Hunain ibn Ishaq's «Questions on medicine for students»: Transcription and translation of the oldest extant syriac version (Vat. Syr. 192) 8821008665, 9788821008665

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HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ’S “QUESTIONS ON MEDICINE FOR STUDENTS”

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STUDI E TESTI ———————————— 459 ————————————

HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ’S “QUESTIONS ON MEDICINE FOR STUDENTS” Transcription and Translation of the Oldest Extant Syriac Version (Vat. Syr. 192) by

E. Jan Wilson and

Samuel Dinkha

CITTÀ DEL VATICANO BIBLIOTECA APOSTOLICA VATICANA 2010

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Pubblicazione curata dalla Commissione per l’editoria della Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana: Giancarlo Alteri Marco Buonocore (Segretario) Cesare Pasini Ambrogio M. Piazzoni (Presidente) Adalbert Roth Paolo Vian Sever J. Voicu

Descrizione bibliografica in www.vaticanlibrary.va

–––––– Proprietà letteraria riservata © Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 2010 ISBN 978-88-210-0866-5

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Note that for the body of the text (transcription and translation), folio numbers will be cited rather than page numbers and that the folios are in the order of 107r-151v followed by 1r-106v.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. The Roots of Medieval Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Hunain ibn Ishaq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. The legacy of Hunain and his fellows in the West . . . . . . . . . 4. The Syriac manuscripts of Hunain's “Questions on Medicine” 5. The Arabic manuscripts of Hunain's “Questions on Medicine” 6. Notes on Transcription and Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Herbs and other drugs mentioned in the text . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. A Selected Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Text and Translation End of discussion on organic disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On the “Interruption of integrity” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Constitutional predispositions of the body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Causes of disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maiming of body parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Narrowness” of openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Wideness” of openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The causes of an excessive number of organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The causes of a deficiency in the number of organs . . . . . . . . . The causes of hypertrophy of organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The causes of hypotrophy of organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malposition of organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The causes of an “interruption of integrity” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signs of organs with uniform components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signs of compound organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signs indicating diseased organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The divisions of medical care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Varieties of therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The varieties of “special” therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Healing “smoothness” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treating excessive numbers of organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treating hypertrophy, hypotrophy and dislocation of body parts Treating the “interruption of integrity” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modes of administering drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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107r 107r 108r 110r 112v 114r 115r 115v 116r 116v 116v 117r 117v 118v 119r 120v 122v 123v 124v 125v 126v 126v 127r 127v 128r

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The useful types of surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Determining the qualities of remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On choosing the right medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The rules of accomplishing convalescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . On the evacuation of substances from the body . . . . . . . . . Evaluating the healing process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The treatment of organs with regard to their location . . . . . Heating agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The outcomes or effects of substances which enter the body The rules of the examination of simple drugs . . . . . . . . . . . Principles of compounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reasons for compounding drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The opinions of the Empiricists vs. those of the Rationalists Discussion of compound drugs continued . . . . . . . . . . . . . The four phases of diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . On the pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The categories of medical theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hair color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eye coloration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Body types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changes in air, the seasons etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The effects of movement on the body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The effects of rest on the body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Varieties of food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The effects of sexual intercourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The effects of mental diseases on the body . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variations in the substance of organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of “powers” in the body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discussion of the brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The evacuation or retention of body substances . . . . . . . . . Varieties of tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discussion of urine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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INTRODUCTION 1. The Roots of Medieval Medicine The medical knowledge available at the time of Hunain and his contemporaries derived rather directly from Greek sources, and overwhelmingly from two specific sources: Hippocrates and Galen. But the Greeks had contact with other cultures and absorbed medical knowledge from several of them. The two we know the most about are probably Babylonia and Egypt. We know that the Babylonians had some knowledge of anatomy, for they used the liver for extispicy, and the entrails for divination as well. They also knew about healing properties of certain herbs such as cedar, mustard, myrrh, castor oil, poppy, fig and mandrake. But some comments by Mark Geller will help shed light on the connection between the Greeks and Babylonia in the medical field. He states that, “Babylonian medicine, with its very conservative approach to healing, serves as a good model for reconstructing Greek medicine before Hippocrates.” But he also notes that the great difference between Greek and Babylonian physicians was that the Greeks “developed general hypotheses about the causes and course of diseases which were handed down as learned treatises. In Babylonia, no theory of disease was ever recorded in cuneiform sources…”1 The Greeks introduced theories about the four humors, bloodletting and many other topics. But even some of these developments which are usually regarded as typically Greek may have been foreshadowed in Babylonia. Nutton, for example, hints at a connection between the emphasis in Babylonian medicine on the body’s fluids and the later Greek concepts of humors as major determinants of illness.2 Moreover, recent studies have shown that the Hippocratic concepts of epilepsy had precursors in Babylonian medical texts.3 In ancient Egypt the physicians belonged to the priestly caste associated with the temples. They had a concept of medical ethics which was adopted by the Greeks, and they also had knowledge of surgery, as evi1 Mark Geller, review of Vivian Nutton’s book, Ancient Medicine, in The Bulletin of the

School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 69.3 (2006), pp. 460-464. 2 Vivian Nutton, Ancient Medicine, London: Routledge, 2005, p. 42. 3 Peter E. Pormann and Emilie Savage-Smith, Medieval Islamic Medicine, Washington

D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2007, p. 24.

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denced by the Smith papyrus, as well as by the numerous surgical instruments which have been found there. And the fourth century writer, Isocrates, traced the origin of medicine and pharmacology back to the Egyptians.4 However, Egypt soon became a center for Greek medicine, and the main center there for medical studies from Hellenistic times onward was Alexandria, due partly to the works of Herophilus and Erasistratus; and after the time of Galen, his Sixteen Books formed the core of the medical curriculum there. Historically, scientific Greek medicine really begins with Hippocrates. He was born in 460 on the island of Cos, and he later established a medical school there. He was the first physician to reject the idea of supernatural forces causing illness, saying that disease was from environmental factors, not punishment from the gods. Unfortunately, there was a taboo among the Greeks that forbade dissection of cadavers; therefore their knowledge of anatomy was poor. Moreover, Hippocrates and his fellows believed that the body had four “humors” consisting of blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm.5 If these were in balance, the body was healthy. Conversely, disease was a state in which the humors were not in balance. Therefore, Hippocratic medicine used a fairly passive approach to the treatment of illness, seeking to restore the balance of the humors through proper diet and rest. A further word must be inserted here about the humors, because “yellow” bile does not appear in Vat. Syr. 192. So let us first look more closely at what the terms designate. Pormann and Savage-Smith say of these four humors that 1) phlegm was a viscous moisture or mucus evident in many discharges from the body; 2) yellow bile was often said to be red in color, and was generally considered to be “foam or scum produced during the formation of blood. After its production in the liver, half the yellow bile flowed with the venous blood while the other half was said to go to the gallbladder;” 3) black bile “was usually interpreted as a sedimentary dark material also produced during blood formation; half of it remained in the blood with the other half going back to the spleen. Thus the fluid carried by the veins was considered a mixture of the pure humour blood plus yellow and black bile;” 4) the final humor was, of course, blood.6 4 Nutton, Ancient Medicine (cited above nt. 2), p. 41. 5 The doctrine of the four humors persisted into the Middle Ages and is an important

topic in Hunain’s work. 6 Pormann — Savage-Smith, Medieval Islamic Medicine (cited above nt. 3), p. 44.

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As mentioned above, yellow bile (‫ ܡܪܬܐ ܚܪܘܥܬܐ‬in Syriac) is not found in our text. Instead, our text mentions the humors as being phlegm, blood, black bile and red bile (Syriac ‫)ܡܪܬܐ ܣܘܡܩܬܐ‬.7 The resolution of this difference is probably to be found in the remark made by Pormann and Savage-Smith noted above that the yellow bile was often said to be red. Although a number of significant Greek physicians followed Hippocrates, the next really important name is that of Galen of Pergamum (129- ca. 216 A.D.), who had been educated at Alexandria. For a while he cared for gladiators in Pergamum, but in 162 he moved to Rome. His knowledge of anatomy and surgery, gained while caring for the many wounds of the gladiators, as well as his wealthy background and influential connections, made him a favorite physician to the ruling classes, and even to emperors, viz. Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. He regarded anatomy as the foundation of medical knowledge and dissected various animals to gain such knowledge. He also conducted experiments such as cutting the recurrent laryngeal nerve in order to show that the control of the voice comes from the brain. He made many advances in medicine, but like Hippocrates, he continued to espouse the doctrine of the four humors. Interestingly, his teachings on anatomy were accepted until the Flemish physician, Andreas Vesalius, demonstrated in 1543 that many of Galen’s anatomical assumptions, based on animal dissection, were wrong. His teachings on physiology continued even longer, until William Harvey correctly explained the circulation of blood in 1616. His influence on medicine in the medieval Middle East, however, was inestimable, as will be shown in the next section. Finally, there were some “schools” of medical thought among the Greeks which must be mentioned, because they are discussed in Vat. Syr. 192 to a certain extent. The two schools mentioned in our text are the Empiricists and the Rationalists, and since those terms are also known in the field of philosophy, we need to describe their meaning in connection with the medical field briefly in order to avoid confusion. This can best be accomplished by noting the remarks of Mark Schiefsky, who points out, among other things, that “Rationalist” was originally a term of abuse invented by the Empiricists, and that it was used of a wide range of divergent views. He says of the two schools, “Like Plato and Aristotle, the Empiricists conceived of εμπειρια as a body of knowledge consisting of limited generalizations based entirely on perception and memory. Where they differed 7 See for example, Vat. Syr. 192, folio 53r, Syriac note in margin.

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from Plato and Aristotle was in claiming that εμπειρια, so understood, was entirely sufficient for both the discovery and the practice of medicine. On the other side of the debate, the Rationalists insisted that medicine had to be based on an explanatory theory of the nature (φυοις) of the human body and the causes and cures of disease – the kind of theory that could only be reached by going beyond perception and using reason (λογος) to make inferences about invisible matters such as the state of the patient’s humors or internal organs.”8 He also observes, “According to sources such as Celsus and Galen, the Empiricists offered a detailed account of the development of medicine by the gradual accumulation and systematization of observations over a long period of time. Medicine was discovered by observing what was helpful and harmful to the sick, not by speculating on the nature of the human body or the causes of disease; moreover, chance experience played a large role in suggesting treatments.”9 These two schools are mentioned in Vat. Syr. 192 on folios 38r-41v in connection with a discussion on compounding drugs. Contrary to what we might expect, the writer proclaims the Empiricists to be wrong and the Rationalists to be correct in their approach to compounding medicines. 2. Hunain ibn Ishaq Abu Zaid Hunain ibn Ishaq al-‘Ibady was born in al-Hirah, in what is now south central Iraq, in 809 A.D. and died in 877 A.D. He began studying medicine in Gondeshapur10 (in Kuzistan, a province in Persia) under Yuhannah ibn Massawayh, but his teacher tired of his constant questioning and sent him away (though they later reconciled). During the next two years, Hunain spent his time in Byzantine territory perfecting his knowledge of Greek and gathering manuscripts. He then returned to Baghdad in 826 and learned Persian. There he also began to work for Jibra’il ibn Bukhtishu who was so impressed with his work that he recommended him to the Caliph. The latter then appointed him 8 Mark J. Schiefsky, Hippocrates on Ancient Medicine, Leiden: Brill, 2005, p. 354f. 9 Ibid., p. 356. 10 We have traditionally believed that there was a large hospital and medical school in

Gondeshapur at that time, but recent research suggests that this was a myth created by members of the Bukhtishu family of Nestorian physicians to give themselves a pedigree in medicine when they were serving the caliphs of Baghdad. See Pormann — Savage-Smith, Medieval Islamic Medicine (cited above nt. 3), p. 20.

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as Director of the “House of Wisdom” (bet al-hikma).11 Hunain soon gained a reputation as the most learned man of the time in the Syriac, Greek and Persian languages, and a number of scribes were placed under his direction. Life was not always easy for Hunain, however, and his biggest trials were under the Caliph al-Mutawakkil (died 861). Once the Caliph wanted to test Hunain, because he had heard a rumor that the Byzantine rulers had enlisted Hunain’s help to plot against him. So he asked Hunain to create a poison to help him get rid of one of his enemies. Hunain refused and the Caliph put him in prison, threatening to kill him if he did not cooperate. Hunain, however, continued to refuse, claiming that he had only learned useful medicines, not poisons. Finally the Caliph asked him why he had so steadfastly and persistently refused to make the poison. Hunain replied that there were two reasons: religion and his profession saying, “Religion orders us to be benevolent and serviceable to our enemies; what then of our friends and masters? As to our profession, it prohibits us from doing any harm to our fellowmen, because it was created to benefit them and is restricted to their interest. God has placed round our necks a covenant supported by heavy oaths not to administer any harmful things. I did not think I could disobey these two commandments of both our religions.” Thereupon the Caliph was satisfied he could trust Hunain and he freed him.12 A few years later he was again imprisoned when some of his enemies misrepresented his religious beliefs (he was part of the iconoclastic trend) before al-Mutawakkil. This time was much worse. The first time he had been allowed his books and had continued his work while in prison, but this time everything was taken away, and he was even bound during part of that imprisonment. But eventually the tables were turned and Hunain was again restored to favor while his enemies suffered the fate they had wished upon him. Although Hunain translated a variety of Greek texts, his main focus and productivity centered around medicine, including writings of Hippocrates and other Greek physicians, but most especially texts of Galen. In fact, Meyerhof states that Hunain translated at least 95 of Galen’s works into Syriac and another 39 into Arabic.13 Thus Galen’s views be11 Some doubt has also be cast on the bet al-hikma, see D. Gutas, Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early ‘Abbasid Society (2th-4th/8th-10th Centuries), London: Routledge, 1998, pp. 59-60. 12 Paul Ghalioungui, Questions on Medicine for Scholars by Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Cairo: AlAhram Center for Scientific Translations, 1980, p. xviii. 13 Max Meyerhof, “New Light on Hunain ibn Ishaq and his Period” in Isis, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct. 1926), p. 706.

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came the basis for much of the medicine practiced in the Middle East during the Middle Ages. His usual method of translation was first from Greek to Syriac,14 and then from Syriac to Arabic if there was a need for the text in Arabic.15 This was his preferred method because Syriac already had a well developed scientific vocabulary from years of interaction between Syriac and Greek speaking communities and scholars. Arabic, on the other hand, came on the literary scene with the Muslim conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries, and that meant that scientific vocabulary had to be created to make it a suitable medium for medicine and other disciplines. Hunain was very active in creating a scientific vocabulary in Arabic, and therefore, even though he often delegated the translation of works from Syriac into Arabic (once he had translated them into Syriac from the Greek) to his students, he was still responsible, at least indirectly, for the vocabulary used. In addition to translating, Hunain also wrote some original works. His original medical works, however, were still largely based on the writings of Galen. Hence, the subject of this work, viz. the text of Vat. Syr. 192, often referred to by the Arabic title as the masa’il fi al-Tibb of Hunain, though considered an original work, was based on Galen’s Ars Medica (techne iatrike) and became known in Europe as isagoge Ioannitii ad Tegni Galieni). In it he arranges the material in a manner suitable for study by medical students, and then asks questions which the students should be able to answer for their medical licenses. That was an approach based on Galen’s ars parva. However, Hunain died before the work was completed, and it was his nephew, Hubaish, who completed it. For that reason, we must now say something about Hubaish. Hubaish ibn al-Hasan al-A‘sam of Damascus was Hunain’s most prominent student. Many of the works which were translated into Syriac by Hunain were then translated from Syriac into Arabic by Hubaish.16 In 14 Sebastian Brock, “The Syriac Background to Hunayn’s Translation Techniques” in ARAM III 1&2 (1991), p. 139. 15 The determination of the language of the final product depended on who was re-

questing it. For his Christian friends and colleagues he normally produced Syriac translations, but if the clients were Muslim, and thus primarily Arabic speakers, then the final version was Arabic. For further evidence that he first translated from Greek to Syriac and then from Syriac to Arabic, there is the statement of Bar Hebraeus that Hunain “was able to translate texts from Greek into Syriac, and from Syriac into Saracen” (quoted in Siam Bhayro, “Syriac Medical Terminology: Sergius and Galen’s Pharmacopia” in Aramaic Studies 3.2, 2005, p. 154). 16 Meyerhof, “New Light on Hunain ibn Ishaq” (cited above nt. 13), lists a number of mss which were first translated into Syriac by Hunain and then into Arabic by Hubaish.

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fact, there are some who believe that Hubaish never translated anything into Syriac, but only Arabic. That is a crucial issue, because Vat. Syr. 192 is bilingual (Syriac/Arabic) and one can pose the question of whether the original language of this work was Syriac or Arabic. If Hubaish never wrote in Syriac, then we would be able to say that all additions he wrote to the masa’il must have been in Arabic. And if that were the case, then we could further argue that he would never have presented as a finished product a manuscript that began in Syriac and ended in Arabic; so either Hunain must have written his portion in Arabic, or else Hubaish had to first translate Hunain’s portion from Syriac to Arabic, and then add his own material in Arabic, which begs the question of who then translated Hubaish’s work into Syriac to complete the Syriac version? However, the idea that Hubaish finished Hunain’s work in Arabic is not the most likely scenario in my opinion, because the risala treated by Meyerhof17 lists three Galenic books which Hubaish translated from Greek to Syriac. So the argument that he never wrote in Syriac is not valid. In order for his Syriac translations to pass muster with Hunain, they must have been first-rate. Therefore we may assume that his abilities in Syriac were more than adequate to take a work that Hunain had begun in Syriac and finish it in Syriac. Moreover, the impression I have from looking at Vat. Syr. 192 is that the Syriac was primary. I cannot prove that, but the assumption seems to be reasonable based on the fact that Hunain generally wrote in Syriac, and we now know that Hubaish was capable of continuing his work in the same language. Even the arrangement of the Syriac and Arabic columns would seem to suggest Syriac primacy, since the Syriac column appears first (i.e. on the right), although that is admittedly very weak evidence. Regardless which language was the original, the text seems to have been spread primarily in Arabic, as was the case with many other medical texts. In fact, after the great period of translation by Christian scholars in the 9th and 10th centuries, the field of medicine was then taken over by Muslim physicians who were now armed with a language newly equipped with a powerful scientific vocabulary, and the medical writings of later centuries in the Middle East were then primarily in Arabic. But let us return to the subject of Hubaish’s contribution to the “Questions on Medicine” normally attributed to Hunain. How much of it did Hunain write and how much did Hubaish write? Apparently the later Arabic versions (see below) did not contain any reference to the point at which Hubaish took over the writing. Thus Galal Moussa, for example, 17 Meyerhof, “New Light on Hunain ibn Ishaq” (cited above nt. 13).

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assumes that Hubaish began his work with the section dealing with theriac (beginning with folio 26v of our text).18 But our text indicates the precise point at which Hubaish took over the writing, and that is on folio 129v of Vat. Syr. 192. Because the pagination in the ms is out of order, that folio is actually to be placed far in advance of folio 26. And while some folios are obviously missing from the beginning of the text (between six and eight folios are missing, judging from the Arabic text, as well as seven or eight more at the end of the ms), we can state that of those that remain, Hunain wrote 26 and Hubaish therefore wrote the other 138. Thus Hunain had barely begun the work when he died and Hubaish had to take over. The final work is therefore largely Hubaish’s accomplishment. 3. The legacy of Hunain and his fellows in the West In the West, Hunain was known as Johannitius, and his Isagoge (Masa’il) was translated into Latin by Constantine the African (died 1087). Around this core grew up a collection of treatises bound together into a reference manual for medical students known as the articella. Thus, Hunain’s work became the basis for the first genuine medical curriculum in the schools of Europe during the Middle Ages. This was particularly true in the schools of Salerno in the 12th and 13th centuries. As a result, Galen became a primary focus in medical training from 1250 on. The later Arab physician, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), who wrote the Canon that became the Bible of European medicine, could not have done his work had not the way been prepared by Hunain through his transmission of Greek medicine and his creation of a proper medical vocabulary in Arabic.19 In the words of Max Meyerhoff, “doubtless the Arabic translations of Galenic works produced by Hunain and his disciples Hubaish, Ishaq and ’Isa created the main part of the Greco-Arabic standard canon of medicine which dominated Arabic medical science down to the XIXth century and exercised the well-known influence on European mediaeval medicine by means of the Latin versions of these and other Arabic medical books.”20

18 See Ghalioungui, Questions on Medicine (cited above nt. 12), p. xxii. 19 Ghalioungui, Questions on Medicine (cited above nt. 12), p. vii. 20 Meyerhof, “New Light on Hunain ibn Ishaq” (cited above nt. 13), p. 724.

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INTRODUCTION

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4. The Syriac manuscripts of Hunain’s “Questions on Medicine” Vat. Syr. 192 is unique because it is the only known bilingual copy of Hunain’s “Questions,” and also because it is the oldest known manuscript of either the Syriac or the Arabic version. It also includes information on the exact point at which Hunain’s work ends (with his death) and the work of Hubaish begins.21 This fact was apparently not present in any of the mss used by Moussa. The oldest ms he used was dated 526 H (= 1131 AD), therefore our text, if not the actual ms, is likely to predate that. The writing style is primarily Estrangela, but with Eastern (i.e. “Nestorian”) influence, as evidenced by the form of certain letters and the use of Eastern vowels. Furthermore, it is very difficult to assign a date based on the Syriac style of writing, because of conscious attempts to preserve earlier writing styles. In that regard, Hatch points out that Nestorian scribes followed Estrangela tradition well into the 13th century.22 Moreover, Nestorian scribes sometimes used Estrangela forms of letters and the more distinctively Nestorian forms side-by-side in the same manuscript. That occurs in our ms, where Estrangela alaf and Nestorian alaf forms are both used. For example, the word for fever, ‫ܐ ܐ‬, is written with an initial alaf in Estrangela form in line 3 of folio 73r and seven lines later it appears with an initial alaf in the Nestorian form. Final taw also occurs both in Estrangela and Nestorian forms. Thus it is apparent that the scribe was trying to preserve the Estrangela tradition, but was not entirely consistent in his efforts to do that. In the case of our text, the earliest possible date is defined by the death of Hunain, but the latest possible date for this copy of the text could be a few centuries later. If we attempt to assign a date based on the Syriac style, we might note that the use of the alaf, and to a certain extent the taw, resembles a manuscript dated to 1202/3 that was written in the Convent of Mar Elias in Amida.23 But our ms could easily be earlier or later. Therefore, we may do better to assign a date based on the Arabic script, for that would seem to point to the 11th century.24 21 Folio 129v, lines 6-9 are a note saying that that is where Hunain’s work ends and that of Hubaish begins. 22 William Henry Paine Hatch, An Album of Dated Syriac Manuscripts, Boston: the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1946, p. 28. 23 Hatch, Album (cited above nt. 22), plate LXXXVII. 24 Degen reports that Prof. Ullmann of Tübingen dated the Arabic script to the 11th or

12th century. Cf. Rainer Degen, “The Oldest Known Manuscript of Hunayn b. Ishaq” in Symposium Syriacum 1976, célébré du 13 au 17 Septembre 1976 au Centre Culturel “Les Fon-

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XVI

INTRODUCTION

The manuscript is well preserved and the Syriac very legible. The pagination, however, is confusing. During the translation process it became apparent that an entire section had been transferred from the front to the back of the stack of folios before they were bound in their current form. Thus, the text should really begin with the folio that is currently numbered 107, and folios 1 through 106 must be placed at the back of the volume. Therefore, in an attempt to present the material in its proper order, the current work will begin with folio 107, proceed to folio 151, and then continue with folios 1-106. In point of fact, there are three types of numbering in the manuscript. There is a numbering of the folios which was done in ink and produces a count of 152 folios (the correct count). These numbers appear in the upper left corner of the recto of folios 1-31 and folio 152, but the numbers are missing (or faded) on all the intervening pages. Then there is a numbering system which was apparently done later in pencil or in a grey ink (impossible to distinguish from the digitized images). This system only lists 151 folios, but folio 95 is counted twice, indeed, what should be folio 96 actually has the denotation of “95 bis” (the “bis” apparently added later when someone realized the count had been wrong). These numbers appear in the upper left corner of the recto of each folio. Finally, there is a numbering which appears in the upper right corner of the verso of each page, but it was done backwards, i.e. the last folio has the number 1, while the first page (as it is currently bound) has the number 150 (which is wrong in any case). The numbering system which will be followed in this book is that of the first system mentioned, because it is the only one of the three with numbers appearing on all folios in the correct order (except for the mistake of folio 95 and 95bis already noted), and also because this is the numbering system used by the BAL when digitizing the manuscript. There are two other Syriac copies of this work. One of these is Mingana Syriac 589, which was a copy made in 1932 in Alqosh from another copy that had been made in 1904 by Dadisho, later abbot of the Chaldean monasteries. So that manuscript is late, but like our current text, it also contains a note concerning the point at which Hubaish took over and finished Hunain’s work. Hunain’s work extends from folio 22a to 35a, and Hubaish’s work from 35a to 112a.25 Therefore the relative taines” de Chantilly. Communications, Orientalia Christiana Analecta, 205, Rome: Pontifical Oriental Institute 1978, p. 46. Fr. Samir Khalil seems to favor the 11th century (private communication). 25 See A. Mingana, Catalogue of the Mingana Collection of Manuscripts, Vol. I: Syriac and Garshuni Manuscripts, Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons, 1933, columns 1125-1128.

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INTRODUCTION

XVII

contributions of each writer appear to correspond roughly to what we find in Vat. Syr. 192. The other Syriac example is that of Louvain CSCO ms syr 21,26 which Brock suggests may have been the manuscript used by Chabot.27 Like the manuscript from which the Mingana ms was copied, this one was also written in 1904, and the colophon (folio 104v) indicates it was written in Alqosh. In this ms the section written by Hunain extends from folio 39r to 48r, and additions by Hubaish are from 48r to 73v. Judging from the folio numbers in Chabot’s article and his comments, it seems apparent that this is indeed the manuscript he used for his article.28 But Chabot only transcribes and translates (into Latin) the section written by Hunain, i.e. folios 39r to 48r. There is a some material at the beginning of his text which is missing from the Vatican ms, so that the beginning of Vat. Syr. 192 corresponds to the second sentence (which is resumed after a lacuna of approximately 1 and } lines) of the second paragraph as transcribed by Chabot. The title, first paragraph and first sentence of the second paragraph (all of which are not preserved in Vat. Syr. 192) are: Another Section on Medicine by our Master, Hunain the Physician, in the Form of Questions and Answers How many varieties of organs are there in terms of size? Two. What are they? Either when the organ grows more than is appropriate; for example when the tongue or the head hypertrophy. Or else when it is too small; for example when the head is small, or the liver, or the stomach. How many varieties of organic diseases are there in terms of the number? Two. What are they? Now, either in excess or in scarcity. In how many ways (can it be) from excess? In two ways. Now those of the type which are of (the person’s) nature, such as six fingers; or the type which are outside of (the person’s) nature, such as tapeworms and warts. But in how many ways is it through scarcity? In two ways. What are they? Now it is either total (absence), such as a finger totally cut off; or else partially, such as amputation at the joint of a finger. How many varieties of organic disease are there in terms of position…29 26 Cf. A. de Halleux, “Les manuscripts syriaques du C.S.C.O.” in Le Muséon, Vol. 100

(1987), pp. 35-48. 27 Personal communication from Prof. Brock concerning J. B. Chabot, “Version Syriaque de traits médicaux don’t l’original arabe n’a pas été retrouvé” in Notice et extraits des manuscripts de la Bibliothèque National…, 43 (1954), 80-116. 28 J. B. Chabot, “Version Syriaque de traits médicaux don’t l’original arabe n’a pas été retrouvé” in Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale et autres bibliothèques, Vol. 43 (1954), pp. 80-143. 29 This is my own (EJW) translation of Chabot’s Syriac transcription. The reader may wish to compare it with Chabot’s Latin translation.

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XVIII

INTRODUCTION

At this point there is a lacuna, and then the text resumes at the same place as the beginning of our Vatican ms. Chabot’s transcription (and presumably this particular text) ends at a point corresponding to folio 43v, line 4 of our Vatican text. Thus the text transcribed by Chabot represents approximately 60% of our text. Finally, we use the name “Vat. Syr. 192” to designation this manuscript. Some confusion has arisen because the number CXCIII appears on the first folio in the work as it is currently assembled, i.e. folio 107r, but it is numbered 192 in the catalogue, and the Vatican Apostolic Library also designated it as 192 when they digitized the ms for us. Therefore we will follow that usage, even though scholars such as Brock and Degen may refer to it as Vat. Syr. 193.30 5. The Arabic manuscripts of Hunain’s “Questions on Medicine” Our original intent was to translate both the Syriac and the Arabic, but as we began reading the text and discovered that it was Hunain’s “Questions on Medicine,” we began looking at other versions and discovered that the Arabic version had been published as a critical edition based on eight mss by Galal Moussa with an English translation of that critical edition by Paul Ghalioungui.31 That made another translation of the Arabic unnecessary. That news came as quite a relief, because the Arabic of this manuscript is written in such a way that the dots which differentiate a “ba” from a “ta” from a “tha” from a “nun” or from a “ya” are missing in many instances, and that makes it very difficult to decipher the writing. That is not only true for a non-native speaker of Arabic like myself, but also apparently for native speakers, for I showed the text to a number of Arabic speaking physicians and scholars and none was able to read the text well. But a rendering of the Arabic was also not completely desirable, because it would have presumably mirrored the Syriac of this manuscript, and therefore perhaps have seemed somewhat redundant to anyone reading this work. It might be helpful, however, to list the manuscripts containing the Arabic version, which were used by Moussa in his critical edition. They are:

30 Brock, “The Syriac Background” (cited above nt. 14), p. 157; Degen, “The Oldest Known Manuscript” (cited above nt. 24), p. 65. 31 Ghalioungui, Questions on Medicine (cited above nt. 12).

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INTRODUCTION

XIX

1. Ms. 20936 of the Library of Medicine of Cairo University, dated to 526 H (ca. 1131 AD). 2. Ms. 3623 of Fatih, Istanbul, dated to 677 H (ca. 1278 AD). 3. Ms. 3622 of Fatih, Istanbul, dated to the 14th century AD. 4. Ms. 2023 of Gotha, Germany, dated to 745 H (ca. 1344 AD). 5. Ms. Farid Haddad, Beirut, dated to 787 H (ca. 1385) 6. Ms. 286 of St. Joseph’s Library in Beirut, dated to 1112 H (ca. 1700 AD) 7. Ms. 2131 Saray Ahmad III, Istanbul, dated to 17th century AD 8. Ms. 1196 of Saray Ahmad III, Istanbul, dated to 16th century AD 6. Notes on Transcription and Translation The transcription was fairly simple, but occasionally there is a single letter at the end of a line – such as folio 7v line 5 and folio 10v line 9 – which is used as a simple space occupier, to indicate that there is no new paragraph intended. The letter used is the first letter of the following word, i.e. the word which is first in the next line. Occasionally, the first two or three letters of the succeeding word will be used as a space filler, but these then have a line above them to indicate they are not a separate word. The main difficulty was in trying to preserve, as much as possible, the diacritical marks and punctuation. This could not always be done exactly, due to constraints of the fonts with which we were working, but the reader may refer to the pictures of the original ms if there is any question or doubt. The translation was made directly from the Syriac with almost no reference to the Arabic. Because the format follows lines numbered from 1-16 on each page, it was not possible to do a purely “reader based” translation.32 But neither did we wish to do a literal (i.e. “text based”) translation, because that can result in very difficult reading due to awkward syntax. So in some cases we had to compromise a bit and therefore a word on a particular line in the Syriac text may not be translated exactly on the corresponding line in the English column. We apologize in advance for any typographical errors, especially in the Syriac, for we had to do the proofreading ourselves. A final note on translation concerns the Syriac word ‫ܙܓܐ‬ , which appears frequently in the text. It is multivalent and can mean “constitu32 See Brock, “The Syriac Background” (cited above nt. 14), for an explanation of “reader based” vs. “text based” translation techniques.

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XX

INTRODUCTION

tion” (e.g. folio 123r, 14), or “temperament,” or “temperature.” I noticed that in Ghalioungui’s translation of the Arabic text, he used the word “temperament” in almost every place where ‫ܙܓܐ‬ appears in the corresponding Syriac text. But in many of those loci the word “temperament” just did not seem to fit the context. For example, in Vat. Syr. 192, folio 128v, 6 there is a discussion of using cold water to reduce a fever, and the subject therefore had to be the “temperature” of the body and not the “temperament.” Likewise in folio 130v 8ff the subject is again the body temperature and not the temperament. Therefore, we translated the word in most cases as “temperature” rather than “temperament,” but the reader should be aware that there was indeed a doctrine of temperament as being one of the significant factors to affect both the expression of disease and its outcome. So in some of these cases, the word temperament might well be substituted for temperature at the reader’s discretion. 7. Herbs and other drugs mentioned in the text This is by no means a manual on herbal medicine, but some herbs and other substances are mentioned, and these may profitably be compared with those that appear in the large Syriac medical text published by Budge.33 Therefore the ones which appear in our text will be listed here in the order in which they occur in the text. The line numbers refer to the line in the Syriac text in which they appear. The English equivalent may not be in the line of the same number. Omitted from this list are common substances such as wine, wax (even though it is used to compound drugs) and common foods.34 Scammony — 128v 3; 143r 4; 24r 9; 28r 13,16 Quince — 128v 5 Spurge — 143r 4 Pellitory of Spain (anthemis pyrethrum) — 145v 2; 146v 1314; 148r 10 Peppers — 145v 3; 27r 10 Euphorbium — 146v 14

‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܼܿ ܘ ܵ ܐ‬ ‫ܼܿ ܼܿ ܐ‬ ‫̈ܐ‬

‫ܗܘ ܪܒ ܢ‬

33 Budge’s Book of Medicines; see bibliography for details. 34 The effects of certain common foods are discussed in folio 61v ff.

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INTRODUCTION

Opium — 147v 15; 1v 6 Hemlock — 148r 4; 3r 12; 37v 8 Cantharides — 148r 5 Castoreum — 148r 11; 31v 2-3 Onions — 148v 1; 149v 11; 150r 1; 15r 14; 24r 1 Garlic — 148v 1; 149r 13,16; 150r 2; 15r 14 Lettuce — 148v 3; 149r 12 Barley water — 148v 3 Ceruse — 149v 14; 11v 7 Mastix — 151r 7 Grain ears (nard) — 151r 8 Hellebore — 3r 14; 31v 12 Sea squill — 23v 16 Theriac — 26v 10; 27r 15; 27v 2,5; 33r 10,13,14; 33v 1,3 and margin note; 34r 13,16; 34v 10 Anise — 27r 11; 31v 14 Lily — 27r 14 Sweetflag — 27r 14 Agaricum — 27r 14; 28r 14; 28v 4,12 Colocynth — 28r 13; 28v 2,9 Aloe — 28r 14; 28v 4 Mandrakes — 31r 15 Poppies — 31r 15; 37v 8 Cumin — 31v 14

XXI

‫ܵܐܘ ܢ‬ ܿ ‫ܨܗܪܘܐ‬ ܼ̈ ‫ܕܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ̈ ܵܓ ܕܐ‬ ‫ܒ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܼܿ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܪ ܵ ܵ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܸ ܵܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܪܒ ݂ ܵ ܐ‬ ܼܿ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ ܐ‬ ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܪܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܓܐܪ ܢ‬ ‫ܣ‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܝ‬ ‫ܒܘ ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬

Celery seeds — 31v 13 Ebony — 31v 13 Purslane — 32r 1 Ferula — 32r 1 Mustard — 37v 2; 61v 19 Lily bulbs — 39r 11 Aristolochia — 39r 11 Heracleum — 39r 12 Vetches — 39r 12; 103r 10 Frankincense — 39r 13 Verdigris — 39r 16; 39v 15

‫ܐܘ ܣ‬ ‫ܕܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ̈ܪܐ‬ ‫̈ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܙܓ ܐ‬

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INTRODUCTION

8. A Selected Bibliography Baumstark, Anton, Geschichte der syrischen Literatur, mit Ausschluß der christlich-palästinensischen Texte, Bonn: A. Marcus und E. Webers Verlag, 1922. Berger, Rainer and Protsch, Reiner, “The Domestication of Plants and Animals in Europe and the Near East,” Orientalia 42 (1973), pp. 214-277. Bergsträsser, Gotthelf, Hunain ibn Ishaq und seine Schule, Leiden, 1913. Bhayro, Siam, “Syriac Medical Terminology: Sergius and Galen’s Pharmacopia,” Aramaic Studies 3.2 (2005), pp. 147-165. Brock, Sebastian, “The Syriac Background to Hunayn’s Translation Techniques” in ARAM III 1&2 (1991), pp. 139-162. Budge, Ernest A. Wallis, Syrian Anatomy Pathology and Therapeutics or “the Book of Medicines,” London etc.: Oxford University Press, 1913, Vol. I Syriac text, Vol. II English translation. Chabot, J. B., “Version Syriaque de traits médicaux dont l’original arabe n’a pas été retrouvé” in Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale et autres bibliothèques, Vol. 43 (1954), pp. 80-143. Degen, Rainer, “Ein Corpus Medicorum Syriacorum,” in Medizinhistorisches Journal, Band 7 (1972), Heft 1 / 2 pp. 114-122. Degen, Rainer, “The Oldest Known Manuscript of Hunayn b. Ishaq” in Symposium Syriacum 1976, célébré du 13 au 17 Septembre 1976 au Centre Culturel “Les Fontaines” de Chantilly. Communications, Orientalia Christiana Analecta, 205, Rome: Pontifical Oriental Institute, 1978, pp. 63-71. Dols, Michael, “Syriac into Arabic: the Transmission of Greek Medicine,” in ARAM 1:1 (1989), pp. 45-52. Duval, Rubens, Anciennes literatures chrétiennes II: La Littérature syriaque, third edition, Paris: Librairie Victor Lecoffre, 1907. Geller, Mark, review of Vivian Nutton’s book, Ancient Medicine, in The Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 69.3 (2006), pp. 460-464. Girard, M. C., Connaissance et Méconnaissance de l’Hellébore dans l’Antiquité, Quebec: Université Laval, 1990. Graf, Georg, Die christlich-arabische Literatur bis zur fränkischen Zeit (Ende des 11. Jahrhunderts): Eine literarhistorische Skizze, Freiburg im Breisgau: Herdersche Verlagshandlung, 1905 (= Strassburger theologische Studien Band VII, erstes Heft). Gutas, D., Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early ’Abbasid Society (2th-4th/8th-10th Centuries), London: Routledge, 1998. de Halleux, A., “Les manuscripts syriaques du C.S.C.O.” in Le Museon, Vol. 100 (1987), pp. 35-48. Hatch, William Henry Paine, An Album of Dated Syriac Manuscripts, Boston: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1946. Leclerc, Lucien, Histoire de la Médecine Arabe, Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1870, Two volumes.

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INTRODUCTION

XXIII

Löw, Immanuel, Aramaeische Pflanzennamen, Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, 1881. Mingana, A., Catalogue of the Mingana Collection of Manuscripts, Vol. I: Syriac and Garshuni Manuscripts, Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons, 1933. Macomber, W., “The Literary Activity of Hunain b. Ishaq in Syriac” Ephram-Hunayn Festival, Baghdad 1974, pp. 545-570. Meyerhof, Max, “New Light on Hunain Ibn Ishaq and his Period” Isis, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct. 1926), pp. 685-724. Nutton, Vivian, Ancient Medicine, London: Routledge, 2005. Pormann, Peter E. and Savage-Smith, Emilie, Medieval Islamic Medicine, Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2007. Rosenthal, R., The Classical Heritage in Islam, London: Routledge, 1975. Schiefsky, Mark, J., Hippocrates on Ancient Medicine, Leiden: Brill, 2005. Strohmaier, Gotthard, “Hunayn b. Ishak as a Philologist” in Ephram-Hunayn Festival, Baghdad, 1974, pp. 529-544. Strohmaier, Gotthard, “Hunain ibn Ishaq – an Arab Scholar Translating into Syriac” in ARAM III, 1&2 (1991), pp. 163-170. Vööbus, A., “Discoveries of new Syriac Manuscripts of Hunain ibn Ishaq” in Ephram-Hunayn Festival, Baghdad, 1974, pp. 525-528. Watson, G., Theriac and Mithridatium. A Study in Therapeutics, London: The Wellcome Historical Medical Library, 1966. Whipple, A. O., The Role of the Nestorians and Muslims in the History of Medicine (Princeton: 1967), published by the Allen O. Whipple Surgical Society.

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TEXT AND TRANSLATION

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2

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

The beginning of the manuscript is not preserved. Judging from the Arabic version, there are approximately eight folios missing. Folio 107r

......... 1. of the organs which are beside each other, such as 2. the lips and the fingers, when 3. they are joined and cannot be separated, 4. or when they are separated and 5. cannot be approximated. 6. How is the “interruption 7. of integrity” a common malady? 8. Because it exists both in organs 9. with exclusively uniform components,1 10. (and) also in the compound organs. 11. In the organs with uniform 12. components what is it like? 13. It (may) exist in the bone, 14. and in the flesh, and in the nerves, and in the veins, 15. and in the arteries, and in the muscles. 16. And indeed, when it exists in bone,

‫ ܐ‬.‫̈ ܕܐ‬ ‫ ܕܗܕ ܐ ܕ‬1 ̈ ‫ ܐ‬:‫̈ ܬܐ ܘܨܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 ̈ ‫܇‬ ‫ܢܘܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ‬4 .‫ܒ‬ 5 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܐ‬6 ‫ܬܐ܇ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ̈ ‫ܕܐܦ ܒ ̈ܕ ܐ ܕ‬ 8 ̈ ‫ܬܐ ܒ ܕ ܘܢ‬ 9 ̣ .‫ ܐܦ ܒ ̈ܕ ܐ ܐܘ̈ܪܓ ܐ‬10 ܼܿ ̈ ‫ܵܕ‬ ‫̈ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ̈ܕ ܐ‬11 . ‫̈ܕ ܘܢ ܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬12 : ‫ ܐܦ ܓ ܒܓ ܐ‬13 :‫ ܘܒ ܪ ܐ‬:‫ ܘܒܓ ܐ‬:‫ ܘܒܒ ܐ‬14 .‫ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘܒ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܒ‬15 ‫ ܘ ܐ ̇ ܕܒܓ ܐ‬16 .̣ ‫ܐ‬

1 It appears that the phrase “organs with uniform components” was a technical term used in contradistinction to “compound organs” to refer to tissue which occurs throughout the body, such as bone, blood vessels, nerves etc. We now refer to these as “systems” (e.g. nervous system, lymphatic system, circulatory system etc.).

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QUESTIONS ON MEDICINE FOR STUDENTS

3

Folio 107r

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4

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 107v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

it is called a fracture. But when it exists in the flesh, if it is indeed new, it is called a sore, but if it is old, (it is called) an abscess. Now if it exists in a nerve, (interpolated line) it is called a tear, but if it exists in a joint, it is called an aneurysm.2 Now if it is in a vein, it is (called) a rupture. And if it is in muscles, if it is indeed at their head, it is called a rending. But this is a tear or rip. But if is in their middle it is called a rhegma.3 Now this is a rupture. Now in the compound organs what is it like?

‫ܐ‬

‫ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܸܘ‬. ̣ ‫ܕܒܒ ܐ‬ ‫̇ ܕ ̣ܬ ܒ ܬܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒܓ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ̣ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ‬

1 2 3 4 5

.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘܪ ܐ‬6 .‫ܒ ܪ ܐ ܸܬ ܵ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬7 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬8 ̣ ‫ܒ‬ ̇ ‫ܕܒ‬ ‫ܐ ܘ‬9 ‫ܐ‬ ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܗܘܐ‬ ̣ ̇ 10 ‫ܐ‬ ‫̣ܐ ܐܘ‬ .̣ ‫ ̇ܗ ܕ‬11 .݂ ‫ܗ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬12 ̇ ‫ ܗ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܪ ܓ ܐ‬13 .‫ ܸܬ ܵ ܐ‬14 ‫ ܒ ̈ܕ ܐ ܕ ܐܘ̈ܪܓܐ ̣ܐ‬15 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬16

2 In modern medicine we use the word aneurysm only to refer to an abnormal dilation

of a section of a blood vessel, but the Greek word (which is used here) can refer to any type of stretching, so conceivably this could take place in a joint. 3 This is the Greek word ῥῆγμα which itself means “tear.” But it is apparently used as a loanword in Syriac to refer to tears in the belly of the muscle, as opposed to tears in the tendonous ends of the muscle.

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QUESTIONS ON MEDICINE FOR STUDENTS

5

Folio 107v

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6

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 108r

1. For example, a cut of the hand or 2. foot. 3. How many (constitutional) predispositions4 of the body 4. are there? 5. Three. What (are they)? 6. Health, sickness, and a predisposition (which is) neither 7. of the two.5 8. What is health? 9. Health is 10. the quality of the body in which 11. the functions are performed 12. naturally. 13. What is sickness? 14. Sickness is 15. an unnatural quality 16. and the functions

‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܐ ܕܐ ܐ‬

̇

‫ܐ ܐܕ‬1 .‫ ܕܪܓ ܐ‬2 ̈ ‫ܐ ܗܘ ܕ ܗ‬ 3 .‫ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬4 . ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܬ‬5 ̄̄̄ ‫ ܕ‬:‫ܐ܆ ܪܗ ܐ‬ 6 ‫ܐܘܕܗ ܪܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܗ‬7 ̇ 8 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ܉‬ 9 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܓ ܐ܇ ܕ‬ ‫ ܐ‬10 ̈ ‫ܒ ̈ ܬܐ‬ 11 .‫ ܕܒ ܐ‬12 ̇ 13 .‫ܪܗ ܐ‬ ‫ ܪܗ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ܉‬14 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ ܐ‬16

4 The loan word used here is the Greek διάθεσις . 5 The expression “a condition (which is) neither of the two” appears in the Syriac as a

simple transliteration of the Greek expression διάθεσις οὐδέτερα . One might consider rendering “neither of the two” as “neutral,” but that word, as applied to physical health, might carry the connotation of being disease free, which is not what the writer is expressing here. So we will use the somewhat awkward literal translation of the Greek phrase in order to avoid ambiguity.

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Folio 108r

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Folio 108v

1. 2. 3. 4.

are compromised by it. What is the condition (which is) neither of the two? The condition (which is) neither of the two 5. is a quality 6. of the body in which it is neither sick 7. nor healthy, simply 8. put. 9. In how many instances can it be said 10. that it is a condition of neither of the two? 11. In three instances. What (are they)? 12. Either when the body possesses 13. health and sickness at the same time 14. in different organs, such as is the case 15. with the blind and the lame; or when 16. it does not possess either one of them

̈ .‫ܒ ̈ ܬܐ‬ 1 ‫ܗܝ ܕ ܐܬܗ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐ‬2 .‫ ܐܘܕܗ ܪܐ‬3 ‫ܐܘܕܗ ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐܬܗ‬4 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬. ܼܿ ‫ܐ‬5 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܓ ܐ܇ ܕܒ ܐ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬7 .‫ܐ ܐ‬ 8 ̈ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܙ ܐ܇‬9 ‫ܐܘܕܗ ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐܬܗ‬10 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܐ ܙ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬11 ‫ܘܐ ܸܐ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬12 ‫ܐ ܘ ܪܗ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬ 13 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ܉ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܕ ܐ‬14 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܕܒ ̈ ܐ ܘ ܓ ܐ‬15 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘܐ ܸܐ ܘ ܐ‬16

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Folio 108v

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Folio 109r

1. especially, such as in the elderly, 2. or when sometimes indeed one is well, 3. and sometimes one is sick. 4. What is that like? 5. One who is usually sick in 6. the summer because of his 7. hot constitution, but in 8. the winter is healthy. Or one who 9. because of his cold constitution6 10. is sick in the winter, 11. but in the summer 12. is healthy. Or one who has a 13. wet constitution during childhood 14. is indeed usually sick, 15. but in adulthood and old age 16. is healthy. Or one who because of a dry constitution

‫ܒܐ‬ ̣ ̈ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ‬. ̣ ݂ ‫ ܪ ܐ‬1 ̇ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܒ‬2 .̇ ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬. ‫ ܒ ܒ ܕ‬3 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬4 . ̣ ‫ܙܓ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ̇ ܕ‬5 ̇ ̇ .‫ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ̣ ݂ ‫ܒ ܐ‬6 ‫ ܒ ܘܐ‬.‫ ܐ ܕܒ ܓܐܐ‬7 ‫ܐ܇ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬ ݂ ‫ܕ‬8 ‫ ܒ ܘܐ‬: ‫ܙܓ‬ ‫ܕ‬9 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ̇ 10 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܗܘܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ ܕܒ ܓܐܐ‬11 ‫ ܘܐ ܐ ̇ ݂ ܕܪ‬.‫ܐ‬ 12 ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ . ‫ܙܓ‬ 13 ̣ ݂ ̇ ‫ܐ ܗܘܐ ܐ ܕܒ ܓܐܐ‬ 14 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܘ ܒ‬ ‫ ܒ‬15 ̣ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܕ ܒ‬.‫ܐ‬ 16

6 The Syriac word ‫ܙܓܐ‬ appears to be truly multivalent in this text. Usually it can be, and in some cases must be (because of the context), translated as “temperature.” In this case, however, it is clear that the word refers to the physical constitution, which may be wet or dry, as well as hot or cold.

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Folio 109r

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Folio 109v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

during childhood is usually healthy, but in adulthood and old age is sick. Each of (these), health and sickness, and the condition (which is) neither of the two – in how many things is each one of these manifested? In three. What (are they)? Either in a body which has it, or in the cause which produces and maintains it, or in the symptom which typifies it. How many types of causes (are there)? Two. What (are they)? Some of them indeed are natural, but some of them are unnatural.

̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬. ̣ ‫ܙܓ‬ 1 ̇ ‫ܐ ܗܘܐ ܐ ܕܒ ܓܐܐ‬ 2 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܘ ܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬3 ̣ .‫ܐ‬ 4 ‫ܐ ܘ ܪܗ ܐ‬ 5 ݂ ‫ܐܘܕܗ ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܘܕ ܐܬܗ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ .‫̇ܡ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ‬7 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ 8 ̄‫ܐܘ ܒ ܓ ܐ ̄ܕܩ‬ . ‫ܐ‬9 ‫ܐ ܕ ܵܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬: ‫ ܕ ܸܐ‬10 ‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܘܕ ܐ‬. ̣ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬11 .‫ܕܥ‬ ‫ ܕ ܗܝ‬12 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܓ ̈ ܐ ܕ‬ 13 . ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ ܬ̈ܪ‬14 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ 15 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ݂ ܒ‬ 16 ̣

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Folio 109v

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Folio 110r

1. And these indeed are the natural ones: either 2. they are the preservers 3. of health, or the agents. 4. They are the preservers indeed in the healthy, 5. but the agents in the sick. 6. Now these which are unnatural; 7. some of them indeed are those which pertain 8. to disease. But some of them 9. are neither of the two. Those which pertain to disease 10. are, to be sure, (those which) cause the disease 11. and those which maintain it. But “neither of the two” 12. are those which produce the condition (which is) 13. “neither of the two,” and those which preserve 14. it. 15. How many different common 16. causes of disease and health are there?

̇ ̈ ‫ ܘܗ‬1 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫̈ ̣ܐ‬ ̄ ̄ ‫ܕܚ‬ ‫̈ܪ ܵ ܐ ܐ‬ 2 ̈ .‫̣ܐ ܐܘ ܒ ܕ ܗ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 .‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫̈ܪ ܗ ̇ ݂ ܒ‬ 4 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܕ ܗܕ ݂ܒ‬5 .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܗ̈ ܕ ܕܒ‬6 ̇ ‫ܪܗ ܐ‬ 7 . ‫ܐ‬8 ݂ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܪܗ ܐ‬.‫ ܐܘܕܗ ܪܐ‬9 ‫ܪܗ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܗ ̈ ܕ ܒ ̈ ܢ‬. ̇ 10 ‫ ܐܘܕܗ ܪܐ‬. ‫ ܘܗ ̈ ܕ ܢ‬11 ‫ ܗ ̈ ܕ ܒ ̈ ܢ ܐܬ‬.݂ ‫ ܕ‬12 ‫ ܐܘܕܗ ܪܐ ܘܗ ̈ ܕ ܢ‬13 . ̇ 14 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐܕ‬ ‫ܐ ܗܘ‬ 15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ̈ ܐ܇ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ ܘܕ‬16

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Folio 110r

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Folio 110v

1. 2. 3. 4.

Six. What (are they)? The air around us, those things which are eaten and drunk, movement and stasis (or “stillness”), 5. sleep and wakefulness, evacuation (of stools) 6. and constipation, (and) mental illnesses. Now 7. those, when they are indeed appropriately 8. proportioned in quantity 9. and quality, and in timing and in order, 10. preserve and produce health. But 11. when their use is 12. contrariwise, either in quantity 13. or quality, or timing, 14. or order, they produce 15. and maintain an illness. 16. How many different noxious

‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.̣

.‫ ܐ‬1 ‫ ܐܐܪ ܕ‬2 ̣ ̈ ̈ : ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ ܘ‬3 :‫ܬܐ ܘ ܹ ܵ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܙ‬ 4 ‫ܐ‬ :‫ܐ ܘ ܘܬܐ‬ 5 ̈ ̇ ‫ ܗ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܘ ܐ‬6 ̇ ‫ ܘ ܐ‬. ‫ܓ‬7 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.̣ ̈ 8 .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܒ ܒ ܐ ܘܒ‬.‫ ܘܐ ܬܐ‬9 .‫ܢ ܘ ܒ ̈ ܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 10 ̄ ̄ ‫ܒ ܐ ܬܗܘܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒ‬11 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬: ‫ܐ ܕܒ‬ 12 ‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܒ ܐ‬:‫ ܐܘ ܒܐ ܬܐ‬13 ‫ܪܗ ܐ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬14 .‫ܢ‬ ‫ ܒ ̈ ܢ ܐܘ‬15 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 16

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Folio 110v

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Folio 111r

1. causes are there? Three. 2. What (are they)? Now some of them indeed 3. are causative 4. and are those which are 5. from the outside, such as intense cold. 6. But some of them are preexisting 7. and are those which are from 8. within; such as obesity (lit. “fullness”). 9. But some of them are others, 10. and are those which, when they 11. are present, the disease is present, 12. and when they are absent, (the disease is) absent, 13. for example infection (lit. “decay”) 14. which causes fever. 15. How many different 16. causes of diseases are there as

̇

‫ ܬ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬

‫ܗ‬ . ‫ܐ‬ ̣ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ‬

1 2

‫ܐܐ‬ 3 ̈‫ܗ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 4 ݂ .‫ܐ ܕ ܪ ܐ‬ 5 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 6 ‫̣ܗ̈ ܕ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬7 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܕ‬. ‫ ܓ‬8 ̈ .‫ܕ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ 9 ‫ܗ̈ ܕ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬10 ‫ܪܗ ܐ܇‬ ‫ ܒ‬11 ܵ . ܸ ‫ ܘ‬12 ‫ܬܐ܇‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬13 .‫ ܕ ܒ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬14 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ̈ ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 15 ̈ ‫ ܐ‬:‫ܐ ܕ ̈ܪܗ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

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Folio 111r

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Folio 111v

1. another division? Two. 2. What (are they)? Now either they are 3. common or inherent. 4. How many different common 5. causes of diseases are there? 6. Two. What (are they)? 7. Now either they are accidental 8. or necessary. 9. What are the accidental like? 10. For example, swallowing a stone, 11. and a cut from a sword, and a burn 12. from fire, and stings, 13. and the bites of beasts. 14. Now what are the necessary ones like? 15. For example, those six from which were 16. mentioned above. What are

1 ‫ܬܪ‬ .‫ܓܐ ܐ ܐ‬ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ ܓ ܓ‬ . ‫ܐ‬2 ̈ ‫ܐ‬3 ̈ .‫̇ ݂ ܐܘ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܗܘ‬ 4 ̈ .‫ܐ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬5 . ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ ܬܪ‬6 ‫ ܐܘ ܓ ܓ ̈ ܐ ܐ‬7 .‫ ܐܘ ܐ ̈ ܐ‬8 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬. ܵ ̇ ‫ ܓ ̈ ܐ‬9 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ ܵ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ ܐ܇‬10 ‫ ܘ ܐ‬.‫ܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܒ‬11 ̄ ̄ ‫ ܘ ̈ ܬܐ‬:‫ ܕܒ ܪܐ‬12 ̄‫ܘܕܘ‬ ܵ ܿ ‫ܘܕܘܒ‬ .‫ܬܐ ܕ ̈ ܬܐ‬ ̣ ܼ ̣ 13 ̈ ‫ܐ ܕ ݂ ܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬14 ̈ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܗ‬15 ‫ ܕܓ ̈ ܐ‬. ̣ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ 16

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Folio 111v

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Folio 112r

1. the common ones? First, indeed, 2. is the joining to that which moistens 3. in its action, such as 4. a bath. But secondly, 5. the approximation of things with a moistening power, 6. such as fish. And thirdly, 7. most foods and drinks. 8. And fourthly, idleness. 9. How many causes of disease 10. with flowing matter are there? 11. Five. And what (are they)? 12. The strength of that which is emitted, 13. and the weakness of that which receives, 14. and the abundant quantity of the matter, and the weakness 15. of the nutritive force, and the openness 16. of the pathways.

̇ ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܐ‬1 ̇ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ 2 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ ܕܒ ܒ ܬܐ‬3 ‫ܐܕ ܆‬ ‫ ܬܪ‬.‫ ܕ ܿ ܼܒ ܵ ܐ‬4 ̈ ‫ܵܒ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܪܒܐ ܼ ܿܕ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ‬.‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܕ ̈ ܐ‬6 ‫ ܓ ܐܘܬ ܐ ̈ ܐ ܘ ̈ ܐ‬.̣ ‫ ܕ‬7 .‫ ܒ̈ ܵ ܐ‬.̣ ‫ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܪܒ‬8 ̈ ‫ܐ܇ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܗܘ‬ 9 .‫ܗܘ ܐ ܵܕܪܕ ܵ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ‫ܘܐ‬ 11 ܿ ̇ ܿ : ܼ ܼ ‫ܬܐ ܕܗܘ ܕ‬ 12 ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ : ‫ܕܗܘ ܕ ܒ‬ ‫ ܘ‬13 ‫ ܘ ܓ ܐܘܬܐ ܕܗܘ ܐ܆‬14 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ ‫ ܘܪܘ ܬܐ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬15 .‫ ܕ ܒ ̈ ܐ‬16

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Folio 112r

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Folio 112v

1. 2. 3. 4.

In how many ways is the natural form of the body parts maimed? In five. What (are they)? Either in the womb when the fetus 5. is being formed, or at the time of birth, 6. or at the time of binding, or 7. at the time of feeding, or because 8. of an illness which happens to it. At one of 9. those times or after them. 10. In the womb indeed, when it is formed, 11. either because of an abundance of matter, 12. the form of the body part 13. is damaged when there is 14. to much seed, or because 15. of a lack of it (i.e. matter) when there 16. too little seed. Or because

‫̈ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܙ̈ ܐ‬1 ̈ .‫ܐ ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬2 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬3 ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ 4 ܸ :‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܒ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬:‫ ̣ ܐ‬5 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܒ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬6 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܐ ܕܬܪ‬7 ‫ ܒ‬. ‫ ܐ ܕܓ ̇ ܫ‬8 .‫ ܗ ܙܒ ̈ܐ ܐܘ ܒ ܪܗܘܢ‬9 ̇ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܐ‬10 . ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܘܬܐ ܕܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪܚ ܐ‬ 12 ‫ ܐ ܝ‬:‫ ܕܗܕ ̈ ܗܝ‬13 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܕ ܘܐ ܓ ܙܪ ܐ‬14 ‫ ܒ ܘܬܗ ܐ ܝ ܕ ܘܐ‬15 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܙܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬16

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Folio 112v

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Folio 113r

1. 2. 3. 4.

the quality which the seed has is not suitable, when it is thick or watery. At the time of birth, if the fetus comes out the wrong way, 5. either on its back or on 6. its knees. At the time 7. of the binding, if it is kept wrongly 8. in swaddling clothes. At the time 9. of feeding if it is grasped 10. wrongly when milk 11. is poured in its mouth and when 12. it nurses. Because of illness which happens 13. to it, either because of the laceration of a nerve, 14. or because of rigidity, or 15. because of paralysis, or because of 16. fat, or because of a tumor.

‫ܐ ܕ ܸܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܬܐ ܐ‬1 ‫ܘܐ ܸܒܐ‬ :‫ܗܘ ܙܪ ܐ‬ ̣ 2 ̈ ܵ .‫ ܒ ܒ ܐ ܕ ܕ ̣ܐ‬. ‫ ܐܘ‬3 ̇ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬4 :‫ܗܘ ̣ ܐ‬ ̣ ‫ܗ܇ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬5 ‫ ܒ ܒ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ ܒ ̈ܪ ܗܝ‬6 ‫ ܒ ܐ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ‫ ܒ ܒ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ ܒ ̈ܪܘܪܐ‬8 ‫ ܒ ܐ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܬܪ‬9 ‫ ܐܕ‬.̇ ‫ܒ‬ 10 ܿ ‫܇ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܼ ܒܐ ܒ‬11 ̇ ‫ܐ ܕ ܕܓ ܫ‬ . ̇ ‫ ܕ‬12 ‫ܐ ܕܓ ܐ܇‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬. 13 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬14 ܿ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܼ ܬܐ‬ 15 ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ 16

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Folio 113 r

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Folio 113v

1. From how many causes is the natural 2. form of body parts injured? 3. From seven. What (are they)? 4. Either from the nurse, or from 5. the doctor, or from the patient, or 6. from a fracture, or from a blow, 7. or from an excess of matter, 8. or from a lack thereof. From 9. the nurse, indeed, (it can happen) if 10. she does not grasp the baby correctly, 11. or if she permits it to walk 12. before the appropriate time. Now (the injury can be) 13. from the doctor if he does not properly 14. join and bind broken 15. body parts. Now (it can come) from the patient 16. whenever he uses a broken

̈ ‫ܸܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 1 ̈ .‫ܐ ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬2 ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ܒ‬ 3 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬4 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ܆ ܐܘ‬5 :‫ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܐ܆ ܐܘ‬ 6 :‫ܘܬܐ ܕܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬7 ̇ ‫ ܐܘ‬8 ܸ .‫ܘܬܗ‬ ̇ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬.݂ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬9 .‫̣ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ ܬܐ ̣ ܗܝ‬10 ̇ ‫ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ ܡ ܙܒ ܐ‬11 ‫ܕܘ ܐ܇‬ . ‫ ܬ ܒ ܗܝ ܕ‬12 ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬.̣ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬13 ‫̈ܕ ܐ‬ .‫ܕ ܘ ܐ ܪ‬ 14 ‫ܐܕ ܉‬ .‫ ܬܒ ܐ‬15 ‫ ܐ ܝ ܕ ܡ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܸ ܐ‬16

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Folio 113v

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Folio 114r

1. bone before it has become solid (i.e. “healed”). 2. But (it can be) from a fracture such as when 3. the acetabulum and the femoral 4. head7 are broken, 5. and the thigh is twisted. Or because 6. of a blow, such as when 7. the nose is struck and from that 8. one becomes flat-nosed. Or 9. from an excess of matter, 10. for example, lepers. Or from 11. a lack (of matter), for example 12. those with phthisis.8 13. How many causes are there 14. for the narrowness of openings? 15. Three. What (are they)? 16. Either because a collection (of matter), or because of

‫ܐ‬

. ‫ܒ ܒ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐ ܕܬܒ‬1 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬.݂ ‫ܬܒ ܐ ܕ‬ 2 ܵ ‫ ܕ ܬܒ ܘܢ ܓ ܐ‬3 :‫ܐ ܕ ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬4 ܿ ܵ .‫ܐ‬ ܼ ‫ܘܬܬ ܸ ܠ‬ ̣ ̣ 5 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬.݂ ‫ ܪ ܐ ܕ‬6 ‫ ܘܬܓ ܫ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܪ‬7 ܵ ܵ .‫̣ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܗܕܐ‬ 8 .‫ܘܬܐ ܕ ܕܗܘ ܐ‬ 9 . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܒܐ̈ܪ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 10 ݂ ̇ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.̣ ‫ܘܬܗ ܕ‬ 11 ̈ ‫ ܕܒ‬12 ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ̇ܗܘ ܐ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ 13 .‫ ܐ ܘܬܐ ܕ ܘ̈ܪܐ‬14 ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ܬ‬ 15 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬16

7 Literally, the expression means “articulation of the thigh,” and in that case, the word

‫ ܓ‬which sometimes means “receptacle” in other Aramaic dialects (e.g. Targum Onkelos Ex. 25:25) might be the acetabulum, which means that the second term (‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ ‫ )ܕ ܘܬܐ‬must refer to the femoral head or neck. Alternatively, if the phrase “articulation of the thigh” refers to the acetabulum, then the word ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ‬would have to refer to the head or neck of the femur. This is also possible, and perhaps more likely, because that Syriac word can be used in architecture to refer to a horizontal beam sitting atop pillars, and the neck of the femur is indeed almost horizontal as it juts out from the body of the femur. 8 The Syriac word used here is

‫̈ ܐ‬

which is derived from the Greek word

φθισικος from which our English word phthisis is derived. In older literature, phthisis was used to refer to any wasting condition, usually caused by pulmonary tuberculosis, but today we almost never hear the term except in ophthalmology, where the term phthisis bulbi refers to a shrinkage of a blind eye, which eventually must be enucleated.

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Folio 114r

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Folio 114v

1. an adaptation, or because of an obstruction 2. and there is indeed a collection (of material), or because 3. of a strengthening of the retentive force; 4. or because of a weakening of 5. the expulsive force; or because of cold; 6. or because of astringency; 7. or because of dryness; or because of 8. compression, for example, the binding 9. of bandages; or because of an injury 10. to the form of a body part; or 11. because of a tumor. But there 12. is adaptation when first there 13. is an abscess, but (then) there is 14. an obstruction; or because of those things which fell 15. into the opening, for example, 16. humors or stones, or

‫ܵ ܐ‬

‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܬܐ‬ 1 ̇ ̇ ‫ܗܘܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬2 ̣ :‫ܐ ܕ ܐ ܐ ܕܐ‬ 3 ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕܗܘ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬4 ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܕ ܐ‬5 :‫ܪ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬6 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬7 ܵ ܵ ܵ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬.‫ ܙܪܘܒ ܐ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܕܐ ܵ ܐ‬ ܼܿ 9 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܕܗܕ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬10 ‫ܬܐ‬ .‫ܒ ܐ‬ 11 ̇ ‫ܘܡ‬ .‫ ܕ ܗܘ ܐ‬12 ‫ ܵ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬13 ̈ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ ̇ܗܘܐ‬14 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ ܒ ܒ ܘܪܐ‬15 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܤ ܐܘ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

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Folio 114v

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Folio 115r

1. blood clots or pus; or 2. because of those things which sprout in it, such 3. as flesh and wart(s). 4. From how many causes is there a widening 5. of openings? 6. From four causes. What (are they)? 7. Either because of unfortunate 8. movement of the expulsive force; 9. or because of a weakness of the retentive 10. power; or because of heat 11. and moisture; or because 12. of drugs (which) open (them). 13. From how many causes is 14. smoothness (produced)? 15. From two. What (are they)? 16. Either from something which is internal;

ܵ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܓ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܘ‬ 1 ̈ ‫ܿܒ ܇ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 2 ܵ .‫ ܙ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ ܘ ̈ ܪܕ ܼ ܐ‬3 ‫ܐ ̇ܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 4 ‫ܪܘ ܬܐ‬ .‫ ܕ ܘ̈ܪܐ‬5 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܐܪܒ‬ 6 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܙ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬7 ܵ :‫ ̣ ܬܐ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬8 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬9 ̄ ̄ ̄ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܐ ܕܐ‬10 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘܪ ܒ‬11 ̣ .‫̈ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ 12 ̇ ‫ܐ܇ ܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 13 .‫ܬܐ‬ 14 ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ܬܪܬ‬ 15 ‫ܓ ܆‬ ‫ܡܕ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬16

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Folio 115r

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Folio 115v

1. or from something which is external. From 2. that which is internal, an example is 3. sticky humor. But from 4. something which is external, an example 5. is salve. 6. From how many causes is 7. roughness (produced)? 8. From two causes. What (are they)? 9. Either from something which is external, or 10. something which is internal. From 11. something which is internal, an example is 12. that which is from a sudden excess. 13. From something which is external, 14. an example is that which is from smoke and dust. 15. From how many causes is there 16. an excessive number of organs?

.‫ܒ‬ ‫ܡܕ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬1 ̇ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.̣‫ܕ݂ ܓ‬ ‫ ܡ‬2 ܿ ܵ ‫ܕ‬3 ݂ .‫ܤ ܼ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ̇ ܐ‬.̣‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܡܕ ܕ‬4 . ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 ̇ ‫ܐ ܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 6 . ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ 7 ̈ ‫ܐ‬. ‫ܬܪܬ‬ 8 ‫ ܐܘ‬. ̣ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܡܕ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬9 . ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܡ‬ 10 ݂ ̇ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.̣‫ܓ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܡ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬12 .̣‫ܒ‬ ‫ܡܕ ܕ‬ 13 ܵ ܵ .‫ܬ ܐ ܘ ܸ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬14 ̈ ̇ ‫ܗܘ ܐ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ 15 ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ ܕܒ‬ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ 16

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Folio 115v

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Folio 116r

1. From two causes. What (are they)? 2. Now if it is indeed natural, 3. it is from too much suitable 4. material and from 5. (excessive) strength of the (life)force. But if it is 6. unnatural, it is from 7. an excess of matter (which is) not suitable, 8. and from (excessive) strength of the (life)force. 9. From how many causes is there a deficiency 10. in the number of organs? 11. From two. What (are they)? 12. Either from an internal cause, or 13. from an external cause. From 14. a cause which is indeed internal (one may cite) 15. a deficiency of matter. But from 16. an external cause (an example is) that

̈ 1 ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ܬܪܬ‬ ܵ ܵܵ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ̣ܘ‬2 ‫ܓ ܐܘܬܐ ܕܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ̣ܗܝ܉‬3 ‫ܐ ܗܘ ݂ܐ ܘ‬ 4 ‫ ܐ ܘ ܕ‬.‫ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ 5 . ‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ܕܒ‬6 ‫݂ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐܘܬܐ ܕܗܘ ܐ ܐ‬7 ‫̈ ܐܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܗܘ ܐ‬8 ̇ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܐ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ 9 ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ ܕܒ‬ 10 . ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ 11 ‫ ܐܘ‬. ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬12 . ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 13 ݂ ̇ .̣‫ܕ݂ ܓ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 14 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܘܬܐ ܕܗܘ ܐ‬ 15 ‫ ܗܘ‬. ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܕ ܕ‬16

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Folio 116v

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Folio 116v

1. (which is) from burning, or from intense cold; 2. or from decay, or from 3. amputation. Now the decay 4. is either from deadly 5. drugs, or from 6. disuse.9 7. From how many causes is there a hypertrophy 8. of organs? From three. 9. What (are they)? Either from 10. an excess of matter, or from 11. the strength of the (life) force, or from 12. both of them. 13. From how many causes is there 14. an smallness of organs? 15. From three. What (are they)? 16. Either from a weakness of the (life) force, or

:‫̇ ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ 1 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬2 ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ .‫ܐ‬ 3 ‫̈ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ ܗܘ ܐ‬4 ‫ ܐܘ ܸ ܐ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ 5 ܵ ܵ .‫ܐ‬ 6 ̇ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܐ ܪܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 7 ̈ . ‫ܬ‬ .‫ ܕܗܕ ܐ‬8 . ‫ܐ‬9 ܸ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ : ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܗܘ‬ ‫ܐܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܓ‬10 ܸ 11 ܸ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ . ‫ ܬ̈ܪܬ‬12 ̈ ‫ܐ ̇ܗܘ ܐ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ 13 ̈ .‫ ܙ ܪܘܬܐ ܕܗܕ ܐ‬14 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܐ‬

‫ܬܐ ܕ‬

. ‫ܬ‬

15

‫ܐܘ‬

16

9 Although the usual translation is “wearing away” or something similar, the context

here seems to require “disuse” for it was known that body parts which are not used can atrophy, and that seems to be the condition indicated here.

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Folio 116v

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Folio 117r

1. 2. 3. 4.

from a paucity of suitable material, or from an external disease, such as from amputation or from burning, or from decay (or “infection”), or from 5. extreme cold. 6. From how many causes is there 7. a similar change in the position? 8. From two causes. What (are they)? 9. Either because of inordinate 10. movement, or because 11. of inordinate moisture, 12. which loosens (it) and makes (it) fall (or “slip”). 13. From how many causes is there a change 14. in the position of the relationship? 15. From two causes. What (are they)? 16. Either from an adhesion which cannot be

‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬

‫ܘܬܐ ܕܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬.‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܬܐ܇ ܐܘ‬

̇ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ܇‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ ̈ ܕܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬. ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܙ‬ ‫̣ܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ .‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ‬:‫̇ܗܘܐ‬ .‫ܬ ̈ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܐܕܐ‬

‫ܒ‬

݂ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ .‫ܪ ܐ‬

‫ܐ‬

1 2 3 4 5 6

‫ ܓ‬7 ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ 8 ‫ ܐܘ‬9 ‫ ܐ‬10 ‫ ܪ ܒ ܬܐ‬11 ‫ܵܐ ܘ‬ ‫ ܼ ܿܕ‬12 ‫ܐ‬ 13 ‫ܐ ܕܒ‬ 14 ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ 15 ‫ ܐܘ‬16

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Folio 117r

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Folio 117v

separated;10 or from a separation which cannot be brought together. From what causes is each one of these two? That, indeed, which is in (a state of) adhesion, 6. is either from birth, or from ulceration. 7. That which is in (a state of) separation is either from 8. a tumor (or “swelling”) or from a sore, 9. or from contraction. 10. From how many causes is there a “interruption 11. of integrity?” 12. From two causes. What (are they)? 13. Either from something which is external; 14. or from something which is internal. 15. And (if it is) from something indeed which is external, 16. it either tears, for example from 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

‫ܪ ܐ‬

1 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܪ ܐ‬ ̇ .‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܕܐ ܐ‬2 ̇ ‫ܐ ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 3 . ‫ܗ ܬܪ‬ 4 ̇ ̇ ‫ܕܒ‬ ‫ ܗܘ‬5 ݂ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܘܬܐ‬ 6 ̇ 7 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܗܘ ܕ ܕܒ ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܒ ܐ‬8 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬9 ̇ ̈ ‫ܗܘܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 10 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ 12 .̣‫ܡ ܕ ݂ ܒ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ 13 ݂ . ‫ܡ ܕ݂ ܓ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐܘ‬14 ̇ . ‫ܕ݂ ܒ‬ ‫ܡ‬ ‫ ܘ‬15 ܵ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ‫ܕܬ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܬܕܝ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬16

10 Lit. “does not obey separation.”

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Folio 117v

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Folio 118r

1. violent movement, 2. or from a cut, for example from a sword; 3. or it stretches, for example from a rope; 4. or it is bruised, for example from a stone. 5. From something which is internal: either (it is) 6. from an acute humor which cuts (it), 7. or from a thick “wind” which stretches (it). 8. Or else from a thick humor which tears (it). 9. How many types of signs 10. are there? 11. Three. Which (are they)? 12. Now some of them indeed are 13. of the healthy, but some of then are of the sick. 14. But some of them are those which are neither 15. healthy nor sick. 16. How many types of (physical) signs

:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܬܙ‬1 ̇ :‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬: ‫ ܐܘ ܕ‬2 ̇ :‫ ܐܘ ܕ ܚ܇ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܒ ܐ‬3 .‫ ܐܘ ܕܪܐܨ܇ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܐ‬4 ‫ ܐܘ‬. ̣ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܡܕ‬ ݂ 5 ̇ : ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܤ‬ ݂ 6 .‫ ܐܘ ݂ ܪܘ ܐ ܒ ܐ ܕ ܵ ܵ ܐ‬7 ‫ܤ ܒ ܐ ̇ܕܬ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐܘ‬8 ̄‫ܘܢ ܓ ̈ ܐ ܕܫ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 9 .‫ ܕ ̈ܘܕ ܐ‬10 . ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܬ ܐ‬11 ̇ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ 12 ̣ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ ܕ‬ .‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ‫ܕܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ ̣ ܕܐ‬ 14 . ‫ܘܐ‬ 15 ‫ܘܢ ܓ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 16

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Folio 118r

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Folio 118v

1. are there of each one of 2. these three, i.e. of the healthy, 3. and of the sick, and of neither of the two? 4. Two. What (are they)? 5. Now some of them indeed indicate 6. organs with uniform components. 7. But some of them are symptomatic 8. of compound organs. 9. How many different 10. signs are there which point to 11. organs with uniform components? 12. Two. What (are they)? 13. Now some of them indeed are substantive, 14. but some are accidental. 15. The substantive (ones) indeed, which (are they)? 16. Heat and cold;

‫ ܕ ̈ܘܕ ܐ܇ ܕ‬1 ̇‫̈ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܗ ܬ ܐ܇ ܕ‬2 .‫ܐ ܘܕܐܘܕܗ ܪܘܢ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܘܕ‬3 . ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ ܬܪ‬4 ̈ ̇ ‫ܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ 5 ̈ ̈ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 . ‫ܕ‬ ̈ ‫ܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ 7 .‫ ܐܘܪܓܐ ܐ‬8 ̄ ̄ ‫̈ ܐܕ‬ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 9 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ ̈ܘܕ ܐ܇ ܕ‬10 ̈ ܼܿ ‫ܗܕ ܐ ܵܕ‬ 11 .‫ܵ ̈ ܬܐ‬ . ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ ܬܪ‬12 .‫ܘܢ ̇ ܓ ܐܘ ̈ ܐ‬ 13 ̈ .‫ܘܢ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬ 14 ̇ ̈ . ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬15 .‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ 16 ݂

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49

Folio 118v

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VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 119r

1. dryness and moisture; 2. But the accidental (ones), how many and what (are they)? 3. Some of them indeed are 4. tangible, for example hardness 5. and softness. But some of them 6. are visible, such as whiteness 7. and redness. Now some of them 8. are complementary, for example 9. perfect functioning. 10. How many kinds of 11. signs point to 12. compound organs? 13. Two. What (are they)? 14. Now some of them indeed are 15. substantive, but some of them are incidental. 16. The substantive (ones), how many and which (are they)?

.‫ ܒ ܬܐ ܪ ܒ ܬܐ‬1 . ‫ܐ ܘܐ‬ ‫ܓ ̈ ܐܕ‬2 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܘܢ ̇ ܐ‬ 3 ̣ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܓ ̈ ܐ‬ 4 ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘܪ‬5 ̈ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܪܘܬܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ 6 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ . ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ 7 ݂ ̈ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ 8 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒ ܬܐ‬9 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 10 ̈ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ ܘܕ ܐ ܕ‬11 ̈ .‫ܗܕ ܐ ܐܘܪܓ ܐ‬ 12 ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ ܬܪ‬13 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܘܢ ̇ ܓ ܐ‬ 14 ̣ ̈ ̈ ‫ܘܢ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬ .‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬15 ̇ ‫ ܐܘ ̈ ܐ‬16 ‫ܐ ܘܐ‬

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51

Folio 119r

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Folio 119v

1. Shape, size, number 2. (and) position. 3. Now the incidental ones, how many and which (are they)? 4. Beauty and ugliness; 5. and perfect or defective 6. functioning. 7. How many kinds of signs 8. are there which are general? 9. Three. What (are they)? 10. Now some of them indeed point to 11. things which have passed, and are called 12. “reminders.” What are they like? 13. When we see a body which is damp, 14. we recognize that sweating 15. has taken place. But some of them 16. indicate the things which

.‫ܐ‬

.‫ ܪܒ ܬܐ‬.‫ ܓܒ ܬܐ‬1 .‫ܐ‬ 2 ̈ ‫ܐ ܘܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܕ‬3 .‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ 4 ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ ܘ ܒ ܬܐ‬5 ܵ .‫ ܐܘ ܸ ̣ ܐ‬6 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܓ ̈ ܐ ܕ ̈ܘܕ ܐ‬ 7 ܵ ̈ ̇ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܗ ܢܕ‬8 . ̣ . ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܬ ܐ‬9 .̣ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܘܢ ̇ ܓ‬ 10 ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܕ ܒ ܝ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 11 ̈ ܿ . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬.‫ܼ ܕ ܐ‬ 12 ܿ ‫ܕܬ‬ ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 13 ̣ ܼ ‫ ܕܕܘ ܐ‬. ‫ܘܕ‬ 14 ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ .‫ܗܘܬ‬ 15 ܸ ܸ ‫ܐ‬ .̣ ‫ܕ‬ 16

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Folio 119v

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Folio 120r

1. exist and are said to be significant, 2. what are they like? When a man sees 3. a brawl, he more or less 4. realizes that heat 5. has gotten the upper hand. But some of them 6. indicate those things 7. which are yet to come, and are called 8. harbingers, such as 9. when we see a lip 10. quivering, we perceive beforehand 11. (that there will be) vomiting. That which, when 12. it is described in words, is called 13. a precursor. 14. How are signs distinguished 15. from symptoms? 16. By their relationship to something

‫̈ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ̈ ܘ‬1 ‫ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܐ‬. ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬2 ̄ ‫ܘܪܒ ̄ ̄ܘ‬ ‫ ܵ ܐܕ‬3 ̣ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘܕܥ ܕ‬ 4 ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ . ‫ܸܒ‬ 5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 6 ‫ ܘ‬.‫̈ ܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ‫ ܕܐ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ 8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܕ ܐ‬. ‫ܐ‬9 ‫̣ܘܕ‬ .‫ ܵܕܪ ܐ‬10 ‫ ܗܕܐ ܕ‬.‫ܬ ܒ ܐ‬ 11 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܐ ܬܬ ܚ‬ ‫ ܒ‬12 .‫ܬ ܒ ܕ ܐ‬ 13 ̈ ‫܇ ܘܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬14 ̈ .‫ܓ ܐ‬ 15 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܬ ܡ‬ ‫ ܒܐ‬16

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Folio 120r

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Folio 120v

1. in which it is located, whatever that 2. may be, because (if this is the case) 3. to the patient these are symptoms,11 4. but to the doctor they are signs. 5. How many kinds of symptoms are there? 6. Three. What (are they)? 7. Now some of them exist in (the form of) 8. a malfunction, 9. such as indigestion. But some of them 10. (are found) in the quality of the body, such as 11. jaundice. But some of them (are found) in the type 12. of those things which are expelled, such as 13. black urine.12 14. How many varieties of symptoms 15. are there which occur in (the form of) 16. a malfunction?

‫ܗ ܢ‬. ‫ ܒ ̇ܘ ܓ ܕ‬1 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܗ ܢܐ‬2 ̇ ̈ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 3 ̈ .‫ܘܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐܕ‬4 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܗܘ ܓ ̈ ܐ ܕܓ ̈ ܐ‬ 5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ ܐ‬6 ‫ܘܢ ̇ ܓ ܒ ܐ‬ 7 ‫ ܕ ܒ ܬܐ‬8 ‫ܘܢ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܕܐ‬9 .‫ܬܐ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒܐ‬10 ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ ݂ ܒܐܕ ܐ‬ .‫ ܕ ܐ‬11 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫̈ ܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬12 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܬ ܪܬܐ ܐܘ‬13 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 14 ‫ ܕܓ ̈ ܐ܇ ܕܒ ܐ ܕ ܒ ܬܐ‬15 . 16

11 This is the passage which proves that the word

‫ ܓ ܐ‬as used in the text really means “symptom,” because in medical terminology, symptoms are the things experienced by the patients, but signs are what the doctor observes. That is the difference between the two. 12 Interestingly, the writer includes jaundice and black urine under “symptoms,” whereas in modern medicine they would be considered “signs” because they can be seen by the physician and therefore objective findings, not merely impressions reported by the patient and therefore subjective.

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Folio 120v

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Folio 121r

1. Three. What (are they)? 2. Now some of them indeed are in the total 3. loss and cessation of function, 4. such as in blindness 5. and indigestion. But some of them 6. are in a shortage of it, such as 7. in dullness of vision, and delayed 8. digestion. But some of them are in its being confused, 9. such as when a man sees 10. gnats or twigs,13 or that 11. foods are changed, 12. in their being digested, into a sourness (or “acidity”) 13. or into fumes. 14. How many varieties of symptoms are there 15. which are in the quality of the body? 16. Four. What (are they)?

‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܬ ܐ‬1 ̇ ‫ܵܓ ܒܐܒ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ 2 ̇ ‫ܕ ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘܒ‬ ‫ܓ‬3 ‫ܬܐ܇‬ ‫ܐ ܐܕ‬. 4 ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܐ‬5 ̇ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ܘܬܗ‬ ‫ܒ‬6 ‫ܘܬ‬ ‫ܬ ܵ ܐ܇ ܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ̇‫ܘܢ ܕ ܒܒ ܬܗ‬ .‫ܐ‬ 8 ̇ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܗܝ ܕ ܐ ܐ‬9 ̇ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܓ ̈ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ̈ ܐ‬10 ‫ܗܝ‬ ܸ ‫ܐܘ‬ ̈ ‫ܐ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ‫ܨܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܗ ܇‬12 ‫ ܐܘ‬13 ‫ܵ ܵ ]ܝ[ܘܬܐ‬ ̇ ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ ܕܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܗܘ‬ 14 .‫ܬܐ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒܐ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬16 ̇

13 This is a clear reference to vitreous opacities. This is a very common condition in

which the clear substance which fills most of the interior of the eye condenses and clumps of proteinaceous material as well as strands of such substances are formed and cast shadows on the retina, and they can move about, so that the former are even referred to as mouches volantes, while the latter can appear to be long branching structures akin to twigs.

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59

Folio 121r

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Folio 121v

1. 2. 3. 4.

Now some of them indeed are visible, such as jaundice, and leprosy, and psoriasis. And blackness of the tongue, and redness 5. and paleness and (other) such things. 6. But some of them are perceptible to the smell, 7. such as halitosis, 8. and the odor of sweat, or 9. the stench of the nostrils, or 10. of the armpits. But some of them 11. are perceptible to the taste, such as 12. saltiness, and bitterness, 13. and sourness. But some of them 14. are perceptible to the touch, such as softness 15. and hardness. 16. How many varieties of symptoms

‫ܘܢ ̇ ܓ ܐ‬ 1 ̈ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ 2 ܵ ‫ ܘܓ ̣ܒܐ ܘܒ ̣ ܐ܇‬3 ‫ܬ ܐ܇ ܘ‬ ‫ ܘܐܘ‬4 . ‫ ܘ ܪܘܬܐ ܘܕܐ ܗ‬5 .‫ܬ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ 6 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܕ‬7 ‫ܬ ܕܘ ܐ܇ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܘ‬8 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬ 9 ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ .‫ ܕ ܵ ̈ ܬܐ‬10 ̄ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ 11 ܿ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܘ‬ ܼ ‫ ܕ‬12 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ . ‫ܨܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬13 ݂ ̈ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܪ‬.‫ܓ ܐ‬ 14 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬15 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܓ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 16

‫ܘܢ‬ ̣ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬

̄ ̄ ̄̄

‫ܬܐ‬ ‫̈ܐ‬

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Folio 121v

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Folio 122r

1. are there which are the kinds of things which are expelled? 2. Two. What (are they)? 3. Now some of them indeed are 4. audible. But some of them 5. are simply expelled. 6. The audible ones, how many 7. and which are they? 8. Cracking and noises. Cracking indeed 9. such as belching, and bubbling, 10. and the growling (of intestinal gases). But noises are 11. (things) such as a harsh voice, 12. and a quivering voice. 13. But how many and which are the things 14. which are simply excreted? 15. Now some of them indeed are 16. unnatural in their very being,

.‫̈ ܢ‬

‫ܕ‬

‫ ܕܒܐܕ ܐ ܕܐ‬1 . ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ ܬܪ‬2 ̇ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ 3 ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ .‫̈ ܐ‬ 4 ̈ . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 5 ̈ ̇ ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 6 . ‫ ܘܐ‬7 ̇ ‫ ܿ ̈ܐ‬.‫ ܿ ̈ ܐ ܘ ̈ ܐ‬8 ܼ ܼ ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ ܘܒ ܓܒܓܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܓ‬9 .݂ ‫ ̈ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ ܘ ̈ܪ ܐ‬10 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܼܿ ̣ܘ ܵ ܐ܇‬11 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ ܪ‬12 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 13 ̣ ̣ . ‫ܐ ܘܐ‬ 14 ̇ .‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܒ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ 15 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬16

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Folio 122r

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Folio 122v

1. 2. 3. 4.

such as hemorrhaging. But some of them are unnatural (only) in their quantity, such as diarrhea. But some of them (are unnatural) 5. in their quality, such as 6. black urine. 7. By means of which signs 8. do we perceive which organs 9. are diseased? 10. If it is indeed so, that they are 11. in the outer parts (or “appearance”), which are accessible 12. to the senses, what is it like? 13. From changes in the color 14. of the skin; whether soft 15. or hard, whether hot 16. or cold, from the size

.‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܬܪ ܬ ܕ ܐ‬1 ‫ܬܗܘܢ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ ܒ‬ 2 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬3 ‫ܘܢ‬ .‫ ܐ ܐ ܼ ܿܕܕ ܵ ܐ‬4 ‫ ܕ ܒܐ ܬܗܘܢ ܐ ܐ‬5 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܬ ܪܬܐ ܐܘ‬6 ‫̈ܘܕ ܐ ̄ܡ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ‬7 ̈ ‫܇ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܕ‬ 8 . ‫ܕ‬9 ܵ ܵ ̇ ‫ ܐ ܘ‬10 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕܒܒ‬ ̣ ̈ ‫̈ܗ ܕܓ‬ .‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܐ‬11 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬.‫ ܓ ܐ‬12 ‫̈ ܐ ܕܓ ܐ‬ 13 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܪ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬14 ‫ܬܐ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬15 ‫ܪܒ ܬܐ‬ .‫ ܘ ܘܬܐ‬16

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Folio 122v

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Folio 123r

1. and number. But if it (happens that) they are hidden 2. in the depths, (then) we perceive them 3. them by means of six rules. 4. First, indeed, from 5. the disturbance in the function. But 6. secondly, from those things which are excreted; 7. and thirdly, from the particular (type of) pain, 8. and fourthly, from the location; 9. and fifthly, from the attribute 10. of sensitivity;14 and sixthly, 11. from an examination and questioning. 12. What are the causes of the symptoms 13. of diseases? Now there are symptoms 14. either from a bad constitution, 15. or from an organic disease, 16. or from a “interruption of integrity.”

‫ ܐ ܘ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ݂‫ ܘ‬1 ‫ ܒ‬.̣ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬2 ̈ ‫ܘܕ‬ ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ ܐ‬3 ̇ . ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܘܢ‬ 4 ݂ ̣ ‫ ܬܪ ܐ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܒ‬ 5 ̈ .‫ܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ .̣ ‫ ܕ‬6 ‫ܐܒܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܬ‬7 .‫ܐ‬ ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܪܒ‬8 ܵ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܬ‬ ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬9 ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬10 .‫ܒ ܵ ܐ ܘ ̈ ܐ ܐ‬ 11 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ ܕܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬12 ̇ .‫ ̈ܪܗ ܐ‬13 .‫ܗܘ ܓ ܓ ̈ ̣ܐ‬ :‫ܙܓܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ݂ ܒ ܬ‬14 .‫ܪܗ ܐ ܐܘܪܓ ̣ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐܘ‬15 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐܘ‬16

14 The text literally reads “from the attribute of sensitivity with sensitivity.” But the first word for “sensitivity” was only written originally with the first two letters at the end of one line, and then the entire word written at the beginning of the following line. This was a common practice for this scribe and the partial writing of one word at the end of a line was a mere space occupying device to show he was not starting a new paragraph, but it was not meant to be part of the logical sentence. In this case, the rest of the word for “sensitivity” was added later as was the word for “with.” I think these two additions represent a misguided scribal correction, because they do not help the reading of the sentence.

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Folio 123r

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Folio 123v

1. Into how many parts can (medical) care 2. be divided? 3. Into two. What (are they)? 4. Into the preservation of the healthy, by means of those things 5. which are similar, and into the recovery 6. of the ill by those things which 7. are opposite. 8. Into how many parts can the 9. preservation of the healthy be divided? 10. Into three parts. What (are they)? 11. Into the preservation of those which are not the most 12. healthy; and (this is) preventive (health) care. 13. The care of those who have begun to depart 14. from their health; and ministering 15. to the weak. 16. By what means is the care of those who

‫ܓܐ‬

‫̈ ܬܐ‬

1 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܪܘܬܐ‬ 2 ̈ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܢ‬ ‫ ̈ܪܬ‬3 ‫ ܕܒ ܐ‬:‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 4 ̇ ̈ ‫ ܕܕ‬5 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܐ܇ ܕܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 .‫̈ܒ ܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ̈ ‫ܓܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 8 ̣ ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪܬܐ ܕ‬ 9 ‫ܐ‬ .‫̈ ܢ‬ 10 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܗ ܢ ܕܕ ܐ ̈ܪ‬ 11 ܿ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ 12 ܼ ‫ܘ‬. ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̇ܢ‬ ‫ܕܗ ܢ ܕ‬ 13 ‫ ܘ ܘܒ ܐ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ 14 ̣ ̇ . ‫ ܕܗ ܢ ܕ‬15 ̇ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܗ ܢ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ܇‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬16

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Folio 123v

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Folio 124r

1. are not the most healthy (accomplished)? 2. By means of moderate measures 3. which are common. They are: 4. the air around us; those things which 5. are eaten and drunk; 6. sleep and wakefulness; excretion 7. and retention; movement 8. and stillness; (and) mental diseases. 9. By what means is the preventive 10. care of those who have begun 11. to deviate from their health? 12. By means of two things. What (are they)? 13. By means of evacuation, i.e. of humor 14. which is overcoming the body; and by means of suitable 15. victuals. (And) from the six measures 16. which were mentioned above.

. ‫ ܕܕ ܐ ̈ܪ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܒ‬2 ̈ ܵ ̈ ‫܉‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗ ܓ‬3 ‫ܐ‬: ‫ ܐܐܪ ܕ‬4 ̈ ̈ : ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ ܘ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ :‫ܐ ܘ ܘܬܐ‬ 6 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܙ‬ :‫ ܘ ̈ܐ‬7 .‫ ̈ ܐ ̈ ܐ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬8 ܿ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ‬9 ܼ ‫ܗܘ ܐ܇‬ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ܵ ‫ܕܗ ܢ ܕ‬ 10 .‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܢ‬ 11 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܡ‬ ‫ ܒ ܬܪ‬12 ‫ܤ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬13 ܵ ̇ ܵ ‫ ܘܒ ܐ ̈ ܐ‬.‫ܒ ܓ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬14 ̈ ܵ ܵ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗ‬ .‫ ܵ ܐ‬15 . ‫ ܕܐܬܐ‬16 ̈

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Folio 124r

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72

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Folio 124v

1. Which are the weak bodies 2. which need the administration of health 3. care? 4. The bodies of children and those of the aged, 5. and those who have become pale (lit. “shined”) from sickness. 6. The bodies of children and of the aged, 7. because of their weakness, and because of 8. their great amount of their secretions, and because [interpolated line] of their safety. But the bodies 9. of those who have become pale from 10. sickness, because there is little 11. blood in them, and they need 12. for it to be increased. 13. How many varieties of 14. therapy are there? 15. Two. What (are they)? 16. Now one of them is indeed common:

‫̈ ܐ‬

‫ܐ ܢ ܓܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ ܕܘܒ ܐ‬2 3 ̈ . .‫ܒܐ‬ ̣ ̈ ‫ ܘܗ ܢ ܕ‬:‫ ܓ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬4 ̇ .‫̈ܪܗ ܐ‬ ̣ ‫ ܘܗ ܢ ܕܐܓ‬5 ̈ .‫ܒܐ‬ ̣ ̈ ‫ ܓ ܐ ̇ ܕ ܐ ܘܕ‬6 ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܬܗܘܢ‬ 7 ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܘܬܗܘܢ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐܘܬ‬8 ‫ ܓ ܐ‬.‫ܙܗ ܘܬܗܘܢ‬ ‫ ܕ ܕܐ‬9 ̣ ‫ܕܐܓ‬ ‫ܕܒ‬ .‫ ܪܗ ܐ‬10 ‫ ܒ ܘܢ ܕ ܐ ܘ‬11 . ‫ ܕ ܬܘ‬12 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ܇‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 13 ܵ .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬14 . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܪ‬15 ̇ ‫ܐܐ‬ ‫̇ ̇ ܓ ܓ‬ 16

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Folio 124v

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Folio 125r

1. That which is by means of a threat 2. of those six causes which were mentioned. 3. But one of them is special. 4. How many varieties 5. of special therapy are there? 6. Three. What (are they)? 7. Now either for the diseases of the (body parts with) 8. uniform components, or for the diseases 9. of the compound organs. Or for the “interruption 10. of integrity.” 11. A disease which is superficial is cured 12. by means of what things? 13. By means of bandaging and binding. 14. A disease which is in a cavity, 15. by what means is it cured? 16. If it indeed is a great

‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̈ܒ‬.‫ ܗܕܐ ܕܗܘ ܐ‬1 ̈ ‫ ܕܗ‬2 .‫ܐ ܕܐ ܢ‬ .‫̇ ܕ ܕ ܵ ܐ‬ 3 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ̄ ̄ ‫̈ ܐ܇‬ ‫ܕܡ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 4 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܬ ܐ‬6 ̈ ‫̈ܪܗ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܓ‬7 ‫̈ܪܗ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫̈ ܬܐ ܗܘ ܐ‬ 8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ ܐܘ̈ܪܓܐ ̣ܐ‬9 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ‫ܐܒ‬ ‫ ܪܗ ܐ ܕܒܐ‬11 .‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬12 .‫ ܒ ܨ ܵ ܐ ܘܐ ܐ‬13 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܪܗ ܐ ܕܒ‬14 ̣ .‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬15 ̇ ‫ ܐ ܘ‬16 ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܕܪܒܐ‬ ݂ ܸ

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Folio 125r

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1. cavity, (then it is treated) with immobilization and binding. 2. But if it is small, (it is treated) 3. with movement and holding 4. one's breath. 5. A disease which is in wide 6. openings, by what means is it treated? 7. By means of the (same) things by which a disease in 8. great cavities is treated, 9. and by means of things contrary 10. to its cause. 11. A disease which is in narrow openings, 12. by what means is it treated? 13. If the narrowness of the openings 14. is from a strengthening of 15. the retentive power, it is treated 16. by means of a softening by (use of) drips

.‫ܐ‬

1 ‫ܬܐ ܘܒܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ݂ ݂ ‫ ܐ ܘ ܕ ܕܙ ܪ ܐ‬2 ‫ܬܐ ܘܒ ܒ ܬ‬ ‫ܒ ܒ‬3 ݂ .‫ ܵ ܐ‬4 ‫ ܪܗ ܐ ܕܒ ܘ ܬܐ‬5 .‫ܐ ܸ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܪܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 ݂ ̈ ‫ ܒ ܗ ̈ ܕܒ‬7 ‫ܐ ܸܐ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܪܗ ܐ ܕܒ ܒ ܬܐ ܕ‬8 ̣ ̈ ‫ ܘܒ‬9 ݂ ‫ܕ̈ܪ ܐ ܕܕ ܒ‬ .‫ܗ‬ 10 ‫ ܪܗ ܐ ܕܒܐ ܘܬܐ ܕ ܘܪܐ‬11 .‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬12 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘ‬13 ݂ ̇ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܐ ܕܐ ܐ‬14 ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܘܪܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘܬܗ ܕ‬15 ̣ ̈ ܵ ‫ܵ ̣ ܬܐ ܕܒ ܵ ܸܐ‬ 16

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Folio 125v

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Folio 126r

1. and the application of hot towels. But if 2. it is from a weakening of the expulsive (power), 3. it is (treated) by means of things which help 4. (them) break though and strengthen (them). But if it is 5. because of coldness, (it is treated) by things which give heat. 6. But if it is due to astringency, 7. (it is treated) by softening; and if it is 8. due to dryness, (it is treated) by moisteners; 9. and if it is due to a bandage, it is removed; and if 10. it is due to injury to the (external) appearance, it is (treated) 11. by correcting the appearance; and if it is because of swelling, 12. it is (treated with) pressure. 13. In the recovery of the swelling 14. it is healed. Or (if it) is because of the apposition 15. of a tear, or because of something 16. which falls into an opening, (it is treated with)

‫ ܐ‬.‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܒ ̣ ܵ ܸ̈ܐ‬1 ܵ ̇ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܕܗܘ ܕ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ݂ 2 ܵ ‫ܕ̈ܪ ܐ ܕܬܪ‬ ‫ܒ‬3 ‫ ܐ‬. ܼܿ ‫ ܘ‬4 .‫ܘܬܐ ܗܘ ̣ܐ‬ 5 ܿ ܵ .‫ܬܐ‬ ܼ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܪ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬6 ‫ ܘܐܢ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ ܗܘ ܐ‬7 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 8 ̣ .‫ܵܒ ̣ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܿ ܼܒ‬ .‫ܵ ̣ܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐܢ‬9 ‫ܘܐܢ‬ ‫݂ܐ‬ ‫݂ܐ ܕܐ‬ 10 ‫ܒ ܘܪܨܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐܢ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬11 ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘܬ ܸܗܝ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܘܬܐ‬ ݂ ܸ 12 ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܒ‬13 ‫ܕ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐܢ‬.‫ܐ ܐ‬ 14 ‫ܬܐ‬ ܵ ‫ܡ‬ ‫ ܘܐܢ‬.‫ ܿ ܼܒ ܪ ܐ‬15 .‫ܘܪܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16 ̣ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬

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Folio 126r

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Folio 126v

1. drugs which expel it or by surgery; and if it is because of 2. something which grows in an opening, 3. it is healed by means of surgery. 4. By what means is smoothness healed? 5. By means of roughening agents. 6. By what means is roughness healed? 7. By means of emollient agents. 8. An excessive number is healed 9. by what means? 10. Either by means of removal, such as 11. with scrofula, or by changing, 12. such as with water in the eye. 13. A deficient number: by what means it 14. it healed and by what means not? 15. If it is indeed from that which that 16. organ possesses, in all of

‫ ܘܐܢ‬.‫ܐܘ ܒܓ ܵ ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܕܬܪ‬1 .‫ ܡ ܕ ̣ ܐ ܒ ܒ ܘܪܐ‬2 .‫ܐ ܸ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܓ ܪܐ‬3 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬4 ܿ .‫̣ ܬܐ‬ ܸ ܼ ‫ܒ‬5 ‫ܐ ܐ ܘ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬6 ܵ .‫ ܒ ܿ ܼ ܵ ̣ ܬܐ‬7 ‫ܐܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܬ‬ 8 .‫ܐ ܸ ܐ‬ 9 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬10 .‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܐ‬.‫ ܕܒ ܬܐ‬11 .‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ̈ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬12 ‫̣ܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܬ‬ 13 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ܘܒܐ‬ 14 ̇ ‫ܕ ݂ ܕ ܐ ܸܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘ‬15 ‫ ܗܘ ܗܕ ܐ ܗܘ ܐ ܒ‬16

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Folio 126v

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Folio 127r

1. the stages (of life), it is possible that it will be brought forth. 2. But if it is from seed, it can only be established 3. in the stage of childhood. 4. By what means can the hypertrophy15 of body parts 5. be treated? 6. By (means of) stillness and binding. 7. By what means is the subnormal size of organs 8. treated? 9. By movement and massage. 10. By what means is a dislocation 11. which is (still) in place treated? 12. By stretching and restoring (it to its correct position). 13. By what means is a dislocation which is 14. joined (to something else) treated? 15. If it is indeed in a group, 16. it is treated by separation; but if it

1 . ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫̈ ܐ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܙܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬2 ܿ . ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܼܿ ܼ ܐܒ ܕ‬3 ̈ ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܪܒ ܬܐ‬4 .‫ܐ ܐ‬ 5 ܿ .‫ ܒ ܼ ܬܐ ܘܒܐ ܐ‬6 ̈ ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܙ ܪܘܬܐ‬7 .‫ܐ ܐ‬ 8 ܵ ‫ܬܐ ܘ ̣ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܬܙ‬9 ‫ܐ ܕܒ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ‬10 .‫ܐ ܸ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬11 ܵ ܿ ܵ .‫̣ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬12 ܼ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܕܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ 13 ̣ ‫ܐ ܸܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬14 ̇ ̇ ‫ܕܒ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘ‬15 .‫ܐ ܗܘܐ‬ ܵ ‫ ܐ ܘ‬.‫ܐ ܸ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ̣ ܪ ܐ‬16

15 I.e. excessive growth.

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Folio 127r

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Folio 127v

1. is separated, it is treated by means of 2. bringing it together (with something). If it is indeed because 3. of a scar, it is treated with surgery; 4. but if it is because of a tumor, (it is treated) by abrading 5. the tumor. If it is because 6. of a contracture, (it is treated) by (surgical) relaxation (of the contracture). 7. The “interruption of integrity” – how many things 8. does it require for its treatment? 9. Four things. What (are they)? 10. A gathering of those things which have been separated; (and) a preservation 11. of the collection; preventing those things 12. which may fall into it; and the preservation of its nature. 13. By how many things will the treatment 14. be accomplished? 15. By three. What (are they)? 16. Either by means of those six necessary

̇ ‫ ܕ ܕܒ ܪ ܐ‬1 ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬.‫ܐ ܸ ܐ‬ 2 ‫ ܒܓ ܪܐ‬.‫ܐ ܗܘܐ‬ 3 ‫ܐ ܸܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ̣ ܵ ܵ ܐ‬.‫ܒ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬4 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܕ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 .‫ܵ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܵ ܐܒ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܕ‬7 ̇ ‫ܬ ܐ ܬܗ‬ ‫ ܡ ܬܒ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܐܪܒ ܐ ܡ‬9 ܿ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܵ ܐ ܕܐ‬ 10 ‫ܐ‬ : ܼ ܵ ‫ܐ ܕܐ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܘ‬. ‫ ܕ ̈ ܒ‬12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܡ‬13 .‫ܬܐ‬ 14 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬15 ̈ ‫ܗܘ ܐܤ ܗ‬ ̈ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬16 ‫ܐ‬

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Folio 127v

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Folio 128r

1. matters which were mentioned; or by means of 2. the administration of drugs; or by means of 3. surgery. 4. How many kinds are useful 5. as remedies? 6. Two. What (are they)? 7. Now we employ them either 8. internally and externally. Internally, they either 9. enter through the mouth, 10. or through the nostrils, or through the ears, 11. or through the anus, or through 12. the penis. But externally, such as 13. with hot towels and cloths, and pouring 14. and smearing (substances), and anointing and sprinkling, 15. and bandages and compresses. 16. By how many methods is a drug administered

‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬:‫ ܐ ̈ ܐ ܕܐ ܢ‬1 ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܪܒܐ ܕ‬2 .‫ ܘܪܓ ܐ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܙ ̈ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 4 .‫ ܕܒ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ ܬܪ‬6 ‫ ܐܘ ܓ ݂ ܓ‬7 .‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܒ ܘܢ ܘ‬8 ̣‫ܓ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ܇‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬9 ̈ .‫ܐܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ܇ ܐܘ ܒ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬10 ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬11 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.݂ ‫ܒ ܕ‬ :‫ ܐ‬12 ‫ ܘ ܵ ̈ܐ‬:‫ ܕ ܵ ̈ܐ ܘ ܵ ܐ‬13 ̇ :‫ܘܒ ܵ ̈ܪܐ‬ ̣ ‫ ܘ ܵ ̈ ܐ‬:‫ ܘ ܵ ̈ ܐ‬14 ̈ .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܵ ̈ܒܐ ܘܐ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܙ ̈ ܐ܇‬16

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Folio 128r

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Folio 128v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

internally? By three. What (are they)? Either as a purgative, such as scammony; or as an antidiarrheal, such as quince; or as that which changes the temperature, such as 7. cold water in a fever. 8. And by how many methods is a drug 9. administered externally? 10. By four methods. What (are they)? 11. Either as that which diminishes, such as 12. a drug which breaks down flesh; or as 13. that which causes an increase, such as a drug 14. which builds up the flesh; or as that which hinders, 15. such as a drug which hinders bleeding; 16. or as that which causes change, such as

.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ . ‫ ݂ ܓ‬1 ‫ܐܘ ܐ‬ . ‫ܐ‬2 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬: ܸ ܼܿ ‫ ܕ‬3 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ ܸܐ‬4 ‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬.‫ܓ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬5 ‫ܸ ܇ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܙܓܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 .‫ܐ ܒܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ̈ܐ‬7 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܘܒ ܐ ܙ ̈ ܐ‬8 .‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 9 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܒܐܪܒ ܐ ܙ ̈ ܐ‬10 ‫ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ ܒ ܪ܉ ܐ ܐ‬11 ‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬.‫ ܕ ܐ ̇ ܪ ܒ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐ ܐܕ ܐ‬: ‫ ܕ‬13 ‫ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬:‫ ̇ܒ ܐ ܒ ܐ‬14 .‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ ̇ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬15 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬. ܸ ‫ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ‬16

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Folio 128v

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Folio 129r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

cold water in the body. How many useful types of surgery are there? Two. What (are they)? Now we use it either in the flesh or in the bones. In the flesh what is it like? Either in amputations, or in dissections, 9. or in cauterization. 10. Now in bones what is it like? 11. Either in the correction of dislocations, or 12. in the joining of fractures. 13. According to how many rules 14. is therapy normally accomplished? 15. According to five. What (are they)? 16. By a measurement of the quality

.‫ܐ ܒ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ̈ܐ‬1 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܙ ܐ ܕ‬ 2 .‫ ܕܒ ܘܪܓ ܐ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܪ‬4 ‫ ܐܘ ܓ ܒܒ ܐ‬5 .‫ ܒ ̇ ܐܘ ܒܓ ܐ‬6 . ‫ ܒܒ ܐ ̇ ܕܐ ܐ‬7 ܵ .‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܵ ܐ‬:‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܪ ܐ‬8 .‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܵ ܵ ܐ‬9 . ‫ ܒܓ ܐ ܕ ݂ ܕܐ ̈ ܐ‬10 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܘܪܨܐ ܕ ܐ‬11 ܵ .‫ܕܬܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܵ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ̣ ܐ ̈ ܐ‬13 . ‫ܬܐ ܓ ܐ‬ 14 ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬15 ‫ ܒ ܵ ܐ ܕܐ ܬܗܘܢ‬16

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Folio 129r

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Folio 129v

1. of the remedies, and by a measurement 2. of their quantity; and in a suitable way, 3. of their usefulness, and in a fitting 4. way, of their administration, and in 5. their optimal selection. 6. 7. 8. 9.

(Here) end the inquiries of our late master Hunain. (And here) begin the additions which Hubaish the Crippled added.16

10. From what is a measurement of the quality 11. of the remedies determined? 12. From the type of disease. 13. Now if the disease is indeed warming 14. (in its effect) it is proper 15. that the remedies should be cooling. 16. But if it is cooling, (then the remedies should be) warming. And

‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܒ‬:‫ ܕ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬1 ‫ ܘܒ ܐ‬:‫ܬܗܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 ‫ ܘܒ ܒ ܐ‬:‫ܐ ܕܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ‫ ܘܒܓܒ ܐ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܪܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 4 ̣ .‫ܪܬܐ ̈ܕ ܘܢ‬ 5 ‫ܐ ܐ ܕܪܒ‬ 6 ‫̈ ܐ ܘܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ 7 ̈ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܐܘ‬ ‫ ܬܘ‬8 .‫ܐ ܐ‬ 9 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 10 .‫ ܕܐ ܬܗܘܢ ܕ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬11 .‫ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘ ̇ ܓ ܕ‬13 ‫ܪ̈ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܪܗ ݂ܐ‬14 .‫ ̇ܙܕܩ ܕ ܘܘܢ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬15 ̇ ‫ ܘܒ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬16 ‫ܵ ܵܐ‬

16 In the accompanying Arabic text he is called Hubaish al-A‘asam, and that is the name by which he is generally known in literature dealing with Christian Arabic writers.

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93

Folio 129v

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Folio 130r

1. similarly, also with others, whether of simple 2. quality or compound.17 (Concerning) the quality 3. which is opposite to that of the disease, 4. it is proper that the remedies by which 5. it (i.e. the disease) is cured possess it (i.e. that quality). 6. From what is the measurement 7. of the quantity of the remedies determined? 8. From the temperature of the body, and from 9. the quantity of the disease, and from 10. other contributing factors. 11. From the temperature of the body, what 12. is it like? 13. If the body is indeed 14. warm, it is in the grip of a 15. feverish disease – it is correct 16. that it should be cooled quickly. For

‫ܐ‬

‫ܬܐ ܐܦ ܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬1 ̈ ‫ܕܐ ܬܐ‬ ̈ 2 ‫ ܐ ܬܐ‬.‫ܒ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܪܗ ܐ܇‬ ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ̇ ‫ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬ ܸ ‫ ܙܕܩ ܕ ܘܘܢ‬4 .‫ܐ ܸ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܘܢ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 6 .‫ܬܗܘܢ ܕ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܙܓܐ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬ 8 ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܬܗ ܕ ܪܗ ̣ܐ‬ 9 ̈ ̈ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬10 .‫ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܕ ܓ ܐ ܕܐ‬ ‫ܙܓ‬ ݂ 11 . ‫ ܐ‬12 ‫ ܕܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬13 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܪܗ ܐ‬:‫ ܓ ܐ‬14 ‫̇ܙܕܩ‬ ‫ ܐܬܬ ܸ ܉‬15 ‫ܓ‬ .‫ܪܪ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

17 Meaning simple drugs (of only one ingredient) or compound drugs (multiple ingredients).

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95

Folio 130r

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Folio 130v

1. it was quickly separated from its first nature. 2. But if, while the temperature is cool, 3. it is in the grips of a feverish disease, 4. it has really diverged from its original constitution, 5. and because of that, it is really appropriate 6. that we cool it, until 7. it returns to its former state (lit. “position”). 8. But from the severity (lit. “quantity”) 9. of the disease – what is that like? 10. If indeed the disease is very warm, 11. it is appropriate to use remedies 12. which are very cold. But if it is (only) mildly 13. warm, (use) remedies which are mildly 14. cold. 15. What are the other contributing 16. factors, and how is a measurement

.‫ܐ‬ : ‫ ܐܪ‬1 : ‫ܙܓ‬ ‫ܐ‬2 . ‫ܐ ܐܬܬ‬ ‫ ܒ ܪܗ ܐ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙܓ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐܪ‬4 ‫ܗܕܐ ܓ ܙܕܩ‬ ‫ܘ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܕ ܪܪ ܗܝ‬6 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܟ ܬܗ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ‫ܬܗ ܕ‬ 8 . ‫ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ ܕܐ ܐ‬9 ̇ ‫ ܕܐܢ‬10 .‫ܪܗ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫܇‬ ‫ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ ܕ ܓ‬11 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ̇ܙܕܩ ܕ ܒ‬12 ‫ܕ̈ܪ ܐ ܕܒ‬ 13 ̣ . 14 ̈ ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܕܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16 ܸ

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97

Folio 130v

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Folio 131r

1. 2. 3. 4.

of the quantity of the remedies determined from them? The other contributing factors are said to be: the place in which the patient 5. dwells, and the time of year in which 6. he falls ill, and the composition of the air 7. during that season. Thus, if these things 8. are indeed warm while 9. the disease is (also) warm, 10. it indicates that it is correct that we really cool (the patient). 11. But if they are cold, while the disease 12. is warm, it indicates 13. that we should cool it but little. 14. From what things is the appropriate time 15. of administration of the remedies known? 16. From the time of the disease, and from

‫ܬܗܘܢ‬

‫ܐܕ‬

1

.‫ ܕ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬2 ̈ ‫ܐܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ̈ ܐ‬3 ̇ ‫ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܒ‬.‫ܐ ܢ‬ 4 ‫ ܘܙܒ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܕܒ‬:‫ܐ‬ 5 ‫ܐ ܕܐܐܪ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ ܐܬ ܗ‬6 : ‫ ܗ ܗ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ̇ܘ‬7 : ‫ܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬8 .‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܪܗ ܐ‬9 ̣ .‫܉ ܕ ܓ ̇ܙܕܩ ܕ ܪܪ‬ 10 ‫ܪܗ ܐ‬ ‫܉‬ ‫ ܐ‬11 .‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 12 ̣ ݂ ܿ . ܼ ‫ܙܕܩ ܕ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬13 ‫ ܙܒ ܐ‬:‫ܥ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 14 ‫ܐ ܕ ܪܒ ܘܢ ܕ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬ 15 ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܙܒ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬ 16

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99

Folio 131r

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Folio 131v

1. the strength of the patient, and from 2. the other contributing factors. 3. From the time indeed of the illness, 4. what is that like? 5. If it is indeed at the beginning 6. of the illness, if indeed it is acute, 7. it is appropriate to handle (it) precisely. 8. But if it is longstanding, (it can be handled) roughly. But 9. if it is at its peak, 10. it is appropriate that we handle 11. it precisely in any case. But if 12. it is in decline, 13. (we should handle it) carefully. 14. But from the strength of the patient, 15. how is that? 16. If he indeed is strong, and we need

‫ܐ‬

1 ‫ ܘ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ̈ ̈ ‫ ܕܒ ܐ‬2 .‫ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬ ‫ܙܒ‬ 3 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬4 ‫ ܕܐ ܘ ̇ ܕܒ ܪ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬5 ̇ ‫ ܐܢ‬.‫ ܪܗ ̣ܐ‬6 .̣ .‫ܒ ܘ‬ ‫̇ܙܕܩ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 7 ‫ ܐ ܘ‬. ‫ ܒ ܐ‬.̣ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܐ‬8 ̄‫ ܩ‬.‫ ܕ ܕܒ ܙܗ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬9 ̣ ‫ܘܤ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ 10 ̇ ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ ܙܕܩ ܕ ܒ‬11 .‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬12 ̣ . ‫ܐ‬ 13 ‫ܐ ܕܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܕ‬ 14 . ‫ ܐ‬15 ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܢ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬16

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101

Folio 131v

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Folio 132r

1. to do it during the fever, 2. we can do it safely from 3. the beginning of the illness. But if 4. he is weak, we do not evacuate (him),18 but rather 5. we first use cooling 6. remedies. Then, when his (life) force 7. is stronger, we evacuate (him). 8. But from the other contributing 9. factors, what is the significance? 10. In the winter, to be sure, we use the 11. purgative remedies, not 12. in the morning, but rather at noon. 13. But in the summer we administer 14. nourishment, not at noon, but rather 15. usually in the morning. 16. From those things is determined the type

.‫̣ܐ‬

‫ ܕ ܒ ܒܐ ܐ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬2 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܪ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬3 ‫ܐܐ‬. ‫ ܐ‬.̣ 4 ܿ ̈ ‫ܡ‬ ‫ ܒ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ ܼ ܓ ܐ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗ‬. 6 . ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ‫̈ ܐܕ‬ ‫ܒ̈ ܐ‬ 8 . ‫ ܕ ܐ ܕܐ ܐ‬9 ‫ ܒ‬: ̇ ‫ ܕܒ ܘܐ‬10 .‫̈ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬11 .‫̣ܐ ܐ ܐ ܒ ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬12 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܕ‬13 ‫ܪܐ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܪ‬14 ̣ . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬15 ‫ܸ ܇ܙܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 16

18 The question here is what is meant by “evacuate?” This word – i.e. the root in Syriac – is used to “evacuate” all sorts of materials, e.g. “thick humor” in Folio 92v 15; “black humor” in 96r 8; emptying the colon in 133r 12; material in the liver in 139r 11-12; and to bloodletting in 140r 11-16.

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103

Folio 132r

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Folio 132v

1. of remedies which may be useful. 2. That is to say, (remedies) of the (life) force, and of the location 3. of the pain, and of the other contributing 4. factors. 5. Concerning the (life) force, what is the significance? 6. If it is indeed a strong force, 7. and we need to bring about an increase 8. or a reduction suddenly, 9. we do as much as we need 10. all at once. But if 11. he is weak, (we do it) in several stages, 12. little by little. 13. Concerning the location of the pain, 14. what is the significance? 15. If the soreness is indeed in the small 16. intestines, we administer

.‫ܐ ܕܒ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬1 ‫ ܘ ݂ ܕܘ ܐ‬: ‫ܐ‬ 2 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ݂ ܒ ܐ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 .‫ ܕ ܐ‬4 . ‫ܐ ̇ ܕܐ ܐ‬ ݂ 5 ̇ :‫ܢ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ̣ܘ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܒ ܬܘ‬ ‫ܘ‬7 .‫ܨܪܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬8 ̣ ‫ܒ ܐ ܙܒ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬9 ‫ܐ‬. ‫ܐܕ‬ 10 ̈ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܐ ܓ‬.̣ 11 ̣ . ‫ ܒ‬12 ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ݂ ܕܘ ܐ ܕ ܕ‬13 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬14 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘ ̇ ܕܒ‬15 ‫ ܒ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬16

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105

Folio 132v

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Folio 133r

1. remedies by means of drinking. 2. But if it is in the large intestines, by means of 3. an enema.19 4. Concerning the other contributing 5. factors, what is the significance? 6. If it is indeed summer, 7. we administer the cooling remedies 8. while they are cold. But if it is winter, 9. we administer them while 10. lukewarm. And if we need 11. an evacuation, if it is summer, 12. we evacuate from above 13. by means of vomiting, but if it is winter, 14. it is from below by means 15. of diarrhea. 16. From what things is the choice of the best

‫ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ̈ ‫̈ܐ ܒܐܒ‬

‫ܐ‬

1

‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬2 ܵ ܵ .‫ ̣ ̣ ܐ‬3 ‫̈ ܐܕ‬ ‫ ݂ ܒ̈ ܐ‬4 . ‫̣ܐ ܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 ̄̄ ̄ ̇ ‫ܗܘ܉‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘ‬6 ̣ ‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܪ̈ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 7 ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬. 8 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܒ‬ .‫ܗܘ‬ ̣ 9 ̣ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐܢ‬. ‫ܪ‬ 10 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫܉ ܐܢ‬ 11 . ‫ܗܘ܉‬ ̣ 12 ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܒ ܬ ܒ ܐ‬13 ‫ܝ‬ ‫̣ ̣ ܒ‬ ݂ ‫ܗܘ‬ ̣ 14 .‫ܐ‬ 15 ‫ܒܐ܇ ܓܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 16

19 The word ‫ܐ‬ refers to something “poured in” and can mean an injection, but I think in this case it is much more likely it refers to an enema, because the target organ is the large intestine and medicine is often administered via the rectal route, either by inserting solids (suppositories) or liquids.

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107

Folio 133r

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Folio 133v

1. substance from (among) those remedies 2. determined? 3. From the strength of the patient, and 4. the temperature of the body. 5. From the strength of the patient, what 6. is the significance? 7. If the patient is strong, and we need 8. to give food, (then it should be) food which has little 9. bulk, (but) high nutritional 10. value, such as 11. pork. But if 12. it is weak, (we give) food with 13. greater bulk, (but) less nutritional 14. value, such as vegetables. 15. But concerning the temperature20 of the body – 16. what is that like?

‫ܘܢ‬

‫ܪܬܐ ܕܗܘ ܐ ܕ‬ 1 .‫ ܕ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬2 ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 3 .‫ܙܓ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬ 4 ̇ ‫ܐ ܕܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 5 . ‫ܐ‬6 ̇ ‫ ܕܐܢ‬7 ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܬܐ ܕܒܐܘ ܐ‬.‫ ܕ ܪ ̣ܐ‬8 ‫ ܒ ܬܐ ܓ ܐܬܐ‬:‫ ܒ ܬܐ‬9 ̈ 10 ‫ܐ ܐ‬. ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܕܒ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬11 ‫ ܒ ܬܐ ܕܒܐܘ ܐ‬. ̣ 12 ‫ܐ ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐܬܐ܇ ܬܪ‬13 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬. ̈ 14 ‫ܙܓ ܕ ܕ ܓ ̣ܐ ܕܐ‬ 15 . ‫ ܐ‬16

20 The Syriac word

‫ܙܓܐ‬ can be translated either as “temperature” or “temperament,” or even as “constitution” as was done earlier in the text. In this section, it appears several times and “temperature” appears to fit the context best. By contrast, Paul Ghalioungui (op. cit.) uses the word “temperament” to translate the corresponding Arabic section, but the result seems a bit awkward.

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109

Folio 133v

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Folio 134r

1. If indeed the temperature increases naturally, 2. we administer foods which have 3. a similar temperature. But if 4. it is different, we administer medicinal foods 5. which have an opposite temperature 6. to it. 7. By how many rules is the convalescence 8. properly accomplished? 9. By four. What (are they)? 10. First indeed is that which is derived 11. from the temperature of the diseased body part. 12. But secondly, that which is derived 13. from its shape. And thirdly, 14. that which is derived from its position, 15. and fourthly, that which is derived 16. from its strength.

̇ ‫ ܕܐܢ‬1 ‫ܙܓܐ‬ ̈ ‫ܙܓܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܬܐ ܕ‬2 ‫ܐ‬. ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܵܕ ܵ ܐ‬3 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܉ ܒ ܬܐ‬4 ̈ ‫ܕ‬5 ‫ܙܓܐ ܕܕ ܒ‬ . ‫ܒ‬ 6 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܒ ܐ ̈ ܐ‬7 . ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬ 8 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܒܐܪܒ ܐ‬9 ̇ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 10 ܸ ̣ ‫ܙܓ ܕܗܕ ܐ ܕ‬ 11 ̇ ‫ ܬܪ ܐ ܕ ̣ ܗܘ ܕ‬12 ܸ ‫ܘܬ‬ .‫ܓܒ ܗ‬ 13 ̣ ̇ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ‬14 ܸ ̇ ‫ ܘܪܒ ݂ܐ ܗܘ ܕ‬15 ܸ . 16

‫ܐ ܉‬

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111

Folio 134r

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Folio 134v

1. From the temperature, indeed, of the diseased 2. body part, what is the significance? 3. It is because in some organs 4. heat dominates 5. the coldness, such as in the flesh. 6. But in some of them the coldness 7. dominates the heat, such as 8. in the nerves. And some of them are 9. joined by equal 10. parts of the elements, for example, 11. skin requires healing (from) each 12. one of them when nature 13. restores its temperature to 14. its own temperature. And because of that, 15. it is correct that there is a tendency 16. of the temperature of that body part

1 ‫ܙܓ ̇ ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ . ‫ܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 ̈ ̇ ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 3 ‫ܬܐ ܒܐ ܒ ܘܢ‬ 4 :‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬:‫ܘܬܐ‬ 5 ‫ܘܬܐ ܒܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ 6 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܘܢ‬7 ‫̈ܓܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ ܕܓ ܐ‬8 ̈ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬9 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ̈ ܐ ܕܐ‬10 ̇ ‫̣ܐ ܐ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ‫ܘܢ ܐ ܕ ܓ ܸܐ‬ 12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙܓ‬ ‫ܙܓ ܕ‬ 13 ‫ܗܕܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܗܝ‬ 14 ̣ ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܙܕܩ܆ ܕ ܬ‬15 ‫ ܕ ܙܓ ܕܗܕ ܐ ܕ ̇ܝ‬16

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113

Folio 134v

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Folio 135r

1. which is unnatural (i.e. the temperature), that even 2. the temperature of the remedies, which change 3. it toward that of nature, will lean toward the side 4. which is opposite. 5. But from the appearance of the substance 6. of the organ, what is the significance? 7. When we observe in its substance 8. and in its cavity whatever it has or 9. does not have. 10. But from the appearance of the substance 11. of the organ, what is the significance? 12. In that indeed some of the organs 13. have a loose substance, such as 14. the lungs; but some of them (have) a substance 15. which is dense, such as the kidneys; 16. and some of them (have) a substance which is midway

‫ ܘܐ ܨ ܸܐ ܐܦ‬:‫ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ܕܒ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙܓ ܕ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ ܕ‬ 2 ܿ ܵ ̇ ‫ܓܒܐ‬ 3 ܼ :‫ܬܗܝ ܕ ܐ‬ .‫ ܕܕ ܒ ܐ‬4 ‫ܓܒ ܗ ܕ ܕܗܕ ̣ܐ‬ 5 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬6 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒܐܘ‬ 7 ̣ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫̣ ̣ܬܐ ܕܐ‬ ‫ ܘܒ‬8 . 9 ‫ ݂ ܵ ܪܐ ܕ ܕܒܐܘ‬10 . ‫ ܕܗܕ ̣ܐ ܕܐ ܐ‬11 ̈ ‫ܘܢ ̇ ܕܗܕ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ̇ܝ ܕ‬12 ‫ܐ ܐ‬. ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬13 ܵ ܵ ‫ܘܢ ܕ ܐܘ ܐ‬ .‫ ܕܪܐܬܐ‬14 ܵ ‫ ̈ܪ ̣ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܘ‬16

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Folio 135r

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Folio 135v

1. between those (extremes), such as the liver 2. and the spleen. The first are those which 3. do not endure the administration 4. of strong drugs; but the second are those 5. which tolerate them 6. unharmed, and the third are those 7. (which tolerate them) moderately. 8. But from the appearance in the cavity, 9. whether it has blood or not, 10. what is the significance? 11. Some of the body parts indeed 12. have a cavity (or “space”), either just 13. internal, such as the stomach, 14. and the veins, and the arteries which are in the hands 15. and in the feet; or else external alone, 16. such as the nerves which are inside of

‫ܗ ܐ ܐ ܕ ̣ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬1 ̈ ̇ ̇ ܵ ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܗ ܢ‬.‫ ܘ ܐ‬2 ‫ܪܒܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬3 ‫ ̇ܗ ܢ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 ܵ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܕ ܬ̈ܪ ̣ܐ ܕ ܐ ܐ‬5 ̈ ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ܗ ܢ ܕ ܬ‬. 6 . ‫ܐ‬ 7 ܵ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܪܐ ܕ ܕܒ‬ 8 ‫ܕ ܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬9 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬10 ̈ ̇ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕܗܕ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ̇ܝ ܕ‬11 ‫ܓ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬. ܸ ‫ܬܐ‬ 12 :‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬:‫ ܒ ܕ‬13 ‫ ܘܘ̈ܪ ܐ ܘ ܐ ܕܒܐ ̈ ܐ‬14 ‫ܒ ܒ ܕ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܘܒ ܓ ܐ‬15 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܓ ̈ ܐ ܕ ܓ‬16

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Folio 135v

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Folio 136r

1. the peritoneum.21 Or external 2. and internal together, such as 3. the lungs (where) that which is external indeed, 4. (viz.) the breadth of the chest, surrounds 5. it. But internally the rough 6. and smooth arteries are scattered 7. throughout them. Now some of them do not have 8. a cavity (or “space”) at all, such as 9. the nerves which are in the hands and feet. 10. Therefore, when we need 11. to dry them, and to get rid 12. of the secretions in them. 13. We receive different information 14. from each one of the 15. organs which 16. have no cavity,

‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬

‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܐܘܢ‬ ‫ܪܕ‬ 1 ̣ ‫ ܐ‬:‫ܓ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬2 ܵ ̇ ‫ܕܪܐܬܐ ܗܕܐ ܕ ݂ ܒ‬ 3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܪܘ ܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬4 ‫ܐ‬ .̇ 5 ݂ ‫ܓ ܕ‬ ̈ ‫ܐ ܙܪ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐܘ‬6 ̈ ‫ܘܢ ܕ ܐ‬ .̇‫ܒ‬7 ̣ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܓ‬8 ̈ .‫ ܕܓ ܐ ܕܒܐ ܐ ܘܒ ܓ ܐ‬9 ‫ ܒ ܓ ܢ ܐ ܕ‬10 ܵ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܒ ܐ ܢ‬ 11 ‫ܘܬܐ ܕ ܐ ܒ ܘܢ‬ 12 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 13 ‫ܬܐ‬ 14 ̈ ̇ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ ܗܕ ܐ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ 15 ‫ܓ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ݂ ܒ ܐ ܐ‬16

21 In this context, the writer is speaking of any potential space which may be filled with

fluid. Such a potential space exists, for example, around certain large nerves if they are surrounded by a sheath (such as the optic nerve). Although there is normally no real space there, if fluid accumulates between the nerve and the sheath, a space develops, hence it is a “potential space,” and this writer seems to be concerned with any space in which fluid may accumulate. Thus a nerve which may have a fluid accumulation on the outside, has an “external cavity.” But the use of the Greek word for “peritoneum” is a bit strange, because the peritoneum is found the abdominal cavity. Perhaps he is indeed only referring to nerves found in the peritoneum.

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119

Folio 136r

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Folio 136v

1. either externally or internally, toward which 2. their secretions issue. 3. We need drugs (for them) which are very 4. strong. Those which 5. have cavities (or “potential spaces”) on both 6. sides of them, if they are indeed of a moderately 7. compact order, they require 8. that strong drugs 9. be administered to them. But 10. if they are loosely arranged, weaker 11. drugs will evacuate them. But 12. those which have a (potential) space 13. only on one side of them, need 14. drugs which are more powerful, 15. but less so than those (which are) 16. deprived of a space

̇ ‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ ܕ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ .‫ܘܬܗܘܢ‬ ̣

‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐܕ‬ ‫ܗ ܢܕ ܕ‬. ̈ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܕܪܨ‬ ‫ ܐ ̣ܘ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ̣ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ̈ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܘܢ‬ ‫ ܐ ܸ ܘ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫̈ܐ‬ ‫ܼ ܿܕ ̣ ̣ ܉‬ ‫ ܗ ̇ ܢ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ̣ ‫ܕ ܓܒܐ ܒ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ̣ ̈ ̇ . ‫ ܕ‬.̣ ̇ ‫ܗ ܢ‬ ‫ܕ ܒܡ‬ ‫ܓ ̈ܝ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬

‫ܐ‬

1 2 3 4

‫ܬܪ‬

5 6

‫ܒ‬7 ‫ܕ‬8 ‫ܕ‬9 ‫ ܕ‬10 11

‫ܕ‬

12 13 14

‫ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬

15 16

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Folio 136v

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Folio 137r

1. need. 2. But concerning the position of the organ, 3. what is the significance? 4. The position indicates two 5. things: one indeed is the place in which 6. the organ is (located); but the other 7. is the relationship it has to (other) 8. organs. From each one of them, 9. that is to say, from those (mentioned above) particular 10. information is received; and from 11. both of them together. 12. And for what is the information 13. from each of them useful? 14. That (information derived) from the location is indeed useful 15. for the healing of the pathological 16. temperature. But that (information) which is (derived) from

1 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܕܗܕ ̣ܐ‬ 2 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬3 ‫ܕܥ‬ ‫ܡ‬ ‫ܬܪ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 ̇ ‫̇ ܕܘ ܐ ܕܒ‬ :‫ܐ‬ 5 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܗܕ ܐ‬6 ‫ ܕ ̣ ܬ ܬܐ ܕ ܸܐ ܬ‬7 ̈ 8 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܗܕ ̣ܐ‬ ܵ ‫̣ ܬܐ‬ .݂ ‫ܕܗ‬ 9 ‫ܘ‬ . ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 10 ݂ ̣ .‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܪܬ‬11 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܨ‬12 . ‫ܗ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ̇ ̇ ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ݂ ܕܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܝ‬14 ‫ ܬ ܐ ܬܐ ܕܒ ܬ‬15 ̇ .‫ܙܓܐ‬ 16 ݂ ‫ܗܝ ܕ ܕ‬

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Folio 137r

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Folio 137v

1. the relationship (is helpful) regarding evacuation 2. of the substance. But that which is from 3. both of them (is good) concerning “evacuation,” 4. that is to say, both concerning cupping(?) and concerning 5. the venesection.22 6. From the location indeed (the impression) as regards healing 7. the pathological temperature, what is the significance? 8. If, indeed, the organ is near enough 9. for the drug to reach it, we administer 10. a drug which preserves its (life) force: 11. a drug of sufficient strength to heal 12. the disease. But if it 13. is far away, so that the strength 14. of the drug does not last until 15. it reaches it, one should increase the 16. strength of the drug, (to compensate for) the amount we

‫ܐ‬

‫ܬܐ ܬ‬ ‫ ܬ‬1 ̣ ̇ ݂ ‫ ܗܝ ܕ ܕ‬.‫ ܕܗܘ ܐ‬2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫܉ ܬ‬ ‫ ܬܪܬ‬3 ̇ ‫ܘ ܬ‬: 4 ‫ ܘ ܬ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ̣ ̣ ̣ .‫ ܓ ܙ ܐ‬5 ̇ ‫ܬ ܐ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ݂ ܕܘ ܐ‬6 . ‫ܙܓܐ ܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܬ‬7 ̣ ̇ ‫ܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘ‬8 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܕܓ ܦܒ‬9 ‫ܐ ܕ ܸܐ‬ .̣ 10 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬11 ‫ܒ ܉ܐ ܘܕ‬ 12 ‫ܪ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬: ‫ ܕܪ‬13 ‫ܐ ܕ ܬܗ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ‬ 14 ̇ ܿ ‫ܙܕܩ‬ .‫ܼ ̣ܐ‬ 15 ‫ܐܕ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 16

22 This passage deals with the various ways of removing bad humors, i.e. “evacuation” of them. The words ‫ܬܐ‬ and ‫ ܓ ܙ ܐ‬apparently represent the two possible ways of doing that. It is clear that in this passage “evacuation” means removal of blood from the veins (for other uses of “evacuate see note to F. 132r 4), and two likely ways of achieving that are through venesection (cutting into a vein), or using cups to remove blood. Since ‫ ܓ ܙ ܐ‬may be related to a root which means “cut, clip” (especially of hair or wool), it is likely that that word refers to venesection, while ‫ ܢܬܦ‬can mean “to attract, draw” so that could refer to cupping in “drawing” out the blood. In this case, vessels with narrow necks are filled with hot air and then placed on the skin with the opening down. As the air cools, it forms a vacuum and hence a suction effect on the skin.

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125

Folio 137v

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Folio 138r

1. know it will be reduced during the course of the journey. 2. What does that mean? 3. When, indeed, we are treating the throat or 4. the stomach, we administer a drug which possesses 5. a strength sufficient to heal their 6. illnesses, (i.e. a drug) which reaches 7. them directly. But 8. if we are treating the lungs, it 9. is appropriate to make the drugs 10. stronger, according to the magnitude 11. of the organs in which they work, 12. until it reaches them. 13. And through which organs does the strength 14. of the drug pass in order to arrive at the lungs? 15. (If) it is given from the outside its strength 16. passes into the muscles which compress

‫ܕ ܗ‬

‫ ܕ ܒ ܪ ܒܐܘܪ ܐ ܕ‬1 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܐ ̇ ܕ‬3 ‫ܐ ܕ ܸܐ ܐ‬ .݂ ‫ ܐ‬4 ̈ ‫ܐ ܕ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 ‫ܒ ܉ ܒ ܕܕ ܐ‬ 6 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܬܐ ܓ ܒ ܘܢ‬ 7 .݂ ‫ ܕ ܕ ܐܬܐ ܐ‬8 ‫ܒ ܐ ܢ‬ ‫̈ܐ ̇ܙܕܩ‬ 9 ‫ܬ ܓ ܐܘܬܐ‬ .̇ ̈ 10 ̈ ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ܇ ܕܒ ܘܢ ̇ܒ‬ 11 ̇ . ‫ܐ ܕ ܬܗ‬ 12 ̈ ‫ܗܕ ܐ ̇ ܒ‬ ‫ ܘܒܐ‬13 .‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܐܬܐ‬14 ̄ ̄ ‫ ̄ܒ‬.‫ܒ‬ ‫ ݂ ܒ‬15 ‫ܒ ܬܐ ܕ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬16

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Folio 138r

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Folio 138v

1. the chest, and (then) into the bones 2. of the ribs, and into the membrane of the diaphragm, 3. and into the membrane of the lungs. 4. And then it reaches it and stays 5. in its substance. But (if) drugs 6. must pass internally through 7. the mouth: (then they pass) into the throat, and into the stomach, 8. and into the duodenum,23 and into the jejunum,24 and into the veins 9. of the mesentery;25 10. and into those of the “flatness” of the liver,26 11. and into those of its curve,27 and into the deep 12. vein28 and into the heart. And then 13. they reach the lungs.29 In any case, 14. it happens to those (drugs) which 15. are administered externally, 16. that their strength is weakened as they pass

‫ ܘܒܓ ܐ‬: ‫ܕ ܒ‬1 ̇ ̈ ܵ ܵ ܵ :‫ ܘܒ ܸ ܒܐ ܘ ܐ‬:‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬2 ܵ ̇ ‫ ܘܒ ܸ ܵܒܐ ܕ‬3 .‫ܕܪܐܬܐ‬ ݂ ‫ܓ ܦܒ ܘ‬ ‫ ܘܗ‬4 ̇ . ‫ ܒܐܘ ܐ ܕ‬5 ̣ ‫ܓ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܒ ܘܢ‬ 6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫̈ ܐ‬ 7 ܵ ܵ ‫ܐ܆ ܘ ̈ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ ܘ ܪ ܐ‬8 :‫ܐܪܗܐܘܢ‬ ‫ ̇ܗ ܢ ܕܒ‬9 ̇ :‫ܬܗ ܕ ܒ ܐ‬ ̣ ‫ ܘ ̇ ܢ ܕܒ‬10 ‫ ܘ ܪ ܐ‬:‫̇ܗ‬ ‫ ܘ ̇ ܢ ܕܒ‬11 ‫ ܘܗ‬.‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ 12 ̣ ‫ܘܤ‬ .‫ܿ ܼ ܢ ܐܬܐ‬ 13 ̇ ‫ܓ ̇ ܫ܉ ̇ ܢ‬ 14 ‫ܒ ܉‬ ‫ ܕ ݂ ܒ‬15 ‫ܘܢ ܒ ܒ ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

23 Lit. “gatekeeper,” and this is a good description for the duodenum, which regulates movement of food from the stomach into the rest of the small intestine. 24 The word ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܨ‬means “fasting” and that is the precise meaning of the Latin word jejunum, which refers to the portion of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum. 25 The mesenteries are double folds of peritoneum which attach parts of the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall, and the superior and inferior mesenteric veins do indeed empty into the portal system which leads to the liver, just as described in this text. The Syriac word which we translated as “mesentery” is missing one letter, for one would expect it to have a “t” which occurs in both the Greek and Latin words for mesentery. 26 This refers to the posteroinferior surface of the liver, in contradistinction to the its convex upper surface, which is called “its curve” in line 11 (of the English) on this page. It is on this “flat” surface that the portal vein divides up into smaller branches which enter the various lobules of the liver, where the blood is “filtered.” 27 This refers to the convex anterosuperior surface of the liver, and perhaps more especially to the large right lobe which accounts for much of that surface. 28 That is to say, the inferior vena cava. After the veins leave the lobules of the liver, they reunite to form the hepatic veins which then emerge from the posterior of the liver to join the inferior vena cava. 29 This was a very accurate description of the anatomical route taken by digested food or drugs, except that we might be tempted to include the jejunal vein, which is the link between the jejunum and the superior mesenteric vein.

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Folio 138v

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Folio 139r

1. through the organs mentioned. (Likewise) those 2. which are internally (administered), which are weakened, 3. viz., by the modification which they receive 4. in each one of the organs along the way, 5. and by their dilution by being mixed 6. with other materials. 7. But from the relationship, and regarding 8. the evacuation of the substance, what 9. is the significance? 10. Indeed whenever we wish to evacuate 11. the material which is in the liver, if it 12. is in the flat side, 13. we evacuate it 14. by means of a purgative drug, because 15. the “flatness” of the liver is more (closely) 16. associated with the intestines. But

.‫ ܕܒ ̈ܕ ܐ ܕܐܬܐ ܘ‬1 ‫ܢ‬ ‫ ܕ‬. ‫ ܕ݂ ܓ‬2 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬3 ̈ ‫ܗܕ ܐ ܕܒܐܘܪ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬4 ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܘܕ ܗܘܢ ܒ‬5 ̈ 6 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܬ ܬܐ ܕ ܘ ܬ‬ 7 ‫ܐ ܕܗܘ ̣ܐ ܕܐ‬ 8 . ‫ܐ‬9 ‫ ܕ ܐ ̇ ܕ ܘ ܐ ܕܒ ܒ ܐ‬10 ‫ ̇ܨܒ ܼ ܿܕ ܼܿ ܉ ܐ ܘ‬11 .̣ ‫ ܕܒܓܒ ̇ ܵ ̣ ܵ ܐ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬13 ̇. 14 ̈ ‫ܬ ܐ‬ : ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ̇ ‫ ܐ ܸ ܘ‬.‫ܬܗ ܕ ܒ ܐ‬ 16 ‫ܢ‬

̇

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Folio 139r

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Folio 139v

1. if it is on the curved side, (then) 2. we evacuate it by means of urine, 3. for the convexity of the liver is more 4. (closely) associated with the kidneys.30 5. But concerning the position and relationship 6. together, regarding the evacuation 7. and cupping(?), and the venesection, what 8. is the significance. 9. Whenever a flux travels to some 10. organ, if it indeed is still 11. moving, we should make it flow31 12. from the place which is remote 13. and opposite, and is associated (with it) 14. and situated in a direct course. But if 15. the flow was already interrupted, 16. we do the cupping(?) or the venesection.

. ܼܿ

̇ ‫ ܕ ܕܒܓܒ‬1 ‫ ܒ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬2 ̇ 3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐܓ‬ .‫̇ܗ ܕ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܬ ܐ‬ 4 ‫ܕܘ ܐ ܕ ܘ ܬ ܬܐ‬ 5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ‬:‫ ܐ ܐ‬6 ̇‫ ܘ‬7 ‫ܬܐ ܘܓ ܙ ̣ܐ ܕܐ‬ . ‫ܐ‬8 ‫ ܕ ܐ ܕܪܗܘ ܐ ܕܐ ܕ ܐ‬9 ‫ ܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬.‫̣ܡ‬ 10 ܿ ̇ ‫ܗܝ ܙܕܩ‬ ̣ 11 ̣ ܼ ‫ ܕ‬.‫ܪܕܐ‬ : ‫ ܕܪ ܐ‬:‫ ݂ ܕܘ ܐ‬12 ‫ܬ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ ܘܕ ܒ ܐ‬13 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܘܒ ܪ ܘܬܐ ̣ ܐ‬14 . ̣ ‫ܘ ܐܬ ܸ ܪܕ‬ 15 ‫ܐܘ ܓ ܙ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܒ‬ 16 ‫̣ ܐܐ‬

30 This statement is not anatomically accurate, because the right kidney is also poste-

rior to the liver. 31 To “make it flow” in a particular direction means to release some of the humor from the body at that point by using leeches or venesection.

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Folio 139v

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VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 140r

1. (If) we make something flow from the place which is distant 2. and opposite, what is that like? 3. If the organ is indeed superior, 4. we will empty it out 5. inferiorly. But if it is inferior, we will empty it out 6. superiorly. 7. Now if we make it flow from the place 8. it is associated with, what is that like? 9. If the material indeed inclines toward 10. the uterus, we draw it towards the 11. breasts.32 Now if it is one of the organs 12. above the clavicle, we make the evacuation 13. from an external vein in the hand, 14. but if it is in one of 15. the organs below the clavicle, 16. (we evacuate it) from an internal vein.33

‫ܐ‬

‫ܐ ̇ ܕ ݂ ܕܘ ܐ ܕܪ‬ 1 . ‫ ܘܕ ܒ ̣ܐ ܕܐ ܐ‬2 ‫ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬3 ‫ܒ ̣ ܗܝ‬ ݂ .‫ ܗܕ ̣ܐ‬4 ‫ܐܐ‬ 5 ̣ . 6 ‫ܐ ܕ ܕ ܕܘ ܐ‬ 7 ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬.‫ܬ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬8 ̇ ‫ܕ ܒ ܐܨ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ̣ܘ‬9 ̈ ‫ ܬ‬.‫ ܗܘ ̣ܐ‬10 ‫ܬܕ ܐ‬ ̈ ‫ܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬. ̇ 11 ‫ܘܪ ܐ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬12 ‫ ܒ‬:‫ ܿ ܼܒ ܐ ܕܒܐ ܐ‬13 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ 14 ̈ .‫̣ܐ‬ ̣ ‫ ܗܕ ܐ ܕ‬15 .‫ܘܪ ܐ ܓ ܐ‬ 16

32 This is presumably accomplished by cupping on the chest. 33 The is an example of bloodletting to remove what were perceived to be bad humors.

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Folio 140v

1. But when we make it flow from the place in 2. which is situated in a direct course, 3. what is that like? 4. If indeed the disease is on the right 5. side, we drain it from the hand 6. or foot on the right (side). But if 7. it is on the left side, (we drain) from the 8. hand or foot on the left. 9. But the cupping(?) and the venesection of the flux 10. of which the journey was already interrupted, what 11. is that like? 12. Now if, indeed, the flux which remains 13. in the organ has not been moving 14. for very long from 15. the place which is close and associated 16. with the organ, we do

‫ܕܘ ܐ‬ ‫̣ ܐ ܕܐ‬

‫ܐܕ ܕ‬ 1 ‫ ܕܒ ܪ ܘܬܐ‬2 . ‫ܐ‬3 ̇ ‫ ܕܐܢ‬4 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒܓܒܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ܐܘ ܪܓ ܐ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ 5 ‫ܐ‬. ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 ̇ ‫ܐ ܐ ܐܘ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܒܓܒܐ ܕ‬ 7 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܪܓ ܐ ܕ‬8 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܘܓ ܙ ܐ ܕܪܗܘ ܐ‬ 9 ‫ܪܕ ܕܐ‬ ‫ܘ ܐܬ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 . ‫ ܐ‬11 ‫ ܕܐ ܘ ̇ ܕܪܗܘ ܵ ܐ ܕ ܟ‬12 ‫̣ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬:‫ܕ ܐ‬ 13 14 ݂ .‫ܗܝ ܙܒ ܐ ܓ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ܬ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܘ ܐ ܕ ܒܐ ܘ‬15 ‫ܕ ܐ܇ ܒ‬ 16

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Folio 140v

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Folio 141r

1. a withdrawal, for example, (of) the material 2. which is in the uterus, (then we drain) from the ankle 3. or the thigh. But if it (i.e. the flux) is in it (i.e. the organ) 4. for a long time, (then we drain it) from the diseased 5. organ: we make a venesection 6. and a piercing, such as in angina,34 7. we incise the veins under the tongue. 8. Now from the strength of the organ, how many 9. ways do we draw conclusions 10. concerning the healing? 11. In three ways. What (are they)? 12. First, indeed, from the fact that it is the origin of 13. strength for the remaining 14. organs, such as the brain 15. and the heart and the liver. But secondly, 16. from the fact that (it is something which) provides for the general action of the whole

1 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܘ ܐ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܪܨ ܐ‬ :‫ ܕܒ ܒ ܐ‬2 ‫ܙܒ ܐ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬3 ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ .‫ܗܝ‬ 4 ̣ ‫ܓ ܙܐ‬ ‫܇ ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ‬.‫ ܘ ܐ‬6 . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̈ܪ ܐ ܕܬ‬7 ‫ܕ ܕܗܕ ܐ ܒ ܐ‬ 8 ̈ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ ܙ ܐ‬9 ..‫ ܬ ܐ ܬܗ‬10 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܙ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬11 ̇ ̇ ‫݂ ܗܝ ܕܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 12 ‫̈ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬13 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ̣ ܐ‬.‫ ܕ ܐ‬14 ‫ ܬܪ ܐ ܕ ܆‬.‫ ܘ ܒܐ ܘ ܒ ܐ‬15 ‫̇ܗܝ ܕ ܒ ܐ ܓ ܐ ܕ‬ 16

34 The value of “angina” for

‫ܐ‬ appears in Payne Smith’s Thesaurus. However, the usual value of “suffocating” or “choking” raises the question of whether the writer is thinking of chest pain or breathing difficulties arising from pulmonary pathology.

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Folio 141r

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Folio 141v

1. body in a proper way, such as 2. the stomach and the diaphragm. 3. And thirdly, from the fact that it has 4. many accurate perceptions, 5. for example, the eye. 6. From the fact, indeed, that it is the principal strength 7. for other organs, 8. or for the proper performance of their general 9. actions, what is the significance? 10. If it is indeed the origin of strength 11. for other organs, or 12. provides properly for the general function of all of them, 13. then it is necessary that we give 14. him medicine for the sake of that, or 15. of another organ. (But) we should 16. be careful in their administration; both from

‫ܐ‬

‫ܐ‬. ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬1 .‫ ܕ ܐ ܘܕ ܐ ܐܓ ܐ‬2 ̇ ‫ܗܝ ܕܪܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܬ‬3 ‫ܬܐ ܸܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐܬܐ ܘ‬4 ..‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬5 ̇ ‫ܗܝ ̇ ܕܪ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ 6 ̈ ‫ܐ ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 7 ̣ ̇ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܐ ܓ ܐ ܕ‬8 ̇ 9 ‫ܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܕܪ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘ‬10 ̈ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬11 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܓ ܐ ܕ‬12 ‫ܸ ܕ ܼܿ ܒ‬ ‫ ܐܕ‬. ̇ 13 ‫ܗ ܐܘ‬ :‫ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬ 14 ‫ܕܗܪܘ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܕ ܐ ܐ‬15 ‫ܘ‬ . ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܪܒ‬ ‫ ܙܕܩ ܒ‬16 ݂ ̣

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Folio 141v

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Folio 142r

1. the fact that it could suddenly reduce 2. the strength of the organ, and from the fact 3. that it could cool it powerfully, and from 4. the fact that the quality is unsuitable 5. (when) we administer it. But if it is not the origin of strength 6. for the other organs, 7. nor does it enhance the general action 8. for all of them, we administer 9. the remedies (simply) as something 10. necessary. 11. Caution indeed lest 12. the strength of the body parts be suddenly diminished, 13. what is that like? 14. When we need to give a diaphoretic 15. remedy for the liver or 16. stomach, we mix diaphoretic

̇ 1 ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ݂‫ܕ‬ ‫̇ܗܝ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ 2 ܿ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ܼ ‫ܐ‬ ̣ ̇ 4 ‫ܗܝ ܕܐ ܬܐ ܐ ܵ ܵ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ ܼܿ ܒ‬5 ̈ ‫ܪ ܐܕ ܐ ܕ ܐܐ ܐ‬6 ‫ ܐ ܐ ̇ܒ ܐ ܓ ܐ‬7 ‫ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬8 ̣ ܿ ‫ܡ‬ ‫ܐ‬.̣ ‫ ܼ ܒ‬9 . ‫ ܕ‬10 ̇ ̇ ‫ܕ ݂ ܗܝ ܕ‬ ‫ ܙܗ ܘܬܐ‬11 ‫ܕܗܕ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ܪܐ‬ 12 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬13 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܒ ܐ ܐܘ‬14 ܵ ‫ܕ ܿ ܼ ܒ ܒܐ‬ 15 16 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ .‫ܵ ܵ ܐ‬

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Folio 142r

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Folio 142v

1. drugs, (and) other drugs (which are) 2. astringent and aromatic, 3. and this is for the preservation 4. of the strength of the organs. 5. Now caution lest 6. it be cooled35 powerfully, what 7. is that like? 8. When the stomach or the liver 9. are naturally weak in a man, 10. we are forbidden to give (him) 11. very cold water to drink 12. during a fever, as long as there is 13. a fever, which is very 14. high (lit. “burning”). 15. But caution against 16. the administration of an inappropriate quality,

1 ‫̈ ܐܐ‬ .‫̈ ̣ܐ‬ ܵ .‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ܪ ܐ ܘܗ̈ܪܘ‬ 2 ܵ ‫ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘܗܕܐ ܐ ܕ ܬ‬3 ̈ ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 ̇ ‫ ܙܗ ܘܬܐ ܕ ܕ ܗܝ‬5 ܿ ‫ ܕܐ‬. ̣ ܼ ̣ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 . ‫ܐ‬7 ‫ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܐܘ ܒ ܐ‬8 .̣ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̣ ܐ ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܬܗܘܐ‬9 ̇ ‫ܗܝ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬ 10 ݂ ܿ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ܼ ‫ܐ ܐܢ ܸܗܝ‬ :‫ ܒܐ ܐ‬12 ‫̣ܐ‬ :‫ ܐ ܐ‬13 .‫ܗܝ‬ ̣ 14 ܵ ‫ܪܒܐ‬ ‫ ܙܗ ܘܬܐ ܕ ܕ‬15 ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܬܐ ܐ‬16

:‫ܐ‬

35 The word “cooled” results from an emendation of the text suggested by Samuel should really be ‫ܪ‬ . That seems to fit the Dinkha, who feels that the word context, for the issue (as evident from the preceding lines) is that of sudden cooling, not of “hollowing out.”

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Folio 142v

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Folio 143r

1. what is that like? 2. When we need 3. to purge the body, we are forbidden 4. to give scammony36 and spurge37 5. to one who has a weak stomach 6. or liver, or else we mix 7. something which corrects the quality 8. of the drug with the 9. cathartic, so that 10. the strength of the stomach or liver 11. is not violated. 12. But from the acuity of the perception 13. of the organ, what is that like? 14. The organs indeed (which) are insensitive, 15. and those which are hyposensitive, 16. (then) are given to them all at once

.

‫ܐ‬

‫ ܕܐ‬1 ‫ܕ ܐܕ‬2 ̇ܿ ܵ ̇ ܹ ̣ .‫ܓ ̣ܐ‬ ܸ ‫ ܼܕ‬3 ‫ܵ ܐ ܘ ܼܿ ܘ ܵ ܐ‬ ‫ܠ‬ 4 ‫ ܐ ܐܕ ̣ ܐ‬5 ‫ ܐܘ ܡ‬.‫ ܐܘ ܒ ̣ܗ‬6 ‫ܸܪܨ ܐ ܬܗ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ‬8 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ 9 ‫̇ ܕ ܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܪܐ‬ 10 .‫ ܕ ܒ ܐ‬11 ‫ܘܬ ܪܓ ܗ‬ 12 ‫ ܕ ܕܗܕ ̣ܐ ܕܐ ܐ‬13 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ ̇ ܐ ̈ܪܓ‬ 14 ̇ .‫ܗܘܢ‬ ̣ ̣ ‫ ܘܗ ܢ ܕܒ ܐ ܪܓ‬15 .‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܙܒ‬16

36 Scammony, which has been discussed already, has a cathartic quality. 37 Spurge refers to any of a family of plants known as Euphorbiaceae. The species

Euphorbia hirta is used today to treat asthma. It has the effect of relaxing the smooth muscles, and this might further reduce peristalsis, and thus make it undesirable in the case of a “weak stomach.”

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Folio 143r

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Folio 143v

1. the quantity of the drug 2. which they need, even if the drug 3. is very powerful and stings us, for 4. the strength of these (organs) is not reduced 5. when they are afflicted by the stringency and 6. strength of the drugs. But 7. the hypersensitive organs, when 8. they are afflicted with strong, biting 9. drugs, their strength is violated. 10. Therefore we should not administer 11. to them many, or even one remedy, 12. which is powerful and biting 13. from the beginning, but rather 14. carefully, over a length of time. 15. A demonstration which is from four 16. rules concerning the treatment

̇

‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ 1 ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܐ܇ ܐ‬ 2 ܿ ܿ ̇ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܐ ܘ ܼ ܢ‬ ܼ 3 . ‫ܪܐ ܐ ܕܗ‬ ‫ܓ‬4 ‫̈ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܙܘܢ‬ 5 ̈ ̈ ‫ ܗܕ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܘ‬6 ̈ : ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪܓ‬ ‫ܐܝ‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ݂ ̣ ̈ ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 8 .‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܸܪܐ‬ .݂ ‫ܙ‬ 9 ‫ ܒ ܓ ܢ ܐ ܓ ܐ ̣ ܐ ܐ‬10 ‫܇ ̇ܙܕܩ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬11 ‫ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܒ ܘܢ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐܐ‬. ‫ ܕ‬13 ̣‫ܐ‬ .. ‫ ܒ ܓ ܐ ܕܙܒ ܐ ܙܗ ܐ‬14 ‫̈ ܬܐ ܕ ݂ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬ 15 ܵ ‫̣ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ̈ ܐ ܕ ܬ‬16

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Folio 143v

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Folio 144r

1. of each of the organs individually 2. may be taken from the location 3. which is diseased. How many and what 4. are they? Briefly stated, 5. there are these five. 6. As has already been stated, 7. one, indeed, is that which is from the temperature 8. of the body part, suitable and fitting 9. for the application (lit. “smearing”) of its healing 10. remedy. But secondly, 11. that which is from the general function 12. of the body part, warming the quantity 13. of the remedy, such as in diseases 14. of the diaphragm; or from the fact 15. that the general strength is sent forth to the whole 16. body, such as in the diseases

̈ ‫ܗܕ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬1 ̈ ‫ܕܘ ̣ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 2 ‫̣ܐ ܘܐ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܵܐ‬ ‫ ܐ̈ ܇‬4 ‫̇ ܗ ܇‬ ‫ ܸ ܐ‬5 .‫ܘ ܐܬܐ ܬ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܕ‬6 ̇ ‫ ܐ‬7 ̇ ‫ܙܓ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ݂ ‫ܵ ܐ ܘ ܼܿ ̇ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܗܕ ܐ܇‬8 ‫ܗ ܕ ܕܪ ܐ‬ 9 ‫ܐܕ ܉‬ ‫ ܬܪ‬. ܵ ‫ ܐ‬10 ‫ܒ ܬܗ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ ̇ܗܝ ܕ ݂ ܓ‬11 ‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܗܕ ܐ܇‬12 ‫ ܕ ܪܕ ܐ܇ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ ̈ ܐ‬13 ‫̇ܗܝ‬ ‫ ܕܕ ܐ ܐܓ ܐ܇ ܐܘ‬14 ܿ ܼ ܼܿ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܓ ܐ‬15 ‫ܐ܇ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ‬16

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Folio 144r

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Folio 144v

1. of the heart. But thirdly, that which is from 2. shape of the organ, which determines 3. the type of evacuation of that which is 4. enclosed in it. But fourthly, 5. that which is from the placement of the organ, 6. and from the association it possesses with 7. the rest of the organs, demonstrates 8. the strength or weakness 9. of the remedy; and (also) the type 10. of usefulness it has. Now fifthly, 11. that which is from the magnitude 12. of the sensibility of the body part, determines 13. the magnitude of the strength and of the frequency 14. of the administration of the drug. 15. How many treatment considerations 16. are there?

‫ ܬ‬.‫ ܕ ܒܐ‬1 ݂ ‫ ̇ܗܝ ܕ‬.̣ ‫ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬ ‫ ܓܒ ܗ ܕܗܕ ܐ܇‬2 ̇ ‫ܐ ܕܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܙܐܕ‬3 : ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܪܒ‬. ‫ ܕ ܒ ܒ‬4 ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ܗܝ ܕ‬5 ‫ܬ ܬܐ ܕ ܸ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬6 ̈ ‫ ܵ ܵ ܐ‬.‫ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 7 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܘ‬ 8 ‫ܕ ܪܕ ܐ܇ ܘ ܙ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬9 ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܐ ܕܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ܵ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ܗܝ ܕ‬.݂ ‫ ܕ‬11 ܿ ‫ܐ‬ ܼ ‫ ܕܪܓ ̣ ܗ ܕܗܕ ܐ܇‬12 ‫ܐ ܕ ܐ ܘܕܙܒ ̈ ܐ‬ 13 .‫ ܕ ܪܒ ܕ ܐ‬14 ̈ ‫ܘܢ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 15 .‫̈ܐ‬ 16

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Folio 144v

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Folio 145r

1. Ten. What are they? 2. That which is derived from the type 3. of disease; and that 4. which is from its causative agent; and that 5. which is from the strength of the patient, and that 6. which is obtainable from the temperature 7. and which is outside of the nature of his body; 8. and that which is from the natural temperature; 9. and that which is from his stage (of life); and that 10. which is from his habits; and that which is from the time; 11. of sleeping; and that which is from the place (where he lives); 12. and that which is from composition of the air. 13. In how many ways can something be said 14. to be warm? 15. In two ways. For either it is said 16. to be functional or potential. Functional

1 .‫ܐ ܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ̇ ‫݂ ܐܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ‬2 ܸ ̇ ‫ ܘܗܘ‬:‫ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ̇ :‫ܐ ܵ ܒ ܕܬܗ‬ ‫ܘܗܘ‬ ݂‫ ܕ‬4 ̇ ‫ ܘܗܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ݂‫ ܕ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙܓܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 :‫ܐ ܕ ܓ ܗ‬ ‫ ܘܕ ܒ‬7 ̇ 8 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙܓ‬ ݂ ‫ܘܗܘ ܕ‬ ̇ ̇ ‫ ܘܗܘ‬:‫ܗ‬ ‫ ܘܗܘ ܕ‬9 ̇ :‫ܗ‬ ‫ܘܗܘ ܕ ܙܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ̇ .‫ ܘܗܘ ܕ ܐܬܪܐ‬:‫ ܕ ܐ‬11 ̇ 12 .‫ܐ ܕܐܐܪ‬ ‫ܘܗܘ ܕ‬ ‫ܡ‬ ‫ܐ‬ :‫ ܒ ܐ ܙ ܐ‬13 ‫ ܕ‬14 ̈ ‫ ܐܘ ܓ‬. ‫ ܒ ܪ ܙ‬15 ‫ܒ ܒ ܬܐ‬ ̄ ‫̄ܒ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܐ ̣ ܐܘ ܒ ܐ‬ 16

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Folio 145r

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Folio 145v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

indeed, such as fire, but potential such as anthemis pyrethrum38 and the peppers. What is it that is potential, and in how many ways is it mentioned? 6. It is said to be potential if it is 7. indeed something that exists, but it is not 8. yet in the condition which 9. is being described, yet it is possible 10. that it will be. Now this is expressed 11. in two ways as regards 12. its function: either in alteration, 13. or in becoming (something else). In alteration, indeed, 14. when its type is preserved, such as something white 15. when it becomes red. But in becoming (something else), 16. when it changes, such as bread

‫ ܒ‬.‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܪܐ‬.̣ ̇ 1 ‫ ܕ ݂ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܼܿ ܼܿ ܐ‬2 .‫ ܘ ̈ ܐ‬3 ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ̇ܗܘ ܐ ܕܒ‬ ̣ ‫ ܐ‬4 ̈ . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܒ ܐ ܙ ܐ‬5 ̇ ‫ ܗܘ ܐ‬. ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ‬6 ‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘܗܝ ܇‬7 ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܒܡ‬8 ‫ܕ‬ . ‫ܕ ܐ‬9 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܪ‬ .‫ ܕ ܘܐ‬10 ̣ ̇ ‫ܓ‬ .‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܗ ܐ‬11 ‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܓ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 12 ̣ ̇ ‫ ܒ ܓ ܐ‬.‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܘ ܐ‬13 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬. ‫ܐܕ‬ 14 ܿ .̣ ‫ ܒ ܘ ܐ ܕ‬. ܼ 15 ‫ܐ ܐܕ‬. 16 ‫ܐ‬

‫ܐ‬ . .‫ܵ ܪܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬

38 This is known commonly as “chamomile of Spain” or “pellitory of Spain.”

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Folio 145v

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Folio 146r

1. which has the potential to become blood, 2. but when it (actually) becomes blood, 3. its type changes, i.e. it does not 4. persist (as) bread. 5. In how many ways is that which 6. warms us mentioned? 7. In two ways. For either 8. it warms us through increasing 9. the warm quality which is in bodies, or 10. it increases our substance. And that which indeed 11. increases the warm quality 12. which is in bodies (and) warms us, 13. it is called a calorific drug. 14. And that is this: either it is 15. warm functionally, or 16. potentially. Functionally

‫ ܕܒ ܐ ̇ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬1 ̇ ‫ܗܘܐ ܕ ܕ ܐ܇‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ܇‬2 ‫ ܘ ܐ‬. ‫ܐܕ‬ 3 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪ‬ 4 ̈ ̇‫ܐ ܇ ܗܘ‬ ‫ܒ ܐܙ ܐ‬5 . ‫ ܐܕ‬6 ‫ ܐܘ ܓ‬. ̈ ‫ ܒ ̈ܪ ܙ‬7 ‫ܐ ܕܒ ܓ‬ ‫ ܐ ܬܐ‬8 ‫ܐܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬. ‫ ܒܐ‬9 ̇ ̇ ‫ܘܗܘ ܐ‬ .‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܬܐ‬11 .̣ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܓ‬12 .‫ܹ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 13 ̄ ̄ ̄ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܒ‬.‫ ܘܗܘ ܗ ܐ‬14 ܸ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬15 ‫ ܒ ܒ ܬܐ‬.‫ ܒ ܐ‬16

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Folio 146r

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Folio 146v

1. indeed, such as fire. But potentially 2. it is not according to the material, but rather according 3. to the type. Now the type is either 4. very near, or almost 5. near, or less 6. near. (That) which is indeed near, 7. such as the venom of vipers. 8. But that which is almost near, such as 9. grief (?), and both of these things 10. certainly destroy us, for these 11. two categories are (both) 12. deleterious. But that which is less 13. near, such as anthemis pyrethrum 14. and euphorbium.39 Now that 15. which increases our substance 16. (and thereby) warms us: either it is

‫ ܒ ܐ‬.‫ ݂ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܪܐ‬1 ‫ܐ ܗܘ ̣ܐ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 ‫ ܐܘ‬.̣ ‫ ܐܕ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ ܐܕ ܐ‬3 ‫ ܐܘ ܕܒ‬: ‫ܕ‬4 ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܕ‬. ̣ 5 ̇ .̣ ‫ܕ‬. 6 .‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܙܗܪܐ ܕܐ ̈ ܐ‬7 ‫ܐ ܐ‬.̣ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬8 .̣ ‫ ܘܬܪ ܘܢ ܗ‬.‫ ܕܕܘ ܐ‬9 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬. ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 10 ‫ܘܢ ܗ ܬܪ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐ‬11 ‫ܕ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬.‫ ܓ ̈ ܐ‬12 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܵܕ‬. ̣ 13 ̇‫ ܗܘ‬.‫ ܵ ܐ ܘܗܘ ܪܒ ܢ‬14 ‫ ܕ ܕ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ‬15 ‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܒ‬.̣ ‫ܸܒܐ‬ 16 ܸ

39 Euphorbium is a plant indigenous to Morocco, which was used anciently for its emetic and purgative properties.

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Folio 146v

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Folio 147r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

again functionally, or potentially. Functionally indeed, such as a fat child, who holds his stomach. But potentially, such as nourishment. In how many ways does everything work 7. which enters into the body? 8. In three ways. 9. Because of those things which enter the body, 10. some of them indeed are completely 11. overcome by the body. But some 12. of them overcome them (i.e. the bodies they enter). 13. Now some of them indeed conquer (the bodies) 14. in the beginning, but in the end are themselves conquered. 15. And those indeed which are completely 16. overcome are called food,

‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܐ‬.‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ ܬܘܒ ܐ‬1 ̣ ̇ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܬܐ ܉ ܐ ܐ‬2 ̇ ‫ ܕ‬.‫ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ‬3 ‫ ܒ ܐ ܕ ݂ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ 4 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܬܪ‬5 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܒ‬ ‫ܒ ܐܙ‬6 .‫ ܕ ܓ ܐ ̇ܐܠ‬7 . ̈‫ܐ ܙ‬ ‫ܒ‬8 .̣ ‫ܕ ܓ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬ 9 ‫ܘܢ ݂ ܓ ܐ‬ 10 ‫ܘܢ‬ .‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ݂ ̇ .‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܕ ܓ ܐ ܙ‬12 ̇ ‫ ܒ ܪ ܐ‬. ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ 13 ݂ ̇ ‫ ܕ‬. ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ . ‫ ܙ‬14 ̇ ̇ 15 ‫ܕܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܗ ܢ‬ ‫ ܒ ܬܐ‬.̣ ‫ ܕ‬16

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Folio 147r

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Folio 147v

1. But those which completely overcome (the bodies 2. are called) drugs. But those 3. which conquer in the beginning, but 4. in the end are themselves conquered 5. are called medicinal foods. 6. How many, and what are 7. the types of drugs? 8. Four. 9. Now some of them indeed, 10. are not changed by us, but change 11. us. And these are lethal. 12. Now they either kill (us) through heat, 13. such as the venom of vipers, 14. or through cold, such as 15. opium. Now some of them, 16. they are changed by us, change

̇‫ܙ‬

‫ ̇ܗ ܢ ܕ ܕܓ ܐ‬1 ‫ ̇ܗ ܢ ܕ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ 2 ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܙ ܉‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܪ ܐ‬3 ‫ ܒ ܬܐ‬.݂ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 ̈ ܿ . ܼ ‫ܐ‬ 5 ‫ܘܢ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܘܐ‬ 6 ‫ܓ̈ ܐܕ‬7 .‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬8 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ .̣ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ 9 ‫܇‬ 10 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܘܗ ܐ‬. 11 ̇ 12 :‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬: ‫ܕ‬ :‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܙܗܪܐ ܕܐ ̈ ܐ‬13 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܘܬܐ‬14 ܵ 15 .̣ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ .‫ܕܐܘ ܢ‬ ̇ ‫܇ܗ‬ 16 ݂

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Folio 148r

1. us again, and destroy 2. the bodies (they enter). But they are altered 3. either when they are diluted, such as 4. hemlock; or when they decay, 5. such as Spanish fly.40 And those also 6. destroy the body. But 7. some of them are changed by us, 8. and then change us again, when 9. they warm us too powerfully, 10. such as anthemis pyrethrum 11. or castoreum.41 But 12. some of them indeed initially change 13. us, but afterward 14. are changed by us into a substance 15. (which) increases the warmth within us. 16. And if they are very warm,

‫ܒ‬

‫ܘ‬:

1

݂ ‫ܕ‬ ݂ ‫ ܓ‬2 ‫܉ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬3 ܿ . ܸ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܕܨܗܪܘܐ‬ 4 ̣ ܼ ̈ ̣ ‫ ܘܐܦ ܗ‬.‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܕܘ ܐ‬5 ‫ܘܢ‬ .‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 6 : .̣ ‫ ܕ‬7 ̇ 8 .݂ ‫ܘܗ‬ . ‫ܐ‬ 9 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬10 ‫ܘܢ‬ .‫ ܘܐ ̈ ܵܓ ܕܐ‬11 ̇ ‫ ܕ ܉ ܒ ܪ ܐ‬12 ‫ ܒ ܪ ܸ ܕ‬. 13 ‫ ܒܐܘ ܐ‬.̣ 14 . ‫ܬܐ ܕܒ‬ ‫ ܒ‬15 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܘܘܢ‬ ‫ܘܐܢ‬ 16 ̣

40 I.e. cantharides, which is derived from the blister beetle. It has been used externally to treat warts, and internally in small doses for a variety of conditions. But in large doses it is quite toxic. 41 The Syriac term literally means “beaver testicles,” but that is not really accurate, because the substance comes from the castor sacs of adult beavers which are present in both the male and female animals. The substance has been used in the past to treat a variety of problems, including headaches and hysteria.

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Folio 148r

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Folio 148v

1. an example is onions and garlic; 2. and if they are very cold, 3. an example is lettuce and barley water. 4. And why are there four 5. types of drugs? 6. Because when (one) is administered 7. to the body, it is either equal in strength 8. to the body, and the body processes it 9. but also (lit. “and again”) suffers from it, and 10. it is simply called a drug. Or else it is more 11. powerful than the body, and the body 12. is not able to process it and change it, 13. but rather it changes the body, 14. and this in any case 15. is destructive and lethal. 16. Or else the body is stronger than it and changes

.‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ ̈ ܐ ܘܬܘ ܐ‬1 : ‫ ܘܐܢ ܘܘܢ ܕ‬2 ܵ ܵ .‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܼܿ ̈ ܐ ܘܐܪ ܐ‬3 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܪܒ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬4 ̈ ̈ ‫ܓ ܐܕ‬5 .‫ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܕܗܘ ܐ ܕ‬ 6 ‫ ܐܘ ܸ ܐ ܒ ܐ‬.‫ ܓ ܐ‬7 ‫ܓܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ̇ܒ ܒ‬:‫ ܓ ܐ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬: ‫̇ ܐܫ‬ ‫ ܘܗ‬9 ‫ ܐܘ‬: ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 10 ‫ ܘ ܐ‬:‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܢ‬ 11 :‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐ ܕ ܒ ܒ ܘ‬12 ‫ܓܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ ̣ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬13 ‫ܘܤ‬ ݂ ‫ ܘܗ ݂ܐ‬14 ‫ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ܉‬ ‫ܒ ܐܘ‬ 15 ‫ܓܐ‬ ‫ܢ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬16 ‫ܘ‬

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Folio 148v

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Folio 149r

1. it, and makes it similar (to the body) in its 2. essence; and it is called nourishment 3. when, in any case, it also 4. produces a transformation 5. in the body part. But this 6. transformation is either evident 7. to the senses, or else is not evident initially, 8. but after a length of time 9. becomes evident. And food which 10. produces an obvious 11. change is called medicinal 12. nourishment, such as lettuce 13. and garlic. For those indeed, (even) 14. before they are digested, 15. the lettuce certainly cools (us); therefore 16. it also produces sleep; but

‫ܒܐܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬. 1 .‫ܐ ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܇ܘ‬2 ݂ ‫ܗܝ ܓ ܐ‬ ̣ ̣ ‫ ܐܦ‬3 ‫ܘܤ ̇ܒ ܐ ܒ‬ 4 ‫ ܗ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ ܒ ܕ ܐ‬5 ‫ ܐܘ ܓ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬.‫ ܓ ܐ‬6 ‫ ܓ ܐܙ ܐܘ ܐ ܓ ܐ ܒ ܪ ܐ‬7 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܒ ܪ ܓ ܐ ܕܙܒ ܐ‬8 ̇ ‫ ܘ ܒ ܬܐ‬.‫ܓ ܐ‬ 9 ܸ ‫ ̇ܗܝ ܕ ܵ ܒ ܐ ܓ ܐ‬10 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐ܉ ܒ ܬܐ‬11 ̈ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ 12 : ‫ ܗ ܓ‬.‫ ܘܬܘ ܐ‬13 ̇ ‫ ܡ ܕ ܒ ܢ‬14 ‫ܐ܉‬ ̇ ‫ ̈ ܐ‬15 ‫ ܒ ܓ ܢ‬.‫ܢ‬ ݂ ‫ ܬܘ ܐ‬.‫ܐ ܒ ̈ ܢ‬ ‫ ܐܦ‬16

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Folio 149r

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Folio 149v

1. garlic warms (us), therefore it also awakens 2. a thirst. But after they 3. are digested, they only 4. add to the quantity of (our body) substance: 5. they do not change 6. the quality. 7. And why is it that some drugs which are 8. potentially warming or cooling, 9. when they are administered to the body 10. externally, cause damage; but (if administered) internally, 11. do not cause damage, such as onions 12. and garlic. But some of them (if administered) 13. internally, indeed cause damage, but (if administered) 14. externally, do not, such as ceruse.42 15. But some of them, (when administered) either externally 16. or internally, may (either) benefit or cause damage.

‫ܸ ܒ ܓ ܢ ܐܦ ܨܗ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬1 ‫ܒ ܪܕ ܒ ܢܕ‬ . 2 ‫ܐܒ ܕ‬ ‫ ܬܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ 3 .‫ܬܐ ܕܐܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܒ‬4 ܹ ‫ ܐ ܕ ܘܐܦ ܼܿ ܓ‬5 .‫ ܒܐ ܬܐ‬6 ‫̈ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬7 ܿ ܿ ‫ܐܘ ܼ ̣ ܇‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ܼ 8 ̇ 9 ‫ܒ ܢ ܓܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܕ‬ ‫ܓ ܇‬ ‫ ܒ‬10 ̈ ‫ܐ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ ܐ‬11 ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ ‫ ܘܬܘ ܐ܇‬12 ̇ ‫ ܓ‬13 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܓ ̣ ܇‬ ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ ܕ ݂ ܐ܇ ܐ ܐ ܕܐ‬14 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ ܉ ܘ‬ 15 ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܓ ܇‬ ‫ ܘ‬16 ‫ܓ‬

42 Ceruse was a white, lead-based cosmetic and extensive use of it resulted in symptoms of lead poisoning.

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Folio 149v

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Folio 150r

1. Indeed, because these first ones, i.e. 2. onions and garlic, and those 3. which are like them when they are administered 4. on the exterior of the body, cause 5. an ulcer; but if they are taken internally 6. in the body, they do not cause an ulcer. 7. And this is for six reasons: one 8. indeed is because they are changed 9. in the stomach and in the liver. But another (reason) 10. is because they are mixed in with the humors 11. in it (i.e. in the liver) and their sharpness is attenuated. 12. And thirdly, because they are taken 13. with other food; 14. and fourthly, because they do not 15. remain in one place, but rather 16. move from place to place.

‫̈ ܐ܇‬

̇ ‫ܕܗ ܢ‬ ̇ 1 ̈ ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܘܬܘ ܐ ܘܐ‬2 ‫ܒ ܢ‬ ̣ ‫ ܕܕܐ ܗ‬3 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܬܐ ܕܓ‬ 4 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܓܐܕ‬ . ‫ ܒ‬5 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ 6 ̈ ‫ ܐ ܒ‬.‫ܒ ܢ‬ ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ ܘܗܕܐ‬7 ܸ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ̇ ܉‬8 ‫ ܐ ܬܐ‬.‫ܐ ܘܒ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬9 ̇ ̈ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ‫ܬܗܘܢ‬ ‫ܗܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬. ‫ ܕܒ‬11 ‫ܕ‬ ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܬ‬12 ̈ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ . ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬13 ‫ܕܐ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܪܒ‬14 ‫̣ܐ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܪ ܒ ܐ ܕܘ‬ 15 .‫ܕܘ ܐ ܘ ܐ‬ 16

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Folio 150r

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Folio 150v

1. And fifthly, because when 2. they are digested, that indeed which 3. is useful in them becomes 4. a nutrient for the body. But that indeed which is not 5. useful, is rejected and excreted. 6. Now sixthly, because 7. they are taken in moderation, 8. and at an appropriate time. But if they are not 9. taken like that, they cause damage. 10. Now ceruse and other 11. drugs, when they are taken inside 12. the body, cause damage. But if (used) 13. externally, they do not cause damage, because 14. of the viscosity of the drugs. Those indeed 15. which are thin, penetrate back into 16. the depths, but those which are thick (or “viscous”)

‫ܕ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬1 ̇ ‫ ̇ܗܘ ܐ‬. 2 ̣ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܪ‬.‫ܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ̇ 4 ‫ ̇ܗܘ ܐ ܕ ܕ ܐ‬.‫ܗܘܐ ܓ ܐ‬ . ‫ܕ ̣ܐ ܘ‬ ‫ ̇ ܉‬5 .̣ ‫ܐ ܕ‬ 6 .̣ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬7 ̇ ‫ ܘܒ ܒ ܐ‬8 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܕܘ ܐ‬ . ‫ܓ‬ .‫ܒ ̣ܢ‬ ‫ܗ ܐ‬9 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܘ‬ ‫ ܐ‬10 ̇ ‫ܓ ܓܐ‬ :‫ ܐ ܐ‬11 ‫ܒ‬ . ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܒ ܢ‬ 12 : ‫ܓ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬13 ‫ܒ ܬܗܘܢ‬ ̇ ‫ ̇ܗ ܢ‬. ‫̈ ܐ ܓ‬ 14 ܵ ‫ܐ‬ ‫܉‬ ‫ܕ‬ 15 ̣ ̇ ‫ ܗ ܢ ܕ ܕ ܸܒ‬.‫݂ܐ‬ 16

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177

Folio 150v

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Folio 151r

1. (do so only) over a length of time. But those 2. which are either beneficial or harmful both externally and 3. internally are thin in their portions (i.e. prepared doses), 4. such as the venom of vipers, 5. and the saliva from the bite 6. of a rabid dog, which does damage 7. from both sides, while mastix43 8. and grain ears44 give benefit 9. from both sides. 10. Why is it that when wine is taken 11. internally it warms, but (if used) externally 12. it does not warm? 13. (If taken) internally wine warms, because 14. when it is changed by the body 15. and comes to be like it; it nourishes it. 16. But externally it does not warm, because

‫ ̇ܗ ܢ ܕ‬.‫ ܒ ܓ ܐ ܕܙܒ ܐ‬1 ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܒ ܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 .݂ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬3 .‫ܒ ̈ ܬܗܘܢ‬ .‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܙܗܪܐ ܕܐ ̈ ܐ‬4 ‫ܬܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܘܪ ܐ ܕ‬5 ‫ ܕ ܓ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒܐ‬6 ̈ ܵ ‫ܬܪ ܘܢ ܓܒܐ܇ ܘ ܸ ܐ‬ 7 ‫ ܘ ܒ ܐ܇ ܕ ܬܪ ܘܢ‬8 ̈ 9 . ‫ܓܒܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 10 ‫ܒ‬ . ‫ܒ‬ 11 . ‫ ܕ ܐ‬12 ̇ ‫ ݂ ܓ‬13 .‫ܐ‬ ̇

.

‫ܓܐ‬ ‫ܪ ܐ‬ . ܸ

. ‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܕ ܐ‬

‫ܕ‬ ‫ܘ‬

14 15 16

43 Mastix has the botanical name of Pistacia lentiscus and is used as the aromatic

component of ouzo in Greece. It is also used as a preservative in wines. In earlier times it was used to dress wounds or as a filling for teeth. 44 “Grain ears” is the usual meaning of

‫ ܒ ܐ‬, but the corresponding expression in the Arabic column means “Indian nard.” Perhaps that is also the intended meaning of the Syriac term in this case.

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Folio 151r

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Folio 151v

1. 2. 3. 4.

it is not changed by the body. For the natural heat does not come upon it so as to change it and make it like it (i.e. like the body); but neither 5. does it always heat when it is drunk inside 6. the body. But rather, only when 7. it is (drunk) in moderation, such as 8. nourishment. For if this 9. is moderate in its quantity, 10. it increases the natural heat 11. and adds to its essence. 12. But if it is more than moderate 13. it chokes and extinguishes 14. it, such as much wood 15. when it is piled on a small 16. fire. Thus (it is), therefore, also

‫ ܐ‬.‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬1 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܓ ܐܒ‬2 ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܬ‬.‫ܐ‬ 3 ‫ܗܝ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܘܬܕ‬4 ‫ܐ ܓ ܓܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܝܕ‬5 ‫ܐܐܒ ܕ ܐ‬. ̣ 6 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܐ ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬7 ‫ ܕ ܒ ܬܐ ܗܕܐ ܓ ܐ ܘ‬8 ̇‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ܐܒ‬ ‫ ܕܬܗܘܐ‬9 .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬10 . ̇ ‫ܐܘ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܬܗܘܐ‬13 ‫ ܇ ܐ ܐ ܕ ̈ ܐ ̈ܓ ܐܐ‬14 ‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ܢ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬15 ‫ܐܦ‬ ‫ ܗ ܐ ܗ‬.‫ ܒ ܬܐ‬16

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Folio 151v

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Folio 1r

1. with the wine. If it is indeed taken 2. in moderation, it warms in that it provides nourishment 3. but if (given) excessively, 4. it cools.45 5. Why is it that often deadly 6. poisons are taken, and they do not 7. kill? 8. It is because of the smallness of their quantity 9. and this is not really astonishing; 10. for behold, even portions of fire 11. which are very small, do not alone 12. ignite (anything), and are not ignited (themselves); moreover they 13. do not even give warmth. Likewise, 14. even so, tiny quantities 15. of snow (have no significant effect). And is it not because of this that it is correct 16. that we say, that a fire is not burning,

‫ܐ‬

‫ ܐ ܘ ̇ ܕܒ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܸ ܒ̇ܝܕ ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙܒ‬

1 2

.

‫ܐ‬ ܿ ܼ

3 4

‫ܐ‬ 5 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ 6 ‫ ܘ ܐ‬.݂ ‫ܒ‬ . 7 ‫ܬܗܘܢ‬ ‫ܒ ܘܬܐ ܕ‬ 8 .‫ܐ ܗܕܐ ܘ ܐ ܒ ܡ‬ ‫ ܘܬ‬9 ‫̈ ܬܐ ܕ ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܗܐ ܓ ܐܦ‬10 ‫ܙ ̈ܪ ܉ ܒ ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫̈ ܢ‬ ‫ܘܐ‬ 12 ‫ܗ ܐ‬. ‫ ܐ ܐ‬13 ̈ ‫ܬܐ ܙ ̈ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܦ‬14 ‫ܗܕܐ ̇ܙܕܩ‬ ‫ ܕܬ ܓܐ ܘ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܪܐ‬. ‫ ܕ ܐ‬16

45 The use of “warms” vs. “cools” may be intended to refer to body temperature (there

is an initial warming effect from alcohol), but one might wonder whether the terms “warms” and “cools” refer to the perceived effects on the mind – initially a feeling of stimulation, but with more intake, a dulling of the mind. The same terms will be used to refer to opium below.

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Folio 1r

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Folio 1v

1. because small 2. amounts of it do not ignite (anything)? But 3. we should evaluate the deadly drugs 4. not by their quantities, but rather 5. by their opposite effect on bodies. 6. Why, when we heat opium 7. so that it should really 8. be warm, does it cool the body? 9. Because it is warm, either accidentally, 10. or by (its) nature, and likewise 11. also cool.46 But in all of those 12. situations the natural force 13. predominates over the accidental.47 And indeed, that 14. which is natural remains, but 15. that which is accidental (i.e. externally imposed) is easily changed; 16. and from this we may easily distinguish

̇ ̈ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܬܗ‬ :̇ ‫ܐ‬1 ̈ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ܢ‬ ‫ ܙ ̈ܪ ܐ ܐ‬2 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ܙܕܩ ܕ ܘܢ‬3 ‫̈ ܬܗܘܢ ܐ ܐ‬ 4 ‫ܒ ܬܗܘܢ ܕ ܓ‬ 5 ̄ ̄ ̄ ‫ܐܘ ܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 6 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ ܒ ܬܐ‬: 7 ܿ ̇ .‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬8 ܼ ‫ܐ ܐܘ ܒܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 9 ‫ ܘܗ ܐ‬.‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܐܘ ܒ ܐ‬10 ‫ ܒ ܘܢ ܕ‬.‫ ܐܦ ܼ ܐ‬11 ̇‫ܐ ܗܘ‬ ܿ .‫ܐ‬ 12 ̇ ‫ܘܗܘ‬ .‫ܐ ܿ ܘ ܓ ܐ‬ 13 ̇ ‫ܗܘ ܕ‬ ‫̣ܐ‬ 14 ܼ ‫ܪ‬ . ‫ ܓ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬15 ‫ܕ ܫ‬ ‫ ܘ ܗܕܐ ܐ‬16

46 Therapeutic doses of opioids can cause flushing of the skin and perspiration. That presents the question of whether “cool” here refers to the depression of the central nervous system and the feeling of relaxation which accompanies that. 47 I am assuming that the writer is using the word ‫ ܒܓ ܐ‬to refer to a transient change in the state of the drug or other substance in question, and that the issue becomes confused because he is using the terms “warm/warming” and “cool/cooling” to refer to excitatory and sedative effects as well as to changes in temperature. In other words, he sees excitation as an expression of warmth and sedation as an expression of cooling. Hence something which causes sedation, such as opium, is therefore inherently cooling, but can be temporarily (or “accidentally”) warmed by exposing it to fire etc. but that is only a temporary or transient quality – not part of its nature.

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Folio 1v

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Folio 2r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

that which is accidentally warm or cool from that which is naturally (warm or cool). How many, and which, are the rules of examination of simple48 drugs? Each of the drugs is examined for whatever power it possesses by means of eight 9. criteria: one, indeed, is (when) 10. the drug is removed from every 11. acquired and accidental 12. quality.49 But secondly, 13. we will evaluate the strength of the drug 14. in a simple illness, and not in a (laboratory) vessel. 15. And thirdly, that it is administered 16. to an opposite disease. And fourthly, whether

̈

݁ 1 ‫ܗܘ ܐ ܕܒܓ ܐ‬ ‫̇ܗܘ ܐ‬ . ̣ ‫ ܐܘ‬2 .‫ ܕܒ ܐ‬3 ‫ܘܢ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܘܐ‬ 4 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܒ ܐ ܕ‬ 5 ̈ .‫ܐ‬ 6 : ܼܿ ‫ܿ ܼܒ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ 7 ‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ ܸ ܐ܉ ܒ ܬ ܐ‬8 ‫ ܕ ܘܐ‬.݂ ̇ .‫ ̈ ܐ‬9 ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ ‫ ܓ‬10 ܼ ܿ ܵ ‫ܼ ܼ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܬܐ‬11 . ‫ ܬܪ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ ܘܓ ܵ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐ ܘ ܗܝ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܐ‬13 ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫݂ܐ ܘ ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 14 ̈ ̈ ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ‬. ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܬ‬15 ‫ ܪܒ ܐ ܕ ܕ ܘܐ‬.‫ܒ‬ 16

̈

48 “Simple drugs” (‫ܐ‬ ) are those consisting ‫ܐ‬ of a single, pure ‫̈ ܐ‬ ) which are medicinal ingredient, as opposed to compound drugs (‫ܒܐ‬ preparations made up of multiple ingredients in specific proportions. 49 I believe that the writer is saying here that an analysis of the drug begins by separating out those qualities which are not inherent in the drug, in other words, he may be saying that we need to remove from consideration symptoms which may be present from other causes, and which therefore do not represent effects of the drug in question.

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Folio 2r

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Folio 2v

1. the drug will be sufficient in its strength 2. for the disease to which it is applied, so that 3. its action will be clearly shown. 4. and fifthly, we will determine (whether) 5. it warms or cools immediately 6. upon being administered. For if after 7. a while it warms, when it initially 8. cools – it warms by chance (or “accidentally”); and if, 9. again, after a while it will cool, 10. when initially it warms – it cools 11. accidentally.50 And sixthly, we must 12. determine whether for every body – 13. and consistently so – it (either) cools or warms. 14. For if that is so, it functions (in that manner) 15. by nature; but if not, (then it is) accidental. 16. And seventh: we should

.̇ ‫ܐܒ‬ ‫ ܸ ܐ ܸܗܘ‬1 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 2 .‫ܪܘܬܗ‬ ‫ ܕܬܬ ܐ ܓ ܐ‬3 ‫ܐ ܕ ܕ ܕܐ ܘ‬ ‫ܘ‬4 . ‫ܪܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 ܿ ‫ ܐ ܓ‬. ܼ ‫ܐܘ‬ 6 ‫܆ ܒ ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܪ ܙܒ ܐ‬7 ‫ ܘܐܢ‬. ‫ ܿ ܼܐ ܉ ܒܓ ܐ‬8 : ‫ܒ ܪ ܙܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܘܒ‬9 ‫ ܒܓ ܐ‬. ‫ ܒ ܪ ܐ ܿܐ‬10 ‫ ܿܕܙܕܩ‬. ‫ܐ ܕ‬ . 11 ‫ܓ ܡ‬ ‫ ܕ ܕ܇ ܕܐ ܘ ܕ‬12 ‫܇‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫܇‬ ‫ ܘܒܐ‬13 ‫܉ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܓ ܗܕܐ ܐ‬14 .‫ܼܐ ܒܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬. ̇ 15 ‫ ܒ ܐ ܕ ܉ ܕܙܕܩ ܕܒ ̇ܘ‬16

50 Drugs used for general anesthesia classically produce a stage of excitement before

reaching the stage of surgical anesthesia (corresponding to stages II and III of the fourstage classification which was originally based on observations of the effects of diethyl ether). This writer apparently sees the initial effect as being somehow more revealing of the true nature of the drug in question, and thus reveals more about its healing potential.

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Folio 2v

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Folio 3r

1. judge the drug to be warming or cooling according 2. to that with which it is associated, 3. and not otherwise, and if it is something associated with 4. a person, we say that it is 5. a warming drug, because 6. it warms the human body. It is correct 7. that we say it is a “warmer,” 8. and that is not (derived) from (the fact) that it is similar 9. in other life forms, or (in) another 10. body. For it is not because 11. hemlock is a cooler of the 12. human body that it is (necessarily) also 13. a cooler for starlings. 14. Neither because hellebore51 15. is nourishment for quail 16. is it also (necessarily) such for man.

‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܬܗ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬1 ‫ܐ ܘ ܗܝ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܘ‬ 2 ‫ ܘ ܒܐ ܐ ܘܐ ܘ ܕ ܬ‬3 ‫ܕܐ ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܒ ܐܐ‬4 ̇ ‫ ݂ ܗܝ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 5 ̇ ‫ܓ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܙܕܩ‬ ܸ ‫ܕ‬6 .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬7 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕܒ‬ ‫ܘ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܬܐ ܐ ܬܐ܇ ܐܘ ܓ‬9 ‫ ܓ‬.‫ ܐ ܐ‬10 ‫ܐ ܕ ܓ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ‫ ܐܦ‬:‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܨܗܪܘܐ‬12 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܪܙ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬13 ܵ ܿ ‫ܪܒ ݂ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬14 ܼ ‫ܝ܇‬ ‫ ܒ ܬܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬15 .‫ ܐܦ ܒ ܐ ܐ ܘܝ ܗ ܐ‬16

51 The hellebore is a perennial herb with lobed leaves. There are several varieties, which have white or rose colored flowers. These plants contain the glucoside helleborin, which is generally poisonous to animals, although our text here suggests that it can be eaten by quail with no harmful effects.

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Folio 3r

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Folio 3v

1. And eighth: it is proper that we distinguish 2. between food and drug(s). While 3. we know that a drug indeed warms 4. or cools qualitatively, food, 5. on the other hand, (functions) in the increase of our 6. substance.52 7. Now indeed, is there some 8. other way besides 9. this that, according to the rules which were stated, 10. it is possible that the powers 11. of the drugs can be found? 12. Yes there is. (And) it is not one, but 13. rather, as though (it were something) planned, even 14. many. That is to say: that which is (determined) from 15. the ease of transformation, 16. and the difficulty of the transformation;

‫ܫ‬

‫ܐ ܕ ܉ ܕܙܕܩ ܕ‬ ‫ܬ‬1 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܬܐ‬ 2 ̇ : ‫܉ܕ ܐ‬ 3 ‫ ܒ ܬܐ‬.‫݂ ܒܐ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬4 ‫ ܕ ܒ ܪܒ ܐ ܕܐܘ ܐ‬5 . ‫ܕ‬6 ‫ܗܘ ܐܘܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܪܐ‬ 7 ݂ ‫ ܡ ܐ ܬܐ‬8 ̈ ‫ܐ ܕܐܬܐ ܘ܆‬ ‫ ܗܕܐ ܕܒ‬9 ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ̈ ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ ܘܢ ܕ‬11 ‫ܐܐܐ‬ . ‫ ܐ ܐ‬12 ‫ܬܪܐ ܐܦ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬13 ̇ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܗܝ‬.‫ ܓ ̈ܐܬܐ‬14 :‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ 15 :‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ ܘ‬16

52 A plainer way of expressing this in English would be to say that while food

contributes to the growth of an organism, drugs (in the view of this Syriac writer) do not change the mass or quantity of the life substance, but only make qualitative alterations. In other words, he is distinguishing between qualitative and quantitative changes, the former brought about by drugs, the latter by food/nourishment.

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Folio 3v

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Folio 4r

1. and that which is (determined) from the ease of solidifying it or the difficulty 2. of solidifying it; and that which is from the taste, 3. and that which is from the smell, and that 4. which is from the color. 5. Thus from the ease of its transformation 6. and the difficulty of its transformation 7. the power of the drug becomes known. 8. (Speaking) of the drug which indeed is easily 9. changed by fire, it is hot 10. in its power. But something 11. of this sort does not necessarily, 12. however – even to the human body – give heat, 13. but rather, only that which 14. is fine in its substance, 15. and unites with it and (becomes) joined (i.e. a compound). 16. For if it is thickened in its portions,

‫ܵ ܐ ܐܘ‬

‫ܬ‬

‫ܕ‬

̇ ‫ܘܗܝ ܕ‬

1

‫ܬ‬ ܵ 2 ̇ :‫ܐ‬ ܼ ‫ ܘܗܝ ܕ‬:‫ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܘܗܝ ܕ ܼ ܪ ܐ܉‬ ̇ 3 ‫ܘܗܝ‬ .‫ ܕ ܼ ܓ ܐ‬4 ̄ ‫ܬ‬ ܼ ‫ܐ ܐ‬5 ‫ܬܐ܉‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܘ‬6 .‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܥ‬ 7 ̇ ‫ܐ ܐ ܕܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪܐ܉‬ 9 ‫ ܕ‬. ‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܒ‬10 :‫ ܒ ܡ ܘܐܦ ܓ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬11 ‫ܐ ܐ ܕܕܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ 12 ‫ ܗ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܒ ܕ ܐ‬13 ̇. ‫ܒܐܘ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ ܘܐ‬14 . ‫ܘ ܒ‬ ‫ ܘ ܼܿ ܼܿ ܸܗܘ‬15 .‫ܘܐ ܸܒܐ ܒ ̈ ܬܗ‬ ‫ ܐ ܓ‬16

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Folio 4r

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Folio 4v

1. or its substance loose, 2. it is possible that it will indeed be easily 3. changed by fire, but not, however, 4. in any way from the heat which is in us, 5. and because of this it does not warm us. 6. And how is it known; that that which alone is fine and compact 8. suffers equally from the two kinds 9. of heat, that is to say, that of the fire 10. and that of the human body? Now that 11. which is thick and loose, 12. is certainly easily 13. overcome by the heat of the fire, but by 14. that (i.e. the heat) of the body, it is not easily (overcome). 15. Indeed, concerning oil, which is very 16. easily ignited, it does not

‫܉‬ ‫ܕ ܐ‬

‫ܓ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬1 ̇ ‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 2 ‫ ܕ ܒܡ‬. 3 . ‫ܬܐ ܕܒ‬ ‫ ܐܦ‬4 .. ‫ܗܕܐ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬5 ̇‫ ܕܗܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬6 ‫ܘܪܨ ܇‬ ‫ ܐܒ ݂ ܕ‬7 ‫ܬܪܬ‬ ‫̇ ܐܫ‬ 8 ̈ ̇ :‫ܕ ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܗܝ‬:‫ܬܐ‬ 9 ̇ 10 ‫ ̇ܗܘ‬:‫ܘܗܝ ܕ ܓ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬ ‫܇‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ ܕ ܸܒܐ ܕ‬11 ̇ ‫ܕ ܪܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ 12 ‫̇ܗܝ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ܇‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬13 .. ‫ ܕ ܕܒ ܓ ܐ܇ ܕ ܐ‬14 ‫ܕ‬: ‫ܐ‬ 15 :‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬16

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Folio 4v

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Folio 5r

1. very quickly nor clearly 2. warm a person. And as for dry 3. reeds and hair, which are certainly easily 4. burnt when 5. they come into contact with fire; however, 6. when they are brought to a person, they do not 7. give warmth. 8. And why (is it that) oil, while 9. it is quite flammable (lit. “easy for fire”), 10. by its nature, it does not immediately warm 11. the body of man when he touches it? 12. Because in the stickiness and thickness 13. of its substance, it clings in (such) a manner 14. that it is difficult to dissolve it from (body) parts 15. once it has come into contact with them. 16. Because of this, for a long time

‫ܐ ܐ ܐܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ‬1 ܿ ̈ ‫ܼܐ‬ 2 ݂ ‫ܒ ܐ܉ ܘ‬ ̈‫ ܕܕ‬:‫ ̈ܒ ܐ ܘ ܿ ܐ‬3 ܼ ‫ܘܢ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ̇ ܐ‬ 4 ̇ ‫܇ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܪܐ ܓ‬5 ‫ܕ ܒܡ ܐܕ ܒ ܐ‬6 . 7 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬8 ‫ܒ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܕ‬9 ‫ܐ‬ ‫܇‬ ‫ ܒ‬10 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬11 ‫ܕܒ ܿ ܼ ̣ ܬܐ ܘ ܒ ܬܐ‬ 12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫܉‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܐܘ‬ 13 ܸ ̈ ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܒ ܇ܒ‬ 14 ̇ . ‫ܓ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬15 ‫ܐ ܒܐ‬ ‫ܗܕܐ‬ 16 ‫ܓ ܐ‬

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199

Folio 5r

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Folio 5v

1. it remains on all bodies 2. which are anointed with it, because it can not 3. be easily thinned and dissipated 4. by air such as (is the case with) 5. water (and) it is not even carried inside of the body. 6. And take this as an example (lit. “indication”), 7. that if you pour water and oil 8. in a single pot 9. and boil them, the water 10. vanishes first. 11. And why is it that dried reeds 12. and hair are indeed easily flammable, 13. but they do not heat 14. the human body? 15. (This is) because of two reasons: 16. one of them indeed is

‫̈ܐ‬

‫ ܒ ܘܢ ܓ‬.‫ܪ‬ 1 ‫ܒ ܐ‬. ‫ ܕܒ‬2 ‫ܐ ܕܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܐܪ‬ 3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܼܿ ܵ ܘ‬4 . ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ̈ܐ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܓ ܓ ܐ‬5 ‫ ܘ ܘܕ ܐ ܕ ܗܕܐ‬6 ‫̇ܗܝ ܕܐ ܘ ܕܒ‬ ‫ ܉‬7 ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܬܪ ܸ ܐ ܐ ܘ‬8 ‫ܡ‬ ‫ ܘܬܒ ܐ ܢ܉ ̈ ܐ‬9 . 10 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ ܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ܇ ܕ ܬ‬ ‫ ܘ‬12 ̇ 13 ‫ܸ ܇ ܓܐܕ ܐ ܐ‬ . ‫ ܐ‬14 ̈ . ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ 15 . ܼܿ ‫̇ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬16

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Folio 5v

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Folio 6r

1. the essence of the heat. 2. But the other is the nature of the material, 3. for fire indeed, because among 4. all the substances it is the thinnest 5. and warmest, it arrives easily 6. at the depth of substances 7. which are (thus) flammable (lit. “which have fire”), and divides 8. and thins, and changes them 9. to its (own) nature; but the heat 10. of the human body, because it is dense 11. and steamy, is weak enough 12. that it cannot easily 13. change that which comes into contact 14. with it. For all those things which 15. warm the body, are changed 16. first by the heat

.‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ ̇ ܕ‬1 ‫ܐ ܕܗܘ ܹܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐ ܬܐ ܕ‬2 ̇ ݂ ‫ ܒ ܝ ܕ‬: ‫ ܪܐ ̇ ܓ‬3 ‫ܘܢ ܓ ̈ ܐ ܿ ܼ ܐ‬ 4 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܘ‬5 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕ ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܕܓ‬6 ‫ܓܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬. ‫ܐܕ ܐ‬ 7 ̇ ܿ ‫ܐ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܘ ܼ ܐܘ‬8 ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ .̇ 9 ‫ܕ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܓ ܐ ܐ ܐ܆‬10 ‫̇ ܘ ܵܓ ܵ ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܐ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܕܐܬ‬ 12 ̇ ‫̇ܘ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܬ‬ 13 ܸ ̇ ‫ܕ ܐ‬ .‫ ܒ‬14 ̈ ‫܉ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬15 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܡ‬ 16

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Folio 6r

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Folio 6v

1. which they need, so as to 2. heat it53 again. And that is indeed 3. the principle of the essence of the heat; 4. but the principle which is from the nature of the material 5. is that it is not possible 6. for them to be divided and broken into small parts 7. like dust. But those which will 8. give warmth to the body, 9. need to be divided into 10. very tiny portions, so as to 11. easily give warmth, when there is really 12. body warmth in them. And because 13. of this the aromatic cane, inasmuch as 14. the root is ground up and sifted, 15. more than this cane which we have, 16. warms the body.54

݂ܵ ̈ ‫̈ ܇ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬1 ܿ ̇ ‫ ܘܗܕܐ ݂ܗܝ‬.‫ܵ ܝ‬ ܼ 2 ̄ ̄ ̄ ‫ܐ ܕ ݂ ܐܘ ̇ ܕ‬ 3 ‫ܕܗܘ ܹܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܕ‬ 4 ܿ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬.ܼ ‫ܐ‬5 ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܕ ܵ ܓ ܢܗ ܘ‬6 ‫̈ ܕ ܐ‬ . ‫ ܹ ܵܐ‬7 ̈ ‫̈ܢ ܕ‬ ‫ܓ ܐ܉‬ ‫ܕ‬8 ̈ ‫ܙ ̈ܪ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܕ‬9 ‫̈ܓ ܉ ܐ ܐ ܕܕ ܐ‬ 10 ̈ ‫ܒܐܒ‬ ‫܇‬ 11 ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܬܐ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬ 12 ‫ ܗܕܐ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ܇ ܐ‬13 . ܹ ݂ ‫ ܕ ̇ ܐ ܕ ܕ ܸ ܘ‬14 ‫ܗ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܬܢ܇‬ 15 .‫ܓ ܐ‬ 16

53 The direct object suffix here is masculine, so the antecedent is apparently “body.” 54 It is not clear whether he is saying that aromatic cane heats the body more than “any

other” cane, or whether the issue is that aromatic cane is not native to his region and that it is more effective than the cane which is native to his region.

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Folio 6v

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Folio 7r

1. A distinction, to be sure, between the ease 2. of transformation and the difficulty 3. of transformation by fire 4. was already revealed. So now 5. that should be revealed 6. which concerns the ease of condensation and the difficulty 7. of condensation. 8. These two distinctions, indeed, 9. are necessary in the examination 10. of things like these. But that which is 11. primary among these things which are warm in 12. power is 13. a need for it. But this is second 14. among those which are cold. Among 15. those things which therefore indeed 16. are similar

‫ ܪ ܐ ̇ ܕ‬1 ‫ܬܐ ܘ‬ 2 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܪܐ‬ 3 ‫ܕ‬ . ‫ ܘ ܐܬܓ‬4 ̇ ‫ ܐܦ‬.‫ ̇ܙܕܩ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬5 ‫ܗܘ ܕ‬ ܸ ܵ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܬ‬ 6 .‫ ܵ ܐ‬7 ̇ ‫ ܬ̈ܪ ܘܢ‬8 ݂ ‫̈ܪ ܐ ܗ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܒܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ̈ ܐܐ‬9 ̇ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ ܕܕܐ ܗ ܐ‬10 ̇ ‫ܗܘ‬ ‫ܕܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܒܐ‬ 11 ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫܇ܐ‬ 12 ‫ ܗ ܐ ܕ ܬܪ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ 13 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܒܐ‬14 ݂ . ̇ ̇ ‫ܕܒ‬ ‫ܗ‬ ‫ ܐ‬15 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬16 ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܬ‬

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Folio 7r

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Folio 7v

1. in thinness or in thickness 2. of consistency, that which is more 3. superficial (or “closer to the surface”) condenses from the cold, 4. (being) colder in its temperature. But (concerning) 5. those which are not similar 6. in thinness 7. or in thickness55, if it is something 8. which, to the same extent that one of them is cold, 9. that other one is 10. thick; the two of them will condense 11. at the same time.56 Now it would seem more (likely) 12. that it is condensed because of the hardness 13. of its consistency, which is 14. thicker. But if one of them 15. is colder than another 16. was thick, or the

‫ܬܐ ܘ ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬1 ̇ ‫ܐ܉ ܗܘ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 ‫ܘܬܐ܉‬ ‫ ܐ‬3 ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ܒ ܙܓ‬ 4 ̇ ‫ܬܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܕ ܒ ܒ‬5 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬6 ̇ ‫ ܘ ܒ ܬܐ܉ ܐ ܘ‬7 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ ܐܕ‬8 ̇ ‫ ܕܐ ܗ ܬ ܗܘ ܐ ܐ‬9 ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܸܒܐ܉ ܬ̈ܪ ܘܢ‬10 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬ . 11 ‫ܬܐ ܕܩ‬ ‫ ܕ‬12 ̇ ‫܉‬ ‫ܗܘ ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܸܒܐ‬14 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ 15 ̇ ‫ ܕ ܒܐ‬16 ̇ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܗܘ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ܸ

55 He is apparently trying to compare liquids of similar viscosity, and that is what he

means when he says they are the same in their thinness or thickness. 56 He is saying that there are two factors in condensation or crystallization. One is the temperature, and the other is viscosity. If one substance is more viscous, then the crystals may precipitate out even at a higher temperature; while another which is less viscous, may precipitate out just as quickly if it is colder.

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Folio 7v

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Folio 8r

1. opposite; it is not possible 2. that they condense in equal time. But that 3. which is colder or 4. thicker, in a shorter time; (and) 5. that which is less cold or 6. less thick, in a longer 7. time. Now, therefore, and (the fact) that one 8. of them is more or less hard, 9. according to the comparison 10. of the magnitude of its superiority, forces 11. it to happen. 12. (In addition) to these two, indeed, are methods 13. among those which abundantly57 14. enter into the examination 15. of the powers of the simple drugs – 16. I explained the matter clearly.

:‫ܵ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܕ ܒ ܐ܉ ܒ ܒ ܐ‬1 ̇ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܗܘ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 2 ̇ ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 3 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܸܒܐ܉ ܒ ܒ ܐ ܕ‬4 ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ̇ܗܘ ܕ ܕܒ‬5 ‫ܸܒܐ܉ ܒ ܒ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܒ‬6 ̇ : ‫ܗ ܐܕ‬. ‫ ܓ‬7 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܗܝ ܕ‬ ‫ܘܐ ܸ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܐ‬8 ܵ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܘܢ܉‬ 9 ‫ ܕܪܒ ܬܐ ܕ ܒ ܇ ܐ ܐ‬10 .‫ ܕܬܓ ܫ‬11 ̇ ‫ܐܘ̈ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܪܬ‬12 ̈ ‫ܬܪܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬ ‫ܗ‬ ݂ ݂ 13 ̈ ܵ ‫ ܐ ܒܒ ܐ ܕ ܘܢ‬14 ‫̈ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ̈ ܐ ܕ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 16 ܹ

57 The word “abundantly” seems awkward in this context, but I have used it here to translate a Syriac phrase which is literally “as from wealth.”

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Folio 8r

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Folio 8v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

And now it is proper that a third. way be explained: indeed the taste of the drug leads to a knowledge of its power; because from four elements all bodies are composed, although they are not equal in their proportions. The substances 9. have many (different) qualities, 10. (deriving) from an inequality of the proportions 11. of the elements. Hence, also 12. the (differing) characteristics of the tastes; from (the fact) that 13. this inequality has been established, 14. and because the tastes are many (i.e. “varied”). 15. Each organ is different 16. with respect to those things which are inherent or foreign

1 ‫ܕ ̇ܙܕܩ܇ܕܬܬ‬ ‫ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐܘܪ ܐ ܬ‬2 ̈ ܿ ‫ܕ ܐ ܼܕܐ‬ 3 . ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܬ‬4 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܐܪܒ ܐ ܐ‬ 5 ̈ ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܘܢ ܓ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 6 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 7 ̈ ̈ ‫ ܕ ܬܐ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܒ‬8 ̈ ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ ܓ ܐܬܐ ܗܘܝ ܓ‬9 ‫̈ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ݂ ܐ‬10 ̈ ‫ ܒ ܓ ܢ ܘܐܦ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬11 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܕ ܬܐ ܕ‬12 ‫ܐܬ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕܗܕܐ ܐ‬13 ܸ ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܕ ܓܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬14 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘܪܓ ܢ‬ 15 ‫ܕܒ ̈ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬16

‫܉‬

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Folio 8v

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Folio 9r

1. to the body; there was (thus) this 2. necessity that there be a tongue; and in order 3. for it to be more sensitive, 4. many nerves are connected 5. to it; for six nerves have been given 6. to it by nature58 so that because 7. of its exquisite sensitivity, it not only perceives 8. hot and cold, or wet 9. and dry, but 10. also that which is familiar or not 11. familiar. Now because there are those 12. which are more inherent in nature, or (conversely) 13. foreign; and there are those which are less so, 14. they necessarily have 15. many (different) gustatory 16. qualities.

‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬

‫ܗܘܐ‬ 1 ܸ :‫ܘܢ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬.‫ܘܗܝ ܐ‬ ‫ ܗ ܐ ܕܐ‬2 ݂ ܵ ܵ ‫ܸܘܐ‬ ‫ܪܓ ̣ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ‫ ܗ ܐ܉ ܓ ݂ ̈ ܐ ̈ܓ ܐ‬4 ‫ ܐ ܓ ܓ ̈ ܐ ܐܬ ܒ‬. ‫ ܒ‬5 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ 6 ‫ܘܬ ܪܓ ܗ܉ ܒ ܕ‬ 7 ‫ܐ ܘ ܐ ܘܪ ܒܐ‬ 8 ‫ܘܕܥ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܒ ܐ‬9 ‫ ܘ ̇ ܘ ܐ ܕܒ ܝ ܐܘ ܐ‬10 ‫ܕ ܕܐ ܐ‬ .‫ ܒ ܝ‬11 ‫ܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬12 ‫܆ ܘܐ ܕܒ ܉‬ 13 ̈‫ܐ ̈ ܐ܇ ܗܘܝ‬ ̈ ‫ ܓ ܐܬܐ‬14 ‫ ܐ ̈ ܬܐ ܕ ܘܢ‬15 .‫ܐ‬ 16

58 Actually, we recognize five nerves, but these are bilateral, i.e. entering on each side. So the six nerves mentioned here are to be understood as three nerves on each side. The three are probably the lingual nerve (V cranial nerve), the hypoglossal nerve (XII cranial nerve) and perhaps the glossopharyngeal (IX cranial nerve).

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215

Folio 9r

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Folio 9v

1. And how many, and which are 2. the gustatory qualities? 3. Unlimited combinations,59 because 4. (their) composition (may be derived from) a greater 5. or lesser amount of mingling.60 6. But there are eight simple ones, which are: 7. harshness, bitterness, 8. sharpness, sourness, 9. astringency,61 saltiness, 10. oiliness, sweetness. 11. And from what do these 12. eight tastes arise? 13. From the change in the character 14. of the essence of the substance 15. tasted and from its mixture (or “blending”). 16. What is that like?

‫ ܘ ܐ܉ ܘܐ‬1 ‫ ܐ ̈ ܬܐ ܗ‬2 ܼ . ‫ܒ ܐ ݂ ܕܐ‬ 3 ‫ܘܬܐ ܘܒ ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬4 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 ̈ 6 . ‫ ܕܐ‬.‫ܐ ܕ ݂ ܬ ܐ‬ .‫ܘܬܐ‬ .‫ ܘ ܬܐ‬7 .‫ܨܘܬܐ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ 8 ܿ ‫ܨܪ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ ݂ ܼ 9 .‫ܬܐ‬ .‫ ܕܗ ܬܐ‬10 ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬11 .‫ ܗ ܬ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐ‬ 13 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܓ‬ ‫ ܕܐܘ ܐ ܕ‬14 . ‫ܙܓ‬ ‫݂ܐ ܘ‬ 15 .‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ‬16

59 One wonders whether he meant to write “vessels.” instead of ‫ܒ ܐ‬

‫ܒ ܬܐ‬

‫܇‬ ܵ .‫ܵ ܐ‬

̈ ܿ

‫ܐ‬

“compositions/combinations”

60 In other words, according to the relative proportions in which they are combined.

For the proportions determine the characteristics of the taste. 61 The first five types of taste listed here would seem to be very similar, but apparently the author felt that it was possible to distinguish between them.

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Folio 9v

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VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 10r

1. Concerning the change in the character 2. of the essence of that which is tasted: 3. if it is something which is thick (or “viscous”) 4. in its portions, that makes 5. its essence sweet, or 6. harsh or bitter. Now if 7. it is thin in its portions, that makes it either 8. sharp, or sour, or 9. oily: but if it is midway 10. between thinness and thickness, 11. that either makes it astringent, 12. or salty. 13. And likewise from 14. a change in the temperature 15. of the substance tasted; 16. whether it was something warm, or

̇

݂ 1 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܕܐܘ ܐ ܕ‬2 ̇ ‫ ܕܐ ܘ‬3 ܸ‫ܕ ܒ‬ ̇ ̈ ‫ܒ‬4 ‫̇ ܐܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܗ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬. ‫ ܐ ܒ ܐ‬. ̇ ‫ ܕ‬5 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ ܐܘ‬6 ̇ ̈ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܗ܉ ܐܘ‬ 7 ̇ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܨܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܆ ܐܘ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܵܕܗ ܐ‬9 ‫ܬܐ ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬10 ̇ ܿ ݂ ‫ܨܪܘ ܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ܼ ‫ ܐܘ‬11 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬12 ‫ ܘܕܐ ܐ ܐ܇‬13 ‫ܙܓܐ ܕ‬ 14 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܓ‬15 ‫܉ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬16

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Folio 10r

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Folio 10v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

bitter, or sharp, or salty; or if it was cold or harsh, it was either sour or astringent, even if in its mixture it was halfway 6. between hot and cold, or 7. sweet or oily. 8. And when the changes of the character 9. of the essence are combined with 10. the changes in the temperature of the substance, 11. (then) how many, and which, are the compounds 12. (thus) formed? 13. There are nine compounds, among 14. those compounds which are combined (lit. “with each other”), 15. one of them gives no taste 16. to the substance; that is to say,

‫̇ܗܘܐ ܐܘ‬ 1 ‫ ܐ ܘ ܕ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ 2 ̇ ‫ ܗܘܐ‬.‫ ܐܘ ܘ ܐ ܗܘܐ‬3 ‫ܨܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬4 ܼ ܿ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܨܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܙܓ‬ ‫ܐ‬5 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬6 ̇ .‫ܗܘܐ ܐܘ ܕܗ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 7 ݂ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪ ܒ‬ ‫ܘ‬8 ‫ܫ‬ :‫ܐ ܕܐܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬9 ‫݂ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ ܕ ܙܓܐ ܕܓ‬ 10 ‫̈ܪܘ ܒܐ‬ ‫݂ܐ ܘܐ‬ 11 . 12 ‫ ܬ ܐ ̈ܪܘ ܒܐ ̇ܗܘ ܇‬13 ‫̈ ܕܐ‬ ‫ ܪܘ ܒܐ ܕܗ ܕ‬14 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ̇ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ‫̇ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ 16 ‫ܐ ܐܘ‬

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Folio 10v

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Folio 11r

1. that in which two means (or “two in equal portions”) 2. are brought together at the same time, 3. that is to say the thickness of parts 4. and the thinness of parts, and 5. the heat or cold. 6. But the (other) eight bestow tastes 7. on it. 8. And the substance which does not possess taste – 9. what are its transformations, 10. what is it like, 11. and what is it called? 12. Such a substance is indeed called 13. tasteless, such as pure 14. water. Its changes 15. are twofold: 16. for either it is dry in its essence

‫̈ ܒ ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ̈ ܵ ̇ ‫ ܗܝ‬:‫ܬܐ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܒ ܬܐ‬ ̇ :‫̈ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܬ‬ .‫ܬܐ ܘ ܘܬܐ‬ ‫̈ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬

̇ ‫ܗܘ‬

1 2 3

‫ܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܬ‬

4 5 6

.̇ 7 ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܐ ܕ ܐ ܸܐ‬ ‫ ܘܓ‬8 ̈ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܐ ܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬9 ‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܕܐ‬ 10 ݂ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ‬11 ̇ ‫ܐ ܕܕܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 12 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗ ܐ‬13 ‫̈ ܗܝ‬ .‫̈ ܐ‬ 14 ‫ܘܢ ܬܪ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬15 ݂ ‫ ܐܘ ܓ ܒ ܒ‬16

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Folio 11r

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Folio 11v

1. or slimy. And that which 2. is dry, is called viscous 3. and obstructive.62 But that which is slimy 4. is called tasteless (or “flat”). But take 5. as an example of that which is 6. dry: wheat hearts; and zinc; 7. and ceruse and scoria63 8. and lime;64 when each one of them 9. is cleansed65 thoroughly. 10. And the example for that which is slimy: oil, 11. that is to say, sweet; and egg whites; 12. and the curds (or possibly “whey”) of milk; and the fat 13. of pigs; and the sweet wax 14. which has been purified.66 15. And the eight compounds which possess 16. taste: how are they formed?

62 In modern Syriac, the word

̇ ̇ ‫ܘܗܘ‬ .‫ܫ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬1 ܵ ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ ̣ܒ ̣ ܐ‬. ‫ ܕ ܒ‬2 ̇ .‫ ܘ ܵ ̇ ܪܐ‬3 ‫ܗܘ ܕ ܕ ܫ܉‬ ݂ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ܓ ܵܓܐ‬4 ̇ ‫ܕܗܘ‬ ̇ .̣ ‫ܕ‬5 ̇ ̇ ܵ ܵ :‫ ܘ ̣ ܐ‬:‫ܢ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܒ ݂ ܐ‬6 ܵ ܵ ‫ܐ܆ ܘ‬ :‫ܐܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬7 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ̣ ܐ ܐܕ‬8 ̇ ܵ ‫ ܘܐ‬9 .‫ܘܢ‬ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܕܗܘ ܕ‬ 10 ܵ ̈ ‫ ܘ ݂ ܪܐ ܕܒ ܐ܉‬:‫ܐ‬ 11 ܵ ܵ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܘܓܒ ݂ ݂ ݂ܬܐ ܕ ݂ܒܐ‬ ܸ 12 ܵ ‫ ܘ ݂ܘܬܐ ݂ ܐ‬:‫ ܕ ܐ‬13 .‫ ܕ ܿ ܼ ܵ ܓܐ‬14 ܸ ‫ ܘ̈ܪܘ ܒܐ ܬ ܐ ܕ‬15 . ‫ܐ܉ ܐ ܐ‬ 16

‫ܵ ݂ ̇ ܪܐ‬

means “stye” (medical: hordeolum), but that does not seem to fit this context, so I am assuming a meaning related to the root skr which means “stop,” etc. 63 A form of volcanic rock. 64 I.e. the construction material, not the fruit. 65 I am assuming that the word is an orthographic variant of ܵ ܿ ‫ ܕ‬is probably a scribal error for ‫ܕ ܿ ܓܐ‬ 66 The word

‫ܐ‬

ܼ

ܼ

.

.

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Folio 11v

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Folio 12r

1. Whenever four things are found, 2. among those combinations: that is to say, 3. thickness of the portions, and thinness of the portions, 4. and a hot (lit. “heat of”) temperature and its coldness; 5. (then) indeed from the combination of the thickness 6. of the portions with heat 7. or coldness of temperature, three 8. changes are brought about. But from 9. the combination in which thinness 10. of the portions is with them – three 11. others. But from the combination 12. of the midpoint between them 13. which is with them – two.67 14. And what are the three changes 15. which are from the combination of the thick 16. portions with the heat

‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬1 ݂ ‫̈ܪܘ ܒܐ܆ ܒ ܬ‬ ‫ ܒ ܘܢ ܒ‬2 ̈ :‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܘ‬ ‫̈ ܬܐ‬ 3 .‫ܙܓܐ ܘ ܘܬܗ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܘ‬4 ‫ܪܘ ܒܐ ̇ ܕ ܒ ܬ‬ 5 ̈ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ 6 ‫ܙܓܐ ܬ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ 7 ݂ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ 8 ݂ . ‫ܬ‬ ‫ ܪܘ ܒܐ ܕ ܕ‬9 ‫ܬ ܐ‬. ‫̈ ܬܐ ܕ‬ 10 ‫ܪܘ ܒܐ‬ .‫ ܐ ܐ‬11 ‫ܬܐ ܕܒ ܗ‬ ‫ ܕ ܕ‬12 . ‫ܗ ܉ ܬܪ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܢܬ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬14 ‫ ܕ ܪܘ ܒܐ ܕ ܒ ܬ‬15 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫̈ ܬܐ ܕ‬ 16

67 This awkward construction is a rather literal rendering of the Syriac, and I believe

the writer is saying that if these things are combined in equal quantities, two products are possible.

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Folio 12r

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Folio 12v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

and coldness and the midpoint which exists between them?. If, indeed, a thickness of the portions of the essence is combined with a cold temperature, 6. a harsh taste is generated. But if 7. it is combined with heat, 8. a bitter taste (is generated). And if it 9. is combined (with something) halfway between heat 10. and cold, it produces 11. a sweet taste. 12. And which are the three 13. other changes, which 14. are from a mixture 15. of thinness of parts with three temperatures which 16. were mentioned?

‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܘܬܐ ܘ‬1 . ‫ ܕܒ ܗ‬2 ̇ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘ‬3 ‫ܒ ܬ‬ ‫ ܕ ܙܓܐ ܬܬܪ‬4 ̇ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܗ ܕܐܘ ܐ܉‬ 5 ‫ ܐ ܘ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ‬6 ‫ܬܬܪ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ݂ ‫ ܘܐ ܘ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 8 ̄ ̄ ‫ܬܐ ܕܒ‬ 9 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܬܐ ܬܬܪ‬ 10 .‫ ܐ ̇ܒ ܐ‬11 ‫ܘܢ ܬ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬12 ‫̈ ܐ ܐ ܐ܇ ܕ‬ 13 ̈ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ ܪܘ ܒܐ ܕ‬14 ̈ ‫ܙܓܐ‬ ‫ܬ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ‫ܕܐܬܐ ܘ‬ . ‫ ̇ܗܘ‬16

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Folio 12v

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Folio 13r

1. If it is (such) that indeed a thinness 2. of the portions is combined 3. with a hot temperature of the essence, a sharp 4. taste is generated. But if it 5. is combined with coldness, 6. a sour taste is generated. 7. And if it is (such) that (it is combined) with something 8. halfway between the two qualities, 9. an oily taste (is produced). 10. And which are the two changes 11. which remain, which are established from a 12. combination halfway between 13. a thickness of portions and thinness 14. of portions, which are (combined) with heat 15. and cold? 16. If indeed this halfway (quality)

‫ ܕܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬1 ‫ ܕ ܙܓܐ ܬܬܪ‬2 ‫̈ ܬܐ ܕܐܘ ܐ܉‬ 3 ‫ ܐ ܘ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 4 ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕܬܬܪ‬5 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܨܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 6 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ ܘ ܕ‬7 ‫ܐ ̈ ܬܐ܉‬ ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬8 .‫ܐ ܕܗ ܐ‬ 9 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܢ ܬ̈ܪ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬10 ‫ ܕ ܐ܇ ܕ‬11 ݂ ‫ܬܐ ܕܒ‬ ‫ ܪܘ ܒܐ ܕ‬12 ‫ܬ‬ ‫̈ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܬ‬13 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫̈ ܬܐ܇ ܕ‬ 14 .‫ ܘ ܘܬܐ‬15 ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬16 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܐ‬

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Folio 13r

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Folio 13v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

is combined with cold, an astringent taste is generated. But if it is combined with heat, it produces a salty taste. And are (those things) separated from 7. each other which are said 8. to be gustatory qualities? 9. When, indeed, a substance touches 10. the tongue, (and) does not 11. do anything to it, so that 12. it senses neither annoyance nor 13. pleasure when it touches it, it is said to be 14. faded (or “insipid”) and tasteless. But when 15. it touches it, it dries it 16. and tranquilizes it, and roughens it.

‫ܬܐ ܗܕܐ܉‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬

‫ܬܬܪ‬

1

‫ܐ ܨܪܘ‬ 2 ‫ ܐ ܘ ܕ ܕܬܬܪ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ܇‬ 4 ̇ .‫ ܒ ܐ‬5 ̈ ‫ܕܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ ܐ‬6 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ̈ ܬܐ‬7 .. ‫ ܕܐܬܐ‬8 ‫ܐܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ̇ ܕܓ‬9 ‫ܸܒ‬ ‫ ̇ ܒ ܐ ܡ ܓ‬10 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܒ ܬܐ‬. ‫ ܒ‬11 ‫ܓ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܒ ܐܘܬܐ‬12 ܸ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ̇ ܒ ܉‬ 13 ‫ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ ܘ ܓ ܓܐ‬ 14 ‫ ܒ ܗܝ‬: ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ‫ܗܝ܆‬ ‫ܗܝ ܘ‬ ‫ ܘ‬16

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Folio 13v

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Folio 14r

1. If it is something which acts powerfully 2. in these things, it is called harsh. 3. But if not powerfully, 4. (then) it is called astringent.68 5. But that which functions 6. in none of these (ways), 7. but rather acts entirely 8. oppositely, when it cleans and purifies 9. it – even if something from these 10. (things) which are astringent will be joined to it – 11. it is called salty. And if it (is something) 12. which (produces) a powerful cleaning, it is also 13. called nitrous. But what 14. will clean even more than this, 15. as also it rubs 16. annoyingly, is called bitter.

̇

‫ܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬1 .‫ܐ‬ ‫܉ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬2 ‫ܐ ܉‬ ‫ܐ‬3 ‫ ܨܪܘ ܐ ܘ ܪ ܐ‬4 ‫ ܐܕ ܕܐ‬. 5 ‫ܪܒ ܉‬ ‫ܗ‬ ‫ ܡ‬6 ̇ ̇ ‫ܐܐ‬7 ‫ܗܝ ܕܕ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫̇ ܩܘ‬ ‫ ܒ܆‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܡ‬ ‫ ܆ܐ‬9 ‫܉‬ ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܪ‬10 ‫ ܘܐ ݂ܘ‬. ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 11 ‫ܐ ܘ ܬܗ܉ ܐܦ‬ ‫ ܕ‬12 ‫ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ ܐ‬ 13 ‫ܗ ܐ ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐܦ‬14 ‫ ̇ ܩ܉ ܐ ܐ ܕܐܦ ܣ‬15 . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܉‬ 16 ‫ܐ‬

68 The Syriac actually uses two words here, but they are both from the same root and both mean “astringent,” so we translated them both with a single term.

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Folio 14r

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Folio 14v

1. Now whatever gnaws and devours, with 2. powerful heat, is called 3. sharp. But that which rubs 4. without such heat, 5. (together) with that which inflames, is called 6. sour. But that which is like 7. that which smoothes, and calms, and fills, 8. and quiets the parts of the tongue 9. which have become rough, and its touch will be like something 10. which has been restrained;69 if 11. something which is filled with pleasantness 12. has touched it, it is called sweet. 13. But if (it is) without this, (it is merely) oily. 14. As to the (various) kinds of tastes, how many 15. indeed are there, and from what 16. was each one of them, and how

: ̇ ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܐܕ ܕ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ 2 ‫ ܐ ܕ ܕܒ‬. ‫ܐ‬ 3 ‫܉‬ ‫ܬܐ ܗܕܐ‬ 4 ̇ ‫ܨܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕ ܬܚ܉‬ 5 ‫ ܐ ܕ ܕܐ‬. 6 ̇ 7 ‫ܘ̇ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܕ ̇ ܐܥ ܘ‬ ‫̈ ܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ܘ‬8 ̇‫ ܘܐ ܗܘ‬: ‫ ܕܐܬ‬9 ‫܉ ܐ ܸܘ‬ ‫ܘܐ ܓ‬ ‫ ܕܐܬ‬10 ‫ܗ ܐܘܬܐ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ ܕ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ̇ ܒ ܉ ܐ‬12 ‫ܗܕܐ ܕܗ ܐ܀‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬13 ݂ ̈ ̈ ̇ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܐ‬14 ‫ ܕ ܐ܉‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 15 ̇ 16 ‫ ܘܐ ܐ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ‬

69 I believe he means by this that the tongue treated with such substances will no longer seem as rough.

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Folio 14v

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Folio 15r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

is it known, I have elucidated that subject. But now you should add to them also the kinds of smells. And first of all, it will be explained how the smell is related to the taste. For the most part, they complement each other – the smell and the taste. 9. Now most of the vapors are 10. similar to the tastes (inasmuch as 11. they) are painful to us. Behold (for example) vinegar, 12. and all those (things) which are sour, 13. (and) in a like manner also those which are sharp: 14. garlic, for example, or onion, 15. not less than to the sense of taste, 16. they are also noxious to the sense of smell.

‫ܸܪܬ‬

‫ܘ‬

1 ‫ܥ܉‬ ‫ ܗ ܐ ܕ ܙܕܩ‬.‫ܐ‬ 2 ̈ ‫ ܕܬ ܸ ܬ ܘܢ܉ ܘܐܦ ܙ ܐ‬3 ‫ܬܬ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܕ̈ܪ ܐ‬4 ̇ . ‫ܡ܉ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ‬ 5 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܬ‬ 6 ‫ ܐ ܕܒ ܓܐܐ ̇ ܉ ̈ ܕܐ‬7 .‫ܐ‬ ‫܇ܪ ܐܘ‬ 8 ̈ ‫ ܓܐܗܘܢ ܓ ܕ ܓܐ܉ ܒ ܡ‬9 ‫̈ܐ‬ ‫ܬܗܘܢ ܕ‬ ‫ ܒ‬10 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܐ ܓ‬. 11 : ‫ܨ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܘ ܘܢ ܐ‬12 : ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܐܦ ̇ܗ ܢ ܕ‬13 ‫ ܬܘ ܐ ܐ ܘܒ ܐ܉‬14 ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܐ ܒ‬15 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐܦ‬ 16

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Folio 15r

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Folio 15v

1. For thus, and also in each of 2. the remainder, there is a similarity 3. in most cases, of the sense 4. of smell to that of taste. 5. And because of this, while there are 6. certain substances which 7. we have never tasted because 8. of their filth – such as dung 9. and rotten foods, because their smell 10. is noxious to us – nevertheless their taste 11. is known to us from their smell. 12. Therefore we do not even allow ourselves 13. to taste them, because we 14. trust the smell 15. very well. But among some of them, 16. and more so among those which are very

‫ ܗ ܐ ܕ ܘܐܦ ܒ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ܗ ܢ ܕ ܐ܉ ܕ‬2 ‫̇ ܐ ܕܒ ܓܐܐ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬3 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܪܓ ܐ ܕܪ ܐ ̇ ܝ ܕ‬4 ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܗܕܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬5 ̈ ‫ܐ ܡܕܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬6 ‫ܐ ܢ‬ ‫ܘܡ‬ 7 ܸ ‫ܕܙܒ ܐ‬ 8 ܸ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܘܬܗܘܢ‬ ̈ ̈ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܘ ܐ ܐ‬9 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܪ ܘܢ܉ ܐ ܐ‬10 .‫ܗܘܢ܉ ݂ ܪ ܘܢ‬ 11 ‫ܪ‬ ‫ ܒ ܓ ݂ ܢ ܐ ܐ‬12 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ܢ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ̇ ‫ ܓ‬14 ̈ : ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ 15 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬16 ݂

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Folio 15v

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Folio 16r

1. sweet of smell, like the rose, 2. they are different and the smell 3. and the taste are quite distinct. It is correct, 4. therefore, (that) the smell and the taste 5. do not correspond to each other. 6. And why in the (case of) the rose 7. do the taste and smell not correspond? 8. Because of the power of the taste sensation 9. which it in it, which combines (qualities of being) bitter, 10. harsh, and watery, it does not resemble 11. the parts, for it is 12. certainly harsh, as was mentioned, 13. (and) thick and cold. But (what is) bitter 14. (is normally) thin and hot. And (what is) watery 15. (is normally) tasteless. And because of this, even 16. cold and halfway between thinness

‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܘܪܕܐ‬: ‫ܗ ܪ‬1 ‫܇‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫݂ ܘ‬ 2 ‫ܪ ܐܘ‬3 ݂ ‫ ܙܕ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ :‫̈ ܕܐ‬ ‫̈ ܒ‬ ‫܇ ܐ‬ 4 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܘ‬ 5 :‫ܐ ܒ ܪܕܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬6 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 7 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ‬ 8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬: ‫ ܕܒ‬9 ‫ ܘ ܘ ܐ ܘ ܵ ܐ܉ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬10 ‫ ܘ ܐ‬.‫̈ ܬܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ 11 ̇ ‫ܓ ܐ ܕܐܬܐ ܬ܉‬ 12 ‫ܐܕ ܉‬ . ‫ ܸܒܐ ܘ‬13 ‫ܐܕ‬ . ‫ܘ‬ 14 ‫ܗܕܐ ܐܦ‬ ‫ܘ‬. 15 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫݂ ܒ‬ ‫ܘ‬ 16

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Folio 16r

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Folio 16v

1. and thickness. Now the essence 2. which can be smelled, is vaporous. 3. And the (real) presence (of it) is 4. in the convolutions70 of the brain. For 5. the vapors which emanate from the substances, 6. when they mix with the air and by means of 7. the breath are drawn into the nose 8. (and then) to the brain, which (is in) the head, they excite 9. the olfactory senses, as (thus) you are aware 10. of the smells which substances have. 11. And because of this, all 12. substances which possess a smell, also 13. are quite hot; 14. the majority of vapors in any 15. case, are generated 16. from heat. So then, they do not rightly

̇ ‫ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ ܘ ܒ ܬܐ‬1 ‫ ܕ ܬ̈ܪ ܐ܉ ܓ ܐ‬2 ‫ ܘܗܘ ̣ܐ ܒ‬. ̇ ‫ܐ‬3 ‫ ̈ ܓܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܒ‬4 ̈ ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ ܓ ܕܪܕ ݂ ܓ‬5 ‫ܒܐܐܪ ܘܒ‬ 6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܒ‬ 7 :‫ܐ ܕܪ ܐ‬ 8 ‫ܐ܇ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐ‬9 ‫ ܕܒ ܐ ܕ ܘܢ ܕܓ ̈ ܐ‬10 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܗܕܐ‬ ‫ܬܪܓ ܇ ܘ‬ 11 ܸ ̈ ‫ܐ ܕ ܸ ܪ ܐ܉ ܐܦ‬ ‫ ܓ‬12 ‫ܘܣ ܐ ܗܘܢ‬ ‫̈ܐ‬ 13 ̈ ‫ ܓ ܐܘܬܐ ܓ ܕ ܓܐ‬14 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙܕ ܐ‬

‫ܘܣ܉‬ .‫ܗܘ ܐ‬

15 16

70 The word ‫ ܩܪܣ‬can have the meaning of “coarse, rugged” in Syriac, but in Biblical Hebrew and Babylonian Aramaic it can also mean “curved, contracted,” and I assume that therefore refers to the convolutions in the brain, for other meanings the word ‫ܐ‬ such as “dry” would certainly not apply to the brain.

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Folio 16v

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Folio 17r

1. agree with each other in (the case of) a rose, (i.e.) these two 2. sensations, which are found in most 3. of the substances to agree. .71 4. And what, and how many, are 5. the kinds that are smelled, and why 6. do they change? 7. There are two 8. kinds: a pleasant smell and a putrid 9. smell. The sweet smell indeed, 10. may be compared to the sweet (taste) to the tongue. The putrid 11. smell, however, may be compared to the 12. non-sweet (taste) to the tongue. But those 13. two types differ from each other 14. in familiarity or unfamiliarity 15. to the living spirit which is in the brain72 16. in the head. Likewise with

̈ 1 ‫ ̈ܪܓ ܐ‬:‫̈ ܕܐ ܒ ܪܕܐ‬ ‫ ܗ ܬ̈ܪܬ ܇ ܕܒ ܓܐܗܘܢ‬2 .. ̈ ‫̈ ܕ‬ ‫ ܕܓ ̈ ܐ‬3 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ ܘܐ‬4 ‫ ܓ ̈ ܐ ܕ ܬ̈ܪ ܐ܉ ܘ‬5 . ‫ ܐ‬6 ‫ܘܢ܉‬ ‫ ܓ ̈ ܘܢ ̇ ܐ‬7 ‫ ܗ ܐ ܗܝ ܪ ܐ܉ ܘ ܚ‬. ‫ ܬܪ‬8 ‫ ܗ ܐܝ ܪ ܐ ̇ ܆‬.‫ ܪ ܐ‬9 ‫ ܚ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬10 ‫ܐܕܐ‬ ‫ ܪ ܐ ܕ ܉ ܒ‬11 ̈ ‫ܕܐ ܕ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬12 ‫ܗ ܬܪ ܓ ̈ ܐ܉‬ 13 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܘ ܐ ܒ‬ ‫ ܒܒ‬14 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܒ‬ ‫ ܕ ܘ ܐ‬15 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܕܪ ܐ‬16 ݂

71 When he says that “these two sensations do not agree,” I assume he is referring to smell and heat, and working from the observation that liquids which are heated give off a stronger smell as they produce more vapors, while roses have a strong smell without being heated at all. 72 In Galenic writings this was the πνεῦμα ζωτικόν.

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Folio 17r

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Folio 17v

1. the tastes which come into contact with the tongue. That 2. indeed is familiar which is sweet; 3. but those which are not familiar are of (lit. “possess”) many 4. varieties. Thus it is, and as for 5. the vapors: indeed, those which are familiar 6. to the spirit which is in the brain are 7. beloved and pleasant. But those 8. not familiar to it, which are 9. of many varieties, 10. are all loathsome and not 11. pleasant. 12. And the substances which do not possess 13. an odor, why are they deprived 14. of an odor? And of what sort are those 15. substances which have no smell? 16. Either it is because much less

‫ ̇ܗܘ‬:‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ ܕܓ‬ 1 ̇ :‫ܒ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ 2 ̈ ̇ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗ ܢ ܕ ܐ ܒ ܐ܆‬3 ‫ ܓ ̈ ܐܐ ܸ ܉ ܗ ܐ ܘ‬4 ̈ ‫ ̇ܗ ܢ ̇ ܕܒ‬:‫ ̈ ܓܐ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̈ܪ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ ܕܒ‬6 ‫ ̇ܗ ܢ‬:‫ܘܢ ܘܗ ̈ ܐܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬7 : ‫ܕ ܕܐܒ‬8 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ ܓ ܐܐ ܸ ܇‬ 9 ‫ܘܢ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܐ‬10 .‫ ܗ ̈ ܐܐ‬11 ‫ ܘܓ ̈ ܐ ܐ‬12 ܸ ‫ܕܐ‬ ‫ܐܓ‬ ‫ ܪ ܐ܉‬13 ‫ܐ ܢ܅‬ ‫ ܪ ܐ܉ ܘܕܐ ܐ‬14 ‫ܘܢ ܪ ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܓ ̈ ܐ ܕ‬15 ‫ܓ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬16

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Folio 17v

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Folio 18r

1. vapors emanate from them, (that) 2. they do not give off an odor, or (else) because 3. the vapors from them are not 4. proportional in their structure 5. to the openings of the sense of smell. 6. Therefore sour things indeed, and sharp things, 7. because of the thinness of their structure, 8. give off a smell corresponding to their taste. 9. But salty things and harsh things, do not 10. give off a smell, because both of them 11. indeed are thick. But each one of them 12. is also cold, and because of this, 13. even that which emanates from them 14. is small and thick, and earthy 15. in its consistency (or “structure”). Therefore it does not 16. enter by way of the breathing to the brain.73

‫ ܐ‬.‫ܘܢ ̈ ܓܐ‬ ‫ ܪܕ‬1 ‫ ̇ ܒ ܪ ܐ܉ ܐܘ‬2 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܕ ̈ ܓܐ ܕܪܕ‬3 ‫ܘܢ܇‬ ‫ܒ‬ 4 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘ̈ܪܐ ܕ‬ 5 ̈ ̇ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܨܐ‬ ‫ܒܓ ܢ‬6 ‫ܘܢ܉‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 7 ̇ ̇ ‫ܪ ܐܕ‬8 . ‫ܘܢ ܒ‬ ‫ ̈ ܐ ܕ ܘ ܘ ܐ܆ ܐ‬9 ‫ܕܬܪ ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܒ ܪ ܐ܆‬10 ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ . ‫ ̇ ܕ ܸܒ‬11 ‫ܗܕܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬. ‫ ܐܦ‬12 ‫ܘܢ܉‬ ‫ ܐܦ ̇ܗܘ ܐ ܕܪܕܐ‬13 ‫ܘ ܸܒܐ ܘܐܪ‬ ‫ ܒ‬14 ‫ ܒ ܓ ܢ܉ ܐ‬. ‫ ܒ‬15 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ܐܠ ܒ‬16

73 While we now know that anything inhaled may be absorbed through the capillaries in the alveoli of the lungs into the blood, this writer appears to imagine that the air – and the particles carried in it – somehow continue in gaseous form all the way to the brain, and that the brain is thus directly connected to breathing.

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Folio 18r

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Folio 18v

1. Now, therefore, is it clear that from 2. their smell – (i.e. from) drugs 3. which possess a smell – we can conclude something 4. about their temperature, even as from 5. the taste we may or may not be able 6. to surmise (something)? 7. It is indeed possible for us to surmise 8. about the temperature from the smell, but it is not 9. however, certain. Because of those things 10. we only have to recognize 11. from it those things which were mentioned above. 12. That is to say that whatever 13. gives off an odor is indeed 14. hot and thin. But how 15. hot and thin, we are not yet 16. able to know – (at least not) from

̇ : ‫ ܐܪܐ ܗ‬1 ݂ ‫ܙܗ ܐ ܕ‬ .‫ ܪ ܐ ܕ ܘܢ‬2 ‫ ܘܩ ܡ‬:‫ ܕ ܸ ܪ ܐ‬3 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬:‫ܙܓ ܘܢ‬ 4 .‫ܩ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 5 .‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬6 ‫ ܕ ܘܩ ̇ ݂ ܪ ܐ‬7 ‫ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙܓܐ‬ 8 ‫ܕܗ‬ . ‫ ܒ ܡ ܙܗ ܐ‬9 ‫ܘܕ‬ ‫ ܒ ܕܐ‬10 ‫ܕ‬ ‫܉ܐ‬ 11 .‫ܐܬܐ ܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ̣ ܕ‬12 ‫ܘܗܝ ̇ܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ ܐ‬13 ݂ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒ ܪ ܐ ܘ‬14 ‫܉ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 16 ݂ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬:‫ܥ‬ ‫̈ܐ‬

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Folio 18v

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Folio 19r

1. this. But from the taste 2. the impression74 of the temperature 3. is always clear, (because) it is sensible to the taste . . 4. Why is the impression 5. not clear from the smell, but that (which comes) 6. from the taste is clear? 7. Because with smells indeed, not from all of them 8. do the components with potential odors (necessarily) 9. emit vapors which give off 10. a smell. Similarly, nor 11. if they are released, do they (necessarily) stimulate 12. the sense of smell. But (in the case of) taste, 13. all of those components 14. of the substance can be tasted 15. in the form (in which) they touch the tongue, 16. and stimulate its sensation of taste,

‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܪ ܐ‬

.‫ܗܕܐ‬ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬

1

. ‫ܙܗ‬ 2 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙܓ ܕ‬ 3 ̇ ‫ ܪ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ 4 ̇ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ‬. ‫ ܕ ݂ ܪ ܐ ܐ ܙܗ‬5 ‫ܐ ܙܗ ܇‬ ‫ܕ‬6 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܒ‬ 7 ݂ ̈ .‫ܬܗ ܕ ܬܪ ܐ‬ 8 ̈ ‫ܓܐ ܕ ܒ‬ ‫ܪ‬ 9 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܪ ܐ܉ ܐ ܐ ܒ ̇ ܒ‬10 ‫ܪ ܇‬ ‫ ܐܢ‬11 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ̈ ‫ܬܗܘܢ‬ ‫ ܕ ܉‬13 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܓ‬14 :‫ܬܐ ܓ ̈ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ̇ ܒ‬15 ̈ ‫ ܘ‬16 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܗ‬

74 The word

‫ ܪ ܐ‬is usually translated as “decision” or “limit.” In this discussion, however, it is clear that it refers to sensory impressions (see especially lines 12-14 of folio 20r) derived from smelling or tasting.

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Folio 19r

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Folio 19v

1. each one of them according to its nature. 2. Therefore it is clearer, and the impression 3. which is from the taste (reveals more) about the temperature 4. of the drug, than that which (comes) from the smell. 5. And what is the reason which makes it so that 6. nothing is openly apparent 7. about the temperature from its smell? 8. (It is) because (in) the majority of substances, 9. their components do not resemble 10. their original composition from 11. the elements. The inequality 12. of their essence is 13. the main reason, in all of 14. the bodies which possess an odor, why 15. their smell does not demonstrate anything. 16. about their temperature. For those indeed

‫܇‬

‫ܬ‬

1 ‫ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ܙܗ ܘ ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܒܓ ܢ‬2 ‫ܙܓ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ̇ ..‫ܗܘ ܕ ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ‬4 ‫ ܕ ̇ܒ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ݂ ‫ܘ ܐ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܐ ܡܓ ܐ‬6 ..‫ܙܓܐ‬ ‫ܪ ܐ‬ 7 ̈ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܓܐܗܘܢ ܕܓ‬ 8 ̈ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܕ‬9 ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܒ ܘ ܒ ܘܢ‬10 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ܉ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬11 ̇ ‫ ܕܐܘ ܐ ܕ ܘܢ܇ ܐ‬12 ‫ܪܒܐ ܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 13 ̇ ̈ ‫ ܕܗܝ‬:‫ܐ ܕ ܸ ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ‬14 ‫ܐ ܪ ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܡ ܓ ܐ‬15 ̇ ‫ ̇ܗ ܢ‬.‫ܙܓ ܘܢ‬ 16

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Folio 19v

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Folio 20r

1. which do not posses an odor, the thickness 2. of their essence prevents the vapors 3. from being emitted from them. But whether 4. they are hot 5. or cold is not known 6. from this. But those which possess 7. a smell; their smell indeed makes it evident 8. that they are thin and hot. 9. But the extent of their thinness 10. and their heat is not 11. apparent from this. 12. Therefore, neither is the impression 13. about their temperature entirely clear from 14. their smell. 15. And how is it because of the 16. inequality and the dissimilarity

‫ ܓ ܕ ܐ ܸ ܪ ܐ܉ ܒ ܬܐ‬1 ‫ ܕܐܘ ܐ ܕ ܘܢ܇ ܐ ܕ ܪܘܢ‬2 ‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܘܢ ̈ ܓܐ‬ 3 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬4 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܘܬܐ܉ ܐ‬5 ̇ 6 ܸ ‫ ܗ ܢ ܕ ܕ‬.‫ܗܕܐ‬ ̇ ‫ ܪ ܐ܉ ܪ ܘܢ‬7 ‫ܕܥ܉‬ ‫ ܕ ̈ ܐ ܐ ̣ܢ ܘ‬8 .‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܗܘܢ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܕ‬ 9 ‫ܬܗܘܢ܉ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܕ‬10 .‫ܐ ܐ ܕ ܗܕܐ‬ 11 ‫ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܓ ݂ ܢ ܐ ܐ ܙܗ‬12 ‫ܙܓ ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܕ ܪ ܘܢ܇‬13 . ‫ ܐ‬14 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܕܐ ܐ ܐ܇ ܒ‬15 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܘ ܐ ܕ‬ 16

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Folio 20r

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Folio 20v

1. of the components of the essence, 2. that nothing is openly demonstrated about 3. the temperature from the smell, as it is 4. from the taste? 5. Take an example of this 6. from the rose. For in this, there is 7. certainly something (a bit) harsh. But (also) something 8. (a little) bitter, and (also) something watery. 9. And that which is harsh is earthy. 10. It will be dense and thick and cold. 11. But that (which is) bitter, (is) thin and warm. 12. Now that which is watery (is) cold and halfway 13. between thin and thick; and for this reason 14. (it is) watery. The harshness, 15. indeed, and the bitterness of the rose are not 16. the most important (aspects). For its smell possesses a pleasantness.

̇ ̈ ‫ܕ‬1 ‫ܬܗ ܕܐܘ ܐ܇ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܡܓ ܐ‬2 ‫ ܐ‬:‫ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܙܓܐ‬ 3 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 .‫ܗܕܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬5 ̣ ‫ ܡ‬. ̣ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܓ‬.‫ܘܪܕܐ‬ 6 ‫ ܡ ܕ‬.‫ ̇ ܐ ܕ ܘܩ‬7 . ܵ ‫ ܡܕ ܕ‬. ‫ܕ‬8 ̇ ̇ .‫ ܐܪ ܐ‬.‫ܘ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܗܘ‬9 .‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܘܐ ܘ ܒ ܐ ܘ ܐ‬10 ̇ 11 ‫ܐ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܕ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ ̇ 12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܕ‬ ‫ ܘܒ‬.‫ܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬13 ̇ ‫ ܘ ܬܗ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗ ܐ‬14 ̇ ‫ܕܘܪܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܬܗ‬ ‫ܘ‬ ݂ ݂ 15 ‫ܕ ݂ ܗ ܐܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܪ‬. ‫ ̈ܪ‬16

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Folio 20v

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Folio 21r

1. Because when this liquid has reached 2. a state of high excitement from the heat, 3. and it has been thinned and warmed, 4. it is easily released to the vapors. 5. And because of this, the rose smells 6. pleasant and easily 7. dries out. And by means of all of these (things), 8. we can conclude something from 9. the taste that we encounter in the rose, 10. but from the smell we cannot (conclude anything). For 11. not every component in it is released 12. to the vapors, as has been said (already). 13. Neither do they all work 14. in the same way on the sense of smell. 15. And whence is it known that the rose 16. is not like the components?75

̄ ̄ ‫ܕ‬ .‫ ܸ ܐ‬1 ̄ ̄ ܿ ܵ ‫ ܘܐܬ‬:‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܼ ܬ ܗܕܐ‬2 ‫ ܘܐܬ ܸ ܘܐ‬3 ܸ .‫ܪ ܐ ̈ ܓܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ‬4 ‫ ܗ ܪ ܐ‬.‫ܗܕܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬5 ̣ ‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܘܪܕܐ ܘ ܐ‬6 .̣ ‫ܘ ܗ‬. ‫ܒ‬ 7 ‫ܐ‬ 8 ݂ ‫ܐ‬ ̈ ‫ܒ ܪܕܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܘܩ܇ ܕ‬9 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪ ܐܕ ݂ ܐ‬ 10 ‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܒ‬ ‫ ܓ‬11 ̈ ‫ܓܐ ܐ ܕܐܬܐ ܬ܉‬ 12 ‫̈ܒ ܢ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܒ ܒ ܐ‬13 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 14 ̇ ‫ܐ܇ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ ܐ‬15 .‫̈ ܬܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܘܪܕܐ‬ 16

75 Presumably he means here that the rose is more than just the components which we can smell, and in that sense it is not exactly like any of the individual components.

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Folio 21r

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Folio 21v

1. First, from (the fact that) there is indeed 2. something in it which contains, (and) on the other hand, 3. something which is contained. On the one hand, that which does the containing 4. is something hard and earthy. 5. On the other hand, that which is contained in this, (i.e.) the juice,76 6. is something wet, which is 7. the extract of the rose. This, which it also has 8. in any case, (viz. that) there are necessarily 9. three secretions; 10. just as with the remainder of the extracts. 11. But secondly, it is known that 12. the rose is not similar to (its) components, 13. (which is) also (known) from the fact that these three 14. secretions which are found in its extract 15. possess differing characteristics. For indeed, 16. one of them is earthy.

̇ ‫݂ ܗܝ ܕ ܡ‬ 1 ̇ ‫ ܡ‬. ‫ܐ ܒ ܕ ܒ‬ 2 ̇ ‫ ܕ ̇ܒ‬. ‫ ܕ ܕ ܒ‬3 ݂ ̇ 4 . ‫ܗܘ ܐ ܕ ܸ ܐ ܘܐܪ‬ ‫ܤ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒ ܕ ܒ ܐ܉‬5 ‫ ܡ ܪ ܒܐ܇ ܕܐ ܘܗܝ‬6 ‫ ܗ ܐ ܕܐܦ‬.‫ ܪܐ ܕܘܪܕܐ‬7 ‫ܘܤ܉ ܬ‬ 8 ݂ ̈ .‫݂ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܬܐ ܐ‬ 9 .‫ܐ ܕ ̈ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܐܦ‬10 ‫ܐ܉ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܪ ܐ ܕ‬11 ‫̈ ܬܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ ܕ ̇ ܐ‬12 ̇ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܘܪܕܐ‬13 ̈ ‫ܒ ܪܬܗ܉‬ ‫ ܗ ܬ ܕ‬14 ̈ ̈ ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̈ ܐ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫݂ ̇ ܓ ܉ ܐܪ‬ 16

76 I am assuming that ‫ܤ‬ is from the Greek word χυλός, which is a word for juice or moisture. This would fit the context.

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Folio 21v

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Folio 22r

1. This is comparable 2. to the dregs which settle out in wine. 3. But the other is volatile (lit. “of the air”). 4. And that is also comparable to the blossom (or “bouquet”) 5. which “floats” upon the wine. 6. And thirdly that which is watery. This 7. is in all extracts: the cause 8. not only of their fermentation 9. but also of the decomposition of 10. those of them which are decomposed. 11. And when does this wateriness 12. cause the fermentation of the juices, and when 13. their decomposition? And by what means is that 14. which decomposes them restrained? And why 15. do they not also decompose 16. these two other

‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܕܐ ܕ‬. ̇ ‫ܐ‬1 ̇ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 2 .‫ ܐ ܬܐ ܕ ܐܐܪ ܐ‬3 ‫ܗܝ ܒܒܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 ̣ ܸ ‫ܐ ܐܦ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܦ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 ‫ ܗܕܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܬ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܘܢ ̈ܪܐ܉‬7 ‫ ܗܘ ܐ܇ ܒ ݂ ܕ ܬ ܘܢ܉‬8 ̄ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܘ ܒ ܐ ܕܗ ܢ‬9 ‫ܕܡ‬ .‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ܵ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ ܝ ܗܘ ܐ ܗܕܐ‬11 ‫ܐ ܕܪܬ ܐ ̈ ܆ ܘܐ ܝ‬ 12 ‫ ܘܒ ܐ‬:‫ܒ ܘܢ‬ 13 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ ݂ ܕܬ ܒ ܐ ܢ‬14 ‫ܘܢ܆ ܐܦ‬ ‫̈ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬15 ̈ ‫ܘܬܐ ܗ‬ ‫ ܬ̈ܪܬ‬16

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Folio 22r

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Folio 22v

1. secretions? 2. As for their fermentation, whatever is the entire 3. cause, when the natural 4. heat which is in the juice, that is to say, 5. the extract, is released to overcome 6. the secretion which is in it, it makes 7. it dissolve. But as for their decomposition, 8. whenever this is not neutralized by 9. the heat, neither will it be completely 10. changed at the time of extraction, 11. for this secretion is retained (protected) 12. from that which decomposes them by the extraction 13. or by boiling, when 14. the extract is boiled on the fire, 15. as its wetness dissipates, 16. or by means of the drying effect of the extraction (process)

.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬1 ̇ ‫ܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܬ ܘܢ‬2 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ 3 ‫ܤ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܒ ܒ‬ 4 ̇ ‫ ܬܬܪ ܐ ܕܬܙ‬:‫ ܪܐ‬5 ܸ ̇ ‫ ܘܬ ܸܒ‬. ‫ܘܬܐ ܕܒ‬ 6 ̇ 7 ‫ܒ ܘܢ ܕ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܬܙܕ ܸ ܐ ܗܕܐ‬8 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܓ ܐ‬:‫ܬܐ‬ 9 ‫ܒ ܒ ܐ ܕܪܬ ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ‬10 :‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕ ܗܕܐ‬ 11 ̇ ‫̈ܪܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕܬ ܒ ܐ ܢ‬ 12 ‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܒ ܒ ܐ܇‬13 .‫ܒ ܗܘ ܪܐ ܒ ܪܐ‬ 14 ‫ܬܗ ܬܬ ܉‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬15 :‫ܕ ܪܐ‬ ‫ܒܐܕ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬16

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Folio 22v

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Folio 23r

1. in the sun, when it is quite hot. Now there are 2. two other secretions: 3. that which is volatile (lit. “of air”) and that 4. (which is) of sediment. They do not corrupt them 5. during extraction, because of two reasons: 6. one, to be sure, is that soon afterward 7. they are separated from the characteristic essence 8. of the extract, as 9. we are able to perceive with our senses. 10. But the other which I have tried to bring out 11. concerning the decay: their essences 12. are in their nature, 13. and this, because even in their (normal?) temperature 14. they are dry.77 15. Indeed, from the taste is more evident 16. the impression of the strength of the simple

‫ ܬ̈ܪܬ‬. ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܒ‬1 ̈ ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܘܬܐ ܗ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 ̇‫ܐܐܪ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ ̇ܗܝ‬3 ‫̈ ܘܢ‬ ‫̈ܒ‬ ‫ܐ܆ ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬4 . ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ ‫̈ܪܐ܉‬ 5 ̄ ̄ ̇ ‫ ܐ ܉ ܕܒ ܪ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫܇‬ 7 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܕ ܪܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬8 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܓ ܐ ܐ‬9 ‫ܕ‬ .݂ ‫ ܐ ܬܐ ܕ‬10 ܸ ‫ܬܐ ܐ‬ 11 ‫ܕ‬ ‫܇ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܒ‬12 ‫ܙܓ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܕܐܦ‬ . ‫ܘܗܕܐ‬ 13 ݂ ̈ . ‫ ܒ‬14 ̇ ‫ܙܗ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܕ‬15 ‫ܐܕ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܪ ܐ ܕ‬16

77 I admit that I am not quite sure what the writer is trying to say. I suspect that this section might be understood as dealing with the extraction of medically effective components from plants, and that the author is saying that these substances are not destroyed in the process of extraction, because they are associated with the resulting dry residue, i.e. that which remains after heat has driven off the liquid from certain juices which have been obtained from particular plants.

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Folio 23r

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Folio 23v

1. drugs; but less so from the smell. 2. Has it been clearly revealed that from 3. the color we may conclude 4. anything about it? 5. It is less and less clear (lit. “more and more unclear”), that from 6. the color of the drugs, 7. we may surmise something about (lit. “take aim at”) their strength. And this is because 8. in each one of the colors are found 9. both hot drugs and cold 10. drugs, and wet drugs 11. and dry drugs. But in each one 12. of the varieties, however, of the seed, 13. or of the root or of the juice, 14. it is possible that even from the color an indication 15. will be given concerning its mixture. 16. How is that? Wine, and the sea squill,78

‫ܪ ܐܕ ܒ‬ :‫ ̈ ܐ‬1 ‫ܕ‬. ‫ܐ‬ ̣ ܸ ‫ ܐܬܓ‬2 .‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܘܩ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܕ‬3 ̣ .̇ ‫ܐ ܐܐ‬4 ‫ ܕ‬.‫ܐ ܙܗ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 5 ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ ܓ ܐ ܕ ܘܢ ܕ‬6 ‫ ܘܗܕܐ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܸܐ‬7 ̈ ‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬8 ݂ ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬9 .‫̈ ܐ ̈ܪ ܒܐ‬ ‫ܐ܉ ܘ‬ 10 ̈ ̈ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬11 ̈ ‫ܓ ܐ ܕ ܒ ܡ ܕܙܪ ܐ‬ 12 ‫ ܐܘ ܕ ܐ ܐܘ ܕ ܪܐ܉‬13 :‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܐܦ‬ 14 ‫ܬܐ‬ . ‫ܙܓ‬ ‫ ܡ ܬܬ‬15 ‫ܐ ܘܐ‬ . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬16 ‫܉‬

78 The sea squill (Greek σκίλλα) is a plant of the lily family, and its bulb can be cut up, dried, and used medicinally as an expectorant.

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Folio 23v

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Folio 24r

1. 2. 3. 4.

and onions: the whiter they are, the less hot they are. But the more yellow they are, or tending toward reddish, the hotter they are. 5. Thus it is also 6. with grains of wheat and millet and beans and chick peas 7. and the roots of lilies, and those of asphodel,79 8. and many others like them. 9. In that regard, they are similar to smoke, for in each of 10. them (are) types (which) for the most part (demonstrate that) 11. those which are yellow or red 12. are hotter than those 13. which are white. And thus there is information 14. from the color of the drug concerning the strength 15. of the drug. It is quite expedient then, 16. and even plainer, that it be determined

̇ ‫ܐ‬

‫ ܘܒ ̈ ܐ܉‬1 . ‫ ̈ܪ ܒ‬2 ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܕ‬ 3 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܘܨ‬ 4 ݂ ‫ ܗ ܐ ܕ ܘܐܦ‬. 5 ̈ ̈ ̈ ‫ ܐ ܘ ܓܐ ܘ ܒ ܘ‬6 :‫ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ ܘ ܐ ܕܐ ܐ‬7 :‫ܘܗܘ ܕ ܘ ܐ‬ : ‫ ܘ ܓ ܐܐ ܐ ܐ ܕܕܐ ܗ‬8 ‫ܬܐ ܒ ݂ ܪ ܘܒ‬ ‫ܒ̇ ܒ‬9 ‫ ܗ ܓ ܓ ̈ ܐ ܐ‬10 ‫ܕܒ ܓܐܐ܉‬ ̈ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܕ ܘ‬ ‫ ܐ‬11 ‫ܗ ܢ‬ ‫܇‬ 12 ‫ ܘܗ ܐ ܐ‬. ‫ ܕ ̈ܪ‬13 :‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ 14 ‫ܕ‬

:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬

‫ܕ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙܗ ܐ܉ ܕ‬

‫ܕ‬ ‫ܘ‬

15 16

79 The asphodel is a plant of the lily family.

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Folio 24v

1. from experimentation which is according to rules 2. which were mentioned, and gone over 3. from the beginning. A person may find the strength 4. of drugs (in that manner), but before he evaluates and 5. examines them by experimentation, the taste 6. in most cases, demonstrates 7. to him their strength, while also 8. the smell easily attests to the taste. 9. But the color, less then either of them, 10. leads to the discovery 11. of their strength. And those are 12. the ways in which it is correct 13. to journey toward the discovery of the effectiveness 14. of the simple drugs. 15. How many are the rules 16. of the quantity of the weight of drugs,

1 ‫ܐ܇ ܕ ܬ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܪܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܕܐܬܐ ܘ‬2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܸܒ‬ 3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܡ ܕ ܕܒ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܢ ܘ ܒ ܪ ܐ ܢ܉‬5 ‫ܐ‬ :‫ ܐ ܕܒ ܓܐܐ‬6 .‫ܘܢ‬ 7 ̇ .‫ܐ ܐܦ ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 8 ‫ܬܪ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܕ ܒ‬9 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ ܒ‬. ‫ ܗ‬10 ‫ ܘܗ ܐ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ‫ܙܕܩ‬ ‫ ܐܘ̈ܪ ܐ ܕܒ‬12 ‫ܐܕ ̈ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ‬:‫ܕܐ‬ 13 ̈ ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬14 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 15 ‫ܐܕ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

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Folio 24v

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Folio 25r

1. and why, indeed, is it (that) some of the 2. drugs are greater in the amount of 3. weight, and some 4. are less?80 5. Indeed the rules are two 6. (and) of them, one, to be sure, 7. is simple. The other is compound. 8. What is the simple like? 9. Of the drug which is simple – (the general rule is) that it is powerful 10. in its strength (and) it is appropriate 11. that we administer81 a small amount. In (the case) of a compound drug, 12. however, which is weaker than a simple drug 13. in its strength, it is appropriate 14. that we administer a greater amount.82 In order for it to be of sufficient 15. quantity, however, (in the case of) that which is lacking 16. in quality, on the one hand,

̇ ݂ ‫ܘܢ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬1 ̈ ̈ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܓܐ ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 . ‫ ܙ ̈ܪ‬4 ‫ܘܢ ܬ̈ܪ‬ ‫ ̈ ܐ ̇ ܐ‬5 ̇ ‫ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ .݂ ‫ ݂ ܗ ܕ‬6 .‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ 7 ̇ : ‫ܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 8 ̇ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ݂‫ ܕ‬9 :‫ܬܐ ܙ ܪܬܐ‬ ‫܉‬ ‫ ܒ‬10 .‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܙܕܩ ܕ ܐ܇ ܒ ܐ‬11 ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 12 :‫ܬܐ ܓ ܐܬܐ‬ ‫܉‬ ‫ ܒ‬13 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬.‫ ܙܕܩ ܕ ܐ‬14 ‫ ܒ‬15 ݂ ‫ܬܗ܇ ̇ ܘ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ܬܗ ܬܘܒ ܕ‬ 16

80 One might wonder whether he is saying that for a given volume, some weigh more than others, or whether he is saying that some require a greater amount (weight) in their dosage in order to be effective. From the discussion which follows, it appears that the latter is the case. 81 The Syriac word

‫ ܪ ܐ‬usually is translated by “put” or “place,” but in connection with drugs in this text, it is not clear whether it refers to the action of including the drug in a medicinal preparation (in which case “put” would be very close to the meaning), or to the act of administering the drug to a patient, or perhaps it is even the technical term for “prescribe.” It appears that it is being “put” into the patient, hence the appropriate translation would have to be either “administer” or “prescribe.” 82 Simple drugs are of a single ingredient, while compound drugs are combinations of multiple ingredients.

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Folio 25r

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Folio 25v

1. or the drug which has multiple uses on the other hand, 2. it is appropriate that we give 3. larger quantities. Thus it may be sufficient 4. in its quantity for that (purpose) for which 5. it was intended. But of the drug 6. which has fewer uses, a lesser 7. quantity is appropriate for us to administer; 8. inasmuch as according to a lessening of 9. its uses, a lessening of 10. its action will also be manifest. 11. But how is it with a compound drug? 12. Of a drug which is potent in its action83 13. and has many uses – it is appropriate 14. that we give a moderate quantity, 15. for it is not necessary that we increase it so as 16. (to make it) strong, nor that we

‫ܕ ܓ ̈ ܐܢ‬

̇ ‫ܐ‬ ̈

݂‫ܘ‬

1

.‫ܗ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܓ ܐܬܐ ܙܕܩ‬ 2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ ܕ ܐ‬3 ‫ܬܗ܇ ̇ ܘ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܒ‬4 ‫ܐܕ‬ . ‫ ܐܬܒ‬5 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܗ܉‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܢ‬6 .‫ ܙܕܩ ܕ ܐ‬:‫ ܒ ܬܐ‬7 ‫ ܒ ̇ ܝ ܕ ܬ ܒ ܘܬ‬8 ‫ܗ ܐܦ ܒ ܘܬ‬ 9 .‫ܪܘܬܗ ܗܘ ܐ‬ 10 . ‫ܒܐ ܕ ܕܐ ܐ‬ 11 : ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ ̇ ܕ‬ ݂ 12 ̈ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܗ܉‬ ‫ ܘ ܓ ܐܢ‬13 ‫ܐ܇ ܙܕܩ ܕ ܐ ܐ‬ 14 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ̇ܙܕܩ ܕ ̇ ܓܐ‬15 ̇ ‫ܐ ܐܕܒ ܪ‬. ‫ ܕ‬16

83 The term

‫ ܚܝܐܠ‬is used regularly to describe the effect of a drug on the body, and in that connection does not simply mean “strength,” as is apparent from the expression ‫ ܥܘܫܢܐ ܕܚܝܐܠ‬which appears on lines 11-12 on folio 26r, for that expression would be redundant if ‫ ܚܝܐܠ‬only meant “strength.” Therefore, it will sometimes be translated as “action” when it refers to the effect of a drug on the body.

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Folio 25v

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1. reduce it in order (for it to have) multiple uses. 2. But of the drug which is potent in its action, 3. and of few uses, it is appropriate 4. that we give a very reduced amount; 5. because the requisite effect 6. works at that strength. But on the other hand, 7. of the drug which is weak 8. in its action, and has multiple uses, 9. it is appropriate that we give a much larger 10. quantity, so that it will be sufficient in its quantity 11. to fulfill the (required) potency of its action. 12. But of the drug which is weak 13. in its action, and of few uses, 14. it is appropriate for us to administer (at least) 15. a moderate quantity, so that the weakness is not increased. 16. Now it is not proper for us to increase it beyond that

‫ܕ ܓ ̈ ܐܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬1 : ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܕ‬ 2 ̈ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܗ܉‬ ‫ ܘܒ ܢ‬3 .‫ ܙܕܩ ܕ ܐ‬:‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 ̇. ‫ܐܒ‬ ‫ܕ ̣ ܕ‬ 5 ‫ ܬܘܒ ܕ‬.‫ܐ ܕܬܒ ܐ‬ 6 ‫ܐ ̇ ܕ‬ ‫ܘ‬7 ‫ ܘ ̈ܓ ܐܢ ̈ ܗ܉‬: ‫ܒ‬8 ‫ܓ ܐܐ ܙܕܩ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ 9 ‫ ܕ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬10 ̇ .‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ̇ ‫ܐ ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ ܗܘ ܐ ܕ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܕ‬ . ‫ ܕ‬12 ‫ܗ܉‬ ‫ ܘܒ ܢ‬: ‫ ܒ‬13 ‫ܐ ܙܕܩ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ 14 .‫ܒ ܨܪ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܬܘ‬:‫ ܕ ܐ‬15 ‫ ܐ ܓ ̇ܙܕܩ ܕ ܓܐ‬16 ‫ܗ‬

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Folio 26r

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1. because it has few uses; 2. neither (should it be) less than that, because 3. of the weakness of its action. 4. How many rules are there concerning the administering 5. of simple drugs from which a compound 6. is made? Two. They are: 7. Either they are given because of the disease 8. for which a drug is compounded: 9. for example, the flesh of vipers 10. in theriac,84 or else because of 11. each one of the drugs 12. from which a drug is compounded.85 13. What is the significance of “Because of each one 14. of the drugs from which a compound 15. drug is prepared?” 16. Either it changes the quality

.‫̇ܗ‬

‫ܒ ܘܬ‬ 1 : ‫ܐ ܐܕܒ ܪ‬2 . ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ 3 ‫ܘܢ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 4 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܬܪ‬ ̈ ̇ ̈ ‫ܐ܇ ܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 . ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ ܬܪ‬.‫ܒܐ‬ 6 ‫ܐ ܗܘ ܕ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܓ‬7 :݂ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ ‫ܪ‬ 8 ݂ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ ܕܐ ̈ܐ‬9 ‫ܐ ܉ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܒ‬10 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ 11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪ ܗܘ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܕ‬12 ‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ܇‬13 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫̈ ܐܕ‬ 14 ‫ܟ‬ .‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 15 ‫ܐ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ‬16

84 Theriac was a compound originally intended as an antidote for poisons. It will be

discussed in more detail below. 85 This passage is somewhat nebulous, but I suspect that he is trying to say that there are two reasons for including individual simple drugs in a compound: the first is because the disease itself requires the direct action of a particular simple drug, and the second is because of the interactions that simple drugs can have with each other when they are mixed, i.e. one drug may enhance the action of another without itself acting directly on the disease process.

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Folio 26v

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Folio 27r

1. of noxiousness which the drugs 2. possess, or their effectiveness can 3. be augmented and strengthened, or 4. their effectiveness can be decreased and weakened, 5. Or their effectiveness can be transmitted 6. in the body, or their effectiveness 7. can be preserved. 8. What is that like? 9. We may indeed change the noxious quality 10. which they possess, for example with scammony86 11. we put in pepper and anise 12. which increase the effectiveness 13. of the drugs. (Another) example is the addition 14. of the lily and sweetflag87 and agaric acid88 15. in theriac, which decrease 16. the potency of the (other) drugs.

‫ܐ ܕ ܸ ܗ݂ ܢ‬ ‫ܓ‬ 1 ̈ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ܆ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ‬ 2 ‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬: ‫ܘ‬ ‫ ܬܘ‬3 :‫ܘܢ ܘ ܗܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܒ ܪ‬4 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ ܒ‬5 ‫ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒܓ‬6 .‫ܘܢ‬ 7 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬8 ‫̇ ܐ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬9 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܸ ܉ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬10 .‫ܢ‬ ‫̈ ܐ ܘܐ‬ 11 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ‬12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ܉ ܐ ܐ ܕܬܪ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܘܐ ܪܘܢ‬14 ‫ܘܐܓܐܪ ܢ‬ ‫ܕܒ ܪܕ‬. ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬15 ̈ ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ 16

86 This plant, Convolvulus scammonia, is also known as Syrian bindweed. The roots are 3-4 feet long, from 9-12 inches thick, and contain a milky juice from which a gummy resin is obtained. It is a powerful cathartic. 87 The scientific name is Acorus calamus and it is a large plant with sword-shaped leaves and yellow/green flowers. It has aromatic roots which may be dried and chewed or else chopped up and used to prepare a medicinal tea. It contains arasone and beta-arasone and there are three varieties. The Asian calamus is said to be a sedative, but the North American variety is said to have a stimulatory effect. 88 Agaric acid is a nearly white powder obtained from Polyporus officinalis, which is a fungus that grows on larch trees. It is occasionally used today to stop night sweats.

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Folio 27r

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Likewise the placement of gum in theriac, so that the potency of the drugs is easily transmitted. Likewise the putting of wine into theriac, in order that the potency of the drugs be preserved. Likewise 7. the putting of opium 8. into warm antidotes. 9. What is the rule 10. concerning the compounding of drugs? (It is) according 11. to the measurement of their curative effect (lit. “remedy”). 12. When we wish to compound 13. a certain drug, it is appropriate to take 14. of each one of the simple 15. drugs a complete dose.89 16. Now of each compound we take

‫ܙ‬

‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܬܪ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬. ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬2 ̈ ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܬܪ‬4 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ܉ܕ‬ ‫ܒ‬5 ̈ ‫ܐ܉ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ 6 ‫ ܒܐ‬.‫ܐ ܕܐܘ ܢ‬ ‫ ܕܬܪ‬7 .‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒܐ ̈ ܘ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬9 ‫ܬ‬ .‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܪܘ ܒܐ ܕ‬10 ..‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 11 ‫ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܡ ܨܒ‬12 ‫ܒ ܉ ܙܕܩ‬ 13 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ 14 ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ 15 ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܪܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 16 ݂

89 The Syriac word ‫ܬܐ‬ basically means “drink,” but it is clear from the context here and in other instances which follow that it is being used as the pharmacological term for “dose.” If “drink” came to mean “dose” in this context, then it is probably because the medicines were normally given in a liquid form.

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Folio 27v

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Folio 28r

1. a dose which is completed from 2. portions of the simple ones. If it is 3. something of which there are two (ingredients), (then) from 4. each one of them we are taking half of 5. the dose, but if three – (then we are taking) 6. a third. And if (there are) four, (then we are taking) a fourth. 7. And thus we do it proportionally, 8. according to the number of 9. drugs from which the mixture 10. is compounded. 11. What is an example of that? 12. Now if it is something which is a drug 13. made up from scammony, and colocynth,90 14. and aloe, and agaric acid, 15. and it is known that the dose which is from 16. the scammony is more than half

1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ ̈ ̈ ‫ ܐ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܗܘܢ ܕ‬ 2 ̇ ‫ܕܬܪ ܐ‬ 3 ݂ ‫ܘܢ܉‬ ̇‫ܓ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ 4 ݂ ‫ܬ ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܕ ܬܐ ܐ‬5 .‫ ܘܐܢ ܐܪܒ ܐ ܪܘܒ ܐ‬.‫ ܬܘ ܐ‬6 .‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܗ ܐ‬7 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܬ‬ 8 ̈ ‫ܘܢ ܐܬܪ‬ ‫ ܕ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬9 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܘ‬10 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܗܘ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘ ̇ ܓ‬12 ݂ ‫ܣ‬ ‫ܐ ܘܓ‬ 13 . ‫ ܘ ܝ ܘܐܓܐܪ ܢ‬14 ‫ܐ ܕ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬15 ݂‫ܕ‬ ‫ܓ ܬ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 16

90 The Syriac word, ‫ܣ‬ ‫ܓ‬, might suggest the plant group of the Gnaphalia, but Budge (op. cit., Vol. II, page 717) says it is pulpa colocynthidis, i.e. pulp of a poisonous apple found in Turkey with the Latin name of Citrullus colocynthis. It is a powerful cathartic, and if given in large doses can produce bloody diarrhea.

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Folio 28r

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a dram;91 but the dose of the colocynth is four grains,92 and the dose of aloe and of the agaric acid is two drams of each one of them, (then) a dram 6. and twenty grains will be the correct 7. dose of this compound, 8. so that from the scammony indeed, 9. and (also) from the colocynth there will be 10. (contained) in the dose – of each one of them – 11. (an amount) weighing 10 grains. But of 12. the aloe and of the agaric acid, 13. a half dram of each.93 14. How many are the necessities 15. on account of which physicians have been compelled 16. to prepare drugs (into a) compound? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

‫ܬܐ‬ :̇ ‫ ܙܘܙܐ ܐ‬1 ‫ܤ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܕ ܓ‬2 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܕ‬ :‫ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬3 ‫ ܬܪ‬:‫ܢ‬ ‫ܝ ܘ ܐܓ‬ 4 ̈ ‫ܘܢ܉ ܙܘܙܐ‬ ‫ ܙܘܙܐ‬5 ̈ ‫ ܙܕܩ ܕܬܗܘܐ‬:‫ ܘܬܪ ܕ ܐ‬6 .‫ܬܐ ܕ ܪܘ ܒܐ ܗ ܐ‬ 7 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܕ‬8 ‫ܣ܉ ܘܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ݂ ܓ‬9 ܿ ‫ ܒ ̇ ܒ ܬܐ܉‬10 ܼ .‫ܕ ܐ‬ .‫ܘܢ‬ 11 .‫ܢ‬ ‫ܝ ܕ ܘ ݂ ܐܓ‬ 12 .‫ܓ ܬ ܙܘܙܐ‬ 13 ̈ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 14 ̈ :‫ܗܘܢ ܐܬ ܘ ܐ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 .‫ܒܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܕܘܢ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

91 A

‫ ܙܘܙܐ‬is said to be a dram. If that is correct, then it is important to know that an English dram is 1/8 of an ounce. 92 The Syriac measure, ‫ܕ ܐ‬, is said in the Payne Smith Syriac/English Dictionary to be 1/6 of a ‫ܙܘܙܐ‬. But in the example given by the author of this manuscript on this page, that is mathematically impossible. It is clear that in the system he is using, a ‫ ܕ ܐ‬is 1/8 of a

‫ܙܘܙܐ‬.

93 The math here is only approximately correct.

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Folio 28v

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Folio 29r

1. Six. What (are they)? 2. First, to be sure, (to effect) a change 3. in the conditions of a state 4. that is unnatural (i.e. a physical affliction). Secondly, 5. because of different types of uses 6. for the drugs. Thirdly, 7. because of a correction of an undesirable 8. quality which is found in many 9. of the drugs. Fourthly, 10. to bring about a moderation of the drug 11. which is (to be) diminished as regards the potency 12. of the action. Fifthly, 13. because of the opposition to illnesses, 14. i.e. those which need opposing 15. actions.94 Sixthly, 16. so that a drug might be found

‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܐ‬1 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ 2 ̈ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܗ ܕܐ‬ 3 ‫ ܬܪ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܒ‬4 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙ̈ ܐ ̈ ܐ ܕ‬ 5 ̈ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܬ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬6 ‫ܬܘܪܨܐ ܕܐ ܬܐ‬ 7 ̈ ‫ܐ ܒ ܓ ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬:‫ ܓ ܬܐ‬8 . ‫ ܪܒ ܐ ܕ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ 9 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬ 10 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܓ ܒ‬11 ‫ܐܕ ܉‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ܇‬12 ‫ܕ ܒ ܬܐ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬ 13 ̈ ̈ ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܐ‬14 ‫ܐܕ ܉‬ . 15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬16

94 For example, something which cools the body would be used to treat a fever, because its effect is “opposite” to the disease.

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Folio 29r

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Folio 29v

‫ ܘܢ ܕ ܨܬܐ ܓ ̈ ܐܬܐ‬1 .‫ܪܘ‬ 2 ̇ ‫ܐ ܕܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 3 . ‫ܐ‬4 ‫̈ ܐ ܡ‬ ‫̇ ܒ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬5 ̈ ‫ܗܘܬ ܕ ܐ ܐ‬ :‫ܐ‬ 6 ݂ ‫ܐ‬ ̈‫ ܐ‬7 ‫ܐ ̈ ܬܐ‬ ̄ ‫ܐ܉ ܐ ̄ ̄ ̄ܢ‬ ‫ܕܒ‬8 ‫ܗܘ‬ 9 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙܒ ̈ ܇‬ ‫ ܒ‬10 ‫ ܗ ܐ ܕ ̣ ܗ ܐ‬.‫ܒܐ‬ 11 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܨܒ ܬܐ‬. ‫ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܙܒ ̈ ܓ ܆‬13 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܡ‬14 ‫ ܓ ܐ܉ ܐ‬15 ‫ ܕܒ ̇ ܝ‬:‫̈ ܐ ̈ ܐ‬ 16

1. for them, which by many accidents (i.e. by chance) 2. is found to be useful, 3. What is the first necessity 4. like? 5. If only, by means of simple drugs, 6. something could be found to restore 7. all the conditions95 8. which are unnatural, we 9. would not need everything 10. at the same time in a compound 11. drug! But at this time, that is not 12. the case. How many 13. times, when we need 14. something to warm the body to 15. a certain extent, do we not find any simple 16. drug with which

95 The word in the main text is

‫̈ ܬܐ‬

‫ܐ‬.

‫ܬܐ‬

‫ܐ‬,

but this is corrected in the margin to

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Folio 29v

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Folio 30r

1. to warm it to that extent? For according 2. to the intensity of the disease which is being treated, 3. it is correct that there is 4. also a drug which treats it. Therefore, 5. when we mix two drugs, 6. of which one of them is indeed much warmer 7. than a moderate temperature, 8. but the other is less, we make (something) 9. halfway between them which is 10. warmer than a moderate 11. temperature by half. 12. What is the second necessity 13. like? 14. It is (true) of many of the simple drugs 15. that it is not possible to employ 16. them, unless we mix

‫ܬ‬ . .‫ܕ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܒܓ ܢ‬. ‫ܐ ܐ‬ :‫̈ ܐ‬

‫ܐ‬ 1 ‫ܐܓ‬ 2 ‫ܕܗܘܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܙܕܩ‬3 ܸ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܐܦ‬4 ‫ܬܪ‬ 5 ̇ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 ‫ܐ ܓ܉‬ ‫ܙܓܐ‬ 7 ‫ܐ ܐܕ ܒ ܉ ܒ‬8 ‫ܐ ܕܒ ܗܘܢ ܕ‬ 9 ‫ܙܓܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬10 . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 11 ‫ܐ ܕ ܬܪ ܐ ܕܐ‬ 12 . ‫ ܐ‬13 ‫̈ ܐ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ̈ܓ ܐܐ‬14 ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܐ ܉ ܕ ܐ‬15 ̇ ‫ܗܝ ܕ‬ ‫ ܒ ܘܢ܇‬16

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Folio 30r

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1. something with them. For example 2. when we need a drug 3. to be smeared like an ointment 4. we add something like that to it, and not (any) 5. one of the simple drugs 6. is suitable for such a 7. usage. Correctly, then, 8. were their compounds initially 9. spread as ointments, which may indeed 10. be boiled as a mixture of oil with 11. minerals. They (thus) dissolve 12. into solutions, and they put 13. in them sprouts (which are) dried, 14. and ground up and sifted. 15. What is the third necessity 16. like?

‫ܐ‬

‫ ܐ‬.‫ܡ‬

‫ܘܢ‬ 1 ‫܇ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܐܕ‬2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ‫ ܘ ܐ‬.‫ܕ ܐ ܡ‬ ‫ ܒ‬4 :‫ܐ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ‬5 ̇ 6 ‫ܐ ܕܕܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ ܙܕ ܐ‬.‫ ܗܕܐ‬7 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܐܬ‬8 ̈ ‫ ܕܒ‬:‫ܬܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ ܕܐ‬ 9 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 10 ‫̈ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ ܒ ܢ܇‬11 ‫ܢܕ‬ ‫ܘܢ܇‬ ‫ ܕ‬12 ‫ ܒ ܇ ܘ ̈ ܐ ܒ ̈ ܐ‬13 . ̈ ‫ ܘܕ ̈ ܘ‬14 ‫ܐ ܕܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܬ‬ 15 . ‫ ܐ‬16

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Folio 30v

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Folio 31r

1. In many diseases there is a need 2. for only one drug, 3. which is a simple one (i.e. not compound) and made 4. from nature. But we mix other 5. drugs with it, sometimes so as 6. to moderate the strength 7. of its action, but sometimes so as 8. to subdue its unpleasantness. These 9. are the two reasons. 10. The first, indeed, of these two, 11. which is the third (necessity mentioned above) of the 12. six – what is that like? 13. With those drugs which are called 14. pain relievers, which are prepared 15. from the roots of mandrakes and the milk 16. of poppies, and other

̈ ‫̈ ܐ܉‬ ݂ ‫ ܕܒ ܓ ܐܐ‬1 ‫ܐܒ ܕܐ ܇‬ ‫ ̇ ܉‬2 ‫ܐ ܘܕ ܒ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘܗܝ‬3 ‫ܕ ܒ‬ .‫ܐ‬ 4 ̇ ‫̈ ܐ ܐ ܐ܉ ܒ ܒ‬ 5 ‫ܐ ܕ ܐ ܘ ܐ‬6 ‫ܒܒ ܕ ܐ‬. ‫ܕ‬7 ‫ ܗ‬.‫ܓ ܘܬܗ‬ ‫ܕ‬8 ̈ ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܬ̈ܪ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬9 : ‫ܐ ̇ ܕܗ ܬܪ‬ 10 ‫ ܕܬ‬11 ݂ ‫ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ . ‫ ܐ܉ ܕܐ ܐ‬12 ‫̈ ܐ ̇ܗ ܢ ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬:‫ܐܒܐ‬ 14 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒ ܘ ܐ ܘ ܒܐ ܕ‬15 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܬ ܆ܘ‬ 16 ‫ܐ‬

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Folio 31r

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Folio 31v

1. drugs (which are) dried and of thin 2. portions do we mix, for example 3. castoreum.96 4. But the second of them (which is) the fourth 5. (necessity) of the six (mentioned above), what is it 6. like? 7. When a drug which is needed 8. is very disagreeable, we mix with it one of 9. the drugs which will be capable 10. of subduing its unpleasantness. 11. (This is) in a like manner as Hippocrates mixes 12. with hellebore either some 13. ebony or seeds of ropey celery, 14. or cumin, or anise, or 15. something else 16. with a pleasant smell: with wild

̈

‫̈ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ܕܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬

:

‫ܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ . ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬

‫ܐ ܐ‬1 ‫̈ ܬܐ‬ 2 .‫ ܓ ܕܐ‬3 ‫ ܕܪܒ‬:‫ ܬܪ ܐ ܕ ܕ ܘܢ‬4 ‫ܐ܉ ܕܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬5 . ‫ܐ‬6 ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܕܓ‬7 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬8 ‫̈ ܐ ܕ ܓ ܘܬܗ‬ 9 . ‫܇‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬11 ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܒ ܪܒ ܐ‬12 ‫ ܕܐܘ ܣ ܐܘ‬13 ‫ܐ ܐܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬14 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܡ ܐ‬15 ‫ ܕܗ ܪ ܘܢ܇‬16

96 Literally “beaver testicles,” but the material is actually from the castor sacs which are present in both male and female beavers.

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Folio 31v

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Folio 32r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

purslane, milk of ferula. And why does a cathartic drug, which may be required here, need to be mixed with something to sweeten it? For two reasons. They are: One is so that is may be drunk. The other 9. is so that it will remain in the stomach. 10. For many of the drugs 11. which are drunk, are entirely disagreeable 12. to the people taking them, so that 13. they turn their stomachs, and they (i.e. the medicines) 14. are immediately vomited out. But some of them, even if 15. they are able to remain briefly 16. in the stomach, nevertheless they are vomited out

..‫ ܒܐ ܕܐܓ ܐ‬:‫ ܕ ܕܕܒ ܐ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬2 ‫ܐ܇ ܕ ܗܝ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ 3 ‫ܐ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬4 . ̈ ‫ܕ ܡܕ ܒ‬5 ‫ܐ‬. ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ 6 . ̈‫ ܐ‬7 ‫ ܐ ܬܐ‬.‫ ܐ ̇ ܐ ܕ ܬܐ‬8 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ ܕ ܪܒ‬9 ̈ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܓ ܐܐ ܓ‬10 ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܬ ܉ܗܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ̈ ‫ܒ ܘܢ܉ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬ 12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ܉‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗ‬13 ‫ܘܢ ܕ ܐ‬ .‫ ܬ ܒ ܢ‬14 ‫ܪܘ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ 15 ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܐ܉ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬16

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Folio 32r

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Folio 32v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

afterwards with horrible heaving. What is the fifth necessity like? In those diseases which need an opposing force, for example those 7. which need restraining drugs 8. and loosening drugs at the same time, or 9. cleansers and laxatives, or thickeners 10. at the same time as thinners of the fluids. 11. A need which is much greater than 12. of all of the (other) needs for compound 13. drugs, is (for) a drug 14. in which the opposing forces are found, 15. for this is applied more 16. than the rest (which have) many important

‫ܓ ̈ ܐܒ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ܉ ܕܐ‬

‫ܒ ܪ ܇‬ . ‫ܐܕ‬

1 2 3

. ‫ܐ‬4 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ̈ ܐ ܐ‬5 ̈ ̇ ‫ ̈ܐ‬6 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܗ ܢ‬:‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐܬ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ̈ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܐ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬8 ̈ ̈ ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐܘ‬9 ‫ܘ ̈ ܐ ܕ ̈ ̇܉‬ ‫ ܐ‬10 ‫ܪܒ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 11 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ 12 ‫ܒܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ܉ ܕ ܐ‬ 13 ̈ ̈ ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬14 ‫ܒܗܐܓ ܉‬ ‫ ܒ‬15 ‫ܗ‬ ‫ ̈ܓ ܐܢ‬:‫ܕ ܐ‬ 16

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Folio 32v

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Folio 33r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

uses. Now the sixth necessity – what is that like? If we wish to have one drug, which confronts many venoms of animals (which) give 7. off poison, or against deadly 8. drugs, we compound a drug 9. which is useful for these. And this necessity 10. requires that theriac be compounded; 11. and first (there was) mithridatium97 12. and many others. 13. Why was the antidote theriac 14. called theriac? 15. Because every wild animal (or “fanged beast”) is called 16. in Greek therion.98 And because

. ‫ܘ̈ܪ‬

1

‫ܐ‬

‫ܐܕ‬ 2 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬3 ‫ ܕ ܐ ܕܨܒ ܕ ܘܐ ܐ‬4 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐܡ‬.‫ܐ‬ 5 ̈ ̈ ‫ ܙܗ̈ܪܐ ܓ ܐܐ ܕ ܬܐ ܐ ܬ‬6 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܙܗܪܐ‬7 ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫̈ ܐ܉‬ 8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܗ ܐ‬. 9 ‫ ܐ܇ ܕܬܬ ܟ ܬ ܐ ܇‬10 ̇ ‫ܪܘܕ ܣ܇‬ ‫ ܘ‬11 ̈ .‫ܐ ܓ ܐܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬12 ‫ܸܬ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 13 . ‫ ܬ ܐ ܇ ܬ ܐ‬14 ‫ܕ‬ 15 ̣ ‫ܬ ܸ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ ܢ‬16

97 Mithridatium was a type of, or perhaps a forerunner to theriac. It is apparently named after Mithradates IV, who was active during the first part of the first century BC, because he was associated with poisons, inasmuch as he was said to have worked with many poisons in order to build up an immunity to all known poisons so that none could harm him. 98 The Greek word θηρίον can mean “beast,” but it can also refer more specifically to poisonous animals, particularly serpents.

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Folio 33r

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Folio 33v

1. theriac is useful for the bites 2. of wild animals; and because it wards off bile, 3. it was called theriac 4. from therion by Paranouma. 5. But again, because 6. the flesh of a viper was added to it, 7. for vipers are included under 8. this denomination, viz. 9. a beast with teeth. 10. Who was the inventor (note in margin continues at this point) of theriac? And who perfected it? And who confirmed it and revealed its worth? He who brought it forth indeed, from the first, (line 10 finishes with the words repeated) from the first, 11. was the Great 12. Philosopher99 (Magnus Phil[o]sopha). But he who perfected it was 13. Andromachus,100 for he 14. added to it the flesh of vipers, 15. which more than the rest of its drugs, 16. was found by experimentation, (and) which imitates

‫̈ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ : ‫ ܕܬ ܐ‬1 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘܕ‬.‫ ܕ ܬ ܸ ܐ‬2 ‫ܸܬ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ܐܪܐ‬ 3 ̇‫ ܗ‬4 ‫ܕ‬ . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ . ݂ ݂ ‫ ܘ‬.݂ ‫ ܬܘܒ ܕ‬.‫ ܬ ܢ‬5 ‫ ܕ ̇ ܒ ̇ ܒ ܐ ܕܐ ܐ܇‬6 ‫̇ܒ‬ ‫ܐ ̈ܐܕ‬7 ‫ܐ ܗ ܐ܇ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬ 8 .‫ܬ ܸ ܐ‬ 9 ̇ ‫ܗܘܐ ܒ‬ 10

There is a note in the margin with the insertion indicated at this point on line

‫̇܉ܘ‬

.̇ ‫̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ܐ‬

‫ ܘ‬. ‫ܕܬ ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܬܗ ܘܓ ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܒ‬

‫ܐ‬ (line 10 finishes) ‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܗܘܐ܉ ܓ ܣ‬11 ̇ .‫ܐ‬ 12 ݂ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܓ‬ ‫ ܐ ܪܘ‬13 ݂ ‫ܣ‬ :‫ܒ ̇ ܒ ܐ ܕܐ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬14 ̇ ̈ ‫݂ ܕ ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ̇ ‫ܐ܇ ܕ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬16

99 The term “Great Philosopher” undoubtedly refers to Aristotle, the Greek scientist and

philosopher of the 4th century BC. His work had been preserved among the Syrians and eventually was absorbed by Arab scholars after the Muslim conquests of the 7th century AD. Aristotle was deeply involved in the study of biology, including the classification of animals and his works were the primary source of philosophical and scientific study even in Western Europe from approximately 500 to 1200 AD. 100 Andromachus was a physician of Crete during the time of Nero. He worked on the so-called theriaca Andromachi, which is the drug mentioned in our text. It was initially used as an antidote for poisons, but eventually was seen as a panacea. It is said that the later emperor Antoninus took some of it every day. It supposedly consisted of sixty one ingredients, including squills, opium, pepper and dried vipers. (see Harry Thurston Peck’s Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1898).

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Folio 33v

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Folio 34r

1. that disease on account of which it was compounded. 2. Galen,101 however, confirmed it and revealed 3. its worth. Now he expounded the reasons 4. for the administration of each of the drugs 5. which are in it, and of the changing remedies 6. from it; and of the variable amounts 7. in which it is given. Now from 8. the seed of this, and from 9. the rich storehouse of his experience, and from 10. the abundance of his wealth, 11. Hunain also did the same 12. in the Book of Two Discourses. 13. Concerning theriac, 14. what is the advantage 15. and range of applications (lit. “dominion of use”) 16. of theriac, on account of which

̇ ‫ܐ‬ 1 . ‫ܗ ܐܬܪ ̣ ̣ܒ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܕ‬ ̇. ̇ ‫ ܬܗ ܕ ܘܓ ݂ܐ‬2 ̈ ̣ ̇ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܥ‬ ‫ ܗ ܐ ܓ‬.‫ ܓ ܣ‬3 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܕܬܪ‬4 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܕ‬. ̇ ‫ ܕܒ‬5 ̈ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܘܕ‬. ̇ ‫ ܕ‬6 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ݂ .‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ ܙ̈ܪ ܗܝ ܕ ܕܗ ܐ‬8 ‫ܘ‬: ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܓܐ‬9 .‫ܬܪܗ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 10 ̣ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ ܐܦ‬11 ݂ ݂ . ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܒܐ ܬ̈ܪ‬. ݂ 12 . ‫ܕ ܬ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ̇ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬14 ̇‫ܗ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܘ‬15 ‫̇ܗ‬ ‫ ܕܬ ܐ ܇ ܕ‬16

101 Galen was a famous Greek physician who lived ca. 130-200 AD. He was born in

Pergamon in Asia Minor. He began studying medicine in 146 and eventually settled in Rome in 164 AD. He is regarded as the founder of experimental physiology and was the second most famous physician in antiquity (after Hippocrates). He is also known for his anatomical studies. See introduction for additional comments.

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Folio 34r

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Folio 34v

1. it is better than the rest of the compounded 2. drugs, and agreeable when it is drunk? 3. Concerning all of the compounded drugs: 4. some of them indeed first guard 5. against sickness in that 6. small errors which are 7. in the body are eradicated; but 8. some of them heal the sick by virtue of the fact that 9. they treat diseases which already 10. exist. Theriac continues 11. to heal in both these (ways) 12. at the same time, so that not only 13. for those which were injured by beasts 14. did it ward off bile and venom, or 15. (also) is it apt to deliver (one) 16. from deadly drugs, but (also)

1 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ݂ ‫ܐ ܬ ܬܐ܀‬ ‫ܒܐ܇‬ 2 ̈ :‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ̇ ‫ܘܢ‬ 4 ̇‫ ܒ ܗܝ‬:‫ܪܗ ܐ‬ 5 ̇‫ ܕ ̈ ܕܐ ܙ ̈ܪܐ ܕܗܘ‬6 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܪܨ ܉‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒܓ‬7 ‫ܒ‬: ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬8 ̈ ̇ ‫ܘ ܗܘܘ‬ ‫ ܗܝ ܕ ܐ ܕ‬9 ‫ܗ‬ ‫ ܐ ܆ ̈ܪܬ‬10 ‫ܐܬ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ܇‬11 ‫ܒ ܒ ܕ‬. 12 ‫̈ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕܐܬ‬ ‫ ܐ‬13 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܐ ܸ ܬ ܬܐ ܘܙܗܪܐ‬14 :‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ 15 ‫ܐ ܕܬ ܙܒ܉ ܐ ܐ‬ 16

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Folio 34v

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Folio 35r

1. when it is first drunk, 2. it guards the body, which would be damaged 3. by them (i.e. noxious agents), and not only from external 4. damage, which it prevents, but also those 5. which are rather expected 6. to be inside the body – it hinders (them) 7. from causing injury. 8. How were people in doubt about 9. the actions and effectiveness of drugs? 10. They had uncertainty about the actions 11. and effectiveness of drugs in two ways: 12. first, concerning the strength which 13. each one of them has (separately). But secondly, 14. concerning their combination. 15. The uncertainty about their effectiveness 16. and strength – what is that like?

‫ܬ ܐ܉‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬1 ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܐ܇ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ܓ‬ 2 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ ܒ ܕ‬. ‫ܗ‬ 3 ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܐ܉ ܐ ܐ ܘ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 ‫ܘܢ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܐ ܒܓ‬ 6 .‫ ݂ ܕ ܓ ܢ‬7 ̈‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܐܬ‬8 ̈ ̈ ‫ ̈ ܐ ܘ ܒ ܬܐ ܕ‬9 .‫ܐ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܸܗܘܐ ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܬܪ ܐ‬10 [‫ ܐ‬in margin] 11 ̈ ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܐ‬ 12 ̣ ̣ ‫ ܬܪ ܐ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ 13 .‫ ܕ ܘ ܪܘ ܒ ܘܢ‬14 ‫ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ ̇ ܕ‬ 15 . ‫̣ܘܢ ܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬16

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319

Folio 35r

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Folio 35v

1. If, namely, everything which is swallowed 2. and enters the stomach is first 3. transported to the liver, but afterward 4. from there is carried throughout the entire 5. body, how can one 6. say that some of the 7. drugs are useful for the liver, 8. but some of them for the spleen, and some of them 9. for the kidneys? Or for the bladder? 10. By what means may this uncertainty 11. be solved? 12. It is clearly manifest through experimentation 13. that the sea rabbit, to be sure, damages 14. the lungs alone, of all the parts 15. of the body, and makes 16. ulcers in them; but the blister beetle ulcerates

‫ܕ ܒ‬ ‫ܡ‬ ‫ ܐܢ‬1 ‫ܡ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ̇ ܒ‬2 ̇ 3 ‫ܒ ܪ‬: ‫ܒ‬ ‫݂ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܓܐ‬ : ‫ܕ ݂ ܬ‬4 ‫ܬ ܐ܉ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬ 5 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬: ‫ ܐ‬6 ‫܉‬ ‫̈ ܐ ܒܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ 8 ̈ ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ 9 ‫ܐ‬ :‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬10 .‫ ܗ ܐ‬11 ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܐܒ‬ ‫ ܕܓ ܐ‬12 ‫ ܕܐܪ ܒܐ ̇ ܕ ݂ܐ ܐܬܐ‬13 ‫ܘܢ ܗܕ ̈ ܗܝ‬ ‫ ܒ ܕ‬14 ̇ ‫ܓ ܘ ̇ܒ ܒ‬ :‫ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬15 ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܘ ܐ ܕ‬ 16

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Folio 35v

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Folio 36r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

the bladder. Therefore, likewise it is possible for some drugs to break up calcifications of the bladder. Some of them, however, make expectorations from 6. the chest and the lungs easy and simple; 7. and some of them easily 8. heal various other things 9. in each of the parts 10. of the body. 11. Now the uncertainty about their mixture, 12. what is that like? 13. Of the drugs which possess 14. opposite powers, it is not possible 15. that their power be preserved when 16. they are mixed together. But rather

̇‫ܒ‬ 1 . ̈ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ܇ ܘܕ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬2 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ ܕ‬3 ‫ܢ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬4 ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ 5 ݂‫ܐ ܕ‬ ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ ܘܕ ܐ‬ .‫ ܐ ܘܪܐܬܐ‬6 ‫ܘܢ ܡ‬ ‫ ܒ ܘܢ܇ ܘ‬7 ‫ ܒ‬:‫ ܐ ܐ ܘܐ ܐ‬8 ̈ ‫ܗܕ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ 9 .‫ܘܢ‬ 10 ‫ܐ ܕ ܕ ܪܘ ܒ ̣ܘܢ‬ 11 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬12 ‫ܕ ̈ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ ܸ ܆ ܐ‬ 14 ‫ܘܢ܇ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫̈ ܕܐ ܪ ܒ ܢ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

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1. the powers which are present in them 2. are destroyed completely. And the evidence 3. concerning this is found in the wet 4. substances which are joined together. For if 5. some water which is boiling well 6. is combined with water which is very cold, 7. neither one of the two sorts 8. which were mixed together remains as 9. it was in the beginning. 10. But rather, something else, a third (substance), 11. exists, which is different from 12. the two (others). Also (with) drugs 13. of opposing forces, the same 14. thing happens to those which 15. are compounded: that which is known 16. to be destroyed is their power.

‫̈ܐ‬

1 . ‫ܘܢ ܓ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܘ ܕܘܬܐ‬.‫ܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܒܓ‬ ‫ ܕ ܗܕܐ‬3 ‫ܐ ܘ‬. ‫ ̈ܪ ܒܐ ܕ‬4 : ‫ܪܬ‬ ‫ܓ ܕ ̈ ܐܕ‬5 .݂ ‫ܬ ܛܒ ̈ ܐܕ‬6 ̈ ‫ܬܪ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܐ‬7 ‫ܪܐ ܐ‬ ‫܇‬ ‫ ܕܐܬ‬8 . ݂ ‫ ܕܐ ܘܗܝ ܗܘܐ‬9 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܡ ܐ ܐ ܬ‬10 ‫݂ ܬܪ ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܗܘܐ ܕ‬11 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܦ‬.‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬12 ̈ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫̈ܒ‬ ‫ ܐܪܐ‬13 ݂ ‫ܗܝ ܓ ܐ ܘܢ ܐ‬ 14 ݂ ̇ ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܕ ܪ ܒ ܢ ܗܕܐ ܕ‬15 .‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

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1. How is this uncertainty 2. resolved? 3. By means of drugs, and the rest of those things 4. which are administered to the body. Some of them 5. indeed work with natural powers, 6. but some of them with accidental102 powers. 7. Now of those which 8. work by accidental powers, 9. as, for example, cold water and boiling 10. water – their powers do not persist 11. when they are combined. But those 12. which work by means of natural powers – 13. their powers remain, 14. even if they possess other accidental 15. powers. And because of this, those 16. among them which are hot

‫ܐ‬

‫ܪܐ܇‬

‫ܐ‬

‫ܒ‬1 .‫ ܗ ܐ‬2 ̈ ̇ ‫ ܘ ܐ ܕܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܗܝ ܕ‬3 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܒ ܉‬ ‫ܕ ܓܐ‬4 ̈ . ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ ܒ ̈ܐ‬5 ̈ ̈ 6 .‫ܘܢ ܕ ܆ ܒ ܐ ܓ ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܗ ܢ‬: ‫ ݂ ܗ ܕ‬7 : ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ̈ ܐ ܓ ̈ ܐ‬8 ‫ܐ ܘ ̈ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ̈ܐ‬9 ‫̈ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ ̈ܪܬ ܐ܉ ܐ‬10 ‫ ܗ ܢ ܕ‬.‫ܪ ܒ ܢ‬ 11 ̈ ̈ ‫ܒ ܉‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܐ‬12 ‫̈ ܐ ܕ ܘܢ܇‬ ‫ܪ‬ 13 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐܐ ܐܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬14 ‫ܗܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܢ‬ 15 ̇ 16 ‫ܘܢ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬

102 The term “accidental” is understood in common parlance as something which arises by chance, but the first definition is Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary is “arising from extrinsic causes.” This is the definition which fits the meaning intended by the scribe. In this sense, accidental is not merely by chance, but can actually be something planned. The key factor is that it comes from extrinsic causes, such as when heat is applied to water, as in the example which the scribe gives in the text.

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1. in their powers, as for example 2. the mustard seeds. Even if you cool them 3. into an externally imposed (state of) cold, nevertheless 4. they certainly (still) warm 5. the body, (even) if it is a long time (during which) 6. they adhere to it. Those, however, 7. which have cooling powers, for example 8. hemlock and the milk of poppies, 9. cause cooling in any situation. They cool 10. the body, while they remain for a long time 11. even if they are administered (after they have been) 12. accidentally (i.e. ab externo) warmed. Just as some 13. of them, indeed, which are 14. warm are expected to burn 15. the body. But some of those cause cooling 16. so that the body will be without sensation.

‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬1 ‫ ܕ ܕ ܐ܉ ܐ ܬ ܪܪ ܐ ܢ‬2 ‫ܐ܉ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܘܬܐ ܓ‬3 ‫ܘܣ‬ 4 ‫ ܐ ܘ ܕ ܐ ܓ ܐ‬:‫ ܓ ܐ‬5 ‫ܐ‬. ‫ܪܘܢ‬ 6 ‫ ܐ ܐ܉‬: ‫ ܕ ܕܒ ܐ‬7 ‫̈ ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܕܨܗܪܘܐ ܘ ܒܐ ܕ‬8 .‫ܘܣ‬ ‫ܘ‬ 9 ‫ܐ ܓ ܐ‬ :‫ ܓ ܐ‬10 ‫ܪܘܢ܇‬ ‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬11 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 12 ݂ ̇ ̇ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܗ ܢ‬13 ݂ ̇ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬. ̣ ‫ ܬ ܒ‬14 ‫̇ܗ ܢ ܕ ܕ‬ ݂ .‫ ܓ ܐ‬15 .‫ ܕ ܐ ܪܓ ܐ ܘܐ ܓ ܐ‬16

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Folio 38r

1. How many opinions are there concerning 2. compound drugs? 3. There are two. 4. One, to be sure, is that of the Empiricists, but the other 5. is that of the Rationalists.103 6. What is the opinion of the Empiricists? 7. They take into consideration all the compound drugs 8. through a dream, or luck, 9. or chance, but some 10. of them by means of philogism, 11. that is to say, the common (i.e. unsophisticated) thinking 12. of all people; they (then) say 13. they found them, for example 14. when a few (of them) are mixed together, 15. (i.e.) drugs which exhibit the same 16. action (as shown) by means of

‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܤ‬

‫ܗܘܘ܇‬ 1 ܸ ‫ܐ ̈ܪ ܐ‬ ̈ .‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 2 ‫ ܬܪ ܐ‬3 ̇ ݂̇ ‫ ܐ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܕ‬ 4 ̇ ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ‬. ‫ ܕ‬5 ̈ ‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ܪ ܐ ̇ ܕ‬6 ̇ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ‫ܐ ܘܓ ܐ‬ ‫܉‬ 8 ̈ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬9 ‫ܓ‬ ‫̣ܘܢ ܒ ܗ‬ 10 ‫ܒܐ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬11 ̈ ‫ ܕ ܘܢ ܒ ܐ܇ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐ ܢܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬13 ̈ ‫܇‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܕܒ ܕܐ‬14 ̈ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܕܗܝ‬ 15 ݂ ݂ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܪܘܬܐ‬ 16

103 For a discussion of the terms “Empiricists” and “Rationalists” as they pertain to the history of medicine, see section 1 of the introduction.

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Folio 38v

1. experimentation. But various ones 2. of them, in various 3. bodies, more or less appropriately 4. demonstrate (what) the proper 5. action is. He administers 6. many drugs like those, 7. so that at least one of them might be 8. able to restore the nature of the body, 9. which is (thus) healed. 10. Now what is the opinion of the Rationalists? 11. (It is) that for each one of the diseases there are 12. certain drugs which posses the appropriate attribute 13. with regards to its therapy, and when 14. they are combined with certain ones, have been 15. helpful for some things, concerning 16. its healing. But there are

‫ܐ‬

1 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܘܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ܇ ܒ ܓ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬ 2 ‫ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ ܐ܇‬3 ‫ܪܘܬܗ‬ ‫ ܝ‬. ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬4 ‫ܕ ̈ ܐ‬:̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܙܕ ܐ‬5 [sic] .̣ ‫ܕܐ ܗ‬ ‫ ̈ܓ ܐ‬6 .‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܐܦ‬7 ‫ܕ ܓܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 8 ̇ 9 . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ ̈ . ‫ ܐ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܪ ܐ ܕ ܕ‬10 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 [sic] ‫ ܡ ܐ ܉ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܠ‬12 ‫ ܘ‬. ܸ ‫ ܬ ܐ ܬܗ‬13 ̈ ‫ܕܐ‬ .‫̈ܕܐ ܪ ܒ ̣ܢ‬ 14 ̇ 15 ‫̈ܪ ܐ܇ ܨ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ ‫̈ ܐܕ‬ .‫ܬܗ‬ 16

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Folio 39r

1. other drugs of which not even 2. one of them in and of itself is 3. suitable with regard to a disease, but 4. when a few are mixed together, 5. they add another attribute which 6. they acquire from their being mixed together, 7. which is (then) suitable for the healing of the disease. 8. What is that like? 9. An ulcer needs 10. drugs that build up the flesh, 11. (such as) lily bulbs, and aristolochia, and the root 12. of heracleum,104 and flour of the bitter vetches, 13. and powder of frankincense, are (also) necessary 14. for its cure. Now if 15. verdigris is mixed with the 16. wax105 it will be healed. This drug will indeed

‫ܘܐ‬

‫ ܕܐ‬. ‫ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬1 ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ 2 ̇ ‫ܢ ܬܗ ܕ ܐ܉ ܐ ܐ‬ 3 ‫ܪ ܒ ܉‬ ‫̈ܕܐ‬ 4 ‫ ܐܐ ܐ‬5 ̇ 6 ̇ ‫݂ ܪܘ ܒ ܘܢ܇ ܕ‬ ..‫ ܬ ܐ ܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬7 . ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬8 ‫ܐ ̇ ܕ‬ 9 ‫̈ ܐ ܒ ̈ ܒ ܐ܉‬ 10 ‫ܐܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܘ‬11 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܕ ܘ̈ܪܐ‬12 ‫ ܘܕ ܐ ܕ ܒ ܐ܇‬13 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܬ ܐ ܬܗ‬14 ̇ ‫ ܒ ܘ ܕ‬15 ̇ ‫ ܙ ܓ ܐ ܐ ܐ܉ ܒ ܐ‬16

104 The variety of heracleum found in the US is also known as cow parsnip. Heracleum

sphondylium is a European variety and has a subspecies panaces, which may be the herb in question. 105 The Arabic at this point indicates “wax melted (or ‘dissolved’) in oil.”

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

build flesh in it because of its mixture. Now each one of the two drugs which are compounded is quite contrary to the building up of the flesh. 6. And because the rust indeed 7. consumes the flesh which is in 8. the ulcer, thus the drug 9. will be hot and strong. 10. But the wax is indeed a drug 11. (which) is pleasant and not stinging, 12. but instead of flesh it brings forth 13. more debris in the ulcers. But that 14. which is compounded from them, I mean the wax 15. together with the verdigris, builds up the 16. flesh in ulcers which need

̇ ‫ ̇ܒ ܐ ܒ‬1 .‫ܒ ܬܗ‬ 2 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܪ ܘܢ ܕ‬3 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 .‫ܒ ܒ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬ 5 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܙ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬6 ‫ܒ ܐ ܕܐ ܒ‬ ‫ ̇ܐ‬7 ‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ 8 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬9 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܕ ܉‬10 ̇ .‫ܐ‬ ‫̣ܐ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬11 ‫ܒ ܐ ܕ ܨܐܬܐ‬ 12 ‫ܐ‬ ̇ .‫ܐ ܒ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܐ ܕ‬ 13 ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܕ‬14 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ ܙ ܓ ܐ܉ ܒ ܐ‬15 ‫ ̇ܒ ܐ܇ ܒ ̈ ܐ ܕ‬16 ‫ܐܗܐ‬

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Folio 40r

1. flesh augmenters, in such a manner that 2. each one of them which 3. is mixed abolishes the bad effect 4. of the other. 5. Which of the two opinions 6. concerning the compound drugs 7. is true, and whence 8. is that truth known? 9. Now that of the Empiricists is not 10. true. For it is not without reasoning 11. (that) drugs are compounded, but rather 12. through reasoning. Now that of 13. the Rationalists is true, inasmuch as 14. by reasoning they determine those things 15. correctly (which) may be combined as drugs: 16. (viz.) with regard to the attributes of the simple

1 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܒ ̈ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 ‫ܒ ܗ‬ ‫ܢ܉ ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ..‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬4 ‫ܬܪ ܘܢ ̈ܪ ܐ܇‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬5 ̈ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬7 ..‫ܘܬܗ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬8 ̇ 9 ̈ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܕ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܒ‬. 10 ̈ ‫݂ܐ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܪ ܒ‬ 11 ̇ ‫݂ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ ܕ‬.‫ ܒ ܒܐ‬12 ̄ ̄ ‫ܕܒ‬ ̄ ‫ܗ ̇ܝ ܓ‬ . 13 ‫ܗ‬ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬14 ̈ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܙܕܩ ܪ ܒ ܢ‬15 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܬ ̈ ܐܕ‬ 16

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1. drugs from which they are compounded; 2. and with regard to the change in the conditions 3. which are unnatural which they will treat; 4. and with regard to the body part 5. which is ill; and with regard to the completion 6. of a (particular) stage (of illness) and (physical) constitution and of the time 7. of year, and of the partial change 8. of the air and of the location, and of the habit(s) 9. and custom(s). They also know the cause 10. on account of which each one of the compound drugs 11. is (either) useful or harmful. 12. For behold, according to what precept is verdigris 13. warm when it is mixed with 14. wax, a medicine which works (by) building up 15. the flesh, when not 16. one of the drugs of which it is composed

: ‫ܪ ܒ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ̈ ܐܕ‬1 ‫̈ ܐ ܕܐ ̈ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘ ܬ‬2 ‫܆‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ݂ ‫ܕܒ‬3 ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ ܬ ܐܕ‬4 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘ ܬ‬: ‫ܕ‬5 ‫ܐ ܘܕ ܙܓܐ ܘܕܙܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܘܕ‬7 ‫ ܕܐܐܪ ܘܕܐܬܪܐ ܘܐ ܐ‬8 ‫܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ܉ ܐܦ‬9 ‫ܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫̇ܗ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ‫ܓ ܇‬ ̈ :‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܐ ܓ ܕܒܐ ܐ‬12 ‫ܙܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܘ‬ 13 ‫ܐ ܕܒ ̇ ܐ‬ :‫ܐ‬ 14 ̇ ‫ܘܐ‬ : ‫ ܒ ܐ ܒ‬15 ̈ ̇ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 16

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Folio 41r

1. builds up the flesh? The Empiricist indeed is not able 2. to say (anything regarding this). But the Rationalist 3. indeed can say (something about it), and 4. by this means can overwhelm the impudence 5. of the experimenter. 6. What is the intrinsic value of reasoning106 7. and of experimentation in the medicine 8. which is compounded? 9. In the compounding, indeed, the doctrine is found 10. as regards diseases which were mentioned. Experimentation 11. however, proves in the most excellent way 12. the drug which was found by reasoning. 13. For when it is confirmed by experimentation 14. that a compound medicine has been optimally 15. constituted for a disease, (then) the best manner 16. for compounding it is known.

‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܒ ̇ ܐ ܒ ܐ‬1 ‫ܐܕ‬ . ‫ܸܐ ܐ‬ 2 ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ ܐ‬3 ‫ܘܒ ܬܗ‬ ‫ ܒ ܗܕܐ܇‬4 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 ̈. ‫̇ ܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܐ‬6 ‫ܘ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬7 . ‫ܕ ܪ‬8 ̇ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܕ ܘ ܒ‬9 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܬ ̈ ܐ ܕܐܬܐ ܘ‬ 10 ̇ ̇ ‫ܪܘܬܗ‬ ‫ ܒ‬. ‫ ܕ‬11 .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫݂ܐ ܕܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬12 .‫ܗܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ 13 ݂ ‫ܒ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬14 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐܬܪ ܇‬15 .. ‫ܪܘܬܐ ܕܪܘ ܒ‬ 16 ‫ܐ‬

106 Although “reasoning” is not the usual translation of ‫ܐ‬ , in this case it appears from the context that it is being used as the process employed by the “reasoners,” i.e. the thought process by which one predicts the characteristics of a drug. Therefore, the usual translation of “word” or “precept” will not fit here.

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Folio 41r

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Folio 41v

1. Is there truly a certain compound 2. of medicine which is better than all (other) 3. compounds? 4. Not at all. But rather, a particular 5. compound which is more 6. for a particular disease. 7. But simply and without 8. distinction, there are no 9. compounds of which it can it be said 10. that they are better than all the 11. rest of them. 12. Therefore of which sort is it said 13. that a compound medicine is best 14. and what is it that can be used 15. in its place? 16. The compound indeed which is said to be best

‫ܪܘ ܒܐ ܡ‬ ‫ܐ‬1 ̄ ‫ܘܢ ̈ܪܘ ̄ܒ‬ ݂ ‫ ܕ‬:‫ ܕ ܐ‬2 ‫ܪ܇‬ 3 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܪܘ ܒܐ‬. ‫ܘܐ‬4 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ ܐ ܐ ܘܐ ܐ܉‬5 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܘܐ ܐ܇‬6 ‫ ܘܕ ܐ‬. ‫ܐ ܕ‬ . ̇ 7 ‫ ܪ ܐ܉ ܘ ܐ‬8 ݂ ‫ܐܕ ܐ‬ :‫ ̈ܪܘ ܒܐ‬9 ‫ܘܢ ܗ ܢ‬ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ݂ .‫ ܕ ܐ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙܐ‬ ‫ ܒܐ ܐ‬12 ‫ܒܐ܉‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ‫ܕܒ ܘ ܗ܇ ܸ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬14 . ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ ܪܘ ܒܐ ̇ ܕ‬16

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Folio 41v

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Folio 42r

1. is not simply (made) from (combining) all the drugs, 2. but rather (is made) from those which promise 3. to cure so many things. But it is possible 4. that in such things it is useful 5. in terms of its indication, if one knows 6. the efficacy of each one of 7. the simple drugs from which 8. it is compounded. 9. That which must be used 10. in compound drugs, is that which 11. indeed is most advantageous for it, so that 12. we will use drugs which have been tested by experimentation; 13. otherwise we will be compounding drugs 14. which have not been proven. 15. Even more advantageous is (the fact) that those 16. which have been tested by means of experimentation will become familiar,

̈

1 ‫ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܘܕ ܇‬ ‫ܐܐ ݂ ܗ ܢܕ‬2 ‫ܸܐ‬ . ‫ܡ‬ ‫ ܕܙ‬3 ‫ ܕ ܕܒ ܐ ܗ ܐ‬4 ‫ ܒ ܘ ܗ܉ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܥ‬5 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 6 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫̈ ܐ ̈ ܐܕ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 . 8 ‫ܐ ܐܕ‬9 ܸ ‫ܒܐ܉ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬10 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬. ‫ܐ‬ 11 ‫܉‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐܬܒ ܒ‬12 ‫̈ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܐܬ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܕ‬13 . 14 ̇ ‫ܐ܉ ܕܒ ܢ‬ 15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐܬܒ ܘ ܒ‬16

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Folio 42v

1. 2. 3. 4.

when one learns the rule(s) for their use. But some necessity may force it, as it happens many times in many of the 5. diseases (that) we compound drugs 6. which do not cure them, nor are 7. useful for them? 8. And how can one know it? 9. That is to say, by what reasoning was the 10. drug which was found compounded, and according 11. to what rule do we compound another 12. which is not (so) discovered? 13. (It is important) to know these 14. two things among the others 15. which are taught initially, for when 16. a man first learns

̇ ‫ܐܕ‬ 1 ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܕܒ ܘܢ‬2 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ ܡ ܬ ܸ ܗܝ‬3 ‫ܐ ܙܒ ̈ ܒ ̈ܓ ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܕܓ ܐ‬4 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ܉‬ 5 ‫ܐ ݂ܢ ܘܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬6 . 7 :‫ܥ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ ܐ ܐ‬8 ‫ܒܐ ܐܬܪ‬ ‫ ܕܒܐ ܐ‬9 ‫܇ ܘܒܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 10 ‫ܐܦ ܗܘ܇ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 11 . ‫ ܕ ܐ‬12 ‫ܗ ܐ‬ ‫ ̈ܪܬ‬13 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܥ܉ ݂ ܐ‬ 14 ̈ . ‫ ܕ‬15 : ‫ܘܡ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ‬16 ‫ܐ‬

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Folio 43r

1. about the nature of each one of the diseases 2. which he treats, and the way in which it is possible 3. to know the disease (and know) about the treatment of each 4. one (text inserted from margin) of them, and the actions of each one 4. (continued) of the simple drugs, (this) does not 5. oppose the knowledge 6. of the reasoning by which the compounded drug 7. which is present was mixed, 8. or the rule of mixing in that 9. which it needed. 10. When a man finds many 11. compound drugs which promise 12. the same action, 13. which one of them should 14. he choose? 15. It is correct to choose from among such things 16. the one which is compounded from drugs

‫ܘܢ‬

‫̈ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ̇ ‫ ܘ ܐܘܪ ܐ ܕܒ‬. ̇ ‫ܐ ܕܐ ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܥ‬

1 2 3 4

text in margin

( ‫ ܘ ܐ ܕ‬:‫ܘܢ‬ ) ‫̈ ܐ ̈ ܐ܉ ܐ‬ 4 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ ܕܐ‬5 ‫ ܕ ܒܐ ܕܒ ܐܬܪ‬6 ‫܇‬ ‫ܒܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 7 ̇ ‫ܐ ܕܪܘ ܒܐ ܕܗܘ‬ ‫ ܘܕ‬8 . ‫ ܕ ܗܝ‬9 ‫̈ ܐ ̈ܓ ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬10 ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܘܕ‬ ‫ܐ ܆ܕ‬ 11 ‫ܪܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ܸ ܸ 12 ̇ ‫ ܙܕܩ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬13 .‫ ܓܒܐ‬14 ‫ ̇ܙܕܩ ܓܒܐ‬15 .݂ ‫ܕܐ ܗ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬16

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Folio 43r

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Folio 43v

1. which are the fewest in number and the easiest 2. to find, and that which has the most 3. uses, and that which is the most specific 4. for the disease in question. 5. How many are the phases of diseases 6. and how is each of them 7. known? 8. There are four phases 9. of diseases. The beginning, the ascent, 10. the apex, (and) the descent. And the beginning 11. indeed is when the natural 12. powers (or “activities”) are damaged 13. by the diseases. But the natural vigor 14. still begins to bring about a mitigation of 15. the effective cause of the illness. 16. The ascent, however, is when

‫ܘܢ ܘܕ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬1 ̈ ‫ܓ ܐܢ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬:‫ܐ‬ 2 ̇‫̈ ܗ܉ ܘ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܗܘ‬ 3 .‫̇ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ .̇ ‫ܕ‬4 ̈ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܙܒ ܐ ܕ ̈ܪܗ ܐ܉‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 5 ‫ܥ‬ ‫ ܘܐ ܐ‬6 .‫ܘܢ‬ 7 ̈ ‫ܘܢ ܙܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܪܒ ܐ ܐ‬8 .‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܪ ܐ‬.‫ ܕ ̈ܪܗ ܐ‬9 ‫ ܘ ܪ ܐ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ .‫ ܙܐ‬10 ̈ ̇ ‫ ̇ ܗܘܐ܉ ܐ ܕ ܒ ܬܐ‬11 ̇ 12 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ݂ ‫̈ܓ‬ ‫ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̈ܪܗ ܐ܇ ܐ ܕ‬13 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܝ‬ 14 .‫ܐ ܒ ܕܬܗ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬ 15 ‫ܐ ܕ ܗܘ ܐ܉ ܐ‬ 16

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Folio 43v

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Folio 44r

1. the disease indeed increases 2. and reduces the (body’s own) vigor, but irregularly (so), 3. and does not entirely affect 4. the (body’s) vigor. Now the apex 5. is when the disease indeed 6. persists from the (period of) increase, but 7. the (body’s) vigor shows signs of a victory 8. of nature, or of its defeat. 9. Now the descent is when 10. the disease is indeed diminished 11. and vanquished. Nature, however, 12. does not bring about only a mitigation of the disease, but 13. rather a complete release from it. 14. What is the pulse 15. of the arteries? 16. The pulse is the local

̇ ‫ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬1 ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ ܕ‬: ‫ܘ ܐ‬2 ܿ ‫ܗܘ‬ ‫ܼ ܸܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܐ‬3 ܸ ‫ ܙܐ ܕ‬.‫ ܐ ܒ ܪܗ ܐ‬4 ̇ 5 ̇ ‫ܗܘܐ܉ ܐ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܫ‬ 6 ̈ ‫ܘܕ ܐ ܕܙ ܬܗ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 .‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܕ ܕ‬:‫ ܕ ܐ‬8 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܗܘ ܐ܉ ܐ‬ 9 ̇ ‫ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬10 ‫ܒ ܪ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ ܇ ܒ ܕ‬:‫ ܘ ܕ ܐ‬11 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܪܗ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܒ‬ 12 . ‫ ܘ ܐ ܓ ܐ ܕ‬13 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܐ‬14 .‫ ܕ ܐ‬15 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ܉ ܙܘ ܐ‬16

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Folio 44r

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Folio 44v

1. movement of the heart and arteries, 2. which consists of their dilatation and contraction, 3. contributing to a preservation of the balance 4. of natural heat, and to an increase 5. in the vital (lit. “animal”) spirit, 6. and to a bringing forth of the mental 7. spirit. 8. And again on the other hand 9. the beating is a trustworthy 10. messenger and a silent proclaimer 11. which announces those things which are not evident 12. by means of its opposing 13. movements which are evident. 14. By means of which things is the equilibrium of 15. the innate warmth preserved? 16. By means of the departure of warm vapors

:‫ܐ܇ ܕ ܒܐ ܘܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܘ‬1 ̇ :‫ܐ ܕ ܘܢ ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬2 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܬ‬3 ‫ ܘ ܬ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 ‫ܬ ܐ܇‬ ‫ ܬܪܒ ܐ ܕܪܘ ܐ‬5 ‫ܐ ܕܪܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ ܬ‬6 ..‫ܐ‬ 7 . ‫ ܘܬܘܒ ܐ ܐ‬8 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ܉ ܐ ܐ‬9 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܘܙܐ‬:‫ܕܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬10 ̈ ‫ܕ ܐܓ ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ̈ ̈ ‫ ܒ ܙܘ ܗܝ ܕ ܒ ܐ‬12 . ܸ ‫ ܕܓ‬13 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬14 ‫ܬܐ‬ .‫ܬܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ̈ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܒ‬16

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Folio 44v

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Folio 45r

1. which is through contraction, and by means of 2. a rising of the cold air, which is 3. through the dilatation.107 4. How many are the causes 5. which alter the pulse? 6. Three. What are they? 7. The natural, the unnatural, and 8. that which is outside of nature108 9. What are the natural ones like? 10. The natural ones indeed are, for example, 11. (those peculiar to) masculinity and femininity, 12. and the mixture of hot and cold, 13. or wet and dry, or the appearance 14. of (being) thin or fat, or the seasons 15. of the year, the spring I mean, 16. and the summer, and the fall and the winter,

‫ܐ܉ ܘܒ‬ ‫ ܕܗܘ ܐ ܒ‬1 ‫ܐ܉ ܕܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܐܐܪ‬ 2 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬3 ̈ ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 4 ̈ ̈ ‫ܕ‬5 .‫ܐ‬ ̈‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬. ‫ܬ‬6 ‫ ܘܕ ܐ ܒ ܐ܉ ܘܕ ܒ‬:‫ ̈ ܐ‬7 .‫ܐ‬ 8 ̈ 9 . ‫݂ܐ ܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ̈ ܐ ̇ ܐ‬10 ‫܉ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܕ ܘܬܐ ܘ ܒ ܬܐ܇‬11 . ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܘ ܙܓܐ ܕ‬12 ‫ ܘ ܬܐ‬: ‫ܐܘ ܒ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܪ‬13 ̈ ‫ ܘܙܒ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܐ ܐܘ‬14 ‫ ܬܕܐܐ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ ܕ ܐ‬15 ‫ܐ ܘ ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܘܬ‬:‫ ܘ ܐ‬16

107 Presumably the dilatation and contracture he refers to concern the arteries which

he has been discussing. The fact that he seems to indicate that air is moved through the arteries hearkens back to the teaching among certain Greek physicians, including Hippocrates, that both blood and air circulated in the arteries. 108 It becomes apparent in his discussion that the first term he uses refers to those things which are a part of our nature, and which we cannot really alter. The second category refers to those things which derive from human will and produce changes because of conscious intervention. The third category deals with those things which are neither part of nature (in the opinion of the scribe, perhaps not in our opinion), nor derived from the will. He seems to include disease processes in this category.

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Folio 45r

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Folio 45v

1. or the change in the air, and the changes 2. in location, or stage of life,109 or sleep 3. and wakefulness, or idleness and exercise. 4. What are the unnatural ones like? 5. Those things which are unnatural are 6. those which are from the will and not 7. from nature, and agreeable to nature 8. is their equilibrium and those are of three (kinds), 9. for either they cause damage 10. externally – for example intense cold 11. and heat and baths – or they enter into 12. the body – for example food 13. and drink and drugs – or those things 14. which happen – for example 15. extreme cold. 16. But what are those outside of nature

109 The three

‫̈ ܐ‬

‫ ܘ ̈ ܐ‬:‫ܐ ܕܐܐܪ‬ ‫ܘ‬1 ̈ ‫ ܘ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐܬ̈ܪܘܬܐ܇ ܘ‬2 ..‫ ܘܒ ܐ ܘܕܘܪ ܐ‬:‫ ܘ ܘܬܐ‬3 ‫ ܕ ܐ ܒ ܐ ܕ ܕܐ ܐ‬4 ‫܉‬ ‫ܕܐܒ ܐܕ ܐ‬5 ̈ ‫ ̈ܗ ܕ ݂ ܨܒ ܐ ܗܘ ܘ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܪ‬:‫ܐ‬ ݂ 7 ‫ܬܗ ܘܗ ܬ ܐ‬ 8 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬9 ݂ ‫ܐܘ ܓ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܪ ܐ‬: ̈ ‫ ܓ‬10 ‫ ܐܘ ܓ‬:‫̈ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܘ‬11 ̈ ‫ ܓ ܐ ܐ ܆ ܐ ܐ‬12 ‫ܕ ܐ̈ ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ܉ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܘ ̈ ܐ ܘ‬13 ‫ܘ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ܢ‬ 14 .‫ ܕܕܘܪ ܐ‬15 ‫ܐ ܕ ܕܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒ‬16

are: childhood, youth, and old age.

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Folio 45v

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Folio 46r

1. like? 2. Now those which are outside of nature are 3. those which are neither from nature nor from 4. the will. Those which 5. cause a weakening of the (life) force, for example 6. vomiting. Now some of them 7. will indeed cool the (life) force, 8. as, for example, corpulence. 9. How many types of (arterial) pulse are there? 10. Ten, Which are they? 11. First, that which is (characterized by) the amount 12. of dilatation, which is divided into large, small, 13. and moderate. Secondly, that 14. which is (characterized by) the timing of the movement, which is divided 15. into rapid, slow and intermediate. 16. Thirdly, that which is (characterized by)

.

‫ܐ‬1 ‫܉‬ ‫ܐܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܕܒ‬2 ‫ ܗ̈ ܕ‬3 ݂ ‫ܐܐ ܐ‬ ̈ ‫ ܨܒ ܐ‬4 ‫ ܗ ܕ‬. ‫ܗܘ‬ ‫ܐܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ ܉‬5 ‫ܕ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܢ‬ ‫ ܐ‬7 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܕ‬8 ̈ ̈ .‫ܘܢ ܓ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 9 ‫ܐ ܢ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ 10 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ ̇ ̇ܗܘ ܕ‬ 11 ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬.‫ ܕ ܐ‬12 ‫ܘܙ ܪܐ‬ ̇‫ ܗܘ‬. ‫ ܬܪ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬13 ‫ ܕ‬.‫ ܕ ܙܒ ܐ ܕܙܘ ܐ‬14 .‫ܐ‬ ‫̇ܐ ܘ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ 15 ̇ ݂ ‫ ܬ ܐ ܕ ܉ ܗܘ ܕ‬16

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Folio 46r

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1. the intensity of the (life) force, which is divided into powerful, 2. feeble, and moderate. Fourthly, 3. that which is (characterized by) the structure of the covering 4. of the artery, which is divided into hard, 5. soft and intermediate. Fifthly, 6. that which is (characterized by) the amount 7. of fluid which is in the cavity 8. of the artery/vessel, and is divided into full, 9. empty and intermediate. Now sixthly, 10. that which is (characterized by) the quality 11. of the warmth of the body 12. of the artery/vessel, and is divided into warm, 13. cool and intermediate. Now seventh, 14. that which is (characterized by) the time of rest, 15. and is divided into continuous, interrupted, 16. and intermediate. Eighth, that is

‫ܐ‬

‫ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬

‫ ܐܕ‬1 ‫ ܪܒ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫݂ܐ ܘ‬ ‫ܘ‬2 ̇ ‫ܐܕ ܬ‬ ݂ ‫ ܕ ݂ ܗܘ ܕ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬.‫ ܕ ܐ‬4 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܪ ݂ܐ ܘ‬5 ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 ݂ ‫ܗܘ ܕ‬ ‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘܬܐ ܕܒ‬7 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܕ ܐ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫݂ܐ ܘ‬ ‫ܘ‬9 ̇ ‫ܗܘ ܕ ݂ ܐ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ݂ 10 ‫ܬܐ ܕܓ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܕ ܐ‬12 ‫ ܒ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫݂ܐ ܘ‬ ‫ ܘ‬13 ̇ .‫ ܕ ܗܘ ܕ ܙܒ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬14 ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܨ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܘ‬15 ̇ ‫ܗܘ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܬ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬16

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Folio 46v

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Folio 47r

1. the rhythm, and it is divided into good 2. rhythm and bad rhythm. 3. And that is further divided into fruitful 4. rhythm, that is to say, that which is beyond (the usual) 5. rhythm, for example, when 6. the beating is (that of) a child, which resembles 7. that of a youth, and heterorhythmias,110 8. that is to say, other rhythms, 9. for example when the beating is 10. of a child, (but) resembles the beating of old people, 11. and hekrorhythmos,111 that is to say 12. beyond the (normal) rhythm, as for example, 13. when the beat is that of a child, 14. which does not resemble any of the categories. 15. Now ninth is that which is (characterized by) 16. a peculiarity of the quantity, and it is divided

‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܪܘܬ ܤ‬1 .‫ ܘ ܒ ܪܘܬ ܤ‬.‫ ܪܘܬ ܤ‬2 ‫܉ ܐܪܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ ݂ ‫ ܗ ܐ ܕܐܦ‬3 ‫ܕܒ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ ܪܘܬ ܤ‬4 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬.‫ ܪܘܬ ܤ‬5 ̇ ‫ ܕ ܘܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܕܕ ܐ‬6 :‫ܐ‬ ‫̇ܘ ܕ‬ 7 ‫ܪܘܪܘܬ ܤ‬ ‫ܘ‬ :‫ܪܘܬ ܤ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬8 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܘܐ ܐ‬9 ‫ܐ ܕ ̈ܒܐ܉‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܕܕ ̇ ܐ‬10 ‫ܘܪܘܬ ܤ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܘ‬11 ‫ܪܘܬ ܤ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܠ‬12 ‫ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܘܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ܇‬13 ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܕ ̇ ܐ‬14 ݂ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕ ̇ܗܘ ܕ‬ ‫ ܬ‬15 ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

110 The usual word would be “arrhythmias” or today, but that covers any abnormal

rhythm, and the writer here is using the term to refer to a specific type of dysrhythmia, so his terminology will be retained as a loan word. 111 Or “acrorhythmias?”

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Folio 47r

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Folio 47v

1. into (that which is) equal and unequal. And tenth, 2. that which is (characterized by) the number of the beats, 3. and (that) is divided into regular and 4. irregular. 5. Upon what does each of the changes 6. in the pulse depend, in order for it 7. to be brought about? 8. The greatest need (normally) is for a healthy 9. force, and for an ample response 10. to demand,112 and for a supple organ, 11. (all of) which can be auscultated. But (the beat may be) reduced 12. (if) any of those is accomplished 13. abnormally, i.e. either from 14. the weakness of the force, or from a diminution 15. in the response to demand, or because of the sclerosis 16. of the organ. Now, (if the beat is) rapid,

‫ܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ̈ .‫ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫݂ܐ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ ܕ ̈ ܐ܉‬ ̇ ‫܇ ܬ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬

‫ܐܘ ܐ‬ ̇ . ‫ܕ‬ ݂ ‫ܗܘ ܕ‬ ݂ ‫ܘ‬ .‫ܐ‬

1 2 3 4 5

‫ܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬

6

‫ܕ‬7 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܪܒܐ‬8 ‫ܐ ܓ ܐܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ 9 ‫ ܕܬܒ ݂ܐ ܘ ܐܘܪܓ ܢ ܪ ܐ‬10 ‫ ܕ‬11 ݂ ‫ ܙ ܪܐ ܕ ܉‬. ̈ ‫ ܐ ݂ ܗ ܕܕ ܒ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܉‬.‫ܐ‬ 13 ݂ 14 ݂ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ܉ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ‫ܐܕ‬ .‫ ܕܐܘܪܓ ܢ‬16

112 The cardiac rate (pulse) changes in response to demand (eg. exercise as opposed to rest) by altering both its rate of beating and its output volume.

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Folio 48r

1. (it is because of) a need for (increased) response to demand, 2. and for appropriate force. But (if the beat is) 3. slow, (it is) for one of the causes which is abnormal, 4. (and) the need is according to the circumstances. 5. But (if the beating) is powerful, the need 6. in the circumstances is for a strong force 7. and the supple organ. But (if) 8. it has been feeble, (that is) from one of 9. the abnormal causes. Now (if) it was hard, it is from 10. the sclerosis alone of the covering 11. of the artery. But (if) soft, 12. (that) is from the softness of the covering 13. of the artery. But (if) it was full, 14. (it is) either from (too) much blood, or 15. from (too) much breath, or from 16. (too) much of both of them. Now

‫ܐ ܕܬܒ ܐ܉‬ ‫܉‬ 1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬2 ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ݂ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܕ ܒ ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܬ‬ .‫ܗܝ ܕ ܸܘܐ‬ 4 ̇‫ܬ ܗܝ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 5 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܕ ܘܐ‬6 ‫̈ܐ‬ .‫ ܘ ܐܘܪܓ ܢ ܪ ܐ‬7 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬8 ݂ ‫ܗܘܐ܉‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܕܕ‬ 9 ݂ ‫ܬܐ ܒ ܕ ܕ ܬ‬ 10 ̇ ‫ ܪ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ ܕ ܐ ܗܘܐ‬11 ‫ ݂ ܪ ܘܬܐ ܕ ܬ‬12 ̇ ‫ܐ ܕ ܗܘܐ܉‬ .‫ ܕ ܐ‬13 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܓ ܐܘܬܐ ܕܕ ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐܘ‬14 ‫ܓ ܐܘܬܐ ܕܪܘ ܐ܉ ܐܘ‬ 15 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܓ ܐܘܬܐ ܕܬܪ ܘܢ‬16

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Folio 48r

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Folio 48v

1. there is indeed a need for a decrease 2. in one of these things which was mentioned (i.e. either blood or breath). But 3. (if the beating) has been dense,113 it is from increased response 4. to demand, (and if) it was thin, it is 5. from a reduction of the response to demand. 6. Now (whether it is) hot and cold depends on (lit. “agrees with”) 7. the heat or coolness of the material (in the vessels). 8. But the correctness ( lit. “goodness”) of the rhythm 9. and the incorrectness (lit. “badness”) of the rhythm, and (whether it is) equal 10. or unequal, and regular or 11. irregular, exist 12. in four varieties. That is to say, 13. according to the quality of movement, 14. which is divided into fast and slow, 15. and according to the amount (or “extent”) of the dilation, 16. which is divided into large and small; and according to

‫ܕ‬1 ݂ ‫ܒ ܘܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܪܨ ܐ‬.‫ ܗ ܕܐܬܐ ܝ‬2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܘܬ‬ ‫ ܕ ̇ܗܘܐ܉‬3 ‫ܐ ܕ ̇ܗܘܐ܉‬ .‫ ܕܬܒ ܐ‬4 .‫ܐ ܕܬܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ݂ ܒ ܘܬ‬5 ̄ ̄ ‫ܐ ܕ ܘ ܐ܉‬ 6 . ‫ ܘ ܘܬܐ ܕܗܘ ܐ‬7 ‫ܘܬ ܪܘܬ ܤ ܕ‬ 8 ‫ ܘܒ ܬ ܪܘܬ ܤ܇ ܘ ܐ‬9 ‫ܐܘܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ‬10 ̈ ‫ܐ܉ ܒܐܪܒ ܐ ܓ ܐ‬ 11 ‫ܐ ܐܕ ܉‬. 12 :‫ ܒ ̇ܘ ܕ ݂ ܐ ܬܐ ܕܙܘ ܐ‬13 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܕ‬14 ̇ :‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܘܒ ܘ ܕ‬15 ‫ ܘܒ ̇ ܘ‬:‫ܒܐ ܘܙ ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

113 The terms “dense” and “thin” are somewhat puzzling as regards the description of

heart sounds (note that the scribe thinks he is describing arterial sounds), but further on in this section he uses those terms to describe the state of the arteries during the resting phase, so he cannot be referring to the rate itself as dense or thin (i.e. rapid or slow). Instead, one wonders whether he is referring to what we today would recognize as the diastolic pressure in the arteries, i.e. the low pressure between beats. If that is the case, he is saying that the vessels in a person with a high diastolic pressure remain relatively full and rigid and are therefore “dense,” while in the presence of a low diastolic pressure the vessels are more flaccid with less blood and therefore “thin.”

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Folio 48v

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Folio 49r

1. the intensity of the force, which is divided 2. into powerful and weak, and according to 3. the time of rest (i.e. between beats), which is divided into compact 4. and loose, but again regular 5. and peculiarly irregular: they exist 6. in inequality, but 7. not in equality. 8. Why is it that, of all of the arteries 9. which are in the body, those alone 10. which are in the wrists114 of the hands are palpated? 11. For three reasons, 12. and what are they? 13. One indeed, is that their touch 14. is more accessible. But another 15. which is more proper (i.e. as regards modesty), and a third 16. which is more convenient.

114 The word

‫ܐ‬

‫ ܕ‬:‫ܵ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬1 ̇ 2 ݂ ‫ܐ ܘ ܐ܉ ܘܒ ܘ ܕ‬ ‫ܨ ܐ‬ ‫ ܙܒ ܐ ܕ ܐ܇ ܕ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܬܘܒ ܕ ܘ‬ ‫ܘ‬4 ‫ܐܕ ܐ ܉ܒܐ‬ ‫ܘܐ‬5 ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ܬܐ‬ 6 ..‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐܦ ܒ‬7 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 8 ̇ ‫ ܕܒ ܓ ܐ܇ ܗ ܢ ܒ ܕ‬9 . ‫ܓ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ̈ ܐ ܕܐ ̈ ̈ ܐ‬10 . ‫ܬ‬ 11 ̈ . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬12 ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ̇ ܕ‬13 ‫ ܐ ܬܐ ܕ‬.‫ ܓ ܗܘܢ‬14 ‫݂ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܬ‬.‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

̈

is normally translated “palms” but in this context it is obvious that the area in question extends to the wrist, because the reference is clearly to the radial pulse.

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Folio 49r

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1. And how are they more accessible 2. to be palpated? 3. Because there is (very) little flesh in this 4. location and the arteries are more apparent in it. 5. And how is it more proper? 6. Because we are not compelled to uncover 7. any of the body on their account; 8. whereas people are not accustomed to covering 9. their hands. 10. And how is it more convenient? 11. Because they are positioned in a straight line. 12. Therefore their movements arrive 13. accurately, and moreover, their 14. direct line is also 15. in front of the heart. 16. How differently did men divide up

‫ܒܐ‬

‫ܐ܇‬

‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܓ‬

1

.‫ܢ‬ 2 ‫ܕܙ ܪ ܒ ܐ ܒ ܕܐ‬ 3 ̇‫ܓ ܒ‬ ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܘ‬ 4 ݂ ܸ ..‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ ܐ‬5 ‫ܕ ܓ ܸܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬ 6 .‫ܗܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ ܡ‬7 ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܒ ̈ ܐܕ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬ 8 ̈ .‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬9 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ ܐ܇‬10 . ‫ܕܒ ܪ ܘܬܐ‬ 11 ‫ܐ ܕܪ‬ ‫ ܒ ܓ ܢ ܘ‬12 ‫ܗܕܐ ܐܦ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܙܘ ̈ ܘܢ‬13 ̄̄ ̄ .̇ ‫ܬܪܝ‬ ‫ܒ ܒܐ ܐ‬ 14 .‫ ܬܪ ܘܬܗܘܢ‬15 ̈ ‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬16

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Folio 50r

1. medical theory, and how much 2. and which (ones) did they add to the seven 3. natural (ones) which were mentioned above? 4. Men divide up the theory 5. in this manner: namely the theory is divided 6. by means of the natural woes, and the unnatural, 7. and those outside of nature; and they add 8. to those seven natural (ones) the four 9. which are associated with them, which are: 10. the (life) stages, the colors, the complexion (or “appearance”) of the body, 11. (and) the distinction between males and females. 12. How many are those 13. which are not from nature? Six. 14. What (are they)? Air 15. which encompasses us, (continuous) motion 16. and stillness, food

‫ܐ܉ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܐܘܪ ܐ ܐ‬1 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫܇‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬2 ̈ ..‫ܐܬܐ ܝ‬ ‫ ܒ ܕܐܬ‬3 ̇ ̈ ‫ܐ‬4 ‫̇ܗܐܘܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܓܐ܉‬ ‫ ܬܗܐܘܪ ܐ‬.‫ ܗ ܐ‬5 ‫ ܘܕ ܐ ܒ ܐ܉‬:‫ܐ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬ 6 ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܕ ܒ‬7 ̈‫ܗ‬ ‫̈ ܐ܉ ܐܪܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 8 ̈ ̈ ‫܉‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬. ‫ܗ ܕ‬9 ‫ܬܐ‬ .‫ ܓ ̈ ܐ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ 10 ‫ܕ ܓ ܐ܉‬ .‫ ܪ ܐ ܕܒ ܕ ܐ ܒ ܐ‬11 ‫ܕܐ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 12 .‫ ܒ ܐ‬13 ‫ ܐܐܪ‬. ‫ ܐ‬14 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܙ‬ : ‫ ܕ‬15 ̇ ̈ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܬܐ‬ :‫ ܘ ܐ‬16

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1. and drink, sleep and wakefulness, 2. (and) sex. But some people also add 3. mental diseases. 4. How many are (those) which are 5. outside of nature? 6. Three, which (are they)? 7. diseases, and factors (which) cause them, 8. and accidents which happen to them. 9. How stages (of life) are there? 10. Four, which are: 11. that of children, and that of youth 12. having vigor, and that of middle 13. age, and that of old people. 14. What is the stage 15. of children? 16. That in which growth has not yet

‫ܐܘ‬ :‫ ܘ ̈ ܐ‬1 ‫܉‬ ‫ ܐ ̈ ܕ‬.‫ ܙܘܘܓܐ‬2 ..‫ ܐܦ ̈ ܐ ̈ ܐ‬3 ‫ܕܒ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 4 .‫ ܐ‬5 ‫ܐ‬. ‫ܬ‬6 ̈ ‫ܐ ܒ ̈ܕ ܗܘܢ܉‬ ‫ ̈ܪܗ ܐ܆ ܘ‬7 .‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܘܓ ̈ ܐ ܕ‬8 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 9 ‫ ܐܪܒ ̈ ܐ‬10 ̇ ‫̈ܐ‬ ‫ܘܗܝ ܕ‬ :‫ ̇ܗܝ ܕ ܐ‬11 ̈ ‫ ܒ‬12 ̇ ‫ܘܗܝ ܕ ܓ‬ .‫ܙܐ‬ ̇ ..‫ܘܗܝ ܕ ̈ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܐ܉‬13 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ̈ܐ ܐ‬14 ..‫ ܕ ܐ‬15 ̇ 16 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕ‬ ܸ :‫ܘܬܐ‬

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Folio 51r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

been completed, and that lasts in most of them until three years (of age). What is the stage of vigor? That in which the growth has been completed, 7. but the body has not begun 8. failing; and that lasts in 9. most of them until thirty 10. five years (of age). 11. What is the stage of 12. middle age? 13. That in which a failing becomes evident 14. and (also) a decline, but not to the extent 15. that the strength is used up. And it lasts 16. in most cases until

‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܒ ̇ ܬܪܒ ܐ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓܐܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬2 ݂ ̈ . 3 ̈ ‫ܐ ܕܒ‬ ̇ ‫ܐ ܐܐ‬4 .‫ ܙܐ‬5 ̇ ̇ 6 ‫ܸ ܒ ܬܪܒ ܐ܇‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܓܐ‬ ‫ܝܒ‬ ‫ܘܐ‬7 ܵ ‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܒܒ ܨܪܐ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܓܐܐ‬9 . ̈ ‫ ܘ‬10 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬11 .‫ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬12 ̇ 13 ‫ܗܝ ܕܐܬܓ ܒ ̇ ܒ ܨܪܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ :‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬14 ܵ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕܒ ܓܐܐ‬16 ‫ܐܐ‬

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1. 2. 3. 4.

(the age of) sixty years. What is the stage of old age? That in which an infirmity of the life force 5. has been revealed. And that is after 6. sixty (years of age) and (extends) to the end. 7. What is the life force of the stage of children? 8. It is warm and wet. 9. What is the life force of the stage of 10. vigor? 11. It is warm and dry? 12. What is the life force of the stage 13. of decline? 14. It is cold and dry. 15. What is the life force of the stage 16. of old age?

‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܪ‬ ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܐ‬ ̈ ‫ܐ ܕܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬

̇

. ̈

1

‫ܐ ܐܐ‬2 .‫ ܕ ̈ܒܐ‬3 ̇‫ܒ‬ ̇ 4 ܸ ‫ܗܝ ܕܐܬܓ‬ ̇ ‫ ܘܐ‬.‫ ܕ ܐ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ 6 ̇ 7 ‫ܐ܇ ܕ‬ .‫݂ܐ ܘܪ ܒܐ‬ 8 ̇ ‫ܐ܇ ܕ‬ 9 .‫ ܙܐ‬10 .‫݂ܐ ܘ ܒ ܐ‬ 11 ̇ ‫ܐ܇ ܕ‬ 12 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 .‫ܐܘ ܒ ܐ‬ 14 ̇ ‫ܐ܇ ܕ‬ 15 .‫ ܕ ܒ ܬܐ‬16

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Folio 52r

1. In the sound body parts 2. it is cold and dry. But if fluids 3. have collected in them, (the part) is cold 4. and wet. 5. How many fluids are there? 6. Four. Which (are they)? 7. That which is in the vessels; and that which, almost imperceptibly, 8. is dispersed among each of the body parts;115 9. and that which is in the empty spaces 10. which are in between the parts of the organs;116 11. and that which unites the substance 12. of each one of the body parts, (viz.) that 13. blood which, if it is lost, the body perishes. 14. How many variations in the color 15. of the skin are there? 16. Two. Which are (they)?

‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܒ ܘܢ ̇ ܒ ̈ܕ ܐ‬1 ‫ ܒ ܒ ܬܐ‬.‫ܐ ܘ ܒ ܐ‬ 2 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܘܢ܉‬ ‫ܕ ܕ‬3 .‫ ܘܪ ܒܐ‬4 .‫̈ܪ ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 5 ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ ܐܪܒ‬6 ̇ ̇ 7 ‫ܘܗܝ ܕ ܐ‬ :‫ܗܝ ܕܒ ܐ ̈ܐ‬ ̈ :‫ܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܙܪ ܐ ܒ‬8 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܗܝ ܕܒܐܬ̈ܪܘܬܐ‬ 9 ̈ ̈ ‫ܬܗܘܢ ܕܗܕ ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬10 ̇ ‫ܐ ܕܐܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܗܝ‬ 11 ̈ ‫ ܗܕܐ‬.‫݂ ܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬12 ̇ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܕܐܒ ܐ܉‬13 ..‫ܐܒ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ̇ܗܘ‬ 14 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ‫ ܬܪ ܐ‬16

115 This might refer to either lymph or interstitial fluid, or both. 116 This might be referring to fluids such as synovial fluid or cerebrospinal fluid.

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Folio 52r

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Folio 52v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Some of them, to be sure, are due to internal causes, but some of them are due to external causes. Which are the ones which are caused internally? Those which are from a preponderance of (certain) humors, 8. or from (even) a moderate amount of them. 9. What color indicates 10. a moderate amount (of them)? 11. That which is a combination of white 12. and red.117 13. Which are the colors which indicate 14. immoderate causes? 15. It may be black, (or) it may be pale 16. (or) it may be red, (or) it may be white,

݂ ‫̈ ܘܢ ̇ ܓ ̇ܗܘ ܉‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܕ݂ ̈ ܓ ܉‬

1 2

‫ܐܕ‬

‫ܕ‬3 .‫ ܒ‬4 ‫ܘܢ ܗ ܢ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ̈ ܐ‬5 . ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 6 ̇ ‫ܒܐܕ ̈ ܇‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܗ‬ 7 ݂ ̇ .. ‫ܬܗܘܢ ܗܘ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐܘ‬8 ‫ܕܥ‬ ‫ ܐ̇ ܓ ܐ ܕ‬9 .‫ܬܐ‬ 10 ̇ ‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ‬11 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬12 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ܢܓ̈ ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܐ‬13 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 14 ̇ ̇ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܗܘ‬:‫ ܗܘ ܐܘ ܐ‬15 ̇ :‫ܐ‬ ̇ 16 ‫ܘܗܘ ܪܐ܉‬ ‫ܘܗܘ‬

117 Presumably he is referring to a blotchiness such as can occur with an allergic reaction, i.e. urticaria. But other conditions can also cause red blotches.

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389

Folio 52v

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Folio 53r

1. (or) it may be auburn.118 While that indeed which 2. is black and pale and red 3. indicates a preponderance 4. of heat (i.e. fever), while the paleness 5. indeed indicates a preponderance (text in margin to be inserted here) of red bile. Now black (indicates) a preponderance 6. of black bile. But red (indicates) 7. a preponderance of blood. 8. That which is white, and that which 9. is auburn indicate a preponderance 10. of cold 11. and of phlegm. 12. How many variations in the 13. color of skin are there, which 14. are due to external causes? 15. Two. Which (are they)? 16. Some of them, indeed, are from the temperature

̇ ̇ ‫̇ܗܘ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܗܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐܘ ܐ ܘ‬ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ̇ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܕܥ‬

1 2 3 4 5

(text in the margin to be inserted)

‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬

‫ܐ‬

̈

‫ܙܓܐ‬

‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܐ‬

‫ܬܐ‬

‫ܕ‬

‫ܒܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܬܐ ܐܘ‬6 .‫ܒ ܐ ܕܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ̇ ̇ ‫ ܘܗܘ‬:‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ‬8 ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܐ܉‬ 9 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 10 ݂ .‫ ܘܕ ܓ ܐ‬11 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 12 ‫ ܕ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܓ ܐ ܕ‬13 .‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬14 ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ ܬܪ‬15 ̇ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ 16 ݂

118 The word ‫ ܣܡܩܪܝ‬as used in this text appears to refer to a reddish yellow color, so it will be translated as “auburn.”

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391

Folio 53r

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Folio 53v

1. of location. For example 2. the whiteness which is associated with the coldness 3. of the location of the Scythians. And the blackness 4. which is associated with the heat of the location of 5. the Ethiopians. But some of them are from 6. mental diseases, for example the paleness 7. which is from grief, and the redness 8. which is from embarrassment. 9. How many variations in the color 10. of the hair are there? 11. Four. Which are (they)? 12. Black, blond,119 auburn,120 13. (and) white. 14. From what is the black color 15. of hair? 16. From much heat

‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܐ‬1 ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܪܘܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬2 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐܘ‬:‫̈ ܬ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܕ‬3 ‫ܬܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ‬4 .‫ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬5 ݂ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ ̈ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܪ ܬܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̈ ܐ‬6 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܬ‬8 ̇ ̈ ‫ܐ ܕܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܗܘ‬ 9 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬11 ‫ܐ܉‬ :‫ ܘ ܐ‬:‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬12 .‫ ܪܐ‬13 ̇ ‫ ܓ ܐ ܐܘ ܐ‬:‫ܐ ܗܘܐ‬ 14 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 :‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܘܬܐ ܕ‬ 16

119 The word

‫ ܘ ܐ‬also appears in folio 91v and 92r where it refers to a color of urine that is compared with the stigmas of the saffron crocus, which are yellow-orange, perhaps leaning more toward orange. But in this context it can only be “blond” if we are to assume refers to the darker reddish color of what we that the word which follows it, viz. ‫ܐ‬ consider to be “red” hair. 120 Or “red” in the sense that we use that word to refer to hair. See previous note.

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393

Folio 53v

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Folio 54r

1. which produces a great scorching.121 2. From what is the blond color 3. of hair? 4. From a lack of heat 5. and of scorching. 6. From what is the auburn (or “red) color 7. of hair? 8. From mild heat – 9. (more) than that which produces the blond color. 10. From what is the white color 11. of hair? 12. From another weakness 13. of the natural heat (of the body) 14. and the mould of rotten 15. phlegm. Therefore at the time of old age 16. it is like (that) in many (people).

.‫ ܕ ̇ ܒ ܐ ܪ ܐ ܓ ܐܐ‬1 ‫ ܓ ܐ ܘ ܐ‬:‫ܐ ̇ܗܘܐ‬ 2 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬3 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܘܬܐ ܕ‬ 4 .‫ ܘܕ ܪ ܐ‬5 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܗܘܐ ܓ ܐ‬ 6 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 :‫ܬܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬ 8 ̇ ̇ ..‫ ݂ ܗܝ ܕ ܒ ܐ ܓ ܐ ܘ ܐ‬9 ‫ܐ ̇ܗܘܐ ܓ ܐ ܪܐ‬ 10 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܗ ܐ‬ ݂ 12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬14 ‫ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܓ ݂ܢ ܒ ܒ‬.‫ܐ‬ 15 .‫ ̇ܗܘܐ ܐ ܕܒ ܓܐܐ‬16

121 The word

‫ ܪ ܐ‬refers to a blackening effect produced by heat, such as when a new candle wick is singed and turns black. In this context, the author obviously equates heat with increased pigment, not only in skin color, but also in hair color. He has doubtless observed that blonds come from colder climates while people in warmer climates tend to have darker hair.

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395

Folio 54r

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Folio 54v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

How many variations in the color of the eyes are there?122 Four. Which (are they)? Dark,123 blue, grey, (and) hazel.124 How many causes are there for a dark color of the eyes? Seven. Which (are they)? either because of a diminution of the “spirit 10. of sight,”125 or from its opacification, 11. or from a paucity of moisture, 12. comparable to ice (or “crystal”),126 or from being 13. deep set, or because of an overabundance 14. of the fluid comparable to an 15. egg white,127 or because of its opacification, 16. or because (it is) of darkness of the color

̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 1 ̈ .‫ ܕ ܐ‬2 ‫ܐ ܉‬ .‫ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬3 ‫ ܙ ܐ܉‬.‫ ܙܪ ܐ‬.‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬4 .‫ ܙܪܓܐ‬5 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ ܗܘܐ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 6 .‫ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬7 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 8 ‫ܒ ܘܬܐ ܕܪܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬9 :‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ݂ ܕ‬:‫ ܘ ܐ‬10 :‫ ܐܘ ݂ ܙ ܪܘܬܐ ܕܪ ܒ ܬܐ‬11 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬12 ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܘܬܐ‬ ‫̇ ܉ ܐܘ‬ 13 ‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܕܪ ܒ ܬܐ ܕ‬14 ̇ ‫ܬܗ܉‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܕܒ ܐ‬15 ̇ ‫ܬܓ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬16 ‫̈ ܐ ܕܓ ܐ‬

122 I am assuming that these colors refer primarily to the hues of the iris. 123 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬is usually translated as “black,” but since no iris is really black, it must

refer here to a dark brown pigmentation of the iris.

124 The word ‫ ܙܪܓܐ‬is translated in Payne Smith as “wine colored,” but in this context it must be what we would call hazel, i.e. the color produced by a mixture of blue and brown pigment in the iris. 125 It is possible that the phrase “spirit of sight” refers to the iris, and that it is called “spirit” because it is a structure which moves visibly in response to different types of lighting. A “diminution” or lessening of the iris occurs when the pupil dilates, because the iris retracts. Less of the iris is visible and the eye appears darker. 126 This may be a reference to the crystalline lens in the eye. If that is the case, he is

inferring that a small lens affects the color of the eye. 127 If this refers to an internal ocular structure, it is doubtless the vitreous, which is a clear, viscous structure not unlike the albumen of an egg.

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397

Folio 54v

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Folio 55r

1. of the kuthchah,128 resembling a grape. 2. From how many causes are 3. eyes blue? 4. From seven causes which are opposite (to each other?). 5. Which (are they)? 6. Either from an overabundance of the “spirit 7. of sight” (i.e. pupillary constriction) or from its transparency. 8. Or from an abundance of the moisture 9. resembling ice (or “crystal”);129 or from the prominent 10. placement of the stalk (?);130 or from a diminution 11. of the moisture resembling egg 12. white;131 or from its transparency; 13. or from a decrease in the darkness 14. of the color of the kuthchah resembling 15. a grape. 16. From what is the color grey

..‫ܒ ܐ‬ ̈ ‫ ܓ ܐ‬:‫ܐ ̇ܗܘܐ‬

‫ܕ ܬ ܐܕ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ 2 ̈ ̈ .‫ ܙܪ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬3 .‫ܐ ܕܕ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 4 . ‫ܐ‬5 ‫ܓ ܐܘܬܐ ܕܪܘ ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐܘ‬6 :‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ : ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬7 ݂ ‫ ܐܘ ݂ ܪܒ ܬܐ ܕܪ ܒ ܬܐ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬9 ݂ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬10 ‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܕܪ ܒ ܬܐ ܕ‬11 ̇.‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܕܒ ܐ‬12 ‫ܬ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ݂ ܒ ܘܬ ܐܘ‬13 ‫ ܓ ̇ ܕ ܬ ܐ ܕ‬14 .‫ܒ ܐ‬ 15 ‫ܐ ̇ܗܘܐ ܓ ܐ ܙ ܐ‬ 16

128 A cognate to this word occurs in the Talmud (Jewish Middle Babylonian) and

Jastrow (A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, The Judaica Press: New York, 1985) defines it as “a preserve consisting of sour milk, bread crusts and salt.” In this context, however, it is very likely that it refers to the ocular structure known as the uvea. It was called uvea because it is a dark (black or purple looking) layer of densely packed small blood vessels just underneath the sclera (the white surface covering most of the eyeball) and when the sclera was pealed away, what was left indeed resembled a grape (Latin uva). Hence, the comparison in our text of this structure to a grape almost certainly means we are dealing with the uvea. 129 If the assumption noted above is correct that “fluid resembling ice” refers to the

crystalline lens, then he is saying that a large lens contributes to the blue color. This may stem from observations of a type of cataract known at the cataracta coerulea, which contains bluish flecks. 130 This might refer to the optic nerve, which resembles a stalk in some ways. 131 If the “moisture resembling ice” is the lens, then the “moisture resembling egg

white” must refer to the vitreous.

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399

Folio 55r

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Folio 55v

1. and hazel of the eyes? 2. When some of the factors which 3. cause darkness are combined with 4. some of the factors which cause blueness, 5. while the color hazel indicates that 6. there is more spirit and it is clear.132 From that 7. it is hazel. 8. How many changes in body appearance 9. are there? 10. Five. Which (are they)? 11. Obesity: emaciation; 12. lankiness; stoutness; 13. (and) medium build. 14. What does obesity come from? 15. Either from too much flesh (i.e. muscle), or 16. from to much fat.

.‫ ܘܙܪܓܐ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬1 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ 2 :‫ ܕ ܒ ܢ ܐܘ ̈ ܬܐ‬3 ‫ܕ‬ 4 .‫ܐ ܕ ̈ܒ ܢ ܙܪ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬.‫ܕܥ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐܙ ܐ‬5 ̣ ̇ ‫ܗܘ‬ :‫ ܓ ܪܘ ܐ ܘ ܸ ܐ‬6 .‫ ܙܪܓܐ‬7 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܗܘ‬ 8 .‫ ܕ ܬܐ‬9 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ 10 ‫ ܒ ܘܬܐ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ 11 ‫ ܪܨ ܬܐ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ 12 .‫ܐ‬ 13 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܗܘ ܐ‬ ݂ 14 :‫ܓ ܐܘܬܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬15 ‫ܐܘ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܘܬܐ ܕ‬ 16 ̈

132 If the assumption mentioned above that the “spirit of sight” refers to the iris, then

the reddishness is not a true red, but rather must refer to an iris hue consisting of light brown pigmentation.

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401

Folio 55v

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Folio 56r

1. From what does flesh (i.e. muscle) increase? 2. From an abundance of fluid 3. together with warmth. 4. From what does fat increase? 5. From an abundance of fluid 6. together with coldness. 7. What is emaciation from? 8. Either from a lack of flesh (muscle) 9. or from a lack of fat. 10. From what does flesh (muscle) decrease? 11. From dryness, and even more 12. when there is cold with it. 13. From what does fat decrease? 14. From heat, and even more 15. when there is dryness with it. 16. What is lankiness from?

.‫ܐ ̇ ܓܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܘܬܐ ܕܪ ܒ ܬܐ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ̇ ܓܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܘܬܐ ܕܪ ܒ ܬܐ‬ .‫ܘܬܐ‬ .‫ܐ ܗܘ ܐ ܒ ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܘܬܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬ ..‫ܐ‬ ‫݂ ܒ ܘܬܐ ܕ‬ .‫ܐ ̇ܒ ܪ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܬܐ ܘ‬ ̣ ‫ܐ‬ ̇ .‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܗܘܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܪ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܘ‬ ̣ ‫ܐ‬ .‫̇ ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܗܘܐ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ ̇ܗܘ ܐ‬

1 2

‫ܕ‬

3 4

݂

5

‫ܕ‬

6 7

‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬

8 9

10

݂

11 12 13 14

݂

15 16

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403

Folio 56r

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Folio 56v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Either from heat, or from moisture, or from both of them. What is stoutness from? Either from cold, or from dryness, or from both of them. What is a medium build from? From a blending (of proper proportions). 9. What is the distinction between 10. males and females? 11. The males are warmer 12. and dryer. The females, however, 13. are cooler or more moist. 14. From what causes is air 15. changed? 16. From five. What (are they)?

‫ܐܘ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܬܐ‬ .. ‫ܪ ܒ ܬܐ܉ ܐܘ ݂ ܬܪܬ‬

1 2

.‫ܐ ̇ܗܘ ܐ ܪܨ ܬܐ‬ 3 ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܘܬܐ܆‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ 4 ݂ ݂ ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ ‫ ܒ ܬܐ ܐܘ‬5 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܗܘ ܐ܇‬ 6 .‫ ܕ ܬܐ‬7 .‫ܓ ܬܐ‬ 8 ̇ ‫ܪ ܐ ܕܐ ܒ‬ 9 .‫ ܕ ܐ ̈ ܒ ܐ‬10 ‫ ܕܕ ܐ‬11 ‫ ܒ ܐܕ‬. ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܘ‬12 ..‫ܪ ܒܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ 13 ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 14 .‫ ܐܐܪ‬15 ‫ ܐ‬. 16

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405

Folio 56v

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Folio 57r

1. From the seasons of the year, and from 2. rising and setting of the stars, and from 3. winds, and from (different) locations, and from 4. vapors (or “fumes”). 5. How many seasons of the 6. year are there? 7. Four. What (are they)? 8. Spring, summer, autumn 9. (and) winter. 10. What is weather (lit. “temperature”) of the spring? 11. (It is) temperate. 12. What is weather of summer? 13. (It is) hot and dry. 14. What is weather of autumn? 15. (It is) cold and dry. What is weather 16. of winter? (It is) cold and wet.

̈ 1 ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܙܒ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ̈ ̈ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ ܕ ܐ ܘ ܒܐ ܕ ܒܐ‬2 ‫ ܘ‬:‫ ܘ ܐܬ̈ܪܘܬܐ‬:‫ ̈ܪܘ ܐ‬3 ..‫ܐ‬ 4 ̈ ‫ܘܢ ܙܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 5 .‫ ܕ ܐ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬7 ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܬ‬.‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܬܕܐܐ‬8 .‫ܘܐ‬ 9 ̇ 10 ..‫ܙܓܐ ܕܬܕܐܐ‬ .‫ܓܐ‬ 11 ̇ ‫ܙܓܐ ܕ ܐ܉‬ 12 .‫ܐ ܘ ܒ ܐ‬ 13 ̇ ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܙܓܐ ܕܬ‬ 14 ‫ܙܓܐ‬ .‫ܐ ܘ ܒ ܐ‬ 15 .‫ܐ ܘܪ ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܘܐ‬16

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407

Folio 57r

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Folio 57v

1. How do stars change 2. the air? 3. It appears, indeed, that (when) the sun approaches them, 4. or else they approach it, the air 5. gets warmer, and even more when 6. they are large. But when 7. the sun goes away from them, 8. or they go away from it, 9. the air becomes colder. 10. How many winds are there? 11. Four. What (are they)? 12. The north wind, the south wind, the east wind, 13. (and) the west wind. 14. What is the characteristic of each of these 15. winds? 16. The north wind, to be sure, is cold or dry.

‫̈ܒܐ‬

‫ܐ‬1 .‫ ܐܐܪ‬2 ̇ ̇ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ‬3 ‫܉‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܗ ݂ ܢ ܒ‬4 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܐܡ ܐܐܪ‬5 ‫ ܐ ܕ‬. ‫ ܕ ܘܘܢ ܪܘܪܒ‬6 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 .̣ ‫ ܐܘ ܗ ݂ ܢ‬8 ..‫ܐܪ ܐܐܪ‬ 9 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܗܘ ̈ܪܘ ܐ‬ 10 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬11 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ‬:‫ ܓ ܒ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐ‬ ..‫ܒ ܐ‬ 13 ̇ ‫ܐ ݂ ܗ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 14 ..‫ ̈ܪܘ ܐ‬15 ̇ ‫ ܓ ܒ ܐ‬16 .‫ܐܘ ܒ ܐ‬

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Folio 57v

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Folio 58r

1. But the south wind is warm 2. and moist. The east wind, however, 3. and the west wind are moderate. But 4. the east wind, indeed, is warmer 5. and drier. But the west wind 6. is cooler and 7. more moist. 8. How many varieties of 9. locations are there? 10. Four. What (are they)? 11. The regions (are): the high (country) and the low (country), 12. the vicinity of the mountains or of the seas, 13. (and) the nature of the soil of the earth. 14. How many regions are there and what is 15. the characteristic of each one of them? 16. Four. South, north,

‫̣ܐ‬

. ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܬ‬1 ‫ܐܕ‬ .‫ ܘܪ ܒܐ‬2 ̈ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ܓܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ܉‬ ‫ܘ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ̇ ܉‬ 4 ‫ܒ ܐ‬ .‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬5 ‫ܐܘ‬ ݂ ‫ܕ‬6 ..‫ ܪ ܒܐ‬7 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 8 ..‫ ܕܐܬ̈ܪܘܬܐ‬9 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬10 :‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܪ ܬܐ ܘ‬:‫ ̈ ܐ‬11 ̈ ‫ܐܘ ܕ ܐ܉‬ ̣ ‫ ܒܒ ܬܐ ܕ ̈ܪܐ‬12 ̇ ..‫ܪܗ ܕܐܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬13 ̇ ‫̈ ܐܘ‬ ̈ ‫ܐ ܗܘ‬ 14 ̣ .. ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬15 ‫ܬ ܐܓܒܐ‬ . ‫ ܐܪܒ‬16

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Folio 58r

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Folio 58v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

east and west. And south indeed is warmer. Now the north is colder, but the east and the west are moderate. How do the height or lowness of locations change the air? The height, to be sure, makes it colder, while the lowness (makes it) warmer. How do the mountains change the makeup 12. of locations? 13. If they are indeed to the south, 14. it makes the location 15. colder, because it 16. has been sheltered from south winds

1 ‫ ܘܬ ܐ‬.‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܓܒܐܕ‬. 2 ‫ܐܕ‬ . 3 . ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬4 ‫ܐ ܪ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬5 ‫ܬܐ ܕܐܬ̈ܪܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬6 .‫ ܐܐܪ‬7 ̇ ‫ ܕܪ ܬܐ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ̇ܒ ܐ ܘ‬9 ..‫ܐ‬ 10 ‫ܙܓܐ‬ :‫̈ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬11 .‫ ܕܐܬ̈ܪܘܬܐ‬12 ‫ ܕܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ ݂ ܬ ܐ‬13 ‫ܘܢ܉ ܐܬܪܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬14 . ݂ ‫ܐ ܒ‬ 15 ‫̈ܪܘ ܐ ܬ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܬܪ‬16

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Folio 58v

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Folio 59r

1. and the north winds alone 2. blow there. Those (locations) which 3. (have mountains) to the north – it makes 4. them warmer. 5. How do seas change 6. the location? 7. If it is indeed so that the sea is south 8. of it, it is warmer and 9. wetter. But if (it is on the) 10. north, it is colder. 11. How does the nature of the soil change 12. the (characteristics of) the location? 13. If it is indeed stony, 14. it makes it colder and 15. drier. But if it is limey (or “chalky”), 16. that makes it warmer

‫ ܘܗ ̈ ܒ ܕ ܓ ܒ‬1 ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ ̈ܒ ܒ‬2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܒ ܐ܉‬3 .. ‫ ܒ ̈ ܢ‬4 ‫̈ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬5 ..‫ ܐܬܪܐ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ‬:‫ ܕܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ ܐ‬7 ‫̣ܐ‬ . ‫ܗܘ‬ ݂ 8 ̇ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܪ ܒܐ ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬9 .. ‫ ܓ ܒ ܐ܉‬10 ‫̇ ܕܐܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬11 .‫ ܐܬܪܐ‬12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬13 ‫ܐܘ‬ . ܼܿ ‫ ܐ‬14 ̇ ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ ܒ ܐ ܒ ܐ‬15 ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫̣ܐ ܘ‬ 16 ‫ܐ‬

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Folio 59r

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Folio 59v

1. and drier. But if it is more claylike, 2. that makes it colder 3. and wetter. 4. How do vapors (or “fumes”) change a place? 5. (It is changed) whenever things collect – either rotten 6. corpses, or grasses, or something 7. else which is rotting, (and which) is 8. near it. 9. How does movement affect 10. the body? 11. If it is indeed moderate, 12. it will warm it 13. moderately. But if it is not moderate, 14. first it will warm it 15. excessively, but afterward 16. it will cool it.

‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܪ ܒܐ‬

‫ܐ‬. ‫ܐ܉ ܘ‬ .

‫ܒܐ‬

1 2

‫ ̇ܒ ܐ‬3 ..‫ܐ ܐܬܪ‬ ‫ܐ‬4 ̈ ̈ ‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬.‫ ܐ ܕ ܒ ܐ ܡ‬5 ‫ ܐܘ ܡ‬:‫ ܐܘ ̈ ܒܐ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ 6 ‫ ܘܐ‬:‫ܕ ܸ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬7 .. 8 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܙ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬9 .‫ ܓ ܐ‬10 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܘ ܐ܉‬12 ‫ܐ ܉‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬. 13 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܐܒ‬ ‫ܡ‬ 14 ‫ܒ ܪ ܕ‬. ‫ܐ‬ 15 .. ‫ܐ‬ 16

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Folio 59v

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Folio 60r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

How does rest affect the body? It cools it and moistens it with strange fluid. How many changes are there with washings? Two. What (are they)? Some of then indeed are in sweet water, 8. but some of then are in water which is not 9. sweet. 10. What does washing in sweet 11. water do? 12. In any case it moistens: 13. whether it is in cold (water) or 14. hot (water). But if it 15. indeed is in cold (water), it 16. chills (one). But if it is in hot (water)

.‫ܓ ܐ‬

‫ܐ‬

‫ܐ‬1 ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 ̣ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܬܐ‬3 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 4 ̈ ..‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܪ‬6 ‫ܘܢ ̇ ܓ ܒ ̈ ܐ ̈ ܐ‬ 7 ̈ ̇ ‫ܘܢ ܕ ݂ ܒ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܘ‬8 .‫ ̈ ܐ‬9 ̈ ̇ ‫ܬܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬ :‫ ܐ ܒ ܐ‬10 .‫ ̈ ܐ‬11 ̇ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܘܤ‬ ݂ 12 ̄ ‫ܬܗܘܐ ܘܐܢ ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܘܐܢ‬ 13 ݂ ̈ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܸ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬14 ‫ ̇ ܕܒ ܐ ܬܗܘܐ܉ ܐܦ‬15 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ 16

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Folio 60r

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Folio 60v

1. it also warms (one). 2. What will a bath in water which is not sweet 3. cure? 4. In any case it has a drying effect. But 5. in no case does it warm (one) or 6. cool (one). But rather, if it indeed is in 7. salty water or bitter (water) or sulphurous 8. (water) it will warm (one). But if 9. it is in (water) which contains alum, it will chill (one). 10. How many (general) varieties of food are there? 11. Two. What (are they)? 12. Some of them indeed are good for 13. the health (or “of a good humor”).133 But some of them are bad 14. for the health (or “of a bad humor”). 15. How many varieties of foods (which are) 16. good (for) the health (or “humor”) are there?

‫ ܐܦ‬1 ‫ ܐ‬2 ..‫ ܐ ̈ ܐ‬3 ̇ .‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܤ‬ 4 ‫ܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܘܤ܇‬ ‫ܕ‬5 ̇ ̈ ‫ܕܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ 6 ‫ܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫̈ ܐ ܐܘ‬ 7 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܗܘܐ‬8 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ̈ ܐ ܨ̈ܪ ̣ ܐ‬9 ‫̈ ܐܕ ܐ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܗܘ‬ 10 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܪ‬11 ‫ܬ‬ ‫܆‬ ‫̇ ܐ‬ 12 .‫ܤ‬ 13 ܸ‫ܕ ܒ‬ .‫ܤ‬ 14 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐܕ ܐ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 15 ..‫ܤ‬ ‫ܬ‬ 16 ‫ܬܐ ܕܒ ̈ ܐ‬

.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬

133 The word

‫ܤ‬ is usually translated “humor” in the sense of the medieval concept of the four fluids in the body, the proportion of which affected health. In this context, it apparently means “health” because the discussion which follows deals with foods which affect the health either favorably or adversely. But either translation would fit the context because health was thought to be mediated by the humors.

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421

Folio 60v

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Folio 61r

1. Three. What (are they)? 2. Now some of them are 3. fine (in texture), but some of them 4. are intermediate and some of them 5. are thick (in texture). 6. The fine ones (which) are good for the health – 7. what are examples? 8. For example, the meat of partridges, 9. and of young birds, and of “rockfish.”134 10. The intermediate (foods which are) good (for) the health – 11. what are examples? 12. For example, pure bread, and flesh 13. of young goats and young lambs.135 14. The thick (foods which are) good (for) the health, 15. what are examples? 16. For example, the flesh of pigs

134 The expression

‫ܐ‬

living on a gravelly bottom.”

̈

‫̈ܐ‬

‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬1 ̇ .݂ ‫ܓ ܐ‬ 2 ̈ .‫ܐ‬ 3 ݂ ‫ܕ‬ ̈ ‫ܘ‬ . ‫ܐ‬ 4 ݂ ̈ .‫ ܒ ܐ‬5 ‫ܤ‬ ‫ܸ ܬ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ 6 .‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ‬7 .‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ ܕܕ̈ܪܓܐ‬8 .‫ ܘܕ ̈ ܐ ̈ ܐ‬.‫ ܘܕ ܘܓܐ‬9 ‫ܤ‬ ‫ܸܬ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 10 .‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ‬11 ‫ ܘܒ ܐ‬:‫ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬12 .‫ ܕܨ ܐ ܘܕ ܪ ܐ‬13 ‫ܤ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬14 .‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ‬15 .‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬16

is translated in Payne Smith sub

‫ܐ‬

as “fishes

135 I do not know whether this value is attested for Syriac, but a cognate occurs in

Jewish Middle Babylonian and means “young lamb” there, and that meaning certainly fits this context.

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423

Folio 61r

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Folio 61v

1. and of calves. 2. How many variations in food (which is) 3. bad for the health (humor) are there? 4. Two. What (are they)? 5. Now some of them are indeed 6. fine (in texture). But some of them are thick. 7. What fine food is 8. bad for the health (humor)? 9. That which brings forth red humor136 (i.e. blood), 10. for example, black mustard, 11. the garden cress and garlic.137 12. What thick food 13. is bad for the health (i.e. humor)? 14. That which brings forth black bile 15. or phlegm. And that indeed 16. which brings forth black bile

..‫ ܘܕ ̈ܓ ܐ‬1 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܐܕ ܐ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 2 .‫ܤ‬ ܸ ‫ܒ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܪ‬4 ̇ ‫ܓ ܐ‬ 5 ݂ ̈ ̈ ..‫ܕ ݂ ܒ ܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ 6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫̇ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܐ‬7 ..‫ܤ‬ ‫ ܒ‬:‫ܐ‬ 8 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܗܝ ܕ‬9 :‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܕ ܐ‬. ܼܿ ‫ ܘܐ‬10 ..‫ ܘܬ ̈ ܐ ܘܬܘ ܐ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫̇ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬12 ..‫ܤ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ܸ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬13 ̇ 14 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܬܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕ‬ ̇ ‫ܘܗܝ‬ ̇ .‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬15 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܬܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

136 The phrase “red humor” refers to the flushing associated with the eating of spicy

foods. The red humor is thus blood which causes redness of the face because of capillary dilatation. 137 In speaking of those things which “bring forth blood,” it is apparent from the

context that he does not mean things which cause bleeding, but rather those things which cause a flushing of the skin which occurs in response to sharp spices.

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Folio 61v

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Folio 62r

1. is, for example, lentils 2. and cabbage, and the flesh of hegoats 3. and of buffaloes. But that which brings forth 4. phlegm is, for example, fungus, 5. and the flesh of lambs and young pigs. 6. How many varieties of drinks are there? 7. Three. What (are they)? 8. Now some of them indeed are useful, and function 9. only as a drink. For example, water. 10. But some of them also 11. are useful in providing nourishment. 12. For example, wine. And some of them 13. also are useful by functioning 14. as drugs. For example, extracts (or “infusions”). 15. What is useful as a drink? 16. That which is a conveyance for nourishment.

‫̈ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬. ܼܿ ‫ܐ‬1 ̈ ‫ ܘ ܒܐ܇ ܘܒ ܐ ܕܬ ܐ‬2 ̇ .‫ ܘܕܐܙܒ ܐ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕ ܕ‬ ‫̈ܪ ܐ܇‬ ‫ܓ ܐ܉ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬ 4 ̈ .‫ ܘܒ ܐ ܕܐ ܐ ܘܕ ܨܐ‬5 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ .‫̈ ܐ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬7 ̇ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܘ ܐ‬ 8 ̣ ‫ܓ‬ ̈ .‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬. ‫ܒ ܕ‬9 ‫ܗܕܐ܉ ܐܦ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ 10 . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܬܪ‬ 11 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬12 ‫ܐܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܗ ܄ ܐܦ‬ 13 ..‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ̈ܪܐ‬. 14 ..‫ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐ‬15 ̇ 16 ‫ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕ ܘܐ ܪ ܒܐ‬

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Folio 62r

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Folio 62v

1. What is useful as nourishment? 2. That which will take the place of something 3. which has been missing, while preserving our nature, 4. (just) as it is. 5. What is useful as a drug? 6. That which will change our nature (or “essence”) toward 7. its own nature (or “essence”). 8. How does sleep affect the body? 9. Primarily, indeed, it cools the exterior 10. of the body, and warms its depths. 11. And again, it also moistens. But afterward, 12. whenever it lasts a long time, it also cools 13. the depths. 14. How does wakefulness affect the body? 15. In that it warms its exterior 16. and cools its depths. And again,

.‫ܐ‬

‫ܐ ܕܬܪ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐ‬1 ̇ 2 ‫ܡ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕܬ ܐ ܕܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫܇‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬3 ..‫ ܐ ܕܐ ܘܗܝ‬4 .‫ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐ‬5 ̇ 6 ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕ‬ .. 7 ..‫ܐ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬8 ̇ ‫ܐ ܒ ܬܗ‬ ‫ܡ‬ 9 . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬10 ‫ ܒ ܪ‬.‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܘܬܘܒ ܐܦ‬11 ‫ܐ ܐܦ‬ ‫ܐ ܕ ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܕ‬12 .. 13 ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬14 ..‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫݂ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ̇ ܝ ܕ ܒ ܬܗ‬15 ‫ ܘܬܘܒ‬. ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬16

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Folio 62v

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Folio 63r

1. it also dries it. 2. What does sexual intercourse do to the body? 3. In any case, it indeed dries 4. it out. And certainly detracts 5. from its natural heat, and because of this, 6. it also cools it. But in the movement 7. it is also possible that we warm it up. 8. What do mental diseases do to the body? 9. Some of them indeed move it 10. toward a heat (which proceeds) toward the outside, 11. and animate it, either suddenly or 12. gradually. Sudden, indeed, 13. is anger. But gradual 14. is the pleasantness (of disposition). But some of them 15. restrict it outwardly and dull it, 16. either suddenly or gradually.

. ‫ ܐܦ ܒ ܐ‬1 ̇ ‫ ܐ‬2 ..‫ܙܘܘܓܐ ܒ ܓ ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܸܒ‬ ‫ܘܤ‬ ݂ 3 ̇ ‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ܘ‬. 4 ‫ܗܕܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫̣ܐ ܒ ܪ‬ 5 ̣ ‫ܒܘ ܐܕ‬. ‫ ܐܦ‬6 ..‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܦ ܕ‬ 7 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬8 ..‫ܒ ܓ ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܘܢ‬ ̇ 9 ̈ ‫ܬܐ ܐ ܒ‬ 10 ̇ ‫̣ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬. ‫ ܘ‬11 ̇ . ‫ ܒ‬12 . ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܐ‬ 13 ‫ ܓ‬. ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ .‫ ܗ ܐܘܬܐ‬14 .̇ ‫ܼܿ ܘ‬ 15 ‫ܐܘ ܒ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬16

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1. Sudden, to be sure, is fear. But sadness 2. is gradual. But some of them 3. are inward part of the time and outward 4. part of the time. For example, anxiety. 5. How many variations are there in organs 6. in terms of their substance? 7. Two. What are they? 8. Some of them, to be sure, are simple 9. as in the case of perception, and they are called 10. uniform parts. But some of them 11. are complex and are called organs. 12. The uniform parts,138 indeed – what are examples? 13. Bones, tendons, nerves, 14. membranes, veins, arteries, simple flesh 15. (i.e. muscle), and simply put, 16. every body part, the whole and the part

̈

1 ‫ ܒ‬.‫̇ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 ̣ ̈ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܐ ̈ ܓ ̣ ܘܒ ܒ ܐ‬3 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܕ‬.‫ ܒ‬4 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ̈ .‫ܐ ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 5 ..‫ܬ ܐܘ ܐ ܕ ܘܢ‬ 6 . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܪ‬7 ̇ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫̈ ܐ‬ 8 ̣ ‫ܓ‬ .‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪܓ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬9 ݂ ̈ ̈ ‫ ܕ‬10 ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ ..‫݂ ܐܘ̈ܪܓܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܒܐ‬ 11 ̈ ‫ ܕ‬12 .. ‫̈ ܬܐ ̇ ܕܐ ܐ‬ .‫ ܓ ̈ ܐ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐ܆‬13 ‫ ܒ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܘ̈ܪ ܐ‬.‫ ̈ܒܐ‬14 ‫ܐ ܉‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ 15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܘ‬ 16

138 The definition which is given in the lines following this one indicate that the word

‫ ܕ‬which is normally translated as “similar,” in this case refers to structures which are of a single type, hence “uniform.”

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Folio 64r

1. of which is called by one (and the same) name, 2. and defined by a single definition. 3. Now the organs are as follows: 4. the head, the hand, the leg, the heart, the liver, 5. the spleen, and simply put, 6. each body part, the whole and the part of which 7. is not called by one (and the same) name, 8. neither defined by a single definition. 9. How many variations in body parts are there 10. in terms of their powers? 11. Four. What (are they)? 12. The chief ones, and those which serve 13. the chief ones, and those which have 14. fixed powers, and those which 15. have fixed powers and mobile ones 16. at the same time.

‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬.̇ ‫ܕ‬1 .. ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܒ ܬ‬2 . ‫ ܐܘ̈ܪܓܐ ܐ ܕ ݂ ܕܐ ܐ‬3 .‫ ܒ ܐ‬.‫ ܒܐ‬.‫ ܪܓ ܐ‬.‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ ܪ ܐ‬4 ‫ܐ ܉‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ 5 ̇. ‫ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܘ‬ 6 .̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬7 .. ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܒ ܬ‬8 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ̈ :‫ܐ ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 9 .‫ܬ ̈ ܐ ܕ ܘܢ‬ 10 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬11 ̇ :‫ ̈ܪ ܐ‬12 ‫ܘܗ ܢ ܕ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܘܗ ܢ ܕܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ 13 ̇ ̈ ̈ ‫ ܐ‬14 ‫ ܘܗ ܢ ܕܐ‬.‫ܒܐ‬ ̣ ̈ ̈ ‫ ܘܢ ܐܠ ܒܐ ܐ‬15 ..‫ ܘ̈ܪܕܘ ܐ‬16 :

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Folio 64v

1. How many chief ones are there? 2. Four. The brain in the head, 3. the heart, the liver, (and) the testicles. 4. Of what is the brain chief? 5. Of the head, 6. of feelings and of movement. 7. Of what is the heart chief? 8. Of life! 9. Of what is the liver chief? 10. Of nourishment. 11. Of what are the testicles chief? 12. Of the propagation of the race, and of masculinity 13. and femininity. 14. How many powers serve? 15. Three. What (are they)? 16. the generative, the augmentative, and the nutritive.

1 ..‫ܐ ̇ܗܘ ̈ܪ ܐ‬ .‫ܐ ܕܪ ܐ‬ .‫ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬2 ̈ .‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ ܒ ܐ‬.‫ ܒܐ‬3 ‫ܐ ܕܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬4 .‫ ܪ ܐ‬5 ..‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕܪܓ ܐ ܘܕ ܬܙ‬6 ..‫ ܕ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܒܐ ܪ ܐ‬7 ..‫ ܕ ܬܐ‬8 ̇ ..‫ܒ ܐ ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܐܐ‬9 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܬܪ‬10 ̈ .‫ܐ ܐ ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܐ‬11 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒ ܐ ܕܓ ܐ ܘܕܕ‬12 ..‫ ܘ ܒ ܬܐ‬13 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ̈ ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 14 . ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܬ ܐ‬15 .‫ܐ ܘ ܒ ̣ܐ ܘ ܪ ܐ‬ 16

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Folio 64v

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Folio 65r

1. What is the generative (or “procreative”) power? 2. That which changes the seed and makes 3. it (into) the fluids of the parts, 4. and these combine (to form) the body parts 5. (and) organs, and from these, 6. the entire body. 7. What is the augmentative power? 8. That which extends the body parts in length 9. and width and depth, and 10. brings them from smallness 11. toward largeness. 12. What is the nutritive power? 13. That which turns nutrients 14. into that which is nourished, and the exchange 15. makes it (i.e. the nutrient) something which is made smaller 16. by it.

.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬1 ̇ ̇ ‫ܪ ܐ܇ ܘ ܒ‬ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ‬2 ̈ ̈ ̈ ‫ܗܕ ܐ ܕ‬ 3 ‫ܬܐ܇‬ ̈ ‫ܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ ܗ‬4 ‫ ܘ ܗ‬:‫ ܐܘ̈ܪܓܐ ܐ‬5 ..‫ܓ ܐ‬ 6 .‫ܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬7 ̇ 8 ‫̈ܕ ܐ ܒܐܘܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܕ ̇ ܚ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ ܐܘ‬9 ‫ ܙ ܪܘܬܐ ܬ ܪܒ ܬܐ‬10 .‫ܐ ܘܢ‬ 11 .‫ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬12 ̇ 13 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܪ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܬ‬:‫ ܒ ̇ ܘ ܕ ܬܪ ܐ‬14 ‫ ̇ ܒ ̇ ܕ ܡ ܕܐܬܒ ܪ‬15 .. 16

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Folio 65r

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Folio 65v

1. Which powers are subordinate? 2. The augmentative and the nutritive 3. indeed serve the generative. 4. But the nutritive has four 5. powers (or “functions”): 6. that of acquisition, that of retention, that which causes change, 7. (and) the expulsive.139 8. How many powers of movement are there? 9. In the (human) race it is indeed (only) one. 10. That which is from the brain in the head 11. and which is transmitted via the backbone, 12. by means of nerves, toward the muscles. 13. And by these means (one) voluntarily moves 14. the limbs, but in a manner according 15. to the number of limbs moved. 16. Why is it that, whereas sensation

̈

‫ܐ ܢ ̈ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬1 ̇ ̇ ܿ ‫ܼ ܸ ܉ ܗܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 2 ̇ .‫ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ̣ܐ ܘܗܘ‬3 ‫ܪ ܐ ܕ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬ 4 ̈ ..‫ ܐ‬5 ‫ܐ܉‬ .‫ ܐ ܕܐ‬.‫ ܘ ܐ‬6 .‫ ܕ ܐ‬7 ̇ ̈ ̈ ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܗܘ‬ 8 ̇ ‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬. ‫ ܒܓ ܐ‬9 ̣ ̇ ‫ܐ ܕܪ ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ‬10 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܘܕܓ ܸ ܡ ܼܿ ܐ‬11 .‫ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܓ ̈ ܐ ܬ‬12 ‫ܨܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܒ ܗ‬13 ‫ܬ‬ ‫ ܒܐܕ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬14 ̈ .. ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ ܕ ܬܙ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 15 ̄ ̄ ‫ܐ ܪܓ ܐ ܘ ܬ‬ 16 ..‫ܐ‬

139 In other words, food is acquired, held briefly in the stomach, transformed through digestion, and the remains excreted.

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Folio 65v

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Folio 66r

1. and voluntary movement 2. begin from the brain in the head, 3. and both of them are carried out by means 4. of heat, the brain in the head is 5. made cold and wet 6. by nature? 7. The brain in the head is indeed 8. made cool by nature, because of two 9. reasons: one, to be sure, is because 10. many movements 11. are in it and from it. For example, 12. imagination, and thought, and memory, 13. and feeling, and voluntary movement. 14. And heat accompanies 15. movement, therefore it 16. is made cool by nature, so that

‫ܐ‬ .̇ ̈

‫ܬܐ ܨܒ‬ ‫ ܘ ܬܙ‬1 ‫ܐ ܕܪ ܐ‬ 2 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘܒ‬3 ‫ܐ ܘܪ ܒܐ‬ ‫܇‬ ‫ ܬ̈ܪܬ‬4 ‫ܐ ܕܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܬ ܒ‬5 .‫ܐ‬ 6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ̇ ܐܬ ܒ‬ 7 ‫ܬܪܬ‬ ‫ܐ܉‬ ݂ ‫ ܕܪ ̈ܐ‬8 ̇ ‫ܕܡ‬ 9 ݂ ‫ ܐ‬. ‫̈ ܬܐ ܓ ̈ܐܬܐ܇‬ ‫ ܕ ܬܙ‬10 ̈ 11 ‫ܐ ܐ‬. ‫ܗܘ ܒ ܘ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܕ‬12 :‫ܘ ܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܪܓ ܐ܇ ܘܙܘ ܐ ܨܒ ܐ‬13 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܙ‬ ‫ ܘ‬14 ̣ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܓ ܢ‬.‫ܐ‬ 15 ‫ ܕ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐܬ ܒ‬16

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Folio 66v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

when all of these movements occur, it is both warmed and cooled, because the brain in the head is the beginning of thought. But it needs stability, and as long as ease of movement and ease of change accompany heat, the coolness (provides) stability and constancy, therefore 11. it is made cool by nature, 12. and because of the firmness of thought 13. But again, it is wet because 14. of two reasons: one is indeed so that 15. it will not dry out because of the multitude 16. of movements. For heat

‫̈ ܬܐ ܗ‬ ‫ܬܙ‬ 1 . ‫ܒܘܐ‬ ‫ ܬܙ ܇‬2 ‫ܕܗܘ‬ ‫ ܕܬ̈ܪܬ ܕ ܄‬3 ܸ ‫ܐ ܕܪ ܐ܉ ܪ ܐ‬ 4 ‫ ܗ ܐ‬.‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܕ ܒܐ‬5 . ‫ܬܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 ‫ܬܐ܆‬ ‫ ܘܐ ܐ ܕ‬7 ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܬ ܙܘ ܐ ܘ‬ 8 ̈ :‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫܄ܗ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 9 ‫ ܕܒ ܓ ܢ‬.‫ ܬܬܐ ܘ ܬܪܐ‬10 ‫ܐ܉‬ 11 ݂ ‫ܐ ܐܬ ܒ‬ ‫ܬܬܐ ܕ ܒܐ܉‬ ‫ ܘ‬12 ‫ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܬܘܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܪ‬13 ܸ ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬. ‫ ܬ̈ܪܬ‬14 ‫ܓ ܐܘܬ‬ : ‫ܒ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬15 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܙ‬ .‫̈ ܬܗ‬ ‫ܬܙ‬ 16

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1. 2. 3. 4.

accompanies movement. Now much dryness accompanies this, (and) for that reason it was moist (by nature), and thus it withstands 5. the movements, and does not 6. dry out excessively. But secondly, 7. as though nature wanted to make it 8. soft, for two reasons: 9. one indeed, so that it is easy 10. to change, and quick 11. of movement. But secondly, so that 12. soft nerves spring from it 13. which are used for sensation. 14. What is the fever? 15. Heat, which is unnatural, of the heart 16. and arteries, which is capable

‫ܕܐ‬

.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬

‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬1 ‫ܐ ܕ ܓ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 ‫ ܕܒ ܓ ܢ ܪ‬.‫ܐ‬ 3 ‫ ܗܘܐ܉ ܘܐ ܐ ܕ‬4 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܙܘ ܐ܉ ܘ ܐ ܒ‬5 ‫ ܕܬ̈ܪܬ ܕ ܄‬. ‫ܒ‬ 6 ̄ ̄ ‫ܨܒܐ ܕ ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܪ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 7 ̣ ̈ . ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ :‫ ܐ‬8 ̇ ‫ ܐ ܆ܐ ܐܕ‬9 ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܐ ܘܐ‬ 10 ‫ ܕܬ̈ܪܬ ܕ ݂ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ ܙܘ ܐ‬11 ̇. ‫ܢ‬ ‫ ܕܓ ̈ ܐ ̈ܪ ܐ‬12 ..‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ̇ ..‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬14 ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܒ‬ 15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬:‫ ܕ ܒܐ ܘܕ ܐ‬16

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1. (of producing certain) effects. 2. How many types of fever are there? 3. Three. What (are they)? 4. That which exists in the breath (or “spirit”) within us, 5. and it is called the quotidian fever; and that 6. which exists in the humors, and it is called 7. the fever of decay; and that 8. which exists in the proper organs, 9. and it is called consumption.140 10. What is the quotidian fever from? 11. From original causes. 12. How many types of original 13. causes are there which produce 14. the quotidian fever? 15. Four. What (are they)? 16. Anything among those which attack

..‫ܒ ̈ ܬܐ‬ 1 ̈ ̇ ̈ ‫ܐ ܗܘ ܓ ܐ ܕܐ ܘܬܐ‬ 2 . ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܬ ܐ‬3 ̇ 4 : ‫ܒ ܘ ܐ ܕܒ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܕ‬ ̇ ‫ܘܗܘ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬5 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬: ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 ̇ ‫ܗܘܗ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܕ‬7 ̣ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ̈ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬8 .‫ܤ‬ ‫ܐܗ‬ ‫ܘ‬9 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ܐ ܗܘ ܐ ܐ‬ 10 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ݂ 11 ̈ ‫ܘܢ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫̈ܐ ܐ‬ 12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ܕ ܒ ̈ܢ ܐ‬ 13 ..‫ܐ‬ 14 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬15 ‫ܕܗ ܕ ݂ ܒ‬ ‫ ܗܘ‬16

140 One could translate the expression here rather literally as “hectic fever,” and that

term itself originally was used to refer to unremitting fever as present specifically in tuberculosis. That term, however, would not be recognized today by the normal English speaker, and even “fever of consumption” may sound outdated, but is at least still recognizable.

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Folio 67v

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Folio 68r

1. the body from outside, for example, heat 2. or frost; and washing in water 3. which contains druglike powers; 4. and those things which enter into the body, 5. for example food and drink, 6. and calorific drugs; and those 7. which cause immoderate 8. movement, either in the body (itself), such as 9. exercise, or in the soul, such as 10. anger or distress. And diseases 11. which occur in body parts apart from 12. apparent causes, for example swelling 13. which exists in the groins 14. resulting from immorality, which produces ulcers 15. in the legs.141 16. From what is the fever which

‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬:‫ ܓ ̈ ܒ ܓ ܐ‬1 ‫̈ ܬܐ ܕܒ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ ܘ ܐ‬2 ̇ ‫ܘܗܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ܸ ‫ܕ‬3 ̈ ‫ܐ܇‬ ̈ 4 ‫ܕܗ ܕ ܓ ܓ ܐ ܐ ܆‬ ‫ܐ ܐܕ ܐ̈ ܐܘ ̈ ܐ‬5 ̇ : ‫ܘܗܘ‬ ‫̈ ܐܕ‬ ‫ܘ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܗ ̈ ܕܙܘ ܐ ܐ‬7 ‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܓ ܐ܆ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ ̈ܒ ܢ‬8 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܐ‬:‫ ܕܕܘܪ ܐ‬9 ̇ ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܘܗܘ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ̈ ‫ܒ ܕ ܐܕܒ‬ ‫ ܕܓ‬11 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܐ ܓ ܐ‬ 12 ‫ܕ ܒ ܐ‬ .̇ ‫ ܕܒܐ̈ܪܒ ܒ ܐ‬13 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒ ܐ‬.‫ܬܘ ܐ‬ 14 ..‫ ܒ ܓ ܐ‬15 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬: ‫ܐ ̇ܗܘ‬ 16

‫ܐ‬

141 Two common venereal diseases which can produce inguinal lymphadenopathy are syphilis and chancroid (chancroid is caused by the organism Haemophilus ducreyi), but in chancroid the inguinal nodes may also suppurate, resulting in an abscess, thus the disease described in our text here may well be chancroid.

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Folio 68r

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Folio 68v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

is from decay? From primary causes. How many primary causes are there which cause the fever that is from decay?142 Five. What (are they)? That is to say, an abundance of the humors; 8. and their viscosity; and their stickiness; 9. and the obstructions resulting from them; 10. and the decay which unavoidably 11. accompanies them when they persist a long time, 12. due to non-dissipation143 of the diseased 13. humors. 14. What is the fever of 15. consumption from? 16. From different causes, for example,

1 ..‫ܬܐ‬ ̈ ..‫̈ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ݂ 2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 3 ‫ ܕ ܒ ܢ ܐ ܐ‬:‫̈ ܐ‬ 4 .‫ܬܐ‬ ݂‫ ܕ‬5 ‫ ܐ‬.. 6 : ̈ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܓ ܬܐ‬7 ‫ܘ ܒ ܬܐ‬ :‫ܬܗܘܢ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ ܕ ܘܢ‬8 ̇ ‫ܘܢ܉‬ ‫ܕܗܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬9 ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܘ‬10 ‫ܓ ܐ ܕܙܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 11 ‫ܪܘܢ܇‬ ‫ܐܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬12 ̈ .. 13 ‫ܐ ܗܘ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬ 14 .‫̈ ܤ‬ ‫ ܗ‬15 ̈ ‫ ܒ ܒ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 16

̈

142 The word

‫ܬܐ‬ means “decay” or “rottenness.” In the pages which follow, it is apparent that the word usually refers to pyogenic (i.e. “pus forming”) processes. These may either be sterile or associated with microorganisms. When this text was written, however, microorganisms were not yet known, so any disease process which produced pus would have been described as a decay or rot. 143 The Syriac word suggests that the dissipation is probably through perspiration.

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Folio 69r

1. they can exist from original 2. causes, such as grief 3. and care and insomnia, and the rest 4. of them which excessively 5. dry out the body, including 6. those which heat it. But sometimes 7. it is caused by another disease which 8. was first, for example an acute 9. illness which rather violently 10. heats and dries (the patient), or for 11. an abnormally long time 12. emaciates the body, so that it is prone 13. to heat and desiccation. 14. And sometimes it is caused by 15. a warm ulcer which exists in one of the 16. intestines and touches the heart

̈ ‫ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ̇ ܓ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ 2 ‫ ܘ ܐ‬:‫ܐ ܘ ܪܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬4 ̈‫ܗ‬ ̈‫ ܒ‬5 ‫ܓ ܐ܇‬ ̈ ‫ܕ‬6 ݂ ‫ܒܒ ܕ‬. ‫ܪܗ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܡ‬ 7 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬.‫ܗܘܐ‬ ܸ 8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 9 ‫ܘ ܒ ܇ ܐܘ ܓ ܐ‬ 10 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ‫ ܘܨ ܐ‬:‫ܓ ܐ‬ 12 .‫ܬܐ ܘ ܒ ܬܐ‬ 13 ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܒ ܒ‬14 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܒ‬ 15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫܇ ܘ ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐ‬16

‫ܐ‬

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Folio 69v

1. of sympathetic people. 2. How many general kinds of fever 3. are there which are (associated with) decay? 4. There are four simple ones: 5. that which is from the decay of the blood, 6. which is a continuous fever 7. which is called synechos;144 and that 8. is from the decay of the red bile, 9. which is the (cause of fever) one time 10. in three, and is called tertian fever;145 11. and that which is from the decay 12. of phlegm, which is the daily 13. fever, and is called 14. amphimerinos (i.e. quotidian fever); and that 15. which is from the decay of the black 16. bile, which is the fever

..‫ܬܐ‬ 1 ̈ ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ ܗܘ ܐܕ ܐ ܓ ܐ‬ 2 ‫ܕܐ ܐ‬ ..‫ܬܐ‬ ݂‫ ܕ‬3 ̇ ..‫ܐܪܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 4 ̇ ‫ܬܐ ܕܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ‬5 ̇ 6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫̇ ܐ ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬:‫ܗܘܐ‬ ̇ :‫ܤ‬ ‫ܘܗܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܬܐ‬ ݂‫ ܕ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̇ ܐ ܐܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬9 :‫ܐܘܤ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ 10 ̇ ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܘܗܘ‬ 11 ݂ ̇ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬:‫ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܡ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬13 ̇ :‫ܪ ܤ‬ ‫ܘܗܘ‬ ‫ ܗ‬14 ̇ ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܬܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܕܗܘܐ‬15 ̇ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬16

144 The Syriac word here is probably a transliteration of Greek συνεχως, which also means “continuous.” 145 The Syriac word here is the transliteration of Greek

τριταιος, which is tertian fever, and is called thus because it occurs approximately every third day. The disease in question is malaria.

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Folio 69v

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Folio 70r

1. (which occurs) one time in four days, 2. and is called tetrataios (i.e. quartan fever) 3. but the combinations (of the above) are numerous. 4. What (are they)? 5. either one is combined with one, 6. or one with two, or 7. two with two, or 8. three of them together, or 9. (all) four of them. 10. How many particular types 11. of each fever are there? 12. Four which are from decay. 13. There are indeed three of the synechos (continuous fevers): 14. that which increases continuously from 15. the beginning to the end; 16. and that which decreases continuously

̈ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܐ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬1 ‫ܐܪ ܐܘܤ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬2 ̈ ..‫ܒܐ ܕ ݂ ܓ ܐܐ‬ 3 . ‫ܐ‬4 :‫ܪ ܒܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬5 ‫ ܐܘ‬: ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬6 ‫ ܐܘ‬: ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ ‫ ܬ̈ܪܬ‬7 ‫ܐ ܐ܉ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܬ‬8 .. ‫ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬9 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܐ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 10 ̈ ‫ܐ ݂ ܐ ܘܬܐ ܗ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ..‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܪܒ ܕ‬12 ̇ .‫ܤ ̇ ܬ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪ ܘ‬ ‫ ܕ‬14 ̇ .‫ܪܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܪܒ‬ 15 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪ ̇ ܘ‬ ‫ܘܗܝ ܕ‬ 16 :

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Folio 70r

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Folio 70v

1. from its beginning to its end; 2. and that which from its beginning 3. to its end is steady. 4. Each of these three 5. has two other 6. (sub-)types. For either it is continuous, 7. or else it is intermittent.146 8. From what is the continuous fever 9. and from what is the intermittent? 10. The continuous fever is indeed (associated with) 11. that which has decay within 12. the veins and arteries. But the intermittent 13. is (associated with) that which is outside of the veins 14. and arteries, (and) in one of the other 15. organs the humor is decaying, 16. which is the agent of the fever.

̇ 1 .‫ܒ ܪ ܘ ܒ ܪܐ‬ ̇ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪ ܘ‬ ݂ ‫ ܘܗܝ ܕ‬2 ̇ .‫ܐ ܗܘ ܐ‬ . 3 ‫ܗ̈ ܬ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܕ ̣ ܐ ܬܪ ܐ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܓ ܐ‬. ̇ ̈ ‫ ܐܕ‬6 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ܗܘ ̣ܐ ܐܘ ܒ ܬ‬7 ‫ܐ ܗܘ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬ 8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܒܬ‬ ‫ܘ‬9 ̇ ̇ ‫ܗܘ ܐ ܐ ܐ܉‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬10 ‫ܘ̈ܪ ܐ ܘ ܐ܇‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ ܓ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܗܘ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐ ܕ ܒ ݂ ܘ̈ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ̈ ‫ܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ܇ ܒ‬14 ‫̈ܤ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ܇‬15 ̇ ‫ ܒ‬16 ..‫ܕܗ ܕܐ ܐ‬

146 Lit. “that which makes a delay/intermission.”

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Folio 70v

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Folio 71r

1. How many general varieties of fevers 2. are there which are from decay, 3. and what are they? 4. There are indeed two 5. varieties. 6. For they exist either with a nidus 7. of disease or without a nidus of 8. disease. (As for that which is) with a nidus 9. of disease, for example, that with a tumor 10. which is in one of the intestines. (And concerning 11. that which is) without a nidus of disease, sometimes 12. indeed it exists due to strange 13. symptoms,147 such as bloodshot eyes(?) 14. and swooning(?). But sometimes because of 15. internal symptoms, such as headache 16. or thirst.

147 On the value of “symptom” for the word Folio 120v.

̈

1 ‫ܐ ̇ܗܘ‬ ̈ ‫ ܕܐ ܘܬܐ ܕ‬2 ..‫ܐ ܢ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬3 ̈ 4 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܘܢ ̇ ܐ‬ . ‫ ܬܪ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܘ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܓ‬6 ‫ܕܘ ܐ‬ ‫̈ ̣ ܐܘ ܒ‬ 7 ̇ ‫ܕܘ ܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬8 ‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬9 ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܐ ̈ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬10 ‫ ܒ ܒ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܘ ܐ ܕ ܕ‬11 ̇ 12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܨܒ ܐ‬. ̈ 13 ̈ ‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬14 ̈ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐܒ ܪ ܐ‬.‫ ܒ ܐ‬15 .‫ ܘܨܗ ܐ‬16

‫̈ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ̣

‫ܓ ܐ‬

‫ܐ‬

see the footnote to that word on

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Folio 71v

1. By what means does the decay 2. which is inside the veins and arteries 3. cause fever? 4. That is because of two reasons. 5. One indeed is that (in) a single place 6. all of that which was rotten 7. is collected, that is to say, in the lumen 8. of large vessels, and is not divided 9. or dispersed. Similarly, that 10. which is decaying outside of veins 11. and arteries, which gradually 12. enters into a location in which there is 13. the beginning of decay. Sometimes 14. it is periodic, other (times) 15. it is all equally inflamed 16. from heat which is unnatural.

‫ܬܐ ܕ ܓ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 1 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ ܘ̈ܪ ܐ ܘ ܐ‬2 ..‫ܐ ̇ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬3 ̈ . ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ ‫ ܗܕܐ ̇ܗܘ ܐ‬4 ‫ ܐ ̇ ܕܒ ܐ ܕܘ ܐ‬5 ‫̇ܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ܗܘܐ‬6 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܒ‬:‫ ܕ ܸ ܐ‬7 ‫ ܕ ܘܢ ܕ ܐ ̈ܐ ̈ܪܘܪܒܐ܉ ܘ ܐ‬8 ‫ܬ ̇ܗܘ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܘ ܒ ܪ‬ 9 .‫ܘ̈ܪ ܐ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ ܒ‬10 ‫ ܕܒ‬:‫ܸ ܐ‬ 11 ̇ ‫ܘ ܐ ܕܒ ܐ ܘ‬ 12 ‫ ܒ ܒ ܐ‬:‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܪ ܐ ܕ‬13 ̈ ‫ ܕܒ‬14 ݂ ‫ ܐ ܬܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ̇. ‫ܒܫ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 15 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܒ‬ 16 ݂

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Folio 71v

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Folio 72r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Now on account of both of these the fever remains constant until that which is rotting has an end, or receives a resolution, or suffers 6. both. And this is what happens 7. with decay of the blood. Now 8. in the decay of the other three humors which 9. remain, blockage148 of the evacuation of 10. the humor causes the fever. 11. It is the reason for its duration; 12. for it is because firm vessels 13. enclose the material. Not by means of sweat, 14. neither any other means, is it possible 15. for it to be evacuated outwardly. Therefore 16. the remnants of the heat persist

148 We are assuming that this is a variant of

.݂ ‫ܕ ܗ‬ ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ 1 ‫ܐ ܗܝ ܐ ܐ܉‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬2 ̇ ‫ܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 3 ‫܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫܇‬ ‫ ܕܐܬ‬4 ‫ ܐܘ ܬ̈ܪܬ‬: ‫ܐ ܒ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬5 ̇ ‫ܗ ܐ ܓ ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܘܗܕܐ‬. 6 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܬܐ ܕܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬7 ̈ ‫ܕ ܕ‬8 ‫ܬ ܐܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ܉‬9 ̇ ‫ܤ ܒ‬ :‫ܕܗ ܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ̇.‫ܬܗ‬ ̇ ‫ܐ ܕܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬11 ̈ ‫ܓ ܕܒ ܐ ܐ ̈ܪ ܐ‬ 12 ‫ ܒ ܐ ܗܘ ܐ܉ ܐ ܒ ܕܘ ܐ‬13 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܒ ܐ ܐ ܐ܇‬14 ‫ ܒ ܓ ̣ܢ‬. ‫ ܕܓ ܐ ܬ‬15 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫̇ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܫ‬ 16

‫ܬܐ‬

from the root “to hinder.:

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Folio 72v

1. after the abatement of the first 2. attack (of the disease process), until another 3. attack begins again, and as 4. that passes, it stimulates a heat 5. which is from the decay. And when thus 6. consequently it closely follows the end of the 7. first attack, to the beginning 8. of the second attack, the fever 9. lasts continuously until 10. the decay resolves. 11. What is the fever of the blood from? 12. Sometimes indeed the intensity is steady; 13. but sometimes it is increasing, and sometimes 14. it is decreasing. 15. And if that which is 16. rotting in the blood is

‫ܐ‬

‫ܪ‬

‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬

‫ܒ ܪ‬ 1 ‫ܪ‬ ‫ܐ܉‬ 2 ‫ ܘܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ ܐ‬3 ̇ 4 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܕ ܼܒ‬ ‫ ܘ ܗ ܐ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ݂‫ ܕ‬5 ‫ ܪܟ‬: ‫ܐ‬ 6 ‫ܪ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܪ ܐ‬7 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܪ ܐ ܬܪ ܐ܉ ܐ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ܐ܉‬ 9 ..‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕܬ ̣ ܚ‬10 ‫ܐ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܕ ܐ܇‬ 11 ̇ ̇ ‫ܐ ܗܘ ܐ܇‬ ‫ ܒ ܒ‬12 ܸ ‫ܐ܇ ܘܒ ܒ‬ ‫ܪܒ‬ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܕ‬13 ..‫ܒ ܪ ܐ‬ 14 ̇ ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܕܐ ݂ܘ‬ ‫ ܘ‬15 ‫ܸܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ̇ܗܘ ܐ ܕ‬16

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Folio 72v

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Folio 73r

1. in excess of that which 2. is being dispersed from it after the decay, 3. the fever is progressively increasing (lit. “receiving growth”) 4. until the point of its “fervor and 5. remission,"149 and its intensity 6. is said to be augmenting. But if that 7. which is being dispersed 8. is in excess of that which 9. is rotting, the fever is 10. progressively abating (lit. “receiving a lessening”) 11. until the point where it completely resolves; 12. and it is then said to have declined 13. from its fervor. But if that which 14. is being dispersed is equal to that which 15. is rotting, the fever will 16. be constant (lit. “in one way”) until the time

1 ‫̇ܗܘ‬ ݂ :‫ܕܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ܉‬ ‫ܒ ܪ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 ‫ܒܐܐ ܐܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܪܒ ܐ‬3 ̇ ‫ܙܗ‬ ‫ܐ ܒ‬ :‫ ܒܐ ܐ‬4 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬.̇ ‫ܘ‬5 ̇ ‫ ܐ ܘ‬.‫ܒ ܗ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ 6 ‫ܘܐ ܓ ̇ܗܘ‬ ‫ܕ ܕ‬7 ‫̇ܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܕ‬8 ݂ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܸ ܐ܉ ܒ ܨܪܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬9 ‫ܗܝ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܒܐ ̣ܐ‬ ܸ 10 .‫ܐ ܕܓ ܐ ܬ ܸܪܐ‬ 11 ‫ܸܬ‬ ‫ܐܗ‬ ‫ ܘ‬12 ̇ ‫ܘܐ ܸ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܙܗ‬ ݂ 13 ̇ ‫ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܘ ܐ ܕ‬14 ̇ ‫ܸ ܐ܉ ܒ ܙ ܐ ܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ‫ܐ ܒ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܐ ܐ܇‬ ܸ 16

‫ܐ‬

149 The point of “fervor and remission” is the turning point in the disease process. Sometimes it is also referred to as the “crisis” because at this point either the body overcomes the disease and healing begins, or the disease overcomes the body and the patient dies.

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471

Folio 73r

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472

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 73v

1. of the fervor and remission, and it is said 2. to be of even intensity. 3. And for what reason does it 4. happen differently to the blood, that it rots 5. and is dispersed? 6. This happens to it for three 7. reasons. What are they? 8. One indeed is the quantity and quality 9. of the blood. But another is 10. the strength or weakness of the force 11. which governs the body, and thirdly, 12. the compactness or looseness 13. of the body. What is that like? 14. Now blood indeed which is greater in its amount 15. and more fluid, and governed by 16. a weak force, and enclosed

‫̣ܐ‬

‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܙܐ ܘ ܐ‬1 ..‫ܐ‬ 2 ܸ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬3 ‫ܸܐ‬ ‫ܐ܇ ܕ‬ ‫ܓ ܐ‬4 . ̣‫ ܘ‬5 ‫ܬ‬ 6 ̣ ‫ܗܕܐ ܓ ܐ‬ ̈ ‫ܐ‬. 7 ̇ ‫ܬܐ ܘܐ ܬܐ‬ ̣ ‫ ܐ‬8 ‫ܕ‬9 ݂ ‫ ܐ ܬܐ ܕ‬.‫ܕܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬:‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ 10 ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܐ ܘܬ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܪܨ ܬܐ ܘ‬12 .. ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬..‫ܕ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ̇ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܓ ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬14 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬: ‫ܪ‬ ‫ ܘ‬15 ‫ ܘܒܓ ̈ ܐ‬. ̣ ‫ܐ‬ 16

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473

Folio 73v

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Folio 74r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

in firm vessels decays more readily and is dispersed more slowly. But that which is contrary (to this) are they which are oppositely diseased. Now that 6. in some way indeed resembles the 7. first, but in some (respect) differs 8. from it. The two of them, 9. that is to say, the decay and the dispersion, 10. (both) occur with it moderately. 11. What happens to blood which is rotting 12. outside of the veins and arteries, 13. and in which manner is fever 14. then (produced) from it? 15. Outside of the veins and arteries 16. blood decays when something in an organ

‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬

. ̣ ‫ ̈ܪ ܐ ܒ‬1 ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܸ ̣ܐ‬ 2 ̇ ̇ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ ܕܒ ܝ‬. 3 ̈ ‫ ܗ‬.‫ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 4 ̣ ̇ ̇ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ‬.‫ ܕܕ ܒ ܐ ܐܫ‬5 ‫ ܕܒ ܡ ̇ ܕ ̇ ܐ ̇ ܘ‬6 ‫ ܒ ܡ ܕ‬:‫ܐ‬ 7 ̈‫ܐ ܓ‬ .̣ 8 ‫ܬܐ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫܇‬ ‫ ܬ̈ܪܬ‬9 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬10 ‫ܸܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܓ ܐ‬11 ̄‫ܘ̈ܪ ܐ ܘ ܐ܉ ܘ‬ ‫ ܒ‬12 ̇ ‫ ܘܒܐ ܐ ܙ ܐ܇‬13 ‫ܗܘ ܐ‬ ..‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܗ‬14 ̇ ‫ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ݂ ܘ̈ܪ ܐ‬15 ‫ ܒ ܕ ܐ‬.‫ܸ ܐ ܕ ̣ܐ‬ 16

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475

Folio 74r

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476

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Folio 74v

1. collects to a significant extent from those (elements) 2. which are either inside or outside, so that 3. it thickens it (i.e. the affected organ), and in the swelling 4. it (i.e. the blood) rots. Now the fever is then 5. kindled when heat is brought forth 6. by the rotting of the blood which is 7. confined within the swelling. First 8. it heats the swollen organ, 9. but afterward organs 10. located in the vicinity become warm 11. by means of the connection. But those 12. which are far away from it receive 13. heat by means of transmission from 14. one to another until 15. the heat reaches the heart 16. because of the close connection

‫̇ܗ ܢ ܕ ܓ ܐܘ ܕ ܒ‬ ‫ ܡ‬1 ‫ܐ ܐ‬. ‫ܓܐ‬ 2 ‫ ܕ ܒ ܗܝ܇ ܘܒ ܒ ܒ ̣ܐ‬3 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܸ ܐ‬ 4 ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫܉ܒ ܝܕ‬ ‫ܗ‬5 :‫ܕܕ ܐ ܕ ܒ ܒ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 ‫ܬܐ܉‬ ‫ܐ‬ 7 ܸ ̇ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܐܕ ܒ‬ 8 ̈ : ‫ܗܐܕ‬ ̇ ‫ܗܕ ܐ‬ ݂ 9 ̇‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ܒܒ‬ ‫ܕܒ‬ 10 ݂ ̇ ‫ ܗ ܢ ܕ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܕ‬11 ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫܉ܒ‬ ‫ ܕܪ‬12 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ‫ܐܕ ܬ‬ ‫̣ܬܐ‬ 14 ‫ܬܐ܇‬ ‫ ܒܐ ܬ‬15 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 16 ܸ

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477

Folio 74v

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478

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Folio 75r

1. which the organs have with each other, 2. and because of communication that is within the vessels. 3. Now when the heart warms up it is not in moderation; 4. (and) it shares the alien heat 5. it has received with the entire 6. body by means of the arteries which 7. divide up from it (and then reach) the 8. organs which need them. Therefore the fever 9. exists when the entire body 10. shares the alien 11. heat. 12. When is there shivering 13. in a fever? And what is it from? 14. In a fever it is indeed intermittent 15. in the early phases (or “beginnings”) of the episodes, but 16. the shivering is constant

̈ 1 :‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܐ ܬ ̈ ܕܐ ܒ‬ ̈ .‫ܬ ܬܐ ܕܒ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬2 ̇ ‫ܐܡ ܕ ܒܐ ܐ‬ 3 ‫ܐ ܉‬ ‫ܬܦ‬ ‫ܓܐ‬ ‫ ܐܦ‬4 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 5 ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܕ ܸܒ ܇ ܒ‬6 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܓ ܇ ܒ ̈ܕ ܐ ܕ‬ 7 ‫ ܒ ܓ ̣ܢ ܐ ܐ‬. 8 ‫ܓܐ‬ ‫ܐ܇ ܐ ܕ‬ 9 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘܬܦ ܒ‬ 10 .‫ܐ‬ 11 ‫ ܐ ܝ ̇ܗܘ ܐ ܘ ܬܐ‬12 .‫ܐ ܗܘ ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܒܐ ܐ܉ ܘ‬13 ̇ ‫ ܒܐ ܐ‬14 ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܒܬ‬ ‫ ܗܘ ܐ‬:‫ ܒ ܪ ܘܢ ܕ ̈ ܐ‬15 ‫ܐܕ ܉‬ ‫ ܘ ܬܐ ܒܐ‬16

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479

Folio 75r

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480

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 75v

1. during the crisis, or as 2. an indicator of (an imminent) crisis; 3. or as one of the trying events 4. (associated) with it. But its origin is 5. from an increased outpouring of 6. decay upon sensitive organs, 7. and it is an irritant to them; or even cools 8. them. Therefore it (i.e. shivering) can be continuous 9. even in an intermittent fever, 10. because the decay in this (case) 11. is (also/already) outside of the veins and arteries. 12. But in a continuous fever, only during 13. the crisis, because at such a time 14. nature is driving out the most of 15. the decay, and bringing it out from 16. the vessels in which it was contained.

‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒܒ ܒ‬1 ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܐ ܕ ܗܝ ܕܒ‬ ‫ ܒ‬2 ̈ ‫ܓ ܐ ܒ ̈ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬3 ‫ ܗܘ ̇ ܕ ܐ ܘܗܝ܉‬. ‫ܕ‬4 ̇ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ݂ ܗܝ ܕ ܐ ܐ‬5 ̈ ‫ܗܕ ܐ ܓ ܐ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ 6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܘܢ܇ ܐܘ ܐܦ‬ ‫ܘ‬7 ̇ ‫ ܒ ܓ ܢ ܒܐ ܐ‬.‫ ܘܢ‬8 ̇ ‫ܗܘ ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܒܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܸܬ‬9 :‫ܕ ܒ ݂ ܘ̈ܪ ܐ ܘ ܐ‬ 10 ̇ .‫ܬܐ ܒ ܕܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬11 ‫ ܒ ܒ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬12 ‫ܕܒ ܘ‬ ‫ܐ ܒ ܕ܉‬ ‫ ܒ‬13 ̇ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܙܒ ܐ܇ ܕ ܐ‬14 ̇ ‫ܐ܇ ܘ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ݂ ..‫ ܐ ̈ܐ ܕܒ ܘܢ ܒ ܐ ܗܘܬ‬16

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481

Folio 75v

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482

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Folio 76r

1. For what reason do the cycles of 2. intermittent fevers change and that 3. which is from the red bile 4. come around every three days, 5. but that which is from the black bile 6. every four days, and that which is from 7. phlegm daily? 8. Because of three reasons. 9. What (are they)? 10. One, indeed, is the ease of collection 11. of the humor, or the difficulty 12. of its collection. But another is the ease 13. of its decay or the difficulty of its decay. 14. And the third is the ease of its emptying 15. or the difficulty of its 16. emptying.

‫ܕ̈ܪ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 1 ̈ ̇‫ ܘܗܝ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘܬܐ ܒ ܬ‬2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ݂‫ ̇ ܕ‬3 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫܇‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ 4 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܗܝ ܕ ܕ‬5 ̇ ݂ ‫ ܐ ܐܪܒ ܐ܇ ܘܗܝ ܕ‬6 ..‫̈ ܡ‬ ‫ܓ ܐ‬ 7 . ‫ܬ‬ 8 . ‫ܐ‬9 ̇ ‫ ܐ‬10 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܤ܇ ܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ‫ܬ‬ ‫ ܐ ܬܐ ܕ ܉‬. 12 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܘ‬ 13 ‫ܬ‬ ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܬ‬. ‫ ܕ‬14 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ 15 . ‫ ܕ‬16

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483

Folio 76r

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Folio 76v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

What is that like? Phlegm indeed kindles fever daily, so that it is collected easily, because of its abundance. And it decays easily because of the moisture. But it is evacuated 7. with difficulty because of its stickiness (or “viscosity”). 8. But melancholic150 humor 9. kindles a fever every fourth 10. day, so that it is collected 11. with difficulty because of its infrequency. 12. And it does not decay easily, because 13. of its coolness and dryness. 14. And it is emptied easily because 15. it is not sticky. But the red 16. bile comes around every

..‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ‬1 ‫ܡ‬ : ‫ܓ ܐ ̇ ܓ‬ 2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ܉ ܐ‬ 3 ‫ܓ ܐܘܬܗ܇‬ ‫܇‬ 4 ‫ܸܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܬܗ‬ ̣ ‫ܪ ܒ‬6 .‫ܬܗ‬ 7 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܤܕ‬ 8 ̈ ‫ ܐ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬9 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬10 :‫ܒ ܘܬܗ‬ 11 ‫ܸܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬12 .‫ܘܬܗ ܘ ܒ ܬܗ‬ 13 ‫܉‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬14 ‫ ܬܐ ܕ‬.‫ܫ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ 16

150 The Syriac word here is actually the Greek loan word, μελαγχολικός , which itself means “black bile.”

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485

Folio 76v

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Folio 77r

1. 2. 3. 4.

third day, for which reason it is something midway in its three (characteristics) between the two humors mentioned (above). Now 5. the phlegm, to be sure, is collected 6. with much more difficulty because 7. it is less (in quantity), but it 8. decays with more difficulty because 9. of its dryness. Now it is evacuated 10. more easily because of its thinness 11. and its warmth. But the melancholic 12. humor is collected 13. more easily because 14. of its greater (quantity). Now it 15. decays more easily 16. because it is warm. (And) it

‫ܕܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܐ ܡܐ‬ ‫ܗ ܇ܒ‬ .‫̈ ܬܪ ܕܐܬܐ ܘ‬ ̇ . ‫ܓ ܐ ̇ ܓ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ . ‫ܐ‬ ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ .‫ܬܗ‬ ̇ ‫ܬܗ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܤ‬ .‫ܬܗ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܓ ܐܐ‬ ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬

̈

1 2

‫ܒ‬

3 4 5 6

‫ܕܒ‬

7 8

‫ܒ‬

9 10

‫ܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ̇

11

‫ܕ‬ ‫ܕ‬

14

12 13 15 16

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487

Folio 77r

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Folio 77v

1. decays more readily because 2. of its thinness. Therefore, the phlegm 3. indeed causes fever daily. But 4. black bile (causes fever) every fourth 5. day, and the red bile 6. every third. 7. What determines the cycles of intermittent 8. fevers, some of which are 9. regular (and) some of which 10. are irregular? 11. The cycles of intermittent fevers are 12. indeed regular when the humor is that 13. which has been rotting from the beginning, and when 14. it persists (and) does not change, 15. and sometimes that (cycle) in which it first 16. began to proceed will (continue to) be its course.

‫̣ܐ‬

1 ‫ܒܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܓ ܢ‬.‫ܬܗ‬ 2 ̇ ̇ ‫ ܬܐ‬.‫ܡ‬ ‫ ̣ ܒ ܐ ܐ‬3 ‫̣ܐ ܐ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐܘ‬4 ̈ 5 ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܐ ܕ‬. ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬6 ‫ܐ ܕ̈ܪܐ ܕܐ ̈ܘܬܐ‬ 7 ̇ ‫ܘܢ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒܬ‬8 ̇ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ ‫̈ ܐ ܗܘ ܇‬ 9 ..‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬10 ̇ ̇ ‫̈ܐ‬ ‫ܕ̈ܪ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ 11 ̈ ̇ ‫ܤ ܗܘ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬12 ̣ ‫ܗܘ‬ ‫ܪ ܐ ܐܬ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ‫܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܘ‬14 ̇ ‫ܪܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܘܒ ܐ ܗܘ ܕܒ‬15 .‫ܕܐ ܬܗܘܐ ܕ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ ܝ‬16

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489

Folio 77v

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Folio 78r

1. And the quality of the body part 2. into which it has entered and (in which) it decays 3. persists anyway, and the treatment 4. of the patient will be similar. 5. But the irregular (cycles of fever) are 6. either because of a change in the 7. humors, (i.e.) when one changes 8. to another, such as when that happens 9. to the blood when it is sometimes converted 10. and changed into red bile, 11. but sometimes into black bile, 12. or else because of a failing 13. of the humors, when some 14. humor begins to decay 15. and to ignite a fever, with 16. a period (of duration) according to its nature. Another

‫ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬1 ‫ܸܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬2 ‫ܸܗܝ ܬ ܪ܇ ܘܕܘܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ܸ 3 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ܇ ܒ ̇ ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 ̇ ̈ .̣ ‫ܐ ܕ ܗܘ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܘܐ‬5 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬6 ‫ ܐ ܕ݂ ܐ ܐ‬: ̈ ‫ ܕ‬7 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܓ ̇ ܫ‬:‫ܢ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬8 ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܒ‬:‫ܐ‬ 9 : ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 10 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܕ‬11 ‫ܐ ܕ ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬12 ‫ܤ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬: ̈ ‫ ܕ‬13 ‫ ܡ ܐ‬14 ‫ ܕ ܬ‬:‫ܘ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬15 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬16

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491

Folio 78r

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Folio 78v

1. proceeds from some other organs, 2. in which alone it is (found) – 3. either in the entire body, and it creates 4. a different period (of duration) according to its nature – or else 5. because of foolishness in the treatment, (i.e.) 6. when due to bad treatment of the patient, 7. the humors are intermingled and transformed types 8. are brought forth in the body; and ignite different 9. fevers – each one 10. of them according to its nature. For it is 11. necessary that when this happens, either 12. the greater part of the cycles of the 13. fevers go first, or else certain (other) 14. cycles exist which were outside of those (cycles) 15. from the beginning. 16. And because of both of them (i.e. these reasons),

̈ :‫ܗܕ ܐ ܡ ܐ ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܕܐ‬1 ̈ :‫ ܕܒ ܘܢ ܒ ܕ ܘܢ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬2 ‫ ܘ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܐܦ ܒ‬3 ‫ ܐܘ‬. ̣ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ܒ‬4 ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ :‫ܕܗܘ ܐ ܒ ܘܒ ܐ‬ 5 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܬ ܕܘܒ ܗ ܕ‬ 6 ̈ 7 ̈ ‫̈ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ ̈ܘܬܐ‬:‫ܘܢ ܒ ܓ ܐ‬ 8 ̈ ‫ܘܢ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ 9 . ‫ܬ ܐܕ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ 10 ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܕ ܗܕܐ ܬܓ ܫ܉ ܐܘ‬11 ‫ܢ ܕ̈ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܓܐܐ‬12 ̈ ‫ܕܐ ܘܬܐ܉ ܐܘ ܕ ܕ̈ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ̇ ‫ ܡ ܐ ܐ ܒ ݂ ܗ ܢ‬14 ‫ܗܘܘ‬ ‫ܪܐܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܕ‬15 ̣ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܘܘܢ‬16

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493

Folio 78v

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Folio 79r

1. the regularity of the 2. cycles is destroyed. 3. On account of what do the periods 4. of the intermittent fevers sometimes indeed, 5. take a longer time, 6. but sometimes a shorter time? 7. (That is) due to three reasons. 8. What (are they)? 9. One indeed, is the peculiar nature 10. of the humor, but another is the greater 11. or lesser (amount) of those things which contribute 12. to the persistence of the period (of the fever), or 13. else hinder it. 14. (That which is) due of the peculiar nature of the humor – 15. what is that like? 16. The humor of the phlegm,

‫ܐ‬

‫ܒ‬ ̣ ‫ܗ‬1 ..‫ ܕ ܘܢ ܕ ܕ̈ܪܐ‬2 ̈ ‫ܐ ̈ ܐ ܕܐ ܘܬܐ‬ 3 ̇ ‫ ܒ ܒ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒܐ‬4 .̇ ‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܙܒ ܐ ܕ‬5 ..‫ܸ ܐ‬ ̈ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܕ ܙܒ ܐ ܕ‬6 . ‫ܬ̈ܪܬ‬ 7 .. ‫ ܐ‬8 ̇ ‫ ܐ‬9 ‫ܐܕ ܐܕ‬ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܤ ܐ ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ‫̈ܪܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܘܒ ܘܬܐ ܕܐ‬11 ‫ ܬ ܬܪܗ ܕ ܐ܇ ܐܘ‬12 ̈ .. 13 ̇ ‫ܕ ܐ‬ 14 .‫ܤ‬ ‫ܕ‬ .. ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬15 ‫ܤ ̇ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

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495

Folio 79r

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Folio 79v

1. because it is sticky and difficult 2. to evacuate, (its) period of the fever 3. which it ignites remains eighteen 4. hours in most of them. 5. But the humor of the black bile, 6. because it is also cool 7. and difficult to evacuate, the 8. period of the fever from it 9. remains twenty four hours in most (cases). 10. But the humor of the red 11. bile, because it decays 12. more easily than the black 13. bile, and is easier to evacuate 14. than the phlegm – 15. the fever from it usually lasts 16. twelve hours,

‫ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ܉ ܬ‬ 2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ :‫ ܐ ܕܒ ܓܐܐ‬3 .‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܕ‬4 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܤ ܕ ܕ ܬܐ ܐܘ‬ 5 ‫ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܕܐܦ ܗܘ‬ 6 . ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ 7 ̣ ܸ ݂ ̈ :‫ܐ ܕܒ ܓܐܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐܪܒ‬8 ‫ܐ ܕܐ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 9 ‫ܤ ܕ ܕ ܬܐ‬ .‫ ̇ܗܘ ܐ‬10 ‫ܕ‬ :‫ܐ‬ 11 ̇ ‫ܬܐ ݂ ܗܘ ܕ ܬܐ‬ 12 ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬13 ̇ ‫ܗܘ ܕ ܓ ܐ܉‬ 14 ݂ ‫ܐ‬ ̈ :‫ܓ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ̈ܪܬ‬15 ‫ܐ̇ ܐ‬ .. ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬16 ̈

ܸ

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Folio 79v

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Folio 80r

1. But if due to an abundance or lack 2. of those things which help or hinder 3. the continuation of the period (of fever) – what is that like? 4. Because there are three (factors) which 5. help toward this, or 6. hinder it, it happens 7. that the duration of the periods 8. will be different, because of each one of them. 9. What are these three? 10. One indeed is the nature of the secretion151 11. which is decaying. But another is 12. the degree of the vigor of the patient. 13. And a third is the structure of its substance. 14. How is it that depending on the nature of the 15. secretion, the period can be either 16. long or short?

‫ܘܬܐ‬

1 ‫ܘܬܐ ܕ ܘܒ‬ ‫̈ܪܢ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬2 ..‫ܬܪܗ ܕ ܐ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ‬ 3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܬ ܐ‬4 ‫̈ܪܢ܇ ܬ ܗܕܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ .̣ 6 ‫̈ ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐ ܕ ܘܘܢ‬7 .. ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ̈ ܐ܇‬8 ̈ .. ‫ܐ ܗ ܬ‬ ‫ܐ‬9 ̇ ‫ ܐ‬10 ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ ̇ ܕ‬ ‫ ܐ ܬܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 12 .. ‫ܐ ܬܘ ܐ ܕܓ‬ ‫ ܘܬ‬13 ̇ ݂ ‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ‬14 ‫ ܐܪ ܐ ܐܘ ܐ‬:‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ̇ 16 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ‬

̈

151 The Syriac word

‫ܘܬܐ‬ as used here and in subsequent lines apparently refers to the pus produced in certain infections, which we recognize to contain various types of white blood cells as part of an immune response. It will usually be translated in such contexts by the word “secretion.” It basically means “an excess” i.e. something present which should not be there. One might also consider the term “exudate.”

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499

Folio 80r

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Folio 80v

1. If the secretions are indeed more numerous, 2. and thicker, and stickier, and colder, 3. they make the periods 4. longer. Those which are fewer, 5. and thinner, and warmer, and not sticky 6. make them shorter. 7. How is it that depending on the vigor of the patient, 8. the periods can be either long or short? 9. If the vigor is indeed strong, 10. it makes the periods shorter. 11. But if it is weaker, (it makes the periods) 12. longer. 13. How is it that depending on the structure 14. of the substance, the periods 15. are longer or shorter? 16. If the substance is indeed is

‫ܘܬܐ ̇ ܕ‬ ‫ܕ‬1 ̈ ̈ .‫ܘ ܢ‬ ‫ܘ ܒ ܘ‬2 ̈ ‫ܐ̈ܪ ܐ܇ ܒ ܢ ܘܢ‬ 3 ‫ܒ ܢ‬ ‫ ܗ ̈ ܕ‬.‫̈ ܐ‬ 4 ̈ ̈ ̈ ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܘ‬5 .̣ ̈ ..‫ܐ ܒ ܢ ܘܢ‬ 6 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬ 7 ݂ ̈ ̇ ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ̈ܪ ܐ ܐܘ ܐ ܗܘ‬8 .‫ܢ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ ̇ ܕ‬9 .‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܒ‬:‫ ܙ ̈ܪܝ ܙܒ ܐ‬10 ̇ 11 . ‫ܗܘ ܕ ܕ‬ ..‫ ܓ ܝ ܙܒ ܐ‬12 ‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ ݂ ܬܘ‬13 ‫ܐ̈ܪ ܐ ܐܘ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܓ‬14 ̈ ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ܇ ܗܘ‬ 15 ‫ܐ ̇ ܐ ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܕܓ‬16 ‫ܓ ̈ ܐܢ‬

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501

Folio 80v

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Folio 81r

1. looser, it makes the periods 2. shorter. But that which 3. is more compact (makes them) longer. 4. When which (factors) are thus combined, is the 5. period quite long, and when 6. which (factors) are combined (in this manner), is it quite 7. short? 8. Now the period is quite long 9. when the secretion is plentiful 10. and thick and cold, and the force 11. which it demonstrates is weak, and the passages 12. in which the discharge is (located) is 13. narrow. But it is quite short 14. when the secretion indeed is small 15. and thin and warm, and 16. the force it demonstrates is strong, and

‫ܐ ̇ܒ‬ .̣ 1 ̈ ̇ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܢ‬2 ..‫ܐ̈ܪ ܐ‬ . ̣ ‫ ܪܨ‬3 : ̈ ‫ܗ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬4 ̇ ‫ܐ܉ ܘ‬ ‫ ܐܪ ܐ ܗܘܐ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬6 ̇ 7 ..‫ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫̇ ܐܪ ܐ ̇ܗܘܐ‬ 8 ̇ ‫ܬܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ 9 ‫ܓ ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬:‫ ܘ ܒ ܐ ܘ ܐ‬10 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫܇ܘ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܘܐ‬11 ̇ ‫ ܕܒ ܘܢ‬12 ‫ ܘܘܢ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ . ‫ ܐ‬13 ̇ ‫ܒ ܬܐ ܬܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬14 ‫ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܘ‬15 ‫ܢ܇ ܒ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܕ ܐ‬16

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503

Folio 81r

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Folio 81v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

the paths in which the secretion is evacuated are wider. Why do some of the periods of the intermittent fevers become non-febrile, while others do not? When indeed the duration of the first period is short so that before the second begins, it dissipates. 10. During the entire extent of the time 11. that is between the beginning of the second period 12. and the end of the first, the patient 13. is afebrile. But if 14. the second period arrives 15. before the first is truly 16. dissipated, not enough time remains

‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܕܒ ܘܢ‬1 .. ‫ܪܘ‬ :‫ܘܬܐ‬ 2 ̈ ̇ ‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ̈ܘܬܐ ܒ ܬ‬4 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫܇‬ ‫ ܐܐ ܐ‬5 ..‫ ܕ ܐ‬6 ‫ ܐ ܝ ̇ ܕܙܒ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬7 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܐ ܘܐ ܙ ܪ‬ 8 ̇ ‫ ܕ ܡ ܕ ܐ ܗܘ ܬܪ ܐ‬9 ‫ܐ ܕܙܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܪܐ‬ 10 :‫ܪ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܬܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬11 ̇ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܗܘ‬ 12 ̇ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬13 ‫ ܐ ܝ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܬܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܕ ܡ ܐܠ‬14 ‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܡܕ‬ 15 ̇ 16 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬

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Folio 81v

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Folio 82r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

between them for the one suffering to be afebrile. What are the debilitating fevers like, which exist with a diseased locus? For example, hepatic fever, which exists with disease(s) of the liver, 9. and renal fever, which exists 10. with disease(s) of the kidneys, and those 11. which are similar to them. 12. For how many reasons do 13. fevers which are from decay receive 14. names different from 15. that which is from a diseased locus? 16. For five reasons.

‫ ܙܒ ܐ ܡ ܒ ܗܘܢ܇ ܕܕ ܐ‬1 .. ‫ ܐ ܐ ̇ܗܘܐ ܒ ̇ܗܘ ܕ‬2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬3 ‫ܬ ̈ ܐ܇‬ ‫ ܐ ̈ܘܬܐ‬4 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܘ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 ̈ .. 6 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܐ ܐ ܒ‬7 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܒܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬8 ‫ ܕ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ ܐ‬9 ‫ ܐ ܕ ̈ ܐ ܗܘ ܐ܇ ܘܐ‬10 ̈ ‫ ܕ‬11 ̈ .. ‫ܕ‬ ̈ ‫ܒ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 12 ̈ ‫ ܐ‬13 ‫ܬܐ܇‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ݂ :‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫̈ܐ‬ 14 ̇ ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ ݂ ܕܘ ̈ ܐ ܕ‬15 . ݂ 16

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507

Folio 82r

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Folio 82v

1. What (are they)? 2. Either from an abundance of humor 3. which causes the fever, or from 4. its quality, or from a kind 5. of movement of the heat, 6. or from its imbalance, or 7. from that which accompanies it. 8. From (that which is due to) an abundance of the material – 9. what is that like? 10. For example, marsh fever, 11. in which considerable moisture 12. is associated with heat. 13. But from (that which is due to) the quality of the material – 14. what is that like? 15. For example, colossus fever, 16. that is to say, a burning (fever), which

.

‫ܐ‬1 ‫ܤ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܘܬܗ ܕ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐܘ‬2 ̇ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ ܒ ܕܗ ܕܐ ܐ‬3 ‫ܙܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ܐ‬4 ̇ : ‫ܬܗ ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ ܬܙ‬5 ܿ ‫ ܐܘ‬. ܼ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬6 ̇ ‫̇ܗܘ ܐ ܕ‬ .. ̇ ݂ 7 ̇ ̇ ‫ܕܗܘ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܘܬܗ‬ ݂ 8 .. ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬9 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܐ ܐ ܗ ܕ ܇‬10 ‫ܓ ܐܐ܇‬ ‫ ܕܪ ܒ ܬܐ ܕ‬11 ̄.. ̄ ̇‫ܐܒ‬ ‫ ܗܘ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ܬܗ ܕ ܕ‬ ‫ ݂ ܐ‬13 .. ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬14 ‫ܤ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܐ ܐ‬15 ‫ܐ܇ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬16

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509

Folio 82v

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Folio 83r

1. is a powerful inflammation with fever 2. of the chest and stomach, because 3. of the concentration of the bile 4. causing it. 5. But from (that which is due to) the imbalance of the heat – 6. what is that like? 7. For example, the fever of ague,152 8. and liporia,153 and frostbite,154 9. and typhoid fever. 10. And how is (there) an imbalance 11. in ague and why? 12. In the fever of ague there has been 13. a chill together with the fever, 14. and from both outside and inside. 15. The chill indeed is due to the phlegm 16. which does not yet decay, but the warmth

̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ‬ 1 ‫ ܕ ܐ ܘܕ ܐ܇‬2 ̇ ‫ܬܗ ܕ ܬܐ‬ 3 ̇ ..‫ܕܬܗ‬ ‫ ܒ‬4 ̄ ̄ ‫ܬܐ ܕ ݂ ܕ‬ ‫ ݂ ܐ‬5 .. ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬6 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒܐ ܐ ܗ ܐ ܤ܇‬7 ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܪܐܘ‬ ‫ܘ‬8 .. ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܘ‬9 ̇ ‫ ܘܐ ܐ‬10 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܐ ܐ‬ ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒܐ ܐ ܤ ܘ‬11 ‫ ܒܐ ܐ ܐ ܐ ܤ܉ ܪ ܐ‬12 .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫̇ܗܘܐ܉ ܘ‬ ‫ ܐ‬13 . ‫ܓ‬ ‫̣ ܘ‬ ‫ ܘ ݂ ܒ‬14 ̇ ‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܪ ܐ‬15 ̄ ̄ ̄ ‫ܐܬ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬16

‫̇ ܒܐܬ̈ܪܘܬܐ‬

152 Ague is a fever marked by periods of chills and shivering. The scribe here uses the

Greek word ἠπίαλος , meaning “ague.” 153 Another Greek term referring to a violent fever which makes the patient feel cold on the inside but hot on the outside. 154 The scribe uses the Greek word κρυμώδης , which means “icy cold” or “frozen.”

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511

Folio 83r

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Folio 83v

1. is due to that which is decaying 2. already. 3. And how (is it) in liporia and why? 4. In liporia fever, while the heat 5. greatly predominates in the deeper parts, 6. the surface is found to be 7. lukewarm, and that is because of the thickness 8. and stickiness of the causative humor; 9. for the heat does not advance easily 10. (and) comes to an end toward 11. the exterior of the body parts; (and) it is stifled 12. and confined permanently in 13. the site of the decay. 14. And how (is it) in frostbite, 15. that is to say, numbness, and why? 16. In frostbite fever, cold

‫ܘ‬

̇ ݂ ‫ܗܘ ܕ‬

‫ܕ‬1 . ‫ ܐܬ‬2 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪܐܘ‬ ‫ ܘܐ ܐ ܒ‬3 ‫ܓܐ‬ ‫ܪ ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܒܐ ܐ‬4 ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ܬܐ ܒ‬ ‫ ܒܐ‬5 ‫ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܐ‬ 6 ̣ ‫ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܘܗܕܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 7 ̣ ‫ܤ ܒ ܕܗ܇‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܘ‬8 ‫ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ‬9 ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ ܐ ܒ‬ 10 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܕ ܐ ܕ ܒ ܇ ܐ ܐ‬11 ̇ ‫ ܒ‬:‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܒ ܐ‬12 ..‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܘ ܐ ܕ‬13 ‫ ܘܐ ܐ ܒ ܘ ܕ‬14 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬15 ‫ܐ ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒܐ ܐ‬16

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Folio 83v

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Folio 84r

1. is extreme on the surface, 2. and because of the difficulty of warming (it) 3. which accompanies the nature of the causative 4. humor, which is phlegm 5. that is very cold. 6. And how (is it) in typhoid, that is to say, 7. (fever from) vapor, and why? 8. In typhoid fever, when 9. the heat is powerful 10. in the deeper parts, a vapor rises 11. toward the surface which resembles 12. a dense smoke. Because of the moisture, 13. that which rots easily 14. is indeed released as vapors because it is 15. not very cohesive, (and) it makes a dense 16. smoke out of the vapors, because

̇ 1 ‫ܐܒ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܘ‬2 ‫ܤ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ :‫ ܕ ܐ‬3 ̇ ‫ ܒ‬4 ‫ ܕ ܓ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬.‫ܕܗ‬ .. ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 ‫ܕ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܘܐ ܐ ܒ‬6 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ܉ ܘ‬ 7 ‫ܕ ܉‬ ‫ ܒܐ ܐ‬8 ‫ܐ ܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ 9 ‫ܐ ܬ‬ ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܒ‬10 ‫ܐ ܡ ̇ܕܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ 11 ̣ ‫ܕܪ ܒ ܬܐ‬ .‫ ܒ ܪܐ‬12 ̇ 13 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕ‬ ̇ 14 ‫ܕܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ̈ܪ ܐ ܕ‬. ‫ܐ ܓ‬ 15 ‫ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܘܢ‬16 ‫ܬܐ܉‬

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515

Folio 84r

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Folio 84v

1. its temperature tends to cause dryness. 2. In how many ways are the fevers 3. combined which (come) from decay? 4. In three ways. What (are they)? 5. Either intermittent with 6. intermittent, or constant with constant, 7. or intermittent with constant. 8. And in how many ways do the periods 9. of the complex fevers enter in (to the body)? 10. In two ways. What (are they)? 11. Either when both of the 12. periods enter together – 13. that which is called mixed – 14. or else when they enter at two 15. different times, each one of them 16. by itself. That is called successive.155

.. ̇ ‫ܙܓ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒ ܬܐ ܨ ܐ‬1 ‫̈ܪ ܒ‬ :‫ ܒ ܐ ܙ ̈ ܐ‬2 ..‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ̈ܘܬܐ ܕ‬3 . ‫ܙ̈ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬4 ‫ܒܬ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܬ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ 6 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܐ‬7 ̈ ̇‫ ܘܒ ܐ ܙ ̈ ܐ܇ ܐ‬8 ..‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ̈ܘܬܐ‬9 ̈ ‫ ܒ ܪ ܙ‬10 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܙܒ ܐ ̇ܐ‬11 :‫ ܬܪ ܘܢ ̈ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬12 ‫ܙܓܐ܉‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܕܐ ܕ‬13 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ ܪ ܙܒ ܐ‬14 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ̇ܐ ܇‬15 ..‫ܐ ܓ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܕܐ ܕ‬. ‫ ܘ‬16

155 I am assuming that the word in our text is a variant spelling of

‫ ܓ ܘ ܐ‬which is from a root meaning “twisted” or “plaited” (as in braided hair) and thus refers to one thing coming in succession after another.

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Folio 84v

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Folio 85r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

And in how many ways are the humors causing complex fevers combined? In two ways. What (are they)? One indeed is that in which the two 6. humors are equal, which are joined 7. and decaying. But another 8. is that in which one of the humors 9. is more predominant in 10. the mixture as opposed to the other. 11. How many variations are there in 12. consumptive fever which attacks 13. the solid organs? 14. Three. What (are they)? 15. One indeed is when fluid 16. which is in the small vessels which are inherent

:‫ ܘܒ ܐ ܙ ̈ ܐ‬1 ̈ ‫ܒ ̈ܕ‬ 2 ..‫ܒ ܐ‬ 3 ̈‫ ܒ ܪ ܙ‬4 ‫ܐ‬ ̇ . ̇ ‫̇ܗܘ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܕܒ‬ 5 ̈ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܒ ܬܪ ܘܢ‬6 ‫ܐ ܐܕ‬. ‫ܘ‬7 ̈ ‫ܘܢ ܕ‬ ̇ ‫ ܗܘ ܕܒ‬8 ̇ 9 ̇ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ܇ ܕ‬ ..‫ܐ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬10 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 11 ̈ ‫ܤ܇ ܕܒ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܗ‬12 ..‫ܐ ܐ ܐ‬ 13 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܬ ܐ‬14 ̇ ̇‫ܐ ܕܪ ܒ ܬܐ ܗܝ‬ 15 ̈ ‫ ܕܒ ܐ ̈ܐ ܙ ̈ܪܐ ܕܕ‬16 ‫ܪ ܒ‬ ̈ ‫ܕܐ ܘܬܐ‬

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Folio 85r

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Folio 85v

1. 2. 3. 4.

in each of the solid organs diminishes, (and) heat prevails in the fluid in the body parts which (therefore) have a moist condensation. 5. For example the fat and (other) adipose tissue. 6. But another is when even the (remaining) fluid 7. (almost completely) vanishes, but there is 8. support for the heat 9. in the fluid which apparently 10. is dispersed in enough places 11. which are between the body parts of the fluids of (those) parts 12. for their nourishment. But 13. thirdly, when this also ceases, 14. but the heat is enabled 15. by the united and restorative 16. fluid of the substance

̈ ‫ܗܕ ܐ‬ 1 ‫ ܬܬܒ ܪ܇ ܬܐ ܕ ܕ‬2 ‫ ܒ ܒ ܬܐ‬:‫ܬܐ‬ 3 ̇ 4 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕܒ ̈ܕ ܐ ̈ܪ ܒ‬ .‫ܐ ܘܬܪܒܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܕ‬5 ‫ܐ ܕܐܦ ܪ ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܕ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ ܗܕܐ ܬܬ ܇‬7 ̇ ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ܇‬ ‫ܕ‬8 ̇ ̣ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܬܐ ܗܝ ܕ ܐ‬9 ‫̈ܐ‬ ‫ ܙܪ ܐ ܒܐܬ̈ܪܘܬܐ‬10 ̈ ̈ ̈ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕ ܘܪ‬12 ‫ܐ ܕܐܦ ܗܕܐ ܬܘܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 :‫ܬܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ܇‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܬ‬14 ̇ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܬܐ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܐܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬16 ‫ܐ‬

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521

Folio 85v

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Folio 86r

1. of the solid organs. 2. Why is it that when in all the parts 3. of the body the fever is equally 4. prevalent, sometimes, indeed, it is said 5. that it is in the breath; but sometimes (interpolated line) in the humors and sometimes 6. in the solid organs? 7. It is because the fever indeed is an internal 8. disease, which is in the three 9. components (lit. “volumes”) from which the body 10. is put together: that is to say, the solid, 11. the fluid and the vapors (or “breath”). But 12. it received its name from 13. the component where it begins. 14. For when it is brought forth from factors which 15. first warm the breath, 16. and afterward it is active

̈ ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ܐ ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܓܐ‬ ̇ ‫ ܒ ܒ‬:‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܒܒ‬.̇ ‫ܕܒ ܘ ܐ ܐ‬ ..‫ܐ‬

1 2 3 4 5

Interpolated line

̈ ‫ܕ ܒ‬ ‫ܒܒ‬ ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒ ̈ܕ ܐ‬6 ̇ ‫ܐܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܕܐ ܐ‬ 7 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫̇ ܇ ܕܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬8 ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫̈ ܐܐ ܕ‬ 9 ‫ܐ ܐ‬ :‫ ܓ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬10 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܘ̈ܪ ܒܐ ܘ̈ܪܘ ܐ‬11 ‫ ܕ ܕ ܐ‬12 ݂ .‫ܒ ̣ܐ‬ ̇ .‫ܐ‬ 13 ̈ ‫ܐܐ ܗܘ ܕ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬ 14 ݂ ̈ :‫ܐ‬ 15 ‫ܘ ܐ ܐܦ‬ ݂ ‫ ܘܒ ܪ‬16

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Folio 86r

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Folio 86v

1. also in the fluids, and then also 2. in the solid organs, it is called 3. quotidian (i.e. “daily”) fever. But when 4. the fever begins from 5. the decaying fluid, and then 6. warms the breath, and afterwards 7. is kindled even in the solid 8. organs, it is called 9. a fever from decay of the humors. 10. But when the solid body parts are warm 11. first, and then they warm 12. the vapors and the humors, it is called 13. a consumptive fever, 14. and so on. 15. Each one of the tertian 16. and quartan (fevers which is)

‫ܐܦ‬ ‫ ܘܗ‬:‫ܬ ̈ܪ ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪ ܒ ܬܐ ܕ‬ ܸ ‫ܐ ܐ ܐ܆ ܘ‬ ‫ܐ ܘ ܐ܆ ܘܒ ܪ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ ܐܦ ܒ ̈ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ̈ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ̈ ‫ܡ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ̇ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܘ‬: ‫ܐ‬ ‫̣ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܤ‬ ‫ܗ‬ ..‫ܕܕܐ ܗܕܐ‬ ‫ܐܘܤ‬ ‫ܐܘܤ ܒ ܬ‬ ‫ܐܪ‬ ‫ܘ‬

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

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525

Folio 86v

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Folio 87r

1. intermittent – how many hours are 2. its periods (of fever) and how (long) its remission(s)? 3. The period (of fever), to be sure, of each one of them 4. is about a third of its (period of) remission. 5. Now the remission is about three 6. times the period (of fever), therefore 7. the period of tertian (fever) 8. is twelve hours, 9. but the remission is thirty six, 10. so that the entire cycle is 11. forty eight hours. 12. But the period of quartan (fever) 13. is eighteen hours, and its remission 14. is fifty four hours, 15. so that the entire cycle is 16. seventy two hours.

‫ܐ ̈ܐ ̇ܗܘܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ 1 ܿ ̇ .. ‫ܘ ܐ‬.ܼ 2 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 3 ܿ 4 .̇ ‫ ܐ ܬܘ ܗ ܕ‬.‫ܗܘܐ‬ ܼ ‫̇ ܕ ܐ ܬ ܐ‬ 5 ̈ ̇ ‫ܒܓ ܢ‬. ‫ܐ ܐܕ‬6 ‫ܐܘܤ܉‬ ‫̇ ̇ ܕ‬ 7 ̇ ̈ .‫ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ̈ܪܬ‬8 ̇ . ‫ܘ‬ ‫ܕ ܬ‬ 9 .‫ܕܪܐ ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬10 .̈ ‫ܘܬ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܪܒ‬11 ̇ ‫ܐܪܗܐܘܤ܉‬ ‫ܕ ܕ‬ 12 ̇ ‫ܘ‬.̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ‬13 .̈ ‫݂ ܘܐܪܒ‬ 14 .‫̣ܘܐ‬ ‫ܕܪܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬15 .. ̈ ‫ܘܬ̈ܪܬ‬ ‫ ܒ‬16

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527

Folio 87r

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Folio 87v

1. In how many ways does that (substance) flow (or “egress”) which 2. was restrained in a particular body part? 3. And by how many factors is it restrained? 4. Indeed, it flows (or “egresses”) for one of six reasons. 5. Either because of the thinness (i.e. fluidity) of the matter, 6. such as in the female menstruation; or 7. because of its magnitude, such as 8. during drunkenness; or because of 9. an expansion of openings, such as 10. during copulation; or because of attraction – 11. either from without, such as from 12. warm air or a drug, 13. or from within, such as from 14. heat in one of the organs, 15. or because of a weakening of the restraining 16. force, such as in the evacuation

̇ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܙ ̈ ܐ ܪܕܐ‬1 ‫ܗܘ ܐ‬ .‫ ܕ ܸܐ ܗܘܐ ܒ ̈ܕ ܐ ܡ‬2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬3 ..‫ܐ‬ ̈ ܸ ̇ ‫ ܪܕܐ‬4 .. ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ܸ ̇ :‫ܬܗ ܕܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬5 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ ܘܒܐ ܐ‬6 ̇ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܐܘܬܗ‬ ‫ܓ‬ 7 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܕܒ ܒ ܪܘ ܬܐ‬8 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܬܐ ܕ ܘ̈ܪܐ‬ 9 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܕܒ ܘܘܓܐ‬10 ‫ ܐܘ ܕ ݂ ܒ ܆ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬11 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܐܐܪ‬12 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬: ‫ ܐܘ ܕ ݂ ܓ‬13 ̈ :‫ܗܕ ܐ‬ 14 ݂ ‫ܬܐ ܕܒ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ‬:‫ ܐ ܕܐ‬16

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Folio 87v

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Folio 88r

1. of feces which (occurs) 2. to those who double over; or because 3. of a strengthening of the vital force, 4. such as in sweat which follows 5. the drinking of cold water 6. in very hot fevers. 7. But that which would flow is restrained 8. by (any) one of these six factors 9. which are opposite (to the aforementioned): I mean by that, 10. either because of a thickness of the matter; 11. or because of its small quantity; or 12. because of the tightness of the openings, 13. or because there is nothing attracting (it) – 14. neither from without, nor from within – 15. or because of a weakness of the vital 16. force, or because of a strengthening

̇ ‫ܕܗܘܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܙܒ ܐ‬1 ̇ ‫܉ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܐ‬2 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܐ܇‬ 3 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܕܘ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬4 ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܐ ܕ ̈ܐ‬ 5 ̈ ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒܐ ܘܬܐ‬6 ̇ .‫ܗܘ ܐ ̈ ܕܪܕܐ‬ ‫ܸܐ ܕ‬ 7 ‫ܕ‬ ݂ ‫ܐ‬ ݂ 8 ̈ : ‫ܐ ܐܐܕ‬. ‫ܕ ܒ‬9 :‫ܒ ܬܐ ܕܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬10 ̇ ‫ܒ ܘܬܗ܆ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬11 :‫ܪܨ ܬܐ ܕ ܘܪܐ‬ 12 :‫ܡ ܕ ܦ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬13 : ‫ ܐ ݂ ܒ ܐ ܐ ݂ ܓ‬14 ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬15 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ ܕ ܐ‬16 ‫ܝ‬

‫ܐ‬

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Folio 88r

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Folio 88v

1. 2. 3. 4.

of the restraining force. In how many ways is it attracted? In one of three ways. what are they and what are examples? 5. Either by heat, such as 6. with a lamp; or from the strain 7. of evacuation, such as when (blowing) pipes 8. or the leather bellows of blacksmiths, or from a natural 9. force, such as the magnet (which) attracts 10. iron. 11. How many varieties of 12. tumors are there? 13. Of the simple (there are) indeed four: that which is 14. from blood, which is called phlegmonous; 15. and that which is from the red bile, 16. which is called erysipelas, and that which is

..‫ ܕ ܐ ܐ ܕܐ‬1 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ܗܘܐ‬:‫ ܒ ܐ ܙ ̈ ܐ‬2 ..‫ܬ ܐ ܙ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬3 .. ‫ܘܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬4 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܬܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐܘ‬5 ‫ܐܕܤ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܕܒ ܓܐ‬6 ‫ܬܐ ܐ ܐ ܕܒܐܒ ̈ ܒܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ̈ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ ܘܙ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܓ‬.‫ܐ‬ 9 ..‫ܙ ܐ‬ 10 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 11 ̈ ..‫ ܕ ܒ ܐ‬12 ̇ ‫ܕܗܘܐ‬ ‫ ̇ܗܘ‬.‫ ̈ ܐ ̇ ܐܪܒ ܐ‬13 ‫ܸܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬:‫ ݂ ܕ ܐ‬14 : ‫ܓ‬ ̇ ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܘܗܘ‬ 15 ݂ :‫ܐ‬ ̇ ̇ ‫ ܘܗܘ ܕܗܘܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

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533

Folio 88v

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Folio 89r

1. from phlegm, which is called 2. edema,156 that is to say, a swelling; 3. and that which is from the black 4. bile, which is called 5. scirrhus,157 and “flint.” But 6. the combinations are numerous: either from blood 7. which is joined to red bile, 8. or black (bile), or phlegm; 9. or else from red bile 10. which is joined to black (bile) 11. or phlegm; or from 12. phlegm which is joined to black 13. bile. It is possible, however, that the three 14. humors are joined together into the creation 15. of a composite swelling, or that the four of them 16. are combined together. But their combining

1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬:‫ܓ ܐ‬ .‫ܪܘܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘܕ ܐ ܐܘ‬2 ̇ ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܘܗܘ ܕܗܘܐ‬3 ̄̄̄ ̄ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬4 ‫ܒܐ‬ :‫ܘܤ ܘ ܐ‬ 5 ̈ ‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܓ ܐܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 :‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܐܘ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬9 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܓ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬11 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܕ‬ 12 ‫ܐ ܕ ܉ ܘܕܬ ܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬13 ̈ 14 ‫ܢ ܬ ܗܘ ܐ‬ .‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒ ܐ‬15 ̣ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܘܕܐܪܒ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ .‫ܪ ܒ ܢ‬ ‫ ܐ‬16

156 Edema is a common medical term referring to the collection of serous fluid in the

connective tissue. 157 This is an old term from the same Greek word which appears in the Syriac text and refers to a tumor which is very hard and contains predominately fibrous tissue.

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535

Folio 89r

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VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 89v

1. is secondary; for either 2. they are joined equally, or unequally. 3. What are the indications of a phlegmonous (tumor)? 4. Redness, induration, 5. pressure, pain, heat 6. (and) swelling. 7. What are the indications of erysipelas? 8. Heat, redness which is combined 9. with a greenishness, (and) very little pain 10. which soon throbs. 11. What are the indications of swelling (i.e. edema)? 12. Paleness, a softness, a depression 13. which is underneath the end of the finger, 14. (and) no pain. 15. What are the indications 16. of a scirrhus?

̇ ‫ܐܘ ܓ‬. ‫ܗܘܐ ܬܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬1 .. ‫̣ ܐܘ ܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬2 ̈ ‫ܐ ܢ܇ ܘܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬3 ‫ܕ ܓ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ 4 .‫ܬܐ‬ .‫ ܐܒܐ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܙ‬5 ..‫ ܙܘ ܬܐ‬6 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܢ ܘܕ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬7 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ 8 ‫ ܒ ܘܬ ܐܒܐ‬.‫ܪ ܬܐ‬ 9 ̇ .. ‫ ܗܝ ܕ ܓ ܪ‬10 ̈ .‫ܐ ܢ ܘܕ ܐ ܕܪܘܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬11 ‫ ܪܘܬܐ ܪ ܬܐ‬12 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܒ ܐ ܕܨܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܬ‬13 ..‫ ܐܒܐ‬14 ‫̈ܘܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܢ‬ ‫ ܐ‬15 ..‫ܘܤ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

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537

Folio 89v

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538

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Folio 90r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Great hardness, (but) painless. Why does a place thicken when it is struck? Because nature sends material to all organs, and especially to (damaged) organs so that they might be healed. 7. (It is) on account of this, therefore, and (also) because of pain 8. and heat, which necessarily 9. accompany a blow, and that indeed 10. triggers a greater effusion, but 11. that attracts the material to the place 12. in which (there is) much (of it), (and) the location 13. which is struck consequently thickens. 14. What are the indications 15. of composite tumors? 16. Those which are combined from the indications

1 ..‫ ܐ ܐܒܐ‬.‫ܬܐ ܓ ܐܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 2 :‫ܕܘ ܐ‬ ..‫ܒ ܐ‬ 3 ‫ܪ ܗܘ ܐ܇‬ ‫ܕ ܐ‬ 4 ̈ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬5 ̣ ‫ܐ‬ .‫̈ܕ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܢ‬ 6 ‫ܐܒܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬: ‫ܗܕܐ ܗ‬ 7 ‫ܐ ܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬8 ̇ ‫ܘܗܘ‬ ̇ :‫ܬܐ‬ 9 ‫ ܗܕܐ‬: ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܪܗܘ ܐ‬10 ‫ܐ ܘܐ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 :‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܙܕ ܐ‬.‫ ܕܒ ̇ ܓ ܐ‬12 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܘ ܐ ܕ‬13 ̈ ‫ܐ ܢ܇ ܘܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬14 ..‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒ ܐ‬15 ‫̈ܘܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ̇ܗ ܢ ܕ‬16

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539

Folio 90r

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540

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 90v

1. of the simple tumors previously mentioned, 2. according to the types of simple humors 3. from which they are composed – that 4. is the composite tumor. 5. Why is urine outside of 6. the (public) baths perceived to be warm, 7. but inside of the baths (perceived to be) cold? 8. It is the same urine, 9. said Galen, both outside the baths 10. and inside the baths. But the difference 11. is determined by the air. Inside 12. the baths, coldness is indeed perceived 13. because of the heat of the baths. 14. But outside of the baths it is perceived 15. to be warm because of the coldness 16. of the air outside.

‫ ܕ ܒ ̈ ܐ ̈ ܐ ܘܐܬܐ ܘ܇‬1 ̈ ‫ܬ‬ ̈ ‫ܐܕ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫̈ ܐ܇‬ 2 ‫ܸܗܘ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܐܬ‬ ݂‫ ܕ‬3 ..‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬4 ‫ ܒ‬:‫ܐ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ 5 ̈ ̇ ‫ܪܓ ܐ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒܐ‬6 ..‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܸ ܒ ̈ܐ ܕ‬7 ‫̇ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ܸܗܝ ܐ‬ ‫ ܸܗܝ‬8 ̈ ̇ ‫ܒ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܒ‬.‫ ܐ ܓ ܤ‬9 ‫ܬ ܐܐܪ ܕ ܇‬ .‫ܒ ̈ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܓ‬10 ‫ܓ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒܐ‬ 11 ̈ ̇ ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ݂ ܒ ܐ‬12 .‫ܪܓ ܐ‬ .‫ܬܐ ܕܐܐܪ ܕܒ ̈ܐ‬ 13 ̈ ‫ܪܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ݂ ܒ ܐ ܕ‬14 ‫ܘܬܐ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 .. ‫ ܕܐܐܪ ܕ ܒ‬16

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541

Folio 90v

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542

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 91r

How many components of urine are there? Two. What (are they)? Fluidity, that is to say, wateriness, 5. and the residue, that is to say, that which is 6. connected to the illness. 7. How many components of fluidity 8. are there? 9. Two. What (are they)? 10. The substance and the color. 11. How many varieties of 12. residue are there? 13. Three. What (are they)? 14. The “cloud,” turbidity, and the lower 15. residue.158 16. How many varieties of

̇ ̈ ‫ܬܗ‬

1. 2. 3. 4.

̇

‫ܐܐ‬ 1 ..‫ ܕܬ ܪܬܐ‬2 ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ ܬ̈ܪܬ‬3 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘܬܐ ܐܘ‬4 ̣ ̇ ‫ܗܘ ܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ ܐܘ‬5 .. ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 ̇ ̈ ‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 7 ..‫ ܕܐ ܘܬܐ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ ܬ̈ܪܬ‬9 .‫ ܘܓ ܐ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ 10 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 11 .‫ ܕ ܐ‬12 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܬ ܐ‬13 ‫݂ܐ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ 14 .‫ ܬ ܐ‬15 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 16

158 These three categories will be described later (folio 99r) to refer to residues which

are located either near the top of standing urine (the “cloud”), in the middle (presumably meaning it is uniformly distributed), or settled on the bottom.

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543

Folio 91r

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544

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 91v

1. substance are there? 2. Three. What (are they)? 3. Thin, and thick, and intermediate. 4. How many varieties of 5. color are there? 6. Six. What (are they)? 7. Clear; yellow, that is to say the color 8. of a citron; fiery, that is to say, 9. the color of fire; orange, that is to say 10. the color of the stigmas159 of the saffron crocus; red, 11. that is to say, the color of blood; (and) black. 12. From what is each one of 13. these colors? 14. The clear160 is indeed the color of (one type of) urine, 15. either because no pigmented 16. bile is combined with it, or else because

.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܬ ܐ‬2 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܒ ̣ܐ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ 3 ‫ܘܢ ̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 4 .‫ ܕܓ ܐ‬5 . ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܐ‬6 ‫ܓ ܢ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ ܐܘ‬.‫ ܪܐ‬7 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ ܪ ܐ‬.‫ ܐ ܘܓܐ‬8 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ ܘ ܐ‬.‫ ܓ ܢ ܪܐ‬9 .‫ܐ ܕ ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܢ‬10 ‫ܐ‬ ..‫ܓ ܢ ܕ ܐ ܐܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬11 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫݂ ܓ ̈ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ‬ ݂ 12 .. ‫ ܗ‬13 ̇ ̇ ‫ ܪܐ‬14 ̇ ‫ܗܘܐ ܓ‬ ‫ܕܬ ܪܬܐ܉‬ ̇‫ܐܒ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬15 ̇ ̇ ‫ ܬܐ ܕܨܒ ܐ ܉ ܐܘ‬16

159 The basic meaning of the word use here is “hair,” but it clearly refers to the yellow-

orange stigmas in the center of the white flower. 160 The meaning of ‫ܪܐ‬ is somewhat ambiguous, because it can mean either “clear” or “white.” If it means the former here, then it refers either to normal urine, or urine of low concentration (such as from excess fluid intake); but if it means the latter, then it refers to white (cloudy) urine such as occurs when there are phosphates in an alkaline urine. Since the description in the text includes both hypopigmentation and urine combined with “phlegm,” it appears that the word spans both concepts.

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545

Folio 91v

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546

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Folio 92r

1. much phlegm is combined 2. with it. But the yellow (urine) is because (there is) little 3. bile which is combined with the affliction 4. (which would) color it.161 But the fiery (color) 5. is because of much bile which colors 6. it.162 The orange is because of even 7. more bile, which colors the 8. watery (component). Now the red is from 9. a mingling of blood. But the black 10. is either from immoderate 11. coldness, or from much 12. dehydration, or from a mingling 13. of humor (derived from) black 14. bile.163 15. Which (type of) urine is 16. optimal?

‫ ܕ ܓ ܐ ܓ ܐܐ‬1 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐܕ ܉‬.̇‫ܒ‬2 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬:‫ ܒ ܬܐ‬3 ‫ ܪ ܐ ܕ ܉‬. ̇ ‫ ܘܨܒ ܐ‬4 ‫ܬܐ ܓ ܐܬܐ ܕܨܒ ܐ‬ 5 ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ܉‬. 6 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬:‫ܓ ܐܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 .‫ ܨܒ ܐ‬8 ݂ ‫ܐܕ ܉‬ ̇ ‫ ܐܘ ܐ‬.‫ܐ ܕܕ ܐ ܗܘܐ‬ 9 ‫ܘܬܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫܉‬ ‫ܕ‬ 10 ݂ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܗܘܐ‬ 11 ‫ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐܐ܉‬ ‫ ܓ‬12 ݂ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܤܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬14 ‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ ܬ‬15 ̣ ..‫ܗܝ‬ ܼ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬16

161 This seems to refer to normal urine. The yellow shade in normal urine is lighter or darker depending on the degree of concentration. 162 The color in question is probably what we would call “orange.” This color, and the

other shades of red, may occur if the urine contains the breakdown products of blood, such as urobilinogen. 163 It is indeed possible to have a brown-black urine if it contains substances such as

bilirubin, acid hematin, porphyrin etc. Urine which only turns brown-black after standing may contain porphyrin or melanin.

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547

Folio 92r

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548

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Folio 92v

1. That which indeed (has) clear and smooth residue 2. and is constant during the entire time of the sickness. 3. But of necessity, when it possesses 4. such residue, 5. its color will indeed be 6. moderately yellowish; but in its substance 7. halfway between that 8. which is thin and that which is thick. 9. From what is the thin (probably “light”) color 10. of urine? 11. Either from non-dissolving (of the humors into the urine), or from a blockage. 12. From what is the thick substance 13. of urine? 14. Either from a dissolving of the humors (into the urine), or 15. from an evacuation of thick humor. 16. From what is the intermediate substance

̇ ̇ ̇ 1 ‫ܪܘ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕ‬ .‫ܙܒ ܐ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܸܐ ܒ‬2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܕ ܕ‬ 3 .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܕܐ ܗ ܐ ܬܗܘܐ‬4 ̇ ̇ ‫ ܐܦ ܒܓ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ ܬܗܘܐ ܘ ܐ‬6 ̇ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܐܒ‬ ݂ ‫ܕ‬7 ̇ ..‫ ܝ ܕ ܒ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬8 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐ‬.‫ܐ ܗܘܐ‬ 9 ..‫ ܕܬ ܪܬܐ‬10 ‫ܐ܉ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬11 ..‫ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܒܐ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ܇‬ 12 ..‫ ܕܬ ܪܬܐ‬13 ‫ ܐܘ‬. ̣ ‫ܐܕ‬ ݂ ‫ ܐܘ‬14 ..‫ܣ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 15 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܗܘܐ‬ 16 ‫ܐ‬

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549

Folio 92v

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550

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Folio 93r

1. of urine? 2. From the moderation of the humors 3. in quantity and quality, and from 4. a favorable dissolving of them. 5. How many varieties of thin 6. urine are there? 7. Two. What (are they)? 8. Now either it becomes murky while it is (still) thin 9. (and) persists in its thinness, or else 10. it becomes murky while it is thin, but 11. afterwards becomes frothy.164 12. How many varieties are there 13. of thick urine? 14. Two. What (are they)? 15. Either murky while it is thick, 16. and afterwards clears and thins;

..‫ ܕܬ ܪܬܐ‬1 ̈ . ‫ܬܐ ܕ‬ 2 ‫ܬܐ ܘ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬3 ..‫ܗܘܢ‬ ‫ܘܬ‬ 4 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 5 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܬ ܪܬܐ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܪ‬7 :‫ܬ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܓ‬8 ̇ ‫ܬܗ܉ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܪܐ ܒ‬ 9 ̇ ‫ܬ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ܇ ܒ ܪ‬ 10 .‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܸ ܕ‬11 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ 12 ..‫ ܕܬ ܪܬܐ ܒ ܐ‬13 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܪ‬14 :‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܬ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܓ‬15 .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܘܒ ܪ‬16

164 This appears to refer to an evolution of symptoms during the course of the disease

in which the urine is initially discolored, and later also has a frothy quality. Froth can be produced by the presence of bilirubin in the urine.

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551

Folio 93r

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Folio 93v

1. or else is murky while it is thick and persists 2. in its thickness. 3. What does thin urine indicate 4. (if) it persists in its thinness? 5. (It indicates) that nature has not yet begun 6. to bring about the resolution of the substance 7. causing the disease. 8. What does urine indicate (if it) 9. becomes cloudy while it is thin, and afterward 10. becomes frothy? 11. (It indicates) that nature has started 12. to bring about a resolution of the worst (lit. “sum”) of the disease. 13. What does urine indicate which 14. is murky while it is thick, and persists 15. in its thickness? 16. (It indicates) that the humors are

:‫ܒ ܐ‬

‫ܬ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬1 ‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬ ̇ ..‫ ܬ ܒ ܬܗ‬2 ‫ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬:‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 3 ̇ ..‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ܪܐ ܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬:‫ܐ‬ 4 ̇ ‫ܝ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕ ܐ ܓ‬ 5 ‫ܐ܇ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 6 ..‫ ܒ ܕܬܗ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬7 ‫ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬:‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 8 ‫ ܘܒ ܪ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܬ ܐ‬9 ..‫ܕ ܐ‬ 10 ̇ ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕ ܝ‬ 11 ̄ ‫ܪܗ‬ ‫ܐܗ ܕ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܒ‬12 ‫ܕ ܐ܇ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 13 ‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܬ ܐ‬14 ̇ ..‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ ܒ ܒ‬15 ̇ ‫ܗܝ ܕܒ ܙܐ ܕܪܬ ܘܢ‬ 16

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553

Folio 93v

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554

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Folio 94r

1. in the fervor of their fermentation. 2. What does urine indicate which 3. becomes murky while it is thick, and afterward 4. clears and thins? 5. (It indicates) that the fermentation 6. of the humors has ceased already, (and) 7. their separation has therefore begun. 8. What does urine indicate, which 9. is clear and thin? 10. During times of health, (it can indicate) 11. a weakening of the force which accompanies 12. a cool (body) temperature. For example, in old people. 13. But in times of diseases, especially 14. in prolonged illnesses which have not yet received 15. their full effect, (it can indicate) a resolution. 16. For example in quartan fever

.. ̈ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬1 ‫ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬:‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 2 ‫ ܘܒ ܪ‬:‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܬ ܐ‬3 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ 4 ̇ ‫ܗܝ ܕܪܬ ܘܢ‬ ̇ 5 ̈ ‫ܘ ܝ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 ݂ ..‫ܪ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 7 ̣ ‫ܕ ܐ܇ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 8 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܪܐ ܘ‬9 ‫ܐ ̇ ܉‬ ‫ ܒ ܒ‬10 ‫ܙܓܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ ܕ‬ 11 ̇ ̈ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ ܒܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 12 ‫ܪܗ ܐ ܕ ܄ ܒ ̈ܪܗ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܒ‬13 ̇ ‫ܒ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘܤ‬

‫ܓ ܐ܉ ܕ ܐ‬ .‫ܐܐ ܒ ܕܗܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ܕܒܐ ܐ‬

14 15 16

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555

Folio 94r

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Folio 94v

1. when it appears like this, when 2. the fever occurs during many cycles, 3. for when it appears thus 4. in the beginning it indicates blockages. 5. But in constant illnesses, such as 6. the burning fever, 7. if it indeed appears when there is 8. not yet a babbling (speech), it indicates a meningitis165 9. which will be manifested in the future. 10. But if there is already a babbling, 11. (then) it indicates (imminent) death. 12. What does urine indicate, 13. which is thin and yellowish? 14. (It indicates) that the nature is weakened 15. and because of that, is not able 16. to bring about the appropriate resolution, as

:‫ ܐ ܕܗ ܐ ܬܬ ܐ‬1 ‫ ܕ̈ܪܐ ܓ ̈ ܐܐ ܸ ܬ ܐ ܐ‬2 ‫ ܐ ܓ ܕܒ ܪ ܐ ܗ ܐ‬3 .‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ .‫ ܬܬ ̣ܐ‬4 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ̈ܪܗ ܐ ܕ‬5 .‫ܐ‬ ‫̇ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ‬6 ‫ܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬7 ‫ܗ‬ .‫ ܨܒ ܐ ܬܬ ̣ܐ‬8 .‫ܘܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬9 ‫݂ ̇ ܘ ܐ ܨܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬10 ..‫ܬܐ ܒ ܐ‬ 11 ‫ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬:‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 12 ..‫ܐ ܘ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ̇ ‫ܗܝ ܕ ܐ‬ ̇ 14 ‫ܗܕܐ܉ ܐ ܐܬ ܝ‬ ‫ ܘ‬15 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܒ‬16

165 The word in the text is the Greek word φρενῖτις which is an inflammation of the brain, which today is normally called meningitis.

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557

Folio 94v

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558

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 95r

1. it thickens the urine. But 2. it begins, nevertheless, a subtle resolution, 3. and because of that, the color of 4. the urine has changed to yellow. 5. What does thin urine which possesses 6. the color of fire (i.e. orange) indicate? 7. In that color, to be sure, the working of nature 8. is better revealed. But in the substance 9. it has not yet healed anything. 10. What does urine that is thin 11. and orange indicate? 12. (It indicates) either that the illness is not yet 13. resolved, so that it will thus persist 14. (yet) a long time, or else (it indicates) a lessening 15. of the fullness (of the disease), such as when a youth 16. who has not taken nourishment,

̇ ‫ܕ ܒ‬1 .‫ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܒܡܒ‬ 2 ‫ܘ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܗܕܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬3 ..‫ ܓ ̇ ܕܬ ܪܬܐ‬4 ‫ܕ ܐ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 5 ..‫ܐ ܕ ܐ ܓ ܢ ܪܐ‬ 6 ̇ ‫ ܕܒܓ ܐ‬7 ‫ܐܬܓ‬ ܸ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܪܘܬܗ ܕ ܐ‬ 8 ‫ܕ ̣ ܐ‬9 ..‫ܡ‬ ̣ ‫ܕ ܐ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 10 ..‫ܐ ܘ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ̇ ‫ܗܝ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬12 ‫ ܐ ܕܗ ܐ ܬ ܐ‬:‫ ܪܗ ܐ‬13 ‫ ܙܒ ܐ ܓ ܐܐ܆ ܐܘ‬14 ‫ܒ ܘܬܗ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܐ܆ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ‫ܒ ܬܐ‬ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬16 ‫ܝ‬

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559

Folio 95r

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560

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 95v

1. recovers. Or else (it indicates) great 2. heat in the deeper parts, which the bile 3. brings forth in the body, such as 4. in tertian fever, 5. or else (it indicates) a vigilance and anxiety 6. from which the body (can be) inordinately 7. heated. 8. Why is it that neither with the color red, 9. nor with the color black, 10. is it possible (to have) a thin 11. urine? 12. Because, indeed, the color red is 13. from blood. Now the blood is restored 14. during the resolution (phase), and the resolution surely 15. thickens the urine, and because 16. of this it is not possible that the color red

1 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ܇ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܕ ܬܐ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐܬܐ ܕܒ‬2 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܐ ܒ ܓ ܐ‬ 3 ̇ ‫ܐܘܤ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒܐ ܐ‬4 ‫ ܕ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܪܐ ܘ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬5 ̇ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܡ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 6 ..‫ ܓ ܐ‬7 ‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ 8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܐ ܐܘ ܐ܇‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬9 ‫ܐ ܕܬܗܘܐ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ 10 ..‫ܐ‬ 11 ̇ ‫ܕܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ܉‬ 12 ̇ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܒ ܐ‬.‫ ܕ ܐ ܗܘܐ‬13 ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ .‫ܸܐ‬ 14 ̇ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܪܬܐ‬ 15 ‫ܐ ܕܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܕܐ ܐ‬16 ‫ܐ܇‬

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561

Folio 95v

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562

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 95bis r

1. exist (simultaneously) with a thin substance, which 2. indicates non-resolution. 3. But the color black, if it is from 4. some of the black bile, 5. or if it is from a “parching” of the blood, 6. or if it is from cold which curdles 7. the humors, it is not possible 8. that the urine will be simultaneously 9. thin, because it certainly 10. thickens all of these things in their essence. 11. What does urine indicate which 12. is thick and white? 13. (It indicates) a vital humor which has abundantly 14. collected in the veins. 15. Why is it not with a yellow color 16. neither with the color of fire, nor

1 ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ . ‫ܕܥ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬2 ݂ ‫ ܓ ܐ ܕ ܐܘ ܐ܉ ܐܢ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ̇ ܕ ܬܐ ܐܘ‬4 ‫ܪ ܐ ܕܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐܢ‬:‫ ܘܐ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ ܘܐܢ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܢ ̈ ܉ ܐ‬7 ̇ ‫ܐ ܬܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬8 ‫ܕ ܒ‬ ‫ ܬ ܕܬܐ܉‬9 ..‫ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ ܗ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 10 ‫ܕ ܐ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 11 ..‫ ܒ ܐ ܘ ܪܬܐ‬12 ‫ ܕ‬:‫ܤ ܐ‬ 13 ..‫ ܓ ܐ ܒ ̈ܪ ܐ‬14 ‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ 15 ‫ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܢ ܪܐ܇ ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬16

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563

Folio 95bis r

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564

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 95bis v

1. with the orange color (that) the thick 2. consistency of urine is constituted? 3. Because these three colors are (due to) 4. a decrease in matter 5. and a weakening of the dissolving force. 6. But thick urine is 7. from an abundance of matter and 8. a strengthening of the dissolving force. 9. Therefore none of these colors 10. exists with a thick 11. consistency of the urine. 12. What does thick red 13. urine indicate? 14. (It indicates) much blood, such as 15. in continuous fever. 16. What does thick, black

‫ܓ ܐ ܘ ܐ܇‬ 1 ..‫ܐ ܒ ܐ ܕܬ ܪܬܐ‬ 2 ̈ ̇ ‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕܬ‬ 3 ‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܘܬܐ ܕ‬ ‫ܗ ܉‬4 ̣ ‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬5 ̇ ‫ܒ ܐ܉‬ ‫ ܬ ܪܬܐ ܕ‬. ‫ ܗܘ‬6 ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܘܬܗ ܕ‬ 7 ̣ ‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬ 8 ̇ ‫ ܒ ܓ ̣ܢ ܐ‬.‫ ܗܘ ܐ‬9 ‫ܓ̈ ܐܗ ܇‬ 10 ‫ܐ‬ ..‫ ܒ ܐ ܕܬ ܪܬܐ‬11 ‫ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬:‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 12 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܘ‬13 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.‫ܓ ܐܘܬܗ ܕܕ ܐ‬ 14 ..‫ܤ‬ ‫ ܕܒܐ ܐ‬15 ‫ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬:‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 16

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565

Folio 95bis v

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566

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 96r

1. urine indicate? 2. (It indicates) either a predominance of cold, 3. such as in those (in) which the natural 4. heat is suppressed; or else (it indicates) 5. a “scorching” of the blood, such as 6. in those which are burning (with fever) 7. from hot causes, or (it indicates) 8. an evacuation of black bile, 9. such as during the abatement of quartan 10. fever, or in the beginning 11. of melancholia. 12. How many and what (things) should 13. one know about the sediment (of urine)? 14. Those (things) indeed, which should be 15. known about sediment are four. 16. Now these are they: the color,

..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܘܐܘ‬1 :‫ܒ ܐ ܕ ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬2 ‫ܕ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒܐ‬3 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܗܘܢ‬ 4 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܪ ܕܕ ܐ‬ 5 ‫ ܕܒܐ ̈ ܕ ܓ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ 7 ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫̈ ̣ܐ‬ .‫ܤ ܐܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 8 ̇ .‫ܬܗ ܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܒ‬9 ‫ܐܘܤ܇ ܘܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܪ‬ 10 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬11 ̇ ‫ܥ‬ ‫ܙܕܩ‬ ‫̣ܐ ܘܐ‬ 12 ..‫ܐ‬ 13 ̇ ̇ ‫ܐ ܙܕܩ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ ܐ‬14 ̈ ̈ .. ‫ܐܪܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ‫ ܓ ܐ‬.݂ ‫ܕ ܗ‬ ‫ ܐ‬16

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567

Folio 96r

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568

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 96v

1. i.e. of the sediment, and the location 2. in which it appears, and the structure 3. of its substance, and the time of its appearing. 4. The color, indeed, of the sediment – what is that like? 5. For example, whether it is white 6. or black, or red, 7. or green, or purple. 8. Now the location of the sediment – 9. what is that like? 10. For example, whether it floats on top, 11. or is suspended in the middle, 12. or settles to the bottom. 13. Now the structure of its substance – 14. what is that like? 15. For example, whether it is uniform 16. and smooth, or fractured and coarse,

‫ܐ‬

1 ‫ ܘܕܘ‬:‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬2 ̄.. ̄ ̄ ‫ ܘܙܒ ܐ ܕ‬. ̣ ‫ ܕܓ‬3 .. ‫̇ ܕ ܐ ܕܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬4 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܪܐ ܘܐ‬5 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܐܘ ܐܘ ܐ‬6 ..‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܐܘ ܪ ܐ‬7 ܵ ‫̣ܐ ܕܐ‬ ‫ ܕܘ ܗ ܕ ܕ‬8 .. ‫ ܐ‬9 ̇ :‫ܐܒ‬ ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܕ‬10 ‫ܐ ܘܐ ܬ ܸܐ܇‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܒ‬11 ̇ ܿ ‫ ܐܘ‬12 .. ܼ ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕ ܕܓ‬ 13 .. ‫ ܐ‬14 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܘܐ‬15 ‫ܘ ܘܤ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬: ‫ ܘ‬16

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569

Folio 96v

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570

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 97r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

or lamellar, or crumbled, or grainy, or bran-like, or vetch-like,166 or sandy, or bloody, or purulent. Now the timing of the appearance – 6. what is that like? 7. For example, when it appears 8. during the entire course of the disease, or 9. in some cases, indeed, it appears daily, 10. while in some cases it does not, or (only) 11. in the beginning, or (only) after 12. many days. 13. What is the most advantageous sediment? 14. That which settles on the bottom, and is white 15. and uniform, and remains the same on each 16. day of the illness.

‫ܐܘ ܓ ̇ ܇ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬1 ܵ ܵ ‫ ܵܐܘ‬: ‫ ܵܕ ܐܘ‬2 ‫ܵ ܵ ܇ ܐܘ ܵ ܇ ܐܘ‬ 3 .. ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܵ ܇ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 ‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ ܙܒ ܐ ܕ ܕ‬5 .. ‫ ܕܐ ܐ‬6 ‫ܙܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܕܒ‬7 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬8 ̈ ̇ :‫ܸ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܒ‬9 ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 10 ݂ ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܪ ܐ܇ ܐܘ ܒ ܪ‬11 ..‫ ܓ ̈ ܐܐ‬12 .. ‫̣ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 13 ̇ ‫ ܘ ܪ‬:‫ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܗܘ ܕ‬14 ‫܇ ܘ ܸ ܐ ܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܘ‬15 ..‫̈ ܗ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬ 16

166 In the manuscript, this word appears to be but it is clear from page 207, “vetch,” and the line 10, that the substantive to which this adjective is related is ‫ܐ‬ adjectival form then appears again on page 208, line 7. Thus the letters which appear here to be “ayin” are actually “nun.”

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571

Folio 97r

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572

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Folio 97v

1. (But) sediment (which) is on the bottom, and is white 2. and uniform, (and) which 3. appears like that on some days 4. but not on others – what does 5. that indicate? 6. (It indicates) a weakening of the force and an inability 7. at any time to bring about a resolution 8. to the quantity (of the disease) which is in the body. 9. White, bottom sediment which is not 10. uniform – what does that indicate? 11. (It indicates) that nature is not able to suitably 12. complete any resolution, and because of 13. that, it is worse than the aforementioned, 14. in that in the case of the former, indeed, 15. among many resolutions there can be (an occasional) 16. failure of nature. But in the latter,

‫ܐ ܘ ܪܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕܒ‬ :‫ܸ ܐ ܗ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ ܐ܉‬

‫ܐܬ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ..‫ܕܥ‬

1

‫ܘ‬ ̈ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܒ‬

2 3 4 5

‫ܸܐ ܕܒ‬ ‫̣ܐ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬6 ‫ܐ܇‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܙܒ ܇‬7 ..‫ܐܐ ܕܐ ܒ ܓ ܐ‬ 8 ‫ܐ ܪܐ ܘܬ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ 9 ..‫ܕܥ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 10 ̣ ‫ ܕ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬11 ‫ܘ‬. ‫ܐܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 12 ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫̇ܗܘ ܕ‬ ‫ ܗܕܐ ܒ‬13 ‫ܕܒ ̇ ܘ ̇ ܒ‬ ‫ ܐ‬14 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܓ ܐܐ܇ ܓ ܐ‬ 15 ‫ ܒ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ 16

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573

Folio 97v

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Folio 98r

1. it (nature) always fails (lit. “it always happens that it doesn't succeed), 2. therefore it is even worse. 3. And why is the sediment dispersed 4. and scattered, that is to say, not uniform? 5. Because of a thick gas which 6. is develops when it is in that humor which 7. is being degraded;167 it cuts and disperses 8. its integrity. 9. Sediment which is white and settles to the bottom, 10. and is not uniform – when is it 11. bad, and when not, and 12. why? 13. It is indeed bad when on each 14. day it is the same, for 15. that indicates that the gas is (present in a large) quantity and 16. is thick, so that nature is not

‫ܕܐ‬ .. ‫ܒ‬

..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܪܐ‬

‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܕܥ‬ ‫ܒܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬

‫ܒ ܒ ܓ ܐ‬1 ‫ ܒ ܓ ܢ ܐܦ‬2 ̇ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬3 ‫ܒ ܪܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬4 ‫ ܕ‬:‫ܕܪܘ ܐ ܒ ܐ‬ 5 ‫ܤ ̇ܗܘ ܕ ܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬6 ‫ܐܘ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 7 ..‫ܘܬܗ‬ 8 .̣ ‫ܐܕ ܪܘ‬ 9 ‫ܐ ܝ‬.̣ ‫ ܘ ܐ‬10 ‫ ܘ‬.‫ ܒ ܇ ܘܐ ܝ ܐ‬11 ..‫ ܐ‬12 ̇ ‫ܒ ܉ ܐ ܕܒ‬ 13 ̈ .‫ܐ ܘܐ ܸ ܐ‬ 14 ‫ ܕܗ ܐ ܓ ܐܐ ܘ‬. ̣ ‫ ܓ‬15 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬.‫ ܪܘ ܐ‬16

167 This term could equally be translated as “dissolved,” but the term “degraded” was

chosen because the writer is referring to the process in which something is broken up (i.e. “degraded”) so that its components can be excreted in the urine. The process is not really that of dissolving, because we are dealing with a sediment which remains, thus it is not really a solution which results, but rather a suspension containing some solid particles.

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575

Folio 98r

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576

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 98v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

able to thin it out and disperse it. Now (if) the ill effect is reduced at some times but not at others, it indicates that the gas is light and soon thinned. What happens to the sediment, so that it 7. does not settle to the bottom, but rather 8. is suspended in the middle, or floats 9. on top? 10. (That is) from gas which is contained in the quantity 11. which is being degraded; for when 12. the gas is not completely thinned 13. and dispersed in the degradation, but rather 14. confined within the sediment 15. because of its thickness, (this) device 16. raises it upwards and does not

.̇

‫̇ ܘܕ‬ ‫ ܐ܇ ܕ‬1 ‫ ܐ‬.‫̣ܗ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܒ‬ 2 ̇ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܕ‬:‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܒ‬3 ‫ ܕ‬. ̣ ‫ܕܥ ܓ‬ .‫ ܐ‬4 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܪܘ ܐ ܐ ܘܕ ܓ‬5 ‫ܐܕܐ‬ ‫ܐܓ ܐ‬ ݂ 6 ‫܇ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ‬7 ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܐ ܘܐ ܬ ܸܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬8 ̇ ..‫ ܐܦ‬9 ‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬:‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܪܘ ܐ ܕ‬ 10 ‫ ܓ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒ‬11 ‫ܪܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܬܬ‬ 12 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܬܬ‬13 :‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܬܬ ܒ ܓ‬14 ‫ܐ‬ . ̣ ‫ܒ ܬܐ ܕ‬ 15 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܐ‬.̣ ‫ܐ‬ 16

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577

Folio 98v

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Folio 99r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

allow it to remain on the bottom. Whereas if it indeed raises it to too high a location, it is called a cloud. But if it is not too (high), it raises it to a middle (level) location, 6. and it is called turbidity. 7. What does bottom sediment 8. indicate, and what (does) turbidity (indicate) 9. and what (does) the “cloud” (indicate)? 10. Sediment on the bottom indicates 11. a complete degradation, because 12. the gas was thinned and dispersed. 13. But turbidity (indicates) a partial degradation, 14. that is to say an apparent (dissolution), for the gas 15. is minimally raising this, 16. and is quickly dispersed. But the “cloud"

. ݂ ‫ܕ ܪ‬ ‫ ̇ܒ ܐ‬1 ‫ܐܐ ܐܬܪܐ‬ ̣ ‫ ܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ ܓ‬2 ‫ܘ ܐ‬.̣ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 3 .‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ 4 ̣ ‫ܐ ܓ‬ .̣ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܬܪܐ‬5 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ ܐ‬6 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܥ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 7 .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ ܬ ܐ‬8 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘ‬9 ‫ܕܥ܉‬ ‫ܬ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 10 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 11 ‫ ܕܐܬ‬12 ܸ ‫ ܘܐܬ‬.‫ܪܘ ̣ܐ‬ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 13 ݂ ‫ ܙ ܪ ܐ ܓ‬.‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬14 ‫ܗ ܕܗ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܪܘ ܐ‬15 ‫ܐܕ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܓ‬16

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579

Folio 99r

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580

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 99v

1. (indicates) a very inadequate (lit. “obscure”) degradation, 2. for (there is) much thick gas. 3. (As for) the different positions of the sediment 4. which is either on top, or in the middle, or 5. on the bottom, what order is there 6. to it in (terms of) indicating 7. (what is) good or bad? 8. It is indeed bad whenever that is 9. black which constitutes the “cloud,” 10. (but) the ill effect is 11. minimal and obscure. But whenever 12. there is turbidity, the ill effect 13. is moderate and (more) apparent. But if 14. the sediment is on the bottom, 15. the ill effect is great and complete. 16. It is good whenever that

1 ‫ܐ ܒ ̇ ܘܪܐ ܓ ܐܐ‬ ..‫ܕܐ ܘ ܒ ܐ‬ ̣ ‫ ܓ ܪܘ ܐ ܒ‬2 ‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 3 ̇ ‫ܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ ܐܘ ܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 ‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬.̣ 5 ‫ܕ ܬܐ܇ ܕ‬ ‫ܒ‬ 6 ..‫ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ ܐܘ‬7 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܐ ܘܗܝ‬: ‫ ܕܐܢ ̇ ܒ‬8 ̇ 9 ‫ ܐ ̇ ܕ ܐ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ ܐܘ‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ ܐ‬10 ̣ ‫ ܙ ܪ ܐ‬.‫ܘܗܝ‬ ̣ ‫ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫̣ܐ ܘ‬ ‫ ܒ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ .‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܐ‬12 ̣ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܓ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܒ‬ ̣ ̣ 13 ‫ܐ ܬ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ 14 ‫̣ܐ ܘ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܒ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ̣ ‫ ܪܒܐ‬15 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܐ ܘܗܝ‬: ‫ ܐ‬16

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581

Folio 99v

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582

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 100r

1. which constitutes the “cloud” 2. is white, uniform and smooth; 3. (but) the benefit is minimal and illusive. 4. But when the turbidity is 5. in the middle, it is better and moderate(ly good). 6. But if it is on the bottom, 7. the benefit is greater and more 8. complete. Therefore a difference in 9. its position indicates the varying 10. degrees of benefit 11. or ill effect. 12. What does the red 13. color of sediment indicate? 14. (It indicates) a lack of degradation, for it indicates 15. (that) it is from putrid blood, that is to say, 16. (blood) which has not yet been completely

̇ 1 .̣ ‫ܗܘ ܕ ܪ ܘ ܸ ܐ‬ .‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ ܐ ̇ ܕ ܐܐ‬2 ̣ .‫ܗܝ ܒ ̣ܐ ܘܒ ܘܪܐ‬ ̣ ‫ܙ ܪܐ‬3 .‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܕ ܕ‬4 ̣ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬.‫ܗܝ ܒ ܐ‬ ̣ ‫ܓ ܐ‬5 .‫ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬6 ̣ ‫ܪܒܐ ܒ ̣ܐ ܘ‬ 7 .‫ܐ‬ 8 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬ 9 ̈ ‫ܐ ܕ ܒ ܐ ܘܕܒ ܐ‬ 10 ..‫ܕܥ‬ 11 ‫ܕܥ܇ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 12 ..‫ܐ ܕ ܐ‬ 13 ‫ܕܥ ܓ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 14 ‫ ܕ ܕ ܐ ܪܗ ܐ ܐܘ‬15 ‫ܗ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬16

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583

Folio 100r

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584

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 100v

1. degraded. Therefore it also 2. indicates a prolonged course of illness 3. whenever nature needs 4. a long time for the completion 5. of the degradation of the (bad) blood, with which 6. the illness began. 7. What does a purple color of 8. the sediment indicate? 9. (It indicates) an excess of cold 10. and a demise of the (life) force. 11. What does a green color of the 12. sediment indicate? 13. (It indicates) a great deal of heat, 14. and the seriousness of the period of the illness. 15. What does a black color of the sediment 16. indicate?

‫ ܒ ܓ ܢ ܘ‬.‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬1 .‫ܕܥ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬2 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ ܙܒ ܐ ܓ ܐ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ‬:‫ܐ‬ 4 ‫ ܕ‬:‫ ܕ ܗ ܕܕ ܐ‬5 ..‫ܪܐ ܪܗ ܐ‬ 6 ‫ ܓ ܐ‬:‫ܕܥ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 7 ..‫ܐܐ ܕ ܐ‬ 8 ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ܒܐܕ‬ 9 ̣ ..‫ܘܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬10 ‫ܕܥ܇ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 11 ..‫ ܪ ܐ ܕ ܐ‬12 .‫ܓ ܐܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 13 ..‫ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ ܒ ܬ‬14 ‫ܕܥ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 15 ‫ܐܘ ܐ‬ ..‫ ܕ ܐ‬16

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585

Folio 100v

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586

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 101r

1. Sometimes indeed (it indicates) immoderate 2. heat which chars 3. the matter. But sometimes (it indicates) a great 4. coldness which condenses and blackens 5. the substance. 6. How can one explain (the fact that) if 7. it is from heat, there is 8. a blackness of the sediment, but (also) 9. if it is from coldness? 10. If the sediment is purple 11. first, and then (turns) 12. black, coldness is 13. the cause of the blackness. But if 14. the sediment is first 15. green and then (turns) black, 16. the blackness is from

̇ ‫ܒܒ‬1 ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ܇ ܕ‬ 2 ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ̣ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܕ‬.‫ ܘ ܐ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐܬܐ܇ ܕ‬4 ..‫ܐܐ‬ 5 ‫܇ ܕܐܢ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܐ‬6 ̇ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ݂ 7 ‫ ܘܐܢ‬:‫ܬܐ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬8 ..‫ܘܬܐ‬ ݂ 9 ̇ ‫ ܕܐܢ‬10 ‫ܡ‬ ‫ܐܐ ܘܐ‬ ‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܘܗ‬:‫ܐ‬ 11 ̇ ‫ܘܬܐ ܐ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬12 ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܐܘ‬ 13 ‫ܡ ܘܐ‬ ‫ ܪ ܐ‬14 .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܘܐ ܐܘ‬ ‫ ܘܗ‬:‫ܐ‬ 15 ̇ ‫ܬܐ ܐ‬ ݂ 16

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587

Folio 101r

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588

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 101v

1. heat. 2. How is the white sediment 3. distinguished from “living”168 humor, 4. which resembles it in color, and from 5. white pus? 6. In that as the sediment is indeed white, so that 7. it thus whitens the materials, 8. so that separate components are 9. are not found in it. But 10. the “living” humor has separate parts 11. which are tiny like grains 12. of sand. But the pus, by means of 13. the rotten smell which it has, can be distinguished 14. from the (other) two. 15. What is oily 16. urine and how many variations

..‫ܬܗ‬

‫ ܐܘ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܫ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ‬2 ‫ܤ ܐ‬ ݂ ‫ ܪܐ܇‬3 ‫ ܘ‬:‫ܒܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܕ ̇ ܐ‬4 ..‫ܓ ܐ ܪܐ‬ 5 ̇ ̇ ‫ ܕܐ‬.‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܝܕ ܐ‬6 ‫ ܐ ܐ‬. ‫ܗܘ‬ ‫ܗ ܐ‬7 ܸ ̈ ̈ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܕܐ‬8 ‫ܤ‬ . ‫ ܡܕ‬9 .‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ ܬܐ‬ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ‫ܕܐ‬ ‫ܸܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܙ ̈ܪ‬11 ‫ܓܐܕ ܒ‬ .‫ ܕ ܐ‬12 ‫ܸܫ‬ :‫ܐ ܕ ܸ ܐ‬ ‫ ܪ ܐ‬13 ..‫ܬܪ ܘܢ‬ 14 ̇ ‫ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬15 ‫̈ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ ܐ‬ 16

168 I am not sure what he means by “living” humor.

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589

Folio 101v

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590

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 102r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

does it have? Urine is said to be oily when it resembles oil. Now the urine can be like oil either in color or in substance, or both. What does oily urine indicate? (If it resembles oil) completely (i.e. in color and substance), 11. it indeed indicates a liquefaction of fat (or “oil”); 12. either in the kidneys or in the remaining 13. body parts. But (it resembles oil only) partially 14. if, indeed, the oiliness 15. of the urine is only 16. in the color, indicating

..‫ ܐ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬2 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܗܝ ܕ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 3 ̇ ‫ܗܘ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ .‫ ܕ ܐ‬4 ̇ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܗ ܕܬ‬ ‫ܕ‬5 ̣ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܒܓ ܐ ܐܘ ܒ‬6 .‫ ܒ ܪ ܘܢ‬7 ‫ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬:‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 8 ..‫ܐ‬ 9 ̇ .‫ܕ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬10 .‫ܬܐ ܕܬܪܒܐ‬ 11 ̈ ̈ ‫̣ܐ ܐܘ ܕܒ ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܕܒ‬12 ‫ܐ ܕ‬ ..‫ ܕ ܐ‬13 ‫ ܐ ܘ ̇ ܕܒܓ ܐ ܒ ܕ‬14 ̇ ‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ ܐ‬15 ‫ܪܐ‬ .‫ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ܕܬ‬ 16 ̣

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591

Folio 102r

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592

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 102v

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

the beginning of the liquefaction. Whereas if oiliness is in the substance, it indicates an increasing liquefaction. But if the oiliness is in both of them together, that is to say in the color and in the substance, 8. so that it seems to be 9. real oil, that indicates 10. an intensity of the liquefaction. 11. Now by what means can one distinguish whether it is because 12. of liquefaction of fat 13. in the kidneys alone 14. that the urine is oily, 15. or whether it is due to a liquefaction 16. of oil in the entire body?

.‫ܕ ܐ‬

‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬

‫ܕ ̇ ܕ‬ ‫ܐ ܘ ܕ ܕܒ‬ ‫̇ ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܪܒ ̇ܗ ܕ‬

1 2

ܿ .‫ܬܗ‬ 3 ܼ ‫ܬܐ‬ 4 ‫ܒ ܪ ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ܕ ܐ‬ 5 ܿ.‫ܬܗ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܬܗܘܐ‬6 ܼ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒܓ ܐ ܐ ̇ ܐ ܐ ܘܒ‬7 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕܬ ܒ ܕ‬8 ‫ܙܐ‬ . ܼܿ ‫ܐܐ‬ 9 ..‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ̇ ܕ‬10 ‫ ܕܐܢ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬11 ‫ܬܐ ܕܬܪܒܐ‬ 12 ̇ ‫ ܕܒ ̈ ܐ ܒ ܕ ܐ‬13 ̇ :‫ܬܗ ܕܬ ܪܬܐ‬ 14 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐܢ‬15 ..‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܒ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

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593

Folio 102v

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594

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 103r

1. Because if it is from the fat in the kidneys, 2. when it is liquefied it is excreted 3. easily and all at one time, 4. (and) it floats on top as (happens) in certain 5. conditions from the beginning of the illness. 6. But (if it is) from the fat and oil 7. which is in the entire body, (then) little by little; 8. there is a gradual excretion of the substance. 9. From what is the sediment that resembles 10. vetches? 11. From the liquefaction of flesh: 12. either that of the kidneys, or that 13. of the other organs. 14. And by what means can one distinguish, whether 15. this sediment is from a liquefaction 16. of the flesh of the kidneys

̈ ‫ܗܝ ܕܬܪܒܐ ̇ ܕܒ‬ ̇ ‫ܒ‬1 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܐ‬.̣ 2 ̇ . ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ 3 ‫ܼܿ ܐ ܕܗ ܬܐ‬ ‫̇ܐܦ‬ 4 .‫ܪ ܕ ܪܗ ܐ‬ .‫ ܡ‬5 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ݂ ܬܪܒܐ ܕ ܘ‬6 ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܓ ̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬7 .. ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܘ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܗ‬ 8 ̣ ̇ ‫ܐܕ ܬ‬ ‫ܐ ܗܘܐ܇‬ 9 ..‫̈ ܐ‬ 10 ‫ܬܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬ ݂ 11 ̈ ̇ ̇ ‫ ܐܘ ܗܘ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ ܗܘ ܕ‬12 ̈ ..‫ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ‬13 ‫ܐ܇ ܕܐܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܒ‬14 ‫ܬܐ ܕܒ ܐ‬ ݂ 15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ̈ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬16 ‫ܐ‬

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595

Folio 103r

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596

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 103v

1. or of the other organs? 2. (It can be) by means of “urine of liquefaction”169 and “urine of 3. non-liquefaction” and by means continuous or 4. non-continuous fever. Now if it is indeed 5. (associated) with vetch-like sediment, 6. the urine will be “urine of liquefaction,” (and) 7. the disease is only from 8. the kidneys. But if it is with “urine 9. of non-liquefaction,” the disease 10. is from the entire body, 11. and if the vetch-like sediment 12. is (associated) with an acute fever, 13. the disease is from the entire body. 14. But if there is no fever, or there 15. is indeed a fever, but not acute, 16. the disease is only from the kidneys.

̈ ..‫ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܗ ܐ܇ ܐܘ ܕ ܐ‬1 ‫ܬܐ ܘ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬2 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܘܒ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬ 3 ̇ ‫ ܐ ܘ‬.‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ 4 ̣ ܵ :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܕ‬5 :‫ܬܐ ܬܗܘܐ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ 6 ‫ ܕ ̈ ܐ ܒ ܕ܇ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬7 ‫ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܘ ܕ ܕ‬.‫ ܐ‬8 :‫ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬.‫ܘܐ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬9 ݂ : ‫ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܐ ܬܘܒ ܕ‬10 ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘܐ ݂ܘ ̇ ܕ‬11 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ‬ 12 .‫̣ܐ‬ .‫ܓ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬13 ‫ ܐܘ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬14 .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܒ ܡ‬: ‫ ̇ ܐ‬15 ‫ ܕ ̈ ܐ ܒ ܕ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܐ‬16

169 The word ‫ܬܐ‬ is usually translated as “dissolved,” “melted” etc. That is peculiar in connection with urine, which is indeed a liquid. But there seems to be a key on folio 105v ‫ ܐ‬is thin. where that term refers to urine that is said to be thick, whereas urine‫ܬܐ‬ as containing That might suggest that the writer conceives of urine which is ‫ܬܐ‬ material which has been “liquefied” from substances elsewhere in the body. Hence the terms we used were “of liquefaction” and “of non-liquefaction.”

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597

Folio 103v

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598

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 104r

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

What does lamellar sediment indicate? That the outer surface of solid structures is eroding, or else the inner surface of the bladder. By what means is it known whether 8. the lamellar sediment is due to 9. erosion of the solid bodies or due 10. to an erosion of the bladder? 11. By means of the fever and by means of the digestion 12. of the urine. 13. What is that like if (it is) by means of fever? 14. If the lamellar sediment is indeed 15. associated with a fever, it indicates 16. that the outer surface

‫ܐ ̄ܡ‬

.‫̣ܐ‬

‫ܐ‬ 1 ..‫ܕܥ‬ 2 ̇ ‫ܬܐ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕ‬ 3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܘܢ ܕܓ ̈ ܐ‬4 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬.‫ܕܐ‬ 5 ̣ ‫ܓ‬ ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܕ‬6 ‫ ܕܐܢ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܐ‬7 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐ ܗܘܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܕܐ ܕܗܕ ܐ‬8 ̈ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ ܬ‬ 9 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ ܕܐ ܕ‬10 ̄ ̄ ̄ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܬܦ‬ ‫̣ܐ ܘܒ‬ ‫ ܒ ܐ‬11 ..‫ ܕܬ ܪܬܐ‬12 ..‫ ܒ ܐ ܐ‬:‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ‬13 ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬14 ̇ 15 ‫ܕܥ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ‬ ̣ ‫ܬܗܘܢ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16

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599

Folio 104r

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600

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 104v

1. of solid bodies is being eroded. 2. But if it is without fever, (it indicates) that the inner 3. surface of the bladder has been eroded. 4. What is it like if it is by means of the liquefaction 5. of the urine? 6. If the lamellar sediment is indeed associated with 7. “urine of liquefaction,” 8. that indicates that only the bladder 9. is diseased. But if it is (associated) with 10. “urine of non-liquefaction,” that indicates a disease 11. of the entire body. 12. What does bran-like sediment 13. indicate, which is in the urine? 14. (It indicates) that the disease which is from the heat 15. has arrived in the deep parts of 16. the vessels, so that

̈ 1 .‫ܕܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ̣ ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬.‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬2 ..‫ܓ ܕܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܓ ܐܕ‬3 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬:‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ‬4 ..‫ ܕܬ ܪܬܐ‬5 ‫ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕܐ ܘ ̇ ܕ‬6 ̇ ‫ܬܐ‬ .‫̣ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܘܐ‬ 7 ‫ܐܒ ܕ‬ ‫ܕܥ ܕ‬ 8 ‫ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܐ‬9 ‫ܐܕ‬ .‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬10 ̣ ..‫ܕܥ‬ ‫ ܓ ܐ‬11 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܥ܇‬ ‫ܐ‬ 12 ̇ ..‫ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ܕܗܘܐ ܒ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 13 ̇ ‫ܐ ܕ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕ‬ 14 ̈ ̇ ‫ܐܕ‬ ‫ ܕ ܐ ܐ܇‬15 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܕ‬.‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬16 ̣

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601

Folio 104v

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602

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 105r

1. not only their surface is eroded, 2. but also that other parts are being 3. broken up in their depths. 4. But sometimes it also indicates 5. an exfoliative (lit. “scabby”) disease of the bladder. 6. By what means are the bran(like particles) distinguished, 7. which are due to a disease of the vessels 8. in the entire body and exit with the urine, 9. from these which are due to an exfoliation 10. of the bladder? 11. By means of fever or lack of fever, and by means 12. of thick or thin urine. 13. How is that? 14. If indeed there is fever, 15. the disease is in the whole body. 16. But if there is no fever, (it is) only

.‫ܬܗܘܢ ܬܬܓ ܕ‬ ‫ܒ ܕ‬1 ̈ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐܐܘ ܐܕ‬2 ̈ . ‫ܘܢ܇‬ ‫ ܕܒ‬3 ‫ܕܥ ܕ ܒ ܒ ܘ‬ 4 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܙܐ ܐ ܕܒ‬5 ‫܇ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬6 ‫ܐ ܕ ܐ ̈ܐ ܕܒ‬ ‫ܕ‬7 ̈ :‫ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ ܓܐ‬8 ̈ ‫ܙܐ‬ ‫ܗ ܕ‬ 9 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬10 ‫ ܘܒ‬.‫ ܒ ܐ ܐ ܘ ܐ ܐ ܐ‬11 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܬ ܪܬܐ ܒ ܐ ܘܪ‬12 ..‫ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ‬13 .‫ ܕܐ ̣ܘ ̇ ܕܐ ܐ ܐ‬14 .‫ܓ ܐ ܐ ܘܗܝ ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܒ‬.‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬16

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603

Folio 105r

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604

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 105v

1. in the bladder. And again, if it is indeed 2. with thick urine, 3. that is to say, “urine of liquefaction,” that bran is excreted, 4. the disease is only 5. in the bladder. But if it is with thin 6. urine, that is to say, “urine of non-liquefaction,” 7. the disease is in all the vessels 8. of the body. 9. What does crumbled sediment 10. indicate? 11. (It indicates) that which is not only deep 12. in the solid parts 13. is diseased, but also the breadth and length, 14. (for) the disease extends into them (all). 15. But sometimes it indicates 16. a scorching (or “blackening”) of the blood.

̇ ‫ ܘܬܘܒ ܐ ܘ‬.‫ ܒ ܕ‬1 ‫ܬ ܪܬܐ ܕ ܒ ܐ‬ ‫ܕ‬2 ̈ .‫ܢ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬3 ‫ܐ ܒ ܕ ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܕ‬4 ‫ܬ ܪܬܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬.‫ ܐ‬5 .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐܘ‬:‫ ܕܪ ܐ‬6 :‫ ܕ ܘܢ ܐ ̈ܐ ܕܒ ܓ ܐ‬7 ‫ܐ ܘܗܝ‬ ..‫ ܐ‬8 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܥ‬ ‫̇ ܐ‬ 9 ..‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܓ‬10 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܝ ܕ ܒ ܕ‬ 11 ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕ ܘܢ‬12 ‫ ܐ ܐ ܘܒ ܐ ܘܒܐܘܪ ܐ‬. ̣ 13 ‫ܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܬܘܒ܇ ܐ ܘ‬14 ‫ܕܥ‬ ‫ ܒ ܒ ܕ‬.‫ ܐ‬15 ̣ ..‫ܪ ܐ ܕܕ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬16

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605

Folio 105v

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606

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 106r

1. By what means can the crumbled sediment 2. which is from a sloughing (?) 3. of the solid organs be distinguished 4. from that which is from a “scorching” (or “blackening”) 5. of the blood? 6. By means of the (fact that if) the crumbling (of sediment) 7. is from an emaciation of the solid body parts, 8. (the particles) are white. But if it is from 9. a “scorching” of the blood, (they) are red. 10. What does putrid urine 11. indicate? 12. (It indicates) a great decay 13. of the worst type, and the demise 14. of the (vital) nature, and a great weakening 15. of the powers of liquefaction. 16. In what (types of) urine is it not possible

‫ܐ‬ :‫ܫ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬1 ̇ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܓ‬2 ̈ :‫ܐ ܕ ܓ ܐ‬ ‫ ܕܗܕ ܐ‬3 ̇ ̇ ‫ܪ ܐ‬ ‫ܕܗܘܐ‬ ‫ܗܘ‬ ݂ 4 ..‫ ܕܕ ܐ‬5 ̇‫ܗܝ ܕܓ ܐ ̇ ܕܗܘ‬ ̇ ‫ܒ‬6 ̈ .‫ܐ‬ ‫ܕܘ ܒܐ ܕܗܕ ܐ‬ 7 ̇ ݂‫ ܗ ܢ ܕ ܕ‬. ‫ ܪ‬8 ̈ .. ‫ ܪ ܐ ܕܕ ܐ‬9 ‫ ܬ ܪܬܐ‬:‫ܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ 10 ..‫ܬܐ‬ 11 ‫ܬܐ ܓ ܐܬܐ‬ 12 ‫ܘܬܐ‬ ‫ ܕܒ ܐ ܒ ܼܿ ܘ‬13 ‫ܬܐ ܪܒ ܐ‬ ‫ ܘ‬:‫ ܕ ܐ‬14 ..‫ܪܐ‬ ‫ ܕ‬15 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ‬:‫ܬ ̈ ܬܐ‬ ‫ ܒܐ‬16

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607

Folio 106r

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608

VAT . SYR . 192 : HUNAIN IBN ISHAQ

Folio 106v

1. for sediment to precipitate out and why? 2. In that (urine in) which the fluid is very thin, 3. even if it possesses various colors, 4. since the thinness of the fluid 5. results from a reduction in the material, 6. and (since) sediment results from 7. the force of the liquefaction (of such material), it is clear 8. that sediment cannot be 9. in urine which is extremely thin, 10. for it must first thicken (during) 11. the sickness and then the sediment 12. may separate from it. But the colors which 13. cannot have sediment with them 14. when they are extremely thin and watery 15. are white, yellow, 16. fire-colored, (and) orange.

..‫ܐ‬

‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܕ‬1 ̇ ̈ ‫ܐܒ‬ ‫ܕ ܓ‬ ‫ܒ‬2 :‫ܬܐ‬ .‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܓ̈ ܐ‬3 ̇ :‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܬܗ ܕ‬ ‫ܐܓ‬4 :‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܐ‬ ‫ ܒ ܘܬܗ ܕ‬5 ̇ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܕ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܕ‬ 6 ݂ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ ܐ‬7 ̣ ‫ܓ ܐ‬.̣ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ ܕ ܐ ܘܐ܇‬ ‫ܕܐ‬8 ‫̇ ܐ‬ ‫ܪܬܐ ܕܐ‬ ‫ܒ‬9 ‫ܡ‬ ‫ ܕܬܬ ̣ ܒܐ ܓ ܙܕܩ‬10 ‫ܸܫ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܘܗ‬ 11 ̣ ̇ ‫ ܓ ̈ܐ ܕ ܕ ܐ‬.‫ܐ‬ 12 ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ ܕ ܘܐ‬ 13 ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ ܐ ܕܐ‬14 .‫ ܘ ܐ‬.‫ ܪܐ‬.‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ ܐ‬15 ̣ ..‫ ܘ ܐ‬.‫ ܓ ܢ ܪܐ‬16

About seven folios appear to be missing from the end of the manuscript.

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609

Folio 106v

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INDEX Note that the references are all to folio numbers, not page numbers, and that the index covers the material in Vat. Syr. 192 only and does not include the material in the introduction.

abscess 107v, 114v acetabulum 114r agaric acid 27r, 28r, 28v ague 83r aloe 28r, 28v amputation 116v, 117r, 129r Andromachus 33v aneurysm 107v angina 141r anise 27r, 31v ankle 141r anthemis pyrethrum 145v, 146v, 148r antidiarrheal 128v anus128r aristolochia 39r armpits 121v arteries 107r, 135v, 136r, 44r, 44v, 49r, 49v, 63v, 67r, 70v, 71v, 74r, 75r, 75v asphodel 24r astringency 114v, 126r, 9v baby 113v bandages 114v, 128r barley 148v beans 24r beauty 119v belching 122r bile 33v, 34v, 53r, 61v, 64r, 69v, 76r, 76v, 77v, 78r, 79v, 83r, 88v, 89r, 91v, 92r, 95v, 96r binding 112v, 113r, 114v, 125r, 125v, 127r bites 111v, 33v bitterness 121v, 9v, 20v

blind 108v blindness 121r blood 115r, 124v, 135v, 146r, 48r, 48v, 52r, 53r, 61v, 69v, 72r, 72v, 73v, 74r, 74v, 78r, 88v, 89r, 91v, 92r, 95v, 95bis v, 96r, 97r, 100r, 100v, 105v, 106r bone(s) 107r, 114r, 129r, 138v, 63v brain 141r, 16v, 17r, 17v, 18r, 64v, 65v, 66r, 66v bread 145v, 146r, 61r breasts 140r buffaloes 62r burning 116v, 117r, 142v, 1r, 82v, 94v, 96r cabbage 62r calves 61v castoreum 148r, 31v cathartic 143r, 32r cauterization 129r celery 31v ceruse 149v, 150v, 11v chick peas 24r childhood 109r, 109v, 127r children 124v, 50v, 51v clavicle 140r clots 115r colocynth 28r, 28v compound organs 107r, 107v, 118v, 119r, 125r compression 114v constipation 110v consumption 67v, 68v contracture 127v cress 61v

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612

INDEX

cumin 31v cupping 137v, 139v, 140v curds 11v decay 111r, 116v, 117r, 148r, 23r, 67v, 68v, 69v, 70v, 71r, 71v, 72r, 72v, 73r, 74r, 75v, 76r, 79v, 80r, 82r, 83r, 83v, 84v, 86v, 106v diaphragm 138v, 141v, 144r diarrhea 122v, 133r digestion 104r, 121r disease passim dislocation 127r, 129r disuse 116v doctor 113v, 120v dog 151r dry reeds 5r, 5v dryness 114v, 119r, 126r, 56r, 56v, 67r, 76v, 77r, 84v duodenum 138v dust 115v, 6v ebony 31v egg whites 11v embarrassment 53v emollient agents 126v Empiricist(s) 38r, 40r, 41r enema 133r Ethiopians 53v euphorbium 146v excretion 124r, 103r eye 126v, 141v, 54v, 55r, 55v, 71r fat 113r, 147r, 11v, 45r, 55v, 56r, 85v, 102r, 102v, 103r femininity 45r, 64v femoral head 114r fermentation 22r, 22v, 94r ferula 32r fetus 112v, 113r fever 111r, 128v, 132r, 142v, 53r, 67r, 67v, 68r, 68v, 69v, 70r, 70v, 71r, 71v, 72r, 72v, 74r, 74v, 75r, 75v, 76r, 76v, 77v, 78r, 78v, 79r, 79v, 80r, 81v, 82r, 82v, 83r, 83v, 84v, 85r, 86r, 86v, 87r, 88r, 94r, 94v, 95v, 96r, 103v, 104r, 104v, 105r

fingers 107r fire 111v fish 112r, 61r flesh 107r, 107v, 115r, 128v, 129r, 134v, 26v, 33v, 39r, 39v, 40r, 40v, 41r, 49v, 55v, 56r, 61r, 62r, 63v, 103r flux 139v, 140v, 141r food 112r, 121r, 133v, 134r, 147r, 147v, 149r, 150r, 3v, 15v, 45v, 50r, 60v, 61r, 61v, 68r foot 108r, 140v fracture 107v frankincense 39r frostbite 83r, 83v Galen 34r, 90v garlic 148v, 149r, 149v, 150r, 15r, 61v goats 61r, 62r grief 69r, 146v, 53v hair 5r, 5v, 53v, 54r halitosis 121v hardness 119r, 121v, 7v, 90r health 108r, 108v, 109v, 110r, 110v, 118r, 123v, 124r, 124v, 60v, 61r, 61v, 94r heart 138v, 141r, 144v, 11v, 44v, 49v, 64r, 64v, 67r, 69r, 74v, 75r heat 115r, 118v, 120r, 126r, 134v, 147v, 151v, 1v, 4r, 4v, 5v, 6r, 6v, 11r, 12r, 12v, 13r, 13v, 14r, 16v, 20r, 21r, 22v, 44v, 45v, 48v, 53r, 53v, 54r, 56r, 56v, 63r, 66r, 66v, 67r, 68r, 69r, 71v, 72r, 72v, 74v, 75r, 82v, 83r, 83v, 84r, 85v, 87v, 88v, 89v, 90r, 90v, 95v, 96r, 100v, 101r, 101r, 104v hellebore 3r, 31v hemlock 148r, 3r, 37v heracleum 39r humor(s) 114v, 115v, 118r, 123r, 150r, 52v, 60v, 61v, 67v, 68v, 70v, 72r, 76r, 76v, 77r, 77v, 78r, 78v, 79r, 79v, 82v, 83v, 84r, 85r, 86r, 86v, 89r, 90v, 92r, 92v, 93r, 93v, 94r, 95bis r, 98r, 101v

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INDEX

Hunain 129v, 34r hypertrophy 116v, 127r idleness 112r, 45v illness 110v, 112v, 113r, 124r, 131v, 132r, 138r, 2r, 29r, 40v, 43v, 69r, 91r, 94r, 94v, 95r, 97r, 100v, 103r indigestion 120v, 121r infection 111r, 117r injury 113v, 114v, 126r, 35r intercourse 63r interruption of integrity 107r, 117v, 123r, 125r, 127v, 98r intestines 132v, 133r, 139r, 69r, 71r jaundice 120v, 121v jejunum 138v joint 107v juice 21v, 22r, 22v, 23v kidneys 135r, 139v, 35v, 82r, 102r, 102v, 103r, 103v kuthchah 55r lambs 61r, 62r lentils 62r lepers 114r leprosy 121v lettuce 148v, 149r lily/lilies 24r, 27r lime 11v liporia 83r, 83v lips 107r liquefaction 102r, 102v, 103r, 103v, 104v, 105v, 106r, 106v lungs 135r, 136r, 138r, 138v, 35v, 36r malfunction 120v masculinity 45r, 64v mastix 151r membrane 138v, 63v mental illnesses 110v; 124r mesentery 138v milk 113r, 11v, 31r, 32r, 37v millet 24r mithridatium 33r

613

moisture 115r, 117r, 119r, 54v, 55r, 56v, 76v, 82v, 84r mountains 58r, 58v, 59r movement 110v, 115r, , 117r, 118r, 124r, 125v, 127r, 44v, 46r, 48v, 49v, 59v, 63r, 64v, 65v, 66r, 66v, 67r, 68r, 82v muscles 107r, 107v, 138r, 65v mustard 37v, 61v natural 109v, 110r, 145r, 151v, 1v, 37r, 43v, 44v, 45r, 50r, 54r, 63r nature 145r, 6r, 6v, 38v, 43r, 46r, 58r, 59r, 62v, 67r, 75v, 78v, 79r, 80r, 84r, 90r, 93v, 94v, 97v, 98r, 100v nerves 107r, 134v, 135v, , 136r, 9r, 63v, 65v, 67r nose 114r, 16v nostrils 121v, 128r nourishment 132r, 147r, 149r, 151v, 3r, 62r, 62v, 64v, 85v, 95r nurse 113r, 113v obesity 111r, 55v odor 121v, 17v, 18r, 18v, 19r, 19v, 20r ointment 30v onions 148v, 149v, 150r, 15r, 24r openings 114r, 114v, 125v, 18r, 87v, 88r opium 147v organs 107r, 107v, 108v, 115v, 116r, 116v, 118v, 119r, 122v, 125r, 127r, 134v, 135r, 136r, 137r, 138r, 139r, 140r, 141r, 141v, 142r, 142v, 143r, 143v, 144r, 144v, 52r, 63v, 64r, 65r, 67v, 70v, 74v, 75r, 75v, 78v, 85r, 85v, 86r, 86v, 87v, 90r, 103r, 103v, 106r pain 123r, 132v, 15r, 31r, 89v, 90r paralysis 113r Paranouma 33v partridges 61r patient 113v, 120v, 131r, 131v, 133v, 145r, 69r, 78r, 78v, 80r, 80v, 81v penis 128r pepper(s) 145v, 27r

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614

INDEX

perception 141v, 143r, 63v phlegm 53r, 61v, 62r, 69v, 76r, 76v, 77r, 77v, 79r, 79v, 83r, 84r, 89r, 92r phthisis 114r pigs 11v, 61r, 62r, poisons 1r pork 133v psoriasis 121v pulse 44r, 45r, 46r, 47v purgative 128v, 132r, 139r purslane 32r pus 115r, 101v quince 128v Rationalists 38r, 38v, 40r, 41r redness 119r, 121v, 53v, 89v rhegma 107v rigidity 113r rockfish 61r rope 118r rose 16r, 17r, 20v, 21r, 21v roughness 115v, 126v rupture 107v rust 39v saltiness 121v, 9v salty , 10r, 10v, 13v, 14r, 18r, 60v scammony 128v, 143r, 24r, 28r scar 127v scoria 11v scrofula 126v Scythians 54v sea squill 23v seasons 45r, 57r sediment 23r, 96r, 96v, 97r, 97v, 98r, 98v, 99r, 99v, 100r, 100v, 101r, 101v, 103r, 103v, 104r, 104v, 105v, 106r, 106v seed 112v, 113r, 127r, 23v, 31v, 34r, 37v, 65r sickness 108r, 108v, 109v, 124v, 34v, 92v, 106v signs 118r, 118v, 119r, 119v, 120r, 120v, 122v, 44r skin 122v, 134v, 52r, 53r

sleep 110v, 124r, 145r, 149r, 45v, 50v, 62v smoke 115v, 24r, 84r snow 1r softness 119r, 121v, 48r, 89v soreness 132v Spanish fly 148r spleen 135v, 35v, 64r spurge 143r starlings 3r stasis 110v stings 111v, 143v stomach 135v, 138r, 138v, 141v, 142r, 142v, 143r, 147r, 150r, 32r, 35v, 83r stones 114v summer 109r, 132r, 133r, 45r, 57r surgery 126v, 127v, 128r, 129r swaddling clothes 113r sweat 72r, 88r sweating 119v swelling 117v, 126r, 68r, 74v, 89r, 89v sword 111v, 118r symptoms 120r, 120v, 121r, 121v, 123r, 71r synechos 69v, 70r temperature 128v, 130r, 130v, 133v, 134r, 134v, 135r, 137r, 137v, 144r, 145r, 7v, 10r, 10v, 12r, 12v, 13r, 18v, 19r, 19v, 19v, 20r, 20v, 23r, 30r, 53r, 57r, 84v, 94r therapy 124v, 125r, 129r, 38v theriac 26v, 27r, 27v, 33r, 33v, 34r, 34v thigh 114r, 141r tongue 121v, 141r, 9r, 13v, 14v, 17r, 17v, 19r tumor 113r, 114v, 117v, 127v, 71r, 88v, 89v, 90r, 90v typhoid 83r, 84r ugliness 119v unnatural 108r, 109v, 110r, 116r, 122r, 122v, 135r, 29r, 29v, 40v, 45r, 45v, 50r, 67r, 71v urine 120v, 122v, 139v, 90v, 91r, 91v, 92r, 92v, 93r, 93v, 94v, 95r, 95v,

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INDEX

95bis r, 96r, 101v, 102r, 102v, 103v, 104r, 104v, 105r, 105v, 106r, 106v uterus 140r, 141r vapors 15r, 16v, 17v, 18r, 19r, 20r, 21r, 44v, 57r, 59v, 84r, 86r, 86v vegetables 133v veins 107r, 135v, 138v, 141r, 63v, 70v, 71v, 74r, 75v, 95bis r, venesection 137v, 139v, 140v, 141r venom 146v, 147v, 151r, 33r, 34v verdigris 39r, 39v vetches 103r, 39r vipers 146v, 147v, 151r, 26v, 33v

615

viscosity 150v, 68v, 76v vision 121r voice 121r vomiting 120r, 133r, 46r water 126v, 128v, 129r, 142v, 148v, 5v, 11r, 36v, 37r, 60r, 60v, 62r, 68r, 88r wax 11v, 39r, 39v, 40v wheat 11v, 24r whiteness 119r, 53v wine 151r, 1r, 22r, 23v, 27v, 62r winter 109r, 132r, 133r, 45r, 57r womb 112v zinc 11v

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