International Law, Museums and the Return of Cultural Objects 9780521841429, 0521841429
537 15 145MB
English Pages [193] Year 2006
Recommend Papers
- Author / Uploaded
- Ana Filipa Vrdoljak
File loading please wait...
Citation preview
s t c e j b O l a r u t l u C of n r u t e R e th d n a s m u e s u M w, La l a n o i t a Intern
eee
ee
;
e m o c e b s ha it e, on w e n a s n mea no by is s ct je ob al ur lt cu of rn tu re e th f 0 on ti es qu e the th e es l i or Wh pl ex k o o b t n a t r o p m i is Th s. ar ye nt : ce re in te ba de e o tw st the subject of increasingly intens la e th ng ri du s e i t i n u m m co d e i p u c c o om fr s ct je ob al ur lt e h T w. la removal and the return of cu ge ta ri he al ur lt cu l na io at rn te in of n io ut l o v t e n e rr u c n o c e th s e s y l a n a d n a s e i s r t u t n n e m ce n r e v o g n a i l a r t s u A d an S U h, is it Br by ed rt e ex e nc ue infl t an ic if gn si e th on s se cu . fo ms ai ok cl bo n io ut it st re to se on sp re in cy li po m u e s u m d an w la d an s m and museums on international u e s u m of n io ut ol diss d e r a e f g n o l e th g in ld ra he om fr r fa , ms ai cl e es th at th n s o i t a n i m Tt show r e t e d f l e s of s es proc e th in le ro w e n l ta vi a th wi s m u e s u m e id ov pr s, on ti ec l ll ia co nt se es their is k o o b is th , t u o h g u o r h t g n i k o v o r p t h g u o h t d an g n i l l e p m o C . ty ti en id al ur lt ce cu ur so and re al ur lt cu in ed lv vo in e os th l al d an s er wy la l na io at rn te in , ts is og ol ae ch ar r fo g in read management. sity er iv Un n a e p o r u E , t n e m t r a p e D aw L e th at ow ll Fe e ri Cu e ri Ma is ANA FILIPA VRDOLJAK lia. ra st Au n r e t s e W of ty si er iv Un , w La of y t l u c a F e th at er ur ct Le or ni and Se Institute, Florence
=| CAMBRIDGE es]
25
| es
|e
a
ambnidge,
s , PRESS SITY ak Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo
s bridge CB2 2RU, UK Pres y iversit ; Cam ty ersi Univ e ridg Camb
The Edinburgh Building,
G?
York Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New
.cambridge.org 9 2 4 1 4 8 1 2 5 0 8 7 9 / g r o . e g d i r b on this title: www.cam eee © Ana Filipa Vrdoljak 2006
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2006
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Britis h Library ISBN-13 ISBN-10
978-0-521-84142-9 hardback 0-521-84142-9 hardback
for my parents
ne CONTENTS
List of illustrations Preface Table of cases Table of instruments List of abbreviations Note on the text
page ix
xii
XxX1X XXXIV
Introduction
Part One
y ur nt ce th en te ne ni y rl ea e th in e ur lt cu al on ti na The State and
1
y ur nt ce th en te ne ni the in es ti ri no mi of on ti ec ot Pr The rise of national cultural patrimony tion ea cr the d an um se Mu on gt in ns Ke h ut So s, on ti bi hi ex t ea Gr
of national identity
International Law, international exhibitions in the late nineteenth century
2
3
NW 20 DD,
35
46
Colonised peoples and International Law in the nineteenth century Collection and display of empire War and cultural objects of non-Europeans
47 2)3) 63
Dismantling empires and post-First World War peace treaties
713
Minorities and the League of Nations Restitution of cultural objects and post-First World War peace treaties Restitution within the British Empire
74 77 87
Part Two
4
Colonised peoples and the League of Nations
103
Colonised peoples, their cultural property and the League of Nations International Museum Office and restitution of cultural objects
104 108 118
Restitution in the mid twentieth century
130 Sr
United States and Native Americans: assimilation to Indian New Deal
5
Indigenous peoples, American identities and UN trusteeship Legal protection of cultural heritage during armed conflict at the mid century
Vij
Contents r a W d l r o W d n o Ser n followining g the Sec preuniutewente Ayeentlry Restitutio n
i s e r u t l u c n a c Native Ameri
6
e a ; d W l o g C e h g t n i r s u e d l p p o o e e p p d e d s e ‘ s i n o l o c d n i a s t h g i r i n Genocide, huma ide
and cul tural heritage
r a W d l o C e th g n i r u d ts gh bul e p e u h o r S g d n a s t h g i r Human r a W ld Co e th d an s le op pe us no ge United States, indi
Part Three 7
8
Decolonisation without restitution Decolonisation and self-determination ty er op pr al ur lt cu on to si es cc su e at St d on Decolonisati an Restitution and the 1970 UNESCO Convention e e l t t ta i m en m nm o C er ov rg O te C In S E N U e n th d io an Restitut
3
e
i;
9
a 163
in
197 6 5 8 Fe -
Working towards a new international cultural order
a
Indigenous peoples and restitution as a process
228
Indigenous peoples, self-determination and cultural rights
Assessment of the work of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee Implementing the 1970 UNESCO Convention bi
ly
2
a a
Renegotiating relations between Indigenous Australians and museums
=
Indigenous peoples, States and reconciliation
261
Self-determination and the 1993 Draft UN Declaration WGIP and restitution of indigenous cultural heritage ae and the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention nate models for restitution to indigenous peoples
Aus
an museums and the recollection i of colonialism and reconciliation
Conclusion
5a oe 5 5
299
Select bibliography
Index
ILLUSTRATIONS
ae 883
1.1
er n i r a m a g n i r a e w n a om w n a i n a m s a T a , i n i n H. H. Bailey, Truga h t u o S e h t of y s e t r u o c d ce u d o r p e R , 7 6 8 1 , t r a b shell necklace, Ho
Australian Museum. n i m a j n e B . h t i m S R. J. 1.1
West’s YFoseph S. , n o d n o L d e h s i l b u P April 1773, e at St e th of y s e t r u o c d e c Reprodu y l i m a F y p p a H e h T “ , l e i n n e T 1.2 John
Banks, Hooper Library in Hyde
page XXxvill
, m c 38 x 2 6 , t n i t o z z me and J. R. Smith. of New South Wales. Park’, Punch, 19 July
Sal.
n, So & y a D , n o d n o L , 51 18 on ti bi hi Ex t a e r G . g n i d l i u B e th 1.3 Plan of 1851.
n ai pt Ca te La e th of cs li Re of on ti ec ll Co e th of e gu lo ta Ca e th om fr 2.1 Plates d an al ni lo Co e th at ll re ck Ma ¥ r M by d te bi hi ex S, FR , RN ok Co James . er pl ep Ka ne en ri Ad of sy te ur co d e c u d o r p e R . 86 18 on ti bi hi Ex an Indi in 86 18 , on ti bi hi Ex an di In d an _ 2.2 Survey of floor plan of Colonial on ti bi hi Ex an di In d an al ni lo Co e th of s Report of the Royal Commussioner (London, 2.3
1886).
, 11 .1 no 3, l. vo , es ch et Sk ry na io ss Mi r, ve Co
October
1818.
hi nc Sa at a up St st hi dd Bu t ea Gr e th y of a 2.4 Cast of the Eastern Gatew , um se Mu on gt in ns Ke h ut So t, ur Co st Ca t Eas ), (V&A 1872-113-122 d an ia or ct Vi the of es te us Tr of d ar Bo e Th © ph ra og ot Ph 1872. rt be Al d an ia or ct Vi the of sy te ur co ed uc od pr Re . um se Albert Mu Museum.
Tippoo’s Tiger, Mysore, c.1790, painted wood, 177.8 cm long, V&A 182545. Photograph © The Board of Trustees of the Victoria and Albert Museum. Reproduced courtesy of the Victoria and Albert Museum. 3.1 Fragments of plaster casts of Indian architecture, Victoria and Albert Museum, c.1909. Photograph © The Board of Trustees of the Victoria and Albert Museum. Reproduced courtesy of the Victoria and Albert Museum. 3.2 Drawing of Gold Boat, Bowl and Necklet found in Ireland, reproduced in Arthur J. Evans, On a votive deposit of Gold Objects found on the North-West Coast of Ireland (1897) LV Archeologia
18
34 38
45
5D 59)
62
2.5
391, plate XXI.
68
12
s n o i t a r t s u l l i f o t Lis
List of illustrations
. 36 19 , m u e s u M rt be Al d an ia or ct Vi n, io ct Se an i d n I , l l a h e c n a t r 3.3 Entr e b l A d n a ia or ct Vi e th of es te us Tr of d ar Bo e h T m u Photograph © e s u M t r e b l A d an ia or ct Vi e th of sy te ur : Museum. Reproduced co s ’ d l r o W the
6.3
a d n u o F r e l l e f e k c o R .1, 1 G R , 0 0 2 s e i r e S . s e Box 250, v i h c r A n o i t a d n u o F r e l l e f e k c o Ri 4 0 0 2 © , r e t n e C s e v i h Arc . r e t n e C s e v i h c r A r e l l e f e k c o R e h t f o y s e t r u o c d e c u e d h o T r p , ’ Re s a e S h t u o S e h t f o t r A ‘ n o i t i b i h x e e h t f o w e i v n h g u o r h t 6.4 Installatio 6 4 9 1 y r a u n a J 9 2 , k r o Y w e N , t r A n r e d o M f , o t r A n r e Museum d o M f o eum
at t bi hi ex r fo d ar aw ia an lv sy nn Pe of 4.1 University e h T ©) h p a r g o t o h P . on, Chic ago, 1893
i t i s o p x E n a i b m u . Col 7 6 7 0 4 1 4 S . o n g e , n a i n a v l y s n n e P f o y t i s r University Museum, Unive
. a i n a v l y s n n e P of ty si er iv Un e Reproduced courtesy of th n a i b m u l o C s d’ rl Wo e th at t bi hi ex ia an lv sy nn Pe of ty si er iv Un 2 4. m u e y s t i u s M r e v i n h U e p h a T r © g o t o h . P 93 o, 18 ag , on ic ti Ch Exposi University of Pennsylvania, neg no.139791. Reproduced courtesy of
s u M e h T 1 0 0 2 © h p a r g o t o h P . 6 4 9 1 y 0 19 Ma s e e t s u r T e h t f o y s e t r u o c d e c u d o r p e R . 4 9 7 6 $ , k r o Y New . t r A n r e d o M f o , y e n Museum d y S , n o i t i b i h x E e c a l a P n e d r a G e h t at t r u o C l a c i y g o h l p a r g o t o h 7.1 Ethno P , m u e s u M n a i l a r t s u A © 0 6 4 1 l i V h p a r g o t o h P n a i l a r 1879-80, t s u A f o y s e t r u o c d e c u d o r p e R . n o ncy Collecti
the University of Pennsylvania.
m u e n s y l u k M o o y, r e B og h T ol hn y Et er of ll e, Ga w us o b Ho n 43 The Rai 1930, Brooklyn Museum Archives, Photograph Collection, Mviaseum
building: interiors © 2004 Brooklyn Museum. Reproduced courtes of Brooklyn Museum Archives.
Sul ove
Unit, Transpare h p Museum Archives. a r g o t o h P . 8 5 9 1 , y e n d y S , m u e s u M n a i l a r t s u A , y r e l l a G l a n i g i r n a i l a r 7.2 Abo t s u A of y s e t r u o c d e c u d o r p e R . m u e s u an M
:
entrance during the exhibition ‘Indian Art of the United
ae , The i RESSuE of Modern Art, New York, 22 January 1941 e ough 27 April 1941. Photograph © 2001 The Museum of
. 5.2
i odern Art, New York, MMA 20.441. Reproduced courtesy ares
of The Museum of Modern Art
MoMA torpedo, 1933- 1946, in 1 Folder 1256, Box RG4 NAR Personal Projojects, Rockefeller Archi
of th
——_
128, Series III 4L,
York, © 2004 Rockefeller Archives Ce nter. Re c a prod ucede courtesy of the Rockefeller Archives Center. ; 5.3 Fred Kabotie (Hopi t Art
;
of the United St
El d an st ti ar ), pi e ates’, The ee
ie
Roosevelt at the ‘In Gian
e h t r o f s e h c t e k s y r o t a r a p e r p , t r u o c n o n r a H ’ d é n e R , 1 ) 8 b 9 ( 2 d r e d l o (a) an F n i , 5 4 9 1 t s u g u A 7 1 , ’ s a e S h t u o S e h t f o s t r e l l e f e k c o R exhibition ‘Ar , n o i t
129
153
159
161
185
i l a r t s u A © 8 5 9 0 1 V Museum Archives. h p a r g o t o h P . 8 5 9 1 , y e n d y S , m u e s u M n a i l a r t s u A , y r e l l a G l a n i g i r o b A 3 7. n a i l a r t s u A of y s e t r u o c d e c u d o r p e R . m u e s u M V10938 © Australian Museum Archives. . s 0 8 9 1 y l r a e ; y e n d y S , m u e s u M n a i l a r t s u A , y r e l l 7.4 Aboriginal Ga of y s e t r u o c d e c u d o r p e R . m u e s u M n a i l a r t s u A © Photograph . s e v i h c r A m u e s u M n a i l Austra . 5 8 9 1 , y e n d y S , m u e s u M n a i l a r t s u A y, er ll ga a li ra st u A l a n i 8.1 Aborig , it Un y h p a r g o t o h P , m u e s Photograph © Australian Mu an li ra st Au of sy te ur co d e c u d o Transparency Collection. Repr Museum Archives. . 85 19 , ey dn Sy , m u e s u M an li ra st Au y, er ll ga a li ra st Au al in ig or Ab 8.2 , it Un y ph ra og ot Ph , um se Mu an li Photograph © Austra an li ra st Au of sy te ur co ed uc od pr Re . Transparency Collection Museum Archives. . 85 19 , ey dn Sy , um se Mu an li ra st Au y, er ll 8.3 Aboriginal Australia ga
, it Un y ph ra og ot Ph , um se Mu an li ra st Photograph © Au an li ra st Au of sy te ur co ed uc od pr Re . on ti ec ll Co cy Transparen Museum Archives. , 82 19 , um se Mu an li ra st Au y, er ll ga al in ig or Ab m, ra ag 8.4 Concept Di y er ll Ga al in ig or Ab 2, x bo , /2 92 AN , es iv ch Ar um se Mu an li ra Aust the of sy te ur co ed uc od pr Re . es iv ch Ar um se Mu an li ra 1982 © Aust Australian Museum Archives. 9.1 Indigenous Australians, gallery entrance, Australian Museum, y ph ra og ot Ph , um se Mu an li ra st Au © ph ra og ot Ph . 97 19 , ey Sydn an li ra st Au of sy te ur co ed uc od pr . Re on ti ec ll cy Co en ar sp an Tr , it Un Museum
Archives.
186
187
196
218
219
224
22K
249
250
257
260
. s e v i h c r A m u e s Mu . 7 9 9 1 , m u e s u M n a i l a r t s u A , ry Je l a g s n a i l a r t s u A s 9.3 Indigenou , t i n U y h p a r g o t o h P , m u e s u M n a i l a r t s u A © h p Photogra n a i l a r t s u A e th y of s e t r u o c d e c u d o r p e . R n o i t c e l l y o c C n e r a Transp Museum Archives.
n a i l a r t s u , A y r e l l s a n g a i l a r t s s u u A o n e g i d n I , n a l p t u o y n a o l i t i b 9.4 Exhi a li ra st Au l na gi ri bo ‘A in ed uc od Museum, August 1996, repr
1
© rt po Re g in et Me al rr fe Re nd co Se , 96 19 st gu Exhibition’ Au an li ra st Au e th sy of te ed ur uc co od . pr es Re iv ch um Ar se an li Mu Austra Museum Archives. Galarrwuy Yunupingu (Yolgnu) following his delivery of the 1998 Vincent Lingari Memorial Lecture. Photographer: Leon Morris, Source: Northern Land Council. Reproduced courtesy of Leon Morris.
293
298
e d i w d l r o w s m u e s u m n i d e s u o h s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c f o n o i t u t i t s e r he , t r r e o v f e w s o m i H a l c . s f e o d a s c t e r d o p o w Re t t s a st e h t in n o i t a n i g a m i r a l u p o p e h t d e r u , t y p l a t c n e y u l q g e n s i n s a o e C r c n . i s t s e u q have e r n o i t u t i t s e r to ed t a l e r y l t c e r i d t o n e r a k o o b t o n s i h t as r o s f t c s e r j e b g o g i r l t a r e u t th l u c f o n r u t e r d n a l a v o m e r e h t f o n o i t a r e d i s n o c e h t to d e l s a h is th . n o i t a l o s i in d e w e i s e g a m i f o h g u o r merely physical acts v h t g n i r e t l i f e h t h t i w 1 9 9 1 r e b o t c O in e c a l p k o o t r e g g of e n o , k i n The first tri v o r b u D of ty ci d e i f i t r o f e h t of g n i l l e h s e t a r e b i l e d e h t of s t r o p e e l p m a x e n and news r a s a w s i h T . t c i l f n o c n a k l a B e h t of s r a e y y l r a e e h t of s t n e m o m l e d a m is the semina t a h t s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c d n a y t i t n e d i s ’ e l p o e p a n e e w t e b nk li e l b i l e d e c n e of the in l o i v e h T . s r e i p u c c o e b d l u o w r i e h t y b so al t u b lf se it y t i n u m m o c e h t y b or not only c i n h t e r a l u c i t r a p a of p i h s r e b m e m r i e h t of e s u a c e b e l p o e p t s n i a g a d e t a u t perpe s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c d n a s te si c i r o t s i h , s t n e m u n o m at d e l l e v e l so al s a w p u o r g s u o i g reli . ns io at li fi af d e v i e c r e p y with similarl t sufficient
no s a w p u o r g ar ul ic rt pa e th of s r e b m e m e th of n o i t c u r t s e d al ic The phys e th om fr e nc te is ex s p’ ou gr e th e g n u p x e to d e p o h ey th , er th ra for these belligerents; r ei th of l a v o m e r ic at em st sy e th h g u o r h t s on ti ra ne ge re tu fu of collective memory ve ti ec ll co d an al du vi di in in ’ es nc le si al rn te ‘e of on ti ea cr e h T . ns io at st fe cultural mani a be to s ue in nt co ge ta ri he al ur lt cu of n io ct ru st de or l va mo re e th h memory throug s. le op pe of n io at ug bj su d an on ti pa cu powerful weapon in the oc , ts Ar of y m e d a c A l ya Ro e th to 95 19 te la in t si vi my s wa r ge ig tr nd co The se on ti bi hi ex e th of m ai e Th . ow sh t’ en in London for the ‘Africa: The Art of a Cont g in ng lo ‘a om fr ng gi er em s wa h ic wh t en in nt was to chronicle the arts of an entire co d ei th ar ap e th g of in tl an sm di e th d on an ti period of humiliation’ following decolonisa me ti a at ed ut ec ex d an d ne an pl en be d ha on ti system in South Africa.! The exhibi al tu ec ll te in ed by ng le al ch g in be re we st pa e th es of iv when the grand imperial narrat e h th ug ro th ed lk wa I as r, ve we y. Ho er ph ri pe e th s on le discourses driven by peop e it sp de se ea un e of ns g se in er ng li a th wi ft le s Royal Academy’s darkened rooms I wa
its laudable aims.
n io at rm fo ed in il ta de le tt ed li id ov y pr la sp di s on ct je al ob The labelling of the cultur d te e th ua nt ce s ac ct je g ob in e th nd ou rr s su al id ic vo or st . hi e of their provenance Th s d on an ti la al re ni lo er co rm fo s of y ct fe da ef ten es pr e , th st al pa ni denial of the colo
on ti bi hi ex e th ce at an y gl or rs , cu on a ti di ad . In st pa is th es of ci ga the possible future le 1
ue
ie rin
Hite
ne
1995), Introduction, in T, Phillips (ed.), Africa: The Art of a Continent (exh. cat., New York,
Preface
Xiy
Preface
a e p o r u E s u o r e m u n of ’ y t r e p o r p ‘ e th e r e w ts bi hi ex at th ed al ve re e u g o catal n o s i e t t y c c n l e a e n i r e j O r a f b e of e th o r w o D N . s n o i t c e l l o c e t a v i r in e e American or p d e w o r r o b e r e w s t c e j b o e s e h t n e v E . s m u e s u m n ca ri Af of on the possessi y, it St ‘D , e r o f e r e h T s. e t a t S t n e d n e p e d n i y l w it is pr e n of es ti ci l ta pi ca in tions located etree were exhibition the in jects ob e th of n io ible port
that only a neglig
to th
. ed at in ig or ey th h ic wh om fr s ie communit L would not suggest that the exhibition sought to reaffirm the values of the Br... awareness
of old, What I do contend is that, even with our growing
of ae
\
i
t a a S s u o i r a v of s ve ti ia it in e th e it sp De . ed at ip ss di t no ve ha s ct fe ef ism, its . s c i n al c i P y l r e m r o f of ge ta ri he al ur lt cu agencies, a significant portion of the
indigenous peoples remains housed in foreign museums. These objects conti a and form a vital part of narratives largely dictated by il 4 oe
aes
e e S
J
:
ie
wi
ae
wave of globalisation.
g
The res~ titution of c ultural object } s to
h theiri communit1y
of ‘or origi ign’in’ 1s i neit 1 her
losses
are cen t
nor rare © phen phe omen~ on. Sin inccee the early nin i eteenth century, the internati 1 nity has sanctioned the return of cu Itural objec : communities jects to formerly occupied — tiene the
NOT
oO CCUT
question,
disinteg =: ration
during I take
chapter : of their
ations,8,
Laute
ac
decolonis ation
up
the
work,:
tle verv y lit le litt ver
of e mpir pires e:
w k wor
challenge Law
and
in laid
the
or
cess8 ation
late
down
th eC ul il tural
by
occupation.
TW entieth
centur
I Trott and
O
Herita geeé,, VO. ]
Wi
In
Keefe
in
I I I
has bee
Yet
why
did
addressing the
M ovement
1
penul
timate
( 1989 ) .
The
-conflict situ-
e r t n e C e c r u o s e R s r i a f f A s u o n e g i d n I r fo p u o ; s e v i h c r a d n a national Work Gr s e i r a r b i l y e n d y S of y t i s r e v i n U e h t of f af st d e d u l c n d n a y r a r b i L Australia, this i m u e s u e Australian M
h t ; s e i r a r b i l s e l a W h t u o S w e N ; of y e n y d t y i S s r e , v y i r a Un r b i L l l e h c he Mit t ; of y r a r b i L e t a t S h e t u th o S ; s of y r a Archive r b i L tate S e h t ; s e v i h c r A d n a y r a r b i L m u e s u M n a i l e h t ; s e v i h c r a the South Austra d n a y r a r b i l a i r o t c i V m u e s u M ; a i r o t c i V of y r a r b i L e t a t S . y e n d y S , Australia; the e r t n e C n o i at m r o f n I s n o i t a N d e t i n U e h t d n a ; a i l a r t s u A of y r a ; s e v i h c r a National Libr d n a s e i r a r b i l y t i s r e v i n U k r o Y w e N e h t d e d u l c n i is th , s e t a t S d , s e i r a r b In the Unite i l n o s l i W w o r d o o W d n a d l é j k s r a m m a H g a D e h t ; s e v i h c r A s n o i t a N e h t ; s the United e v i h c r A d n a y r a r b i L t r A n r e d o M of m u e s Mu e h t ; k r o Y w e N , s n o i t a N e v United a W ; r e t n e C e v i h c r A r e l l e f e k c o R ; n o i t u t i t s n I n a i n o s h t i m S , t r A n a c i r e m A of s e v Archi seum of Natural His-
u M n a c i r e m A ; s e v i h c r A d n a y r a r b i L t r A of m u e s u M n y l k o Bro c i l b u P k r o Y w e N ; k r o Y w e N , y r a r b i l t r A of m u e s u n M a t i l o p o r t e M e h t ; y r a r b i L y r to e h t d n a ; s m u e s u M t r y A t i s r e rd Univ
a v r a H ; s e i r a r b i l y t i s r e v i n U a i b Library; Colum Roerich Museum Archives. y, ll Ke a d n y L n, fi if Gr s De , n o d r o G il Ph , er zi ra B n Ja to ul ef I am extremely grat k ac St y r a m e s o R ; m u e s u M an li ra st Au e th of e t i h W r te Pe d an Jude Philp, Jim Specht e t i d o r h p A d an e o d r a P n li Co , ke ar Cl p li il Ph g, ai Cr y rr Ba ; m u e s u M y of the Maclea rt be Ro s, rt be Ra e ni la Me n, le Al y nd Li ; m u e s u M an li ra st Au h ut So e th Vlavogelakis of
e th of ly er rm fo on rt Bu y on th An ; ia or ct Vi m u e s u M of y le Fo ry Ga d McWilliams an
ms
re fo nt ch Ce ar se Re cht tpa t International L; durin visited I aw,
g 1999; the Global I
which I visited File
of
, e c n a r F n I . e c i f f : O ds r o c e R c i l b u P h s i t i r B e h t d n a ; s e v i h c r A d n a u M of l i c Museum Librar n u o C a n l na oo i t a n ; r e t n I e th ; y r a r b i L d n a s e v i h c r A o c s e n U e In . s i r a P , e u q this included th : e h t o i l b i b n o i t a t n e m u c o d de e r t n e C d n a ; s e v i h c r A d r e t n I e i d n a seums Library an ; y r a r b i L l a y o R e h T ; y r a r b i l t ee s u m l a n o i t a N d e d u l c n i and Library. In Denmark, this
-0 05
epi «
6
:
Univer
s the ce of ur so al re nti sta ;
W School, School eee
Li4br0aryary of of Austra lia, Rockefell er Arrcehi
al ic og ol ae ch Ar r fo e ut it st In d l a n o D c a M , ie od Br il Ne ; m u e s u M rt be Al d an ia Victor
.
ces, which
ew York University
d
e dg ri mb Ca e th of t as Bo n bi Ro d an e rl He a it An e; dg ri mb Ca of ty si er iv Un , ch Resear ey ll Ke ney ks Ma e ni ha ep St ; gy lo po ro th University Museum of Archaeology and An al on ti Na US e th of s n w o D ry Ma ; an di In an ic of the National Museum of the Amer e th of k e a b d n u L en rb To ; on nd , Lo ty si er Park Service; Patrick Boylan, City Univ of ty si er iv Un w, La of y lt cu Fa e, ef Ke O’ r ge Ro d an National Museum of Denmark;
Cambridge who have been most generous with their time. sipos n bee e hav not d ul wo ok bo s thi of on ti le mp The progress, depth and co and r Boe n Be of ail det to ion ent att and ce ien pat n, tio ina ble without the determ Aus e, ef Ke O’ k ric Pat ; ney Syd of y sit ver Uni , Law of y ult Fac the of Terry Carney k Yor w Ne , Law and y iet Soc of ute tit Ins sh, Bar sel Rus y; tralian National Universit Uni , ure ect hit Arc and Art of y tor His of nt me rt pa De th, Smi University; Terence , ry eo Th and y tor His Art of nt me rt pa De , ay ck Ma ry Ma and h; urg tsb versity of Pit , Law of y ult , Fac rd fo aw Cr es Jam of ice adv and ce dan gui e Th . ney Syd y of sit Univer
University of Cambridge throughout many years is deeply appreciated. Special thanks to my sister, Katarina Vrdoljak, whose unstinting support has guaranteed the inclusion of images to accompany my words; Annie Parkinson, whose proofreading skills came when they were most needed; and my editor, Simon Whitmore, who patiently guided the book to completion.
Preface
, o h e h t n e e b s a h k r o w is th of s e r u s a e l p g n i One of the most endur m o ] l a i c e p s e , e b o l ly ay g e th of s r e n r o c s ou ri va in s d friend
generosity of family an
t
e
TABLE
OF
CASES
l de Vr d an e ng ro St c, ci si Ro é, vi ho Pa n, se an -H rd aa ng Li k, va Le , ar Kram Jak fa Ute vevey
i Igy ky ac to sh wi I l, al e v o b A s. er st Si ow ll fe r he d n an OWledg, t na er ff He ta si re Te and
s ter sis and s ent par my of t por sup nal tio emo and al unfailing physic
l. goa eld g-h lon this of on ati lis rea the fuelled and ensured
wh
OS
Sake i
, n o i t a c u d E of y r t s i n i M e h T v. ) e t u t i t s n I n a e a n g a m a n r A ( n o i t a d n u o F n r e t s a E e h T ; ) 6 Arne Magnussen 6 9 1966 (November 1 / 7 0 1 . o N e s a C , k r a m n e D of t r u o C e m e r p u S 1 4 2 , ) 0 7 9 1 h c r a M ( 7 6 9 1 / 7 5 . o N I I e s a C ; k r C A ] 4 8 9 High Court of Denma 1 [ ; ) B Q ( 2 3 4 R E l l A 3 ] 2 8 9 1 [ z i t r O v. d n a l a e Z w e N of l a r e n e Attorney-G
1
(HL), 245, 270
4 | ;
s e e t s u r T v. l a r e n e G y e , n 12 r ) h Atto C ( 9 8 0 1 R H W E ] 5 0 0 2 [ m u e s u M h is it Br e th of es te us Tr e h T v. l a r e n e G Attorney0 9 2 , 3 7 9 6 2 , 4 5 3 5 2 5 2 5 5 0 2 4 0 2 0, 14 , 0 2 9 1 54, 69, 73, 80, 81, 95, 1 Vv. s u r p y C of c i l b u p e R e th d n a s u r p y C of h c r u h C x o d o h t r O k Autocephalous Gree 6 4 2 , ) 0 9 9 1 r. Ci th (7 8 7 2 2d F 7 1 9 , c. In , ts Ar ne Fi n a m d l Goldberg & Fe e th of r e d r O e th of e r u s a e r T e th d n a e s n o h p e d l I t i a S of ch ty Belgian claims to the Trip n o i t a r a p e R s, ri Pa s, st ri Fu e e r h T of e e t t i m m o C e th of t r o p e R , Golden Fleece 82 , 1 4 1 1 . o N x e n n A , 21 19 r be Commission, 25 Octo ) m 9 9 r O e @ 8 62 . pp Su F 9 96 , y m r A e th of nt me rt pa De US v. en hs Bonnic 962
3d F 7 35 fd af ); 02 20 . Or . ( 16 11 2d . pp Su F 7 21 ); ng li ru ry na mi li (pre
,9 (9th Cir. 2004)27
1] 99 [1 is ol op tr Me e th r fo ce li Po of er on si is mm Co v. n io at or rp Co t en pm lo ve De er Bump WLR
1362, [1991] 4 All ER 638 (CA), 245
49 , 6) 92 (1 3 17 p. 4, l. vo AA RI ), es at Cayuga Indians (Great Britain v. United St 6 10 , 1) 83 (1 1 .) Pet ( US 30 a, gi or Ge v. on ti Na Cherokee
Crow v. Gullett, 541 F Supp. 785 (DSCD
1983), 276
1982); affd 706 F 2d 856 (8th Cir.
ed ri va ); 91 19 C, SS (B 185 h) (4t R DL 79 7) 99 Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1 , CC (S 193 h) (4t R DL 153 ld he up . app 3); 199 A, 104 DLR (4th) 470 (BCC
1997), 295
103 2d F 836 ed ers rev 7); 198 NY, (SD 688 p. Sup F 658 r, inge Bald DeWeerth v. (2nd Cir. 1987); reversed 38 F 3d 1266 (2nd Cir. 1994), 143 Factory at Chorzow, Merits, (1928) PCIf, ser.A, No.17, p.47, 215 Foster v. Mountford (1976) 29 CLR 233, 14 ALR 71, 270 Idrogo v. United States Army, 18 F Supp. 2d 25 (DDC 1998), 279 Island of Palmas (US v. Netherlands), RIAA, vol.2, p.831 (1949), 49 Kartinyeri v. Commonwealth (1998) 195 CLR 337, 286 Kitok v. Sweden, No.197/1985, UN Doc.A/43/40, p.221 (1988), 178
1
Table of cases ;
(EDNY 829 Supp. F 536 Elicofon, V. Weimar su Kunstsammlungen .
.
981), afty
ie 209 (1981) 1163; ILM 12 (1973) 1982); Cir. (2nd 1150 F.2d
Mi; (iggl
21 ILM 773, 143
Lansman y. Finland, No.511/1922, UN Doc.CCPR/52/D/511/199
No.671/1995, UN Doc.CCPR/C/58/D/671/1995, 178
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupi ed P.
Pred
ICJ, 9 July 2004, No.131, 67
a
Palestinian Rerrity,
"PC. I
Lubicon Lake Band (Bernard
v. C
UN 5 Omi
‘
in Namibia
TOT Rene
ae
Legal Status of Eastern Greenland G938)
;
sand
Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Afri, (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resoluti i
1971, p.16, 199, 200
\
minayak)
UN 4, 98 /1 67 .1 No , ada Can v. ) 178 , 90) (19 p.1 2, Pt. 40, Doc.A/45/
‘
e v. Nabalco Pry Limited and mority Schools in Albania case (1 93
Ier 20
Se
¥; (2 August 200] , doce ea ia
F
an I]
Report of the a 377
stria
3d 1105 (oth Fy hh
“a
ci,
ca
d
a
* Judgment, Case is» e £ Trial Chamber Ie 1-98.33_
fe? esi
11999] Crim. LR 578 : HONS) 03 i544 93 »24 A
tation dnyV,I SOr the Tr ne ren (2001 Hc y. Vi U F
1,92 245
,
O, > D7 277
respect of a Pains N n E ow in the P »~2, 216
i es
(2903); afta 541 S
United States v. 184 F 2d 131 United States v.
fd af ), 99 19 Y N D S ( 2 22 . pp Su F 1 99 , ld Go of r te at Pl e qu ti An An (2nd Cir. 1999), 244 h 0t (1 6 79 3d F 11 fd af ); 96 19 M N D ( 53 15 . pp Su F 1 94 , ow Corr
S U 2 52 ed ni de . rt ce ); 97 19 Cir.
1133,
118 S.Ct.
1089
(1998), 278
4 24 ), 74 19 r. Ci th (9 54 11 2d F 5 49 d, ea sh in ll Ho v. es at St United 3 12 , 6) 87 (1 6 61 S U 94 , ph se Fo v. es United Stat 6 10 , 6) 88 (1 5 37 US 8 11 , ma ga United States v. Ka
0 20 9, 19 6, p. , 75 19 s rt po Re F IC n io in Op ry so Western Sahara Advi 4 BO il, IR (C II 6) 99 (1 nd la ns ee Wik Peoples v. Qu 6 10 , 2) 83 (1 5 51 ) t. Pe (6 US 31 a gi or Worcester v. Ge C FR 1 10 9) 99 , (1 th al we on mm Co & y or it rr Te rn he Yarmirr v. Nort 208 CLR 1, 286, 295
NoIT-98-
R. v. Tokeley-p fonsov. Ridlon, (1996, ¢
28 ), 13 18 S. N. Ct m. Ad eic (V 2, 48
nd (2 3 39 3d F 3 33 ), 02 20 Y N D S ( 5 44 2d . pp Su F 8 17 z, lt hu Sc v. es at St ed Unit
|
ee
, 13 18 l ri Ap 21 s, rt po Re ty al ir dm -A ce Vi s t’ ar ew St , se ca es el ru me So The Marquis de
Cir. 2003), 244
oe | e|e s
'
50 , 5) 82 (1 5 n) to ea Wh 0 (1 US 23 The Antelope,
3 12 , 3) 91 (1 28 US 1 23 , al ov nd United States v. Sa
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cem etery Protective Association , Mabo & Ors v. Queensland (No.2)
wiDisv. 1967); ; rev. 24 NY 2d 91 (19 69) ee
Table of cases
; 9) 19 r. Ci th (5 52 2d F 55 ); 77 19 r. Ci th (5 8 98 2d F 5 54 United States v. McClain, 4 24 , 9) 97 (1 8 91 US 44 ed ni de . 593 F 2d 658 (5th Cir. 1979); cert
ew ie(1981), meee 0, p.166 c.A/36/4 178
Lovelace v. Canada, No.24/1977,
\
;
eae? oF
171; affd (2001)
S T N E M U R T S N I F O E L TAB
Table of instruments
l a r u t l u C d n a ic if nt ie Sc , l a n o i t a c u d E s n o i t a N d e t i n U e Constitution of th S T N U 4 , 6 4 9 1 r e b m e v o N 4 e rc fo in , 5 4 9 1 r e b m e v o N Organisation, London, 16
4 18 , 5) 94 (1 11 67 d m C 5; 27
, ge ta ri He l ra tu Na d an al ur lt Cu d rl Wo e th of on ti ec ot Pr e th ng ni er nc co on ti en nv Co d n a 1, 15 S T N U 7 3 0 1 75, 9 1 r e b m e c e D 17 e rc fo in Paris, 16 November 1972, : 4 (1972) 11 ILM 1358, 30
d e m r A of t en Ev e th in ty er op Pr al ur lt Cu of on ti ec ot Pr e th Convention for S T N U 9 4 2 , 6 5 9 1 t s u g u A in force 7
International
African Charter on Human and People s’ Rights (Banjul Chart ) er) ad a19o81, in forcee21eOctoa bea r 1986, » OA OAU Doc.CAB/ LEG/67/3
Opted DF
520
. Austri between ent Agreem AU ogee stria and Hungary, Venice, 27 Novemb er
, 4 5 9 1 y a M 14 , e u g a H e Conflict, Th 130, 149, 166, 167, 209, 261 ris, Pa , ge ta ri He al ur lt Cu le ib tang In e th of ng di ar gu fe Sa e th r Convention fo 4 30 1, 27 , 32 n o i t u l o s e R / C 2 3 c. Do O C S E N U , 03 20 r e b o t c O 17
un
1932, 162 Ly;
j
r e b m e c e D 10 y, Ba o g e t n o M Convention on the Law of the Sea,
240, 6,
1982, in force
4 21 , 61 12 M L I 21 2) 98 (1 3; S 16 November 1994, 1833 UNT rt po Ex , rt po Im t ci li Il e th ng ti en ev Pr d an g in it ib oh Pr of s n a e M e th Convention on 1970, in and Transfer of Ownership
r e b m e v o N 14 s, ri Pa , ty er op Pr al of Cultur
8, 19 3, 19 9, 13 4, 9, 28 M L I 10 1) 97 (1 1; 23 S T N U 3 82 , 72 19 l ri Ap 24 force 4 30 3, 30 6, 27 , 46 224 8, 23 6, 23 205, 206-11, 213-14, 218, 235,
A G N U , de ci no Ge of e im Cr e th t of n e m h s i n u P d an on ti en ev Pr e th on on ti en nv Co 7, 7, 27 S T N U 78 , 51 19 y ar nu Ja 12 Res.260A(III), 9 December 1948, in force
1 30 5, 29 9, 17 6, 17 5, 17 , 71 716 3, 130, 16
j3 i
ic st ti Ar d an al ic or , st al Hi ic og ol ae ch Ar e th Convention on the Protection of ), 76 0/ I0 (V 21 s. Re A G S A O or ad lv Sa n Sa s, on Heritage of the American Nati
i
16 June 1976, OASTS No.47; (1976)
15 MEMO 505
LOZ e270
s, , ri ge Pa ta ri al He ur r lt e t Cu a w r e d n U e on th of ti ec Convention on the Prot 4 21 , 37 M L I 41 2) n o 00 i t (2 ; u l 24 o s e R / C 1 . 3 O ce C Do S E N 2 November 2001, U
>
(1975
974. 29
3
UN
of
and Duties
GAOR
5
Sup
i
States
ae
1970) 9 TLM 99, 173
2 UNGA
P. (No. 31),
1969, San José, in force
R
€s,3
1 2 p 1 4 e e ( 1 P50; 975) ILM 251; 14 281
e th d an r a W e th g of t in ou s is er Ar tt nt Ma me of le tt Se on e th ti on Conven S T N U 2 , 33 r 54 e b 19 o t c O s, 23 ri d Pa se in vi , re 52 19 y a , M , 26 on nn ti Bo Occupa 219, Cmnd 656 (1959), UST 441; TIAS 342, 147 Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, and Annex, The Hague, 18 October 1907, in force 26 January 1910 UKTS 9 (1910), Cd 5030, (1907) 208 Parry’s CTS 77, (1908) 2(supp.) AJIL 90, 165 Convention revising the 1885 General Act of Berlin relative to the Congo, St Germain-en-Laye, 10 September 1919, 8 LNTS 27; Cmd 477 (1919); (1921) 15(supp.) AJIL 314; (1919) 225 Parry’s CTS 500 53, 136 Convention (II) with respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land, with Annex, The Hague, 29 July 1899, in force 4 September 1900 UKTS 1 (1901), C 800 (1899), (1898-99) 187 Parry’s CTS 429, (1907) 1(supp.) AJIL 129, 66 Council Directive 1993/7/EEC of 15 March 1993, as amended, on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State, OJ
1993 No.L74, 27 March 1993, p.74, 248 Covenant of the League of Nations, Versailles, 28 June 1919, LN, LNOJ 4%
(February
La) Ist Yr, No.1, p.3; (1919) 225 Parry’s CTS 195; (1919) 13(supp.) 128, British and State Foreign Papers, vol.112, p.13; (1919) 13(supp.) AJIL 128, 80
Table of instruments
an , 49 19 y ar nu Ja 1 , on gt in sh Wa s, on ti Na Declaration by the United Nex |. q re ve li r de te ar ic Ch nt la At e th as n ow es kn pl ci in n pr io of at ar Decl the by Kingdom Prime Minister and United States President, 14 August 194),
LNTS 381; (1941) 35 (supp.) AJIL 191; (1941) 5 Department of 5 ta te
125, 132
i struments Table of in
t s u g u A 26 d e v o r p p a s, le op Pe us no ge di In of ts gh Ri e th on n io at ar cl De Draft UN 7; 28 , 11 226 7, 1, 54 M L I 34 5) 99 (1 ; 56 4/ 99 /1 .2 ub /S .4 CN E/ c. 1994, UN Do
Un 2oge
302
B Ullery 4)
Declaration concerning the Intentional Destruction of Cultura] Herita Be) Paris 17 October 2003, UNESCO Doc.32C/Resolution 39, 271, 30]
Declaration of the Allied Nations against Acts of Dispossession Commi tted in Territories under Enemy Occupation or Control, 5 January 1943, (1 943) 9 Department of State Bulletin 21, 138, 140-41, 142, 145, 166, 208, 2 30) , 271 12, Declaration of the World Conference of Indigenous Peoples on “once
Environment and Development, Kari-Oca, 30 May 1992, 270 Declaration on Cultural and Intellectual Pr operty Righ 1 ts i Martaatua, 18 June 1993, 270
Declaration on the Establishment of a New In
xxiii
ory
—
U=NGA Res.3201(S-VI), » |1 M May 1974; ( 1974) 13 ILM 720; (1974) 68 AJ1IL 793
European Convention May 1969, in force Valetta, 16 January Final Act and Annex Annex: Resolution
6 , n o d n o L , ge ta ri He al ic og ol ae on the Protection of the Arch ), ed is ev (R 6 .6 No S T E 8; 22 20 November 1970, 788 UNTS 1992; ETS No.143, 208 , 46 19 y ar nu Ja 14 s, on ti ra pa Re of the Paris Conference on 7, 11 IL AJ ) p. up (s 40 6) 94 (1 n, on the Subject of Restitutio
141-44
ly Ju 13 , st Ea e th in s ir fa Af of lement tt Se for lin Ber of ss re ng Co the of Act Final 9 67 p. , 83 l. vo rs pe Pa . rl Pa ate Foreign Papers, vol.69, p.749; 1878, British and St
(1878); (1878) 153 Parry’s CTS 170, 22
ons, ti va ca Ex on ce en er nf Co l na io at rn te In Final Act of the
Cairo,
14 March
1937,
, OJ LN , LN ; 68 , II .X 37 19 0. 22 M. 7. 32 C. c. Do LN H; .X 37 19 1. 19 L. C. c. Do LN 1 19 7, -1 16 1 , 11 ix nd pe Ap , 67 306 .1 pp 2, (December 1937), 18th Yr, No.1 an of t en hm is bl ta Es e th r fo ce en er nf Final Act of the United Nations Co , 6) 94 (1 11 67 d Cm , on nd Lo , on ti sa ni Educational, Scientific and Cultural Orga 184
NaO0ti8on)s, UNGA Res. 2625(KRV),94 Qa , p12, (1970) 9 tea ope OcPe 19e70s , ha25ttUerN ofGAthOeR UnSituepdp Declaration on the
of Council Minorities, National of Protection Framework Convention for the 302 , 351 M IL 34 95) (19 ; 57 .1 No S ET 5, 199 ry Europe, Strasbourg, 1 Februa
ry ua br Fe 26 lin Ber o, ng Co the g tin pec res lin Ber of General Act of the Conference ; 485 S CT s ry’ Par 165 85) (18 5 p.4 , .76 vol , ers Pap te 1885, British and Foreign Sta
(1909) 3(supp.) AJIL 7, 52, 136
e, ad Tr ve Sla n ca ri Af the to ng ati rel ls sse Bru of ce en er nf Co General Act of the
Brussels, 2 July 1890, British and Foreign State Papers, vol.82, p.55; Parl. Papers,
vol.95, p.1 (1892); (1890) 173 Parry’s @MS298 559) General Act of the Congress of Vienna, Paris, 9 June 1815, British and Foreign State
Papers, vol.2, p.3; Parl. Papers, vol.17, p.335, (1816); (1815) 64 Parry’s Gis AN53}. NG); ZO, Dil 77
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Geneva, 30 October 1947, provisionally approved 1 January 1948, 61 Stat.A-11; TIAS 1700; 55 UNTS 194, 193
ILO Convention (No.107 of 1957) concerning the Protection and Integration of Indigenous and Other Tribal and Semi-Tribal Populations in Independent Countries, Geneva, 26 June 1957, in force 2 June 1959, 328 UNTS
247, 176,
DN
ILO Convention (No.169 of 1989) concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, Geneva, 27 June 1989, in force 5 September
1650 UNTS
383; (1989) 28 ILM
1991,
1382, 231
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, New York, 16 December
1966, in force 23 March 1976, UNGA Res.2200A(CXXI), 21 UN GAOR Supp.(No.16), p.52; 999 UNTS 171; (1967) 6 ILM 368, 176-79, 199, 263, 264, 267
Table of instruments
Xi)
y Ne , ts gh Ri al ur lt Cu d an al ci , So ic om on Ec on nt na ve l Co na io Internat
16 k t o ) x 4 X 00 22 s. Re A G N U , 76 y 19 ar nu Ja 3 e rc fo in , December 1966 GAOR
1 Uy
Supp.(No.16), p.49; 993 UNTS 3; (1967) 6 ILM 360, 199,
210
International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War, B 27 August 1874, not ratified, (1874-75) 148 Parry’s CTS 1345 Brinig
Foreign State Papers, vol.65, p.118; (1907) 1(supp.) AJIL 96, 66, 139
h and
Tralo-Austrian Treaty, 4 May 1920, 83 Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Politica] Rights, e = a L in force 23 March 1976, UNGA es.2200AQ
> 2b
(1967) 6 ILM 368, 178
| ;
:
GAOR Supp.(No.16), p.59; 999 UNTS 302; and
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) Resolution 12
Looted Jewish cultural pro perty, 4 November 1999, 05 (1999») 4 Offic, es >» Official Gazette of the Couns of Europe (November 1999), 237 Peace Treaty between Poland, Russia and the U kraine, Rig a, 18 March 1921, in force u pon signature,
6 LNTS
1285183;
Table of instruments
Second Protocol to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, The Hague, 26 March 1999, in force 9 March (1999)
2004,
TUssels,
Seay
38 ILM
769,
149
Treaty of Alliance between Great Britain and Iraq, Baghdad,
10 October 1922, 35
IENEES 1S 4865 8738
len Sto of rn tu Re and ry ve co Re the g for in id n ov pr io at er op Co of aty Tre Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Properties, Mexico City, 17 July 1970,
in force 24 March 191,
1971, 791 UNTS
313; 22 USTS
192
Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Germain-en-Laye, 10 September 1919, in force (1919); British and Foreign State Papers, vol.112, (1920) 14 (supp.) AJIL 1, 81, 83, 85 Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Versailles, 28 June
1919, in force
10 January
494; (1970) 9 ILM
1028,
Powers and Austria, St 8 November 1921, Cmd 400 p.317; (1919) 225 Parry’s 482; Powers and Germany,
1920, Cmd
Foreign State Papers, vol.112, p.1; (1919) 225 Parry’s CTS
AJIL 151, 78, 85
516
(1920); British and
189; (1919)
13(supp.)
n, ano Tri y, gar Hun and ers Pow d ate oci Ass and ed Alli the n wee bet e Peac of ty Trea 1920, in force 17 December (1921) 15(supp.) AJIL 1, 84, 85
4 June
1921, 6 LNTS
187; Cmd
(1920);
896
Treaty of Peace between Austria-Hungary and Italy, Vienna, 3 October 1866, British and Foreign State Papers, vol.56, p.700; (1866) 133 Parry’s CTS 209, 27 Treaty of Peace with Bulgaria, Paris, 10 February 1947, in force 15 September
1947, 41 UNTS 49; Cmd 7022 (1947), p.1175 (1948) 42(supp.) AJIL 179, 27, 144,
146
Treaty of Peace with Hungary, Paris, 10 February
1947, 41 UNTS 144, 146
167; Cmd 7022 (1947), p.117; (1948) 42(supp.) AJIL 225,
Treaty of Peace with Italy, Paris, 10 February
49 UNTS
1947, in force 15 September
1947, in force 15 September
1947,
3; Cmd 7022 (1947), p.117; (1948) 42(supp.) AJIL 47, 144, 146
Treaty of Peace between Poland, Russia and the Ukraine,
18 March
1921, in force
upon signature, 6 LNTS 123, 27, 83 Treaty of Peace with Romania, Paris, 10 February 1947, in force 15 September 1947, 42 UNTS 33; Cmd 7022 (1947), p.117; (1948) 42(supp.) AJIL 252, 146 Treaty of Peace with Turkey, Sévres, 10 August 1920, not ratified, Cmd 964 (1920); British and Foreign State Papers, vol.113, p.652; (1921) 15(supp.) AJIL 179, 85, 86, 147, 203 Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments, Washington, 15 April 1935, in force 26 August 1935, 167 LNTS 289; USTS 899; (1936) 30(supp.) AJIL 195, 134, 135, 136 Treaty on the Protection of Movable Property of Historic Value, Washington, 15 April 1935, in force 17 July 1936, OASTS No.28, 134-36
UNESCO
Declaration of the Principles of Cultural Co-operation, Paris,
4 November
1966, UNESCO
Doc.14C/Resolutions,
134-36,
179, 210
Table of instruments
Xj
UNESCO Draft Principles relating to Cultural Objects Displaced jn relatig
Doc.CLT-2995/¢ C0 the
Second World War, Paris, 24 February 2003, UNESCO 602/3, Revised, Paris, 15 February 2005, UNESCO Doc.171 EX/14 Aaa
oe
;
Annex IV, 147, 216
UNESCO Recommendation Concerning the International Exchange of C
Property, Nairobi, 26 November 1976, UNESCO Doc. 19C/Resolution 8; 147 UNESCO Recommendation on International Principles applicable to Archaeological Excavations, New Delhi, 5 December 1956, UNESCQ
UNESCO Recommendation on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing
the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property ,
2 November 20
UNESCO Doc.31C/Res.25, Annex I; (2002) 41 ILM 57, 7, 266, 271, 309 ial
UNGA
Resolution
on the
Crime
of Genocid e 3 UN
G A
UNGA Resolution on the Fate of Minorities, UNGA 4
1948, UN Doc.A/810, 177
R es. 96 (I) 5 il 1
American Indian Religious Freedom Act 1978, 276 Antiquities Act 1906, 121-22, 246
Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act 1983, 243-44 General Allotment Act 1887, 125 Holocaust Commission Act 1998, 240
House Concurrent Resolution No.108, 180 Indian Arts and Crafts Board Act 1935, 125-26
Doc.9C/Resolution, 150
UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, Paris,
United States
Archaeological Resources Protection Act 1979, 246
Uultura]
Paris, 19 November 1964, UNESCO Doc.13C/Resolutions, 206, 207
Table of instruments
Decemb
e 1
Res.21 7C(IID), 10 December
Indian Civil Rights Act 1968, 183 Indian Reorganization Act 1934, 125, 176 Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field, General Order No.100, 24 April 1863, 65, 139 National Museum of the American Indian Act 1989, 281 National Stolen Property Act 1976, 243 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 1990, 246 Public Law 280 of 15 August 1953, 180 Title II — Regulation of Importation of Pre-Columbian Monumental and
Architectural Sculptures or Murals
1974, 192
Australia Aboriginal Development Commission Act 1980 (Cth), 248 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission Act 1989 (Cth), 247 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission Amendment Act 2005
(Cth),
287 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 (Cth), 223, 247, 287 Australian Museum Trust Act 1975 (NSW), 225 Customs Act 1901
and Debts, 3 Vienna
306, 200-05 Britain
Ancient Monum
7
A
:
IN respe
Ct of St
Pril 1983, UN Doc.A /CONF Ties
Archives
31983) 22 ITM
(Cth), 244
Museums (Aboriginal Remains) Act 1984 (Tas.), 284 Native Title Act 1994 (Cth), 294 Native Title Amendment Act 1998 (Cth), 294 Protection of Movable Cultural Heritage Act 1986 (Cth), 244-45, 246-47, 264 Protection of Movable Cultural Property Regulations 1986 (Cth), 247
Miscellaneous
Cyprus Antiquities Law, 30 December 1935, 86 Definition of the Term ‘Restitution’, 22 January 1946, Press Handout No.151, PR Branch, C.C.G. (BE), Berlin, 141, 142, 144 Iraq Antiquities Law No.40, 1926, No.59, 1936, No.120,
86, 87
1974 and No.164,
Law No.52 Blocking and control of property, Military Government Gazette,
[Germany, US Zone, Issue A] 1 June 1946, 142, 146-47
1975,
Table of
instruments
Nj
Ga t n e m n r e v o G ry ta li Mi , ty er op Pr le ab fi ti en Id of Zette n io ut it st Re 9: .5 No w La 948) 49
(1 d an ; 47 19 r e b m e v o N 0, .1 No , G] [Germany, US Zone, Issue
AJIL 11, 145, 146
ABBREVIATIONS
(supp,)
86 , 21 19 1, .5 No e nc na di Or Palestine Antiquities 0 22 , 72 19 t Ac t en pm lo ve De al ur lt Papua New Guinea Cu Papua New Guinea National Cultural Property (Preservation) Act 1965, 2 20 Statutes of the Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of
Cultural Property to its Countries of Origin or its Restitution in Case of hier
Appropriation, 215 Sweden Looted Objects Law, 29 June 1945, 145 Switzerland Decree of 10 December 1945 concerning Actions for the Recovery of Goods taken in Occupied Territories during the War, 145
Title 18: Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives (MGR 18), Office of the Military Government for Germany, US Military Government Regulations, 141
Title 19: Restitution (MGR 19), Office of the Military Go vernment for
US Military Government Regulations, 142
Ger Many,
Q) AAA
Original unclear Archives of American Art
AAL AAM
Aboriginal Arts Board (Aust.) Art Antiquity and Law American Association of Museums
AAMD
Association of Art Museum
AHB
Alfred H. Barr Jr
AHR
American Historical Review
AICRJ
American Indian Culture and Research Fournal
AILR
American Indian Law Review
AIQ AJICL AJIL
American Indian Quarterly Arizona Fournal of International and Comparative Law American Fournal of International Law Aboriginal Law Bulletin Australian Law Fournal Reports Australian Law Reports Australian Museum Archives
AAB
ALB ALJR
ALR AMA APSR ARPA Arch. Rev. Ark. LR ASILP ASL] ATSIC
AUJILP AULR AYIL BIA BMA
Brooklyn JIL Buffalo LR
Directors
American Political Science Review Archaeological Resources Protection Act 1979 Architectural Review Arkansas Law Review Proceedings of the American Society of International Law Arizona State Law Journal Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (Aust.)
American University Fournal of International Law and Policy American University Law Review Australian Yearbook of International Law Bureau of Indian Affairs (US) Brooklyn Museum Archives
— Brooklyn Journal of International Law
BYIL
Buffalo Law Review Boston University Law Review British Yearbook of International Law
CAJ
College Art Journal
BULR
CA
Court of Appeal (UK)
List of abbreviations
sala
ifornia Law Review
—
can of Australian Museums Association
CCPIA
Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act 1983
CCOR
Ch CHR
CHRWG
3
4 ‘
;
‘4
CHRY cIL]
CJL]
E
CJTL
CLP CLR
COMA Cornell LR
i
Conte
;
ee
‘Continuous Cultures Ongoing Responsibilities’
Chancery Division (UR) UN Commission on Human Rights
Working group established in accordance with Commission on
Human Rights Resolution 1995/32 Canadian Human Rights Yearbook
Canadian Fournal of Law and Jurisprudence
Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
Conference of Museum Anthropologists (Aust) Cornell Law Review oo
LA Fournal of Law and the Arts ne Journal of International Law
cae
eee
DCMS DIILP
SE ak ata of International Law ae = ture, Media and Sport (UR)
ECOSOC
Sa
nets a
Law and Politics
EJIL
European Journal of ae
EPL]
Environmental and aS
EU
Human Rights Quarterly
IACB
Indian Arts and Crafts Board
ICESCR
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
IAIA ICCPR
ICLQ
1ee
TIC
IJCP
Criminal Law Review
European Union
aan na
"mg Law Fournal
exh. cat. F 2d
exhibition catalogue Federal Reports (Second serj
F Supp. sn
Federal Supplement (Us) Be As) saa Court of Australia
ei Opportunity Commission (Aust.)
HRO
ICTY
Commonwealth Law Reports
IIMMC ILA
ILC
ILM ILO
Institute of American Indian Arts International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
International Committee for Intellectual Cooperation International Court of Justice Reports of fudgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders
International and Comparative Law Quarterly
International Council of Museums
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Intergovermental
Committee
International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation International Ffournal of Cultural Property International Fournal of Museum Management and Curatorship International Law Association
litarneana! Legal Wea ; Lauerimatcoaall Labour Organization
ILR
lidtaroetiawes La Keepers
IMT
International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg
uBR
sh sciaigesblamiiaad oss
IRRC TYHR
International Review of the Red Cross Israel Yearbook on Human Rights
IRA
TYIL JHC
Indian Reorganization Act 1934
Itahan Yearbook of International Law Journal of the Ehistory of Collections :
—
FLR FO
Poy i ne en i ee
Law Fournal
GAOR
General ites
JRIBA JYIL
.
LCP
Law
GATT GL
General dics ost fee Supine. os on Tariffs and Trade
EN LNOJ
ea
George Washjn Sheng
LNTS
League of Nations League of Nations Official fournal League of Nations Treaty SETS
Reports (Aust.)
~
JILP
Piss
H a
German Yearbook of toetiosoyane
HELR
pia Court of Australia
HHRJ
Hare, és Environmental Law Review
HILJ
Poo
HL
a
She
Rights Journal
ia rds
Law Journal
we
te Law and Economics
|
Latemnatlonell Law Commission
FIL]
es
ee.
einsten enue
ICOM
Current Legal Problems
ie
4
i
1G ICJ Reports
Cornell International Law Journal
‘
LPIB
LQR
MGC MGR
Journal of Unteananoal Law om Policy
Journal of Royal Institute of British Architects Jewish Yearbook of International Law and Contemporary Problems
.
Law and Policy in International Business
Law Quarterly Review
i
Museums and Galleries Commission (UR) Military Government Regulation
Mich. LR MLR
Michigan Law Review Modern Law Review
MoMA
Museum of Modern Art, New York Museum of Primitive Art, New York
List of abbreviations
MULR Museums J
n.d.
np. NAGPRA NAL NDLR NGO
\
Melbourne Universi ty Law Review
List of abbreviations
not dated
RGDIP RHD RIAA RICP SHR SJILC
Museums Journal
St
—
National Muse um of Austral i a National Mus e u m of the j Americ ; National Museum an Indian of the A
merica
Revue générale de droit internat ional public (Paris)
Revue a@’histoire diplomatique
UN Reports of International Arbitr al Awards
Return of Indigenous Cultural Proper ty Program Scottish Historical Review
Thomas LR
Stan. LR
Syd. LR TGS TIAS INU UBCLR UCDLR UCLJR UDHR UILR UKTS ULR UMJLR UN UNCLOS UNESCO UNGA UNGA
Res.
Se tee
UNIDROIT UNSC Res. UNSWLJ UNTS UNWCC USC USTS V&A WAC WGHR WGIP
WLR YAAA YBILC YBUN YJIL
Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce St Thomas Law Review Stanford Law Review Sydney Law Review Transactions of the Grotius Society Trade and Other International Acts Series (U S) Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems University of British Columbia Law Review University of California Davis Law Review Umwversity of Chicago Law Fournal Roundtable Universal Declaration of Human Rights University of Illinois Law Review United Kingdom Treaty Series
Uniform Law Review Umiversity of Michigan Journal of Law and Reform United Nations
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisa tion United Nations General Assembly United Nations General Assembly Resolution International Institute for the Unification of Private Law United Nations Security Council Resolution University of New South Wales Law Fournal United Nations Treaty Series
United Nations War Crimes United States Code
Commission
United States Treaty Series Victoria and Albert Museum, London
World Archaeological Congress Working Group on Human Remains (UR) Working Group on Indigenous Populations Weekly Law Reports Annuaire des anciens auditeurs de ’'academie de la Haye Yearbook of the International Law Commission United Nations Yearbook Yale Fournal of International Law
NOTE ON THE TEXT ce
ILO No.107 n ous and 1957
eRe en
Convention
Other
Tribal
and
concerning the Protection and Integration of Indige Semi-Tribal
Populations
in Independent
Countries
npe de In in s ple Peo bal Tri and us no ge di In ng ni er nc co on Conventi
te
ees
ILO No.169ies 1989 dent Countr
Law No.52 Military Government and Control of Property, 1946
AE RAS
4
ieee
j
Note on the text
Some important conventions, treaties and other instrument s are cited in the tex in abbreviated form for the sake of clarity in the detailed analysis of issues, T hese shortened citations are listed below with their ful l titles and may be co Mpared with the Table of Instruments. The list is divided into those instruments cit ed alphabetical, and those cited chronologically, Alphabetical
Agreement in respect of Cont rol of Lo oted Works of A r t 1946 Agreement between the United States, the Un ited Kingdom and Fra nce in respect of the Looted Articles Control of
Zone,
Law
No.52
Blocking
Military Government for Germany, US Area of Control, Law No.59: Restitution of Identifiable Property, 1947
Mataatua Declaration Declaration on Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Mataatua, 1993
Optional Protocol of [CCPR
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, New York, 1966
PACE Res 1205 (1999) Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) Resolution 1205 (1999) Looted Jewish cultural property
PAU Treaty 1935
‘Treaty on the Protection of Movable Property of Historic Value
Public Law 92-587 of 1974
Resolution Aboriginal and T orres Strait Isla nder Herit
US
Law No.59
Monumental
=
for Germany,
‘Title Il— Regulation of Importation of Pre-Columbian
and Architectural Sculptures or Murals
1205
Resolution 1205
Parliamentary
Assembly
of the
Council
(1999) Looted Jewish cultural property
of Europe
(PACE)
Roerich Pact 1933 (see 1935 Washington Treaty)
San José Declaration Ethnocide,
1981
San José Declaration: UNESCO
and the Struggle against
Treaty of Cooperation between United States and Mexico Treaty of Cooperation providing for the Recovery and Return of Stolen Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Properties, Mexico
UN Charter
“ae
° . ’ w s n a e m y b which they follo be d l u o w e l p o e p e th g n o m a e g d e l w o n k g n i t u b i r t s i d of e d o m ‘the second articularly Waagen’s
p d n a t r o p e r e e t t i m m o C t c e l e S e h T ° ° . ’ s n o i t i b of public exhi
92. ue Times, 22 March 1851. l a i r t s u d n I t a e r G e h t Prospects of ; Oe SED EI His ee P. Berlyn, A Popular Narrative of the d Ori12gin tor y, , . an orf
95
1851), pp.7
ence id Ev of s te nu Mi th wi er th ge to rt po Re s e r u t c a f u n a M d e e an t t i m ts m o Ar C of ct le Se e e t t i e m th m o C of t r o p e R d n o c e S d an eport of the Select ; ] e e t t i m m o C t ec el [S 1) C H 6 3 5 3 8 and Appendices (1 ll [Second Report]. alec
1851 (London,
vi x, -i pp , ) C H 6 3 e 8 r 1 u ( t c a f u n a M n th o wi i x e n on Arts and their Con
Select Committee, paras.81-82.
81-2. paras.46, Committee, Select °°
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultural Ob jects evidence provided the impetus for ‘attitudin
al change’ jp
director of the South Kensington Sasea ns pwd In respect of the
)
at Henry C
later EXploit, 97 first arm of the pclec a they t 1851 Great Exhibition Sommnittee’s 7 5 was in its plan Men day
State
|
ning Stages it was de Ideq for
' invite all nations to take Ons, Vheg part in ‘friendly Compet ition’ 98 this decision was econom Primary : Testi ic and reflected Brita i n ’ s efforts to seek areata, world markets.” Cole i s p o k e of the advantages from competition that Would accrue with other nations and the direct b t o B r i t g n a e ® buyers and tourists i e n e f i t s i O L a s dla visitin g the metropolis Pa 1,00 The minutes mittee reveal the org of the Plann; tO anisers Struggle to ba
lance their Person internationalism wi al beliegg n Benn th the realisation that the exhibition i more nationalistic would neeq t0 be and commercially pry at
beneficial terms, ! The Great Exhibition 01 fostered the contradic m t ) t o r y i m p ulses Of national Com and international cooperation. The pe,
impact of these the international forces Was height exhibitions were eneg becy the first events
a s viewed as a palliati : 1 STowing popular W a s p a c v i f e y S c h e m e discontent arisi d e s i g n e d to address th n g f r o m Tesistance to legisl the dislocation ative reform Pert c : a u s e d b y I n a d u i strialisatio, ning to free trad of the 1840s. 4 mo e, and the Eco nth prior to the n omic downtuy Opening, the Chr onicle reported: The Politeriocian fin ds in Hyde Park a Stronger bond Roni ee heard of International formulatio5 ns of V a t Vi t ng el and Grotiu: s ; living Influences a re Superseded by and the more su th e b s t a n tia] Maxims and we can at lengt : o f i h n t e e e r n a t i h o n a l h a i l r t e h ciprocity, e exchange of a the ee of whica mutual chart of h al] communitiaee moral obligations, s can feel i: mankinnd rind — the g n that common uaranteed l.ibert property of ies of unrestric ted .
9
To aa p ee
coinsi
commerce,
S
!°4
degree, the Tgani : sers were Succe ssful in Promulg ibiti ating theirbevcisio © as both a Pro n duct
of ang Cause fo r peace, 105 On e organis: er Al fred
‘M. Goodwin, O p a
F nd Albert Mu seu, es a e
ee
~ The Origins of the Victoria
)
Phemeral yy; hibition of 1851: 4 Nation on Display ew (N n, ve Ha ), 99 19 p.22. 100 ee ter 1988) a es 31 ch an (M ae tions Universelles, Great Exhibitions Times,1g ctober 1949, -? PP-10-11, and the World’s Fait 1849 7 AIST
ADT Se
©
C
Exposition
of
ON o7,
Y, Ff, 102 and Chronicle, 7 at dn, The18Gr5 ea1) t (Reprint, Mibition,
rOLT, : NAL, NAL, EBye 18Oe51.118] 50, ae hi
104 G6ON4L in Auer
” a
thibir; ,
» Gre
.
4
Exhy
:
U7 H.
851;
ambos
Dik >
;
9 June Ii
1848— NAL vaa 55 CG,
of the Industry, the Science and the Government ; 0 I
195) Le » 1969), Pp.41-43,
ike, ‘New¢: ,P.16
»Ii nD. i
of the1 We Id’ br id.
in yy +
Cal
O OD OI SC PE pags Great B, bi
uetbach, Grear Exhibition, p.24
5
N
P
B
3
© BeGrlear Exhipine? ES, vol.2, AL, N a5) 8, ) 1 x 1 E . 1 5 8 ’s 1 lis Tal s i s a h p m ; y p e ( f o n io ) on d ti e H ip d d a 3 F y of er l ev pa mn ci in Pr mM 18. object of interes 3B be London, ion is,
Tey
ening
siy et ppr descgri
eh ie
|
: ce, ah t Careosal Pala and the
e
rable one indeed; it will witness a cu ies will be a canne m . s I t s promoters argued t a triumph of Ree hat u
py reducing ae th eac h Pend oa
ae
ould ensure peace
e oe for conflict by const i n w ructing a h i c h n a t i o n s e a n en other and by encou
raging eco
|
ties el C
>
she Gteap Reh
ete
ee
i n t e r n t Be eA of the Maatniconhaelsitse r Schoo fee Sie Semon especially his esseacykoonied h philosop i merch ‘Plan foreea e t a d ingsot Jeremy a e e hime
Be
tetial Reacem, in his P he din Henry Cole s lectu 851°
and
Bee.
Gf ites ernational L aw.!°’ Bentham’s yl aa Royal Society of A r
ts ‘On the oe in which he clai med the event w o
of the Exhibition practical measures owf I ra aero wrattey Taxormnesm ite hic
a.
ed in 1 bued wi ith the sense of Ww re im e ee t O er ae en th and hence arialtexti th : t a l i a n o i l s campaigns f r o m t h e I of sp d to
liest origins, these exhibitions
:
thi
m
Y
ibiti
; i d ting a set in t war en er ff di of n i war uation ins “4 ei m fro t en id ev s wa nt tai s Thi 109 qlie p stic cht are acter. :
ix weeks after the disp lay
we
France in 1797, wh c e l e b r a t e E i e R n E R E s A i I x R e ‘ e T e m p l e on the Champ de o f I n rs d , u stry’ was erecte Ma soaotrsaoraae, d t o ; t h o s e manufacturers 1 P d e r d i zes duc to
e, industry n w e r e a i n g l a y n , d B m : r a i t i d sh manutaerum a m a ge to English who inflicted the i most osed to the plan industry. : n a m i s i i s e c t s o v a f or the Great u n ers were vehemen til the project B ee tly 2 eae and patent refor . a m s i o n a i l i e s t : r e d o i v . e e gest he ntautrimoonial c a m e a prominent vehi ; of the first i: ndus ri: al age t i o n a l i s m , t n ity amonag their oe 2 t Gl Ly OTS citizens. 112~ The eneratiiono of T AUS WO SSE n g cae ee WA ni ace politically determi:ned geog ae oe psyc rap ee hological natu i o ) ralisation ; i a oe l g : r o u p s d i t n i h t e o c s o i n n g s l o e l i d n a a ies t t i i o o n n an a l a o f d i f f e r l e a ee n y t o u t r a lished through e s o f n ationalist propaga r a m m relentless peac m A ystal Pala n d a . ce, where the e t a n l i s w e d a s r t l m o c e a e n t x e h d i , b i t 10 other St c a r e f e€ ully Sa Cr r e s e 2and choreogr e r x a h g ibn e itie e i e ons ) a e ce aphed ein tain’s rel ions to ca for sautcioh progra mmes, as was evi{ de nce d y the became a popu m lar mediw 7 114 prolifera iferation. i
1
Cc
106 Cited in J. Crockford, The Journal of the | ee o o ss re og Pr (London, 1851), a d an y or st 7 Hi gt s, in ig Or Its eae biibitti ionon of 1851: : Exhi t p ea Gr t 107 Jeremy Bentham, . te The r Wor Sel aro)Reni se nd Bn sess B ee Se
™
ols.s
37
i n t a i n e d t h e e xhibition would ¢ “break dom a arriers that h Cobden main le of ave sepaa ee different nations and w i t n e ss 0 umphor dee rated the people ee
va ;i
ional culture — ear early 19th century national
&
= ee :
ae
Cos
Di
raS)in
See R. B
i
toe
e r_ e
Sepa-neSre
uae)
Greenhalgh,
Epheme r ‘al,| p ho3
38; 5 and la . s n o i t i b i g h x n E ), i y o to d. r G u (e t n e C h t n e e t e n Nu i e th of e r u t l u C e th on s g n i d a e R : ir : the FairFa Li p
Narrative,
pp.
37
Ne See Greenhalgh, Ephemeral, ee Ee Se Sese NIL Berman, l Al at th is li So , a a r t e e Ses Gr h, halggh
é al, pp. Ephen ler
ee
eel,
ience of Modernity (New York,
112¢f. NiD—Aile
a d > n
.
M
Aack er zie, cKen
lation of British Public Opinion 1880-1960 (Mi anchester, |
984).
ropa,
anda
and
Empire
The Manipu-
s t c e j b O l a r u t l u C of n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w a L I interna tional
NORTH GALLERY 2 Di SiS 6 is 10 SS ae pase =en 0 | OS | Te rae civ cnomeenme | \ {4 SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, ss! eo Ro SRR FP Rp pg
ae 1
4 oe si | PMLesorm icaL ne— TRUMEN+ TS|
5
ao |
sie
ae x = 1)
i
e
*
4 :
a
isa 0S Nt — 4 — 4 4 ey. | 2] | warek a cto es cks | evan |
Noh =|
oe
[ ri
ares eneeNeite BN
+
=
Hebi ta
y
:
a
a
ec
Brera 3
»~
8
:
NORTH CENTRAL
6
7
M——M—M—w-
el
$
eo
UW
2
32
i
‘
i
5
j
E
||
Sei
|
\
i| i |
5
C
MACHINES ox MOTION
EOTTON
Woollen
COTTON
WESTERN
=
=z
c= ee
P.
42
“—
tease onto y
O—o
ee
Esa ar
|
raanics
-
7
ANP etascow | 5g j
f
IN MOTION.
as |
Cec )
[ 4
|
3
rd
Tom
fs
AEN
SOUTH
Si
|
GALCEICY e
ns
| zovwvel
)a
ae
a3
BS
ier raeenjie
pelea
no
|
are Gain| élaierCome
a
he
M—
p—p—p—r—F | MisceLLANzous
|
65
eOS!
GALLERY
rea rae Mea | UNITED ST ATES |
ea
MM
i °|
ethm5 | oor
Hee
me
x
|
pt
16
©
25 2,26
27 EI
25DE 29
oe350
| Paper ano
PRINTiNG
31 ee 52 sy e ee MOOELS AnD
c
|
en
CAs =
&-
Fueinyse
p —Mt oe —— aM
T B mo Ho
acy
encece | "
| | Gay LS
H AN S [rseer Bove
B55
ee
4
Fi Bure 1.3 Plan of the BuilI ding. G reat Exhib ition
185]
\aeul
Pb sg faegpd I BE
a
zi
ae
| dan Owane
teat
gePse
aie | |
M
i:
oe gil As =e
2A) Taal
ore
ee Se& 9 Ay te
j
ss
ae
Ob
IDE
3
Bae 3
E——E
AUSTRIA
| f
|
re
¢—¢—t—¢—_
FH AUSTRIA < 2) \ eee
3 I F | AusTRIA
col
(Writ
rerun
|
u 7X
nt
;|
le
—C—
Bae
[gence
|
3 “4
FASCEGN
|
ore
aeraice or
i]
| ee
Fcounx | —
ak
5 6-6 — | NORTH HZOLLVEREIN HOOT iy
SATE
\
\—nussiA
Ds
TATES
10
\\
Pp }\
—r—F
ZoLLVEREIN
Go¢ wa—na—¢G—6—G oc
i
C Bois
tae
—o°—
|
6
H—#
{i
Aus C8
3
:
Sase ea
|F \ RANCE |
Mage ea |!
Von
l nhmaoa ae, jto— o—0. ° N pe —p—P ns |
spy
1 | Hi H
ala
ape 3 fh gfe 42 gp
eer
Fieie
aoe
|
By
ode SHER.
i
MILLS.
ij
68 G1 68 oF eoes orGeoG5 n c e ee mT
Ll
5,
a | aK
zi
need rurw ivoreo l!
4
|
S—ne
i
eySOUTH oe
| oe
Hey
Tmetann™—N Woolla ewincep FABRICS S & ZSShaws hAWLSW.| Nye hi og
Chew,
ea
|
oo is Ra
SILK & LACE
| UATHEs a Toos
aL é = —torie EE
CENTRAL
loal lcae Pc
rs22
MACHINES
=: Ea
ee
SOUTH,
i
z
sua
F
3
| sa 3
|
i |ausTAiA | pay STRAL GALLERY :
so
M.
MACHINERY IN MOTION
eg
PRne INT&IOvNG EWE
FPETED
21
MARINE [ae
s
ikea
187% OEE i
thee Gal le be Girders inth suspended F from the Gall Gar
|
C—c—c__,
Ee e
BS
= as ay zi a3
5.0 Ee
a
FF03 i | roreicn NEE
2—b—p—_p__p,
B_EREFRESHMENT COURT
>
=
20
eat Flax
Voters
MANCHESTER
MN =
i
7
sipE 2
=
a5 ;5
‘
NORTH
i
| 4|
|
on
of
4
at about 7 fre from the grou nd]
els Mager ig 1 28 a MACHINERY IN MOTION | |
D———p.
Pj
q;
8
c am ec }
$
;|
Walle
GALLERY
‘
| |
| ee
|
P— pp. J4 i 16 0) 18 1p se tl SOWIE GALLERY
3
A
4‘
Sey
LBsReBun3il.iang 3s dividemitd o areas r.(spa ces of > 3424 feet sqeare, between 4 co +. lumns ) weich are marked on the plan by le tters at each camer of the square , and by numbers nlm the sides ofthe Bullaing; these le tters mad somber are markedon cvecy cchuun
q
|
BoAee
|
y Ramee toed) Wecrsin tic aval e ci v anccaucsoat ecco i ee
a phpes
q
yt | Witkce ae a
se al)
4
P
GALLERY
SOUTH GENTRAL GALLERY Mit 4 | |Paxcious meats Rissons |
te characters
qy
|
lp
Tm.
‘
E
|
aa
4 ecewm pepe
;MuMimi gler tretmuwenre 5 )
5 5 Campet pets,s, Table Covers, Tap3 estries, kc, stspended fr om the Girders inthe Gallery, and against the
SEX eCn
f
3
|
NORTH
i
a
oe ACE REIR
a
eee
BN
ee —t—-b
Ee
ZOLLVEREIN
ee
VN
et
a
univer SistesTES UT Rang ay See ee Y Ney
International Law, Museums
& Return of Cultural Ob;
ects
State
& national culture — early 19th century
:
The
4l
‘
mon law jurisdictions prior to the Lubbock bill.!2° The pil heralded two major shifts shift
fat Anglo-American property law: first, inet the protection of certain cultural property
yas 4 20¥E rnmental duty; funthien, public ownership rights would be invoked to pre-
colonial power. Yet, in severa l quarters th
serve such property ov
questioning of the very idea of progress
if privately ones,
Parliamentary Opponents vehemently
resisted any erosion of private property rights.!2! Lubbock and other parliamentary
House address. The disl ocation and disr alisation fuelled a rise in various forms 0
prop onents perceptively OCS
the debate towards the bill’s aim of ‘no right to
destruction’ of monuments like Stonehenge. '* This redefinition rendered it difficult
and idyllic pas
for opponents to assert that the bill was unnecessary without exhibiting indifference
ro the increasing disappearance of such monuments.” It was not the bill’s intention
to acquire full public possession and control of cultural properties.!24 Instead, goyernment would only intervene if an owner’s actions were detrimental to the public
interest in the property.
What was the nature of the public’s interest in these cultural objects that formed
the subject of the Lubbock bill? The bill implicitly ordained two distinct elements in the property. The owner retained the economic or use value in their property and
when this element was taken away, she or he was entitled to full compensation.!2° However,
it also recognised
the monument
had another element:
its historic and
scientific value that belonged to the nation. The nation as a collective had a preexisting interest in certain property that had previously been considered exclusively as private property.
with origin ate not did herita ge cultur of al natur e dual the of conce ption This Lubbock.!2° Indeed, he had invoked John Ruskin’s words in parliament: “They are not ours. They belong partly to those who built them, and partly to all the generations of mankind who are to follow us . . . [W]e have no right to obliterate . . . It belongs
erargen inte of on noti the ed row bor has turn in kin Rus !2”7 rs.’ esso succ r thei all to
Ne
d prehi
tional interest in cultural heritage from Frenchman, Abbé Grégoire. Preservation of
TIC antiquiti es that Resistance to Lu bbock?
a of n atio alis eptu conc the to gral inte as ed view was cts obje and nts ume mon such British national cultural identity. Yet, British culture was increasingly promoted as superior to that of other (non-European) cultures along a linear progression of civilisation.!28 This view of British national cultural identity would find its expression in
St
~“ not t e ai © the original pil] 119 Passed until 1g 82 and only
that the Aer
as
the collections of the newly established South Kensington Museum.
ational He Grand Design. The Vii
J. P. 44; 543 at 533 BA JRI 20 3) (191 nts ume Mon ent Anci of tion erva Pres The es, Davi 120 See W. J. O’Keefe and L. V. Prott, Law and the Cultural Heritage, Volume 1: Discovery and Excavations (London,
and the Idea of ‘Englishness’,
of the Victorig and Albert Museum
es ur as Me r he Ot d an e v i t a l if nonS anEd Scen 5 es of Natural Beauty;
1; 3
cuon in Eng,
Pp.152-54; ¢, Chippindale, The muni St
i tation
under
General
Pitt-
1984), pp.31-84; and D. Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country (New York, 1985), pp.96-105.
oO Parl. Deb., vol.223, ser.3, col.900 (1875), Harcourt.
and 5); (187 -900 .899 coll , ser.3 223, vol. ; hope Stan 5), (187 -02 .901 coll 3, ser. 223, Parl. Deb., vol.
Eee
LOPE
SSOClation
i
123
vol.232, ser.3, coll.1542—43 (1877).
19g batl. Deb., vol.232, ser.3, col.1550 (1877), Morgan.
os See Lubbock, Addresses, Political and Educational (London, 1879) p.164.
op Be Deb., vol.223, ser.3, col.911 (1875), Dalrymple.
Idea an of s in ig Or e th d an e r i o rég G é b b A he T : Duty ic Publ a as tion erva Pres tage Heri Sax, L. ce].
. ff 73 PP. , nts ume Mon ent Anci wn, Bro and ; 1559 at 1142 LR . Mich 88 0) (199 127 128 Parl. : Deb -» VOl.237, ser.3, col.1979 (1878). ‘ osophy and Sociiology of Ph il Hi st Th or e y, Mu T. rr ay an , d See Brown, Ancient Monuments, p.3;
Archaeology. The Case of the Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1882); in V. Pinsky et oe ee raditions in Contemporary Archaeology: Essays in the Philosophy; History and Socio-politics of
(Cambridge, 1989), p.60.
Archaeology
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultur ‘al Objects
GH
Early years of the South Kensington Museum
By the 1830s, Britain had become suscepti : ble t 0 t ‘ h e Sontinent ernments to make art accessible to the S al eneral pub
lic and nor
and cultivated minority.!?° If the inter a diy; maUonal exhi bitions weae n a one arm of the recommendat ions of the 1835 Se r “leo. i lect anufactu
Committes
rin g, the estab o lishe
«® “alsa :a i mM t
& school was t h e Other a gton Muse a ie Sq um opened in 1 852 u a b li o e of mane : ye mus eums 0 Y Cont r B y a stt,teaSet 10D hay c o n -
ined as par t ofa broad tee e key r s t d i r e ctor Henry C Not a repository for ole, the historic rel=i » Du a t a w a y of changi Hon and instruction ng People’s ¢ a !,32 Ip his S t r e e p < o r t t o t he Hou wrote:
se of C
as
& national culture — early 19th century
43
a exemplary cultural objects wa s a source of national wealth, 139 Ace anti
The
Origins of quarianism lay in the compulsion amo ng its ruling class €s to gat her the Beier manifestations a other peoples and th eir cultu
=
res to reflect British imperial
140 This antiquarian urge is typified by the collecting practices of the m useum’s
curatnoir,netCeheanrtles c Robinson. '*! : iatne h ent
ury, collecting in most European countries was fuelledb
t longing to return to the purity of folk traditions disa a nat s eA vadion ustali rialisation. Bid pne Ue ; pane through By contrast, Britai in the mid: nin eteenth century, with its ‘rong econ
omny and distant colonial ©utposts, though t more internationally.!%3
imperialism was a significant motivator for the establishment of the South Kension Museum. The peti of early collecting demo nstrated a willingness to go on predatory XP ie ditions, buying up woul of art from other parts of the world while
ignoring equivalent British cultural objects.!™ The museum’s representatives tray-
elled throughout Europe and Asia gathering items for its co llections. Indeed, their
collective practices were so comprehensive that Charles Yriart e noted: ‘South Kens-
ington is a mecca.
t, Eas the and pe ro Eu of art ire ent the ses ses pos re the d an Engl
e Han TIS OTI all r de un ns io at st fe ni ma their spiritual
The establishment of British national collections necessarily came at the cost of
the removal of significant cultural objects from other national groups. Just like the
expeditions in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa had been instrumental to the creation of French collections like the Louvre. South Kensington officials were aware of escalating criticism of British museums for their acquisition of the cultural objects of other nations.!4° However, their collecting Revolutionary and Napoleonic
a Se ¢ a
ity through such groundextended hours , Public lectures, g uided tours and de, South Kensin gton with its commercia lly driven
the most imitated and influe ntia
Subjects in the
(London, 1852), pp.691ff.
seum (London, 1999), pp.26t-
66) 251 The Edinburgh Review The Great Exhibitor: The Lifé command of
Journal of the Society
KCB iB Richardson Clual Life,
age
1808 (eds.);
1876-1926
Nations and People
.
forays would increase exponentially over the ensuing decades in the pursuit of their
mission of aiding British industry and representing the British empire. Yet, in the early nineteenth century, at the same moment that British leaders were acknowledging the need to return the ‘title deeds of countries’, they were affirming the value of cultural objects as property and for the development of British national identity and industry. These twin forces — the ‘sacred’ and ‘property’ value of cultural objects — the promotion of cultural diversity and free trade, are perennially competing
themes in successive international efforts for the protection and restitution of cultural heritage to the present day. The next chapter examines how these forces intensified with the dissipation of the mid-century optimism for the realisation of a common humanity and perpetual See R. Cardoso Denis, Teaching by Example: Education and the Formation of South Kensington’s
140 14)
Museums, in Baker and Richardson (eds.), Grand Design, pp.107ff.
See Burton, Vision, pp. 1 Off.
hc. Robinson, Our National Art Collections and Provincial Art Museums, Nineteenth Century (June 1880) 988; and H. Davies, J. C. Robinson’s Work at the South Kensington Museum, Part I and
“6 ob Il (1998) 10 JHC 169; and 11 (1999), 95.
143 a Murray, ‘History, Philosophy’.
144 ae RG, Kenyon, Museums & National Life,
ee C. Saumarez Smith, ‘National Consciousne ess’,s pp.275f8
aa the
(Oxford, 1927), p.9y ph ra og hn Et s, be om Co E. A. an .
Lecture
ism: v i t i m i r P of h t y M e Th Formation of National and Cultural Identities, in S. Hiller (ed.),
us Chea tee peer) ee 46 LG, Robinson, Betas in Nee Works of Medieval and Renaissance Sculpture, Decorative ee
Triquet, de H. See 1860). (London, 1859 Year the of Part Early the in Italy, in at the South Kensington Museum (1863) 1 Fine Art Quarterly Review 100. Pe.» acquired Sculpture Italian
Inte’ national
I ar
Muser
S s
Return
of
¢
peace. Instead, as the nineteenth ce
a —
ae
peoples became ies.
lonial and commercial ex
ul)
tural
to
on 0
is
Ob). Je cts
ciplines ip];
a
ge,”
5)
2° cul
of British national identity Beis :
.Kensi ington Museum and British M at national identity.
os
FRS, , N R k o o C s me a F n i a Capt e t a L e th of s c i l e R n of o i t c e l Col the of gue alo Cat Figure Bue 2.12 Platesf rom the . 6 8 8 1 n o i t i b i h x E ian d n I d an al oni Col the at ll kre exhibited by Mr 7, Mac
La w ©& international exhibitions — International late 19th century
2
(western European)
International Law, internationa| e x . hibit;
in the late nineteenth century
culture, with all cultures being
AG International Law and museums became sites for petween European and non-European peoples,
Nong
scale of civilisation to legitimise the ; colonisation of non-European Peoples. . Both es Bo sites are fundamental to current claims by indigenous and other colonise d peoples for the restitution ; of cultural objects. Both sites continue to struggle with the legacies of this foundatio nal period of their histories.
This chapter details how the scale of civilisation was incorporated into Interna
tional Law with its universalisation and rationalisation as a science in the late nine-
teenth century. Then, it expleims how the possession of empire and the idea of a inte rthe at form thr eedim give ens n ion wee al civi of lisa tion unilinear progression national exhibitions and South Kensington Museum. Finally, the effects of these forces on the fate of the cultural objects of ‘conquered’ non-Europeans is illustrated with reference to the codification of the rules of war and the display of the ‘spoils of
great Englishmen, ! What
do I think of We
(ahseas See)
oon
stern civilisation?
Fai 8 Uisation? I think it would be a very 800d idea
war’ in British national museums.
Colonised peoples and International Law in the nineteenth century As the Law of Nations was reformulated into International Law, and moved from nat-
uralism to positivism, it became the science of International Law preoccupied with the commercial and colonial ambitions of European States. Ironically, as International Law
proclaimed
its universal
application it emphasised
the rigidity and
exclusivity of its membership. Its systematic exclusion of non-European peoples was
driven in large part by the desire to control their territory and resources. The cultural objects of these communities became essential to the theories that justified colonial practices. Whilst natural law jurists strove to include indigenous peoples within the Law of Nations, from the nineteenth century the universalisation and rationalisation of (European) International Law by positivists resulted in their exclusion from its oper-
ation. Instead, indigenous, and other colonised, peoples were confined to ‘international morality’. This exclusion necessarily compromised the rights of these commu-
qi
nities to preserve and develop their cultures. Indeed, this dichotomy between moral
and legal rights and obligations remains in varying shades to date. Spanish jurists Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolomé de las Casas, working within the natural law tradition, strove to reconcile the place of indigenous peoples, these ‘exotic anomalies’, within the Law of Nations during the Spanish colonisation of the Americas in the sixteenth century.* During the Valladolid disputation, colonists
and their advocates maintained that because of their ‘barbarity’ evidenced by their
fies ee z
:
oe
ae
vin > Mornin ing Post, 4 J uly 1908 velopment
of Internatio nal
V&A Law
*A Cursory look at the table of contents of the leading contemporary British texts reflects ce Cage Archives: es:
| India M
Pation. See T. Twiss, The Law of Nations considered as Independent Political Communities on the Rights 7
Duties of Nations in Time of Peace (Oxford, 1861), four of twelve chapters; J. Westlake, Chaput:0” 1
bast
in Africi a (1900) 63 LQa R 249
Gar, oe W. E. Hall, and Chapter Principles of International Law (Cambridge, 1894), three of eleven1, chapters; 2; §33", §38", §26°; §26**, atonal Law (4th edn, Oxford, 1895), Part I, Chapter oa a
F
B. Smith, Imagining the Pacific in the Wake of the Cook Voyages (Carlton, 1992); p.229.
International Law, Museums
& Return of Cultural Object
S
nternation al Law & international exhibitions — lat e 19th century
cultural practices including idolatry, Indians were ‘Natural
a Slaves? 5
Casas argued against the need for European tutorshi
indigenous expunge to division this used ivists peoples from the Posit r e a l m o f e k a . l n w t d ] La e Joh Wes t : 4 o n in 189
of ndigen oa hide
suggested the colonists’ arguments were merely a a injustices’ perpetrated against these communities. © He
pace
ment of the essential humanity of all peoples, i
Vitoria postulated that the ‘New World? of the Noe
Old World and the rights afforded to its indi a genous People by considering the legal position of the Eur teachings served to deprive all States, including Spain, f
Internationa
[It is] the members of the international society which concern us that of uncivilised natives international law takes no account. This is er i does not mean that all rights are denied to such natives, but that e Pe i n who se with in stat e the of con sci enc e the to left is of their rights
ated th
ar
cj CUMStances 1 «is
simply taking Ous territories and resources. However, Vitoria enhis Position bye MNdigen, tempered indige gentnous peoples could los e theirir riri ghts through
fought if they resisted Christia n conversion te) oo fre ed er nd hi r ” es ar t igh Enl
oe
shisnment, the Spanish jurists’ theories fell into disuse : S methose Sm
the
i e Nowing q
territorial sovereignty they are comprised.!! No n-European peoples were judged to be outside international society and could not seek protection from the WOE excesses of colonial authorities under International
Law but had to look to international morality. 2 The major principles of International Law as ‘«deduced’ by late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century positivism ensured that the discipline was a legitimising force for colonisation rather than a guarantor of the rights of indigenous peoples. Any legal protection the Law of Nations may have afforded indigenous peoples disappeared with the extinguishment of a territory’s legal personality in International Law upon colonisation, and application of the
principle of State sovereignty. !* This position was exacerbated by the universalisation
Law
of (European) International Law and the spread of European colonialism. Positivism’s interpretation of International Law formed part of the late Victorian exude to strove and economics and anthropolo gy included that framework colonial scithe of validity the jurists, Anglo-Amer ican many For exclusivity. and objectivity
.
entific method was evidenced by the achievements of the Industrial Revolution and
produce to aimed also positivists Accordingly it. , drove that discoveries scientific the
‘order from chaos’ by making ‘International Law into a science’.'* Lassa Oppenheim noted the irrationality of the state of nature would be replaced by positivist jurispru-
dence with its fixed set of principles and scheme of classification that revealed itself to skill ‘scientific required it that maintained He jurist. expert the of scrutiny the to expose the real existing rules of international law, to lay bare their history and real meaning, and to criticize them in the light of reason, justice and the requirements
of the age’.!> Yet, because of their varying degrees of engagement with the colonial dictated requirement s the — subjectivity inherent an by guided were jurists project, by European colonial and commercial expansion. 3 Westlake, Chapters, p.136.
(Washington, DC, 1928), pp.22 and 41. p.23; and D, Kennedy,
It
2
egal Ar,
sinki
40) of Nations (rey, edn, Nenana onan
: See Westlake, Chapters, p.140; and Oppenheim, International Law , PP (19ee e; Island of Palmas (Unite] d 26) p.1 73 vol .4, RI AA Sta , tes Uni v. ), ted Bri tai (Gr n eat Ind ians See Cayuga PCI f, 193 3, Gre enl Eas and of ter , Sta n tus Leg al and (19 46) p.8 ; 31 vol .2, RI AA , Net herlands), States v. A ser.A/B, No. 53, p.22.
Lawrence, Principles, pp.93-94. See Twiss, Law of Nations,
6; -1 .v pp , rs te ap Ch , ke la st pp.139-40; We e th of se ti ea Tr A s. on ti Na of the Law of
Oppenheim, International Law, pp.4-5; J. Lorimer, The Institutes ii-vvi, iits Jural Relations of the Separate Political Communities (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1883-84), vol-II, pp.vi-
eae Jee of ents Elem ton, Whea H. ); 1893 don, (Lon Law l iona rnat Inte of nce Scie The er, Walk TA, 5 a aa PR ), 1972 , York New , rint (Rep 6) (183 nce of the History of the Scie
nee with a Sketch
nae ‘A Hatred of Disorder’: Legal Science, Liberalism and Imperialism, n ES et a rei P. ), 1991 don, (Lon e denc spru Juri in wal Rene and ce stan Resi nts: Suppleme 15 oe e Internationa Ppenheim, International Law, pp.328-30. See M. Schmoeckel, Thi and Herald: Lassa Oppenheim (2000) 11 EJIL 699.
us
We SoS:
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultural Ob;
ects
ntorn ational Law & international exhibitions — late 19th century
f
Positivists initially accepted that different norm existed side by side throughout the world.!6 H ative Systems OWever, th and industrial might of European and settler St ates ©
Anglo
Combineq ©Scalatin
ena
ambitions meant that the European Internationa With l law Was incre aSi global scale to the gradual exclusion of any other ngly Systems of Inte
© Y applying a u n
Pean interna tional Jay
t
7 jurists
pean an
CO
de V eloped
onial
peoples.
The
Er Ts powWe system
a highly
d; etailed
to
acqui;re
of
classification
system
of classificati on
: possessio
n
was
of
based
the on
whic i h
territo r1i e S an
of
assessment
ropean) civilisation.2! They | of their cultures against the standard of a(Eu e d . pe s, nt gy ne y lo ge li lo wl ve er ip by po ne sc em ro di ke th li an de > na oe € f theories
of State practice to determine the legal status of non-European peoples, by practical concerns on the ground, State practice However because it was guided . le ab li re or nt te is ns co ly was rare lising tendency of European international law was so comprehensive sa er iv un The at by the turn of the century ‘there was only one sovereignty and one international th: » 23 The subjects of International Law narrowed to the exclusion of almost all ; law : 2 4 2 , y t n e g v i d i e s e r * u y s * e s t l . e o v e s p c t j i o e which rende: red them e x a t t s n e e St Sta exc enti ts argued s tivi Posi .”> ence rfer inte rnal exte to le liab not and l, equa and nt nde epe ind
erga]
Over
.
51
ided b
analysis
‘y
that International Law arose from consent between States and was not an authority
26 outside States. ;
l colonia and ic econom ean Europ of forces the to d yielde Law l ationa Intern As
s to Nation of Law s the of subject being from s moved people nous indige expansion, ed absorb s people dent’ ‘depen to s nation ign sovere from Law; l ationa Intern objects of
With
+. Which
European Norms
into the sovereignty of the metropolitan State.2” Colonised peoples, their territories te. Sta an it ol op tr me the of t par as w La l na io at rn te and cultural objects existed in In s act ic st me do the in ce en er rf te in nno the d an y nt ig re ve so e at St of es The principl
at ief rel ive ect eff ek se to le ab un re we s le op of sovereign States meant that such pe
re we s ie tr un co d se ni lo co the of ts ur co l pa ci ni mu , on ti di ad International Law.?* In
enous comig ind s, es el th ne No ” r. ou vi ha be ign ere sov o precluded from enquiring int institutions h tis Bri d one iti pet da na Ca and d an al Ze w Ne , lia om Austra
munities fr
tin con e hav y The *” es. iti hor aut al oni col of ds han the at ent concerning their treatm
. ion sat oni col an ope Eur h wit hed uis ing ext not was ty ign ere sov ued to insist that their , don Lon edn, (3rd ht pac ter Lau H. ed. , Law l ona ati ern Int , eim enh Opp 21 See Westlake, Chapters, p.145; L. ). 1984 d, for (Ox ety Soci l ona ati ern Int in ’ ion zat ili Civ of rd nda Sta The
1920), p.286; and G. Gong, 22 See Anghie, ‘Peripheries’, 45. nQui 17 ) 997 (1 on usi Ill an of y tor His y: tur Cen h ent ete 23 TD. Kennedy, International Law and the Nin
bs nipiac Law Review 99 at 127. central a s wa s hi J’ p.54). (1913, edition fourth his and Compare T. J. Lawrence’s 1895 treatise (p.55) W. M. : w’ La al on ti na er nt ‘I rm te e th ed assumption made by Bentham in the essay in which he co in
. 409 at 405 L AJL 78 84) (19 ’ Law al ion nat ter ‘In of g nin hio Janis, Jeremy Bentham and the Fas e at St a in y nt ig re ve So on s te *> See Westlake, Chapters, pp.86-91; Hall, Treatise, pp.18-19; R. Lansing, No vereignty
T)
Pi
“)
he Principles of International Law
national
Law, ed, G, Wilson (8th
a on ti nd Control: International ra pi As 6 10 3) 99 (1 e ur HLR 723; 723; and A. Anghie, Finding the ational Law (1999) 40 HILI
1995),pp
-206-07; Anghie, ‘Periph-
PP.176-77; and Anghie,
B
(1907) 1 AJIL 105 at 124; Kennedy,
‘Nineteenth Century’,
122-23; and B. Kingsbury, So
and Inequality (1998) 9 EJIL 599 at 605. - See Twiss, Law of Nations, pp.111-22; and Westlake, Chapters, p.78. a See Anghie, ‘Peripheries’, 34-35.
See P, M. Anker, The
” IV.A.Mandates, Geneva,
Mandate 1945, 8.
See Anghie, ies’, ‘Peripher 51. 30 See B. Attwood and A. Markus,
System.
League , n o i t a c i l p p A — es Origin — Principl
oy The Struggl glefor Aboriginal >
of Nations,
ane! , y e n d y S ( y r o t s i H y ar r a t Documen kights:
(Sydney; Crown British the under Aborigines Austrahan Ground: 1969); Contested (ed.), (Auckland, : Cooperation d an t 1999); J.A. A.McGrath tes Pro i: or Ma d an al Ze w Ne the Williams, Politics of :
es
na Ca , ch at Ve R. and 1); 196 , to on or (T al iv LaViolette, The Struggle for Surv .E. Nations (Toronto, 197 D))
a and the League of
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultural @b; jects There were Anglo-American
& international exhibitions — late 19th centur y
efforts to tem
settler States towards colonised people s durj
application of the trusteeship doctrin e3!
ee
ees
material conditions’
humanistic thought, the nineteenthdoctrine emerged from the same
:
:
of colonised peoples by imparting the benefits of
European civilisation; and second, the metropolitan Power was required to ensure the application a ie trade principles in the territory and equal access to scientific expeditions.
article 6 of the Act, like isle minority guarantees of the nineteenth century, provided
some measure of protection for the collective cultural rights of local inhabitants.28 And like minority guarantees, It failed to prevent mass atrocities or even improve the
conditions of colonised Ege: In practice, such provisions were considered little more than declarations of moral, s opposed to legal, obligations. Nometne less, Mark Lindley in 1926 argued that although
indigenous
peoples
were
inst subjects
of International Law,
their rights
were protected by the relevant colonial power pursuant to its obligations under general International Law.*?
However,
conflicts could and often did arise between the
interests of the colonised and the coloniser. And the principle of State sovereignty prevented any interference upon non-compliance of these moral obligations.
eee! civilisation’ to non-B-Europea cies which fac slavagSEs are dangerous neighbou Peans would also
Collection and display of empire
The forces that underpinned the development of the science of International Law
in the late nineteenth century also fuelled the transformation of international exhibitions into vehicles for escalating colonial rivalry."! The collection and display of
the cultural objects of colonised peoples at the international exhibitions and South Kensington Museum were gathered to interpret, explain and justify the effects of British imperialism to its populace. The Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 was the first international exhibi-
tion devoted solely to imperial themes. Although the seeds of imperial display were present at the Great Exhibition of 1851, the British imperialist message advocated by the 1886 exhibition was far removed from its predecessor.’* George Augustus
485; CTS ’s Parry 165 ) (1885 p.4; 6, vol.7 s, Paper State gn Forei and sh Briti 1885, uary Febr 26 n, Berli 37
the to ing relat els Bruss of ce eren Conf the of Act ral Gene the by ed firm Reaf 7. AJIL p.) 3(sup (1909) African Slave Trade, 2 July 1890, British and Foreign State Papers, vol.82, p.55; Parl. Papers, vol.95,
Act al Gener 1885 the ing revis on enti Conv 1, Art.1 and 293; CTS ’s Parry 173 0) (189 p.1 (1892); and of Berlin relative to the Congo,
Ber € Cited in a ‘ py 2 2?0riginal R; x igh D.10. See Snow, 7; yee o; nlernationa] Law (1, 33 ( erkeley, c 1980)" a Tomeaes nes in Po ened 978), er 5 oI 0 and Prac ry, 35 ee Be, au” Be ce
Crawforg
»
Stlake; Crear,
36 secstport, 1979),
ipters, ee nker, “Mandate?
SeTreeMati.se onFLinthe g)I e“Ys PP.The97-98, es: PP.11,
” and
L,
Gas
Vaeties Ke o €
© Anghie
€
he Roots
*
'& to
a fettered in any way whatsoever’.
Pp.6-8
no Nations (New York, 1921);
Indian Tribes and Political Liberty i
ae
5
1919, 8 LNTS
27; Cmd 477
Lugard, The a Anker, ‘Mandate’, 9-11. or d te mi li be t no l al sh s, creed g all to ngin belo ions Miss gious ‘reli that lated stipu also The provision
5 and SB. Gag Owe,PherThiee s’Ber, lin61We Bet an ett,
Relay;
10 September
D. (1919); 225 Parry’s CTS 500 (1921); 15 (supp.) AJIL 314. See Snow, Question, pp.174-75; EE and ; p.179 ion, Creat , ford Craw ; 1965) den, (Ham a Afric cal Tropi Dual Mandate in British
B
enderson,
St-Germain-en-Laye,
ican
ansion (London, NOnSh)
Aboriginal Rights, p.9: Conference 1884 ‘1 885 i
;
oes Law: Being 4
FAN
= 333),
;
aN
DAD
i See Anker, ‘Mandate’, 10, fn 1; Anghie, ‘Peripheries’, 63; and Lindley, Acquisition, igen: te’, * 8.ee Manda : 3 . An i , Anker and 4 Lindley, Acquisition, pp.324-36. See Anaya, Indigenous Peoples, p.25;
Me the and s ition Exhib Great es, rsell Unive s ition See P. Greenhalgh, Ephemeral Vistas: The Expos
e er 4 -191 1875 e Empir of Age The , bawm Hobs E. ff; pp.52 ), 1988 ter, ches (Man 1 -193 1851
pa
and 142-64; and J. E. Findling and K. D. Pelle (eds.), Historical Dicuonary of
and Expositions, 1851-1988
(New York, 1990),
pp.261-301.
Wo
ae Fairs
e e S 3].R 1851 r embe Sept 16 CC, 55. VAA NAL 8 184 es Diati Cole y Henr Cole, . ScelH # on 1886, Her Majesty’s Colonies, A Series of Origina tion, in Colonial and Indian Exhibiti
under the Authority of the Royal Commission (London, 1886),
Exhibitions (London, 1873), pp.7-8, 10.
P-4:
x
and J. Forbes Watson, Inteternational
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultural Objects Sala noted: ‘It [was] meant as a proclamation to all and Sundry < an Empire . . . a just and equitable, but firm and fearless rule to ‘i at of the world, to the extremist limits of human Civilisation? 43 This a
\
ictoy
«ttn
pursued at the South Kensington Museum by its second directo, 17st si x the 1886 exhibition, Philip Cunliffe Owen.44 In Particular, the mo Nd op, aig
A
ean peoples from t he Western art cano coincided with their exclusi n on from Internati onal Law.
National identity and im perial possessions Like their French coun terparts decade
+
.
wo Rte meRbot
SPUAarts SarrirsrexTs | 2 Hone-Koxg Q BnizisrNonrn Borxro RK
aUL
WM
RMITISN GUIANA.
Weevlxpes.
. Burrisn Hosperas. . ,| West MALTA
W Cyrnus
AFIIOAN CoLoStes
aS
wr: Which WAY
i
TRAL
LONDO
MACHINERY pe eceee CONST ELECTRIC. LIGHTING;
> “South Kensingto> eG nee 2 PP-11-27; os the Great Exhibitions in P, ve Srcenbaleh, Educatio' n, Entertai t e n a m n e d nt Politics: ‘hman and B. p: 80 (ed.), Th
© See Senin C8.),A Grand Design e N ew Mu : seology (London, 1989), : The A Richardson, Preface: A ie Point of View, in M. Baker an p.74 es “Introduct, d B. ; oe of the Victoria and Albert Museum (London 1999) p p.9-14 Foster, 7 jE Th
and Empire: The
MAvairivs
©
collections exemplified the complexities of British imperial aden ni subcontinent and the increasing centrality of empire to the British Nation nal;
This section details the manner in which the pos Sessi1 on of an empire l its peoples, cultural objects and territories became j ntegral c t o B r itish Nati uty. Next, there is an explan ona ationhieof how the coll ectio ; n of the cul colonised peoples w. as neither obj tural obj ective nor rando m but Tepresented the a agendas of various colonial age nts. Finally, there is an examination of the e of the cultural objects of nonxe Europ
COLonies,
ings: An Archaeology of th e Humat'
Manip
nv: Unconscious of Mo dern Art, or White
erat Politics (Seattle, 1985), pp.202¢f .
*S. AuguSu Tt, 1985), stst , , Th Theo Secoi ll,ing of 6 Empiref.
MPlic Opinion 1880-1960 British and
French Imperialist
7
1
post!
OFFICE,
x
oa PALACE:
| @
OUT
International Law, , Museums & Re turn of Cultura 1 Objjects
y ur nt ce th 19 te la — s on ti bi hi ex l na io at Law & intern
fr t s a p e h t in d en t s e h t r a f e h t s e h c a e r r e v fro e n e t y as e e h T ! a t s i v vista upon p F e e v o t s e i r o t c i v in d e c a r t s p e t s s it , s d : r a w p u d e l i o f t s a h y e which humanit v i s s e c c u s s e g a of t s u d e h t of himself gathering out
Inversely, by their difference these object
through ie grading (or even exclusion) of ee a mission’. a. oe colonised peoples a
ae
jects; yest as their sovereignt
*
a
*
ries Wee absorbed into the British St reer eee and museums aan ae s
x
nec
e h eu
chaos --- each finds ” . y h p a r g o i b l a u t i r i p s n w o s i h f o chapters
Own
een.
e Crystal Palace;
els d e ni sia an a oguing the cultural objects of non. Europe isan Peoples sition of territory and the ene O)on of populatiofk ns pn
Uons with the imperial State, Muse um, were i1 ncapable of bein,
to repr
> When the South K
large par
e Present British national faynt uty
:
€nsington’s Architectural C
glass and steel prefabricated structure that
b a y e v s r u u o s e n z i a d l g a u t t i ‘to t l u m e n h t o r o i f t a c l a o r l t n e c e n o e n i b o l g e h t s f o t r a p ings from italilon visitors. t b c i e h j x b e u s e s t d r i e n i h h a t p s em of a riti
supremacy ina political and econo mic sense,4°
ee
4 modern
d owe all that ncy are nsp tra a ed odi emb 1, 185 of n tio ibi Exh as orc the ad hous ed med’ peoples and ‘ta and ned tai con ign des ’s ton Pax eph Jos 6 5 7 ility
in sustaining British rule i
identity.22
5y7/
Ourts
—
were
e d i B h t e t f u o s n y s i r a m e p v m e g o n This orderin enc r o e i d t r d c o e n d l a e l l o e i c h a s t t y t n e a e h v d t r a u i s f r o y e s m r a wa 57 The t n e n i t n o . s c n b a u i s people d , n e e I h l t n p y o m r a a x r e t . o a n F t e a d m u c l o l a c i h ing of physica and d d p g n a n a r i g t o n e l e e g h a m t c u i c y r o e t d v e ( r m u o S n o g i t r a d T e e r d e G h u i t l g c o n l s i i o e th a h c , r ) e A e h r t i s p e m i e e r h t a f o d n u o n s e b i n h h o t l t i a i t c w a i r h e p p a o r g s o t p r o o t o e ® f t l f s ° e a . e y c h e i T v g r o u l S o n h t e E y h l d t e a n v i a r r u t s S u d s n y e I e h v t g r n u i l S a r c e d r g o n e i d r n n i a f e d e d r t e a m i o a s e l t a r c e e l w j a b i u n s o l s e t h s t f e o know and order the co r e t n i e h t t o a t e e r s h i t y l n a a r s t u e e i n o m t o n o c s n e d o n i a t a l l a e t r e i c o r i s e h t . r e w o p e n th a at t y l i l a l i c e o p s p e o , s r e l t p o e p me n a e p o r u E n o n s s e s s o p to s n a e p o r u E f o f undertrategies
o k c a l d n ’ a n o i s s g i n m i s i l i v i c ‘ e h t e o t c n a t s i s e r d y e b t n o r e f g n d o e c l e w r o e , n w r k t e s i t l n i o h w fr t a h d t e n i a l p x e n o s t a W s e b r o F ° ” 5 t c e j b u l s a i n o l o e s c a c ‘ w n e a h t t f r g o o n p i d m i l a u stan q e , f o t n a t r o : m p i e r e w y n o l o c a f o s e t u b i r t t a o l i ’ h l p a c d i n s a y h s p u ‘ o i g i e h l t e r of e h t d n a , s r e n n a m d n a , s m o t s u c , r e t c a r a h c s e h n t a e f m o e h t e g s d e e i l l w p o p u s ‘kn ] h c i h w [ , a i d n I g n i t i b a h n i s e c a r s u o i r a y e h t f o s n o i t a r i p s a l a c i h p o s The s
! museu ly displayed at the im: peria I centr e , London asa symbol: anship of Indian hist ory and culture.>?
° ° . ’ m e h t n o p u d l o h l a r . o t m n e a m t g i n m i m n i o ¢ a t b r a l i of o m i s a e r i u q e r s e i c a g e l s ’ m s i l a i n o l o c t n o r f n o that to c
d e s i s a h p m e Today, efforts y l t n e t s i s n o c e v a h s e l p o e p s u o n e g i d n i w o h e n i m f o a x t e c a s r l a e c t i p s a y h h c p r e e h Lat t d n o y e b s e o g h c i h s w e c s o r p a is e g a t i ral her
u t l u c f o n o i t u t i t s e r . n o i t u t i t s e r l a r o m e d u l c n s o t s t c e j b o l a r u returning cult
>In Baker and Ri; chardson (eds.), Grand Desig tj en Id l ti na Na 10 9 19 day 5s : : To gy on, lo po ro th An 7 1) 99 (1 e r C 4), p.5;A.E. ies (1988) I
fae
Di
ngton >p.17,
57; iAes: TO
5; an,
ion at rm s e Fo m d th u an e s u , M es l a h n e e r G d n a
8s: The E, N,
ich een Ings? > p.22]
;
p. algh, Egphen meral, and c i r > n e t u G a ae eeie mee the on s on ti ec fl Re : s e i t i n u m om
Pp.163-86, n Barri nger a
nd Flynn (eds.), Colonialism,
d n a s e t a t S t n Archaeology of collection e d n e p e d n i y l w e n f o s m i a l c n o i t u t i st re e th y, l ur a nt i ce r e p h m et i ti en tw r te e la m e r th o In f f 0 s g n i d l o h t s a v e h t f o g n i y r o t n e v n i e th to d le s e l p o e indigenous p 55 See Conway, ‘South Kensington Museu: met. London Jace, Pal l ta ys Cr : on xt Pa ph se Jo , McKean
>© See J. . Masterpieces (London, 1999), 0.p.
5; -8 84 .1 pp , ed in ag Im See B. Anderson, ntalism British
Orie
E. in
t s o L , ) . s d e ( r o t c . He D d n a p o l n u D 18 51,inB. , (London, 1993), pp-1-
id, Culture and Imperialism, ighteenth
owledge Kn of cs ti ec al Di e Th Century: Postcolonial the d an ntalism
ie Or , .) ds (e er Ve der ; n va Pp. d n a . 9 e 4 g d 5 i 1 r 2 n . e p k p c , e ) r 3 B 9 9 1 . , A a i h . C lp e y, d in r a a l r i b , h i t L P n ( e n a m a i n s r A e h v t m o u u G o e S s u M a edicament: Perspectives on a i d n I e th of g n i k r o d W n 58 a t n e i e c r i u f t f E c e L e th r o f ry i u q d n e E r i u q r e o f r s e r u s the Mea 72; and R. Rocher,
n O e , ut n it st o In s t an a di W In an of s , e em b th r o th F wi J. n no ec ee nn co in , on ti da un Fo e th r fo s on ti es ), 94 19 eu per ce , ge id br am 1 (C nt me rn 6 -2 25 ) Gove ° e: Anthrop : s Cultur PPm’ ondon, > 1874 > is (L and g in ch ea Travel 9 5 See N. Thomas, Colonial ology, n o C d n a y g eolo d I 6 ) 9 7 9 1 ( y t i l a t & pp.11ff. n e m n r e v Go n O , lt au uc Fo M. Forbes W: atson, Measures, p.41. See m, p.4l. sciousness 5-12; and Thomas, Colonialis
aR
International Law, collections. This proce ss has revealed th
Inter
shaped and were s haped by the col selves. Fo :
& international e x h i b i t ions — late 19th ‘ o n a l L a w century nation og
r example, the In dia Mu
South Kensington M i e useum in the late e e 1 8 7 of British collec : 0 s , I Was essenti n d i a ? 6 1 ting of India’.
Universal Surve y museums in s f o F r m er Metropolit of cultural objects an Capita to tepresent an
e ntire culture of Moment in time an g People d space, It is the refore Necessary the collectors and to e exhibitors of thes e fragments of C early twentiethulture century colle
‘
‘
a
:
eat
f
;
For
HE
|
[24 Edition, A ug. 1820,
Missionary Sketches, i of the Weeklt and So
ihe Use J
i sslonar
y
FAMILY
59
Ge
den
ee
ie
DA
ie
erestoethe
I D OLS oF POM “ H U E + he relinguished, A R E , and a ‘onthe M i s s i o n a r i e s OOO aiat Eimeo, either to c F b e burnt, ve
\
cting Practices
settlers, mission aries and scient ists
are Although the at titudes of indiv idual indigenous Peop les as Possible s o u r c es € u t ors for limited p Tesources on th e frontier, © the particular cl ass of objects g athered by thi barbaric traits, s gr especially Wea p onry, w: of indigenous cultures by s e ttler State. ing ethnograp
:
hic Collecti o ns mirrore objects, includ ing a shield, collected dur Colonial ang I i n g the Cook ndian Exhibiti e x p on
|
i
of 1886 at the nial Sovernmen behest of t, Irs officia l exhibition have been gra Publication dually giving n o t e d : W a y b e f ore the Marc ever, one comm h of Europ entator Teco rded that the Secret of imMParti c o lonial gover ng the blessings n m These objects without the dr Tepresented a w b a c k s t h e Spoils of g c Peoples ~ ‘the S onqueror 4 uardian gods o f ees t h e defeated’. communities, F o , ¢ , t h e s e e: objects aa Violence that ©ccurre d at the fronti : ee er and loc o t al r British Coloni S al Officials, i e rae t h a r Tce of the NecesIndigenoys Peoples sity of the soci w e r e of ind; a] and edu Mdig ¢
|
| |
61
GE
enous Peoples, 68
Mond, The
oonThiNngs’, q
|
;
63
*
; Oat: RO78
Paci T
Ing;
PP.221 fF >aannddiJ Muscr o . m G u y a n g D1.30S1w-a1l8l7o9w ((eLdsondon, Thomas, Entang .), “Empire 4 1982), P; .21; and Mi leq Objects: t t PP.162¢f. G Go e i L r a n d C l u n y a s sde: ean 7 , C a 1 l 9 9 0 i ), a n d i a p.24!: “ 1 c 5 hang 50 (Ox ford AN
e, Material Cu 1900 (London, l t ure ang Coloni ndon; 2°PPler, A‘Anntgifeicigl naHLanReyCsn o w a l l e s i , s m C o i n l l the Pacific (Lo: Curiosiners ouBnee Frontier: Abecting Colonialis nial : oApbporri:gines, Se m: Material Culture v6a6 py oad Onisa pies I ttlers ang Land and Colo l and In foeCaptain Famer Cook (Sydney, 1987). i Se R si™.ne oe Expositio Frey, Meibe, e n ( e x h . o f cit 1 N c , a a t t . i , v1e97 Manufactures Co Batons 7, n o l u l u , l l 67 it Be (eds,), ‘Binal Papers, P ) , e c t p e . d 2 8 o 1 n t h e p . 1 3 9 L f e f g aoe gg, Cu a , l 6 Seeley, ‘Tn a rators ARsilpkocy of I t a r oduction’, p.x c u l t e a "lern u r a l O b j e i i c l. t s ational Trad f o r B e s a k e in Art (T e t i n I i Brat and J. 4. h e a gue, 1996), ieterse attlinger, PST, D y i n g R 1995) a c e o Z I a B. Parekh h ie (1994) 4 p, blic D e H e i s Mab 9, l i s i n G enocide Iftnortyh Review 188 : 953 and A, = Nineteenth Ce el ES, European "SAtIOn of th I ntury, in J. N magination: Cul Uden titi, ( [ e derveen t y 4 Photog
* Seep
pen Nineteen
ury NSW de®: The
Museurs Pe
ee eons ach, of Rourgeot
Be
Ga
No. 1.
. urA re, stor of Otuheigtoed,
S ' er 20e
is said te be the Ono,” pee Raiatea, Huahine ,
See an acm eoe coue n t f this iiddooll,, BO zine
:
in
for August last. Be Brangelical Meg 2 oad, now degraded tis a mere log iTie n t, t wassformerolllyice otheis n oPcocmaarse’isorne’s of |kibtichen,
nebalioboldy
Wor, -
Oen
Ocronen
a
: seibora,a broatnhderManra. H amed Teeror-is said to ae son daa,
of ORO, mata, who is als o a s MissionariBees e,could l e a not lea rn the name e ee
way
No.3. f Po‘sMEHAnO, the p rincipal god0 a Ponaemiorf the iclhynci.eef Hdee o is said ua be Isof iticp:tic C
Figure 2.3 Cover, Missionary Sketches, vol.3, no.1
>
idol.
r:
11, October
1818.
International Law, Intorn ational Law
& international exhibitions — late 19th century
61
gue ethnographic displays of colonised peoples and their cultural objects mad Ravise concrete to es populace on the metropolitan centre and ee |. colonising society’s ‘racial superiority’.”° They ‘revealed’ the apparently backward
European peoples which necessitated conquest by the more ‘advanced?
tates.’” Indeed, it was argued that metropolitan powers would have to ‘burden’ of coloniser until these communities were capable of ruling
the into well nt ume arg this e uat pet per to ue tin con ld wou tes Sta se thems elves.”® The . y r u t n e c h t e twenti t c n a a t n e o p c o r u r E o d o t e i r t p a e r e c r s e s t t tha w prized object Anthropologis
rk wo r ei Th .” st pa d ie ll su un c, ti en th au an dy bo em pecause they were perceived to
acquired a sense of urgency because of their fear that indigenous peoples were ‘a sea cr de ly al ic at am dr of e us ca be t par in d lle fue s wa on ti ep dying race’. This perc an pe ro Eu o int s le op pe us no ge di in of on ti la mi si as ing population numbers and the nec s st gi lo po ro th an by s ect obj t ac nt co epr of g in eg il iv settler communities. The pr
by anthropologists,7!
tic par a in en oz fr es tur cul us no ge di in ng ti en es pr re s on ti ec ll co r hei t d e l i a t n essarily e s u o n e g i d n n i d o e p t u cting practices impac
e l l o r c i e h , t n r u t n . I ufl in d an ular moment in time s ct je ob t an ic if gn si ly al ur lt cu of l va mo re e th h ug ro th t n cultural developme g. in ur ct fa nu ma us no ge encing indi
al ni lo co s ou ri va by d te ec ll co s ct je ob e es th y la sp di s on ti ec Universal survey coll nt se re ep sr mi n te of p, ou gr a of ty ti en id al ur lt cu e th d e i d o b m e ey th agents as though
us no ge di in , on as re is th r Fo ° .® em th d te ea cr o wh s le op pe e th to ce an ic if ing their sign cultural heritage of n io ut it st re r fo ms ai cl y da ten es pr r ei th in e d u l c n i s e i t i n u m com s. um se mu by d te re rp te in d an d ye la sp di e ar es ur It u c r i e h t w o h e n i m r e t e d the right to
e nc ie sc d an ts ar of s m u e s u m in Displays th en te ne ni te la e th om fr sm li ta pi ca d an sm li a ni lo co n a e p o r u E The penetration of li ua eq in s it ng ti ba er ac ex d an e ob gl e th ng yi if un of ct fe ef al du century had the
s st gi lo po ro th an d an s st vi ti si po l ga le by d e t a u t e p r e p on ti sa li vi ties. The scale of ci the develd an n no ca t ar n r e t s e W e th of on ti sa li sa er iv un e th th wi d rce was reinfo s m u e s u m d an hy, rap nog eth and art n wee bet y om ot ch di the of opment
science.®! Nineteenth-century applied arts, art and
public
museums,
ethnography,
when
placed
ve ti ra co de e th in th wi l) al at were classified
applying taxonomies
non-Western
of art and
of fine and
cultural objects
arts and ethnography.
This
Gf they
emphasis
oe
, CA y, le ke er (B s ur Fa s d’ rl Wo : ry tu en -C th en te 7 ne | Ni at m la Is of re tu ec it ch Ar : nt ie Or e ° Z. Celik, Displaying th
Ret.
e l g a A i r e p . m 9 I e 1 th d in 8 l 1 r . e o p d W i p s t u , O ) e 2 s th 9 e d to u t i n t 77 19 t a A e p o r u : E d n i n K a m u H s of d r ; ) 4 6 9 1 See V. G. Kiernan, The Lo , n o s i d a M ( 0 5 8 1 0 8 7 1 n o i t c A d n a s a e d ds.), ca: British I
i r f A of e g a m I e h T , n i t r u C P. ; ) 9 6 9 1 , n o d n o L ( ic f i c a P h t u o S e th d n a n o i uropean Vis
Rivers
A
. ) 8 8 9 ; 1 y e n d y S ( e r o h t S s e h t r . 5 8 4 8 1 d n 78 Terra Australis: The Fu a 4 6 3 6 1 . pp , d e n i g a m , I n o s r e d n A d n ; a 7 7 — 6 ng, pp.17 B. Smith, E
Muse,
(e h t i m S B. d n a r e l s i F . W d (New Haven, 1992); an
X1p, ) 3 8 9 1 , k r o Y w e N ( ct e j b O s it s e k a M y g o l o p o s thr e n A e w o H : r e h t O m a e th ) d n a OD e g s m i i f T i l @ , d n a o i o b w a e F l g J. n E ea , n d ct . e ev : m (r a C e ( r u t t Ar l u C of d n n a o i t e n r u e t v a n r I e t i L , y h p a r g o n h t E y r 81 See R. Wagner, The u New Haven, ture: Twentieth-Cent
79 a Brain, Goi
l ( u C y a of l p s i t D n e m on a c n i o d i e t r a P N 4 . : 1 5 8 1 of n o i t i b i h x oA J. Clifford, The E t a e 3 . r p G , ) e 0 h 9 T 9 1 , , n h o c d a n b o r L e ( u A t s e . W A e J. th d ; n f a f y 9 r 8 o 1 t . s p i p H g , n ) i t 8 i 8 r 9 W 1 : s bridge, hologie t y M e t i h W , g n u o Y . R d n 1999), p.101; a
Inte
f
national
i
63
the Asian collections at the South Ke nsington Museum exemplified ; ‘
Th e pow 1
she
Law & international exhibitions — late 19th century
. a ideology assigned a subordinate yet essential role to such objects $ with with:in , ov e er m a c e n b o i s s i l m a i r e p m s i ’ m : u e s n u o M t g Wester canon. The South Kensin
a n a r e t s a E s it m to u e s u y m n a p m o C a i d n I t e former Eas th ation of relocmber with then Nove 187 9.8? Under the directorship of Cunliffe Owen there emerged 1 S rie le
;
:
ge
ly ethnographic slant to the display of the cultural objects of non-Europe an A distinct 4 peoples peoples indigenous and Africa, from peoples of objects cultural the of The ab sence
this of act imp the ed ght hli hig y rkl sta as, ric Ame the and lia tra Aus a, Asi of South
at ons uti tit ins al eri imp of ces cti pra y pla dis l anc grading of cultures on the eollecnny al eri mat wed vie s ner tio cti pra um se mu eae ons uti tib ins h tis Bri the turn ofthe century.
ic ntif scie of s ect obj as e’, tiv imi ‘pr as es oni col ia las tra Aus and ica Afr its m fro culture ion lat imi ass The ’.®> ‘Art of lm rea the e sid st effectively out ae ethnographical intere
the and 0s 187 the n wee bet rly ula tic par and relocation policies of colonial powers, by s ect obj al tur cul s nou ige ind of g tin lec col of 1930s, aided the most intense period
and ed uir acq e wer s ect obj h suc y, ntl ica nif Sig s. um se mu al ion nat and metropolitan n gto sin Ken th Sou the n tha her rat um se housed almost exclusively by the British Mu
in ned tai con and ogy pol hro ant of t tex con the hin wit d die stu e wer Museum. They
US and an ope Eur er oth in d ate lic rep was natural history museums. This practice n the was t wha ted ora orp inc s um se mu art museums. It was not until the 1920s that
sed cus dis be will on ati orm nsf tra s Thi ns. tio lec col ir the o int art’ e tiv imi ‘pr called
. 4 r e t p a h C n i y l l u more f ean rop -Eu non of n tio oca all the and hy, g rap o n h t e d n a t r a n e e w t e b n o i s i v i d This n o n i i t c e t o r p r i e h t n o d p e u , irectly impact
y d r o g e t a c r e t t a l e h t o s t t c e j cul tural ob y. ur nt ce th en te ne ni te la e th om fr Inter national Law
s n a e p o r u E n o n of s ct je ob al ur lt War and cu ly us ro go vi s st vi ti si po e, nc ie sc a to in ne li ip sc di r ei th e is al on ti ra to sh pu r ei th As part of of r ou vi ha be e th te ra de mo to s rt fo Ef w. La l na io at rn te In of on ti ca fi di co e th d ue purs
y ur nt ce th en te ne ni d mi e th om fr r wa ng ri du ts an at mb co r ei th d an es at St ’ ed is il iv ‘c
ct li nf co d me ar to d te la re s ct je ob al ur lt cu of on ti ec ot pr ed fi di co t rs fi e th at th t an me ea and belligerent occupation.
ar s thi of t en pm lo ve de e th rs ve co n This final sectio
on ti sa li sa er iv un e th te ra st lu il to s, on ti en of International Law up to the Hague Conv
r ei th d an s le op pe an pe ro Eu nno of n io us of European international law and the excl cultural heritage from its operation. 83
84
n a i d n I e h T , n o t l e k S R. ; 4 4 3 4 . p p ; ) 2 8 8 1 , n o d n o L ( n d o e t n g g n i i l s a n M e K h h c t u u M o S , r e in s l Mitt e v a P. r T d n , a y a w ; n 4 o 0 C 3 7 . M 9 2 e e Se n i z a g a M n o t g n i l r u B 0 2 1 ae (1978)
8 7 9 _ 1 . 3 3 to 2 . p 8 9 , 7 ) 1 7 9 9 1 : e n , o d n r o f x O e ( p t r A n a i d n I to s n o i t c a e R n a e e p e o r / u P E R of : e v y i r h o c t r s A i H A A & V e t i , n ce e fi Sk Of a i d n I t, Ar d n a e c n e i c S of t n e m t r V. a p e ; 0 D 0 9 1 , r e p r a e P b o e t c ut O In 27 o lf Ba Director, India Museum,
oe
the s r to e c n a o R i t a c e l l o C s e r e v e i R p Pitt , ) 9 8 8 1 , Ga g i z p i e L ( s n o vir n E s 1t d n a e n e o d e n o L : . A , r e k d e n d a e a B ; 3 1 2 d . n p a , t n e m a c i d e r P , d r o f f % See ca i l C ; ff 10 . pp , ’ e c a f e e r P ‘ e n e , a a n i o r s o d t r c a i h V c i R e t d a n L a n in n o i t a n i g inventi ma a m I r a l u p o P , e r u t l u C l a i r e t a M , s e m p u o e s e u P M d n s a n : o a c i i t r f a A N n ee vage a S of t r A , e l o C . H . Cf . 8 6 7 5 . p p , ) 4 9 9 1 , n e v a Uneivili (New H 1 January 1870), 183.
(2 s t r A of y t e i c o S e ilised, Journal of th
3
International Law, Museums & Return of Culturara]
Objects
w & international exhibitions — rnational La late 19th century a ees
teenth and early twentieth centuries,
65
treatise argued that ‘temples,
able beauty’ that did not ‘contrib
heritage, illustrates the developm ents j
Oi
ition was open to conjecture amongst publicists until the law
i,
of the century in successive Hague Conventions.°2
the mid century, there was a movement in International Law — ‘the law of civilised nations’ ~ to Ore ite worst excesses of military campaigns co nducted by these States and ‘civilise on {nustnannalse armed conflict.°? The devastation inflicte d on
civilians and cultural heritage clatolng the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 spurred the internationalists’ CHONG
wo COeiAy (and limit) the rules of war. A growing fault
line emerged amongst positivists, pemiboulenshy concerning the codification of the laws of war. Some legal scholars strongly is any fetters being placed on a State and its methods
of military Ouga yom.
On the other hand, internationalists, whilst
was it that argu ed Stat es, bet wee law n the was Law Int ern that ati ona l acknowledging
necessary to umpose limits on State behaviour. Johann-Caspar Bluntschli maintained that such obligations were necessary because States, ‘as members of humanity’, should ‘respect . - - the rights of human beings’.”? Bluntschli became instrumental in promoting the positivist vehicle of codification to ensure the injection of ‘naturalist’
principles into the rules of war.?° However,
it is important
to recall that these curbs on armed conflict applied
to those communities recognised as States forming part of the society of nations. Accordingly, the 1914 edition of the British Manual of Military Law made clear that
ES
these humanitarian measures only covered ‘warfare between civilised nations’.?’ The operation of the rules was explicitly excluded from applying to war with “uncivilised
states and tribes’ and ‘their place is taken by the discretion of the commander and such rules of justice and humanity as recommend themselves in the particular
2 BES, I WY TeKel > VOLT, p.216
! Law,
ed. R :
ommenta TY Se (Oxford, 1925), vol.II, pp.664- 5 on the Law of Prize and Booty) (1604)
Property An H. Dana Jr (8th edn, London pp.430-3? 6), 186 { the Even t of Armed Conflic Operty t: A Commentary on tht ™ the Even t of Arm ed Conflict On inte: tMationale a n des biens Cult urels en c: as de conflit arm
1 Law and Policy (London, 1909), pp.
nitarial ma Hu of ns io ns me Di al hlik, Inter, National, p.16; and H., Sultad,
circumstances of the case’.?® Early efforts to codify the rules of war not only excluded most non-European communities, but they also compromised the protection of the cultural heritage of such communities through the instruments’ conceptualisation of culture and its manifestations specifically in European terms. For example, Article 34 of the Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States of America in the
Field (1863 Lieber Code) specifies that the property ‘of museums of fine arts, or of importantes (Paris, 1881), pp.536-38; Wheaton, Elements, pp.430-32, and footnote at pp.438-39; and oe sie, p.198. VIL, vol. 1906), ton, Washing vols., (8 Law tional Interna of Digest A Moore, B. J. 91 des nation. affaires aux et conduite ala s appliqué naturell, loi la de s principe ou gens, des droit de Vattel, ns (1758) (Reprint, Washington DC, 1916), vol.III, p.293. a E, et des souveraiLe
e, ef Ke O’ R. d an 1; n. §133, vol.2, 1906), n, (Londo Treatise A Law: tional Interna See: Oppenheim, thesis, University of Cambridge (2000),
9
ea
Ph.D d’, Mankin All of e Heritag l Cultura ‘the and Wer
Pp.98-99,
3. pp-89-9 War’, ‘Law, , O’Keefe 4 See
p.97. War’, ‘Law, , O'Keefe re : Grewe, See p.18. 1870), (Paris, codifié nonal Le droit interna 96 cee
Sane €d in
96. p.5, 0.6. e nalPPOs e , Aborigi Bennett Rights,
98
i h T Ibid.
Epochs, pp-494-96.
International Law, Museums & R eturn of Cultur, al Obdjec ts
we
9 y lit abi iol inv te le mp co d ye jo en ’ ter rac cha e an en sa 6 35 e cl ti Ar : a Pal al avoidable injury’ to ‘classical works of a es 5 SClentif x etous instruments’ during bombardment, F oo n E 36 Atticle
art, libraries, collections or instruments’ b utes :
removed b
rs
:ee
however, Wein
e
to the congy
l ona ati ern Int a
, they clearly reflected co
e. ttes PeraSta
Oe ISSNS exavpi
i 4
nee
aed
Pretatig
an
monuments’.
Like
the
1874
Brussels Declar
s on si ua rs pe s ou gi li re all of s ng di il bu e th religions’ covers
a
str; ly prohin: nm). ror Article 18 Strict 3 i u t Placing any limitation on th e type 0
i Sang
>
to g in ng lo be ty er op pr n ee tw be n io ct in st di no s ke ma , s e i r to s n o i t u t i t : s t n c i f e o o.8 p s e r n P i or even the State
s on ti ra st ni mi ad ic bl pu t ar of s rk private individuals, wo d an s; nt me nu mo ic or st hi ; s e c n e i c s d n a s t r a e h t , n o i g i l e s a e c e h r t in , as s o e i t l p p ’ a n o i g i d d to rel e t a c i d e s d n o i t s u t n i t i dedicate “ m r e t e h T s e . n c o i t n p e c x e e e t u o W h t i w s d n o i n g i l a e r l al of s g n i d l i u b e h t d e t of Article 27, to a l e r d n a s e i t a e r t e c a e p s i r a P 9 1 9 1 e h t in d e y o l p m e s a w y n a y g o p l m o e u s r a t r h p d n a r s a n l o i t Simi c e l l o c y e v r u s l a s r e v i n u f o y t i r g e t n i e h t to privilege - tions ned in Chapter 3,0
pation
|
ar (1874 Brussels Declaratio
der by victori5 ous troops, witho S ion. Signifi at s i v o to the pr
es id ov pr ts en dm ar mb bo d an es eg si ng ni er nc co IV e gu Ha 07 19 i th of ‘cle 27 : e s o p r e u l p b a t i r a h c , or e c n e i c s t, , ar s n o i g i l e r d to e t a c i d e s d g n i d l i ‘pu : ation, the atten
e a ry ta li mi on , 56 e cl ti Ar * '° p. hi rs wo of Christian places
eged by Eur
: i sels Conference T TS ed wak ha e ne fir the o int ts men St non-binding International a aa: =
67
st cu be to ed y r er a m id o ns co y ll ra ne ge e ar d an e Conventions are still in forc ague . w a j l a n o ati
f
e e ae i c ee ty. trea ofnla apeap le Vea these provisions are q aah 22 das ajor st P 2 itage during ar in An ct fli con d me La
international exhibitions — late 19th century
0
i a l p x e as , e t a t S t n e d n e p e d n i y l w e n 4 y b s m i a l c n o i t u t i t res
oe
buildings (Mosques ultural objects (and a e
t a r a w f o Spoils From the late viding for the
m u e s u M n o t g n i o r p s the South Kens e i t a e r t g n i t f a r d e r e w ’ s n o i t a n d e s i l i v i c ‘ s a l , a y n r o u i t t n a e n c r h i t e n h t e e t , t c i l nine f n o c d e m r a g n i r u d e g a t i r e h l a r u t l u c f o n n o o n i t f o c l a i r prote e t a m l
a r u t l u c e h t f o n o i t i s i u q c a r i e h t d e s a e r c n i r e v o y l l n a a i t g n n e i n e o b p m o r f r a f d n museums ex a t n e i n e v n o c h t o b s a w y t i r a p s i d d e i l p s p i a h T e r . e s w e l p y e o h e t p if , s t c e j b o European l a r u t l u c o t g n i t a l e r s e l p i c n i r p w a L l a n o i t a n sight. Inter eoples.
derNi
Apti 24 Lincoln, President by man (eds.), The Daas Conflicts: A Collectio oe TDisnclae Lori p.8; Doc.1, Sa Ja, 5 1988), Opinjrne., and Ow, Cases ius ‘ sist
ppendi tx E, pp.532
loo
i
Pinions on Internatio nal Law with Not and P. Bordwell, The Law of War besea
am 64
10)
1 lon
B pp.465-79, 208), Lreatise, Boa.
a 103 eae
Septe mber | PPlUsa¢.”
with Resp 29 July ioe» UKTs 1 (
104 AJIL 129,
106 Art.
Art.47
5 Re
P
Bulations of |
re; :iUpigee
eCt to th
:
ates iin ain
n
:
d objects during bomb
> *7eaLiSe, Dp.A03fF:9 Pradi ier
a ind Customs Laws € 3C 800 ( 1899), a 3
3
similatl) was 2ombardment
(1898-9
of
9) 187 Parry?
La
:
ers ae Annex, The Hague 3 and (1907)
1(supP.)
d n a , d n a L . 8 0 2 0; (1907) arry’s CTS 277. aan The Hague, 908) 2(supp:) 4
p n a e p o r u E n o n o t y l t e n h e t r f e o f f s i t d r a p d e s i u l o p i p r a v m o r f s t c e at all, were a j b o l a r u t l u c d e v i e c e r m u e s u s a M d n e o b t i r g c n s i e s d n e ) e r e w a d n a r The South K o m e m l a n r e t n i n i d e e d n i d n a ( e h b t n e y e l t n e o n i n d l e u t o a c l e h h t n i n o i t a world whic c i l p p a l a c i t c a r p d e t i m i l e h t e t a l r a t r s u u t l l l u i c d e n e a r h ’ T t ° 1 ' . e g a l l i p ‘spoils’ or 4Joo t s n i a g a w a L l a n o i t a n r e t n I n i n m o a i x t e i b s a i h o e v r r p e s e h a t i s A n i s n g i century of a p m a c y r a t i l i m h s i t i r B f o t l u s e r n t o c i e s r s i e d s s a o p s a f d o e y a l p r e t n i e objects acquir h t d n a d e s i n o l o c e h t , r e s i n o l o c 0 e h t e v f i t c e ples of the persp . y t n g i e r e v o s d n a s t of significant objec
n a m i t s e l a P d e i p u c Oc e h t n 1 l l a W a f o ion t c n u e r v t e s n s o C y t n e h e t w t f o e h t s e f c en u e o v q i e f s n , Co e l c ga n Le e e r th e f on n o n C io e u f o g a t H u 10H Advisory Opin o 9 e 9 v i 8 f 1 e e r h e t w t A e r e h 9t .8 ra pa , e c , n 31 e .1 r No e f ; n o 04 C 20 ly ue g a H 7 0 9 1 Territory, 1CJ, 9 Ju e h t -23at p d n , a ) 7 6 9 s 1 e t a t S , n e n d a y i As (Le o r s f n A o i t a m N o r f of . e r w e a w L s e t h t n e m d u n a n delegates o m s n o i c ri Nat wi o t s i h P. w ‘ e N : s e s t , d a a r g h o e n w l i e S d e h t h This y-ptrhorveiesisounc differs from 1899 Hague Il ith the inclusion of t r o f . d e v o r p 108 The the
at t n e m e v o m ion t a v r e s e r p | e u g a at H e th e © d of a m y a w s s s a g w n i g d ee in c o w r o P r e t h n T e m d n e m , e n a th w o r B e Th t d t e o t c c S e l 5 f 4 J. e 5 r 3 5 e 3 e S ; 23 n l. o i ve t le i ; n 2 i 1 f e p d p , al IU the n o i t l. a n vo r e t n i , ) 1 2 e 9 1 th at , k extension of l, r o Y n a h t w e so N ry a m ., o e t r ls s o vo u m c (3 of ve s le xt Te rt pa al ci fi s m Of r domestic o f e th of s n o i n t o u i T, nstit i anslat 2 r T / 4 1 5 9 s u o . T i s g J e i c l n e o e r r N e f n o , r C fo ent m g n o d u Peace i t J c e t l o a r i p r T s i , z e k T r e C . 8 0 1 o . i p r a M , ’ d r n a a W , w a L ‘ t and On’aKtieoenfael, law: Soler v. ea inter e i . 6 0 2 . a r a : p , ) 1 0 0 2 ; y r a u r b n o Fe t g n 6 i 2 ( r d : o C , Y e T t C u I n n a 140, 142 m: general, 1908-1909; Mi 109 eee m, Internati u e s u e M t u n i M e a i e n h o n i e t a pp s c u d E O f o d r a o g B L , s n i k 496 4 / 7 3 9 6 1 9 8 1 9 1 9 1 N° See Boyd Daw , / l P a R r e n e g : e v i h : c r m A u e s u M A & V n a i d , n 7 I 3 9 1 : e v i r h e c b r o A t c O A & 1 V 1 to Maclagan, ember 1903, Cecil Harcourt. ov N 0 2 , m u e s u rt M A , r o t c e r i D Paper, court Smith,
r a H to n a g a l c a 1904; and M
, h t i m S : e v i h c r A A & y , 1 4 9 1 y r a u n 97 Ja
tu n of Cultur International Law, 2 Museums & Reet oO ur eject, Ss al
y ur nt ce th 19 te la — s on ti bi hi w & international ex
th wi ed at ci so as s ct je Ob 2 !! t. fi w sa it as it d te e Crown, which redistribu pelonee to ne ro th s hi , ry on ap we al ni mo re ce s hi s, be ro s hi as ch su , ly al te Tipo Sultan person and the incor orati st ue nq co ry ta li mi of s ol mb sy as ecially the 71ge"> acted
s e a ke d re ou av de en s al ci fi of h is it Br !? .' re pi em h is it Br e th territories into India Company. d the London officers of the East
an as Fe d an y an mp Co a di In st Ea e th of y ch ar er hi e th up d se es gr o r P r e g i T s ’ e o ac pl o a s wa e us Ho a di In st Ea !4 .! rs te ar qu ad he Tipp on nd Lo its n di displaye
s ’ a w t i 1808
ce
. rs te ar qu al er ph ri pe its in d te ca lo y ar br li d an um se mu t s i l a i c with a spe s on ti ec ll co ce fi Of a di In e th th wi on gt in ns Ke h ut So was relocated to ’s Nehru
Figure €22..55 TiTpj p oo’s Tiger, Myso re
E
Prostrate
iN
um se Mu rt be Al d an ia or ct Vi e th at on ti la al st in t en rr cu s r’ ge Ti t e gh Th ou br ly in 1879al in ig or tied to the force which
c.1790,
h t d e t i n u d a r o h f e e H l g g u . r ’ t b s a a j n u g P n i w o l l o F . 9 3 ‘Lion of the 8 1 n i h t 92 until his dea 7 1 n i a i d n I n r e h n t a r o n f o l o r t n o as its capital c d e n i a g h s i t i r B e h t , s r a w h k i S d e o d l u g n n e A d o y w t a s m d a n a R . B . A j. l succession a r e n e g r o n r e v o g w e n e h t , t s e u q s n a o w c e h n s o i r t h i r t B e e h h t T . e z i r p s a , 1849. With e n o r h t s ’ t i j n a R g n i d u l c n i , s t n e e t h n t o c n i s it d f o e y a e l c p a s i d s a w d n a the Lahore pal y n a p m o C a i d n I t s a E e h e t c i f f o f s O r o a t i c d e r n i I d e e h h t t h t i w m u e presented to s u M n o t nsing
e K h t u o S e h t o t d e s s a p t I . m u e India Mus
nts a
n i r e g y t l a y g a o n T i r u o v e d f o t c a e h e h t t whole of this aise poo § ultan, Dewhaon’.a ipe Tm of r e d r o y b d e t u c e x d Nirmal bas e Sirc
uro
notly amuse
atical
ar
[overnment} 111 [go
With
a si
ly te ma ti in s in ma re t Ar of t ec bj su e th Gallery of Indian en be t no s ha r ge Ti ’s oo pp Ti t, Ye ° '! m. is al ni lo co it to London — British 1° t. es qu re e th in th wi ed ok ev an official repatriation s um se mu on nd Lo in y la sp di on st ue nq co al ni lo co al ni lo co Ifthe spoils of d te en es pr re also ey th s, on si es ss po al ri pe im of g in tt ge e th ne ro th s on e it Th Br of . re nt ce s nd mi an it ol op tr me e th ng ti si vi or in s e ng t vi a li i r t in d ha pa ex ss lo r fo r ei th d an n io subjugat s ct je ob ch su ce a l p e h t f o e s p m i l g a s e d i ov Haldar s da of Ranjit Singh pr al kh Ra s, 00 18 dmi e th In peoples. d se ni lo co of “It : at th ry mo me ed rd co re d an the collective on nd Lo in ng yi ud st st il wh um muse ce re fi me Of a a th di wi In e th ab nj Pu d e visite th of on Li te la e th of ld go of r ai ch e all at st e th e ov ab e se d an to . l fu . er ay pl was pain u nd Hi a out th wi s nt me ru st in l ca si mu . .. it on up 7 1 1 > picture . s e p a h s c i t s a t n a f e f m o u f e h t e h , t h g n i t S u t o i h j n t a i R a j a r a h a M r o hookahs w f 0 3 8 1 d n a 0 2 8 1 n e e w t e b e d e a r m o h n a e L e b h t i d w a h b a e j n n o u r P e h t n The th i y t i n u m m o c e Sikh
collection.
ght of this
f o e k u D e h t l l a sh r a M 1d ! e i F f o s r e d Or l a r e e n c e n G i r P d ( n @ s e s g e a h m c I t a p n dia n I f o s e v i L ions from the Des , s i H. Dav he t . n R i ; a 3 i 0 d n I in Looting 1842), pp-102—
112 Duke of Wellington, Select don, is it Br Wellington, ed. L. Gurwood (Lon e: ic rv Se r fo t fi Un n, ia or eg Gr R. d an ; 1997), pp.51-88 ton,
bh Law and
, l a r e n e g : m u e us M a i d n ) I 0 9 9 1 ( : e v y r i u h t c n e Ar A & V , 8 0 9 | ta Mid-Nineteenth C r e b em t p e S 26 , m u e s u M n o t g , n ‘ o Curzon to South Kensin d n o L , n d e d (r e c i f f O a i d n I e h t in ¢, & , e s g e u d t i a r t 1908-1909. b S m a , C s g ( n i n t o n nd Pai o L e 5) h f t o f s o w o e h u S g o e l h a T t , a 114 k C c ti l ve A i t . p D i r . c R s e ; . D ) ) 9 6 5 A 8 9 9 1 1 , r , e n , t o s n d o o F n d o n . L o W ( L ( r e e e g S re Ti u t s p ’ l o u o c p S p i T d n , a r e s h g c n r i A t n 1906); M. ctions of Pai ry waN s ce
A,
N
Study,
;
Mdtes 257,
Cha C t erje eC, RR Re,pi rese i nttaattiioon e k singsto
Secreactneta
998 )> Pp.173-94.
of InnNdi 1a,
1740-1840:
The
B puebank, Sakti . K e a & r e g i T e h t f n o o i t a n Mi “mblem o Tipu Sultan of a
13 South Asta 63-64.
e le l l l o C a G e c i u f f r O h e a N i d n I e h T e h T . 7 4 , r e h s c e i r t A i s o i . r u M C g n d d i n n v a a r e s ; e s r 9 P e 9 n 2 i f . o h p c a M e , s ) o e p u r q i u t p n A e 1 h t ) r o 9 f 7 9 1 115 1978 t ( s u r r T e g i T u r h s ’ e u N p s i m T e h u t e , s s h n u s o i M s l r b a a P l t a s . n e D io o t t a See N a i d : n s I n e n z i i t i d c e s i n a a r di n s I d n o u t f le m o r b f i s s 0 e c 9 c 9 e a r o m m e h t g opened in 1 n i k a m s and n o i t c e l l 9 3 o c p n , a ) i 2 d 0 n 0 I 2 s , ’ n A o & d V n o e L h ( t s . n o 3 i s 0 n 0 e m 2 i y D l u J l a 6 1 n o , i t m a u n e s er t u n M I A & , e V , c s n n e o i r t e ; c f s e n e l v o l i C o L C ’ of s , s i v a D in d 116 Director ommunication: D. Swallow, Director e t i c , 7 5 p , ) 3 0 9 1 , a c c a D ( 2 ae Personal c 6 1 6 8 1 , t n Studen
a i d n I n a of y r a i D h s i l g n E e h T , r a d R. Hal ond, India Museum, p.9l. p.174; and Desm
*
oY
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultur al Objects
A
] Law
y Despite the throne’s history, South Beco @Uthoritieg Pets; adamantly assured enquirers that the throne ned Nothing to ogg 'Stently In October 1937, Kenneth de B. Codrington again denied jt Was the «. but did recommend that it be returned to the Lahore mus eum ihe Fa Soft
zi
received as a welcome act of grace’.'!” Several decades after the gra Woman independence the throne became the subject of another UNSUCCessfiy)
of dla,
claim by a regional Sikh body supported by the In dian Sovernment, 120 : “tratiog remain in s
the V&A collections and was the centrepiece of its Tis ee es
Kingdom’ exhibition in 1999.12!
fa
Similarly, the chequered history of South Kensington’s ownership, & Mandalay regalia highlighted its of ficials’ ambivalence towards t rial role and served as a prelude to the eventual restitutio n of such Spoil significantly, it reflected how certain cultural objec ts came t o Symbolise th sion and dispossession of Sovereig e DOsseg. nty for both the Occupie3 r an d th
e Occupied,
é
a
$10 i
an orJia 12 OG? Us rege
tives Sanctioned the p r ivate sale of the regalia this suggestion was swift a b u t reaction to nd negative
. ' ? ? Whitehall noted that: ‘ Tegalia . . . were th [T]he Burmese e Outward and vis i extinguished and. . :
ma
?g
tional
5)
aes i iali formed British national col9 ae f British imperialism transfo dency © :
The centralisine Hen ;
oe museum did eventually return the Mandalay its independen j ce from co lonial rule. following its
ee (e)
D Lor oe nae i f P rliament
j
les
from every
with the cultural objects of colonised peoples
‘i net pe a im y for ctl tin es dis icl veh me i ca veh be s eu : i al museum be British na t ion o mb s ’ ies ntr cou y the of s ed de ‘title the of n io ss se os hei e a p ; i , and d t their d
identity:
i
British emp ted the
2 £ these peoples, theirir territories ire’s possession 0
:
ssed e€ conomic and jtain’s un: surpa h Museum
i imperial
duri1ng
strength G.
on
Ken
th © :ninerem
} bs
nd _ k man of th i wea i
ions CO
Frederick
ntaini4 ng the cultur
obj
1
tion to the spiritual wealth of eeeind’.if f universal survey vem “their contribu unted by ably become oe f empire, they co t the .
ismantling ©
And even 4 : : imperial national role ey
However, the ae
ty
e
2)
ntinued to be ha
i n the twe nti eth : d be tes ted of imperial collections woul in
:
518
claims of nationalists asserting oe century by the aa For colonised peoples, ae omy from the iaigore
ings} coLECHONS a
aed
the cessat
cultural auton-
ee
objects held
its possession by the
their loss of sovereignty evmbol of an autonomous
ly, their restitution Eoeeia
colonial power. i ee icaontal occupation and the rest identity,
ee
of sovereignty.
. 7 0 4 5 / 5 9 8 1 0 9 8 RP/1
V & A Ar ch iv e: Ox fo rd , 1927), pp.31-32. elly, 13 Aug ust e e ae Lecture ( 126 G, Birdwood to J. Donn & National Li fe, The ms u e s u M , n o y n e K G. # 127
ne
f Indian Art — & Prof Boyd Dawkin’s letter, V&A
.
ation Minute Paper, 20 im: general, 1896-1 on Davis, 15otTington 904, to Ma cl ag an , a 11 October 1937, 5 > P-181; and Sund V&A Archiv e: RP/ ay Observer, 1919-1937/4496. Ce the 1990s, th; e 24 July 1983, V&A has actively 'Y p.5 oe nurm1, tured 4j Conservation Ha as o f S i k h : C u ltural herj unin ties in I ndia at httt Te Honal Dimens pp::// ions Gian 2003), va m 123
:
ort William Forej / £/1890-1895/ fe 8 Anute Political
cae Dee
Putation of the Royal Asiati c § RP/1912-1918/12/6370M
nt to HM
€cretary of State of India,
ep
odie
November
Museum,
E. Neal?) to 4
5 Se Tae dle Bal e Minu te Poli» tiGo cal De ey > V&A Archive: ; 18 90 r t 18A95T; ap nde Ww. W Partmmeennt-
B t e Blackstone, C ; ommentariuersmesone
Regaj;
he ge
RP/1g
90-1895/SK 809 j :
useum: general, 1890of e m c Engln i a ande i M (1 765-69) (4 vols,, New York, 1978);
ded
director of the Britis e rem eime ar s n o i 1 t a N e. on all take is nota sm i s at is “ 1 yeenth centuitry.iz» eni T 9 a su 0 h 8 e . e : : contribution to the spiritual s is nt fellow cit1Z th an for their ja l d e v e l o p m e rs th e hibesrefedl le ss for their materia tr op ol it an p o w e t ch ap te r, for metrop din the nex cultura objects of all peoples would argu
ton Museum to ‘purchase , at a valuation any a rticles, of special in artistic or archaeological terest from an point of view, which t hey desire to possess’. Museum representa
[itse i itself] of them except by .. . [It] cannot even divest
i
;
71
& i ‘nternational exhibitions — late 19th century
d n a s e r i p m e g n i l t .nan
s e i t a e r t e c a e p r a W t World
e th if , ty ri no mi a d an ty ri jo ma e th n e e w t e b ty li ua eq ue r t o n e b d l u o w e r d le el mp co ly nt e ue eq h ns co ] re we (T d an ns io ut it st in n w o ts 1 f o d e v i r p e d e .' r ty e ri no w mi a as g in be s r it e of t e t senc ja es ry ve e th s te tu ti ns co that which e c n u o n e r to
ow n k t no do —1 r2 e h t e g o t l a g n i l e e f l a n o i t a n d r a g e r s 2 i d d l u o w . s e u i o t y i u q i t n h a s i t i r B f r o Then e p e e k a m a J ; g n i l e e f l a n o i t a n t u o b a anyth ing n o n of s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c e h t t h g u o r b h c i h w s e c r o f e h t , y r u t n e c to h d n a t l e e r I i m t o r n f e s, w st t li o na i t a n y b k c a t t a r e d In the early n u e m a c 5 e r t n e c s a l w a e i at r St e l p a i m r e p i m i e o th t m o r e f c n e d n e p e d Europeans n ir i e h t t r e s s a o t s e t u n t i t g s n i o c a h p c i m h w a t c ha “t ~ y m o n o t u a l a r u t l India. Their cu o t m i a J c e h t e h h t t i e s w r e v e r d e to n s g rt i fo l ef a e er y w l s b m a i a c l i c r e t s x e h e t n i o t l a r g e t n I w o : n i e b ] l r a r i u t e l u h c t [ of f n o o i t e u t i c t s n e r e e h t g n i t s e u q e r the very ess y b e t a t S l a i r e p m i e r o h f t e f d o a m s e s i t s c e i u q l e r o e h t n o s e s u c o f centralising p r e t p a h c s i h T s. m u e s u h t e m i t r n i e w e t h t y l r a y e b e h t n i s n o i t c e l l o c heritage held l a i r e p m i m o r f s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c f the restitution o l a u t c e l l e t n i d n a l a c i s y h p e h t n o century. e r t n e c s e v i t a r r a n l a n o i t r a e n v i l n a v u i f rl o w y a t S i r g s e t n i e h t , s e t These request a t S l a i r e p m i r e m r o f x o F r i e . h t t c e j o b t o l t a n r u u t o l m u a c r a p e m a c e b control of the t c e j b o e h t f o n o i t n e t e r o t e n h i t s d e n v a i t a s r n r o a i n t l a n o i t a n g n i sal survey collec t n e s s i d l l a f o n o i t a l i m i s s a e r e e w h T t . c y e t j i b t n o e d i e h l t a r f o s e i r o t s i national cultu h e v i t a n r e t l a f o n o i s s e r a p p u s , s e e h t t a t S d n a e v t i n t de n e p e d n i the imper ial narra y l w e n r o F . g n i n i g a 1 m l a n o i l t a a n i r e l p a m i i r e p m n i o e h t e d a m g n i fundament al to e b s m i a l c n o i t u t i t s re ed at e it s ss e ce h ne T ty . ti e en g id a t i r e al h on l a r u t l separate nati u c l a n o i t a n r i e h t f o on ti tu c e l l t l s o n o c c ) e r ( e h t n a e t l b i l o p o r t e m collections to ena d n a w a L l a n o i t a n r e t n I n i h t i w o u q s u t a t s e h i h e b claims challenged t a d n e g a d n a s e c l o v e e v s i t e a h n r t e t l a f o r i n e h o t i it n g o c e tions by demandin g that r s a w e r e h t h g u o h t l A . d o i r e e p l p m r a i w r e e v t i n t i c e f f € f o international order of the k c a l r i e h t , s e i t a e r t e c a e p e s i p r m a P i e 9 h 1 t 9 1 d n e a s r restitution claims within th e w o P n a e p o r u E e h t f o h t g n e r t s d e u mentation reaffirmed the co ntin . l s t ! s w e r o e n t n k i d r i n e a s e i rial museums that represented th g o l o d o h t e m l a i n o l o c g g n i n t s i i k x e e e s d Y e c r o f B . y r u t n e c The nationalists’ demands rein h t n e e t e n i n e h t n i s r e w o P n edge systems laid down by the Europ ea . 7 l . p 5 4 6 . e o e N t , t B i I m A m . r o e s C ; f o I C P s t ) 5 r 3 o 9 p 1 e ( R 6 e lays f s o a c a y i op an C b l ; A s n : e i d c n s i a l l d o o e n h r e c J p S p n A i y t i d , n e u c o n f e byMeisnor d i v E s t n h e t i m w a n r O c i t y l r e u C s a e n i Tr 25 , d a y e t R s e j a . M H r e H C, f o f o s r e n o e i c s s n i m e m d o C i v . 1 Eappointed by the Lords 0 2 8 9 1 . s a r a p , 10 Pn ts (1899)],
e m a n r O c i t l e C [ , ) 9 9 and Index, C 179 (18
73
- os & post-World War I treaties
j, Ob l a r u t l u C of n r u t e R & International Law, Museums yects
] it ic pl im s le op pe e es th s, on ti na entry into the society of i : of autonomy, they largely internalis t i ac C€Pted its ie : In pursuit
ciples. set down in the disciplines of International Law, .
.
e
anth ie
.
.
e Standards
ey d an gy 4 lo Po t j in e ities th s to ie in it un mm co e es j th of y tr en e caannoonn,. Th
im d di ’ rt ‘a as s ct je ob al ur lt cu r ei th of acceptance
ee
:
forcing shifts in agenda and the expansion of an
ac
i s wn pa d an ls te at ch re me re we ey th gh e ou y ign, as th ng si ci er ex of y it un rt po op e th ed roups not afford
ae e o its d d ul an wo s on ti Na of ll: rea ue ag Le re we re tu fu e ey tun th at th h ic wh e® tc an to ar gu d es Stat aty-base e th t ns ai ag on ti ec ot pr of ocated with e ur a meas . es ri da un bo l ia or it rr te g of the of e fat cae e th to equally applicable
q, Of Ci at d e n e p p a H y l l a e R t a h W . ), ds (e r ou e ym Se l A C. d an E. M. House 208.ee p , ) 3 1 1 2 4 9 1 8 3 , . k p r p o Y , w ) e 1 WwW 9 9 1 , d r o . f x O ( 1918-1919 by American Delegates s e i t i ) r E o F n i M O f o L I s t 4 h 1 g i R ) 49 the 9 1 ( d n a w n La o l i na t io at c rn e te t In o , r ry P er nal o i usec P Thornb t and a rn te In s in t n y e ud St m m se o Ca C A h t : i es w ti ri no Mi 9 1 9 al 1 on ti Na s, ne Jo ary nu Ja 10 Gardiner 2, . l t, o af v Dr s , ri ) Pa 9 2 t 9 rs 1 Fi or , k t Draf Yor nd w co e Se N ., ’s on ls Wi e Se venan at 605, n.30.
o C e th of g n i t f a r D e h T , r e l l i M in , r e l l i M Suggestions by D. H.
, 2:65 atpe. rl9e1y. ,
|
t c e t o r P e h T , od o k w c r a r, e l e d B u l A . a 5 H C 2 4 ; 1 8 . 1 p , V 7 . 1 l o , v y es fi d u t S Histor l a i c e p S e e t t mmi
t a 8 4 3 n o i n a o C n i‘li o c i n t o G a m G r l X o a f n n o i I t h a c n r r a e t e n s I e R 2 a 2 at v 2 e 1 n 4 ) 6 e 6 G 2 9 L 2 I 1 J ( ) A 1 , 7 3 s 9 e 1 i t i r o n i 3) M 2 9 1 f o ( of Nations ( n s o n i o t i c t e a t N o r f o P e e u h g T a e , L l l e e h u t B y . b es i t i r o n i M f 122, 124; R. L o n io t c e t t o a r t P S , d g n a n i n t g s i o e R r o ish F t i r B d n ane and H. a ; 6 1 4 L I J p A p u ») s ( : 13 , ) 9 1 9 1 ( 8 ; 9 1 9 1 e n u J 4 , 2 y r , o i t k s s i w H e r > e y d e a P l er p m e T n i , emenc(1e9a1u9) tovol.112, p.225. 9 1 Cele 9 1 y a M 1 3 , h ec e p s s ’ n o , s i l i k s i s e 418. See Pr dent W lemenceau to Paderew : s e i t i r o n i M f n o o i t c e t o r P l a n o i t a n e t n , The I
See Temp
10 ee p.130, Scar
g n i k y e H . B e e S . 1 2 4 d n a . 5 3 9 1 t 4 a , i 1 k 3 s w e S r G e T d a 3 1 to P ) 7 2 9 1 ( s n o of Nati
e u g a e L e h t f o l e e H ’ s e l l i h c A €
; b O l a r u t l u C of n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w a L l a n o jects Imernati d l u o c h c i h w w, la l a t n e m a d n u f as s e e t n a r a u u g ty ri no mi
pism™ not
ij
© alte
groups
(S legitimac
aw Ij tself
at
Was "
ened. Nonetheless, the discriminatory nature of i © ee (0) : new ji nter , a e b ] a n o i t a N 2 : d v ; v was expose by the intensi e, but ultimately unsucc essful obb r© der Usa o l » delegation for the inserti a i clause od tion of a racial equality i th 919 € oven J ®Danese a of Nations. ’~ Nicholas Politis noted in Seon i, = al and Mora en een States] does not exist. As among individiduals, a mong
Nations
is inequality between States was laid bare wi with e o S : c e l e s e h o t i n : t v i a t c i l p p ‘ e a minority guarantees under this new 5 t international systen ) 0 I h @ a r 9 s i r a P e t b a a f : t t S o S s e 9 1 9 1 e h t y b d e h s i l Paris peace c , t n e e u L q s e e s r b s u u e s t d . c c n n a u e r r e t f s e n u o : S s w o d l e l o s f i as r a m be sum (1) Europe an
provisions;
S$ tates
and
some
settler
States
w ere
not
b
s ubjeJEct
to
Min5orities
(2) States in C entral and Easter i mm s t i s I d it an e p o r u E n = i r o n i m {0 ority provisions;
restUituuttiion and pro tection of
The AlliAlei d governments, ee
3,
cultural heritage. in
not
afforded self-determination were placated with special gr ‘oup
ttect d o e r n p o g t i s s e d d n e u n t f o a i t t S f a o c o o l e and al g a u g n a J , n o i t a c u d 4 e ! . e © t a w r n t y s i S e i t t righ ‘denti with the n
ted ; the r to ni mo d ul wo li dy mp bo co be legislation, and an external pli , e m o L y t n e tg i ip of non-Euro pean States In ; the pucgue fN The increased membershsh o Lea
chall en y tall emen incr s tion ee =e ae organisa : ‘ See but the universal application of Internati ae
es ti ea tr I r a W d l r o W t antling empires & pos
that
, ) 5 3 9 1 ( e s a c a i n a b l A in Minority Schools y t i r o n i m e h t of s m r a nd that both . . . e r u s n e o ] T { ‘ : d e s i l a ad to beeeere d n a s n o i t i d a r t r i e h t , s e i t i r a i l u c e p i t o n , l a r u t l u c ly al ic at e emph
i t a n r e t n I of t r u o C t n e the Perman e a e ’ d e k c o l r e t n i ‘ protections were " e e p e h t r suitable means fo e s e h T ? ' . ’ s c i t s i r e t c a r a h c l their nationa political, rights.!°
e t a m i t l u r ei th e n i f e d to t ul ic ff di it e d a m s e e t n a r a u g y t i r mino y r a r o p m e t a y l n o e r e w s e e t n a r a u g e h t d e m u s s a s a w it , d n a h e n o e h t n r e e, O h t o h c a e e t a r e l o t y l l a u t n e v e ld u o w y it t r o n i m d n a the majority e h t t a h , t d o e s t a l i m i s s a y e l b e v i t c e f f e d 1 u o w y t i r o n i m e h t y l e k e h t t d a h e t n i a t or mor e li n i y a e m l r e p m e d T l o r . a H y 17 r a s s e c e n e b r e g n o y es t i r o n i m n uld no l e h t g n e r t s to d e n g i s e d s e i c i l o p h s i t i r B l a r e v e s gua m o fr s d a w e t e a m e n h i c s o ‘ e th , d n a h r e h ‘ t o e th n O 18 . ’ t r a p a d pr e m r o f y e h t h c i h w y t f i t n e d i fc) l a r u t l u c s ’ y t “natiod i r o n i m e th £ 0 es to the e c n e s s e e h t f o n o i t a u t e p r e p e r o e h m t s i h g t n i n r o n e u v ” E ! s . s n n e e z i t i s c a w o l l d e f e l w a y o l g n vie i e b s r e b m e m s t i e t h a t e r i c w t o t u b d n e t n e i t t a o n t d S i d e s t h n t e m n r n e v i o h g d e i wit l l A e h t r a e l c is it e h t n o e i t t a i p t s e e D r ” p . r y m e o n t o n t u i a l a c i s t i u l o o p r s e p u o r g gen l a n o i t a n g n i t n a r , g s e e y t n b ’ a s r a e u g t a y t t i r S o n n i i m h e h t t y b i d W e t n a s r e g t a s t t h g S ‘ ri l a c i t i l o p e h t f o t c e e r p u s e t r a n n i e h n t o i t a n i m i r e t e d f l e s o t t h g i r a f 0 n o i t i n g o c e r y ights wer
s e i t a e r t e c a e p r a W d l r o W t s r i F t s o p d n a n s o t i c t e u j b b i r o t s i l d a e r r u t d l n u a c f n o o i t n u o t i i t s t e u r t i t e s h e t R o t g n i t a l e r s n o i s i f o v o r p n o y i t t a i e n r g t o c e e r c a e d p n a s i r a s P e r i 9 p 1 m 9 e 1 e s u Th o i r a v f o n o i t u l o s s i d d n a e h t e c g a n l i p w o l l , o e f l p o e p n e e w t e b k n of cultural objects i l ’ d e r c a s ‘ e h t d e m r d i e f t f i a s e i r v e r s e t o a s t l S a t I t n e . d a n e n p n e e d i n V i f y l © w ne s s e r g n o C 5 1 8 1 e h t g n i r u d d e t a l u c i t r a e g a t i r e h l a r cultu ; 5 9 L I Y B 4 ) 4 2 3 2 9 1 ( s e i t i r no i M f o 5 6 n 3 o i 5 t 3 c e t , o ’ r s P e l l i e h ch T A ‘ , s , n g a n v i E k y . e L H I. ; 6 ; 1 f f 1 5 4 1 . 2 ; p n p o ; s ’ , n n s i o e b i i o t t R c i e r t J. o o n r i P M 8 ‘ 8 0 , 2 y , . r n p r o p e s b d n , u ) r 3 H o 3 h 9 T 1 ; e 9 e , 4 n o d 44 S 2-1 n 3 o l 1 a L . n ( p o i p t e c a i N , t V c . d a l n r o P a v s d e n t , a a y t r S o y t s r l i a o H n e o h i T t , a y n N i e l , r s y e n e p o n m i t t r Te a a N c a f o M . e A u g . a C e L d n a e h T ; f f 6 , 3 r 2 e t t s a b e 1 W 3 2 s n l o G ti a s i n a g r O d l r o W ) . 2 f 4 f 9 0 1 4 ( 2 . p s p , e ) i 8 t 6 i 9 r 1 o , Minorities (Reprint, New York 3 3 . 2 7 6 l . p , ’ ; s 4 e 6 i . t o i N r ie Min o , n B I Mi A . r l e s a n o , i I t a C N P ‘ ) 5 3 9 s, 1 e ( n o J e s a c 4 a 3 i n 3 a 3 b l A , n ” i s e s l l l i o h o c h A c “ S y t , i r g o n n i i k y e 16 M H 5 1 15 2 4 1 0 . 2 p , ) ’ 6 n 2 o 9 i 1 t c e t o ry r a P ‘ u r b e , F d ( o o w r r a e e y d h t . 7 R See Cal on, ‘Minorities’, 119.anco, 9) Dece d , n J a O N L ; 3 4 55 12 4 9 1 , ’ r s s r F e n l e i l o b b i o l m h R l c e A ‘ d M n ; 17 aae Report of M. de g n i k N y e H ; 4 322-2 Studies and U
s’, l t a h n g i o R i ‘ t , a n n r n e a t m n n I e : s f i o | E e t . ; u f 1 t f 2 i 6 1 t 9 . s p 3 n I p p , V . e l t > o v ) a 3 u 8 d 9 , a 1 y r r o G , n t s i , s n i n o H i i l t r a e (B e of N u e g a r m e u s L a e ' i h n t T s i s d o a e n t p i a i t m r i y B r S o n f i o e M h , t ae stification oceedings of
18 ee N. Politis, Teen
B. Kingsby
4U; Japan, Race and Equality: The Racj ry, Sovereignty ; ational Law
9 1 9 1 of 19 al of os op al os Pr ” t i u s iy By 9 anadshiEqnguatolin,ty 19(12908)8) ese 599 at 607
(W
ju Pr . s t i c h e p s o h r t t i e w R n i e bl s a n l o i i t a N c n f o o c e r e r u i g a is Le t n e m u g r a . n s o i i H t c e t . o 8 3 r 1 P . p vol.V, f minority
SVE ETSLOnY,
5 RCADI
395;
) V 1 o 4 2 n 9 o 1 i ( t a c i l s p p on 5 a i 5 g 1 i l l a 1 e s r 1 r e v p s i ae p e n l u , e 9) 2 t o th 9 t n 1 a n r e c , e n e o u c g e a r P e l ( a n o i t s ) a n 0 n o 3 r i 9 e t 1 t a ® Gas A ( n N i f n o t o i i e o t r d a g li de agu b e O L l s a e n h o t i : t n r s o e e i d u n t Q u a m ern e t t s n y I S n a s e i s t i a r J. Roud ce e o n i M c n a e h r t e l f o o T g l n a i n k o r i o t W a N e k ; t d y a r e S r u M . G Robi d n a ; 2 4 2 , ’ s e i t i r o n i M ‘ , n o s in
- acne ell,
in Peace 132-66. and
Protection’,
361;
Routek,
Working,
pp.117-22.
s t c e j b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w International La
pisma
ell
aie UNS
eeeoe
tes Sta r so es ec ed pr by ms ai cl n ee tw be y alr riv g in su en the to (re) constitute a
g in ek se tes Sta r so es cc su collections and ns io is ov pr n io ut it st re of es typ s iou yar the Arguably,
¢
w;
th National (
a Cultura]
rn tu re e th of s as cl e th of rs to ta en mm co l ga le t gs on am t en em re ag le tt li is e er ed er id ns co re we it ed by ib cr es s pr rn tu re e Th . 0 e 22 cl ti t Ar the resultan
. art of s rk wo of on ti tu ti ns co re or be: restitution-in-kind, uepeuations eaty of Versailles provision ornietuanied from an initial acceptance of ce an Fr by ed er ff su es ss lo al ur lt cu e iv ss ma e th of n io it gn co n-in-kind in re d te le de s wa n io is ov pr t af dr ch en Fr e Th 2> ‘4m during the First World War.
1
With; N the dy,
e e e i h ic wh rs tie in ed ng ra ar be can es ati Paris peace tre € the p
, 191 iy ar tu Pe et te in e th ng ri du w La l na io at rn te In in th wi on ti sa li scale of civi n ; T-wa tthe g
TPerio
n, io is ov pr d de en am an ed uc od tr in al treaty but Belgium successfully
(1) Theaefirst tier encompassed restitution of cultural pro er Western 7 States in response to damage and losses inflicted in i E Topeay of the ; ; (2) The second tier of predominantly Central and Easte fs — i of s le vU Pp ea D States lta . to State succession to cultural property of the former x xa €
3) The: third tiHED
impositi of soars the imposition archaeological sites in territories on the (4) The fourth tier concerned the cult ural i
° .” ic if ec sp e th to l ra ne ge e th om fr n io ut it st re r fo ms ai cl its d ce du article 947, that re y ll ga le en be d ha at th s rk wo t ar of specific
ision
acquired by
Hun Sarian ‘
legislative conta” periph ae o ee objects and rere si
Dite,
“wall
88 to
. Ccupied People
not cover ed Fe the 1919 Parisi peace treaties aed and the io Lea sae = = this cultural heritage was exclusively the d Sa ied colonia 1 governments or settler States. aa
apparatus. The
§
oniiae domestic
Western Ei ur opean States: , restit ututi restit ioon-n-t in-kind Jor cultural | loss The
resutution
Associated
Provisions
Powers
and
contained
G er 20 ma ny
in the
qd 9 1 9
Treaty
I Tr (iS aty
0)
of
I e€ace
Ver Saai l lle Ss)
between SEet L a
the
A
es ti ea tr I r Wa ld or -W st po & s ‘ling empire
ied and
t for the return of cultural objects obj as : for deliberate cult ural loss inflicte a remedy Law. ae = d duri ention of International if *) eve n th e ob jej ct bei1ng ‘returned’ ii lecg g:ally eoet1ed by the h olding State 21 Th €se proviscosions are relevant to gnificant :cultur ae al losses vis ural j ited uponaocc e upied ee TOot itan powers. Further, the justification pr eced S
apses the distinction of cultural losses
mmunitie S, territPn orie8 s, and cultural objects and
Point s aed adopted as an overarch~ In early 1918, Wilson stated that
allowed the reconstitution
. ct li nf co d me ar e th to r io pr g States
am ex l na mi se a is 7 24 e cl ti Ar at argued th ly nt te is ns co ve ha rs o t a t n e m m o c l a e g th Le ed ct je re d ha s te ga le de ce en er nf co e th gh ou th en ev , nd ki n i n o i t u : t i t s n e er nc r co d se es f pr o ex a te ga e le de h is it Br e Th 7 £2 e i l e r pl h c u s g n i n o i t c n a s f o e c of t ou ab g in er rt ba he appearan t] ‘( e us ca be dy me re is th g in on nd co on draft pro visi ed
us he at th nt de ci ac no is It 28 ’. 14 18 in g in el fe er tt bi ry ve d e s u a c t r a lf se of e pl ci in pr e th objects of of Wilson’s promotion
about the
t en id es Pr of e os th d ul wo e cl ti ar t words that mirrored af dr e th at th ed ar fe rs to ta en mm co In deed, German
. n o i t nhu a n e on i m r ed e rr cu oc det d ha h ic wh s on ti ca is nf co ic on le po Na e th £ 0 n o i t i t e p e ly it ic pl im it e us ca be lead to a r ef li re is th st si re y il ar ss ce ne ls ia ic ff o m u e s u M ? 2 . e r o f y rl la gu re en ev s ct je dred years be ob of l va mo re e th th wi ns io ct le ol c r i e h t f o y t i r g e t n threatens the i h t i w , n o i s i v o r p e h t acquired.” of t n e m e l e ’ s n o i t a r a p e r ‘ e h t to e c n a t s i s e r t a e r g r e h t o n a of r o t c There was also i v a y b r e d n u l p e h t n o i t c n a s to n e e s e b t o n t a t c u s l t e r n e m d a h 7 4 2 e l c i t r A Allied govern to t n a u s r u p d e n r u t e r t ar of s k r o w e h T . e g a t i r n e e b t o n d a h State’s cultural he d n a y l e t a m i t i g e l s n o i t u t i t s n i g n i d l o h n a m r e G e d e u g r a r e h c s been acquired by th s i V e d s e l r a h C , e r o f e r e h T ! ? . r a W d l r o W t s r i F e h t of t n e m e g d e l confiscated during w o n k c a n a s a w t u b y r e v o c e r r o n n o i t u t i t s e r r e h t i t n e m e g n i r f n i this was a case of ne n a m r e G caused by
s e s s o l l a r u t l u c r o f ’ n o i t a s n e p m o c to t h g i Belgium’s ‘r
; ff 34 .4 pp 1, l. vo ), 20 19 , n ondo L ., ls vo (2 r a W d rl Wo e th d an w a L l a n o i t a n r e t n I , r e n . 4 7 9 5 1 . p 25 See J. Wilford Gar p ), 15 19 , n o d n o L ( r the Great Wa
d an w a l L a n o i t a n r e t n I , on ps li il and C. Ph 1-82
6. 28 d an 4 8 2 . s c o D , 9 0 0 1 and 8 9 . p p 1, uant l. vo rs , pu n o ty i t er a r op a p Pr e R al , ur t t lt e Cu n r u ed B ot e Lo Se 26 ion of ut it st Re e th on y d u t S A r: Wa s and re su ea Tr t Ar , i k s l y a t w r o e K p o r W. P e at iv Pr , n i 27 See W. t r a M A. ; 35 p. )» 98 19 , n o d n o L ( ll al Hi adl m ha Sc on un T, . rt ed st , Re w a l , L na yi io el av rh rn sa te Va In J, s d b «Pu 7; an 27 L I Y B 24 ) 7 4 9 1 ( s e i t a e ce Tr a e P s ri Pa e th in s st re te In Rights and . ff 4¢ .3 pp ), 64 19 t, es ap ud (B w La l na d a Internatio ;
), d. (e en 4. em 25 Cl c. Do P. 6, in 87 p. 1, t, l. Ar vo , of s nt me nu Mo oe See Burnett, Reparation of on ti va er es Pr nt e e r th e f f on i D e h t s nt t me dg Ju See O, Grautoff, Foreign a t Ar of s nt me nu Mo of ch r n a io it e nd s Co e R the ng d ni n er a nc co s rt po Re r: Protection of Art During the Wa ue sc Re , on ti va n er es o Pr t ir h the g i for n e ke r ta C es ur . as B Me an ri st Au ans. tr , st re Un d an Theatres of War and the German and r Wa in t Ar of te Fa e Th r: de un Pl e Ar e, eu Tr W. d an 9; 12 p. ), 19 19 , ig pz ei (L t in Allied
jo
Pari Gr:is Peace Confere
ys volL.I, pp.1 loge,
3; Doe.454,
nce from
;
the Standpoint of the Americal!
n a n i m o D s n o i t a New York, 1961), pp.222-2on3, Tendencies Regarding Revindication and Comp ens i h s a rt W po Re A r, ge be it T W n, D to ng See B. Le hi y l as s r a : e s t T n e t m Ar u n o ic M alski,
or w o st K Hi in d d te an ci t Ar ), 43 of 19 s , k n r o a Circles (Lond sscher, International Protection of Wo , 8299 4 9 1 e n u J ; .8 No , es ri Se See C. de Vi al ur lt Cu d an n o i t a m r o f n I don, n o l a L n ( o n i o t a i n t r c e t A n I , rs pe Pa l na io at rn te In by on US Documents and State ti uc 13 tr ns co Re ) r 4 ei 4 th r 3 fo 4 9 1 ea ( Pl A n o . es diti ec pi er st Ma a Tr d e r n e r b e m t e s m e s W i D New a d an 30; T. Bodkin, s n o i t a r a p e R l a r u t l u C y, gb Ri D. d 1945), pp.12-15; an The American Scholar 273 at 279.
International Law, y Museums & R eturn of Cultur, ‘al Obj, ects
wsae. & terpretation w ® Thi in of the rules of war.” t b n e m e c r o f n e s t i d n a y t a e r t e h t n i Se y e only
:
i
elemen
au the
pismant
** s. ie or it rr te d de ce n of io at gr te in e th d ay of these States as nations an of on ti no e th of y c n a d n e c s a e th al gn si to d e m e e s s n o i s i v o r p y at re ‘otionall : ti ac pr in r, ve we . Ho es at r St so es cc su of mony and the claims
h t y b e e ion “Parat
of adisme oe e
a
Pee,
i,
ine nm e
:thi:
works of art,
c i e a
Co ue
if strong a dv cate 9 n
o i t s e n u q f o k c a l e h t t a h d t e He argu
os
ed
the
y and p (0)
: s e 1 B o n t r u u i t g r e a l r r c e i g n e i h i t n o t p e k e r m e ™ w Were parrtt of of ee the herita ge of all manki ind.34 QO 5 n the o ther
hand,
i
n e s n e i h c e th r fo ed ic if cr sa d, these claims were
e r n aa j tr Pa el of th e e MONY . oe t Sonstinn fi ef
81
e th r te ls bo to d te uc tr ns co e iv at rr na al on ti na e th ed fe d l u o w culture which
ou
t i r w f y o t i r o d j e a h m c e a h e t h r s n c r o e i i h t w u h n t t o f i o t . s n o c y e n a e r o h i t d s e i t a v o r p R I O S r e v 3 f 3 o s . t k r r a o w € i f e n i e t b u t e i h wtheether the reconst ution was for t a i g l e h B g f o u t o . h d t n l i A k N nati 0 mies heritage of all human ; Thomas
rld War I treaties o W t s o p & 5 ng empire
CACY of it S$ Ug
gs
“Onditions U“nPdal cult Wy Ural Ob;
Visscher
bj
ae a
A ;
. s m u e s u m al ri pe im of s on ti ec ll co y e u s l sa er iv un e th by d e t n e pres d e w o d a h s e r o f en be d ha s, on ti ec ll co r ei th d an s m u e s u m e es th of eng,
e th d an r wa of s le ru e th ng ri ve co w a L l a n o i t a n r e t n I of fication di co r o d e t c e f f e s n r u t e r of r e b ith the earlier m u ion, the limited n t i d d a n I . y t r e p o r p e l h a t r r e u t t f a l n u e c v s e e f o c r l o a f n i o r i t e p m i h otec f o t g n e r t d s e u n i t n o c e h t d e m r i f f a s n o i s i v o r p e s e h t py . e r i p m e n a f of o a i r t s n u A o d i n a t u s r l e w o o c P < d e t a i c o s s A d n a d e i l l A e h t n e e w t e b e d n a y t r e p of Peac o r p l a r u t l u c of n o i t u b i r t s i d e r e h t d e n r e v o g ) n i a m Ger o r t s u A e h t f o n o i t solu
t S f o y t a e r T ( 1919
s i d e h t g n i w o l l o f s e t a t S r o s s e c c u s s u ‘o n a d e u s r u p s h c r a n the Hapsburg mo f o s r e n r o c l al m o r . f e r s i e v p i m h c e r a n d n a a i ’ s e r r a u g s a e Hun r t l a r u t l u c g n i s i l O a t r s t t n r o f f e r a w t i s o p e s e o h T p . a n n e e v i V i ], s s a t e i r p a c agg l a i r e p m i e h t n i e r a s n , o e i r t i p u m e t i e h t t s f o n e i s p a n l i l o c m e h l t a r e e t f r a , s e t a their t S g n i d e c o t n y i l b n a o t i t i a u s q i & n o l o c s e d m e g t n i i w o l l o e f m e o d a s m s m i a J C n return o i t u t i t s e r r o f s t n e d e c e r p y l r a e t n a t impor e s o r . a y r s t u c i t l f n n o e c c h t a t h t e i e l t b n a t e i v w e n t i e t s a a w it the l , n i a t s u s O s t e v i e h t t a r r o f r a s m n i l a a l c n o r e i v o t a s n e t l a t a S v i r r o s h s e t cc u Wi s s u o i r a v e h t d n a e t a r t S o s s e c e d e r p e h t n e betwe . s e v e i s h e n c n r e a i V d f n o s a t g c n i e l j t n b a l o m a s i r d u t e l h t u c d e e t s i s sam e r , e t a t S r o e ss c e s t d c e e j b r o p o l t a r c u a t l f u c e d y l e n h o t g s n , a i a s i s e r s t s o p Aus o t d e t c i r t s e r e b t o n. n a d e l r u e o w h s s it t c e t j a b h o t g l n a r i u u t g l r u a c s n h c o i u t s c e l t a col h t d e n i a t n i a m l it a r u , t l e u r c o m r l e a h n t o i r t u a F n . s t n i i g i f r o o t n r a a i p r t g n i of Aus m r o f s n o i t c e l l o w c o h ) l a i a : i t r n e a p v m e i l ( e r c i r o e t m s i a h c e f o b t r 5 a p 1 8 1 l a r g e t in Castlereagh in
y b o t d e s e o u p n i t n n o o i c t s e u , q s n o e i h t s s e , s t s e o Y p ° * l . a e i g r a o t i r r e herit t s t i f o d e p p i l r a t i s r e p m , e i t a t y S b d r l o e s h s e c ’ e s e d i e r r o p t i r r s i e h t e s o h t could t o t g n i appertain tbe dis-
o n d l u o h s s n o i t c e l l o c g n i t s i x e lay claim f o y t i r g e t n i = e n h i t a m t a it h t , e d r e e i w l p e y r e h a T i r . t e s u l u a A v c ! i t s i t r a d n a museums? c i f i t n e mmense sci m . . - t© to “the
i i a f l o c e y r a e l w o y e h h w t s d n a s u o h t d l turbed because o t n u e s o h t l l a f o n o i s s e s s o p l a u t i r i p s e h t ‘ i ’ s e i r tained, a d n u o b l a d n n o a i t a n s t l l r a a ( g n i g d n n i e y c f s i n t a c r t . . . d n e a j b o d n a culture, ) d n i k n a l l m a e f o v i e t g a a t r i r r a e h n l a l r a u t n l o u c i ( t a g n n i s e i h l t a s r e e v s i i c i t i l This un o p e d o t rov e ns
“ Vissche TET natio, hibiting ; Dter ling and P. Teventj nal Protec€ct;tion’,
b em sm Di , in dk Bo 0; Im O C S c E Mi N U d an ; 13 p. 28. ore Report #g the e e e l at rt po Ci S UNE Bef, ae 1969, ee
o i t c e l l o m c u e s u m f o e l o r e h t ) f s o e c n scie
Prelirn;
, and US Oe Visscher,
of
ee
ieee
e 1 Law Topfor L
p of hi rs ne SHCIMD)S, > o Ow Cf.
ural
ty, era opc PrO
Reparation, anit:
e r o y d an rs to ec ll Co e pe ni co s a s e rations? Jf 3 32 p. ’, on ), ti 59 ec 19 ot Pr nal s t n a W a n, to ng ie Bo din igs hi cs e n o i D , in dk Bo ; 3. 44 p. § 4. p1 n a d, re be em : qp 15 3.1 pp red, : ps Re % Visscher, ml im nl Se : so Ri and Vis ; 15 See : o ati P ain l na io at eee rn te In 9° 32 ’, on l Protecti tection’
77 SeePy Ne
Natio,
ily Sa
,e on ss; mmi Re, P aratiof n, vol‘Oo o .IL,
»
Trear
cork DW rae
: fulfilled: 1
To
10n’,
830, n.3]
1, l ona ati ern Int r, de n Mi : ge ma Da Law. nal 303-04, Dog of Wlinutes (Paris » » 1919), An: ne>x P.32.
spoliations
VI, p.22; and Burnett,
38 The ellirepteical nature of ‘country of 37. 6 3 8 , ’ n o i t c e t o r ‘International P
st
me jurists: :
d n a s r e w o P d e ch at o s s A d n a force n i , 9 the Allied 191
betwee! Peace September of 10 Treaty 39 LVI, in-en-Laye, Annex Papers, and State i Foreign Arts.191-96 D with Protocol and (1919)5 British and Visscher,
yol.112,
400 Cmd Austria together (1919); No.11 pp.282-289>» UKTS 1921, Appendix Spoils, (ed.), 8 November Simpson and O F 773 at O 1 R P , AJIL 5 1 18 (supp.) r e 14 b m e t p e (1920) S pp.223-24. 11 Plunder, 40 p.317; Paris, Art See Treue, Ministers], 05 7 . Allied c o D 2 3 3 [to p I, l vo 41 n Castlereagh eparatio R (1816). Lord of p.298, Memoir Note 15,115 at 119; and Parl. Deb., v' 01.32, ser-1, G , t t e n r u B e 92/26, e S . 4 2 3 42 E. Leisrecheing cirtend in Treue, Art Plun der, pp-22
5)
ra
\w?
>
Fi
i
; p O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , z a L l a n o Internati jects
of the predecessor State and devalue or suppre SS Ti Further, the predecessor State maintained that a,
=
‘place of origin’ — the imperial capital — funda
in eg empire
.
e e e ‘ 10n,
ae y i m r i f t a e 3 . nt a hip me : was < This argu the colonial relations
P redecessor State was 1 W: the natural guardian of thi
superior economic and technical strength of thi
vet
ry
that
Ss
b) and
s n o as , a i r t s u A y s l a g n i d r o c c A . s t c e j b u s s it ments between d overeign an rious accoutrements of empire including va ed in ta ob e, at St r o s “predeces ories.*° The Com-
(ii) the
a as be to care for the objects. they Convversely,y. the successor States charged that th jects for e m part of their national cultural patrimony. For th e o dan y t the peace trea Provis; itated the . ie reconstitutition of the nati ional c i Munitie by ter cha S ritorialai S 32 enges following the € di dissolution ofOE ee th ee ti lec col sal ver uni t tha ionest and ne uggeestmod eeireclaims wer mae Ce ii ce st ll sma a se E The TRE tes S Sta ued arg the mea s < et ay, sure a Fe i : iS i n rl Pp
a
past centralising polici ures tO imperial Vie mnese collections. “Sl
the
ighti in &
a histori ic
e possession of any ‘colonial’ territ
mittee categ'
ng’
s e i r u t for cen
ahStates
i
:
W TO
g that had transported their cul tural
g§ Overnments
awareness
of
the de
imilation policipolicesi , » as aS evid evi enced b y the minority
b
s (Article 195); and by a general
ticle 195a (and Annexes J] cedure to resoly ne i i TV) provided Se Sees provi proenforcement and adjudication an y, by alms oO ihe jects :
oe
mainSee
ue
t
Eee a
S
successor
St ates
to
specific
bef. t gh ou br ms Ae e th to Pursuant ore the Committee b Urg Monarch e. ticle > Was wh
came their
3
“ See Vis Scher, « Peorece Cantetmational A 44 sallow Uon’, 830¢Fof Terri
On 45 5° Burnett,poy | pation ee Allied sa
TiLOry or Dissol D P.336, w (1919. > owers =
if; and W, W,
manuscripip tts
an d
of Three Jurists,
the gy, ate str s thi ng ti op ad By *® s. od th me l ca di ri ju d he s i from establ the parties that had enabled the
n ee tw be s on ti la e r l a u q e n u e h t d e r o n o ; of g in eg il iv pr its th wi ed rm fi af re s wa ty li ua eq in s i h at all. T
. y t r a p ) l a i r e p m i ( t n a n i m o d to t gh ri e l ra h ne t ge a f es o at St r o s s e c c u s d e t the law n a r g o s l a n i a m r e G t S f o ty a ey e th r h c T i h w 9 , 1 s n o 9 i t c 1 e l l o c e l h a i r T e p m i m o r f s t c e j b o 1 a r u t l u c f o n o i t u t i t rte of s e l p i c n i r p e th by d e d i u g , y n o m i r t a p l a r u t l u c l a n o i t a n r thei e a h c r a , ic st ti ar of ] s [ t c e j b o ‘ at th d e s i n g o c e r 6 9 1 e l c i t r A . y t i c o r ’ p s n i o i t c c e e l l r o c d ] l n a i a r e p m i [ y t i e th of t r a p ritorial i g m n r o f r e t ric charac
a. anes cultural objects for both = ia from the imperial colfe ae addressed the resti“a
his a ght ‘ri ld ou sh it t tha nt me gu ar ak the Czechoslov h ic wh hy rc na mo rg bu ps Ha the of es ci li po ng si li ra nt ce e h t g n by reversi o als It ” .* re pi em its of s er rn co all om fr ge ta ri he ral Itu u c d e v o m e r d a h or th au no d ha it g in in ta in ma , th’ fai od go d an ity u q e , e c i t y jus
‘pe guided b
Not to that groy
Allied
r u b s p a H e h t f o t n e m n r e v o g e h t 0n s e M g n i v i v e r y b s m i a l c e h t S N O e S e t t i m m o C the
co States,
s e8ae cy for al] Pe m Cant
83
rt pa d e m r o f g s t r c u e b j s b p o a H e e h t y of t r e h p o t r l p a n o s r e p e h t f o A e e e i c pecause e u e l a Wa h t h c i h w to h ‘t s s a p d to e s u f e r d n a a i r t r s e u v A r o f a d i n u o f s s e di s a c e e e h r t h g u o h t n e v E mnitte e in all th gs.
a n Y e o (i) oples
State
s & post-World War I treaties
o t s i h r be o y a c m ‘ i f d i n t a n e ’ s i t c c i s r t s i d d e d e c e h t ological, £ 0 y n o m i r t a p l a u t c e l l e t n i e h r t e m r f © o f of t r al a os p p s m i d r e h t n o e z e e r could ‘fo f a d e c a l p o s l a It . ’ n i g i r o f o s t c e i h t r t r s te i af d s r r a i e e y h t y t n e w t f o d o i r returned to e p a r o f e t a t S r o s s e c e d e r p e h t s t y c e b j b o s n e o s i e h t t c e f o l l n o o c i t a v r e s e r p imperial d n a y t i l i b i s s e c c a d e r u s n e s i h t ; e r i p m e e h t f o dissolu tion . s e t a t S r o s s e c c u s e h t f o Cas o l l a l n a o e i r t a e n h t r o f r o f s e 6 v 9 1 e l c and archi i t r A f o s e c n e u q e s n o c g n i h c a e r r n a o f i t y a l l c a i i l t p n p e a t o p s t i e h t t a h t d Despite e d e c n o c s r a l o h c s t s o m , y t r e p o r p , l e a l r p u t m l a u x c e d n r a o R s e v i 9 4 h c . s n o i t c tion of ar e l l o c e s e n n e i V f o y t i r g e t n i e h e t l c i n t o r A t c e f f r e e l d a n c i u t c s m i a l c had little pra n a i l ’ a t I d e v l o s e r y l b a c i m a 0 f 2 o 19 s of a w y t a e s r t T c e n j a i b r o t s u se o h t the Italo-A f 0 s u t a st c i r o t s i h d n a l a c i d i r r u e j ‘ h t r u e h B t 0 5 t a h t g n . s e t a t S r e 196 by recognisi h t o f o s ! m i a l c e h t m o r f e l b a st h e s r i e u t g 1 n n i t s i l d a d r n a e n ’ r e g , r e h special characte g i h e h t n i , g n i t n e v e r p f o y t i l i b a s i i v d a e h t more, Italy ‘recogni sed
n o p u e c r o f n i 21, 9 1 h c r a M 8 1 ga, i R , ae n n r i e a r t k n U I e h , t r e h d n c a s ia Vis s s u e R e S , d n a . 5 l 8 Po 4 n e 8 e w t la 7, pp-2' t e x 46 Ct. Art.11, Peace Tre aty be 1 i 2 d 9 n 1 e p p e A d a g i , s R il o p S ), d. (e é n o s p m i S . n o i t u aw t i L t s signature, 6 LNTS 1 23; and , e r fe e e d e K ’ e O l p J. m e P. ex d n n U a , ka ws t ze t zc o as r rz P Ch J. . V 6; L. , s e ; r 5 u 0 s 2 tional Protection’, 83 a e r T n o i t e r s A u Mo , i k 8 s 1 l 7 a 1 w o K ) 2 3 9 5 1 9 ( 2 8 . p , 1 3 5 1 § patrimoine artistique de la Pologn e , ) 9 19 8 n, do on (L nt me ve Mo 3: l. Vo in , , age Her ‘it t ural h Cult the g and i r a s a h e t a t S e t i e l s i o , p ’ n m o i t a co i r a t a p e R f ‘ s o e , i u t k s r n l a a e w p v o K e r d l n a a l r ; a g 3 c 3 e o t 2 l 3 n . i pp e h n t a f o s i d h i c i h w y r t i u n co ‘a at th e pl ci e i in c e pr a r e e th i p u at th q c e d h un a t fo c Tt 47 y m t o r r f pe d o e r i p l e p h t m i m e i b a l c it ld u o c r o n case the State should be partitioned, to w a L . T A W l a ; n ’ o n i o t i a t n a r r e t t i n b Ar 1 n I ed is gn co re l t a no n s o wa i t a , y’ n tr ter n I ‘ of the said coun , O d n a O 3 A 2 N 3 8 5 , ’ ’ n n o: o ti ec i ot t Pr a al tr i b r A 1 a n o 2 i a ie treaties: Visscher, ‘Internation t a n r e t n I ‘ , O and 2; 83 ers lian ’, a on t ti I ec ot d Pr 7 e s i l a n al i on f ti na y t er a nt e ‘I r t he e, a T u e . 5 6 Visscher, r 3 T 4 d n s a a ; 4 3 9 > ’; on ti ec ot Pr al on nati er nt ‘I ro , P er ch ss l Vi a n e Se o i t a n r e 50 Art.4, Ttalo-Austria: t n I , r e h c s s i V in , y t a e r T n n, i a m r e G t S f o y t a e r T e th of 6 9 claims pursuant to Arts.191
F o i e R s m u e s u M , w a L l a n o i n of Cultural Internat
vos
Odjec ts
civice
€ ) cal “Bi t his i ed in ta a ri ob st , Au ?! Yet d’. ate ebr cel ible and c Ori an u y t i t n e : j W e l t i i d t d E e a s it n f i o i ng it fromat t c e s g n i l l o > c preventie e h t h t I r x vty ish d. = W 0 r. No k e h t n e e w t e b e c a e d J ‘ (Treaty 1920 more)
e Allie
y
of Tri1 anon)
successor
confronted
States
issues
on former
85
ed at nd ma e th of le op pe e th to ed ow s on maeaait contravened trust obligati
of civilisation, the dispersion of the histori of Austria which in their entirety Pe
& post-World War I treaties
and Ass ral
ciated Pow.
TS
y u t i t s e r Y U It tion claj ee
Ctions.>2 Ay4: t
im perial a coll :
"eStrig
Hung
hy
aty
Collections om
of er sf an tr e th ed on ti nc sa h ic wh , es ll ai rs Ve of ty ea Tr 19 19 e th of 6 24 asticle st Ea of r we po g in at nd ma e th as n ai it Br emains of Sultan Mkwawa to
e hu yAfricas Rese
’ ty er op pr l ra tu ul ‘c an pe ro Eu nno of n itutio st re os les p m a x e o w t f o e n o as d te it mm co : d ha f, ie ch al ib tr a wawa, Mk a er Sh . s e i t a e r t e c a e p s i r a to d ve mo re 919 P en be d ha l ul sk his and ca ri Af st Ha in s an rm Ge e th : of e os rp pu e th for se ca s thi in d ie pl ap s wa ty li ia or it rr of te le p i c n i r p to d re er sf an tr , The be to re we s in ma re e Th s. in ma re e th f o n i g i r o f o e c a e pl °* ’. in ig or of ce la ‘p e th to an th er th ra n ai it Br r o s s e c c u s l a i n o l s n o o i c t a l e r d e n i f e d e r ) s e r v e S of y t a e r T ( 0 2 9 1 of y e k r u T h t i w e c a e P € g n i l t n a m s i d e h t g n i © w o l y fol
The Treat
the VViiennese collectio ns 56
ae
ost-First World War restitu tion Reflecti g the ig ncreasin:
beyond Europe
gly universal reach of Internati
ti flectin
pro gTessi1 on of civilisation Co: mm: Unit i ies th at r had
b ee n un de 2B ¢ yer man
colonial
rule
ff I ormer
Oo De th €
i : al’nea
( )ttoman
of withstanding the
ie ae the political right of tahe e rj ght to re stitution of ie ultural heritage. They, their objects and S ites wi Placed under the ‘rust? of the 51
£€ Viss. ch, Co: llect,
8.177er,and‘Int17er8n of the Treaty of Trianon. See Burnett, Vi ch é3 Is : -36; Treue, Hb
> n; Vol. ’ n o i t a i t , > 14) 146. t n’ a p , 4 5 4 3 . 6 p . p 9 , L xenctept of o jie jects specif Doc.73 M of Hu y l l a C d Mite A Ngarian
5656.Maissec e4180n des
» § ee
¢ an
bour,
o i s n e t s n e i c r e u h o t s e r , d | o i a r c e i p g o l r o a w e a r h e c t r n a i e h t O t By the s s e c c a l a u q e s t i e r d u n s n a e r o t e w o n p o i t a g n n i i m t r a e d t e n d a m a e h t f o e Powers l o r e h T ? ° . s m u e s u m n w o their
r o f s e i r o t i r r e t these
Italy also g genet dice
With the
s r e w o p g n i t a d n a m d n a s e t a t S r o s s e c m c o u r s f d e i r a v , y y e t k a e r r u t T e c a e p s i h t n i s n o i s i v o r p n o i t u t i t s e r e h T ” n . a e i r r i a p g m n u e H n o a r t m s o u A e h t f o of the Ott g n i l t n a m s i d e h t g n i r e v o c s e i y t l a t e c r i r t t s e h t t o n n i d i d d e s t n e m e g n a r those contain r a y t a e r t e h t e s u a c e b e s o y r t a i r o h s t u n a o i t f a o i r a r v e f s n e a r s t e h t — n o empire. The i s s e c c u s ’ l a i n o l o c ‘ r e h t a y r t a e r t T u b 0 2 9 n 1 o i e s h s t e c f o c u s 0 2 4 e t a e t l S c i t r e A v l o , v n e i l p m a x e r o F ° ° . r e h t o n a o t t o n r e i d p e u g c n c o o l e b l a i n h o c l i h w y t r e p o from one co r p l a r u t l u c d n a s e v i h c r a f o a i c n o s o s i a t u t i d t n s a e r s d e ni a p m o c ‘ d e d u l c n of Sevres addresse i t a u n b o j Js t a n r i e h t s n o d i n t a i d n o c s r e d n w a o P e c d a l e p e h T 61 ’ s l only to the Alli a n o i t a n h c u s y b d d ai e ‘J l l o r t n e o r c e w t u b n o i t p , i n o r i c s s e s d i m m y o r e C v e n of o i tions eparat R e h t y b d r e d n e u v l o s , e r n o i t e i b d d a to n I t o n . ’ d e e r r e o w t s e r n r e b o t of retu e r a y e h t h c i h w d e d o e t c o t s t s n t c e e m j b n o r e v t n o a G v e l e e h r t n r u y t b e r n o t w d do e r i u q e r s a w t n y e r a m s n s r e e c v e n o g e h t h s e i k k a r t u T d l e u h o t w t 2 i “ 2 4 p i e l h s r e Artic n w o e t a v i r p o t n i d e s s a p . d ’ a n h o i t y a e g h i t l f b i o ] s i h t [ l i f l u f o t territories and it e l b a n e o t s e e i s t i a w e r r e t h t 0 e c r a o e p n o s i i r t a a P i r r p e o h r t p o x e m o y r f d e t steps b r a p e d y l k r a t s e t a s h o c m r a s e g n r i v l e l S o r f o t n o y c t a e n r o T i t a 0 l 2 s 9 i 1 g e l e c Th i t s e m o d s s a p s e i . r ) o t x i e r n r e n t A d d n e a t a 1 d n a 2 4 m t e a l h c t i t r A g ( n i r i s u l a i r e t by req a m l a c i g o l o e a h c r d a e i l f o l A t e r h o t p x e n i e d h e t r b d d n a a h s y e r t l i s a v i r l a c l i a i n o olog l o c t s a p f o y t f
-.d &i feemen;
ks of
art
to
ati onal
o, j
P rotection’,
tigin or chj arac
the to ed re ag ss a ri st Au : , ter existi sting H ian collections of
mpr Ove i 9° e e w rjria Nn AustSt Tietze,-e, L| a5c, rdet co (6! (1933 Hon and Hungary, i
tb
Austro-
835
My 4 -2 23 cy l a n o i t a e n B Ja r su s 1 o t 8 €Ctions Of con 7 9 2 9 on ei Us ? n o i t c e t , , 4 o n om Mo Cultural ieee, 7820-37) Thins e e 1 , ) 4 Y was rt (A ; 8 t.4)
ae
ee
ungar
27 November 1932,
jon des colleeccttiions
g le vi ri ‘p d te an 8r Ar , ki ls wa Ko t Treasures, p, ee
de Ja
rights’ of access 0
z a j d e H e h t 1e f o ng i K e h t o t n r retu e h t d e n . o s i e t i c t n i r o sa h t o u s a l a n a 6 4 t.2 r A 4 3 3 3 2 . p p l, Il . l o e v s ded s n o , a p y h r o e t h s t t i o H n in , s y a e e w r l o r f h e e c p r i h the w d >7 Tem n n a a m h t d O e t a h c p o l i l a er C he t e f o h T n a d r n a o K l 5 l a 3 a n 2 m i 5 e g r i p r o lles, i uman a h s r e a of the V e h , T e t a t . S l 3 . of p t n res, e u m s t a e r r a T p e D t r A S U , i 3 2 k p.3 , w a L See Kowals l a n o i t a n r nte I , r e d n a l l o H . r o t 4 i 6 d 9 E d m C 8 over to Britain: 5 , 1 d e 8 i 8 atif 0 r 1 t o n c n u , j 0 u e 2 i 9 c @ 1 d n a t s u g s u g A i w 0 1 me ate don ty of Peace with Turkey, Sevraensd (1921) 15(supP-) AML 179. based on the principle a e ; s r 2 d T 5 r 6 o . c p , e r 5 2 ; d 3 n 0 1 a 2 1 4 s . . e l v s o i v h c r , a s s u r ‘ Art f o e o i p g r a i e P l f e s r n e a t r a t t S d e e h s t n li g r a i o c e f o r l o d F e d i d , v t n s o a t s r k a p a h W e s s i L e t g n i r 60 Brits.424-25, Treaty of Sevr e v in o c d e s n i t o n i g s o o t i c v e o y r l r n p o en e g h e n i b y Ar l p g p n a o y s t ha i c o r p i ec r hts g i r h t i w , y y t t r i e l 9 a p 1 i 3 o r r o p p t i f o , ) 6 of terr 1 s 9 s 1 a l c , s n i h o T d n o L ( . y e e d e k e c r c a u e T P eas r a of m o in r s f e i s t a e d e i r T t i n u d m n a m o c r a W of n o i t a n i m r e T , n o s p i l : l f i o h P . C : s : e i r t n u o c 61 es gic? a a
o l o e a h T c r a y f t o a e r T t r o p e ex h , t 8 r 6 c 1 e . t t a r l A u g e r d n a to e 62 See Art.184, Tre Treaty of Sta-l Gee n i n a m e r f o p e R , ) g 9 e 7 l 9 1 y h t g n , , e 4 n l 8 o 1 d . a on L , 6 > There was g n i ” v a r e s e r y P r e v o c s i , D n i l : r 1 e . l b o m V ha C , e g . a R t i r e . H E l a : r s u e t i l r u o C it r r e e h t t d n n a a m o t w t a O L e th ott, r P . V . L d n a P. J. O’Keefe 1a.
. 7 3 8 2 2 § § , f f 3 4 . p p , ) 3 8 (London, 19
‘i
3 cava
n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , z a L l Internationa
Cultural
of
es ti ea tr I r Wa ld or -W st po P (S s Up
Ob;
jects
gists’ 5B eoloee archaa iquities legislation ‘without consulting foreign d hda Bag in of Antiquities or ect Dir -British , UST1 i cen of e shar a to s tor ava exc n eig for of ts righ the d e t i m i l fully e o . 1936 of 59 No. Law es iti iqu Ant i e Iraq g a the s of s a p e th th e a t od, peri e sam the n o i t a ing v Dur a c x reams left Iraq. e lenient regula-
relations with other powers came to the fore in th
‘ ee bPloes?ed a: sch me Wh a
access and control of excavation sites and the
ise
division of
bls
finds. ; j g in et mp co the d se po ex ex, ann and e 42 16 icle st peArt 8 Interests con cu tural objects and sites in the mandat
n 8 the Dh
ee O es ori rit ter ed ati ern int the to y mandating power had a dut ha, One g n a h n a e . en to a fre n a d ul Ure wo h ; ic wh s’ i rce sou ‘re al gic olo hae arc to accessss e and Sal; Coll]
ver uni the fC als it d, han er oth the capapiitals. On ce) 5)
metrop e eoli c
ee Se
es
= or Iraq, Palestine® and, later
e British law of treasure tro tush Museum, noted in 19 me
in providing
‘
a:
-
; th r fo l ee a i r e t a m e :b a t o n t h g u o ] n . o i s i v o r p l a u t i r i p s [ ut
pride’
five different
of the peoples’ ) be neglected’.©8
Nationalities
the
legislation, by whi ch It W thing of any val ue? and
working
w ustees
of
of thy
manda
he
Br it 11 Ss. h
the
Museum
Baghdad
co ntrol]
over
trancaections oftayliaofnS. €vres > Anne:
ns
the British
aired
Museum
concerns
SO
e xpedititiions ,
a| fee ht
by
to
a b
retain
attaching
)
teln ‘a q Hl ‘eevy ery-
a native
;
; o ti la pu -e d i v o r fi P 5 e h to t 1 s d e t k d n r i i v o o o P w r P e 8. of ram > r etont a p e D e th by n e a i t i t u q s se i e t e n e A R n i s e o s O a i INS J R(i g s e i t i n a B LAegNeEaO rligAu egue 1922) 3rd Yearrd eae No.51 of IGSee Art.21, B » intte “fen th st le Pa r y fo r P e 8, t 0. a d n , y T a a r P M ishTrove in Law and en; t es i Pr r e th to e m i H G. e r u eas r 0p7.f2670:; T 0 L 1 l, il . , 9234. Pp » . f x O ( , ) d, 1936 ent Day r o titiquities Lay An s u r p y C A ey t e u s ead Pa t t o r P d n a oo O'Keefe d j n * § 5. d n a .3 88 e 7 a e e r , T 95 . Pp , ll Hi D e Se 7 7 , n i H e ove. .4 *” Se 65
, 32 ’ pr e, ov Tr e r u s dated weTTiteora ie, Dp.277-97 87. €, &
~”
ALeG ©k O
and
See Brirtish
eC
Pri
1.
» p.270,
>
nn
n .4
and
5; and O’Keelt
i l a c o l y b s t r o f f e e e , t p y g E a e i LN, s e ? s m h c n e e r F A in GN A SI ( RO , J O P N T L O , T N L ar n: Ye d r 3 h u t 8 J ) 1 2 y 2 a ) 9 M 7 1 ( 3 9 1 t J, s u e g n TrTroeatyes betwe&,. N vonal L fe, uThe R Year, No.5-6, p.578 u
. 0.8 > for 68eG “> PPM.e1h04ales and
5
+ Th
sure Tr
mple,
j
wee
rn
Ott, Di M ween Ti
§229;
ery,
ere we
and Visscher,
1 3 2 § , 7 4 6 4 2 P p A ‘ u C > s e e t t t s i n m , n M s a e A t u y n e Wooll > ANTgui ties Lay, a : Mi :
1935) 9¢
b
e S . 13 S T N L 5 3 , 2 2 9 1 , p i l a n n o o i i t t a rotec on’,’ 848-49 em dlntern ¢
Exe 33)
-avations
in [
t y t i c o r p i c e r kind or 1 ; peace treaties. 76 e s i r a P s u o © i r a s v e l p n i i princ t o n e r e w istently applied s n o i t u t i t s n i h s i t i r B f o s n o i t a l u b i r t h c u s , d o i r n e i h t i P w s e l r p a o w e p r o t e d e d n e t x e the int t u b s g e i n r i o r t u i r r e t d e t a D d n a m eoples in
p d e ! p u c c o o t d e n i f n co . f l e s t i e r empi
Iraq.
va— S rum oO ured
‘insis t On
.
d l u o w t n e m a i l r a p raqi
Biman emer
in
of
jons.
.
7
mor of e aus bec vity acti cal ogi eol a h c r a d e s a e r c n i d e c n e i r e — al ur lt cu st pa y d e m e r to s e r u s a e m s ou ri va d e y o l p m e s e i r o t i r r e t p y g E e th , 35 19 ndated t s u g u A In s. on ti ec ll co l a n o i t a n e v i t a t n e s e r p e r be ly e on t d l u u o w i t s t i ie n it t a qu t s a n h e t co c i f f n O g i e r o h F s i t i r B e h t d e s i g n i v h t d e m o a s n r u t e r t in n e v a h t s nme u m t p y g E t a h t e. i. , e g n a h c x e f o s e m c e n e t t o n s t u y b s , c. ‘ et ry, o t s i h n a l a r u t a n , e c n e i c s , t r a f o y a w e h e t th of n n o i i t a c i l d p p a e r e th i d u e t q s i s e e r ly ’ nt a m a d a m u e s u M h s i t i r it h g u o h t n e v e > 75 The B , n o i t u t i t o its own ins
» the
e ton,
‘ ad ad the obj to al tur cul hy ir the t tec pro to s rie ito err People sain S ites, s ue rati e 1920 Treaty of Sévres was never ed but its Proposed | gislat; ve ifi rat incorp ne orated into the domestic la Ws of several St ve i 2a = nae George Hill was —_—— a mo at Tisay s
tern
ated
87
e r i p m e d n h a s i n t o i i s r s e B s s o e p h t , n o n i t i c h e t t i o r p W e h t n n o t n e l i s e Restitutio r e w s e e i h t t r a e e r d t n u e t c o a n e p s e r r i a p W m e d n l i h r t o i W w s e l p o e p d e s Post-First i n o l o c , s £ n o © i s s i v t o c r e p j y b t o a e r l t a f r o u e t c l n u e c s b a e h e t h t f e t i p s e D . s control o n o i t a N n f i © h t i w e u g s e a l e p L o e p e h t t f n o e d n n o e i p s e i d v ‘ r e y b s n o i t c e l l formal sup o c l a i r s e e p l p m i i c n i r s p ’ n e o h t d n f o o L n n o o i t a c e i d l p a p m a s e h t o t n i the claim t h g i s n i l a c i t c a r p a e d i v o r p e r i p m e the British .
s e i t a e e h r t t m e o c r a f e p s t s c ri e a j P b o 9 1 l 9 a 1 r u t e l h t u c n i f o n r u t e r articulated f o n o i t s . y e r u u q t n e e c h t h t e s e i n t n i e m w a t x e y l r n a o e i t c e e h s t l a g n i r u d This fin m u e s u M t g r n e i b t l s A e u q d e n r a , y a r i a r l l o i t c c n i a V . n e a h t s a f o t n e m e v l o v n i perspective s ’ m u e s s u n m o i s e s h t i m f o g n i n t o c i i t l a f n r o e c d i e s h n t o c t s h i g i l h g i h o t First, there s t n e m a n r o n o i c t i a t n l a e l C p x e T e v n o a s e j t u e p r s e i h d t a , n d i n o n c o e S . m u instituti e s u m n nal o o i i t t c a e n t o a r p d e n h a t r o m f u e s s n u o i m t n e l a v i n o c f o t n e of an imper m p o l e v e n d a s e 1 h t e r e d h e t c n , e y u l l l f a n n i i F s . r d o o t i c r e e r p i d r a w r e t n i of how its e h t g n i g r u n d i l s t t n c a e j m b s o i d l a r e u h t t l u c g n f o i r n u o d n o i t u t i t s n i g and restituti n i d l o h e a r s u a t e u l f o r e s h ’ t m u t e e v s o u y m t e n h t i a w t o r h e c n u g n i w o elaboration of r g e
h t h t i w , e r o f e h t o t e m a c e r i p m e h s i of the Brit . s n o i t c e l n l a o i c of its Ind
‘
a a b 3 0 9 1 t e b m e c e 9 D , q e a r I o 1 s pn o i t a e v a e c x E y l , Ju es t 4 u 1 n i M , e s e e t i t t i i u m q i m t o n C A ’ St s f o e > w a L q 3rf See British Museum Truste a oo r T , s c e i t c u e n N i m M O i d e a e p t t t i t m o r m P o C d n a ’ s e 2; te 8 s 2 u r T 5 9 7 m 2 u p e p s u , M e v o h r s T e r u s a e See Briti r T , l l i H ; 13 2 1 1 5 e . h p t p f o , 4 3 9 n 1 o i r t e a b r o te l A 13 Oct d e s o p o r eg : s e i t i u q i t An . 1 3 2 n § a i , t 7 4 p 6 y 4 g P E P 15 s, ; e t u n i M ed e v e o t t m i e m r m s o e C e t n s i o u t i i r See Br ritish Museum T collect cnl Greet
cy
e a u r e r e i a y m t a a S e r T e 2 hne e92 t . 2 f 1 o 2 5 p n o i t , 5 u 3 t 9 i 1 l t r u e t b i o t t s c : e r O » e 2 h 1 t , r w o a f L t s F e u e eq er r e b s e o ’ q t a f r c o I O o t e g c 4 n n 1 a i t s n i g s e h i s q; a e r I I. bid.3 TThere was also r h t 2 o t 1 r o i r s p n s r e io d t r o a v s a ’ l c l i x h E c r u h C , n o es t ’ g u n i n p i e e M k e e f a e s t ‘ t i r m o . ees’ Com ritain f
= B
ae
t 5 s 3 u r 9 T 1 m u e n i s u M h d s i e n r u t e r y and Iraq: Brit l l a n i f s a w n o i t c e l l o c e h t f o n
o i t c a r f a y l n O . 4 0 0 3, p.5
International Law, Museums & Retur 7 of Cultural
Archacokigia
Objects
es ti ea tr I r Wa ld or -W st po & s re pi em g in antlt
D jsm
89
ch whi ship tion rela a in lved invo wile ute disp uae a ers play f chie The re. cent i the ted esen repr eum Mus ish Brit The . tion nisa colo rnal inte as defined ame could Be Britaish empire and the Royal Irish Academy, Irish national inner the e ee ist onal nati of y tanc mili d ease incr of ext im was made in the cont fe and re empi ish Brit the of hes reac hest furt the and within the United Kingdom ism nial colo of s tice prac tory mila assi and sing rali cent the to ion in e ne farm a by hed art une d 1896, a hoard of Celtic ornaments was
re befo s time of ber num a ds han d nge cha nts ame orn The /® and. Irel Rb rth-western conin was se cha pur The 7.’ 189 May in eum Mus ish Brit the by peing purchased l Roya the gave ry asu Tre ish Brit the y reb whe ure ced pro travention of an established The ®° and. Irel in nd fou e trov sure trea g sin cha pur of ion opt [rish Academy the first
1898 the by ted duc con iry inqu y tar men lia par a of ect subj the ame bec n e h t r imag onal nati matte ing pet com e sam the ted cula arti iry inqu This 81 . e e t t i m m o C s m re empi Museu n ria nga -Hu tro Aus the of ion olut diss the ing dur ed r i a e b d l u o w t a h t inings . r a W d l r o W d s t e i t n s i r f i m e F d u e e h s t u h s M r i e t t f i a r B , e s h g t n i r e a e e t h t i m m s o m C u e s u M 8 9 8 1 o tw e es th During the s, al ci fi of m u e s u m s it r Fo n. io ut it st in al on ti na d an al ri pe m i n a h t o s wa le ro al role as b ri pe im s ’ m u e s u M h is it Br e th e s u a c e b e iv us cl ex y ll a u t u m t o n e d n u a M d roles were r a w d E , or ct re di s it r Fo . ty ti en id al on ti na h is it Br f © t n e m e l e c i n o d n o L a an intrins t o n is t ‘I — e r i p m e e th d e t n e s e r p re m u e s u M h s i t i r B e h t h c u s as Thompson, d n a , ” m u e s u M sh i t i r B “ a is it , m u e s u M h s i l g n E n a t o n is it of n o i t Museum, r o p y r e v e t n e s e r p e
r to , e l b i s s o p as t c e f r e p as n o i t c e l l o c r u o e k a g n i e b n e WE oo _m e w t e b n o i t a e n i l e d e t a r e b i l e d d n a r a e l c s a w e r e h T 82 . e r i p m E is th g n i the British k c a l d n a , h s i l g n E g n i e b d n a ; e r i p m e n a of o n i s s e s s o p n i g n i e b d n a , British imperial identity. of increasing anx-
r e t t a m a e m a c e b n o i t nc i t s i d is th , y r u t n e c e h t t s i l a n From the turn of o i t a N . d e n a w London’s imperial grip
d n a d e n e s o o l e r i p m e of e r i p m iety as the ties e e th of y t i r g e t n i l a i r o t i r r e t e h t d e n e t a e r h t a i d n I to d n a l e r I m o r f p e r challenges l a n o i s n e m i d e e r h t s it d e n i m r e d n u s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c of n r u t e r e h t e d a m s and claims for n o i t c e l l o c e s e h t of p u k a e r b l a i t n e t o p e h T . s m u e s u m l a i r e p m i y b resentation . es ss lo l ia or it rr te n a h t e t a i d e m m i e r o m h t g n e r t dissipating imperial s
was It . m u e s u M n o t s g e n r i e s n E Ke h ut So e th of n io ut it st in . er > a sist e h s t wa of m u s e e s 1 c u i M p t s u Ar a d e an h t e nc r nde u d e t a r The Dublin Scie o p r o c n i s a w and s n o i t e c e m l o l co H s y’ h et s ci i So r T in bl r Du o f l ya Ro n e th g i th a wi p am c established e h t in d e s r e m m i was e t a of f n »s o i t a um e r se c mu e e Th th t. Ar h t d i an W e nc d. ie Sc an of el Ir er ov Department d l o h l a i r e p m i e th n e h ngt e r t d s n a to e t c n i e v m e a d i l a r a as P of d e w e e i ous H e th to in d Rule and it was v e t r e v n o c e wer s e s i m e , r m p u e s u s M ’ m u rt e be s u Al m d e an th ia , or 1 ct Vi 192 e th of y or St e Th : t n e d i c c the Irish Free State in and A
on si Vi , n o t r u B A. : m u e s u the National M
a (London, 1999), pp.105—06. lp 595 x i d n e p p A 9) no p s e (189 r r o C s ment Orna d n c a Celti in s 1898, t c a F of , P. Coll, 23 November y r u s a e r T e h t y b red a th r o P N Pre e y h ar t mm Su in d: lan , Ire y in d d un fo a s v nt a me m na Or i See Celtic year 1896 at the L
the in d un fo s nt me na Or tic Cel n tai cer to t pec dence with res 2p-A ], 00) (19 s nt me na Or c lti [Ce , 0) Ireland 90 (1 of 241 t as Co st We ha West of Ireland, Cd rt No the on found s ct je Ob ld Go the of t si po de See A. J. Evans, On a votive s e e w S E O G ee Sl ity iqu Ant to ng ati rel (1897) 55 Archaeologia or Miscellaneous Tracts reaThe Antheneum 153. 8e v i h c r A A & V , 0 9 8 1 s REN lll. r e b o t , c te nu O ry Mi su ea Tr 4 of py 2 Co See p, ) 9 9 8 1 ( s t men a n r O ic t Cel e, te it mm Co the o sury Minute appointing Celtic Ornaments (1899), p.4, para-48.
a
ete
and T
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultural Op;ects
? m e g n i l t n a pis
| m o r f s t n e m a n r o c i t l The removal of the Ce s e o n o i t a n e h t m res o p e r T f y a w a n o i s s e s s o and theoretical p t a r r a n to e al IV k e h t , d a e R Hercules
s e l r a h C e. ur lt cu g) pyin
y h p a r g o n h t E d n a s and Medieval Antiquitie
of
eS
identity identi mal national British led, dismant were ons collecti these if and entity ae ent
the Depa
co theip Dh
simi
Minan, a
Og e m i T I m of u Nt i h Muse is
t i r B < s hi of y c n e t o p e th d n a ’ se ti er xp ‘e s hi on ce Ish relian e : Plac d POSsseggj 0 e a i f o e s c hu e hea, e ; Ob R e th Of a i at y t i l a n O e d i c c e a ‘ n a y l n o d a h t S . .. on it tr te ou e ornaments T t the alIinnggs Be thau egu ? n relatio l a t n e j ‘Anci
by d e r u t c a f u n a e] m Ir to 0’ an ; d probably d n a a e R ? 8 . ’ s n o t i r B t n e i c n soak y SE te eX y l t i c i l p n u b , y l l a r o p m e t t u b y l l a i t a p s , it a only r e K h ee g u o r h t k c a SRE _ e a B of s n o i t a r t s u l l i ‘ e r e w s Ory, q at the object ; . 1S y, or st hi c C0) M h is it Br al e coy] th and in an more appropriately placed th e
us
empire’.*4
as a place of learning and pr di:rector of Dub li : 5 Ssi: snes -
eservation nd
Ar iE M
of
omy
um,
the central m
s SUp uperenioorin ty
8
jects.°> Colon el G. T. PI Elunkett, -
useum, 5 re ect ed J
these
es ti ea tr I r a W d l r o W t s o ares & p
the
assertio
attach the : wee se o i i sreatest impor ance to it, so ne butBa I lo okerup on oe ple of EnB glO and, Scotland cultural objects from th i or storage of the HOD jeer he display :
the coned replicat cally symboli objects the of destiny the sses, e n t i w h s i r J e h t For separate identity cultural and social , political a for rary nationalist struggle fundamental to the assertion of the
pombe British State. A moerorernell Collseitrn was
culture. l) (imperia nt domina the of that from f their cultural identity e e e e th y l p p u s to r e d r © o d in e y d m n o u n o o f t ‘ u s n g Dublin institutio wa e th at th d vise
e h d t l d o e h o d t n plunkett ad e y t l n l i a i c e p s s a w it . . . , d d n n a a l e r m I n u I e s u l a m n o i t a n a ° ” . ’ s e i t i u q ish anti r I f o , t n e m l i a t n e n o ‘ c e i n s d t e e a t f n s s o i i n x e g e h s o t e great c s e s r e n t i w m u e s u M f s t i r B r e d a o r b e h t n Whilst i h t i w g n it i t a l i m i s s a y b y c n e t o l p a c i t i l o p s t i e s u f e d o they strained t nt narrative — the
«mperial identity.
For
these
va e l e r e n o t u b s a w e r e h t officials,
g n i e b s g n i n i g a m i l a n o i t a n g n i t e p m o c r e h t o l al h t i w — e v i t a r r a n ec ll co t ar e th of r e p British imperialist e e k r e m r o f e th , n o s n i b o R s e l r a h C n h o J ! .? it n i h t i w , s e r u subsumed t c i P of r o y e v r u S s ’ y t s e j a M r e H d n a m u e s u M n o t g n i s n e K of t h n t e u m o i S t n e s e th e h t at , ] s t c e tions j b o l a r u t l u c or [f t n e m i t n e s l a i r e p m I e h t ‘ h r a l u c i t r a p e advised that wit h t of t n e m i t n e s l a n o i t a n e h t r e v o l i a v e r p d l u o h s . . . umber n r e g r a l e h t 2
e r u s a e r t h s i t i r B e th of s n o i t a country.” t i m i l e th d e t a r t s ill u o s l a s t n e m a n r o e h t f s o e i t i s u l q i i t a n v a a r of t n o i t c The e t o r p e v i t a l s i g e l e h t r o f e t a l p m e t a as d e s u s a w h of c i n h o w i t a r e , p o w a e l h t d e e v n o i m tr r e d n u e c n a t s s ’ m u e s u M h s i t i r B e h T . e r i p m e l w e o h n t k c t a u to o h , 0 g 6 u 8 1 o r n I . th n o i t c e l l o c ) l a i r e p m i ( l a n o i t a n n w o s t i f 0 for the benefit museum, the
l a n o i t a n this law a h s i l b a t s e o t y m e d a c A h s i r I l a y o R e h t s s f a o p s t d r n a o l f e f r e I in d n u o edge the f s e i t i u q i t n a d n a e v o r t e r u 93 s a e r t l al t a h t d e r i u q e r . m y u r e u s s u a e M r t n i h s l i b t u i D r B e h t y b s m i a l c to e c n e d e c e r p e v a g n r u t in h e c h i t h w in n s w m o u r e C s u e m h t n to e e w t e b e c n a l a b m i e h t t c e r r o c o t d e r u o v a e d n e g n t i s n a e h m c e r g u n p a r r r e a t a e r g The s ’ m u e s u M h s i t i r B e h t y b d e w e k s s a w h c i l u c f o e r u s a e ™ United Kingdom wh e m o s w o t s e b to e t a t S h s i t i r B e h t y b s t p m e t t a e h t , r e v e w o H . s u l . a e i r s c e u i w f m f po o n m w o s it y b d e t r a w h t n e t f o e r e w s p u o r g l a n o g i a n t n i e o b t r e t f a s t n tural autonomy e m a n r o e h t n r u t e r d i d y ll a u t n e v e m u e s u M h s i t i r B e h t , s s e l e h t e n o N * ’ . t r u o c h s i t i r B a y b ordered to do so gle between the
s t n e m a n r O c i t l e The C
g u r t s e h t o t n i t h g i s n i n a s e d i v o r p e s a c
s ’ n i a t i r B . e r i p m e h s i t i r B e h t n i h t i w s ll ’ ca ’ s t s i l a n o i t a n l a c o v y l g n i h s t a g e n r e c r n t i s d n a g n g i n t i c e g l l o c emer d urchasing an
p d e l e l l a r a p n u h t i w r e w o p l a i r e p m i position as an
; I ee the Irish claim challenged He mae
tal collections represented British
p.35 >» Para,632 Para.90,
8 5 seo . 90. >P.4 See Cete ” Celti ¢ Ornament > D.5 Paras.75_78 ic Ornaments Macon > P.10, para.197, meet ee ae. Read.
90 Celtic Ornaments
A. ; y e f f o C , 4 3 6 . a r a 5 p 7 3 . p , ) 9 9 8 (1 s t men > a ) n . r d e O ( c i t r l e e l C l i e H e S S. . 7 in , s e i t i t n e d I (1899), p.35, para. 61 l a r u t and Cul h l s a i n t t o c S o 1 ti Na ) 4 of 0 9 1 ( n and the Formatio Treasure Trove
, n y o s h r p e a d r n g A o n h J. t E d an , s e 5; b m 20 o p. Co ), 91 19 , n o d n o L ( e Myth of Primitivism
Th . 23 .5 ra pa 5 39 p, 9) 89 (1 ents m a n r O ic lt Ce 1 Historical Review 74. 92 s ’ . y 9 m 8 e d 8 a 8 c 4 . A s a r a p h is Ir ; 27 p. l , Roya 9) 89 (1 e th s t n ng e ri m a er n sf r O ic Celt : > 39 p p. , 9) 89 (1 s n t ! ; a a men n 1 r 0 O 4 c i . t a 93 l r e a C , p 0 t , 1 n 1 2 e . m p t , r ) a 9 9 p 8 e 1 D ( s t r t f A o n l d e a n m i a e a c r n n o e r m i O e c c M : y m Celti tion of Antiquities to the S de a c A h s i r I | c a y o R Colle e th of d a e t s n i m u e s u M n i l b u D e th to d e s s a p and Appendix3Appendix 4. Objects
e v , o 0 r 4 T p , ) e 9 r 9 8 u 1 s ( a e r T s t n e , m n a i n t r r a O M ic W. lt Ce e in Se , y 8. m 59 e d a h c C A 2 h is Ir ) 3 0 l 9 a 1 ( m u e gq the Roy s u M 3) 90 (1 h is e it ov Br Tr e re th su ea of Tr of es se te v. Trus Recent Ca ey-GhenMeruasleum (1904) 77 LQR 27; and R. Munro, The AtetorBrnit is th 15 Juridical Review 267.
C of n r u t e R j, Ob & l s ra m tu u e ul s u M w, La l na io at rn Inte jects ‘ d e d e p m i n u d an ee fr te ca allowed it to advo
pisman
transf,
al ur lt Cu of er A s e i t i n u m m o c e th in th wi e thought for their plac
Obj Je
) Cty
; The rudimentary legal protection afforded En saudi hh l a r u t l u C N O e l b a e e a l p m o c ~r ing this period was partly explained by
With i
Me
on ec of ed br TREC a L s on it Omic Br , 05 19 d in ne ai pl ex n ow n Br es Baldva Is Strengy er th ra o e e ° ca .° In ns io ct ri st re rt po ex r an Selle MAly passion fo a ar nt Na : ‘ Gut teridge th “n C. e International Mu: e el c n e t O E [The ) Advise4 ar th o c a S a meaning in our law | s ha i b a fo m u e s u M r ou it of ty ct i or mr ms i ec g ne er nc ee Co 1S I E a a i of it ib rt po v ha ex e g e no laws prohibitin th know a @ ts of artistic interest’.°7 Or hi Ma
There was equal resi
th of se ct io ns a m o n g s t is : ta e nc e t 1 9 3 i 0 th ni s e e to du ri ng fr international efforts J aat eernity 0 pro
Anglo
mote t
NOt
“American he effectisve
exeUsey Un
— il th li ci es e Fo r tr pr af oh fi ib c. it la ws in g il gn li ci t a s e i ton a ee eu th re at th e p o n c e tr l ad s il li ci t th e al eritheri age came not from th e} A L T O t j b o cu lt of ural e ft the restitutition clai; ms m ade by co but Sn s, ect obj al we es ur lt cu ose wh s ie it un mm co y mn nallcceons es pr re in Te ented D the; m. t Opposin Ik View Wws
within
Two
dominated
directors
the
V ictoria the
and
Albert
Victoria
M
useum
an
twoeviews became partici ular p ly significant in mpact British museum officials had
& post-World War I treaties
line empires ;) Harcourt
d me na re ly nt ce re en th e th of or ct re Smith was appointed di
Fa Albert Museum iW &A)
mission.
Victoria
ng di un fo s it to rn tu re to ng yi tr s wa it ata wane when
e e e e th in th wi m u e s u m s He described the plac;e of hi pe
: s u h t n o i t a c u d e g l n a i n s o i i educatnmental policy of democrat yer :
go
a at th y ac ll fa r la pu po id up st e th us nd to say, left long behi ad gl am J e is gn co re We have, to me co ve ha d an s, ie it os ri cu of on ti ec ll co nt a n g a t s a s j m u a d an ng vi li a , muse be ld ou sh or is, n io ut it st in an ch su at th ly t n e c e r r e v e n a h 100 more t . l rce
a n o i t a c u d l e u f r e w po
His
counterpart
fo
um e s u M h is it Br e th t a
Kenyon
m u e s u m a at th 27 19 in ed argu
d ol to y lt ve no of on ti ac tr . . . giving the at
ic at st t no , c i m a n y d g n i e b t a m i d a ue rs pu t s h it ‘mu Sm t r u o c r a H ! !° ?. ew vi of ts in po h es fr om fr on ti ta en es r p y b . . l. ve l le a l i na io r at rn te in mate d an l na io t a n e h t t a s e l o r s u o r e m u n n s i k r o W of s or l ey a rv o Pu g ow (n h it Sm t r u o these c r a H A, & V e h t m o r f t n e m e r i t f e o r s e i s t i i h v i t c a g n s i u o w i o r Foll involved with va
y l e t a m i t n i e m a c e b ) g n i K e h t r e t y n I t s e e h j t a M , s s 0 i 3 H 9 1 o t e h t t r m of A o r F . s n o i t a N f o d to the League e h c a t t a s e i d o b l a n o ) ) M I O internati ( s e € s u m s e d l a n o i t a n r e t n i e c i f f O ( e c i f f O m u e s u M n o i t u t i national t s e r d n a n o i t c e t o r p e h t g n i O r e v o c s n o i t a r a l c e d d n a s f o t n e convention m p o l e v e d e h
circulated draft of cultural heri-
these draft con-
t n i e l o r n o s d n a h a d a h h n t o i m S n o i t n r i u p o o c r s a i h H . d e t tage s e u q e r e c i f f O n g i gly the British Fore
n i s i r a p n r r u e s t n I t o t n f a r d D n a e h t s r o f t r o vention p p u s y l r a e s it d e t a c i d n i y l r a e l c e c i f f O c n i g f i i t e n r e o i F c S r l e o a h c T i r o t s i H , c i t them.!02 s i t r A f o s t c e bj O f o n o i t a i 1 r t a p e R e h t n 3 o 3 9 1 n ( o d i e t t n r e o v p n x o E C r o l d e t a tiona n e i l A y l l u f w a l n U r o n e l o t S r o t s o L n e e b e v a h h c i h w t s e Inter d o b l a ° t ! n . e ) m t n f r a e r v o g s u OIM D o i r a v m o r f t u p n i t h g u o s o s l a e c i f f O n g e i h e t r o w a F s r e e h v t o , r h e c i v h e w w ( o H n o i t a c u d E f o d r a o B e h t d n a m u e s u M h s o i t t i r e B s n o e h p t s e g r n i d s u ’ l n c a n g a l c ies i a M c i r E r o t c e r i d A & V , r o s s e c e d e r p s i h to t s a r t n o c . e n v I i t c 4 u ° r t s b o V&A).1 d n a e v i t a g e n s a w s e v i t a i t i n i M I O g n i n r e c n o e c u u y e m c o i i f t f a O s i l i n v g i i R e r f o o F r the e m m u s g n o l a f o t i u r f e r u t a m e h t ‘ s a d e b i r c l s a e i d r e p m , i n a n g a a l d c n a a M m u Eric e s u m t r a n a f o n o i t a n i b m o c a s a n o i s s i m s ’ A & V e h t d e envision
mine r e t e d to d e n e v n o nt, c e m e g n a r r a e R of ee : t et R i m of m o C i e e 8 t 0 t 9 i 1 m m e o h C 9 t of the n a m of r i t a h C r s o wa p e h R it Sm : s n rt o ou i t rc 99 Ha collec of nd a t n e ; m 1 e 0 g 0 n 0 a . r 8 r 0 a 9 1 . d A n a V ion L, A N , t n e m e g n a r r the fate of the museum’s miss a Reof e e t t i m m o C 129. e h e t n i f o z a s g te a nu M Mi d n an o t g 08 n 19 i Burl 4 1 arrangement, ) 9 8 0 , 9 n 1 o ( t r u II B I, e — e S n . o 2 t 5 g 1 n 2 al Kensii n r h u ut o J So at s m on u ti e sa s ni u ga M or 6 Re 1 Anon., d Art ms (1916— 17)
n u a e s u M e c n t e f i a c r S C of e th e r u of t u F s he m T u e , s h u t i M m S n o t r u o c e r e a t H t . i Cc m m Co zoe dex n I t c e l d e n S a e x i th d n e m p o p r f A ; nce e eport d R i v E d of n o c s e e S t u n i ; M 3 7 1 . , p ttee i d m n m a Vision, o C s n e o h i t t c of e l l s o C g n i t d Ar cee l o a r n p o i h t t a i N w r r u e O h t e g , o n t o s bin o R C J. Department ; y l l e n n . o 1 D 9 1 , J. ’ y h , p 6 a 6 r 1 g . o a n r h a t p E ‘ ; ; s 8 e 3 Century 9883 and Coomb (London, 1897), p.6 YOUNITies for Hii Monuments: An Ve ar aree
Curopean C,
4
.
Ying the A
of Ancj
en
Measutt Other and tive Legisla the of ount s t n e m u d
SPECE of HistoricMeoe Miiteiens : (C Mon Obing,
j s and Scenes of Natural Beau) annd ObjeObct . -C ur nt Ce 1905) , 0 ge 94 id Y br am t Ar M a t Ar 97’ PGu ic bl e, Pu eu i r Tr Ou ne e Se CF 1, 96 3. at §1 0 e ttm 5 erig e , 67 6.6 Pp c pe os tr Re o A n : e s m u e s th u en te W ne Ni e e ) corre 97 2 1 18 M a e r D be mi ce ence, ofaee ie Ba , e v i h c r A A E Y : British Museum, 1930-1931. €cemb WMOBL Plunder
P2125]
er | 938 ) U NESCO Archive s: OIM Conservation de s me es d’art, po roetectinoonn 4
h t n e e t e n i N ) 0 8 8 1 e n u J ( s m u e s u M t r A l a i c n i v o Pr
the f o r e b m e m a d an e v i t a t n e s e r p e r Association
. 6 2 . p , s m u e s u M , n o y n e Ke ms u e s u o M 2 as s g n i t e e m : M I O s u , o i r a v d t He attende e th of es ti vi ti ac e th M. of I O e th n o i of t a r e e e d t i s t n i o m c m o C s g e’ e t t i m m o C ae Managin h t 6 : S e E th E M A of U U t r S o O p R e R O R P 97/138/98, er 1933,
b o t c O 13 , n o i t a r e p o o C l a u t c e l l e t n I r fo n o i t a s i n a g r O l a u t ! c e Co l l e t l n a I n o i t a on n r e t n I t 2900/138/98, Draf See FO Minute W115 See FO Minute W1
1933, PRO FO 371/738
et b m e v o N 14 , t s e r e t n I c i f i t n e i c S or l a c i r o t s i H , c i t s is i it Br Art e th of s e e t s u r T sought from the
suggested a response be Be fear for the Elgin Marbles!’
of s t c e j b O of n o i t a i n the Repatr
. 8 5 3 e n i z a g a M n o t g n i l r u B 3 9 ) 51 K. C., Obituary: Eric Maclagan (19
s e i t a e r t I r a W d l Wor
; Op al ur lt Cu of rn s tu ct je Re & s um se Mu w, La l na io at rn Inte
95
l e e i n c m a G n o G i o S K S O C : Cl l e l n e t t e s i E e a n e s E u g I a h S p o c r A a s O a f o n r u t e Maclagan’s r e h t g n i d u l c n i , n o i t n e v n o c d e s o p a e R t e i v tance to the pro o S f o t c e f f e e h t d n a n i a p S o t n o t
i : Bos e a n w o s i h n o e d a s m m i a n l o c i t u t i t s e r o t r e f e r t o n 8 d 0g i d e h s r s e i h v n e d o w e o h l g F i e w 0 o 1 y 1 s l l a s s e l t b u o the ciF es: d h c Q i h e w r i p m h th e Britis e
polic
ities within
e us ca be e iv ct ru st in is t af Dr M I O 3 93 1 e h t n o n o i t i s o p e c i f f O n g i e r o F h s i t i s s t n e m n r e v o g h s i t i r e B v i t u c e s n o c y d b e t a r e t i e r e b o d t eit raised continue Convention." It
O C S E N U 0 7 9 1 e h t y f i t a r to l a s u f e r t n e t s to s t c e j b in their persi o l a r u t l u c e h t g n i n i f e d in y c n onsiste
c d n a y t i r a l c f o k c n o i t u t i t s e was a la r e h t of s t c e p s a e v i t c a o r t e r n o n e h t , r e h t r u F . n o i t n n o i t a s n e p m o d by the conve c f o n o on, the questi
i t i d d a n I . t n e g n i r t s e l k c a t it d i ot sufficiently d , d e t r e s s a y e h t , r o n d e s s e r d d a y l r e p o r p t e o n c n e s r a e w f e r r p e a d s e a t h a c c r i u d p n i e t i d , i y f l l a n i F 2 ! ! . s m i a a he bona l n c regulate g of restitutio
n i s s e c o r p e h t funding for
f l e s o t s m u e s u m d e w o l l a h c i h s w t n m e u m e e s g u n m a r r o a t l a m m r u o e f s n u i m f o a n o n i o d e v l o s e r e r e for the retent w e t and any dispu e l t i t f o y t i d i l a v to ensure that
s t i f o s e g i t s e v t s a l e h t t c e t o r p o d t e h c n e r t n basis.!? e d e n i e a u m n e i r y t n l o b c a h u c g i r h a n w s o e i i t n i o s l o o p h c s s i t i t i m r o r f d e The B t c e l l o s c n o si
s e s s o p l a r u t l u c e h t — y r o l g l imperia . A & V e h t e k i l s m u e s u m n i to be housed
e c n e d n e p e d n i n a i d n I d n a m u e s u M a i d n I e h t d n a d V&A, e b b e e v a h n o i t c e l l o c n a i d n I e h t f o s e n m s i l a The fortu i r e p m i h s i t i r B n i e c a l p s ’ A & V e h t f o y t n i n i s uncerta t n e v e f o s e a seri
institution, For Maclagan : G A & V e th satisfi g n i t c e l l o c f o instinct of the nation’ a d n i y a k l l a n u m nal m o c e e L i y s a m r a m y i a l r p s p i o d s t d a n s a pieces which can be seIsn 1928 ‘ai s o p ‘ o t s a enjo d aestheti ° ° ! . ’ c i l b u p e h t y b n his institution was a oa ia wna Pere o oisseurs and collectors’, !07 orn me e r e t s o the display of objects : at th
i 107 108 109,
e Inter;
Nati ional M: at
Royal Commission Sate Gee 2 l a n o i t a N n o sh n; Engli
and Galleries,
1928), IE
TH,
O.
5
ral Evidence, Memorandum
h g u o r h t d e t h g i l h acteristic was hig ’ s s o J ‘ d e n e t a e r h t e h t : d e d u l c n century which i ; 8 0 9 1 n i s n o i t c e l l O C s ’ m u e s u m isation of the e t a t S n a i d n I t n e d n e p e d n i e h t d institution an
G e h t f o e g a s s e a h p t e b h r t o s d b n a a ; o 9 t t 4 n 8 e 4 m 9 e 1 g n n i n a o r i r t i a b i e h x R e f o e e t t i m m o C 8 0 9 1 e s e o h h t t f o f n o o i h t t a a d r w e h t d e s i a r A & The recommen V e h t f o s n o i t c e l l o c l a * r ™ e ! n . e e g r i e p h m t e o t n h i s s i n t o i i r t B c e l e l h o t c f n a 0 l i a d t i In p a c e h g t n i t t i f e b m u e s u M a i d n I n a f o m a e r d g a n i r u o harb Leag Archive: V&A SD 1933, 18 July Supp. 23 F 420 110 See Memorandum by Director, Weldon, VStroganoff-Scherbatoff 7185 KB 1 (1929) Volume , e Weisz g a t i v. r e H l a r Olga u t l u C e Paley th Princess L. V, Prott and P. J. O’Keefe, Law and 0. 1 7 6 1976); J, 7 2 .19 -48. V 7 I s 4 e . . v p M i p I h O c r , A w a L : l a es n iv O o i C t a S n E r e N t U n 1934; vice llander, I
and Appe™ F
R m i r e t n I , s e i r e l l and Ga rim. p ;
0randa
Napp n , o n o t n s 0 1 s i m m S to oyal Co "e c i d n e p » and Ap the Fj inal Re
>P-184;
MclaFograe;n to Hill, 9 4, ugust the i £n Office? woul
by Dir €ctor,
1933,
d ‘rais,
2
ar
>
ang of Nati ions, ITIC,
; ae C ; T 5 I 2 9 1 , s n o n i o t i a ¥ 1934, : PP.5030- 3," the Repatriat 0 fi Ones nvent;
7
)
n
i
hive: Lea gue of Nati i ons, IIIC, 1925. Maclagan hoped objection etors th is rather d erous convention’; Memorandu™
e e v , 3 3 9 1 e n e , 3 3 9 1 eenutes, Draft ove: Wedetie Cah itserg
sere
n™ e d i v , l E s a e r i O r e l l s a G m & u e s u and ss l i a p p ) 0 3 9 1 , n o d
Bl, (Lon t r a P , t r o p e v e D A & V
1925. See Hill to Engelbac!
® t t i m m o C ’ s e e t s u r T Museum awfully Alienated,
st, Stolen,
or Unl
ad y a M 25 n , o N i L t a c u d E of neral, e G y d r r a a t o e B r c e e S to O F i . Leeper, w e r d i n 5 n iV entio o c e h t i : g n i n n r o e c c e s c n c o a m i o d vat r g e s ee n b i o K d 4 e 3 t 9 i 1 n U e h e T h . T n o i t i s o s p ’ n a g a l 4 c a d M i f f i d d that at ii n turn mirrore n a d ate c i l p m o c : < f o n o i t . uc 03 od 20 tr in in n o i t n e th ae Conve e s at O it B ss ce ) ne IO to d l u l o w al eh it Wh O H n o i t d n an e v n o c 5 34 19 e th y ar nu Ja ed ar 19 fe so al , m u d n e a a r o m e t M t af Dr n: io at sl gi le 25. } 19 C, TI cult’ domestic . 25 19 ons, , ti C Na I s, f on o ti Na e u 0 £ g , a e e u e c g i L a f e f L O : e : e v v a i i i h h d c c r n A I Ar a e c h t A & y V b e , y d e r 4 e a e e 3 u c s 9 n R a s 1 a 113 m 6 J 1 a , s O n F o i t , c y e r a l t l e co £ ersecr 0 at Fs r e f s s n m n a r o e t i h t e a h c t e r o a l t G l Co ing MS t a l e n r a i d e c n n I e d n o p s , n. o n orre A c d m n o a r ; i 9 h c 0 r 9 A 1 80 9 1 V&A , l a r e n e g : m u e s u M a i d n I : e v i ingto al 449 at 435.
vel ae
n i b o R . C J. e e S . 9 7 8 2 . a r a p , t hon r o 5 p e dri 9 ; 8 1 r e b : o t c , O S$ ( C g n h i t t n c e e e l l t o e n w e i o B N r B d ) n 4 a ; 3 ; 2 7 , § 5 1 4 y r u 4 t 3 n . e P P sz i V n o i s i , V n o t r u ™ o n o m e M on1a7l9-8M4 5 andR ti. and
80S
t n e s e r p r e v e e h t flowed with r a h c s i h T . e f and national li h t e i t n e w t e h t f o the first half na g r o e r e h t h t i w m u e s u M a i d n I of the l a i r e p m i e h t n e e w t e b s n o i t a l e the new r t r A f o y m e d a c A l a y o R e h t n i d e reflect . 5 3 9 1 t c A a i d n I f o t n e m n r e ov
|
and Ho
n r u o J s m u e s u M 8 ) 9 n (1908-0
s e i t a e r t I r a W d l r o W t s o p & s e ng empir
n r u t e R & l a s O r m u u t e l u s C u M of 2 , w a L l na io at rn te In jects
e th l ti un ct ta in ft le re we s on ti ec ll co m u a] success and the India Muse
l cu of e c a l p l a i t n e s s e e These reactions exposed th b o n l i a r u t s t p c € J r i e h t d an , h t g n e r t s l a i r e p , m t i a r e t d a n D a i q; n e h nial conquest w oti e Ney ag e s e h . t Ses h identified t i m S nn t r u liikke the V&A. Harco he ‘t It aS o e t l a i r e p m i e th of s r e b m e m z e e ‘ = ryj
o h w l a n o i t i d a r t y a l p d s ie i d bb lo d n a a di In e om v r e s e r p i o t ot el aa t ar n a i d N eS u M l a i r e p m I t s i l a i c e p s a n i h t i w be, it to : seum,.!! ; ah e, ur lt Cu Pe e n o R C 8 0 9 1 e th of m e r o s ic it cr e th k ittee e = e e y n a o e ‘ fo g n a r the r a e R of s e wa g N r o on e , a G i d n y I o rmer Vicer of y, ie nt ee Me C l e i n a h t a : u r t s n i n e e b d a h , 9 e 9 3 C 1 ( N O Z I U Es ] p m i e th in l a t n e m f es ur as me e v i t a r t s i n i : o and adm n o i t a t n e M “ s A C T of n o i t a r o t s t e i r h c r a e th r fo s re t ci €ctural h stemming of the illi export of cultural objeobj cts.116 d i s n o c l ra € ; ere:d Such meas, d i i r e p m i s j i n’ h s ai e e it t Br s u r t of rs part ve perial re to d In l a i c u r of c d an ip Ul
:
seae
ia
sh s i H 7 ! ! . ’ e m i r c . d n a Britriistih sh vvy andalism
5 ys nt Ce A Yq g w p a , l a i r e an p si m di as i ar gu s a w ng si as e e a e e c th lo a5 e to th m o r s f e i t s i CO n ct al mmu ofv sthealsositepos liantinedcal,objei3 gnoring the | ; sh d goy
en se nm li er Ta of history y of th ese sites and theirf importa lt d e r e y a more than one group. Upon hi s return to London NCE to © 2 wa
piqued with the e handi 1: g down of the V&A’s ge
8 Preservation zeq]
ur
1908 Se 5
2
5
Way
[T]hat there Should b e in E ngland, and, of co urse, in the Metropoploliis of this
: ati ent m o f dation stones of the Briti pein Indian Empire te co e e m h of e os Th . re pi Em ish rit ia ] connection with Ind us who have h nee rd Sa it as the greatest of our an assie d one of the mainmai ets an sour ces both of our : al du nation i al glory.!" ty and of nation T Was it the ‘
drivin
Press
115
ts — tangible as
r ve ne d n a t n e m t r a p e D s t “4 f wa
e th s y a r t e b y g o l o n i m eeei r e t e ca a e of m Palgn, parliamentar a the preservation nt te is rs pe a g n i w o l l o F n e w o z r u C d n a y r i Y inqu rialists vention, this movem en
n’s inter
Memora ndum -:
;
eneral,On1t9 € Question of the M useum: Pge € i
its way
poi ) ) 95 19 _ 17
t
>
2 London,
a musey
the lime kiln’:
’ Distribution of the e I ndia Museum, a
1899-194 2
05:
the impe
V&A
Archive: India
Ct 1s that the pres
» 11191¢ 9 1937, See* Cpyo,dri1 5 etn to M: h ian Stud; Linstrum, 7 aclagan,
1 Sout As Indian A r 3 chacology
Curzon
1908-1999.
p;
" d n a n o i t e e l s p u e m r t to n e ll fu e r a s m u j es ur pt ul sc the s i" nd fi is h c i h w of h c u m , a i d n I in es r e | ctob
™ u c s u M a i d n I : e v i Arch h A & V , 7 3 9 © Sacred Past: Lord C urzon and the Indian Monumen® 1] O
“
r ei th e ev hi ac to e iv dr t is on ti va er es pr s thi ct ra te o un c o t d a h s t s i l a npe de in for nation n io at it ag r ei Th . ce en nd pe de in l ica o lit p d n a y m o n o t u a l a an di In of us at st cultur e th e at ev el to n g i a p m a c c i m e d a c a an th wi Face aia tandem ent of political and
i
2
m n i a t t a e h T ° !2 n, no ca t ar n r the Weste
arn te In by n w o d t se on ti sa li vi ci of d r a d n a t s the g in in ta at t n a e m to in y ir qu in autonomy y r a t n e m a i 1909 parl
a of n o i s u l c n o c e th w and museums. At ] [d te ca re ep ‘d n a m i c n u R t en id es Pr , m u e s u m n a i d n I t s i l a i c e p ? s f l a e s t f i o y y b l t e r n i e t m n h e g s n i i J h t a s a t r a n a i d n I t a e r t o t , e d a m 2) 2 e b t h g i e o 9 which m 5 . t r a n r e t 9 s e W to n o i t a l e r n i it r e d i s n o c o t e l any b i m o it may still be possi n s ’ n o t g n i s n e K h t u o S , d o o w d r i B e g r o e G y b h c e e p s a w e n y 1910, d n a d l o t c i l f n o c o t n i t h g u o r b y l l a c i t a m a r d , s e s a h c r u p t u o b n a a i s k d r a n m I e r r g o n i f g a r a t p s r i e d p x s e ’ d o o d w d e r t i a B n ? 2 ! . s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c a d n n a a i n d A n I , l l e v a H g . B n . i E w y b d e l , s r e t i r w l a i t n ways of vie e u l f n i f o p u o r g l l a m e s h T a * d ? ! e . y t t e i a c o v S i a t i d n o I m e h t d n u o f to , e r o h g a t T a n a r d n i b a R r o f t d poet n e m e v o m r e d i w a f o rt a p s a , n i a t i r B n i t r a n a i d n I f o e s v t o i m r e s m i h t e h , t a i d d n I e t n o I m * o ” r ! p . t n e m y e t v o e m i l a r u Soc t l u c l a n o i t a n n a i , d t n n I e m n a e v f o m 0 t l a n i n e o l o m c p i t o n a l e , t s v i l e a n d o i t a n the g n i r e h t a g e h t f o . t h r s a i p r T t e n h a t t f o r t o a h p t m g n i i d u n l c a n i s , s a e l w g g u t r t n s e t s m i l a n o i t a n r e h t o n i n h r t e i t w s f e l W e s e t h i t d e m o n r g f i t r l a a y n l a i e d s n I o l f o c d n o n i a s u l c x e e h t d e g n e l l l a a r h u c t l u s c t s i l e a h t n f o o i t g n i d a r g e h t — e s While the na i m e r p l a r t n e c s t i e g n e n l o l i a s h ¢ u l c t n o i n l d a u i t d n e y v e e h t e , h T n o . n n o i a t c a s i t l i ar v i c f o n o i s s e r g o r p r s a c e i n i m l e d a a c a n o n s r e e l t p s o e W y b d e d n u o p o objects of all pe r p s c i t e h t s e a e h t n l i a h y t o i R w e h s t t c t e a j b d o l e h l t r a n a i d n I f o n of Indian cultura o i t i b i h x e 9 4 8 4 9 1 n e a h t i d n n i I f o d e t g a n l i u t n s a p r g e h t h t i w d e d i c and arts was enca exhibition coin
e h T s e * c * e n ! . n e h o t d n o t L e m , s e t v r a A h f o o t d y e m e g d d a u j c A s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c r i e h t d n a s n a i d n I with independence, . n o i t a s i l i v i c f o d r a sary stand
e h t t a h t e r u s n e o t s u o i x n a s a w n o t h s A h g i e L s ’ y a l p s i d then director e h t f o was wary
s ’ A & V e h t h g u e h Altho , a i d n I m o r f e r e w d n e d o i i v t o i r b p i h x e s t e i h b t i h x o e t e e s h t n o p f o s e r y n t a i i r o d j n a I m e h T ° ” ! . e l c i h e v da
becoming a plans raised The Indian
n . a 8 5 g 8 a 1 p o r r e t p f a t s d i l e a c n u o d i o r nat p s k r o w l l a f o n o i s u l c x e e h t , n o i d t l c u e o j h b s o n t o n i a c s i s f e i r n p g m i i o n one s t a h t s u o i x n a t s o m ‘ s a w it t a h t d e s i v d a t n e m govern i
d n a r G A ; ) . s d e ( on
1 , t r A n a i d n I : s n o i t c e l ol C l a i r e p m I e h T , r e t t i Lon ( 120 See P. M m u e s u M t r e b l . A d n . a m u a e i r s o u t i M c i V e a i th d n I of eE , g t d e r i h A t r b € e m h a T 0 C ( : n n o g i i ! s t s n o e u o n D i b a t i a t r t n t a e i r O l a the Dis t n f e o d i c n c o O i t : s 2 e u 2 9 1 , s t 0 s 5 u 8 r 1 Q' A a : e i v h d t r n A I l n ’ a O D n i a n i o d l n o I w e N a 29 Memorandum,: Art and Nationalism in C f o g n i k a M e h T , a t r u k a h T See P. Mitter a and T. Guh
; 3 5 3 d n a . ) 2 2 1 9 9 1 1 , 1 , m 3 e s g i d l i a , r n 3 b o 3 m i a t 2 C a 3 ( N . p 0 p 2 d 9 1 an 0 5 8 1994), 1 ¢. , l a g n e B t r A in m s ; i r l e a t n i o M i t d a n N a d n ; a ) s 8 c 0 i 9 t 1 e h t s , n o d n = ‘Ae o L ( g n i t n i a P d n a e r u t p l u c S n a i d n I i See E. B. Havell, : . 1 1 9 1 , , n l o a r d e n n o e g L ( . : n 0 m a 8 u t 3 s e i s 9 k u a 1 P M 2 . d n a dia n I sa pp a i d : n e I v i h of c r t A r A A e & h T , V , r ) e . y d l . e f ( m u e y s n t e o u i t M c h o s S e A h t a . i L o d t n n I i d e e l J , n o i aS Se t c u d o r t n I , n o t g n i r d a o c C A . B l a y e o d R . e K h t n i See d e r a e p p a r e g i T o’s o n p a p i i d T n I . : 5 i d n I e 1 v 3 i . h p c p r f o A n A o i & t 1948), V i b i h x e n a r o f 1058,
n i k r o Y w e N , t r A vg Of Modemrnorandum Ashton to See Me
Section: general, 1945-1949.
, n o i t a c u d E f o y r t s Part, Mini
s e i t a e r t I r a W d l Wor t s o p © es iv mpire
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultural Objects internat be left in the minds of the British public that India is a Static county
the glories of its past and without any Sap
i
porary art’. It adde a eg
fe
*B of modern art ‘might be misrepresented as a deliberate atte ( &Xely,“oy d gi a in this light’.!°’ The stasis of Indian culture MP t to Propagated by Britain i ey Ini notion of a ‘backward’ race had justified the British colonial Presence oe was a misconception many formerly occupied Peoples strove to debung TN
Laer psa
decolonisation. Earlier, the passage of the Government of India Act 1935
Olloy Ihe
as
Part
of the
ual devolution of power on the road to Indian independence Created g 5 _~ Stag. tir yy; the V&A. The museum’s title to the India Office collections had been r Thin el disputed from its initial acquisition by South Kens ington in ] 874, 128 an with the ‘accidental transfer’ of the India Office col lections
with the Passage Of the
Act.!°? Eric Maclagan was convinced that the legislation ha d transferred
turallal yy he knew all about them an ja]; and na egalial; 39135
ssinian the cs and © weep over poe an the efforts of settler a see examl
ralise
I
direction [from
in fact come sted
States
e the Uni nae cultural objects :
i Parts Two : an es te indigenous peoples ae oe the ‘awkward questions’ — i ate en F d Australia to assim! and f tional collections.s. They too andcould not tion of cultural objects from for the prev restitu cee sts for Lor cultural autonomy> the reque s. n o i o i t c e l l o c metropolitan
, 7 1941 ary Janu 1 25 , h t , h t i i m S t r u o c r a H o t n a g a l 135 Mac
V&A Arc
: Smitith, h, Cecil Harcourt. hive:
l a h p m u i r t e h t n i y a d s i h t o t s e t a p i c i t r a p s u o i r o t c i v d e g g r n e i m y e l e s r a a o h h w e s o h t r e v o p Whoever e t s s r e l u n i t r g n n e o s l e a d r e p i e r h r t a h c c e i r a h s w l n i n o i o p i s s e h , t e c i t proces c a l r a p n o i t s i y d e a v r r t u s o g t s e n h e i r d u r s a o e c r l c t a A r u t e l t u c e n h o t i t prostra p e c x ut e o h t o i n w s r i o e F r _ e h s E T . . _ n o i r o s r s r o e h c t o u r o h p t i w e te th a l p m e t n o c t o n n a c e h f h o t c n i e h m w u n c i o g d a i e m i t e m a s e h t t have an or a n whic h is not o i t a s i l i v i c f o t n e m u doc . m s i r a b r a b
8 4 2 . p , ) 2 9 9 1 , n o d n o L ( s n o i t a n i m u l l I , n i Ww. Benjam
! | }
Seem
iota. i det Ms:
e h t h c i h w n i , m u e s u m d l r o w a e l b a : u l a v r e is m u e s u m a that howev h c u s , y l l a c i t e r o e h t e b t h g i m e r o m l a e v e r i played, y l l a u s u , s m u e s u m n i n e v e , tions ated
n c i e g i l r l o o c o h w y r e l a p n o e i p d r e h O t f o , , o _ d y e i h t n a h t ir collector
f o s m u e s u m n i t o n d n a s m u e s u m t r a n i t r a o t s e t i l d u c u i f t f i s d s i n a i d n I e h t s that one f o t r a f o n e o h t i t i s b i u h h x T e e h t e c e n c e n i i s c , a r u a c i t e h d social s t s h e g a i h y l f o r e s p e o l r p m a x e in a p e z i t a ram d r O e z i s a t emph:
THE ON 0 SEUES JPFAMERICA WN MRIAN co, ie FontesnanWO MAN COM MISS 101K Sy ecanmorars
Expositsiition,
Chicago‘sity1 of Penns 5 8993
yivania award f
0:
o n s e o d n o i t c e l l s s ‘cal co s d r a d n r e W e t i h w o t p a e g h c n i d d r e o d i c v c o a r p t i r s d n e a l m r i e h t d artistic n a s e J P ; o s e e p i m o d n e o s c i e n o l l a i o r c t s u e d l n i i h w n a , c y i r u r t e n m e A c h e f h t o t r o f N t o n e d n n m r a e u v o n m a e p e o At the t h r T u E l e u f o t s e c r u r i o e s n h e t r r e t d d s e n l e a l W a n n g i i s l a jabour s w m e n e r a d e f e c u d o r . e p i d c n s l i a r k l u n a t a r l m u u t u c a h n l l a m o their f o r f t h s g t i c r e j b n o o l m a m r u o t c I u c e h t n — a e p ’ o e r c u r u E o s e r non‘ l a r u t l u c a s a t e k r a m b a e w h t e n o e t n r i n y r o t n en s i h t f o n o i t c e t o r p d n a l o r t n o c The . r e t p a u h g c a e s i L h t e f h o t t n c e i j d b e u s n e i h a t t n s i o c y l t i period c i l p m i o e e p t a d d n e a s i m n l o a l u o d c e h c t i f f i o c e p s f o n Both arms o i t a r t s i o n c i m d a n a e e h t p o g r n u i B n r e v e o t g o m o , r m p o t d e t date syste a l u m r o f n o i t a s i l i v i c f o e l a c s i d r n a i e n i o l t i n u d e e th w o s n o i t a g i l b o t s u r t e h T . s t s e r e t n i f l e s l a i f c o r me e l p i c n i r p e h t f o n o i t a c i l p p a t u t d f o d e e compromise n n i d e m e e d e r e w s t c e j b and their cultura 1 o i l b o t s u r t e h T . ’ s d r a d n a t ' m p o l e v e ing to white s d f o e l p i c n i r p e h t f o g n i n e h t g o i v e r p led to the stren s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c s u o n e g i d n society of nations, i f o n o i t a e r c e h t n i d e n i m e b resource to
1 , r e t p a h c g n i d e ito the prec a n o t u b , s n o i t a v i t o m e m a s e h t y b n drive cessors — the unificatio
c i m a n y d s i h t w o h s e n i m a x e r e t p a This ch a, i d n I n i l e v a r T on s e t o N T : t p , n i i r l u c C 1 §; n, Types i Res Archives (BMA), pp.1-2. (New Yor a ric Ame th Nor m s Art Valliant, Indian _C.
International Law, Museums & Return of Culultural Obj,
i t a s N n o i t f a o N e a e u L g a eos & the e
Jects
ae1
with
:nationa.
Americ1 ans
economy
and
and
their
nati1 onal
cultural
cultural
rov ‘OV!e to break up Native i American int (0) ae
domina 1 nt
the Western of p ast
ie
culture, the
art c: anon
US aa Native Vv
had
: an
esesuult l .
relations
>
ope l al to le ab ic pl ap be ld ou sh on at self-determinati
J€c5 ts as it pur su ed as feg
h t d e t a l p m e t n s o t c n e d m a n h r e n v o wils 2 victorious Allied Bgooy
Just
by
:
I
:
n a m r r e e G m r o t g f a n h i t while broadly agree , s r e d w e o t P a e f e e s d e d h e t n o t r u t e r e b n t d o o l n u i o t w a s e r i e r o e . t e i n r a o r i n e t I t a n h i m r e t e d f l nd Turkis e s n f o o i t a c i l p p l a d a e s n r i e v a i t n n u i a y , m e y h r t u t n from the e c h t n e e t e n i n e h t n i d e t a l u c i t r a t s r i f ’ n o i , t d a e t s . n e I c n a n of civilisa r e v o g f l e s f o e l b a p a c n i e r f these territories we a g n i w o l l o f n o i t a in m r e t e d f l e s of t h g i r a d e i l p m i h c i h w d e s o imp
g, 0 ee
assim}
‘ele vanii on 2 a ie :
x N mmunities and inehibited their abili
on their own terms.
id en
com. Mun
a sii milar
Americi an
oO b
OE
:
rt
oe
e h t , d e s i n o l o c e h t f o s t s e r e t n i d n a s t h g i r e h t t a h t d e g d e l w o t n h g k u o c s a e H ® . n e l o b i t s a p l m o c i s W y a a w t o t n n e e r d e y i w t i n u : m P res m o c l a n o : i t a t h t a n g r n e i u t g n r a i y b e h t p i h s n o i t d a l n e r a l a i n o l o r c e h t in ts s e colonise r e t n i f o n o i t e a l c u n p o a p l a e h b t m i f o e s t s e i r h e t t n i s e s h t e r y t n g i e r e v o s to add f o s n o i t ment h ques
3e
n c u r s e v l o l a g e h t f o g n s i m i n a l i c m r e l e b a t t i e u d q e e h t ‘fn h t i w t h g i e w g l n i a h u s u q p e e s o e h t v a n h e e w t t e b s u d m e h c @ a d e r e s i m o r p m o c e concerne: h T . 7 ’ d e n d e i n i m a t r n o e c t s e a w d e e g b a l e o t u t t s i d e e n l i f t e i d t f o m r g o f n whose i e r m u o s o v a y r f o t e a s d n a m o e h h t T ® . s n o i t a N f o nexation and e u g a e L e h t f o t n a i r n r e e t v o e C h t 9 f o 1 9 1 s t n e a h t t i b f a o h n i 2 2 e h t e l c f i o t f l a h e b n in Ar o t s u r t e
Africa and Asia,
warned colonial
i l r b r u e t o d ’ d n r o a w k y c r a o t b i ‘ r r p e o t l e e v h e t d o d t l e s h e t a t s ’ d e c n a po wer v d a ‘ f o y t u s d s e c e c h a t o l t a n i u q e d d a e h t a l s s r n a e r b t m e m h s c t i e r u s n e tOry> whi o t , y t i n u e m t m a o d c n a m l a n l o a i u t d a n r e e h t t n i f o e h n t o i t d a n m a r i f f a , e r e tories h T ’ . r u o b a l y t u d d n a s ’ e s e t e s c u r r u t o s a e r n e s ’ e y w t r e o b t i r a r m e m t e l i d l a n r to the e t n i e h t of a s i n l o i i v t i a c u n f o i t n s s o e c r g 4 o r p s a e h w t e o r t e h y t t u d e h t meant d n a s e l p o e p s e l d p e i s c i n n i o r l p o c e h t f o n e e r e a w f t l e e w b e n h o t i s i d v i d s i to guar h T . s e c r u o s e r r i e h t f o t n e m i p d o l o t e v e t d n e m e n h t g i s s a r i e tion via h t d n a , t n e m d p e o t l c e a p v m e i d d t n I a . s on e i l t p a o e n p i m r e d t e e s d i n o f l | o c f o of se s t s e r e t n i e h l t a r u t d l e u s c i m r o i r e h p t m o c p o l e v y e l d i r a s d s n e a c e n e v r e s e r p ciaries, o t s e l p o e p d e s i n o l o c l l a f o y t i l i b a e h t n o y l e advers y b p i h s e e t s u r t f o e n i r t c o d y r u t n e heritage. c h t n e e t e n i n e h e t h t e m d e a i c f e i b d o it m , t t n c e a f n f e e v o n C I . 9 s 1 e 9 1 i n o l o c The n i a t r e c o t e l b a d c e i t l p a p d a n a ’ m t s u £ r t 0 e t s i n e i l f p e o d e ‘ p a e g h n t i t a p o l e v e d articul d n a e r pa e r f p l e s O t f o r e e w s i o c p r e x e y r o e t h t a d n d n a a m e ’ d o o h e t a t S duty of th o t n i h t w o d r e g c n a e v t d a m a i ‘ t l g u n i l r l i a e c h t ’ n r o o i f t ‘ a s i — l i v i s c e i r f o o territ cred trust
a s ‘ e h t s d u e o k u o n v e n r i t s 2 2 e h t e l c i r t e r d A n u ° ! s . e n v o l i e t s a m n e h t y b determi d n a t s o t e l b e a h t t e y d e t t c o e n j e r s d a h e c n e r e f to assist ‘people n o nations’
n r e d o m e h t condit ions of
world’. The
1885
Berlin C
n o C n a i n o s l i W the on s ve t c e p s r e P : n o i t a n i m r e t e D l e S d n a s e t a t S d e Unit e h T , e c n of a r e e m c o n P e r e f n o C e c 6 See M. a History of the Pe
, ) . d e 1. ( L I J y A e l 0 r 7 e p ) 6 m 7 e 9 T 1 ( V. n , Ww ceptio . H d n a ; 8 2 4 . p , l a n o i t a n r e t n I , r e w o 4), vol. VI, p.500ited in M
ry, o t s i H , y e l r e p m e 2 T 9 1 e e , S d r o f x . O 8 2 1 , . s l o v ) 6 P p u , nt i 13(s r p > e 7 R 3 ( 7 ) 9 1 p ) 9 4 1 ( 2 , 0 l 2 o 3 9 5 v 1 9 ( 1 , ) s 8 2 9 Pari : 1 , 2»5 CTS kk r o Y w e N ., s l o 9 v 1 2 e ( n u J t n 8 2 a , n s e e v l l o Versai ing of the C N. ; 6 6 LM 2 3 1 e c a e P s in
7 C Se €rL
}
Tailsford
p.1366n Nations and He >bsbaw,
3
8
Se of N
; ProgrammEa St (1927) 2 Problems in P j
1
Peace 318-35;
E. J.
m e l b o r P 5 ) 0 3 9 (1 t s u r T In’ f o i e t . u 4 t i t Doc.3 s n : e I t n I l n a as a Roy n o ; i 6 t 1 a r t d s n i n a i m d 8 A . p l p a r i e n t , o n l ) I o 9 C 3 f o 9 , 1 t e s t a u K , t k i r t L, s o n Y I l 9 See w a e y N o ( R e m h e t t s y f o S e s t r a e d mb an e M M e h f T o — , s p h c e u i l o w p r t i G n c e n B y i d r s u P o t t S — t a M n i de ig r a y O b : t r m o e p e t R s y A S : m e e t l b a o l Pr a Mand i n o l o e C h T e h T , , r s r e i k a n f A f A M. M. tional . Pp d n a ; 8 6 . p ), 7 3 9 1 , n o d n o L ( s r i a f national Af 1945), 22ff.
, a v e n e G ( s e t a d n a M . A . V I . c o D N L , n o i t a c i l p Ap
. f f 3 3 , ’ e t a d n a M ‘ , 10 Jbid, See Anker
107 & s m u e s u M . w a L l 4) a n o i Internat
of Cultural Obje
Return
cts
d a h s e l p o e p d e s i n o l o c ‘ contention that i a j g e a h t t h t g s i N r l a S l a g e l ; n a o l o c e c T n e e E d n e l p la e d rj t n h a t t l f u l o s a o e e r t r r o u the me s t n h o g y Txhe abject fail of v o C t f a g r g i d D Y e h t fh e h t f o t n d e e v l e s r r P e | n m i s t i l o a o i t n o l o c t n a f n o e xcesses nihetnbnd e system i e n a a t a d n De a n aaa alae sup Won
in ineaerAeen:glo-ABmeere
pieenttha e rUyS72
ee
betwee
e w o p a m e y h r t o ; t a y b d n eonstmouswteedeship : 22 i t u d ; manor inmil its aba
>goWvieWirthnmUeSnt
ngs Twhieth
TS
: ple of i t a N i c n i r p
CV
©
aTues
i s s e t i s l a l c a i c g i g o l o e a h c r a s a h c u s ’ s e c r u cai . o s e r ‘ l a r u t l u c d e r e v o c e e t n a r a u g This5)) 16 e. i in 7 east ti Bri e h t o t 4 n o i s s e c n o c e ) 4 ) a 5 ( e S 2 a 2 , s e e l t d c a e r e t arti s n i n e i m d a o ‘Cc? ma Bash ic were i)
g HK) «ond .
tefeisrhimnly
. Deeg
1p ee
Ameri e v ary su t i l i m e o : a d : a n a s e € s s e s c c n, e io at e r e d w e e n c 9 i e s f e e e b d R i e r r t Y d n n a a c i r e . m e s A d r e a n t t e a S t p S e d n i a n d g e n i t e c i e r n w e U Baneov ourt rt ffi rom one bet y b « f o i t s u J e n to o ; Chief ; a
In the wo rds of
; son Pup
i n Cherok l l a G h s r a i M v. e c i n t s o u i t Na ee ‘ . i t a N Americans: s: ‘look to o m n r ve ti e v o g g n i k ] S s U it e h l [t e r pon U ey th Y¥ 5 r : d d a d n a and its ; s i t e h n t a w e T f o ir q i f s e e i r l p e r ics t e h t s s E s e H , r e h d ! t ’ e r r u l e F w h o t n a ' f k c a e r t a e r g ay r ei t t En n e m y n p r e v o h g c u i s < t a a h t c i r e m d A e g b e v o i t s i a until Nat d e s i e l u i v i c ‘ re e w s n oe to Pillage !5
y e h t ; ent forprotection
e l a e N ess
SIS
=
e y ) 1 3 8 1 ren...
or themselves’,
y l l o h w e l b a €
manage
i t a s i l i v i c f o t s u r t d e e r l c p a i s c n i r p e w e h t s o i f d t o a i d o r p e g t a c t e i f e r f h e e t h t n o l a r u t l e n ha cu tec. v a tSioa h n o terri1ttories oni to in t c e l e S d e t t o l l a ? s e e l r p e w o e p a o l e v e c c d ‘a ordin ers f o d e e k g a n t a s r e h t s e O t E a S d n a m ! 2 p o o t e a i p r r e t e i s h t . r e e h o t e f g o al f the scograp. ic situation o nt e m P i d n o c c i m o n o c s e o 2 ee s mi it si ry, r e h t o d n a
9 1 9 1 , 2 2 e l es’ (Artic
was fron
T e h T . . ) t n a n e CEouvr
a s n o i t i m d e n r further
y r o t i r r e t ry to Ti e h t d e v d o n a i , ’ t n o a i s t i a l s i i v i c omic of n o c , e U s S e r t d ss n n e le i c a l ‘ e d e h t n a e : p o , s t s swa etailfeodm the gui e r e t n i ro p d j n b a o co ntrol l a r r u o t f l u c f s o e n i l e n o i neal t c e t EG ts) became r a t e n r n I i i l i e n n i Th € u e e t n o i t a s s a i l w i v i c w i f a o L e l a : caa e h i T fi d e . m as s g n i r e y a d l of people e s y l a s n i h a t e r i t a in d se Hers : (0) a i ORS d cA e r e v o c . i r o s t h i e T r t r a e d t n a m . e r ’ i r ‘A p e m m e r o e ere the f h s i k r u T e h t s f e i o and
de emed
ice
suffi ciently J
s e b e . r i u q e r y i l t a a r m t o (Artic e 22 s r i f n e i r c m e i d w v a o d p a d e v i y r : o t a d t : l n u a c e m r f o n e o h i T h t c a i r l c a u e . g ) p ) s 4 ( ( y j < l l a c a e i e g r f a a i t c e i e n r p o e e t h si s) Was l l a a r c u i g o l d o a e ‘ a g n s i a r i out requ d e l g n i s a a d n ’ a e G c a n m a e t c P s i v ’ i s s l o c Tahe ‘B man n a n r e G th : e ed
5
ey onl
o n t w o l y d S e i l p e i e d i e r t s f e a A i l S n u o p l i o l t c s a r t = n y e e C n i s e pail d a l itions under wh u o w r e w o p y m r the o e t h a t rT d n h a c i a n e ted territor F a d d n e a o d m u l c al n u i q e s i g h n T i r u . s y to trad € and e r o t s e s i s t e i c n c u a . t r o e p p qual e e e m f o the s l a f o n o i t s a e t a t S mber a
eeeNais, ok
Pti i
M
7. F.
Editor oe
d n a M e e , p h c ( i w t n e s B e t in nda a n M a m r e e e t n e I ie th hWeia llne,iwgeae of e e s n o i t a N s na
pp.vi-vii.
a s e i r o t i r r e T e i | , k r o Y w e N ( i o
e i w e C 430 Us
a r e a j e h T e e : s e e t h a t t S f o d e it n s e : i c n e d n e e p l e o p o O R . T 5 0 9 2 erie “ e r e o f r P €dents i e h t f o R ) 920
4 3 8 1 ( 7 1 S U Kagama te ). e Se Wor 5 7 3 5 (1 M Y: L i See MA L ce
h 7 e h T d i g a P Treatise on aw and Bee ore
le L
iI),
No exedl
1 y r a u n a J s e at
U 1 3 , a i g r o e G v. cester
and Gov
Z
IEF
? m o S , s m a i l l i W neces
te Nl s (Garrdden e t a t S eview of Rev and
jews 20;
2): 3 8 1 ( 5 1 5 ) . t e P S (6
and Adminis; ; ) 7 3 9 : 1 , City
RIA, Col oH
i s e r i n e h t s e t d e n f a y s t e n l g : soverefaite of these peop . s e t a t S r e l t phe t e s r o s r e w o p l a i n o l o c e v i t c e p s e r a d n r a i m e h t e h t l f o ano y t l H u d e h t , s e , s e i r o t i r r e t d e t a Jation d n r a e t m n i l l e a h t f o o t e d g e a w t o i i n s e n o n i [ t a g i l b o tural l st u u c r t e e h h t t f f o o r e u n o i v m a r f e t e d n i {n respect o t d peoples was tippe
d e s i n o l o c f o y t i l i b a e h t g n i t i b i h n i y b e r e h t ; y t i n . l d al e p o f l o e v e d t h g i r national commu d n a n o m m o c “ d e a v r e s e r p d e t a l u c e i r t e r W a e t a es d r n u t n a l i m u a c m l a a u e d i e h n t o s b o d e H l l : a how c . A o s J. e h t f o . s e m i ss r r o a t i r r e t d n o c e s e b l ia n o n l a The o c c f o 6 h c i h w s t e e k ee r s a e m c r u o s e d r n a h c i r s e c r u o g s n e i r n i a t t n o o n e c h n t a c o t d n y a e l h @’ t a if f o m e ] h s mank [ t r e d i l p u o c h c h o t i w i o t e h ) T ( ‘ t h g b m i e m r : r t a e o h b n t m e m l a e d v e a all n f h i o a t of + of mankind cae EStreatmen!
:
e c i t c a r p n i tory power
efit n e b e h t r o f developed
e n e n d e m e r tem
Nee
l a u q e ate n i m i l e O selves t y r a s s e c e n p o d l e e v r e e d d i s n o c o s i h T s a e r w i s e d ° 2 r a W s r e t t a m d l r o W or do not c t s i r m i F o n o c e e h : t n i r o f e u r e g g s a t g I e i r L £ t at e h t y c i l t f o p ifican n g r i s o o D States o 4 s l e e s a f n e p O e d h e t w e i s n v i i a : s , n y i r g l i a r v i o r s s t p n it t a e m l a h i t n i o w l o c s n o i t the a N f o rinciple p abe e S u U g a e l e h t y f l o l a c i t s / r o t f n a n e v d o e C e n e was a characteri h t 9 : 1 9 1 t s n e i h a t g a f o 2 d 2 e , c n a l a p e l c i t r e A r e ; w o t i s e l p t o e e m p A n o h i t t r d a o e r N s i n o l d : o n incorpo c a f o n a e e p o r lfar u e E w e h n t i a t s r u o s f o t s n e r r t e u i c o n b n U a o l c e h t t d n a tha é e s u c s c e a c r u o s o t e r s a r r thei a f o t s a s 5 s e t c c n a e e w h t h t i W s equitable r o 2 2 t a t n e m m o c ’ m s i l e a i m r o e s p m i , r e v c e i w m o o H n o t o c e ‘ . y r h t t s i u w d n i n o i t a n ican i m r ’ e m t s e i d l a f i l r e e g p m i f o al c i t i l o n p o “ i t a g c n i i l c p a p l a S p e r e fale, h f o t s e t ta s y s . e s e t i a c d i l n o a p m e e d h a t r t e e r f e s e h t true effect of f o e e t n a r a u g ‘ e h t t u b s e l p o e p d e : s ® i c n n e o d l n o e c p e d n i t r o i r p s e t a t S n a c i r f A n i , d r e o g f a x t O i ( r e h n o i l t a a r v u a t c l u x c E d n g a n i r y e r v e o v o c c s i D n o i 1: t a l e s m i u e g l m e o u l l V o V l , a e i g , n a e o t g l i a o r t c e i H r e f H o l a r u t l u C e h t 18 For dii scussion L. Vv. Prott, Law and the Cultural d n a w a L , e f e e K ' O J. . P d n a t t o r P Pp J. O’Keefe and , vy . L d n a ; e 0 u 7 c 8 6 2 . § V § O , t ei th l. l > y o e g l n s i i , 0 . 6 L s 9 e . l 5 L p 4 1984), pp.66-68 o e p 1989), p ccupied p supervision
do not desire
to develop
, o n o d f ct o n e o r i L d ( s t ° t s 2 e n r e e m s t n a e i w v o e h t there a 3: M d e , d s r e o t f a f d a n a m s e
, e t e h g y g l g d d i i e e r e h a h t m y t i r or p N d ld e l r o W : n e a r i 29 SInee 19N4o6r, of the fort e s w a l a r t e s u u A g a e L e n o e h t d f n o a on i n t y a a c n r i o e r m p f o e A g o e C h o w t n a e l p a o u t r e c u e E l l e a Asiatic, t e h t it b r cu # o t , t e n : n a o i g B n d i n h I s i w . d Hi n a n o s i a t 1 n a State i r h e C p o o y C b ted r o l p a p u t u c s e l l e e r t e n w I d n , t t o c S States a 3 2 9 n w 1 o 19 Br t a J. al n 9 r 8 e 1 t d n n a I n o i e t h a t z hed Organi s i l b a s t r s e e t t e L , e 2 c n d a an 31 The ICIC, at the behest 0 f Fr s t ; At LN, 12for
ality of cultures
jects, j
Bulle
tin
:
ve Legislatio
of Intellectyg) C
40: “Opera
n 345,Internat tion and
ional Law in th
€ field of
Art and Archaeology (1940 ) 7-8
SUP Special 9 Sub-committee NO}, s Its n o i t 1925. a N in f o Paris e u in g a e L MIC) e h t f o a u t c y e r l J a m F t m o c u e ¢ s S l S n l o i net, Jnte t a J c i R t s i Monthly t r A n e h o t i f t o n a o s B i n ; a 7 g r O e h t 4 n 4 4 trée, Note o J. Des
18 / D C V C C I . c o D N L ; 9 2 9 1 r e b m e c Office, 19 De
International, p.501.
j b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w a L l a n o i t a Intern
s n o i t a N f o e u g a e he L
ects
T 2 3 . ’ t n e m u c o d l a c i g o l o e a h c r a e h t f o d n a t r a f o 4 k i t n s o i wor i d t e N e h i t r e p nt’ — or more
e m u c o d l a c i g o l o e a h c r ofart’ and ‘a
-Pertinently,
h t r o f l a i c u r c d e v o r p e t i s l f o o n i o t i u t t i archaeologica a t c s i e l T p p a j t e s i d s i h t f o e n c n a ; t r o p m i e h T i . n o cae conventi
OIM Drraaft
h t y b d e m r i f f a e r n e e b d a h t a h t n o i t a eC s i l i v i c scale of nie restiatuetion. It also marked the ascendanc
covering s t c e j b o f n o o i t u t i t s e r e sates covering th i
an
»)
s s e r d d a o t d e i f i d o y m l t n a c i f i n g i s d n a y l l a gradu he a e
ap
&
era
t t a h t s e e t n a r a u g t h g u o s s e t a t S These
ve
d Contrary to n
ccessibili
: w o d d e l t t i h w e r e w s t f a e r assured. Successiv d
o c e e h t c o n t a t r o p m r i i e h t f o t s o at the c
be
uity of all Sta
ihG e
at lonal ea
=
tes
d by the dual
n: ee,
est in
ricg
to
are
n§
atey
Mandate
e t a d t his free (ie o m m o c c a , 5 to
from which they were ; :
, y t e t o r P g e n h i t n r e The Resolution conc ee
q e v o M e o M l a c i r o t s i H f o , y n W o g H n a s t n i e m m m u o C of e h u t x g i a S e L e h e t h t y f b o e e d t e t v ks i o Ot m r p o1f93A2rt (1a9p32 Resolution) articul i Nat of mb damen
u n n u a f f o d e r tal c concer e t a l u c f n o o i t c n e S t o r p e h and and p tiInc. t g i n r i e v r o e c v o s e pl gk th e nter-wa n i r u e d g a t i r e l h a r u t r l o u w r period overarching philosophy of th e resolution was that 3 Th OrkKs oO f
i r e h ‘ e h t e r e w s object e ‘heritage of of ‘th e community of States,
implicitly restricts the riig
art and
.nd’
manki
| i t a v h t and their preser s a w n o y t i l i b i s n ’ o p n s o e i r : t © a s i l i v s i n c a f o i d r a e u r g a e h t h c i h w
b p i h s r e n w o al ght of nation y suggestin |
g League
on
inculcate
tolerance
ee
3
expression’ 37 en 2
i
2
of
tow ards
re;lics
on}
natio nal
2 3 9 1 r e b o t , on ti lu so Re 32 o a of y , M aFiefth » Geneyg i Report the p
38 IN
N L , 2 3 9 1 ly Ju c x Si d
“ Doc ICIc,
oe,
ou &.
objects. the
coll t ns I]e ctlo
Y apply to objects ‘of
Cital
cital,
ce)
ec S th i
the it
a pp. reec ciia atti i on
rae
W. hate Vi er
past
g that the relevant
ee the
¢ f th el thai
.
ci Vv: ilisatio nN or
e yond the borders within which they foun d
2e No dte a
7 Ay
peop
cultural
ae
adopte t o age s e 5 Nations of e u g re ” Third
36
among
** This concceeppt
endation of the | 932 Re solution was the drafti ng of it a convention integrit yo
would
343
archaeologica
als,
2 *
932 es
5
Tesident of the D lOc ICIC/273
olution; and ee 8 Recom
aes
See ae
of States A Ho Ww (© Ver 5 ile insis it i
Uu niunj que
I terest in
to the
ed
tha t
artistic of
y l b m e s d s e e A v h t o y b r p p d , a n 2 a 3 9 y l 1 C on 23 Ju Irectors’
™ u e s u M l a n o i t a n r e t n I e of the
Committe
/273, C I C I . oc / c I C 6. I Doc. Dif}
1)
4
7
s n a e p o r u E by d l e h s ct je ob al ur lt cu of n o i t u t i t s e r g n i r e v o c s e m gi . s e i r o t i r r e t n a g on-Europe n i n r e c n o c s e m e h c e s v i t a l s i g e l l a n o i t a n n i e s a e r c n i l a i t n e n o r e t exp n i c i l b u p g n i w o r g a g n i t c e l f e r , y r u t n e c h t e i t n e w t y l r a e e th s a w e r e h t , t e Y 9 3 ’ s on
i s s e s s o p c i r o t s i h d n a c ti s i t r a s ’ n o i t s e i r a d ; n u o b of ‘the na e h t jon d n o y e b s l o r t n o c e v i t a l s i g e l l a n o i t a n f e o l b i s a t e f n e e d n m i e r o c r e l b a n e i l a n i d s a ‘ye enfo e i f i s s a l c s a w d e v o m e r s t e c i e d o j b b o e u g a e e h L t n o p f i h s en i r e b m e m d e s a e r c n i e h T 0 4 . ) t r o r o p f o x n i e t n s e t i v n l o n a c o n Jied a ban an internatio
cultural het?
19 Paris Peac y t a r D e © y l f n i r e ig; i h t o n of a (S
o l g n A f o s n r e c con
n i k n a m l l a f o t h g i r n sESites, deemed the commo
Only
nh ot
:
un
SL
g
r o n f g i a p p m i m a h c c i e h h w ( t d e r r u p s s ’ e t ta S e c r u o s . led s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c f d o e v o e r i s m e d e r e h t y l y b n e v i r d of illicit o s l a s a w n o i t a l s i s g e e l r 1 a n o the i d e t t a i n n U e e v h t i t o c t e t s s o o l r p l a f r o u t l u e c g f o a e d i t e l b a n i m r The pass e t n i s t n o s i t o u m t i l t a s n i e h g t n i t c m e e l l t o s c s t i O t t n s a e e m t a s t e t S a t S n d i a e t t i n U e h r n t i f ce o e h d t a r g t n e r l a t n s o c i t i a n m r e o t n n i o d c e t e c i r e t s h e r T n u 1 d 4 e u n i . t n s o e c t a e h g St t m n o r i f r r u a e s p n p a e s i d n i t t s o n e r o e d t s n t c 1 e j b d o “ e t t a s h t e v 2 3 9 a 1 n i d f M o ha I O s t e c e h j d t b o e f s o i v n o d i t a a t t r T o p x e . s s t u o c i e r e j s b o o n l is a e r r e u h t t d y n cul l a t n e , y u r q t e n s u n o o c c s , i ’ h s t e t a t n S i s n d o e t i i t n U c e e h l t l n o i c p i c h i s r l e b n w o pu e e r t u c a e v s i r t p l e f m s o e r t f a t e S u d l e a t i v c n i U r e o h t t f I s i . s t c a h c u s g artistic Or h n i r t e o v n o c d n l o u i o t c a l s e i m g a s e l e h t c i , t s s r e e d m r o o b d s t i n i h t i w y n o m there was no i s r a t w a t p I . l a r n a o W i d t i a r n o s W t i t s n r i i a F t e e h r t o r t e t f y a t i y l l i l b a a i s c t e i p s e n i , s e t a t S f o r e b m u n a t n c i f i n g i s . t f a r be said for a D M , I c i O t s i 3 t r 3 A 9 1 f o l a i s t i t n c i e j e i b h O t e f o v o n r o i d t a i r t a p e R e h t this fear that n o n n o e i i t l n A e v y n l o l : C u n f l o w a a i l t n U a r n o r n e e t l l n o t S I t r f o , t s o L n The Dra e e b e v a h h : e c l b i m a t h e s w r p e r e e h t t c n n i i I f i e t s n o p e r i u c p S e l o s s t i e d s s e Historical or r d d a ) t f a r D o M m e I r O s t 3 c 3 e j 9 b a o f d o e t y r r o e p v x o E c e r o r e d h e t t a n e i c n 2 a 3 9 t 1 s i e h s t s a o t l a e u c t n u e m r e f r e e r h t t o c n e a r i d e h t e t i p s e “nsurin g one D . ’ s e s g n a r t e i c r n e o h c c i e t h s t i y t r l a t n a l c a i n f o i i n t g a i n s e v d i e t r c o r r i m t f their respe a r D M V I O C O s 3 e 3 i 9 t 1 a e r e t h t e c , a e e l p b m a s e i r r a p P s t i 9 n 1 i 9 1 e h t n i Resolution g n i n r e e c h n t o c n i s n o d i e s i c v n o e r d p i n v o e i t u s t a i w t s e t r b e e d h t l a u t c e l l e t reflected in n i r e t t a 1 l s i e h l T c i t . r A e p o r . u E n o i n t r n e e t v s n a o E c d n a d e s o p o r p e h t ering Central y b d e s e s l a b p a m v o o c m n m e i e b r o o t e s l t b c a e v j b o o m ‘ f o o t e l b a c i l description p p a g n i e b s a n o i t n e v n o c d e s o p o r p . ’ r e t c a defined the r a h c c i f i t n e i c s r o l a c i r o t s i h , c i t s i t r a n a objects of
e n u ' d é t i s s e c né : x u a n o i t a n s e riqu o t s i h s a r e n t l i e r o e t s n e i u q i e t c s i i t f f r o : n des patrimoines a e d t r o p p a R , r o e ch s s i V te x e d e t . t G e ; 7 ) 3 39 See C. de VisF scher, La protecti 3 n 9 o 1 r t e e s uill Mou j ( 4 4 e l l 3 e 4 u t ) c 8 e 3 l 9 l 1 e ( t n e i nal o n e i o e t i r a t n a a r p r e m é t o p n c o i o n c n o o i i e t t d a a ale gisl é n l o i t e d a n réglement r l i e e t u n c i e r n o : e i ogi iss l o m é m h o c sr c i a H a l et d a n t a r s A e t 1 é r s A u ) m f 9 o 3 s (19 ks r o e l W a n tional de f o o i t a n n o r i e t t n c i e t i Pro l a al n r o u i c t t l a e u d n C r t e d e t j n n o a r I p n , o r r e i e i h t ma ssc r i o f du prem n I l a n o i t a n r te n 7{t5 I 4 , l s a r n e p o a i P t a e n t r a e t t S n i and s t n e m u et de droit c ). o 2 3 D S C U L , I n D o t R g n 6 i 1 h Was 35) 9 1 , ( s t n n i e m y u l l n a o n M i g i or toric ( 9 5 6 ¥ 5 8 t a ew (N 1 2 8 ); , 1 9 6 4 9 1 9 1 , k e r o n u J ew , (N 8 mssSeries, No. ghton ! i . e r 7 C 5 8 . B , ’ n . o s i t n c a e r t ,t Pro l t a s n o e i r t n a n U r e t n d I n ‘ a , r e h War Vissc n t r A f o e t a F e h T er: d , n 2 u 3 l 9 P 1 t r A h c , e r u a e M r T 5 , M I O 4 See W, f o l a r e n -Ge y r a s t e e d r c e l a S n o , i s t i a d . n i r 3 k e u 1 t n i e c i o pp.212 f d f O n u o , F e c o t n e M d n A o e A esp
h r t r f o r o c o t e c d e . r r s i e e , D v i n i s a h s c m o r e D A l o . I C C O I . C V T S . 1 7 E 8 N 42 2 U . p , e L u q . i t 7 s i 2 t . r a V 1 e M n i I O . mo 6 i : 6 r e t v 5 a i 6 p h 8 c e r d , A B n o i O x t i C c d e S n t e p ro p p A UNE , t r ’ a n @ o i t s c e e r t v o u r e 2 c 1 l es d ona i n t o a i n t r a e v t r n I e ‘ s n , o r c e h , sc musées , Annex; and Vis 1L X . 3 3 9 1 . 5 0 2 . L 3 LN Doc.C . 6 8 0 2 2 . p p , 1 . 7 2 . V I . M I O See
s n o i t a N f o e u g a e L he t & s e l p o e p d e s i colon
; b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s s m t c u e e j s u M , w a L l a n o Internati i t a r e p o e th t ac tr i at to y r a s s e c e n r ge ig tr ly on The ony
1933
=r ee
a to y r a r t n o c t c e j b o e th of the alienation or export
O
Dr IM €islars ation (
aft
one n e o i t f c n i t s i d no e d a m , it ts t n af dr cy Unlike subseque Att; ™ JEcts s n o i l t — a a c v i a g c o x l ) e o e a h s c on r a ti or ec m ll u co muse bg eg OV eg rc fo in Te S a l l ‘ * < e a l g e n t s i 1 d r a y g s e r r e in y v o ar r t or n o mp c te , eh = a Ya Tr m o r f d e v o m e e d n a d e t r o p x e y tl a ci e li H il e r e n w o s t n e m le g Sa a z r fo sa ed e t n a e h T 44 t. ; of the draf e on e ti la cu 1 e after the cir et e marke
© query whether the definition of
se
de monuments’
vention covered ‘fr agments oe
ent led the R |
obj
> ee SERRE ,4e
cris
Nat
. p o r p e th Y F e d i p i r u E . Ss b d e r e v o c 1 e cl ti Ar sed that draft , i g i M, advis k u o d n u j s d e n l a b a v o of the m h t o i n e v n o c e 6 = x m o r f 4 s bjects IMMovable o € j b o e d u l c x e d l u o w n nuio
excavations.
cultural Under
objects the
a
e
.
removed
19
aid in the ‘rreesstt; itution i
from
archaeolo
raft 2)
p arties
g. ical were
.
TC
ae
ol
OBica|
sites. reqquir
ed
to
le Th d
their
ce: S$ ’ n ; o i t a i r t a p e r r O e of l b i s s o i r e t p y s l a k c i u r i q e s innatth! ee eA ne eo r On a e t a c o l s t c e j b o h c u s e t a r n o o i t a n e i l a : r o , t 2) f e h e t l c i t r A ( i i ’ n t i r a o p p S x , e t i c m g this period e h e t e t a negotiations
ed s u M t r A g g o F e h t and
Museo Ar queolog; ico Naci : e e e th at th nt ar it le
useum
eum
accqquuiired the Sahagun nae
IM
:
P
5
Pubrelciicly ack Knowled
nsuing
-44 7 oa t oS. S. Pacha, - Destrée, Bel g;
46
which
suc
g' ood
level
b
off
etween its
University after
had been illiIcciitly
m u e s u m e e e g a f o e g n a h c ciprocal ex a memorable ged
B » 1 0 A p r i AG l OIM.Iy. Bt elgian N; atP m i t t e AN.27.1, p17] ional Commins e oon oi nto eli lect peration i eualAoCo m-o ae
ae
ate
ANS)
the
1933, , OIM.IVOI.M.1V.27.1, pp.172-73. to Foundoukidis,
» 27 27 JulJuly y 1933 1937:
russels: a OIM.IV.27.1, p.177; and Engel: 5 2 9 1 , C I , T s n o i t a A N f o l d n e a a w i o Egypt uities: Drop e B
e1e pales t t i m m O b o t c O 9 5 2 of th n o i t a r e Communicairciat.i,on, > D. Wyth er 1935, t e. st € ; e lae we ere acqui h g c na r A Ma d personal €, an st ivi 3 museums: US e 2, Gaaciell jal Li1.quired ctions, Brooklyn Museum b4 rary Cby olletwo
of n io at ip ic rt pa e th t ac tr at to at th d e d e c n o c s l a i c i f f o M I O 51 . in pr s e e th t of a s s e n t n g i S e r o f e th s s e r d d a o t e v a ¢ other h d l u o w s r e t f a r d s e , m o d s i w 52 d e t Jaws ° American Stat p e c c a to y r a r Cont . n o i t i d a r t w a | on m m o c e h t o e t th of y d e t v o r p i : p l a s i i d b r o a d e v o r p p a h c i h w jnalien s e t a t S n 53 e e w t e b n o . s e n i l w a L n o m m the divisi o C / : w a L l i v i C g n o l a l l fa ly i r a s s e c e n l a r u t t l o u c n l a n o d i t i a n d s it r f lt fe e t a a t S r D e h t r e h M t e I h w o n i a t r e c s 1933 a o t n t a n e n d e i t r t o p r p u e s p it r e h t e h w x 0 c i f + ig more f a r t t i f {llic t because
o
o r p e h t n i e t a t S assigned to the e t u p s i d a e r e h w provided that d e n i m r e t e d e b par ties, it would
e l o r t n u o m a r a p e h t y b d e n e t h g i e h s a w t f a r divide D M +. I O 3 3 9 1 e h T , k r o w e m a r f e t a t S n estitution e e w t e b y l l a l n o a i c t i a t n “ a m y o l l r p a l i u d c i t r a d p ‘ e e v t a l t S o s e h e t n o s i s a h p m not be r e e h T 4 5 c e e f y f D e s i e h l T c . i t f t a r r d A e r ( e v i l s a s e n c u c u b s i r h t c a e l h a t r i t w i b d e r c a n L U n a o n n o e by r g i p d n i e r f O o m s e i e t m i r a o c n i e m b f o > s t > c e j e b g o a l t a i r r u e t h l u c c i t e s h i t e r art f e o h t s n a o w i t r c o e N t o . e r t p a t S t e h t n a v e l e r d e r n i e i h l t e d y i b s p u y l a ta ken n o tivel i t a n s a o w t t d i e v o s m s e e r l n s t u c e j b o s r e o i f t i s p n u u o r m g m o e c s e h t y ous b s m i a l c e t a t S a r t n i r o f e s r u o c e r F o any c i r o t s i H l a : n o i t a N f o n o i t c e t o r P . s n e h o t i t r c o f n t o r colle A i t t n f e a r v d n o f o C | t n a n e o m i t d n a e n m r a e t t n n I e u q t e f s a b r u s D e h e t h T d n , a s n o , i ) t t a f v a a r c D x e M n I o O e e c 6 n 3 e 9 r 1 e ( f n o C s e o r r u i s a a C e r 7 T 3 9 1 c i e h t o t ” Artist . n p o u i t a d l a s e i l g e e l h t e v i n i t c e g t n o i r p r r l u a c n c o i o t a n 7 1 f o d n n o a j 1 t i s n e g o e c icl d e a r r t d e e e i r f f i l a n u a q c n u i f r 9 e m g A n o i l n g n n u A h e s h t e h f t o d e y d c n l a a d r e he h t ascen' t n e a h e t m d d e e v k e r i a h m c a s i s s a a h w p n m o e i t n a i d o t m f i m h o s c c s a y s Thi i b h e t r e h h t c i , h s w n o n i i t c e r l l e o n c n a m m e u h e t s , u r m e h m t o r r u f F . s e a s d s n o l age d n e a s e s p e o r r d d u a E y y l b e v i n s w u l o c d x e t e s t s o s t m c l e a j e b o l a r u t l u c OIM initiativ g n i s s e s s o p f o e d o m e h t g n i g e l i v i r p r e h t r u f d e n e d a o r b s a w t f a r D M . I s O e t a 6 t 3 S 9 r 1 e l t t e e h s t d y n b a c i d t e s r i e t v r o a c r o s t c e c j i r b o o t s l i a h r u t l ; u l c a c f i o g o n l o o i e t i h n c i r f a e d No e a h c T i g o s l t o n t e n m o u z r l t a s p n i e l r b a a l k i r m a i s m e n r i f o d e s s t u c t a h t n o p u to 1 nclude ‘obje s k c i i n p i f e y d g o l r o e n d i i w m s i ter h t s i , y h l T b a . u ) ) g 1 ( 1 r A . d o i r e P e m interest’ (Article a s e r e u h t t l u c g n i l r a u n d o i s t a e n i r t d n e u i o f c i n n u a c a i r e e t m a A e y r b c d o e t s o s p e o t r a p t S s u o r n e l e t t g e i s d f n o i s d t r n o a f f e s e e i h t t i r o y b d n e i t a m t i p f i o c e r p s e s i a w r o n t s tio i h d n a s e r u t l u c e h t { 0 n o i t a l i m i s s a e h t h g u thro communities.
State of t n e m t r a p e D S U 51 See riv: p g n i t s i x e to g n i h t o added n
al s o p o r p e h t d e t sta o s l a t I . 0 8 p.79
s n o i t a v r e s b O dies. 3 and 3 3 9 1 l i r p A ) ( . 4 1 2 1 , 7 e 0 l 2 l u d a n p a e L 9 o 21 , 5 3 4 3 2 p p A, 4 3 7 9 2 1 9 1 y . a V M I . 4 M 1 I Q ue of Nations,
18 , e l l u a p e L P. to s s i e W 52 See R, 22 g a , e n L o , i ) t d c , e e l v S a o r r l a e p g e p n L a e s , G r i o t d c e ( r i fice f O of M. Giraud, D n g i e r o F h s i ), t d i e r v B y o r r o s e p i h p v d t a A ( n 3 a 3 i d 4 7 a 3 n p a 9 1 15, . y 7 a 2 4 M . 7 2 , . l V 53 See Riddell, C a I r . e M n I e O G Secre’ taryOIM Draft), ved); p.48.
o r e h p t p a ( o t 4 a 3 i l 9 1 ’ a r (disapproved of the 193 3 e t Jun Aus f o 8 2 h t j s i , a s l e a a w r n h e o p n m m e m G e o _ C r , e y y e t r s a a a C e t gr re c d e e c S a o l t p pp.67-69; R. G. , t l f l a a r h D te i M h I W , O a i d n 3 I 3 r 9 1 fo e at St the 4 s e m a s e h # p.52; and Secretary of t lly ) 1 a 1 i t . n t a r t s A LN b ( u , s s e n h r o g u i s : t ou a a th e r al r t T t, i af Dr c b i ist t r to ar A r The 1936 OIM o s e i c t i r r ’ a o p t f s o i H t n r e o l F s a n o n . c 8 o 6 i d 8 t \ an a s t 6 N n 6 e m £ 8 e l 0 , B n o j x i t d on negotiated sett ; c n e e t p o r p P A > , the n > o i r o t f c n e o t i o t r n e P v n l o l a C a n 55 See Draft Internatio tion a n r e t n I . ‘ 0 8 , 8 r 7 e 1 h c s d s n i V a 0 and 5 ; 7 x 1 e n 1 n A , 1 , 1 5 X 1 . 6 3 9 1 . 1 4 3 . ; L Doc.C. I, pp-111
. 7 2 . V I . M I O e se s: governmental response
s m u e s u M , z a L l a n o Internati
s n o i t a N f o e se & the Leagu
& R eturn of Cult ural Obj ects
and: ‘i
i at ‘n : s d r o w yo tw of n io us cl With the in
eo
e th d an t af Dr OIM
ream) : e a e y a e y l a n g i s ly nt a e s S a w e a er th t, rs Fi e O r. so ss es s it of e r at th om fr ay a e th e c i o a e e w th of e rc fo g in iv dr as the
~~ ie :
i s r o t c a f e s e e h t t a t S f “ o e h l t l f A o y 2 t 6 i l a r t n ‘rc. e c e h t o t n o i s s e r g o r p e h t d n a OIM Draft : d e t a t s e l b m a e r p d e t f a r d e r > Wane e h t f o y t i r g e t n i e h t o t l a i c i d u j e r p s t c a f o e c n e r r u c c o t n freque
:
ft. Th
e e in e at St : nt e ma a] h ai ur cl lt a Cu Ge s] om gi c fr i le t s e m o d of on br. ti eon
* e h t g n i t No
i
mo Te ts Se n i b i h o r P d n ea io at e inp s o p r u p s it e th as . e e : e th by e at ed St er id e ns iv co n s io at a ¢ n objectaceiitn e f M o n io h Ct ; t; l a ec n ot o i Pr t a n of e b ee to e s ie e rt Pa t i J . = € more
as further narrowed to
S
Sej
cultural ob
ethn e d,
€con
5)
eo
a Soy
Is
‘treasures’ and : ‘remarkable’.>” The clai ma nt Sta te was th
Prt vate
col
€chlons ° Howe ver
ayy. e illicit
5
>
by an officicial
export.>° The
:
th em act which excluded w
se amendments
from
ere retained an
Concessions,
=. . d et e ré pa t oi dr ee tt . 75 Ommi Ronee on the Wo; aot e r a th en te ne Ni i ss Se y ar e n n a o i l a e R B e a Sa opted ol re ae Bg tne
‘Sy-
-
Avenol,
Secr ti: —G enera €cretar af
British Forej
' a r t s b a s f o t c e e s o j p b r u o Pp f e o t e r c n n o o c i t e h u t t i ] d e [ n i rest f e d y l p m i s g n n e s i s d e r o e h w t w s m e r o n f ‘ n o e i t h u t t i t s t e a r h t f o r e t c a r a h c ‘ explai ned e urpose was ed that th
d e c n o c s a «on? 63 It w
p s i h T 4 6 ’ n o i t n e v n o c d e s = a r e p o of the propo e v i s n a p x e e h T . s e i tate part
of e s u a c e b n w o pared d n o i t o n e h on t
i[Te]heee claim, j order to be admissibl ite ie State or of public b ‘i inalienable by virtue of a ea law:
ects in
, s e t a t S f o s e h n t o i e s c s n a e t s s i s s o s p a l ic a u t u m l a n o i t a n r e t n i y b g n i t a t . i l i s n c o i t c e l l o c ’ s i n o i t a n e v i t e e p s e r r i e h t m cted fro
is
with redrafte i d Article 1(2) stating:
ob
WS
S l a n o i t a n n i y t i m r o f i n u f o 0 £ the lack e r i s e d a d n a , p i h s r e n w 0 of its public
nt e tion of €a © s ” e . m e e d h a c r e t h s t t r a e v m i o l r f a n t o d a e l i r s t e a t l n a r e legi t n n e i e b e h t t o n y d l a h u d n n o u i t n e e e d h v t n e o f p c o m i n e o h t o i t t a y r b e p d o not e r e h e t v o g n c i t c a r cts t t a e j b s o t c e j f b o o n i l a s e t p r c y u e t t j b l o u c e r o f£ h f T i d u o i , v r e r e p v e r e w n o n H a m a . t f n a i r D d be i r t 1936 c s d m a u h c r s i n c o i t y c l e l e l r o e c v e c s i l b u s p a w n i t n s e t c m e u a j b r o t n s o n i e in s v s e e s s , o e P r o f ) e ) r 3 ( e 1 h T e l . c s i n t o r i A ( t n c o e i l l t l a a o v r c o t m s e i e r t n i m t i d c a i priva l l i t a h r i t e h t o t r o i r p s e d i e t t r f a p a r d l e c e t r a s t S t e c h T je by b o 6 6 e n h o t i ‘ t u , t s i i t s t e a r h t o t , s y e e t k a t y S e l h l t a n c i r s f e a i t w c e s p e , s W s e n t a o by t i S t a r t e p n o a m s t t a i l c y b e h d t n a ’ ( y b s s s e e i r r d o d t a n ot e v n n i d i d and 1 e l c . s i e t t i r s A r l e a w c o i g r o r l a o n e y a l h t c n a ar c i f from y l e n and signi i t s e d n a l c d e v o r m o e p r r o s t c in¢ e j b o lication P P a excluded) a s ’ n e o e t i t t i n m e v n m o o C c e g h n t i f o t f a g r n d i d e l h u t o w , t s d r e i This tighten F t f a . n r t d a t s i 4 r B n d o n i a t n s e e v t n a o t S c e d e t h i t n U t d a n e h h a t t d o s t e e t r a s i t n u o S i q s i e \ r a t y f b a r D d e s M i n I g O o c e r 9 3 t 9 o n 1 s e a h w T y l t 7 a 6 i l n i i b m . a i e n d e r i a c l r a t e in h t t r a r l e a d : n o n i u t “ a n s r t e h t g n i i r e h y t t r e e p n i m o r r d e g d e l to the p w o severely unde n k c a e e t t i m m o r e © p o e s h t i t g n , i r d e n g e o h g t i c r e t S h t g c a u 8 6 o e h r t h r t O s D e r u e t l l c u i c t ¢ r A l ( l a ’ f e o t a t S n t o n i a t m a i i a c l e c i r v e h o t r p p p f o a w e a l l h a s T r e v i c n u 2 e 6 h t l e c t i o t m r o A r ( p s o t e g s n t r a o f f : r e h i c x a e p e r d r n o a the OIM’s n s o n i o t i i t b i i b h i x h x e e n t a r a l a n o i t a s n a r e e s t r e v o M I e O r e w 9 regula tion of in 3 s 9 t c 1 e j e b h o t e s o h 1 w r e n w o . e t e a t a t m i S t i g e J ‘ a n ow r i sion gave e h t n i e v a h d l u o W e h s r o e h s t h g i y t the same r i v i t c a o r t e r m o n r o f d f e i d t i i v n o i r f p é d y l t t i e c j i l o p r p e L Draft ex , r e h c s s i ion de V
t a l s . i C g é l d n e a d l i ; e cu' 871 e r 9 6 : e i g 8 o l : o , é B n are t e t r ' nal Protection’, Appendix A 1 9) 3 9 1 ( e o i t j V a n r e u 2 t 6 Visscher, ‘In iq t a m o l p i d e c n re e f n o c la e d e ' établi en 1939 en vu 9. 6 . 9 1 , 8 I 1 7 I X l a n o i 7 t a 3 9 tern 1 in . t 0 oi dr 2 de 2 et e é r M a M p m . o c 7 sh 2 3 . C 0. . 5 c 2 o 1 D 2 / 1 N L 7 3 4 6 O F O R P , g Visscher, ‘Projet’, 93. 9 / 4 5 6 / 9 7 6 6 1 W e3 , 91. 89 t , u t’ n je ro i ‘P M , r e h c s s O i m V F o me c d e n R a t 3 f 9 a 6 r d 4 XII, t . 5 . n 7 9 3 e 9 m 1 . m 0 , 2 o 2 3 . 9 c M . 7 r 2 s 3 o ’ . f jet o r P LN Doc.C ‘ , r e h c s s i V . 8 x 6 m e n s n u A o i . 89 r 1 , a t’ X v je . 6 the 3 9 1 See Visscher, ‘Pro . o t 7 d 0 L . ate C ul rc . ci e d a o h D M I O e N th L , s n o i 5. t 0 i b Ibid. By late 1936, i 4 h 0 x 1 E : P P t Ar , 1 ional 7.1 t a 2 n r . e t V n I J g n . i d N r a g I e r . M OI on
;
a
1937,
ion, 17 July 1937,
> League
of f F Ni Nations S
y r a t e r c e S e h t to e c i f oe JLT} oreign Of
mendati
70 FE. Foundoukidis to U. Aloisi, 15 March
1935:
s m u e s u M , z a L l a n o i t Interna
] l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & ural
s n o i t a N f o e u 5 & the Leag
O by, ects
s n o i t a v a c x e h c i h w of n the soil
h t s a ’ s l e n n a h c c i t a m o l p i d ‘ a f o e c r n o e f d e y n e v a § the prece t s r i f wen € n o i S s i i W h T 4(1)).”" .
e l c i t r A ( t n e m u r t s n i e c n e e h i t r e p x r e e d fe by ‘the daily .
‘.
aeof
tion
A
museum-to-mus eum
3 3 9 1 l a n i g i r o the =
ro:
of ee
OIM Draft);
on
Ss
e t s n i ( ganodtiattheionos
negoti .
c
o
of judicj d
-
ad
e v a l a 9 1 e h t f o utcoomne of free BY) nim
'
Ang
Bhi
ticgy
,
th € promoti , d o i r e p inter-warmost ee
e h t was s g e c n r i u r o u s D e r cultural
5
« d n a e d a ‘ r t t a k n r e t n i a : c e h t e a c C n i i d e e e t e 1 r h t e h t mi e d e y c e r o f n i e r . w o d h c i t e h s w , s e t i s s e 3 l p i c n i h c r r de o p a logical € ’ p i h s n a i i d o t s u al c te Nien a n o d i n t a a n M r e t n i ‘ f o m e ; 5 ’ i promd otbiyonefforts ! o e a h c r l a a s c e i t g i e e S o f h l l o T o P v;ate s a i tan centr W e c | c a i 0 y l e l o S T p in E o M r A t S E e ; R m E s C1 ries a S In; t c e j b G o S = n a i Mot, t s nou
o t i i r or r it e rr t te and colreonial :
o ccording t s a w s of excavation
y b d e t a ct i d s d r a d rai
. m o ] O e h t n i y l r a e g eae n a d e s i a r k r o i w s ’ M s e t a t S w r e t n i o t n a e p o r e u s E n o n p s o e n r Earl > OIMby drafts were intended t © Mcover illicit traffic of ar draft OIMoh; co arly cultural object: 8 The broach
117
ANdateg
>
j
TePeatedhy AVentions
0 e at t S e h t f o ests r e t n i e h t e e d a u s s i d t o a T i 71 l ’ n o i i t a r o b a l l o c l «conc a n o i t a : n r e t n i f o s t n e m e r i u a c u d e d n ith the req a c i f i t n scie ‘ r i e h t of t t u s r u p e h t n i s m u e s g n i r i u q ist mu c s a g y l l a g le f o s n a e m e d i v v V o r p o ded t syicit 8 n o i t i s o p s i d e h t , s d n i f l a c i g o l o e a h c r a f o n o i s i v i d e l b a t i u n q o i e s s e e c h c t a e d , e g g : n n a h i c x d e u l e c g a n r u i o c n e o t s l sect o r t n co rt o p x e e e r f f o d n a n , n o o i i t t u t i t s e r f 0 t h g i r the relaxa e th of r e v i a w e h t , s m e h u t e s d e u m r m i f f e a s r e r u s a e m e s e in foreign h t l l A 8 7 . s l o r t n o c t r o p e h t x g n o i t m r o f t ot subjec e a ‘resource’
r e w s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c h c u s t a th n o i t i s o p n a c i r e m o-A umankind.
l a r u t l u c al : n o i t a n f o n o h i t t u i t i t a s e r e f h o t e t a t i l t i c h a f g i o t r t h e g c n u e o r s n e f h o n c o i m C h m o r W o i a c C , s 7 3 t 9 f 1 a e h r t d , s l o r t M n o I c O t r o p e x h e t l a s n y o s i t l a a g n e l e h Unlike c t i t o s e t m o y d r t a s g r n t o m n a o y t i m r o f i t n u h moved c s i l b d a e t r s e e v o c o t s t s c e e l j b p o i l c a r n u t i l u r c p f o n h t d a e r b e h t d Jaid dow e t c i r n t o s i e t r a l u y g e l r l a u l d a n a o r i t g a n s t f o f a e p r y d t e h t d e OIM t a t c i d y l t d i c e i g l e p l m i i v i r t . p a s h t t I m r . te e t n n e m n u r a t s m n i a e h n t i f o n o t n o n i t e a r v e p o s e t h c t e j t b o c a r l t a t r by the con a u t l u d c l g u n o i w s s e s t s a o h t p f o y t s r l e e d p o o m r n p r e t l s d a e e r e W n u t l e d h u e t c m r d i e of f d f n a e e m r m o h c c e i r h y w l t n i e explic slatio
c i n g e e r J e a f n f c o o C i t ” y s o t i r e l i m i a b C i s do s o 7 p “ 3 9 1 e h t e t h c a T r t t . a e t o t a t S r e d a r o o n t i d t n e a s c s a i p f i n e g b si o t s w a l f o e p y t e h t d n a e t n a o l i s t i u g b e i r l t s i to d d n a n o i t c e t o r p e h . t n d r e u s t e s r e r d s d i a h T t c . s A e t l a t a negotiated S n i l F l a e c o t y t n i l e i r b e i f s n s o e C c c a o r s t i i a C n o s e i h s T a h p . m The 1937 e e c r u r o e s t e a r e r e g l b a a w h e t i n w -re ’ n s o e n c r a u o e s r a e r ts l c a e j c b i 0 g o l l a o r e of ‘cultural u a t h l c u r c a f t 0 a h t t c n e e p ! s v i e g r g n n i i l l d e t n i k s n a a m f o ’ v a t h g c i x l f e concession w n e n o i m t m s e o d c n a l e h c t f f © o n n o o i t i o s n s e r e p h e t r f o e y h t r o o f n a s n ascendanc o t p i o t d a a d n e s m m m u o e c s e u r m e h t t a h n t i t d n e e d r i i v u e q e r d s e s h u o c p i h s sites wa e w y , l n d o a i o t r a b d n e e n m o m o c s e a r w y r , y a c m i mi l r o p p e n h o T i . t e s h i n t s o i i t y u f q s c i a t a o s t _ h c a . o r p d P l a u g o n h i t s a l u s g m e r t e f s l u e s m s 1 , g e n t h i i ] d T n ( h ‘ bi c i h : d w e t n a i t s t s | e . c s n n o a i t t s u m t i u t c s r n i i c n a t e i h l t o r n o o i t r a e v t a c by metrop c a r x a e h c e n i c t i s s n a e r d t n n i a l s c t i f n o i g t n l i u h s t e o r n e h t s i t c selves that e j b o e h t t a h t f e i l e b e h t s t n a r r d a e w t . o . n . d e r e s f i f d o > i k u o d n u o B 0 8 . n o i t a r e p o t i c i l l i r e h t 0 l y c n a or l a g e l e t e l p m o c y e h t ‘ e s u a c e b t n a c i f i n s e u n e were sig v a l a g e l d e d i v o r p t f a r d M I O a e k h e t e Draft)’.*? s n o i t h t i d w e r r d e e f n e i r a p t ‘ n o c e e c m e n h c e s r e n o f i t n u t o C e t o a r i i The resti d a e m € : m i 7 3 9 e 1 r o m e h a t , n t i s a a r t t n b o © c n I d l . t u n o e m w e c r t] a h t for enfo [ _ s m u e s u m e h t g : n o m a t n e m e e r g a moral a-
Ip neon e l b a s n e p s i d n i e h t . ..
oe)
d e s o p o r p e ’ h e t s i m o r p re, could not satisfy th c
peal
condition
of the
[resti
3
itution]
oe
t, p:3Ac l na Fi , M I O d an s i d i k 77 Roundou =
Iss.
74
1441
73
sf
:
cr,
dele
i
Proj.
‘jer’, 9S9e,c 0
e n e G y r a t e T 2 6 1 . See E. F, 7.IL pp oukidis eA ae : » LN Doe ce EF,
ections
z » take all ne Ces sary steps
and induce the
ho]
27.M M.22
n i s o M ernational Co;
the objec objecls t
l i r a t n u l o v it r e d older to surren ,
Nati , 2 s n o i t a C , Yoc .327.-MM.220.19» 3 21 Ma y 1936, OIM ee ete of
to loc: ate
pp.162-63.
); 37 e 19 nf , is ar (P s on ti va ca Ex on e -1937.X11, 68 renc -7 0, and Appendix 2, 84-89; and
n o i t a d n e m m o c e R , Il n o i t 78 Sec
©§
and
Section Ul
o r i a C 7 3 9 1 e th of , II ef Section o r p e th d e r e v o c s e l p i c n i r The p cep n o c m r o f i n u ’; of the ‘antique object n i s e i t i u q i t n a e in the regulation of the trad tem s y s e h t n o s n o i s i v o r p e iv at sl gi le of n ductio t. c A l a n i F ae did not exist. o r i a C e h t f o l i ction T e S , n 15 o i t a d n e m m o c e R “ 3 p , t c A | a n i F , M Foundoukidis and OI
e j b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u International Law, M
s n o i t a N f o e & the Leagu
cts
e m e g a le g qa n f e o s e t r n u c e s o t g n i k e e s y b l a n g a h t _ . . t l u , e t c res > 89 a r a h c , c] t li r o il p x e y l t i c i d l e l i t c e s a w s u s it P t c e j b o n a d e s r a e e w f f o d s a w t a th ,: ) q e T o i t a i g tr
joited in
a p ire e It S ‘ Count e t W r s a o t t t i i n l N i c s a e f d i an y o N . s r o f the relevant authorit O Y T i r l a r e o m e a e h n t o d g n n g i a g, y On l e t r h g y , l } e g i l T o s f o dwill of n inadequacy i e s m ™ s B r e t i a C 7 3 9 1 described in Chap e h t f o t c u d o r p y b x t n a c i f i n g i s e r e f n Another o C n . ‘ ce Was the e 0 4 9 1 ( s n o i t a v a c x E l a c i g o l o e h c r A f the Technique o n i N e h T : ’ e e p v i t a n ‘ h t s i g w n i l a e d r i oples, archaeologists in the
Nal BAVE py
os i are should be taken not to do anythin would clash which § and persons in authority. with ‘nai TEND g ma objects some natu: of sacred ture (2) The y mean that th
(1) Care
sh
; Bists’ theref archaeolog; € sacrilege, ‘ as be viewed educate[d]’ should natives thei of therefore, , a srasnaciiall study of their history and
on
ee 1 eorle Con ae S : i eee c mation es ie e being objects the mee elopment of the relationshi 6 Tee ‘native’ between ae the tors would assist in preservation later goal, archaeologists woul d need the past Se aresenti to the sam €
ns’. ions traditmo ’.
i i h e s e h t of storic records’
y
,
i
a
titled
n Valuable additiony
and nd security of | to ‘educate’
0 cal s that ‘these reverent re spect as their1 own beliefs and
6 8 ° s’.8 Thi
t S n U e n i d i y v l s e a a m w : o s n n o a e i t e o a t to s t r o f f e fale Its trust oblig e : a u t l u c r i e h t d ative n s i a n r u a d e g a t i r Americ e h ral uring this United S tates an d Native Ameri i cans: assi. milati l a e D w e N n a i d j n I g o n t n o Duri 2 Inter-wa r trea i e t i a B , s n o i t a ty negoti the IwIS cept con
m the late e ninin
ptu alisa j j tion
119
of cultural
obj eC TS § a! as
Further, whilst the
n e e w t u d a d e w o tit s wa y t u d , is s th n a c i r e m A ve ti Na to y
This first
y l p e e d e s a h p h c a E . t n e m e v o m t r a S U ’ c an ‘authenti n i s e c i t c a r p d n a s t c e j b o al r u t l u c n a c i r ive Ame t a N f s u o n e g i d : n i f o n o i t p e c r e p ’ s l a i c i f f 0 s u o n e g i d n i n o n y b d e b i r c s e r ly p . a d n e g a n w o s ’ e r u t l u c t n a n i m o e d
o t s 0 7 8 1 e h t m o r f g n i t c e l l o c m u e s u m f o e’ g a n e d d o l i o r g e p ‘ e e h h T t . s g t n e m e l t t e s S — coverin U e f o n o i s n a p x e d r phas a w e t v s i t e a w N d n i o p p a u r s e e i h c t i l o p h t i n o w i t d a e l d i i m - ncl c n of assi
o i t a t n e m s e m l u p e m s u m d sive i n a s t s i g o l o p o r h t n a d e l , n r u t n i , s . i s h t T c e j b . o t n l e a r m u n t l r u e c v d o n a g s S e r U u t l e u c n a c s by th i r e m A e ativ N d n s u d o w r a s w n o o i t s i c e ’ d y t t r i u l o C a t n e e m e m r p u e S g a S v U l a f s o ‘ s e 4 i f r o e s t 2 p u a o e d , r a u y B r o u t e t h n T e c . s n o h i t t a n n e n e a t c e i n r i e m n A e e v h i t t a N y f o t n n i h g t i i puring w e r e c e i f v f o o s n g i e r o f c i t s e m o ition of the d i s a u q a s 4 3 8 d 1 e t n a i e f d e e d h s o i t l n b a a t i s d e r a u s g a w f o ) e A l o I r B ( e h t s n r o i a k f o o f t A A I n e B v i r e d h t Indian s s n a a c i , r 9 e 4 m 8 A 1 e v i y t a B N . t . or i r e t n I e h t f 0 r Departmen t g n n i e t m s i t x r e a p n w e o D r e i e h h t t f o o t s s d o e l r r e e h t f s n d a e r r e t f f u s s a w d o i r es, it e p s i h t g n i r u d s d n a l l a n o i t i d . a s r e t r u r t i c e u h b r t a t t s s e l a o r ’ t from u t s l e u b c i r t d n e a h t l a h i t c i o w s , s l t a c , n i e a m c i e t e i r l g o a p o t n i e d p e O r C e t o t economic; n e ’ d t e n n e i a r m t n ‘ r e g n v i o e g b e S l i U h w e h ’ t d e t e c s e n t o o p r p s ‘ e e b o In r t s e i t i n u m m O C e s e h t r o f s n o i t a v r , e 1 7 8 1 y B lish res 7 8 . s e c n a t s m u c r o i i c t a p r d u e s g u n a e h t c e l p m o c e i h t with their d e l l a n g i s h c i h w , m e t s y s g n treaty-maki d n a w a L l a n o i t a n r e t n a I w 1 e s y a t h n p g i e p i h s e sover e t s u r t s i ough th ion.
1920s — coi
h t t a l n A i m r e ” t . t s n t i e f o d o h d t e m e i m a eral governm e y h c t i l o n o p t t n n a e n m i e e m r o g d a s i e d h t t n , s a e t i s r n u o t c n e s a w there General
e h T . n o i t a s i l a b i r t e d h g u r e s e tion thro r e h t f o the demise
p i h s e e e t t a s t u i r l t i c a g f n i o t t a n i d e m i r a e at term m A ) t c A e v i t s a e N w a D l a u d 7 i 8 8 v 1 i ( d n i 7 8 o t 8 1 d n f o a l t c A d e n w o m r y l o l f a Allotment b i s r i t h T f o ” ® s . n t o n i e t m r e o l P t t g e n s i t t o s l u l a o n e y b g i m e t s y s s e c vation r u o s e r d n a p s O d g n i e b ’ s lu p r u s ‘ e h t h t i w : d e icans, t o n t r o p e r h t y r n a o r o d e p i m f i e t t s u n j o c s a w A n . o y i l t l a a l r e n & g s i n h of assimi o T i ( t a s i l i v s i e c c a f r 0 n s a s i e d r n g I o r e p h t e h f t o r o f n o y i r t a s a s n e i c m e r t e s t o x was n m e e e h h t t ] r s o i f [ y a w e s h s t e d r e g v n a o p C y l f e o r u c t e c s a e y v b a n a a p e m “(W]e h S e a ! t s i a h w e 2 b i r o t t n i e h t m i d h n e e r u o t t c e a f l u b n a a r m i s o t e d t i e b d attempt o e t r e d e i r s e w M O C ’ s p u s o t s r i g n ‘ o i s t a a l i m s i s n s a A c i 0 9 r e m ’ e A l b a i e f v i t a N unjusti , t c e f f e n I . t i n u l a r u t l u c d n a l a c i t i rate pol , e l r e b A s D e S n at a y h p o r B . A . W 87 See nst o p s e R d ed. n a s e i t r , e w b i a L L n , s o n t i h a g t i i a R d l n i I m i l s on the a s r A e n Fed a i f d o n I k r o o o f b d t n n a e i H ’s em v o M e h T , z t i r : F w Cohen, F S Cohen F a _ L . H s ’ ; n f f a 5 M 0 1 te Pi p h W , k o i o d b n d a n L a H », , n e Man d e 88 See Coh R d n , 2 n ( r u y b c h i s l a o W P . n E f a f i 3 W. 7 nd I p d p n s a e t , a ) ; 5 t ) S 3 6 9 d 1 e 9 t 9 i 1 , n a i U ph of n, a s m t r n o e N m , u n d c e o D d n 2 ( .), d n e a ( i d n I a h n c a u c i r r P e m P. the A . F n i rt d o e p c e u R d o r e p s e R u o H . ) 7 , 8 8 1 ( irs a f f 8 8 A 3 n . a t a i t d S n I 4 2 n o 89 e e t . 7 9 . t . 4 n 7 i 1 m , 1 m 7 0 1 o 3 p C p , ’ t r , o : se p p u u o S H “ , s e h i t r r o M edn, Lincoln, 1975) n f i o d e t t r i o c p e R , ) y t 7 i 8 r 8 o 1 n ( i M serial 1938 Congress, House;
s s e s 90 US d n 2 ; . g n o C h t 6 4 ; 0 1 7 (Rpt.) n0.1576,
>
, ) b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u s M t c e , v a L l a n o i t a n Inter b ? eq is il iv ‘c s er mb me al du vi di in ir the and ed dismantl y their ASsitn; lat; society. m i t s n t i e s r i e g w o l o p o r h t s n t a s d i an Archaeolog auclyai nv Olveq ony this phase of the ‘civilising mission’ of Nativ practical level, they assisted in the administ: eas | s e i t i als) Ss, aw el fe of iod per nse inte t mos the turn facilitated 4. “8 Act oN
objects.°! There was an acute perception meee
Native
a
eons
ey
Opologice ethaMt
Cy . ing. sts e8i e Cause of Not 0 r : es. They Seon nly "ti
© assimilation and acculturati
ea
wer
ie e! pos ¢ a on ecti , coll n a y the a S e b a ugh i thro t a es N e r o f es dat and Re cts of obje lve Am Gilg vanished’, ” any i For m any anthropologists, the removal of sacred ob :
j
Jects from th
: ; s u s a m e in h t d t e t n a e u t m e i e s l c i a c l a p : m collections f 3
Indigeno y
|
1S
peoples
VO Tuntarily
y t i s r e v i n U 2 . 4 Figur e . 3 9 8 1 , o g a c i Ch
challenge:
relinquis
hed
suc h
permanently. ee Like iti s European coun terpart Its practical application -0
y
}
and confiscati
to justify
itori
92
d
A the in s gion Reli ne ten vem Sri The ne Wa orian America e Anthr Coa opolodgy and the American I oan : Wi ee ‘oral ston, 1994). : ng a Re ,
z
oN
C.M. Hi
Bree n; O
:
The La ngua
3
JED
a p i , k r o Y a s on si Fair: Vi
! e n a V . D i , n o t c e c e p t b oe American IandnidanR A es ne Brooklyn Museum 21;
CER
at p.20; Fane 7
é
Stewart Culin
anguage’,
a s ’ d l r o W e th l l A , Rydell
W.
.
. a i d e t i i r c z p S o s l , a n e p.178. P.91, n Niez , i t i r i p S , i
f ae
4 .
189 Us 3 ee
3 3 4 ee N 1 6 , 4 3 s e , ) 0 90
the
York
New
State
Museum:
D A 3 5 d f f a ; ) 9 t 189 peal dismissed Sup. eCe ap
i N , S C E e N e r O o e f s T a C e S h , T s m b a A r 3); G. pum:
yes? The
!
aga
Repatriation from the
Role of Objects in Nations Confedera ae e h t d n a s m u e s Q u M , ) . : (ed n a l , a p Id a l K a n o , i F t a n N i , y 4 41 ) 2 9 35 , 9 p. 1 n ( a m z , t ) a 4 e l 9 P 9 e 1 r , a n S, o s d n e s, u o ct s L je ” Ob A i n : E 1 G e e S = A , 7 1 5 R L U h T , Breen, The oe Fane hlin
ug
. M.
Herta
* The Poor; cs
1
ExpOoSsiitt;io *P
aPoliies vie
e© W, World a
ieee 10s
aa
R E H S A ( Displays 2 7
Oklahoma, in
of
*)
e h t f o n o i t a c i f Commodi
» ) s d e ( e n i v a L 523 ing,
» p.344;
W. J. Rush
exhibit
Exposition,
o r P r a e n i l i n u s i h t o t n i s e r u t l u c r i e h t d n a s e l p o e h e t p s u h t o i n w e g d i e c d r n o i f n f i o e r n o i s a t w a , : e l r tu l u c t n a n i Blaine assimi m o d e h t y b d e n i f e d , , y n r o u t i n t e a c s i l e h i t v i f c o s e w e n i G A gression 0 f£ " . G , O n O o W i t c F u O d o c r A p s e l i a r t u i t l u u q c i t s n u A o n e e h g i d n i n o n o i t a passage of t l i m i s s a n o £ © c t , d c n a a p m i s r o e t h t ec l l f o o c s s s a e e n s e r e r v a o w d n a s m u e growing a s u m ° ” l . a s c e o t i l s , ’ t l e a k c r i a g m o l o t e s a i h r c u r o a t ‘ l n a a i c t i n r e m A e v i t the expone a N f o t n a o e i r t h e t l p e h e t d d e e h s t i n f o g o c s e s r e n e s r d a n w a a L c i l b u P n o sequently, e e t t t u i o m m o d C e t n ’ i s o e p v i t e a t e n t e t s i e m r m p e o R C f o e h t , 6 0 9 1 n The House I i for the d e l l o r t n o c n u f o
™ Victor;
of Pennsylvania
at the World’s
Columbian
excavation
rid had
enacted laws
s n n r o e i v t o a g v a c d x e e s i l i t v a i h c t y d r e e v d e i v o y r l p l a c i d t a h d n a , that ‘prac t s a p c i r o e t e s h i W h ) e £ h t ’ f y o a w s n l i a a c m i t e c r a r p e h t d f n o a n ¢ o i t a m e t s y preservati s e m o s n i o r i a C d e t c 7 u 3 d 9 n 1 o c e h e t b l d l a n h a s t f s a n r o D i t M I O 9 3 and explora 9 1 e h t e s u a c e b t n ica f i n g i s is . s n t o c i A t a p u c c s o e e i t r i p u s t i Antiq f o y n a m d n a l d e l a t r a e d d e o f m m n © o c c s a e t i t s c A l a n n a i c F i r e e c m A e v i t Conferen a N f o g n i t d o o e l r e w e o d p a m m e 6 t 0 T 9 1 f . o s t s t i c t A n e i s c e s i t o i t u q i n o i t a v The Ant a c x e r i e h t d r e O t s u c r i t r n o e t s i h y l f l 0 a orm f s t c d e n j a b o e c n r e e f h f t o o ‘ l d n a s e a crimina t i s | a c i g o l l o a e n a o h i c t r a a n s y a e k e , t t a n n g e i m s n e r d e v o o t g t n S e U d i e h t y b the Pres d e l l o r t n o c r o d e n w o d an l n o ’ t s e r e t n i scientific : s e d i v o r p 3 n o i Sect monuments.
to d a o R e h T Jacknis, J. 3 7 — 6 p p 5), 9 9 1 ects, j b O , n i , t . s l u a A ( et e e n d r a a F G in antv , A m u k r e o Y s u w M e N n e y l th nd ook a r n i B t r A e , n l n o a a i c t at i c r e e l s l m n o A o C i t e uni hibi Nativ Z x E s n ’ a m i u d n I n a c i r Ame s ’ n i l u C t r The a w e : t ’ S s g n i h T d Beauty: l O ‘ ), 2 9 for 9 1 s n o , i n t o s d e n u o Q L ( w y e r o t s , N i e H n a t F r A . D n d a n c a i r e ; m 9 A p.2 e v . i ) t 0 a 0 N 0 2 f o ( s r 3 a 3 e Y 1 3 y 4 l n § r i § a l E u C C e h S T S. U , ) . 6 d d 1 e n ( a at ; o 9 4 at ified d o 1 4 c , ) 6 ae J. C. Berl 0 9 1 ( 5 2 tat. 2 S t 4 s 3 r u H , 9 0 . 2 D 9 e 5 e S . L . . A M B i Pub , 1 1 / 6 2 9 1 , ] 2 to Beauty (1927 02
. d 4 a . o 1 [ R e h T y , t d n i n i t o l n u e p d C s I e r r n o a C c See S. i r l e a m A ner e e G v i t , a 5 N 2 9 r 1 o f e r l e t t b a m B ve e h o t N 9 d e n a h T , t d y n g : o i g l M n o i e t . a c E h e c l r l to o A C of n, a M s e r k u c t i l u w C e n n d e n K a : s r es a r W u t l l u l C u k S g n i , t s c a e m l l o o h C T , y 5 e 2 l 1 s n i y H g o l . o M p o . r C h t n A nd a m u ; e f s f u 0 4 M 1 . ge 6 p 1 A p d ) e , 2 d ) 9 l 0 9 i 0 1 G ( e h t 5 1 9 in 1 York, 20 0 ty 8 e 8 i 1 c o S t s d e n a w h t e u 5 r o u S t l u C n : a c i r e m A f o of the America n o i t a r orpo
c n I e h T i , g r e b d e t i C n e 99 Cited in A. Tracht 1 4 1 . p , l l u k S s, a m o h T d n a ; 6 3 . p York, 1982),
(New Lure (New
C f o n r u t ; e b R O & l a r u s t m l u u e s u M International Law, ects
s n o i t a N f o e u g a e L e h t & s e l p o e p d e s i colon
and
, s n o i t a v a c x e , s n o i t a : n i m a x e gath Bb} That the s g n i t “ : > Subj h n t r e o k f a t r e (S benefi h regulations are und c u S g i H S E e l b a t u p e r f o t i f i t n e i c t s d e s e i n g e o l c a e n n r o r i e h t t a o , or iicimbuledee offeich At educ egese colle e s W g r e W e n o t s e h t t a h t d n a , s t c e J t o i t a v r e s e r t p n e n a m r , e y p a g 7 n i r e h t a made for the B e s s u m c i l b u p n I n 8 all 10 490 §, .
The Antiquities Act of 1906 legally transfe rred Native s a r A : velo
e d s a w It t. us tr c i l b to the US pu ;
cy je Ob n a a n a o i t n e a a , n e m e Y e r e = m u h g t e i i w s e n v o a i h t a l t h g i m a c i r e m A e v i t a N apter 9, for i
with no suggesti
e e As e s. ct je ob re Sa
s te si E ES a e r a e s e h t s N l a w l a r t s e c n a past but : : og ol i ae ch Ar s u o i g i S and rel i of s t c e j b O i e e Be j e r e w e r e h t , y r u t n e c h t n e e t e n i n = = * er ee ex e r o M y l b a i r a v a d : n o e r e h t l n es i th l n of a h t s e l p m a : museums i h w unities from
| |
|
|
j
|
non
and
ymous’
es
‘timeless
ng Vi b d y n n a o i t n a e t n h e w s e r p e T they often knew r e w e they m o en h ev w y ’ DS . y T m y 2 r 0 o ! t . s i d h e t a e l a r r c u t a € n ; t c b e many l l o c d e h s i l b a t s e e r e w of s m u e s e u c a e e h t i t a l u d n a 0 7 8 1 indigenous pop ati n e e w t “ l a i c o s r i e h t d ey n Wh a s 0 2 s r i e l b c e m d u n in s e i r a e S w s e n @ r o u i t t c a m u r r o t e. f S In n i and e w e m i t s i h t g n i r u d Te e a c p ; n u , ’ c ts i af t cr n e h t d u n a a ‘ as arts d di e sulli t in o m o B) e a e c n e u l s f n Ou i eN 1B l a n r e t x e S. y b d e i o n e g i d n i When us Populati;on numbers be th an n i e s a e r c century, anthropol Ogi n i to gan h et ti en e tw b y g l n r i a t e c e l € l o c l a 5 c i g mu fi in e th e a h w t f a o n a ll i e fa s s a o u B to ca though
e b n a y g a] ‘[ B that: z n d a e r u F g r a s a 3 o y. or y a w l é xceedingly fragment a is n j a l s t c > e j b o f o y 5 a r r a ‘ t e h t a: nt f o rf sentation
any attempt to pres
|
|
Ty pre
e e e : f; 7 ti ar e will not only b : en
, but will be
data by
enti
Prov
Act of Pre:
5),
ee. C. Ber]
S 103
Ushienge,
Sa
ed
0, The Early Years Be etd
Native, p.1]. 3 and e, “Ni
s n o i t s e u Q , e n o S e of th dian:
| {
ife of a people...
ti|
cla
‘ :
VS Only
For this
ssif5 ica
Syysstematica
uen
yes
reEasoon ue,
s n e m i c e p s f o n o i t a c an r o f 10 d e turnizng of prj s , s ’ e g r n p i l d a e e l l N s e i m e y n l i e r i t n e as over’ n o i t a s i l i v i o c i ‘ t i n i f f o e ns 9 y and the eqanen of cultures Pinriorreldation as ingular entit e i 1s0n other Bow t © each n e t ‘ex an thropology would 1 00 cee cla
e n a s n I n a i n o s h t i m S e ae a To issue a NM to i 2 S$ to i t Tm Ri a a e e R d an e r; n a rea se y e rr th ca to bY ’ s o Ba i v e e th isions of
|
TUG
fa
i
i
t r o p m i t s o m s ’ a eae Americ ortant 5 r! 7
S pr operly qualified to wo eee A ko e Interior,
re etaries of th
;
9
n N a i d n d I e s u f n i t c Si ac
n a h g u o r h t w l a a L n o i t a n r e t n I n n o i i t a s i l i v i c f o e l a c s e h t g f f e o o n g i a n t i i r m e l r h a e r d u t n l u c ‘ e h t o t s te q the u e l p o e p l ibution of al
r t n o c e h t n f o o i t a i Nee easing apprec 3
ty nti ide al tur cul US for rch . x 5 r e m A e v i t a N i d e w e i v s e d a u y e l e l o p e d P n a g n s i l e a b i Bentghe miondteerrn-,war period, vs museum offic s e v l e s m e h t s e i t i n u m By m o c s u o n e g i d n i r o f ’ ce
ie
qetiaceleeia!,
arch
n them. Reg.17
Agriculture and Wat
r u o s e r l a r u t l u c 4 as o r p s e i c i l o p l a e D ican cultural objects w e N n a i d n I e h t , s n a c i r e m A e v i t a N r o F . e s l e o i h t w i a n u m as m o c n o r i i e t h a t n e k a m to and the l a w e n e r l a r u t l u c g n i d i a to l a i t n e s s e as l a c e o c l r u y o b s e r p u s i h t n e k d a t e t o m s a w e c r u o s e r s i h t , n o i t a n S U e h t r o F . t n e . i t c i n f e f m u s e v f o l e m s t ar y l n l r a e c d i o m m l a c econo o l c i t n e h t u a n a of n o i t a e r c e h t d e e f to s t i c e p s c i h avant-garde artis p a r g o n h t
e m o r f s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c e s e h t of ’ n o i t a v e l l a e v ‘ o m e e r h t r i e h t , of s e t x c e n t n a o t c s e n h t i d e s h i c t i t o i l o p e d In b d n a e d s i c i r o t s d i n h s a n e d a y c l i r l e r a m s s A e e c e v n i t a N t k n a r e a e w t o e t b p i s i h s n n o i me t a l re e h t d n a n i g i r o f o s e i from the communit it : e d a m s r . y e l b l m a u r e n n e g n o i y t t a e l i u c o p s o p S U s u o n e g i d n i 2 g n i s a e r c 5 n i e s e , h y t r u t n y b e c e h c t n e a : i t e t n s n i s e e r d e s i n a g r o In the early 9tw d n a A ; ’ g n i h s i n a v ‘ t o n o t e d , r e e l w y l l a s u n d a a c r i g r e m e A r u ; t l u e c v i t a N t n a n t a i h m t o d r a a e h t cle f o s e c 9 i t c a r p we d n a a c s e s e i c d i e l o g p g a l f e h t r o to i r e t n I e h t f o communities y : r a t e r c e S S d U é b e e h t B , 2 2 ; 9 1 n I h 2 c i h w . n o i t , a s l n i : m a i c s i s r a e m A e v i t a N m q rethink of o r f s e l t i eyaereatec ; resource t
s e v i t a i t i n i e h t e r e w l l i b s i h t h t i w d e k n i L 6.8 7 ° 1 . l l 2 i b Q m 9 u s r u c B a r 9 p e h t s u o in i g A i l t e h r g i n a c o i r e m A ple e v reached its he i t a N A oe iminalise certain
d n a d n a l e h t e r i u q c a o t s e r u s a e 9 m lated 2 r c to r e n o i s s i of the Indian Comm E : 9
s r e d a e l l a b i r t n a : es1.98 Native Americ tic . a
:
s n i c e l l o C d n a p i h s r a l o h c oliues of S
} r e m A e v i t a N in n o i cit c e s e r A e h T a ), P d. e (e h T , e l d Wa E. in 104 seq menta , t r A e e g n o i t u l l n o v E 3 0 7 . in p at 5 6 a . p p , ) O 6 8 9 n 1 g i e r o , F k r 4 o Y l i h w P e Ss s e o e , e g d i r b m Museum ee a C e ( g a e e e d n a y r e e ; B e e in ra e the p y of e s u d : ; M s n e E r 0" u e t h l t 5 u 105 C d n a e n g i n p < ndi n u o F r h r t e l n l A e e i i r ‘ P S ] . W ig ays s s E : s r e h t O Boas ¢ ‘ainbd a orincati5 erles rOUeeds (Madison ee in G. d n a s t c e Obj , ) . d e ( g ss g n , a 2 L 11 . p , 5) i n i m d A m “ u e s a U c i h C ( , e r u e lities ang i i e S 5 2 ) 7 0 9 1 ( a i n a p e, p cs e a e R S , ) 2 8 . 9 8 1 2 9 B at F d e 1 e 2 e l 9 n : sky, Fee S e c n e a i e i p n i y P g 0 . 8 A 7 . 0 V. e 2 2 a . 3 h d c n r a o A r’ ; a 8 3 8 2 se 6 Bo . 0 1 ( e h T e r n: u s io n e C to 1S a]s n m rte In in e s, je ar Ye War e American and ; th € De; velopment of America? 9) 91 (1 _E. Re yman (ed. 3 ] 992), p.161. ) Rediscovering Our Past: Essays on the
:
5
9
P
y l l u f s s e c c u s to d e r gathe
Ee
oppose this renewed g
s, t s i y b b o l t s g n o m a e l g g u r t s a © d 9 e t a b r e c a x e o s l a l l bi m u s n a r i u d 9 B n I e h t e h T o t . s n t o n e n o p p o Oppositi s it e e d n e a s s e c o r p n a o i t a l i m i s s a e h t e h g t n u n i o m o r n p o i t a e l s a o c h s t e d e t a c o between v d a o h 9 w s r o E t a c u d e A I B ; r e m r o f i l e d r e d u l e c 5 v n i i t a n n f o o n o i s s e r 6 p p u s Rights Associati , n o i t duca e nae m a e r t 3 s n i a : m A l a r e d h e ae g f u o r e h h t t f o s e s i d c n i a l J n a i d n I l a n u m m o assimilationist po ak t of c
° ’ . t h g u a l s n o e v i t a l s i leg On9
n e m t o l l a l a u d i v i d n i ' d n a s e c i t c a r p gious _ ;
government. 106
ve America n Art History;: The Politi ry
Road’, 32.
or,
g n i t f i h s s i h T ° ° ' é . d o i r e p F r a w r e t n i e h t g n i r u s d t s i n o i t u l o l v i e c l a a f s i i c h a t r w h o t h l i s i w a n t e d 6 d n a s 5 r e afrontatio t p a h . C s ew Deal policie °
"
,
eee
gj
Tecan
3
ped without
123)
t s g n o m a l a v i v e r s t f a r c d n a s t r a n a c i r e m A e v i t a N They promoted
@ nd s m u e s u M , n n o S. C ; f f 6 8 , ’ s e i t i u q i a nd s a o B z n a r See McLaughlin, ‘Ant F is, n k c a J I. d an 5 8 .107p p , s, ) 8 ct 9 je 9 1 Ob , o ), g d. a c (e i h (C g n i ck
6 2 9 1 6 7 8 1 , fe Li American Intel: lectual the f o s n o i t a t i m i L Exhibits: On the Do t: ur Co e em pr Su US Sovereignty and the Court in
to S in , gy lo po ro th An an di In n a c i r e m Museum Method of A me ns, e i r k p l i u W S . E S . U D d e n h a t 5 f 7 o 8 1 on i , p l s l i u c k e S d , s e a m r o a h p n T m o o i e s C e i S c e . 7 d 7 10 3 . 2 3 1 9 , 1 3 1 a p d n a ), 7 9 ; ’ 9 d 1 e s i l , i n v i i c t < s u A as ( o e l c i b t e s of Fu he Pu
t c i d t e s n i i l f a e n d r e t h a c p i h w l a ) n 6 o 7 i 8 s 1 s ( e r g 6 1 n 6 o C S U g n 4 i 9 n o i , t h c p n e a s o s J y l e v i t c e f f e d n a United States v. e t a t s ‘primitive’
The Masking
a in g n i e b as m e h . ) 3 1 9 1 ( nieng t 2 8 2 defin S U 1 3 2 , l a v o d n a S . Vv s e t a t S d te
; , ) 3 6 9 1 , r e v n e D ( t gh u o h T d n a e f i L n o s y Essa e y m t o i S r o d n n i a M r i policies: Uni g i n o i m d e n M a t s ‘A r e : d n U ith n e Z , ) . d y e r ( e v E r e l t m t o i r G F B. , r e J. n i , n a i d n See J. Colli I s e t a t S d i ite n U e h T , r e i l l o C J. n a i d n I n a c i , r pp.128 and 136; and e ly m A of e r u 40 t p. u F d at n a ¥ 3 2 3 t . s p a P e ) h 6 T 5 9 l i a r T e th n o Groups (DNeelworiYaork,Jr 3 1and C>.P- Lytle, The Nations Within: s n a i Ind n a c i r e m A : d e t V, i s i ev R 109 See n o i t a n i m r e T ; p l i Ph . K d n a ; ) 4 8 9 1 , ork Y w e N ( y y t n a g M i e . 5 r ) e 9 , v 9 y o 9 e S Self-D 1 l r o h C , n SO l to o c n n i L ffe ( i n S ; 8 3 4 5 9 9 1 1 y 3 l 3 u J 9 7 2 , on ung, eterminati o July Y o Seljt to n, s io s at o ci G so As ; 25 ts 19 gh Ri an di y In ar nu Ja , 16 c. In u s, a od e Wo r Bu n o i t a m r o f n 110 See Welsh to I a | n o i ‘Nat , d e l t i ent 1925; and Document
International Law, ) Museums
s n o i t a N f o e u g a the Le
& R eturn of Cultural Objects
i
nativ g communibites as a means of ‘uplifting’
state to civilisation.
a
i n g o c e r s a w t ar to t c a f e t r a m o r f s t c e j b o l a r u t l ative American cu ionalism.
y a W e v a B Y ou
O
d e S P ] oe ai TaB l a a n ditio : = eans -of insul ating i Nativ1 e Americans sseee 1 e nant Its a ; BM i culty is encouraged the revival of ‘high
ee anthropolo po giwists of the Santa Fe and Ta ee a onist’ arm and had three motivi atorsNd , (1)
enous Indig =
arts and c
US public re-
colonie
for political nat d e s i c i t i r c ) 8 2 9 1 ( ) t r o p Re lf se n a i d n I t r o p p u s t no g n i v o m e r of s n a e m a than 8 8 1 y c i l o e p h n a t i d n n I o d l a r i e n d e f t t a a h t d n e m m 119 Jt fou o c e r s t I ° ” ! . d n a e l h t r of i e t e h n e t t m l a r o t n e r c a a c n e e o m b i t a l ericans f i m i s s
e l c i h e v a as so al t u b y l l a c i t e h t s e a y l n o t o n e u l a v r m i a e i r e M ( t r o p e r h c r a e s : e R t n e m n r e v o G f o e t u d i d t t i a h t t y s c i n l o p J n a i d n I f n o Ee o i t a r t dminis a c i e r o m le tt li s a w a t p c A e tn 7 Dawes
Ples from
os
aS Association’s influence in Washingto oe nerican Indidian Defence Association.!!2 [hj ik
25
i
©
S for Med th
fo
ufficie
{ndian New
e r e b d l u o w rafts
a n a h t r e h t a m r s i l a r u l s p d towar . n o i t a r t s i n i m d a t l e v e s o o o R c e e h e t d u l c r n i e d o n t u s t h g 5 i r Deal y t : r e p i o r p d n o y e b t n e w ’ s t h e g v i r r e s e r p n a i d o n t J ‘ s n a c i r e m A t stated e v i t a N e g a r ou
h c u m e v a h s n a i d n I e h ] t ( ‘ t a h t d e g d e l w o n k c a t I . y t i t n e d e r u c e s o t e d a m e b d l u o h s t r o f f e e h t d n a , n o i t a s i l i s v t I i c . t ’ t n c a e p n s i e r m f l e s d n a e d to the do i r p e c a r r e p o r p a | e l t la u m i i d n t i s h c a ] e d n f a o [ ’ e . r i , s e _ d ‘ e h t r e d i s n o c t s u m A I B e h t n a t n a h i t a m e s r a ‘ w r n o e r tio u a t d l u c t n n a e n m i m o d e m h t o c h t e i r w ’ e l g a r e m ‘ s centr o p t u o r r e g h s u t o i n e e n g i a d c n i i f r o e s m r e A b m e m e v l a i u d t i v a i N d n i e l h g a t n u i d t f s o vi i n s o s i a t i n n g o o c s e r i s y a n a h p r e m v o e s t s h g i i r h n T a 2 m 2 u 1 » h n f o n o a i i t d o In m o r p s e t a t S d e t i n U e d h e t pre-empt e . d h a t e r r e 5 u 4 t 9 r 1 u n h t c s i o h p ’ w k s e r t h s o t i w n n i o s i t t h a g v i r r e s s p e u r o p r e e d g h v e t i n t o a i N t f o c s n c a i s m a n y t d r o e p h t e r g n i m r u c s b o y b e r e h The Meria t , s t c s A e j b . o s e c l n a a r t s u m t u l c u r c i c ’ l g a n n i o g i n t a i h d c a o r t t ‘ t p a d a o t y t i l i b a market for r g i n e i h n t i a g r n t i t d i n b a i h n n o i i t d a c n u a d e s e h i g t u e o i r c h o t s n a c i r e m A American s . e n v o i i t t a a r N t f s o i n e i c m n d a a i l t e l r e v f e s l o e s o c R i e m h t r e d n u l a e D noted, econo w e r N e n n o a i i s d s n i I m m e h o t C f s o a n o r e i i l t \ a d o C n u o n h o J d e t n i o p p became the f a t d l e e c v n e s o e o R m m . o D c n e i r l e k w n a t r a h F t t s n m e r d o f e r e h t d e t a r In 1933, Presi e l e c c a a g r o n e o R i t a n r a t i s d i n n I i m e d h a t f o s i H e g . a s s r s i a a p f f A e h t n a n i i d n I l a f t o n e m u n r a t i s d n n I i e s h a t w s a e h h c ; u t s r o n p o e i R t a l s m i a g e i l l a r e t a l l o c with the Mer t n e u q e s b u s d n a ) A R I ( 4 3 9 1 f nizati on Act o l . o C D o t R O g n t i c d A r o c d d c n r a a a o B d o s t i f r a e r C p d n t n e m Arts a t o l l a n e a h i t d n f o I d h n t e i w e h t e r e f d r e e k t r n a i m F O 4 3 9 s s e r p p u s o t The IRA of 1 T por ’s powe
u m a i e r u e h B t n a d i e d s n i I n g o e c h t e r d e A h R s I i l e h T a u n lier, it ‘abo o i n a i c o e R d n a e v h i t c a e N p s g n i , n o i g i l e r f n a g n freedom o i v r e s e r p r d o
Sstmilation:
q
‘on: Fohn Coli K Philp, ohn eh and the Origins 0 of Indian an P Policy Reform (Albulier’s Cr usadde e teor lé ndia n
197]
uquerque,
» Maki
Refo r ‘m
(
(Tucson,
)> Pp.57ff; Rushing, Nasive, pp.13-
ng Indian Ar ta Art, Not Ethnology (1992) s 102%)
mereriicas (New Yous S)
.
and J. Coll olliier, The Red Atlantis (1922)
oan and
ton of A merican I©:ndi oe eae’ ta, 1970
- Prin &. + niscences mi Re Smithsonia
, Wa, ion tut Msu i m A n A s: ican Plea for
Ages 7 at
195 95:4 92 ---1 1900 20
p.69; Brod
(eds.), Introduction
h wit ly ire Ent ed ect Sel ih t
r, lie Col f; 60f pp. f Holger C hi ndian, , Holger Cail UML)
peereake
52853189]. : AA [A e. E, American Art and 9 20) (19 Esthetics
sntained an
f y c n e g a n a s a e f i l l a n u m m o c s n e a i i d m o n o c e d tance of In n a s e r u t l u c r i e h t w o h e n i m r e t e d o t s n a c i r e m A
develope
d 125
5 7 4 6 3 1 p p , h t Zeni , er li l o C e e S . ) 8 2 9 1 , e r o (Baltim
on i t a r t s i n i m d A n dia n I of . f m f e 1 l 6 b o 2 r . P p p e h T , s , n m a a i i d r In , r 119 [, Me e i l l o C d n a 6. 3 13ff; 1 1 . pp . c , e o d a D s u r C s , r’ 1 ie ll 2 Co 19 Philp, 2 . p p , s t n e m ocu D . f ¢ 4 4 , 1 a p p h c u , r k o P o b d n a d an ; 9 8 6 8 ne See Cohen, H , 2 2 , pp.21 s t n e m u , n c o i o t a D r t s i n i , m d a A ch u r an P di In d n a a ; p ) a 0 N 0 0 co 2, 6 4 52 2 5 0 3 § § C S U 95 t a ied f i d o c sed , et ) 5 3 9 1 1 ( 6 4 § 1 S 89 . C at S St U 49 5 2 , 35 . L . , at r e 123 74 Pub i l l o ed C fi di 9 co 1 e ( e S ), 34 5 . 98 f f 7 4 . 1 t a p t p S 8 4 83, 2 o s N k o n o b a L. d n i a d H n . b I u P e h 73 , t n e h o C d n 3. a 19 p. and s e l p i e n ; 8 c 3 n 1 i . r c P o D Golliery Zenith, nce e i c , S 5 2 2 nty 2 2 e . w p p T al ci So e h T , , t s c t n A e m , u s c o er D b n e k c a H n , o a i h t R. a c z u i r n P a g r d o n e a R an (2000); di e In th Klukhohn d an C. d n s a ir fa Af Zenith, pp.169ff; t, in W. Kelly (ed.), Indian Ac n o i t a z i n Reorga . 0 3 9 2 . p p ; ) 4 5 9 1 , n o s c u eee Year Record (T p.20-
0. 14 c. Do , 9 2 8 2 vyq PP-2
, an di In e Th , e l r e b A See Brophy and
é
O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R b 9 & s . m ‘a u e s u M jects International Law, i d n a s t r n A a i i d n I e h i h t , t y c i l o p . To ajuugmgent t this h t e g a r u o c n e to 5 3 9 1 t s u g u A d € i m in d e h s i l
C
Tafts Boag
revi : ove the economic status of Nataitive Amerpiwcavalbofiind: geno and impr ans. The |
a i r u c e s in d i , a s t c a r t n o c t e a w engage mark a B S C A r p r o p f u s t r l o a P i c n a n i f g n i e t ; d t a c r u t d O t n e m n r e e s v o o h d g t n a e for creat s k r a Indian producUtEs,S m l i r a m i r p ‘ s a w , r e i r l p l o C to ? g n i d r as o t y toi ies aim, acco e m o c n i e s A ° * ! oo. . ’ . s t c u d o r p t s t f a r c d n a ; j sale of his arts d n I o © l p x e t p a h 3 C n s i
5 ear
of
S: c
realifesing
the [ACB’s .
a
René q’ H :
as
Te Dy for Col
;
i t a n f o s m u e arMoncourt s u m t ar fine e: national cappiitals were i h e f i l ’s ct je ob l a r y s e r o M pressing a cultu e a i f a o e h t ’ s m n u a h e t s u m y r o t d s l r i o h fe li d e s s ’ i t n c e o j l b o o c T Cha aaa 3, [suggested that es j r e m r o F p ec eoples
di n o i t a s i l i v i c f o d r a tan
a a similar
:
fnationa < t
ictated by Int
i n o i s u l c n i of y h t r o w as s n i n o i s u pheno
cultural object
P
the Wes
s e a t c of e p s d e e r n r i r u c n c o o men ples. Thi l a r u m t l a u t c e e h t r of i d l a o l f o w t o a f d n a o h i indigen t a m r o f s n a r t s ss Ous Peo. o , o t s r S i f : e e h s o p r u P d ding t an i a ; y t i t n e d i l a r u lishment of que national cult : e cond s d an 3 j ’ s s e l gs e in m i nn t gi ‘ be s e h it t ave in ginnings
its commodi ty-value and a e r p p u s r c byx the domin: ant i
1930. , m u e s u M n y l k roo B e h T , y g o l o n h Et f o y r e l l a G , e s Hou w o b n i a R e h T Figure 4.3
;
SS
s a y a w e m a s e h t n i n o i t a i c e r p p a s t i e t a t i l i c fa argued that
s r e w e i v e R 2 3 1 > y r t n u o c d n race a e h t t a h t y a w re in the same u t l u c l a i r e t ma
of Indian Triba l Arts? w1i93ng War s tou ted as the < Consideration to es
127 oo
128 csee
J.
1
p94
Le
Nj,
Ushing,
rl Ea o, rl Be ; y 12 rl P. e t e a Ar W E e pen Th ), d. (€ Clifford, Ty the e
SAS
Ld
»
Years, p.8: and M . Cohod : No
es th d an s\ or at oy an il o c s a B edy Pr w e e h L N ( an > di In n a c i 20. r e 3 m 0 A 2 d. . p p ee -ambri y lt Cu ), of 86 log 19 t en am ‘e , rk Yo u E See W, J oe Ma, 1988) y t Ar ur nt Ce d han et ti en Tw , : re re tu ra te Li . 2 2 , hy ap gr no n e a M i it im Pr e th of 130 ‘Indian hee ty ni fi Af ee itive and th €
of
The 1926 one United n Motiode
yy in Is iv It IM objec 13, ODIECts as
to Its 1; story mA
Sloan ang id elated oe 9
>In Berlo
of Art 303 at 304 ~ oCf,
» Ea; rly Years , pp.191-
“aca
:
Native Am erica
e th h g u o r h T t r A : r e v o c t n o r f s it on e i , i o w e N ( e er's h t a w d l o G t York, 1938) r e b o R , Cf eee Si
2
erodes art, A s Raj ulin’
and t H r u d’ o c n o n r é a n e R : 95e ,Modern
E,
ton;
and
ich dealt SCRE
Ano,
(1 inbow Roo 90m 7?(] Indian Tririba l Arts ee e yn okl Bro , 29) 25(19
al ur lt cu c i n a e c O d n a n rica eee
ee Magazine
, in Jacknis, ‘Road’, p.40.
>
r e h t o y r e v e f o t r a k l o f d n a e v i t i ‘the p rim n a c i r e m A e v i t a N ’ e s u ‘ d l u o s US artists y b d e r i p s n i s a w e d r a g t n a v a European
y b d e t a i r p o r p p a e ’ c ? r * u ! . o e s r e u r t p l l u c a s r u t l u c a African e m a c e b s ’ t c c e i j t b n o e h t u n a a ‘ c i n r a e m r A o f e v g i n t i a h N c r a , e y l s e v f o t x Effecti e t e r p e h t r e d n e h u t s l h a i t c i i w f f o d e m k a eu e p s u m d n a d n a s 0 s t 3 s 9 i t 1 r a e h t g n i modern r u d d e i f i s n e r t n o i n a l l e a l c H s i , h e T u g . o y t l i a t t n e a d c i l n a o r i u t t l i u b c i h l x a e n A natio M o M e h t o t n d I r o w e r o s f e c e h r t u o n I s e . r n o i l t a i r b u i t h l x u e c s A t i M o g n i w e 1941 M i v e r s a c i r e m e g A a t i n r e e h h w s i , h e m i t t a h s t i . h t . . t A “ e s : i d l e a e t r o n e t W l e v e , s t Roos n e m e v e i h c a t n e s e r p d n a t s a p s ! ’ ’ n a y i r d t n I n u e o h c t s i g h t n f o h t appraisi l a e w l a u t i r i p d s n a d n a t c e c l i t l s o i c t r a o t e h t 9 2 f 9 o 1 t n r i a p s s r e o t o u d s t i constit d e n e p o k r o l Y a n o i w t e i N d a r n i t e r o m rn Art yy b d e k o o l r e v o y l e t a r e b i l e d , s r a s e k y r o t w s e i e l d r r a e a g s t t i n a av y m r a o r o r p m F e t n o c . t t A display n r e d o M f o s a m u s t e c s e j u b M o l n a a r t u i t l l o u p c o r t e M n e a th e ke p li o r u E museums n o n d n a s u S o W n e g i g n d i n r i i p f s o n i n o r i o t f a ev el e e c th r u d e o t o s m e o r r p h c MoMA i r 4 s a d n a ) t r A e v i t emselves (Primi
h t n i t r a f o s k r wo
ent m t r a p e D e h t of o f n¢., in Recordsis of n o i t i s o p x E of activities, Exposition York, New 132 J. Sloan, Prospectus, Extra-Museum > Harnoncourt, @ Americas, & the R. . Cf and . A M B Islands Rene , ci fic Pa 35 : 19 e NY th 1/ 0, ca 93 ri /1 , Af 10 es of iv ch ts J. Ar Ar e t th Ar of t er rb n He r e d o M of n, de in Sp m u e s u M ), #134 The e in il (f , 43 19 ts Ar r al e ib b m Tr e Indian Arts of the Americas’, Nov , s “Indian e m i T k r o Y New , n O ). 96 s 5e 29 v i at L 0 9 ion 5 19 29 t i : d AA a [A r T rs pe Pa A : on ti bi hi Ex ee @ Harnoncourt an di In n a c ri e m A e Th xh. e ( , ll s we e Je t a t S n de d Al e t i E. n U See e h t f o t r A n a i d In , t r u o . c 18 n p. , o 31 r n 19 e Har fs 6 Decemb ’ a . R d n a s a l g u o D . H F. , in rd wo E. Roosevelt, Fore cat., New York, 1941), p.8.
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultural Objects artists to create a home-grown art movement. In 1967 \4 ™ MA?s first H. Barr Jr, proudly recalled that the museum hosted seve dire cian et “xhibitiong
4 oA and pre-Columbian art’ between 1933 and 1954, when such os in art museums [but were almost] as deeply involved in the tg st b 35 century as... abstract art’.!° As Barr’s seminal diagram oT © and esthetic Satay
e Tree of endeavoured to illustrate, these cultural resources creat ed by ‘Primitive essential to the development of modern art and Its Narrative 136 Ive, 1 3 6 works at the commencement of the story of mod ern art > he woulj d affirm
SQ
Ty Ane
their status as one of its i sources. Like i any other Tesource, it requireq «.. to discover, develop and exploit them, 137 piaredernl
: [T]he
be.
bel
tite
Indian people of today
d the America of the future’.!*° The shift from 2 ene linear progression of (European) civilisati on
tribution to national
and
international
culture is
ords: ‘the culty ral heritage of all mankin d’. The evolution of this 1945 context is examined in the following chapter.
1on of the Museum of Modern Art, 1933; in: arr, Jr Papers, 9A.8.
Ma
tn Primitives, Artists of the People (Nov ember
MoM A 0 th e Editor, New Yor —9: 0. ch k Times, 29 MAr ess
a
:
Oe
ing the exhibitio
Figure 5.1 MoMA entrance dur uar Jan 22 , York New t, Ar n r e d The Museum of Mo
n
‘Indian
Art
d e t i n U e h t of
y-271 April 194%.
States’,
131
20th century
5
B
i m e h t t n i n d o i i t m u t i t s Wwentieth e R
ee Nave Ms ieee
| i
Pe
ee
me
ae gen by ce of a g sea es ci li po ed at ul lc ca o H of rt pa s wa 11 ” a e , p r p e a h s t i a d R goat the ¢ some i erent inferiority. ic at em st sy i i V e th d e d u l c in h c i h w ete a r a p p m'ee a eet its governw and
Cent Ury
Fe domi
S AV e er s e i lemor : i Os n li ai nf Cu | 1 ory here,
o ti ec rr co a be to ere is m e Nn m N s to ith means
:
ips
m e os th d n A too.
5
7 : elit be oy, a W 00 is, ae
ember what : a to : e l p o e P =a physi War , l a | n o i t o m e 5 s an li vi nomic, cal — against Ci a di In e th s ie ur nt For four ce es at St d e t i n U e th of e o H e it th to Ww d e s o p x onslaught of the wh E E “T ors e u q n o c ry ta li er mi d an ‘ n i m o d ; an ed li ow vi ll ci fo by s wa St 4eve tywhere i ad tr n a i d n I . .. n. io at ¢ an it d ag an en se ss re og s pr wa ; ble means oy 10 2 stacle to ver y availa 2 r e v e r o f d an s i s e d to oroughly d e employ Me ie ¢ ic at em st sy The a o i t a n i m i r c s i d of e e t ns ai ag s n 30 19 e e c th n e l o i v during d n a ei th ps ed ou et gr rg an ta so al ar ul ic s rt 40 Pa e h m T e 1r bl . la ge ai ta av ri he ; every al ur lt cu gr ed us e th €a. : e g n u p x e to o h ’ ns i ‘ ti ec ll e 0 up’s existenc fom the co ghly and forever ie2) ee rem.
q
i t u t i t s e r r a W “
the phrase —
i
:
B =
fo} 5
fe) efer}
Q.
=ja©r
a E
i l a c e r e h t s wa h s u p e e e m l f “ f o e g a t i r e he o e h e t u g e f a o H r 4 5 9 e 1 ( e t B c i a l f a n o l C t d e e h m t inn this Convent; y t r e a e i e i d e s e u h T s i a n e o e St-war restituti e x e e h t m o r f e s Nei o r a n . o i t e n e a C e ; h N t d e n h a t s l a i , r e t m g m r a r e g b o m r e P r u P c d C n e n h a o t i t f n o n o e t i v t n n n e o e m v h e s * i e m un 8 4 9 1 venti on). It ener ( e d i c o time of Gen enocide Con-
a
n o i t c e J e r g o r n l p o i n r u a e a Mati n h t i f o of : n of r o t i n o t c u b € I all p eoples and the This chapter exp] ir Care
a
by th iS {
1
1 aT Wolff, W, 2.
5
j !{
Decne d Memory, ny
, s e m i T k r o Y s a s a i Fachs, Ae R c ne outts Indi > i h T t dia n 2 of es t ti n Ur ih Anniversary Vi,e r A r ‘Olecrclon of Cnt e “i
130
Unit
E,
. y t i n a m u h o t s culture
e
2001.
United States (exxhh. Ss (e a
n o i t a m r o f n I 4 M y n "PLY in the De of A ie
: e h t l i h v t i i c w n f o o i t n ssio ivilisa
in s e ed Stat €s an i r t n u o c n a c i r e m d other A
28 28 April he
for the eee =
on the I
n e ( t c i l f n o C "med »
tN
> BAI,
ee
tae
ultural Property
ed dg le ow kn ac es at St e es th ’, ry mo me in n o i t c e r r o c a ‘ g n pursui le ab it ev in t no s wa ns io at st fe ni ma l ra tu l u c s t i d n a p u o r
in
e e P a n e c of the
ant culture
ni
of
pee
theiir cu
n, io at in ag im i r a l u p o p e th In s e l p m a aa manifestavons: x e ng vi li ame c e b d an st pa l
n o i t c u r t s e d d n a j a i r o m e m m i remov e th of t ou d e v o m es ur Wie enous cult y. it rs ve 2 ad of nge di ce in fa : by e th t no in d e b i r c s 9 m u c r i c s ai cultural vitality wa es at St n a c i r e m A in by s ns s io e c ct o r re p or ‘c e es th of s on This reassessment ti ta mi li e h T r fo e. ® ur B lt e cu m m a r g o r p t n a n i m o n d io ut it st e re th by e t al pu sc erg t la e e a s le of op pe Biis ion a e t a c i l p p a e e th by n o i t a s i n o l d o e c s e o d p x : e e th e r e 1n memory w Prise n o i t a c i l p p a n o n s it : d n a e p o r u E the restitution ar
w t re s o fo p be of y 9 r u t n e c f n l o a h r he rt fu the reconstruc: ti a 9 it wa d e t i n U d l u e o w th by s n a c i d r e e s m s A e r d d a e v i s t a wa N s m u e process: s u m al on ti na s held in
ct je ob al ur lt cu of their s u o n e g i d n i of e ac pl e th of e a n o i t a n i m a x e ce an 1s States. ‘ in e th er ; wi th d an , s d l o : f n u g n i n i g a m i t n e m u nt g Ai r a al on ti na is th : As erican
‘ cultural objects within Am w o h of g in in tl ou an r ei th is d an e er th peoples 5 , d n o c e S y. ur nt ce al ur lt cu d i m of e th on . ti ec ot ing r pr u d e th w a L r fo w a L Internationa& l 9 l a n O o i t a n e r e th t n I of n o p u s on ss le : e th d e t c a p d m i an t n : e m p o l ong e v e d is th Pan-Americanism : w o h e of th in th wi n o i t a n a l p x e is ‘ areness w a e er th d e : p a ; h s , t x e : N e m m a : r g heritage. o r p n io ge ut ta it ri st he re l ed ra li tu Al ul ‘c r e a th W to d l r ne o de W s e l p o e p l al of post-Second ‘ n o i t u b i r t n o c n a c i r e e m th A of e v : i t a N s d 5international community r a w o t cy li po S U in t if sh ty ti en id t an ic if gn si al on ti na e th S U to y, ll na Fi ce of mankind’. eir significan th of iled. nt e ta m de e g d e 1s l w o n k c a an s e i by t i n u m m o c en iv dr e es th of cultures t n e m p o l e v e d c i m o n o c e d n a l a r u t l u c e and th
p i i a h s e e t s u r t e e < an i: dentite ies and UN g n i n r e c n o c c i s e i c i l o p p a c Inndi agenous peoples Amer i r e m A n i t a L d n a m o c S U e s e h , t y r f u o t n e e c c a l p h e t h e t i f t o n t e n w e t m s s d e i s m s a e e r h t r i e t h n t e h m t e i During v w o d m e g s r i h e T v . n s o e c v i t s a e r l r p a o n e l p a n o i t a n r i e h indigenous t n i h t i s w d e s e t n c e d j n b a s o e l c a n r e u i t r l e u p c x e r i e e h h t t o t g d n n a i d r o c c a w munities e n a d l r o w o e t h t e s k e a l m p o o e t p s t r o d f e f e s i y n b o d l e o l c l e u f f o s was t r o f f e e h t d e t r f o o p p t u h s g i r y l e e v h i t t c a r o f s e t a t S e s e h T of the Americas. . r a W . s d r e l d r r o o W b d ? n w o o c e S r i e h e t h t r e n t f i a h t i w s e l p o e p seek independence s u o n e g i d n i i o t d n e t x e t o n d i d n P o i t a n i s m r u e o t n e d e g f l i d se ae n i r o f s n implicatio
d d n u a n o h f o o i r t p c n i t s i This d
~ e n i n e t a l e h t n i . t x s e e t t n a o t c S r a w n a t c s i o r p e e m h t A n i e n i t a e L t a t l heritag p u e m w r s o f m s i n a c i r e m A n a P A groundswell of This moveme
centuries. d a o r b l u a c d e t c c i e r f e h n p i s i m t e a h h t a y t i d t n n e a d i w a l | a n o i n internat . Chilean
h t e i t n e w t e y l d r n a a teenth
n a c i r e m A y l e a uniqu
rica
e c n e i r e P x l a i n o 1 : l o c d n a e g a o a t i y r b e h S N e d e u s o t u s a o e l n p u e m y g t r i o d f n = i n S e 1 : eat e b y b d : a h Mn d e w p a h L s ; l y a t n i o t f n i e t d a n r e r t e n t I n i tural i ; t l a h a t n o i t a n d e n r i i e a h t t n i e a t m o m z pa e r a v l A o r o p r d o n t a j e l y e A r h u t t n f e i o c te s h n t r n e e c e i n t o e c n i n d n a e h t s e P g c i n t i n c a r p e h t e Europea owers dur s s e r d ’ t© ad é
g n i s i n a c i r e m A * s t i r o f d e t ests and agita
*
u t e R & l a r s u m t u l e u s C u f M o n , r w a International L Object a)
y r u t n e c h t 0 2 in the mid d an al ci so , ic om on ec l, ca ti li ncerned, their po co s le op pe e th of e ’ es us ect f r the cultur es ab us t ns ai ag n o i t c e t o r p r ei th d n a t n e m t a e r t st ju r ei th , t n e m e c n a v d a al iO at Bic b : e c i t s e m o d e th y l p m i s er ng lo no ticle 73(b))e r e w s e l p o e p d e s i n o l o c a w of s st re te be in d n a s st re te ts in gh ri e r ei th a d l u o w e a t i l o ie metropane oe yantme s. For the
New World’.* Despite the recognition of the contributj uti On ofj ina: e th 0 3 9 1 ‘a e s, th t 40 e e ng ri du d n a es ur s g lt ti ia ev their cu d no © : tity. was © % : : en 4
i
¢
.
id al ur lt cu al on ti na a nat e c n e r e f n o C n a c i r e m A Inter a ‘ce si ba e th up w e r d Mexico asic polic s and
India
on
© from rt
5
im IL
e 49 19 t e t a e s e y l w e n e th : . . . e Indi e he ‘t : ed ar cl de , n I ‘A e d he w is a e ee ione the Pan-a me entr t n si in d an s, an that cultural di In eircube ae a th in Re , m s i a r in the
le p 4 i c n i r p e ac Pl e n e t o a oF i th s a wa S ‘ e s e h t Spach t e i e r a t a m n e m n N n e g th s e g n a ae wi ts ; ] i d e th at nismo had displac e ge i di in fin ] rg be li . an al : e g r e m e e a l e like the United Nations nao ation rn te in ; St s e n h c a S Sas he at e o aw
al ur lt cu of n io ut € restit
cae
s u o n e g i d n i to s ct je r e m r o f ly ar ul partic
ee
Worl War
eg ti Ni MU a a p i c i t r a P s e i ‘ n o l o c re te in y rall tu na re n we ti af dr , 5) e 94 th In 8 S e o l al of te fa @ulanised e th In e e B Bs ed ll ca en been st er d ha al ni o h lo w co Ss b e e m o d ; e e r f r fo during the war 7 a a : w Po s m eq o li d e Al e r f e th e m a s e e th n a z y e e h t e S en x a n e also shattered e m e b ip onsh . =
ae
relati
‘
oo
colonies,
So
:
Pied ar: eas - 8 i including all
!
ed the resultay
inci iples, choo se their 0 wn fo main o t s e i P n r e v o g f o tained that the Char tens, m t i z a N o t y l n o d e r r e u c f c e o t The Unniit s i u c c s r a F e v e d w n o a h , s e e h t t a : t S o t d e d coloni » held that iit applie of peop]
4 9 1 y a ° M . s e n i I r o t ° i . ies Sed terr
argued: “Older nati tions imperial sm. Th
f
S and thei:
e a y l k c i u q s r e alist lead
Pport of of the righht g
7 ment.’ Brit ain
j|
war e h T . e m o metropolitan
and local an
will h ve the priv . a e g e l i th but
lalisatition,
; d l r o w y e t n e d i s e r P e c i V 2, US e c a l l a W y r n e to hel P younger nations to get started e rt nei be -
ere must
neith € milit: er economic nor ods n j ary the of th in will egY. ninete work century not i l Afte T th enth peo e UN the Chapt of XI war, € Terr; a J pter : Non-Self-Goyerns verning (Declaration . Charter 1tori adminj re obliged ae ores) ensure ‘to ue States 1 ve Istering re,
1
In
New Internat
10n; #8 eget E; from 3 i 4 ee Zenith: Very § See ¥. By vi
ie
gs
N fi United The AvOuty,
47. Lemar Tho and Essays on
pees
Decolonizarig and ahons FsSs by the unitGaunatons, . ee Presiden the Adan
7 ae e
c
K.
ugu
Ge Radek and eH
:
1p
T
delj
i
3 TGs 15 (1929) 2)
a ioe
pp.3101963), Usha (Denyer, 1971 Hague, (The The Role of Afro-Asia 1971); »
ne
Declarat 1: annex Wiis ary 1942, Mini claration
on, 1
1; and
(1
ngdom Prime
of principles
States United and (supp.) AJIL arnail 296;
W the ster eae en, Colpane 1 tee) at 287 1945) eer Papers Dig Research ix Jones United Wa and G, A Creech Conscience; es ee Coloni Problems Wes Fabian the (London, of (Geney. ureau ie Con, : US See the Trusteeship A Study of ali p.28. $e) eit nBtess, PePendent tories, Bare Committe
system:
puted Nation
N; United the on IstSU ss Sess Cong,, Conference : 2, io €t pe Ticulture and Re Food Cok the “ONES: and C €, ‘s PPAT-1g.. Di OMMiItte
Ort Of a Con?
;
teal
Behaviour in the
Nations United The ations Charter,
a
concern of ae
§ al and
Socie Fabian in cited (1943), 6451 emd of th 2 Thre) : Bureau ae (London, é Fabian Colonial
ce ur so re d n a ur bo la their es in of y c a m e r p u s e th of n o i t i n g o c e r s a there w
gubordinate e e e l a n o i t a n r e t n i an in me ti st fr peoples.
lvi ci of e al sc gts of local e th ; to ; l ra nt ce s a w s e l the intet© ePt of trusteeship overt colonial peop N U 5 4 9 1 e th in n o i s u l c n i The conc d e s o p o r p s It . w a L l a n o i t t a u n o r b e a t n I es by at St al d e ni t lo co d n a igation perpetua l ia on ol -c between anti
e th to d e t c e j b o d a h aq Ir t. us tr acred s is th n i h t i w ed cr sa ’ n o i s s he i m ‘t > to g in is il e c jv n e PP-43-45;
195 ‘On, .
..
/tOnuments 1j
, s a e r A e b e ] p e e R S U o , t . n Amennot of Stare Bulletin 345
R,
K
:
K
—45-
129; 3 Cmd
eT Ic.
3)
Yee
‘Cine
Arts and
e € Cultural Prop
and
qd 9 48)
42 ( supp. )A J IL
»
Restitution, pp.96-101.
4 ff
i Collectors Lawyers, Sor Art of Arusts, and aT lectors a Law3 incl ees :
:
EIT
ees,
i
;
(©
‘Alfred
s e a e i f i n i l r e m, B
e s t n e d a b s e i W , n e c h f O i z a N f o » ? y tive Custod ee
) OM Mittee ir
jo ILIt 7 5
Tty Disp
z
wasa
aie. Archi
ES eee
5
7 ( it 9 Dy
4n Commission fo ie
SA
©
70. 22
Th, IL, H.
Je
of Art,
Federation
: g i r o ( ] 3 3 4 3 3 7 1 2 : A A A [ s r e b a e h e offic ntings eae
American
ai p 2 0 2 f o l a v o m e r States for a th e
N O M e h t , n o i t i s i cxib rnment that it had gove of t x e t e r p e h t done on ae gause of se
ded dth e°UUSS n i m e r e g of the regime ha < c9 athisttohreici al e m a e l k n a r l wil s e pri i e h e h $ a t f o s e e P e e i < : ’ r a w f o . d e n ( o s p m i S . e i r B d e t i n 5 r a i G e s e , s . e s n e o r n g A e n e 499; US Co s Bey, Sn t a n e e m p t r a p y e r D a 1 r o p m e p o S U >S. Hrg (1948) Te e h t n i tention
+ 2nd sess g
r o n o i t a y n a p d n a y d o t s u C , r e m r t a 1 3 1 . P s o o s , 1339)
erie
1, 25,
ertain German
iPovtaritart
5
rand
n o i t u t i t s e r al n r e t n i t c e f f e n o o t i t u t s i t t n s e r e l a m n r n e t r n e I v o g l a n y o r i a t t i a l n i r m e t d n e i i l n l i A n y o b i t u n t w i o t d s d e i a r l f s o e l p e i l c n i a r n p o i e t Th a r , d s t n c o a c e s l u e f h g t n o f o r w e c n e y s l s l e a n e h o t i t e a r n u r e t n i nt 0 t c e f most st arkly capt f e s e e h l t p i f o c n i l r a p s r e e v s e r e h F t O f o n o i t a y r c o i a l g e e m a l e h t e is h T t a h t . , w e a l d i c s o e n t e a g t S d n d a e t i n o n i U t u c e e s h r t e p g , n n o i i d t a u n l i m c i r n c i s i d , y s l e t m n na e m n s r i e h r i r e e h v o t g l d a n r a e v e s s y r b o s v e s i n v o p r s u e r s t s u a c o l o H guides present-day f o s m i a l c e h t g
n i s s e r d d a n i m o d g n i K d e t i n U d an . e d a c e d t s a l e h t g n i r du
yi, l e h r a s a V 3 7 9150 , f f 7 0 8 . p p , t n e m e v o M e, f e e K O d n a t t o Pr 5 4 6 — 2 6 8 . ; 0 p p 8 , p s e p r u s a , e t r T n e t 69 See Kowalski, Ar ovem M , e f e . e 4 K 9 7 ' 2 O d , ’ n e t a a v i t zens r t P i o ‘ t i c , n i h t r s r a P i M d d n e d a n w a S 3 9 4 9 d ; 1 f e f w 7 1 , o 1 e l . t p o l p N a , , , 5 n 5 2 o i 1 4 t 6 4 19 9 1 e T n a u 70 Restitu J J ) 9 9 4 2 9 1 f ( e. o c i ; r r e w p h c a s L i e F 5 s v. a h c g r r e t b u c n e j b O e p h t d e See Rose t r o o o f L y of , w a l l t o u h r s s i t a d n e e w o S r C T t n e e l h e a t v i at u f q t o e S t e c h e T e h p t . s 8 0 e 5 e r 1 u § s n , i 9 o 0 t e c n t a c e r j b F o d n a n a f © n Kingdom of the origi
d r e a t e i l n c U n u e e h t r e w , o s h e t w a t S Bs d e t i n U e h t n e Agreement betwe , 6 4 9 1 y l u J 8 , t r A f o _, Looted Worknsson, Reparations a See N. Robi ’, 280; Vasarh
e t a v i r P ‘ , n i t r a See M
ta
p)any1
Law (1949
. 3 0 2 at 6 8 1 L I Y J
. 3 6 . p , s e r u s a e r ki, Art T
j, Ob l a r u t l u C of n r u t e R & s m u e s jects u M , w a L l na io at rn Inte
stitution
\
] e th d te ea cr e m m a r g o r p n io The post-war restitut ‘ R s si ba al eg i th wi s al du vi di in om fr d te ca is nf co 1 s ct je ob © resp ion ‘ cultural ; y r e t n a m r e G s n of Tritory 74 "IUt “ n io ut des it st re s ve mo 1t e us ca be t an q dent is import 9 al ur lt cu by ec bj ts be ps ou gr e at St nno d an Yon d s al du vi di in S e ud m cl a in to ty g in at i a c d :eun minority protection an . f o ie T s ea Ar io © ep, Nt of l cu , tural pr a 3 of zi Id n of io ut it st Re 9: .5 No w Na a Zone; ae j
d an e bl gi an [t le ab fi speedy Reserution of identi
entifia ble Proper Petty, e] Prope ty’ Prwh: oy; 1
ec removed aot its owner during the Nazi i incm n e b m u i Naz o l ca ti li po or gy lo eo id nationality, u nee a N o t i n o s e Be : was made inin f: favour of3 the claimant that a : d confiscation, if he or she wa we constitute S: (1) di Irectly
Y because of ihe Socialism)? 75 "
Ce, qT Cl igioy,
.: ,, um es Pr ; n duriTing the Teleya UMptio, nt Petigg persecuted Be Caus e, th Of © 5 e s e h t of e caus
grounds; or (ii) belo nged to a group of persons who b = d e n a s l it a r in u t l d u e c t a e n h i t m i m l o be e ntirety fr economic];
sures taken byA Ltthe State or fe the NSNSDAP’
Artic ticl 1 e 3( ] (Ar le
Tounds
a
5
y r u t n e c h t 0 2 in the mid
t tha t en em at st it lic exp the s wa on uti tit res al ern int of nt me e l e l a i c u r c 2 , y l i r ne ow us io g ev pr n its to ed rn tu re cordi be to s wa s ce an st um rc ci ese h t n i A ted a c s i f n o c ed as ce de or g in ss mi ng y ti en t es pr r re e s, p on ti o sa ni pr ga or r so es cc su or , r i e h l a g e l r f lie he ‘re e id ov pr to ty er op pr the use to ed quir re re n we 5 o i t a s i or his Of n a g r o e s e h T 9 u7 mm co and s on ti za ni ga or , ps ou : gr ch s su of s er g mb n e i m v i v person r u s r o f n o i t a t s ie i it un mm co l to i ed in nf b co s wa a h on ti ga li e ob s i h t r e h t e h w and r e s o r a c y l i k u q e t a in b es lv se e em th D d he is bl ta es o d ha h ic Sa wh s tie i n u m m o c o t d e d n e t x e r o e t a within the St
n r e . t s s a E d e n a i l r a r t t n e n C u in oc bl t s i n u m m o C third co e th of se p a l l o c e h t , s d te ta li ci : fa s late 1980 e t a t S n r e t s e W e th in s e v i h c r a l ia ic ff 0 ility to
accessib d e t a c s i f n o c s t c e j b o al r u t l u c f n o o i t u t i t s e r e th r o f s m i a l c e h t f e o n e b “ e v a e h c , r e n v o e d g l r or w e e h m t e , s e m u r e s u m e t h a h t t r a e l c e m a c e b t i ” ® . . y e r u m t i n e g c e d i r m e h t i z g a n i r u d d e t a r t by the N e p r e p n o i t c u r t s e d d n a n o i t ca o s e l p i c n l i s r P i d t f a r e D h t d e s i l a n i f ts r e from p x e f o e e t t i m m o c O C S E N at s A 02, a U ? ® . r a W d l r o W d n o c e S e h t o t n o i t a l e r n i d e c a l p s i D s t . s e t a t S | Objec r e b m e M O C S E N U y b d e t a r e b i l e d ing s m i a l c t s u a c o l o H in st ! e r e t n i t n e g r u s e r o t e s n o p s e r n i d e p o y e l h e T v e . d s e m e e h r c e s w r a w s t s o p e h t n a h t e v i t The principle c ri t s e r e r o m is mn o i n o i t a p u c c o r o s their applicat e i t i l i t s o h o t d e t c e j b s u y d from a territor
t ) r D o p ¢ x e s t l i p i t c i b n i i h r o P r p ( r o ( t a it w n r e u h t t e r g o n t i d r e g du i l b o e r a d e t a c o l s is a w t c t e i j b ) h c 0 i e h h w t m h o r f y r o t i r r e t e h t States in whic 0 f s e i t i r o h t u a t n e t e d p e m v o o m c e r e h t s a w o t t c e ) j b n o r u t e e h t r 4h ! s c t i i h w l i m t un ro f e t a t S e h t , y l t e n h a t t r o e t p a m c I o l Mo 3 d n a e l y p f i i t c n n e i d r i P ( o t d e e c n v e o g m i il re d e u d e s i c r e x e s t s o s l u m r o o t l a v d o e m n e r r u t £ e 0 r e m n i e t e b e h t s a t h a it d o an t d e l t i t n e s a w o h w r o s s e c c u s r i e h t r o . y ) t 7 i e t n l e p i c n , i n r o P s ( per ’ e t a t S t n e i p i c e r e n r h u t t e f o r s d w n a a l e e t h a t c o h l t i t w s u e m c n a r d a ’ w r o c e c h a t “in g n i r u d l a v o m e r r o s n s o o l i t e a g h i t l r b o o f e l s b i i h s T n 3 8 . y r o The State respo a v e l e r e h t f o s e i t d i n r i o k h t u n a i t n n e o t i e t p u m t o i t s e R . ) 4 e l p i c n i r the object to the c P ( r e s a h c r u p e d i f o t a n d o e b r i a u f q © e n r o i is t a c i e t f a i t n S m e d o n n i o t , r s d e n v e e t w ex o H . d e y o r t s e d n e e g b n i t s s a e h u q t e c e r j e b o h t e h o t t e r n e a h w h t d e ] t t t i i [ m r e o p t is k n i l l a r l a r u t l u c r e s o l c a g n i v a h ‘ t c e j b o l a r u t l u c a h s i u q relin
Matto0ss B Bentwi ich, pb
internat 5
Int
as ures, pp.58-59PP.58-59; >
onal Aspects?
eS
tween C
Prott and See
p.407,
3
§759
2
Cc
Law
vement,
and
Civil Law
pp.806-07
s
:
(1955) 4
§1506;
and
ompensation for Victims of the
ar : W e h t of t ! u 0 ing s i r A s r e t t a M of t n e 7 0 m 2 e l t , ’ t l e a n S o i t e h t a n n r nte n I o ‘ i t n , e h v c n i o w C t n e e e B S ; 9, p.3 5 . o N , w ) es, a 9 r L 5 v 3, 9 e S 1 ( rt , Pa y e , 6 k 3 1 r 5 6 7 . s t r d u T 79 A ' th mn i C w , e 2 c 5 a 9 e 1 P f y 0 a M y t 5 a Tre , 2 , 4 4 1 . t r A e e and the Occupation, Bonn S 60. . 9 9 7 5 1 . p p L , J s e A r u s a ) e . r p T p u s n ¢ i h 5 t 1 i w ) s 1 p 2 u 9 o 1 r ( g and 211; and Kowalski, A rt d o t n d ; a e ) t 0 a 2 l 9 e 1 r ( it 4 6 t 9 a h t d m d fie d, C e fi ti t ra c t e no p , s 20 19 y t s r u g a u A g 10 n i Hu d n a a i n a m o R h wit s e i t ea e tr c e n ac e pe r e s ri f Pa n o 47 C 19 n The o t ng i h s a W , m u e s u M jal r t o m m o e C . M es t at c St ve e t ti l ec s e sp S u re a f c © he the o l Ho rt o p s e e t R a h St t n d e e v t e i S n U yg d e p 8 a 9 R 9 1 e h T , G D , s a See US Department 0 f State an n l to g icho n N i h s . L a W ( ; f f 7 s 6 e t a t 1 S . as ed r t i a n p U , ; e h 1 ) 5 t 9 1m 9 1 ts se As a Er , tn us o ca d n o on Holo L Id War ( w e N ( t r A f o s k mittee on Culture, Media and r o W of Europa: The Fate of Europe’s : d e c a l p s i D s t and H. Feliciano, The Lost Museum c Obje l a r u t l u C o t g n i t a l . e 3 / 2 f 0 6 / s F e t N ). , u O York 1997 p C s / i 002 2 of D T t L n C e m . e e l t o t D e S O C S 82 UNESCO, Expert Meeting © n the E for s e t N a t U S f o ; 3 y 0 it i 0 l 2 i b y i r s a n o p u s r b e e R F 4 n 2 o s , e ar W ticl . r l A o d c . > l o r t o o ; W r ’ nd P co s Se e the l e to p u i on ti g c la in re in Ha r P ‘ 4 5 9 1 , t e t h o t r P d y b ' n d a te a i ; c n 1 u 0 n 0 e d 2 n e a s o r h t n e b n o o m i t y e l a e c v r r e e s D e s l con 12 e t a t i The princip 5 l ; i 3 c 8 a / 8 f 5 . s o e t R n A G o N i U t a t , s n t e c A m u c ul ngf Wro a Internationally do l a c i n h c e t nd . a ) 1 c i , f 3 i / t 2 n e i c s t 0 6 / all releva: n F eth er with i Toggeth N O C / 2 0 0 IL C . c o D O C S restoration: Principle 11, UNE
; p O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w a cts L e 7 l a n o i t a n r e t n I
y r u t n e c h t 0 2 nin the mid
b s a h t c e j b o n a e r e h w , y l l a n i de F . ! n 9) e e e l p i c n i r P ( State’ q e y o r t S m e t a t S e l b i s n o p s e r e h t , d n u substitute cannot be fo ap an d n a = e d i v o r P t S U e d l a r u t l u c e h t to g i g t n a i s t n u e b P i M r ™ t n o c 4 y b or _. ’ r n e m p o monetary. l e v r a f e of reli
s m r o f e t a n r e t l a e s e h T ). 10 e l p i c n i r (P E B e h t t o n d n a d e v o m e r s a w t c e j the ob
n because of the Allies’ failure to enforce its provisions, a reluctance
i o l a i r e t a m d e v l o v n i cluded that restitution
y t i on fr y r o t i T “ t n a , l a u individ
1954 Hague P rotocol
on Hoh °F their wig
tor: y mato
J
and
O C S E N U e h T ° 8 . r a W d l r o W d n o c e S e h t g n i w o l l o f y t r e p o r p l ” . n o d n o L of restitution of cultura n o i t a r a l c e D 3 4 9 1 e h t m o r f y l i v a e h w e r d l o c o t o r P l praft Internationa e e e o h m i m o d g n i K s s a W s a i t n a r s e t a t S r e a L r a e e s a s aes fetes ee e cn
ict (1954 Hague P
genocida c)
D olic
es
i s c e p e e a e a s s e c c u s s e t a t S e l s e e h T g i . n n o i = t n e v s e n c o n C a e u e g o C a H s co 4 5 9 1 e h t e n i a f e i r l we lusion of restitutory re d n a n o i t n e v n o C e u g a H inc 4 5 9 1 e h t m o r f d e t a c i r t x e n o i s i v o r p n o i ! t ” u . t n i t o s i e t r n e v e n h t o C d e a h h t y of l y ful l t n e d n e p e d n i it n g i s to s e t a t S g n i l b a n e , l r u d e g a t i r e h l it became 4 Protoco a r u t l u c of n o i t c e t o r p e h t m o r f f e i l e r y r o t u t i t s e 5 r 1 8 1 e h t e h t f o e c n n i o s i s i d v e i i d l p p s a i Th e c i t c a r p l a n o i t a n r e t n i to y r a r t n o c s n u r t c i l ing armed conf l u c of t r o p x Congress of Vienna. e e h t t n e v e r p t s u m y t r a p e t a t S a , l o c o t o r P e u g a h H c a 4 E ? ° . ) 1 5 9 e l 1 c i t r A ( e t c i l f n o c d e m r Under th a g n i r u d s e i p u c c o t i y r o r t e h i t i r e r e , t y r o t i r m r e o t r s f it o t n i d e t r o p m i s t c tural objects e j b o l a r u t l u c y d o t s u c © r O t n n i o i t e a k t r a o t p m i t s n o p u y l e t a i d e m m y i r o State party mu t i r r e t d e i p u c c o y n a g n m i w o o r f l l o B , y 3 9 l t ) c 2 e e l c i t r A ( y r o t i r r e t directly or indir d e i p u c c o e h t f o s e i t n i o r c o h n i t u a d e v e o h t m e r s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c at the request of 11 a n r u t e r t s u m y t r a p y l e r t e a m t r S o f a it , s e s i e t i i r l o i t t i s r r e t e h t f o s e i t i cessation of ho r o h t u a t n e t e p m o c e h t is o t e r e l h o T c o . t ) 3 o r P e l e c h i t t r A ( s n o i t a r a p travent: ion of e r ar w s a d e n i a t e r e b cannot s t c e j ” b . o s t c e j b o l a r u h t c l u u S c , h c u s f o : occup; ied. aes n r u t ‘ re e th e r fo e an im
us lt Cu a a e e d d n a al a of a a n o i t c u r t e S S macantsifestaqitn;i Ons, justified by ce e m , d e s i l a i c a T c i t s e m o d e h t n i h t i w . i = ; m e t s y s e S a r o e s r e v e r to s e v i t a i t i n i al
Meliorate the effec .
; U th s, 40 d n i f n o c During the 1930s a to d e i r t s e t a t S » the United towarc
S
N ative
Americans
.
ia ront its own discrim,
It
i t u t i t s e r o t s e l p o e P sotution of cultural heritage in internat;
ational law.
State
' SUCCESSION
and the S econd World Wz ar I: n respect of the post-“Ssecond World W; tution programme, i t s e r r a : 5 implementatiton of retu t
ee th d n s a e l p i c n i r p e h t ms rela > 3 j s of n o i t a i l r o a i t v i n to a m ed u h : m st l po a are to n o ul ti a n r ore usef e t n i : stituti re e t a l a u i n o l o c ey c e s o h t cession.86 No n a h t i n r s e m i c a n l o c on T e su 7 4 9 1 e t e th e e e s, m es nethel Teasons: ( with Italy is i Ra
a l y c a p 4 to d g e n g i i g l d b o o l 1s r s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c no time limit fo of Z t r o : p x e e th t n e v e r p to d e n r s u t il e fa r be h i c i h w y l y t t n e . u q e s b u s A State par t s u m h c i h w s t c e j b o of s r n o i t u t i t : demnit: y to bona fide purchase s e r 5 4 9 1 t s o p e th in n a h t d e t i m i l e r o m is n o i s i v o r p s i h T . 4) (Articles 1 and
e c a e P in of is y t a e T o tw r fo th of l e i n Ro o i t i a (i m r m R i f f a e d r an e e th ) ; e l p i E c n i a r p that : y t i l a i r o t i r r e t il ur 3 r e at the requirement St ) n a pe i
ty of
neon
a h t : d e r u i o u i g q i l s k r t o a w : h ‘ t l o l of art, 3 re religi Ob IeCt a t a g i n p i o g i n h o t l E e b o t ’ n e r u u l t a e v l r a y c e p l i a r o t o s i S s t c S e j c b o o s t d i n e a s c e n v i i s h c e r a e e N e f s n o i aeSUtUt°iF onIt-sinn-aktind by Arti on. vided for Peace
Be
i
i
1
taly if it j 1s unable
cupati ai t r e c n r u t e to r
ae
gp Gesol7o:ca1uSssiton i on Hol
85 i
Presidaenndt, Res1ti5tD ccember lunder
> The
pro
in US
Jurid
5 and WW
Reece
n o i s s e C a s t a s r a l e i i a e ty iz r u M e p f o o r s P l e a r d u i t s l f r u C f o 1 0 0 2 ( s e to Unw viewed t a t S l a 10n ; ; t a c s . i 3 f 5 n 1 o c t : a n a 9 1 3 1 n e n o i ati e t f a o g h e c n L a a Nation, CC, 12 Ay e i r p b o a i h h O t r { e al E b i o r t e c p O m 8 I : n w a o l C s e m t ri e d n a 5 5 PA 8 e New ge o ) p 4 us 9 3-1 4 a 9 1 d e d i S I P d e n 4 The Axum oo. Sig 1,0.0,rchUinvietse,d clisk re:
Moved
agree
€F Fi
;
ements
u e s e y e e A n n e e r m r a A c 7 . of c t operty - sho Even D O . C 3 S 7 E 3 N 6 U 1 . d n p d a p o e ; ; r t 7 ) P i 6 4 l 9 n a e 9 r U 6 1 u n 4 s t u s , l 4 i u e t x C a s e r C n e n g gy AESEO Doc.CL/717, A : a e a n a 0 9 5 4 6 1 2 , » ; y . Pntergovernmental Ci C a i ne e . a l o c o t o r P r e n o o i t e t n n e o v C a y C e e e u p g 5 a 9 1 H 4 5 9 1 e Rta, h t r e h c i s d e i f i ol. C
.
Wa ( State t r . ) 0 0 0 2 7 aw C a B , n o d n o L ( e i , i k s l a luses of ae a w o K ; 7 2 3 I D A C R 1 8 ) I I 8 4 9 1 ( ere
s / A 3 n o i G t A a d P N e , t 4 i 3 n U l , e e u p eero
e B r A r o i s e c e e a. i p UG ae56 and o i h t E y t to r e p o r l p a r u t l u e c r o t turned in odd to res
in
19
d Prott
l A ct a g e e t L , o ) r . P s d e e g h ( r t e r b o n f d o e the Convennt)i 1954, in M. Briat and J. A. Fre onventio
” 0 n o i s s i m m o C y r o s i v d l A a i y t r n o e s d i i v s d l e A a r i P t n e c d e i R s i ings sandanSdtaff oe anteshingotf the Pre
e T e h m i y a C e h t of t r o p e R g c e e S ® t Treas, Fitzmaurice Tha j ae
Ar sures 87 Sony or Be
2000,
of n r u t e R e h T , d l nfie e e r G J. 5 0 6 t a um 58 t, n e m e v o M , e f e e K an: d O'
o t l o c o t o r P e h T , ge, t t o r p . V : L e e S . 8 5 3 S T N U 9 4 2 ; 6 5 9 1 t s u g u A 7 ue g e a c r H o e f h T n i ( t c , i 4 l 5 f 9 n 1 Co d y e a m M r A 4 1 f o t , n e e u v g E rt he A t n i n e i y d t a l r r a T e n 89 The Ha p o i o t r a P l n a r r e spects of Int ion of Cultu
f o s i y t a e r t e h T . s t c e j b o n tai
aE
Hi Bronfman t
icle
12(3)
hcinst:
d i r b m a ‘ C , n d e d asures (2n TrDe. tu,ral SS CSuSlE
.
.
‘
n o C d e m r A of t n e v E e h t in y t r e p o r P l a r u t l u C f o n o i t e h c t e t in o r d P e v e i e h h c t a s r t o n f e m p o l e v e d e h t d e i The protocol f i d o c d n a rotocol) modified
f o s m i a l c the » c n i i occurred at a time of t a s r o v i V r U S _ e h t n o m s i v i t c a e o e s e h T > 5 . s e i t i n u m com q | o o r o f e e e h t : s l e l l a r a p t n significa
l a r u t l u c r i e h t s — ; a Bees ication wcbsuch l ca ti ac pr d n a l a c i t e r pecan tiny theo s t c a l a d i c o n e g d n a y r discriminato
s
.
.
0 . s m u e s u m ? w o r in thei
, o C “ e Ag E S U A C o i t u t i t s e r l a r o M y, Ct g Rt d e t o i N t n e Th o r f Ms n o c ] t s y e b “ n o h t : s d a e P v e e i h h t c a g n i be th y l n 8, o r e d t l p u o a c h C er n tt i la d e n a t g e e Ree th e a j d n a , t a Holoe
heirs have indigenous oa re
d hel and y tur cen h ent ete nin the in d ove rem ty boo ian iop Eth by d a coloure .
jim. doub
y h e i a e l e r € t e h t to d e d r o f t a pecs
o C y r o s i v d A l a i t n e d i s e In 2000, the US Pr
149
t c a o r t t o o r n P e e h v t a y h f m i t o a r d o g n t t e i y K s d a e h t t ) i u s b n n U o i d t n a a v s r e ese g r Stat h t o i l w a ( P n 4 o 8 i 9 t r 1 a e n b r m e e t n t n I p o n e i o S t 9 a 1 d n n n o o e i m t m n o O Rec e Conve :
|
C e S E n N a U , e 2 s 3 , 9 t . r t A r y d b e nd A r a e ; v 6 o 5 9 c y 1 l l r e u f ' e m r e o c e m , 5 D i h l e D w , e , s N t n c o i °2 Excavations are l i f t n a o v a c l x a E c e i m r og A l f o o e a t h n c e v r E A o e e t l h b t a y t r applic e p o r P l a r u t l u C f o n o i t c e t o . r 9 P 6 7 e h t ; 1 r 8 o f 3 ) 9 n 9 o 9 i 1 t ( ; n 4 i e 0 v 0 2 n h o c aa tEoeuthee: Ha2g6ueMarCch 1999, in force 9 Mar s n e i b s e d . 6 5 mA e 2 l a 3, n 7 6 o 1 i . t a a r n a r , e e t c n n i e r e n o i onf t C c e e h t t o f r o s p d r o c a e L . R 7 6 1 , ee k i l , h ’ l a o N c o . t B E o r . ‘p S , ; t 7 t 4 o r P , 1 d n a x e n 7; 4 n 1 A t a , t 1 6 i t i I L D e A e C o R D 0 2 1 O C ) } S 7 I 6 E 9 1 ( N é See culturUels en case de conflit ar: m ratifie; d the
e e e © l a r u t l u C of n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w a L l na io at rn te In
f 5 on ti ni fi de d re ye la e th ed at ic pl re a prominent place,
; he al ur lt cu on of ti ec ot pr e th r s fo nt me ru st American in
in the
D’Harnoncourt acknowledged
1930
y r u t n e c h t 0 2 d i m e h t n i n
Ay
Cultura]
ee
ee
Catalogue
eee
nt te ra be li y el at di me im t no d di . . . ce en nd indepe
;
te e n o to t rs fi e th re we 10 19 r te af s al tu Mexican intellec :
:
theiri country
a
‘
uni7que
national .
i
h
!°* The draft foreword to the 1940 exhibition ee
Ogue
Americans have until recently felt a certain c
‘be 9
Note
civilisation culturally superior to that of va
me
With
Produc
regret
c
shea
al?
I
| ig
r
?
. Sieg
:
[Mexic
p.192
an}
9
) art that is a:
5
ai
Foreworq
:
.
112
In
Impressionists
|
a
|
disleces
ae
;
Homer,
~
;
ma
Rest of Europe, ‘exicans.
|
the
nine
past h
sskreattceh
years
farther
*%
and
the
of M,
;
Conven: tion on the Protection of the Archaeo-
s t c e j o r l P a n o s r e P R A N 4 G R , L 4 I II s e i t e S e? i 1 h c n r A r p r A e l l e f e k c o Tw, ives, R e C es iv ). S&€ C A R ( k r o Y w e , N w o y l r l u o t y n H p e e C e l ty S , en r Aw e t n 63»rd Adsisory Cnc. mpliit.e ainting a, nd S culpture
Meeting of MoMA, Folder 1256, Box 128, Ill 4L, K. y, arnedoe, The Evolving Torpedo: Changing Ideas of Pri
d l e i f r (ed.); 7! e d l n E , r J. t in e r m A d u o . e M y of s r y t u y i n M r ¢ ay t e n n n C Ar C er od Mid ae
2
. 3 7 2 1 . p p , ) 5 9 9 1 , k r o Y w e N ee (
Box 138, III] 4L,
RG4
NAR
Personal
Projects:
al on 40 rs R 19 Pe A 4 N G , h R I c 4L 8, II r , x a 13 er 54 M Bo , ? ld 13 es Fo e iv P ch Ar Y l mi Fa t F:
Committee
it 4%
.
4B
t ui n a r e r e d l n o Ja F , > 0 4 9 1 A R i , s e v i h c ce Wheeler peu RAorckefelfer » i
;
i
ourbe
9 : e’s soul remains very much as
h t d n a ; 4 3 1 P s 9 1 “ and Attistic Her; itage of the Am€ e1r9i76
j o r P ! a 2 0 , s e l l o C the Pai Jects, RAC; and €ctions of
Rio to
} an eee.
fans
t
1
6a
Invasions, oppression, and exploitation,
one
mily Are
ord,in M ueag RG4 h p. “seum
oh
achool
{
1950
Figure 5.2 MoMA tor pedo, Archives Center, New York.
ller e f e k c o R , s r e d l o f jects b O l a n o s r e P r e l l e k ef c o R A n o s l e N in , 1933-1946
erican Nations (1976 Convention of San Salvador);
ee
11
pite
Daunte
eae
~
Sing wParnodtgtygEoSurces
sould
‘Desepispteite ;
Renoir Degas
Cezanne
FPPrea3 ch
We
that they have not . . . Mexican culture as ae ae th a s amo ng roo ted dee In its art ply mor e far . .. seems 7 opie than qd Ce) For US artists the lesson was clear to : creat i al not indebted to Europe, ie
r review:
Baie
Goy
o
\
jseurat R
i
Manet
.
d
SCension towa
Bue have these political and technological a me ets
5
ae
ereti
ic
culture
108
>
world’,
nurture
>
ae 1
lesson,
some
argue d, should
not be
confined
f o e s n e s r u J O { “ : d e r e f f o r p n o i t a c i l b u p A M o M 0 4 o 9 e 1 p r e e On h s. d me n gi a re t s a p r to totalitarian e h f 0 s m r e t n i t a e gr 1s a ic er Am t s r i at f th s ’ t n on ti e ic n nv i co t n o r ou c e h t history, f o e g d e l w o n k e r o m y b d e s i l a t i v d n a d e n e h t g n e r t s ples, can be
totalitarians
overseas. 113
But
the
inhabitants’.!!*
4 9 1 . 0 4 9 1 y a M 5 2 , r rke o Y w e N , h c t u D d he T . Italii ans an 19 , . p . n i ) A M o M ( e n i z ca a xi g Me a s: M ie er t il ll c Ga n t Ar u e o Th C ., on An 113 5 Junior a ) 0 4 9 . 1 ) 1 4 r 2 e e b ; 2 1 ( n J , n o i s rmat o f n I c i l b 114 Anon., Museums in these Time u P f o s n a m o r e a e o : e Museum of Modern Art Archives; CNY
by o, al ur lt Cu of rn tu Re & s um se International Law, Mu ects d th B) AC (I d ar Bo ts af Cr d an ts The Indian Ar > , i e n o e ac pl e th of on ti ta re rp te in re is th greatly aided r u O 6 s ou e e e g Je y el rg la gh ou th Al y. et ci so US in th cultures wi
n no 2 q e th to r so ur ec pr IACB’s work was a significant ‘resource’ by newly independent States in the ts ening
e o of ge ta ri he n mo om that indeed was the ‘c i e h t of t en pm lo ve de d an n io at in rm te de lf se
theiinr Peoples. t, ur co on rn Ha d’ né Re d an r lie Col hn Jo A
of cu
Wentieth ce tu and es
of cultural pluralism and economic ice ursuing the Indian ment of Native Ne tes, launched a two-pronged education cam
ee
y r u t n e c h t 0 2 d i m pestitution in the
e g a s u r ei th d an s ct je ob e th of p i h s r e n w O ° !2 y. et ci so t n a ner defined by the domin to d e b i r c s e r p y rl ea cl s a w e g a s u s it , r e h t r u F ! 2 ! . s d n a h s u o n e g i d n i n o Bo. Ss «ected in n > g the development of indigenous cultural
tin ibi inh y reb the e c n e 5 d a i c e d t s n i a g a : guard 122 a ) N O m o r f B C A I e h t f o r e g a n a M > l a fa r e e n G as t r u o c n o n a H ’ d é n e R , r e Howev ts af cr d an s art us no ge di in g in ot om pr of s on si vi al De w e N n a i d n I e h t d e r a r e n n a m e th in 1944 sh cy en ci fi uf -s lf se tate economic li ci fa d n a l a w e n e r al ur lt cu timulate
iun mm co us no ge di in e th ed ev li be to sit He . es lv se em th s ie it un mm co e deter mined by th rd(ed]
ne
ete
a u g e f a s d n a d n u o r g k c a b c i t e h t a p m y s e l b a e c a l p e an di gave the ‘craftsmen an irr In s it t, se as le ab lu va t its mos .
.
g n i s o l of s r e g n a d e h t m o r f n o i t c produ ce : al De w e N an di In e th jdentity’.’7? He argued that s
d n a , e g a t i r e h l a r u t l u c r ei th y l n e p o n i a g a n i a t n i a m to s n a i d n I e h t d e t t i perm d n e l b to s t r o f f e r i e h t in s r e d a e l n a i d n I h t i w d e n i o j s e i c n e g a l a t n e m n r e in gov ve li d l u o c s e b i r t e th t a h t so s t n e m e v e i h c a n r e d o m h t i w s t p e c n o c native
’ . y t i l a n o s r e p r i e h t g n i s o l t u o h t i w y t e i modern soc
n a c i r e m A e v i t a N It discouraged
d e s i n g o c e r d n a , n o i t a n g a t s d n a n o i t a l o s i l a cultur
. e v i r h t d l u o c e g a t i r e h l a r u t l u c r i e h t f o e nd a s e n a m y e i l o that a people awar p S U e m o s y b n o i t o m o r p t the
s n i a g a d e t c a e r t f r o u o c s n e e l a D’ Harnon n o i t i d a r t e h t e b to d e v i e c r e p y e h t t a h w f o n o i t a v r artists of the prese his work with indigen-
h g u o r h T ° 2 ! . t c a t n o c e t i h w y b d e t c e f f a n u s s e r u t l u c g n i v i l e r indigenous culture e w e s e h t w e n k e h , s e t a t S d e Unite
h t d n a o c i x e M in h c u s s e t a h t d e u g r a t ous communiti r u o c n o n r a H ’ D . s e c n e u l f n i n g i e r o f o t g n i d n o p s r o c n i to d e h s i w that were always re y e h t if s e i t i n u m m o c e s e h t o t e l b a l i a v a e d a m e y b e d a m e b to e influences should b r e w choices
e h t d n A ° * ' . n o i t c u d o r p l a r u t l u c r i e h t e v a o h s e l p i c n i r p e s e porate them int h t 9, r e t p a h C n i n w o h s s A 7 2 ! . s r e d i s t u o t o n d n a h s t n e a i c t n i e r w e t m A e t a e l v i e t h t a N in n g i a p m a c s t h g i r l civi n a c i r e m A e v i t a N e h t y b d e c r o f n i e r n e e b
century.
(ed.), The
a i r . s t c al e lt j ur ob f cu to indigenous communities : 5 and promot € r pi es th d an , es ri : st du in d an ts ar e h th a i y e b i a he it a f o ic ys and ph I welfare ces’ - 1n4
court, If ndian Ar ts and Indi
Possible in qn ee D
an (Norma n,
aboriginal American ra
ae e eee
was to wi
rge Fa La O. in d, rl Wo rn de Mo e th in
od th me ly on e th at th ed ev li be rt ou nc no ar
R. F : ty ti en te ra pa se a as e ib tr ch ea th wi ee : se Vi : An d r a o B s ft ra i sh ew Deal Indian Policy (Albuquerque, 1983); ‘IndiaW.nJ.ArtRu oe ae Marketing thesia Modern: René d’Harnoncourt and the and ve imiti e th of ty ni ’ a ai, C. Berlo ates St oa Cs d olives of Sci eeshs an ip : (ed.), The Earl ory: st Hi t Ar llecti; an ic er Am ve ti ng Na of s ar Ye Cr arly-200. olhier’s 98 l .1 tt ea pp (S ), 92 19 ie p Be at It r Sade fo
eform 1920-1954 (Tucson, 1977), p.118.
ied Gis, f e d , Vy ay 1933, Fold €dera] authoritie
te
i
Fe Santa at Anthropology of Laboratory Archives, RAC. The Laboratory gare er Foundation
1906: Nusbaum of Act Antiquities the to Boxi7.s * Pursuant Foundation Archives, Ge
ZEDRG,
2, Rockefeller
k r o Y w e N to o c s i c n a r F n a S m o r f s n o a i t i b c i i h l x b e u p B C S IA U e h t e t a c u d e to s n o i t i b i h x e e r l a n i m e s l a r e v e s d e t s n a e u l o P m t r n u o o i ; t c a n n o n e r h a t H ’ to D n o i t ; ns and their contribu rica the living cultures
Ame
of Native
ue hee Board to Committee Executive of Statement : 120 Preliminary Archives, Foundation Rockefeller
43 643, Folder November 1927,
event into transferred 2 RG were Arts Fund Indian Box 65, Series III.2E, the of y r ar a u n collections a J 1 the , r o t c 1929, e r i i D to oereten tor a r u C dated of t r o p e R : percent y g o l By o p 121 hro t n A of y r o t a r o b a L e th of 10 10, custody of the museum r olde F , : 9 3 9 1 y r a u n a J 27 5 e a e gie Co e n r a C , l 1930. e p p e K y g to o l o p o r h t 122 Mekeel, Laboratory of An ae e v : e e n n o s R de r 2a e l ld . l e n f e C k c pp o R A s, vi 1, B 1. G R , 4 3 ‘ 2 Box 1, Series 2 5 n a i =a d n I , rader
123 D’PpHarnoncourt, ‘Indian’, 146; t n e m u c o D , t r u o c n o n r a 124 R. d’H ‘ n’, a i 125 See d’Harnon d n I t, ‘ s e t o N e t n o c n c c a i 128 See R. i
A: A A ( H d R : Y N , s e v i h c r A ‘ A M o M , ’ d r o w e r o F ‘ d e entitl ; ; : 153. S E P n i t a L of t r A d e l t i t n e lk ta d e s i l a i c e p s for
d n a ; ] 4 0 3 3 0 3 ; 9 1 9 9 : A A A [ H d R : Y N , s e v i h c r A t n e A m t r a p e D e th 1943, MoM of d r a o B Arts and Crafts
n a i d n I e h t of y r o t s i h Ethno
MoMA Archives, NY: RdH [AAA: 3830; 1018at 1023).
127 T~ Harnoncourt, ‘Indian’, 154.
2
and Sch
ene
AGRE rewis
ee eee >
c e j b O l a r u t l u C of n r u t e R & s m u e s u M ts , x a L l na io at rn te In ee
i
y d n o c y el rg la s wa n g i a p m generally. This ca ; th Wi ed Ct ed g consumers bein
th wi y, om on ec et rk ma e US
th lt fe e H ?® .' ts af cr n a c i r e usefulness’ of Native Am
s n a c i r e m A ve ti Na ng wi lo al ly ul sf of succes
Peatediabonr tha
y r u t n e c h t 0 2 mid e h t n i n o ‘ pestitutt f
i
to de at this Mark
r ei th p lo ve \y7M ti Na e h T ts ar *? .! cy en ci fi uf -s lf d an se S achieving economic : e e ’, N st ti e N ar hj CA e TI n e e G. d o l o sc G ci an Fr n Sa e th by : rt ed pa in is real ky ew o Nati
enter
1941 MoMA exhibition.
nal Exposit
lon
Deg _
The IACB’s 1939 exhibition, ‘Indian Arts j ed States a Golden Gate International Exposition at Sa eect : , k s a l A d c se ci an Fr n c i r e m A ve ti Na at th ow sition) aimed to sh © (1939 Inte; Tationa| rafts m
and th
C
erited o e 0 13 i il ab le é sa oF d for their sele A : oth aestlehes tiarcaeally anan e p v o i ft h l w s gi C = e al ve du e ti vi Na d indi in the sa i Ss demonstrateq hy "els general public.’*! Liberated from the ahistoorri c al a
ASSembiy
nd depolitici seg
e th of t Ar n a i d n I e th at osevelt Ro r no ea El d n a st ti ar pi), o H ( e i t . o b 41 a 19 K l d ri e Ap r F 7 2 — 3 y . r 5 a u n a e J r Figu rk, 22 Yo ew N t, Ar n r e d o M um of e s u M e h T ’, es at St d Unite
On € revi1 ewer wr o t ob;jects ‘among thee that MoMA had succe156e de i g Native fodi “ placin i American cultural b American fine arts? = a de sp it e the promulgation of m, is al ur pl e in ln cu = ural h of the wort
fe)
the domini ant culture 137
Judged by arbiters and institutions
Ve arts and cr; afts of th raft: Me mMorandum o:
13
131
mmir in: Latinint ApCoon te 00 Latino Amaeeri
4
Se k See R.
Ha:
i Be oeAGN eeeaie Re
Ran
(Aa ona
utline of aa Sh Short Report ; on Confé
siaaenees
ial
eee i
o o 10 03 ff ] 29 22 ; [A AA : Rd H sns fa |( e In di an Z Am ing er “6 7. , ic ; an ‘S i pe?) 32 MagaziofneArt 164-67, See Se Schradrader, iete i New eg) Pp.1636f, Native ee
~~06; and W, J. eae
€r cent in th
ere we re 1,250 € year nema Sencar
isi rae se cars a er, if Indian Arts,d pp.184
» cited in Schrader, Indian Aik a
TS: The 58,
Cars
pelscaedcr, Indian Arts, p.194. s ic st My of s n o i t a e r C , is it na Jo A, d n a ; 6 3 2 ~ N O Perceptions ian Art from the 1930s Marke
1'S
A. I t Assemb] €d d fi for
m “ted his: aims. a Rledged that ¢ eeer 193dap Noncourt, “ptemb
9, cited in 1
and r 195e .
CtIiEngE
e i B ohne, Whi
of Indian
a aivand the
he
authorita
orthwest Coast Ind
Ne ew
York
Show,
tive force of MoMA’s
Newsweek, 17 February 1941, Yat utional credibility aUe”5 instit
ts al Cr d an ts Ar an di In e th of es ti vi ti Ac s e ushing, Native, i weeestions for F
he
s a w n o i t i b i h x e is th , s e l p o e p n a e p o r u E n o n of s n o i t i b i h x e A M o t n a r b i v d n a g n i Unlike prior M v i l t n se e r p e r to m i a d e w o v a +s r u o c n o n r a H d’ f o e s e h t in d e t c e l f e r extraordinary becau s a w e s o p r u p s i h T . s n e m i c e p s l a c i g o l o p o r h t n a s s cultures — not timele exhibition’s layout: , s l a i r e t a m r e d l i u b d n u o m g n i d u l c n i , t s a p e h t of s n o i t i d a r t n a y l n o n w o h s e (1) the “great Indi r e w ’ d a e d w o n s n o i t a s i l i v ci n a i d n I r e h t o d n a e r u t l u Bering Strait c e h t f o t r a p as ‘art for art’s sake’;'°® d e r e d i s n o c s l a i r e t a m c i r o t s i h d e d u l c n i n o i t c e s ’ s n f o e c a l p e h t ‘ (2) the ‘Living Traditio te a c i d n i o t e v o r t s t r u o c n o n r a H D’ . es ur lt cu r o f t r a n a art of living indigenous ‘ d n o y be s t c e p s a g n i s i s a h p m e ’ on ti sa li vi ci ve ti na s it each specimen in e r e w s t c e j art’s sake display’!*?; and b o t r a y r a r o p m e t n o c n, io ct se ’ ng vi Li n r e d o M r fo n r e d o m o t s (3) in the ‘Indian Art t f a r c d n a s t r a e v i t a N of n o i t u b i r t n o c l a i t n e t o p e h n i e u n e v A h arranged to show t t f i F d n a y r a r o p m e t n o c y r e v ‘ g n i e b s y a l p s i d e h decorative arts, with t
Aieinecmecncetoethewordya
r e b m e t p e S 30 , s a l g u o D 138 D’Harnoncourt to 9ff.
nd a s a l g u o D e e S . p.108 , e v i t a N , g n i h s u 1939, cited 1 n R
t, r u o c n o n r a H ’ @ d . R e e S . 8 0 1 . p , e v i t a N , g n i h , in Rus t r d A te n ci a i , d 0 n 4 I 9 1 , t r r e u b o o t c c 9 O rnon a ; e H y ’ e H d G. d n a to as t r u l o g c u n o o D ; 72 D Harn t Ar e of th at e n i s z n a o g i a t M a l l a 34 t s n ) I 1 4 9 n 1 o ( iti s b n i a h i x d n E I of e th y r of o t s i H ts Ar A g n lay: Livi sp Di of r e w o P e Th , i k s szew i n a t S A. . M d n a ; f f 5 1 pp.1 f. 7f and .8 pp s a , l ) g 8 u 9 9 o 1 D e ; A Se M 8. e 10 p. idg r b m ive, a C ; ( t Ar i n r e d o M of i m u e s u M : 3 a 0) 14 D’Harnoncourt to Barr, 8 November 1939, ci i d n i e h . t ) a w g o i n K o ( m A e k . o f f t 7 a 9 s 1 T p p e o , t r r n A o M n a i d d n n a I ) , o t j r a u v o a (N y a g e B d’Harnonc n o s i r r a H Fred Kabotie, Oscar Howe (Dakota ),
.4 pp t, Ar n a i d n I , t r u o c n o n r a H ’ aa d@
e o F p O l a r u t l u C of n r u t e R International Law, Museums & The propaganda potential of the exhibition was no t los
ton
y r u t n e c h t 0 2 d i m e h t n i n 0 s e Restiu @
sensitive to the intensive search for a nation al cultura] 3 dent; I
American art solely for the United States and this w
No H Aeoup
{ n Jndian Art of the United States’. Oliver La Farge co Mmenteq that the Shop ati,
civilisation could pane comparison with Skyscrapers or the “P etBiesr ofvitMt 141 ae sepa Pr es en t civilisation in Europe’. Nonetheless, for d’Harnoncourt the diversity of Na lve American .
be promoted for the benefit of US national cultural identity
=art’,
mselves. He showed a marked because Native American
pre
and the
Pref eren ce for the term ‘folk arp cultures were ‘always an Inextric b
economic and ceremonial activities of a given society’, 142 5 : 2 3 o The extrication of indigenous cultures from
U
iy
u I Ture,
ha
1
un ; over
‘prin
able part OF all sg,
C
the 1939 opening of the M oMaA’s new premises: where men are free to be themselves and to i own energies and ardors.
exhiof r e v o c l a n i g i r o don e c u d o r p e r , a m o h a . 1 a, Okl 4 9 ow 1 o i M Ki , r, k r ve o Co Y ld i ie w Sh d e te N in i , Pa t Ar Figure 5.4 n r e d o M of a r r o w Ni , es at St ed it Un e th of t Ar an di In ‘ion catalogue,
During the 19305 sing the effects of these policies “Nt of Native Am and 40s, the “correction in [US collective] memory’ of its treat. . €ricans an d the Teassessment of their cultures occurred agains! 141
toa
"bo
rt
d Dy. inegee
Ha
pitIndsy, New York Times, D 26 Jag nuary 1941, p.9
rt,
143 2919; 91 Digest 15 at 17; andR ED
>
p.9.
;
an :ArtRd(1H Ja[A ar:y nu ic er t, AAll-ch Am ur co on rn . e d PaHa . ,SeeRiv 12rt ae aenoncp.ou AA , es NY Ar iv inting, MoM Na
4,72 6 February 1941, p.165,
p.9.
e ed Waaieeenices of fascist regimes. Havini S i e : Dave er - ne the growing shadow cast by the genoct a Bie ae. \ Weems: eeu: : P a‘ ae a eee: Da with American indigenou ai vce
g | rn o b n i of it b ro to ition is eotpulneityof totrad appopr b ro grow through invention or through acqu of o e t i n o t i e e e mance fa
Ps has e future.?!48 The United Statest
y it un m m o i c r ei th to s t c e restiittututiion of cultural obj j u
ri he itag&e er l a r u t l 1 on to ‘the cu i t u b i r t n o c d e u ennssuuring its contin
conte |
Se
Be
saeco
BRP
of all ma
ee
rat
nkind’.
hort u a g n i d r a g e r ( 5 0 1 n. , 5 1 1 p , e v i t a N , g 148 Douglas and d’Harnoncourt, India n Art, p-10. See Rushin
ship of catalogue).
r c e j b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , International Law Yet similar concessions concerning restitution Were
within its own borders. They, unlike other Occupied
n
Ot made to
Peoples, eae
_
ive
right of self-determination or the return of their cult «ot Objects Ural S museums until the end of the twentieth century, To this aay. i
guaranteed by international law but are prescribe
a BY Us dom its national agenda. In the following chapter, it is suggested that the Unite ds
individual rights over group rights occasioned this
iSoksann tates champig
CY. Colg War feu " resulted in cultural pluralism fading into cultural j tion of Gas savereen Native American nations as but ae ne catego © of ‘ou, oie : However, Native Americans would no Io minority groups’.*” built on the momentum of the Indian New Deal to chart th nger be Silence d ii
self determination,°° development and cultural renewal j wow twentieth century, and the restitution E of cultural 0
—
= Anon., ‘Museums’,
>
ee
Se
Course f Ond halftowing
Bjects would be at the foreton: q
See R. A. Nelson and J. F. Sheley, Bu
the f o t r A “ n o i t i e b i i h o e ex Mer h t at o S s t c a f e t t r n a po a i l e a a r t s e u a A t s u e o a : n e g of Indi w e i v n o i t a l l a t s n I Figure 6.1 rn e d o M of m u e s u M e South Seas’, Th
r a W d l o C & s e l p o e p d e s i n o l o c , s t h g i r n a m u h ide,
6 Genocide, human rights and
]
peoples during the Cold Way
Niseg
commu e s d i d it s a g n o l m s o a d e e l r a f » r u t s l e u i c t i r o relations n i m s f r o e b m e l m a u d i v i d n i d y e l w e o v l i l t c d a f n l e a s o t i t n y y u l t d n l e o a n y o olicies 4 o l d n e o t c ional unity. The Sta t a n p u o s r e d s g r n u u a o t t n l p u t e u c g n i e d m n p i f pot disr o o n l o e i v t e a d d an e preserv h t d e t d s c n e e a l i l t e o i r d c n e e g w u a m r m u e o o s c e h s t gisc f t o c e j b o l a r u t again the cul ng trace of i l i o s l al h c i e h c w m o n r O f “ — . t e y r v t a i t i m i identi r p s e a r u t l u c t n a n i m o d e h t y b d e y a displ
None of us know enou igh ab
Ob
ve ti Na s: er rd bo n ow its in th wi s le op pe ed pi cu oc f its obligations to the an ic er Am e iv at —N US of y or st hi e th of on ti ia nc nu re d e t p m e t t a n a In n o i t a r . g e e t t a n t I s n o i t a n is n i th h s wit e i t i i r o m n e m a c e b s e niti
cots to ote a ao fellow’s life to 4 en
2
Init, history evaporates S30 No thi In. g 1S Produced has t Dao Is1 to possess these new ob
. ’ d e v o m e r n e e b origin - -- has
in s t n e m e v o m ts gh ri l vi ci ed s i n a g r o s e i t i r o n i m d n a s e l p o e p s u o n e g i However, ind . s e i c i l o p e s e h t d e g n e l l a h c h c i h w s e d a c e d g n i m o c the
e g a t i r e h l a r u t l e u h t c t a h t d n g n a i d n a e t d s i r e d n u r a e l c a Gen oc s a w e r e h t r a W d l r o W d n o c e S e h of t idal
or choice has been removed 2
c o n e g to c i s n i r t n i s a w p u o r g a of s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c e h t £ 0 n o i t c d e u t r e g t r a s t e of d n o d i t n u b a i r t n o c e th d e removal t c e f f a y l e s r e v d a d n a y l t c e r i d s t c a h d e c s i u n s g o c t e r a h t s t d n e n m a n r e v o g d e policy, i l l A e h T . d n i k n a m u h f o e g a t i r e h l a of r u t t c l a p u m c i e e h h t t e o t t a r o i l e m a d groups n a e s r e v e r to s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c g n i n r u t l e a r n o f i o t a n r e e t c n n i a in t r o n o p i m t u i t i t e s th onale for the re
h t a m r e t f a e In th
such policies.
i t a r d n o c e s e h t s i h t Ihave called
g n i r u d e d i c o n e g f o n o i t i law. n i f e d e h t m o r f s t n e m e el l a r u t l u c e h t e f m o i r C n o i t e a h c T i r f o t x e t n e m The h s i n u P d n a n o i t n e v e r P e h t n o n o i t n e v n o s C r e w e o h t p r o n f a t i s l n o o p i o t r a t i e t m o to neg n o i s s e c n o c a as , ) n o i t n e v n o C e d i c o e n l o e r G e 8 h t 4 9 1 ( d e e s d i i m o r p m o c of Genoc o s al It . n o s s e l t n a t r o p m i s i h t d e t p u r r e e t h n t i g n , i s w e o t l a l t S o f r e ss l t t e e c s o r p and n o i t c u r t s n o c e r e h t f o t r a p as y t r e p o r p l a r u t l u c f o n o i t u t i t s of re in s . d s o t i c r a e p h c u ee s of r h t n o i r t e v o cessa d e r e d i s n o c is e d i c o n e g f o s t n e m e l e ltural The fate of the cu
de‘vleely oa pma en é
o s r o y r u t n e c f l a h the last in ii nternatio4 na law, bu in l t these .
Mporary international relations.
€ Unit
,
Se com . ‘ s i m o r P es s0 al is e r e h g T . l e v e l l a n o i t a n r e t n i e h t at oe : atio n. of such
d States co-opted feiss
into the domestic sphere by the
€ rhetoric of decolonisation to justify the
day, in R
SINR.
White
Barthes. . 42061952)2) 2 21 Th Mythologies, a
aie ase
ee
ondon,
191.
1993), p.151.
g r e b m e r u N e h t o t r a W d l r o W d n o c e S e h t f o e s o l c e h t n o m i t o a fr l u c d i o i t r r e a p e t h rs t n i s c i (1) the fi m e d a c a d n a s e i d o b l a g e l s u o i r a v f o k n o r o i w t i e n h t g o c d n e a r t e n h e t m t y c b i d d in e k r a m s i d o i r e p s i h T . e d i c o n e g of e m f i o r c e l o l r a n o e i h t t a n r e d t n n i a’ e e m i r of th c s i h t f o t n e n o p m o c al r u t l u c e h t of e r u t a n l a r g e t n i of the ; l a s r e v e r s it n i y t r e p o r p d n l a a r u t n l o u c i t f n o e v n n o o i C t u t i e t d i c res o n e G e h t r o f s n o i t a i t o g e n e h t s r e d i l s a n r o u c t l u c d o i f o r e p n o i d s n u o l c x e e h t o t (2) the sec d e l h c i h w s n o i t a n i h c a m r a W y r o d t l u t o i C t s e d r n a f o l a n i o i t a n e i l a the colon t n a t i m o c n o c e h t d n a y t a e r t t f a r d l a n i f e h t m o r genocide f s e i d o b N U d n a d n a ; s ef p u o reli r g s u o n e g i d n i of k r o w e h t s r e v o c d o i s r ct e fe p ef l a e n i th f of d n a n io d it r i (3) the th for the recogn
h s u p e h t d n a s e i c i l o p l a i n o l o c g n in re-examini of ‘ethnocide’.
y b t h g u o r w n o i t a t s a v e d e h t f 0 n o i t a i c e r p p a d e s a e r c n s i u o n a n e to g i d e d l n s i a h f t o n e m p o l e v e This last period d d n a n o i t a v r e s e r p e h t n o s e i c i l o p d e t a l e r assimilation and . s e l p o e p d e i p u c c o r cultures and of othe
Inter national
Law, es Museums
&
Ret urTH n
of
Cultural
Ob
ui ng diivi inui vision of cultura] netheless s, the contin Noe u
ae
_
is
isou uii ded. It serves ast phase isi misg
a
ects
Genocide,
s le op pe d se ni lo co , s t h g i r n a m u h
& Cold War
n: io pt ti mp su as c si ba s thi on es at er op on ; ti : nts Indeed, minority protec _ habita
Snocid1 e fy,
S NG SI Sa r pe de Ci to NO ly on e at tu Pe i re we at BS th e by the very States implementing a : i y c n i t s s i d e a n o i t a l i m I : 3 e c n a t r o d p it m i , e g h n t i o d m o etr: acts fr cies. In so in tegrat; 85 of cul tural polic ; ; destruction 0 r removal of c ultural objects, in the
y c i t r a P ¥ e c o r p SS, Senocidal
e th of ts ac d an es ci li po e rs ve ad t ns ai ag p ou gr nt na mi Puentot the non-do e al on ti ra is Th s. ct je ob al ur lt cu ir the of on ti ca is nf co e h t g n i d u l c n i p u o r g t n a n i jom n, io ut it st ) that re al rn te in ng ri ve co e mm ra og pr n io ut it st re ed li Al e th th wi 4 e. at St a n i h t i w s t c e j b o l a r u e t m l i r u c c e h t f o of t n e m p o l e v e d e h t d e t a t i l i c a f t a h t w a l l a n o i t a n r e t n i f o ea r e t n i s a w , s s e c o r p n o i t u t i t s e r r a w t s o p e h t h t i w d ppe a l r e v o y l t c e r i d d n y el os cl a d e t a r e p s o o c e d C C i W N c U the , s g n i t e e m y rl of geno ea s it n I ® . w a l n a i o r r p a e h t t i r o f n a d e m h s i u l b h a t s e l a y n d o o b i t l a a t n n e m n r e v o g h s i t i r B e h t , m o e C e t s t t i r e m b m o R o C e h t r e , t h n c e l a v i u q e S U s it with the Vau d n a y t r e p o r p l a r u t l u c f o h g n u o o h t ‘ , e v i t d restituti c e j b o s ’ e e t t i m m o C r e h c u a V e h t t a h t d e v r e s b o C soya, Ie | NWC 9 . n w o s t i o t ’ y r s a a w t n it e if m e n e l v e p p , l u a g s e l t s o a n w s a w , t n ’ e n o r i e t f a s i l dif a n o i t a n e d ‘ t a h t d the
maintaine
to d e t n i o p It ° ! . s n o i t n e v n o C e u g a H s u o i r a v e h t n i d e t t o n a r is e t c m a u n n a e if t y a l h t l a c s e i t f a l i u c p i e t p s s h c t i h no w n o i t n e v n o C IV erived The UNWCC
e d u g s e a l H p i c n i 7 r 0 p 9 f 1 o t e h g h i t l e h t n i d e r e d i s preamble of n o c e b t s u m t i t , a h n t o d i n u t o f n o e s l a v n It o ! C ! . ’ e c e n e h i t c s n o c y b c i l b u d p y b d e t a t covere c i d d n a y t i n a m u h e g f a o l l s i w p a l g e n h t i ‘ d u m l c fro n i es,
m i r c r a w f o g n i d a e h g n i t s i x e e h t r e d n u l l e f s e c r o f s i x A f o s t c a e h t ” . y t r e p o r p f o n d o e i d t n a a p c x s e i f n n a o c d e c n and u o n o r p 8 0 0 ee
f o n o i t a t e r p r inte ’ e l a n t o i t t a i r ‘ m m e o h t C t a h t ; y l d e t t n s e e u g g q u e s s n t I o C ? ' . n o i t n e v n o C o t IV d e e t a u l g e r a H e f i l 7 0 l 9 a 1 u t c e e l h l t e t f n o i d 6 5 n a e s l e c u i l a Art v l a u t i r i p s f o n n o o i i t t c c e u t r o t r s p e d e r h o t l s a a v w o m n e o r i s e i t v a o r r e p b i l s e i h d t e h t for , e r o m r e h t r u B l a 4 n o ’ i . t s a t n c r e e j t b n o i s d i h n t a f o s n o t i n t e u n t o i t p s m n o i c l a such t n e m a d n u f a is d e p u y o o l r g p m e e h t s e t m a o t S r f r e l s t t t c e e s j b r o i e h l t a r d u n t a l s r of cu e w o p l a i n o l o c n m a i e s s p a o r u g E n i y s e n m a i p t m o g c n c i a y r a d v n a t A ’ n ) o i s s i m crime. g n i s i l i v i c ‘ e h t e l f o b m a e e s r i u p g e h e t h t f o r e t i d r n i p u s s e h e t r u n s i a e d e t e r p r these m e t n i e r e w s n o i s i v o r p e s e h t n e h W . y c i l o p ilation
s, e i t l a n e P f o t n rceme o f n E n o d n a r a W he e t h t n i f o d e t s s e r g o g h u t u s A t Lis f the o , . l a y t ec i l i b t i h s c n o a p p s r e e R the Laut n o . H . n C d o n C i a s W s i ; N t m s U m i o L C 5 0 9 e . 1 e 0 S 9 . 1 8 e 3/1 h t G A n P o 5 0 3 2 3 d n l a e e 8 r 1 , , 1 4 x E 3, 1 1 o E b W s t n N , i o U n p o i , 5 s 1 . s C 4 i 1 C m 1 W . m p N o p U r C , i 0 a . N 0 c . M 1 / 3 . A G e h A t P of eel 33, eedings
r , 1 x o b , 5 4 9 1 i Course of the Proc g n i ch e b r a s a M 7 s t c e , j C b C o al r u t l of u 05 c g . n f 0 i o t . e 1 e n m / o 3 i t s t 1 u 5 G t A i of t P s s / e e r 3 t 3 u n / 1 Mi and e , l 5 o r 4 9 s 1 it s y a l u J s n 4 o i cut , e s C o C r p W N l a U n i m i r of c ting e e m viewed h t 8 6 of s e t u in M : s e i d o b r e h t o y ducted b .0. 1 . 1 / 3 G A P / 4 3 / 6 n o 5 3 r 2 a W , 5 4 f 9 o 1 s r be om m t e UNWCC. s t u p C e S d 8 n 2 a , 8 s 4 w 1 C. La e , h e t ) e 8 t 0 t g 9 i n 1 m i ( m t o c C d e n p a b s u e S R ; 7 f 7 o 2 V) (I S T n C o i t s n 10 Report ’ e v y n r o r C a P , e bl 208 m a O e t r P g ) , 7 s n 0 l 9 i a 1 t d i ( c r e r o ; c 0 c h 3 t 0 a h 5 g d s C n o , i 7 t 0 9 a 1 N 11 Sixth to ei r d e e b o t t i c O n of the U ague, 18
n o i t c A e v i . t u C b i C r t e W R N e U h t of 5 3 . pe o c 1.1 S / 3 , r G e c A E P . B , 6 3 d n a l ree , 9 x o b , 6 , 2(supp.) AJIL 90; 1944 l i r p A . d 7 0 e 2 . i 1 p u 1 c / 4, c 3 1/ O , ns G io f A at o ar P cl / 4 s 3 t / n 6 a their Official De t i , b 6 a . h a n r I a p e h t 5 5 4 e s 9 j 1 l a of r n e o b y i o t t i t a l n c a e O n D i 4 m o t i r , s C 9 ' 4 p 1 m he . t e C t t n A o , “ ’ y l i f t J o i l a y e n t e i i m t l mit m 8 . o s C a r a t p - See ‘Cri chwelb, Note on the Crimina r o , p 5 e 4 R 9 1 t f a r D er b d m n e a t ; p 11 e S . S a 4 r 2 . a E p , 7 See ritory > > TIV/1 tember 1945, H e h T , x e n n A d n a Land,
and Japan
14 AJIL 9 5
Woe,
Timi. Inalit* y
of
at 114
P d an , C1 , 42 19 t o e R AtCte148 » > 2, box 6, y r a n i m i l e r P, Teel 34, Mpts ¢ A
M a n i e s i l b a i ion ° Denat3/1.1.0 tants of 1.1.0, UNWCC. » box 6, 5
; es ti li bi si on sp Re of n o i s s mi
mumissi
T T e e t t i m m o C s no n ae aa F
i Territory, 4 October 1945 Occupied
3a a ue al i c e p S n o f o y r o t s i H e h t n o l ta f o n i g i r O , n o i t s
PONE AG-3/1.1.0, UNWCC.
ue
.
r p e e T S d e 0 1 i p u , c 5 1 c / O I f T s o t n a t i b a h Mouton: n I e h t e s i l a n o i t a n e D o . C C W Attempts t N U 5 3 . 1 . 1 . / 3 0 . G A 1 P . , 1 6 3 / 3 l e e r G A 9, P 6/34/ aGnrdeta9, box ve : WWas Criminality’, €.149, 4 October ier’ e a n o i t a e t r o p e d e It also included th
; s n o i t i d a r t s u o i g i l e r s ’ e l p o e p d e i p s u c r c e i p in o u c c o e h t of p hi ns ze ti ci of ng ti an gr c ti ma auto -¥> a r a p , 5 4 9 1 er b m e pt Se 24 , 17 I/ II : er of the occupi
nce e r e f r e t n i e th ; m e h t e t a c du f O y r o s l u p com ; s e m a n d n is a by nationals
onal Law, Museums & Return of C ultural Ob; ti na Inter ects
jpuman
C , n o i t n e v n o C IV e u g a H [ 07 e e t t of the 19 i m m o u o i m i n a n u TI ore, BD i t a s] n r Ou e t n i by n e d d 16 i b r o w, re f la ag s wa Y l a n o tionalisation’ : ali
F
d d e t r a t s I II e e t t i m m o C , 45 19 te la ebating y
Fonwith a cri, me defined by Raphaél Lemki n Mi
&
th
\/ dy
the replace
hat « 4
e “d Of t w o ? e d i a as “genoc
e th e s u a c e b ’ n o i t a s i l a n o i t a n e d ‘ ke li s rm te co to ed il ta y : 4 d multip!
Ty
ongk ell Ona}, yr We " o n) e i t g ha ty li ta to e h t . e P Sinc 0
projects which cocvaelrieandiso 7 e in me TR PEE : e
o n e B f a ur lt Cu . a e i l u E e th ; d e b i r c s e a d n a S l a r u t l u c g in st xi ‘e of n n e e of ct the deprivatio Pe 4S d u cl n i ? s e u l a v c i t s t . t a r i e u e v o l e v o m e r e h t eei e id “c a g de e th E IN f materials 5
.
SOC]
d n a e a e D 3 4 9 1 e h T !° s. ie er ll ga d an e ad Bfileondon e
a
a . i la s e l p i c n i r p d ss ey programme an
ey re
b eis ato »
s
e t t a e n t e > r le l Al a n r e t m, n i co y en r fo n io ut It a — n — i a — t n i a y m n a e t H a h t . s n r e c e n o c a n e w o e i c e h t rn ve go by Passe eae d e d e e n s and sho r ve co £0 i l p p a uld be ime.” ed during on War Lemkin affir med that: ‘Genocide is
a nD uty. > ani d th € a actions
ual capaci
|
volved
a KE; dire GS ted
: nation
:
agai
:
mst individ1duals,
n
indivig their in Ot ae € In group.’2! al directed toward: i , as rights definition his » group p the S F provisions s TMheldeetiets earlier ns is yas : identity 0) collective rotecti of re ne conte CUNg Minorities e chives fundamental genocidal S th¢e es sence of the group as a Of Otc€ perpetrat which oe = to destroy. The durin. made eee seek gen of ors Senocide Cone | the ne gotiations for the g tificedr Genocide : 948 crime the of 1
;
|
p
ty,
asm
but
embers of th
ement
Germ
Wor Id cul tu Te
Senocide re
ste es
) |
j |
2 1S
0 ni y as
Strong
and
th e
spiri
Piritual forces which are es peo these - If eo
8e is also destr Rees sults in an Immediate
ae
ein
ee Fi Cee
22
19
col “il, Laws of
“ope:
= culture. e loss to world
for s al os op Pr . ti , Occupa nt me rn ve Go of is ys al ton, An
84 p. , is Ax , n i k m e w 4 : de ci no Ge P e m i r C ternational: l a n o 0 at iemati es
” See R ae
mane
36 l na Pe t i o r D i y ro)
e th to x rnational| Mili te s In te e No Se i r T bu G ry i r T ta y r a t : f C n o i t g e e m ol , 4 6 3 ’ s i r a F 5 Tri Tesented
Mkin,
eIMT,
e W o j a M e h t f o i. e1945of Tea de ots co t26e; o (Camby
rid
y
i
b)
2,
FD 3 , » , 2 ) 1 0 0 0 8, 2
ip
Revie 7 )1 0) o4 (l n o t a r c eemaneemeano ro
md C , 5 4 9 1 r e b o t c Berlin on G18-3O/1.0.2, UNW5)CC. 34/PA
y e u o C 9 , T T I / 5 , 5 4 mmitteehe 9 3 t e r o f e b e l a i itary Trib. al Mil ber, ‘m
s a i N e e m 949), 1-406 t
nternation
0 minal: , Nure : ) e . s l O e m , m . s i l r o v C War and aie a S ; 8 4 : I V . l o v » ) M O nn . e W H e n e i e d S . i c 23 o n 2 e 2 , G 1 s a - A. Schab 50
Nover-
GE, and
& Cold War
167
excluded its cultural ele that definition a for essed Pt s 2 e t a t S certain 2 tio . 9 : do 9 r ei th of 9 y n i t u r c s ; l a n io t a n r e t n i to conve® s c i c t o n p w o c i i s t r s e c v i a m r ei th of 1s, bE cause ory.
it rr te r ei th n i h t i w s e l p o e p s u o n e g i ecnin’ ind
me
COE
n o i t n e v n o C e d i c o n e G 48
94 (1 e d i c o n e G of e m i r C e th of t n e m h s i n u P d n a n o i t n e v e r P e h t t n o bu ; r a W d l r o W d n ae Convention o c e S e th of s r o r r o h e th of t u o n r o b s a w ) n o i t e a r e a c aa Ae Conven e th d n War a ,
d l o C e th g n i d n u o r r u s s e i t e i x n a y b d e aventuall petray cal and biological i s y h p e th n o y l e v i s u l c x e g n i s u c o f y B 25 n ee
elements of genocide
f
of g n i n n u h s a s a w 1 e r e h T d. re 1 te al 1 e th y l l of a t n e ; s m e a i d r o n e u h f t d e e s m i i l r a c i c a r e e th th of of n o i t a n l o u i t the ccuolntcuerpatl uaplliusraatlism and an implicit recapi ine
et centur rg ta a m e ‘eth h t e d a m d n a , p u o r g a as e r o p u C early twceunltteural elements that defined the gro l a c i t e r o e h t l a r t n e c a d e r o The n g i s e t a g e l e D . e d i s y a w e th y b ft le s a w , s e d l r o w to p u of geno cidal polici o r g e th of n o i t u b i r t n o c e th of n o i t a v i r p e d e th — e f the crim ide Resolution and undati
9
P
it
UNGA
Genoc 48 Genocid: e 4
1nc n o was i t n e v n o C rationale : 19 the ck culture. This from 9 exclusion Its . By Convention. policies. Hague f genocidal the 1954 ; objects cultural of 4 alienation the ameliorate of OF reverse to importance ignores the of restitutory relief i
.
the applicability weakens it extension,
an acts. agenda its such on included the effects of Assembly General Nations United unanimously the adopted ; session, was which Atits first
Genocide, of Crime s i s a b the e h t on e m a c e b t T 6 2 . ) Resolution ) 1 ( 6 9 . s e R A G item entitled N U ( 6 4 9 1 r e b m e c e D concerning 1 1 n o uussions e t a c s b i e d d t n e u q e s b u S and without . e d i c o n e g f o n o i t a s i l a n i m i r c e h t n o . n s m r e t s t i y b for UN actio d e t c i r t s n o c n e s e t I b e v . a n h o i t e n d e i v c n o o n C e u g a H 4 5 ameters of ge 9 1 he t f o e l a n o i t a r e ] h d t e { d t e l u t s p e m r e ) e ( ] ) 6 r d m 9 n p a [ d UNGA Reess.. n i k n a m 0 ¢ e c n e i c s n o c e h t d e k c o h s ‘ acts represented such that notes contributions preamble and other
form of cultural the in origins law humanity to humanitarian in great losses international the
se
Convent Hague 1954 the Pea UN on 1946 and Resolution Cane, Pi Sactemane legal rime of Genocide The Res.96(1)). A pulof ' War military y tritri bun als provoked 242 Yet during the draft; Genocide 1948 the of alting re; See 24 September 19
24
|
as
preamb] the in es ae i Genera] Rok
i Rats Wane
i |
vital
er cultural herita
q
:
an War criminals, 22
s le op pe d se ni lo co , hts rigi
recalled phrase The Lemkin. by by these groups’.”’ propagated rationale the right the and of denial ‘a convention as proposed narrowly of the genocide define to live on
went Resolution Yet, the
to right the of denial the 1s homicide d n as a l a c gro i ups , s y i h p hum an d e enti s re i of i s a h p m exi ste e nce to s n o i t a negoti Sub seq uen t bei ngs ’.” ° hum an ind ivi dua l of cultu the : ‘ subsumed ually t n e v e i e n biological genocide and e v n o C e d i c o n e G n ‘i — 8 4 9 1 S e R th E i of e th of evid e l is n a r s e d r n p i a m e r e h T . ’ y evi a in the t i losses to human ~ was
words:
neeletaede.
S P u o r g e es th by d e t n e s e r p e r s n o i t u b i r t n o c r e h t o d n a of cultural UN Si
ae ‘inflicts
e th by d e r a p e r p Convention ide ide i ) 1 ( 6 9 . s e R A G N U f t n 0 e m i t n e s e d h e S t t a O r e e t i B e e e r S 7 . 4 7 7 2 S T N U , 8 D i:n June 19 7 I G A 0 6 2 . s e e R e A G S N U , e 1 5 a 9 e 1 y r e a e u y n r a a u J n 2 a 1 J e c 6 r 2 , o f y n i ar , m 8 ‘k 4 m 9 u r 1 l S e a b c i m r e o c t S K e s i : e H 9 D r h e o t d entary (New Y n a cid o w l n a a e n L o G i f t t o a n n e r e m t , h ad erry In unis .
o
9
eeciree
24—
rnational Law
t a e r g in d e t l u s e ‘r
26
and P
b : n n o r i o t h n T e v . P n ; o 5 C 0 2 e d i 17 8c n r e e h T , n o s d J Robin
, 2 0 1 1 5 . p , p e d chabas, Genoci991), pp-57ff an ties (Oxford, 1 b 1960).
YBUN 1946-47, p.255.
:
) ( 6 9 . s e R A G N U , e l b m a e r 27 First recital, P
2
id d i Ib .
we
& Return of Cult,
International Law, Museums
irreparable loss on humanity by depriving of the group’.2? The Secretariat ae
ural O by
Jects
Genocide, h
; ees
ly
Uultura] a Nd
of th
se
vention as the ‘prevention of the destr e 194g ae mo nat; aci al, j . or political groups of human beings’ Bore: meee ationay ling Mal, Simi
lar term;
a
confiscati Nazi by targeted ersons P 1on policies and
cultural objects followin g the Second : Wer e Nade i draftne defin Importantly, , the Se cretariat it l
2 Nolo
tos
entitled
n o i e d i c o n e g f o e l o ; h w the purpposoe se o of destroying them in or In ae
Part,
or
:n
Cont:
1
.
Cy istic Useg fec taj
iN
9
. ternal reg deg NUtig
Ny
Venting fh
e l ga le of e e t t i m m o c e th by n o p u d te ra be li de s wa t af dr t after the Secretaria e i a e k e S ed ss re og pr it As ” .* em st sy N U e th in es ag st s ou ri va h g u o r th nes camps for and against the inclusion of
i a
“Nog woside
Cludeq
of pre
ged the mataars
as
iS ©
uman rights, colonised peoples & Cold War
etween the b on si vi di e th ions, t a N . d e c n u o U nited n o r p e r o m e m a c e b s t n e m e l e 1 no ge al ur lt g cu n i r e v o n c o i s i v a o r r p a n u of o i s u l c n i r cult d fo e c n a v d a s ment u g r a n The mai
8 3 re:
cide we
Ge nocide
a)
deprived
humanity
s on ti bu ri nt co r he ot d an of the cultural
of the
de ci no ge al ic og ol bi or l y ca h si p m o r f d e t a r a p e s e b t o n n a c e d i c o n e g l a r u t l u C (2) or d e d e c e r p n te of : e s s wa u a e c d i c be o n e g l ca si hy p t a h t w o h s s e l p m a x e l a d c e i t r a n i m l d u e o c h t s s i i h n u p n u t f (i) e l n e h w h c i h w , e d i c geno group>
l a r u t l u c y b d accompanie ; p u o r g e h t f o n o i t c u r t s e d l a c i s y c h u p r t s e d s s a m in the e h t h g u o r h t y l n o t o n e c n e t s i x e s t e i v f i o r d p e d e b d l u e v i t c e l l o c c i f i c e p Gi) agroup co s s t i f n 0 o i t c u r t s e d e h t h g u o ut also thr
b s r e b m e m s t i tion of traits; and
c u r t s e d e h t : e c r o f g n i t a v i t o m e m a s e h t e v a h e d i c o n e g l a r u t l u c d n a l a c i s y h p ) (aii s p u o r g e h t f o tion
(3) .: ity the
d iver
Tr Civilisat io
and its ©, Odificar;» Secretarj lariat draft
S1 ty nN
as
of such acts.
oO 1a u It the
1
eS
we I CS
Physical
destruction
;
i Comm in aft, Dra ag A THE ; SecretarianMat, oe e P on the P. Togressive Development mitte ntio Conve 6 June 1 n for the 947 I ntion and Punj S t Tetariat draft, a Ar so al e Se
6: (c),)
Charter of
>» UN Doc.A/Ac
nt ofof I International Law unishment of Genocide prepared by
; Teve -10/42, 1.
© methods:
>UNS F on on ti en nv Co al t er af en Dr -G , ry ta re €c 1947 gle UN Doc.E/447, 25. 36
e s i l a n i m i r c t o n d i s d e i t i r o n i m s r l o a u d i v i d n i f o s t h g i r e h t g n t i s n u e o m p h s e s i s n n u p o r o i n o i t n e v e r Conyent p e h t r o f s e r u s a e m e d i v o r p t o n o d d n a , r u o i v the beha
UN Doc.E/447 at 16.
e d i c o n e g f o s t n e m e l e l a r u t l u c e h t f o n o i s u l c n i e h t r o f s t n e n o p p o , d n a h r e On the oth argued: i r o n i m f o n o i t a n i m r e t x e e h t n i d e t l u s e r h c i h w s t c a e h t e t a n u i q a m e t o y n e h d T l u o 9 c 3 > s e i r a r b i l f (1) That one o g n i s o l c ‘ e h t h t i w r a w t s a l e h t d a h g n t i a r h u t d e a i r o d t i a c m o n e g ’ l ties in cre a c i s y h p ‘ of s t c e p s a g n i y f i r r o h y ll a n o i t p e c x e e h t tained it was ; d n i k n a m u h t f o s e b e c n s e a i w c s n d o c n a e h t d e s i l a n shocked i m i r c e b o t e u g i va o o t s a w e d i c o n e g l a r u t l u c f o n (2) The notio ; s e i t i r o n i m d n a s t h g i r n a m u h e m f o o c e b n o i t d c l e u t o o w r p e h n t o i t n e v n left to o C e d i c o n e G d e s o p o r p e h t ’ e hat s t i l i v i c d “ e r a e to f s s e e i t c a i t l S o p n o i t a l i m i (3) Several s s a r i e h t at d e m i a a d n a g a p o r p l a c i t i ; y t i t n e a tool of pol d i l a n o i t a n d e i f i n u a e t a e r c d n a s t n a t i b a h n i indigenous n o i s i v o r p e t a r a ep s 2 s a t u b ’ e d ci o n e g the l a y r b u t l u p c u ‘ n n w i a a t r e d r on i t 1 n e v n o C 37 Ad Hoc Committ, ee on Genocide a: greed to t f a r d D e n r a e w e s e n o t i t t i a r m e m b o i C del e h t e f e o t t t i r m o m p o Re C , ul ko egal) L ( ails t e h d t x e i and narrowly defined: K. Az h S t d e n h a t e d i , c t o gen . Nex 17 l a ; r 4 u 9 t 7 / l E u . c c o D e d N u U l c , n 48 i 19 ld N U : n o i Committee, 24 May s u l c n u i o w e s h t i t r st n the i on i a e t g n h e a w v n o f C d o e n t o o i v t s e e e u t q it m m o 8 C 1 2 . e R h T S / . confined to the E d . e c r o e d D i s n co UN y l : l l u f i c n t u o o n C e r l e a w i n Soc o l i a s i d i c n o v a S o r p d c n h a i c m u e o s h n t c o y n i mi Ec o n , of an o n c e E h T e h . t 6 0 2 f o , 0 3 t r o m p e e t R i N t a d U n a e 3 h t 8 . R , n y S o l / l i a 6 t n . n i f e C v / on nd C a Doc.A ft , a 0 r D 6 7 / : e A d i c o n e G piropoulos, N Doc
U , 8 4 9 1 r e b m e c e D > , e e t t i m m o C h t x i S e h t of t r o p e R , l Counci Doc.A/PV.178 and ITY);
and 219; and J. S
a General Assembly: UN
. 5 2 4 2 1 ; 7 4 4 . a r a p , 6 1 4 / 2 8 UN Doc.E/CN.4/Sub. ( , ) k r a m n e D ( 9 9 1 , 30 m e , t i 3 UN Doc.A/C.6/SR.8
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultural Objects
:
i
(4) Finally, the inclusion of cultural
man rights, colonised peoples & Cold War
hy
ng hi t gh mi de ci no ge ma &f e th to d ci s ie no rt Ge pa Many Count ~ proposed ners S eGo DVention success. and jes Teg fy fe q i td Pa th by ed ur lo co y rl ea cl re we The treaty negotiations ; j en rd ha € ening ments with the escalation of th e Cold War. Sovj y. Eas Of oc y bl va et vi So j tr un Co ei Sere States and its allies over th eir treatm y, alle . eg it ba ne ei EE us no ge di in of t en i ti Un ri © no mi r ei Tp th of , TS t ME en tm ea tr States’ e m o very m e th at es iti . ie, Sov © en 7 re we ey th nt e ag St l na io at rn te in e th on on ti ec ot pr ty ae 7 te ‘ d e v a c be t No e o a ne e th ng ° a 6 : : € an important dynamic duri 40 q OKe d. i at ie ti go e th s wa ns 1o ie r fo of on ti si po op ti sa e ni th lo co d de an of on merly colonise peo €rgin to th 8 ues.
Ples
g, ag € n r a e m h t , o d n a h . Ih S; r e l t t d e s e s Y o p p o y l t n e m e h e v o s pe e l p o s e u P o the inclusio n e g indig ncerned that posed e, Wi s te Ta n e l g a r u t l u c f o Were co N dered legiti
i s n o c y e h t t a h w ticularly t s e i t i n u m m s o u c o n e g i d n s i d y towar
j
nts
i
natlon-building
=
we
cide, They
t. Pa 7 e o s n i genocpieuecld Was at de was lost. fe Senocid: e captured ° he in tring; 7 Ici
ok
of
1
.
7
nae
e th , e d i e c p o s n a e g l ca of s t c e p S e h e r p s m il o fa c y n o ll i fu t n e v to n o n e n i n o i l e l s ie ACIS =the of r o t a v i t o m y r a m i r p e th e o i th is It . ce en er ff di Of n o e n b d le vi re 1S so aes, i ich Genocide C
;
!
ee
Y the Perpetrato
| |
!
;
i
€nocidal pro
etn acts ad v n x e l l a e t a h t d n a s e m m a i h t r g o t t p c o n a o p i m t I ” u e . d u o c n [| e i k b n a m u e h g f o a that indiy1 ; onlta embers of t i r e l h a r u t I vidua m ive even after e the group has a 9 Owing the effectiy € interventi : ention of a d 44 . gr 0 See T. M ominant the “As group, ig pect ¢ Eynpy, Nationals, Action and Nations 1923-1939 eeSchwelb2001),to J. Affirmative mptre: Union, Soviet the in tonalism 2 People’s
Ty
{
of the minor ty group, wh
Sa
os ON Doe Court, Pv; Ro OED rninal
as i ig
Dyiraer
*
41, reel 26, ® Division of Human Righ box 1947, June 19 ghts, Cane
Art.7(2 See added). ais teas July me, 17
International the of i Bs Gee e) 2002, Oc. ’ in foree 1 July ONF.183/9, and 2187
i E nee iB Mnission on P rl . on of Discriminat; tevention of ,T0t€ctio,
ay. Minoriti of and Protection 44 aon of unishment NOrities, ee of Prose ontribution C 9 peHutes the of Prevent; the to g a R Discrimination Y, of Genocide LOr a ntion 2001) 1949 b N D ecember s Te , R a d i ié st Ky Y. au sl > Para.574 ; eee para.38, 14 » ‘Hal Judgment, Naitnon y I r e b m a h C l ia Tr , T 3 3 , ICTY, (2 August “+ -28-
f e th r fo al un ia ib Tr al in jm ormer Yugoslav rved, the se ob : onal Crim ly nt ce re : neal el de eee l a c jnternat the ‘ rernational community
declined
as
every opportunity since 1948 to extend
.” ts en em el al ur lt cu ng ri ve co ts ac e ud cl in to de ci no ge of i gnition
,
; e id oc hn et d 2 {iB di bo UN of rk s wo wa e e th er th h ug ro Os th NG d y, an ur nt ce s ie od th d, ) sm xe Colowial > a in In the late twentie am ex in th wi , de ci no ge of ts en em el al ur lt cu e th of é s ct fe ef e th in st re te Wered in si a 9 : at ae th d te no o ik nk ya sh ha Ru me € de co Ni , ur te or pp Ra l ia ec Sp . es ci li po al ni lo co of e an i d te is fo n te of re we i on ti rp so ab 1 al ur lt , cu ion lat l smi ac n io at gr te in , on ti la mi si as as ch su polici es
nt na mi do e th by s ie it un mm co us no ge di in of es ur lt cu d an es ur ct ru st onto the cultur al di sc th us at cl ; ea r ma de Wh B en it ak er r u e t r o p p a O R P : e ial e c e r p S , r e t a L 46 settler © European examples,
h n t o i w i t a p u c c o e r p l a i t i n i s it m o r f d a e r p s d a e h d i c o n e g f o sion ” . m s i l a i n o g l n o i c t a c i l p s m e i l p l m a a n x o e i t a n r e t n , i t o s t u a c particularly the Holo o n e g of n o i t o n e h t e t a r o g i v n i e r to t h g u o s e v a h s n o i t a s i n a g r o s e r p ‘ : s d r o w e h t in d e n Various indigenou i a t n o c , t f a r t D a i r a t e r c e S N U 7 4 ; cide deleted from the initial 19 g n i k r o W N U e th of n o i s s e s t rs fi e th m o r F . ’ t n e E m p o l e v e d venting their preservat ion or d e s i s a h p m e s e v i t a t n e s e r p e r s u o n e g i d n i i ene , ) P I G W ( s n o Populati .
*
.
&
Group on Indigenous
the current understanding in Convention
Genocide 1948 the f o e at th d e t o n s e a D e n e r I a the importanc c i r E r ai ch P I G W 48 . s e l p o e p s u o n e g i d n i f o hs et e of c n s a ct t pe as s m al u ur c lt r cu i e c th e s i n g o c e r t 0 d e e n a s a w e r e h t e d i c o n e g y; l jo a en c i to s t y h gh p ri a d s a n h o y p u e o b r g a t a h t d n a 49 , t n e m p o l e v e d l a r u t l u c o t 0 nocide and the right ” . e g a u g n a J n w o s it d n a e r u t l u c n w o s it t i m s n a r t d n a s e develop l p o e P s u o n e g i d n I of s t h g i R e th n o n o i t a r a l c e D N U t f a r D e th of lf ha a n i k m e L The preamble by d e t a i c n u n e e l a n o i t a r e th n o ds n a p x e ) n o i t a r a l c e D s s e n N h c U i r t d f n a a r D y 3 it 9 9 rs (1 ve di e th to e t u b i r t n o c s e l p o e p l al t a h ) T ‘[ : g n i m r ! ? . ’ d n i k n a m u h of e century ago, by affi g a t i r e h n o m m o c e h t e t u t i t s n o c h c i h w , s e r u t l o r p e h T . e d i c o n e g of civilisations and cu g n i r e v o c s n o i s i v o r p o w t s n i a t n o c n o i t a r a l c e D t f a e r d d i c e o h n t e G , r e 8 v 4 e 9 1 w o H e h t as s r e t e m a r a p e m a s e h t s r e v o c r e p o r p e d i d n a e d i c o n h t e t s vision against genoc n i a g a n o i t i b i h o r p a s e s s a p m o c n e | r e h t o e h T . 6) e l c i t Convention (Ar y r a s s e c e h n e s h i t l b a t s d e l u o s c t c h a c u t s a d h e t t a t Y s T C , I e r h e t v e . w 6 o 7 H 5 . a , r t n a n 1 p e n m e g e d d u d l J u a i b a h a h S 45 Rrstié, Tr d of Judge Mohame n o i n i p o | g . n 0 i 5 t . n a e r s a s p i , d ) 4 , 0 r 0 e 2 v e l i w r p ho A , 9 e 1 ( e , S A . e 3 d 3 i c 8 o 9 n e g T I t . o de¢ , N i e c s o a n C e G , t f o n e m e m g intent to commi i d r u C J av Krstié, Appeals a Punish ment of the
: n l d s i d a R v. r o P r t e u v c t e h e n e s t of ion Pro recommendation Q n o u e s t t h i e o of n m a d e H S e t u 1 d y He 128. 401, and 46 N. Ruhashyankiko, paras.459 ence a e E/CN.4/Sub.2/416, Doc UN genocide. 1978, cultural 4 July the revision of the existing convention to include with at oa Comat Sub, the which he regarding in Fields
© Punishment and Prevention the of Question the on Report Rae Updated and 33. and Revised 18ff paras. concerned: 1985, UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1985/6,
Developments Further of Review B. Whitaker,
Crime of Genocide, 2 July
Be oH 1981, Declaration, José San the in ‘ethnocide’ of KEP Final 48 Jy also referred to the definition Populations, against Indigenous Discrimination of Problem the of Study
cae
:
Daceuane 15> aISR.672) soa pS Ce ine eal Doc.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/2/Add.1, ees UN I . 1982, May WN. 49 a 16 64, Daess UN Doc.E/ 973), (Sana a ee UN Doc.E/CN.4/Sub.2/SR.659, of Human Bill > International the 65, under semes Minorities anlasslich of Zepos F Pan Protection fiir Daes, El Convention, in Xenion: Festschrift cide iS
Peoples, i Indigenous of roperty P l a u a p.35 at pp.82ff. t c e l ntel I d n a l a r u t l u C e th of n o i t c e t o r P e th n o E.-I. Daes, Study D .< ra 28, pa
5
1. / 3 54 9 9 1 / 2 M . b L u S E / . 34 4 c . o N D C / E N 5) . U c 99 (1 d an 28 July 1993, > ° 5 / 4 9 9 1 / Doc.E/CN.4/Sub.2
N U , 94 19 t s u g u A 26 1 Approved
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultural Obj,jects Gen
cultural genocide (Article 7). The ambit of this Provis;
js Much OVision genocid ; y cultural of articulations twentieth-century Fo @, individ and collective a r both de Mi as e l p m a x diversity e * culeural
considerat
rj ual nd De a t h g restituti to right The policies. integration Honies ¢ of ultura] obj on 12) (Article independently of these provisions
i s nt me ve mo ce en nd pe de in d an s on si vi di r Wa ld Co the of g in with the harden e a a ive rev to ort eff any d ie ym st ies all its d an es at St Asia and Africa, the United nno d an hts rig n ma hu al du vi di in ed eg il iv pr ey th d, ea rotection of group rights. Inst
and biologica
the 1948 Genog of ale collecti a as groups that is the need to protect use of their a
to humankind generally. Ironically, these a
o the e division originall ly esppou ous edb y the Vv very Statese
es4 of Colonialis
7.
i n o i s i v o r p n o i t c e t o r p t o n i y t a t a n i n e r r v o e on o n l t a C i n n I m e e h h t t n i f o n jo
ios and the principle of non-discrimination
)
between division the of The reaffirmation cultural genocide splinters the original ration 7 ye
WAS
. ) R P C C I ( s t h g i R civil and Political
s)
a
r Wa ld Co & s le op pe d se ni lo co , ts gh ri ocides human
“thaeave
Cont
q
us no ge di in d an es ti ri no mi of hts rig the ng ti ec ot pr n of s an me a n the o m s i a u t H a f o r n a o l l i a c t s e a r D n e i v m i i n r e U h d t n a disc N e U r h e t f t o r 945 UN Cha
6
1 e h T . s e peopl . n o i t a p u c c o e r p s i h t f o y c a g e l e h t r a e b ) R H D Rights (U
reagr
whose assim latiton Policigg T™meq
they
|
The League
of Nations
r fo es te an ar gu l na io at rn te in afforded certain minorities
d an ; n) io at in im cr is -d on (n p ou gr e th of s r e b m e m al du the equal treatment of indivi p ou gr e th of s ic st ri te ac ar ch al ur lt cu e th of t n e m p o l e v e d d an on ti va er es pr e th on ti for ec ot pr e th s, on ti Na ed it Un e th r, so es cc su ’s ue ag Le e th r e d n U ”” (group rights). e pl ci in pr e th ly al ic if ec sp d an k r o w e m a r f ts gh ri n a m u h e th in th wi ll fe es ti ri no mi oof pe e th at th es at st r te ar Ch N U 45 19 e th of le mb ea pr e Th .” on ti na mi ri sc di nno n of a m u h l ta en am nd fu in h it fa rm fi af re o ‘t d e n i m r e t e d e ar ples of the United Nations n e m of ts gh ri l ua eq e th in , n o s r e p n a m u h e th of h t r o w d n a y t i n g i d e th in rights, y t i r o n i m r a w r e t n i e th of m r a d n o c e s e th of n o i t n e m no is e r e h T . ’ n i t a L and women d n a es at St d e t i n U e th by d le , ’ n o i t a r g i m m i of s e i r t n u o c ‘ d e l l a c o S . of n o i guarantees t a s i l a s r e v i n u e th to n o i t i s o p p o in d e r i a s n r e c n co d e t a r e t i e r , s e t a t S s t h g i r p u o American r g h c u s t a h t d e u g r a y e h T . d o i r e p r a w r e t n i e h t g n i r u d s e e t n a r a d n a al ci minority gu so , c i m o n o c e existing of y t i l i b a t s e th d n a y t i n u l a n o i t a n r i e h t n e t a e r h t would
° ” . s e r u t c u r t s l a c i t i l po
diScourse in5
the post-19
Th
©
e a privileging
of the individual within
45 period had the same effect as the
th to the cultural
colln ecti the
. ghts ri n a m u h
io n and display
e u g a e L e th r e d n u d e d r o f f a n o i t c e t o r p y t i r o n i m m r i f f a e r to s l a s o p o r p y n a , y s it d n Similarl a s e t a t S d e t i n U e h t y b y l g n i d n u o s e r d e l l e p e r e r e w R H D U e h t in e h t in s e of Nations l p o e p e at it l ci fa to s e t a t S n o n o i t a g i l b o e v i t i s o p a of n o i t c e j e r s m i a l c r Allies.” This ei th s e n i m r e d n u y l i r a s s e c e n s e r u t l u c r i e h t of t n p e o m l e v e d d preservation an s. ct je ob al ur lt cu of n r u t e r for the p-17. ; 4 6 . o N B, A/ r. se , I C P mo C 5) 93 A (1 , ; se 90 ca d a m an a b l A in 49 s. s ra 5), pa 94 (1 53 Minority School 66 66 d m C s, on ni ti ga Na Or d e t i l na io 0 at r rn te te ar In l ra ne Ge a of 54 A Commentary on the Ch t en tablishm Es e 1) th 94 (1 r fo d an 1; s 23 al os op Pr S T N L ks Oa 4 n 20 to , 41 19 st gu mentary on the Dumbar Au 14 r; te ar Ch ic nt la At d aan od mm co Ac 7; .4 ra e pa Th , 4) 94 (1 : on ti 71 Self-Determina d an sation, Cmd 65 y nt ig re ve So , my no to Au , um nn Ha H. See 1. 19 IL AJ ) p. up (s 35 pp.d0ff.
Human
avez, 2 Re ANEport of
tis ts g Rersoehua Paras,591-61 Bhan o
e W2,o Established in Accord Be /3 eee mmission 01 o C th wi e c n a d r o c ession, 6 January 2003, UN Doc.E/CN.4/2003/92; 6
) p); up 90 (s 19 39 5) 94 a, (1 hi lp d de an la hi (P 3; 99 8. ts pe ott of Conflicting Righne 1945, in force 24 October 1945, 59 Stat.1031; T. and fu d an ts gh ri Ju n ma 26 hu r fo t ec sp San Francisco, re f ag ur co en e th d of an e os n rp io pu ot a om pr as the ’ on s st gi li li re OF 3) 1( t. Ar , ge ua ng 0. la 19 sex, AJIL , ce ra to as (Art.55), n io ct in st di C O S O C E ut ho it ‘w all , 3) .1 r rt fo (A ms do ee ly fr mb se As al ral ment ne Ge e th to ed ib cr as 1s e os rp : alee The same pu ee w. lo be 3 } 18 p9) 94 (1 see ts gh Ri , n O a C m S u E H N U of d n to .7 rt (A SSSR 1 esses e trusteeshi: p p syssytemstem (Art.76), an s n u ‘ o m o e Pr An th to s: es ne ti ri ri no no Mi Mi 56 of al on on ti ti ec Na ot de, au Cl L. I. d an See J. Robinson, From the yPr 2; 12 p. , es ti ri n no o c Mi e , r e r r e b a n r p o h S T 0; n io t n e v n o C n a c i JYIL 115 at 13 r e m A , 24 t. Ar Amer p.167. See 2,
t. Ar ); 55 19 d an , A M 3; 12 , e g S d T i N r b U m a 1144 Nia anctorell Co ararencelon 6, .3 No tional Problem (C TS ; S A O , 78 19 i ly Ju 18 e 1 rc 22 November er 1969, in fo
57
3 13 m T A v by d e t p o d a , n a M of s e i t u D d n a s t h g i R on the 5 ncan P p pme u s ( 3 4 9) 94 ; 0 (1 3 . s ) e 9 R 4 9 1 ( 1 y a d M n a 3 71 eri n States, 2 , 0 i g Sg tee aj
UNGA
y Res,217Ae(IID),
e 1948; 10 TDecember
43(suPP. AJIL 127.
O & Return of Cultura] Op; al
International Law, Museums
Jects
The question ofan international bill of hum
.
jurists and legal academics towards the close ae among these was Lauterpacht’s An Interng
Building on the lessons of the League’s mj
de, human
ae
me
ghts Preog CUupie e Secong
Bill of the
Y Suarantee
\
d
we a hy Doig Worla ‘s hrs 5 a
Pre, ‘
applicability carried a dual responsibility a May Ss his pro INOrities: Non. Po positive obligation on a State pertaining t . a scy; : Salo di De Tr cultu r al TeQuireme. ti arm recognised the right of Phonics: sae [T]o establish and maintain, out of
an
Public funds, their schools an d cu]
their own language before the
e
mh
ei.
& Cold War
175
\
My
quitab]
ights, colonised peoples
ne ae : rn te in n o in i s s e r g o r t e ar l a r o m d n a l ca ti li po e th of gn owever, it was p4igesi ; t n ons’ that minorities obtained less protection under the United Natio ns : ; e of u g a e , L r e o th s s e c e d tion e r p s it r e d n u d di y e h ae non-b inding declaration than t OF ya of ts gh ri p ou gr e Nations. th d e d d a h c i h w t n e m d n e m a an d e s o p o r p States had e th of e e t t i m m o C s) ir fa Af al ci So d an n a i r a t ni a m u H ( d r i h T e th n e h w s it er ov te ba minorities de g in su en e h T ® . R H D U t af dr e th d e r e d i s n o c y l b m e s s A l a r e n e G UN ng ri du ed is ra s t n e m u g r a e th of y n a m ally lost, replicated tu en ev s wa fh c i h p g w a n l i r s , e a n v e o d o r i e . c s t s n u c e n i l h e o t c l i f t o sn e a s r l r a t e I b i l e d n o i t n e v n o C e d i c o n e . s n o i the 1948 G t a N d e t i n U e h t n i h t i w s e u s s s u i o n e g i d n i d n y a t n i a r r o a n y u t g i r of mi o n i m n a o f o i s u l c n g i e n h i t t r o p p y u l s l a r e n e t g s l i h ; w s n e g i d n i Soviet bloc State d n a s e i t i r o n i m of t n e m t a e r t ’ es at St n r e t s e W k c a t t a to n o i s a c c o e th of es ci li po n o i t a r g e t n tee, Wi sed i d n a n tio
a l i m i s s a e th at th d e u g r a y e h T 69 . s e i t i n s e i t i r o n i m of t gh ri ous commu e th to l a c i t e h t i t n a e r e w s r e w o p n a t i l o p o r t e m d n a s e . s e r u t settler Stat l u c r i e h t p o l e v e d d n a n i a t n i a m to s e i t i n u m m o c s u o n e c g a i r d a h n c i l a d s r an e v i n u a of t o ty question was n i r o n i m e h t t a h t d e t a t s s e t a t S n a c i r e m A
e th in d e d u l c n i e b t o n d l u o h s it , e r o f e r e h T . n r e c n o c n a e p o r u E y l d n a y t i n u ter but a unique l a n o i t a n r e d n i h d l u o w s e e t n a r a u g h c u s t a h t d e n i a t n i a m u l o s t s e b UDHR.” They he ‘t d e t s e g g u s t l e v e s o o R r o n a e l E e v i t a t n e s e r p e r S U . s e ”’ ’. ts gh ri integration polici n a m u h r fo t c e p s e r e g a r u o c n e to s a w ‘norities t h g i r l a u d i v i tio d n i e h t n o d e t a c i d e r p s a w m o d e e r f l a r u t l u c to t h g i r e h t , ” . t n e m For Roosevelt p o l e v e d d n a y t i t n e d i l a r u t l u c of e r u t a n e v i t c e l l o c e h t n a h t r e h t s a t r h g i r n a holder m u h l a u d i v i d n i of n o i t c e t o r p e h t , s t n e m e v o m t s i n o i s s e c e s h t t h c a p r e t u For States wi a L * ’ . s e e t n a r a u g y t i r o n i m of n o i t a t i c s u s e r e h t to le b a r e f e r e h t at e t a t was eminently p S l a n o i t a n e h t of y t i n u _ . . l a r u t l u c e h T ‘ : us th s t n e m u g r on i t c n a s answered their a to as e t u l o s b a so t c e p s e r to d e l t i t n e l ea id an t o n is s e i t i r o n i y n i t u r c s expense of its m t c e l f e d to s e t a t S r e l t t e s f o s rt fo ef e h T 4 .™ @’ ve ei nc co us th ty li the denial of equa
ternational
59
Prep
"ternationalB ofM. Rights the of ill of one
p. An pace
termational 5 ee
Boas Lauterp a
IL, Lnternary ~Vide the ~NOrities igen within ae
61
6
64,
aUte:
Mei ike
1€s and
P-152. He argued
Internat
th
1
York,
that the
human rights ee
> ner national der the ae
the League of Nadoes,,
1945).
effect of both Articles would
the in d afforde that to similar
See €2 aig oa of n Divisio « PIEssions D oc, 8 “P Tevention 7 Ofof Human at Rights, R; utSeen coe Lmernational, p.153 UN fr taarriiat to th ecreCt CEC 7 Discrj
Sub,2/ 4Yr, See Ty, Ornber | 8.
IMination”
Agteement ITY, Minoriry 5,
Bel 6
(1947-1 70 Roe.
384/Aq
Arts.2
H Uuman
8 to Ethnic
=)
ang Paas.20%¢
s
D.126; 5
Renee
eh
(1976)
ee
US and Ling
ce
n Hy
- Laur
and
YIL
oe
“Protection
5
The
Pri
€tpacht,
J;
'
;
the of n io it in ef ‘D : on si e Sub Commis UN
of Minorities”, 29 October 1947, 9
3 3; and F, pose
"ustic Minorities
See H. Lauterpacht
of Minorities
under Multilateral
potorti, Study of the Rights of Person
) ? b u S / 4 . N C / E . c o D N U » 20 June 1977,
4 Rights me ™Mernational Law and H, uman Rights It was drop Tan 1950) (London, e : tical to Lauterpacht’ i t r a t af dr a d re Pa en id from st mo al e Port c a E e Ss Dp. [scene Se . R D U e a d ir Th e th of ep, 8 n io at P.15 ar cl De l na io at rn te In t af Dr - St Lot, Mmitte & 7 De A/777; and Claude,
cember 1948, UN Doc.
of m o d e e r f to t gh ri e th g in ud 66 Incl 9); .1 rt (A on si es pr ex d an n io in op te mo ro ‘p l al sh h ic wh n io at uc to ed and ; 6) .2 rt (A ’ ps ou gr s ou gi li re or
(Art.27).
of m o d e e r f to t h g i r e th 5 8) .1 rt (A on gi li re d an ce ight r e thought, conscien h t ; ) 0 2 . t r A ( n o i ciat o s s a d n a ly mb se as ul ef cial a r , s the right to peac n o i t a n l al g amon p i h s d n e i r f d an e nc ity n u m understanding, tolera m o c e h t f o fe li ural t I l cu e th in e at ip ic rt pa the right to freely :
UN n: io at ar cl de e th of on si scus di s e’ te it mm Co d ir Th e th r Fo 6. -4 45 , 2 . v e R : / 7 3. 16 d an See UN Doc.A/C.3/30 0 -157-6 pp , es ti ri no Mi , de au Cl d an ; 40 771 , es at , St 3 6 an 1 6 ic 1 . er R Am S / o3 . gl C / An A . of c o on ti HH D ta es prot e th er ov , es d at St an e es t Th us Tr . 28 to 772 , 2 ng 6 gi 1 . on R S n lo be s n o s r e p See UN Doc. A/C.3/ l al to R H D U e th y pl ap d e u ly g r it a ic pl es ex at to St n o d i e s t i i v n o U r p a e th d an n ai it Br 1. 74 successfully included , 3 6 Doc.A/C.3/SR.1
o Lauterpacht, Human
Rights, poD3-
N U s: ie or it rr Te g n i Non-Self-Govern
n ro “i e th d n i h e b ‘ e os th g n i d u l c n i e l p o e p l al to y l p p a d l u o h s n o i t a n i m i r c s i d n o that the principle of n
EA curtain”: UN Doc.A/C.3/SR.163, 744.
i n a Ibid. » 6. ic 72 Amer and 721 1, Cf. .16 /SR C.3 .A/ Doc UN 1, R. UDH 27, and .22 Arts See 20. 619See UN Doc.A/C.3/SR.150, 49 American Anthropologist 539. Rights (1947) an Hum on t emen Stat i Association, rs See UN Doc.A/C.3/SR.162, 723.
Anthropological
ct i l f n o C c i n h t E d n a w a L l a n o i t a n r e t In , ) . d e ( n pma Wip Lauterpacht, Human Rights, pp.352-53. See D. (Ithaca, 1998), pp.13-16.
; b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w a International L yects
Genocide
of their treatment of indigenous peoples by quarantin;
or; Min e e ved pro y tel ima ult ric rub ion nat imi scr -di non the Unsuccessfiy} 75 es sur mea ’ tes Sta of dy stu In an early UN
niz rga Reo ian Ind the to ed err ref es Stat ted Uni
fi
Uy
Protec a
“4 the Protectio
o: Min % 19 of Act on Bat i w gg Yet, “Titi dR 34 .”° ans ric Ame ds Bea d a ive Nat hin of wit et, its treatment 5) aes to Pe the integration of the N ative A i th into ma ga | Dis cri min ati Raci on al on a ation . He pees A
i
als
Cry aa SGit ardl the ns), from ey c e a i the years, towards Plur al : inte gration ar 5 i defined integration thus: ames ceolicics in - “ alre thei ve Dp
s’.”
Unlike
assimilaiton,
ssimilatal : h B extingguuiis shment of indigenous cultur
B
y
j
memb: sparing the individual ough Alth ps. grou ing inat elim B tive ffec pe just as © ae
the med assu they when ed ung exp was ce eren diff or theit identity nant group. The first provision for the protection of minorities of a
omiication was finally realised with Article 27 of the United Nations’ re dappl
‘
*2 PR). (ICC ts Righ l tica Poli and l Civi on Covenant (lima and on nati ermi -det self to right the udes incl Unlike the UDHER, the ICCPR
da agen red alte the d ecte refl s tion addi e Thes n.*? isio prov on ecti prot ited) minority ber of
num ng easi incr the by en driv , 1966 to 1948 United Nations from : its had PR ICC the of 27 cle Arti on. sati ly independent States during decoloni day same the on ted adop es riti Mino of Resolution on the Fate A UNG the genesis in
: s d a e r 7 2 e l c i t r A 4 * . R H D as the U
, s t e s i i x t e i r c o i n t i s m i u g n s i u l o r i o g i l , e c r i n h h t e c In those States in whi , n t i h g i r e d h e t i n e d e b t s o l e n l a i h t s i r o n i h m g c u n s i o g t n persons belo , e r u t l u c n w r o i e h y t o j n e , o p t u o r r g i e s h t r f o e b m e r m e h t y h o t t i i w n u . e g comm a u g n a l n w r o i e h t e s u , o t n r o o i g i l e r n w r o i e e s h i t t c a r p d s n s a e f to pro
ese policies aimed to guaran tee the € ‘ ‘same rights, all citizens?.79
ties to
r a W d l o C & s e l p o e p d e s i n o l o c ; s t h g i r n a m u h
5 ntegration did not pursy
x
y sternecses,ing ‘sameness’,
€
-
le ab en t s u m it e ur lt cu r ei th y jo en to s p u o r g w lo al y el iv ct fe ef 0 t n o i s i v o r . es ss lo e ur lt cu re tu fu For this p t n e v e r p d n a s ct je ob al ur lt cu n of o i t u t i t s e r e h t e s e d e p m i it at th e iv ct them to pursu ri st re so e g a u g n | a n d i e h c u o s c i R P C C I 7 e 2 l c i , t y r l A Unfortunate
the deli
differ
. s m i a l c h c u s s t rather than assis
t o n d i d ‘ y e h t t a h t g n i d n a t s r e d n u e h t n o e l c i t r A t f a r d e h t r fo d e t o v s y e h t , 8 4 9 1 American State in s A ° ® . ’ t n e n i t n o c n a c i r e m A e h t n o s e i t i r o n i m of e c n e t s i x e m i a l c y l b a i f i t s recognise the u j d l u o c s t n a r g i m r o n s t n a t i b a h n i s u o n e g i d n i r e h t i e n t w o h , o c i x e M maintained tha ° 8 . y t i n u l a n o i t a n r i e h t t p u r s i d d l u o w s i h t r o f s u t a t s of n o i t a v e l e e h t to have minority r fo d e e n e h t e g d e l w o n k c a d l u o h s n o i s i v o r p e h t t a h t l a u d i v i d n dvocated i r i e h t g n i c i d u j e r p t u o h t i w s e i t i r o f min s e m o c p u o r g a t o n or r e h t e h w e n i m r e t e d if se it n a c e t a t S a t a h p u o r g t a h t of cultural heritage. 87 T n o i t c e t o r p e th : e s o p r u p y r e v s it e t a g e n d l u o w R P C C I ithin Article 27 w
; ) 6 1 . o N ( . p p u S R O A G 21 UN Deve\ l-
5
See H
Cultural See a
Snr
Sphere SPeci Pheres, 1 al
i Hone So azo sven Fes 26 eSeben ae BCN aisub.2isy9 eo Ree 1, paras.47 76
>
in
Study
on
i
.
ane
a
ev. 1, para.373__
Die
and 531.
“ational Labour Conference, 1919-66 ene 1066); t et nn Be G Ab e or Se ig , in ry al er nb Ri ght. Sin Tj a1 Ataud theThor i First 8; Vs Mortties, n.339 nternational Law (London, 1978), pp. 16-4 s s Of Indi botOngreor J m e y o M n Ja th ar th f ie el th Tesult in € total €nts in South A eILo : 1 7 0 D ; st de TUCtion of idiot l a s e s: U rea declare its«
ne
8
:
oeeaee ae
-
enaepeo. re ae la
Doc.E/CN, 4/Sub,2/476/Add.5, fae
P
ail ‘hwo
5, para.2.
, ) D X K C A 0 0 2 2 . s e R A NG U , 6 7 9 TI he 1 , h a c t r o a h M c e P 3 2 e V. rc fo e in Se , 66 . 8 19 M36 L T 6 ) 7 6 82 16 December 9 1 ( d n a 1, 17 of S l ll T Bul Bi N U 9 9 l 9 na io , ) at 6 6 rn 9 1 te ( In ), The d. (e n i k n e H p.52, UN Doc.A/6316 L. in ts, h g , i R es ti ri l no ca Mi ti li Po , e d u d a n l a C on d t l n n a vi a n Ci e f f 2 3 p p , ) 1 8 9 1 , k opment of the Cov r o Y w e N ( ts gh Ri l ca ti li Po d n a l vi Ci on t n a n e v o C e h T : ts Righ sn e p s i d n i g n i e b as s ight r al r u t l u c d n a l a 3S pp. 160-63. i c o , s c n i r m e o t n s o e ec W d an , t e ts Y gh ri . l n ca o ti rati e p o o c l a n o i t a n r e The UDHR defined civil and poli t n i d n a it t r o d f e f s e i | v d a a n o i s t e a t n a t h S g u o d r h e t e nit l b U a s i l e a h e r T , y . t s i n t g n i d e m u n r a t m s u in e t a able to h r a ded p e e s e c n x i h e t i w it h t e i s w u a t c al e de b s t ts h g h i g r i r e th l a e r v u a t h l u to c d d e n r r a e f e ql ci so , c i States pr . m o 42 n p. o c e d e ; d ’ u t l n c e n m i p o h l c e i v h e w D ‘ t n , a c c i would not accept a Coven t s e m o d s N it U in e l b 5 a 1 e 8 c r 0 o f 8 n 1 e . n V u A/P s . a c w o D d n a N U n o i t e e u S t i t s n . o 10 US C e th Doc.A/810. UN the International 1948, of 84 December Préparatoires’ 10 “Travaux the to Res.217C(I), Guide t, ; uy UNGA ss Bo JM. d e a an ; 12 /1 .2 ub /S .4 CN E/ s Doc. o e a o a ), 87 19 certain , s e t a t , S ht ec dr n a or (D ic ts er gh Am Ri n ti l ca La ti li Po by d an l d vi te Ci or pp su on o certain t on nt ti na si ve po Co ly on ag e Th ] . ng 14 [i 8in s. ta ra er pa ‘p as 27 Art. 3, of 10 .1 ew SR vi 3/ C. st A/ re = c. ea Do cl e th N U d e t e n e s c See e r p a e r e a P i l a 23. African States and Austr para , 4 0 1 1 . R S Do / 3 . C / A i@ regions of thi e world’: UN Doc. Sub.2/38, exp The Thi 23, E/CN.4/ 18-23. Doc. 86 UN Doc.A/C.3/SR.1103 5 paras.8-14 and UN provision: the into 0 : :
«7
incorporated not was belongs she or he which State to .2/SR.676; 118.
and UN Doc.B/CN.4/Sub
UN Doc.A/C.3/SR.1104, paras.2-3.
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultural Op;jects agi within makes less the ia
.
a State.
Ree
eee : Wailst it is valid to suggest that th
colonised peoples & Cold War
€tchan
re u i g t g n a N it extremely difficult to formulate criterj ae their re of ae lack of criteria weakens the legitimate ‘ It n of mi , S p o R ; t t S O i e “ r k n O tes ana O ae and the effectiveness of Article 27 ae we
.
©
i
€ inclusion of the minority protection with;
mework reinforced the assumption
th
not a group.°? gtThe Sub-commissi s Eas 1Sslon expresa
ti
ding
aa the interna holder
ght
i
“ds
igen,
tong]
\
in d e n i a t n o c s wa it if en ev , es ti ri no mi of n o i t c e t o r p e th He added that : aoe : gistiv ctive. t ac to e at St a e ir qu re at th ts gh ri ’ al ci so d an c i m o n o c e “ e th bled m e s CCP # ” . s r e d l o h s t h g i r ehalf of the b n o y l e t n e m p o l e v l e a r d u t e l c v u n c i f a o t r o p d m e i e roact s h i t n g o c e r i o t r t o p a C r u e t r o d e g d e h e t l w o n k . c n a o specia | Rapp o s i l a t e a H s i n o l o g c n e i d w o l l s o t e f n t e a d t S n e p e e c d n n f a y o i t r o p m for newl i e h t d s n r a e l w a o i p n o l r o e c m r o s f e f n i o c o i i l t o a p l i m i s s t a s effects of pa nt.” Nonetheless, Capo-
e m p o l e v e d al ci so d n a c i m o n o c e r fo t n e m p o l e v e d cultural r ei th d e m r i f f a e r d n a es at St l al by es ci li po t s i n o i t a l i m i s s a d e c n u o n e d y l l a c i r o g s ‘sf cate i h T ° .” es ti ri no mi of t n e m p o l e v e d al ur lt cu tor e th st si as d n a ge ra u o c n e o t y t i l i b i s n respo
eference for t h belonging to minorities’ over the term an ie a alone orities’ ,
O C S E N U 6 6 9 1 e h t d n e i m r i f f a e r s n a o w i t c e t o r y p t : i s e r t o a n t s i n 1 e m o l f i c o t ” i a t . t r n e A o r i p t r a e t r n e e i p v i o t o l C a posi r u t l u C s f he Principle o
law,
t n f o o i t a r a l c e D
d an d e t c e p s e r be t s u m ch i h w e lu va d n a y t i n g i d (1) E ach culture has a
preserved. . e r u t l u c s it p o l e v e d to y dut d n a t h g ri a s ha t r e x e y e h t e c n e (2) Each people u l f n i l a c o r p i c e r e h t in d n a y t i s r e variety a nd div g n i g n o l e b e g a t i r e h (3) In their rich n o m m co e th of rt pa m r o f s e r u t l u c l al , r e on one anoth to all mankind.
88 Ss
in d e t a i c n u n e t h g i r e h t t a h t d e t a t s s a h e e t t i m m o C s t h g i R n t n e a m p m o l u e H v e d d e N u U n i t n o c d The n a l a v i v r u s e h t ] g n i [ r u s n e to d e t c e r i d s e i t ‘ a t S R P .. C C d e I n r e 7 c 2 n o c e s e i t i Articl r o n i m e h t f o y t i t n e d i l a i c o s d n a s u o i is g i s l t e h g r i r , l e a s r e u h t t l f u o c e s i c r e x of the e e h t t a h t e r u s n e o t o n i t a g i l b o n a e v é a e n h e , R e r , o s e f t e a t r S e h d t e t , i s n U e h t partie r e v o s c i t i l o p r a W d l o f C o l l a p e h t e t i p r i s e e h t D 8 d 9 n a . s ’ e d l e p t o c e e t p o s u o n e fully pr g i d n i h t i w k r o w s i h n i s m i a e s e h t o t d e r e h d a t r u o c n o d’Harn
ee J. Crawfor d,
of Peoples (Oxford
Sno
a
Reiger and Linguistic
es/4.7/135;
(1993) 32 ILM
an Old Issue, in Alston (ed.),
» Paras.125ff; H, uman Ri ights Commi Comment General mittee, Dyas, pis ¢ :
Protecti
InternaWippman, 62; iew ae,ogician, in Crawford (ed.),
ommittee).
N Doc.E/4
Nosinjisss
N U ; 5 5 . 4 : DocBy CN.4/Sub.2 tional ON ect ; 8 TOt ™Macora,
TOtection
,
ane Political Rights, UNGA se GAOR Supp.(No.16), p.595 ees Canada, No.24/1977; Cf. E. EVi vatt ndividual communica-
:
47, par
On of
Minoritie Ss: A Global
Protectio
of Min, Bt
n’, 275;
tes (1971)
3
oe oc.A/45/40, Pt.2, p.1 (1990) Doc.CCPR/52/D/511/1992;
14; UN Doc.E/CN.4/Sub.2/SR.647; > Par 48.13 View (19 Off; Crawfor
py u s o , T N O s B E at 3 1 4 , Y 37 4364 AR Ornberry,
Haale and Political Rights, in S. ‘ ts (Sydney, 1998), p.113. a lumen Rights Committee);
b
Mi
Webra
r a W d l o C e h t d n a s e l p o e Pp s u o r n a e W g i d d n l i o C , f s o e t a t e S s u a c e b United d e t c a r t x e e r e w h c i h w , w a l l a n o i t a n r e t n o i c P in s u s o e n s e i g m i o d r n p i m d e t c e f f a These co , n o i t a s i n o l o c e d y b d e l l e u f s e i t i r u c S e U s n i e h t e h t w o d h n a s n i g a n l i p k x c e r e politi t p a h c s i h t f o t r a p l a n i f e h T . s e t a t S s n s a r s t o r c a R H d n D a U n d i n h a t n o i t n ples wi e v n o C e d i c o n e G 8 4 9 1 e h t r o f n o r i i e t h a t i t o d g n e a n s g e n l i p r o u e d p s u o n e g i position d n i g n i r e v o c y c i l o p l a n o i g e r d n s a it c e t i a t n s i e m m r o e d t s o t it d o e m i a t n lated int e m n r e v o g al r e d e f S U e h t w o h s e g n n i i l m i a a x t e e d It a is . s t c e e r e h T . n o i t a cultural obj r g e t n i h throug s n a c i r e m A e v i t a N h t i w p i h s n o i t a l e trustee r
— 0 6 1 , 6 3 0 3 1 s. ra pa , 2 . d d A / 4 8 3 / 2 . b u S / 4 . N C / B . c o D
94 UN
61; and UN Doc
, 5 . d d A / 4 8 3 / 2 . b E/CN.4/Su
re 2. 6. d es, n i a t i 1 r . o 6 . n s i a r M a p c i ; t 3 2 s . i o u N g n i L ment d m n o a C l a r s e u n o e i G g i l e e e R S , . c 0 i 3 thn E to g n i ie paras.24g n o l e B s n o s r e ts of P
h g i R e th on y d u t S , i t r F. Capoto
. 2 1 . a r a p , 4 . d d A / 4 8 3 / 2 . b u S / 4 . N C . / 1 E 4 . c d o n a D 9 3 N U , 4 3 , 7 7 , 9 3 1 2 2 2 . s a r a p og vane , 5 . d d A / 4 8 3 N.4/Sub.2/ UN Doc.E/C
. e o D O C S E N U , 6 6 9 1 r e b m e v o N 4 d e 1 97 Adopt S . 3 2 1 . p (Paris, 1970),
as s t h g i R l a r u Cult , O C S E N U d an , s n o une i J t u 5 l 1 o s 8 e R , / a C n a ; 14 j l b u j L y, t e i c o S l a n o i t a n i t l of s on the Mu t h g i R n a m u H the
ESCO,
of n o i t c e t o r P d n a ion t o m o r P e , h 2 t . s t n r o A r ; a 6 n 3 i 9 m 2 e . S s a r a p ; 3 2 , / 9 R 4 H / / R O H A / T O / A T T S / . T c S o . D c o , s D t h g i N R U , , ) . 4 d 7 1965, UN e 9 ( 1 , d d r i o r h O awf r C s e in i t i t r d e i o t n a i i c M r e h t o d n a , , c i 1 o n 8 e h 9 t P 1 E f o e n , u l J a s n t o 7 h i 2 t g a i d N R e t p e . o h d t a f o s t n h o g i i t R a r a ’ l s c e e l D p o e P ; iversal d n a M L n I U n 1 a , 2 9 m 1 u ) H 2 d 8 9 n 1 n a ( o 5 d 1 n r a e , 13 1520 UN TS 217, ), African Chart
Human Rights
2 ( 5, d . n v a e r ) 1 ( , 2 3 2 . / s 7 t 6 r / A EG d L / B A C c. 18e7;s an21 Do pR.i U A O , 86 October 19 8.
.9 ra pa , 3 2 . o N t n e m m o C l ra ne Ge 98
; p O l a r u t l u C of n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w a L l na io Internat ects Gene
o pr d te ta li ci fa t ur co on rn Ha d’ 5, 194 er aft , how of
ly
ORen
e a es rol s ou ri va his in development and exchange oMA_,. 5) Tegiowal and UNESCO. In addition, there is an explanatio Nal the w ho of N Ey nno of s ect obj and poten of the cultural
£9 s le op Pe e e e fre US the w ho y, all Fin . art’ e tiv imi ‘pr as again ,. nd, age ade tajn: Per a objects was tem, ered by the demands of its America
Nneighb
Ours
fin
;
Is detaiteg Ny
Dismantling the Indian New Deal
decolonisation process appl © i poli: dom est ic des cri whe bin n g e e e an: € formerly colonised peopl] te e ricen ples, Native Ame a TINE “n Natiee ve f
the ri gh i 0.
self = determin1 ation: 1 s) hor
did
DS Were
.
Amey,
affords tor i : e to b as LIESatCe = metropolitan poy wer. Indeed, the introducti cuon of integr ion © Ccupied 5 their
terrT1 i
reverse Was true
Policj
Y th E
es
Meant that the
cide;
huma
n rights, colonised peoples & Cold War
Gl , er on si is mm Co Glenn L. Emmons, » inin response to the , an di In re tu fu , 105 The States . in have we p grou rity mino t fines the are le peop an Indi The : d e at t s , n 6 0 1 Resolutio y. wa n w o r a ei th e k a m n a c y e h t , y t i n u i t r o p p o an n e 9 v i g d n a a ic 9 er 9 S U e , th ip sh on ti la re t us tr e Bb th m o r f ) lf se it d n a ( s n a c i r e m A e v i t g a N n i By ‘{jberat y r d l i e e e v i h i t n s t e e c s i d e t e f i f i r e t t I o i n n i m u s a m m e d o s e e c n h i t f e d ment re ga li ob y nt an me of rn ve gover go US e ed th lv so ab d an le op pe
Terminarn
.
10
cat
and S. Aberle, ies Tsohr:e Indian 5cee,
ew oie Americeawn
4 (
, k o o b d , n n a e H h . o ) e C 2 e 0 S 0 2 2 6 ( 1 S 1 C § S U
g 1 at d e i f i d o c 588,
ited States | Z
ee 3 W.
S
C C s t r A of N r ct e pe t As i o g An e : d n r a Peeenslo83), io ashb W . E s . W ' n a M > e t i h W / R d i K n c a r L s ’ 3ff. he Ame n 8 a M d e ) R 5 9 9 1 e a , n R a m n . R d Nor e » . d K n 2 ( d n a n a i . ; d 5 f n f 9 I 3 1 8 . 0 p 2 p , 5 eem 19 2 2 . p , ) 7 7 9 1 67 Sta Tucson,
.
oe
.
19T82a
e a a ; f f 1 R 2 , . ) p 6 P 6 19 385
102 2 PP-175~7
:
2 P.98
ndian,
port7,,
> An J. B. Gi ittler
Yler, Indy,
- Tyl
.,
Annual R
an Affairs: A Stydy
(ed,)
1954
: ton, (Washing
ri g g MinoMirinoty inin | Understandnd
ti TegBaarrddi in, p ig th e res in s ge an Ch ist; ance udoyf of the Nati onal
J. Coltj
. BE wv m h Pp.37 1 ff,3 ai and Phetil, : p,FroC ine »
p.232,
1955), pp.243-44; and Groups
a
Policy of. res Co
8
ii
7
A Memoir and Some E Essays on Life Life and Thoughtdt
n a i d n I e h T , ) . d e ( burn h s a W . E . W in , ) 3 (195 2 3 1 B . t a t S 7 6 .5 1st se ss ., ng Co rd 83 8, 10 s. Re n. 105 ¥7 R Co 8. n -9 a i 97 d -3 n pp I n ), o 64 19 e e , t Y N t i , City comm b n e u d S r a G ( e h t n a M re e fo it be Wh e th gs and in ar He an i d s, n ir I fa Af l a r e an d e di F In n o to e e g tt i m ainin m t o r c e b u S p s , e ll t Bi a n e n S o . , . s . s e irs a f f A r a l u s MOTOS Congr n I d n a r o i r e t In n o . 9 8 . e p e t t , i d m e m R o C e h , t n r of u ashb W Affairs d n a in ; 4 6 B 1 C A J e th , ) 7 of 5 9 1 ( r e . g ss a as general man h Cong., Ist se
t 5 8 d e n , g n i o s e t r g n i h s t a r W u o , c cy and n o li n Po r a r H e 4 ’ b D m e m . 3 9 2 d r a o 5 b 6 8 a 2 p as p ts, CB A Ar J n e a th i d n I e d i u , g r e d to a r h c S d e See MA. He continu
at Mo s t s o p s u o i r a v p u 1944 to take que, r e u q u b l A ( cy li Po ian d n I S U d n a m subsequently its chair. s t n der c an i c o r i M e r m e m : A s t r of A n a e i ut d it n st I In n ca The i r e m f A o e t u t i t ? s n n I o i t e a c Th u s d n E , o n i o s t t t c r t e A r i i r D G n a i . d L n , I J. r f e o e d e a S ry o kst t c 108 s o i D H . FE , n e f s f u 2 a 6 h p m p r a G 2000), pp.65ff; W. orical Background 189 0-1962 (Santa Fe, 1988); na, 20-21 March 1959 (( Lucson; o z i r A of of. y v Indian Arts with Hist an ty si er rs iv te Un in Pa e as th at ican ld er he Am ce en ive er ‘at nf Co a of s ng di ee oc Pr in Indian Art, in dern Art Archivi es, ons: N
Mo si Vi of ed ar Sh , um .) se ds (e Mu nd e la Th ck ri d St an R.hoenix, 1992), pp-74ff and (P a ur chulet 1959), p.13; e M.TwenAr tieth Cent y
Sculptors in th ; 263). 21 29 NY: René d’Harnoncourt Papers [AAA: its n i g n i t n i a p an i d n I 109 Gy n r e d o m of e l : p Y m N a x cn Gritton, Institute, p.3. e , s e v i h c one r A only had MA o M MoMA , 1 5 9 1 1951, In r e p.4. emb
Gritton, Institute,
Dunn to R, d’Harnoncourt, D. collections: permanent
RdH [AAA: 2925].
17 Dec
r tu Re & us! cts je al Ob ur lt Cu n of ur et s um se Mu w, La / Internationa
r Wa ld s Co & le d op se pe ni lo co man rights,
Native American artists, not indigenous communit; les,
48
n e d e v l o s be n ca e° . t e m r ou of [T] he dilemma
of m o d e e r f e th es il nc co re ae ; ; replaces yesterday’s image
velo
‘
; h c u s d e t n e s e r p e r ies m d n a He suggested democracN s ie et ci so h uc aidetrsctore Gl Ta
Sak
Suiicne indian’ a
Rerrpenciiands Theyre’
a o “ n o i t o m o r p s it d e n e k li
ta li ci fa to s e i r a n o i s s i M y th
a ed ro a i n o i o e o l t e S i o S ce Ge
eee RAIA
Relati°ons
Rey
lt cu r ei th of t n e m p o l e dev ; and ancestral remains. arly years of UNESCO
Pmen af
i t e m o s ( e th e c n a l a b to d bes qeavoure
y il ar ss ce ne t no s wa e g n a h c x e al ur lt cu at th d e d e c n o c e H . e g n a h c x development and e d ‘ occupied peoples.
between Native Amer;
yoluntary> especially for rn ve go l ra de fe S U e th , A M o M th wi i s le ro e l p i t l u m s hi in a René @’Harnoncoutt,On ni lo co of s ct fe ef e iv S ct ru st F e to remedy tine de
and i
ou er se , ns io ut it st in e at iv ment and pr
.
engage inert
:
ri du y et ci so S U d n a ns ca ti : century We ! mp si a n . a in h t c ti ma le ob dpr mi e th more 8 6 n of : e r ra st pa io at ic pl te a c a Te : lg po al ni lo Co N A C I T E N e Am e v i t a N e r e h w — l a e i iu D w i t i n u m Tican com i ed, preserved and develo
fo
S
traditional, static and oe
to the present circumst
1
See]. J.B
.-J-
= Sead
Status for all?."° Native
s e n e g i d n i of n o i t p a Perce
n i v l o v e d n a c i m a n y i :© d
OO TAING
OOS GEES Ete eles icon
peaagen ore
respon
d e t a t i p i c e r p l s e e i c i u l o ; p i l t a a r N e d e e f th nism that fuelled ana pan-Indi jaa
a Dalen
More importantly, ae i
ng for some, g
e a e s e l r a h C d n a w e N ’ a v os Ki
a vehicle for ee
poo alsa
a source of pride
Bese
s
eects
Brody, Indian Pa;
vil
Right
d Harnoncourt, Grate & White Patrons (Alb uquerque, 1971), pp.189ff. i m o r P d an ge en d: o M e: is 9, 25 at 0 5 2 2 7 2 113 J ne zi ga Ma 41 8) 94 (1 y et Ibi a d. See M kim t and Modern Soci Ar m e t tinparhesReweimnee si vi Re , an lm Si me rg Th de El in t Wa eld (ed.) ld Co e th 199,J. d an s ic it Cr rn, Its de Mo e a Berk, s i Y ; (New e a e ad A ro M. Ab d .ry: an ry tu en -C me td l Ho t A ta na ed 5 pp A. Of: ‘ n i tu u en o G d l r a E an m ra e Th og » Pr of l nd io s eg ar c Ye . p D pa arly e o ME, ALO , rs “2 de un Sa d an or on FE. St iy (Lond on, 19PP.99Of)f War ld Co Gri al ur ee lt Cu e th d an A CI e Th er? Pip e e yg ir st n, In to Wesrways 23; and D » PP.152-53, 155. RIONeaRio, ricans (1973) 65 A
T st Ame e y d Ri l O La e h t . y b t r A e sh y n Fi e i n S . o m er, 2 R, ockefeller Eiilemvi Sh y h t n A , lo 8. po 5e 1 5 See P Jl e ogy (1986) 2 l o p o r h t n l a A i c o S of e s i R e h t y and e R , e g e n i l f ; 9 0 5 1 i Deal; p
ins OV.BrDieelno,n Ir7. (e> d.),tiemb, a Fean
w e N , r o l y a T ; 4 4 2 . p s, r' ie ll Co e v , a lp H i h P w e ; 6 4 1 . p e e e . a ; c i l o P Indian , ts gh Ri m e n r r o h e T of n o Protecti
l a n o i t a n r e t d n ; an I # 5 3 . s p p a , ) 5 n 8 9 o , 1 n in a m y r c o i N l o y ( P r u t e e ee Cen B n s e In o D m d n o a h W th Wi : mee 1 ) ! ? ° p 9 i 1 h ( s n o i t a l e n R i a a t n i a s M te a t S ed it m A d e ‘ l t i t n h e c e » Spe eric
ee
:
;
° 9 9 1 ( y r u t n e C d i M e th in s t f 2924; VASE Arts and Cra :
e th r te Af ” ! ' . s a c i r e m A e th of s e i t i n u m m o c s u o n e g i d n i on n o i : t a l i m i s s a he n e sation and h w e r e h p s i m e h n r e t 9 9 nfluence extended beyond the Wes Second World War, his i e u g a e L e th of s on ti nc fu e th d e b r o s b a O C S E N U ° 2 ! . O C S E N U 5 UP g in tt se in ed st assi tion, but adopted a 9
era p o o C al tu ec ll te In r fo of Nations International 46 19 e th r fo t n e m u c o d : y r o t a r a p e r p A or. ess dec pre its n tha s it s a h n o i g e r d n a more global outlook y r t n u o c h c a e , y l i m a f n a m u h e h t n I ‘ : d e t o n e c tri con n e r e f n ve cti o tin C dis its n o es mak Lond ch a e d n a , s e u l a v t c n i t s i d n w o s t i d n a s c i t s i r e t c a r a h c own. ” * ! ’ . e r u t l u c f o e r u s a e r t r n u o n m m t r o u c o c e n h o t n r to a H ’ n d@ , butio O C S E N U to r o l l e s n u o c r o i n e s as t n e m t n i o p p a s Committee
joel
mAmeearnisc5 anof reartihastbislitlikeatioL]n
and d’Harnoncourt’s vision : 9 . d an on ti va er es pr e th of n o i t s e u q e th a d e g a g n e O UNESC
nt co n a c i r e m A e th in e c n e i r e p x e s hi d n a t r u o c n o n r a H ’ @ BY ly cant , on ti va er es pr al ur lt cu of s al mes opposing) go
Modernigt in tg
to
obje
iif gn si ed nc ue fl in re we s e s n o p s e r l ia it in s It . es ur lt cu s u jevelopment of indigeno ext. He always
From its earliest JERR
AT Was i
MoMa,
5
ar
te European ae ; u n, Me re We s ct je ob l Ta b d e t a g a of art prop
that Native American i
BB s it by s e i g o l o d o h t e m al
cultural dialogue.!!4
Spe Sch
k o n a by y the individual Witwij h the w, Tder y, ; ch hi ae of re fa el l of one unified civi q ti Sa : d an » e tt Pa e n a] society enric2hed -.. by the full g T™ in Whig
orm ents . . . e[fsa peas e nadual !1 e. ol wh e th of ke th r fo the indivi
Me
and sought They fora.!!® international in : it an participa tion : sak and indigenous n o i t a i v r e s e , r n p o e i h t t ; d a n n a i m r maelly reali: sed the right to (internal) self-dete e v o sm : : : obj 1 al ; ur lt cu of n io ut it radu It st ures, including the re cts and
hig
: d e t o n t r u o c n o n r a H d’?
183
Following hi
e t a l u m i t s ‘ d n a ’ e v r e s e r p ‘ tured policies to 5
2:
ad h at th s e m e h t e th , s e r u t l u c indigenous 5
d e s i l a i r t s u d n i n o n r fo d e s i v e d y c i l o p O C S E N U e h T 2 !2 . s e d a c e d r fo m i h e th of e c n preoccupied e u l f n i e th d e y a r t e b so al t u b l a e D w e N n a i d n I e th d e o h c e y l g n o r t s peoples n io at is il ss fo e th t s n i a g a d r a u g to at th d e t s e g g u s y c i l o p e h T ve ti ea . cr t n n e w m o n ] o r ic i [s v s n e hi y l p p r a a ‘ W d l u o h s Cold st ti ar s u o n e g i d n i e th ts af of indigenous arts and cr economic ben¢
.
“4°
.
>
o
d n a n o i t c a f s i t a s n w o s hi r fo d n a d l r o w e th of t n g e n m o h m c a i r n e n he o ‘t i t o to m o r p ’ nt le e ta th is s e s o p r u p ’s O C S E N U of e n o , dy efi’ 23 Like its parent bo
, s n a i d n I of ts gh Ri _ce Ri IlTitle 73, S Stat. n g2 5 84 -2 90 . Manifesto No L. dian b. Pu , 68 19 J of t Ac 2” An ts r gh s: Ri Sin l r vi You Ci for r ou an “Y d Die er st Cu M8 See Indi a, ri lo »C De V. ); , 02 an 20 ic er Ng Am ), d. (e ( 02 a 13 q §§ ri se lo De et ™ C , US ew vi 25 §§ er Ov An : cy li codified at Po an di In , an ic er Am J. Chaudhuri,
(New York, 1969);
R. d an 95 28 p. , ts Ar an di In 75 20 er ad hr Sc ]; 45 454 00 20 > ne va n e 5 L O e c a 5 C eA e a 1973); 119 Bo , rk Yo 3 ew (N t Ar of Modern ) um se Mu e Th of it ra rt Po te ma ti In An : n r e d o M Lynes, Good OlYdd Mod TIL.4L, RG 4 NAR 135,
Series
» ? 1 x Bo » n e r S e , d w l o o l F l o H 6 y 4 p 9 e 1 e l S e , n e u r J t n 12 Ce s , e v t i r h u c o r c A r n e o l n l r e a f e H k ’ c d o R to s e y e e l x e eersonaHlu Projects, Rockefeller Family pe 5 w e N ( e t u b i r T A Pe 1968: alge
120 ee
WEB
1B
1 0 9 1 t r u o c n o n r a H ’ @ René a
, A M o M in , r e l e e h W York (RAC); and M. i 1968), n.p. , s e v i h c r A A M o M , 6 4 9 1 e n u J 8 2 s Inc. os) ft e a e z e A O C E a Cr e a B d an e ts Ar 122 a askan r u b e d n a r B . A to t r ou
NY9 :
e e e e a h t l l a n o i t a n r e t n p I of e c i f f O n e i n o Mo sr A. of ae [AAA: n29t25]of. SSteaete C.to A. H. Barr Jr, 8 July 1946, The Museum . 7 7 1 . p , ) 3 7 9 1 , k r o Y e w m e N t ( r a p nt S De r SD e le w ni Ol e n }. ff 1 2 e 5 o ; 1 8 1 2 York: Alfr Barr Jr, Papers [AAA: rnonc
ed H. Huxley, J. 123 e e S . 10 9— UNESCO Doc.UNESCO/Lond/9,
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultural Obje cts Genoct
l app ry to na mi ri sc di nno the of e, tur cul h oug thr s, nation Plicat; On e e . s m o d e e r f l a t n e m a d n fu i t o m o r p e h t s s a w e s o p r s u ’ p O C S Another of UNE cae (0) fe Cultur
Of h
r a W ld Co & s le op pe d se ni de, human rights, colo $)
u
a e ] h t n e o x d e t s i s n i y l t n e t s i s n o c © United SEES es n o i s i V O r P F o ] a r u t l u c g n i r e v o c s t n e m e e r g a l a n o i t a n r e t n i goal in Te ty ec fl Te ® e h T . e g a t i r e d tr e e l r a f n o i t i d a r t s it h t d i e w p p a exchange also overl
k l c oh e e n in | s d ys e e d e e p m B i n u s t a c e j s e g i a n m e i e b , s d a a s e h d e i i r f o a d w n o u l f o b l e a e i m c o s e t c or a i notm p cuflituersal,giecaon
d’étre since thete inter-war interI period. In a 1963 speech, :
fi
>
he ai of d : Harnoneg Oted
th
Dutch New Guin
aa
> 129
ent
Th is re as oning repref Boasi theory. Kroeber noted that: and GNSS perty, Nairobi, 26 N.
1946, er mb ve No 4 ce for in , 45 19 ae Intern the ng ni er nc Co n io at nd ecomme
Conventions and
UNESCO, in 6, 197 r be em ov ti concerning the Protec es of the Cultural Heritage (Paris,
Museum’s Role in
Harn, 924; 414],
Oncourt, 28
Cultural
nternational
pril 1949, MoMA Archi Apri
Eeenanee
'
1983), p.181.
2
1963,
>
MoMA
) 364 1; 292 : AA [A H Rd : NY s, ive rch h (ex s, A. Sea M. and th Sou ; p.7 ri 6), 4 194 k, Yor y, pla w Dis ri, of . cat., Ne AH, istory of Exhibiry, : um of Modern Art :
ee
9 d Wingert, Pp.110ff. !
Tesation
of
AUSTRALIA
2
Exhibition Installations at the Muse
e h t of s t r A , e u g o atal c n o i t i b i h x e in duced o r p ! re , ’ s e i t i n i f f A of t r a h C ‘ , t r u o c n o n r a Figure 6.2 René d@’H 1946. , rk Yo w e N t, Ar n er d o M of m u e s u M e Th , South Seas
e a m s i n i w r a D al ur lt cu h g u o h t l A ! !? .’ te e lu it so ab sp De as d t. te no al ex s on wa ti sa li vi tely ni fi de st mo of some other ci ng ki in th od, racialised
ri pe r a w t s o p e th n a e p o r u E n o n of debunked in s ct je ob al ur lt cu ’, es ur lt cu of y it al qu ‘e e th of the pronouncement e e i w ce an rp te in d an d ye la sp di be to d e u n i t n o ee peoples c
io at ci re pp ‘a at th d e d e c n o c e gu lo ta ca A M o M aesthetic. The
A * ” e nS e n o s s s u p n ow s p’ t ou ea gr tr e th th wi re we d te ec nn co s ct ys je wa ob al ‘is al ur of others lt cu r ei th d an les op pe us no ge di in e g a , od ri n pe a c is th c e p s During e h t ‘ : d e t o n r e w e i v e r e n O . d e s i l a u q e a s d n a e h T d e s i l a u d d i e v y i a d l p s i d s g alike: in n i h t e h t f o s e s u d n a e r u t a n e h t at s s e u g m i d a only make .
e W. Stocki ), pp.1 pe
A Bsn 5
1940); G. W, Stocking J* ae ing and the End of the Museum Era 10 s um se Mu on ys sa Es : rs he Ot d an s ct je Ob e Be cae W. Stocking Jr, Ideas and Institutions in f the Interwar Years, in G. W. StockingJr (ed.); >
Ppyl—53°
e l 1 ) 52 10 , go ca hi (C e, tur Cul of re tu Na The r, 131 AL. Kroebe 132 Linton 7; : and Wingert, Arts, p.7-
1
j
€
; p O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w a L l a Internation ects
r a W d l o C & s le op pe d se ni lo co Geno cide, human rights,
w e N , t r A n r e d o M of m Museu e h T ’, as Se h t u o S e th “Ar t of n o i t i b i h x e e h t f o iew v n o i t a l l a t s n I 4 . 6 Figure York, 1946.
OF
FE XH eit
IN
THE SANE
section
NEW
SEQUENCE
r o f n i o n h t i w d e t c e l l o c e r e w n w o h s s t c e j b o e h t f o n o i t r o p o r p , ’ s e s g e r c a o l r p a c i t r a o h t t s i h is ‘ s i s truth a h p m e t o n d i d gue
o l a t a c A M o M e h T f ? o 2 . ’ s e r s u e b m r i e e m h t e f h o t e k i L mation + * ' . ’ s e v l e s m e h t s t c e j b o e h t f o r e t c a r a h c e h t e h t y b n o ‘ n o i d s a s e e t s s n s i o p r i e h t relying d n a d e s i l a u t de-contex
e r e w s t c e j b o e s e h t a minority group, . t c a l a r t u e n a as d e t g n n e i s w e o r r p g e r e u h t t l u c s a w n o i t i b dominant i h x e ’ s a e S h t u o S e h t f o s t r A ‘ e h t f o k n i h e t m e d h n t a d s e n l o y c t s e c i t s i t The s r a f o g n i c n e u l f n i l a r u t l u c s s o r c n o n n o o i i t t a a t r n g e i s m e r f p o e r n o l a u s i v a d appreciati e d i v o r p t u o y a l n o i t i b i h x e e v i t a v o n n s i i d s l a ’ n t o r i u t i o d c a n r t o n r m a o H r f d e t ing. D’ r a p e d e H . e g n a h c x e l a r u t l u c y r a l t a n r u u l t l o u v c f f o o s n t i o f i e s n s e e r g o r p of the b r a e n i l d e v i e c n o c e r p a h g u o r h t r o d t i n s a i v s n e o h i t t a l d e r e r d e i t u n g i d e y e v n o c plays that t a h t s a t s o develop vi
t e v o r t s e h , d a e t s n I ? ” ! . t n e m p o l e v de
° * | . n o i g e r a n i s e r u t l u c n e e w t e n b o i t a s i l i t r e f cross-
s u o n e g i d n I f o s y a l p s i d f o s e g a m i s e r a p m o c e n o n e h w g n i k y i e r t h s T . t n s o o i m t i is b i h t x s e a A M o M This contr 6 4 9 1 e h t d n a s n o i t i b i h x e t a e r g e h r t e n g r n o i c r u y d r e s v t e c e j m o r f ’ d e r u t p a Australian ob c ‘ s t jec b o f o e s u o h e r o t s l a i r e n p r m e i d o e M h t “ f o m o r f m u t f e i s u m e h t f o s l l capture the sh a w e h thin t
h ut So e th of s rt n o ‘A i t i b i h x e e th r s fo e h y sketc Januar v= Il o” ti da un Fo r le el ef ck Ro in 9 May 1946,
‘Parator
?
29
i w y a l p s i d l a c i n , i s l n c o i t e i r b e i t h s x u e a h e h t o b n i ; r e v e w o H of the globe, to t . t r a f o k r o w @ s tself become
i y a l p s i d e h t Art’, where ree ee
mae
. 1 2 1 t a 9 1 1 n i t e l l u B t r A e h T 8 2 ) 6 4 9 1 e n u J ( s a e S h t u o S e h t f o : t r A : w e i v e R on i t i b m i h e x c E e D , 7 n o , s n e o t i a t B a d n G. u o F r e . l 9 l . e p f , s e t k r c A , o t R r , e s g n n e i v W e St o t t r u Linton and o c . n C o A n R r a , s H e ’ v D i h d c n r a A s n ’ o y i a l t p a s d i n D u o w F e N r ‘ e l , l t e f r e u k o c c o n R o , 1 . 1 G R , R. @’Harn 0 0 2 s e i r e S , 0 5 2 x 7. 9 o B , M 1 U 8 9 R 2 O r F e d l l a o r F u t c , ber 1945 946) The Archite 1 y a M ( s a e S h t u o S e h t f o t r A , . n Ano
C: of rn tu Re & s um ultural Op; ts se Mu w, La l na io at rn te In ec
the object is removed from its original context
ee
hi
t e l n i a r a n e s c a j y p
Istory
meesa po tent vessel for the mythologising of the pine cou bec oncourt was fully aware of the power
and interpretation of cultural objects: °
Cv
bce
©Minant ©
w;
aed
weledp 137
a With th © m po
t
o t e r e o e rej gn m titionh ed as a means of increasing § nana o fo us g ie l tr Nea UN , CO ge ti 138 al es pr Se e Oft *8 I y. n ee tw of the divide be oe ee olu i 136 : e championed
enticingdan omer ena
m l ua eq , in ed ct je re he a ae ee Am
”
‘
Oo
7
cultural
i me yj d d ane Pluralis
s de e’ ur lt cu y er ev of nt me casure, assimilationist policies
Ovoluntary
«
aa ary unt Vol d ve Mo Cul i ry tura) velopment,
on ti l uc ra tu od ul pr in ence oe es revivalist I pose ° an c
alis
s art the of t en ym jo en ’s lic pub the to e but tri con to y onl not Pied: fIt] will be oe scientific terms in ted sen pre y all usu s ect obj of e enc ell exc c . i t s i 3 t r a e h t g n i l a e isations
l i v i n c o f i o t a i c e r p p a g d n n i a d n a t s r e d c n i u t e h t a p m y s e t a . e n w o e r u o ther ntthan g n i v i l d e e h s t i s a h p m e h c , i s h n w o i t i b Harnoncourt’s MoMaA exhi ’ @ d to e h t d to e t r e v e r In contrast r e t a w d l o G t r e b o r R o t c e r i d s ’ A P o , M s e l p o e s p u o n e g i d ’ n i of ised ast.
by rev
Pd
_ md ; It see ms reasonable to assume . . . th 2 t O e te i P p ed d n a rv as s te se nd of la e on t ti fro art ra Of e e st r th of on em ines MS mili portation of
co
chen)
colonised peoples & Cold War
Mesth at
seums 1 c metropolitan pee sea traffic in non-European
cultures
l a u t x e t n o c e , d c i t a t s a s in ct e n j a b e o p o r u E n o g n n i c a l p f o de
modernist mo : on d e d n u o p x e r e w e i v e e r v i t a v r e s n o One c
p
s s e l d r a d g e e t R . a . e . r c e i h t s e m o h d s c i i t h i w r i p s s f s o e n r e h t o t e k n a l , y y e t h i [This b t s n e t n s i f l e o e t v a e r l a p s i r i d e h t f n o r i o g i r o f o e c a l p d n a e m i t r d e m of thei o a r t n o i f , s ’ n e a v r i t t i m i r p ‘ e h t f o e l c a t c e p s a o t n i d e v l o s s i d l l a ve ha er are tt be t h g i m t a h w s ze li ua eq It _. . s t s e r e t n i t n e r r u c r u o f o t coefficien
4 * ! . e c n e i i r e p x e l a u q e n u n a d e n remai
e v i t i m i r p e k i l , t e r a v i t i m i r P ‘ : g n i t a t s , m s i c i t i r c h c u s e t u f e r o t e l t t t a i h l t r d o i ( d g n i r v e l t o a v e w d r l o o g G n i p o l e v e d e b y a m it t a h t a e d i e h t ; c i t a t s m i s a f o n o i t o n e h t society, should be h t i i w in t fi t o n s e o d ) g n i g n a h c e b y a m s e v l f o c i r o t e h r e h t to n r u the peoples themse t e r a s a w e r e h t , n o i t i d d a n I 5 4 1 . s s e n e v i t i m i r p a s i l n a r i e r d o o m m e f o m m e s i u a c pl Ss e b ’ g n i r a e p p a s i d y l d i p a r ‘ e r e w s n o i t i d a r t e hos w cultures ‘dying’ 146 . n o i t a s i l a i r t agenda s u d n i MoPA the tion and exhibitions, MoMA @’ Harnoncourt’s f o s s e c to c u s e h begun t e had Unlik doubts years, two Within 147 . n o i t a n i g a m i s ’ c i l b u p i l o p o r t e M e h t to n failed to ignite the o i t c e l l o c e h t f o r e f s : n a r t l a
u t n e v e e h T 8 4 ! . y t i l i b emerge about its via
bjects
Came
un der
conce tted
onc a y b d e r r a m s a w 0s 7 y l r a e d n a s 0 6 9 1 e t a l e h t in k r o Y w e N m i a l c s i h T 9 14 . t n e tan Museum of Art, m n r e v o g n a l a m e t a u G e h t y b e d a m m i a l c n troversial repatriatio ollectors.
attack,
es ti d om me st i ca
y y an and
c l a n o i t u t i t s n i d n a l a u d i v i d in h t o b to ll s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c g served as a wake-up ca n i t c e l l o c t a h t k e e w s w e N to d e d e c n o c r e l l e f l a n o i t a n of e g a s s By the 1960s, Rocke a p e h t f o e s u a c e b s 0 3 9 1 e h t 150 > g n i r u d n a h t x e l p m o c . t e u o r o m e e m m o c o c e b y e h d t a h t u b , t u o s e c e i p t ge t ’ n a c u o Y “ d: e d d a e H . s t te r o n' o p x e c g i n i t t a c m i o r l t p s i e r d a s w a of J t n e m t r a p e D e t a t S S U e h t y b d e s i v d a s a w in A P o a M el st , e r o n f a e b y a M g n a o l of Not e c n a n e v o r p e h t t u o b a g n i r i u q n i y s s a emb n a l a m e t a u G e h t m fro
iti imitive Art A. on ls Ne e us ho to d he is bl ta es a : onal ci no d di t, ar Primitive t open its doors
RockBefeeln]oa 137 138 LE fy
‘ ‘arthes, eon Ss, Myth Today’ >In Barthes Noncourt ¢
2
nally calleq d C
©
Fold
th
»
M
Mythologies 2
po 4 Harn
p. 51
Oncourt
of erie
P
:
ob R d e n th a t s a n w e d i r s e e r t p a w e d l o vic G obert Art, M,
us o n a e g e g n g a n h c a h c e m ; e t a m a n e e a M t n e nual w u r e e s d u n M u e A h P t o M f o €r 1679 s » r e b m . e GM R e , 1 4 T II es . ri c Se e > S PEGS , Rockefeller Family € Museum
4, L I s e i r e S , 2 6 1 x o B 51, 6 1 r e d l o F , 4 5 9 1 r e cemb e D 17 , t r A s u o n e g In di of m u e s u M e th . of C A r R e t r a , s e v i 143 Ch h c r A 4 y G l R i m a , F L 4 l r I e l s l e e f i e r k e c S o R , 6 , ts ox 16 B , 92 16 er ld ‘o F , RG4 NAR Personal Projec 45 at 42 ts Ar ) 57 19 y a M ( w e i v e R in h t n o M , r e m . C Kra A R , es 144 iv ch Ar y l i m 6. 26 r Fa p. e l l e f ), e k 86 c o 19 R , , e g ts d ec i r oj b m Pr a edn, C d e g r a l NAR Personal n E ( ) 8 3 9 mber 1 e ( c e t r D A 6 1 n r e , s d e o e M t s in u r T m s of d r mitivi a i o r B P , A r M e t o a M w d l , o n G a m r R i Cha 145 , ; s e e k v r i a h l C c r A to y r l e i l m l a e F f e r k e c l o d R efel n k a c o R ; ’ n , o s i t t c i e b j i o h r x P E ‘ l a , n n o o s s r Pe R A 146 Bate N 4 G R , 1 4 1 1 s e i Ser 1, 16 x o B , 2 4 6 1 r e d l 1942, Fo rsonal e P R A N 4 G R , 4L Series I 1, 16 x Bo RAC. , 42 16 lder Fo , 61 19 ne Ju 6 r, ye Bo to z rt Ku o m e M A P o { ) 147 DM. x o . B C A R 4, 18 , es iv er ch ld Ar Fo ly , mi Fa 1959 y ar nu Ja 8 t, Ar e Projects, Rockefeller iv Primit of m u e s u M , or ct Dire , r e t a w d l o G R. . C A R w ie , es iv ch Ar 148 Interv R on A N i t a d 4 n G u R o F , r 4L e l l l Il e f e k es c o ri R Se 2, 16 x o B , 2 5 6 1 r e d Series 200, RG2 1959, l o : F A P o M on n: E. o d m n i o a L l c , d n n i o i k t n u a t i M t s e of r m a u e e s d u a M m e h so t al d n a a i r e g ; i C N A R 149 ly Archives,
i m a F r e l l e f e k c o R , s t c Personal Proje eum s u M 31 ) 9 7 9 1 ( a i r e g i N Epo,
18.
. 90 p. ; 6 6 9 1 ly Ju 18 , k e e w s w Ne t, Ar to d a o R y k c o R , . n o n A 150
O l a r u t l u C of n r u t e R & s m u e s ra. u M , w a L l a n o i t a n r Inte
bj,
ects
; R TE e a e e h g t e l l a a t o l n d a i m d e t . a s u n o ! G i ° ! t c e l l its co ly : A T y T l U O o v n S i o S s a W yp, it i t d a e s t i t s e n t u I p s e. i d tl ti it s d i it d ' e r t o u n p a, el € st e h n h t di of t : d e t s e u q a f l e s t i s l l a c t a h t n o i t i u t t u i t t i t n s i o “n r eturn because “Moy, , V ’ c e j b o . a n a m c u e s u y m Ol >2 .! ’ t f e h t r g o n i t o o l d have been obtaine by E S S ; s k r o W a Guatemala reli t c e t o r P ct e h t n o y t a e r T e h t a c a . b Historic Value a v o M Bz s e e ll e o f r u s t i e s r a b e h e t h t © as ) y t a e r T R, ? U > y ! t « . A P o M ag d el M n st a m f O u n e y l s k N u o M o r B the yn w r e l l e f e 1 k c o om fr a ; d e s i v d a s a ; r h e t w e in l b a a l e a c m r b m e unenfo byyoGuusate t a h t ited § tates and ws n la U e h e t oblig8 ation to retur n the stelae’.1>* Ne e t « g wa e r e h t u e s u m k r o Y w ; e a g c return because ‘volu e s n l o a i i t c U i f f O ™ . ii e t s o t f t a r d l u ) o a w T n o i t c a y r a t m 11 1 of simi lar la; to objects in collections th roughout the country’ 155
h t h g u o r h t t o n , d e n retur e
1
|
e h T l l o f t u b y t a e r t e h t operation of g
Owin
re pressure. : There wa’ S growin5 g awar eness in ‘the US ak t traffic feeding Western ofillici
a l e T ® e a W Te “ventu l ‘ stelae di Ploma tii c a y Nd blicpub; Pu
D1 See Fi File Guatemal 152 poe Rockefeller ne
C A R ” e o e oi ef ck Ro mo , EmRopsckonefelto] ockefeller, 8 Mf arch 19967,
Projects
er Famil ly Ar ch:
» Box 163, » SeriSeries 1654,
Folder
»
Bo
Box
163
IIT 4L, RG4 NAR Personal
163, RG Il 4L, 3 NAR
Personal See K. Me c in Art fi af Tr e h T : st d Pa e r e d n u l P e h T yer,
s (N ew York, 1973), me see RAC. , Slreasueree _B le ° , n n i ag , r e l l a e n f o e e s k R r c e30 September A e o o s € t R P N 1 P rojects 154 » Rockefel]
er
19
mily Archives,
>
Folder 1654, Box 163, Series III 4L, RG4 RAC H 69
Chief,
te Sta of nt me rt pa De s, ir fa Af an al e r o , 41 163, Series III AR Personal Projects, Rockefellet
ockefeller 131
to Men
.
De Mendez,
cember 196
oR Boe 1654, Box 163, RG III 4L
-
ae
reed to the long
? The I nternari ati
i
endez
rsonal
s a c i r e m A e h t
d n l o u ; i o t c u t t i t a i h h t t c s e u r e s s s e a e w t d a d n t a e S t i e d n a e U e r d h t i t s t u o d n pilicit n i a h e t r i u w s s e ; r 8 p 0 6 9 1 e t m a o J r e f h s t t y c e p j b o of c fi af illicit tr
e h t in t e k r a m t ar S U e h t f o e l o r e h t e r o n g i t ar l a n 9 longet o i t a n r e t n i d e t c i r t s e r n u n a of t r o p p u s S U e South America. Th r e m A n i t a L h t i w s t n e m e e r g a l a r e t a l i b of s e i r e s a y b d e r e p m e t y l adual to obligate itself in a t n a t c u l e r d e n i a m e r the United States
, : r e v e w o H . s e t a t S ican . n o i h ca s ex a l a c i f g o l l o e a a h c r r a of e n o t i t a l u g e r l a n o i t a n r e t n i multila e th 4, r te p a h C n i d t ci e li il n b r i u c a to l s e t a p t S x n a e p o r u E As e n o n f o s t r o f f e e h t h t i w s u o m y n o d l r o W d n o c me syn e a S c e e h b t r e s t y n f a l e t a i d e m m I . s e i o r i o t t i a r y r e t r i e h t m o r f s t c e j b c o u s s ( l m a r u u e t I s u : M u f c o l i c n u l o a C n o i t a n traffic of r e t n I e h t e f o c n a t s i s s a e h t h t i w l ; a n i F O ( C e c n S e r e f E n o C N o r i a C 7 3 War, U 9 1 e h t of m momentu e h t p u k o o t IM),
O e h t o t r o s ces
to e l b a c i l p p a s e l p i c n i r P l a n o i t a n r e t n I n o n o i t a d n e m m o c e R e e h l t i h f w o t a e h l t b m s a e t o n ) n o i t a d n e m m o The pre c e R O ions (1956 UNESC
ety 1°
l a c i g o l o e a Arch
70, Folder 1654
IN
& Cold War
e h t , y r o t Excavat i r r e t r i e h t n o s t c e j b o d n a s e t i s l a c i g o l o e a h c r a s n o h i t t i c w n a s d e It n r e ’ c ° 1 . t s e r e t n i t n a t States are con c i n m o o c a d l e h o s l a y t i n u m m , r e v o e c w o H l a n . ) o 3 i 2 t a n e l r c e i t r A ( s e t a t whole int S n e e w t e b e g n a h c x e l a r u t l e cu h t e h g c a i r h u w o c n i n e y r t t a n h t u measures to enable the co
5
i
, s t h g i r n a m u h , e d i c o Gen
colonised peoples
Projects,
NGShi term loan of ‘ the
to Rockefell
Ree Receecien 2 amice ly ArcT hive es, ne RAC. iThe
stel: €1a to to the Metropolitan
Museum, 1 Ni INEW York: :
y l i r a m i r p d e n g i s s a e b a s o i t l i v e i r c a ] s ts d [i n i f f o l e a v c i i t a t n e s e r p e archaeolog r y l l u f “ e r a t a h t s n o i t c e l l o c e n v o i a t h u t o i t t s e d r e t e a t c a o t i l l i is c a f d l u o h s s excavation e t a t S . ) ) b ( 3 2 e l c i t r A ( ’ e r u t c e t i r h o c / r d a n a d n n a o i t t r a a v a c , y x r e e n i t s e d n tion, histo a l c a m o r f d e v o m e r n e e b e v a O h C S s t E c N e j U b o S O e N r e h e n i d s w L V 1 3 e l c i t r A try of origin ( s it e v e i h c a o t s t n e m e e r g a l illic a r e t a l i b r e t n e o t s e t a t S s e g a r u o c n e o s l a n o i t a Recommend n e l o t S f o . n ) r 3 3 u t e e R d n a y aims (Articl r e v o c e R e h t r o f g n i d i v o r p n o n i o t i a t r a e r p e p o o o o C C f o f o y t a e r T The Treaty 0 7 9 1 ( s e i t r e p o r P l a r u t l u C d e h n t a e l a c c n i a r l o t a s b i H o t , d e n g i s e d Archaeological s a w ) o c i x e M d n a a c i r e m A f o e s a e h t a c t r S a d d e n t a i n U e d a e r h t t t r a | a n between o i t a n r e t n i e h t , n i g i r o f o y r t n u e e o r c g a e h t l f o a n o s i t g s e e r r e t 1 ar w r competing n e t n i d e o h c e y t a e r t e h t y b d e r e v s o e c i t i s t l c e a j t b o n e m l u a r r u t t l s u n C i ts ! r o ologists.!©? t n e m n r e v o g e h t f o y t r e p o r p e h t e b to d a h s t c e j ments. All ob to e c n a t r o p m i g n i d n a t s t u o and of ‘ 47. 9 1 n i y t i C o c i x e held in Me 74— 1 p p , l a n o i t a n r e Int , s m a S i e l h l t i W at e d e e . S h s i 1 l -10 p n o s, i t n a v o a i c t x n E e v 160 1COM was estab n d n o a C , y O r e cov s ESC i D N U 1: n 1 e , 56 m 19 u l r o e V b m e c e D 5 , e itag r e H | 161 New Delhi, l a r u t l u C e th d w an La t, ot Pr V. L. d an e ef Ke 75; and P. J. O’ l l i w t c e . j 78 b o 5.7 pp e ), h t 84 e r e h ie (London, 19 w d e t ta li ci fa only is n io ut it st re at th o is ov t. me e ar ge an ch There was a pr ex al ur lt cu ning
er nc co ts en em ir qu re r he ot : 0) 97 lic museum and (1 ‘ d an an ue rs 4 pu 49 d an ts es S qu T re S U 2 n 2 io ut it st re , 1) 97 te (1 ta li ci fa ; to 13 $3 y rl la mi si museums ; 1 9 7 , 1 7 9 1 h , e c g r a a t i M r e 5 H 4 2 l a e r c u r t o 163 l f u C in e th , 0 d 7 n 9 a 1 w y a l l u L a J r u t l 17 , u e C f e , e y K t ' i C O s ’ J. a c o i P. c r i e x m e d A n M a : t t g o n r i P t c e t V. o r P L. e e S , r e g . z n e Met l o t S S. in 9 ILM 1028 e d d n a a r T n a e m th h s i to F J. J. s e 3 h 9 c 0 a o 4 r 0 p 3 p 1 A § § , l a 2 g 7 e L 8 6 1989), , (London, 1989), pp.6 y (1976) 4 SJILC 57; J. B. Seabrook, e g d i r b m a C ( s e r u s a e r T n l o a m r u i t r l t u a C P of n r u t e R and Historical e h T eld, i f n e e r G an . j ; d 51 C L I J S t i 2 c i l M ) 4 7 e 9 h 1 ( t b r u s e C i t i to Antiqu s l o o T l a g e L w e N , z e l a z n o G . ea pp 89-93" A . M d n 3 a 3 3 2 3 1 p , l p a n o ti a n r e t n I , s m a i l l i W e e S . 6 1 3 L T J C 2 ) 1 3 7 s 9 e 1 i ( t i u n q a i Ant Traffic in Pre-Columbi
b O al ur lt Cu of rn tu Re & s um se International Laz, Mu yects
r a W d l o C & s e l p o e p d e s ide, human rights, coloni
At the United States’ behest, the treaty recogni €xch ange of ey y h a facilitated a mutual appreciation of the a Pub.
undertake ‘whatever
seum
of M
10). The restitution
, on gi re e th in e at St g n i t r o p m i r o j a m ly on e th , s e t a t S d e t i n U e h t e s u a c e b d e h s i n is dimi r u d e d a r t t r a . l a it n o o i t t a n r e t n i e h t js not party r o f s n o ury, concessi
p x e r o f n o i t p e c x e n a s e k a e m i ’ n e o u i l s a v i v o l r a p c i g s o i l o e a h c r a r o (GATT). Th c i r o t s i h , c i t s i t r a f o s e r u s a e r t l a n o i t a n f o n o i for the protect ° 7 ‘ . e t a d o t l u f s s e c c u s n u a s i d n o e l v o o c r e p d d s n a a h r a W d l o C e h t y The campaign b d e at e r c s e i t i r u c e s n i d n h a c i h w s e i a t d n n i e a g t a r e n c a d e u s r p u y l l With the un a n o i t a n r e t n i d n a y l l a c i t . s s e l m a o u d d i v s i e d t n a i t S f o d y t i l a u q e e h t g n tion, the Unite i s i s a h p m e t s l i h w s e r u t l m u c a F f o e h y T t “ i s d r e e l v t i i t n e n o i t i b i h x e affirmed the d y h p a r g o t o h p s t i d e n ” e ” p ! o . e d a A c e M d o t M x e n , e h t g n i r u d s e i r t In January 1955 n u o c t h g i e y t x i s o t y e l n a r n u o o i j t a n d a l u o t w c i p h e d o t d e d n e t n i y ily of Man’ whic l l a i t i n i d a h , r o t a n i g i r o t a s h ’ W w o h * s 7 ! . e s h t t h g i , R n a m u H d n a Edward Steichen s n o i t a l e R n a m u H f o d e w s o e l m l e o h f t , e e r h o t c s t i t a , h c i h w s e r u t exhibition around l u c n a m u h f o y t i s r e v i ’ d . e e c h n t e i f o r e p y x a e l p s l i a d u evolved was a ness of individ
e m a s e h t g n i s i s a h p m e y b e r e h t — e l c y c e f i l n a m u h : the s u h t n o i t i b i h x e s i r a P e h t o t d e d n o p s e r s e h t r a B d n a l Ro
d e t n e v e r p , y t i t n e d i n a f o e c a f r u s e h t at k c a b d l e f © We are h e n o z r o i r e t l u e h t o t n i g n i t a r t e n e p m o r f y t ’ s e sentimentali c n e r e f f i ‘d e m o s s e c u d o r t n i n o i t a n e i l a l a c i r o t s i where h . s e c i t s u j n i “ ll ca quite simply
a General Demurret,
odern Art Files
ation of Pre. bian Monumental and Architectural Sculpture an¢ . L. No, 92— 587, 86 -Colum ; Stat. 129
1297, codifihed a
t.
134; and P.M. T ;
$
Tee
hapter 8 belo :
utural
76) 4 SJILC OF ti 133,
OAS
GAR
Al
§§2091 ex seq (2000). Seee
ad Tr l na io at rn te In e th on ssay
ceed; o r P ., al et a n o of th the Panel s g n i Jtansfer of Onventi M the S Of 8 ; h s r e n w s a n a e l a c ; s d n a i sh ne 2 ees
* Second a
t a i c e r p p a o h w with all those
f o s t s e r e t n i e h t e n i m r e d n u y l s u o i r e s s t n e m u r t s n i l a n o i t a n d r e e c t n n e i d i f v o e g is n i t t u f o a cl d e u n i ing the dr t n o c s ’ y b b o l s i h T . s p u o r g y t i r l o a n r i u t m l u c d n a e h t s e , l ) f p ( X X e l c i t r A e v a indigenous peo h o t s e t a t S d e t i n U e h t n i e n d g a i r a T p m d a n c a s t f n f e i r r r a T n o t n e m with the cu e e r g A l a r e n e G 7 4 9 1 e h t m o r f d e s d o e p v m o i m ‘ e r e r a , e h s u c a i ption cl ort controls wh
ene b quently : it has only once formally requested US 4 Teturn reques t: Gonzalez, NEE » 0.27; and Prott and O’Keefe, Movemeltt n of. Import
a s e i r e S i p, L, in a ESc
17,
of the Mu:
y ar et cr Se t an st si As S U Convention. The
lo al to s l o r t n ort co , s e r u s a e r t rt ‘A : at th d e d d a e H . s e i n o m i r t a p l a l cultur a n o i t a n n e t a d e r a h s e r be h d t l u o t h s o n d n a d d i n d i k n a m that of e g a t i r e h e th e ar , m or f l a r u t l u c r o 4 n o f i : e t n e r v n e o v C e e s h t t s a f e o n h 9174 However, the effective from w e them.
OKe: d infre
(1982) 34ce4 fe,St2.anM. vemen t p.598, ; s, Inernational at ae ee piliWil}am
Art
Tetum
encourages cult bee oe ned to the eeums, ae or scientific exhibitions Cae
of
)
to d ee ‘n a s wa e er th at th d e u g r a , n a m d o T A. e c n e r e T s, ir fa Af n a c i r ys wa in s ct je foe Inter-Ame ob al ur lt cu of ’ t w for greater movemen
veme B Mo LPI 5 t ici Ill 3) 97 (1 the to 2 itesorcantiees Cultural Property of nt p.133,
ce A.H. Barr,
precisely by r u o i v a h e b human e r e h l l a h s e w which
s e t a t S d e t i n U f o gest i D n i 9. 1, , 5) i 97 c (1 n u 12 . o c C o d / C C nt E e I n C a m 8; .1 r I1 e J/ P r e S / A B O Q 173 S A 1 O , n a m r i a h C , va l Si R. to n a m d o T A. T. te No e a ue and SoWONDS York, 1964), pp-880-8)-
w e N ( 77 19 w La l na io at rn te In actice in approved
y ll na io is ov pr , 47 19 r be 175 39 Octo
; 00 17 S A I D 15 1 A . t a t S 1 January 1948, 61
d 4 i M s t w a e N t r A M O n r C I de o ) S M B f ) o m 2 u 00 e (2 s u e M ad Tr e h T d rl Wo d an ), d. (e e ur lt Cu ld ie Elderf Jin os P. J. Boylan, , n’ Ma of ly mi Fa he “T , ki ws ko See J. Szar New York, 1994), p-12.
nae
17
a
194.
( d a o r b A d an e m o H t Ar y: Centur Staniszewski, Power, p-33. ‘
(exh. Man of Family 7? MoMA, The The Great Family of R. Barthes,
alla Man, in Barthes, Mythologies,
P-
s ct je Ob l a r u t l u C of n r u t e R ums & Inintetern rn ational Law, Muse |
The efforts of Western States to impose a similar framework a
\
and the display and interpretation of the cultural objects of non
during the 1940s, 50s and 60s would also be challenged,
Dey
As explained in Part Three, in the late twentieth century, newly inde fy and indigenous peoples would remind both the Western and Easter a den, tf ferences continued to exist and had to be addressed. Lat blogg n Their claim
foundations set by d’Harnoncourt and other Indian New Dealers
§ built yt
in collaboration with indigenous peoples Who haq in the Pursuit of Cultura] Wi tke Pluralis preservation and development of indigenous cultures. Th £Y Would also Wo principles articulated and implemented by the United Sta TOMthe other Ae
ments in the post-Second World War restitution efforts during the 1990s to facilitate the return 0 policies.
tes and
What
;
matay
:
h ave ‘well
begun eas
ional a natio
s e n i g i r o b A e h t
that
we
ible vieaws " si pos er i oth of g tin i get for le p a sim ntore 1 lik It f forgetfulne
scale : We are
now
. o s o d o t t n a w most n a M te h W , r e n n a t w. E. H. S . 4 1 2 . p , ) 9 7 9 1 , (Canberra
have hard
been put
to
able for so long keep
them
in
to disremembe:
mind
even
, 3 7 9 1 8 3 9 1 ys sa Es : ng mi ea Dr Got No
when
we
fi
n o i t u t i t s e r t u o h t i w n o i t a s i n o J o Dec
a s e l b a n e it d e t a e r c h c i h w y r t n u o c e th to d r o c e r or t ar of k r o w a of n r u t e r e Th ng lo e th at th s e v o r p d n a , ty ti en id d n a y r o m e m s it of t r a p r e v o people to rec l il st is d l r o w e th of y r o t s i h e th s e p a h s h c i h w s n o i t a s i l i v i c n e e w t e b e u g o dial ! s. on ti na n e e w t e b t c e p s e r l a u t u m of e r e h p s o m t a an tinuing in
d e v o m e r s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c of e t a f e h t d e d n u ro r u s t a h t e c n e l i s e h t o r b g n i e b y l By the mid 1960s, w o l s s a w s e r t n e c n a t i l o p o r t e m in s m u e s u m to s e i r o t i r r e t d n a n o i t from colonial a n i m r e t e d f l e s to t h g i r r i e h t d e i t y l m r i f s e l p o e p d e s i n o l o c y l g r n i r u d d e v o ken. Forme m e r s t c ural obje
t l u c of n o i t u t i t s e r e h t to t n e m p o l e v e d l a r u t l u , s e t a t S e s e h t pursuit of c y b d e u s r u p n g i a p m a c e h t s e t a g i t s e v n i r e t p a h c s i h T . n o l a r u t l u c of n o colonial occupati i t u t i t s e r e h t , s 0 r 7 fo d n a s 0 6 9 1 e h t g n i r u d a r o f 1 a n o i in various internat
. s n o i t c e l l o c l a i r e s y h p e h t d n o y e objects from imp b n o i t u t i t s e r d e d n e t x e s e t a t S t n e d n e p e d n i y l w e n y b n ~ r u s n e s e c r This campaig u o s e r d n a e g d e l w o n k of r e f s n a r t e h t e d u l c n i to , s t c e j b o y b d e k o v n i s m ical act of return of s i n a h c e m e h t , r e v e w o H . s e r u t l u c n e e w t e b e g n a h v e i h c a in l a u t c e f ing an equitable exc f e n i y l e g r a l d e v o r p O C S E N U d n a s n o i t a N d e t to r o i r p n o i t a p u c these States in the Uni c o l a i n o l o c g n i r u d d e v o m e r s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c s r e w o p n a t i l o p o ing the restitution of r t e m r e m r o f y b d l e h y a w s g n i u n i t n o c e h t f o t l u s e r e 1970. This was th . s m e t s y s e g d e l w o n k d n a s e i g o l o c d i o m h a t n e y m d r e h t d e and thei s i l a n r e t n i s e t a t S t n e d n e p e d n i y l w e n , y r u t n e c h By the late twentiet ithin one terri-
w s e l p o e p l al y f i n u to , e l a c s r e s s e l a n o , s r o s s e c e d e h e t r p y b l a i n d o e l n o i c f e d r i e h t s e of i r a d n u o b l a i r o t i r r e t d e t i r e h n i y e h T . y t i t n e d i l d a n n a o i t a e n s u o e h n o to d n a s m u e tory s u m l a n o i t a n h s i l b a t s e o t e v o r t s y e h T . s r e r w o f o p n l g a i i a n p o m l a o c c r e e h m T r o f . s e i r a d n u o b e s e h t y b d e b i r c s m u c r i c y t i t n e d i v o g l a n e o s i e t h t a n y a b t d n e e y s o l p e d repre s a w s n o i t c e l l o c l a i r e p m i m o r f s t c e j b o d l e a s r u u t l s u a c w f It o n . o y i n t o u m i r t a p restit l a r u t l u c l a n o i t a n a f o n o i t u t i t s n o c ) e r ( . y e t h i t t n e e d i l b a n l e a n o o i t t a n s t d n e e i f i n u ernm a d n i h e b s e i t i n u m m o c e s r e v i d e s e i r n a e v w l a g e t o u t t i l t o s o n t o c l ) a e c r i ( o t t h as a polit g u o s s e t a t S t n e d n e p e d n i y l w e n h n e c g i i h d w n i s e f r o u t l s t c e j b o l a r u t l The national° cu u c e h t ) d e t t 0 n O c i s c r a c s r e s e e v : i h t y y c n e G o l l m o e c m e l t a u n o o i t a n a e r u Pare vith t c a f u n a m o t s r e d r o b r e i b e h o t t n e t h e t i c w r u s e o i s t e i r ‘ a e m a c e b ous peoples and minor s t c e j b o l a r u t l u C . s c e t i a m t o S r e n l t t o e s c to e n i k a l r e a n n n o a i t a n f o memory in a m t i u s r u p e h t n i r o s s e c e n d o e i pr t al a ni s lo co i s n e’ o at St l e o th c de , s reclaimed from e i t i r o n i m and s e l p o e p s u o n e g i d n i r o F . t n e m p o l e v e d l a r u and cult 1
l a e p p A n A : It d e reat C o h W e s o h t o t e g a t i r e H e l ab e c a l p e r r I n a f > o n r u t e R e h t r o . f 8 5 a e l P m u A e , s w u o M B 1 3 ) 9 A.-M. M’ 7 9 (1 O C S E N ral of U
by the Director-Gene
197
of n r ; p O u t e R & s l m a u r e u t s l u u M C , w a International L % Objects
was an incomplete process that merely replaced
n o i t u t i t s e r t u witho
ly
Ne Occupie;
end indep newly the r, anothe with tan power,
forme, ms te n-sta natio eat sse proce This chapter explains how these p o T " ] e s t them : n mee ri the i of V Be during q sation with the qualified exercise m; deter Self“Colo ae sue i: al n cultur to 0 1 d sion succes there n State a e h concerning t Then, er ; the with s omise compr pee of these an exXaanm:inas
toa —
oe
ee
oy
a
My
of cultural property oe
a
State claimant. Next, it is deta; :
eal
urin
°70 UNESCO :
d el oat
P a : g 5 this s add acletxe HO en ans re comin short its tion, Conven ed plicat SORYERAOD, gs. Finally,
Oce
a i t q c g E N U o e C h t | wiwthin the
the way in
nd
r e i e B on ti la cu ti ar (1) the
These changes
1gnt
8ht
development
to self-determination as ine
xtricably
tied
p o l e v e d l a r u t l u c and e d a m en be s ha ty ti en id al ur lt cu ve ti ec ll co d an n o i t a n i m r e t e d f l e s n e e w t e . s b e t a d n a m k n d n a i l s e e t n 5 a r a ty gu i r o n i m ’ Thi s n o i t a N ¢ e ) o u f g a rte in e e th L g n e i r u d h e d t e p c o l e v e d s e sin l p i c n i r p m o r f s k r o w Res.1 514(XV) A G N t gh ri l ga le e th t, U rs Fi . ts ec t sp re t n a t r o p m e i e l Whils re th b n i a h s i u g n i t s e s t l o i . , p n ) d d o n s n e o 1 o p i t c i t , e a d S c o i j l p p h a g n t i u o o n h war perl t ( umiversa 1 ination is n o i t a n i m r e t e d f l e s the 11ight of ise
a Decr olonisasa tition and self-determina ti ond wave of dissolution of e an included
o i t u l ) o ) s V d e Y e R t X : a ( t l r 4 u a 1 n p A p i 5 i G t 1 A s . G s s e e N l R U p o ( d e n P a s e i r t n u o nial C y the ht rig t tha of tue vir by ; ion nat rmi ete f-d i sel r to ght e h t e v a h ples social ic, nom eco ir the sue pur ely fre and tus sta cal iti pol r i e h t e n i m r e t e d y freel ment.” b)
ig
210
n entitled the Declaration on the Granting of Independ ence to
to Cultural
rte in e v i t c e f f e d e d r o f f a were not
e l v u c i t c e l l o c r i e t h n t e f o m p o l e v e d d n a n o i t a v r e s e r p e h t r o f n o i f o y c a m r P e r p l u a s n o e i h t t d e na s i n g o c e r y t i n u m m o l c a n o i t a n r e t n s i : . t n e m p o l e v e d l a r u t l u c to t h g i r e h t d n a n o i t a n i m deter o r p s e l p o e p s p u o o n e g e i d p n i d n a s e t a t S t n e d n e p colonised e d n i y l w , e n n o i t to a t s h g i i r n e th o l to o c t n e e m p d o l e v e d d n a n o i t a v r e Following s e r p l a r u t l u c € © e r u t s t c a e j b n o l a l a r r u t g l u c e t of n i n o i t u t i t s e r e h t t a h t moted the d e u g r a , y e e h t r o m r e h t . r t. n gh u o ri F i a t h c a u s n to i m e v i t a r e p m i , n o i s n e t x e gelf-deter yy b , s s a n w o i t c e l l o o e l c p a ll i ‘a r o t e g p n i h m c a i r t t a e n o i t a n i m r e t e d f l e s held by form o t t h g i r e h t f o t e n h t e m e e t a c r e n l o u t o n d l o u r o w p ty i n u m m o c l Despite the a n o i t a n r e t n i e h t s 0 8 l d a n n a o i t s a 0 n 7 r e t , n s i 0 6 r 9 a 1 w t e s h o t p e g v n i i s r s u e d c c , u ’ S s . ple s e c n a t s m u c r i c n i a t r e e c h t n o 1 t y y l l e n v o i s u t l h c g x i e r r e f e r s t c e j b o l a r exercise of the u t l u c f o n o i t u t i t s e r n i d a n t t a a n o o t i t s c e l e p t o o e r p p f o y t i l i b a e h t n o w initiatives for the a l l a n o i t a n r e t n i n i l s a r n u o t i l t u a c t i r m i i e h l t e p h o l e v e d d n a e v r e s State claimant. T e r p o t y t i l i b a r i e h t s n r o e y b l m t e c m e r i l d a u d d i e v t i c d a n i p m i d e d d r o o o f h f e a t a t s t s h g i r e h t y l n o n o y l e r d l u o c s p u o r g e s e h T . y t b i t n e e h d t i r o , k r o w e m a r f s t h g i r n a m u h l a n o i t a . n y r t e i t t n n e i d i e h t e v i t r c e e l l o und c r i e h t r o f n o i t c e t o r a p s i n f o o l o c e e r d u s a g e n m i r a u d , r e t r a h C N U State to provide 5 4 9 1 e h t r e d n u t n a t e r c o i p t m c i a r p o w t e t n a i t S n o i g t n a i n l i a v e : r n p i m r e e t e Th d f t l e s s e o l p o e p f o t
h g i r e h t d e t c i r t s e r y l e r e v e s , n tio respects:
the 1945 U NGA)
iti
de
e v i s s e c c u s , r e v Charter.’ Howe
e nc si e c i t c a r p e t a t S d n a s uuion
f o d n e e h t t a e c a l p n i s n o i t a l e r l a i n o l o c e h t e h t o t o t d e d e d t e i e m c li c is u s n o i t e a t n i a m t r e S t e d w e n (1) self e h t , e c n e d n e . p s e t d s n e r i e t n n i o p U the Second World War. 6 s P
r e w o p l a i n o l o c o f r e y m b r p u n w a r boundaries d Its : w a L l a n o nati r e t n I in n o i t na i m r m, e u t n e n D a f H l e S . H o t ; f f t 15 h g i t R a e 7 h p T P » , , ) d 1 r 0 o 0 f 2 w a : , r a C i , h d p r J. l o e f d x a O 3 l ( 7 i 9 h P 9 ( s p 8 t o h e . P p p ts Rig , h ) g . d i ’ e , s R ( e ) l 9 g 7 n o 9 t 1 s l A m u , c P. d i r l n f o i n (Oxf ment and Future, e dauon of Co
ommo e c c A G N e h T d n a on: pts n e a c n n i o m C r e t e d D l O f l — e S d . n 5 a 6 7 n 3 o 1 i . t p y a t n n i g m i r e e r t e e v D 6, th 6 9 1 Autonomy, So and A. Cassese, Political Selfr e n a b m e f c f e o D h t j i 6 S 1 ( f s f t , 3 s h 3 t g h . i g p i R p i R , l ) 0 a t n 199 e l d m a n c a a i d t i n l u o P 5 F 8 / 6 w 3 a d L n a M N L U I l i 6 v , i ) C . d e ( ) on 7 6 e 9 s 1 e ( s s a C Covenant S T N U International 4 in A. the 3 9 9 and of , 6 97 1PGB 999 UNTS 171, See Common ‘Art.1 Develop
United Nations, Sa n se at encise i o; 26 June 1945, in force e m d n e m a 5 nts by G l es Genenaraei y Resolutions in UNTS 557, 0Of the Internati ony vllG a RS ie Opinion upon the Legal
GAO
R
1995 Ord , Sup P. (No.
oc
)» P.307; 2 2193 05 oe 28)
82 ), UN Doo 0c. A/goo
C. Eagleton, an d 5; No. 3, » fi Mies » Annex, 15 December 1960, 15 D and I. B wnlie,oeBasiccaeDocuments in International Law 220 OACKXI); 625(X‘aXsiV Se € J. Crawfor2d, The ye Aatieks 24 October 1970, 25
Self th (4UN
UN
aw L l a n o i t a n r e t n I in s e t a t S ton of
aoe 3 Res.2200AQ#) force in UNGA Rights, 1976, March Cultural 23 and Reports in foree Social ICF Sahara Economic; on 315 and Western
asec 9/2) and People’ lO ‘Indigenous this pp-16, 1971, fulfils “People’, Cop Reports International Covenant ie ICF ‘Peop of Opinion, et 360; Namibia The Concepts 3and Otherness: : ara Difference Art.27; Identity, 2EGE Tw. Makkonen, pp-8 2000), (Helsinki, Law in International ‘Minority’ 6 Creation, pp.94 and 359-60; See Crawford,
tu Re O & l a s r m u t u l e u s C u M of rn w, La l na io at rn te In
bject: n)
: i Oh n a f o n o i s i v i d e h t = i c i n h t e o w t of n » the inclusio Wenrevrand re ee a o M F ° d n e p e d n i y l w e n of s r a e f e h t to h t M e s c n e r e f e § (2) in d r e l t t e s d n a t n e e n e a s a w n o i t a n i m r e t e d f r l e e S s 6 s e t a t movements, e t a n S e e w t c n i t s i d is d n a e t a r a geographically sep i n o S “ , o t i r r e l fe t l u C r o / d n a y l l a c i n 5 ; e t n i e h t d n a h ic ® ’, it V g n i t a m r o t r s f i n i y m l d l a a r y U tr ; g n i r p w a l l a n o i t a n y r Co e th r a t S e of w s e l y p t i i c r and territorial integ reaffirmed.” re . £ SOVern, e r o s l a n o i t a n i m r e a might to self-det e l p o e B s u o n e g i d n i to e e e n e R a s e h W , s e t i S r; no Mi e d n n a o ‘ e d i P O sua e s i c r e x e a r a f d a h t n e m p o l e v e d l a r u t l u c r e to e a t h g i T e a e e u a ig caching conseq u s e r it if n e v e e s a c e th This was e a e , or s e t a t S a number of
ee Sa
t o r p d n a n o i t u t i n e r Sroups to seek rest l a r u t l u c r i e h ect t a
0 5 9 . 1 4 6 2 r 6 e b m e , British and Forei c 4 e / D 7 1 , 1 3 ) 2 . 9 8 E 9 N , 1 O e C m I o , A R n . o c , o a ond D i L v ( a N l U t s n A o g u e Y o d 3 n a -25 4 y 2 l . a s t a I r a p ” n r e e , v e 1 o . w M d t d 3: e /A m 2 u 2 l o 30 be V , e g a t i r e H l a r u 5 t l 4 u C . e restitution, h N t C r d u n e / l a et a See UN Doc.A and P. J. O’Keefe, Law s i t t o r e P t i c , i V l l . i L e e c i S f a r t e L , a u o a r F . R d n a ‘ ; 3 3 5 1 § , 2 3 pp.831OLU oslav S
g u Y 1 age t i 0 r 0 e 2 h , x l e a n r n u A t , ul ) c 3 3 e . t h r A t . O Cf t . 6 3 8 e 2 anc t r o p m o i w t UN Doc.A/36/10, 3 t a e r g s “ e i r of r y a t r m e p pro n o to i s s e j i l p p a n v o o i s r i p v o r p s s thi e t whether the o n e n a m f r g a a n t S i r . u 9 8 d d 8 e 8 t 3 t j ’ t n e m m e e m r g o A ‘ c , n s h a t t c S a . or f State, cf , , y 6 t i 2 l i 2 b i / s n 4 o p . s e N r © e t a t / S A nd . a s n c o i s o s e D c c u s e N t a t U S w, : la n o i t i t r a p n a di n w. I la n a i g r a t n i n i a m u w h o l na io at ll fo m4 intern y ar e br h li t ce n i fi Of d a e di In v l e o th v of n ! on si vi di s m e th e l b e, pl o am r P For ex r , g i n e i h d T r f a o g e y R r t y n d u u o . t C 49 S 714 e e , h 7 h 6 t 2 t / 4 . N O t n o l s a e an 92; and A/C r i e r n t e n G u o C r cto n e i r a j t D r e e th C of t f r o o p e R y r o t i See UNESCO, r r e T e th in es iv ch Ar om fr 25. . a r a p ; , 2 0 1 Transfer of Documents / Doc. 20C
i p.170.
ESCO N U , 78 19 t s u g u A 25 Origin,
International Law, Museums & R eturn of Cultural
n o i t u t i t s e r t u witho
Objects
ae eS kemanivelys the question of ownershij ai be Tepla os cae and obligations. Under the ano b on on t Y recg hae Yug o of = Rep ubl ic : Fed era l iali Soci st ali For mer e S Ucces ' ae
y t5,oy
4
8 (Yu g sos lav ia t , Successor States are required © take ‘nec . Igy. t Suc eg sla y e Sp ‘ s l y d n io r SS o a o e i g n t c u r ; t dama g s s g t a e e s m e r y U r a s “ d n a y t r e p o r s P e v i + h + c r a i & e t n a a t S e y, v o re t a h n s e t : J a t S r sets s a more ooff thi the successo i t r A ( 8 ; h w n i Interest? [ 8 ) 2 e l c i t i V 3 8 Although the 19 Vienn Conventio: n did a e c n e d n e p e d following in >
205
i l e i h c t a f e o t t a t i s n = o i t c l e a l i l c o u c r c l as a i r e p d m e i w e i v m o r s f a w s t c e e g j a b t o i r e h l a r u l t a l r u u c t l u f c o n o i t r e s s a l a r u t The re“stiittiuotnionof the national l u c a e m a c e b s t c e j b o ral feat Bnomy:
u t l u c , y l g n i d r o c c A
n o o s O E I N e t g u i a e I a r a t l u c i l a n o i t a i i 5 a p e l , e v e d r o s t e t a t S r e s e i at H it ss ’ ce d n ne i k n a m ge of ta n ri o he m m o c ‘ e th of rt e pa r e w mined bY s t c e j b o e s e h t that
d n a a i s A in s e t a t t n S e d n e p e d n i y l w e n r o F . n i g i r o f y o r t n u the co y n b o i t a t i o J al ur lt cu d an es iv ch ar of ing its EXP ry ve co re e th ed ud cl in on ti sa ni lo co de of s es the proc «aq. al ur lt cu r ei th of on si es pr ex an as d an t en pm lo ve de r ei th objects 48 4nstruments of veral non-binding pronounce-
argued
se de ma , O C S E N U g in ud cl in peritag e’.12 UN organs, te tu ti ns co re to s rt fo ef r ei th in s on ti na ng gi er em st si as ld ou sh es at St all at th s d ment rl Wo t rs Fi e th r te af s se ap ll co the first wave of empire
their heritage. 2 Nis unlike
on up s ct je ob al ur lt cu of n io ut it st re e th r fo on si i v o r p d e s War, there was no treaty-ba
d e s u s g e r l a e h t r e v e n s a , w s t i t c e j l b a o r u t l n u c o f i o s u l c c x i e f i s c e ’ p t s O C S E N U d Despite Bedjaou n a s n o i t a N d e t i n U e h t y b e d a m s t r o f f e e h t d e t n l e a m r u e t l l p u c p u d s n a ‘ l a c k i r r o o t w s i s h i r h i e that nd recover th
. n o i t a s i n o l o dec
a e v r e s n o c o t s e l p o e p f o s t h g i r e h t to preserve ly recognised
t i c i l p m i s a w n o i t i s o p s i h * T “ . ’ e g a t heri
t a h t s e t a t s h c i h w ) 7 ( in Article 28
e g n i r f n i t o n l l a h s ‘ s e t a t t S n e d n e p e d n i y l w e n d n r a o s s e c e d e r r i e p h n t e t e u w o b t n a e o s b i t t n a m r o f n i agreeme o , t t n e m p o l e v e d o t s e t a t S e s o h t f o n s e e l v p n o o e C p a e n h n t e f i V 3 8 9 1 e the right o h t , s s e l e h t e n o N > * . ’ e g a t i r e h l a r s u t t c l e u j c b o r l i a e r h u t t l o u t c f o n o i t u t i t s e history, and r r o f s m i a l c e h t g n i v l o s e r y n i r o l t a c i c a e f p s s i e t h a t s t a n h u t y d e ’ u g r a s i t i r tion is wholl e t p a h c is
h t n i r e t a l d n A . n o i t a s c i u n s o l d o e c t e i d m i l o t h t r i o w i r p t e m s a h s m remo ved i a l c h c u s s s e r d d a o t d e h s i l b a t s s a e w e s e e t t a t t S i m t m n e o d C n e p e d n i y l w UNESCO e n y b n g i a p m a c e h t f © y c a g e l g n g i n n i r t u s t a e l r e f h o t t c ; a r e l v a c i s y h p e h cess. Howe t d n o y e b n o i t u t i t s e r f o g n i d n a t s r e d n u n a f o n the adoptio e r i u q c a o t e v o r t s s e t a t S an object. t n e d n e p inde
y l w e n e s e h t , m e d h e t t p o o e c r o f e d b n a s e t a d t o o h e t a t s r i e Like other S h t g n i t t i f e b e v i t a r r a n l a n o ti a n . a s m u e d s e u t a m l u c n i i t h r a t i their cultures w collections that
ee
se
tion on
Aesnati» on| alMayEc 1974;
th,
onsOls
Conomic Order, , UNGA Rees s..33 201 : 8; and M. Bedjaoui, Towards a New
g n i y a l p s i d d n a g n i s u o h t , n g a n c i i f v i r n e g s i e s r p d f n o u o f s e y e h t , e g a t i r e Western mod h l a r u t l u c l a n o i t a n r i e h r t e h t e r t u u F t i t . s s e n s o s c o l ) e r l ( a r u o t t l u c g n i g k n e i e o s g n o By d n a s u o i v e r p y b d e n d o l i i u s b a c o c t o y t s i n l o i b i a t c e r i e h t n i d e t c i r t s n gaps in their coll o c e r e w s e t a t S e s e t h n t e v e t r n p a e o t m s s e e r c u r d u e o c s o e r r p d e s t m i o m t i s l u c , e e v i t mor c e f f e t n e m e l p m i n r a o t i f f l a o t s p o r e t t i e s m i u q e r r e m n r i a o r f t r , i s e e i h t t i l i t a fac h t d e u g r a y e h T . e ° c 4 n . a l a t ! r s e i t s a s m l a a r u l t a l u c c i n f o h t c r e o t p x e t d i c n i l a l l a the i i c n a n i f h c u s e , d n i o w i o r t p a n o p o t u i t c a c g o i l l b a g o i n n i o l o o g c n o y n b a d d a e h power nt nurtur
e m p o l e v e d r e n e d p n e u d n t i a f h o t t d n e a n r i g a e t h n t i h a t m i w s e e g t n a h c F o e s a These Sta e c y l p m i s t o n d i d , s e s s e h o t : l l l a a c r i t u n t e l d u i c e r o e t w , t n e s e r p d which led n a t s a p these losses, both
f s o e c n e u q e s n o c e dence. Th
48;
14 December 1973.
t of Cultural Value CO, ose
¢ UNES
M
3
Ctive “
me by the eee wards Chan ge: Soa
ff.
memory”.
24 August ughts on the New
an
251; 41 See UN Doc.A/CN.4/ ILM 14 975) eee De moe: paras.40ff. , e c e D 12 , ) X I X X Se ( 1 8 2 3 . s e 2 2 3 / 4 . N C / A . He UNGA R c o D N U 48 .3 i ra pa this , that 2 jopi . d d A / opined 2 2 3 / 4 States). Bedjaoul UN Doc.A/CN. q . 0 g 7 2 . a r a p 33 . d : d A / 5 4 /3 14. 4 . N 44 para. C I A e a i o e Do e c.A/C.6/34/SR.44, UN e i a c g n i r e v o c f ( n o i t n e 45 S ee Art.31(4), 1983 Vi:enna Conv ation:
ern t n i of e l u r y r o t p m e per a d e t a l u c i t r a n o i s Ke provi ras.49-53. 2;
2 3 / 4 . N C / A . c o D N U See
a)
and Art.16
, s e t a t S f o s e Duti d n a s t h g i R mic o n o Oise 484. AJIL 1), Charter 69 and (1975)
pa
by © al ur lt Cu of rn tu Re & s m u International Lait, Muse jects pecolon
items found their way to the museums and private coy] Ollecti ) Ns
fforme
capitals.
5 s ct je ob al ur lt cu of rn tu re e th of This extension e yond the phys; Th on si es cc su realm of State
r
takes it beyond the e t a n o t i ng ui in nt co a : ys wa o tw of e on in be read gati 10n by2 the Boa TN as ongoing injy
Mettopy
ity
power; or an obligation to address Caused by i T J y j st re e th d an acts. This latter characterisation,
heritage with the formulation of a tut on of aecultural property. Upon simila : rly alar : med at the escalating g 7 the international
conventio
t e in : on ti en d nv te co ca t lo af dr ) s IM ct je (O ob ce fi Of n m ee u e tw s u be M l na io n at io rn ct te in In st di r wa r-troactivity, the tere in e th d se that infu unno «cluded . . e tw ns be io ns te en d e, an at St e th of l le ro ra nt ce e l s, th ca te gi si lo haeo
oes
e
:the ‘nationa 1 cultural heritage
and the
Non-retroactivity
:
The 1970 UNESCO
n toc
en
:
:
ala.
eru. Like the limitations place the resultant 1970 UNESCO
ee moa and Transfer of Ownership of Onvention*? revisited several themes 70 there Ww: as an OX
Asi
s
Ponential Jal rise rise ; in
Sta Pa, Cific
é
i
fs eaten legislation for the protection of national Sou a and the Middle East; B. Burnham, 7he
A Handboo} YY: on th € Means of Pr, OF on National Le ohi biting and Pr eye
19 November tage
. ) 4 7 9 1 , s i r a P ( s n o slati the Ilicit Export, gein
Import and Transfer
s n o i t a d n s e n m o m i o o t c n and Re 4, in Conve
(Paris,
’ d n i k n a m l al of ge ta ri he n o m ‘com
s t c e j l b a o r u t l u c n e o th i t of u t i t s e r e h t r Convention allows fo
e ur as me a is It .”° elf its on ti en nv Co CO ES UN 70 19 e th of s re oi at ar ép pr and travaux of y it il ab er ln vu d ve ei rc pe e th d an olitan powers
of the anxiety of former metrop nno ng mi ir nf co n io is ov pr a of n io us cl in e th on ed st si in ey th at th s um se mu their s wa n io is ov pr it ic pl ex no st il Wh ? .” on ti en nv Co O C S E N U 70 19 e th retroactivity in ns io at ti go ne l ra te la bi r te en to es at St es ag ur co en 15 e cl ti Ar , ty ea tr included in the x au av tr e Th n. io at er op its to r io pr d ve mo re s ct je ob al ur lt cu to resolve claims for for ‘scientific
the same to the latter.>’
m= co by d e r e f f u s es ss lo al ur lt cu e th of t n e m e g d e l w o n k c a d e i f i l a u q y l h g i h is th Eyen t af dr a , r e v e w o H . d e t c e
j e r s a w n o i t n e v n o c e th of n o i t a r e p o e th to r io pr d e t munities s e v p i h s r e n w o of n o i t i n g o c e r t e k n a l b e d i v o r p to s e i t r a P e at St g n i g i l b o provision
e Se 9. 28 M L I 10 1) 97 (1 d 231, an
nt of Art Treasures (1971) 12 HILJ
50
(1971)
erty p o r P l ra u: lt Cu to ts gh Ri n Sovereig
4 PYIL
239; S. Williams, The
; 1 9 8 7 1 . p p , ) 8 7 9 1 y, Ferr s b b o D ( y t r e p o r P l a r u Cult e bl va Mo of biens on s ti de ec ot Pr e l a al n o on i t ti a Na n r d e t an n i l na n io at io Intern stitut re a L , i c c u d r a C Gs ; 1401 fi y §§ r , a ff t 26 n e .7 m pp m o , C nt me , ve e Mo f e e e, K ef ’ O Ke P. J. d n a Prott and O’ ; ] 1 3 p , ) 7 9 9 1 , (Paris es rt po ex nt me te ci li il ou s le vo t ar d’ culturels et des objets . ) 0 0 0 2 , er st ce ei (L c fi af Tr t on Illici on ti en nv Co 70 O 19 C S E O N C U S E 95 N 67 U M L I on the 8 9) 96 (1 13 33 S T N U 55 11 , 80 to 19 y s ar rt nu pe Ja Ex 27 e rc fo al nt in me , rn 69 ve 19 Go y of e te it mm Vienna, 23 Ma Co l ia ec Sp e th of port Re d port an Ex 85 , rt po 1, Im .5 ra t pa ci li Il e x, th ne An ng enti ev Pr d an Doc.78EX/9, g in it ib oh Pr of means e th on on ti 2; en x nv ne Co An t , af 70 Dr 19 e ly th Ju 13 e in , am ex O Doe.16C/17
537; H. Nieciowna,
From 1940 to 19
;
s on ti ec ll co e th of y it gr te in e th in ta in ma to ed ne e th at th indicated ” . s n o i t a i t o g e n ch su y an in n o i t a r e d i s n o c t n a t r o p m i purposes’ is an t n e m n r e v o g e s e n i h C e th ), 15 e cl ti Ar as d e t p o d a ( 11 e cl ti In response to draft Ar : t n e m d n e m a g n i w o l l o f e h suggested t in is e, rc fo to in s e m o c n o i t n e v n o C e th n e h w , h c i h w y rt Pa [A] State d an , ed ir qu ac y tl ci li il , ty er op pr al ur lt cu t n a t r o p m i an of possession r he ot an of on ti sa li vi ci d an y or st hi e th , om fr e l b a r a p e s n i inalienable to, and e ut it st re to r u o v a e d n e , ll wi od go l a n o i t a n r e t n i of st re te State, shall, in the in
Convention
Pp.
-
er aft , in ig or of y tr un co e th of ws la e th of n contraventio in d re er sf an tr r do exporte y ar om st cu om fr d me su as be n ca n io at ic pl ap ctive oa tr re nno Its e. rc fo it came into es ti ea Tr of w La e th on on ti en nv Co na en Vi 69 19 the of 28 e cl ti Ar , w a l l internationa
inde: 4 flow ee art market.4 The i: ntere natie onal legj posed during the 1930s was final] y realised duri n, of empires: the 1970 UNESCO C onvention. Restitution and the 1970 UNES ieee decolonisation, CO n ewl oundaries, but also pol icies a
207
n o i t u t i t s e r t u o ation with
C S E N U ; ty er op Pr al ur lt Cu and Transfer of Ownership of
1038. M L I 9 0) 97 (1 d an ; 29 d an 18 s. para ecia Sp r fo rt po Re l na Fi 51 Ror example, UNESCO, nex 1, 22-23
An , 1 . d d A / 3 2 1 / A U C . c o D O C S E 1964, UN e th ng ti en ev Pr d an g in it ib oh Pr O, Means of
and UNESC
i
); on ti da en mm co Re 64 19 e th ng di ar eg (r (UK) Own
, on ti en nv Co t af Dr to s ie pl Re ership of Cultural Property:
(USA).
ental Experts, 21 March
t ci li Il e th ng ti en ev Pr d an g in it ib oh Pr of s an Me , O C S E 52 See UN s £1969, gu Au 8 , rt po y Re ar in im el Pr : ty er op Pr al ship of Cultur
13 and 80; and UNESCO
Doc.SHC/MD/5.
4. 1, x ne An , 5 / D M / C H S . c 53 UNESCO Do
, Export and Transfer of
Tilic
r e n w O f o r e f s n a r T Import, Export and 2— 1 . s a r a p , 3 / D M / C UNESCO Doc.SH
™ UNESCO Doc.S
0. 1 2; x e n n A , 5 / D HC/M
be n o i t u t i t s e r t ion withou
s ct je Ob al ur lt Cu of rn tu Re & s International Law, Museum
be to t por pur y the n whe n eve m, for in al leg ly ent par ‘ap — ers nsf sra eed
ae ed ir qu ac s ct je ob al ur lt cu of s, al on ti na its in a State, or
Convention’s operation was also deleted.
h suc m fro ing eer fit pro als ion nat r thei and tes Sta olun ie effected’s and neutral
A State Pa ag
Bs m
at th n io at sl gi le ng ti en em pl im retroactivity by passing
juntar
it ib oh i e at St r he ot S an the j om fr y ll ga le il ed rt po ex s ct je ob al cultur ny ti ME, NOt jyPogertar,.wn 1970 Convention came into operation.°° Museums and archaeological sites Market States successfully resuscitated the different; objects located in museums and archaeological site = we
me
ern modes - possessing cultural herita ge and the unfe —- objects. The division was manife sted clea 1 is ai19e70 UNESCO Conv m5 ention. Inserted at the beh estae Hon of these provisions was further narrowe ~~
i
ological objects and si tes.58 D; espite its limitation s >
¢ of cultural objects (Article 7(a)).>°
obmiusenims
D paps
able to Negotiate the ;
:
claims
for th
e restitution of
4
ertinen
fo the question of what constitutes
jects by an ais
was n io at ar cl de the As °° e. at St g in py x, these Provisions of notion broad the encompass: arguably
ex _?1,
6 o
14+43
é Hunga UNE 3 ESCO
Doc oc.SHC/MD
ae * See 1956 ee entary, pp i nda r; s
ogical Heritg oon
3SCO
‘
nat
€comme
.
ation; 4
Se
1 ras ¢ UNESCO
>
«25 Mexico, UNESCO Doe.SHC/MD'5 .
D oc.16C/17,
12. re be ga as n tio ven Con an ope Eur and 9 196 May 5 Teplaced by py wondon, Archaeothe of n tio tec Pro the on N, >In force 20 vent; Pean Con ar Janu TS 16 y UN 788 , 1970 r ovembe 228; ETS No.66 ntion on the Pr Otecti; on of the , 1992, ETS N ? o Archaeol ge,
ly Nafziger, Ari
0.143),
of the UN "d Internat8ionaangl 9(gaaitn, |)Hacken sack vee raft Arts.
Conye
ding
t in n o i t c a h c u s y an
e e r g e d a y o j n e s i g e e l e d e s i s S a p e o v a e h ‘c s e t a t S l a r e v e s 9, and 8 s r e t p a h C in n e g ned i i d a n i l p x e s y l r a l u i c i t r a p , s e i oral t i n u m m o c n i a t r e c f o s ct e j b o l a r u t l u c : ; e a r é a ion to Jate the State-
‘neighbouring States; and ins finalisation of other
excludes
m o r f y l t c e r i d n i or y l t c e r i d g n i s col, i r a n o i s l u p m o c r e d n u y t r e p o r p l a r u s ’ q a r T ’ t. pip of cult ci li il as d e d r a g e r e b l l a h s r e w o p n g i e r o f a y b y r t n u o c a f o e h t of n o he i s u l c n i e h t h t i w n o i s i v o r p e h t f o n o i t a c i l p p a e v i t c e p s o r t e r . d ny Se e t a e f e d s a w , ’ he past
O t P to s e r u s a e m e t a i r p o r p p a l al e k a t ‘ l l i w s e i t r a P e t a t S t a h t r fo e s e e i l r a o t i o r r e t e h t n Be i h t i w < y t r e p o r p l a r u t l u c f o r e f s n a r t t ci li il h e c h u t s d r e e n i e f e d a x u a v a r t Aa e h T . ’ e l b i s n o p s e r e r a y e h t h c i h w r o f a s n n o i i h t t a i l w e r s | e t a t S e a c d e t a r e d e f of Bo e , s e i r o t i r r e t n a t i l o p o r t e m a r t s e OF ex l p o e p s, je s u e o n a e g i c d a n i to d n e t x e Be pe t o n s e o d n o i s i v o r p e h t , y l b a u g r A r o p 3 m I . a y t i r a . P ie e t a t S e a h t n i h t i w y m o n o t u of a
: nei e e of
of London and colomalism € 1970 UNE SCO Convention cultura] objects re
1, which are more d
effort ” a
io
to regulate the illicit trade.°’ This move reflected _ ecee on
1943 ae
d n a n o i t n e v n o C e u g a H 4 5 9 1 e h t n i d e n i a t n o c s n o i t a g i l b o firms f a e y ‘ 1 1 of e J er sf an tr d an t r o p x e e h icle T “ : es at st It ! ° . e p o c s in d e etail
aeological Heritage (Revised), Valetta, . DuBoff (ed.), Art Law; Domestic
,
of e s u a c e b d e s i m o r p m o c is 2 1 d n a e e e e e e e of e s e l p o e e p o f ous e h t n i h t i w s e l p o e P . n o i t n e v n o C O O n UNESC If 0 7 9 1 ” . l l a h e b r i e h t n o n e ee o i t n e v n o C e h t e c r fo n e e to e l a i r it e p m i of n h t o g p n u e r t g s n d i nn u e n i t n o c e h s e t t n n e e s e e r B p e r ee a te a Sta. g n i r e g n i l e h t s t c e refl e t a t S e h t of g n i g e l i v i r p y l w e n s ’ f n o o i t n s e e y i n o c C n e d n e t O C y r S o E t N a U l i i m i s s a e h t d n a Bee 190 w a l l a n o i i t a n r e t n i n i . g g n m n i s i n i n i v i g i g t a i m s i o p l a f n o o i t a n 4 e u influence s r u p y e h t s a s e t a t S r e l t t e s d n a t n independe eee n e v n o C O C S E N U c i 0 r 7 t 9 n 1 e c e e h t f Stat o l m u c r o l’ f na io at l ‘n a n i f e h 3 ‘ t f o 2 t c i t e a m p s ‘ a s it g n i k i a r : st e a g n i u l g . os n o i t n e v n o C e u g a H c i c 4 c 5 i 9 c 1 e A h t E B m o r e f a n e c a e m sets it apart r e p s e m i g e r t n e m e c r o f n e e i d n n a e e s n w o i t u t e e e e e ture, laws, insti 4 5 9 1 e h t y b d e h c n t a e m e t e o n o c e e r g e e d e a e o t o t e n e m u r t d e s n n i i a r t s n o c h c i h w s e c n c e u e l f p n i e m a s e h t e y b n O e v 9 i 1 r d e h t was r e d n U . n o i t a s i . n o l o c e d o g n i o r u d n o i e t a n i o m r e t e y d h s t o r self p e b o t e r a s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c h c i h w s e n i f 0 e « d e d n t a a t S l o r t the n o c r o f r e g g i r t e h h T t a ° ° . n o i t c e t o r y: r o t i r r e t 5 sures for their p : State
4 m o r f s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c e h t f o l a v o m the re
for l o c o t p o o r r P P | e h t f : o 1 . t r A a d r n u t a l u C ; 0 of n t o i s t c u e t g o r u P A 7 e e c th r o r f fo n i 4, tion n e v n o e C o a e S th * T 4 of N 5 9 U 1 19 9 y 4 a 2 M 4 d 6, 1 n , a t 4 c . i s t r A 61 : force 7 August 1956,
ee
1956, 249 UNTS
358.
t c i l f n o d C e m r A f t o n e in the Ev . 7 6 . a r a p ; 3 ! D M / C H ih S . c o te cu D O C S E N U th 3 6 i w ‘ e d | 10. u e l r c i S n ooine t ) G : c ( 4 . t n r o A neng of
e n p a ; 5 ! D M / C ®2 UNESCO DocC.omSmHentary pp.83-84.
ti f s a r a e t a r e : e i a ed is gn e, co ef re Ke Cf. O' aracen was implicitly 6 This ie
o th au t n e t e p m o c al on ti na e th of t en ns co the . 0 1 1, s e n n A 5 ; 5 / Doc.SHC/MD
O4, 1970 UNESCO Content C S E N U : ’ y t r e p o r p ROSE Se li ctandl 67
a
4, in carl Peer
a9)
>
See Arts.3, 5(a), and 6, 1970 UN
ESCO
onve’
y a concession l p argua
as r par /; /MD SHC . Doc an F UNESCO 2 is
>
10-13.
n o i t u t i t s e r t ithou
j. Ob al ur lt Cu of rn tu Re & s m u e International Law, Mus jects i ee s i h T aie ca
ry
:
r u t l l u a c n o i t a n s it d n a e t Sta
n e . s t c e j b o l a n Sues eeancuecatonsandlen Ee ore
i n g i S q i s t ‘ c e l f ficant q , l n u o i h s o ypy eriwohdi,ch theC debat Ity
propriations)
of the noti
t tec pro to y dut ve iti pos a es ass omp enc m, for aty e r t o t n i t h g 4 1 ed this ri . ruction
e Scillateq b
ave
t s e d e t a r e b i l e d e from theft and
d e t a l a c s e s e t a t S r e l t t e s n i s t n e m e v o m s t h g i r l i v i c s u o n e g i d n i , s 970 s e t a t S n i h t i w s t s e r e t n i d n a s n r e c n o c l a n o i t a n m r o f i n u f o e d a g a f e h e a to t c s a e s r e v o n a of t n e m e c a l p e r e h t s a w n o i t a s i n o l o d
shi
CUSto, dy
lh
n e e W t e of the
m r e m r o f f o s m u e s u m e ctiv
A Pro
y under International so
nating i m i l e y b e c | n e d n e p e d n i e n i u d n n e a g 4 g s n e i c h r s u i o l s b e a r t ] s e f o n o i a t n s o e i u t q a n a r i o e s h l t a s r i e v o It l o r t n o c g n i m u s s a d l n A a s e i l o p n o n o o s e l p o e p e foreign m h T ‘ . s e l p o e p i n a r i e h e t v i f o v e r t i f o e t n e b , e y h t t i l r a o n f o s r m e e p h t n w o r i e h t exploiting d r a u g e f a s o t h s i w s e i r t n u o c non-aligned
i
Ca
” . e g a t i r e h l a r u t l enrich their cu
:
s: a r a p ; 3 2 / 2 99 1 / B 8 ) S 1 para74 See UN Docs.E/1991/23,
, 2 2 / 5 9 9 1 / F and 5 6 8 1 . a r a p , 2 2 / 3 9 9 1 / 312; £
s o , $1514. e a : 813, Movement pla Colombo; 5 AIST” O’Keefe, and ; Countries, Prott Countries, See | £N n-Aligned Non-aligned of cae se Resolut Conte Con the Fourt
a para.136.
o
A919 Doc. UNGA Algiers, 1973 , 1976; UN GA
of ifth F e th ion of n o i t u l o s e R 2. See 8. .1 ra pa ; .1 rr Co d an . VI x Doc.A/31/1976, An2;neand UN Doc.A/9339 UN Doc.A/9199,
n o i t u t i t s e r ithout
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultural Obj,jects N U t af c n dr e a r e es f n o c e es th to se on sp re In
by Zaire, read in part:
e te it mm Co l ta en nm er ov rg te In O C S of the UNE
Sencral Assemb]
y Res
lution
the prompt restitution to a develop;
i, snes
of; Y Untr c’ cm ; b es piec eum mus and ents Mor : > fy Countr Ping elo gev ae int charges calculated to strengthen co- Operatio, Ys Witwi hoy, 9On in
ns do gs ra on pat tre s nu co _ Se
se special obligations in this co
empha i
«R ; entitled ,
’ n o i t a i r p o r p x E 79
“ s t i t u t i o n it) f d a m
aeline equivalent Res © Specific ref
olution 3.409
3 Declaration
General of
i rt in po re a e ar ep pr to ey e pe e n tat facili e resolutio ofth ese restitution c
5
:
m o C e h t to d e d u l l a d a h > 8 Indeed, the ILC
gevelopi2
;
ess to such objects only as a te ‘i ult
Th e resultant UNGA Resolution 3187(XXVIII Works of i [which are] Victims o fa 1 Gos Art to C ountries
re si de a by en iv dr s wa t en hm is bl ta es s ’ e e t t i m m o C | ta en nm er 1 ov g rg r fo of work in pSCO Inte y’ rt pe ro ‘p al ur lt cu e th of t ec resp in s es oc pr decolonisation ’ ty ui eq d an e ic st ju , se en ns mo om “c at th d te es gg a . Zaire su omplete r e v o c e r to ’ l a m r o n e t i u q : s a w t ‘i d e r e d i s n o c d a y colonis h t a h t e h t to e r o t s e r o ‘t , e m i g e r i z a N e h t y b d e t a c s i f t had been con -
*invi
:
Dj
Iectop.
ie
t, UNE quested Mi to prepare a study on the condition d means foe e r . t h e restituti ionee ew or vi a turn of cultural property with tO reconstitut; i d 83 . s e g a t ng i ti r e tu h ui ms d e s r e aan p s i d Followi OT ing the completion of th ICO M Study, the ee
ommittee of Experts at at DakDakar in
n o C a n n e i V 3 8 9 1 e h t of peration ae r o y w ll ia it in e g a t i r e g h n l i a r d u t u l u l c £ exc 0 s n o i t u l o s e r n o i t u t i t s ESCO e r e h t h g u o r h t e g a t i r e h l a r u t l u c l a n o i t a n f o u m l a i r stitution : e p m i coe r housed in forme
d n a n o i t a s i n o l o c removed during
f o c i f f a r t t i c i l l i e h t j g n i b r u c o t d e t f i h s d a h s i s a h p s m l e a o g , e t d n a e c m e d p o l e e v e d l a r u t l u c the close of th r e d a o r b e h t f o t n e m n s i t a h t g i t l a h g i d h n t a I . y l e e t t i m m o s general C e h t f o k r o w e h t n i d e r r u c l c u o c f t o f l i h a s v o m r e a y r l r i a m t i n s u l A o v 6 n 8 i e h . t e t a t i l i c a f h c o i t h n by new States i W d n a s e t i e t k i r l ua ma
q t e r n a i l a n d o n i t a a n r s e e t s n s i e c e o h t r p o t e n h o t s e i t that i n u m m o c d e i p u c c o m o r f s t c e j b . o n o , i s e t t a rural a t s S i n g n o i l d l o o c h e n d i s r r e e t l f a e a d e t r u a n d i n t a n s o l a c i c i f s f m © m u s e n o s i t u c museu e m l l n o i c a f t o r e n c o i t f a o i r c t i a r p e o r t e e h l r a s e e l h o t h w e e t t a i c o v d g a n i Desp t t o s n e u d q e i r d s t s t o r m o f p o e R n o r i t a i k s o a p D e h t d n d a e t e c e c l f i e r n s i o t h t n e the Ve v , i d g e e s i d n y I t i r 7 o 8 . i s r P e r ® t ® . n s n e o n c i t a t c e i l l l o c o p e v o i r t a t t e n e m s e e r c p n a e c r from i f r i o n f g i d s e f o e n e r r a i e h d h t c e i t h w a r e e e t c i n a e t r r h o p c m i i h s w u o i g i l e States r r o l a c i r o t s i h , c i h p n a o r g e o k n a t h t y e l ‘ n o f ‘ o t a h t d n objects a e t a t S g n i m t s s i e u n q o e i r t a c e i h f t i l f o a u q ’ y t s i i t h n [ e d i 9 8 s i » e h t I t x e for t t . n ) o ) d c ( 3 1 l a n i e g l i c r i o t r A r ( i e h t ‘ n o n i i t n e r e a v n o y e C h t © n C S r E a N w r U ing’ whe e t n 0 i 7 9 1 e h t e h g t ’ n r i r e u d d n u s t f t a n r d e m e r M i I u O q e r r e t a e l h t n o than d e c a l p s n o i t a c i f i l a u q e h t f o t n . e s c e i s r d t n n a u o c remini s n n o a i c t i a r N e m A d e t o i l n g U n A e h f o t t n i s e h ‘ e s e b t a e t h S t t 9 a n d l a u o c e ‘ i p r o f pe r o u E s n n o o i n t p f e o c n o c s r e n r b e m t u s n e W g d n e i t s p a e e c r c a e h O t C © S The inc t E N e g U n e l 0 l 7 a 9 h 1 c e h t d e t y r b e c d n e o r c e v a o c o t s t d c e e l j b o y l l w a e r n u t l e u s c UNESCO e h f t o f o e g n s a n r r e c n r o e c d i w e h t e h d T e t c e l ’ f y e t r r e s p t e f h a t r d f o M tural pro I n o O i t i g n i n f i e d d e c e s r ’ p e t u o t t a t S d e r e a e p t m t o i c m m o n C o i t l a t n e Conven m n r e v o g r e t n I e h T . s e t a t e S u C t n e d n e D p S inde 1 or » CO! l a i n o l o C f o t l u s e R 4 s a y t r e p o r P h c u s ? t x s e o L n n A g n i v , a 6 H 8 / C s e 0 2 . c o D Countri O C S E N U 8, !
7 9 1 r e b m e t p e S Dakar, 29 Experts on the Establishment
> ® t e p a P t a i r a t e cr e S , r a k a D , y t r e op ’ r u t P a t S l a r t u f t a l r u D C , 1 f o x e n n A d n or Return a ; } t r o p e R r a k a D [ t e p 6 o r / P 9 0 6 . l F a N r u O t Cul 78/C f o n r u t e R + 0 n o i t u t i t s e R e h t g n i
mittee of
Promotin: g the R
Mlicie a, 2 UNESe5 mati
a sititutiF on of Works on of the Rest
onditions and 9 CONES »
General Cong, Onferoentc”e 292 0th
nme r e v o g r e t n I . n a of
Ss ession o t . t J, n ic an nt5 ergovernme Mea ns of Fac Altar; a
para.25-26, 5
of Art, Venice;
‘ re o t e c h e t r i o t D w e h e t i of v s l a a s h o t p i o t w l a tr r en ttee Gene wi d te us aung Bilate Tal Negot0At;giea:tions Omfomi r and i ek Se ys of Wa sk 8 Ta g in ek e th th wi the Restitution or Return “)
iP
to t h g i concern R e th d n a y l b m e s s A l a r e n e G s n o i t a N s. Statute]. d e nit U e h T . 1 : 4 y 2 r . o a t r s a i p H Final r UN DocN..A/TPhVo.m2a3s55Be Rolling Back a k a D d n a 5 4 para. 86 See D. rt, o 4 p 5 e R t a . 60 7 r 4 a k a L D I J Y 5 R 5 W . a C r a p 22 ) , 0 9 1 9 Annex a Cultural Property (1 ; y d u t S OM c I 6. 5 16 1 . ra 2 pa 7 , t r o , p ’ e d k R c n e a c i n e V l a See c i n h c e t e t a u q e , d n a o s or f homa T d he d t n f o y c in Report, paras. 1 2ff. a m i @ r ; p 18 he m t u e “ s u M 31 i ) 9 7 9 1 ( a Eyo, Nigeri
e n a l a b s a W e iv ct je ob s i h T . 4 1 . a r a p , t r o p e R s Dakar Final ct pe as l a c i s y h p e th of re ca e th r fo s e financial resourc , 2 1 . a r a p ; y d u t S M O
4, See E.
IC d n a ; 2 2 — 0 2 . s a r a p object’:
International Law, Museums & Return of Cultural Obje cts
n o i t u t i t s e r t u o with
9 7 9 1 e th of 1 e cl ti Ar of objects it covets is a précis 9% n o i t n e v n o C aj cl n io ut it st re to lf se it ed in the Committee has conf y a q te la Te n a d e e n e th of on ever, there was a growing appreciati i fo l al c f to e l b i g n a t , e l b a v o m m i to e a a eae ngible ae
x ee
e
ta
o M ( es ci li Po al ur lt Cu on e nc re onfe
onwards,
\y
net,
rig) collective
Eley
develoP
of he
e m n r e v o g r e t n I s u of e ut at ee St
re s e k a m e te it no y d u t S M O C I Peated te the country of origin’. The vw, e er th at th c d diff en te oft ere j ob e s u a c e b ’ in ig or of ry nt ou defining ‘c h ave a CO plicated qi Cc i. Ue in y ll ua us s ct je i portant to several communities fi eae may be mm and a
cated to
hi show 7 th a t the
heri Titage’.> 93
C Come mi
sgoal ] o fe resti 1
ation
111i 0N
1s 1
to
al nea ssem
has used the terms ‘State’.94 « Nation
©
YINg reasons 92 :
sup
ble] essential
iStory
M ad,
J
Parts of a dig
5
a nd Peoples Rat Interchan ae UNESCO Cameanion geably,% 1 ) vileges the State. ie Only nies S ates : or Associate Member that are S é of U NESCO can make -ommittee, “ By contrast, a claim Or si the United States ha the : Ton S consistent] yo siSiyve e lu XC e th ed os PP s ct je ob al ur lt cu : 10n of 98 Indigenous commy.
UNESCO D
92
1; and Final Re
CLT/MD/]: oc. from the Re Annex 7 2 ,R Port of ° Commis1si ssion IT. ,
Stud iite Gaede on in4 Afri ee
5
-
, 2 26 July_6 a August gust 19822, City ico Mex , (Mondiacult) Conf
-0 Doc.CLT-83/ ONTII ° C
s> anenex
1, e parae s.8-e 15, and
D. 0c.CLT-83/CONE.216/2 On » Paras.15—16; Report on Teas wee » 6-7. See also Art.4, 1970 2 and Prott and O’Keeft
Tica, UNESCO
UNE aa
Policies
commendations sires
~ See ICOM
1994,
:
193
i Nat ed it Un 9, 14 t. Ar 6; 41 $1 7, 73 P. ts es? Bumay,en10 Dece 5 Wandof (19the 82)Sea,21 Mont Ontego and Arts a aan sore 16 November
3 UNTS
3; ILM 1261; the of n SC MI c. Do tural H Cul er at rw de Un : /4 CH T/ CL 3/ 00 /2 : BIG
dtds wor the d tide or the 4g € part of the coy,
41 ILM 02)discri (20 4; m; ‘without
2
2
:
F
eritage, Paris,
2N
>
5
3
3)
and
nite
ations
(4), Conven-
2001, UNESCO r be em ey ic socioon on on ti na s mi und gro [C al ’: ion gin ori reg of or y ntr ous igi rel ove erg ee Int cultural, 16 a. par dy, Stu OM te it mm Co Tmental of O: € for PromotOtjing th ntnes
me: e
ici
96
SeG e UNESCO Dee
Conference x 1, para
97
rn
99
S
PEND), (Cy ZN
ee UN
D
u o C s it to y t r e p o r P l a r oF rsCt ulSteussion, Report by the General Fi
-79, /CONF.206/4, Annex, para.334 Promoti ei
RonERN@ Rea
35
€nera]
»
i
> Paras.11 and 14
B elgrade
°
Septemb
Mumittee Statute, § 9e€e UNES oe -
Dakar Final nalRRepeortort,2 2¥/para/S.3R-5,27, para -6; 6; and
ae keon, ppropriati
oF Cultural1980Pr,operUNtyES(0CO1
11 August
sand R O C S E N U of n io ss Se t s r i F y t n e w er-O. ecords of the T
ctober 1980, UNESCO Doc.CC-81/CONF.203/4;
c,ed CCvA -7 gi eae UNDoia O
35,
eo 52,
Annex, para.343.
Rockefeller (USA).
e th se ci er ex to s p u o r g e t a t S n o n of y it il ab e th ; s 2 e n rs i cha m e ficantly u,nesdetorih cultural d an ial , soc ic om on on ec d ti an na mi er et -d lf se peop
ht of all
ment.
UNES
" e th M , y TO o 5 n e g i d n I ] ‘ _ ra tu ul ‘c of on ti r no de extrapolated upon this broa wth a l u p , e’ ag it cr ntal Commi
i ve and detail: ed documSeOnTA, nssi ee the need for exteen
ittee : SigO
comm
Tateg a Uy
Ndiacult) 91
p u o r G g n i k r o W N U e th l ee O C S E N U
)
215
j between negotiations bilateral for preference marked da e t a r t s n o m e d CO itution of cultural
t s e e r h s r t m o f i e a v s l l n c o o s i e t r to or their institu e Th °° .! on ti en nv Co O C s S E r N U e b 70 19 m e th of n io at er op e state me th to 1 o i r p d e or rn v tu Re o r fo m ts es e qu Re r ng ncerni co e rm Fo h t rd da an St f o objects e s U e h t r o f rpa o w t s s e e s o p n p u s i e r p l e e t t i m m o C e th Guide by d e t p o d a d n a M O C I y b d e t f a r d n o i Restitut e’s inter$e
e t t i m m o C e th r ge ig tr to s n o i t a i t o g e n l a r e t a l i b of e r u l i ‘res the fa e u q i n u s a w m i a l c h c a e at th ef the beli
-y reason for this bias was
g n i v l o s e r of d o h t e m s i h T ? !° s. si ba e s a c y b e s a c a n o h t i w t l a . y r u t n e c d i m e th e nc si and could only be de n o i t i s o p n a c i r e m A Anglo-
vention.
d e r r e f e r p e th , s e s n s e e c e o b r p s d a n h a s es m i ci a l li po l a i such c n o l o c e th y l r a l u c i t the context, par s se u l c x e s i h T . n i s g e i r r o p p f u o s e i t i n u m m o c It arguably s r i e h t m o r f s t c e j b o e h t f o l a v o s m t e n e r m e e h e t r g o t a d l e a l r e t h a c l i i wh ntering b
e y l i r a t n u l o v s r e w o p n a t i l o p o r n o t i e t m u t i r t e s m e r r r o e f d i D s 0 n o c o t s e t a t S e s sive reliance e h t f o y l l a c i r o t s i h e c n a t c u l e y r l w e e h n t e h t n e d v n i a g s r e w o p n a t i l o p o r t e is extraordinary m r e m r o f n e e w t e b t e w o t p i m e m h o t C e , h n t o i y t b i d d e d t a b r e c a x e is n claims. In a o i t i s o p s i h T . l a u q e n u s n n i e a v m i e G r ? s ° e ! t . a k t r S o w t n s e it d n r e v o g indepen ’ l a g e l t o n s r e t t a m l a c i h t e d n a g n l i a w r o o l m l ‘ o f t a s h t t c e j n b o o i t l a r u t l u c f o tee’s declara n o i t u t i t s e r e h t g n i r e v o c s t e h c g i i r t c a l r a p r o m e t a o t t e e t t i m m o C e h t the consistent S f o e c n e r e f e r e h t , 5 1 8 1 e c n i s n o i t u b i territorial redistr . e v i t c u i n d o o l r o p c r e g t n n i r u u o d c d d e n v a o m e e r v i s s t s c e e r j g b e o r r is o f s m i a l c e v l o s e r o t e f e o t t n o i i m t m i o n g C o c e e h r t e h t r o f h s u p n The inability of a c i r e m A n i t a L e h t f o t e a h t e f e o d t c e i h s t n i r y t b n i d e O g S g a e l r f a s s t a c w e j n b o o i t sa suggested certain
o t g r e t r l r u e s F e r a o t s a s u l g a u u A d i v . i f e d i n l i e r r o e t e a t n a r t e S t al r e h t o n a y b n o i t i s i u q c a . t r s i i e x h e t o t t a h e t t a t n S o i a t f o t h g i r e h t f o identity of a na n o i t a l o i v a is e d a r t t i c liabili l 4 l r o 1 n incurs o i t a beneficiary or conquest, occup aggressor an is that g n i t State l u a s e r that y n a r o f n o i t a maintained r a p e he r e k a m o Further, t d e t a g i l b o s i d o n l a o c , y y t b u d a d e f t o e l p h e c d a e r n b e e a b f o s a h e e ity beca us g a t i r e h l a r u t l u c n e a s o f o h w n s o e i l p s o e i p v o r at th p e h d t e t a c r o o v d a n e H o i t . a ry s inju n e p m o c o t d e l t i y t b n e d e e b c d n u l u o o h n s e n d o i t a s p a u w c c o n n o g i i e t r o p f o or t s r i nial f e h T . e l b a i v t o n 1s n o i t u t i t s e r n e h w e u l a v e k i l f o object
paras.17-195 Dakar
e a 5 ; ) a ( 6 2 . a r a p es iyof i r , t t n r u o o p tatute. C e s R It e to y c i t i r n e e p V o r P ; | 8 2 4 . 3 . s 5 tReeeturn a of Cultura 100 Re t i m m o C ), (2 d an 4(1)QQ) the t. Ar “4g d an 5; , t r o p a e ; R 5 para. Guidelines for the Final Pp
in n io ut it st Re s It or in ig Or Use of the ‘Standar
-:.
be
t f a r D n, io ss Se h t r u o F , 5 8 9 1 y r a u r b e F 22 , “tion’
ee UNESCO Doc.CLT-85/CO
wet Venice Report, para.235 and
48. 3 . a r a p ; x j e n n A , 4 / 6 0 2 . F N O C / 9 7 C C way of y b me, UNESCO Doc. of supplying,
y it il ib ss po e th ng yi ud St o, A. Ferrer en wh e lu va r la mi si of d an erty of different origin e sh wi e th to nd po es corr t no es do or e bl ca impracti
’ d d A , 3 / 0 0 2 . F N O UNESCO Doc.CC-79/C 34-37, Artic 1, .3 ts Ar d an ; 47 p. , 17 . No ser.A,
compensation,
‘on
x, See Facies
ing
A
country,
gn o r W y l l a n o i t erna tates for tiInontal Law Commission’s na
r te In e Th ; rd fo aw Cr J. and are
013 20 r e b m e c e D 12 , 3; /8 58 s. Re ful Acts, UNGA n e m m o C d an , xt Te , on ti uc od tr In : onsibility
Articles on State Resp
of cultural pr
Fen
pA
SO.
© l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w a L l Internationa bjects :
n e G e th in s te ga le de n ia As several African and
” o t a s i n o t peco
se p As ‘ a li , ob y n ‘a l s b wa n m io ut it resentative maintained rest Y a he Maq j d l o h f e, s a B s e t a ch e t a R e S s os u a ’ g c e on b n could b e sation could not be a “final soluti ed ru St co ! y i rr ’. Fe m ts te gh ma o ri ti legiti gi “ le r i r ei th of es at s St a me so y] [b as ero argueq m Co ; ut it st i re inc of e pl ci in pr e th of t en nm do : me oean an aban of Cultural option * is a form of restitution that should be available j aa Rat, ific Cl iTcumstan, PE NS eae s. ie rt pa e n th ee tw be ed re ag .
.
.
.
Conversely, former metropolitan powers
an
€
and
be ot nn ca h c i h w d an n io at is or th au e at ri op pr ap t u o h t i w d e v o m ek ty re
112
: s e l p i c n i r p g n i d i u g o w t e y a e h e t t i m m eurned. o C e h t t a d h e t d n e m m o c g e n r y i d ? u n t ! i S ' f M . e O t d n c I e y j IC b c : e o a h t f m d o i ; e e r t e g p h u d a t t n t a ti ri
OY
he of recons d e y g l r l a a h c c i t d i e l s o i e p l h t a r t u y e d n u t ; S e s h t m r e e s t s e h ' t s e n l i e a g t n o n o g t e i c i h g t m r m e o m y s C e b 0 d s 8 th n 0 a 7 g 9 n e 1 h i e t r t n u a o d deb n a tituti t i l o p o ums ormer metr g Preece
e f n n i s i u d . m l s e o t t H e a k St mar t g p n e i c d c r a o n o t t o c c i c e t a j a b e v o h r t f e o s e t r a p d th
ck a j e h t to d e t n i o p y e h T . e v i t c e j b o y r a m i r p e h t must be s d r a d n a t s n) y B * ! ' . s m i a r l c e n o t i t u t s i t s e e r l e p e r to , s e t a t S g able (W n i p o el v e d in s e c r u o s e r d is th at th M a g s n i e u g r i a t y b s n o i t i s o p p u s e s e of facili h t d e g n e l l a h c y l t c e r i d s e t a t S d e n e i a t c n i r a m u y e o h t s , e r o f e r ; e h s T 0 . s e 7 i c i 9 l o p 1 l a i n o l e o c e th h t f 0 y c a g e l a s t m a e n h t w e st si m as p to o y t l u d a e d v a h e y d t i n r u m e m o c d l n a n o i u t n a r e t n i e h t d n a y s e h t e , t r e a v e t w d o S h e , p e s r o u o c is th g n i u s r u p n I . that devel s e i c i l o p t s a p e s e h t of s s e r t u c t e l f u c f e r i e e h h t t g g n i t e r p r e t n n i i s d n r a e g n v i y e a r l p s i d in , g n i v r e s e r p f o s d r a d n a t s e v r e s
a e t s s l a t i cap
eation of the application of the term ‘restituut tiion’= .
.
by;
ple prop
Oy
n o i t u t i t s e r without
strove to ob
” 1 . s r e w o p n a t i l o p o r t e m n r o i e t u m t i t s e r o t h c a set by for o r p p a c i t s i l o h a d e esp ous
that included the
g n i n i a r t e h t d n a s e i t i l i c a 0 f f n o i The ICOM t c u r t s n o c d n a g n i c n a e n t i a f e m e r h e t p , o a t t a d n a g d e b s s e c o r p a s a return of relate n o i t u t i t s e r f o n o i t o n s s i e h l t p o e , p s 0 7 s 9 u 1 o n e e h g t i d n i d n a a e n i u G of staff. During eums, Papua New Study
s u m n a i l a r t s u A relations between . y l l a r e n e g a i n a e c in O
r e d r o l a r u t l u c l a n o i t a n n r i e t n d i e t o w u q e n a , w o s B d ’ r M a w o r t a t g h n a i M k r u o o W d a m A l a r e n e G r o t c e r t i i D m m o O C C S e h E t N f o e v e e h t n o d e r e v The plea by the U i l e d s a w , r e t p a h c s i , h l t a f r o e n e t G n r e o m t c e e c r n i D e m n m a o c i c r f e A h t y l t a n o t e h t par e t a d o t d n a t f s o r i f g n e i h m t i o a , l B w c ’ M ) e r ( r o F e h t . n o d i n s a s e s l a t w s r e i n f e r s ’ | tee a r u t l u c r o f h s u e p c i n r w a e n d a o s f e o r t r r a a p l u c e i m t a r c a e p b d l a a h e p l p l a a c the s i H . s e l p o e p d e s i n o n l i o c s e y i l t r i e n m r u o m f m o y c b in y o r p o u m e d e m t i s l i a v r s s o l cultu l a r u t l u c f o e l a c s e h t f o e s u a c e b c i f i c a P a i s A in the . n o i t a e s h i t n o l o , c r a W n a e d p l o r r o W t s r i F e h t g this region by Eu n i w o smantling foll ts
i c d e j b o e r i l p a m e r u t f l o u c e s n a i h a p t r e t c s r i f f o e h n t o i s e k s e Li s s o p e h t d n a m u e s u m m u l e a n s o u i t M a n n a i a l a f r o t s u A e h t f o t h c e p establishment S m i j . a r e e c n e s d t n c e e j p b e o d n l i a r u e t h l t u c f o g c n i i r t o a t i e r h t r a p e e h r t f d o fuelle t c a e h t d o i r e é p s i h r t e t t g a t n l e i h T i s r u s d a 6 w 1 t 1 a c h i t m a d n e ; y v d r s i h ; T . n o i keenly obse n t u t l t s peicised as the act of requesung re m s i l a n o i t 0 a n f m or f a , c i f i c a P was as polit a i s A e h t n i m s i l a n o i t a n g n i w o r g f o d o i r e p a t s n agai
6
> Para.29. See Draft
Cn
UN Do c.A/C.3/35/SR.39, para.7 (S enegal).
ines for Standa rd Form ee ICOM Study, Pe (UN ‘ESCO DDooee..2D1R¢/ 325 Paras.29 5 Syl, ihanehupescc: 2, Para.5].
UNE
49)
108g
a8 unsuccessful:
Ommittee
of Expe
eruvian UNESC
draft
r
a
n o i t a s n e p m o c g n i r e v esolution co 1, 2; 5
:
je , 4 / 3 0 2 F N O C Sl rts Masterndatcie ons for Second World War claims
. t n e m e e r g A n o i ccess u S v a l s o g u Y , A ; x e n n A , ) 3 ( 3 . t y a . 0 2 2 11 s.9— a r a p rg a 1, s x e e t n a t n S A , y d u g t n S i t es u q e r m o r f a See ICOM s communitie
Museum
d n a s r e n o i t i t prac
e v r e s n o c o t é v r e s n o c d e ly p p i u q r e e p o w r e P s t s u e M b to e h t t r e b e l g A d wle d o n n a K a i e necessarily r t o i t s c i i u V q e r e th e h t f o d t n i f a e r s g 0 n 9 i 9 d 1 n e h t lack fu , e y n l e g b n i l l e T e t a v 8. i r p d ’ n t a r o p e R ‘ s t n e m n , r s e e v h o c g n a r Ab n a i s A t n a v e l e r e h . t ) r y o b m, d a u u e c s d E u e ( d M n u . f 0 n a 6 i l a a r r was t a p Aus , ) , 9 t 7 n 9 e 1 m ( t 1 r 5 a . p V e P D / 4 y 3 g / o A l o . p c o o D r h t n N A f o d a e he See U H , t h c e p S J. h t i w w e i Interv ary 1999.
u r b e F 4 2 , y e n Syd
onal Law, Museums & Return of Cultural Objects Internation
Figure 7.2 Aborigin al Gallery, Austral ian Museum,
Jontsisatt
on without restit[tuution
3
Abor iginal
Gallery,
Australian
Museum,
Sydney,
1958
Sydney, 1958.
wi i eth asenedunin Port More sby a
alia
Paa pua New Guineaiona anld MAu seru m and Ar; t Gallerthye uademin’ee power, Australi ie ust a d a expe= e Nationa ovided by ‘bal groups @ : d technica ae | exssisteenOeimat18ely 700 lisnngguuistic an1 d 2tr0l The PNG g overenmeent d ae ae paibinatiion ua New Guini ea has ayS aha e Pape inbr ahanand Sy colonial e B ion. ate : to) ae sed | rienced multiple yee?
developed several ee
that, although most Asian Pacific States sneha, oie CO Convention, it instigated an aan
Past and present acquisition policies of museums. ici ISiti
7 p Spec at this discussion inevitably led to ‘the failure of former a
€ their power and responsibilities to prevent illegal expor
Smmunities,
p29,
*
at , n o j , on on gi s ti re ie c rt en ifi ate pa e nv to th i Co th om wi 18 e fr ia th As Paci g/culture, ; - MacLulich >» Ch: Changes q 10 P. McManus (ed.), 4 nd Challenges: The Australian Museum and Indigenous In
rchaeological Displays and the Public (London, 1996); 5
96
p.27 at
aged to maintain their
eet | groups were encourag'
s. um se 0 mu a ib al on Tr . ts en em el di in us no ge di in ; on of a numb er of regi of eati cr e th th wi s itie eS {1 ivi ving entl li as es ur cult - The
121
in R. os , 10 Guinea Coates,
New case 0 £ Papua Museums
(
a
ional cultural BIE t war Ste A New Role eae The Clee .), (eds ervt Restoration otPres ee B. g, Crai e ire O wanu eect Sat ing Indigenous Cu ag mti ng Cultural ng Bilo Tum New and P , nea Gui 179ff; Specht, puee Material Ph. vt es
119 See R. Kaiku,
Edwards 1980), p.175a ae ae e Se
lonial domination’, 118 This climate had a significant Sits a picesofe apua New Guinea and Australia, and these aod
aterthe orant ofof inde 4 affected Australia’s relationship with Papua New Guinea €
ions to nurture 4 nation
Se
120
ae
oi
See
Preservation of
: ersity of Sout h ae
Act, in K. Whim!
Ce lia (1996), PP-
and M. Busse, ; Intellectual, Biological a) Protection ©,
00),
and M. Busse “ nberra, 20
P-
pina
94. hing 81-blis pp. Esta
AINA
a
Nation?alPape y tS His rstorfrom
Eroperya (Dieses se Papua New GuiGuine nea (Ca m ble of Es the Past: The Pro Who s Own . 4off See , L. Groube er es c thni » Groups ae Humanities
Owners tional Identity, dred eae 1S E hip ‘ of ae demy of McBryde \tur Co e as en a ion Nat co (Us en ASer F. E. S. anOp Iain UNS ee stralian Aca jpagine) CULO a National ing Countries: Rae eee pistes Regained: Peary Role of oe cecum in pei (Honolulu, ;
see
reo
he Making of ‘Ourselve smidt, Esta
e E con)GaiDIPjpnt “Restora Kaiku, nerl: a andTe Mead (ed.), Baplor Nar ku, p.34; ; Kai The Case of Papua
1979), p.392.
se the Visual Art of
j b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s s t m c u e j e s u M , w a L l a n o i Internat
n o i t u t i t s e r t u o h wit
a 2 h t i w m u e s y i u t m a t n l e a n s o e i r t p a e n T a f o t n e m p o l e The dev (S Natj : an lo of n io rt se as Nal e th in k an pl l ra nt ce a s wa s ct je of ob g o e s l ou O e e n S o i t a N es at St w ne ny ma ly ke Li g; en . es j at al St t en nd pe de ae in se) t ilg ah ty u ‘ g © b n i T N
oon
ane collection, Papua
atig )
Ot
ett
in Ds e 8a rg la oF tr pa re tO se ur co re h ug ro th of a c i fi ill af tr g t in ci li rb il cu g on increased emphasis we te n io at er op Pr al ur lt cu may ve ti ac d an collecting programmes. '”” ty P i l ia nt ne po ex e th s, 60 19 d mi e th During a losses caus al ltur
Pa e th of e ag ss pa e th in lt su re alarm to
ncrease in cu
New a pu Ki t Ac is Th 23 .) 65 19 t Ac n) io at rv se (Pre
Guinea
Nati
o es te us tr e th ed st ru nt i qu ac e th l ro nt co to with the authority on c transfer of cy en ve
pene
i siti
implem
an
ee
e Cultura ae ;
the Nationa]
Ttural objects
ation of this Act until the mid 19705 pee als were appointed tor a ae i positions i in the goy ern
:
Oards
ji ac Mu National the of opening mee trai employment of locally y trained nationals, and the ed Ys th ey Cal wreee Be ciern. lousness at all levels of soci e c ‘ q a le l u p o P hoa | ety of the effects of il] 1Cici trad; e,; !24 e i i R t n e m u n A r the str alian gove : wile uing obligations to protect the cultura ] dged Its con. heriitage of its former .
.
:
cool ] onial
more reticent
125)
.
nt in their response to restitutition i
The effort to :
i the re negotiate
H Owever, Australian m !26
claims.
1
useums
w ere
insti Australian from
an eoG independence th and Act 1972,127 Gee
followin earnest in nNewenced Guinea Cultural Dev elopment ituti acknowled ged that restti th of rt pa n o e ti on tu ly on s wa é . and revjtal;
a paSSEEE of the Papua
inister Michael
Som: are
: s ect eff e th e rs ve re to gn ai mp ca € H vitalise the national culture. He noted: re.
0 f colonialism
ty ti en id l a n o i t a n n a i l a ustralians and Austr
poli Indi Be ing alter a’s rali Aust s. 1970 mid the ng duri shift t n a c i f i n g i s 4 g n i o met away s focu of sfer tran nt’s rnme gove federal 1 tine n d e t c e l vipidentity f e r ity was lam Labor government ; cen ous
ral cultu onal nati an rali Aust r, hbou neig ent pend e d n f its newly i
the Asia Pacific region.!2” The Whit
Pre
govand e lativ legis of ce rtan impo the jniti jatives that stressed 130 ge ta ri he l ra tu na d an al ur lt onal cu ti na s a’ li ra st Au ¢ () n o i t c e t o t r n e m p n r e v o g l ra de fe ntal e th , t n e m e v o m ts gh ri l vi ci s u o n e g i d n i growing cul-
us no ge di in r fo a li ra st Au in s tu pe im e h T . a d n e g a ist cultural by t bu rs ke ma cy li po us no ge di in nno ic et h t a p m y s pur y b t o n d e l l e u f s on a ti w ta en es pr re l e a th w t ns ai ag d e e t a r t s n o m e d y e h : T e s. tural ren v l e s m e h s t n a i l a o s t r n i t a m s e l u r a r A t s e c n a f o n r u t e r e s h d t e u d o n n a m e e g d d i n d a In s m u e s u m e t a t s s rt y fo b ef n s a i l e a r r t s u u A t s u l o n u e g i d n I , s e l p o e p of their c d e i p u c c o r e h t o h t i w g A 1 13 lf se r fo . s s m i e a l c i h t t i w i d n e n i : w t n e e r e w y r o t s i h their commu d n a e r u t l u c al n o i t adi
r t r i e h t s s to reposse . s t h g i r t n a d c i n f i n a g i l s a d d e n k a r a m 3 n 7 9 o 1 i in t a ) B n A i A ( m r d e r a t o e B d s t r A l a n i g i r o b A d r a e o h B t e f h o T 2 2 ! . s n e r o u t i l u t c a s m u o r n o e g f i d n i e h n e T h t g n e r t s d n a d l i u b e r n r e o v t o g n n a g i l i a r a t s p u A m a e h t c y b e d h e t d n u n f i s a w d step a n s n a i l a r t s u A as s s u e r o u n t l e u g c i d n a n j I l a r t of s u A p s u u o n e g e i d d n I a d m e v i e c r was e p s e v i t a i t i n i d n a age r u s e o i c c n i e l o t o p e v o tr s s ’ t I B A . t A s a p l e a i h d T r o m i r p a ment. n i d e d n e p s u s d : an t o n n o e i t r a e t e w r p t r e a t h n t i ’ , s n e o r i t : a u v t r l e u s c e r p g e h t n ‘ivin i g n i k a m n ities’ decisio indigenous
commun
l a r e d e . f s e e r h u t t n l i u c d e t r c i e e l h f t e r f o s a w t n s e e l m p p o o e P s u devel o n e g i d n i s t i e h h t t i f w o s n t 0 1 r t o p a l e e R r 5 g 7 n 9 i 1 r e t e l h a t s n ’ i a d i e l n a i r a t n o Aust c m u e s u m l 3 a 8 M n o ) i t r t o a n p e a r R o f t t o l g a i s P o ( p o r s p n o i s t ’ c t e n l e l m o n C l a gover n o i t a N d n a g d s e m l u w e o s n u k c M a n d © i n y a r i u q g n n I i f r o e b m e e e m t e r o t Commit d a o r e h t . n a o i l a e r t v s o u m A y l n i r h a e t i w n a s e l d p e k o r e a p m t s r u o o n e g i d The rep n i n o n d n a v o g s u o n n a e i g l i a d r t n s i u A n e e e h w t t e b d n s a n o i t m a s l e i r v i t c a ing past s u o n e g i d n s i n o d i e t s a a c e i r f c i n m i a r e h t g n f i 0 o g s k n r o a m l d l a a h h s a h t I It bore the . s n r e c e h t s con u o t o n e s g i m d u n i e s o t u m s s n e a n e i v l i a s r n t o s p u s A d n a ernment’s re s n a i l a r t s u A s u o n e g i d n I n e e w t e b p i h s n o i for the relat
’ d e t n u o c t o n y l l a r e t i l e r e w s e v J e present day. s m e h t l s a e r l u p t o l e u c p y s u o a n n i e g g i i d r n i o b e l A i “ h w f , o s 0 7 9 1 n o i t c e The t Before the o 4 r 3 P 1 e v i t a l s i g e l . e y h t n o , m n o i i r t a t n a n p a i l a r l a n o i t a ) 0 n as part of the Aust a i l a r t s u A e h t r o f 1 a i t n e s s e d e r e d i s n o c s a w s t c e j b o 129
i ns
an p-1745; ae pp.*, 109
e
R,
)»
S e Repo oP s r c e p S I Nati 1a5 & Specht; 39 § OPe: ‘ fon the N
;
eee ‘Establishing’, p.392
“Specht (eds), Protesrion
ff, 125 Fan eke ee atioD3 n’
ns
sv meen,
8133
: e Heritag t He al tur Cul a ® Our ne of nt re cia tu Fu Sir ing the Protection or Plunder? : a 5 and Craig, “Samting’, p.154.
nb (Ca with te Esta w rvie inte na Sho 4; .13 a.8 par an’ rali Aust 2, p.25 ie ht , 1974), erra u ive. S&¢ Spec Pap Eoe, and Ns 28 e ea ‘ . Newton, Gustralian’, . p.54 ’, ipua 127 ¢ b Ol Win re ee mting’, pp.304ff. in New Bottles, nee €ver“Sa 213 se, 5 in Kaplan (ed. .), Museums, > p.2 D- 69 at jee
or me
lian a r t s u A n o on i t c e l f e R l a c i t i Cr a u q ? t i s t n A : Pa h e c i h h W T of tors: c e l l o C See T. Bennett, Out d n a s r e t y n r u i H u q n th I fi if f o Gr T. e e t d t n i a mm o C e h t (Brisbane, 1988); f o t r o of p e R y r e : l . 5 l 78 7 a 9 G 1 2 e ‘a 5 h 9 t 1 . p p i n ), l e o stra u e A t t i n i m (Cambridge, 1996 m o s C m u e s ing u n M n a , l t P t o g e i h P t f H. o P. t r o p e R See Hope, Report; and e h t g in d u J e m i s n o i t c e l l d. i b I on Museums and Nation al Co 2 3 1 we e h t . d ) 5 n 7 a 9 . 1 2 p s , , m a g r r in eu v r s e u s e M r P t, : s r e Aboriginal Australia (Canbe i a t w i Ste dent I d n 70 d a 9 e t 1 s s e ! d h e t r t a n f w o o C d E n in o , cati ves, e i f e i R t a r . A d IRS Edwards, Introduction nd a n o s r e d n A see Pigott, Museums; and M. on r a n i m e S l a n ‘on Nation in Australia, in Kapla dd.1,
UNESCO Convention and the pas of 134 Preservation The See E. Roberts, a May li ra st Au in s ie it qu ti An i
at
CUA/123, A
titution
; p O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , v a yects L International ;
s e u q e r t o n s a w s n a i l a r t s u A s u o n e g l es e th r fo d consent a Indi e er t th h t d n a l a c i s y h p e h t r o f r o s n e z i Ir t i c n a i l a r t as Aus b e a m l a r u t l u c n of o n i a t i l p a r r o t s S u A f o n o i t a m r o f e h t y in o n s t c e g l i obje a i d N t e e
R u A e h t n i y l t n e n i m o r p e r u g i f continued to stralian nation
Pigott Report. i g i r o b A f o y r e l l a G a d e s o p o r p t r o p e r original The 135 a
oe
a-
original
e h t d e p o h s a w ° * It ! . ’ s t n achieveme
a e g a t i r e h l a r u t l u c r i e re-collect th
di
a
we Ity,
words,
conscience’. 12 Cc
g ler ny: gal
Nai 10na. ): awri
a
ha d
a of
lengthy Australia
Casease y y as ifs d: director, Or. The
ples stretches fr om so-ca
a
Temains
The
a
Pri
and
; merely
a
gestation 1 opened
its
Gallery
;
of
to
and
p er 10d
of
in
Ne
history
Tue °
unify all Austr
their
C 101
Ps
ip
; repair}
;
Ing a
ate gu ity a
reception Th ~ The 1 wit h Indi1geno us Australi an tumu
200
Aboriginal
and
f the nat;Yong el Bowe
s ; Ndigenoy
rt u restit
al 1d
se pre the to ry sto -hi pre lled
genous Australians
Vth N
To have the former w
gesture
doors
enab
/
Cura] ma ‘PoUseg , Stay
alians era
isplays of thei “ aa
and
Ituous
Tor res
ander Peo. c effe the ng eri Cov nt ts of Euro. Strai t
ch to d on sp re to ow sl en be y ll ra ne ge d ha s e s i m n ia al 1978, Aust n o ae to rt fo ef ur an co In . ls ve le l na io at rn te in d an al on ti na t a g occurrin ts al Ar in ig or Ab e s, th an li ra st us Au no ge di In d an ms u e s u m jon between nco d a se ni ga or O C S E N U r n fo o i s s i m m o C l a n o i t a N n a i Austral
It Cul
Part 0
Aust re recent e e
appreciation of these cultures and iti s peoples rePpports ;
te
‘ a r e o at a n n e o S i L r Ys a e o m r people no a
g n i t s i x e m o r f t n e m e g pri ie or encoura
t er wa vi s pl ee
.
ageta
§ cul
al Narrat;
th Ra wh ns ii ma re of g in ep ke e indigenfe at ri sa op e pr ap e foreth er y’ c iti d 5
% §
223
sl
environm ent,
8 97 (1 s’ um se Mu r fo le Ro w e N A : es ur lt Cu us no ge di In g ‘PreservU8in cae iic rt pa us no ge di in by ed ll ve le ms is ic it cr at th d te no ht ec Sp . ) t Australian museums onference
aide C
pu r na mi se e th ng ri du a ad an C d n a c i f i c a P es a ur lt i cu s A us no ge di in the w ho e in rm te de ly al er at il un no longer d ul co ey lth de nd la Is c fi ci Pa t a * !* d. ye la sp di ice th d an d ve er es pr re we ns o i t c e l l o . s c e r u t r l u c i e n h w o t r i e n h t i of d s r e t o m o r p d n e a t s n n a e i d s ar u g e b repre 1d u o h s t o n y d e n a h t s l a n o t i t a a n h t y b d d e s i n a g r o e u e b g r s m a u e s s u m | a n egate o i t a n r as i t e o n h t , s r o t a r t o a b a h l l t o c h c r a d e s e e r d e v i n t a c a m e s a d ed s i n They g o c e r e , b s e l t p s o e u p m c i f i y c e a P th t s , o o m s r l o A f t a . h s e t d t a e d u l c n o c r a expatti n i m e s f e o h T k c a * l ! . h ; y c t r i t a n e e d s i l a r of re u t l u c j f o s s o l : g n i d u l c n i s e u s s i y s e n k o i t s u t s i e t r s d n i d a e l o b t a t i u s h eded s i l b a t s e o t u s e o c s r e re t a u q e d a ections; and in ° * ! . s n o i t i d a r t 1 a r u t l u c l a c e o t J a u f q o e d a n f o o i t a n s o i i l s i v a o r t p i v d e n a r n o i e t a g l s a i r g e l f © e g a s to encou s a p e h t u m d y e t d i n n u e m m m o m c o f o c e t n r e m h r s i a l n b a i t s m e e e h t : e The s r u s n e o t t n ; e y t m r e n p o r r p e v l a o r u g t l u f c o l s a l n o e i v t e a n l f l 0 l a r e f y s n a r t f o n o i funding b t a : l u g e r g n e i t h e t k ; r a s m e l d n p a o pe s t n u e o m p n o e l g e v i e d d n e i h t ; s m u e s seums by u m n i ; s s e e v l l p e s o m e e h p s s t e u i o t n i e n g u i m d m n o i c f o e g h n t f o l o r t n o the traini c e h s t l r a i e r d e n t u a s m l t a f r a u r t c l u d c n f a n o o s i t t r a a s i u r o t n a p e r e h t r of indige o f d n u r f u l o a c n n o e i g e r e e r w a O f t C o n S e m E h N s i U l f o b s a e t a t S r e b m and the est e . M s n o , y i l t l a c n e i F l l o . n c i s g i a r e o s f r o e v s o e i r d t n n a u o e c t a © v t e g a t i r e from pri h l a r u t d l n u a c d l e a s n o o p i p t o a n s a f w o e s r m u t e l t u i c n t r n u a t n i m o d e h t aged to re f o y b n s o e i r t u n t e l v u e c r p s e u h o t n e o ’ t n g i i d l f a o i t n n sse e s a d e w the assimilatio e i v s a w s m i a l c s r t h g d i n a l f o n o i t i n g o c e r e th , s e t a t S r e b m e M 147 O C S E N U f o s m assimilation. u e s u m e l s a e n h o T j t a n . s e d c e i n t c m a e r d p n o c g n s i e t t c a e g e l l l e o c l a i n Indigenous d o l o c r s i a e w h t f 0 e t a e t s S u a c e e h b t , a i l r a r e t s h u A t e in h w e s o e m a S e h t particularly th e r e w s a s w n r e c n o c c i e m r o a c n y r i d e h t s t i a h h t t t d a e h n t i d e t o n delegates mainta y e h t e s , o r e h h t w r u F s e . t e a t Stat r e l t t e Ss s a y r t o r a p d r i h t t n to e d n e p e d d e n d i n e t x e t newly u b s n o i t a l e r l a i n o l o c l a m r o f to d e t i m i l not . s e i c i l o p l a oni
l o c f o s e i r a i c i f e n e b o s l a e r e w s n o i t u t i inst
se
y t n a v l u M J. . ming: Es. Says 1o9e38-19 W3 (CO D ; posed G. allery of f f 2 9 1 Aborigiginal Australiai, in ee pee ai pp. , f f 2 7 . p p , g n 3 i v r e s e (eds.), Pr 148-152. t r a w e heoryE, Poolliittiics (London, 1995), pp. T e Meed REG er ae a al Musey
ec e a , t r o p e R , y ane
™m of Australi ali ts Exhibi
Para.3,12,
an
A12 ti6 ons
), 03 20 a, rr be an (C ms ra og Pr ic bl Pu and
141 See Mulvaney, Report, pp.15-18
. 1 2 0 2 . s s , ) t Ac P B I S T A ( h) t C ( 4 8 9 1 t c A n o i t c e t o r P e g a )> t . i s r d e e H ( r . e l d a n a Pa J & Is 142 rait s g g i r p S . M ae Aboriginal and Torres St jn ht s . c d g e n n i a p v l r S e s s I e r d P n c i a 5 f i ds (e 55 8 1 . p > ) 3 1 See Edwards and Stewart and th 9 9 e g 1 ita : r , e H a r r l e a r b u n t s l a u m C C u e ( 9 e c 144 ee J. Specht, Mus i f i c a P e e e h t c istory of
1
h e r e P i d n a e h t t a e l p o e P t n e s e e h r T P d n a : . e 30 r pu m t t u l s e u a s C u P M f o , ’ e s e e e th w g t n e a b ” 4 y a l p a nd areMaacLsulich, ‘Ch r e t n I y g o An opol r h t n A : y ” t 0 i t n e d I a nd e
c n People e r e f n o Objects, G 1 a n Bonshek, o a E. r ati 45 See n r e t n I e h t f o s g n i Proceed (ed.), Lin Museum, in T. p.267. at p.261 1995), (Taipei, vag Wendt, Reb A. and . pp-6-75 7 1 9 ‘Introduction’, Edwards, : See pp.25ft. (eds.) Preservings> Ppp-
Preserving; (eds.), d Stewart Stewart and in Edwards an Pacific, the s d r a w d E , in , 147 e Seminar Recommendations Se
O l a r u t l u C f o n r u bye t e R & s m u e s u M , w International La
n o i t u t i t s e r without
cts
225
y r t n u o c e h t m o r f d e t a v a c x e or d e t r o p x e s t c e j b o d e t c e f f a y c i l o p wevels the ) . 5 7 9 1 y r a u n a s J u A { s u o n e g i d n r I e t of f a e g a t i r e h l ra in only u t l u c e h t o t y l t i c i l p x e e l b a c i e l s o h w s e i t i n u m m o c P t P a h 4 t d e t o s n a t w I . s e y i c r i o l t o i r r e t d e r e t s P i n i m d a of The , e s u a 1 c e b n o i t s n e v le n o p C o e e h t fy ti ra to d le n a b a n u e r e w k s i r pralians t s e t a s e u o r n e e g i d n i t a s s e r d d a s to a w d e n g i s e d s ve e ti g a a i t t i i n i r e h d e v o r p p a l a t r I u t l d e . f cu n o t i h g u t o s a p it u , e c l p m c a x e o r o F 1 15 d . e e c n re e nu f n i o C t e n d i a o l e c d A 8 7 9 e 1 g n h i y l t t u o their g d n n a i m : u r e s u m e h t n i s n a i ised du l a r t s u A s u o n e g i d n I n n i i a n r o t s d i a i l ! n a y t i y n u o m l m o mp c e s a e r c n i o t d e v l o s e r s e e t s u r t he t . y l l , a n r e o n i e g t i s d y d a l a p s i d n I m . u s e e s u r m t n d e n c a l a i ral r e t a m d e r c a m s o r f t e s r t c s e e s u q e f r o f o r e b m u isposal n a d e v i e c e r m u e s u M e s lian n a o r c t s a u A s A e . h s l t a i r e t a m l a r u t l e 1970s, u c £ 0 n o i t u t i t s e r m o r f ’ for the s t f i g ‘ l a r e v e s d e t n a r g s e e t seum’s trus us Paci
Fi
=
igure 7.4 Aboriginal Ga llery, Australia: n Museu m,
Sydney, early 1980 Sm
Austrtarlailian Museum: chan &€ M policy and pra ctice
In response to the 19
70
UNESCO
Ethics
a
@ onvent 10 oO n
and
the
1986,1> 48 in th e mid1d-1970s
ICOM
Gen S ral
A ssembly Y
the Australian Museum’
uthenticate or accept loan S of obj oalici0 tly removed from the country of jects il quest, >» itIt Would tak e em it e th rn tu re d an e ir qu ac to e a o ' ; in ig country of or me ca be r r e n w o e th l ti un t us tr on it old > *
(Pi aris, 9 19
70). S SeeJ. -
A. R. Nafzi Se
Z1ger.
Neen
LP 231,
” un Co l na io at rn te In peuon by ths e in the Transnational anization ‘
rg
u m e g h n yario t i w o , l s l n o f o i t u a t i a t u o n g a e V n d e n v a i s d s n a n J e s I t x n e o m o f l o o S e e h c t f o , a t e quen n n e i m u n i G a t t w a e e N h t a n u o p a d P e t a o t c i d e s r p n o n i e t t f c o e , l n r l u o t e r e r f e o w its c s d e m n r r e u t t e r e h e T b o 2 t 5 1 . s t e c e c j b n o e f o d n e c e i o p h c e d e h n t i d n a n o i , t s u d their t r i a t s d e n r a t s y l r a n e r e e t s s e h e t W n g n o i r d u d e g d s m u u j e s s e u i m t i g l : n s i e d e l t faci o s h u r t e h s t t i y b s r e d w e t o a p t m c e i d y n l o i e t a v l i s i s g e u l l c g n x i e n t r e s v o g e h t s almo ’ , e m t a u d e s o u T M ” n ” a ’ . i s l e a n r i t l s e u d A i u n g i v n l . i a a s t n r e o c i o t t a i t c t e j b u s m nego u , t e i f s e u e s m y t c e e h r t i d s a y a t n r o e p n o o i r t u p t i s t t s i e r f o e g s n o i n p r s e i c n o c to d s n o i t a i t o g e n l d l a e t c u ” d . s n l o e n c n a s h a c h m u c i t a m t o r l muse o p P i d n i O t y r e e s l r l a o u G c e r t r A t u o d h n t a i w m s u i s e a s b u M m w l e a s n u o i t t s a to-m e N u q e e h r t € a 0 h t r i o w t c e s r r i o D t c , e t r d i i D m S m k u r e i D s u , M 2 7 n 9 a 1 i l In a e r h t t s u 0 A 1 f o d e t l c e i l c l n o u c o C s t e c h a t f e t d r e a h c a n o a r u p p p a a P ; f o y b n o t o i t Mores c 5 e 1 l 9 l 1 o c m o r r f o g e m r u G e c s a u M M e h t n a f i o l a n r r t u s t u e A r e e h h t e t h a t for t o t d e r s o u i r o p h s t n n e e e v b e s d u a o h i r n a o V i t c . e s l n m l ‘ i o a c l c e h n T o i t u t t i s t e 1890s. s u e q r e r e l e b h i t s s e o s p u f r e e r h t o o t d m ' e u g g e a l s f u o M s l a n t a d i i l m a S r t s r u o 1934. A t c e e h r t i d f o s ’ s m l a u i c e i f s f o u M r o f n a It i l u c a i r f f t i s d u it A e e h d t a m y b s d e e i s t request i i l v i d 4 c a f s a w w e n t d e i c m S n o , y l s t t c e n j e b u o q e s d n e o t C c e l ? ° e ! s . t n r u nd outrigh t a e r m d u l e u s o u w M m l u a n e o s i u t m a N e h t e h t t a h f t o t o g b n l i a T n e p k o n d e r Fra e e h v t i l t e a d , 7 m 7 u 9 e 1 s e u M n u J n a i 7 2 l a r n t O s u A . d e e t h t e l f p ) fe m o c ve y i n t wer e a a m t n e e k i s e | r p 6 5 e 1 r a . m u e s u m e , e r y o b h M t s o t t r o P s n n o i i t y c r e e l l l l a o n l c o a i t c Art G u i t g i t o s e l r o o p t o r h h c t a n o r a p s p t a i m e v o r i f t a s r t c o a b f e a t l r a o c n e a e t n h o i g t sevent u u o t i s t s a n i e n e n i o u G m o r w f e t N c e j a b u o p a n P a , s g e t n a i t S t r g o n p i s n a r t develop y l l a c i s y h p f o t c 4 e r e m e h t ects j b d o n o g y n e i b r i u s q t c s a re reque o f e b e t a t S t tha
of s e i t i r o h t u a t n e t e p m o c e h h t t i w 279. t l , u ’ s n n o o c i t i d l s u i o w cqu m A u e s , u . m n o e n 3 h A 1 T — p 0 7 : 5 3 1 e , t : ) a p d 0 p 8 9 t , 1 a ’ h s t e , g n o y t a e or «Ch i ydn r S p , ( h d c e i v 0 o l 8 m u 9 e L r 1 c a y l M 9 l a 7 g ille ] Report 19 Specht and nd nua a n A 5 9 , 3 m u 8 e 2 s u M , ’ ian l a r t s u A “ 151 Australian , t h J. Spech' t; Spec
152
153
154
155
ceding
year: +
ylvania M useum: of Archaeolpoegchyt, and27 AMnatrhcrohpol20o05gy: S , m n i o J i t a c i n u m m o c : person al
. 0 3 9 2 , ’ n a i l a str u A < , t h c e p S Interview with 10; and 1 38. , t d c r A a o B t s u r y T r o s i m v Ad eu s s u t r M A n h t a l a i l a r t s u See A n a i l a r t s u A e . h t t h c e p and S J. , h e d t a i r w t w e t i i v c i r l e l i t Tp l o r m ing t a t n S c o ‘ e c l l o o t c , g i a c r i s C t l s a i i ffic and n o u t r ; o 9 p s 2 p m o o 8 t 2 e s h u t c g , n ’ i n d a ry's rali o Inclu t t i s r u r A e ‘ t e , h t t h f c e p 0 S ess n e um: v i e t s c e u f m f e d e t s l a i e u -b e the incr s o , p y r e u n p d y a S ( f o 7 7 9 t 1 en e m n p u o F l e v 0 e 3 d e g h n t i r d o f n e t gran e year h t r o f t s u r T m u e s u . M f f ¢ 5 9 1 n a . p i p ting’, Austral
e th of t r o p e R , m u 156 Australian Muse 1978), p-28.
nal Lat Museums & Return of Cultural Objects 4)
Internationa
oth er. ’ The mus eum omcials of some former m another. eats
Museum, were slowly taking steps towards th
ee ?
Cee : tions’.””°
returns were objects cect NG National Museum,
Far from deplleting eting
to
by the Australi an Museum ‘fill known £aPs or de Sone5
the the museum ’s SS
received a gift from Papua New eee
coll ect; COUSSHONS,
Te A
A
py,
18 in in
Maintaining a balanceg TeCiprociny
dance with Melanesian custom’. Hine museum acknowledges that: « Yin ence is that repatriation is not about losing collections, [t IS about b
ty
respect and goodwill, with positive outcomes for all parties °160
In practice, this shift in attitude by the Australian Mus eum
primarily benefited newly independent States In Oceani a
Australians.’ The driving force of the debate concer ni
objects removed during colonisation in the Intern ati independent States. These States, and UNESCO, did
claims on the basis of State succession or State responsibil; wrongs. Instead, restitution was justified for the (te)
duting A
rather than
Sac
© 1979
¢ from a oe “ 5
et
national collections,
displaying and their cultures that had bee Interpreting n set by former metrop olitan Powers.
munities, individy
museums and indi
als and cultures. Thi S renegotiation
of the relationship between
&cnous peoples from the 1980s onwards is explored in the follow-
Figure 8.1 useum,
> Changes’, 2, p.37,
‘Repatr
Australian’, i 30,
lati at the Australian Museum’ (display panel), ‘aon entrance foyer;r, 2004.
a r t s u A , y r e l l a g a i l a r t s u A l a n i Aborig
lian Museum,
Sydney,
1985.
s s e c o r p a s a n o i estitut
8
n e g i d n i of s m i a l c e h t a mental to d n u f o s l a s i — s t c a l u f g n o r w y l l a n internatio d e t n e m e l p m i y l l a u d a r g e r e w s 0 7 9 1 e h t f o s e v i t a i t i n i e h t w o o s l h a s t u b s e l p o e p s u tt o n e g i d n i to y t his cha u d r i e h t d e g d e l w o n k c a n e g i d n i 1 which w o h of n o i t a n a l p x e n a is e r e h t , t s r i F . m s i l a i n o l of co s their
Indigenous peoples and restitution as a process
Austral
ian c
s e r d d a nets to s e r u t c u r t s l a n o i t a n r e t n i g n i t s i x e n i h t i w , d n o c e S . e g a t i for a voice r e h l a r u t l u c r i e h t f o tution
g ena
cted m
OSt vi
g, ci no Be th at Sorously € Very y,
n i e b s a w re tu ul Concei & te
owth presuppo sed the
of n o i t a n i rm
,
Y time
ed an,
Orn, and
a
poe
Lonial
mination been e h
urn of land, ancestral
3
ctre of Try 2 ‘g seaneint
yground
(
229
Y, 1980),
ne ) ep16veAu stralian Sea
p.1
ee 1 at 2
the resti e e t t i m m o C l a t n e m n r e v o g r e t n I O C of the UNES d n a s r o v i v r u s t s u a c o l o H d n a s e l p o e p s u o n e g i d i n i f o s e m s o d m i a o t l n i c n the o i t n e v n o C O C S E N U 0 7 9 1 e h t f ) (0 , y l n l o a n i i F t a t . d n e e r e m d e i l s n p o m c i is e h m t o d g n i K Next, d e t i n U d n e h t h t i Australia a w p i h s n o i t a l e r r i e h t e t a i t o g e n e r o t s n a d n a y Australi m o n o t u a l a r u t l u c r o f n g i a p m a c r i e h t f o as part ity,
s t h g i r l a r u t l u c d n a n e o h i t t a d e n g i e m l i r v e i r t p e d r a f W l e d s l r o , W s e d l n p o o c e e p S e h s t u o g n n i e w o e l r l e o w f Indig s w a p l u o r l g a e ion t t a a t n S r e t n o n n i f o f o s r t e n b e m m e p m o l l e a v u d i v i d n I { The de . s t c e j b u s . k s a r o w l e a m u a d r i f v i d s n t h i g i r e h t n d a n m a u h y e t | i t a n n Stat e o d i i t a e n v r i e t t c e n l i l o c e h t e h t n f i o h t i n w o i t c d e e t t o c r e p t o e r h t d e h t e n s to be p o i m o d e r c p a m l p o c s n y o i m t o c t i r o t h s c e r i d e h s t i h t h t f i o w y d t e t a b d r e s e o c p a exclusivi x m e i s a s w e s i y c m n o e r i p c m i o f e c d e s h i T h T . n . o s i p t u a o s r g i i n o d l n o a c e d of such n o i g t n a i r r g u e d t n i n o j e h t t a n h i t i m w r e t e d d e n g f i l l e a s f e o r e w s w m a s l i exercise n a l h a c n e o i m t ‘ a n y r r e a t n m i i r n p i e s r t e n w e m p s o e i l c e i v l o e p d e s n e e h e T w t on these e . b s e t a s t S e c n e n r i e a f t f r i e d c e f h o t s e e s i i c c i i l t o i p l o p e n d o i t d a n a e s assimil i c i r o t s i h e d o t d e r e t s o f ’ s s e n l u f t e . e r u t l u of forg c t n a n i m o d e h t d n a s e h l c p o e s p e l p s o u e o n P s u o indige n e g i d n i P s , e y T r u t r n e e i c l r a e h t e e i h t t n e w s e t e n t i a l l t u o e s e n u o q By th i t c e e h s t , s e i g a h $ t T y l . r y a e l l a n s o i h i t t a n r m e o t r n f i t d a a n h t y d l r n l a a a e n l c n a natio s t i i l t I o p o r . t s e g e n m e l l r a e h m © r o e f s e h y t b o t d l e h s n o i , t e a g r a i t e i h r e t h d United N l e a t r u n t o l r u c f n O C s u o n s e n g o i i d t n a i s i f n o a g r n o o i t u s t u i t o s n e f o g i d t n n I e tion of re m . p n r o e l c e n v o e c d l e a h r t t n e d c a n a s a w s n o i , t s a 1 m s u i e n a s g u r m o l a national n o i t a n r e t n i 0 1 n o i t a p i c i t r a p m o r f n o i s u excl cluding:
n i , s t n o r f veral e s n o w a l ; s international s e c o r p n o i t t a s s i i x n e o l n o i c h e t i w c d t h h g t i l f p o r i s e n h t o i t e a s t o i p m x i E l © e t h t n g o n i i t t u a p n s i i d m i r ) 1 c ( is d = n o n f o s e l p i e c n i r p e o t n o i t a (2) utilising th r a l c and de ing States; t s e e h t r o f g n i d n a (3) agitat . s ; t s h t g h i g r i r d p n u a o r g r s n r e c n o c r i e h address t t o n e h t f o n o e i s t o a p t x i e c s u O s t e r e e s h r t u o c s i d g n i w t a a l c nal o “ (4) advo 1 ing . s e r u t l u c d n a s e i t i n u m m o c ir o e p e h t s u o n n o e g i d n r e x e e h t In short, i e ‘al occupation t a r e l o t d l u o w y t i n u m m o c l a n s o n i o t i t a a n r r i p e t n s a i he he t t d h e c t i r h a w h t n o e i c t n a a s t i s n m o u l co e d g n i The circ r u d ation n -
f l e s o t t h g i r e h t f o cise
u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , International Laws
s s e c o r p 4 s a n d restitutio
ral Obj. ct: Ay e
i h t i w s p u o r g er h t o d n a s e l p o e p t s i x of indigenous e n i h t n t t m S o a g a n i b e r e w s n o anisati
indigenous org
ate
, n i s a e r c Oca] N V I y l g 8 a n r e t n i w e n e h t d e g n e l l r a e h d c r o l y a e n h o T i t i ! Which sthaegde. project of decolonisation and wh
e g i d n i n i t s e r e t n i l a n o i t a n r e t n i g n i s a e r c n i r o f e l c i h e v a s a n o c served a o t g n i d a e l n tio
"
During th
© the
«© ly
“thay
a d e e m t r i E f e f o r a i e e r h t n e f o n o e h i t t i n y b i f e d g e i h t N t a h t ; n d o l o S t p maintaine a h C n t i e ’ g s a e i p p u c n c e o g fi, i L d n n o I i t a ” P f . o s e l p I o e X p r e s the u o n e g i d n i , v e i d t inclu a t n e s e r p e r e e e n h c a i h h w 4 C n i e s e t t a a t S r o u e g t r a S ed th “ wath the Sta e h t m. ey found is
. w a l c i t s e m o d t o n international law
e y R " r i e h t t a Selves sho uld b t, la Ta n e v O e i h e l t m a i c o r i d h e l v o I y b l m y s o T t E. c e r e t s n a e w T y s s a b l m a n i g i r o b A e h t , 2 7 9 1 y uar Poing ony«
0 f the ee Tan, alia
Taliang by i) V F
orteur w; aS persu aded
4
SeeJ.R| R.
Marti
Teport (Fi
a that < self-d. e termini ataition,
mez Cobo, §
roble enother 1 p e June > Fon eT tional lee 4 UNDoc 981, York al Law (New
a cancers
.” Significantly, the Specia l —_ in its many for ms, must b e
: tf Sctimination Ae Fina Populations, Indigeno genous gainst § 2/476/Add.5: § D. -E/CN.4/Sub. in Pp.45Ef. Peoples cnr 1996) Indigenous floss » eae nal Lay TReltinor The Sanders, » D. Questions RY 3 1 Indigenous of ce s atl 3ff a ind R. Nei n, The Origins of Indigeni s t Identir Ly (Berk h g i R n a m u e H z i e : m ndigenis eley, 20 p.29. B di genous
North
eis
03),
a c i r C temporary inianent e m A d n a n LR a O c i 2 r 6 ) 3 , 8 t 9 1 ( €nnet Aborigis;inal Rights in ae on w a L e a d n o L ( w a l L a Wi n o i rnat e and ; 3 1 2 1 . p p 2 ; G , ) g : n 978 1995/32, Ninth i 1 k r o a F n , n e o r Uy a n , fi 4 e| 0 0 2 p u ary Res. R H C h t i w e » UND cBICN TO Arona nc ;
lana
o Five C
on
Parative
Com
4/81, para.74.
a
e e f c n o C s P u t o a n g e e n g i i t d e n pi I s e f o r s m u i t a c l u C r t S e o e n n e s n f Ww, in P. Nor x O ( s t h g i a R 9 6 ’ . p s e l , p ) 1 o 0 e 0 2 P ed.), rd, :
om
fo
4/Sub,2./2/198
Sub,22//19
Y of the Proble e st Indigenous Populations» Diissecrrainm; f o a m n Again o i t a n >and Add ys 6 (ci é i tations from 83/21/Adds.!-
3/21
y/A, 971,
dpa .3 7,and 7));;
Para.
, 8 . d . g . d d A / 1 ees 83/2
580,
Sub-C
9 1 / 2 . b u S / 4 . N C / E . c o D N U t s u g u A 8 , 1 ) V I X X .8(
omm. Res
625 and 628 i
23M
1971; andl
a r a l c e d a f o n o i t a l u m r o f e h t d e d n e m om k r o W N U e h t y b p u n e k a t s a w k s a t s i h T y e l o s s u o n e g i d m o n r i f f o g n s i t y h b g i b r o l e h g t n n i w o l l o f , vento 2 8 9 1 n I . ) P I G W ( s n o i t a l u p o P n o i s s i m m o C b u on Indigenous S e h t f o p u o r g g n i k r o w l a n o i s s e s P I G 4 pre W e h , t s n f o o i t a e s t i a n d n a m e h T a ° g 1 r o us i m o n o c ed by the E
d n a s t h g i r n a m u h f o n o i t c e t o r p e h t o t g n i t a l e r s t n e l a m n o p i t o a n l r e e t n v i f e o n d o i t f a l o u c i t w r a e e i h t v d e n r s a e l e h p t s o e u s p o e n d e u incl indig for indigenous n I ! ! . ’ d l r o W d r i h T e h t r o f d i d e c n o y l b m e s s A f o l a s t r h e g n i R e G e h t e n o n o i t a r a les what th l c e D t f a r d e h t g n i n e v r a e h c n s o e c t a t S s n . y l b m e s s A t deliberatio l a r e n e G e h t t o n s i m u t s r o o M f e h . t y l t r n a a e c l i c f i n g i s s, it is n o i t a r a l c e D N U t f a f o e s i c r e x e ack the Dr e b h t y l l a c i f i c e p s t d n n i a r , i s e t h h t g i r d e s l u l a o d ‘on e t i n indigen U e h T . i w a l l a n o i t a n r e t n i e g n t i a t s r i e x e l o f t o s e . n 2 i 0 f 0 n 2 o c States y a e h M t n i n i h n t o i i s w s e y s l n t o s , r i n f o s t i i t a d l n e i h m r s e e u s t s e I s e l u b o a n n e e gelf-d g i d d n l I u o w n o m m u r u o r f o F t t n n e e n a n m a r e m p r e e h P t s n t a h t g n e i p Natio d o u h l c n e i h t , s d e e s l p s o e e p r p e x h t e l l s a e f a o D s n r o i i a t a h N C d e t y i t i n r U a wGIP d a i l o y s l u r d t n a e b y t i o l t a u q e e h t s r , a t s e a y l t a 0 5 , f l t e x s t i n i h ‘the ne t i w t c e l f e r s u h t d n a , s e l p o e p s u o n n o i s indig e i v e r e h t n i a r t n i t e s n o i l t o a z ’ i d n n a i g k r O n r f o u o b n of huma a : o e i N t a l r a g n e o t i n t I a n r d e n t a n I n e o h i t t c e , s t 0 o 8 r 9 P 1 e h e h t t g g n i n r s e e Durin c i n r o t c n u o ) C 7 5 9 t 1 n e f o d n e 7 p 0 e 1 d . n o I N ( n i n s o n i o i t t n a e l v u n p o o C P l e h a n b o i i r t t of t a r g i e m t e n S i d h n t a i w l a s b n i o r T i t a r p e u h c t c O o e d r n p a ’ s s e u t o a n t e S s d a e w t Indig c e e l r f e e h r t h , w c e i i h v w e r ) e 7 h 0 t 1 . t o u N o b a n o t i n t e n c e i t v e n r o C y l e l h a t i t i n n (LO i i d s e p t u l o u r s g e r r s J u o 4 1 n e . g s i s d e n c i o r p e t g i n p i s t e f D a r d 3 1 . s e n h i t n policie s i e l p t o n e e P m e v l a l b o i v r n T s d s n u a o n e s g u i o d n n e i g i d d n e t I n e d g e n i n r e unprec c n o c ) 9 8 9 1 f o 9 6 1 . o N ( n o i ° t . n e ) v 9 n 6 o 1 a . o e N JLO C m a n c o e i b t n e n o v i n t o a C n i m O r L e t ( e d s e f i l r e t s n u o l C a c i t t n i e l d o p f ” o n e Indepen t m h g m i o r c e l h a t g e f l o d n n o a i s u s J n e o x i e t a s s i ’ 9 n 6 a 1 g . r o o N s O L u o n e g Yet, I i i d n i y b n o i t n e v n o C e h t f o m s i c i t i r : s e s i central c n g o c e r e l b
m a e r p e h T ) ) 3 ( 1 e l c i t r A ( tators
OC S O C E d n a ; 2 8 9 1 h c r a M 0 r e t 19, 1 n / I 2 8 9 d 1 n a . s e R s ion t u t i mm. t o s n C I ; 1 l 8 a 9 n 1 o nati r r e e t b n m us I e o t n p e Ss g e i S 3 d n 8 I , ) , V h T s r X XX ( . Ba L 2 . s . R e R . ; 6 m 3 m o 2 , 3 C t n na n e 3, T 2 10 Sub 6 . 1 C um, n t n e a e a L S H . . H Q 2 8 R 9 1 H d n a 6 1 ay M ; ) 7 5 4 9 8 9 3 1 ( 2 , 7 4 3 3 / e 2 at i 8 3 9 9 1 9 9 . 1 36 Res 45, 9 a 1 L i I h p J l A e m d o a r 0 l 8 f i h P ( ) e 6 r 8 s (19 igi!ght eratu R t i w L a g L n i l t a l g c a e i n L l o f i n o t C a l of tern n nationa I n f o o i t t a c d e o j m b O m o ng Acc i g e r h e T m E n : A n o i : t s ina m r e People us t o e D n e f g l i e d S n I d n a y b ed nty k g o i e v r o e r v P o S s t , h y g m u ho T Autono : s n o i t a N ted
i n U e h . t 1 9 t a 4 8 s 1990), pp- Making Room for People at 1 0 6 I L , I m C a L 5 C, 2) 2
n, o i s s e S h t n e 619. e t hir T s t i n o s n o i t a l u 9 p 9 o 1 P ( 11 M. n s o u i o t n a dige mi n n r I e t e n D o f l e S p u o t o r G Claims g n ons i i k t r a o d W n e e m h t m . o 8 2 c f . e o a R r a p nd a ort p e R s n o i , t % s n e 2 e a / v D 5 n 9 o , C O .2/19 b L u I S 12 B-I, / 4 . d n N a C / B ; 7 4 2 c o D S T N 1 U 0 9 . , p 5 9 9 1 t , 8 s ) 6 u 2 6 g 9 u 3 1 A 0 1 9, n 5 , o a 9 i v t 1 e a n p e i G c ( i e t n r a u P J 2 6 6 e r o Th f ce 9-19 1 9 in 1 , s e a D , 7 5 9 ; 1 n . o I i . t E n e at Conv nd a 4 0 r 0 u ); 2 o 13 26 June le b a fi L y n a o M 7 y 2 nal p o o i c t ( a n r e t n , I 2 s 0 n o 0 i 2 e t h u t t i t s y tober Adopted b Political Yn m’s Barsh, e t s y S l e s s u R s n o i t a N ited n U e 14 Observation h t N O jn S s S e P l p o e P sa e n e c n a t of Indigenous s ic S T N U 0 5 6 1 O e F , 1 9 9 of Indigenous, 5 September 1
e c r o f in , 9 8 9 1 e n u J 7 2 , a v 15 Gene
. 2 8 3 1 M L I 8 2 383; (1989)
l . a j r b u f O o t l u n C r u t e R & s m u e s u M s t c e , j w b a L l a n o o i t a n Inter
i c p r f r f o Einar
a)
ONtro] 6 Ver their lopment
d c i m o n o e v e nd eac ges
fas identitaniyes, langu r
j y , s n o i g i l and re
develop thei ® ! . e v i l y e h t h States in whic
n w O e o f d an
amewonk
; h t 9 6 1 . o N n o i t n e v q n e o t C a c i O d L e I r p S I y i a a y s e e h e t p n a O S e e e e v i that t c n i t s i d a e a c a f a h t i w e h t l a e d t a h t l , l i t w S d O n P a P . , e e e t n a o St p M O ver © d y t r o f O c c a n i a e M € e c a n a e e e s l e e r h T s d . r n a o d i n t a . n n a t e t S s v n o C i i e t g i f l o i r p n a l a a h r r t u t c l u r e c e h T t d a n r a e h T social a o m es ti
aumae
e n e v n o C s t i n i n i s t n e m p o l e v e d a se t e i D 3 9 9 1 th
oucrcoesnn
the
gh re ton rie e w
‘0
since the an n a a s e l p o e P
di a n i t a h t : s a e p ’ s n o i t a y N e n d e t i n n U a m c s a i n i , d n a e s l i u b l e f b oe n s o m i i a l c r 1 e restitut f o O IE N e h e t y t b a d e t a l Saat u c i
h t } a d e i m r i f f s a u o n o e b g o i C d n i f o i : r t u h t g l i u r c o t y a s e e i e t r f e muni , t e n e e m t p n o i l e or ev e
t
cece ee
e NIEO
ae
cae
ee
ae
andes
d e s o p m i s e i c i pol
a
i
to t h g i r ‘ e h t of
r e m e h g d u i o h t l a a t e a H h t ° . ed ’ e g h a s t a i r e h | t e r n u k l e e G e ? @ o t es t d ws, a o t e l S u n 7 i t e n m o s , s t c a e j r | o h h c u a e c : n o n r e l d n me
o
s n a i c e h W e " o 2 @ S a s e i d S w e r o a i t s U v e f d e n , i n i m l a a x e e s g m u e r a a e r a 3 avadl A s i h t » In
b
at his st udy wa ;
i ha rchaeologicp al sites or Snot co ncerned wiwt ions
b ay 3 BS, Ih 23 2 ; y i t c u r Onst Ist Aj
Vvocate’s Guj
31,
1 ing
r el atlo i 10nSs
bet Wi een
d
i t a v r e s e r p s s e c c a d n a e v n i o t c e f f e b > ; be a , there paust : s e u o i g u c ® r o n e ? g h i d s n e y ee s
mus: eur
S
r : o f s t c e j b o d e r c a s f o n o protecti
aer
26
31, >
Te ILO 16169. ‘Ss ee B. Kin i gsbury,y;
PProach to
peu
an Co
‘Indigenous
PePe'o; pleses’ ini
5 9 3 4 at 4 1 4 L I J A 2 9 (1998)
a c r P O ) ° 9 1 ( e E s e n o ore t g a s : a p , in d n I s m r o , N ya a n — A d n a J. s t h g i R ; 5 7 2 6 s s 3 u e o t n e ae g i s gaiHnUG ;
ara.486, P d L, Cau e e S . 8 h 1 g . i a R in r a P » s t l h g a . i r d R e u ( t l u C ’ d s , t ople t e o P r P . rawfor as s i f 0 , ) e s t is h g i R é e e i h N d T r o f . x H O ( d n e a , a s e opl ; f f 3 9 . p Wrongs p , 2 8, 1998),
n e i s ) s u o relii
CAD
ae
e h t f o s communitie
t n a v e l e r e s i v d e a e c d l u o i © Y e W e S , s l e n i g i 3 1a e r o p e s u a S c e b indigenor® e n i g d i r i o u f o 5 n y t i i e n u m h c m u o s c f o s i a e y c B n a e appear n e ’ p s e c i e t n c a e r p n o s y u o s i r g e i d l a e e r j e t y n a t e i r n r t u u s c m a m p o c r i e h h m t t u i w e e s . mus require them for r o G t s u m n a T r a t s ghey e g d a r n a d e ; n e g u a t r o e t r s e r d a n a s t c e j n b o o i t h a c v u r s e s l n i t o t a n c e r t » u l , a g u n t i i l r l e b a y J r a s s e , c n e o n i t e i V b 1 i g h x e o t r i e s h r t e b m e m y t i oncerning n p commu ia e l e p w o l l a t s u m s m » museu : s t c e j b o h c u s o t t n e m
r i e h t n i s d n a m e d n a i l a r t s u A s u o n e g i d In t r f o o p e e R r o c o e h b t o d e e h m t r o f d e l l ? e o b a n l a d e n a e m m o L c o o n C e h w , t b i These re u S e s i e l i h t T u o t e P I e G W p e h t i w d e t c s e n r i o d i t a i d t n o a g e n e r s s e n l u aly f e s u e itiv n i f e d s f o e n o o i t a n r a a p e r p e h t . Be n o s t r o f f e s t i d e s u c , o n f o i t a l P s i I g e G i l W l he a t n o i , t 5 a n 8 9 1 a m a l n o e $ i s s m e o s d h e t s a , b n o i s s s t e h s g i r At its four 7 8 9 s 1 u o n e e h g t i d n i e r o f e g B n i n r e c . a n i o r e c t i r c s s e e l l p l p i a i c c c n i n d i i i r r r p P u j f o r draft e h t n o o i t d a n r a a l c e D s t a n e m u d r e t t s p n o i l d a a i r e l t a a n g m o n i i t t r a e i e e h M t intern l o y r r t n o o t c a r a d p n e a r P n w o s e l o t p o e P g e n u i n r i u t ” D n ™ o o c 5 n ‘ 2 e g s ’ e e c l n p a o c e i p f i the Indi n g i s s e o n e l g a i r t u s t n l i u h c t a r h o t j e a s m u e a f c c o e n b e s s s m e e y t r i a s s e n c i e which a n g e r s a o t w t h e g S i r U O q S e s i v h a t h s d e t r a c h d a t s n a d d e e n u i g a r t a e r vee d s n r a e v r e , s s e b r o u t l u c s u r o i n e e h t g i d n d i e d n e , f n f o o i s s e d s n a e d e t n e s e r p e r s i m y l t n e u s q e e i r i f d n i n e o i i fo e a e D l a s r e v i U n t f a r d s a n r o a i d t @ a ! s b a t i n a d g e r bl o a t es Da s e a s D u t o i a n h e C g r i i a d n P i I G W d n a , 8 8 e 9 1 s e a t s State e f i n m a o m ; rae r f he t s o t t n e t m h g m i o r ‘ c e h d t e t i t y a n h i t y d g e o m and l r o i n f h f c a s e t t h g ’ i t , R f a s r n d g i s ous) e t s d r i f , s t c a y f r e a t n r a i m i , l s e e t r i p s ‘ l s a , i c h y t i l g t o n f l a o o t e r 6 a o h p c m r I a H H g n i Article d ’ u s l r c n e i b m e , m s e r r u i t e l h u t c F o r i l u c s e l p o , e s p d n a l tions of the s u o n l a e n g o i i d t n i i d a r e t h t f o h t i n w r u t e i e l r , t , e r h o a t s l A f o n e s e . k w t r t n o e e b m p o l and w e n v o e i d t c e d n n n a o c l a t i v c i i v J p r x u e s n u a r l t a e s r d n u t a i l m u c l t f a a n r r o o f i t a the d n e g r d te e in l w o n k t s o m l of a n o i re t i d ! u t tra a n ts gh d ri n a c i r t s t c n e j b n e o a m c u h e t tural a t S e l a h u d i t v i d n i d e g d n n a e l l e a v h i c t c e l l o c ous g gro up 1 indigen d to re cog nise the nee g n i s i s a h p m e y b ments (related to , 0 0 6 9 9 5 . s a r pa
ee
les, pp. a83/21(/1A9\02)q
cover
s s e c o r p a s a jon
gr
a n i a t “ : r f thin the
r h t l a r e n e g The
wo
233
604-08;
and
paras.594-598
, 8 . d d A / 1 2 s / i 3 B 5 8 9 1 ’ / s 2 u . b o u n S t e / s g 4 . u i N g d C u n / A I B 7 . , 2 c h o n, o Bars i s s d e n 22 UN D S a h t 3 5 8 r 9 its Fou st : 1 n u o g u A n o s 9 2 : n o i t (a), a l 4 u p o P . a r a p , s u o n e g 2 i 2 d / n 5 I 8 9 : t , 1 n ) s . o s u s e g n e u o R A p 23 Sub-Comm. : u 4 2 o r G ion, s s ing e k S r o W h A e t h f t i F f f. o s li it n 4 o t 1 7 r . s o a p r e a d R p n a s n , o s a i e t a a D l Popu B-I. 8 vations)
a 9 c x 1 e 24 2 s 0 u 0 o n 4 e g i d n l I a c i N n C o I olog E e c a h o c p r p a u ( o r G 3 1 N ing k oints r p o W As EE e e e S h t 5f o t nex r n o A p e R , s e a D /22> 7 8 E.-1. 9 1 / 2 b u S / 4 . N C EI w o t D s u g u A N U 4 2 , 7 8 19 s n o i s s e S h t x i S its P o . ) s e t i 2 s 2 s 0 6 . n a o r i a t p a l , u p o P (sacred 2 2 / 7 8 9 s 1 u / o 2 n e g l di n I b u D S 0 / 4 J . N C / p B u . o c r o G D : 26 1JN king r o W e 33 h t 2 f o x e t n r n o A ‘ p e R 27 R-I. Daes, .2/1988/2%
b u S / 4 . N C I B e a D N U , 8 8 9 1
r u t e R & s m u e s u n r M , v a L l a n o i t a n r e t n I
mmittee.
a
Daes’s
:
Study
.
Maintain
:
e h o t g r e t M of I d n a n l o a i r t u c t e l t u o C r P e l] u fo e h t e c in i d e r e d i s n s o le Mtelleoy al p, owing ch pter of Indigigenous Peopoples is c ectu Py j a
Per
Assessment of th e work of th w e th 7, r e t p a h C As detailed in
UNESCO
Intergo
l a t r c n e o P e th of s d o h t e m rking o ; t th i m M I e o C S E N r s e v o g r e e t D e m r o f Committee is he cenl a t i interests of l o © p o r t e M t l i b i s s e c c a Ne i d n a “ae ication y ae e d a an s r e w o P 3 e t a t S ce n o n fo i il ta wb e a f l a h a e d t n a o w t at th st la e h t e i b s t e i t r a c i d ceyever n i S th e e Tae te ta li ci fa to d e v l o v e : s t th P1 t a €S te Pi Be n o ai n cl e o oe of ered a to restitution a c o v d a e a y l l a n i g i r o h e pendent States. e t t i m m o C e by th d y, te gl e th ca m o r p a y e l r g n c i n s i Boece n Sines, as d e l w o n Ote k of r e f s n a . tr e th e n a h t e o r u o s s e e n r i w ge and to an e e w ’ e e t t i m m o C e Th i w y l l a i c e p s e W) Ww , k r o w S : e c n e g r e m e caust survi VO e r e n u h of the claim the c m
d n a s ir he r ei th d a process of rrsemanembering within th
e€
ampaigns of indigen ous peo ha ” e a d n a museum community
€ general
be
te of
the
ich
ention alone. The
n i s ’ e e t t i m m o C e h t g : n i s u m i a l n a c m e h a t n e h f t o g n e r t s o t ion y g e t a r t s a g n i r a p e r p y l t n e r r u c a s i l i i c n o c l d n a a r n o e i t a n i d e e : _G m e d u l c n i o t n o i t c n u f s t i g n i d n e t x e ” y . b s e t a ee t S r e b m e M n o g n i d n i n- b o n d d o n h t a e m s y i h r t a t e n s u u a j c e o b v s e t e a t b S g d n l i d l o wou h y b d e r u favo the terv
of a on a issii the mG
ES eeCe
s s e c o r p a s a n o i t u t i t s e r 5 and
of Cultural Obj.ects
S e s t h g i r l a r u t l u c h c u s in respect of
.Jementis, aie
235
s t e N . s e c i t c a r p g n i t c e l l o c r i e h t f o t x e t n o c r n a e id s t c e l f e r s e d a c e d o w t t s a l e h t r e v o e e t t d n o y e b e Commi s e i t i n u m m o c m o r f s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c t h g u o r b s m i mova: 1 of a l c f o s e p y t e h T on er a.
i t a s i n o l o c e d of the : s e s a h p e e ded into thr
n e e b s a h e r e h t , y a d t n e s e r p e h t o t e e t e t s o i h m t m o d C n a e n h o t i t f a o s i t n o l o n c e m ed during stablish
the e 1s ts remov' d r a g e T r e t a e r G . n o i t o f t n e v s n m o i C a l c O C f o S E = N n o U c a 0 s 7 a 9 1 qa fusion d e e v h o t m e r g n s i t w c e o j l b l o o f g n i y l r t o t t i s c e i r l l i d n a g n c i i t f a f a i c r t e r t p i p removed c i a l l i y b y a a d d n e g t a n e O s e r E p I N g n e i h t b r s t u ec ot i f n e r d i d d n paid to c e n r o t i t a s p i u h c T c o 2 3 1 . a e i d n o l o tra c h c g n u i s r u f d o s s o l l a r u t l sequence u © g n i s u a c s e c n a t s m u c r h c i h w s t c that the ci e j b o 1 . e c a n r u e t d l n u e c n p o e d n n i o i g t n i w o l l n o i t u t i t s e cease fo r d n e a e t t i m m o C the st, m e r n e e b fad s e t a t S r o s s e c c u s f o s claim
e t n e s e r p s t r e p x e f o e e t t a commi disp
s t c e j b o l a r a v o ery of cultu m e r n e e w t e b k n i l e h t . f s o e i n c o i i l t o p a i c l e a appr noci d
33 Atits behe
v o c e r e h t to govern o t d e l s a h War. This f o s t c e j b o € cultural
f o e r u t a n x e l p m o ¢ e h t ding of mit-
m o C e h T 4 3
s u o n e g i d n itage of i o s l a s e l p o e
o c t n c a e e t p o o r r p u E o t s e t a t S e : m o s of s t r o f f e ¢ e h t n o i t u t i t s tee noted e r e h T 5 3 . y r o t i r r e t r ’ i e e h e t t t n i i h m t m i o w C e h t peopl es f o s se a h P r e al i l r r a u e t l u h C t i f W o y t ry i n ! i f e f v a o c n e a R e e v h a h , T n of o l l e y l h S o R . F e h t e e d para. 9. S ention: s an
n o s o a T e s r a a h a S h e s u n i S , s e Dec Pi ne Ju s, ri Pa De y e o l c o c s M A S ee
2B Se xy
E
e e hes, Au
D: aes, m
Repor
n i k r o W e th of D N U s & he
” See
Ned
Y; 24
with J. gan
Keeping? GND
oS
el
1982, UMNuEseSuCmO,
stralian Au , t n e m t r a p As or ni Se e, rl He A. l o p By and Anthro
soe Gee
ogy, Cambridge, 3 eae
99, Gebabeioee UP
€ does ‘ o p s e r d o l i h t t O i N w s ’ m d r n o f to e h t e n s o e e of c t i x e n a co t mediarajtioCnyl but ut itit hhaass nn c o Pro‘Ommoott;in, Off e a e e t t a i m m o C f e o h t ,governmental t n e m e g Waiense Apprayoe pri eturn S r e t n I . otrriiteys ee h t u a 7° e v i n > s c u e r o € n C u ( m m n o s c t t N O r l T e a A p o i W p o i r t P 7 A Ri a s it l a r r u o t S , n n o i i g s s i e d r S O n o c f e o Sor-G eB t a g c e i r ] i f 8 D 9 1 aae. 5 C t t s , r u 3 o g / , p u 3 : e e 0 b R 2 m r e a p N t S eP E U N 5 O f o e l a t r e . n 7 e : e D m i g A T1987, > UN D € e h t n i o rn or Rest titution of C Sultural Proper!y, 9¢.A/42/533 ye es its gg 00d
S
>
nex
> para.10
Z
¥
Objects
by
Arbitration
, 8 v 3 n o C n o i t u T l I o s O R /Re D C 2 3 c o D e d v n a i t O c C e r i O D C y S t 31 UNES E i un UN m e h ! m t o i e ( h g u n o a r e h rop u ion E t c e a h t e h d t African Status t n a n o s l O sa C o p S o r p h t l . a 9 f 1 o 2 al gin, nwe r ! e o i r n o m e m G f o o r [2002] 2 ULR C o t s e e c h i t e unt of ir a D s r co e h : t e e t th s f i o n to i M 1 w a L por e e h t R g n : s i t d c u l c n e I j b 2 3 l O a r u t l u C d ' e sti e r in g r o i r O n r f u o on IMlegally Export t e s r e e i r nt th u o n C o s n t o i i t o a t s i y n t a r g e at p i o r r a P t e r l c a r e u S taken by the or t l , u , 5 66 0 fC 4 0 / 2 8 4 n y / r A u . t c o D e R N e 1 gth | | n . i s t , a o n r m a o o p i r s 7 October 1993; U s e P i S x, or e h f n t n n e A e e e t t r i t i m h m T o l C on, a i t t n e m a n 9), i r 9 e r 9 v p o 1 g o r r e r p t e n p ; b A 8 m 3 Be I e 28 ec icit l l I : s f a o r a p e s , Cc a 2 / . 2 in 2.0 . F N O C / or its Restitution N 5 U 0 d 0 2 n a E ; L 1 C 1 . Doc , g ) O 3 C 9 S 9 1 E n o 1 N i U t c , t a r e e b h Repo t m e 2 v 0 o 2 N ( O 7 C 4 . S v V E p / N 8 U 4 0 / A al r e e s a n C e G n i r o n t o and 12; UN Doc. c i t e u Dir tit s e e r h t f g r s o t r o ep R © r : o f o s a e r m i d i r a a t l P c n 3-4. u s o >s c s ro he C t o t e p a y t C r e e h t ! p r o fo pr . a m ai t l cl a a p r u t , n l a x u i b c i e m a n N f n o 34 5 A 6 3 4 / 4 5 / A c n Do fo e e t t i m m o by the organisatio 1999, UN C al t n e m n r e y PP 4 A , n t o i c i i t l a l i r I p o r f p o p a e t s ca of illici n i n . o m i o r t f u t i 2 s t . e s v F e i N R h O c C r A / k 3 a 0 g Y -2.9 L C . the Oe-Kyujang CO s t i o t y t r e p o Cultural Pr tar e r c e S , 3 0 0 ch 2! M r a 8 2 5 2 , n o i s s e S 0 2 I L C : s n o ati i t o g e n y l a t t a i p o . 8 ne Ethi . a r a p , x e n , An 6 3 4 / 5 4 / A . c o D N U See
s s e c o r p a s a n o nd restituti
O l a r u t l u C f o n j, Ob r u t e l R a r & s m u e s u M s t c , e x j a L l a n o i t a n r e Int ed et ac if lt mu the of g in nd ta rs de un oe is sia d an , on ti pa cu oc ng ri du i s ect obj } al tur cul sremovane l of ¢ tit res e es th s es dr ad to unity and museums
ps ou gr e at St nno er oth peoples and
d pe lo ve de o $ als has ee tt mi mu i The Comm
nc,
efforts of
ution claims
a mor
ah
circumstan
nd
4
“Sultj
sa
Hing \ he
ee
a i
e€ multif: acete
; at its S incepti intended ons than functions th that originally igh i 0 n.
Public information Initially,ly, varivarious preparatory reports and the © C Commmi i ttee e cate people, especially y museum officicials and the local me mPhasised the n dia,1a, ij n holding 5 Countries
issue to be d ebated’.*It’ Yet, by 1991, 9 this Ca mpaign w; as 3 g
advisin § of0) re turns finalised ee wera
fol wi
em v l O V l o v n i ollowing the
wever, thi
2331
Oars
eed toe
ls s e t y ta ab
e
fo
rum fo
:
l ra ve se n i h t i w ’ g n i r embe m e r e v i t c e l l o c d n a l a u d i v i d n i e v a h s e l p o cess of e p s u o n e g i d n i w : o h of n o i t a n i m a x e n a ‘ s i e r e h t s n r o e t n o p i a t a h p c u c c o s i l h a i t n o l o c in of s t c e f f e e h t t c e l f e r s e t a t S r e l t s e m m a r g o r p ums in set c i l b u p d n a s n o i t i b i h x e r i e h t h g u o r h t es
and cultur
r e t a e r g s i h t d e t a t ies facili e r p f o e h e l t a c s 0 e 0 h t d s n a i s s a r h e w p o m p e n a t i s S tee t i © m m s o e C c i t 0 c 7 a 9 1 The r p e h g t n r i o f t c s e n l o i l t o a i c t o g e e n h t g n i f o r u D . s sng t c e j b u s r e rm e v o r o © f n o r i i s e i v h o r p e h t t u o b a ained by t t n e c i t e r s a w s e s t s a f o o t l S t c d e p e l s e a t r r i n u i n t U s l a cul e n h o i t s , s n e f o o r i p t m u e s ’ nyen u m s u o i r a v f , o s e l k p o r e o p w e s h u o t n e g i d , n r i e d v n a e s w r o o ! v i H v r u s t : s u s a e c i o r l g Ho n i f£ k © a m s o m t i d a n 4 l ing Meenro c s s e e c h o t r p d s i n h t a o t e l b 1 a n e . m a e r o m e m o c e b to s e t a t S n a c i r e m . A n s o t i n t o a u m l t i i a g t l s c n n o A c e e r v d i e t le h c t e “ p s o r p o t e l b i s s e c f t c o n a e v n n o i i a t t a t a c a o d h l t e e h h d t t e n d i n a a t n i s a n o : i m t c le t l r o c o p l e a n R o i t ’ e a n c n t i i m m s o l c C P a t g n The Veni n e i m y n f r i e t v n o e g d r i e t y n b I ’ O s e C g S a t E i r N e U d h n a e l h a t s r m u i , t a y l l l c u l a c n u q io B t of 4 u 4 t i . t s s e n r o i f o t u t n o i i t t s n i a r a n p g e i r e p r o e f h t n i r o f s t y c r e a j s ob s 1 e c e n e t r i e t W a l i s p e m i o c r o t e h n t e v r n o f i y d g e o l u g r o a d o e h te t e m A . , s s r r e e n f o f i o t i t e c l a b y i p s P s o p m u g e n s i u g m a i r s u o n e encou g i Z d n i w e n N o n , a y b d a n d a e C p o l , e a v i l e a d r t s y u A n i , n o d i l eventuall g e e h r s c n i o f i c a P e h t n i sc collecti s e t a t S l a n o g i n t i i t d s a e r u t q e e r h t r o o t P g 5 4 n i t . a s l e e t r a t S n o i t d a e t t i n n U e m d u n a c o d m o d d n g a n s n Ki P a r g o t o h p f o e v i e t v c i e h j b c o r a s n a i h T te a e . r p c u O o t r g s a w d n a l , s y I l t n c a i f t i r c o a p P m { h c a . e n o f i o t a s e i r l u a t t l u i c v e r l a i l r a e r t u a t m l u c d n a e g a t i r e h r g l a r r u a t l l u u c c i t r a p e h t d access their n a n o i t c e l l o c \ ona i t a n e h t o t returned
0c.20C/86
A
fx
s1,2 d.
Doc.20C/86 >
2 Staunton
and
hed a
Stu
tagA,
Annex 1, a
A nn ex
M. M
2; 3
and
Art.4(4) 5
McCartCheyntr(eeds, .),: 1
the Africa
ie
Lost
Committ ee’s
Heri
Ss Statute,
A dane of the
ondon, 1981);
ssion, Re ‘port by th for f ittee e itte Comm : ove erg Int 3 the al y : rnment cs ts 6 GOP i fig Cortraran y Cis 2 ion iuz ceu s rs e 6, Ta 2, ae Cone aD al tur Cul fi of eans urn Ret or e of Reconstitut; ee Dj ce uting Ispersed Heritages, pa Doc.2 CC-78/CONF. 609/35 » Paras.20—29
irector-G eneral of UN ESC O on the action taken by the Organisation
proper
98 Obs Princy
Guidetines
For, ce
at liad
Spoliation
, 7 9 4 / 6 4 / A . c o D N U , 1 9 9 r 1 e b m e ty, 30 Sept
A the of Report A Sa ssociati ‘
ae, the During rt
l e d i u g / e t 0 4 m g n s i t c a cr on 2ce4rninPF rg the’ (Leice el)n.shtm] i ster, 2000 >
» and
N,
P.
Palm
ane -
ar
Directors
ra (1933-1945);
e e e h t e a
e e e i n a c i r e m A useums ; 0 8 2 . P €d April 2001 pei soap A PPropriati hy n of Obje: cts During the Nazizi ErEra,a, N Novel mber _ cfm 2 at Dttp://wyy W.aam-us S.OF g/muse ines -guidel cs/nazi es/ethi resourc um .
5 Octon o i s s i m m o C s e n i l e d i u G ation: n o C ’ s r o t c Dire
89 2 . p , s m u e 4 s u M , y , t r r e e m p l o a r P P and al r u t l u C h s , i w s e J m u d e e s t o u ms o L M u e : s 5 u M s m t tion 120 h n. o i t , ) a 9 9 r 9 a 1 l c r e e n d a b m / n e o v i i o ) N t e ( u m t i e I p t o Res ram o of Eur f e s u g i n g l m e i v u L . w e w J v s a n / u i / M , , p 4 t l e a s a . n t 2 d a o . n a i a r a , t p 0 a 0 ; N 0 0 2 9 , 2 d p. n ber 1999 a , 3 , s s 8 e m 3 l p u i e c 4 n s 3 i r u P M p of p , , r t 3 n e e m m e l t x a a i P t d S n , e s p on p i A t (MGC) c , A ) 0 0 0 d 2 e s , o n op ondo r L P ( d e c i m t a hip c a s r P r s e e n l p w i O c n f o i ” for Good r P em fer h f s o n a t r s n T e e l m p d e i n t c a n a St rt pri / e n 15 p o , 2 X i ) t E , 1 a O i D l x , M o e t p N n r e n ( o A p T e m e , [ 5 g. r / t i b c ” M i s l ferenc D l / u I c C s u e H m h l S t a . n o s i c ing o D O . C 1 S 8 3 E hnttp://www.nat d n t a a g 5 n 7 i 2 it 0, b 7 i 9 R h L o r P . y n f ce, r o a i a t n u S e r s V b n 4 e , a 3 t F r e A ‘ M 7 ) 2 2 ade\ (198 y 43 UNESCO,al Property, Final Reports n o i t a r u n t r l u e C t n f o I n o e h t n m © y a s s e E t h c t n e A j 6 y o , r d r o P u t a t B 3 S y 5 . M r o / t 15 nto s e 6 t and P. v . r n e F I p N x O © E C f | o 6 e e C-1 t c t i h i 44 p m a m . r o c g o C o D n h , t E Recordi ng See UNREepSoCrtO, 21 April1 1976, UNESCO , n o t l o B . L 923 7 ne Final 8 1 Bo ce, . L n e d n i a r t e h p c e x p E S J. See Australian fic i c a P n r u o , J n a 17 m l ) l 5 0 i 0 (2 XK. St d t n a a b e D a e c h i T r : s n o i t c Colle ori t n e v n I of n o i t c e l l Co . c o D O C n S a E i N l U a r t , 5 s 8 u 9 1 A h e c h at t 18 Mar t n e s e r P i nd ig a m u t e s n a s a P i l u a r n M t s e u A e e h d t d n a Island an y g o l o p ro h t n A , , 5 8 9 1 , s ms Canada, Pari s, t c e j b O , k e h s n o B . BE See
C S E N U e Th
)s d. (e n Li T. in , m u e s u M
and ; 1 6 2 . p , ) 2 9 9 1 , i e p (Tai
ICOM Stud
l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u ra. M , w a L l a n o i t a Intern aes this schema, the identification of obj
tution process was a secondary aim. The pubhe collections led to many enquiries on
Obye ah
ee ae =
239 S
2 prelim
Oceanic
m r o f n i her furt a for repatriation. This result can be explai
the communities of origin, the non-incl =
ze
4
‘
Mary Ste
Tae : terial
Part by thety mee on
oak
ah oH P47hotographs description in terms foreign to these co mmu nities, Soinvage
inventorieses required expertis1 e and resou rees u Sually 1 no deppenedcat States. ICOM recommend inde nded d th that ee and d traitrainin ningg courses to assisi t these Sta tates, Se 48
s an li ra st Au us no ge di In d an Americans lre t ul ns co s, em it ic if ec sp of es ri to en i nv e l i p m o c o t s m u e s u ections. Similar
3
but
inRea, “T"aelty
involy iy q Wey,
! OebjeFg 1tlOn, th
.
:
a l i P M g y l i d a Cre Vailable 10n gp
ll co r ei th in s t c e j b o e t a and repatri
53 . s n o i t c e l l o c l a n o i t a n K U f o t c e p s e r n i y l t n e c e r e d , a m 5 n e e l o f d n have b a s e t a t S bry bp n r e t s e W n i s e v i h c r a c i l b u p o t y t recomme i l i b i s s e c c s a n o i t r a e g t i a t e s r e g v n i y b , e p d o e r l u E l a r t n e ond) fuel C d n a n r e t ist bloc in Eas s 0 3 9 1 e h t g n i r u d d e t a c s i f n o c s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c f 0 e t a f e th n a t i ing l o p o r t e m r e m r o f s : u o r e m u n n i s n m organisatio h t i w s t n a m i a l c e v i t c e p s o r p e d i v o r p 54 Museu o t s e c r u o s e r t n a c s i e u f q i n y l g l a i i s t n e t d o p e f y o o s l n o p i t e c e d l l o c r e i e v h t a h n i s t s c e r j b e o w g o n p i n a t a r c e c d n n a o g n c i t s i n l o e h t ti a d m n o r y o e b f s e n o g i s s e e c o l r p b i e s h , t s y e l c t n y a ac r e t v e r o f o p m e T c n a 5 n 5 e v o . r p e e c h t n a g n n i e s i v s a o h r p m p e y b e l s n b o a i t tion cu m collec ommunities
s u m g ° n . n i a o t l s F i O x e t s e u q e b , e l a s r o f Joguing of d e e d r e i f w f d 0 l r o s w i t s i m r u e e s u h m t g e n i h t w p m t o r c p e ful in re succ ltural obj
o m n o d i t e i s v i u o q c r a p r i e e h v t a s w h e e i v i e r r o d t n a n e s n o i t c e l l o c r i These inv e h t n i u t x e s t t n c o e c j e b d o l f a o c i t y e r r o o e t h s t i h d n e a h t l a c t i n s o y r h p f n o e c h T o t ” l . a s i n r o e i p t m i a i r n i t a p n e o r i t a s g i n l i a t r a t l n u e m c i t d s n a s e l p o e p n policies than a e p o n a r p u x E e n t o s i n l a f t o i p a s c t c e d j n b a o l l a a i r n u o t l o c n a e p o r u E alisation of cul of d e t d i n a e n , o t p c e m j o b c o n l a a i f t o n e s ’ s p e i h n s a r e n s w a o w e s h t n o i f o t c e y l r l o o t c s i h ‘ e h t i f o s s e n e r a w a i g n i s a e r c n i s e g n e l l a h c sion. This y l t c e r i d , s e i ! r o t n e v n i f o . n s o m i u t e a s l u i m p m o r i c e th d n a by the s r e w o p l a i n o l o c r e m r o f f o ’ s s e n l u forgetf
cu
Tequest for S
Tes
resti
j
Promotio 5
titution.>2
n
of
:
‘inter- cultural
contribute © dialo 9
i
the exch ange of i
independently
t s n i e m p e o e l t e v t e i d m m o m C u e s l u a m t n e d m n a n r l e e v n o n g o r s e r e t p n I f o g n O i n C i a S Tr r E e N h t U o x e h t , e t u t a t S g n i © n r e t v o n g e m s e t i c r o o t f n i e r r o Pursuant c e n t n e e h m t h s f i o l b a g t n s e i n i e a h r t ‘ t e e h g t a r u d o n c a n e y t o r t e d p e o r r i p u l req d a e r u m t u l s u e c r p f o y l n l o a i i t t i a n v i r e s s a n w o c t I e h t . ) ) r 6 o ( f 4 s n e o l c i i t t u r t A ( n insti r ’ e l t e s n e n W o s r y e b p d e l t a a c t i c n i h d c e t s d r d a n d a n a t c s i f i t t n e e m i c s t a h t s s : e e i c essary t r i l u i o c s a e f r o t f o d k e c n a l r u 4 t e r t a h e t b d e d n l i u a o t w s n t i c a e m j y d u t that ob S ” . t s M e u O q e C r I n o e i h t t , u r t i e t v s e e w r o 4 H g . n s i l s a i u c f i e f r f O r o f m t u x e e t e r mus p e l b a i f i t s u j a e b t o n d ul o c s e i t i l i c a f and tittuttiion claij ms for obj €cts ac que i a In the UnitI ed S
tates and
Recordj ; : C Ceanic : Ollec j i eeh i tons Th waine Aus tralia: an, » ji +3 INteryj ali J Probl ems and Na L h e Hon; a Inventor ew wi th J. Specht; and Aboriginal Artefacts es vith 0 A\ South
Tding
,
i to the operation prior ustralia, federal government
Interview With B
$ Oo:
(ty
2 Cans of Safeguardi
din,
€, x
in et ll Bu A M O C 0 2 ) 8 8 19 opology, n
Crai g, Head, Divfiaseion of Foreig
Gu
» i a l e d A e n o F ruary 199 9 DocO.rcen n C , 3 / 9 nn 0 6 A . F N O , M 3 / 9 0 -6 Ways and
eu s u M 36 ) 4 8 9 1 ( s n o i t s e
9.
1, 10; and
Anthr
of n o i t a t l u s n o C a Report on 8!) 7
e e e l a r 9 u 1 t ( n l o u i C g e R c i f i 8 the c a P e h t f ritage o
), 3 0 0 2 , n o d n o (L s n o i t c e l l o C um e s u M n i s n i Rema
53
54
55
n a m u H n o p Grou g n i k r o W e h t of t r o p e R , r e m l a P at NX. , 6 2 s e l p i c . Prin V I X , 8 n 9 o 9 i 1 t a d n r e e m b m cem Reco e D A , t t A f r A ; d 8 9. e 7 t 2 a r n c e p o t s p i r 7, ha C onf x C , i s i d m z n u a e e N s p u p M n o A , r s e e m ipl pal , eums c s s n e u i n : r i P l e d e i , c u r n G e m e l r a e P AM : onf A C d ; n 3 a n o t t r g a s n P m i t h h s ; 3 s a iple c n See W i icies/es ae r wish P l e o J f o o t t n z s e g m n i e g t n a ! oy St Belo c e r C t t r r A a m f o o c . w w w s 33 / k / r : o of W jdwar2.h http ; d Part 5 0 2 n 1 r . u s t e e R R e E e C h t e ning ; and l i m i c n i ae e ideli s e r d a n w a d l i r o w i e R g OM C I ; C 2 d n a n A 2 Part e S MGC d r n a a u n a J ; F 2 4 1 d , n a lease B e 2 R s s e r P , s r e Own para.11.
3 5 1 . a r a p , 5 0 2 1 . 56 See CE Res ,
ee t t i m m o C 8 M: 1 t , c s e m i Sele T k r o New Y , s i , C e r H u t l u C 0 0 e h 0 t 2 of 57 First Report thi m 0 g n i g g a r D t Culture, o o F n o e Riding, e t t s ect Commit les p i c n i r P of t n e m e Stat
l e S f o t r o p e R h t n 58 Seve para.35.
59 UNESCO
Doc.
los a x e n n A CC-78/CONF.609/3
371),
vol.1,
O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t Ib g e R & a s m u e s u M , w a L ects l a n o i t a n r Inte
ndige
h t d e g d e l w o n k c a s e t a t S t n e d n e p e d n i y l w e a N g a w e r e h t a e h t d e s i c i t i r c t u b ' l e n n o s r e p d e n i a r t ities and Cpt of lees o o D S S 0 ° . y t i t n e d i l a r u t argue Man l u c l a c o States l y n o ct fe ef its Elo Againg i t a t n e n s o e i r t d p a n v a 1 r e s e r s p e of n d r o e m t s We Cth e ¢ r i e h t f o es n O i n i Itur :
n o i t u t i t s e r ing
a
.
oe
ates objects.°?
Interg
:
Ovi ern Menta]
gt Co
Pro te
‘ an th e term r e h t a r ; g g a l ’ a n c o i i tS . n t h c a e r t e ‘ p ? o e o Nn c c n a t ; : w o e c g r n a i v c i s e c e r e h t S i m L o r f i t u foror inp € i ; e h t d n a s e c y r la t p n It O I T i G I R E M O P i h s i is Th m e t if sh . s es the growi e Thi u s g i o s l a a . i h d = gue p o i t a i c e r p p a g n i w o i r o f o s e i t i n u m n m o o ‘i i c t e u h t t a s m e e l b m a n e h n whic i g n e i or to onc agai d “
1
are preserved, protected and developed. member noted:
A U
’
n er
Stop ‘
Me how th i
Sovernmenta|
Pror fo e e t t i m m o C l a t n e m n r e v o Interg e s i m cit i li ig Il Or f o e s f a : C o n i n s o e i t u tri t i t ri igin or its Res
port
si Heritage, PP.8-10
ESCO]
> 6
by the
ES G Bree
) s d e ( y h t r a C c M d n 2 a n o t n u a t S n i , e e t t i :-MG } c n i r P f o t n e m e t a t S Moe rofessiona] hics ciples, e para.3OnlelAy ( 1986) Et i v e R ( tt s Re et gg Le e Se . ) 4 0 0 2 d n a 1 0 0 2 s, ri , Pa d ) (Revise €f-govern:
mental commi
s
s t n e m u r t s n i l a n o i t a n r e t n i d n a s n o i s i v o r p y t a e r t e c a e e h t of p r a e b y t r a p g n i t s e u q e r e t a h t d e r i u req
s e l p m a x evious © s t c e j b o 1 a r u t l u c f ) o f n o i t u t i rest
a r t ’ t n a v é e l e r y l l a c o l ‘ of sised the importance
m a r g o r P g n i i g Sa o l o n h c e t l a s n e o i t i d a r t and the utilisation of e h t r o f y ction d n o a r a P E N 5 U e h t Psa Accordingly,
nous peoP
s s e c o r p a s a n o i t u t i t s e r eI s and
h c u s s e i t i n u m m o c s u o n e g i d n i d n a s e t a t t n S e d n e p e d n i h s i l b y a t s l w ¢ e e h n t r d e d n e m m (67 Fo o c e r y d u t S M O C I 7 7 9 1 he l T a n o i . t e a n v r i e t t n i i b i e h h t n o o s t c r e j p b e o s a y h l c l r u p o t y r t n u are usua o c g n i n t i a s t r e e u c q e t r d a h e t a u t g s r a i l s s a s w a t i , o 0 t 8 9 1 n i n o i s qa fund s e s t s r i f l a s r u ’ t l e u c e t e t h i t n m r m u o t C e r e o t h t d e t r i A u q e r 68 e r e w y e h t f i a y l r i b l a u a o r t v s a u A f e k n li s e t a t most u S e m o s , r e v e w o 9 6 . s m i a l c , h s c r u e s d r £ o b © s t i t s n i o h t i w s e l e the c P o e p s u o n e g i d n i d n a s e l r o t i r r e t l a i olon e c o r p n o i t u t i t s y b the re n o i t a c i f i r e v e h t s e c n a n i f r u s n i , n o i t a t r o p s n a r t r i e h t , n o i t a c o l , f 0 o 0 0 es i r g t In 2 n n i u n o i c a r t r i e d h n t a n s i e i t i s l t i c c a e f j b n o o i t l i a b r i u h t x l e u e ¢ l b f a o t i u s s t f r o r i a t h expe n C e m h P s I i G l b W a t s e e h ‘ t e , h t t s a r t d n n o a c y , B s t 0 c 7 e . j ’ b n i o g i r f o o f © t n e g s a ance e i r l t a n b o u l o g c a in s a s l t c a a n o i o t s s e f O o C r p S E N U m u y r b e d s f o n u f e s u a f of mu e © t a i r p nt o e r m p h p s i l b a r t o s e d e e h s t i r o h d t e u a s n o u p e h t , r o f has pro n o i at s n e p m o c r . f o y r e v o c e r u p l for the r a i t i n i e h t ” . e e g d a i s t e i b r e t h a | h a t r u t n l w u o c h s s u s a o h n s t s c m e u j b e o indige s g u n m i n r u n t a e i r l a r n t e s u h A w f O s e i e n c o n m e i r l e a p i x t e n a t y b The d e r i u q expen dsubs : e r e b y a m e t a t S g n i d l o h , a e c i r , p r e g h n t i r e u b F chase 2 s 7 t . c \ e j o b r o t n o e c h t s t i o t r r e o d j r p n u r s e e s i r a o h t c i r r r e u t p o t e d i d f l o h even a e n h o t b a t a h e t t a s n n o e i t i p n m g o o c c e r o t d e s t w i a m l i l c i n t e s e e ! b t c s e a j h b its dom o e n r a e h f © T g . n e t i a p t e S e k g n i s t s e d u n q a e r n e o h i t t o a t v r d e e s r n e o s c n retur n o e c h t e r h o t f d d e e t r e d a s i n s e n p o m c o c l e e n b a d P l u y o r h o s s i e v t d a A e h t n o t i s ing St n t a i i a l g o a p S t i g n K i U t t e e s h f T f _ o s Y i s r s e e l s l s a o G p s t e i t a n i T ” e . h s t r a whilst e y y b y t d r e o d f n r e o p f x e s n o s i t t c s e o l c I o c nce s a t i r u s n n i i g d n n a i t n n i o a p i t vation a d d e n t u s o e F u q n e r e e s h s t u n g g n i a v M a h e n y b r A d e e h v t i r e t d a h it t , t i d l e t h s benefit n i a t g a r u o t C h g e ! w o m r e b r p m u i S a l c h s n i o n i a t D a i r e t h a t , t P s e a L t a s e n r i e t By contr n n i o i t u c t i { l b u t p s n e o h c t e n h i t s y a b w d t 1 e t c e e t r o e r h p w t h t g p o e n c x e s a had a ri w y t e r r e e p h o t r p e s f a o c n t a o i h t ! i t n a i i r p d o r n p u x e o f t e d a r b u r o c e h t which fo , r e v e w o H . n o i t a s n * e / . e p l m b o a c ’ o t y a p t c s a w n o and subje i t a s n e p m o c o n e r o f e r e h t , s s o l l a substanti Export
t, r o p m I t i c i l l th g n i t n e v , e 2 r 7 P 9 1 d n l a i r g p A n 4 2 iti b i e h c o r o f r P n i f o , 0 s 7 9 n | Mea r e e h b t m e n v o 0 N n 4 o , 1 enti s i r v a n P o C , , ) i y G t r ) e b p ( o 7 | Pr a r u 67 See Art. t l u C f o p i h s r e n w O f o r e and Transf its 89. 2 o t y . M t 4 r L e , l p o 3 o i 8 r / P y C | 1 ra ¢.2 (1971 u t l 3 1 u 3 C 2 o f D o S O T C n N r U S u 823 NE Ret U e h t e e 001, S g 2 n 9 i t t o s m u o g u r A P . 9 r 1 , o f ities dy, 9-1 v e u i t t t S c t A i M m s O t m C i o I C n e o e | S :n 68 o a i t t n a e i m r n p r o r e p v p o A g r te icit n l I M e h t f o y b t e r s o a p e C R n e i , 710 Se s n e l o p i o t e u P t i s t u s o e n R e its dig r n o I f i o g i r y O t f r o e p y o r r P l 0. a Count 1 u t c . e a l r l a e p t n I , 6 d 1 an P/ E R l / a C r u 1 t l 3 u . C c o D e h t O 0f n o i UNESC t c e um, t e o s r P u M e . h y t 6 7 a 1 e n . l o a c r a y a M d Stu er, , p c 8 , i 2 s f e f / a O 3 D 9 e . 9 I . g E a e t e i S r 71 He s u o n e g i N d C n / I E , Doc ack t S N U . R , 3 9 h 9 t 1 i y l u J 28 e t a T e h t f o n sio c s e e p S s s J. o P h t i e w h w t e i v n r i e w o n 72 Tnt g n t n i ; a y P e n a of Syd t , c y e e p n d y S f o y t i s Univer t y r u r o o C s i v e m d e A r n p u tio S a i l n o o p i t S a e h c t u f d o E t r f o o p ry t 73 Re s i s n ’ i n M e s e s h u T n . g 9 v. a 1 . M p e e) t , ) u n iy it Ar t C s H n v. I 1 0 n 0 o 2 i ( n t y a a r c e e l u a l d a n E G g f a x o m y a r n t r s i A n ‘ i M d r n o a i t a ; und 6) 6 9 1 r e b m e Arne Magnussen Fo 966, (Nov of Denmark,
Case No.107 /1
l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & ral s m u e s u M , w z International La n o C O C S E N U 0 7 9 1 e h t g n i e t n e m a e l p d n Im a t States
s s e c o r p a s a n titutio
O yay
ects
n o C O C S E N U 0 7 9 1 e h t g n i r u d n r e c n o c S U y r a f im o r g p n i d n a t s r e d n u “ n a s a @ it s d e a t w s i l y t o i s v \ i act te ed States a ed
:
n e d n e p e d n o i e p y l w s e u n o n e y n g a I m i t For c e j b o n a Ples t n a c i f i n g i s s a e t s i e s h e t s s o ; l m m e t S e e c cultural e u , i ‘ t e n i a t y n i a m s t
n e n o p o r p O E Indeed, NI
t n i e n t U a e r h e t h t T a h n t o 78 i s i v o r : p y n a o e t c 9 7 n a t s i s e R . m s on i n i a t h c n e e m ‘ v n l a o r t C n e c a s n i a m e r > of the s n o i t c e l l o c g ! n i t is is
l i a f o n a t ces ee c: ircums 0
o i t a p u c c o of n o i t a s s e c n e m not end with the u g r a s i h T . h é t O C S as E N U h f 0 7 9 1 e h T ae au vert e ;
source’ States to f a i a k a b r o — e a ee a S ae objects are ice estic e dome = Ov.
negotiatio ae
ial
; il av he ed st re ss ne tive d n n o a i t a c i f i t a r s it n o Y ah Be
Le
-
243
t g n i d effect;
l a r SUch |
to gcruth
the eomectiyn:ition Ve
e c n a t s i s e r s i h t , d e n i a l p x e s A . s r e w o p n a t i l n o e p v n o o C r t e h e t m f o r ’ e e c m n a r t p o e f c c a ‘ r o f S U e h t , r e h fulness” t r u F l a r u t l u C n o snable. n o i t n e v n o C e h t i , n o i t a l s i g e l c i t n o C e h t f o 1983 domes n o translati venance
‘. entation bp T< e bs S o f s i s e n i s e d a n o f e n e co ; e e h t r o e f f d o e e s t a e d by However, oy 2004, mo: st maj jor market countries he St ome
th
:
e v i t c i r t s n o c e h T 80
o t n o i s r e v a S U f o n o i t a u 4 contin can
hy | e c r o f N h t m . Men, o r f Clr t eacdu af , o t i t t e ely Pipe t
of ex
s n o i t a t i m i l r o 81 The maj
no e C c r O o C f S n E e N U 0 7 9 . the 1 s e w h o t l l of o 9 f d s n a a ’ e d 7 l e 5 c g n s i i t t i c r i r r A t s s a e e r m s s ; A e I r P C d C d a be sum e h t y l i n i d e d 1 u J c n i s i ” * . ) s b n o ( i 7 t u t i e t l c s i n t i part of Ar s or similar
bec
ove’
s u c y b n o i t c enab Je a
e m o s o t g e t a t S 83 Accordin r e h t o h t i w s e i t r a p by State
g n i t s i x e e to th n o i t u c e s o r s p i s a F P b O O e c j n o o h n i i t ‘ a d a g s j i an , y n n o o m vate lit n i o r i t t a a p r l e a p n o o i o t c a n r o s f t i s t o t n e e d g i n e v i c o r n r t a p s t r c o i p f i m c i e p f s o Article 9 r > e y d t n r u e p o d r e p s i l r a o r h u t t u l a u y c r s i a r e t o s n p o e m h d e W t i s s e e r e P s o arti p S m U i e o h t t s ; t n A e I m P C e e C r g a e a h t l e a k r a e t m a l o i t t l e u t m a t S d n 4 a s l e a r i u q e r A I jate bilater P C C t e a h m T h c u s j f o r e f co s n a r t t i c i l l i e h t g t c n n i i o r n i r t t e s c i e s r o p t r S U e h US impo T . n o i t o i i d t n n o e c y n y o C e c n e O g C r s S e r m e e d n ‘ e r n a y l e v i t c e f case that f e n d i n a d e 9 s u 1 e l o c n i t s r i A m r e t © s i h t e s s a g eria 1.85 T n i k a t r e d 9 n u ’ e l e a r r g e a n e g O t a t s n d l e o m v e a e y l r r g a a e l ‘ c n a n o i t n O Conve
C S E N U 0 7 the 19
m the Protectio i : al y on on ti im na tr pa of n. 2 includin Gitte : .’ da en ag de ra -t ee e a R
believed
d by source a
eR
te
Oe
:
whilst
1
|
aa ed aeStates
ved ei rc pe e th n ee tw be compromise
and the self-described ‘multilayered
Court of Den
h c r a M ( ; 7 6 9 1 / Case III No.57
s t a C ( , s e r u s a e . r I t x i d UNEsco n e p p A , . l , a ) 9 8 et 9 1 , e f o 9 n o i n t io a nt J in, is Leg P US Enabling the of the l ane of a 6 ng iti hib Pro gs din aa cee io Means © i m1 Cult UN) of p shi Ret ort, eer ani Imp Do cit Illi the g ~NESCo tin ven Pre 7 P; Hi the
oe
OMan,
‘ IC, D. Dee, 4
x1, TOp2e0rty ey)
4 SJILC 97 at 112
ral u t l u C e h t d n a w a L , e f e e he (oy K t . J n o . P y 2 r 2 a d t n , a 1 n t e rot mm nex P o C n . A Y _ , e ; f L 5 e ; e ! 3 K D " M / O ex C . n , H J n n S . n A P . a c o d m 4 n D t 8 a l 9 A 1 O 5 V C 2 y/ 149 ia § r r t o s t u 5 i 78 UNES A 9 s 9 f o o p 4 c 9 e i 7 l D b A pp .L u c p , e o ) R D 9 8 9 . f 1 O C C , S . n 7 E 0 1 do n p o L ( , ) 0 t 0 79 See UN n 0 e m , e ter Mov s e c : 3 i > e ) L 7 e ( 8 m 9 u c 1 l i ( o f . f V 6 a 4 r 1 T 3 , . 3 e t t 1 i g lic l . . C I S t a t n Herita S o 4 2 1 1 n 0 o 1 i t ; n 4 e nv : o C 0 2 co 0 i 0 7 x 0 9 e 1 1 M . o . 1 N O C s e x l S i 9 e w E 3 b Ann UN u ; 5 P ) 3 3 0 y / 0 b 4 2 8 9 . d 1 r i / e C d n e . m y n (th a r o o i t 6 t i ) 4 n s 3 2 e 8 o 1 9 v p 1 n e d ( D o 3 / C A F 9 2 3 c.L the 2 o 372 D h . t t a i t w S O e C 6 9 S E e ; anc UN 6 i 35 4 l / 4 e p 4 e m 8 S 7 o 9 c 9 1 . . ) / o N e . t L a ry qu e o d t a i s 1 o t 80 Pub, p 1 o n 0 e 6 D 2 A g L e g . r c we o D C S U s n 9 o 1 O i t C a t a S v r E e N es U r : d t n n codified e m n r e i v lat s go i nd S a U U ; 5 e h 1 t 4 d e 1 n 1 i ’> s g mainta n i d e e c o r
o ) D 5 7 O 9 81 See UNESC International Trade in Natio (South Hackensackk, 1 he US to implement Art.13. d F. D. an ¢ t ; l 0 a 2 n o i t — a 2 n r 1 Pp. M. Bator, e 7 t § n I by th -19s § ic and
3 t d n 7 s e o 3 e t . m i a o p t b D p r a e t c : n a w e x , a m e t L e n e m pl e m v o y M t r e p , o e r f . (ed.), Art 2607. This limitation is P e Ke l ’ a O r u t l d u n C a n ! t 0 t § o § Pr n o e e i S t n e . v ) 19 USC 0 n 0 o 0 C 2 ( he t q e s r t e e d n u 4 1 3 2 9 ses 6 a C C t n S e c U e R g 1 83 ruell, Cultural Property: 95 7 . 3 1 9 6 , ’ y r a e s s y E w ‘ a L St , r o l t a a n B o i ; t a n r e t n I » e s h T g n i d 1 3 e e c i o r p “ , . l a t e Act (1997) in Duboff uboff er al.,
D n i , n tO a m d e l s e n F o p s e e e S R l on a g e n L o i t e n h §2603(a)e T v n , o S. B. Huttler NESCO C
er, g i z f a N e e S 84
85 19 USC
U d n e a h T n ; o n s o m d r o G . J 5. d 1 n 4 R. D. Abra a 1 1 ; , 2 6 ’ 9 s g t n a di e 2 e 3 c 9 o r p : ‘ B 9 I s l P l i L 2 G 5 t e t a f f o 7 b 3 u 5 (1973) 5 D n i ) L H n, a 2 m 1 d l e ) F L T d O an ) 5 s 8 e 0 r 1 u . s p a e 86 mSee O’Keefe, Commentarys
a
s u M , w a L l a n o i t a Intern
c e j b ts O l a r u t l u C of n r u t e R & s m u e
h t n w o d s e r a p y f y l l a i t n a t s b u s A I P C o C i i t a e h t t e e h t n , d e n E o c e S N U 0 7 9 1 e h y t t l u c f o : f 1 n e l e c n i a t r G A o t O C S d e ¢ r a p m l n o y covered, , co l ri Objeg p p a t c A i e t h n t e h T n i , n d o e i n t i a t n o c g l o e s l a h c r a ‘ o t import contro 8 , s e r y e t l a y t c i i l g o l o h e i t a g e h c r r o a f l o a C e l ] obbjject[s t ‘ a : r o e o r a l’ ia 5 h c i h e , W m n > j n c i i b g a o n l e “ i S ‘ 0 25 t h s t A a O ; s s n e n o e v g legislati ouggh the ‘effecti
re
ni U e h t g r y a b C n o i t . i d n e l b g O o c e s a r t s e u d q e t i n e e d e S h t represent lim f d o e t i n cult tates : g e n N i y c i l o p Ti de
a e r t c e e r f n u ! t an e : f i s o h T n t 8 8 i u s r ! r u u , p s t s c it e j b o e l a a i h t e f o of t c e f s f e e t a S e h l t t A f i h s f o = a ] a n l a o c e o i l t a n e r e t n I e g a n i w o 1S r g g. a l a r e Clde ed f ee S U f e a h r T e iv a N bjects.” 9 o n o e fr m n r e y v l O t n e c e r e n e t e r n i A P n S o N s r e " p e h g e m r i f f a osecute ments su nder t j b o f o t c e u p s n € o m r o : . w § a l s n o e i h t t a v a c o x t e e S e y o m e T ry from a r a t n o c t n a v o f the rele S a t s i s e r 4 c i r o t s i s h t r u o r c i e h t S U e despit t ATE. Alo, e to do so, c n uy ly the ree mI creasing
i: rcumstances,
ti f o s e t a t S y g n i eerrttiion b s s i s N a B O C “ h ? c r a ; d n m u ‘ o r f r e d v o e v o m e e l t I f s l tural obje5 cts r e u c t i s l e a c o a rchaeologi s e s o p r u 5 the p ii n defined c
proceedings.”
P. e th d e t c a n e Australia e Protection
or
C e l b a v o M ooff obl ultural Herita
Suchtenm
“ming|
) h t C ( 6 8 9 1 t c A it y f o A t n t e r m e a l h p t i f l s a u f s r e d n ) u A H C M P s ( n P o i t a e g h I T 0 UN ESC oc . n o i m t n i ve o t s e t a r e p o e t i r o p o m p A d i x n H e a C M t e s nd o P rt control S in additi on to those alreaddy existing nder the C M ! u ea A 2 . g ) h t C ( s m o t s u 1 0 9 1 Wn e PMCH coy. t c " n) ia ers cultural objects i A A o t n i d e t ali a mM cont Taventi r Mi r o t s p u m A 0 ’ s 4 h e y. 1 t t la o a t = S f ’ o s r e n e t a o i t n c o e S ( e h T ). provisi on 1s invokked onl y whe re the § MS o tate con: cenncd makes a complaint t o the Austrtarlalii an autho i t c n e S s ( i t I s e . ) i 9 t 1 i r e h t ; 1 4 ties to n r a o p e t a S t E S o t n e 70 UN v n o i O C s i C t c e j b v o o e : t e h t . e o , y A l t e n t a r c i i f v i e impo n r g p i S e r e i w S l h u J c i 1 h w r e t t u f b a “ a 7 i 8 l a r h t t s y u A n e h w s e ; m i t pa oun try at any 1ously ex Ported from . law ini ere was a cultural heeriritage protection PM
87
19 uUgShCtto §2ame601(2)((AA),
(B), and
G
i r e ) 9 H 0 0 2 l R a H r Ti ( u t l u C ll bi . ) @ @ Iraq n o i t c e t o e r P s a : f o a e a c a n s na i oe to object y i t s e r e t n i 100 n a e e h t o a h t i w g : n o i t aoe n e a m a o e C o t e o and e ties c r a e e p 5 s e r t e a i t t S t r s o u j h t n e r , ee y l l a L C O C e } = DOE s e m a e e slation fo L g l n p i m t I n e m e n l o 4 gi 5 6 th like 1 7 9 he Con t g n r i t e n a e of v n e T s n a e M e © E: n a h e e:t c h t x e / / mport, ges. state ae on
so
er f s n a r T d n a S port x P €A.M.D O g l m e t h p e a e th e c a i y t r r e e m e p o r A r o P M e v i t l a a N r u e t r l o e u f C e ug f e o R n a c e i r o h e g u a pi o r 1 h t C ty R L V. I A ing t c 9 d e 1 t n o a M r P c M ; 0 e 7 , P, e n e o m F. a , fe pes for the in me Federal Arch t 8-10 in the Unit ted aSntoauttess, ainn d N. Brodi J. aDnoole and C. Reni e d a r , y T e g i o d l o r o , c e , c ) a n . s a h c r A d € ( t ; s e : D s e 1 i 0 t 0 i s The u q i t n s A ’ d l r it o te W e h t f o Heri 0 1 n 1 o i 7 i 9 . l p a p c i g , o s l S )) ‘ o e a h d c e Ar 20. s, ee Unit ’s a m a l l C o H ( v. s s te e i t i s 988 (5th C; 495 , d a e h s n i n U 7). i 7 C 9 1 ; h . t ) ir 9 4 ( 7 9 1 Pe 4 , 5 ir 1 1 s a p d 1979 2 s i n de ied, 55] g n i r a c e A a 9 d e i e n i S e C U T d O T t r e c r o h l C e thPp. 222 a G oe m o i c t n A h 1 e 9 n D 9 A . v , t d C l . o G S s e t a t S ) d e G a t i n E U s g l ) C D F ( e 8 k 7 1 A 5 4 4 = ) d , 2 z e t l u a ; h ) . c 9 P S P 199 v. . s r e i t C a t ) S 2 0 0 d 2 n 2 d ( e t i 1 n ALE Release, ie » 333 F 3d 3(9r3e (2nd Cir. 2003); and ee U Pisa, poke April 2003
cn
gov/cul
1 o y a r c e S S U f o n e t a ! s t e S s e S n eS e B. Boer, Cuipo o a ; n o a s t r e b o R n , 6 8 n 9 1 t o r P osunderf? iSabfepuarae te D ral Heritage:
ed 5D e
7e 0 . 8 ) e h e t C ( 1 190 (1987) 6 EPL] t c A f e g a e t i r e lt H Cu a e e e n i a N S f o IL,, W, Enoyai ! e L A e e D a f E e E o O f R i E J a fi u a e s a e tsi: n e m p o l e e r v e E a r y u t O u F re ) 989 1 , a r r mentary e m b n o a C and H -"H, dingJathmie eJam; son, a C ( , e f e age e ; 2 9 . p » . lia’ s ovable Cultural Heritage (1995) 4 Oe € Protecti on of Austrara lia’ M
245
process
r o p m i n a i s i A H C 2 9 M > P e h t t naif s l i h W . w a a L on of that l d e t o n e b d l u o h s i s i it v o r p , e g a t e i h r t e h l a r u t l : u aay © c e l b a v o m s e f o o d t a I n o i t . c s e e i t r o a r d p n u o e b h t n l i a 9 n o i t e t a n a n e m s s o n r ; o c c a e s c t c for e j b o 1s f o e s a i B h T t n e . m a i e l : v a r o t m s u A e h t n i h h t t i i w w s y t l c n e o j b o 5 e l a i r u t l u t c n a t f o n o i t c u r t s e d r o l s al a de v o m e : f . e h t n e o d i t a l s that n o i en legi t n e v B n ‘ o C O C a S E N U s s e 0 i r 7 d 9 1 e h pot a i t o t y t r a , P y n a e t a t S d e t a s i s e r e e r d 3 a h it d wiothe Kingdom pecam , y r u t n e c : h t e i t n e w t e e h t t sa a h g t n i r g u n D i u g r a : s e t y a b t S s t c d e e j t b o i 4 n U l a e r h u t t l u c r e t f n a i s e e d d a r t 2 t i c The i l l i d l u e o e h w e t m b r n 9 u o c i t e e c a r B a o t t e n e m e J t n e a ’ m m i u r t s t s i : n ; t a e B d n a : two dec ae a F porting coun a t i n e W , m y i l l a n c o i n o l r l J a f t ! . n o i snntpeerpnuartde should po t a l s i g e l — c i t s e iine m o : d e omplicated re a c f o e g a s s wire the pa
ESCO
ir:
: n the Bla o Conventi
Labour go i t a g i t liga ions:
elenses,ta
None
ta
the
o t d e n g i s e d 3 0 0 : 2 h t t c i A w d e ) i s l e c p n m e o f c f O ( s w a l s t c e j g b estic n O i v o m e tO ting 4° l r a r u y t b l u C n e i d i w d l r g o n w i l _ a e D s t c e ie j b d o e l a r u t l u c d 2 e v SS o m e r y l l u f w a l n u n i c i f f e i d e g v n o o i m t e o r g o J t e c h e t j b o n i an i F d r e e v a f r l s t o n v a ) r e n 0 t s t f 4 O ( e s o e h r t i u n q o © combat c i t a t c e o S t ( e r f e f v 1 incentiv i m i i ; i s e © l is a s n i e m i e n r r c e o h wa T 4 t ge c r ) o ) , a t ( c ) A 3 ( ! n 2 a 3 0 0 w 2 o l e e S e F O e e n o Under th : n o d i e t t c e ca S A ( i | S e t i m o d g lo n i : K e t i s e d T e F O t i 1s n U it e e r h “ a u t h t c c u i r h t w n s i h t 2 . i m w o r f m o fTrO rteeg t n e ional m t u a n n o m e h t F O of b objjeeccttss :es to acts commit 1 6 9 © © t f e i h t h c a appl e r to b 4 a y l 9 ao n On the cultural n o o show
:
e! ie
1970
the treaty ob
t s d e f° e n d e s o p p n o t o e i D t s a u c e s ) o > s ) r e ) c p 4 n e ( 2 e no age res h t n o i t c A e S P ( > S N e t S a e t U t S a t e th e t ‘ e h t t n a v e l re Unlike e h t e e e B t h o t i n i : a t e i r t B e £ : i e e S o \ P O © the s s e > w e a e l i l p , o e-r a v e heritage e e : e e h t e n , w e a l e e : a i l y a r r a t t s e u i A r p o r e p h t f o e k ) o n e S Thoeesrefboeryeo,ndli the protection t10 A A¢ . n the o i t c e g ( , t s . r i F n 5 o s a i e t r a n e v n f o C o t n i 4 C e of S m a E c N U p r t c e A 0 b 7 m 9 u e n h t P 4 r e n t i f a d : constricted | e h t is n a h t 4 t a Act h t r e e v o w d r e o t p r a r v a a c n x t e s u m F o y l t n a c n i o f i d i t n e u v c o I S e m a e a r s i pros a e h s e i t l s i ) g 8 1 n S i l y, a dl 1s e d r Thi e w 1 applies 9 F 0 s i h d e n a s s e ; b o , l a i only . trictio
) 2 n o i t c e S ( an 3 d e 0 t 0 n i Secondly, 2 t n e m n r r e e v b o m g e j c e D K U 9 3 e ; h t n at th o : e c s u for e o s r e e h n t e t i p a s e D 8 9 t 0 0 S e is p e o o h s e r rs h " a t y e y e i s e i e b h e T u r h g t ) o t O e WO o a w t a v e ry o : in: onest (Section every ugelets
n o s i weref dish e t o u c , e d s r a o s w r n e p a H R . e f l C n a o i r e t s i n e i b 2 1 P e h t d > l ) u 1 © 9 o 9 w 1 t r o nber"’s p e e R r e h t e g a a C t ( i r e H d e t a estim Cultuereal ie
e l b a v o M f o 19642,) n o h i c t r c e a t M o r P n o 8 9 1 “= ( s, g. s ’ t a r i e l p z a x i r t E t r ? s O an u A l a t n e 6 8 , 9 1 y i b t c A : e g a t 92 7, F. Le i r e H V . l n a e r h u o t C r l u e d C v n o a , Zeal e 1985 Committee of G l b a v w o e M t N e b of m of e v o N n o al r e n Protectviol 145, col 4741, 27 e G ecial ‘ p y S e P n o r o r o n f A “ e 2 e t t i m m o , C HR
ee
TN
Soke
See UNESCO;
Final Report
U C . e o D O UNESC
P'
10
e K e a s 123WL/R Ades'8095 [1984
t c e l e S f o t r o p Re h t n e v e S d n a (HL): » l a i r e t s i n i M f o See Report Notes para.6.
para-d1 First Report of the , 1 7 2 " e ? n P o X e E E een e , n 3 0 e 0 2 r e t 0 c 0 A ) y s a e M c n eae e f f O s ( t c e j b O * ' r e j l b a O r u t s l o u C al n ur T i lt S Cu E D n i e d a s a r b T g n i l a e 94 poo vs the tlicit The legislation. gfectiveness = ) A C ( 8 e 3 R 6 R e E e AM 4 ) 1 9 9 1 ( sai r 1362, Pe
k o a U B S I B (1999-2009
n a a4aAPT 2.003, Allan.
e S e t a 53 2 2 N 1 , l o e e e e n o p a j tH
n e e D p m u 0s
s d o o g n e l o t s g n i l d n a h r o f s i l o d p e o r t t u e c M e s o r s p t c e e j b b O d l u l o a c r u t l u t C ™ g n i l ies gendan a e D e h t on 1993] }
e h t r o f e c i l o P : of r e n o i e s : CG Commiss? m u C ) 9 9 a 9 1 v. ( p oe n o y i r MS rat R. v. Tokeley-Par C D a S e e pnd cal o l r e d n u t f e is : l n a o v i o t a m v e a r c x e h t h a n e Wh
=
P
Guidance
y r a u n a J } 1 s r e p a p s w e N t r A Traraddees, Dhe g a t i c i l M n o d n o L t ( h g i F 3 0 0 o t 2 t c A w a L K K ) s (OffeBnacieley, ANew 98 M.
27
S S f o e t a d e h t f regardless o
aun
»P
s m u e s u M , w a L l a n o Internati
247
Cul;
& Return of
process
Ob;.
ultural
bjec ts
A 3 0 0 2 e h t f o e g a s s a p e h t r a e l c is it , s n o i t a t Ct was d i lim Ty } at i rn it te ic t ul in ici ill e th in le ro l ra ional art ¢ Me Niby hej nt at ce ’s on of Lond Tade : 90 Sht Neg j , b o s l a l a r o u n t e l e: g u us c objects Regulating Ig export of indi | h \S
State- cen tric 1
nature
of
Current
vn
Ney
G98
e g a t i r e h l a r u t l u c e h t diminish
t n e m h s i l b a t s e e h t s n o i t c n a s ct ; e h t e Jectsitolensur n a i l a r t s u A e h y t t o i t l i b i s s e eir acc
S ce N. Brodie
mbrid es > dp ID) Oole (Camby; Wtocep a ay5 A Cohen’
, y r e l l a g a i tral s u A l a n i g i r Abo
) o ( n o i t a t n e the implem € s e u h t o n f o e g c i i d l b n u I n e e w general p t e b s n o i t a l e r e n . i r s f o e e f r u d t e s l r u m c i a o l d t n c a s u o n efforts e g munities : i d n i n e e w t e b n k o n i i l t a e i o h i r t t c t e a p e r d n a This final s s t h g i r d ! u n m a J n r a o i f l a r s s t n t s g u n i A e a v e d n a e s he t w o h f Australians o n o i t a n a t i l r p e h x e l a n r s u a u t l o u s n c i e g f o i e d r n e n h I r t d n a , n e h the retu m T u e s . d u e l M i a n t e a d i l S 1 a r t s s n u g i A a n m a e e h r h c t e n h l e t a r f o e t w c t e e p of ancest b s e r p i h n i s n o d i e t b a i J t e r g c n i t s g s e n l d i a h h s s w c i s e t e h a t c h t o r r p s a i e h l c t affected f o s e m t o c c e a b p m t . i I , e y m e l h m l t a a p r . n i s g i h s n F o n a r o i i p t l a a l e r n o i r n o i e t h t i Aust b i , h d o x i e r e p s ’ e m h u t u g e M n s i e r h t u d f o d e e t r i u m t i a l n s a ing w s ) n r u t e r l u f s s e c c mber of su the nu
351 n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w a L l a n o i t a n Inter
of Cultural
s s e c o r p a s a on Ll Object.
Ay
s e r r o T d n a l a n i g i r o b A g n i n r e c n o c y c i l o p m u e s u m nal
e
aj ander peoples.
e v i t a t n e s e r p e r a d an a i l a r t s u A l a Centr from seekm u e Aranda elders s u M n a i l Austra
h t u o S e h t d e t i s i v e f c o n d e r a r o e B f n e o h . C T l a a i n l i a r g t i s r u o A l b a A r l t n e C iona o t ) s t c e j b o s d e e h r s c i e a w l s t b e a r n c i e a t s u s , e r e c n i s of yurunga (s e h t e c n a l a b ‘ d
1982,4
In earl
l u o w t i t a h t s t n a m i a l c e h d t 1
n o e e t s u r t s a s t c a h c i h w , f the Board pressed
Wine we
also ex
e s a e m o c l a n r a e i n l e a g r t e s h u t A n i h th t i w e t a e r c d l u o w n r u t e r g
Aush c u s n h i c v u l s o s y e n r a n i s t e n e c d r u o e s c e r e l a r i p c n a n e i h f t d e t i e t m h u i t l o f o b n f w a l o a h s t e i b d n n @ o s y n t o i i t concern a n i t u o m g e m n o e h c t n m i d e e l v seu t l “ o v s a n i a g n u s r a u w y e h t o h o t w d e r , r e f g e r n n e i m that nous Hemm
indige
s e o h c e n e m a d n a r A e h t y b d e t a s l u d c r i o t w r a r i n e o h i T t a . l a e n r n r e o c i V e of h T s s e 4 ! r } g . ’ n @ o C 5 La 1 g 8 n 1 i e k h e e t e h s t o g t n n e i r h u W d . n s o t deeds c i e t j a b o g e l a r u t l u c d itish del n a , d s n e a l l p o e , p s e d l e p i o } e P p u c c o n e e r e w h t t e o b e k k i n l i l , s n a i l s a a r # t S s s e u r A u e t s h l t u u o c n m r i e h t f Indige o reaffir t n ion, e m p o l e v e d d n l a n o i t a v r e s e r p e h t e n i m r e t e d o 5 t 3 1 t r h e x g e i r s i h e t h t h . t t i n w o i t asser a d n e n i g i m l r a e t y e l d e s f o l l c e S n o e t e b e t l h g p e i o v r e a p h e a h s l t m a i k a r l r c i Y s t h e part of g h i t r , d 3 n 6 a 9 \ n a i l a r t s d u e A r c a s s u o r i n e e h t n o Indig t n e m p Jo e,
b th
o n e g i d n n I “tweeoe se
s Mstitution
5)
us
early
the
and
th em
y.
t communi
useum
was bein“ging ij rrevoc ably altered
of land, reryy
R a
2 ns Australia
n
1980s
ofrmcultural identity
fo
req
a s t s e ; u n nd r e c n : ni o C ce S tral remain n a £ a § d i . n r o a t c i V Z Sandc ultur )
al
legal
4
:
action
1]2
See
indi enous by y inmduisgeu
y b d l e h s t c e j b o al
Outh A j Australian mus uth Australia be came tuurrnin i ts in po ing
ye
nd
th
f e functi on of
ont 0ae
, a i n a m s a T ms in ec? twee. in the relationship beetw
An
R Werte Tasmanj
ology 12
[ean therall, 2:
Museum
aes
and
Art Gallery: The Sk eletalof
» A Tchaeoloogg;ists and :
D
185 Bulletin COMA 12 (1983) e a ebate, h c r A n a i l a r t s 9) 19 Au
f f i r G . T 4 9 ) 6 197970), 94_ 100; and ths, » Hunters ightasrs ane Dead (198 R e h t 5 e g d i e u r l l i b o m a C ; a B C d ( n e a a W i . e Title tral a s s u n A r a u n T i i l P. c i E , l a Native e nC, Ff de, J, Hup e eople GU
Deinciple,
Or
Poli: “Ly
d n a d a e D e h t f e o c n e f e D r ei Th 1M , n o i t r a t j a p e R ions: s s e s s o P r i e h T and d a e D e h T 3 8.), 6 . p , ) 2 0 0 2 oP:
tralian P s u e e c i t ond Je Turnbull (ed c a 2nd Pr e
)
s n o p s e r n p I m 0 : s t cise h g i t the i r u o d p n a l r o f m i a l c 4 f o y l g e n l i p s i a c e n r i c ili the pr were in s d u e o t n n e e s g e i r d p n i s s e r d sites and d a n i o T a i 7 l 1 1 a r t . s w u a A j f o n a o t m s r s m u a o o p C c o t n l a a i l d e a t r t p s m u e A t the Feder t n i a ) d n y a l J j l u f s d s e e t i c b c a u c h s u n n i d u n o ) u 3 r ( t 8 n 9 s i 1 u i n n i e h t W n e terra null 8 1 m 1 n r . e t v n o e g m a i j r o t b a a p L n l a a i r l e a d r e t f s u e A e h t h claims, th g u ro h t e m e h c s s t h g i r d n a l national e : b d e t a t s d l u o h g s n i d l y o e H h t e d y y h l w C k , s l a l i p e y h a t m g n i s i h s t n a i l l a i r t t n s u u A , at l a h t n i s i g i r r o e b w A s n a n o n e h f o T — n . o s i r s t a n a e a r b i e e l n r a e o r g f t s u r A i This e h , t d e f s o s e r d s e g r n o e r r w a { e h s t a p t h f g e o i h r t o e t f s o n s e e s s n e o a i ac h g the t e i l w e d s ! e 0 a h t y d n n o a m r , d a e l h t n i e v is set i l r e v e uly free, n g n i d n E r a e Y th e r o f d r a o B s u A h Muse um t u o S e h T : s l a i r Sacred Mate 6. 1 n i t e l l u B l e v e D 16 COMA ; I T , e nc e i r e p x e s ’ jan Museum
, NW)
n a i l a r t s u A uth o S e h t f o t r o p e R and l a s u m n u n e A s u , M um , e s s e n o u J M . P n a i l e ) a e 9 r S 8 t s u . g A 9 a : h P t u o d , un 83) 9 o 113 S 1 r g k , c e d a i B a l e d d (A an 3 8 y 9 r 1 o t s i e H n u F J; 30 , th e u c o n S e i r e e p h x T e s s: ’ l a m i u r e e s t a u M M d n e a i r . Sac tral 0 3 d t n a a 2 2 s m tin e seu l # u l u M B s c i t i , A l g o M P n O i 16 C nal i g i r ) o 5 b 8 A 114 §, Hemm 9 1 ( m ssue and I L e : h y s t f o 10 St opment n o . H i s a v . n E I . W , n i an d o , l o a s G r a . H e 15 Se
s n o s r a e P . N and t > 7 2 p p s 1979), Boyer Lecture
1
P , ) 6 9 9 1 , (Singapore s t e n n a t S . H . E , W e e S . 9 1 6 11 s y a s s E : g n i in m a e r D > e c n o e N r e f f i D Got y am d
- 1993
t i l a u q E g n i t Respec at pp.95-96.
141 R L F , e l 7 l 1 i v n e ) k s 1 r 7 E 9 ( 4 ( r o als n i A r e t d a n M a d n d a e t i im L y r a y t t P n e m m o o c C l a Nab s: e u . s Vv s I l m a u g p e r L r 5 i . u o 117 Mil n e g i d n I . l a ¢t e a R c M . H e e S 8 1 1 1983.
e c e D 8 5 9 8 34 . l o c 4 3 1 l o v , R H , d r a s n a H _ 119 and 205-07.
),
mber
253
ums & Return of Cultural Obje cts ’ s s e n l u f i t e l g a r r o t f s u A of of n ia m s al i n a h c e m ‘ l Nationa] : h c i h This centra w ase c 2) . o N ( Mabo 2 9 9 1 e th ] i t n u t c a ic ©8nis. eq? t n i Te d e n i a rem
. d n a l o t e l t i t e v of nati
120
th & S
d r a o B m u e s u n M a issued i l a r r a t s u A h t u o S In late 1984, the i gn si e r e l e a i e b e l c t l n a i i a t w l S c i e f i n : g ce l i a s f i o n o l m a e i r r e t a m that ‘e me aineg e y; li o t d e n r u t ight pu .
a
people who have a r
ede
Be
i r h C 1 12 ’ h s i w r i e h t erial, if that was R O S S E F a n r e B e k a w e h t e in the museum
at Core ASSEN ataae
ay:
INE “ownen ay lve : ae Mh
s e e e e w e a i h s n o ms s u o e s U M to foster long-term relati r, e s e i o t i un m e m ’ s o e s r u o o n s c s s e l i d c r s n a g r e e o g d 9 st 9 a 1 e B u q i e e t h r u t t i n o g i t n u i t r i d t e u s v D e i r e c . a ot they had re a ccronb
ee
1993 national mu:
!
h ic wh , cy li po seums
return and the role of museu ms
ao e
: s O ecame i nstrumental in th ee dire Ctor of € tor: mul ation of j a s reflected thi 1S alm.
:
a ed rk ma 1980s
signi
significa
:
t be n io at ti s go on ne ti re la re of of the a a li ra st Au en We a to nd Indigenous leading ns la um
eyg dn Sy , m u e s u M ’ m an u li e ra s u st m Au e th of use m le ro e Th of the Genczallly ga or digenous
sure from in
SCO E N U e th of work
ee
wiinin Amereah
N U d an Committee
responded
rapes
d n i f s Ee sa
d e u g r a s d l o n y e R e i r r a B t n e d i s e r P A M A C , 9 8 l l a h s e 125 Jn 19 w y r u t n e c e h t f o d n e e h t y b t a h t o s e c n a t i a r t S s e dily adv r : r o T d n a l a n i g i r o b A n y b d o l e h s n o i t i s o p | e h t a , i r r e o v ¢ e t w a o r H u f . n o o i t i u r f y o t t e m o c ri t o o n j s a a h m n o i 4 t ol g c n i i n p d a h e s y r e r p e n o s ’ e R s d c n e u l 6 f 2 n i 1 d n » u o f o r it p a d a h e v a h u t i t s d n i e y e s o e l h t p m f 0 e e e l o r e h t g n i n i f e d d n a s m u e s u m d n a s e i t s ! n u m . een com 9 r e t m o p r a f h C e s o n r i a d s e e i t i n u m detail m O C s u o n e g i d n i n i h t D o n , y l l a i t i p [ 7 2 1 . s 0 7 d i n a s 0 6 9 1 e h t f f o s n a e m 4 s a s e c a l p g of keepin g n o r t s a e d a m y e h T 8 2 1 sufficiency. g n i p e e k n i s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c s : u o n e g i d l o p A M A C isplay of in 3 9 9 1 e h T . 129 s s e c o r p g n i d n u f g n i patriation o } g n o d n a t n e m h s i l b a t s e , y l e l h e t K 0 t 3 1 r o . p s e i t i n u m m 0 digenous C a i r t a p e r e h t d e t n e m lace s aug nous t s e g g u s n a ulliv
° © s u o n e g i d n i d e n l a b 131 a n y e t i l a o t s i l v a e h t . s they e t u m o m b a a r g s n o a r i p l a h r c t r s a u e A s e r s u o d n n e a g i n d y o e i h t t a c e u r e d an d In ¢ h . w W c s e i publi t i n u m m o c i a u d i v i d y b d e t a l eeds 0 fin p m e t n o ¢ n o i t c n u f e h t o t l u c e c n t a i l e p h t m g n i ese t £ c e e l t t o t r i l p om r f e g ually bore n a r f o s d n e o e i n t o e m s o e r h p T 2 3 1 . s r ; e e d r u n t u l o u f c o c t s n a n i m o d e h t
to incre Tedefining
fi ci Pa e th a and
©asing pres.
the d an ar Indi genous Pop.
o p u o r G oe n g n i Ih k r o W A . viefom 78 19 e th delaid by ed mi id Se gu e so id al s é t a n e d d n e n m m o c e 1980 Conf erence of M useum An m d o ) A M O C ( el 1 e a : Wire atitions,!*? d n em e m tf m me o c na Ae 93 af 19 : 2 fee
(CA 0 i Th e e e m i ct policy).!*4 se S an ali e th ae to w o h ve ro st OVI s e n i m a x e aa cul ; di in e 0 s o m revite ta li ci e e s l e e ra i t tu i ul n u m m o c ae 0 . a ot a fi t i Th e a a w u ho of . cy ere e ums : Associati ton
th ca g , en in il ta de ili fac a s e e is it p i publ et i sed accessssibibil l ra ne tated ; ae ge ilji ty to in us no ge di e th } d an i s te na ith es pl on publi th e limitations ti ia tr pa re . y o i € museum’s e 5 th are lat ng ri du od ri pe outlined. programme n 1o : h : m u e s th u M : s, 70 19 an e Australi : i Since th Rg o co pe l ca n ni io ch at te er op in us no ge di in ; d e g a g n e th wi as l Wa h ut ci So Pa w Ne e th of d e an o t ou its es of d an s ll wa e ; th de si in side , es at : St Institutio ic if ac of di in Positio e c g n a in t of employ © n. Thexeistiimpor i cn pe s os i c s e i ty th c li g bi in p si s th on wi sp re e of ap sh re ste museums, to e nddset of these j miIn nd ca at ei e p w ri du , ns io ut it st In nf Co Se ed de is ai gn el co Ad re c an st 78 Was 19 e th This » e a c r fi 93 af € was re med by the 19 e e ie ed rr fe re so al h ic wh policy
120
121
Mab 0 & Or. Queens], S V . A n e d C. e R e e e r s o n, ee
(1992) 175 CLR
A L R ! 1 0 7 1, : C 1 9 ( 1 9 8 6 ) e Return ee S o c a i a l a s Objects o f CONT o e A S ow New Rolfore i, t e J. C u l a t u n res: d p I n e d r i e g e e n s o u s P o reserving n e ( e d s . ) e , w a r e t 124 ee e h rates o n e e y ( 19 P r e v S i e o u m s i n Sere a r E RT and Torres D s U N O E i a o S s t n a C . O O b s i e New in r Coes and Aboriginal n e M P u e o s p f > e l o r e u n s d m e r : swas It P o Mig l i c i M M e u 2 e s 0 l s 0 b e 0 b u ) y . m s o u ( r R n e e n 3 p i , t r n i o n C5 n t , s u perseded d Guidelines e c e n t l y Jor Australjia musYous Cult res On; 01n 2 Responsibii es n : eum, Policy Document a 2005)5).
S Workin, Ig WW 1 with Abo Tas la “mal
A Comprehensive
ilities:Torres iband
Strait Islander
Cultural
Heritage (Canbert™,
ge i d n i = n o n h c a e t o t ses n e g i d n i of
ies of
’ . t n e m y o l local emp s ’ m u e s u M ustrali an The A
s t n a p i c i t r a p s u o n e g i d n i s e d t i e v p o o r p d n a that p o l e v e t skills, d e s a b m u e mus
2, 1 d n a 1 1 e l p i c n i r P OR, C C , A M 2! nd ; 2 . 5 1 . 5 11 n 5 policies i t e l l u B A M O C 2 2 ) s (1989 m u e s u M n i gy
o B , s e n i l e d i u p o and g r h t n A n i s um e s : u M l a , s n d i l g o i n y r e o R b A . B st 126 g n o m a : g s n d i n m e r a T e r D n e h t lisatio O a t r g n i n ste i L ; s ; b , ) . n m d a e o ( g r o i s C c a a . s t I C u J, G c M d n a . C ; 9 1 127 See H. d 1 n a .» t a c sha . h x e ( 7 7 9 7-1 p m a x E n a j l a str u A . h t r o N — the
5 1 4 2 p , ) 1 0 0 2 , n o d n o L ( d n a > g n i Colonial Era p West, ‘Kee
n 20. C f£. i r e 24. n i t e l l u Bulletin 9. B R A , g M s n n O i o k i C a t a M d , t n o n s p m me i m S o c . M e R e e S r a 9 : 2 1 min inal e g S i r e d i o b A , n ) 5 and C. Samso e n i l e d on i . i u 5 t g . a o u n ; l , a n R v o O E C i C An : ’ s endat t m c m e j C. Anderson, b O t us j t : o 001 2 N y s r p a i h u , s r n O b o N e i P at 0 F 2 l e R d . Pp e s i v e 130 CAMA, P r » ) a, nce i e l r a e r f t n s o u C A e d i a ms u e s u (1978 Adel M ~ ane n o d r o G , p P , , y l n l o e i K t a g . L i l e e S . O 1 13 w e N , s n ey> n 0 d i y s S s e s s , o m P u e . 2 s u 2 o s u M 201 n . a of Previ p i l a r t s u A wa a , t i g O 6 1 . . p R s , ) n n e j l o i f s i p , n im ence S i r (copy o d e n p a x E s n ’ a ali nal r i t g i r o b A < , n . 2 3 1 p ; ) 8 132 See Samso , 9 9 n 1 do r o G . P h t i 133 Interview w 999 ; an ap. Goé rdon; , a i s 26 February 1 A n i © s m u e s u M ‘ y t i n u m (ed.), Com
s s e c o r p a s a n o i t u t i t nd res
O l a r u t l u C f o n c r e j u b t ts e R & r e s m u e s u M , t a L l Internationa
ne
eording
k 8 Re‘pP;ing j 3 one In their
is
t n a t r o p m i o w t n i d e i f i d o m s a w c i l b u p l a r e en
Sy5
h t f o i w s e : v e c n e i r e e Os p x n e a e h t h t i w s e € s s e n r a h It . s e i t h s n i i t S l I X b communi E a t s e o : t g n i eS plann
s o h t S t i s s a s d n to encouraggee a i , s 0 9 9 the late 1
respects
al
‘
AQ c o f f e o h t s u e m o c e b a c d o a l h e e h a r o i h a t t i e l P 4 r © aandessocial activ p e g g a ¢ u g OF n a l as m): y vati
oe
ies such
eser
10n q
i i t i n u s m u m o o n c e s For indiigg
Sie i d n i e r i p s igenous n i often
earti
atriated
M
Stony
exesurisg
ee
om m ESothea)
(A)
Nd org) al hitt _
i l a w h t o t e e i t a n i n m r e Si t a e d f l e s e o d t i t a h l g i e r d A e h t e f n 8 o 7 9 T 1 e h T . n o i e n e d r ‘ h s t e i e e r t n o i i n u m m r m e o t c e d m s s o u c o l e en e v e d a v indiSgr e n e m p o d n a ; e t t e k r a m i r t a rep fr
crafts, : !3° Cultu ral objects
Be Mi
:
SeOce al
o a p e ' a p u m e M l p o e p s : t O o T f S a r c r d e n t a n o c s t s i u r a : e e i e l n o S E S p A t U , y A r a M e r r A o O T p C M cy S e A t N o A m o The 1993 r P s u m ” n quires tralian we TN
s u A r a p n s e u o E n e g i PR t i CO i d Te n n g O I e a foormnseeof e = cultur m€ pas ‘vviital, living ne of al d e t n o c M s t c n e a l i l l e o a s c r ee u a. t s u . . . s e n e g d i e an d e n i g *€ y r a t o e g i d n i y t2radi ST i W i t a i t i n S i U O M h c u s e v i t j a : i t i l a i c u r c e r a f o ; i e h c e i t o c J a r l p a g n oy rn me natur istory mu i ti s r e . v e e m T U as p s e r u t l a u C e g i g n i t n e s e r e p n e i e e n s o m i u ee t e c i s n u ic s at m St m o h c t € s e t i g n n i u t s i s s a s a f y. d e l s l a e w e r c s n a i , ' g d l n Te chanica cooperation a A n ccessibijlj e a e w t e b e v i d d e e a ae x e o c h t r o t i d e l m nous u e e g s u m ' e e ‘ A e i h t r t o m a c O E e S ee y t i o t s i n t i c n u f e s e r h i t e h t f o f o 3 n n o i t a u l a s l a e i g ; o l o d o h t e ; m ! e museum offici S h 0s ) t y d B n r a e | t a e k ° at h t a e i é d n i s n o o t s i t u ve igeno xpecta ee exi
. e b a s e b s e ing plac
to ancestr ;
ed within in
existing
moaj r
g Maj
m u e s u m e t a st
: s t d e ins an secr acred objects1.3° Acc
al remal
: r h t S, Wi estricted
€p-
AaCcess
essibility to Indi genous A Us-
Telation s betw
een mu d n i e a h genous t i d n i d s n m u e s e r e w e s i e t r u i t n l u u c i m ; m o c e represented ted 1n their collectcitions.!4° For or iinnddiigenous people ee eq esti;on of acces-
sibility :
134
was
di1V v i ¢ ed
Abori
Aboriginal Heri Abertginal oC. e
be
Ww een
the
Trel1 ev: ant
Cc Oommtu: nity 1
and
iS
general
i Achievi g Self-d e: ur lt Cu g in ev hi Ac al tur Cul te: L E l a 2 r ie u d se an , n O R s re nt O Ce (S o Pe es ac Pl World Indigenous pena he 2st Ping Be or
on rd Go Br aK a s i h t e a n i Museums
us no ge di In e a N e e n th , , do Dis r na e on e Sa (L B Th S lic Pub d an e h t al ; ic 36 og p. ol ae ch e at r B r og Pr 27 My p. ng ni e ai Ir e S an li ra st Au ntty t l u B na mm in 39 let Co Bul r fo A M O C 16 me am ] 978 eums (1985) us 78 Adelaiaide Semi ar Reco; in Board of the A mmendatio 978 Adelaide Confi ty
?
36 ge
a:al nsigin la. Ab,or3 ei Teens Bo ea gin ander Arts Board) Abor later AT SIC’s s Ar Arts and Crafts Industry Supp ort S Strategy drove this
} 7G € Edwards and Stewart Pr . ng N vi er es Pr > 4 cy 138 S Aust, raPP l; 0, Poli
R O C C , MA d n a s n r u e s u (8 Annual Cnaenual R, 0°7 1985/86
ee
Ann:
wan M
, Zuideline 1.2.1
m, u e s u M 13 p. n a i l a r t s u A d n a ; 3 1 . p ,
, ) 4 8 9 1 , y e n d y S ( 4 8 / 3 8 f i p , ) 6 8 9 1 e s u a M G n a i e l a e r t s g u A d n a 5 n n i A n c Fb o , j m u } e ) e h s T 8 u 8 9 1 > , ; y 7 e 8 n 9 d 1 t y r S o ( p e R 8 8 l / a u Sa of Mi emics oe n 140 ¢ Useur (1999) cred Art: : Th The Uses of a Se cret Collection in the South Australia Buulllleerti; n 3), See Speche op A M J. rk Wo , al j m, eu us 139
—
f
e e a A echti ‘ and pp.107ff and 22 ff; J. Sp Communities
ustralia Council (later Sige (1 iginal and Torres Saat Arts and Crafts P Ltd and ,
Tnten
Sih
86
Re,
access
ts
t n a c i f i n g i s y l l a r u t l u c d n a s l ateria m d e r c a 1 4 1 c e s , s ; y t i n al remain u m m O C s u o n e g i d n i t n e a h t v e o l t e r e l b e i h s t s e c y c b a d e e r o n m i s e r m u t r l e u c t e d n a i l s a a r w t s u A U M s , u s o e n i g e o g l o i n d h c n e I t w e e n k a d m ! n a s n o i t a c i were to l b y t i s r e v i d d n ibitions, p u a y t i l ! a t i v e h t f ) (0 s s e n e r a w a s
s l e a r n d o d i a t a n d l u e o v w o r p m s n i o i o t t i b i h x © ired , n o i t i d d a n I . s e r u t l U . e f i r l a e f r o n o a p s y m a e w t d n n , o a c s f o e b s n a i l a r t s u A s u o n e g i d n I t a h t s n o t i n t i a o d p n p e a r . i m e m h t ? c e h r g u o y r b h t d s e e c r m o m f a r n i g e o r r t p n e c m i s h l s a b i w u l p b a t t s e h e t n e i h t + shif d h e g v u l ro vo h n t i s a d 1 n { a e w S d a e t s e l e u t s s u n r t o c d n a y s l r e o v i t a r act t s i n 142 i m d a , s tor a . r s u m c u e s s a u m c 1 n c a s ment e e h i t d o f o b y n r o i o t s s e i l e e v u r d d q a O t e s h s u t s o e c o n c t e a n i g l a i d d c e i f n s n i y h o p of i e t n i a m d n r e e t m e d e m l b o o i t s c y e t r n i l e i r h b e a r p e m h o t c g n d i n d The latte a e u l v c i n s i n ; e s h e e r i p t m d i o n c a n u f y o m a l m p o y s t i c i d l s i b u : a e l o g i n a a r v e o a g t s i , d a e t h n t i da g d n e i t a n l i e m r r e t o t d n e n 4 d o s d d n n o e a i l w t , { c s ‘ e g l n t i l a d h o l t c o h d t e n t m a u o v n e s u m m u M e g s n u i M n m r o n e h a i c w J n r a o o r f c t n s e J o u A i t a e h m T r P o 3 s o 4 f 1 u e n o p i n : e s g e i r d u n t l i u c h t r s i i e e w f h o t . r . _ p f o m n o i w t e a s © t e u a r m p r e e r y t a n h n s a i m e l r i o W f ( , _ ; s s s e s l e e c c h a t r O e t v e s ” e N s l : t o r i m j s { m “ u t e e s s u m f o e y l a o l r p e d l n l i a t s s m u . e s s t c u a m f e o t t r a y t e i l h i t b i cess c a n o s n o r i t e c d n r A t s e s r i r e h s C e h t . s s n l o o a i n n t e o i g u s i it d t s n i t a h t d t n b a u o d y t e l i t t t i c l n a $ e : b a m e n h a t e c h f t o e r d e e e th r s e i t m e l a r p y l c b i a s c a e b o v a v h s e ’ r r y s i g t o c l e s j n o o b i o e t c s e u l m l l a “ o r c u t l r u i c the t a h t : w s a p i h d s e n v o o i t m a l e y r e h t t a n h t a m d u e h t o n e h n t so n O s u c o f ‘ o t ’ t c e j b o e h t f g o n i r u y d c a m m u pri e s u M n ’ a d’ 3 Australi
e t n e s e r p e r always
epepIi n; th » KeKNC
e er Sh OF ; ime e m Simpso e ; 40 e f , ng ee! ed.),Ari ki Ma Challenges: n, | The Australian Museum
135
u
S5
indigenous
255
e h s t e c i y t c b r P d e s g i n l i a t n c i e f l l o c n r u e r m u f o e s u s m e l p f o m a g x e n J e i n o r e e p e h o T ' e h h t t f t o A s 6 4 s 1 e n . r e c u r i t f a l i w u c a c a P g e n e a i r i w h s o t A r g e a h , t n d o e i t t c n e i i e b i h refl x e s i > r p r e t n e l a i y n n o J a M o c h g n u a o e r p o h larger Eur facts t m Trus
e Museu
: e s i d a r a P f o ‘Pieces 7 e r e w s t c e j b o t n a ally signific
Wl. a n i m e S e d i a l 142 Ade
al n i g i r o b A n a Unit; and . 0 9 9 1 n i s e New South Wal ples
5
.2.31 1 , 2 1. ines
o s i a i L l a n i g Abori
vi e h t t n e s e epr r O t e e t mmit
5 and
©.
» . l a t e t h c e 144 Sp
s: m u e s i c u n i M r p d er O; n t N a s P i P e M s , e A . n B M i A g n C , i 143 ori s b w A e i n V a i l a d r l t or Aus! W , o n o s r e d n A . f , f 02 7 2 145 C . g p n p i s s u ) M 96 , 9 o 1 j n a , r x a ; N k r e o Y e ew 170, S N ( a e ; d 9 i 3 > u G 9 n o i t a atri p : e P R P n » a ’ s c e i g n r a e n m j A ae C “ , h c i l u L c a t and M
See Spech
at 5 6 1 r o t a Cur e v i t a N A ircle:
& Return of Cultural Objects
reflect to a large degree Australia’s Prey mae onshipfacts with the 5
rela
presen tii ma ges
8)
region. . . [W] e are i neither asha
ee
0.
ese
ar tefacts,
for
the
circ
Ny
spare
G u i V n a e a n a n t u , h d S a e o t 1 I u l Fi 4 s 7 o N l m a e G n u o w i d n n s e . a , ; n Papua i Th e ¢ : th e m’ mu s se u c o m m e m o r a t i o n of the bicent ie of ce bit; a centrep a “Mary of the Australia. In his foreword to the exhibition catalogue, Dine ; settlemen t of Aus Griffin wrote:
G CEPT SW N CO 1 ABO! RIGINA ib, GAL EY elon
ona l Internationa: Law,
Museums
umstan
c
lous
Med
Col
Onial
nor fri
€S under wh
Shteneg
belong to a past that c Ich Many to an Not be changeg 14s Y of ibittiioonn’’s Th e exhibi . cur: ator JiI m Specht detai iled the collectin them
came
to our Museum
Ss
AT CONTACT LINeeFE CASAL
=f
& h i s t o r y 5 ial cu lt ur f local Mate. es by co rial ¢ 5 lonial powers. He also noted that the i llic it transfe r o jects s from this regy ion, and their reappeare f Cul object anace n on une inte Tat tura, ional art Market, had esc ee exponentially following decolonisation
aie , the gallery’s curator Ronald Lampert insi sted 0 munities ig
ighted
5 15
I he
iti s communitie
th ei 1
and
leaders
emporary indigenous ways of li; fe ge iy in| effects of colonisa n e tion on indigeno us people and cultures. This FeSUIte of fundamental a Sn lterations to the (0) riginal plans, with the indigenous view given Priority in B E ci the Overall layou t of the exhibition. For exampl and burial Pract e, aspects ices were not e x h i At the need
to
depict
cont
the opening of the new gall y, Griffin argued that museums were a m eans of educating t r e he general pub see lic o f the need ‘that ordinary human i s, ordinary rights, 147
Australian M useum, Ann ual Report Annual R, 1987/33 useum, M an n a j li ra st Au ; port 1988/89 11 d an 5 , .4 pp ), 88 y, 19 ne yd (S eS) ) ? yan M. Spri , p.12; Specht and Mae p p . 3 7 3 8 ; a n l d u l a i c of h Wh , e A a u t ? s T t r h alian oughts on the ‘Piece o 989) 20 Austra s f Paradise’ exhi lian Archaeolog y 66. i > in J. Specht, Tee > “troduction, s of Paradise (S i n ydney, 1988), p ’ pecht, Pieces, 2° Australian .2 pp.4—7, Museum, A nnual Repo ce R, Lampert, rt 1 980/81 (Sydn The Developm ey, 198 I))p febIZ. ent of th 8 1 ) 6 8 9 1 ( n m '; The Ustralian igi lery at the AustraliJiaan Mus~ eu ARGO ninene Muse ee = ae 3 l S a 7 R n 3 i 4 g t alia pamj 1 h i c r e o ; Sp and MacLulich,Ab Changes’,Gallery 1982-1985, Ausctere s e v i i n e a a y l e n d y S ‘ u s p a e n i Bpa p.186. and Specht 27/al., ee
(Sydney, 1989),
151
;
s s e c o r p 4 s a ‘ution
j. b O l a r u t l u C f o & Return jects
s m u e s u M , r a L In zernational
«o g e b , y t i n g i d n huma
h t ’ n a o h i t t a s i l i v i c f e o l a c s ‘ e n h o t f i o t a i c n u n e r e th
ad
fo T SO
lon
ity reme
museums:
commu?
ti at g n i w o l l o f e th g n i t c a r [T]he aim of counte tudes th a ae rigi borig i nal peoples . . . th a perceptions of abo
Cist
ole are ¢ ec m is ar rb ba om fr a e man e ae toe development is a climb on at hu
€stern ma
i h r i e h t , s e r n u e t g eir about indi genous cul s e t s i p o p i l a i s He also noted its soc
: * * ' . s e l p o e p s u o n ige or indt
a oe c
;
:
Ehieg sity and
c i t a m e h t e v i posed of f
P3 rovidin
that our [tisim
our
own
e h t o t d e i Closely t
y t i t n e d i l a r © f cultu
g n i n i a t n i of ma 2 1 e l c i t r A ding
)
C
N.4/200 0/84 2.
(Cambridge, 29 Fen), tes
23
Co
y o i d o D g s -
os
5
Par:
ee Ae- Keae nop, :
TA
Sons
UN
Doc.E/C
Dace
& Group
eee 001/85 B eeonal va s Law, and Self-Deter. thoa mternati
Establi
;
, 2 3 / 5 9 9 1 . s e R with CHR 788 and
s a t o p 7 9 9 l i x c e n i s a t P G A : w a L national
er s r e e i a H e e a c a i t a s i s n o l e o 4 c 1 e D d l n a a n n o o i i t t a eee a n r n e i t m n I r e e h t Det f f l o e n . 4 o 1 i 8 t a S s a i n o l o 6 6 9 1 e e 76 9 1 R O fe Dee 6), h A c G r N a U M 1 2 e ate COE es ica
UNTS an n e S , T ) e ) I 7 N 6 6 U 1 o 9 . 9 1 S o 4 ( . N p ( . p p u OR S , 81 ugust 1993, oe Of the wy Doc. E/cy orking Chinn RI i Indig venth Session, i Ele its igenous Po ulations on Ansa 2/1 99
o f n i , 6 6 9 h e S , y o r a u t a TS , 6 ILM 360 UND c See E J, D, SBN aes, R,
3/29, Ppara.5 7
93 9 1 e h t d n a Restitu tion ons i e t a l b m s i a n e a g r r p o e h t f O t x e Indigenous t n N o U c t e h f t a r n i D 3 ) e 9 r g o f 9 1 a t s e i e h r l t e a h f n o o i l t a a r r u t g l n u i c d e f the integrity o c e r n p o i o t t u t i e t g a s e e n i r l o t s t i t h g e t i a © i c e e r p p a o t (covering th e l b a e W . e w r a a l s l n a o n i o s i i t a v o u r n q r p e e t r e e h ’ h n t t i o e n i r u and s s n t c e e j o t b t o e s ut ral 0 u t I e a h n u t c r e t f m o n o i r f n e o h s t k e y e b S s n e o l i p t the restituti o a e p r a l l l a c e © D t o N d t e U b t i h r f g r i c r s a e r e r D h t p s 5 i t h s g t i h r g i r The 1993 f o e s e h t t s g n o m a d n s a u t o n n d e e e n v g i r i m e d s e n e i r e p r y r P e b r a 3 t 3 s n e e r m u t l u c r i e h t Ss w o h t h g e i r n i m r n e a t m e u d h o t l a n y o t i
der n u s e l p o e P f o y t i l a u q E 7 es, a D ) 5 . 9 I 9 . 1 E ( d n 2 s e 63 pl o e , P ’ s s n u o o i n t a e g i r d e In sid f o n o C s t « h g i > R s e e a n o n o i t a > g16ff; D r a l c e ons Draft D Declaration. , a r r e b n a C ( t or wardness nd a l g n E w e N of y t i s r e v i n U 1994,
le. b m a e r P , s l a t . i 3 c re . 13 h a t r 6 a 1 p d ; 0 3 n / a h 4 t 14 199 / e e 2 S . b . u n S o i / t a r 4 a J . Dec /CN N U t f a r D amble, 1993
267
j C l b a O r of u t l n u r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w s a t L c e l a n o Internati
t h g i r s i h t f o t n e n o p m o c l a i t n e s s e n a developed : &
e ) n u d d n G s a n p m a y a e g r P i m a tiicspr miSa ee 2UGES tates SchaalPosiin “8enoys ae
) e e B at they are able to rec
e a a m g i l i b e o h t s p o l l a e tage ee v e d d ensure th n a i e r e h l a r n u e t h l t u s i n c o o t i a t t a g a i a l n , b e o g t e s N hi _ . in te g e n of e h e t s i e 8 1 n o i t a n r e e t n i a e n h i t s f o t c e e e N j b o . w a l a , s e e l p o o e e h p s t u f o o n n e o g i i t c e t o r For ind p c a g e l e h t . f o e s u a c e b t o n r g f o t t larly releva a a P s s i e , i c e i n l o i p l 3 a 9 i 9 n 1 o l o r c e e i 4 e e a d n c d u e s e h i t s l e a t i a c ; i a d r u p e a ] y c r l e o l a e c a i n categor espo y and the a
g o l o p o r h t law, an
t r e n i i r e i e B d n a , , t a s i n a o l o s e C u € o e n ‘ P e e r B l b m of indige a e e r p p . e . a l b . a n e m e t d n e o , e n c s y a l a l l f l c y a l r o cal m r e d e e a o y c l t l a n i c o s i t c Re a r p g r o tin W c e e l l i l h o W c x e l p m e o c t = e F w o s w o — l a e t i i d r e . h e l h a t e r n u o t N l e 1a Se! u h c S s u n o a n e a g < i a a n h i c h r t e i i l W r a e S c n i d d e n l n a o i t a y l 3 y i As detai e m t i n s o s c a l a s e r i c o i l d o n P a s r a e w n o n p a a t i e l n o n c a p e o a p r a o r c u met c E f e o t r a e m w e s t e s t y a t s S y r b e l e m e r a r o n n o a s i u t o c u n r e t g s i e d d n c temati val of i i t s u j o t n o n ca
o n e g i d n i t a h t d e t o n s e a D
o
. s y s n U e a s t c e j b c i o t c a r , s P e t i S i e t a a t s e r e a f i s n e ma htheeritag s a n a f o n e e r i a e h t . g d n n a o . . t a h t = yasS‘einconceiv: d e e d d e a P e h ] S y n g a t [ . i . t . c t e a l h l t o c s ’ e l e y = p e d i o e t t e a n p n € e e e d i m l i n c ° * r . o & a ’ p t y l s e e i t e s n l p g n m r o e o c a r c r o o f e y l r t n e n o e p n e € e e w b t o n e e l b e a b k r e n s u i a l h s t c e S j rri u l j . c w a a e n l n r i o i a t a n Ing ratio male for restitution on in inter :
—
Phrase
n o i t u b i r t n o ron € mtihenorcity protecti on tradition 10N in i int ernati1onal law. It is in this trraaddi itti on that i indi firm] install their r riri gh : ; Peoples : r asain ei h ae to the ion of € 12, which
34 ” See Art.1, Art
the
1966, UNESc ESCOESCO D UN)
p.123;
Dor tacme
we
BE om
Prine
digenou
cultural
a t a e t m a d 1 o i , s e s g i a t i l r 5) on of cultura he
eae bt ibnntseo vb eri ee utieal
Cae
te E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/20045 SCO Doc.E/C | ia
>
aper on
Cos
ee ae Huon z Cultural Sst
Council, Gee
€ritage of aie Pate: as
35 eee
37
i t u t i t s e r o t ight ituti
Yokota and eons,
lines ee
Doc.
eclarati
ri
estitut
gnt
tion of th e Ownershi that noted Caer Daes te ot Paree ome Ava of tooo activities ae Oirtine a BeeN ee ee pee and incre unabated on By Study er touris Daes, non-indigenous y m: E.-I. E/ u P t l u l C a u t c N e U l l ; e 3 t 9 n 9 I / 1 4 , N , y l u J 2 -EIC alah 211993/28 pers 28 , s , e s l e p l o e p s P u o n e g i d DN roperty of In
econd
, al,
Tecit
Sub-c, Omm.
» 3 July 19 91
2 2 . a r e a , p 8 2 O / 9 3 9 e 9 / 9 3 i 9 b 0 r 1 P-l4/eSsub.2/
=
as h
F l na Fi , es Da UN t . af -I Dr E. e Se 44 3/ 99 n, .1 £s io at ar ex: Reyj cl De 0 /1 94 19 c. De CH R d an a g; in n Pr o x Te S the ed is of ev t e a ] op Di Pe UN 95 19 ne Be ples, Principles Ju 21 ae al 05; E id S Gu S d an sO e s Ee Ape 2; n d ee an or Br 1 e 7 th for CO ES s ne li le > U; e s r 2 2e e UNESCO mbe? ve No niversa] Declaration Be ulreturaeil p y, it rs ve Doc,31¢ /Res °-49 Di Pesy, fi > Res
» 1993,
Annex
4
N U a r D 3 9 1 e n i r _yioS ; ‘ x
In igen
5.
_
Declara
Dtioeclartion n.
adigenous
In
P&S
l a r u t l u c r i e h t p o l e v e d e n e i h l c t , a s r e n u a r t e l c u e n i P o ¢ s c ” u i N i o n t O s e I a g p i B d t n b in i c o e t n s y r a o p l i e a h t t o e t c y a e l , l m l s o r e c i o f h d t c n h e a g e t i v r f i a t r s i i D h s x o 3 i p f 9 f r e f n jes a t part Il of the 19 o c o t s k e e s t I r o f i t t i R n n E e o p G p O u e H c n e a n i u l e f r o s 7 e 2 k s a s e m e v s a i p m n o i r d p e m o u c c s i t u r o a i r a v ‘ight s t i h t i w 7 2 e l c i t r A , t e Y . s t h g i r ie :on states: i t a r a l c e e D l N U o t f p a s r t guch ircilgeh 12 of the 1993 D ultural Art
c r i e h t e z i l a t i v e r d n a e s i t c a r p d o t n a t t h c g e i t r o r e p , h t n i e a v t a n h i s a e m l o p t o t e h g p s i u r o e n h t e s g e i d h u c l u c Ind s n , i s e s r i u h t T l . u s c m r o i t e s h t u c f s o n d o i t a t s e f i traditions an n a m e r u , t s u e f i n d o n m a e t r n e e c s , e s r n p g , i t s s e a d ; p s t e c h a t f p t i o h t l g r i e a r v , s e e h de t t i s l s a a c l i l r e w o t s s a , i e h r u d t n a l r a a e c t i i l g o d l n o a e s t r a g n i m as archa n r e o k f a r t y e t p r e d p n o a r l p a l a u u s t i i v r i d p n s s a e d i n g a s o u l o o i n g i h d l n e a r s , n tec l o a i u t t i c d e a l r l t e t ; n s i w , a l l a r r i u e t h t l u f c o n f o o i n t o a i l t o u i t v n i r o t n e s to the resti n o c
d e m r o f n i d n a e e r f r i e h t without ) d e e d d d i a u G s i d s n a a s h e p l m p e i ( c n i " r . P s m s e a D custo 5 9 9 1 e n h i t a h t t n i i w a w m s o n l o e i b d t e a r s e i d n i a s g n r o o s c u s i o n t h e g g i i r d e n h i r t i i e t f e a o h h t t t i f © o b e p r m p i e i a h h h s s r r e e e n t n The w o w o n o o ’ t s t e ’ j s n e porta s peoP m i s i t i , r e v e w o H . s e n li
i t a r a l c t e d t at the 7 dvreaf a o o hs: i
e e c e o
u o n e d n g i i d n e ise a th e i
h t x i s , ) 6 9 9 1 ( d n o c e s at its g n i s s e r d d a e r a s e t a t S settler e h t t a e g a ql herit s n r e c n o c r i e h t d e t i s i v have re g n i r u d d e r i a s n o i s apprehe a,
2 1 e l c i t r A d e t f a r d e r d n a d e t a r e b i s l u e o d i r a G v W , y l t n e r r u C The CHR 2 4 . s n o i s s e s ) 4 0 0 . 2 1 ( : h m t e n r e t l d a n r a t s e c n a (2000) f o n o i t u t i t s e r r o s f e t a t s S m i a l , c s n o i s s u c s i d indigenous G W R H C g n i d r n u a d y S l i l E a l Y a r . r l t e e s v n e u e l A g l a g n n n o i i d t u natio a J n i m c r n e i t e d » >» 43 s f e t l a e t g S o t e t m h o g i S r n . e r s h u n t t o e i r g t ‘ a n r i e d b m i r l e e t d regar e h n t o i t d n a e e t v s n n o i C g n O i r C d r n e S a f E e r N p , U y > t i 0 v 7 i n 9 t o c i a t u o t r i t the 1 t e s r e r n < o n m r e t i e h t f o n e e s p u d m e o n e c i h t a f t o o n t i a s d m oye c y s e h T 1 . t object e s e r e ’ t n n o i i t u t l a i t s e n r o < i t a y n t l a p h p t e a h t d t a e F h u O t g r s w s t a h l g i r c They a i t s y t e r m a o p d d r h i t h t i w h t i w rm o f n t o c c i l f n d o n c a d e n i f e d possible y l r a e l c e b t s u m e v . r s t e l h s a g e i n r r o p i a t a o n t t r h e g h i t r o that such e h d t n a n e s e e l w p t o e b e P k n s i u l g o n n e i e g h s i t o d p n o i n r e o p t k a y e b w o e t equally g a t k i e r e e s h y e l h a r t u t l , u y c l l f a o t n e n m o i a t d u n t u i t s e r e h More f t d n a y t i t n e d i p cultural °
n o n o i t ' a r ecla D n ry a a c u i r r e b e F m A 6 2 r on te n s t I t h f g a i r R D n a ()> m 0 u 1 H d n n a o ) 2 ( 7 n io ts. s r A s i o m s m l a o C e e S n 38 ica r e m A r e t n I e th approved by ion. s s n e s o i t r a a l r u a g l e c r e D h t 95 raft UN
t f a r D 3 9 9 1 , 2 1 . t 40 Ar in one
Arts.12 and 13 . 6 7 0 7 3 ra, , r 6 e 2 b n 5 a 2 C ( p ce p n a , d ) r 2 o 5 c 9 c 200 9 a 1 n 4 1 9 9 1 hed t s r i o s p i e l R b a t s l e a u n n p .E A u c o o r D , G C I S N T U g A n i e k e S r d o n a a the W s e g f A o t r o p e n as. R r a o p o , N a i t u C r L r , E U 5 8 J. / g 001 o See 2 T / 4 . N C N / U E , ; 6 6 9 9 9 er 1 b m . e e c o e D D 0 1 N U , n o i s 5 s 2004. e 7 S 6 6 t oa 6 s . s u a g r a u p A 12 102,
/ 7 , 9 r o 9 h 1 t / u a 4 . N C to / E . c o a D i l ra t s u UN A f o l a r e ttorney-Gen Ruddock, A
45-483
, 12 and Letter
{
s r e v O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u x) M , w a L l a n o i t a n Inter x
$ S o tw o t d e t a ! e l e r e b they n o . prepared a
The pre
paragraphs.
a
s p eoP u o n « pnais'
f o e g a v s i f SORE
t[ahend restpiritual] prope
free
whout thew
Cilitay
| ¢ ; } e r d , n y o a t 2 t] 1 n e s s e n m d o o e C c m r jo n J o n i n t o a i r t a a l l c o e i D v e a 2 r o r [ e t f present a , ] t c e f f e i t i a o e l t h o n i t i v [ S n f i o [ ] r o [ ] d n a [ ] s m o t n s a u c v e l e and i r f o ion rad, a
a i t a L l u l u g e T weave and ations) 4¢ 8
d d a s i s a h p m e ( e t S i e m o s , n o i s s e s 4 0 0 2 e h By t t a ‘
l a n i g i r O n e p e v e ‘ i r l e e h a t s o s n a o a w l e l t e w e a s a B s a e n a s e t a : t S ‘ : h t i a w t y n e h m “ e c e a l n e p o e i e r t u it 1 t idat s ga e T ° ° i with oF and isms
2 e a lmetr Sa a a S r S e m r O o o f P A f o : e e a l c e i n a B t unuinginsresis ent that disturbs le
oar
e i r i e h t y b a a » a e the c , c w i o t l s e e b m o d . e e e a e r o e f t e i e g S t d a i s v e o i r e g p n r i e t t s o n u A 0 ae
i n o i t a p u c c o l a i n o l o c of : gues s
O S E en materials. i t In a s i n a g r o s u no e g i d n i ie
=
=
Go
.
.
§
b k n i l e h t d e m r i f f a t e h g r i r e e h v t a h n s e e s m t o h g i e r e p h velo e d and t t a h t d n s a e r u t l u c a r i s m o i s D d n f a o , e y g e a h t T i i " on her d ect to
Charged that
In
r o additi
rest sittitutio 0.n
an d
ns com pe
ion,
unlimi ited
ia
b
:
i l e p v p a i t c a o r Ps ret
y i t t i l p s d e s o h gued t at the prop l c i t r A f o the righ t to restitB uti x g n ; E E R l u E c N i r r i e e h h t W f o l R a r H n u o t C o c e r b o e s o h t u ( T l l 2 i 1 . y e g a Article t : i r f a o e p y ‘ ) l n r i a o e i l t c s a i r n a a l c g in bininddiin de d e n n o i a n t e n h w e v i s s e r r g compa ed to p st and 9 a t n ii nter e s e r p c i t d i s t e a m oe i o t t i n n e i r r n u : o c i t u , t s i e t v s i e r l a Program: me: n o i t ati na cation. :
ar
n, they
ec
A mor €
n r e t n i g n i t s i x S andAds e
recognition
1993 es Declclaratio5 n,
c
4a
of i
obligation2 s.i5 ncor
restituti ion
is
the
rij
:
c i t r A n i porated
:
s r e » l j p e o h t e p e s i t i s g c i a u l Pr n; o e g l i n ei re e d a v n c e i d i ! h r 8 Consis a t f 4 o e i m w A t h o g l i r s g s nNoperete e th l A a r o e m l v d e p § e b e o s n l e n i s i e i m B t a n x S tates e pme : : ae w, the ArticArti le ‘ s e s i f n o g e h t o c l e o r r > t n o c d n a e s u [their] ceremonjnial ob e h t o t t h g i r o e e r ; , n , 'S i s r u e D n 8 o a t , m ’ s u t n h h i g a i r f m “ o e r n o nd i a t a i n : a > i w s ‘ e y t a l o t a e t S b l n ‘ c o e e i l v e t t o o r m i t c A r o e t s t or thi s e o 9 4 h r t p e’ S c n a e with l c i ird-party ririgghts hts. See 49 Ne n rre
0 “, on Chay
et, cu
COVering : tent
a c i r e m A o nt Angl
tates’
” 0 d e s a b e r a schemes
k r o W e h t ‘ : e ; wi e p o 6 e r c 5 G n u 9 a n 9 d g 1 r e n o i e e c . c s a e R 5 B n p i i R d H e n i C h s s i o i h } t T PG i bl t w a x t e e s t c e r t i D E B f v a r D N C / 3 E 9 9 lics). 1 . a c ( t o i D 5 n 17 ND ‘oc, I 2 N S , 1 e 46 x o 4 e 0 n 0 e 2 n o / 4 . N i C r I E e c i Doe s i . G 7 p e : UN L 2 / 4 s N C o I B : U5 e s 7 W . c o D N U 51 1 , 0 A/2 4g c2e° g 9 / 2 0 z r d 18() r e i l e r a E e er , t 2 t 3 a m 1 t 3 s c 1 e e . j p p b p u a s ; , c u g Seetttin the e h , d r o t , i n w B o i t s d l i p a v a e o d r P s e o raft c a i n d g a g 2 a / a ; N C e I i ta ) CE 004/81, 51; an >» Para,
2
/ 4 , N C / E , c N d o n U D a >
para.54
.
.
.
oO
» th ir c da pa 7 rt a y r i ri gh ts be j ca us e the : ir 1 e r l i a u i r q u t e s t r c l e e t t cu o a r s ul S international p ae right agai n o i m w a a o e jp a ol is ie s e an d : pr ac d ti n ce s a of s e Stat o c l a n o ati rporation 3 this international : protec : non m ust S incl ude ati di
.
.
>
c e l p o e y P l t n s e u u o e q n h e e t s g b i d u e d s s n s I e r s f p o a x e e e g h a s t i Daes w ; r 5 e 9 H 9 1 e n h i t n f o o i s n s o i i m t c m e o t e C o h t r b P u t a S e h h t t e h t r d n fo o a t s e n i l e s d i e Gu
10.
e k e m r fo s u m 12 e j l b c u i s t Ar e b t o n eeet
.
.
aay ee a
e e s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c o utle t
e
les,
.
n s a s h e c r d e e m T F O d e uuemthese e a e s o p x E c c c e d n a wers
ON
conciliation
s u o i g i l e r o t t h g i r ’ s e l p o e p s u o n e g i d n i u m f o d n a e c s n t s e i d t e n e c i e c r s p s a e h t h c u f s o , s e t i t n r e a p m ’ d s r e i l h p t o e owledge f p o s s t u s o e n r e e g t i n i d n i d n a e s i s n t g h g o i c r e e r e e h t c t o n ? e v e s o n e o a d n e o f i i s 3 h 1 g f i a e l an c i y t c r A e r c , e s s e m e h t c G s u d e © e s e h t a i e k i l n n U a e a l ogeumsl t s e r O t t h g ri s e n i l e d a i l u c G e D i a N U s t f a r D meas le 3 9 9 1 e h t n i d e p t t y e c a h n l i u o r c t i t p r u a s e g n i e d g a a e t L i 1995 Da r e h . s e a l D a r u t t l u u e c t r f o o p p a R n o r i i s t a u u h o t C n i e t s g e i P r d n I I o G t W f o f o k y r t o r w e p se o e fia 2 ‘right r h t P y b l a d u e t G t c n e e l l , e l 6 t a n c S I i t U i l s i d o n p a n , l tio a 5 c l i a r r o u t s t i l h ‘ u C f o y h t t e i r f o a v “4 att n d o e i r t e c : v e ot r P : tution unco d e e h t t a c i n i o l t p s m e o r y c y l ; l a g e l 1993 “’StudPaes had noted that d n a e t a c i l e d s d a e r c f a o people s e r , a s n i a m h e c r i h w n ’ a f o m u h e f m o o s n r u t : e s r n o e i h t n t s w e o u t q a r h i t e h t l a o d t r e o s t m h i g s i a r h n p a m s e e l , p l a e o g h e s p Je s u , o s n s e e g l i e d h n t i e n o t o N l a ” i ” t . . n ’ ’ e y e s t r s i e u t t n s e i d na i s t c p e u j o b r o g l a r r i u e t h l t u c e d v n r a e s s e l r a p i ‘ r e o t s e mat n d i n l a e d i s u f G e i l e b d n a s u o i s g e i l l p e i r c n r i i r e P h t t f e a s r i d t c a r e r e h p r a 0 p t g e n r i p , t ’ n e e r o s u t e r p cult n o n p u e h W d e l al .”
Article b
i r p o r p p a [ ] t s e b [ e k a m [ ] o e t t l [ o l a m h o s r , / P ) d [ s l u t o r h o s f , f g e n l i f e t States e , l a a c r u t f l o cu ] s s o e l p o e p [ ) l a s h u u t t i c o w e n l e l g e t i n d e n k e i a h ‘ rty [t urn to and i
269
.
d e n v a i t c s e e f f l e p i c n e i a r t o o n m s e s draft Pr r a e p w e o t e s e t a t S e e e g a y r b u o c n n o e i t a d r 1 a l l u c o e w d p t i a s t a a a h t t 0 i e t p m p a o ho a d 1 S a e d h l t u o d w n a y a l t b o m k e o Y s s A d n a l a d r e e h n c e n G u a . J n o N i s U s a s w e s w e i v e P r I 4 G w , d a e 5 t 0 s 0 n 2 I e e h l t a n o t a i t adopted. a n r s e e t n n i i i l l d e i d i d u n g a e h t l a n D o o i t a n s l a s o y p o : r h r a t p r i w o p m 1 e e t v d i n e t o t n c a a t l s u b m t u a r s h o t f d e e d r n e u w sent o f s t c s e e j a b D o h t i , w l y a d r u u t t t a l S h u t c f 3 d o 9 e 9 t 1 o n n o r i s e t a h u w t i t t i In s e r 5 2 d r n e a t p n a o h i C t c e n t [ o r 5 5 p e . h s t m r o o t f i s n u a c m y l r d a n e sche a e s h w t a l m s o u r e o f h n t e w g d a i e l d n n | i i m a r o n t e o t i e e t c d a n n e r r e f s e c i t n i out re n a e p i o e r u e p E i £ p h ) to s r e h e i n t b o i m t p e a u s m i l g a e n s h r i t e k v i a n m u s ; e r the t e a v t e S w o f o r c . e e n t b o . o m i r u t p c n e t s t d o i e r t p i d m t n i e a m ’ J o l c a e e n h r o t u i t t l a u n c r e tury, f t o n c n s t o i i e t v i a d n h n i a f gs e d e e r l u p t e l o h u e t c p f , o d s e n u o d o i n t n i a e n p g x i © d defi ! m 1 y t t i a n h t u m m s o e s c i s l a a n J n o i t a n r e t n i e h t f o . w a l l a n o i t a n r e t n i n i d e v l o v e n o i t e h t d e t cu a t i l i c , a d f n a l f o n r g u a t t e i r r e h e h t f l o a r u t l u c r e h f t o e g o UN ; ; 0 g 9 9 n 1 tying t i d n a t nders August u 1 3 s i h t ; 5 2 > / 5 0 , 3 9 d / 9 2 e 1 9 e 9 d 1 n . . I s s e e R R . m m edge.°° o C b u S Sub-Comm / 5 4 1 9 N 9 C 1 / E . c o D t s u g u A N U 9 9 ; 2 9 9 1 > 2 3 / 1 9 9 1 : . . s s e e R . N C . 92 9 b-paCroemn m 1 u . S c e D 05 UN Doc.B/ C O e S O b u i le g A . /Sub 5 .15 .
.
Doc.AuEg/uCsNt.4 19925 CHR 97 : e l u o N B U d n a 5 8 2 / 3 Sub.2/199
Dec
3 92/114
Doc BON
Se
s a r a p , 9 2 / 3 P /1993/29,
4 9 9 1 h c r a t . 4 5 0 1 / 4 9 9 ls 1 a s . o c p e D o r p R H e C v . u N S n i ta s b u s ; e h t n o 51 UN Doc.E/C elves Pi esse WO1O9EBaEnR32. il c n u o C p i m a a u a l S r R e e . h n s t e a V y e d n a 2 a a s ( t e , o i e k m l o e p e Y p 52 UN e . y s u a o g N o i n d e g n I f o e g a 53 H t i AS r e H N G e h I t E °y n o e o D d s e e t n n i e l s e e r d p i 54 uN u G ? ° P d a n P a g n s i e k l r p o i W c i r d P e d n t a f a p Eexaiihe Dr a t e S a b : o 3 / s 5 4 0 4 0 / 2 3 / 9 a 4 9 . > 1 C . e A s / e 2 d R . » s S e e e n o 3 n e e a S m a o 1 t 1 a Doc.E/CN.4/S o s d in oor y e a n ® i a 4 l . e s d a i u r a d p n a , 4 3 , 5 e 6 / 0 t 1 1 t i m 9 b . 1 s u a / s 2 t . par r b o u 2 p s " e l R 9 A ‘ 4 9 9 N 2 C 1 I / 0 B 2 . 8 Sub an / h 4 a . r N t C s u / A E >56 UaN tPO Dos EIGN 4/8 n o S 94, UN i re, Report a r a P > 4 3 / 1 9 9 1 / 5.2
Oe
ae
penn
1.99 4
ry
\
e k n a J , Ty e e a S . f f i f a s : Te > pa : , a r r e b n a C ( s ight
R y t r e p o r P ual t c e l l e t n I d n a l a i u j A s u o n Indige
Dec n a d o a oc.
Our Culture
1998)
Our Futu
a71 n o i t a i l i c n o c d re
, b O l a r u t l u C f o eturn R & s m s t u c e e y s u M s r a L l a : n o i t a n r e t In
0 2 e h t e k i l s t n e m u r t s n i l a n o i t a n r inte a l a r u t l u C e l b i g n a t n I e h t of ‘
UNESCO
é n o i t n e v Con
:
ei Or
the Safegu,
ap e r o M s i s n e g a t , % n e h n a h t e n as oe 7 f o d g a y e t r ee e e p O E 8 O 5 © e k S i V p S d n a d n a c i f i t S n W e i O c H s S n from . o t c i s n a r s T e t a , b 0 ( e d e u c l i a v t s e m o d o t e l b a i c u e r h c t is g ) n d i e n r r ‘ e sac c l s u u o c n e g f o i d n n i o M o t s t m e u Y e s u m . s e l i a t n o i i n t a u n m m o m , o c c r e j f b O e t o ~ n 4 e 0 n 0 i 2 l e d e i h u t g = w e i a v e r f o n o i t i n i f e d Saami Council ene rita ee and sec
als
e s h a e l n a a r u n t u a e a ‘ a s e e t b a t o S t s n i i a e t r r e e h C t problematic. d be clear as to the exact atif | g n i a M e T g a c ‘parties shoul e e R e h t a e r e S i t u a h e t m n i a t n i a m s e d l p e o e i p d n a s u o o a a r , m i e h t s m e e v t a s h y l S a g y e e l h t t a y h o t g e e s i e h n g c i h reco w o t s s m u c | d n ° a . e g a s t w i a r a e l e h l r a n c w o e l h t a r u i e t h l t u c e o t o r i e s 5 s 9 e 9 c c 1 a e h and T f o n o a t < f e n a ee awe cle 12 of the 1993 Dra s e l p i C N I T . P e s o h a n o i =e t a r a l c e D a h 1 6 . n o s i t e i t S a O t P S s i h r t e l t e t n e i s t r d e e h t t s o i s e r d n a g : n 4 o l e v . r i d n n o t i i n e f o bolietnverishis c characteristi ims. ©2 Hom
a l c a e e h a t m o e r v f a h , r 1990s = e s v e € t a t S n m r n e o l t c t c e s a m o t e a d e r s u m o o t v s a u e c t n , i s o t n . i n ous law e g i d s n t I h g i r s t e g v i t c e l n l e o m c u r t s n i e h t r a o n l f o a i n t a o n i s t k a d r n n o r a w € e m a e r f t n o i s t t u c t e i j t b s o e r l a r u and t l u c f o ed h s i l b a t s e e e a b w e i v e r at rules 4 0 guideline 0 2 € u o n e g ndi i t c e t o r p to s n i a g a s e l p o e P Fi S 1 h t f e : up, in circum.
stances wh
ere It ma ® . w a l y r a m o t s cu
y be
legal
Sal
pursuant
t oO
h t ! p t o a e h t p s d e u s o s n e e r g t i s d n s I e l p of their cul
ont c t u b s w a l national
gro
9
rary
1
to
;
s n a i d o t s u c the primary
9
indigenous
S N E I C E D p e p e c s e 4 ° . e s n o p i t e a h t t s e f that i n a m s B ! p o e e p s a u o n e e O g i d n . i e r v i f i e o t h a t r n e p o m f i o s . 0 wa 1 p i h s r e E> Phe n e w g o a t n e s h € l a r u 95 Daes ; Princi pilees an d Guid1 elin1 es state pathat 181 § Co. I sent past, present
tinuous 5
5p
58
e
2
2
L M e o D S I M g s n o o 2/ / 199 b u .2 S / 4 N G 3/2 I .2/ E Sub . c 199 o D UN Toperty”? (1992) 1 ore See
UN ‘Cultural P;
:
co llec tiv 1 e
i ht rig
2
Manage
4 1 / H C / T L C / 3 0 C/20 Lv
e, Y. P. Prott and P. J. O’Keef ; e, T)
and ; 307 e e R i t a N ; mb o : o y t s i m t i a n ,5 l e C d I e v g i t a N : ; aims UND, oc. EICN /S a 60 Incinds N.4 r e n a p l a t a e p7,e S e e e 1 3 fe d l r o o W c e n e o C B i tld Batono:pment, > KariKari-Oc. erence of Ind of Posse 'SSIiN;
to
2
their
¢ ‘ultur a |
l tural Heritage’ or , ‘Cu‘Cul cs ; i t i l o P e h t d n a e 49 Cultur
f o CJL] 6 re ) 3 9 : 9 e 1 v ( o r t on rsy
247.
: d n a i t r n r e e T m n n o s o t r h i g s i v e R n l a E p M o y e , t P y r r o e s t p u i a, 30 o o r n of Indi P e g i l d a a u P, t r c a e l l c l l e a e D r t u n t d I genous n l a u C d ; n 2 a n 9 rr o 9 1 al n s o e H e s e r y e D V a , p s 9 e 1 N l p U o e c n u e N e J 1 3 / 4 9 93. S 9 1 / 2 . b J ag Doc. DoEc/CF -4/Sub.2/19 93/29,a, p1a8ra u S / 4 . N C / E . c o N 5 / ee 4U 4 a . N C / E . c 0 . 8 6 CN. / 26 s.163
ub.2/1995/
a r a p , 8 9 / 2 0 0 y t See done
5 d n a 4 ; 3 1 s e l p i c n i e r n d P i n l a e d i u ; G 3 1 d n e a n , Annex, i , 5 l e d ui nd pp.82
N E B c o D Y D © UN Doc RCN S4/Suub b.2/AyCa.4r/2004/5, / A N : ) B Q ( 9 4 3 B Q (HL) /5,
64
Deez:
, g n i t s e S , d r a h c t i r P e a e e e S . Z E R para,20 A R f o l a ttorney-Gener
1 C A J e i r 5 oy Doc E/CN | , 6 2 / 5 9 9 1 / 2 . b u 4 N C ] p / i E c . n c i r o P , x Cc D e n n A 8 2 / 3 9 9 1 / 2 . b , ) u 5 S 2 / A A 7 W 1 7 e 1 g . d aras p M. , 8 e e 66 Uy ambri S » , ) » 2004 N C / E . c o D e c INciples 5 aud
8 2 / 3 9 9 1 / 2 . b u S / Paras,28, > 10. See Fos ler y, Moun
Yford
30
and
EF
Brown,
a and ; 0 8 8 6 d ; n 5 a ? (1976 ZOCOR:
U. N
z
Wh
4 Be ) 2 8 9 1 ( z i t r O ealand v.
0 Owns iL,
Native
Oulture?
3/CN.4/Sub.2/1995/26;
Doc.E
233, 14 ALR7
UN Doc.E/
o v y e r t d i n v a i t c a o r t e r f o n o i t a c i l p p a : e h t d l u t o a w h e t g a s d u l e a t r e s n e e g d g g a u e s r p s e a d i w nad n i s i e h t g d e l t w a o h n t k s F O d e s s i t v c e d j a j b s o e a f D o ” t . c t e r p a s e r d n n i a n e n a i c i d d l e u a m o c se e l n a c s i c o s p D s O u o n e t g c i a d n p i m i f o e s s r t h e g v i d r a e h t f o n o -_ can c t n d e e m m h r s o i f u n g i n i t d n x a e e e e r h f t f o t s n i e a s g i a c r e x e ? e h t f o a l jesumptio c e D n o i t N a U r t t s f n a o r m D e d 3 9 e 9 h 1 t e h t h g f u o o r h 2 t 1 e e l m c i t r A e r e d w n a io yerco s e t s a t e S a D t a t h a t h t d e t e c c e n p e x d e i c n e i h o S c 0 . 1 n o g i d n t i o L s f o l a ee, i r n e o t a i m t a n r r a u l t c e e r D o t e h s t n o i t l l u a t c i e t r s n i y l r t e i h c t i o l p F m O i s m u ation e w e s i u v m e r g n 4 i 0 l 0 l 2 e p m e o h c T ‘ h t . i ’ w n o d i e t n p e c e d f o Et concer d u a r f n o c , e c r g o n f i v o y r b p f t o s a p n e e d h r t u b n i e h t d e r r i e u h q t c a e h w e r g le e e w t a b e g d that l a g e l P I G W g n i e m h i t a y l t c r t a a h p t r a p d e d d n r e i h m t e h t F o jdeline recom s e i t i n u m © m o s u o n e g i d i n d i n h t i ? W t s e r e h t t should e r c u sene s n e o t States
f o e c n e l o v e n e b e , h t t ” c . e n t n o o o i r p t i s o i t u e q n e s ac n s a k p r q o g w e d e m a r f n i a m m a e r s e s l i p n o i e m p d a e h t s d u n t o a a n h e t g l i a d g n e d l e [I d f u o l c n o c ® o i s a e Da ent
em . l s p n m o i i t a t d s n e a f i n a d a m t n n i e r m i h e h s e t i d l i b v d a o n t r a s p e s s e t r c u e t j l b u e c r l i a e r h u t t l u c p o f l o e v e d en e g E a t i e r h e t h r o f l preserve and a r u t l s u m c s i n r a i e h h c t e m g n i O n r C e S c n E o c N U s t n h r g e i v r o g r e ’ t s n e established I l p o e p O C S E s N u o U n e e g h i t d n d i e t f o o n e h S n o i t ” c i . c e t i t c t o e r r a j p p b u s e s t a s a u o e n equ t e a g t i S d n i e h t s e e g d e u l l i c v i x r e p y e y h l t e v i t c e f n f o e C because n o i O t C u t S i E t s N e R U r o 0 7 9 1 n r e u h t t e R , n y o l l a u q E e e e h t t t . i s e m t m u e o p c s r C i o d f n e o e t t a mental t S y t a r r a t p n j e t a r t e S d i s n t o n c a v e t l o e n r e p s e s h e t o d n e o d k n a a m y l e r o t s t pation n e s m e u l r p t o s e n p i s u O o n C e S g E i d N 1 n U © s e r t i , n u s e q e c l e e p r r o e p , s y l t ' n u a vention o c n i e f g i i n d g i n S i g ” n ” i . d s n u o l i c t n a i ° g i l , b s o p u s o r g ’ e t a t S instrument n o n f o ; + s e r e t n i e h t s O t t c e e c j n b o e r e f l e a r r u t l u cific c s u o n e g i d n i f o n o i n t a u h t t i t s r e ” e r ” h . t e a g e r h a t t i r , e g h s n m l i a u t r e s u s e t u l u u q m c e r l a s n e o t i a t t a S n o t t a h S t U m e d h d n t n u a o f d e n n a r i u l t a e r Daes r t s u A y l l a t u n s e u r r u c s n o t i o t n u t s i i t s g n s n i i h i t d l s o a h h e g s u r t o e a h h t t l a d , from ov e y d t n i e n m u m m o m c o c e r s u n o o n i e n t r g a u i i t d c e n o r i s s A e h t t n w r o a f L s e l l a p n the releva o i t a n r e t n I e h t , b 4 0 e t 0 a 2 n s I t s e u . q 1 e e o t mment practic ’ h t i a f d o o g n i ‘ d n o p s e r P p s n u o s i t u t t o i n t ‘ ins e r a y e h t f i ? e v e , e g a t i c r i e h m o d l a r u y t l l u l a p i of c c n i r p e r a ] y e h t [ y r o t i r r e t e s o in wh . m m o C b u a S O T t n a a u s r u p d e itt m b u . s 1 1 . a r r u a e p t r , o 2 p p p a p R l a i c s e ' p c a e s p n S u c A e h t N f o O E t r c o o p D e R R T y r a t n ) e a m e e l p e p n u u J S 4 2 , s e a , 3 67 E.-I. D 6 / 6 9 9 1 . s e R CHR
0 2 9 1 . s a r a p A N H S I N O T H . 9 1 N . a w r a p R R ° o 8 8 0 0 2 c / 2 . e b u S e / p 4 Doc EIGN ee mone d n a 0 4 / 5 9 9 Res.1
. ONon 62e
e
d n a l a c i r o t s i H l a c i g o l o e a h c r A e h t n f o o i t n n o e i v t n c o e C t o r P T e I h t O R n o D I n N o U i t n 5 e 9 9 v 1 n Co . m f a C e r p . t n e h i t c x i i f s e d , y e l g r a a t l i i r m e i H s e r l a a r u t s l u C Nation e ion l t b i c g u n r a t t s n e I D e h t l a f o ion t n e g t n n i I d r a e u h g t e f a s, ng i r i a n P r the S e c , n e o c c n e r e n f o n Co rati
6 7 9 1 e h t e k i l s t n e m e e r g a l a 71 Region can i r e m A e h t f o e g a t i r e H c i t s i Art r o f n o i t n e v Con ecla D ; O 5 1 C S d E n N a U b) ( 1 1 e h t 5 72 2903 ) f 1 o ( 2 n o i s ) s b e ( s 1 recital, Arts. by the 32nd
l a r e n e G O C y S t i s NE r e v i D l a r u t l u C n o n o i t a r a ecl D l a s d r e e t v p i bular o n U d a O , C e S g a E t N i U r e H d n l a r al; t i c e r N of Cultu U r a l t u f a b r m d a e e r h p t h t o f t i f s r e 3 f 0 e r 0 ( 2 8 r e p b o , ) 4 0 0 2 17 Oct , n o d n o L ( 2 e e t t i m m o C w a L e g a t i r e H l a r u Art.4. Report of the Cult 73 LA, Declaration).
n o i t a i l i c n o c e r States and
i O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R s t & c e s m u e s u M , w a L l a n o i t a n r Inte
7 ) 0 0 0 2 ( s e n i l e d i u G d n a s e l p i c n i r P t f a r D a m ™ ) The Revised : f o n o i t u t i t s e r d n a y r ve o c e r ‘ g n i n r e c n o c mendations eritage
: s e i t i n u m m o c s u o n indige
: mu s ct je ob ry ra ne fu d te la re d an Human remamms to ed rn tu Te be a by in ed in rm te de er nn ma nt a va in le re s ie or it ] and terr sp di or digenoy,s ed in ta re be only a documentation e
the de
;
th in a a hu , se wi ke Li ). 19 ne li de ui (G to by them remains
e withou t theiri a ) cannot be displayed l ce e ma the traq to obj le sib Movable cultural Pos , o:t us fo li Bec Bee — particularly wh
An individu
re whe ed urn ret be uld ae. sho » or
al ormsinstititution may retain these
22)
Be
“4 Jeers
historical Sig1 nific aditionay Wn obj ANCE to the p
objects only
SS
“ople emeent with the traddi ititional o wners, Cove V ri1ng custod ya nd interpreretat; a atio es 3
are Tetaine d, formal ag reements on sh are Fin
d o t i s u c d d n a e us . Y, d e t e l p m co i at et ; pr er th nt , ly al u . q c a F y ea l n o y a m su €y e ir ch objects with the none eesthe traditional owners ge of
‘onal
e h t o t t n e m t i m m o c ir e h t d e t a c i d n i e v a h s n o i t a s i n a g r o d e s t u c e o l f n e r e g s i e n d i n l e T d i u G 77 e s e h T 78 . 0 0 0 2 f o s e n i l e d i u G t a s d n e r t d e t Principles and a p i c i t n a d n a s e t a t S r e l t t e s n i a t r e c n i h t i w g n i r r u c . n oc o i t n e v n o C T I O R D I N U 5 9 9 1 e h g t n i d u l c n level, i
n o i t n e v n o C T I O R 5 9 9 D 1 ( I s N t U c e j b 5 O 9 9 l 1 a r u e t l h u t C d d n e t r a o p x E n y l o l a i g e l t l I u r t o i n e t l o e t h S t Res r n o o f w n a l o i l t a n n o e i v t n a n o r C e t n i T I e t a v i r p O n i R m D s i I n a h N c e m a ” . r a w s The U e r d O i v e o m r i p t e c a e ) p n o g n i i t r n u d e v 5 n o t C c e j b o T I l a O r R u t ul c , UNID s d s e e t l r e o h p t x e n e o N y l . l s a n g o e i l t l a i i t o r g o e n n y e t l a o e t r s t f e o h t n n o i i t u y t l i t t c e r s res i m d o t s d u e c v l d o i n v a n i s w a t l o n , s t e h r g i e r w e h s t e t l a p h o t e p e r u s s n u e o n o e t g e v o r Indi t s s e t a t S r e tl t e s l a ° r ° . e t v x e e s t l a d n n i a f e h t n i d e t a d : s UNESCO e o s o m p m r o u p c c t a n e s e e r r e p w r u s o e l r p o f o e t p n a v e l e r y l r a l indigenous u c i t r a p e r a n o i t n e v n o C e h t f © s Four aspect munities’;
m o c r e h t o F O s u o n e g i d n i , l a b i r t , l a n o i t a n ‘ f o n o i s u l c (1) The in ; s t n a m i a l c s a s l a u d i v i d n i d n a s e t a t S ) (2 d n a s y t i v i t c a o r . t t e n r e m n e o r N i u q ) e ( r > e c n e g i l i d e u d ‘ e h t f o n a o r a i p s e u r l r c i n “ i e h e t h s e d (4) T e c n o c y l t i c i l p x e n o i t n e v r e h t o r o ROIT Con s u o n e g i d n i , l a b i r t , l a n l o b i m t a a e n r p f o e e h g T a n t o i i r t e h n e l v a r n o u C t l u c e ‘ h T e h t . s t o c t e j b d o e s u a l c a r u ’ t l e u g c a m a n i d e e l d b a l r a t r u t t i l c i u l c l i s i y h b t s f o e l e p c o e n p a t l r l a o p m d n i a e h t ’ s e s i e t r i u n t u c m n m u o j c ! r ® a . l o u s l c a i t r a y p t t i a n u e m g m d o e c l “ w o n t n k a c v a e l o e t r n e o h t s e o t o g t u n b e th y d l t n n i e k t n s i a s m n u o h c d d n e a t c e s e j t b o a t S e o v t a h y l n a o d n t e o g n a e e g d a t a i r t her e t e r r f o p a x e o t s ’ e g t a n t i S r e h r d e a h t o s e n t a a t f S o n t a n c e i m r e e c m r A o f o n l e g e An h t l u g c n n e i l r i o u t q s e r O t n g o n i i s t i a v l o e r r p s l n a o n i o i i t t a a g n i r l e b t o n i d y n n a a s to t h e g h i t T y b n e D e I w T t e b r e t p n a o h i C t a ( i t n s e t r c e e f j f b i o d l a r u t l u c d e controls. The t r o p x e y l t i c i l l i d n a . ) s P e I t a t r S e t p e a s h e C h ( t s y b d e t c a r tural object t x e r e t n n o i i s s e e h t c n e o t C a d t n o a m c i m f i o n g c i c s a 2 o t s d e t f a r d e r e Convention wa r e w e m i s t n o i s s j u o r v o e r n P e g g e n i r w o o m l l o e f h t e h , t t s r i F . s w o l l o f Nonetheless, s a “a ies
e t d i u l n c u n m i m o o c t l a d b e i d r t n e t d x n e a s i s u o s n n e o i g t c e l l o c c i l ests of indi b u r p o l m a o b r i r f t n a e l y o b t s d e s s t u c e j d b n o a o o t t g e n l i b g a c n i o l l p e p b a t t c i e m j b li o n l r a u r t u e t r l u c e h t t n r a e t d r r o o p m t i s u m y l e l t a a t n S u m ’ m g o n c i d l r o o h ‘ d a e r c , t sa x e N . ) ) 8 ( 3 e l c i t r A ( ’ y t i n u m m o c s u o n e g i d in ral
tu l u C f o t n e m p o l ve e D e h t r o f t n i r p e Blu A , A L I d n a ; 3 3 . a r a p > 5 / 4 0 0 4/2 . C A / 2 . b u S / 4 . N : 4 p , ) 0 0 0 , 2 , 77 UN Doc.B/C n o Lond ( ng t i r r o e p d e i R s n o t c s r i F y l t : . n w 7 e a 4 r 46cur is . s a r a a i p Heritage L l a r , t 6 s u 2 A / 0 0 . M 13 22 ub.2/20
on the Draft
Pr;
; e th i l f e o d i i u c G n i P. r n P o i d t e n c h a t e t ro s for e l p i c n s i e n Ous Peo ples i l e d i u 2 e n u . J 1 . E e e D S 1. l N E ca . U c x o e vs Z : Techni n , n A 000 , 6 2 / 0 0 0 2 / 2 . b u S / 4 eet . N C 4 2 / ; s e l n p o o i e o P t D c s e N u t U o o r n >» Z Ig P e g i e d h t In f n o o e g a t i 9 r 9 e 1 H / 2 e . h t b u f S o iogminmailtlyteeBICfNor.4/Rena Fi ae. ane O C 3 ng i t s i x . e e h t f to o e u t c n E e S i m h s IE i R l b a S A A s a R N O r o 5 1 n TActur lso a e e S esSttiittuuttiion: UN . 5 7 Tarati 1 . s a r a , p 2 :
L S / I 4 . 4 N 3 C / E ) 5 . 9 c 9 o 1 D ( ; 8 9 9 1 y l u 78 See UN J 1 e c r . o r f o h t n i u a , o t 5 9 9 1 k c o e d n 79 Rome, 24 Ju ty to the Convention: Letter, Rud , r e t s e c i e L ( r a n p o i a t n Conve oming t i o bec r d i n U e h t n o ary t n e m m o C , t t o r P 80 See L. V, eks e s «Cultural Heritage’. n o i t n e v n o C
ry a t n e to sub vert the m m o C , t t o Pr : ) s l o r t n o c e t a h t l a n 3 t o . a i 6 h t t . a a n r ( a s p t s ’ e ” , g m 2004 onis i t n d e n t a e r ‘ 5 81 Prott sug 4 d . n 4 a . a r a ) p 1, genda 0 a 0 n 2 o e i d t a i , r s n t m i f e e w e d e r s f u ( e M h T ’ r m o s . f i ’ igin ics r h o tional t E f o f o e l p e o d e o p C r o COM, untry , o I y c r ‘ a e t o e n t S e m s m . n o 2 r 5 C u t e , r t d Prot ns o i : 20 an t a e c r n a a s e h t , n l i m t h s t . men ics h u t c e o / d m u e O s L u I m . m d o n a c i UN s t c hnttp:// e l f e r s e l p o e ’ p l a b i r t ‘ d n a ’ s u o of ‘indigen p.40.
.
e, f e e K ’ O d n a t t o r P 1997), p.17; an a ternan i ‘ n e e w t e b y m o t o h c i d ad e g e l l a , pp.19-
2715
s t c e j b O l a r u t l u C of n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w a L l a n o i t a Intern
gndiBe
274
; : ] e n b t i a f t t a s s e e u t c q e e j r b e o t a a t d S r e t s r c g o i p t x e j y b l : s t o i e c h i l s l I i e h t f o of an a e e a s e u l a a u y t i b r r t o jec m e r cess the traditional s t i h U t e g i d n i lly, a n F i O t spats d n A , . n ) i ) d ( ) 3 e ( 5 n h o S i t e p l e c i c n t x r e e A ( h t € f o nity e t s E t y r y a l r p o p p a m e t t o n n o c s y e b o d d e e : n c a u o d p o r E p p u o r g s t c e e l j a b b o a i r t r o s u s s o e s n e g e o r o j l ney ofan indi a ~ ~ 5 a r tradition , by mee e s u Nibes e 7(2)). o , c g i n u (Articl m m n o o i t n e v n o C T I O R ; t D a ! I n r N e U t n i e H I y l n o ee e B s i g n i o t s c i a h s T n a r t . ) ) a ( 3 ; 1 n e o l c i i t t a r t A i ( m i i l n g i s n t a n a c n i i f i e i , t 7 Hie a o D d n a 4 e 1 s e r e d t p a ed r h il o C ta de n i u d n For, as a . a s. g n a i — s i g l n i a t r a t n e c s aS e n i p o t e v i t p u e r v s i i t d c u r s t a s a e d e r a icies l O s r m u a e s u no , e b R g i E d : N O d e u s r u t l u c e S U e y o i s as those p e s e c e con a € e r a s e s r n U e e N U o t 0 7 e 9 C 1 d a e M th t O S C o n t S o N E : o i t ; n e t c v e n l j o l b a o c i f ‘ i , c n e N p s d e be ‘ t t a o n n g ’ , ¢ e o d t h a t t S S y desi e v a r h e h d c a n e u y N b U ate’ 5 d 9 e t 9 a 1 n g € T O R t D t a l T , n N o i r p i e U t h t s n t e s v e n s o e i h C s n t u e a i s c w i e iib a n i n deals e v e l r e e t . a v i r P e n e e r l o o f t s m a d i e a l g f c o d ie o a l n e = b retur r o 9 y a l a m r u l t a l u u d c i v e i d a n i n g a n i n r e c n o d 3 c * y e t r 5 a a m P i a l e c t a d a e i t r po ly x n e en o 1 ie y 7 ts a m c e e > j a b o e h j t b o o t 2gnif3 icantly, y b ai tate Party i S e e . n ‘ o s m a o r f d e t a n d g e i s v e > o d m e e r r a s n o e i t at XC d a e d u l c destin n n a i l c d n a e T I a e e o r e C t y e p h a t h e h t c be proven that e a r o l d u e f w t a a l v n a u c ‘ x i 2: e e o r e 84 ee r K C : s A Wu a . ) ) 2 ’ ( d g 3 e n m i a s t i e r r a i r y s t h g a e i h t r : e a , s c s e 5 9 h 9 t 1 i w e h t n d e a s r i e c d a r n e x e e b n n t r a o t s n i n c o e h t n o i t t a u c o i h f i t e t i o a r S S n o uments 'y itthse reley ; | m e s n e r t e n m i r o f d g n n a m o r f o“owl s r e w o p e n a i t i l o a p o r t , n s e e o t i a t t S n e v , n n i o m C r i f e f = a e n o i i t s r i A v ( o DE e a e § e a 5 s 8 ) y 0 d 1 a e r c cle on at t y a i = had al G t n a c i f i ex e n i g i S s e e h s t i s l l o j t a h t e s i e l r a p g ‘ e l n r e c d n l o u c o n aa w a it transfer: S c e n r e o v f n e o b C i e e h h t t f o To allay n s o e i t n. s a e r e a p O i t m x e t e s t h i t u o n i n , o s r r a p e g f n i h r i y t e l o r n a e l c t e a r h e t n o t . « i a a should be m e n i e t n i r g e e f l n o c ’ f s o n S o A i t c a s n a r t e a l a a g 4 e < l l i 2 6 n o 8 d . n o i t , a r e finalise e p e o s y t i n a to t i m i l t i ual d i v s i e d o n d i r r o State of a
ion, th € 82“~
vexed
question
t n a c i f i r n e a g b s n i s e a o s h i h t c of fide pur
The UNI
rj a t . e O r R t c the; D e a ( S T h t d I a e i t ;lve, and th t i t oatanri n lot d in Ar i s e t t t a s s e n i a l r r l e e u s o t t i l m n r n l s . es i u a e ) o t en © ist i c r 3 t p g a d , ( o y e i o n 5 r n d t v h P . n a i t i t i n t an i d w m u a t o e m m s r v e m f o g o g s m c e t t u e t c s r o e : . n r j 8 P o b N 5 a aos a o i n O . i R a o e p t r , H t i o n t e i t f t e n t 9 r o a 1 W v p e p r e n s n d k e o n : o n p o m , i a o c e n t S o h c t e i t € c h e a t e r e . h t o i aes ee th ay atgenous ee of t s i V O T ' i e c i ; n B i s s f a o : d n e e n n n l o i t c a n p i a in i i o l i g f e t e e e a P k e n c g a su: c l m a e th i l a a a l i g u g l e o c l s S r g h c D u u 2a8lly reli ant on t € suppo p Do CN, f t i : o t n t a a n n ! v / e e N 5 3 e m l 1 U 9 e n e . n h 9 r a r t 1 r 43 Vf theIre, is evo f e o v t pa id e 2 h r o l g a € n o s c t n l n l e i d a , d f n e i t e t j b o i t i r o O m s t r i e ate e a r n u n p o r e unde A, q p e h i e . x e t t s o : p r P e ) i t 3 e u ( o q 5 S r . e i P t e : w r r ) e 2 hip o n , : a a a 4 ! a 3 s againler st T;A e B , r P W , y e 2 L d i n 3 n t a r O Zscss, a C a e r: S u P e t A l e U on of > ~8), S Obi e i t e c e e Ssayssa e 9 ll 9 m e o 1 i : C e ° : A t r e y p A e C en l ) h o ‘ a l ee g G e t ,
86
t n e i o o C i l r ; , 1 d t 8 8 i n 7 E n e y e N U , v P d C l e h n U 5 n , i ’ B T o x “ a a 3 ; O J t o s 1 t S C F e U . 2 e S d M r 4 P l e ; 2 e a C e ; t b r w t s r O u A t s o r d P. t P n l l y u jec A r n t C b A ( r o e : W e p *To 0 th s e s u E 0,
gob lec C
n I ’ * . s e l p o e p l a b i r t d n a s u o n e g i d n i i c O s s uffered by a l a c i g archaeolo
al n o i s s e f o r p d n a oins g n r o e s O a ¢ h C c S r E u p s e d i f pecau a , n M o O b e h t t b a h t 8 n i d y e b g b d o e j l w T © o t I n k O c R a e D I ons N y U l l a u 5 d 9 a 9 r 1 g e s h e T i r t 9 n u . o s e c i t i u w q i a t L n a BD ivil r d e n s a a h c t r r u a p ers a n i s w e o d l a l r a t t I t i c i . l s l e i t 5) a t S e h t e s e h t o e t t a r t o i f l i e c c a n f e e g s i l i e i m d o r p e m u * ancipl d o c a d e s i s c e r d e i x v e e o n r a p y e h t e r o f y w e b o r h e s h t n n a a n c o c i l e b h s u p r o Fs onventi e n e m h e > r e ) e ) h @ w : d n n a o i t ) a . s 4 n r i e : e p h m t e l c f i o t r A e ( e u s u s t c e vo purs n j a b o r e f s n a r t 9 g stolen cultural e h t © r t o f e c g i n n t i o i r n n i i a D t 0 r 9 e p s r e avoid acqu s s a e h c r u elin p d i u g l a i f t o n e t o p s n g o n i i c t a a l s p i n a f o g r o s n a e s m u ; a essential indigeno cu
1s e g a t i r e h cultural
thi
ur
s purp
ORL”
s p e o l e p e p e p s m u i g o n e g i d n n a i c i r o e t m A o n l o g i n t A u t n i i t s e r d e g r a o f g f n o e s l d n e a o h d l o t m u t t a i h t t s e r s e e t h a t t S Nataitiona’ 1 r o f l a r e 9 s v e e l s p o 9 e p , s d r s a onw sulted digenou s e n o 0 r i 9 9 1 s y a b h e h t s s s d e c n . o a r m p From e d s i h t e h t , e cas g n . i s h s c a e e r d d n a I 3 . e g a t i r e h l a rialism bega 9 ur t l u c d n a mains e r l a r t s e c n their a
l a i n o l o c f o e s u a c e b s e l p o e p s u o n e g i d n i y b d e r e f f u s s e s s o l l a r u t l u c e g a e t t i g n r a e c h i f ; S i e n i g r c i 4 i e s h t s s e n the i i c i l o p s e l p o t e n p a d n e t t s a u o n s t e i g i d d n n i f o d n n t a s e r e t n ; i e c occupatio n a t l r a r o u p t m l i u c l a d n n o a i t S a F n P s u e d o r n i a a g i l s c e i r f u i t t n l e u i c c s r s i t that the re i e h t r e v w o o h e c e n n e i d m e r c e e t r e p d o e t k . n o i s t e a l n p i o must ta m e r p e t e d s f u l o e g n e g o i t d n i t h g f i o r e y h t t i l i b f o a t r a p c that the i s n i intr us-
: f o t ‘ an acknowledgemen in (i)
(2) (3)
c p a d s n i a s d w e a l p o l e , v s e t d h g i r d n e h t ) d served a e l i nc o c e r n a h t . s r e m h u t e a r s ( u m l a d n o e i t t a a n d o m y m d b o n a c c d a l e a h i l e a v r a s t h t s c u e A j b s o e > t s a e t t S a l t a S r u t l u d c e t These o i t n U e s h e t l p f o o e a p l s i g s e e l s s n u o S o p U n s e e g r e i h t d n i l , a t n s f o r o i i t F a n s . s e tom h e t l p o e p s e n i s m u o xa n e e u g i m d n m n o o i i c t c f o e s s s m s u i o a n l Thi e c g i d n n i o i t o t u t i st e r s m u e h e t s u o m t y c i y b l o m p o d d l g e h n l i a n s o m i e t t a i n f o United K y r volunta triation
a 4 p e r d e h e t t p m o r u d o e f a s u m s a k h r o e h t a i l d a n r a t s u A tive framew s n , a t i s l a a r t r n t o s c u A s t y r B o f f e s u o . n e g s red i u e d o d n n i I e s g n i o d c n i s n 1 e e w t g e n b i t a nities t i l i c s a n f o 2 i t s a i l o e t r t e , n n y i e l f l m e a n n d i r e f e r v o ° t 8 s d s a k e e l n e a i l s a i r h t that s T s u A . s n o e h i t t c e l , l n o o c i t i d s d a a e s n I r e e v . g o y i d t n i i n d u n f m a o m o c l a s m c i o a l l c m e o h r t f s s t s c e e r d j d b o 4 e t o a t i r t s a t p r e r o f f to e h s i t : i r current B p
i of r n o i c t s e d
e a : s e :l i r o t i r a r i e n t o t l e o c m r o m f fro
) A R P G l A e N 0 ( n 9 f o 9 i 1 f t t o " ens a c e i 5 A t r d a g J t t e i S a t ' d n y 6 i p n o c n e e i l i U f d a R v e o — t n m i d c a t i o e a r m l t e p s o s h s i r t e e f g 7 n P d o v t e d a r a a L e t c r a S t i G e i r e H e n c h e e e h U t n f m h v s o a t A i y l t b t r e E p . a t n e W e e e N n t o c e g a h e i a a c t P T t t a c i f i l u o n r a d l e g r m e e h u o l e r t e c 9s i h l l ‘ e l t a l u r b n a c o g t a n v r si o e r i t m s n e st om pa io 0 th e t 1 r i e s s t n e n a l i g r p t e n o h i e t k 9 r d a ous p e : m b s a i t i r c m s u e d e s Mu
fr
t C i o r d y r Draft Uni a n i m i l e r e P 8 h 2 . R T 6 / O 6 3 1 5 R t 9 e e a 0 3 6 W 9 l 6 Q 1 5 1 1 l 1 L / . 2 A C ; 2 a 1 ) 41 I/Sub. ’ r 2 2 a . O 9 p s 9 p C t 1 p S c ( e E l 4 j a N . b r , U O u N t d t ‘ G t e l o I u t B C r e o o y N p l 87 See Pnr l x U a taEry» p-4189 g e l l I r e p Stol rotot, Commen 88 See P
n o i t n. n o e v n o
4 L
; b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u s e t c s e u j M , w a L l a n In rernatio
Indigenov’
s u o n e g i d n i f o s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c f o n o i t u t i t s e d r n a n o i t c e t o r p r i e h t the f h t i ’ w p d i e h s l n b o i a t n a l e e r l a i c ent e p s ‘ ts i d e r o n g i d n a , s e t a t S govern™ d e t i n U e h t e d i s t u eoples ° l a n o i t a n g n i d n i b f n o o i t i s o p m i e h t d e s o p s : p n s o o e i i t t a i s n i u n m a g r com o t m f a u r e d e h n t o o s t i u t m i s o p US p o r i e . h s T e i c i l o l p a c d i e h t t a e l u g e r y n a t a h t r of self t s i s n i o d t e u n i i t n o c y e h T . ds
Uy e h T °° y. it rs ve di al ur lt cu d a; indigenous human rights an sl gi le S ] a r e d e f al and
n o i t a n m o r f s ct je ob riation of cultural
ly funded a
= is A R P G A N e th r e d n u American communities p th Wi d e n i m a s se as ) (3 ; e m e h c s e th of cs ni ba origins; @) Ebeimace i s it Of s t n e M S o ti ia tr pa re l na io (4) the facilitation of internat
inay
o w t s i s e n e g s it d ha e NAGPRA ahi The a e a e r u t n e c h t e i t n e w t te la e ates during th nit
F
ts de
eh
n e h i e F v i t a N y. First,
m ts gh i ri l vi ci r ei th of rt pa 1 as ms ai re=pa tiation cl i i a i i t s t n e u e p m A e v i t effective religious freedom.°! The Na
Mentatio
Velo
Pments we
thin
Cric ang
C a m ; j r u b e r c n a c i c r e d th d n a ts is nt ie sc to n ve gi e c n the precede #* c M o v a e m e n t i l a n o i t a n S U e w o h ove; ; e at ct di t s e r e t n ples’ ability to a n ge di ) r in e h ST t e h w s n i a m e nd r (a l a r t s e c n 2 9 . d e t e r p r e : t n i d an d ye la sp di wevere preserved, al ur lt cu d n a i a p m a c e h T ? .° ed i ud cl in , me gi re ts gh ri n a m u h tional
Including the right to self.
»
n o i t a i l i c n o c e r d n a s e t a t S peopless
DUT
ed
n u o r g r a i l i m a f l a ° r ” e v . e s s n o i n t o a i t d o e g d e n n e s a c y b e s RA was fou a c l a m r o f n i h g u o r h t d e d l u o w d n i k t could be resolv n a m u h l l a g n i t i f e n e b e g d e l w o n k c i f i t n e i c s d e t t a h a t i r t d a e p u e g r r a f o they loss
l a i t n , e t n o o p i t e i h d T d a ’ ’ . In y t i r o n i m a f o s f e ’ i s l m e b u e s s u u o m i g o i t l e r y r e a h r t t n r o o f c d e e b c i o f t i r c d a i a s be s o s l a s a w n o i t c u r t s e d r o y a c e d . r s i e e s h o t p r u h p g u o r l a h n o i t a c u items t d e r o f s t ec j b t o c A g n n o i i v t r a e i s r e t r a p p e R d n a d n a g n n i o t i c t e c l e t l o o r c P e v a r G role of n a c i r e m A e e v i v t i a N t a f N o e s h t t h g f i o r e e h g t a f s o s a p e c e n h e t n i h m t e i W e r p e h t d e s i n g o c e r r e t y n l i l a n e i h f t r s e s v e o r g e n g o a C t i r e S h U l e a h r t u t , l 0 u c 9 9 r i e of 1 h t o t s n o i t a s i n a r g e r t n o i n t a n i e r i r a u w c a H e k d i n l a n u s e , b y i l r t t n a c n i a f i c n i g i S Amer 8 9 . s e i t i n u m m o c
i t m s e u r e s d u n a m d e c : n n a a n e c v i o f i r t p n e i e c h s t f e o h t on i t a g ests of i t s e v n i d e n o ti c n a s t c A e h t , s t n . e n m o u i t r a t r s e n p i o s l t a i n o e i nat sinc
d n a e r o f e b l a d r t e s v e o c n m a e r n a s i t c i e a j w b o a H l d a r n u a t l u n c a c f o i r e m A tution e v i t a N f o l o r t n o r e c t f r a o s p d i n h a l s r e l n a b w i o r t s t r s o e v l a r A e d R e f P G n A o N d n u o f r o d e t a v a n c a x i e i a — w a s H m e r t o i e b l i a r r t u t l n u a c c i d r n e a m A s e n v i i a t rem dants, Na
n e c s e d l l a a r e e n d i e l f e a h t n i h d t e i t w a — c o l 0 9 9 d 1 n a ( r e e t b a m d e t v a o h t o t 16 N r o i r p d e v o m e r r o f s k m r e t i o w f e o m a t c r e f p s ” In re ollowing
organisation.
f e h t s e d i v o r p t c A e h t ) m u e s u m d e d n u f y l l a r e d e f a r o y c n e g a
igious Fre edom A
ct 1978, Puub b. e
v. Northwe. st
e
L. No.95-34 1
Ȥ1
Fencs eeg Indian Cemetery es 5 eUS iation, 48e See R. : Hill RAEP. c Sr, Reflecti ons of a b oes 2d 856 (8th Cir. 1983) e 185e( Nate DSD 198e ivn2 e 2);e American R epatriati iar M i -)» Mending the Circle: : AA NNaatttive 1996 ), and at http://repatriatio nfound % Yo rk ( N e w Gu id e ‘a ti on pp .g at 4f ation.-o nf f. 92 P.81 orrgg/ /MTC.h-html, yng
~86 ti2 veandAmer62ic2-an42; ]
Idenmtee
;
in P €oples a
Pat7, rimo ony (1992
k ic ew nn Ke : rs Wa l ul Sk aust Uh omas, standing,
i n R a m : s u n H a i i a w a H e e a ; 5 SL] 17 4 Tribes in the ae e a s t h g i R n a m u H p c . eA, 8 ai eica Ee e r al
i r u l o s e R , n o i t a i c O s S j t a j TIcan Assoc Clation of Rae 3
Overyiey, A
-
Xaines, One Is Mi
LPropriation
/
a l l a ), 00 20 , rk Yo e a e e h S aeraNatiPonlal Policy of ue on Unfinished Agenda (1992) 24 ASL] g the Preserving and Safeguarding 4
, Eo
the Heritag
and
"i
(xt
” (New
Hes
toric Proper a
. e u r e l p o a r r P u n t o l i u t C f i o s i u q c on A
n o t g n i h s a W ( s c i h t E useum
we, 3 ‘| one)
(Washington 5.Pp
eet
n o t g n i h s a W s ( d n n a a L i d s n n o I n i o t Cultural Tradi n A : t c A n o i t a i r t a p and Re n o i t c e t o r P Policy ee
Ay
Ssin4 g: Native i
Brunswi
Cuulltturaei oseritaegse Ol u1n)eaD
39 at 650; P
a d n a f f i Z B, in , ry
l a r u t l u C : n o i t a i r t a p e Beyond R on s y a s s E : r e w o P d e w o r r o
B , ) . s d e ( e e y I d n a ; 1 e 9 h 2 T . p s , n ) i 7 k 9 b 9 o 1 D , J. k c i . w R S er and g i z f a N . R . A . at 7 7 P C J 8 ) 9 9 Repatriati f 9 1 ( e d a c e D t s r i F s it in t c A on
i
;
y)
o s s a . s d m n i a a l s c n n i o a i m t e u r t i t n s a e r m u f h o n o n i a t c u i l r e m reso A e v i t a N y r o t n d e n v a n i l a O c t i h e p r a e r w g s o n e o g i t u e t h t i t s y n f i i t n d e e d t i c d n a Affe l o r t n o c f O n o n i e s k s a e t s s r o e p d n r u i e h e t b o n t i s s d a o w o g s s e e v c a o r r g p e h T ciated . ) ) a ( 5 n o i t . ec s S e ( v i t t c a e t j n b e o s e h r c p a e e r f o n a n i o j i t t a a w i l a i H f f a d n l a a n a c cultur i r e m A e v i t a N s u o e n t e a g i r i p d o n r i p p e a t a i h t r i p w o r p n p o a i t y a f t i l t u o s n o t d in con e r i u q e r e r e w y e h t , y r o t n e v n i e h t g n i t e l p m o After c
h t i w g n i l a e D in s m use u M r o f s e n i l e d i u G sted e g and g u s S m u , e n o s i u t M a i n c a o i d s n s I A n a s c eum eri s m u A h t M r o N n a f o i d y n r I o t c n e Dir n erica i m , A ls h a t i r r o e N t a e M e S n 95 rica e m A e v i t a N f o urn t e R r o f s t s e u q e R , N ( s r e g t e n R e C y c l i a l r o u P t l Cu , M . A 0 A 1 3 d C n a M M ; I 5 9 I 7 5 ) 9 9 8 2 8 9 1 ( , p. 7 ’ d 8 n 9 o 1 y 16 e ) B , 2 ‘ 9 n 9 o 1 t , ( g n n n o o i s i a h s N s u a l W e e e D S , “ s n 96 ai s Sel ’ e n i l p i c s i D a f o s c A e Tacti R P G A N . 7 9 2 Q I 20 A , ) y 6 g 9 o 9 1 l ( o e a h c r A an, m r e the d m e i m f i i t Z o . L e e S 7 9 n, a m r e m m i Z . L AICRJ 373 and i improved scient earch was un s gro s u o ffin, n i e r g G i d e n G i e t a n D a v d e n l re am a h a r b A . M . 8 , 4 n a v 9 i 3 l 2 l u t S a 1 J. 3 2 r T A R rato P u G C A N 3 4 d ) n a 2 of results: 0 ; 0 ) 2 0 ( 0 0 s 2 ( m q e u et s se 1 u 0 0 M 3 n § i § e g C n S a U h C 5 2 t a d e l red difi c o a S c , ) n 0 a 9 i d 9 n 1 I ( and Cultura 8 n 4 a c 0 i 3 r e m 1. a t ms, 4 S a i 4 l 0 l 1 i W , . C 1 ; 0 g 6 n i 1 d 0 98 pub, L. No.1 43 CFR Part 10. See Meister (ed:)> :MenA Resource Guide (Washington, 1994); and al i r u b e R d n a n o i Regulations, t a i r at p e R , s n i a m e R l San f o o l b e u P Objects, Skeleta d n ; a ) s r p P u gro Nag r / s o n V o 0 s £ r . e s p p d e o n e t e d . t r r t o c i c . m c y w m a t w o i w € r / o w i / e r i : v e r er of p http d A r s o l . i ) a 6 t 9 e 9 d A 1 ( R , P r i G C h t 0 1 ( 6 3 9 99 Section 3; NA d 3 F e h 3 t 0 n 1 f o o i ) t M a r N t 0 s 1 i n i A m C d , a 6 9 d 9 n 1 a ( h n o t l i e d w i c R n a . v i l p f m o o e c s s g u e Tdefonso n s i i v k r a e m p n u s i s m r o i r seu e t u n m I d e n h a s t p f u o y o s r r u a g o t e n cr e ige S d n S i t s U i s y s b d a d e o e t t s n g, i i n r o i o p d h n t ap u e a M e , r ) a s . t d n e a ( r l g r a iste e M n i , s Act: s.8- Feder t n a r G PRA
me a g g n i p m o c pp.21-22.
cuts
G A N s m w o e K andi@; TyMe
279 n o i t a i l i c n o c nd re
s t c e j b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w a L l a n o i t a n r e t In i t i d e p x e d e n r u t e r e b o t e r e w s m e o t t I . ) ) d ( 5 a n o < t s e u q e r e h r t i e l h i t n e a ) groups (Secti n d e o n x , p a u a n o i t a s i n a g r o r o e b i t e t n e a v e , l s i m e e r t i , d t e n r c a da s f o t c e p s e r n i s t n e m e ] r a i r c u u t q f l e o u r S n o i i t a m fes s e l Infor e r e ; w s n i a m n e a r m u h o t d e , 100 relat
7@)),
t n n u e g s n m i e r w t S y r a r e n fu i : it : e A v i ‘ l t a a n N o i t i d a i r t ‘ d y e b r i u m q e e t r i : s a j l e r d e n a c i r e are defin M i g i l e r n a c i r gi e m A e v i t a N l a n o i t i d a e 1 r a t f r o i e e c h i t t c a y r b p e th : e m l a r u t l u c ‘ y s e l i h w > , ) ) C ( ) 3 ( 2 n o i t ents’ (Sec vero a ee
10) us
leade,
ent
day
275
is
106
adhe. :
i d n i n a ’ o e t c n a c t u r i o o r n p ; o m e l i t g a s r u i t l S h u c l r o a n a o i t : i d a tr Si der It inal; ) : a o h w p u o r g S s r t ; o n a d n e c ' s e d l a e n i . L ) a ) D ( ) 3 ( n . 2 h C . i i d able (Sectio s n e i p t u a o i Ce) US gr PPropr aetion of these items (Secti y i an 7 h T . ) ) request the repatria 5 ( ) a ( 7 n A o i T t C c S R S R S e o c 0 e h o t n d o e i s t a u c w t o i e t i t S c s a n f 8 i M a e m h i t r t p a a t n t n e s s i u e M a t pSrs, : b o f o t n o o n i s S s e s s o P h i t v i i d w n i p u he; t e o h t r g f o r o t l n a e 4 u s n d o i c v i y e ind 1 voluntare m ee e t i € ; j a o t y t i r o h t u a e t f i h s n . e h t n e d r u i b e t a e n h e i l a Z ; g n i d l o b h e d h t s o t S e a o i s B es ution
s s o p f o t h g i r e h t have
oes
ee
§ IStit
n.
to
t e s g u i c d n i d n ’ a s e t a w d a o et ‘accomm conciderati genous l i t r a p e a e e r m h t o t a ‘ pee s e t u a t i t n s o n i o t c a r e a t a B of wh l a r u t : etermining wheth l u c h n o i t u t i t d s n i g n i d l secondly, in s o y h a r e i r l e a h r t t s s e a c n a o t d e a n a S e : i object (unrelate stral rema ains), it must b vol t a g a w t n : e s n o C y t F l G a i a u g e e wh d n n u n w o o H y r g t l i d r e o n h r i o t e u n q a al d a h t i a : a a to d w n a l a : s ; u ) ) o 3 n 1 e ( g 2 i d n n ali 3 o i c e it (Secti e d e h t n , it is used i
h t n w o h s e b st
e individual
y
3 9 1 ) ) 4 ( ) a ( 7 n o i (Sect se A R P G A N e h t f o n o i t a r e p o e 2 .
2
& Bosses
1
ination of ‘cul tural
i
i d e t i m i l s i rk o w e m , a s i a n r e g r i f a s t n l a a c r i e f v i e n s g i i s n i l on d e t i s r e : v w o t c e b t c p A i h e s h t n o of i , irst n lat o e i r t r i e o r h p e t m a A of y s e l n a n v c o i i r t e a N h n t e e y l e ci i l l i i t and US museums, nam d a n i a r t a n p o e i r t a i € ownership, , repatr
culatural items
Z
l l a r e d e f s h t i w i = d e i cond, t o c g a (S e M F i s e r o n g a i i b i r t t c A n i h t e i g h w n T i n s r e t e . u c ) ) p n 7 s o ( i 2 c d s l o ; tep. It fails to address th e ‘TeS lionctaetrinoan and de : iass ps nshi l e v i s e u v l i c s x e is
NAGPRA
Custo-
b d u o r g l ba i r t f o . o a n o i r t a c u p r similation and rel t s j l a a s t i s h T 4 ! . b s r e e i c c a i x l e o t p s l i u n s c i o “ i t a e c h t o ° y n b o wh i t a d t i e n l t e r i m a a f y e a b b l r t e l i a r u r e q w h e w r i i a w a H r o e b i Nati r t n sation :
equesting g
100 101 102
Only a wri tten
aN tive America
su;
e t i ne a l a e e o l o c a t i g e and d geooggrraapphhiical S cultural ae nd r nm an oe
aiian organi
a cquisition o d f d e t a s, i l s o b j e o c f t s , AGtype
rtihte e colI lection, o be y n e o r t y c a n ‘own a not an ee Ge w h i c r j h e e cts mains h u m a n i n s f e r r ed: 629, ae edi Cae o , p i e ee t a nerary ( t e 6 2 : a c e a b ‘ i I d n e » n , tity’, S t a 9 t e U n i v e d C o r r S V o . w denied 52
afd
1 Fd
ape)E. Gold i n e 1 0 8 9 C t m S a D n . , a n d m 9 8 o ) ; R e e B e a n A n S e d uiiaine f i B A a u c t a r : n d e f d e i t n aDn , e 2 3 2 e J 9 . C e e P ( 1 193 See efD.initiBon 999) :
T
ee
ac eae
omn e P a t MICRA’s Culturae r i ony l
ip 2). B. Sui agee, Buildi ae i re ve So R ty; gn ng si E: ci er Ex ing a Tribal for r s n o i Meist et (ed.), Mend; t p O : m a r g o r P E n io at ri 104 at ep p.32.
ee
Al
L. Bray, ee
. Russe]
ell, Th
P: e th of cs ti li Po e th here eletions and Implementation of eee
Tiation, » Pr Power Relati
CRJ 193, 4 Gt
institution may
agrf- ee upo POn N its j dis pos it;tion or the ASP osi mit dis pute f s:
al court
is resolved
re by procedures
escribe' db y the review ew p rescr i
4 ti a N : 0 , Y e c F i v P r e A S (Washington DG, 2004) R l a P k n r G o a i A t a N l a n o i i y t f a a ‘ N ) ; 2 2 4 4 1 3 . > PP sings 92-98 afziger
ea
| PO Avorl
:8.7(e)
See
N
=
, ’ e d a c e D t s r i F ‘ w e , in e A e t R t P i G m m A o N C w e e i h v e ewe T
al Wen
70 Antiquity 440:
(1995) 19 s xa Te a ansing: item requested by ae l they ti un s nt ma retain an ai cl iple
Meister
y
00
ana. Nanata ly
m
t n e m p o l e v e d d tion an
of living
p n i s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c n o d t n c u a o p f m i e r e w s m e t i e h t r o 0 9 9 1 mber
e y G ) a ( 3 n o ecti
: n i m i a l c e s o h t y b ’ n o i t i n i f e d e e r h ‘ t f i o t s y a d e l b y t i e t n p i e n c s r o u f s d s e i y a l e d A R e b P n G a c A N n o i t a f i o r t a Finally, e p m e o r c t , u t o c A e h t e h t y d u t r s e d c i f i Un t n e i c s i c i f i c e p s a n f e o s h c n i n o n i o t B e l n I ) ) b ( 7 for comp n o i t c e S ( ’ s e t a t S d ite g n i d n i f , s t s i t n e i c s t n a c i l p p a e h t r o f d l he s n i a m e r e h t t , n e g e a m t d r n a a p e D i t s i r e t c y. US a r a h c l a c o i n s y h s p a w r i t e c h A t e f h o t e d s n u a r a e p c ’ e e r b u e r t , e l t w u a c h t s r t o s i t e n l e p i c o s e p e h , e t b i r d t n a g n d i e t r s i r x a e b ‘ s y a n n w u a g e l o b t a i r o p u s l i b a e r sh e v e a t h a i d s e m m : u m e i s u r o m f e e b m i o r t S e . h 9 t 7 e 9 h 1 t , A e P l R p m A a transfer tO e x e h t o r t o F t n . a s u t s c e r j u b p o m l e a r h u t t l u y © d u r s o u f o n ’ e n g o i i d t a n s i mitted to st i n n a i g r s o t s n e r a e i t i n a i their “Native Haw s t c e j b o l a r u t l u c n i a t e r o t t i g n i l b a m u e ° s ° u M . s n p o o i h t s u i t B i t s n i r e h t o y b d l e h s N m e t f i o r d s o n f e a s o p s r m s u i n p a l a c e c i th r n e o m i t A u t i e t v s i e t r a N e k f a o m d y n t a i l i b a s r n e o n i | r e u v d n e u h t e y g l a k in its collect t i r r a e t s h l l a a r e u v t e l r u c s t n r e i m e p h t o l f e © v e e t d a f e h t g n i n i These recent m ce’ in deter
i o v g n i l l o r t n o c “ ’ s n a i i Hawa
of certain
it trade
of indigen
d e d n u f y l l a r e d e f d n a s e i c n e g a l a e r d e d f e o t t i m h c u s g Act is li n i n i a t n o c s n o i t u t i t s n i r e h t o d n a l a n o i s s e l n u s ral, educat n o i t c rivate colle
\S
€
Ny
9
Oin
g e l i v i r p e h T > 0 1 . ) ) 4 ( ) a ( 7 n o i t c e S ( p u o r g r e i l r able ea d e t o m o r p s e r u t ous cul
:
w t e b p i h s n o i t a l e ? ° r ) . s w a e l u r q i c i e n h t u n e T h t 0 1 1 US domesti s t > c e s l f n e r o ‘ i t it a s i t n a h a t g r o s e t a t n s a i f i l e a s t w s a a H t i e d v e i b t i a r N NAGPRA i c s d e n d a s s e n b i i r t k b o n D a i d n d I n a d n r a e g i z t f n s e i a m N n n r o e v i o t , G a n t o l i n a t e er a m r e e l p p o m i f o s t i e d d a n c a e d , ’ n t o s i r t i f a i l f s j o t i t c n n e o m c s e s r e s c as i n h t e 2 d n s t igh an
r l i v i c f o n ‘expressio
s m i a l c n o i t a i l i aff l a r u t l u c f o l rt a o r p o p u s , e r n i o l k e l o c f n , ide c v i e t s i e t u g n n i i a l i t , p l o ica g Appr o A, l o t p ) r © o ( r a 2 h p . t b 0 n u 1 a S , , l a 0 1 c , A t rt r logi a a p P o b e u a S R h , c F 0 1 r C a t 3 r a , 4 P l : n gica o o i l n o i p 0 i b t , r p 105 See 43 CFR i e h p s ex kin r o , l a c n o i j h n p o a i r t g a o m e r info t n a v e l can include g e r ther o d n a , l a c i r o > 78 5 3 . f f a tradition, hist ; ) 2 0 20 . r O . D ( , n o s 6 a 1 N 1 1 p p d u 2 S F 8 1 me 10.14(d); and , y m 4. r 4 A 8 ; s , e ) ’ t g n a n t o i S i l t u a i d r r e t t ni U 5 3 nary 1 . i y 0 m 1 o i g l , o e t r n r d See Welsh, ‘Repa a p I t ( s . ‘ Cf o Di 97) . o 9 ) T 4 1 0 0 ? . r n i 2 K © y n . @ A i C 8 n2 6 a h t . 9 on M p ( i p t u S a k 4 i 6 F c t o i 9 g w 6 8 e 9 e N d n 3 e 107 n h t e F K d n 67 , a 3 z t y t n r a ; e J ) 4 p 0 o 0 . r 2 L P _ . l r i a C ur t l u C : s e n 3d 962 (Oth o B Wthe . D g n e e i S m a N . ) 8 9 9 , and the Stones n o i g in t “n 24 25 (DDC 1 c e t o r . P s 141 e . p , ! ) v . a s r d G e ( , ) 2 h 0 s 0 n 2 u a B c i er m A es, l e g e n v A i t a Barkan and R. N s o l. L m ( t : h e y c s y t i t n e i n a t i d n e l i d e u I d G i c u i G RA Ethn Final P G d n A a c d e e l t s a N o n o r / o p P i g o t r r a P o N s . e m of v u nd a Gr use m n a c = , i useum e M c n a c i p f o i h n s g i i B S 8 0 l 1 ura t l u C , h t , i t l c b A n e in erst , s e t u p s i Repatriation D e g a t i r e H l . R a r d u n ult n a C a m f r st o u e m m m n i o Z i p t , i 1 u h s l r 9 o e 10 s d a s e e e R l Wo e m h t t c ! A u e n s o u i M t a i r p t o a Bish , . l a e m t e tion and Rep o S r J : la i n A o t e l . e W k S d k n a c i 5 2 y 6 n P a 1 . o p t , and the Kennew g t n c i e p m s i re Cla h t , i ) w . s d e ( t n h e s d . u e 4 B prec e 200 i Barkan and s r e s i t r e v d A ¢ u e lul b o n o t H o n e h T d oul s ‘s it s change, d . d ) a ( t A n R e m P n G r e A v N o g n g i e r o f F O 110 Section 12, organisation
, l a u d i v i d n i r e h ot
281
niger
j b O l a r u t l u C s ct of je n r u t e R & s m u e s u M 4 International Law, a n i m o d e h t t s n i : ‘ ress [ing] historic grievances aga t n i t : e w e i v o y i l g l | e a l i t a i n n i o i t i d d a n a d community r s u a b t c A e e h t t fi e d e ’ e c e w r g e o F i n v a h y c l l l a a r i u p t l u c r o f pao e c r o f it fiess iitt as “‘a sweeg e
a
ab
k O n i b m o c n n I f o o i t a s m i a r a l i c e h s r r i o e v h i t v r d u n s nce 0 ; t s A u a j c e b h o o t l f o ; o S H e Te f c o n a n c e v o r i r e p h t t — e C h n t i e r s e l t d c i e s j n o c o t e s na Ollections a nd thaeimr' faocrqced
sition policies. i icans and HawaVviiilans, NAGPRA For }Native AAmerer to determine
how y their1 cultures
are preserved
and
1 n of tribal there has been a prolif1 eratio ; g : h n n o t c i r s s e i u a e e t e c h a n r is o t c f n on e i r e h t , t e Y 2 nigilance con cernin1 g ongoing to decreased vigi 1 cultural of the Act, Act, the
clandestine excavations. !!* Native AAmmeerriicans also h oped th
.
a-
iincluding
Wie
ISj a cruc ucjial Ste
their ability
d ic Vi eloped. 113 re} te
use ums and culty, si Passage Tal ¢ €Ntre ; e h t Sa repatrialtajtion Proce losse S Caused by illic; Ssh as leq m
would
illici t trad
jn
aid
i
aid
e has been r e di
NM
red
e i t i n u m m o c s u o n e : g i d m l c S a u r u e t l u c n a o l i r o t e t a a r t ; : This e c 9 ! i ! d . n s e i r l t r n c e e c c is t d n o e p ae n e g i d a e s in u a c ou e r b o f s e l p o e p S$ d N! a i n n c 0 e e s n Fe i a r a t s e P l n a m n o i : t i d e d a e t r e c n A n as, o s e r h t e p l J, a b i , r ee s t s e f o | n Nonethel i r e m A e v i as e€ t a N d at th c e g a , r s u n a o c c i n r y. 111 a NNalzfigzeriger 2and Dobkins, ‘Fi e
d n a , s l a o g e m a s
are rel
indi
A . M e e S 2 6 1 e e p , y d c n a n y o a e L c i i F e E e P a E a x C i A t c e O t 2; o C r 21 P r De s e v a r G _ n o n i t a t i e t l t p e m a I b c , n w e o o e K c n e l s e at m m en e p n o i t c e e u t r a o T r “ e P N a E g a ee n i t n a e C m ‘ r l te l af u b m u ts T e Ac P. e T and n o i t a i r t e t a a e p i p e R e n i d n a cy 5 li Po e er n e Th i > Bi c a d n i a n ’ A R d P a G c A N ‘ e n en se 2 nSaeclee a8 a 1 0 0 2 n, do | on (L ce i e f 3 d n r a n b a A v i l l . u M S J. T. d n a e ; 5 2 n a t as n e , m e a Manag g ntmennt DDeecciinnngess ng SepheiBfnfectiv Castes Tnplemewe ing in
s,
Not;
:
“Fir
NAGP g a , M al. er in e i W. R. West 2001) 40 Manage a g n a h C d e t a l s i g > K ‘ n a c d n e a p h, it bl d en n st a s er e v ; a 9 r 7 G 1 l . h n t cKeow e ee TiKceannewick’, p of e d a c e D a r 00) 79 0 2 Muse tumaanNewsas 42 at 67 (M e Nativ ( t c A o n io e at ri P t a r t a p e R d n 113 g. m s a i n o i t c ae ) nd Prote al
of Mind, in al
tecting the Pas C Reet and
300; and ee _
68 (Harjo
me a r F n a i d n I d n a i t e a i a r t e a p : Re y t i 2 t n e s, d I st g ri n i da t a r r Wa c e e A p e ), The Future of ricans and Repatriation
for the F uture:
» 44 (Lomawai
© vat eanoiiiand pie a ee oe J. Doot Archa Stat 1 Federal i United Trade the Brodie, N . in (eds.), y in Heras ology *5 ates, Antigquitie (Cambridge th of 115 Archaeological on Mlicit in Destructi The World’s the 8s: p.97 f 2001), See J.D. AK i ouye, . Relationsh 116 See Repatriati r New wee ‘WE - A, R Nafziger, The New (1 nships ie al r u t l u C Heritage: ge: 7 Th Repatriate to Lares z useums ta United of Duty Jary 117 o eg Or © --
Renfrew
puewanna);
U 29 5) 99 (1 e nc ie nn at A R P G A s N va ai bu . o o e St . th ea Gt objects » and E W C n va 7 o 3 f e o c ) r i 6 o h 9 V t 9 n a 1 a ( m T a y brah polog Wes
eo
cult
o m n i S d e U t a , c d o n e l s n s o i i h t t c e o l T l o 2 c 2 d 1 e t s n a o i i l t i f f a y l l a r tu cul t u o tion ab 123
r; } we Po , as Ha . J. ‘N d , an al. et p.8; 118 , A’ PR AG ‘N , A y etal,.;* ‘Implementin g o S1 " l o p o r h t n t A 120 S n e r r 119 Sai nu et al., ‘NAGP ee Nas on; ‘Beyon, 39, 5 va ’, 250-53. A d’,7PP.3S04hf R f , De: SeNafysi h and Dobkins, ‘F California Indian ilson, W e k D D Par A CRJ 191: Ri ‘PpatrJiaattiioonn:: Working ha Todwaard ae i n‘iithieon a9(19977)) 21 217 Al
i r t a p e e r facilitat
s e o d t i , n e amework g i d n j , t s r i F . s y a w W O w t n i d States a h d n a ns o i t c e l l o ¢ s and
e i r o t n e e r y i i n u q O e t r s ’ n s o e i c t c a a i l i f d f e a n l a r u t l u c ‘ s are Act’
s e t h c t e j b t o e e m e h y T e h 4 t 2 1 . e s s e u t a a t c S e b d e m t e d i h e n t t U a i l i e f h f d to t a g in n i t s e ibes u q e the r
rela.
a — r u t l u c n o i b t a n s y b i mse a m h r e t — e t d n e f m l s e m s u e s U u m S e A s a e p o — t r y l n n s o e e e l p o e s p e se c r u o s s e u r m d e e S t U a e c o c e 2 d. n i a r t s 5 e a r ‘ g o r y e h t y to p h c i h w < r e e v v i o t c e f f e s e d m ne o m n c i a e t E n i tol a d m n i a y t e c : h e a T r i d 8 1 ! ! . d ’ e t t i c f a e r n t e x e b e w af y re and and financial resour ngible ts : d i v o r © p o t y l e k i l s s e canesie ces to s within i e l 71
h t f i t c A d n e e i h v t a o m m o e t e r t y a l c l e a j n b pum i u g s i r o e e b s m e y t a i m e i , a s d n e o e i d u t n t c i I e t . l s y l n c : i o n c h e s g 1 i a n l o a a v r D a e d n d : e r n a f a s a s i f o w % snte S l o r y b t d n e o t a c a m i r r o t f a n p r i e e r d h n t n i u e w s 4 e e b i aan e t v i a n h u a m k m s o a l l c a A n e o d n i i i t v s a o d n r n r p a e s J t l l a n a i i r c e i d d f n f a o m S u U from fe r e e s th u nd
(S and
n o i t a t l u s n o c d e S o i t i b b i i h x e d n a l d a n i s a r y o a t l a p , r s s u i n c d n i § t i ndi: men i , r e y , r e v e e w r o H ° ' ' s u . o s n n e o g i t i i s o e p e s e s e r g e o a ‘ u r h g p ] t t r t i a l e l t i l s e v i e t p a s t e r 7 n has been en e s n s I e r s P e r a r g r a ’ y e t g i n r o h t u a o c ‘ s f o o : t c s ’ e t c e A e h t e t h f c o T a p m o e t I s i t c r e x e p o l e e h on t l dev
assist initiative
n
.
ing the;CIT n i f e ease
iincr
revel
p d n s a e l S p e i c n i r p n g o n i i t r a i o r c t a p ; e r e h t e r sib co des e ted assistanc fo m i , m own s i t s l c p e u j o b n r . O n g a 1 o 2 c i 1 t i c r i e d s m i e A r v u j S erqAgeG:PRA ffers Nati U e d i m s o t r u f o d d e e t v a c o ne o m l e s r t c e e j ey wer ural ob ;
al
enn
r i e h t e t a l u m r o f o t , s n o i t a s i n a g r o s u o n e g i d l a n r u i t l r u c e h r i t e o h t f t o h n t e i y w m l e l a g n a o n i a t a m n e r h t e r o s f int e r u d e roc
group.
Second,
, e c n a t s n i r o F . s t s e u req s o r p l a n o i t a n s t i d e ” t . p u r e ada P d n a a b u C , ada n a C n 1 s e i t muni t n e s e r p o t s m e t i f o ’ n o ti 8 s e h s i l b a t s e ment, it s u o n e g i d n i t n a v e l e r e h t
i s e v i t a t n e s e r p e r d e s i r o h t u a h t t wi s t r o p p u s I A M N e h t , y l t n a c i f ni > 126
P, ’ d n o y e B ‘ 121 Nason, Propo
A the Future: 161. le p m o C y r o t n Inv e f o e c i t o N 122 ic t o N d n a ; 5 2249 ication,
e h t h g u o thr
it
s t c a r t n o c officially
conducted
, w a n r e p u S . K t d n a d k. r n A a l k 6 c 4 i r t S ) 3 9 . R 9 (1 d n a e g a s t f f 1 t r 3 e . H l a r u ing’, pp t l u C ve i t a N t c e t Pro nt 5) e m e g a n a M Land s Alaska,
LR
rest Service
: n u m m o c l a n o s r 123 Pe . 23 Jane 2004
vol.
R
n a 5 9 1 0 0 3 . p 1998, 09 er 2003, p-
AL M N 3 5 a 0 b o 0 t 2 y c ry 22, O 0 Ma a 1 u r p > 4 ’ 7 e F 0 n 4 y p o 1, d c 6 n ( . a l o ) v 2 0 R d 0 . F n , C i D r p 11791, A n 0 o 3 t ng i h s n a ley> a W l ( c e i K r e n y m I A | A M m e N iv A t e h a t t N 1994. : d n o : d t n a , n i o on : i ati t c a i i n: is n r t u a m p e m e t o R u c t i y t l c s l a i n n a l I o n o s o P an dian i n 125 Pers o s h : t i m i S n e a h i T d e n n I e . i h ) t c e l i i f f d o . e n M a n o m ric u e the Y m e P A s O C u ( M e h t 1 l f 9 o a 9 1 tion a N cod eum s , u © L M I A M , N s l l a a n d i n o a ter ati a N M e h t l a r y u b t l , u 5 C 1 d e 0 r 0 d e n 8 v a o q c 0 g § s s § Iti C S Remain . U n o i 0 t 2 a r t e a p o d e i f i s d ’ o c A R P G 5 from NA o. 101-85
N . L . b u P ‘Act of 1989, ’, p-2: AI, ‘Beyond
126 (M
Beyond
o& file);
Human excluded Museum
283 C al ur of lt f o Cu Obj.jects rn tu Re & s m u e s u M , w a L International
ndigeno™® P
d an ts an t i b a h n i l a n i g i r o e h t as s n a i l a r t s u A s u o n e g i d n I d f e i n s g i i s n g e h t o s l c i a t e e d r: y c i f y l l o l p e h T ) i N ” a 2 ! . a i l a r t s u form A A y M a d A t n e c s e r p s f n o a i s l e a r t s u l A r o s u t o n i e r g i r d e n I t f o e n h o i t t a s i n o l o > of c e h t n i s e h t g n i m r i Je of museum f f a e l i h W ° ? ! . s e r u t l u c d n a s d n a l s u , s o e n i e t i g n i u d m m n o I c t a ¢ d h t e c i n e u h o t n o n r p s o A M A , C a i l a r t s u s A u o n i n e y r ‘ g i d n i I non Oy
i
iG
m o r f e r u t l u ’ s c t e n [e ctive an d differe ‘ s u o n n i e : t g s i i d d e n I c n f a o t , r e t h g i r impo sans have 4 ‘yniqu e h t e l p i c n i r p y r a m i r p s t i s l a o p s e h e T s i n . ’ g s o r e t t rec a m e g a t i r e h tural : s n a i l a r t s Au
jans
l u c £ 0 t e c p s e e r r n a n o i e i “ r e h t t a : n s e i r u m t l r u c e g t n i e v i d l e f r a ‘ l s e r u t l to ge u c n l 2 a 3 1 i a r t s s u u A o n e . g ’ d i n a d l n d I n a t f e aditional beli , e g a t i r e l h a r een cultu
tr
ms u e s u m “ t a h t d e t o n n i f f i r G
s e D , 3 9 9 1 n w i o H P I ? ? G ! . ’ W e g a t i the r e h l a r u t l u c f o p i s h r e n w o e f h o t s e ; p u i s h s s i r e n l w o a t f n o e m n a o d i n t u s e f u q e h t h t i y w l t c e r i d n o c s l a e s d e v i t n a o t i n t e a s l e r s p i e g r e u l s o n S e U g i e d h n t I s t u . s o e l n u s i e s h i g w i d s n i r I h e t v f e o d n n u o i o i t r n a g o s c t r e r ki s e h t y d c i e l d o p n e c n e m l a l i m e l t o n a c i r e t r d s n u a A O l N a r P u t P l u c f o e r n utu tio
Figure 9.so2 Fac igenous Australi
i lt é7t1t aary
ans,
Australi
f a l d n u # m t r n o e f s e l r a e p r h u t , t t l s u a g c p n i f l l o r a p du f o i h p s i r h e s n r w e o n f w o o e u d s n s a i l e o h r t t n t o a c t h o t n n a s i d e l i d d a e r c t t x n e o t Aus c l a n O i f N P e h P t h , s g n u a o i h l t a l r t A s u * A * ! . s l u l a o o c i n r e g e g n t i i a t d m s n i I x e y tual t b a h t w e s i e v t a l ’ u d p l i e t s h s y l y g y c i c n i o l r o t p s ‘ e h e t 2 r a ‘ s i , d a e e s g t a m s t n u i I e r s e h u " m . n d o n i a t a ’ w d a n e m m 1 o c e r s i h t o t a e l t s i a g r e g l o n i p d r r o o c g c n c i a in l b a n e y l e t r i a e m h i t t i g e h l t i w d e r i e u c q n c a a d s r a o c e c r a e w d e n n i i f s e n t d o i f i e lect ee s y e h i t s a m e h t h t i w o d o o t t s d e e l l t p i o t e en p s u o n e g i d n i f o s t e h r g p i r e h t e h s T m r i f f a r tion’.> 136 T 7 3 1 > s t h g i r ™ e g y r e h a t m i r f p o ‘ r o e s o h t ’ s s t h u g o i n r v e g o i d n i f s o n ‘special o i t c e l s l m o i c a l c n l a a i r l o a m r t s u A e h t s u o s e , s g n d o e i l t w a o s i n n k a c g a r o ests in Indigen y l n o n a i l a y c r i t l s o u p A e h t . s u o n e g i , d s n s I e n e l : g e i h d 9 t 3 n 1 e i n o N o . t e l ; nity. 138 heir ‘title’ ir legal tit
an Museum » 1997,
mo. del = Aust Ta lLiia
. s e n i l e d i u G d n a s e l p
;
t o n t i i t u o t c i t s e y r l n t o u s t r i e V st between een ij ndi genous S pe s e o v t i r t o s s l a t u s n b m 0 1 u e o. Aalg ‘ed and mus
ti Ons of its -
ation
d fine redree
v e N . y l l s a s r e l e h t r e i l re veal that the e limitatitions exhibiibited b gene
relattii ons
t f o n o i t a l u m r o f s ’ O N P p f o l l a c c i i t t i r a c e e r e w , C I " S . T s A n o y i l t y r l c r a a e l l l u l o c m " rtH ic u e s u m n a i l a r t Aus
rela
wi
eoples s without resolvin
a u l a v e a t n e c e T >
e t o c ee:
n i h t i W s m e t i ous
l
First
Peoples (3rd edt n, Ottawafe,
ms, u e s u M n a i l a r t s u A r o f icy l o P ww e N A bligations:
1994,
O w e N > s n o i ess s s o P s u o i v e Pre n , a n i 2 f w f P i r , G ’ y c .19. . i p G l . o J P ’ y c w i . e l A N o M P ‘ 129 —). A , ew rs, n N i e f ‘ p f i a r l P , N n n i i U f f f , C i f , i C r i I G r S G + T A d 9 1 n a 4 n ; i , oo 5 s 3 6 . m p u d p n e a s : u 2 O M N p n p P a i P , l a O PPN MA, Austr bution,
; t s n i n g i Ore ign instituuttiions roblems remai l a r e d e f p : s d n r a w o ‘rome t has Pursue da Policy a l gova H r e e h T . n i a ; o j ] €ss than c s e v e a e l ne rable to th l t u a h v t is t i it a S$ t d a n h t e g e g r a h c : n e : o r t p 1 o d t o g e n t t e h t g g u i i m r d surin m n ’ i s e l p ] o y c e p o l us p e v their e d d n tural id. €Ntitie a e v r e s e ? : 9 1 0; r e b m e Dec — ; i l a r t s e u h t A A) f , M 3 u o A e C l s i ( u c n M n o u n i o a t i C ia c o Sstral s s A hed a Ss tatement of riprj nciples c s m A c s e n s i P m seu etw uidel
b g s e d n g a o i i a d t n a I l e d r an i l g a n r i t r s e u (P A v O s u o N j y v e e D r P 7 ‘ 2 a 1 d , e ) l t i PNO t en N s n a o i ’ s c s C s n e o s s n i o t s i a o t g iffin P a r i g G l b s s O u € w io e v N e r h t , s n d e t e o s N u d i i M s N e r n P a i l a MA r i d A t C s d u n A 7 a 1 r , e t 0 m h n t 9 u e i 9 e f d 1 s o i u r e h o t t c y e b n , i t a d n i j , s s d i e v r i t de c i a t a s n u r o e n e t e t n n Z u i I n t e i r d n s s t a u n t m e r m o f op e l l ; b e t a . v n M o e c e d n o i o r t l p a n r ms o e i u t e e d Public ld u o c s e e m n m i o a a l T l a c t s y e h t i t m inue itgo a t h n t o ; and mana £ement of Ind A s u o n u , e p s sedi e u o i v e r P ae . s n P o i t c e ll o c . n é g i s s a I, e s t s o P pi S D, , e s u M r o f s e e r i 3 s r c o i T l o P d n : a s n o l a in P, aciMelbourne es g g i i l r b o O i b R Tiffin ( A ) d ) i n r 5 a p 9 , ia l ( a “Print r us9 (1 996 o1 t i v s e u T F 0 A e 1 we n o » i s m e u 3 e 9 e 3 g : ) y y s N n 0 oy i 8 s 6 6 6 4 4 y ; : 5 g r A o a l g 1 o i p l b O i > l a w r e t N 6 Anthro s e u ‘Z A i y l , b t : b 8 s M n s n e m o i u m t e t a s g i In ludin W u m M m o C A a Z orld Archaeol pal C t s r i F ation, » TigLUry,rH; ing )5 Lo, Page2 > NAGPRc , s s e 990)’ r 1 g ( n o s C c i h l t a E c i f o g Code First >and As ssembly ape : he s, of soc! As s um se Mu ie i n rsBe p mbly ” Pay Nerships r eei r endii Cinadis betwofee Fie
the
A ; C A M A , C e l b , m 1 a e e l r p B i c f n o i r f P l a h d e n b a , n n o 31 2 JptrodGu.ctiGroiffin, Written statemenattions; Eleventh J. ul
j
i f r o t n l o i C c n n a u i l o a C r t e us th A e h T , 3 9 9 1 y ful F 0 3 9 1 s n o i s s : Se n o i t c e p t o o P r s P u o 133 pp, e n s ge a i t d i n r I e H n o s r p e u d o n a r sl I t i a r t Working G S s e r or T d n a 3 9 l a p n , i ) g 93 ri 9 o 1 b A , a , r A r I e I b n t a r C a : P ( e e S ! ! p , : y’ c i l o P n, i f f w i e r N G “ d n , a n i , p.ls ; O N 134 Griff P P ; . 6 MA . p A C ; . urn ) : O t h e N e t g C P R a ( t P h i e t r h C e , t ( h A r l M o 4 a f A r 8 s ltu e u l c 136 C p i e Acct 19, PPNO; p-4c l n b i i r g P n a t l n ’> na y o c of i i i t l t o a c P N e p s w , A e e l r M N i c ‘ A n i n C in, Cou f sed f 135 i i s n r r g G i o a n c f i f e A r 5 3 s i l 9 a 9 1 in ip g r i e r b o o b t A c O n a , i y l t 137 Ownersh er p stra o u r A P l a f : r C u t l . 0 u 2 C P r e d n ’ e a y h : l t c s { e t s i i a v r d t a S s o ‘New Poli t re n o y r l r e k n i v l n a { u l e r a s s E T m : s u n e o s of osci i t u c m e l l o c ian l l a a r r e t n s e u g A f o t , c e NO p s P e P r of n o i t n s o t i l y t u r a s a e u r r l . t 3 a r n v o x o E C h c n r . a A 8 e . s 3 ’ e r s Appendi t e d c n e e i s j l o b e p O t s Guid mmunity of pro u J : t o O ae N N P : P s p i o h c a s A s G n u M o o i A en and lat g e i R d 2 1 138 C n i h t i 4 w s 3 l . nd t a p a e p a D s , e e ) w n 1 o i 0 g 0 i , 2 r n o a b A ey, n ulliv n d S a y i S , T l ( Y a r t d ! s n e u a p A Pa 2 n 1 s o n d n o r e g s o e n r r G i e G d n . n P a A s e s M , C. , n Kelly i gation ; 9 f i . f l 3 i b r O G e w e n N . i G l J. ide s, u . 11 n G D o i s l s d a , e n n O s a o s N i o P t P 5 a P 2 N 7 s 1 u wm at e s Previo 5 u © 6 M 1 e ) e 6 r S o 9 t 9 a 1 P 7. Cur r e 3 b 3 , m O e N v ) P o 0 P N 9 9 ( 1 s n a p ( i i l h a s r n t o s i u t 139 CAMA, A a l e us R w o n e E e N S g i A — d s n m I u d n a Muse s e r u t Fu m u e s u M the Bones: 9. at 13. 4 : 8 4 9 P P s on i s s i m b u S “ , Semile ad
'
n o i t a i l i c n o c e r d n a States
e j b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t s e ct R je Co & s m i u e s u M , v a L : l a n o i n a n r e t n I
a i l a r t s u A f o t r u o C h g i H e h t b d y n a l ; between
s u A o n e g i d n e I s i n ’ g s o n c a e i r l a o e t r r t u s l i u a s f 3 The policy’ ’ S e h t i m o s t d c e efl the
OWnershSjhip
n a r f e t o g n a t t a r i n o r i f e f h m e o l a e r h u t s y s r c t e n o i C a T g q d n of their cult o i g t a e s R i e x e s t i e n i h f t i w d n a a l a patee’ niendigenous claims c i g o l o e s u m m m o g C “ d y e c m e a r e f R l y . a m g e o t o : . h a c t i d r O s t . S h E y g 0 V i g I r o l l o n J i a m s t i h T legal’mora a > s a l o c t s u e r h t t d ., y e b r C y ; l l a ‘ n O i ares g N i r P o If P ted nl
tion’ formula e i S n g eco ising
n=gs,
past wro
=ha en
t
Australi
al powers.
o
ItS) a par OPa vols b must desis OcCe.egg 9 r e s s es TOM a
m n a i = r a y b s q n o i t c e l . l e n i o i h c s s u o e n v e . l g e i s d m e h t g n < i legal title to in Y
e
coloniaae lism. ~
valia: ty
Validi
ahi their J 1
Ws f s t s e u q e r f o g n i a l = d n a h e h t NO C = sts for return of human + bea l ca d n a 3 ! a , s n o d i ” t * : ! c a e l , p l T co . 4 * s ! aterial e cr v i . h c r a sacred aems a l p Iti s i d , s s e e n c c car a nes i l e d i u usei ianship and G c g i pla n o i t = > a d t e n d provi > docume , m y } y h c . r c a a e e s r e O T re . a 5 ss e r e c r a S O N ecret P P , s t i c e i j h b o s o n c d a e i r d c a o s t s t e u c “ s s e u s o i 1 n n e g g p I i d n c m i n u a d h e r s o wit c u c w ¢ M a a > M ! ' . m n o e t se) e s m u s c s t d l n u a s n o c , s t t e s e¢Custodians r u l c a e n s O y h f t i e t n h ‘ e w d s to i e d e s a i n o acred - ii tems and decide i t a i r t a e p e r Tr e r d f i o t s s t u c c e j n b i o a t M useu e e r s e may red. 1aNns. ip of th ed to do s by th € traditionamls t s e u q © custodians These items m ust be s ge the m fro . e a e anq e abl son rea macc the ns tio lec h col wit ie a the by d ate pul sti s ian tod cus ons s nal tio adi s, y h pla wit dis nor ept exc permission e uir acq objects the not uch h t i cu traditional the of ns. dia sto Bes in ns tio lec col of m ite t pec ing lud cul = general, inc wh ry ra po em nt co of s i v ate por cor the ae a will ‘in a te’ ria rop app ere s nou ige ind = the al tur cul meet ose ‘wh af m for o a ms ite of the urn ret ns tio y en pro Wh ° ir the a ml i ted ues req 1s e a Even be will . um se mu e the nic Epa ee th i the t tha one te ds all fin leg of n bee y museum ac im has pr e ‘th r ao Isla ait Str . e e al gin ori will and Torres nder interests 4 e. nsw sio Eci ca —
PPNO
a
:
c ncoura ei es
muse ums
t 0
10 an
¢ ultu: I al
material
to
m
1Seu. ms
and
the “oth er
i p e e k e a k i l s ’ ( t e s c e t a u c l n e p e j v b g u n s ‘ ) s e a ns concerni r t n e c e r u t E M l E u S c I } O L P a ) 9 2 d n e a ditio a n n o I i ° t # a ' v . ’ r s e m s s e p n t u o i o c r g e h g t n i f s m o u o n e d a s a a , d e l — s u o u c a c i e s h b m s e t r i e n w se o e h a t h s f , i o d u e q p t n i o i h n l s e r r e aesies. Ho not be | ¢
not plac
€ any
s u o n e g i d n i s u by o r e ed B s n o conditi
1 CAMA lj e d i u G , O N P P MA 142 ten, c o C , O N P P MA’
144 CA
145 Seep 1996),
communit
i t u t i t s e r l u successf
wever,
9 4 / 1 . s m i a l c ution
285
Australian
muse
Unans
e
M e e S . 0 1 . 1 1 . 1
i a m e R l a n i . ) g . i s r a T o ( b A ( 4 8 s 9 m 1 u e t s c u A 3 4 1 ) s n i a m , 0 1 d 2 i u 1 G 2 , a O N r P P e . 0 1 S . , 3 , — A O 1 M . A 3 C PEN s e n i l e id 0 u 1 G , 3 9 . , 3 , 5 , 3 s e n i f o w e i v e R , t t Wa al and 7 i
a r r r e e H b igin n r r a o e C b d ( A n a e l h 4 s t 8 I 9 1 t i t a c r n A t o S i . s t ¢ e ¢ c r 9 r e 0 o T t 1 . o p P r P e g a t i r e 146 Cay )> i r a ; e d i u G , i l a r eee PPNO t s u g A n i e . b 1 . 3 s t e c n e i j l l b e l o d i w i e h e t s p s m u e s t s e a e s l c n i u u l m p e r A n a i M l r o ra t id y b p o 147 CA c d e r e e 5 e . f 3 f o e y r n l i e l ical e f d i i c e B u G G t n a , , v O O e N N l P e P P r P , the A i M A e C e S 148 ‘AMA o a . e 8 . 3 ’ y s c i a l o i P B w , e O N PN ‘ P , n » i f f i r e e y 9 4 1 , 3 , 3 .l7. p » e n i l e 5 . R ads si with ee Tndicenous Heri E A S , y e n d y l S c a M f o , ; y t ficer i f s O r e v e i n e U a n 2003 : y 2001 e , s m u e e v s with u M w e d y i a v a e r a e t b n i u o m r u G bo e l s t e c u M e M j o r , P a a i u r p o P c t C i c i V y Do a i t n ? m o e C u e e e m , s a u i l M a G r , P t D A s u A ; R O E e d s A i e E u r G u t l d e u n s C s Wo Kage j reg u o u n i u t m y Culuia t a c i l . o e P s i e v r i m o s f u n e e s h e s e n u i l E E H o T tralian M Heri d n a r e l d al a n n a l i s g I i r t o i b a r A t S h ; t i res w o ‘ g i n u G i k r , 5) 00 2 ‘age (Canberra, 5) idelin es 1.4.6 (Ancestral remains), and 1.3.5.5 (S ecret sacre d Ines materigy :
e e be nGon Ban title to o i n t o i i t u a m i o l c i e c n P o c e he r t f o y c i l o p a d d e e l r i e a f e t n s o i t u f w b o t l g n l n e i Fo r m $ r n u r c e e v r o e g h 0 t r d o e b c a a l L p l e a r r e h d c e i f h w : s n a . f i o l s a t r c t e a 19925 the f s f u e A s e h u t o s n s e e g r i d : d d a n i o t : n d o e r n a and 1 prep a digenous
efforts for
pt
s t r , o n p o e i r t c s e u t o o 4 : i r p r a e V h ” t . f . o . y e : t c a n e e h a r t t t d r e , o 8 t p 9 a m 9 i i 1 t o e h g y t r d ne a e u s : r i b s e a F h p n I : m e ersally ° tage.’ ;
v i i r n e u h n o l i a s r s u e t s l s u o c p s s i u d o s n u e o . g n : ndi i ‘ ndige f o f o n n r r u u t t e e r R e l a e p d h t n a r o t f g n : e i m d p n u f l d e t deve i m i l d e v o r p p ane a n e l g i i c d n n u I o , C e s m r m e t a s r i g n o i r M p l a e r h t u t l r u e C d n a U i l ’ a . d m e a r Austr c r a g s : o t r e r P c e ) s P C d I n R a ( , s y n t i r a e m p e o r r l P a r l t a s r e u c t n l a u C f o s u d o y e n r a s o i t v i d r a r e Indige t e r a d s n a e i e t t i a t n s u m , m h o t 6 c l n a a e i w l n a r o t m s m u o C oto s ous A y b m i a d l o e s h l a p e u v o i t r a g i t i r n a i l u c e i h t 0 T r a p . 2 s r m i u e h e t : s u m m o r e f n s 2 o o i s h t t t u c t e j i y b t b o s e d r e t a a i o t r o t t a c p e e j r b u s m e t h o t n s e m v e a t h ! i a s s e r d g o a n f b a s e , m s s e u m h e t u s r u o f m s muse ; ° n e i n s h i t l o i e w d i e u g g a r d o n : t a s s e e t l p a i i c r n e p i a : o r r p p p l a a m h e r c d o i i f h v B w e o , d r s u p e l i c c to n i l i o p t o n n w o s e r o i d e h t e d m e m t a a l r u g m o r r o p f 5 n museums have request. The a i l a r t s u A , d a e t s n I . s e s s e t n e proc m e g a n a m y 3 a 5 d 1 o t y a d e h t ‘ n . i s O d N r P a P d n t a c t e s l f g , e n 0 r i 0 t 0 t y 2 e l s l a n r r I o e f n e " O . N s P g n P d i e m m o c o t c r o h 8 ATSIC wel s s t i e t i p s e e d l p , m ’ i s n o s i ’ t O c e N l P l o P c f o e r w u e t i l v u e c r 1 a a d i e r n e t a O m i s s s i u m o m n o e y r c g e a i v d e d y ‘ (ee n , i a n i i l of a r d t e s s u i l a n r e M Museu! ms A t 1n been had CAMA’ 3 successor, but s ple nci pri s um se mu PPNO’s ch ear res t tha and ncluded co g tin lec col It or maj musethe mentation. by n lia tra Aus es’ ici pol , lly era gen l ona t, uti tha tit ins nd fou it practice and s nou ige ind However, e tat ili fac tO a: nsi tie ieu eer ces our res al rur n by ma hu ces pla so and less g pin kee to financial te ns tio qua lec ade col ir the e vid pro m fro not objects ums did n loa did They . ims cla ” s. ie it un mm co ed ors end repatriation s nou ige ind to Australia ng ini tra and s um se Mu ice adv 5, 200 e vid pro ry rua and Feb in iew s rev tie ili sib pon Res the m fro g in go on On Following Cultures , cal iti pol nuous nti ‘Co nt ica nif sig of s, ine del gui and er mb nu a Its of s ple nci pri e . wak NO PP the ce sin its new in ade dec ed par pre was ng eni erv int R O C the C . ) R (CCO Perspective
l a c i r o t s i H n A : on i t e a i l i o c n n h o c ion c e t e R a i t l l a i n d c i n n g o a i c r e l R o a b i A r o c f t, so e es n u i s b s I a C y d e n K a e r h e t t s ni ing i , s M ) s 0 e e 0 r m 0 d i 2 d r A P , , e e n h n o t r i f u t o bo lia l nt i e e c M m n ( o t c r e n a o R p i t e l a D a i n l e i i e c g S con ori e = b 150 R m A o n c r a o e f i r l a l r i t C c s I u n S A u T o C A on 3 , s ) r y 2 e a 9 s t 9 s f 1 E a e , r , ) e a . h d r T e r ( e 1 an 0 t 0 t 2 (Canb a r ous n i G n e g . d i M e d d n n d I e n a d s n 5 s a 4 e 1 c o pr nt p , e ) m n 3 n o 9 r i 9 t e 1 a v i o l , g i a c r n l r o a e c r re ede Canb f l a m n r a o i f l a r g t n s o u l A e d he t a c e n : d 4 e e w e t h e T b . y 4 t a 6 e 8 r 0 t 6 = a i pp. l i ated c i n t o o c g e e : R n a l a r n o f i g i h r s o u b p A s t r i o f d l e i : c c n n u , me o a C r r e ; b 5 n 2 a C 4 ( 2 . ee e p g p a t i ; r g e n H i s s n e a r i l d a d r A t s u ” A o ‘ n Australiansi.l for Aboriginal Reconcilia ous Cultures as @ Valued Part of ernment on Native Title Social v o G e h t nd f a o t 9 r 3 o p 151 See Counc g Cultures: Recognising Indigen 3 e 2 R . p : p m r t o a f e R 3 2 d . n 6 a 2 s n 2 t i . h u 6 g l i . a R s V a , t , n a n p tio s tio i n d n a n g i a o l c a e r R 7 t 7 s u ; A 6 C 7 I t s S r s T i F n A o r i 5 o f 5 t 4 a e d c 4 i n 4 t e s . u p m F p m o l , a c ) i e 4 c R So 199 > ) : 5 d 9 r 9 a 1 w r o , F a r g r n e i b Go an C ( , n o s i e t r a u i s l a i e c M n o c e e R l Justic a n i g i r o b A . r 2 o f 8 0 l 8 i c p n p u 4 o C p , 0 0 d , n 0 a 6 0 5 0 2 ; 9 s 0 t n s u g 104tio u n a A o d i n t 1 1 e a m m r m , o o f é c n u e I q R i n > ns u ) o 5 m i 9 m 9 t 1 o a C c i , a n s r g u r n m e i m b t o e n e C m f (Ca o h t 4 e 1 m t , r l a i c p n e u D o C ; s t r n e t : e s m i p n o i l M e v l e a D r u t l l a u r ltu d le). u i n C f 152 C a n o r l e a n g y i a p g o n i c a r ( M o b A al 02 r 0 t e 2 n n a e c l G i i f r i p , A n g g n i 8 i S l s , o f o thor n u r a u t e 153 4, G e h t R o t d n a s e). t l i r f n A o n i e o h t t c e y t p d o n o r a c P ( y 1 , 0 C 0 I 2 S T A r e Technolog b e e a m S l e e R v ‘ . o 8 , N 4 . l 9 a . d p e t e s i > v y ’ e l r n l io Ke d s n s e a i e S m b , u . 4 y S 9 l < 9 l 1 e K , , e a y l d t i yn per L o r d P n s a m l a 154 Rourm u n r e o u s t d l u r u o M C G : r l e e i c d h i P t c lan s a s r ’ I P m u t f i o e a s r t u y S M t n i s a e n i r u l r m ra To m t o s , C u ) A 2 2 0 e 0 h 2 g t n , d i n e p o d o u d l l n e c v e in (Lo D y s t r i , o l h n a t o u u d q a e r n o s I G t d . n 5 P 5 a 1 d ty n e a i c o y S l l , e K s m u . L e s u d n a , M ) . ; d 0 2 e ( , l 4 l e 3 d n a ’ S s p n R. i , a tionshi i l a r t s u A n i tion logi1cal
de
1
and Reconcilia n o i t a d n e m m o Rec ff. 0 5 d 1 n a . , p 3 p 1 t a d n a .4 153 p p ’ s p i h s n o i t a Rel ‘ , . l a et y l l e K 156 See
14.
|
|
od
!
Z
|
:
‘ a4
287 f Cultur o n r u t e R f . o j & b n O r l u a s r m w e s u ects ‘ M , e c a L l a n 4 mm Internatio
“a t ec fl re to d e d n e t n i is ng rectitli Pca k. d n a s e l p o e p s u o n e g i berween ind
n o i t c e t o r P e g a t i r e H r e d n a l s I trait l
h p m e r e asis t a e r g >. n o i t a l e r N 9 r museums Me
shi
and
Ss
a P Tthe a a s d l i d u u Pon an b
k O Fi . r o s s e c e d e r p s it of s e n i l e d i u g d n principles a atc e S ¢ s u o n e g i d n i n e i y . B r s a It e r c o i p t m c e a t l r a n p r o u c t l u c : ‘now! cet sues
Be claims land
it r , d n o c i o p w e i v of hi t i w y ts t in i c i l p i t l u m aan cultures and s s o ee n i d u l c f o n i terpcrbectation of cu Iture F ;
eras
E Se a
jeg
i e Ta g re C0 br e h c t e g d s e e S ce aoftiomnu.s”eum Seccollectcitions for indj r e d a C : lf se e cae g e i s s u o n e S ‘s deter, e s dj i : n ecog
se tographs » fil film and
S the
59» 1 y e , s — e i t i n u M e€ com
§ Movab] sound
of indj
fay
oe
s u c 1 6 1 t n a , v ’ e w l a e l r ‘ d y n a m o p cin an li central
of
Hanybataison,
b e b o t ound continued in
e
less e h t e e n o N a . s n ganio Wne E rsow
Y
] a u t c e l l e Nt
R O C C , r e v e How irms a f f a e r e c
di!ct n w: In s cul geno | 6C
b
xNOW
:
Tal ] mater
la lal 8
EXO; O R
TI el
erat (SS) that
1
h t d e s i v d She a
th ic
l e r s n o i s i c e d n i d e v l o e g a t i r e h ially inv l a r u no f cult
g o c e r o t d e e gent n
, n o i t u t i t s e r d n d a e c u p d i o h r s p r e r t r o p e r ing owne e h t , r e v e w o h , y l l a c i m n o r I s w e i specific v e r e c r e e i h p t s r i u t f n o r f s t i ect of d D n 0 a s n t h o g i i r t a r a 0) us l ( c e n D e g i d N n i t a h t d e 3 Draft U g d e l w o n k c a s a h , w a l t n y e r m a n m r o e t s u gov c , y t i l a u t i r i . p ’ s y r r o i t e h s t i h m t o n r e f c e e r s i r d a n ‘ a e s g n o a i t t i i r i d e v a e h r d t r ) i s h e u t h C o t ( n e n g i i 8 d 9 s 9 n t 1 I s e l r g l i e n b i p jnt n o o l i e t v c e e d t o r , P p f o i e h g s n a n o t i a i t i c r d e e o t H o t r s p r u e c d : e n v a > i l p g s i I . s t ersh t i c a e r p t S s e r s e t r n r a c o t i c T f e i j n d b g n u i a s s , l o s a w w t a Ih n i y r o t s i n r ti s Aborigin o r e i T t a d d n n a e m e m t o a t c S e r e r o t t n i s ’ d t d e t l r a r v u E e o f w e m d o r e f b d e at l a itage would r e d e e h f t , e o h s T l A . . e ’ t m s e e r h c e s t n i n o l a i t a n t o i i d t e a n t c c a e h t o h r P n t i l “ a g e n w i n-mak o a Common yene only 0 1 g n i t s i x e s e h s i n i m pill di o n o t u a s u digeno
.
This limi b t n e m t i m m o c digeno y g a a S right of in
foi n self-d
dev
Repatriation
mus oO f
tb e
g1Vv en
a Necestral al
seri-
r ematl 1 Ns|
xercisab] € without I reference to ‘] egal’
utle
us
acquired,
:
pe
y the vul nerabilityy of thisi r ight in the wide r national : St th © curr ent Aus i d n i s t r n ! a o a V : i ¢. p O i r p t l u a a s p r e t r s s u u o t n n j e e g m i n d r n campa e i as t h & e r it h a g s i s , a r s en ; sacrificed the epeatedlyy r indi f o s t ous p eoples to etermi Nat n e g ; el 1 ‘r on and f, : ; us n to io ig el ec ‘r d r o r e d c r i l d m a n o n in n o i o t a Pursue reedom’ ent, !64
velopm
-_
mas t to nship: Law
;
in
5 ‘s +
the H
>
rinciple
cipp]le
P.
indma
16
an d
l; e d i u G d n 4 a
Cultur,
| p i c n i r P 61 2 ing CCO d n a e O . R O C » C 163 164 , 9 9 4 ME, ,
€s
* MA,
3 and
CO
|
i e e . M n i on,
Ja 5. SeeT.
Da~l a5) .6.
and
s. l i d n m e o 1 e 4 2 I L OD s n e i e s s i Comm eenie
e p o R d n a l e s c I p e e n r P u e o g b a t l i e r M -161 MLbAi,d ral He » 1996), p.115 ; R, p ian
1.3.5-~1.3.8
elines
See
Kell e. yy
efer al.al
*Rela-
of e v i t a r r a N a e h e v T i , s i i r r a H ) s ee MC.. Simpson fed and Law and S.)> Ss
Future. r u O ’, e Cultur
e.
(C
8 9 9 1 , a r r e b n (Ca
8 . 1 . 1 e n i l c yenal Pa C H ; W . f e c o D t O ; o C i N t S a ove N E 9 c p 2 N U , k r a e 3 K o i r i e n a p d o A N ) 2 StSrGaiTlt EinIsy]z tv. Co; TRIt 8 ; 9 0 5 9 4 1 ( e R a a L A r 152 )1 ‘a S
CsanNbberra, » 20l2y006 Fai: ths ire S€esssion, 28 Ju e O t a Aime
16,
"
Paes
oe
r e a L 0 v 0 i 0 t 2 t a r N o p , e r R l e a n o nu i n s A e s l t i i m m e u o C u s wt of the H b O t s , 69th e e t S t i U n m A e m / o r C M o i O p w e n l a i c n » UN Dug wy RIC u ; o 1 C n, 1 o i t a i l i 49, para. c n o c riginal Re
BCL RR 1,1
Te rn he rt No is ib I R 113,Territory 184 ALR
cae
& ©vommonwealth
bo (1999) 101 FE7RC
171, ; 168
of
, n o i t a n i m r e t e d f l e s f o t h g ri e h t h t i w l u c ance r i e h t o t g atin
t
legally
development
e k a m t o n d i d e h S 8 6 1 . e g a t i r e h l a r u t t i t a h t d a e stating 1 nst
) Perty S ‘ h Vs e r T r o Ur Many : i r : ¢ ; l b s a o ‘ s ] g a n r n u i i t d l e their own right as wel u b u c s a o ¢ n d =a Jects ig entatio of ultural practitices? 160 warj yms are bound g m C e h t t ‘ c e d p h t s n r e it affirms museu a u r o l f a r to d n u e t o l a cu
of Indiggeennoous Australians
| ra 65
a n o i t a n m r o f i n u a f o t n e ishm n a i l a r t s u A s Indigenou
ALRUR 426;
sting
ise and the t o o C y c i l o P s u o n e g i d n I f 0 e c fi f s O u o e n h t e g i y b d n I t y Ac V b d e t c e l ntative s e
dination. y d o b w e n e h t , s n a i l a r t s u A i t u t i i t s e r ional Internat | e h t f o e s u a c e b a i i n a Oce
d n a h t n e e t t m ing the nine u e s u m f o y t i l i b a k the wor
l a stressed r e d e f e h t d e d n e m m o c e r , s e a D t u t like i t s n i s a e s r e v o m e o m r f i r n P o i t a n i a r i t l a r t s for repa u A e h t , 0 0 0 2 h e c m r e a t M a t n I s ? 7 t ! on ‘ tralians. 1 o T r e t s i n i Prime M se a e r c n i o t d t a e h e t r g a d ‘ e t c e j o r p s a governments > - 174 Tt w s e i t i n : u m m o c s u o n e g indi
. 3 1 3 s n o i dat n e m m o . c 7 e 2 . R 2 1 d . n a a r a 4 p 5 2 3 1 2.2 2 . p s w e vi
nd a 8 6 e , R 3 , 2 t 0 t . a 3 y . B s a 67 1 ar p d n a , 1 1 3 . . 2 6 7 1 , d 4 . n . 1 5 a 1 1 44 1 2 4 . s p n p 4. o s i n , t w o a e i d i v . n t e 6 R e a 3 m 9 d , t n ! 4 t 3 a m e y 9 o B m c m e 5 o 6 R 1 ec , R w e d i v e p-9 R p , t t a > v E ’ n o e 3 e . i S a s r pa bmis u , 7 S 4 < 166 Jbid. d n a 1 4 . p p , w e i & v e R ; ) , h t t t C a y ( B 168 05 0 2 ¢ P c A , 7 2 2 . t p w, e dmen i v n e R e m , t t a y B 169 . l o c , 9 . l o y , HR r e d , n d a r l a s s { n a H t i a r 0 17 res St r o T ‘ b A d n f a o l l a i n c i See Coun 171 Aborig . 4 . 2 , a n i o l a i r t t s a u d A . n r f e o o h m . 2 m . h o aut 6 t c . a l e r a R a e p w d n , n o 4 a 0 m 20 8 Com 2 , . e 2 d 1 o d . C n a a r , M 85 5 6 5 . s a r a p 172 See ICO .Pew, 0 al n 3-14, , i ) 4 g 9 i 9 r 1 o b A n , ra r t o e n b e n a m C e r a t s S D 4 e t in o J | r e Policy (revs t s i in
Nation: fG' the P 174 Office o 4 July 2000.
M e m i r P , a i al
original
Creative
Remains,
289 b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s t s c m e u e s u M , z a L l a n o i Internat
l o : c o t o r e p d u l ; c n i d l j u r o o s w f e i r s t l n o r c u o o f c n i s e b r o e f h t S w n e t e e r o t ab e n e n v o n i i t a M ; s e l p o e p i s d n u i o n e g i i n d a n g i i s d n n o t i i t r u t g o i n t ous i s n y e i p s a r eae i e h e t t C d n a s c n a i d o t s u c , l n a n rati o o i i p i t s t c : e l l € a advoca
i = t c e l l o c n f o o e l ‘who oe
i 1 V d ‘ n i f o t n e m e c a l p e r e h i a t hat a i l a r Aust
ag
n o i t , 8 c e e l e l g o e r n h u n t t S Pa re
t)
> ang
i nd;dir O o t 1 2 d | a e n a p o H o h a t i 2 d h l c u s t o n W e I m e e . r s g e a t n e a u h t o S ot c n o a s similar e l a p o It r u E r e s i e a b m e r t o l n a r t d a s l e u c i o n c a e c f L s o n i t a n a p o h i t e N at d e l l e S h t m o fr j d t e s on : e t i r a t u r € 9 t a U j P i < l h e a t t v c e i i h 0 t t t h i c c r f e i c o e e l h r c l w a o n c a , ’ S inten objects . a m e de Creq l s 0 ” ! . y s n a tit i n l e a d r t s u A s u o
o t n e v n i f o n o i t a l i p m o c e h t d n a n o i t u t i t s e r s r cove icy , s n a o l g n i m o c n i d n a s n o i t i s i p u a q l a c t a n e m , n r s e d v r o g o c d e : n ® r a o i t m m u u e s olia e u s m n u e h g s m i n t o o i t i r t B u t y i r t s b e r d e n a d SP a ) m 5 4 9 n 1 o i d t n c a n i t 3 s 3 9 i 1 d e n e e w t s e s b d acce e v o m e jects r y r i u q n I e e t t i m 4.184 m o C t c e l e S s n o m m e o h C t n f i o d e e s r i ou u q c a y l r e p o r p d n a y l e t n a i m ; i s t s i g e e l J e h n t e n o N ? " em
h t ? w o y l d e c n u o n n hich legal a t n e m n r e v o g e h t ; s n o i R t H a d G n W e m e m h o T c 6 e 8 r 1 s ) ’ R e H e G t W t w i ( m m s o n C i a t m n c e a e R l m e u S n h a e h h m t c u i H h w n o r e d p n Grou ces u g n i k r o W e
n a t s m u c r i c r e p o r p d
Developni velopinga response =— United Kingd Although ig sevveral E uropean
metr
a
n pow
had
their former colonie S : i ee ie obj cultural of return or ment concluded wi sion of successive Briti at me — ritish= governments
.
and . nis =
; ututon has lon imp don Be dev opm in= the field. Indig eno é Shes a i : : : i Vv: : i o Australian genous fo Insitutions rganisations : ee, of ancestral return remains r the and =n ant ify
t u t i t s n i h Britis
™m
:
ins a
: :
)
~ rime|
sway the Blair Lab our governme i om nt and UK : i eel mus eums
179
gui The guidelin ; in ae
volu current ntary the o wore framek whi ch governs res are Pa tituti address claims not : do of e righ j aa oe=s Ous Communi ghts held ties nj r “ ect of items Aner J e x a k i g n instituti ira ritish Para: Working T N . 0 0 1 e 5 th in s ae ount of Conte n o i . t u c M e n ll i o C s m m e u t e I s d c e e t l s l f ra f 7 5 . p . C p r e o h , L ) t ( 7 O 9 9 o 1 m Sro -54. ad Mr Sim ndon, ‘§ ubmission’ , C I S T A . the 3 . 5 M S a e ay0st-Colonia} r h d A e n P H a ; 4 in i 2 k a 178 on, M ing Representati ions: Museums Era a(rey. pee London, s p : ) 1 0 0 oc di 4, in 1 6 f 7 s o 2 m i P a : cl Brit by n: digeno us peoples i né i u y b a b c o o l l ; o s Ti"Usn tish arch acoloOggiical H r i e h t i e h d d n r s n a i r a e o , v th i v r u s ‘4 t s s e u e n 5 r a : WE . otiatin ® ” o i t nisations;ate t u a t t i e S t h s c 17ng9 r n e i l t t e s f at o e c c n i t s e erie m p n o x d e o € t s m d n a , es r e g 180 J Leg utiion and Bias Stittur 2. Tldtion: U; w , line. S for Good Practice (London, 2000) e d i u G : n o Stomar y la May a d i s n o c a ion ini determinj f at o e €r b n o ) : i c n a the s ce an or st ti.n -etbisiak e 181 B e circum , nt in ma B in ai rm A cl of * , us at st d r e g th - Joll D Forewo 5 pp. 15 and 18, Re, port
Beet, Ri estitutition, p.5, tu
of th
qmise
182 arstc SIC, ‘Submission’ > para.86.
e s n o c e h t with
r e b m e v o in N
” ” . s n o i t i b m a l a i r e p m i h s i t i Br d e r r u c c o y
l e r a r s t c e j b o d e t a f o s s o l e and associ h t y b d e i : n a p m o c c c e was a f f e ‘ t a h t d e s s e r t s J8eTt
f l e s f © > assertii on
, s d n a j l a O C tradition y l e t a m i t n i s a o c w n o t i f o t u t . e i n h o t i t a d s e i s l i a r tive’ rest i v o re c e l r a r u t l R u c H G d n W a n e d o h i n t t e a m , n a m i i o m l r c a r e t r s u e dete h A I d O n O a s g e t a t S d e t i n U e h t n i As
4 g n i t a n i g i r o e h t f n i h t i w © s u interests o t m e sta h t n e n t i e a r t e r r i e n h o t i t u t t a i h t s t n i d e e t s o o n h t holding p f u o o r g s s i t n g a n d , i s k n e e r i c o t s w e i d n u e m h l m T a c o i c 1 g 9 1 o l t n . a v y e t l i e n r u the genea m f m o o c n s o g e i n h t i s c t i a a w n i " g 2 e i h r t o g O e n t h i t r b f o y r a n d o r l i t u g n o o c c reli s , e s i t m d i u n n e a u s m u m m , ° s C n o n a t s i u l o o i p n o e r t g e i m d y n i b l r d e tion t n s a e m g g u u h s t I g n . i g o n g n o o r w e h e g t t n a i c r u o i n f d i t n n i o 8 c 9 e 9 v 1 a qa ‘ h s t e c A s v t i h t g a t n i e R s e u r n p n e a i r m t n u o H c n a s i n l o a i r t t s u A under the u t i t s n i s u o n e g g n i i d d l o h f i s t «on, 192 In r u o c e h t n i s a t h d g n i a r m e s g the irin
d n a e s i c ubli
t n e m e t a t S Gia rn. u o t i e r r e P y I r I o t ar W d l r o W d n a t s u a loc o H — 3 0 , 0 i 2 z ( a N e h t e tte . i g 8 n m 3 i m r o 4 u C 3 d p p t t r c A e y B f Sel o t x r i s o k d p S r n o e W p p d A n f o a a , i n n d o o i e i t M t u a t i i l t s o e p , R S ure t s l t u e C , 9 g 9 C g 9 G 1 e e ( h M L t n i t r 3 o 18 , 9 f 199 o t , r s o e l p p e i R c n t i s r i F of Pr d n a 5 0 7 4 . a r a p s t r o p e R , 5> 7 c 9 e 3 t r 7 . a 184 palmer 3 P 9 Q 4 5 Q , 625 Q41 t . t Q r l r o o o , p v ) p e 9 e R 5 R , L h C t t H s n e , Fir v 0 d e 0 r S e 2004 H a e e s S e n t ; a t S . H ) 0 i M m C m D o and f C o ; h t m r u a d w n Ho 185 Memora h t n e v e S d ; an al 3 6 1 3 . , 1 . 1 l . o s v a r a HG, , d r a s r o n L a , H 186 1, 0 37 1) 0 2 7 C I y H a r M e t p 0 1 a 0 h 0 , C 0 0 2 s 99o p 9 e ( R col. WA24 . t r 8 o , 6 p r S e 2 m 6 l 1 d a n p a p p e dia ; o e s t M r a e m m , l e o r a n u h i t C l u C pp-16-24 ent of N.
» 2 . l o v , ) 1 7 3 000 HC
m e t , a t r t o s p e R s n U 187 Palmer, Report, pp-225 60-61. pp.134-35: See dissen 189 palmer, 5. ter 9> and
. 3 0 / 8 9 1 p 1 a h C n e o s i t t ea r l o a e p d R e n R e m a m , i o r d c e e m e M R . 3 , 0 , 6 0 5 C 2 1 190 pal A W P r e e , e t b S em epor v . R o 2 5 N 1 , 6 r 2 e d m n l a s p ate 7 d 8 191 p U 6 8 t r , o 2 > 2 p * 4 e R , PPt r o p e R , n o r i e t m a l i a r p pat 192 R , e s a e l e R ia d e M C I S T A 193
n o i t a i l i c n o c e r d ” a s State
y t l u C f R o & n r u s t e m u e s u M ral Ob; International Law, y
Jects
‘externally implementhae . =
a pp: roved’
proce
w o p n a t i l o p o r t e m r e m r o f d n a s e t a t S r e l t t e s y n o n a s M t c e f f 1 e 0 2 » g n i o g n o s t i d n a st a p l a i n o l o c r i e h t t n n o a r i f l a r . t n s u o r A c e e t h t n o t a t h t nd j t n e n d i u f n g o c e s p a w n i y f l f i l r G a u s d e D ra . y b s e ss r e u c t o r l p u c n o i t a i l i c n o c e r e h and their t d i a d l u o w y r e l l a s g e c i t s u j ’ j s n i n a d i n l a a r s t g s n u o A r w e s ? o n h e s t g u i o ] g jnd n i l g d e l w o 2g ‘Indigen n k t c a a h t , t s e s i a n p g o c e e r h t o t f o , e s l p o e g p n o l a r n w i g e i h r t o b A ] g n h i t [ i w ; y a w w e n a n i d r a w r 2 202 move fo t r a p ; s a n d o e i t crea inat
the
Cen
it drew some
Tesoluti e e e i é— OW , ty be s el ll ra : utio Pa r fo of e os n th d an a er i az t i z a N i " t S * . e ag e i s ni lo co y l r e M u H al on ti na a es. It nN l p o © ishment of ‘ man Re Te g yj Ad s in Ma fe Re r !% o l. ne Pa ‘1 ry so vi Ad ti ion lia iat Spo pol the of vale rence to th
of the parties to the dispute, and its re comm en
© Panel
dations
Ww.
291
nal
u
m , r s n e o t i t e c d e l l f o l c m U fo) ge e s u m n a i n l o a i t r a t p s u c u c A 0 w W l o a h i n o l s o c e n f o i m s a t x c e e f f e n € o h t i t c r e e t s n u ] o c a i l o i t c n a o n c d e i e r f s g u s Thi
o l o c h s i t e h t y of the Bri b n o i t c e l l o c e r oting by prom
S 1 e r e h t t s n 2% Fir
e i m y t s o t d p e o s e u p e r a s u o s e n v e i h c r a d n a non-indig s n o i t l c o c e l l e O m C a s e s e h t museum h c i h w n i y a w e h t , y l l a n . i d F e r e . d s i s e n i O t C i s n i u m s m e ° C i c i l s o u p o n n e o g i i t d a n l i i m f i o s s a s f m o i a s l t c c e f d f n e a l g n i the o g ! n o e h t g n i t a r o i J e are am lections
: e v a r n u o t ployed d n a s e l p o e p s u o n e g i d n i y b n o i t a p t u i w c c o e v a l i a h ni s e t a t S e s e h t , e d a c e d t s a t j o n e h e t t a r n I a . y s d t e a t a reme t s S r o o r d e l t r t i e e s h t n i s g n e i l n p e o e p p o f i d s s u m o e u n d e e u g l i s c d u n n m l a () i t non-i n o m i i t a a n s m w e u n e s f u ) (0 m n o e i s t a e , r h n e T f o i i l t 4 o a 0 r 2 n p a e h t f 0 nessed e r u t u f d n a t n e s e r e h t e c n i s d e witness 2 s e v i t a r r a n , s e c i o v g n i r e f p s u o n e g i d n i f o e s o i h t in particular
‘culturally
as an
Pat Pe, i i1 Pane,
®pen-ended proc
Spoliais, ti mo the and
a S26) and 20, eae 5 2 Re Fee odation wee al peattiation Advisory
aust:
197 oe.
:
eS
Be
Lay 5
8 foreshadowed of Palmer possibility Re the First ed aims: anel, Cee @ Q237 Tams and N poe in Principles
Practice
Ad 4 Teation British Visory the (20, M ibrary [2095 19g Mseum 05 HC Ew
Ph
‘Mer, Rep
tt
suggested
of Reference,
(Lo
Bee!) Panel j respe in Cent 12th ofa ony paras AR 1089 (C h)406), -72f; and A ee
BAO’, Recomameng t 85 ’ C gr i at nd ‘ r o f u? po s e o MiraIde ing ingrincred objects 9 en A 17. It recom mended fe ble eae
Ort,
y
oe
2
150, mation
tog Singleb Repos pp137-39,
it sy
:
oe
eel:
Ss of ‘confronting the past ast h
> Pp.1
12,
A
ne v.
th
p00, a on
Bosses pane the British of Trustees The ;
d a C e e i to im, te in 1 e L . th a HR r In a WG . ssion’, pari omCp the s a r dhere to the McG i m b u S ‘ , C I S T A . f C . s e n i l e d i gu
T, Report
] l P > ] c i t » Ar €6,6ath “D//ithc, oPmara.388 anq Q46, :
Cts, g € y and my 8enc
open
s m u e s u M endix 3 5» para,52; r o f s c i Britj ; ICOM, Code of Eth at First Repot ) thics.hhtml. Cf, s- Brit ish government position, seums:8: conti
é
Inuing
g
di dialogues
h c s l e W . L R d n ch 2,731, 8 a 2 Steven
5
between the Torres Strait and
e c n e t s i s r e P : s t r A c (eds.), Pacifi
u l c n i ¢ s m u e s u m d e h s i l Long-estab a i t n a t s b u s n e k a t r : e d n u have . d o i r e p s i h t g n i r u d ; s e c a u o s tion sp e v a h h c i h w m u e s u M n a i l a r the Aust s n o i t a l e r d n tories a . s n o i t c e l l o c r i by the n e p o e h t e v a d h n a a i l s a n r a t i l Aus : s e i r e l l a g 1 w e n t e d s e e t h o v t e d n i e l tions b i n r e c s i l d u c e r n a a i l s a d r n t e r s t u A t c s n i u t s o i n d e g i d Two n I f o y t i s r c i e r v o i t d s i h e h t m o r y f a r t s t r o c e p j b s e o i l r a e r l u l t a g l u c e s f o e h T y — a l g p s u i c o d f e h t n e Objecto y l i r a m i r p y l e T y e h t t u tures, b
der n u l P , n o i s s i m m o C y r o s i v d st u l A a a c i o t l n o e H d i n s o e r P ion s s i m in US m o C y sor i v d A l a i t n e d i ~
D 5 1 , t n e d i of res P s n S o U i o t a t d n a n m e mm o c , e C R D 201 B, Bronf d n o t g s n g i h s din a n i W F ( , A 1 n : n ' o o r s i , t p o s u t m r p i i e e t s p S R e a P f d f n and R St a 12; a d 1 n a . G s . J e t a . t D S , d e 7 t i 9 n 9 U 1 e h t 4 2 in s 5 ) t ) e 3 s 9 9 1 ( woh As , ) y r o t s i H l t wi o N nd n ( o a l a e Z w y e r A Conversati o N t S of y m m u k e c a l B s u M ; ne i the d n , u n M a a i p d S. a n P I . D e e n T e S a c 3 20 ri e 8), m 8 A 9 L C e h t n o f i o t a s m u . il i e f v f s 7 i 4 C u 2 . M p p f o l ; a g n n n o i i k t a a M N t e u h e t s u M d n a n a i ) d na 0 1 a 2 C ( e h t a i g l n a i r d u t l c n I Aus: 204 f o m u e s u (1998), National M . ) 4 0 0 2 ( n o t i u t i t s n I n a i n o s h t i Sm
n i t e l l u B A M CO
Internanonat ie
oo, MuMus um:s & Rerern of Cultural Objects seeum
ralan Museum gallery's purpose is to ‘highlight the achievements of Australian Abonginal people before their material culture and traditions were sig nificantly afiected by European contract’.2°° The installations convey the impression of static, ameless cultures reminiscent
of early anthropological
exhibitions and mod-
erm art displays * Narrative-focus — These exhibitions strive to provide a space within th e museum where Indigenous Australians can convey their narratives and concerns to the general public.-°"
oS
aes
Secondly,
‘learning
f
ThThe e AAustra lian | Museum’s currt ent gallery ‘Indigenous Austra lians: Australia’s First I n d i g e r Peoples’ opened in March 1997 - By consu l. fr lting indigenous communitir om its cawi!e es "6 Stages, the exhibition marked a shif , t from the museum’s interpretat ; ‘ ion Indigenou s
Australians’
heritage
to
the
past
;
th em se lv es ; and from ‘ object “f*ooccuus to th e s to themes designated by Indi; genous Au stralia1 ns of ; New S5 outh WaVlaelse s. ding Abor ginal ¢ witures Gallery, South Australi galler M a u n s e u ( m M a rch 2000-); and djamu ga © Ouowtion, A. ¥stralian Museum (2000 ¥ Ab or MA iginal ( -Ultures Call ers y, Ingarnendi: Material Culture of Aborigin VAUSCUEN at h tip al Australia, South cual www iNngarnendi
saMmuseum.sa BOY.au lnclu ding “Indi . genous d ; Bun taka, The Abo: , Australians Australia’s First Peoples’, Australian Museum (1997 nginal Cenure ar Melbourne Museum, Me ane lbourne Museum (October 2000 First Australians Gallery of Aboriginal and ‘Torres Strait Islander Peop Australis 200 les, National Museu 1 In the US c o r (Wa sihin oe asa ki. Was gto DC, n 200 a p e sak i, The7 Changigin 0000), YD Comtex: A. Kawawa ngg Presentation of the America n India 208 ~ An Pe at 19te 99ry ; Ketn 1 P. Gordon Manager, Aborigin a, l Heritage Unit, Australian Mu al : ; ; Y et alai ., . “Relation al seum,alic 26 Feabnrnui e
Report, October 1995.
5, peships’,
»PP.2, 8-10,
J
a
4
159; and Australian AMA
Kup
Museum,
Aboriginal
Australian:
|
i.
»g gallery b
ee
ab
community
‘t
auspices
spyiew with F ais I[Anrteerawene ms
‘
Sas a
n
memor
ating(ing)
eee
i format
jon tsof
baer
295 n o i t a i l i c n o c e r d n a s e t a r S s sp eoples
j b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R s & t c e y s m u e s u M , s International Law ve e w o H 5 ! 0s.2 9 9 1 e h t g n i r u d s . decision e c n o c r mis
o n k n i y \ s e h t a Si ption y b e a e h t l e s b i a s u o n e indige m o t s e a e y r e l l a g e h t o t t ii g o t i s i V . the — a e d n o S . . g vi in m u = ee e s , u e M t s a . e a P f o d e s a e e an incr e n d I e r . e D ° ! ? , e s n a o y i h l t a a r t p s M u € t A n e m t } { a e r n past t s e a t o a m o s r p l a R h t O a r e o f m e w t e s f b o a e l o r n o i t = a i l i c n o c e r s u o f n o e g i d s n i s m u e S n e e h a nd no Australians.?!” : e i e t h t i n u m m o c g y s n y i o r n u e d S s u o n e g i d d e t In l u s n o c 4 e e f o ’ y l i m a f ‘ g n i , n y e d n n a a l P y r ’ e d l n l a a J S , Ri = s e u s s d i e t c e p x e t n a y t e r h o t p m i ; h s t o t h t o R e l a c r t n e e . c b y r e l l e a r g a w s e e a by the n indigenous and area t n Curre : o s p a g d e l a e v e r h c r a rese . s n r e c n o c d n a sues
between e i d e y a l p e v a h s e v i h and arc
cies
li f f o . o N , a i l a r t s u A g n e o i t r c e l l h t o c n i role _ eum y e a s f e o poatl n o a r e i s a a e Pes y a l l a u f S o e h n t o i t u t y , i b a t t s i e r r e h n l e a r m u t l k n u i l c e h t 2 f o Sao s a W e c = f o d n l n e o t a i s e i c 2 e d , € s e p . a y R r t u i N t o ( n C e d i h g i d H n a l © of s n e e u Q j . v p S ) 2 9 a 9 1 ( ) 2 . 0 ’ e inal mo wed ralian nation
aaa
ao
the Aust Court afforded limi ited recognition
i
native tit!
10n’s
of indj
acknow
S vie
fed
as
a sem-
9 ! 2 , s g n o r w t s a p . of
en
a e o o o e e B w a l y b e n e s e u o a n e e g i d n i n x o o p o n i h t i n w a i a l a u o p ) m o t s u c Brennan l a g e l nd r ca u o e W ‘ y f i d : o e t m a h a t n a d e n it i a l mpora “p make
to u m b e t s y s q , s 9 t h t g i r ce n a m ifs u ! h 2 2 A 2 ’ 2 . O 2 t a R . i P t i o y r r o r t i s e d =~ e h t t o n : r response 6] t t , S s n u : io “ m s Z i c e d j e t i n e . e m a e v l i a t r a 4 e N a 9 d 9 e f h t e p th) a : Act 1 p e d e { i s d s e a m p r i rr f n-: te f o a a n e e d r f e h o l c w i y o h t w n i l k ) i i c l a , s u icabi i l l l p u p n a Indigenous éA uStralian i a dge r e a l d a l e h s e h i t l b o a t t a s e o s e t f h g d 4 i n r k a e r i H o w nd e m : a r a f determ; inaattiion l F a i c i d u j v i t min a £ N e of w o f H o a . P s f o m i a s V l y t e c h t T g e i i l l r t i i i d b T n e a Ia s h r n t e a i n f l l o a u r v y t i s u e A i h a t g 29 a , r s e a withi w ; eal f k r mewo tional : : o ary nov ns of justi
conte
a a r n s A i h t t n n e i h m t d n j e T m A e v e i t itl a N e h t f o et I cas5e a SSage
of
Also, | | . r t s u A s ic u l a o ‘ n e g i d n once a 0
(Cth),
998
3 s o p ain ex e e o in resp ns
ia
k i W e h t o se t
e b e r a s t n . io a h t t c e d l n l u u o o e c m f 1 s u e m v a h d e s u e a u n i s e d h e t t i m s r i i v f : f e a s e s 0 S e s p r 1 o o p $ o S r t u E e i y b g k t r n e o m m w e e Uade e h l m t t : a t e r e s e f s n r po nt © p 5
claimants
“9 Includ
, n o t s n h o J Aerie a
m
Nv,
ust be
to a
able
’ c e aaa s i w n o i s i m m oval Co
e d n a . a s n w o e i i v t r a e d v d O n e a » omm S c e 1 r R o H m a r r m e e b C h n a T a O E o lg al n ; HRasi o i t a aig(73 anntd Separaric of Abori N e > 1991)d e e f i th m o t r o l i p a m e a R F b m 1 , e:their y m e o ¢ ‘ n d fi y & S ( 216 7 m o o r b n s f e a e r M ri ild en r h C a H ” r e nz ido e t a s d a soa n h p a i m l n Perm s ; 7I5C 1 ) 2 9 9 1 a ( . 1 : t s i n A f a e ag Kelly y; of Centre,
n L. . a h i e l c g a r r e a u t m e s a s u 9 e A 1 g : R ; , e r 02 t 0 n dneyee 2 e y D S , e 2 1 C e C e A l M p on e A, t: i inci t t a l e 9 R 5 ‘ 1 . , 3 . , 6 l 22118 S© ee M a ’ s e p i d r h a s i p ? 2 i 1 t i e r S B e s. h ra t pa t e x m e n I l t a n o P , c 16$+. 9 : t 3 x h s 7 3 . p p y a , a t r o p e R ae? Daes, , r Indigenous anPeal; Oplesd Torres S$ Strait Is} ander So e m S< cial l a C e ic n st . Ju -I E. , a r e d b a e titip NaNa ve1 ;eJ and e Commission ic , st Ju p 5 i h o s h t n o Doc. .EE//CCN.4 i 1 t , a r l e e p R ng Pa i k 200} 21 r b / N o u 2 U W S Fi l / a 4 , n . 1 219 i N 0 F : 0 : d 2 n a L 1775C une © ) 2 9 9 ’ 1 ( 1 | R ; Dues BD ea L “ P N See N. © cept a n, The
5522,
sLoucig he Con r a i L Our ur Life (St 97 9 1 (19924) » 75 175C ys LR
1 at 4 3,
Native
P1o5id
222
‘T;
Wve Title
at p.1523
at Comm
on
Law,
ts d n a L r u O , ) upuipingu (ed. n u Y , G n i ,
Wik Pe Oples u, O » Gueensland (16 99C 6)
i
“
| B7
Cc
t n e m e r i u q e r s i h T . d e m i a l c d n a l e h t d n a O t e s g e a i r s a u n o i s y s r i a m © t s u c , s t s i r o g o l o p o r o h i t t n cja a e y a b d e t e c e l o l o c e c n e d i y e l a t n e m p ! Bb e e e e o ri 3 d n a e r e e w o e i g s d e e v i s h c r a ae d n a qin mu a s n o i t c a e l l o c h c m u on whi h e s u m u e m th m o C ic l W a s n i o g i s r n e I o b p A y t a t x t i e r n o t u Y n o c a t m e r o h o c t Y e ous e B h t ‘ ly l f a o c f i o t i r c e s : r e e n b a m w e M n i 10 eX , n o i n i * p ” o e c u o e g n i l t a n r e t s n s i d © t i r w 2 I e s s 2 a o w h t , J C s i h T y l l a k i c c e a : p l d s B e e t crea . s s r t O n e m s s & e s s a , a r i e r v o e t l w c a i o c V H i r o of t s i h e f t o a ” t s . s e V s o s p n r o u i nity p t ita m i n l w o d n a r i e h t r s o s e f u i t o l n u e c d g i n f i f a d i n d i n o n n o s n articular o i t y p l e e c g r n a o l c e r p d e s a b l a r d u e t e l d u , n c g i n i d n i d n f a w h o r s i ' e y e r g o d t s u i j h f h o t l a i i w r t e d ti ren the y
yadiger
? y r e l l a g e h t : during g n i n n a l P S : wledg
CAR
1,
d e t l u s e r s ha settlers (and of indigen-
:
:
;
]
e h t ‘ d d e n e a m h r t i f f y a b e r n o i t a s s m i o n t o s l u o c c d n the majority a n a e p s o w a r J u E t a h t ’ l a n o i t , i ’ s d d e a e r c r t r a ‘ u e o p s p a s i r d i ‘ e h t y r f o a t y n l e r m a l u i c m o i d s ’ e c n d a a v h r e s b o s t h g i r e l l. t a i t e r y e n v a i t a n y a w r a i e h t d e wash o t e a e c n e r e h d . a e l p o e p ’ s u o u n i t n o c ‘ yorta Yorta ” s g e n o t d r a e w r v t i v s e n r t o s m a p e ‘ d e b t c t e o r n r o c s e o t i d t l i u n o s u t m r m o f o f c e and ‘c ’ s t l r u u c o s c u o n e d g n s i a u d o n n i e g i d s n e t i r a u h t t a f l o s i g e J n o i t o n e h t By insistingcultures, national m r i f f a e , r d n o c e y S e h t ’ l a n , o t s r . i g F n i rraditi p o l e v e d : s g and tconun
‘
r o h s r o j a m o w t e v ha
e s r e n v o i c d s i d , g n i v i l l a r u t l u c n a h t g n i r e s h u t a a c r n i d n a , l a i y d t r i o l m i i b r a p p n l o u i c t a l d i n m a i s s a s ’ e c r i u t t a l t s u c S a n, o i t t a n n i a tures m n i i r m c o s d i d f e o h t s s e s e r dd a t o n o d they e ! t in n i s i d f o d n a tinuity removal e h t ity: u n i t n g o n c i s r i i d u q e r l a r u s e t i l c u i c l o p . e d i c o n e d g e l l e s u e f r r o T ernment d v n o a g y r u t n e c l a n n a i i g l i a r r h o t t b s e A i u t A n e w t of e h t Official s n e i o c i i n l a g o r n p a i p r e u S d e e th s e h t s e i l i m o a t f n i r d i e n e i f h e t d y r i m u t) o q r n f I ] r a n l o a e n p p r o e d : i S R t n i a c N n i r e C p h O t E 4 f R o H ( t t a r h o t ( p e 5 d 9 u R s “ e o ; i f 7 l i 9 m 9 t a 1 r F o p e r e i h r e T t h c T n e i h t m s T 0 o i 2 r d f . 2 1 n S a e r . d e l d i i s h c e C o r u n t e r l g e u d c n a l l a s r I u n t a l t i i u l a c a r Str t d s n u a A m : s s i u c o a n r e g : i c d i n t I a m f e o t s y s n o s i a d t e a s n s i e m c i c l a e n e h e t e b s e a v w a h the policy
aim of a a ’ s . e i t i t en
OY e p s n o : i s e t i c o c e i l l l o o p c e s m c e u e h l e t l s o c u y b m n d m e a u t i c e l e a s f r u f t a m s u A s d n n a a 8 i 0 l 9 a s 9 r e 1 t v s i u h e A rc n a o i t , u s t r i since th y by Indi; genou i t e s h e moral r nd their
increasi:ngl
a s r o v i surv
and
h c i h w > d e t h g i l h g P be hi a C y n a i l t p s i d e v a e e r a T . Pee n s e i c i j 8 3 P A e C s H e h t , 8 3 5 f o S E s B m i 8 t 0 c 1 i , 2 2 4 R E C for the v a a i a ? 0 0 2 , : p A , 1 3 7 5 1 5 6 R C F ALR 101 ) 9 9 9 ae 1 ( r material
s g u n a i d c i o v l o o r H p n i by e s l m o r i a l t c n a c i f i rent g i s ed a ct means
44 2 R C F 0 11 ) 1 0 0 2 ( 223 ae s e D F G 224 pecember
‘
eee 5 f
/
S R D 3 205 15 226
3 ¢
r i m r Don a ) Y 7 9 . 9 vy 1 ( a i l a a r i b ust m A u e s l i f o o C ) h h 1 s t 0 i l t 0 a i 2 ( Br we n V o m m o w C k u u e e m a g . S l J e C D k : c a d n a ; J 5. l e r ees
e M , 2 5 3 2 3 t a ) 9 9 9 1 ; e l O . c c e e p 231pe,e Lamet1) CA 45, para.61
0 0 2 ( e e S , Fe a6 CUlEUTe:
p h s a M f o y t i t n e d I , d r o f f i e l C g d T i r d b n m a a C ; t ( r A d n Black CJ a e Literatur
> y t l p a r g o n h t E y r u t n e C Twentieth
x
=
e h t f o t Punishmen y
nd a S n T o N i t U n e 8 v 7 e r P , e d h t A P 0 o 0 2 d r Res ion t n e A v n G o e1 e . Cliffo > N C U > , ) 1 e 5 ( 9 2 1 . t r A y r a nu See a J , 342. 2 1 t f 6 e 0 c 2 r . o p in f , 8 4 9 ngi"'8> p9 1 i r B r e b m al e n i c g e e i D r , o C e O b E A HR 3 : 9) 1 of t n e m a c i d The pre
f Genocides 9 Crime
9 s 9 ( s e archiv e h t f o ives t p a c s a . 9 5 s e n 6 i e 5 g e 2 i r p o Ab Making, p
73. 2 . p 2F7{7R.E > & t? s ngin a p i r B e , h t n o 227 , s C s p m wn BO i o s o h and ; 6 W 5 3 , e 4 l 32 rmi p u p o F g n . H i g rin B 228 See , C O E HR 3 1 y r o t s Hi
297
5
nous P
national Lax 4 Museums Intern
ation
: -4 the restitution PrOCess. First, they can oe aid in the amelioration o saljane of tthe & : ectseof asansidmilaphtiotonogra poli ci ro po lo gi ca l Co ll ec ti on s an phices. coAnllth d : ; ec ti on s cr ea te d du ring a ntainin ac eaThe H "c hives co REOC Report recommended that access to Cony SsSiimmij lg. E : : : adieas a wi irory archives be improved to assist In the Teunion
Sorceece Spec
families.~ ‘ a : Second, museum collection can facilitate educat io n, r e m embrance to ‘s
of
ing:
Mdigenoug
by the Australian Archives, it aimed to ‘correct’ th e national memory by raising
Australian public awareness of the consequenc es of government assimilation policies on indigenous families.7>4
Third, they can provide information and resources for reparation claims arising from internationally wrongful acts and gross violations of human rights, including racial discrimination and genocide. Settle r States and former Metropolitan powe rs
have long resisted the application of ‘restitu tion’ in this sense. However, indigenous or
ganisations are demanding that States review their historical record to acco unt for ‘assets’ they acquired and injuries inflicte d on indigenous communities with su ch practi ces.73>
Particularly in the last quarter century, indi genous organisations have campaigned to ensure that the right to self-determi nation ‘of all peoples’ includes in di ge no us Peoples. They contend that this right is no t a political act but a process incorpotating the ability of a people to determine how their cultural identity is preserved traditions and customs’ . ee Recommendation
21-30, HREOC,
Bringing,
pp.408-15
and
655-57.
See
Recommendation
53, Ba Johnston, National Report. See N, Grzybowicz, D, Kartinyeri and B. Craig, The Aboriginal Family History Project at th e South oan Museum (1990) 23 COMA
Bulletin 12; Simpson, Making, pp.256-59; and Anderson,
ustralian’, 176.
*" Declaration of the Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research, Washington DC, 1998. See HREOC, Bringing, pp.284ff and Recommenoe 2a; 5b, 6, 7a, 7b, 8a, 9a and 9b; and Guidelines 44-47, Daes Revised Draft Principles and Uidelines,
2 See Kelly er al., ‘Relationships’ 233 ¢ > 160; and interview with P. Gordon. ce R. MacDonald, Betw
235
een Tivo Worlds: The Commonwealth Government and the Removal of Aboriginal thern Territory (Alice Springs, 1996).
ee HREOC, Bringing, pp.247f€ an d R e c ommendations 3, 4, 5a, 6, 7a, Mended the es tablishment of 4 na tional fund to provide compensation for7b. theThe report also recomloss of cultural S
and fulfilment: Recommendation
14,
rights
that
claims
to 4
woth
the per
es’
opolitan powers of
negation of
face
neither
ntal t indie S peoples comet dominant eal gud ame Ess Indigenou wi ll di al og ue s re co gn it io n by ine 1 these circumstances across Sta gy“ stems, but e stress that only in commence, and the continuing 9 jnowled Be objectiv
: q
and research | trengthen humanity’s ability to absorb an d learn from the dark lessons of thal past’.?>! Indigenous Australians have impresse d moan Australian mus Cums the need _
to educate the general public about colonialism and its ongo ing effects. 232 In 1993 the Australian Museum hosted the ‘Between Two Worlds’ exhibi tion,233 Organised
:
j
me ‘ aintain 9 nd former it io n 1S or ga ni s o ei110. by settler States 4 idal policies. Such ee and ous d genocl digo pecogm’ ; ‘ t y wi ; thin to ry an i an d id en Jo Oeilwith © tity is cr im in a ct of ais mous plac e n au to no ; States, theirir laws laws and orate gistent 1 pee ees
& Return of Cultural Objects
digenous Australia “althy State and Territor) ity ties.2° Many major Austral; AS to re esSs tablish familial— and co: mmunity ties. y m a j o r Au st ra li Mu an se um ha s ys i g alist units and programmes to assist : ; Ve”
épPp ast injustic 6,8
i l e m a r o d e s ca. n be rever tr ;
exclus
ive
etween sa
indigenous peoples
Irures be assured.
nd non-in@s® d th ei r cu lt ndigenous 4 om mu ni ti an es ih ous ©
4 ptributio co
e- They
-_
digen
snore
e h t d n a e c n a r F n e e w t e b n o i t a i l i , c s n i o r c a P n i al re n i a m e r s t c e j p n e 0 v i g e s e n h e t e b t s l e i v h a | h W h c _( i h w s e i e b countr r e v e n l l i w , e c n a r F o t the titl n i a ies ag i
it is an e h t g n i s s e r d d a n o i t tu l u c f o ) n o destructi
n i h t i w s t c e j ob n o i t a r t s r i The f n e e w t e b link
d n a j , e l p peo
© e u l a v c i l o b m y s e h t y l e h t perceptiv , p i h tt ‘ons a l e r l a i ! n o l o c e h t In n i n i g a m j ective
l l o c e h t
6, 2 / 2 9 O F RO P , 5 1 8 1 er b m e t p e S AL , n o i s s i m m )). y Co r o s i v d A l a i ust t n a e c d o l i o s e H r P n 0 on i s i s i m m o C y r o s i y d A l a Presidenti
ni i M d e i l l A {to h g a e r 0, e 0 l 3 t . s p a C t a d 8 r 9 Lo .2 p , 1 . r e s 5 2 r e eb, yol.32 b m e c e D 5 1 s t n e d e h i t s e f o r P s n S o U i to at d n r . e i ) m a 0 m h 0 C o 0 c 2 e , n R , a C d n n a o D t s g g n n i d i n h i F s a : (W ion t t u r t o i p t s e R f R f a t d S n a d n a r e s e d t n a u t Pl i
i
299
301 s t c e j b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , t a L l a n o i t a n r Inte 5
ees
of 2S
l u c f o n o i t u t i t s e r e . un e a l u ongf
e e e e s o h T . e d i c o n tion and ge
csc
eae
— n o i t u t i t s e r e m o c a cle , i e f o titution
a h c u e r o s e ecre
a
a e g a t n e b eeceuterl
309
objects
e e a h B 9 is wr
its ee
et its Timing:
g Purpo
,
se that b inds
l a r u t l u c f o e d n a e e s i l < p , o n w e i t p la n o a c Nsur f o g n 1 T n i o u i their culture n t i u t n o t c r e W e h t t o n l g — a r a p n t u s c t t — c e e e h j s b t o rt. eParor e d n l a i r k u n t l a u m c u h t s l , n the la l a d i f c o n i o c i e g o a , n n t e : tis : ution of ee tha I n o i t s e u q n i i e h in t s , s e w e i l a r i l u r t u n e e0s restit c l na o: o w i t a n r e t a n r e e t r n i i d j e n r g i e a e h h t t r o n ral eri u e y h l t w c e r n i e d s i r Z a , n a y i l t o n c c u m m l v e a ‘ n o: a e s h t s a h e : e y t of t i n a r e a e u ’ g e g . n Te i O e b of o . t CL S gy ] e h e s t c Minorities s [ n o e r c s a s f o y t d i n l és a i b a = ; ’ s 4 e l p s e o e v t e r a p e s e r g p n to e importa ne of protecti n i l a s d ; nd , o evel P their c ultural ‘5 clei, 10 F l a n ilit o b i a t t a s commununiity, S e! auidtne saat n r e e t n i e h a t f o :sed by re = y g o c e r i l s i a b i w a n . s ain e u r o u r t g l u c e s r e i e h e h t t h t f o d n r y a t e urope v s p e w i n o H fi e h . t y s r r t u e s t ] w a n p e o e m l P i c t a n a t h “ e t n m n i o e n r e n a d n a u n o n J i i a m t i a t r t a c n t h s e s t i m i d s e n 3 l o s f i p e o t i a c l i l i o m E p i s r e s o h a t t l a , y d i c o n Panied e l a g i i n o l o c n o x a r e e u p t s i l a t e i p e a : s c l a w d n a n o often S i t e j i m n r g o o c n e o d r e i i s l n s p i a p h p a t ly ant objects
in inte ational
Brainy
all
, d e r o n g mid-twentn;tteth centur , s d r a w n O doned in y
rationale s for th
int u d all a r g : s a h n a o y i t t w i a r n n a r u e D m t y aban m n ] o a 1 c ltur u c ; r u d an o n v i e a t f e m r s n o i n p e i n p i R u : es i its s r o e d h n t d e j s a b s l o o h e c S c a r ty h she n Albanain,ia c, 8 g Castlerea 9 1 ( e s a Al i e JON, the
4 6 , . B o / ) A N . ’ r e e H g S C t P c i n i llied M DINOS
eo ‘
hae
Te
r e v O e g a t eri
e e e a r ™ u o t i l t u a c s i l i v n i w o i e siot of c h t m m t s . e r e c it y G : s t s e r oi peopl e t n i l a n o i t a n d n a y l e v l i a t i a c t r n e e m t m 1 o c mmunity
!
f o s a e r a y e k g n i w o l l o f e h t e h t o addressins t s e l all peop
f o n o i t u b i r t o n o c c l a s n g e n s i i o m g ! o n t r o a p n m r e o e t c h n t t n e e r s The i u e s r n p e e r 0 t s a e r w a a l g l n a i d n p n o p a i a t a l r r e a v o W r e t n r j d u l o f o C i e e s m h r t e o h f T y re b . d d e n l l i e k u f n a m u , h s e t f a o t S e g n a i t a i t r r e e h c l f a o r u t l s cu e i t e i x n a e h t O t e i n s i n f o e d p s e r e h t n a h s e L forged 10 . n practices lonisatio
s t c e j b o l a r u t l u of c
e e p o e l e v e e d e v d i n t a c e l a s e , l y t a i n t n o e i the ee t i a r t I o w t . n o i t u t e i t e s e t r r p o e i a e s i h t n s s e d sise u l c n i t e a h t e a f , d e n . a l e as f o d n a e g a ” herit e m a on, i t a i d d l a l a c ee o s l a e e e e a h t f o i B f o e a s t c e e f a f e f a o g n i s e l i c i l o , p n o i al nat . e d i c o n e g a e a a s e t n i , e iihelacive ca l a n o i t x ra e d e r i v h a t h e , t r e a u e t l c i u t n c s a i e t t r r r a o f o p , m F i t e a h c l a v o the process m n e r e e e h f T o i t r a p a s a o w l o a c s f t o c e e j b ~ s o s e c o r d e p i l c a the geno s t r d o n f a f e , e r e o e f e e r e i h r t o s u ° m e s s r e a v l e i r t l u O m a eS effect a d e n y u l F o v a : i . s h s t e c f o o e r p a h c d a r e o e r f o t s e l a n o r i e t a n e T n i e e h t e s n a a i d e l h o t n h o e t h n r t o r f n t l o a a h c r t “ o M o s . ’ y l e s s e honest e n a a s i e h t es n r n o o e i t u t p i e t t s s € d n e a e e t a , n y a m e m t i a a m l c e n g n the l a i r e t a the holdi n m I . , l r a i e c v u e r w c O o s l a s i n o 1815, » Ca Castlereag h charged: : ‘ ‘Tf the F r enc h p e ople be desirous of of treadin g back their Steps, can they rationally de u o s i s i h t 9 sire to preserve i n a m e b h t f o y t e n . e i e r s e ] o w l s a m t e pr ani and Other oe 4
ne alse
_ L
Sup t a n r e t n i n i s t r c b e j h e a o h t t jg o t t w a h l g i d e r e h t n f o o mately ti t a n i n m o r i e t o t n e d t i f l e s o i n t o u d i t e r i v l t a o s c v e e i r n o l t c a h e t e e o i Plbmetic a l e i a r u t p l o u r c t e m r e e m r a o f a c f o l a n o s i t o a n e e h t Y b e S s e a , n o i c a t n i a m l a o t i t n e y s t i s l e i b a a of e eo
erlyin
met
|
n a e a y i following 1 e w a o c e S & s e of r Sean g a t i r e in t n o c n i l d a e h t f o g n i r e e e o t = ensu m o uing c l a i e h t f O D 0 7 u)mankind’, j
i t s e r r o f e l a n o i t a r d r n o i The thi t u t i oader
Tei
, s 0 4 d n a s 0 3 9 1 e h t n i g r n u i d s e m i g e r t s i c s a f f o m s i r a b r a b e h : T : y t i s r e s v e i r d g o r p l “ a r u t r cul a e n i l i n u e h t f o e a i e u p e f © t o t d e l p o e e p u s s u o n a e g s i o , d c n i t i s a i t D r y a b e o n c , e c i n f i t n e i c s det a¢minatio external os ae cls?
|
o c e d al d i e h c t o g n n e f i o g r u d f o s r s a e e t f n e n m e l e a t s i d n l a a r u t l u secession T c O E I e h E t V e E h f E t o P e h e , t c y n l e t n s n o n e l c e e R e n h o t i t . n n , ve gai n a o C ; First s e 8 n 4 o 9 1 e n h t o h i g t u n i o e h t t n l o a c e d i f c , o o t n a h e t g r e f o t t d a e m n d e tio a c n o c o g a o i v p a l s ® s o o a i g h t u i Y n i f e d e r d e m i r c o 8 o f 4 n 9 e 1 G e h t f e o h t r o f o t Crime l n a o n i t u a b r i e r t T l a n o y i n l t a a a n n i i m m i r d r e e C t t x p e e c c a l l a a n c o i t i o s t n y a h n p s a h e Inter h t y d t n i o n y a u e r b m a m l c o e c D p u o r g l a a O n C o i S t a E n g N r n e i U t t n a n i 3 m 0 i 0 l 2 the i e e f h o t n i g s n n i a w t o e i l m c l i o l f p m i e pl d i e t t l t p u n o m e d m a i e t r n a e s e g a a t i r s there e i t H I ral n ” u a . t b s l i r u l C e a b T m f o e e m h t y n b l o a i u t d c i u v n r i a d t t n s s e i D n a h g f ot sts i l A a n o i t n, en a t y n a i I t m s a e B e f h i t f n o a m g s n s a i u n h o r d i e g d i c u l n B e o r c d n l a a tion t n e l a m r u u n t l o u m c g n e i e h h t t t n e f f o m o e l p m n i n o o i f i t o t c c u u r r t e t s s d e e d o d m the d n y a r a m i r p n o a i g t n a i c d n s r e i a e f g b n e o r c y l e t n n h o e T i t t s n i s e n v ’ o . n c 1 o 0 C 0 as h in 2 e d i p c u o o r n g e G g d n e i e t u e e n g e i r t a n t o e c h t e f h o t o t e c n e t l a i tions of the e s r h t g n r i i e o h g t n o ¢ 1 s e r o e n W g , i n o 5 i . t s i e d d a m m n a I r g o r p such polici . d n l i a k d n i a c m o u n e h g l l a of e s f r o e s v t e c r e p e s F g a O a t i r e h e t a r o n i l o e m m m the cultural a o c o t e h t e g a t i r e h p u o r g l a r u e t h l t u c f o f o n n o o i uti t i t s e r contribut f o ; s e y l t p i o l e i p b a c l i l l a p n by l se to t gh ri . s t e d th c n e a f f f 9 e s e t e a their s t i S F y c exerc e b f f e d e ‘ve e h t d s ed i i n m g o e c i e n r e d e b e ® r v i e t t W c s e u f m f e s e ; i e s h t e t i r s o i n h i t m f o d n Secdoinndg, indi9 genous peopl a n o i s t e a l c p i o l e p p p a s u l o a n u e g inclu q e n i u d n I e . y Th y. lated
l a n o a i n o i t a innttern
e s i c r e x e e v i t foundational d n a i t s u s y f i t s u to j
munit
u m . n r o o i f t a s y i l n l o a l n o i c g i e r d o g n n o ti ri a u s d i l i v t i h c g t i c r f a o r e t e l n a u c o s g c of this e , h o t T s e n t o a 8 i u s t p n a p rpe x e e p t h l g i a r 3 i 9 c 9 r 1 e m m 9 e o h t c human d > n y a c n e g l r a u i n f o o l o c r e t t n a a m e one p a o r S a u r B s u u s o t n p e o g d i e a t d l a n i t fafcaicilit s ising embly mu co
com
s e r s A s e l l a p r o e e n P e G s u N o U n e e g h i t d n I > y f c o a y g e l s t h g i this R the Cia i
ge , s t p u n o e r m g p o l n e e s t a a v a e t a S d n o n a e f o o a l y t n i o l e u i b z a n r a d l e c h t n t e s u e m t a n N h t U y t i t t n e t d n i Draf e e m l e a g r : d u t a e l l u w c o c n r k i e c h a t : e a d p i e o l e v e d d peophlierisd, there is a trep n a O maintain t , s e l p o e p s u o n e g i d n i g n i d u l c n s T
, 1 5 9 1 y r a u n a J 2 1 e c r o f n i E O , t W n e m g d s u J e v 5 pro rV- Radislav Kystié, Trial
8 7 ; ) D I C A 0 6 UNGA Res.2 ial Chamber
r T , 1 3 3 8 9 No {r-
S277.
y D 0 0 2 t s u g u J, ICTY @ A
3. 0 0 2 r e b o t c O 7 1 , s i r on, a i P s s e S s e c n d o e n t r 2 e u 2 s Conf t i l n a 6 Prosec o r e n e G s he on t i O t a n C l o u S p E o P l N a U r e e n F th Ge ous f n o y e r g a n i t o d e i n r s I c s e e s S n o 574 i he nd t e 2 l 3 p f p o u o o e e h r P t t G r o y p s b e u g R o en g i and d n Workin ; I 1 7 e 7 Adopted h s t ’ a d r l a f p r o o W , 8 t e h 2 r 2; t / o 8 4 p / f 0 e 4 o 0 R 0 2 0 e / 2 2 ( > a Z e c b n e u c D S / Do 4 arti l . M a N N n C U o / . i A E t , a 4 n 0 . r . 0 c e M 2 o t D n 8 I e n u N e J h U t 4 f 2 , o 4 0 , 0 2 e r d o at eca n i D d r e h o t o 3 August C o t e h n t o . y ati b l e r w e n i i v e r m e t s y y s s n o i t a preliminar N d e Unit e h t f o on Ee para.6
%
:
‘
303
s t c e j b O l a r u t © & Rerurn of Cul
enns s a f A : m a L Iypner RBTICOMED
l | w as g a n o i t a n r e t n ; d i n a i p l e u l o b r l a g a e c S n r a o f z n P e i t d n a a n d r e e s t i n he recogn on the i n a obligoar o i t e ~ :
its eff
;
indivig
onal commy
a PosITVv
ImNFpose
‘
Ual righ
du:
d e u MTheesss rygh m n i t n o c a niarantee the i . c . y t i N i — —ons to gu at t S 9 rTporaci o C y j a l t a s n u u S o c n O l nng C a < ed l r a n u o t i t | a n s ~~ a r s t u a o n e g i and d n I e n p . a y : ‘ersity generall ility gat ghtt
st us mu t
i
: r u t l u c d n a a s ufp . o r g e s u e o r g “ able
ble
avion;
diversity
and on
n n a x rcement 2and seek enfo n ti n o ¢ to invoke r h g i r of i >
S
er
groups
a
be
7
. without eitrheir ffree and info r i s h c i f G n o ‘ i . t a l o i oe v th n i e s r o r n o o c d e i sent u n q e r s i h t of y c n e g } 7 r 9 u e h T ” e m a oe CsUaSrTOc MS: me hese
:
4
:
mene: form
S E s E S t n t h i g s i ppaassa g the r— to ie sine
ws,
traditi
d n a s n o i t i d a r t i : r e v y e l s t n e n c i e r y l d t n e e s r i a u a q r l a n r e e e v b e s s a h d t e n a e “ e v i t f o a l s i g e art omroader l
re
neworks enc
of b
i
d n a l s i c o e l e . v c e i d n i l i a i r t u i t B l u c e d n d a a e t n i c i cul t s i l o h f o a n o a g i n t a i t c e a r r p b r m e e Th an tory of muse e g a t d i e n t e a b t i l i : l c a a f t e s P e i h v a h x¢ s n . o i t l u t t i i t t t s s a n i h n t I € e s s e h w d o e h t a s l e r s m i ‘d u n d i a e f e i s i t f s m u i u s t m j s i u l J a i » , d n e t o a l d o e ri a n i m i r c arned sibOeennneenftietd“4 from om c c s i d i d i t a f o l i r m s i e O s i S s c E a i l M , o n o i ed p t t a a n l e i m i r c s J i d ; f n i e h l e v a l h o t y e d v h e : e © T v r . e e s t a d i c n e o e n g ¢ t e a f g o n e o e s l d a n ah a e m r o f n i : i h c T © o s . s z: h n e r d e f a c n n i i o by m p m > o ’ c s etal c ‘ g n i y r o o a r t d s w i h t c n i e s g or e n t r i s p t i h h g e n i g r n o l t o p ’ t n e m t i mer mz etrToOPO s m u i e h t e , s u a m | d r n i a e = h t s r e i t w u o and t p i t n s a e t r : t l o e h h p t t o e i d a d l n c u a l c s n n u o a i o t s u $ m mdigen S f ? o ! s . m s i e a l l p c o e p i : ed s y l i e n v o i l t c o a c s r e e e n b i d t e s v u l o m v d n n a i s m y l u e e s I T : u reversing nd an M f e ci li i po t c a r p g n i e o d s g n e n a h o t s e e f h i o t c i s l t g s o c i n h p e i f t f 1 e a e s r e . o g s h n e i c c o a g i n t o c a l o c t u -ended puacead hy ould i¢ nclude the ed o b a c ‘opene i l b u p f o l a r n e o e n i e t g a c ge e u m h t d e S s i d e d n a , m s i d n ; a nial . n e y o r n i o t a t a a l n i i m m i i s s a scr tory, h c i h w s e i c i l d n a it : t r o p p u s genocidal po ch C on n o i t ¢ a S r E a N l U c e D t mSeangenerOallDyoc 31 = Universal N 2 Paris, the i ovember 2001, , y t i s r e v i D p s n n o r o s r 1 e $ P n o f r o 2 a 0 r s 0 a t ‘ 2 h l ( g c i e esQ , ee R D d n a . d S 1 t e R OM , e i r e S | gwe i r t o i d r n l o a a n n i o s M i u t o i a S c g N i i n l o e © R i e d ¢, d n a 18 Decen n , e e 5 3 a 1 a / 7 t , 4 ) / a m 9 s 9 e 9 R 1 i e t ( A e 9 c h t 2 n 1 e C r 0 o o 7 f 3 l n g a o n s i o e i S e t p t n a N e N v e on v C e k n r o ction of€ + : ; u 1 Seee r 1 b 9 e F M L I , | g 2 r 3 u o b 3) s a r t i S i f e o n l 2 i c y n i u t c o e C f 7 f E 9 s 1 n . e o h o t i N t n a o d S T n u B e S m m , o 5 ic n c 9 h 9 e t 1 R F r a e P x t n i n e I M n i t s n o d s l e n g i u n t a A i e r d F o c n n i s i M t S c of g al W pe s a t “ a e b , m o 9 e 9 9 e 1 p a e S r e b n m e i te t a r a l c e n D o i t a UN r a l c e t f a r D Iniddige (404 , 4 5 of aad 9 . 4 N 8 C 9 1 / e 2 E s l S t . h c b g oO o u i D S R e N th U , s Me e l a p e o “ e e P e M i s u I o a n 4 e 3 g i ) 5 ‘ n m fo1: 99 o e M t n e y h l t S i c i i l t l t I u S g t n i a r t o s e n R o n N“oxrpeti e e l n h o o F t t i S s s o t te u a c t s i i y l g D i N e c t a a p F D r o » r P R c l 5 , 0 0 NES 2 U and T e 5 e L 0 a C 0 t . 2 o c k o o y Y o ami CulCotunurnc!cail, a r D a e u . Y n o ; d e f o 02/4 o 2 . w F e N i O v e “ r u e « h t , s of indigenous , 7 hee for the heritage draft principle s e l p o e P s u o n Fira
on A i C s u S e g l E p i N y U e b 2 4, . 0 b 0 2 u y S y / 4 . N C , r / e ; E H 3 . C 3 l . c C a a r S o r D pra a. 33; : nd ILA, ) Cidtu ( ¢ e , e 5 i / i s 4 S i 0 p 0 e p h 2 m t / o C 4 e . o il t a a AC P / 3: » 2 " indig€Pe age Law a f m o e 2( d s n, 2004) ) (c(ecertain re ae o ) d a n t 12 UK De em and o n L o c a e n e t u r s n o e l i p t o a e p ples) d n e S U m O m N o E B c e C f o t n } Partme of € Culture deln ines
the
iid
Media
and
Spo“ r
Pr> ess
Release,
8 84/2000,(4
| 3
Apr f
J
? O06 J00
an
2 o i t a n i m r e e £ d e f active § p
. n o . O C i
r l a m r o f b e h t e v l o v n i t s u m s s e c o r p s i Th m u e s u m n i ritage held
9
.
cultural he
i d d a n I . s n o collecti ,
t a p u c c o l a i n o l o 7 c g n i r u d d e f t i a c r e t p e s p p r s e m p u e s t e c a e w l u f d n g a n o , r y w l l a r e n e g y t i n u m m s o u c o n l e a g n i o d i g n t i a n r e t 0 : n i s m e o h t t s t u a c th d n a s w a J ; s t i h g i r
i n o l o c r e h t o and
a
l a n o i t a n aa fr 0 smt isintiem’ Pe ative
~
7
‘
ll a c i n h c t ( t por
s j m i a l c e h t i e S e t h a t t i l f $ i o c a We f e n t s a u m i s n t n i e o nnstituti of the! i g n g i n t i c s e i l r l a o c f e i l r e e r h t d o e t a d l n e a r ! n w d s o n e a es’ s chiv n r o a i t a r a p a e r r o f ) ; s e pe7 or! muse l p o e sed p ion.
Ta,
y t i n u m m o ] a c g e l l a n t o a i h t t = a n r e e s t i n i n g o e h c t e r , h t ; rrship ang t r s u u m Fo y a g e a y b e e n e w g q a O t i o r t e h t i h l c : g a u i r r r u c t l e u s i h c t r p i o e u t h o t r l a z f g o i l u c c a u l r o r c S cont s ’ p e u m o r g e t h a t h t : : eveelopment of e n i r m e r t e e G e h T . i y peoseervatsinoinon anadnd ded v t e t d n i l l a a r r u t l u c pr s l a n o i n t a a t n i r l e t o n p I o r t e m t S r r e e m l i f r t t o e f s y y l l d r r a n a l a l u u c c i i t s r r e a w p o , p y l a t i n ‘ u n m d n ncaomna a ’ s y e Ss; l t t a s t e S n o h t s a p ] l a i n o l o c [ 5 y r i O e h t nowle k e c front o a d i e h t f o a useums P : O :s su M e s s o l e e s p s s o l l l i a r h u W r § l l a u r c r u . e s l e t the t e a s n t 7 s l n i h . W u s} g e v a h e g d s e e n t b e a m t oc e pr g a n i e t i e s s S e i r h t fi < e ~ a ¢ g , t t a : l s n g i W a w n 0 r e 1 t f l o o n e o o t e c : r t s g i y b l o djee p gree , e m o s r s t e uhngnes e c m o r r p e r m e $ r n o w f o p , n t a s c i t i u n c b i e a t p s s n i e t f n e g , o c n s i i t d e l g r o e n b h i o n r d i e e e e h v t t b a u h o v s a n n o i ers. and t u w t u i s a y l l c l a s e i h u c t t e p n e s e o e t v e e e s r ; 0 i e n 8 e o h t p s o e t r n e e e l h a w u d e Y t r n a H comp sae f r eve o s i v r aim u s sury vors < t s u a c i o t s v l r o u s j e h t d ; n s a i n : a h c e ; s i d l b e a e h t ; b e s s t i s a a l n t b r Effective m s e u t m s n e i : s a m : e s n h o t i al t n a t o a n i t d a n n t n s n i ti —S_ l a n ectliocintintautttion of culturalal objects rem oved, at anv o s e l ee peop a fj s e , h e t m n i n o t r y n In rm re
ectS
i l a e r e h t r o ) f
s l l a w e h t e d i s t u s¢hi n o d n 4 i h t i w t n e m p o l e s e a v e d us o l n a r e u g a i d n cult i f o " ecognition
y l l a i c n a n i f nd
on
'right oe sellt"it tions
e n o N i l b o g n a : Latic - + s l t a h n g o i t a ‘ n m r e a t r n f i g n l i a t eworks n s i o x i i e g e e h r t r d e d n n a u d l e ] a d . s n o n i t ‘ , r p expoun ! e r h e ¢ t h e r l g o a f a r t e v l eri a c of . a r u e s n u n c i a ereesepnrubon of BY. _ State
must
e d i v o r p t s u m y e h t , o s l A , s e r : u t l u c r i e h ’ s e l p s and t o e p s u o n e g i d n i f o n o i sat
4
.
n e u h t m m f o o c e c c n i ‘ t e s n i t i r m a e F O e r c i p f i e t n h e t i c e s g d e e h t l w f o o n k e c s o h t th a r e e b v o t e s g u a m t i r ; e s h e l l p a o r e u p t l u c s r u i o e n h e t uy g i + d n I i . e n t a a t . S e m t a n a r v f e l l e a r n o i ' e t h a t n f o d the n a ; s w l n a a i l n o s e i t d a n n a r e 0 t n s i t s e y r n e a t n f i o t l a n o i t a n : a1 e , = n s e g m p o e l g r e a ? v t o 0 i e r m d ) e s s u h i t Be e l l l h a a u t r c i n e o r v l i e o o h c r t p i e h t n p f a o a c i f n d r o n i e a t m u A t i 1 i t o s l e g r n h A t d n f involved a o t n c o a i t p g c m e i t o e r h e t p e n h o t © d r : e o y t f r a u r s t t k n e en c wor c n h o t n e h s h e K e t e b m i i t n s u the l Thi c x m o e f t i m o s i . n w “ r o n m r c o f s a h n o i . g e r i c i f is book i c e a a P a i ‘ s A l e n h u t ; e0r 1 h t i s e e n l p € o n e e p e b a ; s n s s o u a i h g e t r c e j r o e r h indi enous t o l a P n i d o O n E o r J P m e s w i l n p a o i i i n h t t o i J d g a s i i il Law ir O C ind icailv s n i o ; O c , r n e a c v " e w o H . y a t d i t t e n m e A o pres l g n A f o s t c e f f e e h t 3 on of i n a : i t s t l a c a g n i o t i s t e a v n n i r I e t . n e v i i s f o s a e r a t n e n i r e r h e p t s r d e n e a n h o ) i fe t n a e s i t l l a b a o l ! g ™ o f o e c n a e r o p e — n m e t e n u 8 o t c n n e l m a v p i o r l e f o v e d t impai c ur understanding of the addition, the curren : o s n In o i t enrich s a e r c o i s p t e r c v a a @ r W p l a r n e i o m l i r u t a e a e n s s u e n s a m e r h t t d f n o a h t i t w w c a a J d si e jmp t s a r -4o t n o c d and 9 : 4 ne ’ ? n e i r w a p o m r o c g e d b n a t s u e m p p s e a l i : pyi:enarbileaiety of all peop : e e y l g n i ta s a e r c n i y b s e i r a d n u o b e t a t s S u o g n n e i g d ” i o n d M e n i c i @ s S n n r o e a i h t seat { tr o h t i w s n ‘ o i t a l e r g n d n i a s g i ‘ J ® s i l g a r fi b o o l s : ou n of g e g i d n n e I s . s O l t : oa r g , a s e n r l i e p h o t e e p e n v s n e u i o t ch a y l a b © n t o d i n s Indigeno t a e a t s n a n r t o S e i t own in rganisat ao
o r l i a e h n t o i t e a t n a r l e u m r o f O t l ing g to int a t r n u e t t l n u i c _ r i e h t s f o e r n o e i t u t o i t t s c e a r 1 d d n n a a n } n i o i h t t i w i s p u o t o : , gr y l l " a n h o t i t a d =o ns have recently indicatceerning the proetucme s nationally and intern z d e s s e n s s e o u s c a m e s e jsatio d d n i n n l a a e d i d u g e t r a o t S t 4 i f n o m 2 e b o $ e t v a e s d u e g e n n l a l i w s s e tate 9 idelines principl u g d n a e T 4 line 1 : heritage© / p i c n i r p l a n o i t a n r e t n s these ponOsnea s e SCS
in the future-
l a r u t l u c f o n r u t e r e h t m o r f g ues arisin sustained s e s s o l l a r u the cult
s e ed, a n i a J n . o i i t a a s ; i n d > o e @ s l e u o n c c i i o a e f l d p g x y n l e i e w t AS o a r l e l b o . i f n l , o e i d d t e a t s a a p h i s s k i r d o w n a h ; ng colons 4, rather t This e recently
v a h t e k r a m t r a l a n o i t a s s al y n l r y e t n i r u e o h t c t a n f e o e s s t e a y r l a t a m n c q ce e t e s n h e t e i m t t s p o i o h n es l u e hb m v \ m e o d c V e o s d s i e e h t t t e c a v e t a S f h s p a h s r n by af e o P i t 3 a s n i n o a i g t : r n o e v n s o u C o n e g O i C d n S I E N t U i u s ‘ w o l . l % o f e h o t t t f i o = t s o t e r y t Atel Moisst P t a h r t a p , s t h g i l h g alreadyy i t h ) s > e l a n o i , d t n a a r j Q f a a o f o k d n r e r o w : e etu r m S a r accept e h f t : d h e A t s i o w p o r ed p n i e w h t t n d e y l : a ate m i t r n a i e : s s ™ e c S o T J age SaOgU conttuinnuuaallyY> aTno t8e 49 P pr ss
d e v o m e : r s t c e obj
durt
n o c d e s s e r t s of cultural
ution
i e Q m é 1 n 13 CNSST"” emi
Ppo-p1.ulatDiaoens,
aHeritage :
of
S
N U , 0 0 0 2 e n u J 9 1 : s e l p o e P s u q e e us o n e g i d n I
Report
of the
Indigreenovs
Doc
BI
s t c e j b O l a r u t l u C f o n r u t e R & s m u e s u M , w a L l a n o i t Interna : ntangib: le
l h a r u t l u c : i n f o o i , t e c g a e t t i o r e r s p n d i n a a m s e n r i a m t l ancestral a i c i f e n e b e 0 exami ingly, it would b
e,
;
:
in cludj
. d ; a n r I t ‘ 8 h t e h d w r o e c n c i A . e g d e l w o n k tional’ and n o i t c e t o r p e th to ng in international law relati x “oy a a ) a l c s e a p c i hable i ti dis is r gu in st di at or ic i ed at re ic pl er ar e genous s peopPles einedi S “ “ e a m o e y Ba o C 3 0 0 2 e th , e l p m ‘ a x e 5 tural heritageag.e. F For s t n e ' M “ g m e r he ot fe ee S i
i t a n i b m o c a in in , ge ta ri He al ur Intangible is Cult
a k n e i r e H l a r u t a of the World Cultural and N reteffi e a moa ide t
v o r a p M y ei l nc co d tr ul co , d e l l e on it is mod whiche ty e
1
is
§ of the
ee
ection iteage Cooneve Ps*t cra i
e parse
;
teat
m than
j ts In internati tution of cu tural obje s e y e O th th wi s, 0 centurie ingin m u l u d n e p e i w = s eeeeanenedis y genocide, assimilati
ye Se pe
eee a
:
o i g e r c fi ci Pa ia As in the
tural manifestations of
satndonand
peer
aw a d muse um c ann
meee
i ‘oups and towards
Onvent;
th
“a
co
: ‘aeag?
jn d e s s I e r g d o Pr
fi
ts and
ee.
m o c c a ty i si er rs ve di al o r p n o i t c u r t s n : d t a a i s n a Bie cnoesema ea al reco :
ti sa of eciavieli ] s [ t a n e m a of of barbariesumc’e.s1i°arenidocu n’ io at is il Iv e l n e u B ee. ] s | t n e m u c o d e t i p time .” Des e l b a k a e p s I t no n ca e t n r a a e l d n n u a be eethn : ed e n e th — i re n mu ty to ensu = : e a e t o n, g contribution of all ui in nt co e i € a i th i r k ei n res to co: mmon heritage of huma peoples and th . d n i k h n a a l a n o i t a ; n r e t n a t s m u c r i c Current in ci onal s
Fo a Se
ce
;
pce
ccucd ee
areal
u w i th i n i w r at a D is it al ur lt Yet, g cu . m s i n . l co l a b m e m l r na ei s io it th at d n a € intern nest s e t a t , S y t i er n u m m fr i e s i l a n r e t n i o d h n a o ly st st pa its lessons’. This pr Ocess a ont the t mus i1 nclude rec og- f that the i
Protectio;
16
Practices promotin
n of th
ber 1975 5 1037
e World Ccultural and N UN’ trans.
H.
Zohn
t a r t S s e r r o e T c i t d s u n F a l l a a i c o n i g i r o , b A n o t n 1 e m n r e v o the G t i a r t S s e r or T d n a l a n Aborigi e b n a C ( 2000 J. I , . n M i e , g m n a a h h a C g Abr n i k a islated M e h t d m a s m e u m e e s g -), Mu Mana 5 9 . E 1 . 5 F 3 . . n p i J . , , H ) y . 4 c 9 G 9 a 1 r e d e , f n n o o l d a C n Abrams, r o u L t s ( l n u o C y i € t t i a t n N e d x I i S l a e n o h ‘ t o t s Indian t c e j b O o f t o e © l s o R n o p e h s T e R : s l e a v g l e e L s r u O e h T of “ . r e l t t u H 2 / . 6 B 1 . 2 S . F d N n O a C / . . 3 D 8 . R T 1 , n C o c. o n D a i Abrams 2 r 3 9 a O t i C B n S I a P E m L N u 5 U H f o ) , a 3 c 7 i s 9 r 1 n f ( A o i n s i y n e m i ‘on D ] Propert a Si n o i t a n r e t n I r > ) o . p e ed ( R . i H k i l h a , N s e . S , n n i o Abranch d s n t o p L e ( c n t o s e C er t n n a i i f s o A t c e e j h b T o l a p i c n i r p Adachi, S. y r e v e 6 1 f . o p , n ) o i 8 t 8 p 9 i 1 r c s e , d s i r a a P ( g n i n m i w La on; conta i t i b i h x E t a e r G e h t o t e d i u A G
1851) s a e r e l t s a C d r o L f o s e v i L Alison, A. als u n n a h t i W y.
Londonderr
papers Althusser, Altick, R.
The Ne
NTS.151, and (1 972) 1 ae
W . Benjamir 5 3 Il; ‘Uumin ‘n i a,atioz ns,
f o t r o p e R : m r o f e R d n 4 s Right tion, ) 5 9 9 1 , a r r e b n a t r o p e R l a u n n A e l t i T e v i t t a sssioner. N
on
eration
herj a legal cultural a e l da i if en of Si c] in s m r o f e, ag . s it p €r u s o u r o g i r a v e Wy es 2 7 9 1 ‘ e th y, tl th an f ic if :tural objects, o s t' ai l an cu a e g a t i r e H s orld a
‘
1358
(L Onddi or
5
Paris, 16 No ; 1992
48 9 5 p. 2 )
vember
1972,
in fi
m e c e D 7 1 e c r o , in f
of the fam » u e i u q s e t n o L. M D.
o r h t n A American ; G D m o t g (Washin u! n o t n Stateme
5 3 S G T (1929) 15 i i
s e i t r e p o r P l a r u t l u C f o n o i t i s i u q c n A
43 9 ) 3 5 t s i g o l o o r p p o p r A h t n A l u f n 1973) w a a c l i n r U e m e A h t 9 g 4 n ) i n r 7 e 4 c 9 n 1 o ( C s U m s a t s a i e . n igh w i w l w e / d / i : u p G t i p . t ) a M A A azi Era, N Human
5 tom g n i h s a ) 8 W 7 9 1 , s n , i C a D m e n R i i s r o t c e r i D m ¢ Museu
(AAMD).
a n r e t n I n i Peoples y r a m o t s u C n i s m r o N — n o 5 Rights i t c e l f e R es: i t i n u m m o C d e n i g a m I B.
1991)
ji Era
Report
(1933—
e c r o f k s a T f o
OP the Spo-
4 June
1998,
at
1996, 2004) 1 L C I J A 8 (1992) . v e r ( m s i l a n o i t a N f o d a e r d Sp
y h p a r g o i l b t c e l e S
‘ se um s: Re st ricting Access to Incras. > 1 2 ) Peo ple an 3 d Mu se um s: Res son, C . Abo rig € ina l Peor Ncre;ase [rp el 992) Anderson, ©. x ) (1 i sh ) ] on ti la Re w Ne A s: oe 11 k Artlin and nes s igi ne gi on Ab 7 an Australi
=
Museums:
¢
Curator 165 in the South A ustr
ics of Sacred Art: The Uses of a Secret Collection
31 Bulletin COMA 23 900) Econoy The : Museum an
“Aboriginal Keeping Places’ Document
wrest io nat)
0 CC IMA Bulletin 24
from Department
of
Aborj
esearch and the Return of Objects as a Social Process (1986) 19 CoM Bulletin
ea =
ge
J. Treasure Trove (1904) 1 SHR 74 fe M. and A. Reeves. Contested Identities: Museums
and the Na ] . in 5 Kaplan (ed.), Museums and the Making of ‘Ourselves: The Hon Role oF
reset Identity, (London, 1994), p.45_
Anghie, A. Finding the Peripheries:
Sovereignty
"International Law (1999) 40 HIJL 1
ri
and
Colonialism
in Nineteenth
Australia,
Objects in
Century!
Human Rights and Cultural Idenuty: New Hope for Ethnic Peace? (1992) 33 HYL 339 Anker, P. M. The Mandate System: Origin — Principles — Application, LN Doc.IV.A. Mandates Geneva, 1945) Anon. Museum News (2001) 54 ICOM News 2
Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery: The Skeletal Debate (1983) 12 Coma Bulletin, 18 A Bnef History of the Creation by UNESCO of an Intergovernmental Committee fop Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to its Countries of Origin or its Restitution
in Case of Illicit Appropriation (1979) 31 Museum 59 The Acquisition of Cultural Property: New Australian Museum 279 Rocky Road to Art, Newsweek, 18 July 1966, p.90 US Seeks to Replace Cultural Property Di splaced
Department of State Bulletin 345 Art of the South Seas (May 1946) The Architectural FORUM Removal of German Art Objects to the Un ited States (1945) Bulletin 499
The Spanish Government's
(15 September 1933), n.p.
Policy, (1 975) 10 Mankind
during World
Gifts to the Fogg Art Museum,
War II (1951)
25(635)
13(627) Department of State
Harvard Alumnae
Bulletin
Indian Tribal Arts (April 1931) 22 The American Magazine of Art 30 3 The Loan
Exhibition of Mexican Arts (1930) 25 Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
210 American Precedents for Mandates
January 1920) Review of Reviews 20 Reorganisation at South Kensington ~ I, II (1 908-9) 14 Burlington Maga zine 129 Indian Collections at South Kens ington (1 908-09) 8 Museums Fournal 449 Archer, M. The India Office Collecti ons of Paintings and Sculpture (L on don, 1986) Archuleta, M. and R Strickland (ed.). Shar ed Visions: Native American Painters an d Sculptors ry (Phoenix,
we
S
1992)
and Canadian Museums Association Turning the Page: Forging New
Partnerships between Museums and First Peo ples (3rd edn, Ottawa, 1994) wen B. and A. Mark )
§
us. The Struggle for Aboriginal Rights: A Documentary History (Sydney,
j
3
=
309 r e g i T e h t f o n o i t a n i m a x E n A : r e g i T s ’ u p i T f o r t e D w o s P e e i Th d u t S . n a i s at: A l n a i r r e e t d a o M M l a r 9 2 t l u C ) n 5 i 9 9 1 ( e d a r T t i c i l l I Mysore e h T : y r o t s i H _ Stealing
y h p a r g o i l b i b t c e Sel F Py a , m ti y e ig r Or o t s i s : H s e r , e g h n Jarrativvee of ‘tthe Origi Pro s V “ d u p o P A N pec s O r BerlvnSi,eaaslakpP.aaiae ee »pul#8a5r ) 1 185 ondon, L ( 1 5 8 1 Asbition lid
. M , n a m r e B M.
>habha, H. K. B
t r e p o S x ; E s i e h t a T i All th & Soltad Melaatds it nto Air: e c n e t r e p X Al chat oc i
e r u t l u C f o ¢ Location
Proposed
Bishop Mus
d i t a i r t a c p A e R n o d i n t a a i , t epatr c A reecatmiyon i re e
oh at
5
Of Critic1Cal
Native Am
n
SW)
® h s n e k o r p
:
ay Pry t O s e :/eo v a : httpP n i o G W.bish I Ss
e c i r e ria
5 E / g n o 6 7 f o ( . s w l z a M L n U a t “ e n e B h t i f o r n a o t t n 6 s e a 1 e m i s m N r o 4 a C t , n l . e s . m l W o a m v o 7 , e C 9 e 4 1 n ( e o h t t , s k k g r c o n a < Y i l n s i w f € e e i D r e 9 4 Blake te 7 ) 0 0 0 2 1 9 ( 6 y a a e a ) e s a e ~ . i s V e . e d e , r S e dume a d P — e e d c — e n r a i a o r a ; F isw h n T e e d 4 Bullen p c 1 f 8 e | H a s i r a 6 r P 9 e ( 7 1 e s © i a ¢ n e aia c o ) c 7 6 3 9 l 1 a n o i t > a n ) r 0 e t 7 n 8 i 1 t i , o s r i d r a P ( a m ) 0 , e 1 c 9 a k R 1 r o . F e Y r u t w l u e Boas, C N d , n t a n i t , a a t a e Some a s e t i g t ‘ e e e i s a — e m i D . T e , e e 1 Bodkin 2 9 x e ; l P e A i : s e a c e i r p i r e e h t t ; s a r f a r n o f r e t a n ) I 5 y 4 b 9 n 1 o i t c , u n n o o d i n t c o A L : r l u a t n a o N i Bo t a d n a l a r i u t c e t o r P : e ; = Cult g s a t ] i b r a e v H o l al Herita M a r n of Cultu o i G t € e a ; l a r t s d an u A n Bolro: iss i s s m n i e o n i l a t b e c o c e r O l P l o : g C n n a i c i i d l n r a a e str Ot” e L. Rec33o za Questitions (]
and
o
ence,
Bonnenett,
N U , 5 8 9 1 8telleMactrcuah l cae
18 Mz
H. In
Doc.CLT-8-85/CO
N‘ F.202/5
i
: Th e Australian Ec
e h T P. , l Bordwel
a S m a J. . M x Bossuyt, u a v a r T e h t to
s i H A ar : t n e m m o C elligerents i d n a Hea f o ) 8 0 9 1 ’ s e r i o t a , r o s a g p a e é c g r i P a h C s ( e e d n l ( a a c i t e a l i v i C a Poli n o e i e a l a a n o e t i h n t a a — n n e r w e t . n B I . M e th wman, i A e g : n s a a n r i i c a a m e r R o se R l e a i o n r a e u h b m t e u R 3 1 o € t y C ) 9 a 8 9 1 ( 7 4 f 1 s o e h c a o t r c p i p R l A f L n n E o i t u l : o Boy‘!ar P. J. Culru e and World Tr: r e J h t 5 5 f o 4 w ) 2 s vie 0 w 0 e 2 N ( tade fi e m a n o P i t n e e h t Conv s o C a a F e H Armed h T ( s e n o c e i a e Doc, B , O C S E N U i. eeu j P. in m s i l a s on m i e l t b a o N r P 2 ) 7 2 ms 9 e t : i . = R e , i s e ) 8 2 T a 1 7 3 9 1 e e g p e u g i a , a n : l o e d n o L ( S s 7 i l i n v o i i lo C t a s ‘ r 5 u o 9 1 i f o e e g n d i N t , i a b i h Gure of the x i E ; C e h t aes Cambri t n ul ah adings i eteenth-Century a ower Ref c i t a i r P at ( p e R , n o 0 4 4 h t d n a s r f a o e y t i qu i t ions s n t c A a i l t cenridge, € i l o P 0 7 e h t P ) ( 6 9 9 1 ( and r e e V . A t s a P r e dic e r P l a Perspectivesves on South A van d i n a olo c t e s o P e h t nd a M . | y , n e e a r B r l ) 3 a 9 9 e 1 s n i e i g a Os e a h m T o h a l k y b o O M d x an , n e e r B . M I. 10) d n a k c Ja nis I. e, Fan h t y M ). of Olah 9
a
i r e p o r P l l ton of Ca
;
;
©.
g n i n e t s i L
' m o C e 9 h 1 : t 1 f o y t r r o o t p s e i R H : s l s e a n r i u s t u a B N d e h n ‘ ) s a 6 i i 6 n é l 9 i a 1 f r n t U , s u n s A a ’ m a . r c o i r N e ( m A n dia an.
b e B m a l C a ( ) r 9 u ? 9 t e 9 a r 1 N u f t o l , u d s C r o e f v x Scene i O t a , N n d e s n w h t O 4 3 ( 1 o 4 h w W a L . R F H l 4 . a n o ) i 1 t a 7 n 9 r ( e Browns M t n s I e 8 i 4 t ” 1 3 i r o n n s o i t i M n t a e ¢ i m l u i c c n n o o o D C i t c c l n i e a a s t n a c o o B i r i r P t e I a m n : r A d , e l e t e e h n i t I F f o d 2 2 e prownli 2 t t m c o e ) p l 6 d g 2 n e 9 a 1 N t ( S A . W s e h e t i it m r o o r f n i M e c f n o e Bruegel, j. r e n f o n i o t G c e e t c o a e Pr P , s s e i i r h r a a T P P ( . s e L n h o t i . t t a a l s i g e e L Buell, R t a l a r n o i epa t R a N . ” n 0 o s ) k a 0 o 4 o 9 b 1 d . P n , a k r H , o t Y t A w y e t Burne r N e » p . o s r l P o v l a 2 ( r u n t o l ) i u 9 t C 9 a 9 g f 1 e o n Del o , i n c o e d t n o o r L P ( e h T m u . e B s u , m M a h t r n e r b l Bu A d n a 3 a 7 i 3 r o t c m i u V b l e A h t f m o u e y 5 s r o u t M S y a d t e r o h e T 4 ) b T 7 l A 19 y t g n o n e l a d o i p c a o i c r r A h o t t c n d i A n V a 7 e e n s h o s T ) i u s 1 B i 9 4 V 9 1 . ( ) M . A 5 8 y 9 d t 1 n i ( a t n e r d o p I Burton, t m a i l h ur a C W n o i e K t a h t a e N n n i f i o u d G , n t a e c g A w e s N n ) o n i o t i a t i u The Ima a b p v i a r h se in P ional Ex
(1984) 36
) 2 4 9 1 ( rld o W n ) o 2 i 4 t 9 a 1 r e ( j b O Bonshek, E. 189 P; s e , s t c e j e e ple an igi o e P e » n . A s u A e s h u t M t a e a a n a i l e t t tra s n a e P s e Lin r P . T n n i e e a w t n e a b S i th a4 l e a h t n of o i t a n and r e l t o n p I o s r g h e n t i n d A e e c o n r o P e c . n ) e 2 r 9 e 1e9 ee p.261 2 , i e p i a T ( l o e L e A E : e l o C , Flenr: 1 8 BBoonnyytthhoonn, E. a» 0 r 8 i S 1 f o B ) KC 2 8 9 1 e , a e l o C e , h T n o d n o L ( : r o e t Burton. i o b i h x . f A E o t a e k r r o W n o d d n n o a L ( 2003) e f i L e l o : The enry C L
Pa
19 ) 7 7 9 1 ( n i I 1 d n I n r a . e e c y h h e i T t r O e . m e d ? A l n a e h e t v Aber n f a o Move and S. l s s i e g i e t L i l : i e h b t i s f n . o o p t s n e R u d o n c a d c n A s a t prophys c n s e e j A i b t O , r s e d b t n i n a L e m s u s t t n n h o g e M i m R t u n n e e h o t i M c ” o n ) t A 5 n 0 e f o 9 i 1 c n e A , r e a mission g C g n d i i t e r c h b e T t m o . r n P C i ( w r d o s f e l i a t s i e C i l r a t c n i u , r o D o C w t s i Bro H an f e o p o t c r e u p E s A e h t d e g t n p i v o r ) e 4 s 0 e 0 r 2 P , r o easures Ad f ridge, auty, and
Pe
“TSPectiyg
and
0
n o i t a N e h T Busse, M.
im
(eds.)» 94 , n o d n ! o 8 L p ( p s , ) n 0 o 0 t 0 a . 2 N f o , e a u Leag (Canberr e h t to 0 8 ) 6 3 9 1 k o o i o d b u d t S n a H G national Wa" (London;
: 2 ) 1 3 9 1 ( s n o i t e t a to s N Butler, f 5 o 1 e v i t a ) e n 0 u r 2 e g 9 t 1 a l ( e A L ? e e s l h e M t v i t i R B y b i On r P s it s y e a i r t e r i s r a o h n Raose i M f a c i r e m A n o i t H c e t o r . p E 7 1 e h T s e l i i Cahill, d u t S . k c r a o l t a B r u C l a i c . n e i H p S ) 1 ( 4 1 y g , o e d l e o o t e t ) a i 1 m h 7 9 m c 1 o r C A Calderwo l a r e ! d m u n F For o i t a m r e h o t f n I : e r F u o t u F s e t t e e u h q t i h c e c n r l A a p e r m s o e f e T R 4 t i t c i s l a l I P m e h t Geneva BF. The Museum e d a r g T n i t c e t o > ) . P s d e ( D w 7 e 9 r : f P n e R . , C ) 1 0 Cameron; - andF. P. McManamon. 0 2 nd a e l , o e o g D d V i r b J m a C ( e i d o r ge B Canouts, a t i r e . H N n i » l s a e c t i a g t o S l o v a h c r A orld’s the United e h t f o n o i t c u r t s e D The : t n e m e t i c i l l i u o : s é l o v t r a a d bjets o pecs s e d et s l e r u t l u a c M s n e i n b i s e d s s * a C e Me e 9 1 l a 0 n 1 o i t a n , r ts e t n i , t n e m a p n o o i t !el u v Dev v e i t s e r a w e N . G da n a l c c P-} s u t d p Car C once , ) 9 7 9 1 d l O 1 2 1 f ~O'% f n o o i t h P a d L r I o S o A N 68 d n a ™ m r ) e 4 t 7 ) e 9 D e 1 f ( g f f o l h e t S j i < s ( y r o e t s s a l r i a s t H c t a h F ti g i i l R o P e s a a C & s r ’ d e l A r o W l a ; t 0 6 n e m a d n u F Cassese 0 o/ 4 w g 9 y 1 r u L t — n e C h N t U n e e a t e d n a i n N a C t n a i ese (ed.)» m a l Is f o Treasures h s i l o e r u t c e t i h c r JA Castel, Orient: ¢ g n i y a l p s i se 7, ) 9 7 9 1 ) 2 9 9 1 , n o , d A n C o L ( ) y t 3 e s 8 ) 9 1 Pa 1 8 9 (Berkel e G h t , n o xford O f o Preserving age of Plunder (Lond k c y o t t i S s r e v i n t . G i U r e H n i thesis, ot! The o n, Chamberlin,, L o i t D i . d h a P r T )> 5 8 um 9 l 1 e a s c i u g M o l o Chamberlin p y T e h t , on s e i h > t d a M ( d n a y e g r ltu u s C r e v i R © Bthnolo l t : W a t i i P r e at M , F d n a , n . a L m . H . A s Chap m u e s u M n o : y ays s s E in! Ethnolog : s r e h t O
m e e n i f o a p T E S s c a ont
pe a
[
:
ay
Select
‘
3
:
4
e c n e d n e p e Ind
ica r f A f o nce
gon
g a c e or
a s : r e t e b o o r qea e e l a r e n e G r e d n : u a ne u ’ d t e j o Pr . G , e i r i e a i t e Chklav s t r a
:
c
aE
ee
oe
4
i t u t i t s n i des
-£
(ed.), Th
e g A l a c i aeolog
aie:
:
St
rlo
7 1 r a l Scho
os
Bes
i d s e u r s e s p i a P s r e p l a n i g i r of O Bulleti
A M O C 5 980)
;
4 l i t e H
Policie
:
4
: :
;
im Aus
t s u A f o s m u e s Council u M r o f s
4
The Pe
r e m A e h t f o | i A , d k e r R o Y w The e N ( r e b o t c O ( t e e 2 a d n a a l a n i o n o i l e t H o i C A b V i h x E e e e O the A i s a e e s ‘ e ; l s a r y o e R e l s a n p o 6 1 i ( s t n a o l i r d a n a n e i m e e S O Recomm C S 3 E N
g i d n A I M A s C m i s i n g s o n c o e i R t a i c s l o e a s r n s u i A t g l i u r C o b A u e s ” u Valuing a M n a i l a tralia r
;
s r e J w e N ( a i d n I VS E S n E i E U h s ; e ; p t a l e R e a e h t t C n i 5 C l 5 e 9 v 1 r o ( e N n t p e a A e w w a Ch t L e b o l m i v m 4 E. eJ. 493 s i o n C o i u d a l n ) € a 5 t i w b a L . n Caho : ” 2 = I a T 6 h t , r ) s o . — r d N . o e t ( — a d v e o h n t o de f o a E W (N G . R s E t B om can Indian r A e ‘ h a T : » , i rth k r e r o Y 3 0 2 s f o Co e e i s m u e : the e s e u a M a e y a s l ce r a n u c o e pe o F i L c S , g t a r ) e A of h 4 f t o 7 s 8 d f 1 : o n l a z ry a u py n a J 167 ions t , a j ) N l i v i c e n l S U s p o e . e e h P t t d e f r o e (21 of # and d i l s a l i n n v o r i y c u t c ) e o n J ci 70 o 8 ‘ 1 , d e s y i r a v G 3 t 8 1 c i l l 2 Pub d n J ( a : s s e d i r r a e l o l B s a e i J r d r E T J e , h y , T 9 r r e e 6 a i . u E n 1 g a 5 Coll w J 2 e a i m v o P s e l R a 3 J. Fsrptstaate h n g r o u s b n i E e S o m B S o h S 2 T £ d d Be n nts a a p i h e f p i ) L L 3 6 9 1 s otates ndian, in J, , a r e e v s n e D I ( , , 9 ) k . r d r o e c Y ( 3 3 r e w d e a N g e ( e h C F s p u o The g r n i p i P e o P f o : e g d s e m l w r o o F us
chardson
B d n a r Bake
e h t g n i s s Addre
9 2 ) 9 6 (19 .
Nati
d e r n I a n o s i m t u e s ) s 0 i 0 Mu l 0 a 2 r t , a en r c r e e D G a C ( . H t r , o s p e ) 5 9 9 Coomb l 1 a n i F , a r r e o p i t 4 a i a l C i ( e s n w e s N n a e l i R l ina a r l t a s n u i A g ) i 3 t r 9 s o r 9 i b 1 ) F A 6 8 r t 9 r o o 1 r f f e b > n a e l a s t C u e ( F b Council n a n l o i a r i c N o t S l t l ™ e o o y n i d o s c r s e a G e R w s r s o s o o e F P f r u s t g e l s u n u u C o i Goi v e s J r u P o Key Iss n e
e t i B k a P d n a a i , d n n o I d n o tr of L wstan (
, e l l i v s e t t
a
n o m m o C
. M 0 1 , s t 3 r A 2 P d , e ) i 9 l 9 p 9 p A e h e t n . a n a ( e ) s i r 9 9 p 1 e r e t S n ’ rt E r e e b 8 t l 4 A s i l a e n i e x d d { o n a e ’ h n e M i T l z a e g a i M V e e y B l as afortis j a e n a e = ” g i s p e i D e d n : a m a r i a G l C s e v i t (eds-) a N : y 2 t i t 12 n f ge8n fon, g n i s s e s s o P , n o s a c i t n i o l 7 o L o P ( t t c n a o L C e n 9 y i 4 e 2 % M , 2 n v o s i n y e t e a y r y a u k C w t n g 6 l a m u I co s m south C ) f 3 o 9 r 9 a s l e « u i p t r . e y P p s o r Travel r d e p n v a o r e r t o u t n l u o C C ! k l ® a e o i e o i r h n n T e a i , Pe ) r p d o e r ( p , p r s A e m t u i e l a s ) 4 r u u M t l 9 u 1 C , , " n s M e e A v i a in the t i t g n d i I t n e l e N a v ( r n i e d R n l a l u l C g d n a l 7 8 a 5 d n r o ombes> a i J P t w A a O d N , E ) 1 1 f 1 9 o 9 ” 1 ) a g n , n o a n i g o i t ( d r a n o m b o s r A e Victori o i 1 F t i t t e n ) r h e 3 A t d 7 I 9 n 1 d o ( n l a a s s r e e i u v t t y i l t h u c p e C a p r s u r m e n P m a o prhnog ™ l s a i n v l o i a i t n t i i a m g N i i r r f P o o b A n o t i s t Myth of Forma s Among
its Adme
1882
a h s i t i r of the B
y l a r a n Seo
f o h t l com za
~~
4 9 l a n , r u o f g = e a n A s ’ i S R l a . r S. Cohen d e e d , w a L rl a h n C ook of Fe a ( i rickland m s i l a m o l o C
F
Act,
l a u n n A s air ve i t a e r C a i l a r t s u a
of
e ( d n a s r r e k a e B e e P s s a h W t ndon r s ) e o . S L Alb ( 0 3 a 2 . c p c , ) e 9 9 ( a T. B i n n o a p l i o B C e d’ n n a o 1 , a n o e = d " n B o L e h ( t e A
5 9 1 ( n a M e t i h e W a A g e i h T d r 21 a n r Z e e B : 9hn, an d
fi
cae
s e e e i p poubla
s T A : n g i s E De S e h e t e f o e i Ant e p s : d n n i a a t i r B o i t oa = Collec n i e e a y e a l a i r e : t e a f n O n s o s e g n . i B z a d e n o d C a s s = . L n n i o i ost , n o i uct e 7 e C s i Ags gina gi o C c
1982
i
1 ( 9 y g of sDaetr BE pdian
VW
(2 Yous
n . o t n e I m D u R n o 6 m n o c r 8 e e i e a s 2 s e h t f , o e g id r r e b m e a g C ( d n e o 4 m “ s e n e a d l r e ] m i 2 ei i é 9 a r t 1 i t a c a r p t e d a l _ s t a e g e n o a M 8 1 = 7 1 la 205 (Cambri e e d n . s o l n t Problem c a 5 a 9 ee, 1 e e R a , c A M n g the n A o q e i a P “ n . i f , o r u D n e o i Clemen t t c e l t o r e P = . s t t r n o j e . r d e e . f ( t f i i D i i a ee e i t e m h o t u d n n a o e M n r a i a i W e f o s e e o r u e s . P a u e s M d a p i n e a n h i a t f i e r e r t o s f scu , e g R n i e z k p a i e L ( 2 , e o , d a r e f o e e Cliffo n n e g e o e T i n r h u t t i a E : r e e r u t a t i y l L r u J u e t e n , e d y i i h r p a a b r m ) A a 8 C 8 9 1 d n a a a . G C 4 i n g t a n e o i . J P t 4 i h r , t e W d h E r T o f f o f . i : s l e s C c i t e i arcu ultur l B M C o ( P g d y n h a ap r cs ) g 6 o 8 9 n 1 h t l a i r e g hal p y m e I l e k s e T a h E T : M s n n o i i a c t c , e t l r Ri l ian A B. al h. Co aS
{
Abe
%
— y a ary u r 5 b 6 : r e 1 F n o i t a a s a e e c t ! e ; d n I lone pq p arn Cha 0 4 7 f 1 o , n a i p o d i n t I a e r © t C e e e h T w e m h t a J : e n l i a w i e n a i d n Colo ice I © B f S = : E n A e n b I e , n s a w e c i i v . r r n e p e v e m O A m , ) A . J n 5 A 8 9 ) , 1 0 i : 4 y ( c i l o s P Chaudhur e e nien e M. . G , s e i Char
*
:
y h p a r g o i l bib
s e i t l a n e P f o t n e m e c r o f n E s n t o r o d p n e a R r g n a i W t n e e h s t s i D d n ors of a e c n y e t r i e r f o n j a o M C f o f o , y s t e i s l i i t t b r i i l o s i p b e i R o s p n s o e : p r s a e R W f e o f n o 5 n o i © reece s t s s u i C m m d o n C a e h t f Laws o e h g s r e b m e h ) M 5 5 9 e 1 s , e 60 a n n n d o a e t p a g J n . v i e h d ( n s a a 9 y 9 W c n ( i g l o P 4 L 5 I 9 S l A 1 a r u 4 t yjolaton 1 r l Repo 920) lth Cu
of
Council 2.000)
n a i l a r t s
Au
seum
t i a r t S s e r r o
A
ociation
o l t a t n me
and
> s e r p o e P nder
1993
Inc.»
s n o i t a g i l Ob
(Reprint
s n e e
of th
© y t i s r nive
rs e d n i l F , > $ e ! n s r e h u t o b . n Mel e f h T + , , a a n n e o u i n b t i m c u u u G d y > o r e t n r e u E N o T b I y l t B i a l Me u i b p i a g s P n n o i p s t f o m a R S e t B i a r , e g r i ” u a 0 Cr ut F s e l c i t r > a ’ n o i s s i m n a m ae t C a e w m a p L o trali l ] s e u y ; v e o i t s a ou! t n I ) r 2 e 0 t 0 n : ‘ 2 I w s a e L ! e e P h o g e T P d l a i . n J r o of b i t m a s a , n t d C h r r ( g e o i R f s I e e h i T Craw D r 1 a t > ) n n . o e d j e m ( m o C P d r d ™ o , n ) f r a 1 w e 0 a t r e C 2 D Text . f , J l d n r e S ! fo 3 x ? ’ . f s o o t ( N n e t t h r g hts e o n g i a p i R e R R G N ” O e > s G M 0 Th i ple s o s e e j e S > d.) ° e C p! ( o e p n o “ t m s r l o A f e ' © } P s o e p. e P f o s a t h g y i r R a m o 5) The OP r
Os
ae °.
_ seat
orig
Ss
l o t c e l l Co
) 9 7 9 1 ord,
Fabian
f O o t w r a o L p e R l a : n e o c i n t e a i n c r s e n t o n G I | 3 vols-> ” s e @ t n a ) o t 8 i S 8 n 9 a f 1 n o s r s e e t , r n n d g I o r o i r o t P d f x o d n a s e e i i n p The Crea y o r e o P t s f i o H s t h n g i Ri ig r o n O s t I 4 6 5 8 . J 1 n a , f o d n o i n i b CGrraewfeorLaer N i h ) Ex 0 7 9 t 1 a e r G e h " f o l \ a 4 n 0 r 5 u y 1 o l r g e t r e a a h p u T Q ‘ ) 4 g N 6 u s e e n s ; e u d r e M s o n o s " C y i l d ® k a o o M , i Crockforondon, 1851) o n ( t r a a B c r a ri 9 85 The ecl
:
j
ognition
, a r r e b n a C
(L
e v e e paittnn
]:
eye
;
|
986)
ie
4 1 ) 7 2 n 9 o i 1 t ( c y t u a e B s a e © d I d h a s i t i r B The Ro ? of c i r f s A e c f o i p s e u s A a e m W I e o k a v p, The a y o s s
e l p o P f o y t i l a u q E : B ™ o n e , g s i e d a P s of In
ht g i R e h t on
1780-1
n o i t a N d e t i n U the
o n u e s T ) 5 9 9 1 ( s e l p peo
LR 49°
pratt D
313)
y h p a r g y e t l b i b Select ‘
of
~ Rights
3] 2
r e D f l e S o t s e ; l t p a o n e i s P m u r o e n e g i d n I f o s t h g i R e h t n o ’ ns y Se
s n o i t a r e d i s n o Some C
i ant a
r e d n u s e i t i r o n Protection of Mi
the d n a s t h g ; z e s h c i l s s a l h s a epos an Q O S O ES
M m i e e e m i r o g n e m c i e s t o h 5 t 3 u . p o S , I I e . h l t o v t a , k r 1973) o w s ' n o s n i H. We. Rob
Kensi
Davies,
(1
Monuments
ot
) 7 9 9 1 i d n , I n o 9 t e s e c v n i i L r P . ( H . s R e s a , n s m d ) Davi 8 _ 9 — 9 1 = , n : e y i a v H a l P e . J r a . P , a a i r a o Del ya oe
! a a e e k c a saprcei
Ammericins
e c s e P i Pe Nin s i a i n e e t de
A B I R J 0 2 ) 3 91 533
i eed E e r o M . M A. eMeo,
=
.
:
eas
vm
i St
ete
) 4 0 0 2 , n o d n (Lo
d n a r e t s i n mime Mi
l a e D e h t n o e c n a d i u G . MS) ealing
Cabi
erra, 1992)
inet.
art Ty
Aboriginal
R
a)
ty through Op;
in Cultural
.
: n o i t a i i c n o c e
An EH;
jects
torical
i L ( 9 7 8 1 1 0 18 m u e s u ) M 2 8 9 1 e e , n o . d t n o : e s i m d o o D’Harnoncour r M P d d n n a a t r ) A 8 e 4 9 e n 1 ( r e e d y t o e M A i p c : s o S e n i n z r a e g d a o M 1 4 e o p e a th e s o h T . R , d Desmon
n i e c a l Tuten er P r i e Th d n a s t f a r a r e T e i p s a Gl .144 p , ) 2 4 9 1 n, a m r i z a = g e a h M t f 4 o 3 s ) t Living Ar dians (1941
World,
e Modern
t r A n a c i r e m A All
of Art 72
1 7 , ) . d e ( e g r a F a L . O n , i oe i
Arizona,
,
DsinhI a
| Mare,
in ie
1 , 1 2 0 2 h c 3 1959 r ne
Ar t, in
Proceedin, 8. 'S OJof
a Ci Conf uf erence ce
held held
DuBoff.
KE
: w a L t r A . ) . d wj : Domestic and Int DuBoff, - (eal. P > L. et - Proceed
n re 5 ee
S Duncan.
Duncan heC.
:
a
447
etna
on ioeMets
:
at
t he
Unive rsity 11ver sily
xh. e ( s e t a t S mited
5 7 9 1 , k c a s n e k c a H h t u a o S ( e e O e C l S e E m N t U l S e E n e h t » d f n o a t ofotfhe Pa Prohibit r o p x E e , e t Import
ci e i l l I a e n P d n a g n i t i b p of Cult urraolhiProperty (1976) 4 SJIL 97 C signRa itu ls (Lo
a Civilisin ) 5 9 9 1 i e . h c a l l a W and A. niver:
SAE Dict cier
3 y e ) 0 8 9 1 r e b m e c e D ( m u e s u M sal Survey ee?
i t a N d e t i n U e th 8 8 d y n 10. a L I J A 7 4 i e h T , e o ) . 5 ) 7 . d 9 e 1 ( R , a r r s e d e b r n P a C ( Edwa e s s g ’ m a a t u i i e l r s a e EK, 2 r u t M s u 4 A r o f f o s e u l o o n . R e s g e i i d g n w I e N A g t n r i a v w r e e t : s S s e e r r P J. u t l . u ) O s u o eas » 1980) e e n n a m n e s i E sich c n i ) M f n o o i t ts a i l l a i c n n o o i G C t a n n r e t n I 2 2 ) 2 rities i 6 2 9 315 1 E e ( p o r u entral Eisler >» W. and B. Smmiith (eds,), Terra Aus tSrtaralliis: The Fi urthest Shore (Sydneye!988) nati
s n o o cc winea, 1
*-
+
ra
va
Be
= te
S O E E h C exL(
1 9 3 y t i u q i t n A o t g n i t a l e r s t Mi c a r T s u o c n a l l e c s i 5 9 L r I o Y l B a n a a 4 o i o i g ) t o 4 a l 2 n o r e ae e 3 a t 2 h n 9 c I 1 r ( A e s h 5 t e 5 i t o t i ) r 7 o l 9 n o 8 i c o M (1 t f o o r P n o i l t a n c o e d i t e t o t p i r n O P U e e e n h h t i t W , s r e l e p d o n e P u s s u n o n o Bvans, i, Ibn e i g t i d a n c I i , n ) u . d m e m ( o d c r a l h a c u t i d r i P v i . d S n I n , s t h g i R l Bvatt, E. a c i t i l o P d n a , l a i r v i r C e 3 b 1 n n 1 o a C p t ( n a , 4 ) 8 8 9 9 1 9 1 Coven t c , A y n e o n i d t y c S e ( t o r s P t h e g g i a R t i r n e H a m r u e d H n a l d s n I a t i a r t S s Nations e r r o T d n a l m a n s i t g c i e r j b o u b S A e h t n o s t s i r u F Review of the e h t y b s t r o ) p 2 e 5 R 8 . 1 1 , 5 n 8 1 o d n t o n L e ( w e y p N o c l l n A o i f ) t o 6 a 9 t y n 19 r e t s e s r u P d n , I , d e f s d o i i v i p s d k r e r o e W w e s h s n t o n f i o i b n i s o h i x e t E i b e r h t a h Exhi c i p h w o t n a i i n o s l e o s s a l n C a e i y b a F n e e h t p the Thirt of e o e O t t u m m o e a s f o 1 3 t r o p e y : s C e n o l o Eyo, E. Nae ternational Aco” and the C . ) 3 8 n 9 1 : y t : e k i r c o o Y v a W Fabian S t c e j b : O e i s ) t i 3 4 > 9 s 1 e , k n o a , i M m t c e y do l g n l o o o l c C o ( p o i r n h u e t Z n g 5 A (E w m o u H e s : u r e M h t O n 2 y 6 e l h . k t p o o d , r n ) B a 2 9 9 e e 1 h m T i T , : n . J ’ o s d g , n n n o i a L h i ( T b Fa y d r l n o O e t ‘ e s i r r H B o f t . r M A s n . p
I o n i a d t c n s i a e r u e Q s m i A n k w c e e a v J i t . a I N , f e o n a s F w r Fane, D. N a e . e D N Y 2 » 1 y . l t a r , c a r E o t . h c e x e h e l T ( l o , C ) m . s u d a e e ( s n u i o M l u C n Berl y l t k r o a o w r e B t S e h : T s g t a n i h t T r A f o n a i d ge n a I u g n n a a c L i r e e h T Am e h : T y r t a o m t e r M A d n n a a i d n h I t y n M a . f c o i r s e m A Object : y r o m e M d n a h t 3 y 1 M P f York, 1991)> and I. M. Breen. Objects o s ) i 1 n 9 k 9 c 1 a ) J 0 , . 9 k I 9 r 1 o , Y . D , w n , o e e d N n n n o Fa o » L t s ( a p c m i n . S o h x t e g . ( E n i seum nt, in . Farr
:
0J
13 . p = , ) 9 5 9 1 o C . M 5» : e c i t g s u F t i r l o p a e i d d R c n n o a a S l s l I a r e l u n n t a A r , a n o i s s e i m m t ) 94 19 q’ » . R d n A a j d n I Dou glas, F. H. t r u i o n c U n o e n h r t a f H o ’ d t Ar n a t k r o Y w ) e 1 N 4 9 1 cat.,
Dodson,
J.
C i o P . s n g a n r t i t c , e h Brooklyn Mu l t l r y o a r C E e v e o h c n t e e R f d o a d b n d s a e e h i c W e t c e n r e a W h r t a t e e a h p T p a y e s R r e , v s s o o r L t n Fanon, F. e o h C T d : n h a t a m y r d e t o f t A s u s t C I . I d n a . W I r a W rt A d l f r Farmer, o o W s k : r r o a W W f t o s e 1 t s 3 l a i 1 e o r p G p S s e , ’ h ) d 7 l 9 r 9 o W 1 e h , (ed.), T t k r o l Y a e t S w 0 e 1 N ( y c » a r r e i p p o r s P n o C l a r u t t z l u a C N f o The
e i t r A ) 1 4 9 1 y r a u n a J . 5 1 n a c i s r c e e m R A 2 h 3 t ) Nor 9 3 9 1 ( 4 6 s 1 t r A t r A an i f d o S e n i z a g a r : d r a n e Y u ed Four. H Me: f o s t ) r 2 A 3 3 1 9 1 t ( r A e n l l a a c i e x i n e t s e p a Exhibiibitio of M e a k a e 2 2 Th Mexican ) 8 , ( e 4 n 227 i z 4rts a ) g 1 a M 3 9 ew York , te 1930 Dockstader. > E
rott and
i t c e t o r P , ) . s pecht (ed
3 5 p , ) 9 8 9 1 , a r r e b n a C ( e e g N a t i a r e u H p a l P a r u t l u C foes s, b O f o e r u t u F e h t g n guardi
§
n a i d n I n a c i r e of Am
c i r e m A e r v e i p o r P l for Nat a r u an Cult
h 2 — s a acre me Media and Sp ae ac i ee rs o
and Par
w e N ( t c a F c i f enti
Future
pi-Ayo
Cnociga:
s i r n e i c S f o h and the Myt
k r o Y w e N ( o t s e f i n a M = . n a a e p e a h n T . C : n i d h n t a i W . V s n , r o J i t Na Deloria e o i n o and (New eae
tT
: y t ? u"
; e u g a H e h T ( a i s A o r f A f o e l ization: The Ro e f a S ? r e d n u r o l P on
,
;
! n o p x M s e e O n r r n o t A c n e r e t , f o . n f d i d d A s e o d r o e l b property of T a c N i t O c C a r p m i e s r o a BME O claimed appe C S E x u a , 9 7 t e 9 1 , t a r ét mbe e v s o e m N m o 5 h 1 x u a , s country, l t e a u m t o c l a p i d l x a u n a o i t a n r e e s t o n p i o r p w o r d l a n e d o i t a n é r s e o t p n x i e P e d o e r c t u o @ n n u e d t e oj r P t n a e . n y e e e t l n s d o u C D e . o D l: s a n n o o i i Field, , t f t a i n s r o e e p p , t x n n « E e i s t d n i a o r d e s r i u a o F d s 5 e r o W of jurisconsmualttrietres les plus ne y r a n o i t c s a c i r o t sur le s i 7 se e ( l o p o e r l h l e t P n A 2 D. ) . 6 K 8 9 1 d ( n a y g . o B l o J p o r , h g t n i n ) A 90 9 l 1 a Findl i c o , S k r f o o Y e s w i e R N ( e h t 8 8 d 9 n a 1 y 1851) 6 7 9 1 ( i y n o m i r t a P l a c ori t s i Lb H d n a al r u t l u C »s 5 America
) 0 5 9 1 , n o d n o L ( 1 5 3 1 n o i t i b i h x E t a e r G e h T . Y Firench,
g n i t c ogy Today e t o 7 r 2 P 3 I t e D g A z C t e R M 81 S. d ) n 1 a 1 8 J. 4 9 1 J. ( s e i t a e r T ) 6 Fishman, 8 9 e 1 c a e P e h t , e f u o q r e u q s u e s b u l a A l 7 ( C 5 C l 0 6 9 1 4 SJIL C. G. The Juridica 5 4 9 1 , y c i l o P n a i , d e n c I i r u a l a r e Fitzm d e F ) 5 : 8 n 9 o 1 i t a c o , l n e d R e , e l t t d a n d e a r S a ( ( s e n c c i o i t i f i f t l O o a P n i m r e a T i l d a n r I . u L t l u e C h t n i , e l c , a c t & Fixico, D. c e p S s e s u t t r a A t S : s , g s n g i n d i o t c n e i R a P . e H h t f o Koster, ) 4 9 talogue 9 a 1 C , n o d n (Lo D e s s A e c c n r i W p e . i t c i S v e n Foster, a m u H e h t f o y g o l ) 6 o 0 9 e 1 a h , c r A London n A : s g n i rh 1 f o r e d r O The Foucault, M.
BS a i r o t c i V e h t f o s n i g i r o e h t _ d f o n a l s a g t c n e E j b O n a : i 1 . r o o n t c s i e V i d u d t i S M ) m 1 u e r s e u w M o P n i d n h a c r a f e e s i l e e R B w » s e t N c 2 e 1 j , b ) o . d ) e 1 . ( 7 M 9 1 e ( c r a si s e e P a ‘ r u , s s s !P t Trea
y h p a r g o i l Seleit prb ml
me 2) s e : l e z ° o n K . f o ce eey e l e o r c a h a c r A y h t The es S entality
2 e c i f f o de
I—
=.
f o f l a h e b n o n o i s s i m b u S . H — = , e l i m r u o F in as
—* n e g a p hea
;
eee
e e
G e
it e
ae
t i s t H Fred, M.
— x s n e i des b
a a : y t i t Iden
ct a p i a l a “ turels B
manonal
ae,
b i r F ( n o i stitut
. . c r e m A c v i t a eaieGN
i n a e M Bes g n i e t s t a e o i r i t P o t g s ci e 7 v 9 a 9 r 1 G ( t n c a A c i n r me ion iario t r c e t t a p of ee i r x u e d d n I ela s e l e s I h s i e t e i t r e B n i a e N h t e a h s i g t n i r u a 36) a ni m e i d S f o C e . e M l t a t a b y ‘ t r Frigo, e A p o r : p e g a n t a i s r c e : o s t i ? P w n a l i e C c O l a S n o ne Be nati 367 r e t : n 1 a a i < i r a l i m i n s = — s 3 A 6 a 9 1 o n a i d , n 0 a I 6 i h 8 p 1 l e d a s s l c i e o r r a t o n t I s t i r n A H A s . t H I ) : s o e t g A e = = c n n e o h a i t c t c i u f w wh i e n N g i S , n d e & , 6 ) v 3 e y 9 r r ( 1 o s , e s m ie she f r r e c lets Fi i ede f o p i t n g i S 2 9 & 1 a y a i r o , t k s r n i o Y L a w e y e i r o N h t t ( c E k E s t r W A a : a e F e k — a one a a t B n a S l a a c e in i tori u s e i n t H a u i t d i e n o t c I e s a n I n a c i e r e e o z B n a cies s m s e B a : n R e ) 7 e s l e o i v l d u 2 ( d e n r ) g a 0 s i W 2 s 9 e c 1 D t a l i r o f C , n o s . d e n e o p L g n C i c d s i of e h a or p c a e D r R g n o r = n e tu h e T s R u M : e s h 8 n ein t 3 o i t n c ) o e 6 l 8 a 9 r e 1 u t t a l u C y m f o 7 8 1 Gathii, J , s r a c o e ur E S d n a 8 i 9 9 1 . B ( — , g y Geri icit r ae t n e 4 “ 8 1 : S L I s J a e f E e t b a g 9 d n : a y e M t i c l n e a y h u t d q si E u t d n S a c e A i r t o m n f e e o b m : n h m o s e i y c r l t E b s a t s S E e e e , t a d n n a o M d n o Gerstenbiirh L s ( e s m a e l a t e r l a u s t l t u h d C a n g h a u . P o > h T a e R e f h e t m o Resolu n S o p s i s : D i n a g o t e oeB eritage l e s a d e f ( é M a i k h r a a e u B h t g s g v . e R E g a n g n n i d i the e 9 Nami n m a i a l e C ~ h i ) e = h t l a r n (io u d o t n i l a t a Cu N ty f : o r s e e p n u o o n r n h o > t i t E a i t d o s n g c a e 2 i N 6 r 1 l g a . c p A e s , o ) L 2 0 0 2 a h l a r O u t l u C i n P U e y e e h t h ) t 5 T l 9 n u i C (19 f y o t r s e e t o n p a o o t i S r t P m c e d t l o te a r R r i u n L J U B > e h . n a m d l ; r Go a N e h T . E a e i t c e s e v g t i i t o p o r i P t r D a fi i r s , t e n a e v p n de a e e r B r R u G B A a d n P a G : t A c N A 209 e n e g n l i a t r i u n P t i C l f > Defini u J e C D 8 s y ’ ) n A 9 o 9 R m 9 P i 1 3 r ( t a n e o j Goldwat ; yy s i v i t i m i r P A d e y g n s r r a e l d G n o E i M ( r b m ™ a C ) ¢ o Gong, 8 3 9 1 ( , n ) n t o d 6 r e 0 b 8 a 9 1 R d e h e g , r e a l g n d v E z i i ‘ e C r ‘ l a b z m f n o a o G 1984 ety (,O C =
ean
2M,
ALN
(1973) ) 112 2Cj¢ t er Rs
3tg
9 9 1 P C I T 6 ) 7 eee
‘Sohal
B
i c o S n o h l r e p o i l a n TY s to » daSloaadtheliIalelsicit T; Tooll alss y Traffic
icit
Newsle
xrfeord,eit P in
-Columbian
Antiquities
y t i n u m m o C , ) . d e ( 8 8 O R n i , e c n e i r e p x E jan
;
r v u o L e h t f o n o i t a e r C d n a e h t . c d n a n o e Gosden, l o e p s a a ) N c P 0 e < 0 e 2 s u M e , n d e i r h g o t f i x r O o ( d , t s s ue y q a n p o C r f u o e J y # h p o r T s l e r u C t l u , c d l u o s G en i b s e d n o i t u t i t s e r 2 a j ) 0 t 0 ¢ n 0 P e 2 I m D e r l u G s o C e R t n e r r . 3 p u 8 o 2 b e 1 ) l L 9 e 7 M , 9 . t 1 R r ( A n e f o o l t a a Goy, g f h e o l i l c i n t o n s c n t e e o n m R i e u t m n a n u i o a n r i M o p l M o a ¢ r r f t o s u A @app n n o o n i o i t t i a s d v r y n r i a e o e s h C s s t E e r e r P h o t f . .) e d n h , e e t ( g k n a i t n ? . r 0 M e c s n e o r c u s nts a e s e ’ m M r Cane g o d p n e R a i r t . s r n u a g A W i e d r e n h o t F g n O n a i m r r u e d t r e n h A i rautoff, t f o , d s n n a o n o i i t r t a a c N W e t o f 9 o d r 2 P e 1 t i s P 5 e n ) r U t , a ) (ed. e 9 h 1 T 9 1 t n n a s> ere 1 s f 2 n f o p 0 i i i 8 D t e 1 a L N . ( e P h t h t f , c o ) r 0 a 7 e 9 e s 1 Art a u e R g a e , d L o t an n e o h r t e o u T c n i ( s e R s s e e i , t i n ) i o r 5 r i o 9 n o n 9 a n i v 1 i M r M e s f e d o r n > P a e g n d o m i s i re r i t l b c a m e r a t e o C pr e F , n . d C e , s t . h L d g n i R , ; reen n 9 8 a 9 m 1 , u s H n o i s t , e ) i r . b d u i e s h ( a x e E r T b e t i l a a l e r t r u r G I ) e 9 h C 8 t 9 1 f o m a A. Go o , r e n g f r d i u t e s R n o m s e s a h e C T L ( J : s s c e i r t , u i d s l a o e r T 1 d 5 reenfiel n l 8 a a 1 r u t t s n l 4 r e u t 7 C a p F f o , n s ) ’ i n 9 d a 8 r l t 9 u r r 1 o e W 5 t n E e h t The Ret d d n n o o & i L t ( a s c n o u i y d t s i E o b l . o p P e h s x u E M , h t g a w l e e r N G e ® h t , T s Greenha n e e l e , l ) e t . s e d r e e n v i i N n U o d g i r M e s V n o e i h t t i s o fray kz n p i x E a i e d h n T I n : i s a t s i g V n i t o l o a L r e d n a Ephem ) 8 w 8 a ) 9 L 0 1 0 0 . 2 h s > i ! t , s i n t r i B s l e r e h B c ( : n e a c M i ) s v 6 r r 9 e e 9 S y 1 B ( r 1931 ( o f M s n t a i . f i v n e l U r a 3 r t d s n u . A t R s A s s n h u , a t o n r u n t a o e S g i , 3 d w 1 n a I L Gregori ) d 0 n 9 a l 9 a 1 n : ( U o L U i H t a y n r r u e t t n I ) Cen n f 6 o 9 e 9 1 e ( s h c M o p s E m u s e e e h n s T o u B M . G e h t n . a n w i i l a r , t g e s n w u i A e n Gr a y e b M . G t n . J e m t . D i m m , n o i t f n f 1 e i 1 d Gr A i s e l r a p n : o s i n t , o n a i i N t f a f g i i r l G m s e D 0 3 5 Museu essions» New Ob , 9 s 1 m u e n o s i u s M s e S s n s a i o h l P t a n r e t v s e s l u E o A i v f e o , r s P n o l i i t c a l n u u p o o C P 5 4 e s h u t r o o n t f e o a g r i j u C f l a I 9 h 3 e > n p e o g d P O i 9 p r 9 u b o B m r t a G C en > ( m ) e g 3 t n 9 a i 9 a t k 1 i s r l o a W r t a s r u N A r U e b n i n Written a ; C ( IC n S o i Y t A n a o n i D i 1 t g u a b m i I r , t n A o M C n A a C i r n a a u of u i b q l l a i A r t ( t n s A u y A c i e l h e o T h P T n : 5 a s 3 r i 9 o d n I ollect S C U guly 19 d rs m an ©. Knowles
Col
1965)
m p e f e b e L . R 9 6 1 , (Boston i
| 3 p , 93) ct:
t i c i h W e on th
r A f o t Movemen
i s A t s i 2 l p s e m u Peo ples an e s u M y t n d u e P P m m ) o C A 1998 , Indi nous > M ) . O d 4 e C 3 ( p 7 a , w ) ) a 8 1 9 g 8 9 O 9 1 1 ( , yiuseum o y m k o u T e ( ?, in s d i u r o M N O H n a i l e l a N r r t e a s v u m A o Bra e t p t a a P e r g F a n e a Y h C t s s r l p i a F i n o l y o C M Worksho d n a bt: u e o r D u t l o u C e l c a n i a r r e o t n a M g J : m m o s r i F l a i n o l n o o C d n 5 1 o g L n i ( t r e lec tte
] a m i e e ‘ l I s r o k e ae e olen t P S e i b O e m a e n i e a e e w d A a o y r t T r d l é r p t o . i o W i r a P e h t t o t E 9 ae y s a g e e i e u e e M e a m h t a . H r f e o o , c h n 5 a P 2 Fr ~ ~ f o ~ e s , e e l n i T c a n M u t a o C e i W g t l r e : A i e f r m n e o r d (ed e l H d E o M . t J r A f o d a : o y r r b u A t n e d n 8 0 a 1 . q @ p r o , Y e w e N st ( S o t n c t h g i R >a e e h r t e , o on e i s g s e c spe c nn e a t m l e é s r B S : 6
1 — _ 2 ange iicite
ommunity
Gordo
33) 23m ‘
a a l s I t i a r t S s i m b u S a n i I t s u e J g a t e n H s s e r r o e h T t 97. 6 Nara 1 o o f s o e m o C s 8 e " v i as Capt l e l e o s b e A rchiv ) 13 ;
Scan
3 3 P , ) 990
; o l t n e Knowledse v n o C O . R O n i C S : o E y N k o i U T ( e h 7 T 9 E i 9 p i 1 ™ l h o a c d r r r t a s go M u A 0 e h 1 T y : r a s u m r u b e e s F u M 6 2 , . , s p e o h e s k r e o e W s i h s t wi n n i i a r T s m @ u e n s o u M t r r o o f p e e R c a l P , a g i a n : s i A m i e a n r i r e T h t a s l n C o r O t r Museums 2 o : p y the Centur a, Re
5
e s ; , s e é s u M n s e a e e e see l a n o i t a n r e e t n e i n o n i i o m s i e s t t i b a m e r m S é o p c o a A co e j l e = u t c e l
m n r e v o G n é O
m u e s u M t r e b l a d a a © (Londons
a j
;
@
j
e t n u H T , s h t i f f Gri
s i n r e d o M : s t r A n a i d n a c i ) r 5 e 2 m 9 A 1 ) 6 f o 9 , d 19 . r s e o n t f a u x r t t O i t ( s n I > ) y 4 e 0 e s h 6 l T 1 e ( K L . ) w y J t . o F o B , . n s o d n t n a t r a t Gri e » z s i e r r T P ) f 0 o i 0 r b 0 i 2 L w a L s t c e a h P t querque, c n o y A r o i t l s l e i B e H t r e a l jur ent ona m i e m t D o a G N ( a g s n u i ? i t h r s s a a i P t l n b Grotius, e a t m e m s F o y C nO i e (
+ (London, 1991)
y h p a r g o i l b i b t c e Sel
m ogy pol hro Ant l ora M 4 ng ki Ma : an Indi
316
th of y m e d a c A an li ra st Au e th ium of HumaaAn; &€ Nitie Pa pers from the Annual Sympos 1984), p.49 mi Fa al in ig or Ab e Th g. ai Cr B. d an ri ye in rt amily Histor D. n Ka Graybowicz, N, fa
s(M
erican Southwest elbe
Ur,
AIQ 20 (1996) g n i t c e l l o C f seum Anthr o Mu Collecting d n u o r g ck Ba 09-1915 (1992) 16 tin g on the Cultural c e o l p f x e E R n a i : b y t m i u t l n e o d C I s ’ d r o l f r o W ing e h t t a c s c i i t t o e x o P E e e h h t T : f o s e r n u t o l i u t C a c g n i t i b i h x E , ) : Commodifi vine (eds. opology 12
“7
12 in let Bul MA CO 23 90) (19 um se Mu ian ral ust South a" “ a s, st A ti n’ t: Ar ia Ar nd w ‘I ng Ne a of ki e Ma s Th [. tic the Aes » a, rt Guha-Thaku Ne d MO an na lisy, « ) 1992 19 , ge, ge id br am (C 20 Bengal, ¢. 185 0-19 A
ervi es Pr : es ac Pl ed y cr Sa d d n a an s cts ct bye je Ob ed ac cr Sa G lliford, A. Gu (Boulder, 2000) ‘ ns io it ad Tr e e r e j 155 i a a di In of ts Ar y . .) ds (e ondon, » 199 1990) ve w lo al Sw d n a D. d an . J J. uy, Guy, Hall, A. R. The Re covery of Cultural Objects Dispersed During & W% World Wa: ri] 2 51) (19 7 25 (635 339 etin Bull e Department of Stat Rerurn ofof
‘
Loote d Objects j
of
Art to Countries
of
O T1gin igi . Me mo. rand um
ment (1947) 1 6 (399) Department of State Bulleti N; (1947) 358 The US Program for the Return of Hi ISTOTIC1 ObjeJ cts to Countries of
Hall,
31
Lea, gue
£
a StudiesSM1 ten Sys tem »ys
andate
Ad MINISL mi: V¢ ‘atioY;
the
the
and
I
onal
na.
a a Probl. lem of 7 : ncies Depe ndepi
b
riOri gin
“3 artment 7) of F State Bulletin 493 (79) Dep (797
H. Duncan. ae
y the State De y
L
and
;
(Washington,
Hall, W. E. A Treaui: reause on International Law (4th edn, n, O Oxford, 189 5) Halleck, H. W. . Elem Ele ents of i International Law and L, aw of War (Phi l adel Handler, R. Who O wns the Past? ’ Hi History, Cultural P: Toperty, and Indiv; i i mee 1 vid
19 4 454 2 5
Part.
54)
qd 95
$ tion 7 Or niza Orga
1948)
The
Phia, 1866)
ualism, in B. Williams (ed.) he Poliuics of Culture Conceal . Hanke, L. All Mank1 md 1s One: A Si tudy of the D wsputation ber: ween Juan: Gines dele Sepii 155 Sepulveda in
i
oy
Indians (DeKalb, Sen iia Hannum, > HH. Autonomy, S } and Self-Deterrmmi : mation lo:n: The Accommodation 1 a ve ofof C Conflicti Stage (Philadelphia, ay . S. S. Native Peoples’ Cultural and H uman Rights:s: An Unfinished Agenda (199i 2) 24 Harris, > M. and
C
The e NaN: rrative Simpson
of
Law
(eds.),
eeHin dmarsh Is] and Royal Commission, i ural Heritage (Melbourne ISO), ae ) lp jou IIS)
Hartley, M. Red Man Cere n oni als: An Amerer i ican Plea or A Americic anan and Archaeology: — Th te eee the Ages 7 liga B. Indian S, ots e and Paintin g (Lond emmuing, S. Museu and Sacred Materials: The ae Sou th Austra tr li a n I: Development of the Issue 1985 : Apu o ea enliaen 22 Henkin, L. (ed.) The Internatio nal Bil l of Ri Let ht.s: The he C OVENAN nN LE ton O: CiviVUl a York, 1981) Hi erle, A. er aj. Obj ects,
n i , e g d i s b temts: cPmearstistence, Ch ange
Flevis eyking, B. The Intern
A.
and
Herle,
Law
Hill Sr, R Re ia ; a. n es> RW
2001), p.127
mu S€umMs: . ¢ 0. nt: 1inui ng
N.
S
an] (S AYE 5
K
1 logues dia
S tevenson
and Meanin] g (Adelaide, 2 002)
a nd
Esst thhetiTICS
Muse€um
nd
R
It,
S experience 3
oli tic j c al Pol iti
Twi bet ween
Riggh hts I orre rr s
the
W. elsch
920) ) 9 Art
(
(e ds
3
(Ni ew SStrai "ACI,
Pes
and
Practice St TO. m
the
Earliest
fl ime
to
the
Identity: Repatri :
ration and Indi ian Frame
ure of th é Past; Arch 2 aeologi: gists, B Nat‘a.t: wve Americ rl ans
and
Present
( ©) xfor d,
D ay
of Mind, , ini T. Bray Repati vA tation
(
ondon >
Reflecti Ctions of a Nati ive j ic: Am eriv Me e i B. N A ie a in ; u , Me (e Ci Me is d. the C te rc nd t ), h e r le in : g in g )> Re pa tr G. iator, an Repatriation s ontan and d other Repatri, ;
‘AtBe ion
) ;
mplementing
olicPolteiciseske (Neleg ew eYork,
NAGPRA
1 99 6) > p.Dp. 881
and the O Offificiajall
e t a T e h t f o n o i s s e s s o P e h in t
n, 2004)
now ng nti Pai a tof c e p s e r n i l e n a P y r o s i ) v 7 9 d 9 A 1 n o , i n t o a d i n l o o L p S ( e ? h e t c e f e r G o t d Report o e n r d ) u n 1 t a e 0 R 0 Il 2 a e c b i t , s y i e n s h o e t l d c c n d e o l L u h ( o t h l S a y e r : -w s n e l Galle b r a M n i g l E e e m m h o T c a f o ) r . r o e d w e o p e m r o f , r e t t chens, G. ( a
M Hit e h T r o , n a h t a i v e L Hobbes, J. )
, e m m a r g o r P : 0 8 7 1 1 5 e 6 c n 1 i lism s l a n o i t a N (London, d a s n o i t a N . E B , m w a b bs
Myth,
civill
Re ality (and edn;
) 7 9 9 1 , e g n Cambrid o L ( 4 1 9 1 7 5 8 1 e r i p m . ) . s d The Age of E e ( ? e ng a R w e . N T ( d n a t n . e g m n r e > IV) v 24(19 o ons G l a n Hobsbawm, o i gi li t re a s n le r t e t n I s d r a n, w do on o (L s T tist A . J r A , n and r e Hobso t rs n to i ec ll Co t i o r d e d s n o 1992) i t s e u Q , n o d . n A o L ( Hobza, | a n r e t n I e h T . B , r e the of d y or n St e a Th ise l l 4 Ho s m u e s ) 74 u 19 M . E , l l i h Green
C
of Aboriginal
I
) 7 9 t 9 1 f o , y t r e o n p d e y R S l ( na io at : s rn te e In e i l m o H e t i t r a p i t l u m M o f r o f em s t x HREOC. Bringing tThIslander Children e T e h t f o n o i t c e l l i o a C r t S A s e : r n r 0) o o i T 5 t 9 e a 1 l s d s u i 9 an o g 1 e H L 9 1 l l l a e n , o d n i n o t a t a M g n r n e i . t E h n s I n a i W , . O s , e . i s r l . o o M v t i , r e 9 r , c e n n T e t o r s e e d r f e e n t r o Huds n r C I the Peace in Transfe f General
Howard, J. The Paris
inoriti Totectio on ) 13 gee TGs 3] i n of Minorities: The Achilles’ Heel eel of of the League of Nations (
Hil l , > G. G. Treasure 7 Trove in
s y a l p s i D c e p s e m r u n e i s u l M e n f a o P s y c r i t o i s l i o P v and -avion Ad
in the
Law
age gency
a L . D , s d n a p r a K . I 1893, in , n o t g n i h s a (W
Ho
of Possessj
Logic
nm
ves i t a N d n a s e i t i r o n i M f o e p p n a o i H t c y e l t l o a e R t a The Pr h w > ) . 1 s d e , ( k r r o u Y o m w e N ( s e t a and C. Sey g e l e D n a c i r e m A y b 9 1 9 1 1918rk, 1973) o s t n e m u r Inst
f o y r o t S is: The
Yo w e N ( I I s e i r o m e l a M r u . J t , l s u i , C r y a e P f ( l o n o n Hux i r t u i t s e i u R q c r A o f o n o s i c i 9 h a t q E s c . i h t E | h ICOM t 2 6 r a o n o f l s m s e u ‘ s . e o n r s a P u e f M M o 1 e 3 d d n o a s ) C n 9 o 7 i : 9 t 87 s i 1 2 e d ( t n o R S Statu P itage A 8 2 ) 4 3 9 Q s i
Inouye, D. K. International Gr
oup
of Orga
Museums,
al rs ve ni U £ and Value © on i t a i c o s s A w a L ernational
Int
@LA) R
(London,
rt po Re t rs Fi nal o i t a : n w r e a t L n I e e g , a h t t t r e e r H o f e b l a r s l a n i m ; i g r r C e b m nt of Cultu e r a u W N , . Major s l o v 2 4 ( 6 4 9 y il r e b -Octo
14, 1945
SnutSmithn-
1947-1949)
2000)
319 l a i r e p m I e h t n 1 d l r o W e d i s t u O e h t o t s e d u t i t t A n a e p o r u E : d in \ n i , r a W d l o C e h t d n a s c i t i r C its w e N ( , n r d e a d o o r M b A d n : a e m o H t A : y r ntu e C d i M oe n a c i r e m A h t r o N e h t f o s t r A e h T > ) . d e ( e ‘4 E. Wad 5 6 . p , ) 6 8 19
y h p a r g n i t l b i b t Selec
Tsaa
-
:
;
‘
is is the Dreaming: g n i w e Xe n e R Iry BypBye 271977 (exh. cat., Sydney,The 19Aborig 97) inal Homelands Exhibition: Annivers Sary
csSy , J.Je ( _ ~ at s on ti bi hi Ex an di In an ic er bition 182 Road to Beauty: Stewart Culin’s Am d..)).. ead
00 A : ry mo Me d an th My of cts je Ob n, ee Br M. I. d an s ni ck Ja aparece nD. Fane I. “ n ca ri ne 2 De 29 p. ), 91 19 , rk Yo w a The Brooklyn Musewm (exh. cat., Ne indo
aes
in G,
Wn, a diso ‘Ma
ro th An of and Exhibits: On the Limitations of the Museum Method ia a] ri te Ma d an s um se Mu Essays on
: rs he Ot d an s ct je Ob ), d. = Sect 85),ng p.75(e
19
|
i:) 4
a
|
J lamimuesesonon,, | H. 4. H. . The Protection of Australia’s Movable Cultural Heritage (1995) 4 T7ep 5) 21 _ 405 IL AN 78 4) 98 (1 w” La al on ti na er nt ‘I of ng Janis, M. W. Jeremy Bentham and the Fashioni
4 ual ect ell Int d an al ur lt Cu us no ge di In an li ra st Au on Ourrra,Future e, nbe 199:8) Report T.ertyOurRighCultstur(Ca Jone Prop
Johnston, E. National Report, Overview an d Recommendations, Royal Commission imto A boriginal™ ; Deaths in Custody (Canberra, 1991)
North= of Perceptions Man’s White The Philosophers: and Jonaitis, west A.CoaCreations st Indian ofArtMystics from the 1930s to the Present (1981) 5 AICRJ 1
Jones, M. Gardiner. National Minorities:
14 LCP 599
A Case
Study in International Protection
;
(1949)
Jones, P. Museums and Sacred Materials: The South Australian Museum’s experience, J; History and Background (1989) 16 COMA Buillerin 16 K. C. Obituary: Eric Maclagan (1951) 93 Burlington Magazine 358 Kaeppler, A. L. Paradise Regained: Envisaging Cul ture as National Identity, in F. E, S. Kaplan ed.), Museums and the Making of ‘Ourselves’: The Role of Objects in National Identity London, 1994), p.34 ‘Araficial Curiosities’: Being an Exposition of Native Manufactures Collected on the Three Pacific Vovages of Captatn James Cook R.N. (exh. cat., Honolu lu, 1978) Kaeppler, A. L. and A. K. Sullman, Pacific Island and Australian Aboriginal Artifacts in Public Collections in the United States of America and Canada, Paris, 1985, UNESCO
Doc.CLT-85/WS/12
Kaiku, R. Restoration R. Edwards and J. ‘Canberra, 1980), Kaplan, FE. S. (ed.). Identity (London,
of national cultural property: The case of Papua New Guinea, in Stewart (eds.), Preserving Indigenous Cultures: A New Role for Museums plz Museums and the Making of ‘Ourselves’: The Role of Obj ects in National
5 5 9 1 5 5 4 19 s e r u s a e r T l a r u e Cui I tural Propn the o n o i oe
1994)
Karp, I. and S. Lavine (eds.). Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Poli tics of Museum Display (Washington, 1991) Kast, L. Colonial Administration as an International Trust (1930) 5 Problems in Peace 132
Kawasaki, A. The Changing Presentation of the American Indian (Washington DC,
2000).
Keal, P. European Conquest and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: The Moral Backwardness of
International Society ( Cambridge, 2003) Kellock, H. Colonies after the War (1 943) 1(17) Editorial Research Papers 287
}
Kelly, L. C. The Assauls on Assimilation: John Collier and the Origins of Indian Policy Reform, (Albuquerque, 1983)
Kelly, L. and P. Gordon, Developing a Community of Practice: Muse ums and Reconciliation
in Australia, in R. Sandell (ed.), Museums, Society and Inequality (London, 2002), p.1 53 Kelly,
L., P. Gordon, and T. Sullivan. ‘We Deal with Relationships: Not just Objects’: An aes of Previous Possessions, New Obligations, Green Paper (Sydney, 2001) 97) ” ~~ “nternational Law and the Nineteenth Century: History of an Illusion (19 17 Quinnipiac Law Review 99
fsa
Oe
hg
Scholarship (1986) 27 HILJ 1
“SEES Nationa Life: The Romanes Lecture (Oxford, 1927)
Langford,
oa
in TB.
hy p a r g o i l b i b t c Sele
, n o d n o L ( s t h g i R n a m u H d n a w a L l na io at rn te In H. Lauterpacht, n (New York, 1945)
19
>
(ed: (eds.)),,
1999), p.9
A
Granéna Gr
t:gn: si Dees
Thhee Art
of
ictori Victoria
the
and
6); P21 9 9 1 , kc olicies (New pos Act of 1906: Politi
50)
a M of ts gh Ri e h t f o l l i B l An Internationa ) 1 6 9 1 , o t n o r o l T ( a v i v r u e gglfor S u r t S e h I , E F LaViolette, dn, » L London, > 19 1 3) e h t 4 L ( n w o al a i L t a l a n r e t fe n I f s o e ? l p i P yinc e h T J. T. , e c n e Lawr ) 95 18 n, do on (L w, La al on ti na The Principles of Inte t es | hw ut So l e th na of ur t Jo ) 42 00 20 ( t c A s e i t i u q i t Lee, R. F. The An acti. Pr d o o G c f r o r f s P e n s i e l n d e : i d oo n i ) u o 0 G i 0 t 0 a 2 i r ; t a p e e R d n n e o a i t u e r .i a Legget, J. Resssni A : e c a f e r P . ) . s d e ( n o s d r a h c i R i , . w B e i V d M in ker of an , a L. B A. 3 , n a m h e L Richardso0;n
Alber t
i
and
i
;
(Londogl
Mus, eum
mm Internationa 1 Law: Being
ee Be al oni Col to 6) 192 ng ati n Rel do on (L e e e r e the red Sac and The on : Lord Curz strum, D. ae ian Monume: nts (19 9 5)
Asian Studies 1 ton, R. and P. . S. S. Wi Wing:gert Arts of the South Seas (exh . cat., New York 5 1946) Locke, - J. J. TiTwo Treatiseses on on Government, Of Civil G overnment. eda. . Lastlett (1690) o}
Cambridge, 1960)
11
South
(Reprint.
Lonmer, » J. J. T/ The Institutess of th e Law of if Nati Nanions. A Treatise of the Fural elat Rel: ions of Separ rate Political o e C
8 3) 8 , 1 h g r u b n 5 i d E , . s l i o v 2 ( y . ) i 5 r 8 9 1 e st Pa e h T t . ore en Countr Se F 5 D a 1s t s a 4 ae , . J 2 , k d c n o a : b e s b s u e L r a sma l a n 5 |. Adda o a : D . F ; , d r a g u L M. , n s l d m l m a e u l H ( a n t a i e f a l W a c i p o h Tr s i t i r B n i e t a d n Moderna . An 2 Intima ] t e
Lynes, R. Good Old 1973)
Macarmey.y, C. A. Nari
MacDonald, ee
R
_aieeanage Wo as 2
;
Lt vo
e e B a of n e r d l i h C l na gi ri
McGrath 9 fh. A
1999)
(e d -). )
71 tested Gr Cr Con ound: .
Pt ortre‘all]
0,of the
National Minori mMmorities
Museum (1934)
a,
of
(Ri
,
9
4
Yak rn Mi ode 7
eprint,
A ustral ralian
Abo 1A igines
pice
st Masterpieces (London,
MMaccKkeeannz,i a W,
New
(N ew
York,
York, , 196 1968)
] of Ri l e a th v o d m t n e l n a e a m e n w r n e o v m o m G o C th al e tieay: he No orthern Territ} ory (Alice Springs, 1996) under r the th
B. fA 1tish
Mackay ¥ Q Quynn, D. 7 Art Con fis cat scaitio ns of th e Napoléoni c Wars c l e a (1 S cKean, J. Joseph a. ro e, London 1851, in B. pa ;
M
A r t
| 999), n.p.
ro Cro w:wn
( (S y dne Y5}
.
A . ge ta ri He st Lo Report of the S ymp , .) ds (e hy rt Ca Mc ostuJ m on th y ee Ma p 21 , re nt rn Ce tu Re e ca ri Af the 198] (Londo roperty held at n, 1981)
McKeown,
in I. Staunt on
Pp. 3 ;
CL - Implementing a ‘Try
i Th e Native American Graves jPso ; n r €patriation Act s after Ten Ye u T p. d n a t r e b u H J. , e d r o f F C. in , ears ce Pra ct er Possessi and y esstons: * R. INepa Poli j cy ] J Pri nci ple , in patriation i : e Com promise’
us Peoples
G. C. Indigenolom' é
de las Casas
n I s t s e Barto r d n a e t a i n I d n a s t h r g o i t R i V roperty>
P e ! t a v i r P , . n A i Mart
l i D R O L 7 7 ) 4 0 9 1 ( m u e e British Mus ral’ and
Martin, T-
1 0 0 2 , a c a h t i ( 1939
al r u t l u C f o cts
s Cultu
ure s a e r T . w W Martin,
92-93) 16 FILI 1033
for the s m i a l C e t a v i r P d n a | d l r o W . r a a n W o i f t o a N ding s l i o p S e h T d.)> e (New y t ¢ n r e p o BE. Simpso r P l a r u t of Cul
os p o r P A . W . R Mastalir, nder Intern Property ¥
Maurer, E. The
Recovery
Restitution © e t f A s t I d n a War IL
York, 1997)> P-142
aphy
and Ex
g" o t o h P l a i n o l o C ) 0 . 0 A 0 2 , l l , e n w o x d a M n o L ( s e i t i t n e d I p e n r a r e I n a f o p o r u n E r u of t e R e h t or f a e E l N P U f o & . M al r e n e M’Bow, A. G r o t c e r i D a P n i e g h i t r o y b b A tory of ppeal
Inve n
d n a g n i d n a t s r e d n U . e d e i u h G T n o . i t B a i , r t n ies (New a a c p h e i R l o n P Mee a n c o rt e m A e t v t a i i r t t a 7 p a e R N r e n h i t o t A e d l : l e l Bu c r n i a C n a e h t i n g o n i d n e ths M i . .) m S l l a i n u h . d e ( c B i . f , f C O r e t T e s h M Mei g r o PRA and t G A . n o i t a d n u o f : n y g n t i o t r ) i n e t 8 p a 2 i o r 9 r t Impleme 1 P a ep e, l r r / a / r : o u p m t t i t l a t u f l C a t a B n ( o d n n a o s i y t a a r s t s s ) E 6 i 9 n l a c it i m York, 19 t d A i r n G a i d : s e l b r n I a f M o m e n l b i o g r P l E e h T e . h 1 t t u o , ab Meriam g n i k n i h T ) (ed. . H . | ) 9 9 9 1 Merryman, , e u g Ha e h T ( C W w a 5 ) 6 9 9 1 ( L 5 d 1 3 e 8 l Art an e L u r J e A m 0 8 o ) S 6 8 9 de s i u q r a M e ote on th
National
Hectoree(eds.),
/ 3) 8 9 1 , d r o f x O ( i t w a a n r L e t n I e e r e p d i n n u a M e T : e ” r i e p m 0 Ee 6 e 9 nd 1 0 a 8 8 1 ) n 4 e o 8 i 9 n i 1 n a l i h O d b , s p u n r i O P e a t c t i g n s r o a li e B f i p h ib o t o c a n r ul G. J. P (Ma a
a
N
i m i r c s i ri D SC d n a y t i l a u Eq
McKenzie, J, Opening Address
S of “People %
2000)
‘aki,
An A
1965)
3
t p e c n o C e h T : s s e n r e h t O d
5)
cotection of Mot Movable Cultural Heritage: - R LXeport onoa vy, J. F. Australia’s Protecti the Mini. misterial Re View Moz e Cultural Heritage uaethe Protection of of Movabl of Si Ac t 1986 and Re, ulatio7 ns ( Canb erra, 99 uisit r am Government of Backward Terri; Lindley,y, M. M. F. F. 77 The Acq Smea % eee
:
) 7 9 9 1 , e l l i v n e k s r E ( s l a t r e t a M d n a y , r ) . a d n e ( e d r m o m awf r C . J n i ] Issues: Co scian,
i i n u P : e m i l r C na w io Ne at rn A te In w : e de ci N ci no ide: A ,i 2, R.NR. GenoGeoc ment and h “ Lemkin s i n u P 1946) W : ( n 0 36 l na pé t oi dr de le i evue internationa oe Yif O. ccup ai Ci to v. La , s pe of ro Eu ed ISS of Government. J} TO pi cu I n, Anal: VSISO Oc Axis Rule in 5) posa S ls S for R e edres, iy 4) 194 DC, (Washington a ; : : P. 2 Sah eae ority Rights Revisited: New Gli impses of an Old I Leuprecht, Minority Ri ean in P. Alston (ed)
-
n o i t a i r t a p e R n a c i r e m A e v i t a N r e h t ng the Circle: A o i d n a n a i n o s h t d i n m e M S ) . l d e a ( i c r e i t f f O e h t d n Mei s a A R P G A N g n i t n e m e l p m I d
rk, 1973) o y w e N ( s e r u s > a e nnell e u e r q F T r e u q . t u M b r l A A ( . A ? n i c . c Property: ffi a r T e h T t: s a P s n a w t d e r e d n u , n i l a P t Bri K. The
Meyers Michaelis,
1882)
Mill, J. S-
York,
Miller, D.
Fo
Ancient
Marbles
1
Great
t n e m n r e v o G e v i t a t n e s e r p Re n o s n o i t a r Conside , . s l o v 2 ( t n ) a 8 en 195 v o C e h t f o g n ti f a r r D e h T r e Hu nt
(186 1), New
d l e i h S . G C . ed
York;
1928)
(Cambridge,
(Reprint, New
|
r o f x o F e n a L l e n o l o C y b t n e l n o i t c e l l I o C s l t a r c a P t g 4 7 o 3 l 1 o p o e n r u h J t n m A u e s u e h M t n o f t o g n i e s u n g e K h t u Catalo o S e h t f o h c n a r ] Green b
v R p a r g o i l b i p t c Sele
: s t i r He l , a ’ r d u n t l i u k C n a e M h t “ l l A d f n o a e g r a a t i W , w : R. La
Ph
: s r e v i n U , s i s e h t D S S ORE T i H ) “ 0 0 4 0 5 2 9 ( 1 e g e th r E ( e d n Cambrid u n a w o e i t 6 n 4 n e nv e ) o 9 C 9 r 9 1 e ( a u g N a a s r e pourr h t e d n o L ( 26 s e l w p e o i e v P e R e v i ) o t 8 i o 1 m 9 i 1 r @ P n a a e e h T 4 — . a S , r e e i v i . H Ol , a e s i e t E a y e r T 2 n i A e , h : n e a v d a e e L p n O al 7 (3rd l ) l . o d d e n o L , . ols ; ee U , n i i c bd a ) t 2 1 ' 9 1 e i e P e : e a S L s t l I a e p : w a L . l L a n I o ace A i t 2 a n r e n ) I 8 3 0 3 9 k 1 8 e ( 2 n 3 t a i d c o h 3 t 1 3 e - S M a
, e c n Treatise Cultural Property: Ni
a a t x E ies tects — a
q
paca
a i of n o s s l t c i e W p s e A h t w ) ? e 8 0 N 2 9 e s 1 h T e v i t > c n e o p t s r g e n P i h politi N. s : a n W o ( i t a n 6 2 i 9 m 1 r e t y e l D u F f l n i e S y nd a s R e S t Univers a P t A S 6 1 d e t ) i 2 n 2 9 U 1 ( e h s T n ® N o i t a N s e f o c n a e u 1 g a Po mer e L L V e h A t 9 r 7 e d n ) u 6 7 9 s 1 e ( t a d n n o a i e M d t p f o e s e r g m o r e Conc G p t s s e y l S t e n h a t v i u © S n i : g a i r c O i r e 6 m a t e n e e potters P. p o r u e c i l b u p l ) a 6 n 0 o 9 i 1 t Be a n 5 r 8 e 8 1 nt i , 4 t s i i o r r a d P e d .» s e l t o 563 v i a r 9 T ( . p P r e o r s e P t d h o g F i m R e r t e n e h i o t c d ) n 9 o pra e 8 u 9 q 1 i v n a o r i p t s a a a r l a c l i c e d h e i D C t e ( N e U s g c e n c i a e k l h r t P o W f la scien o d e s z t i h s l g t i i s R v y i l C a n n A a m m u t n r H A A ” 0 e s v d i n r t o a i i d m s n i r s a P i t m S m S o C l s a e e n c h t o i pri t f o a n r s e n t o n i I s s Se ng i x t i t S s e t S h t g s i r . R i S F l e a , h r t d u r t l d u n C a , pritcha ) s . e d l e p ( o e P ¢ e i s N u o n . e H g i 9 d 1 , s of In t ) h 1 g 0 i 0 R 2 l , a y r u e t n l d u y C S F , o n d e r e d h N r t G o n 2 A p u o e , r s n G t O c e j g b O n i d n l a a t ur s t r l e u d C n U 5 . 0 V 2 . P g L n i , k t 1 , c t 6 ) i o 1 8 r f 9 p f 9 p a 1 r T , ) , 8 e t 9 s u 9 n 1 g i a a H g a s i e r h a P T p ( ( i h s s y a ner s t s r E a P f o A and Wrongs n o i t : c t e i l l o o r C d i n U f : o t d r n A a t n n e e l v o E O t S e h C t f o ) 7 9 n 9 i y UNES 1 r e v ; y o n t c e r o R e d p n o o r e L P h ( T > | ) , . ) s . a n d d r o e e u i ( ( t t l n u e r g ber Conv d Palme e e r jon of C F A y d m a ont t
7
’ , y o B of l enth a e v t o e m n e i R N y y: a R a Y S " 7 n i s ? n ay k A B a . E n n . a i L M R , t e n a nd e t a t s W i a 7 D g . D n i d e R < d a e n h a t mete : s g e n n i o m B i a l a e C h t e , n ) . e s d e e y t a r e c p yi o “ r P s r n e o t i e t n a i t c a o i n g h e t N , E ) e 2 u d 0 n 0 a 2 i n n a ae — e y s b u e n s h n w T o o i t c : e l s l a m l n i o o a c i l t C i d a r m t = u e ‘ y s s u t M n a m a i a l c r e B 1 n i t e l i l H u B n o : e p o u w o r M n G e B n i g n E i O s k n r o i : W s a s n m n o e a e i h d R t t e c S e f l o n l a o m C t r u o zp useum rata
—
Century
R
, n o d n o L ( s
i c n i r P acti r P , w d a n e L h a t t s e c and i e eaust: of us Principles p L 00) ( 0 2 e c , u r c e o s (¢ C s Pat ery E A . v N : o o c i t e n r R , o A r i e e n t Palm fi = ed. . Th al tole um < : Slac S ) 8 9 f 9 1 o , v e u g s a H y a e h S T ( e i s D u l Panel a M n o n i o t a e N = Native =Amereiric an Relations ogu 2! for a ane / :
Museus m seum
oloHorloe.
c
a Nati10onal D ialofggue on Mu N seum/Nati 6
pale wy
-
Pankhurst,
=
,
R. Tt
R.
The
Case
Ethiopia
(1 986)
e American e c :
e i e c s r i e r p P e : e s K e r . tor u s s a i e H r T Parker, P g n e i h t e olect a c ; i W ( oric s and C
L
Parsc
ase
aeson,
car
) 0 9 9 e a r i e h g i c T a M s ’ e u u = Tip Antiq dg la 1 ) 9 7 te bri ce
ane
a P m u e s u M ces
N. The fen
DE
se (Cam
y
o t l o c o t o The Pr t c i l f n o C Armed f o s t c e p s A Legal e h t r o f s Principle
anel for Mua sen um Anth ro-
r u t l u C i d d n n I a n o s e i s t n r o Prope al Traditi jaa
7 4 s e i t i s o and Curi SUES ¢
M u o d a n S a e e s A a W Petch, We Aan as he Pi s l n a o r a i e t n c e G e : ’ l s I l : ’ o s C s s ’ ' r r e v i R Man as he _ l Pitt a d i e ( 7 . T , s p , i s p A h x Philli e ( e h h T T a : : a e a c i r at 199 f A c p Y a , t k . e r T ) l w . o d e “ e . N C , . t a c . ) 5 hP illi pson, sec of sig f o e ) c 6 a 1 9 s Pe 1 e i f t o a e , r s n T e i o t d n 5 o d L n a ( 1 r a v a n re n G o d d n e a n h t o w a L L ( r f Coll a W K e n h o i t Philp, » K. J j s ’ r ) e 7 i t 7 l e 9 o 1 C e a , s n r o e s v c a u 1 R T 0 ( n a 4 Physick, J i 5 d 9 In d r y o o r g f o x t e O s ( i C H d n e g a n i M. useum: Th d l i t r u e B e s t i m ) f 2 o 8 9 H 1 l e 4 a t r s p m t u , s e f d u s o d r n o Au a f x in A t r Pigott, 2 © XD. 7*a o s p m e : u R e s u ; 5 M 7 9 1 n o l @ a y n i e r m e i t m u t q n o u Natio i n i C d I m u m l l c e a n h n t i i g s i e n r o o i t b t c A f o e C ( y g r n e i a l n i l o l n a a p a G r e l t R r of the P e o h p e t Aust h t n g i o e 5 7 9 1 z r r e , b a r n e r a -esipeoesanla ) d n u . o d n B » S a Pinskyv,ey, V— d n ) a B 9 1 9 s e c 1 i h ( t T i l o : e n r o u i s t g n a r e m C r t o s n F a e o B m y p r o a l e e v e e t e n I n t tiny a e h m o t y e e g R n n i i a . r E e u n d . a J p y n i g g n o i r , e s y v r o o a c e Y s y a s s E : t s “ie Redis a a 7 P : m , t g o h o s e l r o > e a y d r h l o c A can Ar gy, ( )> p16] 1 the Hist ai)
s
in M. Bria g n io i t r n 3 u e 6 d y 1 v . n p o C d e , c ) a 6 e l 9 u p 9 g s 1 a i D H , s e i e g a (Th (Par t i r e t r H A n i l a r u e t d l a u r T C g x a n l i e a n n o n i A t a n r ; 2 / c Inte 3 C 0 l 2 s a . r e u t E t u N l p O i u s C C i / D 9 f 9 d o e _ t r t n o s o u p n O x u E l o P y l Res l a g e l [ UNES; 9 F
, B G 6 1 r a W d l r > o W d n o c e the S t i o r d i n U aft
4
:
:
e,
a n n i i S p u n u e n Y n a ec pt . d G n o a n G L i n t a r , w u a O e l t i , T ) . d e ( sC c u g i t »ap.15 a , a i c u L o t S ( g e n j i t t c e e p n rees: Toa e wards Res r poi e f f i D , d n a i f r e R y n o s o B e r c f e i o 3 V = s 9 9 1 in o1ce , e : d c n 4), p.8 a 9 L 9 1 e h t 1 e ; o . V Pechota, i v t ‘ i n C ; e n m i p n k o o n l : e e e H i m v R t p i e n o . t L D l i a l c n l o n e P a e i c v h i T o t d C i . V n l a n » l e i h r v s T s i a and ea y i ed.), B . C a l n a o e v h t v t T n o C r C i k e : r n s n t o e , o h I k Y g i r i m o R e s w a P B e N of ( il 198] ights of
i NativeT
1
r a t n e m m o C
8 5 m u e s u 38 M ; >
38
7 a 1 i 5 b m u l R o L C U t A a d 1 e 4 r e v i ) l 2 e 9 d ) s e r 1874 troversy (19 u t c e L f o s e n i r o e C S f o A , w a L l a Objects n o i Internat n
:
j: :
; :
O n e l o t S ? 0 n o i Convent
of s t h g i R The > ) . d e ( d r o r f D w a r C y r e N a n D i 1 m i l , e w r a L 60 1 l Q a L n C The : P o I i t a rn e 41 t 7 n 0 3 I ) 2 9 0 1 9 P 1 C ( J s Y t } gh i R ) 2 9 Objects ’ 9 s 1 e ( l p o e ? P ’ y s t a r e p s o t r p gh i R l a r l u a t r l u u t C 3 « 9 Cul © : P ’ 8 e 8 5 g 9 ) 1 a : t ) i 9 r 8 e 9 H , 1 d r o l f , a x e Peoepolpelses ((OOxlto2r2 Ye O'Keefe. «Cultur e 3: Movemend t (London2nd> edn, Lincoln; 1975) mom ( m re ! a u y e a l r y o u c t V i l l V u o P c . e L g n a a e , t i e m i d g i r n o e I m H i Prott, s r e t l t a a a t r p S u ‘ t l d e u e t d C i et e h U t f o ’ s l s e t r u n t e l m u c Law and u c o s D n e i ) p . “ d e ( e d . p P s n F o i , t a o ) h n 5 c s u e L L Pr I Y P . A *~ 8 , k 1 n ® A ® 2 a z i n : e i o t m K c i s A 7 a l 5 g k K 9 d n l ka o R w a s i L o t n r a o i o n r i b a t y t a z S p a r e P R 4 ern 3 t n d i n ) a 2 ! 8 o t r i 9 d o 1 r ( n o e l u le c d e o t o s o n s h n a a d r n d p o s ’ r s dijaall’ e v a r d G n a D a c erty i p r o e r m P A J 0 3 e 3 v i M t a n N o , i n t i a d : i l Ra i issnigng: c s n o s C i 9 M 3 6 i M l Js a on i l s t A a n O r A e e W n t J. O n ) I y M : 2 9 2 1 2 ( Raines, eel s ) i 6 s 2 y 9 l 1 a ( n A ) d u n a g e o a H e w L ) e 3 : (Sydney, 9 e 9 h 1 t d Overvi , n n a o d d n s n o e a L i L ( t i r d e o n r i o p Min l m o E e 8 wie, n® Settlers a 1 a f o h c i r W y A s a t l , u n i a d i a i g r F r i a e r p p d o p m n b a I a A R f o : e r g e d u n e w o l e r w F i o v n r K e . v i H O : e v i l h a c c r i A r o t l s a i Reynolds, i H r & e p n m a I c : y i t r i e l e h T m A . : T y e t h i T l a , d r s 3 o 1 d r a h ) c 4 i i 4 R Ethics am ASLI 11 on (1943-
i i t 4 i t 9 d u o ) h t 2 T t 9 i 9 1 W b ( n r e t s e W Riding ing InA, mJe. rican Indians w e s a N a t d n n e a m h s s i n l o b and i a t t a e r F a p e e R h t l a r d u n t a w l e u i C v e m R . u D e y s r u o t M s i H Rigby, e c h i T l b u P : a 4 e d I ) 4 9 9 l 1 a ( i n o W l o S C N 4 8 e 2 h y r u t n e C Scholar Curators of t h t n e f e o t e n i N m . o V i n t i a z i y l g a o i Rigg, l t o n e e d s { s F s i e o h e t g r u d n B a f o c i s r t o n t e e g A Legal Rh l o r t n o C d n a n o i t a ir p s A . 2 A R , s L e H l i R 1993) 106 188
Culture
(
l a n o i t a n r inte
BK
y h p a r g o i l b i b t c e l e S
326
1
San
i : r e g a a N t i f r o e H t r y, o l o p a S e n R i g i r : l o e a g b a n A ‘ o i t i a Sa veminar o, 2E., HiThe Preservarion AuofstAraulsitaralMiaa’y 1972 C(Canberra, 1975) RoberAtbso,riginal Aninguatieessol01ution of the American (Commissiosnsion ffior the Protect; R Rest lution of e a n o i s s i m e ‘als W m o . C n n i o i * ss a s ace n a s t n n Robertp o e (o1t95e]cti onum M ( » c i , r 6 o 4 t 9 s 1 e i . g H a e 4 n d 3 n u a J 0 J c 2 i A t G C s i t A r , A 1 1 r :eas A of s i e i r t a i r o n ) i 1 M 7 9 M 1 f o ( of w e n n i o o i i V t t c c e e t t o l o r P r a P b 1 o 6 l s l a l n a n R o o i k ‘ H t r Y a o n T Y r 8 e t 0 n Robinonpson,ateJ. sI Convention. A Commentary (New ork, 1960)
_— rene
P. e h t o t s e i t i or n i M f o n o i t c e From the Prot ganisation 231 >
1 (1>942)
a — inorities
‘ }. ae
RobinC son,
WorWolrdd Or Art
engglliisshh
>
4 9 1 ( s t h g i R n a m u H f o n o i t o ; m e i t o m Pro _ Collecti
and
Connoi. sseurship
r e b o t c O ( g n ollecti
9
)17Y ip ie 115
1894
ne
) Nineteenth
oe
oct
er
a
I
AL
‘
.
PT
5 unders
q
4
; ’
Polnte,r: EEssz aays . iar
Rooseve
and
Lo cal ] Cor c
: ; o r p p A on Cultural . priation
Foreworc
. e i 8 p. s ,gla D1o)u 4 9 1 a , k r o Y wa Ne e g a ‘ s . p P l . a h o x C e F U ( . T , e s t e h tl Sevae s oft e i c i R pose l o P l a i m wt lo H r a t s o Bi
g m o J oucek,
; | |
5 5 ) ) 3 3 7 9 1 ( y t roper
l a 2 } o j é , ) 7 9 nonco1u9rt re e a rts > Indian A
q
|
Borrowed
of rein,
ae
ee Urired
. y t i C n e d r a States (G i r e m s n a ague BpNok
fo “ee
Wm
Soe
Keds);
|
4
1 4 6 L I J A 7 1 4 e ) L e e r n a ‘ f > e r o i n a i ) 9 M e h 2 t 9 e h 1 t r e f , o d e n u u g g n a i r k r P r ( e i W n s e n a o i t J a a N a t c c a e r n t n o Sen C a l a a i c o n S o t e s h n T a r C i s i l a e y o R ) i 8 l 6 a 9 n 1 , atio h n t r e r t o n w f I o s e p t u i o s r G e R a y d o u A Prroblem: A ee by a St l a i n o l o C e Lh ) . 8s e f o < : I ~ ( e t s r ttuule of i i a t s f n f I A l a y o R e h s t ‘ of ) 7 a 3 . b e W i r ‘ = T n , i e y n h i ’ t t b f Ru e y ‘Priminvism o s fini pef e rk A pe o Y : ” y o t w r A e N y ( r u n e t n r 1984 s si tbal and Mode
, N J r W e ke , g 73 n i h s u R 4
d n a t r A n a c € Ameri
Primizivseny a
and
(Aufsitniint,y 199of 5?)
M: ary wm the Af v
th
:
: f o y r o t s i H A the Neeww York Avant-Garde: sede
h C s n o i t a N uted
Russell, §
.
d e t i n U e h e f glea
) 8 5 9 1 , n o t g n i E f o y c a g 9 e 9 L 1 e ( l p m I s a x e : T g n i n 19. - The i A Cleans R s P c a i x G n e n A t N f o n o i t 3 a 9 t 1 n e m d e l e p g Rydell , ae , , j a rnati ’s a F isions of FE; ms
7
d l r o W e h t ee ; Chiuccaasgo, 1984)
t
‘
e t n I n a c i ? r 7 e 8 m 1 s A n t o a i e s r i i s p m n E e i f d a p y o ie Said e a : m s i l , a t n e i r th f o s n o a e O i t p e c n o C n r e t s i f a i r e p m I d n a e r u t l u v ) 5 9 9 1 , n o d n o L ( t n e i r O e h t Sams on, C, fe :lag. e~ondon, 1993) ing Place€s s (1988) 20 COMA Bull etleintin 20-2 ] “air: V istons
F
|
;
Gf aor
n a i ? d i n g I ‘ n e d R n i a e m t d r r o e u M o c M e n h M o t n r d a n a H e v i t i m n i r P o n’i j a s e = ) . d e d ( : e t i o n l r e B t r A n t Ai ist toofry:the The U — a c e i r t e m f o A e v i t a N f — o t — a o B R 6 " 92), p.191 e l t t a e S Russell, ( g n i t c e l l o C ef d n s n N < 4 . d r e t e i h n t U n u e f o h M t y+ . f E o 7 . J e y l r o 9 R o 4 t 9 1 s e , le h s T e t Sta e hi arter: 1945 (Was
1
}
C;
5)
p
ho W r o n o t S F,
Paid the Pip
y t u D : c i l b u P 4 s a n o i ; t a v r e s e r P e g a t i r e sHu 1142
;
:
t r e b l A d n a a i r o t c i V e h t f o t Ar »
Desiem-
, n o d n o L ( r a W d l o C l a r u t the Cul
n a f o s e s n i g i r O e h t d n a e r i o g e a r a G é b b A The i
and
Deco
) 8 2 9 1 , C D n o t g n r i e h p s é a o W C ( w e s N l e a r u u t t ; c . c s e e l l L o l v e t n : @ I w a L s t n x e w T o l r a B n l o a i J. i t c a i n f r f e O t n I e Scott, h t f o f o s n i n g o i i r t O a l s n a r h T s i n a p S . s e c ren am e f n o C (ed.). The e c a e P e u g a H e 1 h t 5 f o C L I s J g S n i 2 ) 4 7 9 1 ( The Proceed s e i t i u A q i t n A , s e ) i 1 n n 2 o e l 9 l o 1 o G St n i ’s y York, t s e e d j a a M r T r e e h H t o t , 6 8 8 1 s , e ) h 6 c n 8 a o 8 o 1 i t r i p b p i A h x , E n l do a n g o n e L a L ( i d n I B J. n d o n i a s is m m o C ial n o l Seabrook, o l C a y o n R i e h t f o , n o i t c y u t d i o r r o t h t n u I A e R h t J. r e d , n u d Seeley e u s t n : e . 1s m e l s a r i e c p é a P p s l a n s i u g l i p r O f e o é r s é d ‘ i s Serie n o c ’ n i g : res d El
b r a M ‘ s e d t n e m e i r t a p e r u d n o i _ t 2 s 5 e u I q D R a L 3 . S ) 2 3 9 1 ( s n e g Seferiades, s e y d t i t l i a o u r q d E e l d a i c e pl
Proposal of
e n e 9 1 9 1
n a a u R v ; au point de n, Race and Equality: The e S s e a a p a J s i s t c e j b O l a r Shimazu, N. u t l u C f o y e r c e n v ; a o r c a n e o e R i p t p a a e r e h t R T i b . ; r F s A s o , L n © o l e l e h y T l h o S R : h e t h a t m r d e n t a f A s s u n T o: i t n e e v e n o C e u n T d o l I r c o O W n R a D . r I i a W N e U f o s e s e l n i e o n p 5 e S n a e r h n T e ; t ) a . p d e 5 — ( s U ‘ : | , k r o Simpson, E. w e N t ( st-Colom l Property a r u e t t l u C m f o s y m r e u v e o s u M : s and Rec n o i t a t n e epres
s e , R U e h t n i s n o i ' t c e l l o C m u e s Simpson, M. u M ™ s m e t I d e t s e t n o C f o t n u o c ) c 7 A ; 9 9 1 n A : n , o ) n i 1 o t 0 a d 0 n 2seums and Repatri o L y , t n r d e e p o r d P n 2 l ( a u t c e l Mu l riesaire e t t n n u I o C d n r a e h t l o ultura from Making
R
The C
al i r e t a M e v n Compara
e a D p e S d n a e g a t i r e H s u o n e g i d n I T Simpson, 4 3 1 ) 7 6 e 9 , n 1 n i e z y a d e g a ey M L ( ’ n n o o i t t a g N e n i l r f o o u B s w C ) a 2 L 0 e 9 e n h ( t e 0 e h s 2 t d n 1 n e a g g n ) i s i 8 d n 7 y o n 9 l i 1 A r t ( e f a o d N s n t New 8 u h 7 g 9 i e R 1 c n . 8 P e 9 d 7 , u a 1 r h p n s : i i s S r n u o i J t c e e h l t l o 1 f 3 C o n ® ) a o i 8 i d 9 t n 9 i I 1 s o 7 p e x 9 h E T 9 1 ( . n R A m , s ? n i u o l t o l a Y e n o Sk s i i t a n k r n , e i t h n T [ u l o a Y r u t o d l u C y h d W n a . A m s , c i i l v i a n o Sij i t a N , l a a e r n u i t u l u G C w e ? N e e a w u t p e a b P f o e t e a s b a C De e h T : s e i r t n 3 u o 39 C g n i p 2 o 9 l 3 e v GWIILE p e , D ) 9 n 7 i 9 s 1 , m u u l e u s l o u n M o g H n i ( h a s i i n l a b e c O f o t r A l a u 3 s 6 i 1 Smidt, D. Esta V e s h e t i g d n u i t r S o l c p i x n E e , l ) l . e d H e ( f o d a l e a M n r u o J a M. 6 3 ) 6 1 9 ion (1 with
i
5
E
q ; {
1999)
n o i t a n i m r e t e D fl e S n ge i d n I 14 8 C Q R H 8 1 Scott, ) 6 9 9 1 ( a e l 2 P 6 7 A L I : J n A o i t 4 a 2 n ) 0 Imagi 3 9 1 ( n o i at
5
i t a i r p o r p p A e Th d n a c i f i t n e i c SP f o n o i muni t a l u ties i l r e 1es, Pin B. Zi fan d e v a h c e T :
(New
, s s e n s u o Oe i c s Con
) 3 8 9 1 , e u q r e u q ous
3) 2 7 e e } t Roeri d r r i o h f T n o s i g t n n i e d e v e n c o o C r P s t a c s e e Peac i of . t r c e r a P e b n m n e a v B o h N c i r 8 e 1 and o R d 1e n e n i 2 ( ce, 17 a a t C D n o t g n i h s 4 a 3 W 9 1 : 33 New York;
re:ns:
, ’ s s e n h s i l g n E ‘ ea of d I e h t d n a e g a t i r e H a l Nationa es
.
eBraicnhner of Pe oe o R e th ch Pact
6 3 9 H P E Rok d e e S f O . N obt-Amiaza, e e ee edge of IndiCugl enous on
‘
C, NationaE l
(1983)
d n a l g n E n 1 n o i t c e t o R r 9 L P . y t r ich e M p o r 8 P 8 l ) a 0 r 9 u 9 e t 1 l u UIa C f dea ( o s n i g i r O e h T ? e g n e h e n o t S g n i d n i M e n o y n A Js 3 4 5 1 ) 0 0 R 0 L 2 . l a C ns, ; o 8 e i g t d n i e v r n b o m C a C (1990) 7 f ( o n w o a i t L c e l l o C l a A n o i t a : s n t r c e i t l n f I n o C m d e m e r d A i c o f o n e G s w . a A L e h T ) . s d ) e 8 ( 8 Schabas; W. 9 1 n a , m t 1 o h 1 T c e r J. d r ) 0 o d 0 D n 0 a 2 ( , n d . e d m r G i ( e h n e s t p n p Schindler, D e O m u c o a D s s a r L e h t O : d d l n a a r e H s d n a : Resolution t s i t n e i c S 4 s a t s i l a n o u i b t l a A n ( r e t y n c I i l o P e h T n a i d . n M I l a e D , l e w e N f o Schmoeck 699 t c e p s A n A : d r a o B EJIL s t f a r C d n a : l s t r A n a i d n I a n e o h i T t a n r F e t n . R I : e h t f o Schrader; n maps lonisatio
saax, J
ee:
s e R l a g e L e e v h T o M . D t i c . i W l l I P e h t Rogers, o l t a r u t l e s u n C o p s f Ke gal ement o
mi
Museu
Os.
R
3
i
Questions
d n a r G A , ) . s d e ( n o s d r a h c i R . B d n a r 4 e k a in M. mB (London; 1999), p.275 er? The CIA and
1
ht;
CHRY
gaumare2
e n u J ( s m s u e i e m l l s o tions 4 u C M t r A t r A l a n l a i i c t n a i N v Our anonal Art Collec and Pro C ns h t n e N e t e 98s ne 1880) Nin a” N ) 7 i t 9 c 8 e 1 p s o 4 9 r t r e R e y b r m A u e t n c e e C D ( ums: d aaa e e s w u M o 1 t ( r A w a L onal nyN. Reparations an i t a n r e R a t n I . e g a c n i aaagetgpese m , s i l a t n e i r w 6 r 8 O 1 h L I Y e J e | k = o e ] w e o a n K = : r R Brus f e o h ’ VeTer (eds ectics : y r u t n e C h t n e der e t n a e g v a F . P e i a i t s n o s e v i t l — spec : — a r e P e s l e d e h o g : i P ed m Pr e n g n e a h l t a a a a i i n d h e p d l e d t a s l i a h P ( ae n 3 i e “ e > a v ? n o = : C l a n e o i t a e a h n t e h t r fo f o d Inter r a h n o i . t n e y v a n c f eaGcoe (New ab a tion p o d A 7 e d i W d n a P Pact 4
e c n e g r e m E e R e b T n a Peerss»
s u o n e g i d n I of
w a L l a n o i t a n r e in Int
ai
5
A
d n a n i g l E d r o L . A , h t i m S n o i s i V n a e p o r u E . B , h t Smi c i f i c a P e h t Imagining :
) 2 9 9 1 his Collect , n e v a H w e N ( c i f i c a P ) h 2 t 9 u 9 o 1 S e , h n t o t arl and C ( s e g a y o V k o o G e h t f o ) 0 8 9 1 the Wake ; y e n d y S ( t n i n a g u r T core of
[
7
‘
2
[E
:
:
r ad
: S
B29
y h p a r g o i l b i b t c e l e S
; M 6 § > 1 5 1 ) 7 l 1 um a se n Mu 6 r u o J (191 6 1 ) e c i h ( a c R i r a e 2 setae in Am
P Craft
e r u t u F e h T e t r u g o c i r a H S . C b , h t g Smi re , Me ai Industry, A:rt ¢ .
a ae 3) ai n : e n r e n d i o g i M r o b A S s of o n a n S o N i t s F e B u Q e 6 h T a O e A HL S L e t U e n in e Sa v a L s ne gi ri l a n o i t a n 9 r e t n I ) n 1 o 2 9 1 s O n d o i n n e i r p n O a G e _ E F , m ) 3 0 s 8 u 1 G s s u o u v B b a l l . y e S a _— B A m u k e o s u R M h n t a u i o l S a r t s e h t l i f g o a e v t e r h o t p e R r o f d r l a u n n ) A 3 8 9 1 w c n ear e c I e = c c i f e i c r a P a p n e h t i 7 r n 7 i a e g n a t e i r i ami e r H p S . M e n i i a ; e = i p v . f o Tigges % eae a nity of ulrure: The aPee and Prehistory © . al . c i f i c a P m € un l e a n t o p i s k c e O a , c i H s r e p a agen e P 5 8 1 . p 3), dise a r a P of s e c Pie
Pe
=
) 8 8 9 1 , y e n d y exh. cat., S the Return of A and eg
(ex
m u e s u M n a i l a : _ e o : — n. Pacific
d n a l s I c i f i c rtefacts to Pa
? Is] fact e t r A ’ s d n a l c Is
stand
:
C
Cou Ntriei s
(197
a Inventor
UNES e h T l e CO y h p a r g o n h t E 4 ) m g u n e i s m u o M c h t r g n e e l l e a h C e x Australi . C d n a d n a : e s e h s g T e . J g n a h C ie),.A es: . h c Specht, d e ( i t i e n s u d s u m n O m u M a W o n C e M o n m a M u l e a s r u o y a Indigen 1996), . p.27wnes, ia s . y i g a o l l p o s e a i D ch r A l a c lic b i , . u g -) P , n e o h d t n o d L an WS s a B o s I n e g n i k o d r n o I W A . l r a e h : e t s er h e s t g e o c J. T c A d n a , f t o g h n ki r s o Spec ~ e W a l p o a e e P , ai s e c i c a e n = e o t S s s , e c A c M A A C d g in a a — a . e e l a my c e h t e o d n a Art e e n B i F 5 8 s a 1 e . v p i 5 8 > — e P f , : t n n I a o (eds.), l S . J e n ( i e g r a F e B La e . t i . f o y r n e a m p A m o of c c n a o i n t n o to i o i b t t : i i l h e e b x t r i i e i r a t A n e e r t C s r n i a f d i e d é t n c I e s t r t sel A n a i d n I mith ae ti,onn ttoo estehsetnhiectic vavlauelue ((.193 n ) a 0 c 7 i 9 r 1 ) e y z , a t i e r i o r a l o r G i e a d i s n , t n i r p e R 2 ( 1 aeth co > P.69 ) 1 3 3 Parnassus Boiro L. d n a J. pechr, rnal u o J 7 1 ) 5 0 Project (20
3 ) ) 1 3 9 1 ( h W s of t i r e M s it s r n n e o m t e S a r F . M h s , g T s g e ? Spri ig at Wh s eo of t h g u o n t n e an i l a r t s u A 0 SnstcTsaiiaennMivMeuse 2 ey
. , C. The Ee Stabn
of Paradise’
. oPpeieces
haeology
se’
66
at
Exhibition
dine
:
s i l a i c o S r f o e m r o c F i l b u e h p t e R 9 f o l s a ) r 2 e 0 0 d 2 e ( F t s a i 6 Yugoslav 7 3 L “< I J A . = . A t s i . H M A i , r : i a y k l a l s l a w t p e s s n i I D tamsz f o n r o e e Pow Exhibiti f f o o m y u r e o t s s u M e h t t a Ar ions Modernrm Art (Cambridge, 1998)
‘ Otanne anr, er
wv V
Stauntotno,n, I
E.H
| and
M.
l a r e e d u C f o ie, S. The —
Stet
n on Successio
-_ W Aue
Mc
Man
7 Got
y N INoO
8 3 9 1 s y a Los ngi:tagEes:s A Repor:
Dreamii
. ) . s d e ( y h t r a C e Proper held at the a
t, he End of th nd Vie e s e ,
ie
Objects a
and
1981
érs:
_
in eo rican : o
Essays
se
n Museums
Cultures:
and
Anthropopollogy: 7
i b s = ; ; in , s r a e , Y Y W d e pists ag (Was ( g n i k 197 toc DC.
1 . p , ) 6 7 9 1 » * f O ) . d e ( : s r e h t O d King, G. W. n a jects
Stockin,
5) p.8
h; s i n a V t n a d l n i a h F ‘a ©. Mus poids2 e
>
112
. M d n a n o t n u a t S m a c e h t n o m y u t i r e s p o o p r m p y s l a e r (Loanfdothn » 1981) urn of cultu
e g S A report of a E t H i r e H t s o ge. Losre
i .), Cent r s f d A e ( e h t y a t i a r hheell,d the Africa 2, 21 Mayry 198 Stockin ntit 1. G. W. - J Jr. Philas hropoids > d. i
9 7 9 1 , a r r e b 1973 (Canpanocin on A . aa Si Ixeturn te
Her a y a M 1 ) 2 1 8 9 , 1 e r t , n n e o C d , on n : I s ' i O C C S a , E l e N a e U t t n t f e i o m m om t aa v ernthe o g r s e t :
MoCo
ia
Issues
vashington
PePeeys
Anth
r Rockefellea
ee
Thoughts
in
G.
FFunding W.
, n o s i d a M ( Wate
towar
and
Siac
1985),
:
o l o p o r h t s n A n a c i r a e m A e c
Essa
n o s i d Materi a M ( d n a e r u t l ? u C s m u l e a t s r e u M n ws o Strati es 0 4 d n a l u C ) 1 9 9 1 y ( t d r e e b p a o té e r ri S P He C d n i e k a h t n l a a r M a e t nd a n f Q o o m m ICL 859 o 2 age t i r e H Strickland R. |, ind, > AK. Implementting the National e a f a S d n a en m g f n o i v r e e s h e y t r c i i P d l n o P a t g s al Undererstanding, suardin Herita ge of Indj z Peoples an d n a s t c e Cultura J Pat ee Obj , ples and Native Hawaiians: : H Human Rights, Sacred
trickland R. an Native Cult
d
K. Supernay, Ee 1992he) F2u4tuASLJ to t re: .
Timc \
1 6 1 R L , k r 46 A
175
t c e t o r P o t t Ac l a b i r T l e d o M d e s o p o r P AP
;
y t r e p o r P l a r u t l u C n o n o i t n e v n o C e h t r e d un ! 1 9 6 . r e y r w a e s L e n t a e t S e H l a n e d o e i R t t a i n n r U , e t n e I h P t O 0 e 1 h R T s l 1 a e 3 r b u Act (1997) i t r : l T u n a i d n I ‘it ED f e o e y n o i e t g a t i r e t H n e m l e a r ere : ts an! the Cultu h r g e i t R s i e M n . a B m n u i H , p , y t n g i e r t e c v o S Re g n i s i c r e x E e r o l f p m I s d n n a o i t Op g n i d n : a m t a s r r g e o d n r 8 U P 4 . e n d P o i C u i G t ae a 8 i r t n a ) o p 9 , i e 9 k t 9 R r a 1 o i ( Y r t e l o a a p b e w i R e r N T ( a n a s c e i i c r i l e o m P A puilding e v n i o t u a a N i r 0 t A a p e R e r r i e C h t o e h t d . n a g n i d n n e a M i n o a s h t i (ed.)> m S l a i c i f f O e h j t d 0 n a P , m s i l A a i R r P e p G m A I ; N d n a menting m s i l . a r e b i L ; e c s n e e c d n u e r i p c s S i r u J l n a i g e L l : a w e r n e e 2 R d 3 r . o s d i n D a f o 1996)» p e c n a t d s i s e R atre H A < : s D t n e m e l p p u S s sugerman, u o r e g n a D s , m ) . a d r e ( g o r P d l n o i t a i r t P. Fitzgera a p e R e v i t c e f f E : A R P 7 G 4 A : N P , ) 1 . n 99 i f f i 5 1 r G e G , n o fo d d D (Lon a D l n a a 6 s i a n a r n o n t a a é r m m u u C a H h a 3 f r o 4 b A : s ) . 2 n M 0 o 0 i 2 s ( n e . . m i D s m l u a e n s o i u t M a i n Sullivan, 7.J r e in t n I e , ) g . n d e a ( h 7 C k i l l b a a r N u t l , Ss u C 2 1 d n 2 a , t p e c n o d i C M t a c i m a t r l A s I e n h r T e d o . M H f o , n a t l m Su u e s u M e h T , ) . d e 8 ( 3 p d l 2 e , i ) f 8 r 8 e 9 d 1 l E J. , s i n r i a P ( , n a M Law f o s ’ d l r y o l W 3 i 1 m a p e h F t : f ) o e 4 h 9 T 9 1 J. n o , i k t r i o ; b Y i i k h s x w E w o e k N e ( h t Szar d d a n o a r b A , d e n c a a l a P e m o H l a t t s A y r C : y e h t f Centur o n o i t ip r c s P e O D d n a e e t t i y m m or o t s C i H t c s e ’ l ) s e i 2 S l 5 l a 8 T 1 f o e e F t , r o n o d n e o Tallis, J. R L a ; in Seventh 1 G vols.>
: 5 > m u x d i n d n a e r p o p m , e n o M t 3 s o B ( . . l e o v r t n n e o C ) e 1 l 1 o 3 p l a a N n i C o t 4 H g i r o ; from Rameses b A 0 0 0 2 9 n 9 a 9 i 1 n ( a m t s Tas r n o u p c S e l l o C , d n a t r A f a o i d e M y r o t s i , H e r A Cultu n 185
Industry
: s l e g n A f o e t s a T e h T . H Taylor, F. d n a 1948) l a e D w e N e h T . D Taylor, G. -45 4 3 9 1 , t c A n o i t a z i n a g r o e R History of 2
. V . w . H Temperley, ) 9 6 9 1 , n o d n Lo
dia n I e h t f o n o n a r t s i n i m d A e h T : m s i l a rib T n a i d n I American , s l o v 6 , t n i r p e R ( ) 0 8 9 1 ) 4 2 , n 0 l 2 o 19 ( (Linc s i r a P f o e c n e r e f n o C e the Peac iterature
L l a g e L l a n o i t a n r e t n I d n a s n o i t u t i t s n I onal i t a n r n e a t c n i I r e m , A s e l p eo e P v i t a N s r u o f o n e g i e d l t n t I a B 1 . C e h t Q R d , n a 6 1 Tennant y g o l ) o M 4 e 9 a e a 9 h c r A 3 9 9 , 1 n a 5 M 4 k om 19 frs ee Sku t ( s r u t n . V e ) m 0 n 0 ; 0 r n 2 e ; o , v d o , n G k o r omas L o d ( Y n a w el fic Ne
v i a c r a P T e , h y t g o l n i o p o r m h s t i n l A a i n : e o r l u o t C l u C d n s a ’ m s i e r l u a t i l n u o C l o G l a . i r t e h t g a i M R e h , t e Thomas, N g n d n a a h c x E y l b m s e t c s e s j A b O l a d r e e l n Ge ang Identity (
Ent
s n o i t a N d te i n U e h T : y r o t s 1991) i H k c a B g n i l 47 Rol . N . D L I 1920) I R W C ) 22 , rk ms Yo u e s u M ThomasoCnu,ltural on w e 0) N ( 99 (1 y y t i a n u D erty m «6 a m o y C b r o y f a D e c n e e m r m e f a n r o g P C o e c g a in in e he P T ing n 2 i a r T T s . C m u ‘ e s u M Thompson, n a i l a r t s u A e h T ) 2 0 0 . S 2 , k r o Y w e N ( Thomsett, t gh i R n a m u H re ted d i n n a U ) 1 9 9 e 1 h s t e l p o e P , d r o f x s r O u u ( o o n i e v g a i h d e n B I s . e P i t i r l a o c n i i t M i l o P f , o y r f o r e b n s y d Thor Right u t S e h t A d n a : m e t s y w S a L s e d p t ! s e l e a t n n s o o u s i r t i T a a m e h a t J Intern f o e d ions blems t o c r e P l l o c . G s e d n o i t Thullen, : i t r a p e r a l ) 4 6 9 r 1 u s a v e n o c S A O e Nations L(aGcecnord Austro-Hongro's h t f o l i 2 c 9 n u o C ion e s t u e o s t w n o e M n a m ) r Tietze, H. v e T P al n o i e t h a t n ) r 0 e t f 1 o n I 4 2 m 3 9 n a m r i e a c i h ) t C 3 c a 3 r 9 P 1 ( s a v l i S s e t a St d e t i n U HabsbTo.urAg. , Note to R dolfo f o t s e g i D ‘ n i , n " a , 0 r m o d a Tod v l a S y n r a a S t n e f m o m o G n t: c i l f n o C nventio o C s it d e e h t m 0 r d 8 A n 8 a . p f o g n t c i l cerni f t n n 1964), o e C v E ; e k h d t r e o m Y r A n i f o w e N ( y t t r n e e p v 7 o E 7 r P e h t l a r n u i Law 19 t [ ’ u ) C r e p o r P l a ction of r of Cultu
° ° n e l l u B A M O C 6 1 (1985)
for the
) 6 9 9 1 , s Protocol (Pari
ion
: |
L
[:
h p a r g o i l b i p t selec y h p a r g o i l b i b t c e l e S = meee
330
ne
ety in the Gilded Age Age (New (N
T rachrenberg, A. The Incorporation of America: dat
-"
Phonaer:
Treue, W. drt ae
urnbuil,
P. Indigenous or " force,
st, trans. B. Creighto S Unrest,
War and
of Art in
Rate
The
Keand Legislative 7 .kb. The Background = aw WR R Echo-Hawk
Trope,rf J
American Native cc (1992) 24 Graves History : 2
wpe, Policy and
rncr, | A : Ramee,
Meet Bie Ss
Austrat:
a
D
N ew .York :
Title, ine in n o i r a i Patr
a —. p.63 2002), (London, on Practice nd D Confiscations in the French Revolution (19 it76) 4 Proceedings of th = “ Soc tory 274
reert
thehe WWeesstreerrn n
His
Sociery for French
¢f N
“ onsidered
c
Viel
:
as Independent
siinn TTiimmee of Waa r (Oxford,
of !
Dunes
“tae
Practice
anornns
4
Th
D>
:
azs considered as , Independe: dependent
1863)
Politi
e
Th Political Com:
the
a n r e t n i e c i f f o V e d t r o p p a R 3) 3 9 1 t e l l i u j ¢ ectuelle intell
E
(1939)
Nouvelle
Annual
1, i n C o s e i l t ca i ti n li u m m o C l a c i t i ol the RigEhNts .
)
|
an d Rep‘ atriation os r.
th th of Defence et their Defence People, of ~ rtDusander P. tralian Turnbull (eds.), The Dead and th a ayiordek a“ ne Foespy,
) 9 8 9 1 , n o d n l a o n o i L t a ( n r e t n I y of g n o o i s n l a p o x E e e s h , T ) u . M s d e ( w n e o N s t e a h T W . A p. d n a l l u B . H n i , y t i l a u q E l a i c a R . J P t. 9 ‘ 9 h s 2 a . W P , s t n , e ) m 4 u n 8 o 9 M 1 c i r o t s , i H d r d o n a f x t O r A ( of s k r o W € 0 n vyincen o i t c e , s t e i o r e r S P l a r u t l l u a C n o d n i a t n o i t a m r o f n I l a n o i ide: Interna t a n r te n I , s r e p a P e t a t S d n a s t n e m u c o D S U 1 2 8 ington, n o i t a , r n é p o o o t c g n e d i h e l s a a n o W i t a n , r e 9 t 4 n i 9 1 n o i s e s n i m u m J o c a l a s No.8, e é s u m s e d tional ernationale, in
and
a
Rights and Dut ies
Som Si e
Though ‘ ts
on thec
Neeww InteInrtenrnatatii onal Economic Ord e)er az (Paris,
s as Human Rights (Paris, 1970)
: n f Cultural Pro . : 0 o i o t c e e c t n o nfere ees m1 the Pr Coa perty ped t Ev e ve nt of : Armed Conflict . 3 e D a NECONAS ¢ a St! H e e h c T n ( e r e f 1) Con 6 e h 9 t 1 f . o s , d r e o u “ g , a : e t : n r P I e o h t e s f f te t i Statute o m m o l a C t n e m n r e v romoti In, g the Return of Cultural T patie iin Tgo g Pr op i g i e . e r O f s i o ; pe re rigin oo:r its Restsiuttuuttiion ii n Cas Sha rie wr gin aie opriation > at
Artpt:rp://www.-uunneesscco.org/culr h eo
e th f o y r o t s i H . t Y he C » C J W N U ; of Wk
of Wer
Law
(Lobentdon, , 19. 1948)
Reports of Trial
fJS aiDepartment
of State
s
Wa
a,
-sht
me
War Crimezess Commissios.ton and the De ev selopment of the Laws
5 1 ( : l a 5 1 n ( i s l m a n T i e Tre -
s p a e l f o t US Departmen isa
a
vols., Lond
) 9 4 7 4 9 1 e o a r e t f A d n a s e l l i a s r of Ve ashingto : Ne
nit
>
ea n e n o n C n o t g n os a i h s t a s fi W u . oca States (Washin useum l o H g e A Ssets in the United a r E t s u a c — o l r o : e p H v b t r o m n h N e o v at , 0 3 8 9 9 1 r ) , e reaes C b D > cem , n o i t g n i h s n a a e stat . w w w t s u a c o l o h , / r u e / s ; n o i g e PPrresidential r / w w w y
a n n o o i s s i m m o I . P C s a t e s s t s n s A u a i a : F s n c o o m i l o t o c u e t R i t s and ecommendations and Staff e R d n a r e d n u l P . s e n i a m e Valliz i h s a W ( t r o p e R f f ) a 0 t S 0 0 2 j E s t r A D n a a i e d l n e p C. I
ralhant, G.
erica (N w York, 19 m A ” e N ( ca d e ( C. , e n F Va -). Corres, spondence, Des, e ; i V a e r f o e l t s s r a e C ond p c a e P S : t e n r u e o h c h, t s o ig Marqu i d n a n a m e p S y r r e d n ondo 1853) L of , n o s s e u q e N Varnedoe ¢; K. The Evolyi : ; Cc Tor Scul
Arts in North
Evolving
P a i F Collecti the of Ideas Changing ae 0 Museum a of Art erred Ten of Elderfield J. in p.12 Museum Art, The cgo9 se 1995), (ed.), New York, Change A (N Vasarhely “9 Century: Continui ity and La V1, L. Restinery , L 18 in International rot des gens, ou
princi
2
(Budapest,
1964
a
Modern Moder
/ a conduitei et aux affaires loi naturell, la de tt des nations ¢ t des souver rue » Ou principes vols.; Reprint alques ala (1758) (3 5 shington DC, 1916) > Veatch, R. Minc d { e j u udies t naltSt s, Lj rary, 77 Lape aguofe ¢ ofof MatNaiontis onin atio tern Ini soft ‘a n and UNN Lib e G I at du in ra , ns, P é By li iumium (B (Berlit mposos Symp etrospect: Proceedings of the Sy ‘Natitons ((TTioronto,
1975)
Ne
US
r p p A t i c i l l / I g f n o e t e _ h s l s m . /statuts ml ws/committee/ht I
a l / e r u n U n s r n a o i N Nat dd ee Unitt
et t r A 5 1 7 l ) a 9 3 n 9 o 1 i ( t a n e u r q e i t t n a i m o l w p o i d r d e e c d n e r é f n o c la e d comparee et e u v n e 9 3 9 1 n e i l b 8 7 a t é l a f n i o t i i t n a i n f r é e t d in t t o r d e d t Le projet e e e r a p m o c n o i t a l s i g é l e d l i e u c e r : e i g o l archéo e u q i t s i t r a s e n i o m i r t a p s e d 7 n o n i o t i c e e s t u o r o p M ) 4 7 4 La 3 9 3 1 ( 4 s ) e 8 € 3 s 9 1 u ( m internationale e inte: national
c n i f o f i o t L a t e n d e m e e r l v g u e re o P t e s e l l i u o f des e l a n o i t a n r e t n i e c n e r é f 6 n 1 o c ) a 5 L 3 9 1 ( s e qu i r o t s i h s t n e m u 0 n 0 o 7 m C s L e d I D t e R 8 t 1 ’a r d s t e j b o s e d e l a n o i t a n r e t n i La protection ) 7 1 9 1 , G D n o t g n i h s a W ( s y N . B E . d e , RDILC 32 s e n o i t ec l e y i l l e b e r ) u j 5 7 e 9 d 1 t e , s s e f i f d i n l I C e D d o o w e l g n E , Vitoria, F. de. n d e . v e r ( e r u t l u C f o on i ) t 3 n 9 e v 8 n 1 I e , h T n o n . d a R n c o i L r ( e m A w e Wagner, a h L t f o l na s u o t i a t t a S n r t e n t e n s I e f r o P e d c n n e a i c S t s a e P h T e h . T A . T : w a L s ’ Walker, n a M e t i h /W d n a L s ’ n a M d e R . E . W , n r u b h s a W ) ) 4 5 6 9 9 9 1 1 , y t , i n C a m r o n N de r , a n G d ( e d d n n n a a 2 M ( e n m t a u i e h W s Indi u M e h t a i d n I and e h n t a i f d o n I g e n h i T k or W ). d e ( t n e i . c E i f f e E t . u W t u e t h s t n I , r n o f r n u a b i d h d e n s I ir u Wa q n e a r f o s e , r m u e s h a t e M th e i h w t n n o O i t c e n n . o s c e b r o m , n o i t a d n u o Watson, J. F F e h t r o f s n o i t s e g g u S h ) t 4 i 7 w 8 1 , y , r a n r o d n Lib o (L g n i h c a e T d n a e r u t c e n L a i l , a y r r t i s u u q A n E 9 1 r ) o f ) 9 1873 8 9 1 ( , n o d d a n e o D L ( he s t n o f i o t i b s i t h h x g E i R l a e h t d n a s Internation t s i g o l o e a h c r A , s l a n i g i r o b A . R , l ) 3 3 9 Weatheral 1 , n o d n o (L e c i t c d a r n P 2 a 2 1 t d a n i a y r g B o l y o r . e o M e h n i T Archa , n i e k a s S n o i s t ’ a t r i A N r f o o f s e t u c g e a e j L b , O ) 6 e l 9 h a T 9 r 1 . w K t , l e . u u C g C a H n , i e h e T d ( a Webster r t T r | A a m n o e i ad r nat T r e l a t n n o J i t t a i n c i r L e t n . I K f o . H s t 5 , c e e h p i s e A W l a g e L , ) . s d e ( e k g u r D e b e h d t e e l r l F a Jo AXs Field Marsh
eg 1861) (Oxford, Peace of 2 47 Th Stud A Z rudy of Changes Affatrs: S. f a i r s : Study oTin Policy 7 2 of the Unitedited S States Indian der, S. Teler, S towards Indians (Pr ovo ) ; 5 , : UN m o c e f R o s d n n o a i n s a n o d i n t on me C the ieee C t P; c e e t g th o n r i P n of r e e c n n o i o c O C S E N U l of u C s e th J 3 8 9 1 , Paris : y e t H i l i l b a d: i r in s u nk n t Ma l o u p C s e R e h T of hared S e g a t A i r : d n i P a k r n i a s , M 1 e 9 = 8 of 2, UNESCO d n i S S W / 2 8 T L C Doc. Change nge.:
t n i n o i t n e v n o c e d t e j o r p r e i m e r p 7 4 et texte du l a n o i t a n r e t n i t i o r d e d t é e e r a p m o c n o i t a l s i g é l n o i t e a d l s i l g i é e l u c e de r l i : e e u c i e r g o l : o e i é g h o l c o r é h a c r a t e et t t r r A 1 1 A ) 9 3 9 1 ( 7 1 t e r e l s e l c i t r a s redaction de
of s r e d r O l a r e en G d n a s e h c t a : sp i De D e h t m o r f s on i t c e l e 5 S 2 . ) f 2 o ) 9 2 9 4 e 1 8 ( k 1 u s D t s , a P n o t d n n e o t o L P ( , s Wellington, t d c Obje rwoo u G > L . d e , n o t g n i l l e W a r of u t l u C d n a on i t J. a i d n r a a t a p s e d r R a w . d H E . R n i , c i f i Welsh, P. c a P he t n i m , ) s 0 i 8 l 9 a 1 i n 7 3 o , 8 l a o r C r e R b an nd C a ¢ UMYJL s e r m u u t e l s u u C M or : f g e n l o o l R e B w e N o t A n s: r e o r b u t e l R u C . s A u o n , e g i d n I Wendt g n i , v r e s e r P ny , ) a . m s d r e e e ( v G e e l m s 1 t r y a t r e p Stew o r P f o n o u tu i t s e R o t g n i at l e r s m e l b o r P , s p.25 w a ‘ L f o s t c i l A f n M o O C C . w 7 W ) , 1 r 8 e 9 1 ( e l Wengl p m a x E n a li a r t } s 3 u 3 A 1 1 h t r Q o L N C he t —~ s m u e s (1962) 11 I u M v. s e c a l P g n i d p n e a e K s e v . a C r G . n a c i r e m A e v i t West, M. K Na e h t f o e d a c e D a 9 g n i n n i i t m e a l x l E u B 0: 1 t a A 2 4 R s P w e G N A m N u e s u al. M t e 9 7 . ) R 0 0 0 2 . ( ) W 4 9 t 8 c 1 A n o , West, i e g t d a i i r r b t m a a p C ( e R w a d L n h a s l a a W n n o o i , i t t a t n n i c r r e p e e R nt ( I Prot f o ) 6 6 s 8 e 1 l p i , c n n d i e r P h t e 8 h ( t n n o o s s l r i e W t . ap G h C . d . e J , , e w k a a L l t Wes ternational
n I f o s t n e m e l E . H , n o t a Whe ) ington DC,
1964
y h p a r g o i l b i b t c e l e S
Da. na
(Repri
Jr (8th edn, 1866), >
iR . H E = l a n o i r a r n r o te d In n of Elements e e i S ) e 1 h 4 ( t e y 6 ed£ f c r o 9 n o 1 e t l s » c i O H e h t f h o c wt na 83 ith a Sket Elements of Internatio ing r p e R ( ) 0 2 3 2 New York, 1972 : ovember Art 32< (NGN of me zi ga Ma w, Ne l ul St N Is d rl ye Sull Wo s w Ne W at 1939 ) , Whiting Jr, } E A. The New I ian Soveret ‘ 3 1 A 6 d n ) I s C e A s e n u m F a e c E. i i r f o k r p s . e u D m a g S A n M RI e US S h T e h t : t Wilkdiinnsn,s, 24. d r n u a o v y t n e i wre v r e s e r P e h t Austin, 1997 s and
o i r u C f o y n o a i t c > E. The Colle
=
92 a 2 e r T 0 L 6 : 7 t I a s r 7 e A Y 0 d 9 r a 4 C 1 u n 9 h ( s a s 1 a 5 i C e in 1 l r o P ) 7 7 The i
r o t i r r 8 e T r e F. ‘ v o . W G , s y | r e b f i ? i o o h e c y h g n T u e d o n l : e s l p e 0, i W tat 25 S nd De a d es e o t t i i r n r e U e = h t i of r Ma nae 3 5 a 190 = art
=
aps
—
so siar aa
s n e i W ~ s ma
n o i t a p i c i t r a P n alifornia India
1 9 1 J R C I A 1 2 E(e ).O Jernanional d.
Law
and
E,
i
:
the
n o i t a r t s i n i m d A and fe ‘ (3 y r u s a e , , n Tr . o s l d o n v o L 3 ( sury Wri;
1868)
GNRS. ,
RW
6 Anthr _
1990) 6) 20 AIQ 22 97 Self-Delusio
Toward
Rec
oe
cco
]
» Late First
na
|
.
7 3 ] R C I A 6 1 ) 2 9 9 1 ( d a i d . n v a a r G n a c i r e m ative A ves
1
4
|
, 5 8 ; 4 , 3 6 , 2 5 Africa, 43,
6 1 2 , 6 0 2 , 3 7 1a,33, 1501, 281
2 6 , t r o s n o C A‘lAblesratc,e-LPorrirnaciene, 80 t i r e B , m 1 u e Altes eMz,usAlejandro, 31
Alask
j
ee
d n a n a e m p a i 7 e e e n s a a C M Zimmerman, L k c . i n o w t e n n i l n C e K . N e 12 } 2 a ec ot Pr P C J I — 8 ) 9 e 9 9 = Ss (1
Mil
3
4 2 y a d o T y g o l o op 4 I , G K l o o
p r e v i L f o l r a E d econ
Se+ c
s: e i s o l s o e h W t e y h M t t d i e n r i y a h W r o t : s s e i i H g o ng ee l i o h r t i 2 D d n a w e N A . , e c y g o l merman L. o e ame a e fferent Arch i : F Archaeology, Reburi ; the Tactics Young
.
1998)
‘
n i m d A d n a t n e nm
; k r o W : n o i orking . on in Repatriat
, a i y c s e r t n a t M ) 5 5 i B ) 5 3 1 q ( a a e e e l a n c i g o l o c a e h c r o i r a ds hi s ) 0 e 9 9 n 1 i ( e s c i e d o i c h C n ( e c s n o o i P t a N f o e h t e r u g e a d e n L u s u e t t a a d ) n 0 a d 3 9 1 , o g a c I WYornikgeh,t, C.Q. ThMe Life an of Robert B =e, ).
(Dobbe
‘Alvar
{
98
sculptures,
177 ; 6 7 1 , 5 7 1 , 135 , 4 3 1 , 3 3 1 , ericas ; 135, 151
a
3 3 1 , 1 3 1 4 3 1 , 9 0 1 , 3 3 1 , 6 2 1 Central, , 7 0 1 O W 2 2 h W p O h i S y t i i Nias
e e s s n i a m e r l ancestra ) 5 5 2 5 2 5 2 , s i r Anderson, Ch
° © , s r a W h k i S Anglo , 1 5 > 9 , 4 y g o l o p o r h ant
124, 266
4 2 1 2 1 , 0 12 5 4 7 , 3 6 60
43 , m s i 6 n 8 a i r , a 1 u 4 q 0 4 anti , n tio c e t o r p l a g e l 14 antiquities, , m u e s u m , s e i c i l o p acquisition 280
104 , s e t a t S Arab
; 6 0 1 8 2 9 8 3 8 1 233 , , 1 5 2 3 4 , 0 3 8 0 2 on 307,
A , 5 F : s e t i s , s e Aarrcahnadeaologicaal sit , 117) it ¥ 5 116 107, 110, , y t i l i b i s s acce
1 5 0 1 1 , wi 108 ) 7 8 , 6 s, d n a i f f o n 0 o 2 visi i y d W e , l 6 b 1 a 1 t , i 4 4 , 2 e equ n i , t 8 s 0 e 2 d , Jan 2 9 1 , , n 8 o i 1 t excava on, 1
© s n o i t a v exca 246
ee 9; 284,
Jati
> 5 2 ; 5 0 0 0 2 , 6 6 1 yy ~ 1457-,965 303
29 , 4 9 2 , 291
, 7 6 4 6 , 63 , t c i l f n o armed c 23
719
2 os
erty
4,
Ww
Ferry, 1978
/
‘Sp oC 5 a i] gg wy DQ
taition (A a r e p o o C Tilliams, : J. A. d r n e a b D t s e t a ro the l P k c u A 19 69) i . = , of d e n h t t n a of n 16 f e o s v t o c C @ Aspe < Wil e : n u o e d g m n p a o l e M S L i r t e e th a h c N . C s i f F f i o . J s e on bl va jams, Mo . e of ) 34 19 » on ti ec . N o ot er Pr Pr Ju and The Cultural National s, S.S. The Internanonal and e bl va Willam :
(y
Pr
ission m m o C er nd la Is Strait1 es rr To d an i al Aborigigin 5; 287 28 5, 26 7, 24 (ATSIC); 99 1, ), ia op hi Et so al ee (s a ni si ys Ab 28 , a i h p l e d a l i h P , 6 Academy of Arts 5 3 2 2 , i l i x , ) 8 (197 e c n e r e f n o C , 2 3 1 , 7 2 Adelaide 1 , 6 0 1 , 104
JS
“7
2
A
i5 eo
E l ss e New “ Zea : of th New Zealand Maort * aori: C
and Reeburia]:
a
1994)
ation
S2 3 &
(Washington,
vd
‘}
=
“ride f¢
(Wash
Repatriati
i,
Wiliams,
ObjOebcjetcst,s, SSk: eletal Remaiannss,
SacSarcreedd
5= oO © 5
Amu rican Indiaann
C.
y N Ao resb
ol, , 2 » s collection 2 ; 5 1 1 , s n o exhibiti 8 8 1 , 8 5 1 5 24
; 1 4 2 , 3 1 1 2 , , k 6 0 l 2 fo , 5 1 1 , 6 , t e k l mar a n o i t a n r e int 256, 303
2 8 1 , 8 2 1 , 3 2 1 ; 8 modern, 13, 9 Pre-Columbian,
190-93
; 0 8 1 , 3 6 1 , 8 2 1 ; 7 2 1 , 3 6 , 3 1 , ’ e v i t i m i r ‘p 188-90
10, 1 ; 0 8 , 7 6 , 3 4 works of, 28,
286 7 9 , h g i e L , n o t Ash 6 3 2 , 8 1 2 , n o i g , 2 7 1 ; 5 6 Asia Pacific re 1 , 4 3 331 , 8 2 9 1 1 5 3 ion,
assimilat 264 , 1 6 2 , 3 8 9 7 1 48 , n h o J , n i t s Au 2 , 8 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 s Australia, 12 -88 2 8 2 , 1 7 2 , 7 263, 26 rts A l a n i g i r o b A 6 9 2 , s e v i h c r Australian A 6 5 2 , t n e m e l t British set 58 l , a m n s o i i l t a a i N n o l m o u c se u M D 0 y r i u q f In 2 o 2 1 e e 2 t 2 t i , m ) t m r o C Repo t t o g i P o s l a see Collections ( 285 , l i c n u o C s” r e t 0 s 2 i 2 n i M , e g l a a t r i u r t e l h u C ral u t l u c f o n o i tect o r p c i t s e m o d 230 , t n e m a i l r a Federal p -26 1 2 2 , s n a i l stra u A s u o n e g i ind 247 41, 2 , 0 4 2 , museums 26 1 2 2 , y t i t n national ide
f o n o i u a r a p e e S h t o t n i y r i u nder a l s I National Inq t i a r t S es r r o T d n a l 95 a 2 , ) 7 9 9 1 Aborigin ( s ilie m a F r i e h t , m n o o r i f s s e s n s e o r P d l s i u h o C Previ e e s ( y c i l o p m u e s u m es, r u t l l a u n C g n i natio t u n onu C d n a ; s n o i t New Obliga ) s e i t i l i b i s n o p s Ongoing Re 0 2 9 1 2 , a e n i Gu y t r e p o r Papua New P l a r ltu u C s u o n e g i d Return of In 5 , 6 2 4 2 2 Program, 28 5 5 1 ; 0 1 , y e n d y s , m seu u M n a i l a r t s Au 22, 2 , 8 1 2 , 291 ) 5 8 (19 y r e l l a G a i l stra u A l a n i g i r o Ab 256-58 248, , 5 1 , t i n U ge a t i r e H l a n i g Abori 253) 203 , f o n r u t e r ts, c e j b o l a r u t 6 l 9 u 2 c , ) 3 9 9 1 ( ds’ l r o W o w L n ‘Betwee 251 , 4 2 2 ; s e e t 224 s y t r e p o r P board of tru al r u t l u C f o n o ti i s i u q c A f o 9 5 e 2 5 Cod 2 , 5 2 2 ans, i l a r t s u A s t u s r i F s ’ a i Indigeno l a r ust A : s n a i l a r t s Au , 1 9 2 Indigenous 0 6 2 s ) 7 9 9 1 ( y r e l l a G ’ Peoples
292-93 84 2 , 6 5 2 , 4 2 4 9 2 loans,
-38 7 3 2 , 3 2 2 , s r e d n a l s I c Pacifi
Of
Paradise:
Sydney
Pacith
Many Eves" 1988), Cor an Narxwial
255
(&
Iraq, $5, 86-87
wnt),
mission for
UNESCO,
national identity, 20, 90
35, 40, 4].
« os
23-27,
sho;
wood,
George, 70, 97 m, Hawai, 279 Jusnce Michael, 295 2c Minister Tony, 33, 245, 287, 288,
Cahill, Holger, 124 Canada, 51, 88, 15052235271, 281 Capotorti, Francesco, 178-79 Casas, Bartolomé de las, 48 Casey, Dawn, 222 Castlereagh, Viscount, 2, 19, 21, R526
29, 81, 299, 300
Charlot, Jean,
China,
56,
294 12, 75, 132. 145, 168, 23 8, 242-44
Britain, 245 archaeological sites, 40 41 colonised peoples, 53 63, 67-71, 288-90 cultural heritage, return of, 89, 149, 162 271 Pd design, schools of, 35 dome ist ic Prpe e ot*t ecec t uon of cultural he riritatagege, 40-41, he
Foreign Office, 70, 87, 93 House of Commons Culture Media Sport . Committee (2000) , 245, 229 fx of Commons Select Committee on boriginal Tribes (1837), 52 Ou eseSof Comser mons Select Select CoC mmitte i e on Arts A Nnufactures (1835), 35-36, 42 uman Remains Ad visory Pane] 28 9 90 Imperialism, 43, 46, 53 ; in ndieous People sls, es, 52, 248, 288 90 in ustrialisation, 35, » 40, 40, 43
standard of (Western),
27-08)
14,
162,
179, 181, 193, 194, 303
1°
278, 289: 296,302 pespons
ims Australia, 252-59»
Bo
u0el
76,
collecting practices, 3, 9, 61, 220, 235 anthropologists, 61, 122 British, 29, 40, 43, 56, 91 French, 24
imperial, 5, 12, 15, 58-60, 90, 223, 225, 237, missionaries, 58-60 museum, 94, 122, 192, 266, 277, 285 United States, 111, 119-20, 192 Collier, John, 125, 126, 154
ED i 83, 285
(CAMA), 252-53» a
Bee
2. 2M
301
ment, 3;
226
;
cultural excepto? Bae 8 cultural exchang™
©.
ultural heritage
Al
04, 211, 21%
193
970
: definition, ee ae 136, 214 95 Bei e » immovab fhe are
intangible, a “iil, 19 movable;
'>
7%
107,
©?aay°o
240
2 P reservallOn ‘Tsites To 146, 26 ARN 107, 128, 9. 170, 266 of all humal age tang > 139, 140, 144; 159, cultural pa Oat 500
93,ed 71,Dh 162;MOP 175 265, 269
A) 253 81, 44, 31, cultural identity> collections, museum
2
pe en Ze
Daes, Erica-Irene, 171, 366, 269-13> 303 Dakar Reports 212
ec
Eee
Jrural,
90;
931,
233-34 263-65,
231;
13, 14, 46 50, 60,
3, 7, 85
13,
7
FREEIi 3p Oy ilo
SG 197-26
cultural heritages return
ad5e 2 6-17, 23 20
gelf-derermination, I
170,
162;
We
188,
193,
of, 55 145 15, 15s 198 198
98-2 Le 00,
23 2 4
1 property; 80-84
200-06
der, 28 9!>
s
state succession to © AGG Oy
Council of Europe> 237, : Croke, Alexan Jace,
117, > 123, > 205, 210
6 17 Santa, Hernan Cruz,
de-accession,
8
of Australian Se
270
eG
130, 185 300
orations, cransnatio
Hae
117.0; 172
ibilities
, om da an So eee An 97 8 , 66,268sociation ti Coomaraswamy nals 2 s As
i
1675
Moneute.
:
2,
resourees 6 1202, 254, 284 secret sar 718
cultural aN €0SEt Curzon,
202) 267-68, 270-71,
Gantaoilemess15 >
Cole, Henry, 36, 37, 42-43 Coleman, L. V., 111
255-56, 287
0,
consent, 51, 52, 113,
Conway;
133, 284
163,
teri aio 2
conquest, see Prize
ee 115, 155, 204;
272
preservation, 82, ee 30,
Da=
285-86
825 2115221
109-11
AOOs
possession, 195 108; eee
(CCOR), see also Muse
37
160,
;
6
303
Anthropologists
j
os, 60, 2
oraee ” 961y 2 2705 277s 283-84; 287 30
;
Continuing Cultures, O
Codrington, Kenneth de B., 70, 98 War,
158, 20FN
protection, 20-22 oe mi nat see objects, 195 20, 23-29 coe
Cobo, José, R. 1 Martinez, 230, 232-33
Cold
:
oo eal objects by treaty: 28 Sarnia eania(asio)s ine?
182
Alfred,
5
i
Clark, Geoff, 265 Clemenceau, Georges, 75
Cobden,
a7). 2 268
9%
29;
national identity, 23,
2715
(COMA); ee
civilising mission, 10, 52, 56, 60, 120, 130, 133, 165,
241,
A689 sae
loss, 41, 111-12, 232,2 7
Common Laws 1 79, 95, 148, 203, 206; 216
Conference of Museu a
8, 50, 51, 74, 97,
126
pee 152;)2257 loans;
6
Ai, 113, 251,
:
Communist bloc,
scale of, 6, 10, 12, 13, 15, 22, 46, 48, 50, 61, 75, 76, 78, 105, 106; 110, 120, 123, 133, 146, 258, 265
, 95, 141,
i.
2
210 109-18, 64-67, eceeen = 245 sit, a5 international leg
Ren
239 y1l79259 See inerelor 170, 9
108
sacred trust of, 8, 106,
illicit transfer, 205-06,
munism
109, 207
Chklaver, Charles, 135 Civil Law, 113, 275, 303 Civil Rights movements, 1S civilisation
ee 204, 210, 268
OEE
158
Judaeo-Christian,
143, 1 boory, see prize Bowen, Lionel, 222 Brennan, Justice Gerard,
per
Celtic ornaments, 88-9] Parthenon marbles, 30 33 Bronfman, Edgar M., 299 Brooklyn Museum, New York , 127, 190 Brown, G. Baldwin, 92 Brussels Conference (1874), 66 Bureau of Indian Affairs (US) , 119, 154 Burma, 70 Bursum bill, 123
149
32, 105
112
8
53-63 63)
ia 81,99, cae Re-aangemen of ee Sp 0 ea Ha ) A S y ataels saneerol Oot y c a r Commi
280
87,
187; >» display, 58, 63, 157, 291-92 : escrin duplicates, 117
107
a 86-87,
wl
3] 33 93 95
Spoliation Advisory Panel, 216, 241, 290 93,
133, 259 internal, Ma a stems, 8, 10-11, 46 @ jnowledge a fiecronsyl 272002025"
= ai
Pils PN SG:
definition of, 113, ae
ies?
Parthenon marbles, purchase Of, 20, response to OIM draft conventions,
British Museum, » London, L » 56, 56, 6 60,
ONE:
colonised Pal
Manual of Military Law (1914), 65 manufacturing, 35, 37 minorities, 77
refacts through
28 treaty, by of, n o i , f o confiscation conte: and casts, 203
mmark,
6 [tural
.
developme
development, cultural ace 130; 151-525 @ Harnoncourt, Rees 155-59; ate 5 is nt, iscrimination, gi, 230 5 discr
Dillon eoonvas tango
258
:
racial, 1745 18 9-93, 264 1,279
dispossessions 2,
Dobkins, Rebece® ce Science and Art Museum, Dublin Museum, se
Dublin uu
»
due diligence, 1 :
-
27 147, 240; 273; 075 A
GG
‘
236, 116, © » Companys a Ras East India Publics: 9, 13 +29, 42 935 sducation, &
Reypt, Fee
258, ey
87, 112 nehtight, 1 led DW aah President
ee
sstrajian Museum, jeces
118 108, 13,87, Meee a 103 104
0 1 6, , m s i WO)7. WsDo crap De [asad “angen
Index
cultural objects, 19, iLL 0 4 2 , 4 2 2 , n o i t a c i t n e h t u a
, 3 5 1 , 6 2 1 , ) S U ( d r a o B s t f a r C d n a s t r A ’ a {ndian k s a l A d tates an
Index Exhibicon, London Greatat Exhibiu 62 53, 57,
cia
Elgin
Lord, 2 marbles, n o n e h t r a P 4 se ~rbles, sculphures,
a
a,
me
—
Greece,
rie
Glenn
L., 1S
of, 140,
198, 217
30-3
=
eee
Grotius,
2
group rights, 20, 125,
er
172
Suatemala,
189-90
:
Gutteridge,
Harold
C., 92
111, 134, 3
— mete regulanion mona!Fa
Havell, Ernest B., 97. Hawaii, 277, 279, 280
220.
el
126
.
. Mark, 242-44 Augusto, 215-16
2 219, 213, 205 , 204, assiWar stance, irstt W World Firs Peace feared a
] 12 piag
: Napoleon, 25, 28
ranco-Prussian War.r (18(187 70-0-71 7 ), 65 Cm
phn
k
oo 247, 261, 2 266
ie cultural, 156 a163-72, 301 ag 8, ¢ International
aa 9 79, ie 16 167, bisa r, oe 14] ss,
Germany,
on, Phil,
ie 248,
253° 190
ne
282,
return of, 8, 85.
301 , 0 8 2 , 8 5 2 200, , 0 5 1 , 8 232, 247, 4 1 15, ; f O n r u t e r , e g a t i r e h l a r u cult 3 0 2 0 3 7, ; 2 0 9 0 2 5 1 ; 3 1 1 228, 26 1, 635 6 , 2 5 > e g a t i r e h l a r cultu 150-57, 269
287
221.
5
os 278 2822 Been
, s t h g i r l a r u t l u c
, w a l y r a m o t s cu Bry , n o i t a s i n o l deco
discrimination, ry, o e h t ’ e c a r g n ‘Dyi 261 ethnocide,
religion, 60, 174, 268 Aces capuamn 14, 15, 264 ‘ anitarian interventi' mn, 146 Hungary, 84 hen
231 , , 6 s 7 t 1 h g i r ion, t a human z i n a g r O our b a L 273 , 0 0 2 l a n o i 5 t 3 a 3 1 n r Tnte 53, > 3 1 , 2 1 aw, l l a n o i t a intern
|
minorities, museums, land, 4, 51, religious fr
]
Anglo-American colonialism
resources,
83, 73, 71; 3, 53-6 47, 11, 8, 5, ; ea Ai 5 , e a L RaRPe
8,27 s een pee 107 political,
edence, Pepen
ap
ALY,
|
individual
2 2 , e v i s s e s s o p
|
178 , 2 7 1 ; 2 2 rights, 20, 136 ; 9 4 , 6 3 , , n e o F i t a a t s n i a l S a i , r ts r A n indust a i d n I n a
|
5
: |
J
ic r e m A f o e t u Instit 181 , integration
277
India, 56, 57, 58, 68, 109
70, 98 69, , (UK) ‘65 ce Offi ja (UK) Office India
India Museum, London, 46, 58, 69 94 ire: India Society, 97
95-98
.
67 , y r a m o t s u c , n o i t a s i n o l o dec
167,
231
301
1
, t n e m n e t h g i l En Bo s e r i P , n a e p o Eur , s e l p o e p s u indigeno 5 1 , s e i t i r o n i m 7 4 , m s i l a r u Nat
0, 5 , 7 2 , d n a ans e p o r u E n o n 5 6 , 3 6 5 2 5 , 0 , 5 7 4 , m s i v i t i s Po
53,
66 1 , g r e b m 2Ne) e r Nu , l a n u b i r T y r a lit i M l a 95, n o 3 i 9 t a n , r ) M I O Inte ( , e c i f f O . m u e s Mu
jonal
2 D 5 9 3 7 3 2 , m ories, museur 08-09 2 , 4 3 1 5 3 3 1 , 7 8 6 8 ; 5 8 , q a Tr
20
UN Draft
/
on
ionali
>
5 7 2 6 2 , 1 3 2 , 4 5 1 , 1 3 1 , n 5 o 7 i 2 t a n , i 1 m 7 r e 2 t 6 vele-de Declaration, 1, 231, 2
:
21 1 , 0 2 1 ; o g a 5, 6 1 Chic , 4 6 1 , w a l ian r a t i n a m u h l internationa l 203 a n o i t a n r e t n I of e t u t i t s n I l a n Internatio 337/ 1 , n o i t a r e 176; Coop , n o i t l a z i n rga O r u o b l a L l , 6 6 2 , 2 6 1 Internationa , 1 15 , 1 3 1 , 5 , w a l international 0 9 1 , f o y t e i c o American S 134 , 1 3 1 ; n o i t 9 Americanisa 3 1 ; 6 6 , 2 5 51, , n a c i r e m A Anglo92 ; 3 2 , 2 1 , f o British age 64 , n o i t a c i f i d co 98 1 , 3 3 2 3 1 56, , 3 5 , m s i l a i n colo
171-72
7 0 2 , 2 1 2 » ts funerary objec 9-33 172-76, 22
Husri, Sati Al-, 87
uperialist sc als 2 i , ce 92 a ienability inalieng
176,
p o r h t n a d n a s t archaeologis 120, 276 1 3 2 , s t h g i r l a c i , t 0 3 2 , 8 2 2 , civil and poli 1 17 ; 8 5 1 , 1 6 t n me p o l e v e d l a r u t l cu
Museu m, Washington Jashi DC
Prime Minister John,
idolatry, 47, 48, 60 imperialism Americ Anglonee Se os
si o p x E n a i b m u l World’s Co
68; 2 , 2 2 2 , 1 2 2 of, n r u t e r , s n i ancestral rema 4 8 2 , 1 8 5 , 7 8 2 1 1 , 2 , 27 1 6 , s t s ol ogi
2
c an rights, 139, 162 172-7 feo culture, 172, 17.95 267 “il minority iLy protecti F on,A 21-22, 174-7
4
28
-51; 7 4 , 6 1 , s e l p o indigenous pe 8 4 7 4 2 , 6 2 2 194, 209,
non-discrimination, 173-76 |:
First Word War, ogi
‘ . E on biti Palace Exhi len aongie o pr
Memorial
ata
munority protection, 74-77 restvaitution© ofof cul culturalal obje pe: 78-80, 87, objectscts, , 78
biglecte? fo? 128: 145,
peat a
ee
aeterritor aeial red rediistribution, 80 Phin Art Museum, Boston, 95, orce, use of, 142 ‘ip Foundoukidis, E142, 197 France, 109, 168 Boy orem nivalry with, 26 = eos of Vienna, 23-27
85, 86
88 2 8 2 , 8 4 2 , 3 5 23 2 2 2 N I D , s 84 2 museum , 4 5 2 , 1 5 2 22, 2 , s t c e j b o d e secret sacr 5 6 2 , y t n g i e r e v o s 60, 118-28,
ine
an Steven, 251 igh Court of Australia,
8 5 , 5 5 ; 3 5 , ) , 9 3 9 1 ( London , n o i t i pos x E l a n o i t a n r e t In Golden Gate 6 5 1 , o c s i c 75 n 5 a , 4 3 , San Fr 0 2 , n do n o L , ) 1 5 8 1 ( n, Great Exhibitio 62 tion, (1893),
5 8 2 , 2 5 0 5 2 , land
nee rn 2A 290: Poe
sm, 130, fasasm, 13 Sf, 156, 15 151, 159, 301
Goldwate
in a m e r l a r t ances ) , e g a t cultural heri ta cultural heri , s t c e j b o l a r u cult economic employment, 53 2 , t n e m e v o Homelands m 45 2 , 1 4 2 » s e c a l p keeping
Hobbes, Thomas, 20 Hobson, John A., 107 Holding, Clive, 247, 251 Holocaust, 3, 9, 13 restitution claims s, 145-48
191-93,
nal regulanon, » 110, 10, 114 , 117,7 246 2 2siN10N of Indian Tribal Arts’, New York
eeeere167, 16g
ees
sere Henry W., 28 Tamilton,n, William am R. 19, 2 R., oe Family in Hyde ey tartley, Marsden, 124 125 is
Hill, George,
Pilg
7
ao.
extubin pubi rt, , transfer iport cts see wipo ura! objepects of export, canon, 116, 135, 209 sal occupation, during, 87, 203, 215,
Saye
A s t h g n a i d In 2 3 1 > o 6 m s 2 i n 1 e 2 g i 2 d , s, 16 In n a i l a r t 0 s , 3 u s a 2 A u r o r n e e b g n > a y C s Indi s a b m E t n l e a 4 T n 8 i 2 , g 2 i 2 r 2 , o 1 b A 22 s, return of,
Haldar, Rakhal das, 69 Hague Peace Conference ies (1899), 66 econd (1907), 66-67
z
~
4 2 , 1 n o i t a i oc s , s 5 A e 5 1 c n , 4 e 5 f 1 e , 1 5 1 , 6 2 {ndian D 5 235 12
haan
160,
site
6 5 : 1 ) 9 3 9 1 (
8
wt
S d e t i n U e ei in th
1 , l a e D w e 3 8 Indian N 0 8 1 , 6 7 1 , 0 6 1 ) , 8 158, n 2 1 o i t a i ssoc
negative protection, 174, 178 ‘ positive protection, 76 94.
1931),
iss.
(1815), > 1212, 20. » 33-40
Se
Griffin, 2 6, GregoireDes,Abbe
l a u t c e l l e t n I r o f e e t International Commit Cooperation, 109 y t i n u m m o c l a n o i t a n Inter 37 1 , 6 8 , in t s e r e t n i Cultural heritage, , 1 9 1 , ) M O C I ( s u: m e s u M f o l i c n u o C International 214, 217, 293 0 9 2 , 2 8 2 3, ll Di , s c Code of Ethi 0 4 2 , s c i h t E ] a on r e Code of Professi m r o f e h t r o f l a i bun r T l a n i m i r C International 1 0 3 , 1 7 1 , a i v a l Yugos nal o i t a n r e t n I e e s , ip h s n a i d o t s u c l a n Internatio community 57 3 5 , 0 4 5 3 , s ion t i b i h x e l a n o i t , ) 6 8 8 Interna 1 ( n o i t i b i Exh n a i d n I d n a Colonial
F
29 2 , 0 8 1 , 6 7 160, 171, 1
108 , n o i t a r e p o o \ 1 2 , s c i t i r C t Intellectual c r © f£ A n o i t a i c o s s A International
s 4 s 0 e r , g 6 n 5 o C , n h a s p i a w J Fe d l r o W e e s , s n o ti a s i n a g r o h s i w Je 144 , n i r e B s eum s u M h c i r d e i r Kaiser F 3 5 2 , a d n y L , y l Kel -93 2 9 ; 6 8 , 1 7 cks i r e d e r F , n o Keny
107 , e l p i c n i r p r o o D Open
, 9 1 , 2 1 s n o i t c destruct colle
Index
Laboratory of
Lam,
Marvin
se ¢ alonialism,
: 0 . 8 1 1 . 6 0 1 , 5 gemIEht, 18, 234 »
nd, » 2582 } David Naci o c i g i l o e g r A o e s Mu Nactonal, a r o h g i n Nese Mowaljarlai,
Boe
r Y w e N , r A um m igenous
Museum Museum
of
14, 97,
127,
York, sehiee
>
N
e e s e i c i l o p n A‘Acrqtusisoiftitohe S outh Seaso’rpedo)6,), 15126,1,
€
Natio
Spai
NEW e e e iv it im Pr “1rT of Modern M Art (MoMA) * 128
(194
ew
a
York,
15138
' + 4 9 1 ( = ’ e s th f o State d t e r A n a In1d2i9, 156-58, 159 ‘The Family of Mse =(1955), i r e C ; y t n e w e c ‘T l e of ve
‘Indi
151, 1 — : s t i m i r P f o m u Muse rt A e v I O TRE
10 i
3
4
919-2U0n,ive2r2s5ity
a
4
aeMs use
2
Ne
John, 40-411
mEceubnise,l, 295 or loa
=
9l8— 990 Mac , 5 9 c a 2 s 9 , EncCarols ° , h c i n Macl
erec
ee
i ectschenk Rtceoostrcea School,
t
, r a a h o a M = u . o o d r a g m e A n ae Monte — 190 , r a s e C o i l u J nt e d i s : a c i P n a h i o J e i , n m a u m e y s r u r M MMeetropolitan I eeecan Arrutes
(
, 7 2 1 , k r o Y w emis, Me
5 1 , ) 0 3 9 1 ( ’ s s f n o C d n a s t n A n a i 2¢ pers , 2 9 1 , 7 7 1 en 1S and
, 1 9 § n h o J Mill,
206
aDav ae t, 20 Miller,
Fee
Mane
Conf
.
182
1 8 5 7 2 ; 3 8 1 , of n r u t e r , s n i ancestral rema 0 2 1 , s t s i g o l o p 82 1 anthro 8 1 , 8 5 1 156, , 6 2 3 2 1 s, arts and craft 128
20; , s e l b r a m Parthenon
1 3 , t r o p e R s e Bank
, 4 4 1 , 3 8 ; 2 8 4, 4 2 2 , l a r u t l u l c a n o i t a n , y n o patrim
National aie oneal collective individuals’, 22 cultural property, 6 oF National identity, 73, 99 ; 9 1 2 , 7 5 4 5 , 6 4 , 3 4 s , t 0 c 4 e j , b 9 o 1 l , a 2 r 1 cul2t2u1 jects,
242 Dil , h p e s o J , n Paxto Peace treaties 7, 84 7 ; 6 7 , 4 7 , r a W d l r o W 148 First , 4 4 1 , 0 4 1 War, d l r o W Second 81 2 ; 6 0 2 , u r e P 22 1 2 2 t r o Pigott Rep sce Pec pillage, 23; Fox),
76 2 , 2 8 1 , s t h g i civil r 2 8 1 , 3 6 1 , t men e v o m s t h g i R Givil 4 0 1 , t n e m p o 81 1 , 9 5 cultural devel 0 5 1 , 8 2 6 2 1 , e g 81 5 7 2 cultural herita ; 0 6 1 , f o n r u t e r ; e g cultural herita
5 2 1 , s t h g i r l a r u cult
i ation, 119 s i l detriba 5 5 4 5 1 s t n e m p o l e v e d c onomi public, 151,
BOs WO)i/
accessibility,Y, 42,42, 252 25 , 254-55 armed conflict, 137 we art istog et ‘ hn ic raanph d icer ienufificic vav lue, 81, 2554 8
76 Gs
sawed an —_d poutpols ical rights, 22, 76 x ural heritage, 113 . casa atural herita; ee, : return of, am 113, » 14447,7, 15150,
miciigio21n, ,75, 178 i ssiona
itan (
.
.
, 4 2 9 1 1 , n o i t a l assimi
152, 224,
imperi
pee
ec
ral e n e g f o n o i t educa
|
{ |
|
0 8 1 , 9 1 1 , d n a l es fac
154; 155)
e n a F . A ( s pitt River T., 90; 91
Plunkett, G-
e a l a t s i plural Nicho By
lOO, Wie: 181
Be Mar ti
Politis,
6 7 2 , t n e m e v rreebluirgiiaolns mo123, 276
(BOBS.e ‘ c
resistan
e4A 9-©61
e e i t posi vism,
154, 167, 176 a
O X c epa r P , 4 2 1 s, e e n a v r gi prese ( n, o i s s e s s o 2 8 2 ; 3 2 2 Previous a, i l a r t s u A ‘ see ae pee 26, 5 IE M e p prize, a n a c p , t Prot
NZ
123
WE , B D W 80, 1 , s ; e 0 6 1 , resourc 4 5 150; 1 , 5 0 1 n, o i t a n i m r e t e d self 183 9 1 1 > 6 0 1 storvuesrteeiegsngthnyit,py,> 106, 119; 181
294 , 5 8 2 , 2 5 2 native title, 0 6 5 3 2 , 7 4 , 8 6 1 , 146; , 2 4 1 naturalism , 1 , 14 0 4 1 5 3 1 , 3 Nazism, 82 1 ), , ’ O a E v I i K N ‘ ( d r y o e New, Ll mic Ord
f
Pakistan, 98 0 9 1 , 6 3 Palestine, 86 4 3 1 ); U A P ( n o i n U n a c i r e m A n a P ! ) 3 1 , m s i n a c i D Pan-Amer 2 , ) s D M ; 0 2 9 1 2 , a e n i u G , 0 2 w e 9 N 1 2 ; y r e Papua l l a G t r A d n a m u National Muse 225 08) m O 2 > 5 2 , 4 2 Paris, 30-33
, 3 6 1 , 0 5 1 , 8 2 8 1 1 , 4 1 , s n a c Native Ameri
ork, 14,
0 6 1 , 1 8 , 5 2 , 8 5 , ) l a i r e p n 1 7 2 nnaattuiroanlal,his2t5o,ry, 122 a , n a a 2 o i c eee . i nis 20
37
5 0 1 8 0 5 0 1 4, 10 , 3 0 1 , 3 0 g 1 i n h c , e 7 T 8 4 e 8 h t n o , s e t l a a d u n n MMaa g s ea . e \ e ae
S,
jonal
e
5 9 » n o nationalisati , 375 40, 73 6 3 , m s i l a n o i t na 197 , 6 9 ; s m u e s mu 84 , f o e l p i c n i r p nationality,
a coahc
bbock,
Strait Islander
2 5 1 , o c i x e of M , n a i d n I n America
National
pee
acqu
J
igi na. of Aborig!
D B , e r i p m e Ottoman 66 , ) 4 7 8 1 ( e c n e r Brussels Confe 6 8 5 8 , f o e s p a l l Co 76 , s n o i t a N f o League 84 , 2 3 , s e i t i r o n i m 23, 30 , s e l b r a m Parthenon 3 6 , 4 5 , e f f i unl C p i l i h P , n e w O
, y b s e r o M t r o P , y r e l l a peopless G t r A d an m u e s u l a n o Nati
a
77 2 , 9 3 2 , 9 1 2 1, 7 3 1 , t c i l ese conf 184 , 8 2 1 eee 7 4 2 , 3 2 2 Beeeorce 0 4 9 3 2 5 5 1 Se , 6 9 , 3 9 9, 42, , e l o r 7 7 =e 2 3 2 2 5 2 , , 8, 158 s e l p o e p S $ ) D A 2 2 D , 2 5 1 2 284 ns,
33-44, 73> 205,
ustralia, 222
na
2 9 1 , 2 5 1 , ) S A O ( s e t a t S n a c i r e m A f o n o i 4 t a z i n a g r O
222
(1940), (MoPA),New y,;
2 0 3 , 2 1 , 0 1 8 , Museums 7 1 1 s e i c i l o p n o isiti
Tnbbork.
of
son
Koh--noor,c 70 imperial, , s m e t s y s e g ge d ip e l w o Kn
5) 164,
9 4 , a s s a L , m Oppenhei
>
nee EON ctices a r D p W , 1 4 g , in l , f A o c e coll cts e j b o l a r u t l cu , p i h s r e n w public o Punjab, 69 é e, d e r e m e t r a Quincy, Qu an
198,
ey
ae
Ramsay, J- 4
B-» 69
90 , 3 7 , . H s le Read, Char 3, 208
9 N N 2 Nigeria, 18 , s e i r nt u o c B U d e y n o g F i l a ; 2 , 2 non1 , n io
inat m i r c s i d n no
535 133: 2 2 , of f o p pllee i c n ‘ n i 75 r 6 p 2 , 2 4 > 2 e c n re , 8 0 7 0 2 to) jcnateerfe Os
y> t i v i t c a o r t e r me p201 268, 273 > y r o s t e i i r t i r r e o t n i p ” g , nin s e r l e p v o e o p g s f u geno i d non-sel n I e e s S> p u o r g 163 e t , 0 3 1 non-sta ment, t c i d n i Nurembere Oaxaca, Oceania; O’ Keefe,
152 217, 226 1 \ 2 . J k c patri
Onondaga>
120
on reconstituti 0 8 , 3 3 , s t c cultural obje 78; , y n o m i r t a cultural p 73 , s n o i t c e l l o national c ; 2 s n o i t c e l l o c ve i t a t n e s e r p e r n o i t c u r t s n o c e r 63 1 , 2 6 1 , l a r cultu 90 , l l i p d n o m Red 9 9 , 0 1 7 , a i l a 82 g re , 0 8 , n o i iss m m o C n o i Reparat 4 4 1 211 , s , n 7 o 9 1 i u a , r 3 a 2 p 1 e r 8, 0 1 , 4 1 , l a ltur u c , s e c r u o s re
341
Index 300
process, 204, 264, ight SS
to,
ii Hy
andd rere tutu r rn
ah 74,8ee4, 197,7 201, osha
of Q cultural I
232 » 254, 25
heriTita tage g,
5 259,
Sikhs, 69 — Ranjit, 69, 70, 98 ie skeletal emains, remains, see s Humar Huy } Smidt, Dirk, 225 ——
i
i
:
7, 164, 263
oma
Spain, 95, 112 ; Civil war, 137 ee ir, 27, 28: 293 mee v1 es Rangapatte gapattana oe, (Seringapat: gapatam), :
assimile een 75, 176, policies, 261 i 82,223, ]
equality, 76, 83, 204,
external restitution
C Commussion, 165 Charles, 43, 9] : Nelson A., 188, 189-90 Nicholas, 135, 137
neutral, newly
128,
157,
F
175
posevelt, = President Frankl m D.,ay 125, : ‘ 135
sRousse: aes Jean-Jacques, 64 ees oyal —s Academy of Art, London, Es 95, 97 oS \cademy, Dublin, 89 9} om hyankiko, Nicodéme. 17 a skin, John, 41-44 an nig gun
—_
1 Council,
mt cence
Send Art Museum, a
se 74, 154 ecsooleonisat ton, 198200,
ne 104-08 ino diegenoeus Z s e29, ovYipe gamose 10e3, y 13wh1, al, 154, 183, 2
“o cogens, 264
is
,
104,
“ig
egalal right, ATT, 17 & Politicaiclal rirj ght, 74“,i 76 2 84, O%, 23 23]
13134,
eS
o
; elOBy >
109) 5 13 3-3 4
>
4
16,
Di
193,
5 3 1 2 ; 9 0 8 20
l a g e l , s e i t i u q ri
12
ae 23
_ 160,
2 6, 126
€ bDs >
270, 297
71 94/9,5
ee
22, 6,
2 II 21 1, EZ 2530,ON 24 248,8,
200
:
ooh aad
253:
ITagore, . Rabi indranéz 7 Talbot, Frank, nr ee a Tasmania, |
oe Gallery, London, 241 sa ecwt hnic arzg assii stance, 205 f , 219, 239 perley, Harold, 77 J, hate, terra nullius, 251 294
e eat e yy,, prinprincciiplepleeer of, of, territorial
:
226 3
|
Wo "aaa
ongress), 147 Tam;
i
ity,
uytime limits, y 1443,3, 14 149, 9
tssambpgee Edward M., ippoo’s Tiger, 69
eT
Turkey, s> r e v a r L , s s Twi
5 1 2 6 2 , T UNIDROI ns o i t a N d e t i Un
GrouP of
267;
Nati O Organisation N O , f o n r u v e r , e g a t i r e h l Cultura a Q , l i c n u o C '1 a i c o S d n a c i m ; 1 3 2 Econo , 4 7 1 | 0 67, 17 y, l b m e s s A l a r Gene
1
2625
269, 301
upreme Court (U sniaies 145, an aed witzerland, 145, 28 Syria, 87 _
8
| 204, 209,
independer
a
“ainsi Edward, 193 — uccesees s orga 5 nisa 6 tions, (see also ea
84,
0 9 8 8 , 1 4 8 s 1 t c je
d e t i n U e e 268 s , f o n o i t c e t e r P e, g l a a t r i r u e t h l u l C a r u d t n l a Cu c i f i t n e i c S 1, : a ons, Education
151, 154, 169
oie responsibility ai colonial : power. s/0f, of, 205, 2 y inte aernational wrongful acts, : ie 145,“ 206, oe 229
age
Dublin,
;
eee, 145, 203 h third partyy S States, 30. soe succession, 80-84,
tomb, y 9595, 112 George Augustus, 53
oo 175, 200 2 r See c ar aaWorl16 d 2, War, 140 agnem a ee Haile, 99 onterminatau ioion,n, 1313, 15, 74,
Ds
|
145
Santa Fe, 124, £ 0,3 — ae 44,54,56,58 ; »26,58,60,62 362,63 7: = ae bloc, see Communist ’s “a iia Union, see USSR —" Sovereignty, euge 51, 5 53, "56, 56, 67, 70, 7
anon
otal 84 a Et
|
Sour h Australian ian }Museum af Adelai aidde cd,e-225 2 4 92 93 SSout h Kensi gton ensingt Museseuum, » Li Londo: s Gee on S al alsso e
Roberts “8 erts obinson,
S e e c Teren
> n a m d qo s t n a i r ita
>» 4 4, 1459 5 4
’
— Sm Cecil Secil Harcourt, He 96, 98 | Se Somare, Chief Chief Minister Minister Michs Mich Solomon Islands, » 225, 225, 256 256 lean
142, 27+
wimants,
262
e S r r a runnngge s l a i r e nac
Or nm r u t e R n o ee t t i m m o C l a t n e Intergovernm 1 4 4 3 2 , 7 1 1 1 Restitution, 2 7, 1 6 0 2 purpose, 271 , 1 0 2 , 4 , cts e j b o l a r u t l u c restitutio n, on i s 234-41 s i m m o C es m i r C r a W ’ gs : n o i t a N d e t i Un 7 6 4 6 1 , (UNWCC) merica (US), 12, 14, 108, 112, A £ © , s 4 e 4 t a 2 t 4 S 2 d , 8 e 3 t 2 i 7 , Un 3 2 , 8 0 2 , 5 4 1 , 8 2 8 1 1 , 5 11 0 7 2 ; 3 6 2 , 6 4 2 8 0 2 , s e t i s l a c i g o l o e a h c ar 2 9 1 , s t n e em e r g a l a r e t a l bj 1 , s r i a f f A n a i d n I f o u a e Bur 2 7 1 , s t h g i r civil , s e l p o e p d e s coloni ; 3 3 1 , 9 1 I ; 3 Congress; 3 f Dy o n r u t e r s ge a t j r e h l a 1 r 7 u 2 , cult 6 4 2 , 44 2 4 2 , 2 9 1 138-90, W® , r o i r e t n I the 1 8 2 , 0 9 1 ; 9 113, 18 8 5 1 , 9 1 1 , r of Wa 192, , e g a t i r e h l a r u t l u c f o on i t c e r o r p domestic 4 9 1 ; 9 3 246 0 3 1 , s e l p o e t r p o p s e u r o n h e c g r i a d se in e R t n e m n r e v o G f 6 o 2 1 e t , 5 2 1 Institu , 8) 2 9 1 ( ) t r , o 2 p 4 e 1 R , 3 m a i > r y (Me of German
273
3,00
84, 85, 85, 90,90, 89, 9¢
aie
t, n e m h s i n u p a nd n o i t n e v e r p genocide, 167-71 N B 2 , s t h g i r n a hum
1 3 2 , s e l P o e p P s , 2 0 0 0 2 indigenou , n o i ss i m m o C w a L International 28) 3 1 7 3 1 2 , , s s e e u i s t s i I r o n s mi nou e g i d n I n o um r o F t n e n a m Per 30 2 , O T N , n o i nat i m i r c s i d l a i c ra il 7 1 , 9 6 7 6 1 Secretariat, 301 , 4 0 2 ; 4 7 1 , l a r e ' n e G y r of a t n o i t Secre n e v e r P e h t n m ° n o i s f o n Sub-Commis o i t c e t o r P nd 30 2 , 4 7 1 , s rs) e i a f f A l a i c Minoriti o S nd a n a i r a t i n Third (Huma 5) 7 1 , ns e o e i t t t a i l u p o P Comm s nou e g i d n I D o Group
262, , 2 Working 5 2 , 1 4 2 > 3 3 2 , 1 3 2 (WGIP), nd a c i f i t n 265-73 e i c S 1, , l a n o i t a c u , d 8 E 3 1 s n , o 4 i t a , N ) O SC E N United U ( n o i t a is n a g r O l a r u Cult 13 2 5 4 8 3 8 1 147, 191 , s n o i t a v a exc l a c i g o l o e archa 1 9 1 , 4 8 1 , e ang d h c e x m e r a l a g r n u i t r l u u d c on i t c e t o r p , tage i r e h l a r u t l cu 35 2 , 9 4 1 , 9 3 t, 138conflic 183 , é n e R t, r u o c n o n r a H @ a 17 2 5 2 \ N D , l a r ene , s m i a G l c r o t r c a e W r i D rld o W d n o c e S @ nd t s u a c o l o H
1 7 130-48, 216 2 , 0 3 2 , 5 21 , s e l p o e p s u indigeno
t n e m n r e v Military Go 144
3 0 1 , 2 7 1 minorities, ie, , n o i t c e t ro 81 2 5 9 1 8 7 minority p y 2 i D ; 6 5 25; 1 1 , , 3 4 6 2 1 , s , 3 m 12 , 9 museu 1 1 , t emen v o m t r a national 7 9 128 1 5 8 5 1 151, , y t i t n e d i national 214 , n o i t u t i t s re 192 , 0 8 1 > 3 3 Senate, ion 19 s 1 s i , t m r m u o o C C ory s i v Supreme d A l a i t iden
s u a c o l o H on
09, 8 0 1 , s e r ltu u c , y t i l a s univer 8 6 1 > 5 9 , R USS 5 3 1 , t c u r f u s u
136
255 , 5 2 2 , u t Vanua 64 , e d r e m E Vattel, 5 6 1 , e e t t mi m o C r e h c u Va M D Venice, 27 , 7 1 2 1 e 2 k i D t r o p 80 e 8 7 , ) 9 1 Venice R 9 a e c n e r e f n o don n o L > Versailles C m u e s Mu
(see also
, 4 9 » t 2 r 7 e b , l 0 A 7 d , 8 6 > 9 > ) m u Victoria an e s u M n o t g n i s n e South K 0 7 > ) 9 9 9 1 ( 9 9 ” m 92 o d g n i K h k i e S h t f o s t r A “The 49 , 6 3 , m s i n Victoria , l T , 0 3 , 29 , 7 2 a 1 n 2 n e Vi NSD o D > ) 5 1 (18 f o s s e r g n o C
202
81 , s n o i t c e l l o museum c 719, , e d s e l r a h Visscher, C 8 4 , e d o ¢ s i c Vitoria, Fran 42 5 5 3 , v a t s Waagen, Gu 136 ; 2 3 1 » A y r n e H , e c Walla
>
Wt)
Index
ie
War crimes, 165 First World War, 74, 76, 77, 84, 109 Second World, 109, 139-48 Watson, Forbes, J., 57 Welsh, Peter, 123, 275 Westlake, John, 4749 Whearon, Henry, 28, 50, 64 Whitaker, Ben, 171
Whitlam, Prime Minister Gough, 221 Wiesbaden Manifesto, 144
Wilson, President Woodrow,
74, 78,
104-05 Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP), 231, 233 cultural heritage, 265—73 cultural heritage, return of, 269-73 Draft UN Declaration, 231, 262
genocide, 171
land, 232, 233, 264 religious freedom
self-determination, 231 World Archaeological Congress, 282 World Conference on Cultural Policies
(Mondiacult), 214 World Jewish Congress, 146, Woolley, C. Leonard, 86
164
Yirrkala, 251
Yokota, Yozo, 95 Yorta Yorta, 295 Yriarte, Charles, 43 Yugoslavia, 200, 301 Yunupingu, Galarrwuy Zaire, 212, 213
(Yolgnu), 298
D
G C
LECT
AE
LR
aE
x!