,4-5 1ν,4-5

1

ji-Ji Ι~ ~~~ ¿1 ι~ ~~

12r,7

1

~Ι ~ι~ .■%?+ ‚J ¿!

9v,4

§51. Relative Clauses — 'alladï, became invariable invariable in in &11ad~, a historically demonstrative pronoun, became most MΑ MA texts. modem dialects, dialects, 'illî the MA MA 'alladï. texts. In many modern 'jll~~replaces the ~llad~. The only 'alladï ^á!í lil (.1Α jj11l 4:11 ~llad~~clause clause found found in in our our ms. ms. [I ‚• ~) ¿jil! Úi ^lil Ν (lv,3)] (1ν,3)] is used in full conformity conformity with with SA. SA. — Owing the deteriorating deteriorating status status of of 'alladï, Author Owing perhaps perhaps to to the 'allad~, our Author uses man 88 times as as aa relative, relative, man being SA and to to some some being common common to SA colloquial m*n [m [mïnl ¿i t (6r,l)] [yyl 'J> ¿i-j colloquial variants variants m*n ~n/ man] tí (6r,1)] [ y ~i [‚ 4 ιΡ?~3 (12r,3)].

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§§ 49-55. SYNTAX SYNTAX

61

§ 52. § 52. Conditional Clauses 1. 'In "if: Exceptfor tor4.0 vófdtl followed by "if': Except l' (10r,4) (10r,4),( 'in 'in is immediately followed As in SA, SA, the verb governed governed by by 'in is times) in the the a verb. As is used (6 times) perfect referring to the imperfect imperfect [j [¿Uc ¿J"j .

.J5

asiq

>

;:~jç

4ν,5 4v,5

2

hidn hidn

>

~λ

111r,1 lr,l

1

fud λa fudda

>

•ι,~+,äJΙ

3ν,9 3v,9

2

hab~b habib

>

~

17ν,4 17v,4

1

/cayyis kayyis

>

v~ji

1ν,5 lv,5

1

§57. Erotic Corpus Female beauty is extolled extolled through native criteria. The female Female female eyes are ν,9). Her hidden hidden parts are described black ~:, ü ~ J3 ^ (1 (lv,9). described either either directly, directly, or with flowery flowery metaphors (Fanjul, (Fanjul, Mawwad, Mawwa:l, 108). 108).The The sweet sweet fruits fruits of of her rumm ~n, her her bed bed and body are breasts are compared compared to to aa "pomegranate" "pomegranate" rummdn, ~,, ¿Aîj ΠL:, 51 cJSlj (1..4 GT 13v,3 4), her her face a bus bust~n tan "garden" ( la:;^~.óyí Cl ¿Jíó 3v,3-4), is like is like aa moon, moon, her beauty beauty is is measured measuredby bywhiteness whitenessli'1¿ÜL^í' '• •