Index to the Secret History of the Mongols [Reprint 2020 ed.] 9783112311790, 9783112300749

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INDEX TO THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE MONGOLS

RESEARCH CENTER FOR THE LANGUAGE SCIENCES INDIANA UNIVERSITY Thomas A. Sebeok, Chairman Andrew Vazsonyi, Associate Chairman, Publications

Index To The Secret History of the Mongols

by IGOR DE RACHEWILTZ

Published by INDIANA UNIVERSITY, BLOOMINGTON

INDIANA UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS URALIC AND ALTAIC SERIES Editor: John R. Krueger Editor Emeritus: Thomas A. Sebeok Volume 121

Copyright © 1972 by Indiana University All rights reserved

ISBN 87750-166-1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 70-183993 Orders from the United States and Canada should be placed with Humanities Press, Inc., 303 Park Avenue South, New York, N. Y. 10010. Orders from all other countries should be sent to Co-Libri, N. V., The Hague, The Netherlands. Printed in the United States of America

IN MEMORY OF PAUL PELLIOT AND ERICH HAENISCH

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

1

Part One: The Secret History of the Mongols Text

11

Part Two: The Secret History of the Mongols Index

175

Finding List

345

INTRODUCTION

The last two decades have witnessed impressive developments in the field of Mongolian studies. Literary monuments and historical sources have been investigated with a new critical approach, many new documents have been discovered and published, and as a result a thorough re-appraisal of the literary culture of the Mongols is currently taking place.1 The earliest and most important literary monument, the so-called Secret History of the Mongols (Mongqol-un niuda tobda 'an), could not fail to attract the special attention of scholars. After the pioneering work of Erich Haenisch2 and the publication of Pelliot's long-awaited edition of the Secret History3 in 1949, many articles and books have appeared dealing with various aspects of this work. 4 Of these several are devoted to the language of the Secret History, in particular, the contributions of A. Mostaert, F. W. Cleaves, N. Poppe, L. Ligeti, G. Doerfer and J. C. Street have refined considerably our understanding of this difficult text. 5 However, many problems still remain to be solved and, as Professor N. Poppe has recently pointed out, we have not yet reached the stage of writing a complete grammar of the Secret History.6 As an important step towards this goal, Poppe recommended, as early as 1950, the preparation of a complete Index Verborum to the Secret HistoryP As is known, Haenisch's Worterbuch,8 although an invaluable tool, does not list all word forms and all the occurrences of each word, and is therefore no substitute for a complete index. In order to carry out research on the Secret History, various scholars have compiled their own indexes and several of these are known to exist.9 When I began my own research on the Secret History there was no indication that any of these indexes would be published in the near future. In view of this I decided in 1965 to prepare a complete listing of words and occurrences in the Secret History and to make it available to all scholars interested in this work.

Index to the Secret History of the Mongols

2

The text used for this purpose was Pelliot's edition (hereafter referred to as P), corrected and revised in the light of other editions 1 0 and of recent investigations. 11 This revised text was placed on punched cards and processed by computer. 1 2 The index thus produced revealed in turn a considerable number of minor mistakes and inconsistencies, partly attributable to the Chinese transcription of the original Mongolian text, and partly to erroneous readings in P that had escaped detection. 1 3 Both the text and the index were amended accordingly. It was only towards the end of this, the final stage, that I was able to consult Ligeti's edition of the Secret History (hitherto unavailable to me) and to check my revised text against his. 1 4 Although I found several of Ligeti's interpretations difficult to accept, I am indebted to him for a good many corrections and improvements, particularly in the reconstruction of proper names. 1 5 In the process of revision P underwent such substantial changes that I found it was no longer possible to publish the index alone and simply refer to P (by a code indicating page and line) as I had previously intended. The new text is therefore published as Part I of the present Index to the Secret History of the Mongols, and the index proper as Part II. Although it cannot claim to be a definitive edition, 1 6 this revised text may perhaps be more useful as a basis for further research than any other currently available. Text arrangement, transcription and other

conventions

The Text follows the line arrangement of P and each line is preceded by a code number indicating the page and line of P. Thus 501 = page 5, line 1; 5001 = page 50, line 1; 1117 = page 11, line 17; 11117 = page 111, line 17 of P. 1 7 Moreover, to help locate quickly the corresponding text of the Yiian-ch'ao pi-shih, each line is accompanied by references to the chuan, page and line of the latter. 1 8 In the Text and Index the system of transcription found in P has been modified as follows: a i u d J

is written e and i are written i and u are written u and u is written c is written /

3

Introduction

The letter S before i is written s. In this position its value is always $ except in the words dasi, da'usi and taisi in which its value is s. In all other cases i is written S 9 In the case of lacunae in the Yiian-ch'ao pi-shih, the missing words have been supplied in the Text within brackets. In the Index, code numbers to these words are also enclosed within brackets. Missing letters in words have likewise been given in brackets in the Text, but in the Index these words are listed in their fully reconstructed form without brackets. Words and letters that cannot be positively identified or reconstructed are followed by a question mark in the Text and alternative readings are supplied in the Index. The alternative readings are also entered in the Index with cross-references to the main entry. Letters enclosed within angle brackets 0 are supplied in the Text on the basis of the Yiian-ch'ao pi-shih transcription, but it is not clear whether they actually reflect a true language phenomenon, or whether they are peculiarities of the Chinese transcription. 2 0 Words containing these doubtful letters are entered in the Index followed by the corresponding "regular" form in brackets. Words that are clear dittographies are enclosed within parenthesis in the Text and so are also their code numbers in the Index. 2 1 In a number of instances the Chinese transcription appears to violate the law of vowel harmony. 2 2 This phenomenon is evidently a peculiarity of the transcription and not a feature of the language of the Secret History. P usually retains these irregular transcriptions (in Ligeti's edition the text is harmonized throughout). I have followed P, but in the Index the irregular forms are listed with the corresponding regular forms in brackets; the regular forms, also entered in the Index, have cross-references to the irregular forms. The case of the perfect tense suffix -ba deserves special comment. This ending is regularly used in the Yiian-ch'ao pi-shih with both front and back vocalic words. However, from the notes of the Yiian-ch'ao pi-shih we know that -ba ( gf. ) is a later substitution for -be ( ) and -bai/-bei ( iij ), as well as for two 23 characters used earlier to transcribe -ba ( fi and In the Text I have retained the -ba ending throughout (following in this P, Mostaert and Cleaves), but all code numbers in the Index referring to words in the Text which, according to the Yuan-ch'ao pi-shih notes, originally had the ending-bai/-bei are marked with asterisk. Thus, it may be assumed that in the majority of cases in which -ba appears in front vocalic words which are not marked by asterisk, the original text had -be, 2 4

Index to the Secret History of the Mongols

4

In breaking words into stems and affixes I have adhered to P, making however its system consistent throughout and introducing a few minor changes. 25 In this regard the Text follows, on the whole, the conventional system of transcription of Written Mongolian. 26 Word order in the Index The following points should be noted: 1. The words are listed in the English alphabetical order; 2. The apostrophe (') indicating a hiatus counts as the last letter of the alphabet, hence abu'a will be found after abuya and not after abtuqai'2 7 3. No distinction is made in the alphabetical order between o and d, u and it:2 8 4. In the case of proper names consisting of two or more words, and words (including proper names) followed by affix(es), each element is entered separately followed by all the other elements. Thus the entries for cinggis-qahantur are i. cinggis-qahan-tur, ii. qahan-tur, and iii. -tur. 5. Homophones have separate entries and are numbered consecutively, e.g. qa1, qa2, qa3, following the order in which they appear in Haenisch's Worterbuch. If a homophone is a verbal form, the verbal root is given in parenthesis, e.g. aba1 (a-). If the homophone is a proper name it is followed by the designation "pr. name". Many proper names consist of words that are also found in the Text in their usual acceptance, such as buqa "bull" and tenggeri "heaven". If the name consists of a single word it is entered separately as a proper name; however, if the name is a composite one, the meaningful elements in it are not entered separately as proper names, but are entered together with the words as they occur in ordinary usage. Thus, e.g. tenggeri has a separate entry as proper name {tenggeri2) to distinguish it from tenggeri1 ("heaven"), but the tenggeri of teb-tenggeri is listed under tenggeri1. No attempt has been made to differentiate between the various functions of suffixes. Hence there are no separate entries for -ta as dative-locative, adverbial and multiplicative suffix. 2 9

Introduction

5

The Finding List (Page/Line: Paragraph) at the end of the work has been added to help users of the Index to find out quickly to which paragraph of the Secret History the code numbers refer without having to go to the Text. *

*

*

In conclusion, I wish to express my sincere thanks to the Australian National University for providing the computer facilities; to Dr. Hermann Bluhme of the Department of Linguistics of the A. N. U. for invaluable assistance in the preparation of the computer programme and for constant encouragement; to Mrs. J. I. Stoffell for the careful (and cheerful) card-punching; to various members of the Department of Far Eastern History and the Faculty of Asian Studies of the A. N. U. who have offered advice and criticism in the course of the work; and to my wife Ines for participating in it with love and enthusiasm. I am especially indebted to the Australian Academy of Humanities which helped to make this publication possible by a generous grant. For any inaccuracies and imperfections I myself remain, however, solely responsible. Canberra, 1 5 September

1971.

I.R.

NOTES

1. See Professor W. Heissig's recent book A Lost Civilization. The Mongols Rediscovered, tr. by D. J. S. Thomson (London, 1966), 13 ff. 2. For a bibliography of Haenisch's contributions see H. Franke (ed.), Studia Sino-Altaica. Festschrift für Erich Haenisch zum 80. Geburtstag (Wiesbaden, 1961), 4-9, Nos 33, 39, 52, 55, 56, 67, 83, 87. Cf. also F.W. Cleaves in HJAS 12 (1949), 497-500. 3. P. Pelliot, Histoire secrete des Mongols. Restitution du texte mongol et traduction française des chapitres i a vi. Oeuvres posthumes I (Paris, 1949). Review by N. Poppe in HJAS 13 (1950), 262-68. 4. For an essential bibliography of works on the Secret History see the list published by John R. Krueger in The Mongolia Society Bulletin 5 (1966), 30-31, and the references contained therein to other bibliographies. 5. See ibid, and the Bibliogrâfia in L. L i g e t i , m o n g o l o k titkos t'ôrténete (Budapest, 1962), 235-38. We must also be grateful to the Japanese scholars, in particular to Professors Hattori Shirö ® , Ozawa Shigeo »J* y^ % , Murakami Masatsugu ^-"j" X j£L Ä , and Kobayashi Takashiro ^ a? for their valuable contributions to the elucidation of the Secret History text. On these contributions see Toy5 Gakuhö ^ y f M. 33 (1950), 441-42, and Yüboku shakai-shi tankyü !f£ ¿k fr j£ & 38 ( N o v - 1 9 6 9 )> 1-8- Among the recent publications, Ozawa's book mentioned in n. 9 below, and Murakami's Mongoru hishi •£ > ^ I (Tokyo, 1970), deserve special mention. 6. N. Poppe, "The Passive Constructions in the Language of the Secret History", UAJ 36 (1964), 366.

7

Notes to the Introduction

7. N. Poppe, "Stand und Aufgaben der Mongolistik", ZDMG 100 (1950), 70. 8. E. Haenisch, Wörterbuch zu Manghol un niuca tobca'an (Yüan-ch'ao pi-shi}, Geheime Geschichte der Mongolen (Leipzig, 1939; rep. Wiesbaden, 1962). 9. An index of the Secret History was being prepared by Professor L. Hambis under Pelliot's supervision before World War II, but it was never completed (personal communication of Prof. Hambis). Complete indexes have been compiled by Professor F. W. Cleaves (Harvard) (see J. C. Street, The Language of the Secret History of the Mongols [New Haven, 1957], Preface) and by Emeritus Professor Iwamura Shinobu 45 ^'t & Kyoto University (personal communication). According to Iwamura at least two or three other scholars in Japan have prepared indexes for their own use, but details are lacking. A section (a- to auqa) of Professor Ozawa's "Vocabulary Index" of the Secret History was published as an appendix to his book Kodai Nihongo to Chüsei Mongoru-go sono jakkan no tango no hikaku kenkyü f£r tt a d f 9 sjiu? (a Comparative Study of Some Words in Old Japanese and Middle Mongolian) (Tokyo, 1968), 479-99. Complete indexes have also been prepared, or are being prepared, by Professor B. I. Pankratov (Leningrad) and Professor L. Ligeti (Budapest). Altogether there must be at least six such indexes in existence today. 10. Besides the three editions of the Yüan-ch'ao pi-shih 7C. , i.e. the Yeh Te-hui ^ & ed. (Nanking, 1908), the Commercial Press photolithographic ed. of the original "Ku certified text" (Ssu-pu ts'ung-k'an i£7 3rd Series, 1936), and Pankratov's ed. of the Pao-Palladius ms. copy (B. I. Pankratov, Yuan'-Öao bi-Si, Sekretnaya istoriya mongolov, I,Moscow, 1962), I have consulted the texts in transcription of Haenisch: Manghol un niuca tobca'an (Yüan-ch'ao pi-shij, Die Geheime Geschichte der Mongolen. Aus der chinesischen Transkription (Ausgabe Ye Teh-hui) im mongolischen Wortlaut wiederhergestellt (Leipzig, 1937; rep. Wiesbaden, 1962); of Shiratori Kurakichi & ^ £ : Onyaku Möbun Genchö Hishi tf. < 7C , Töyö Bunko Sökan ^ SC. fy. -f*\ (Tokyo, 1942); and of Ligeti: A mongolok titkos törtenete, Mongol Nyelvemlektär III (Budapest, 1964). Of S. A. Kozin's work, Sokrovennoe skazanie. Mongol'skaya khronika 1240 g. pod nazvaniem Mongyol-un nijuda toböiyan. Yuan' öao bi Si. Mongol'skii obydennyi' izbomik (MoscowLeningrad, 1941), I have consulted only the transliterated text of the Secret History incorporated in the A It an tobd nova (ibid., 321-97), in conjunction with the

Index to the Secret History of the Mongols

8

Ulân-bâtur ed. of 1937 of the A Itan tobdi reprinted by the Harvard-Yenching Institute (Scripta Mongolica I, Cambridge, Mass., 1952) and the ms. copy of the same work in the Bibliothèque Nationale, formerly in the possession of Pelliot. 11. In particular the masterly contribution of A. Mostaert, "Sur quelques passages de l'Histoire secrete des Mongols", HJAS 13 (1950), 285-361; 14 (1951), 329-403; 15 (1952), 285-395 (rep. with a new introduction in one volume, Cambridge, Mass., 1953); and the articles by F. W. Cleaves in HJAS from 1948 onwards. In re-editing P I corrected of course all the obvious mistakes, such as typographical errors (with which the text abounds), faulty transcriptions due to oversight and missing words as, for instance, the whole line between the words cuqceren-balaqasu (P: CïikSàrànbalaqasu) and ebde'et (P: àbdà'àt) at the end of §259 (see Yïian-ch'ao pi-shih S.I, 43b2-3). In the case of doubtful readings not discussed by previous scholars, I have followed my own interpretation in adopting or rejecting the forms given in P. However, whenever necessary I have given alternative readings in the Index. I hope to discuss these doubtful forms in a separate work. 12. At first an IBM 1620 which did not prove very satisfactory; subsequently an IBM 360/50. Both computers belong to the Australian National University, Canberra. The index was eventually completed in September 1967. 13. For another attempt at producing a concordance of the Secret History and the difficulties encountered in connection with it, see J. R. Krueger, "The Application of Computer Processing to Altaic Studies. Feasibility, Procedure and Problems", CAJ II (1966), 174, 180-81. 14. Ligeti's edition (see above, n. 10) was very difficult to obtain, as it was issued only for private circulation. It has now been republished for general distribution by the Akadémiai kiadô (Budapest, 1971) as Vol. I of the new series Monumenta linguae Mongolicae collecta edited by Ligeti. An index to the same should appear in the parallel series Indices verborum linguae Mongolicae monumentis traditorum, also edited by Ligeti. 15. I also owe to Ligeti the idea of writing long vowels. In his edition Haenisch notes vowel length, but only sporadically and not always correctly. 16. For this we must await the results of the investigations of Cleaves and of Pankratov who, as is known, have been working independently on a critical edition

9

Notes to the Introduction

of the text for many years. It is my opinion that even after the publication of their works, the Secret History will continue to test the ingenuity of several generations of scholars. 17. In order to include words omitted in P (see above, n. 11), an extra line 10707 has been added to the Text. 18. Please note that line numbers refer to the lines of the text in transcription; the lines of the summarized version at the end of each paragraph are ignored. 19. Some of these modifications have been introduced for technical reasons. However, in the case of à, i\ i, u, and u, Pelliot's transcription is not acceptable on linguistic grounds. See Poppe's remarks in HJAS 13 (1950), 263-65. 20. Some are probably simple dittographies, such as the second 'u of ala'u'ut 3420; others, like the u of boluba 613 et passim, and the n of qant 11232, 11303, hont 10825, etc., can be explained as peculiarities of the Chinese transcription. On the latter forms see L. Ligeti, "Transcriptions chinoises de trois noms propres dans l'Histoire secrète des Mongols", Collectanea Mongolica. Festschrift fur Professor Dr. Rintchen zum 60. Geburtstag (Wiesbaden, 1966), 126 and 134 n. 6. Cf., however, A. Mostaert, op. cit. (1953 rep.), 109-10. 21. In the case of § 215 of the Secret History, which is merely a repetition of the last sentence of § 214, it is the latter passage that has been enclosed in parenthesis in order to retain §215 as an independent paragraph. 22. I refer to instances such as cewurelu'a, ileya, iretuqai and ire'asu (instead of cewïirelu'e, ileye, iretugei and ire'em), on which see M. Lewicki's remarks in La langue mongole des transcriptions chinoises du XlVe siècle. Le Houa-yi yi-yu de 1389 (Wroclaw, 1949), 93. 23. For the rationale of the substitution see W. Hung, "The Transmission of the Book Known as The Secret History of the Mongols", H J AS 14 (1951), 455. 24. I say "in the majority of cases", because there is an actual margin of uncertainty, as there is not a single note indicating the original reading of -ba in the first chïian of the Yuan-ch'ao pi-shih, and there are only three notes in the second chïian, although

Index to the Secret History of the Mongols

10

these two chuan together contain 201 words ending in -ba. See Hung, loc.cit. Some of these words almost certainly had the perfective ending -bai/-bei; moreover, it is likely that in the other chicart's some notes have been omitted through oversight, as the inconsistent use of -baij-bei with identical words tends to suggest. This problem deserves further study. 25. Thus I separate with a hyphen the plural suffix -narl-ner and the interrogative -u/-u (= -u'u/-u'it) from the words to which they belong. On the other hand, following the common practice, I do not separate final -'ar/-'er in abtemporal converbs from the rest of the word as P does. 26. I have retained P's hyphenation of words followed by the particles ci, gii, je and lu/lu, although this is not the usual practice when transcribing Written Mongolian, because in the Yuan-ch'ao pi-shih these particles are usually attached to the words that they emphasize. 27. This unorthodox arrangement was introduced for technical reasons during the preparation of the computer programme. Subsequently it became impractical to re-arrange all the entries to conform to the usual order. 28. Same reason for this as explained in n. 27 above. Actually this arrangement is preferable, since the Chinese transcription does not distinguish between o and d, u and u. 29. In the Index I have purposely refrained from supplying definitions of words as this is outside the scope of the present work. This also applies to suffixes, which are merely listed as such (i.e. prefixed by hyphen), with the exception of -tan/-ten which is designated as "enclitic", so as not to be confused with the adjectival suffix -tan/-ten plural of -taif-tei. On the enclitic -tan/-ten see Mostaert, op.cit., 29-30 and n. 24, 93-94.

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