History of the United States from the Discovery of the Continent [V]

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HISTORY OF THE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

FROM THE DISCOVERY OF THE CONTINENT.

BY

GEOEGE BANCROFT.

^utljor

s

a0t ftetusion.

VOLUME

V.

NEW YORK: D.

APPLETON AND COMPANY. 1891.

E

E3

COPYRIGHT,

BY

GEOEGE BANCEOFT,

1866, 1874, 1876, 1878, 1884.

CONTENTS OF THE FIFTH VOLUME. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN FIVE EPOCHS. IV.

AMERICA IN ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE.

CHAPTER

I.

CAN THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES MAINTAIN THEIE INDEPENDENCE? July-August 1776. PAGE Reception of declaration of

In Philadelphia By the convention of

American independence

in

Maryland

.

.

.

3

3

New York

4

In Virginia, Massachusetts, and South Carolina Arrival of Lord Howe with a commission for restoring peace His offers to treat are declined

.

...

7

Congress sends him their declaration engrossed on parchment Franklin to Lord Howe

.

.

.8 9

The exchange of prisoners agreed upon. Plan of a confederation Opinion of Edward Rutledge. The articles of confederation in committee .

.

.10 .

Shall white inhabitants only be counted for taxation ? What are to be the powers of the general congress ?

13

?

.

Character of Deane.

Advice of Vergennes read to the king in committee Beaumarchais and friends of America in France

The king of Spain and

Marquis de Lafayette.

his ministers

11

12

The public lands An immediate confederation not possible. Crown Point abandoned Signing the declaration. France on the way to an alliance with America Silas Deane an agent for America Shall the states as well as individuals be represented

6

6

.

.

.

.

14

.15 .

16

.

17

.

18

20

.21

Public opinion in England Britain s chances of success

22

Circumstances favoring America

23

21

CHAPTER

H.

THE EETEEAT FROM LONG ISLAND. August 1776. State of affairs round

Relation of

New York

John Adams

to

Washington and

24 to Gates

M103370

.

25

CONTENTS.

iv

The defences of New York

Exertions of Connecticut.

The The

British

city

PAGE 26 .

and Brooklyn

army lands on Long Island American forces on Long Island

27

British and the

28

Plan of attack by Howe Conduct of Putnam

29

The British

31

in

30

Brooklyn

Sullivan taken prisoner

32

The capture of Stirling. British and American losses The American army. Character of General Howe

.

.

.

.33

.

34

Approaches of the British army

35

Washington prepares for a retreat His watchfulness and activity

36

The

retreat

from Long Island

.

37 38

.

CHAPTER

III.

THE PROGRESS OF THE HOWES. August 30 to September 1776. Sullivan a volunteer mediator.

Conduct of

Howe

39

Sullivan before congress. The city of New York not defensible Committee of congress appointed to meet Lord Howe . .

.

.

.

.

Opinion of Washington s council of war. Congress yields to his advice Interview between Lord Howe and the committee of congress. Their report

The

British land on

Washington

s

New York

courage.

island.

Flight of the Americans

.

.

.40 .41 .

43

.44 45

Results of the day

Skirmish near Manhattanville Joint declaration of Lord

New York

46

Howe and

his brother

Death and character of Nathan Hale Morgan and the Quebec prisoners reach New Jersey on parole . Franklin, Deane, and Arthur Lee commissioners to France Great

fire in

42

city.

.

.

.

The American navy, privateers, and army Congress provides no permanent army. The use of

CHAPTER OPINION IN ENGLAND.

militia

.

.

.

.

.

.

47 48 49

.60 .51 .62

IY.

BORDER WAR IN AMERICA.

July-November 1776. The opening of parliament Speeches of Cavendish, Wilkes, Lord North, Barre", Germain Fox speaks for independence. Applauded by Gibbon and Burke Fox.

53 .

.

.

.

.54 .65

Perplexity of the ministry Character of Fox

55

Clemency of Carleton. His plan of campaign Strife for mastery on Lake Champlain Arnold s defeat

68

Carleton closes the campaign in the North

61

66

.

69

60

CONTENTS.

v PAGE

Lee

is

called to the North.

The Cherokees engage in war The Cherokees receive checks

Neutrality of the Creeks. They beg for mercy. East Tennessee

is

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

named Washington

.

CHAPTER

.62 .63 .64

V.

FORT WASHINGTON.

WHITE PLAINS.

October 1-November 16, 1776. Washington on the heights of Harlem. Fort Washington and the ground near Charles Lee s character and opinions Political divisions in Pennsylvania.

Defects of

its

His lines of defence

Greene at Fort Lee

it.

66 convention

Its

67 .

Howe at Throg s Neck Washington holds a council of war. Howe strikes at White Plains

.

.

.68

.

68 68

Of Greene

.

.

.

.

.69 69

Opinion of Lee

.

.

.70 71

Washington s choice of a camp The British repulsed from Fort Washington. He finds fault with Washington .

.

.

Howe, Washington, congress, and John Adams Dangers on the Hudson. Confidence of congress.

The

67

constitution

Single legislative assembly disapproved of Affairs in New Jersey

Howe

.65 .66

.

72

Greene elated .

.

.

.72 73

.

attacks Chatterton Hill

result of the

73

campaign thus far

Greene reinforces Fort Washington Washington s instructions to Greene

74 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.75 75

.

His instructions to Lee

76

Greene disregards Washington

s orders.

The consequence

.

.

.

.77

The defence of Mount Washington

78

Its surrender

79

80

Loss of both parties

The disingenuousness of Greene.

Magnanimity of Washington

CHAPTER WASHINGTON

S

s

wilful disobedience.

Events in

.

80

VI.

13, 1776.

81

Greene surprised

New

. Jersey The times that tried men s souls Spirited conduct of Mifflin. Conduct of Dickinson, Schuyler, Wayne, Trumbull, the Howes

Washington reaches Trenton Washington retreats beyond the Delaware. His defiant conduct and orders His cowardly surrender

.

EETEEAT THEOUGH THE JEESETS.

November 17-December Lee

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.82 .83 .84

.

.

.85

84 Intrigues of Lee

86 87

CONTENTS.

Vi

CHAPTER

VII.

TRENTON.

December 11-26,

1776. PAGE

Congress adjourns to Baltimore. Orders of Putnam

Fortitude of Samuel

The Quakers.

British troops

Rail in

John Adams.

command

.

.

.

.

.

.88 88

The

.

.89

of Trenton

89

He

in adversity.

Washington

Adams

resolves to strike the

enemy

Trenton

at

.

He

proposes a complete reform in the army Gates and Sullivan arrive. Preparations for the attack.

What Grant and Rail thought What Europe expected. The British army

91

The watchword

.

.

.

Opinion that Washington must forego the expedition His desperate condition. Anderson s attack The revels of Rail. Washington crosses the Delaware. Sullivan

Conduct of Stark.

.

92 93

New York

at

Conduct of Gates.

Trenton entered on both

The Hessians surrender.

90

sides.

Conduct of Rail

.94 .

96

.

.

.

.

97 98 99

Effect of the victory

CHAPTER

95

VIII.

ASSANPINK AND PRINCETON.

December

26,

1776-January 1777.

Measures adopted by congress at Baltimore

100

Confidence reposed in Washington. Financial measures. Washington pursues the enemy. The eastern regiments

Te Deum sung

at Quebec.

at

Washington again

Cadwalader

Trenton

British

.

army goes

to sleep.

Washington

s vigilance

He marches by

night to Princeton Battle of Princeton. Mercer mortally wounded.

103

Proclamation of Washington.

The people

s

Washington

love for

him

in the battle

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

106

.107 .108

....

109 109

Cavilled at in congress

His answer.

104 105

Mawhood s retreat. Washington makes for the highlands General Howe knighted. Germain unchangeably merciless

Strange vote.

101

.102

.... .... .

.

.103

Arrival of Cornwallis

The

.

Morris and Hooper praise him

CHAPTER

.

.

.

.110

IX.

THE CONSTITUTIONS OF THE SEVERAL STATES OF AMERICA. 1776-1783. Principles of the

new

Ill

constitutions for the states

Sovereignty of the people. Why America became republican Constitutions for the thirteen states

.

.

.

.112 113

Qualifications of voters

114

Method of

116

voting.

Popular branch of the legislature

CONTENTS.

vii PAGE

Two The The

How elected houses, except in Pennsylvania and Georgia. governor; his election, qualifications, term of service, veto power appointing power. The judiciary. Appointment of judges .

.

.

.

Election for office. Freedom of worship . Freedom of mind. Liberal system of New York. The free black Protestantism and freedom of mind. Tendency to separate church and

Intestate estates in Georgia.

How

to reform constitutions.

.

.

.

state

.

CAMPAIGN"

.

OF 1777.

December 1776-May

FEANOE, HOLLAND,

SPAIN",

1777.

A

rival to Washington. Kalb. Lafayette Franklin arrives in France. Protest of Lord Stormont, Reply of Vergennes American commissioners wait on Vergennes. The Count de Aranda ,

Policy of France and Spain

Opinion of Joseph

American

II.

privateers.

The women of

Lafayette and Kalb.

French ships

Demands

.

.

.

.

126

127

.128 .

129

130

Overbearing policy of England toward the United Provinces War in disguise. Public opinion. Beaumarchais and Maurepas Character of Necker.

124

X.

AND ENGLAND.

American memorial and answer. Aids from France

121

.125

.

.

.

.122 .123

.

.

.

117

.118 .119 .120

The rule in New Jersey Reform of the rules of descent in Virginia The rights of man declared

CHAPTER PEEPAEATION8 FOE THE

...

.

.

.

Public education.

. Public worship in the several states Virginia disestablishes the Anglican church.

.116

sail for

America.

of England.

.

.

Paris.

Pulaski

.130 .131 .132

English remonstrance. 133

Vergennes answers

England delays declaring war. France and Spain The king of Spain. The inquisition. Family compact.

.

.

134

.

.

135

134 Grimaldi

Florida Blanca

135

Spain opposed to American independence O Reilly. Lee meets Grimaldi. Florida Blanca and the British minister Spain aids America secretly. Florida Blanca and Vergennes

136 .

137

.

138

Britain impresses American sailors and hires troops of German princes The people of Germany. Frederic of Prussia. Court of Vienna The Catholic princes discouraged the service. Prince Anhalt-Zerbst

.

139

.

.

140

.

.

141

.

.

142

Galvez.

.

.

;

Number

of the Germans, employment of Americans, of savages

Joseph Brant

La Come

Saint-Luc.

Finances of America

;

of England

.

....

Sayings of Markham Advice of Burke, Abingdon, Fox, and Chatham

CHAPTER

142 143

143

144

XI.

THE OPENING OF THE CAMPAIGN OF 1777. March-July 1777. Importunity of Charles Lee.

Lee

s treason.

What was

Attempts to negotiate with Washington thought of him in Europe

.

145 146

CONTENTS.

viii

The Howes

Demand

at variance with

PA6B 146

Germain

for reinforcements

Enormous

147

them by way of Quebec Hamilton on Washington s staff

147

fault in sending

Arnold not promoted Rivalry between Schuyler and Gates ;

Stark wronged

;

.

Kosciuszko employed in the northern army Schuyler answers for Ticonderoga Expedition to Danbury. Courage of Wooster.

160 160

Of Arnold

.

.

.151 151

Retreat of the British

Meigs at Sag Harbor.

148

149

Vengeful orders of Germain

152

Washington at Middlebrook. Howe prepares to march on Philadelphia Washington gets the advantage of him The British evacuate New Jersey. The flag of the United States .

.153 153

.154

Capture of Prescott in Rhode Island

155

CHAPTER

XII.

THE ADVANCE OF BUKGOYNE FEOM CANADA.

May-August

1777.

The winter in Canada. Brant and the Mohawks Vermont declares independence. Schuyler at Ticonderoga Burgoyne

at

156 .

.

.

157

Quebec

Diversion by way of Lake Ontario. Burgoyne meets a congress of Indians His conduct condemned by Burke, Fox, and Chatham. His proclamation

He

New

England. Saint-Clair escapes from Ticonderoga Vermont in convention frames for itself a constitution threatens

.157

Slavery forbidden. The fight at Hubbardton Heroic conduct and death of Francis. Error of Carleton

Burgoyne mistakes his way Jane Maccrea and her assassin. Schuyler retreats.

.

.

158

.

159

.160 161

162 .

.

.

.163 163

Conduct of Schuyler.

Condition of the state of

Success of Clinton

New York

.

.

.

.

164

.165 166

Watchfulness and interposition of Washington Saint-Leger sent against Fort Stanwix . Rising of Herkimer and the German freeholders of the Mohawk valley Their conflict with a British party. Sally of Willett from Fort Stanwix

.167

Advance of Arnold and flight of Indians and Saint-Leger Honors to Herkimer. Burgoyne and his Indians

.170 .170

Schuyler desponds.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

168

.

169

171 Burgoyne sends German regiments to the East Stark and New Hampshire men rout them near Bennington. A second fight. 172 .173 Schuyler relieved. Appointment of Gates to succeed him . 173 Congress lavishes favors on Gates. Schuyler s ingenuousness .

.

.

.

.

CHAPTER PKOGKESS OF SIB WILLIAM

XIII.

HOWE AND BURGOYNE.

July -October 20, 1777.

The policy of congress. Arrival of Kalb and Lafayette Howe embarks for Philadelphia by way of the Chesapeake

.

.

.

.

.

.174 .17?

CONTENTS.

ix PAGE 175

Strength of his army

Washington prepares to dispute the passage of the Brandywine

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.176 177

Sullivan disconcerts his plan of attack Rout of the American right wing. Final encounter and retreat

Washington s army at Chester. Results of the day The American army too feeble to stop the advance of the British Howe crosses the Schuylkill. The British take Philadelphia

.178 179

.180 .181 182

Gates at Stillwater

Charge of Chief-Justice Jay.

Burgoyne crosses the Hudson

182

Brown at Ticonderoga. Freeman s farm

Battle of

Small losses of the Americans.

A

.

.183

Loss of the British

184

Hudson

185

Clinton on

diversion of Sir Henry. Mistakes of Putnam

183

Burgoyne advances

Success of

river

185

Capture of Forts Clinton and Montgomery.

The way open

to

Burgoyne holds a council of war, and offers battle Defeat and flight of the British. Good conduct of Brooks Breymann s camp taken. Death and burial of Fraser

Albany

.

.

....

186 187 188 189 189

Retreat of Burgoyne

Burgoyne invested.

190

Amount

191

His capitulation Daniel Morgan of his losses.

CHAPTER

XIV.

THE CONTEST FOE THE DELAWAEE EIVEE.

THE OONFEDEEATION.

September-November 1777. Defences of the Delaware

British

river.

camp

at

Germantown

.

Washington attacks the British by surprise The day lost by the failure of Greene The British need to open the Delaware river Red-bank and Mud Island

Howe Howe

.

.194

.

.195

195 .

The

results

.

198 199

separation increases. Citizenship in the United States Inter-citizenship. Independence of each state. Vote by states .

the consent of two thirds

is

New

.

.

.

.

200 201

202

required

Congress can levy neither taxes nor duties

The distribution of quotas. The public domain

196

197

resigns.

spirit of

When

.192 193

sends Donop against Red-bank. Its attack and defeat. Gates and congress fail in duty Siege and evacuation of Mud Island The want of a general government keenly felt

The

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

202

.

.

203

.

.

.

204

.

.

.

205

.

Jersey on regulation of commerce

Jealousy of military, not of naval power. Foreign relations Powers of the states and the United States

The committee of states. Mode of amending the confederation The union formed for a continent. Free inhabitants free citizens Inter-citizenship makes the people of all the states one people The rights of man. Dangers hanging over the United States

203

204

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

206

207 208

CONTENTS.

x

CHAPTER XV. THE WINTER AT VALLEY FORGE.

November 1777 Washington

at

Whitemarsh.

His second advance.

He

still

BRITAIN IN

WANT OF

TROOPS.

to April 1778.

First advance of

Howe.

fears to attack.

Returns to Philadelphia

Its failure

The Conway cabal to supersede Washington by Gates Conway and Mifflin From a sense of public duty Washington does not retire The suffering American troops build huts for winter at Valley Forge Pennsylvania opposes Washington Congress neglects the army. Remonstrances of Washington Patrick Henry his firm friend. Attempt to mislead Lafayette .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

PAQB 209

.

210

.211 212

.

.

213

.

.

.

.

Conduct of Washington. His enemies shrink back from their purpose The committee of congress in camp. Life at Valley Forge. In Philadelphia .

Weakness in congress. More paper money. How to recruit the army Slaves of Rhode Island emancipated and enlisted. Defaulters .

.212 .213

.

.

.214 .215 .216 .

217

.

218

.219

Greene quartermaster-general

219

Steuben inspector-general Conflict of opinion between congress and Washington Washington on standing armies. Unity of the country

220

Burgoyne s troops detained. Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst

Gist.

220

.221

....

.

Heroism of Biddle

.

.

222 222

Meanness of the landgrave of Hesse-Cassel and the Brunswick princes Mirabeau and the landgrave of Hesse

.

.

223

223

Chatham on the use of Germans and savages Burke and Fox after Burgoyne s surrender Lord Amherst on the conduct of the war

224

Lord North

225

s

224 225

penitence in his old age

CHAPTER

XVI.

THE ASPECT OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE. 1775-1781. Austria, Italy,

226

the Turkish empire

Russia, Sweden, Denmark Switzerland. The republic of the Netherlands

Germany.

Kant, the friend of the rights of

Lessing, Herder, and Klopstock

227 228

man and

....

.

of the United States .

.

.

.

.

230

.

231

232

Goethe Schiller.

The

ruler of Saxe-Gotha

.

233

.

Charles Augustus of Saxe- Weimar and his ministers Frederic the Great, king of Prussia

.

.

.

234

.

235

236

His reasoning on monarchy and republicanism

He condemns the British government as despotic He favors commerce between Prussia and the United

237 States

His friendly reception of their declaration of independence

.

.

.

.

238

.

.

.

.

239

CONTENTS.

xi PAGE

His reproof of the theft of Arthur Lee s papers . His encouragement of the part of France in the war

The United States

find a friend in

.

.

.

.

.

240 241

Marie Antoinette

242 243

Frederic desires their complete success

CHAPTER

XVII.

FKANOE AND THE UNITED STATES.

December 1777

to April 1778.

Yergennes discusses the terms of a treaty with the United States Louis XVI. promises them aid in money Conditions of the treaties between France and the United States

Meeting of Franklin and Voltaire. Lord North s conciliatory bills

Voltaire s

homage

244

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.247

245

to Lafayette

246 247

France avows her treaties with America

248

Will protect commerce between France and the United States State of war between England and France. Eockingham on independence .

The American commissioners presented

to Louis

XVI. and

.

to the queen

.

248

.

249

.

250

Character of Franklin

251

His friends in England

253

Richmond and Chatham speak in the house of lords Chatham struck with death. His character. In his

253 last

days For the United States nothing short of independence can do A French fleet carries a French minister to the United States .

Franklin and Voltaire at the French

.

.

.

254

.

.

.

255

.

.

.

256 256

Academy

Freedom of mind united France and America Free thought in France. No free public opinion in Spain Contrast between the French literature and the Spanish

.... ....

Between the French mind and the Spanish mind

CHAPTER

257 258 259 260

XVIII.

THE BEITISH ABANDON PENNSYLVANIA.

May-June

1778.

war on America was at war with England How parliament came by absolute power The old whig party had finished its work in its

261

itself

262 263

Chatham and the new whig party. State of France The contest of opinions in the French cabinet

264 265

Maurepas, Vergennes, Necker

The The

light literature of France.

266 Its queen, its king, its finances

principle of the French treaties.

Farewell festival to General

Congress

ratifies

them

.

.

.

267

.

.

.

268

Howe

269

His march to capture Lafayette, who escapes Mistakes of Howe as a general. The spirit of congress Characters of the British commissioners. Philadelphia evacuated

.... .

.

270 271

272

CONTENTS.

xii

......... ........ ........ ....

Congress and the commissioners British

Washington pursues the

army

Treasonable conduct of Charles Lee

....

Movements of Clinton. Washington orders Lee to the rear The battle of Monmouth. Congress thank Washington Black Americans in the battle. Trial, character, and death of Lee

CHAPTER

.

.

PAGE

273

274 275

276

277 278

XIX.

AFTEE THE FKENCH ALLIANCE.

June-December 1778. Wyoming

Valley.

British

of

rising cry for peace

Congress in Philadelphia. Arrival of

....... ..... .......... ....... ...... ....... ......... ...... Butler

Wyoming. Trials for treason and the American mind become wonted to independence

Defeat of the

The The

men

The Senecas.

D Estaing

The confederacy signed by

and the French

but Maryland

.281

Opinion of Washington

.

in both houses of parliament

Shelburne opposes independence

Ravages of the

The

British, the tories,

and Indians

New New England

State of Clinton at

of

286 287 288

288

.

states

and

New York condemn

291 paper money Trade blighted 292 .

.... ........... ...... ........

Loan-office certificates paid by drafts

on commissioners

at Paris.

Richard Price declines to superintend American finances Protection of France

Expenses of 1778.

284 285

289 Plan to conquer the southern states York. Of the United States with their paper money 290

constitution of South Carolina.

A convention

282

.283

fleet

Failure of the plan to recover Rhode Island Lord Howe retires. Result of the campaign.

Condemned

all

.

279 280

Germain misled by refugees

Clinton courts the Irish successfully Spirit of independence.

Plan for Canada.

The army

in winter quarters

Results of the campaign. The union of the states enfeebled Thirteen sovereignties. Washington pleads for American union

.

.

.

.

.

293

293

294 295

296

.297 .298

CHAPTER XX. THE KING OF SPAIN BAFFLED BY THE BACKWOODSMEN OF VIEGINIA. 1778-1779. Policy of Spain toward the United States

.......

Count Montmorin.

Florida Blanca abhors American independence Indecision of the king of Spain Policy of the French council. .

.

.

.

Intrigues of Florida Blanca with England

.

France and Spain agree to hold the United States in check Moderation of G. Morris of Jay of Vergennes. Spain demands Gibraltar Lafayette at Versailles. Dissimulation of Florida Blanca ;

;

301

.302

........... ....

D Orvilliers and Keppel. Franklin in France

300

.

.... .

303

304

304 305 306

CONTENTS.

xiii

PAGB Spain refuses to acknowledge the United States The war treaty between France and Spain .

.

.

.

.

Mississippi reserved to the United States by the backwoodsmen George Rogers Clark at Redstone. Schemes of Hamilton at Detroit Kaskaskia captured by Clark. Gibault and Vincennes

The

Hamilton recovers Viacennes.

His preparations for conquest March of the backwoodsmen to Vincennes

Hamilton surrenders the fort

.

.

.

307 308

.

.

309

.

.310 311

.

312

.

313

314

at discretion

Expedition under Evan Shelby Emigration flows westward. Fort on the Mississippi. Vote of Virginia in honor of George Rogers Clark

CHAPTER

314 Capture of Natchez

315

.

316

XXI.

THE TREATY BETWEEN FRANCE AND SPAIN. REFORMS DT VIRGINIA. PROGRESS OF THE WAR. 1779.

The northern campaign defensive Condition of the officers. Of the rank and file Congress fixes the number of battalions Washington s appeal to George Mason for a central government American affairs at their lowest ebb. Gerard on Washington

317

317 318 .

.

Congress refuses to conclude peace in which France is not comprised Vergennes expounds the law of nations on the right to fisheries .

French minister endeavors to persuade congress to yield to Spain Report of the committee of Congress on the terms of peace

.

.

.

.

.318 .319 .320 .

....

Strife about the fisheries.

New York

s sole

condition of peace

.

.

.

.

.

.

Chidings of the French minister

321

322 323 323

further supplies from France yields on the fisheries

Congress

321

324

solicits

And 325 French minister hints to end the war by a truce 325 .326 Spain and the United States. Jay elected envoy to Spain John Adams appointed sole negotiator of peace and commerce with England. 327 327 Congress solicits portraits of the king and queen of France .

.

.

....

Inactivity of the British army.

Matthew

Prosperity of the Virginians

.

.

.

327

.

327 328

s

predatory expedition The Virginia retaliates on her pillagers. Expedition of Clinton up the Hudson

new code of

Virginia

.

.

329

329

Pillaging expedition of Tryon into Connecticut Tryon recalled to New York

Wayne at Stony Point. Bold expedition of Henry Lee Expedition against the Senecas under Sullivan Van Schaick and Willet among the Onondagas Victory of

Message of

Little

330 .

.

332

332

David to Haldimand

Expedition from Massachusetts to Castine Results of the campaign. Descriptions and prophecies of Pownall European influence on the war

331

333 333 .

.

334 336

CONTENTS.

xiv

CHAPTER AMEEIOA IN EUROPE.

XXII.

THE ARMED NEUTRALITY.

ms-mo. PAGE Frederic of Prussia puts aside Lee s importunities Austria and Russia desire to mediate. Spain declares war on England Firmness of the English .* .

337 .

.

338

.

.

338

Interview between George III. and his ministers. Remarks of the king Useless junction of French and Spanish fleets for the invasion of England

.

339

.

340

Vergennes and Florida Blanca send agents to Ireland

341

Rights of neutrals. Policy of Russia How Russia would treat America

342 343

Proposal of a treaty of commerce between America and the Netherlands France protects the rights of neutrals

The states-general refuse to treat with the United States British cruisers violate neutral rights

.

....

344

344 345

346

Vergennes suggests a league of neutral nations Denmark and Sweden agree

346

The

347 348

346

neutral powers look to Russia for protection Russia rebukes the conduct of the British

.... ....

Russia and Prussia wish England should lose her colonies Differences between Great Britain and the Netherlands

Paul Jones enters a Dutch harbor with his prizes Policy of Denmark. George III. offers Russia an alliance

Dutch merchant

fleet fired

on by the English

350

350 351

352

Offended by Spain, Russia asserts neutral rights in every sea Spain is advised to make reparation to Russia

.

.

.

....

The empress of Russia signs a declaration of neutral rights She invites Sweden, Denmark, Portugal, and the Netherlands Adams applauds and reports the act of the United States

.

CHAPTER

349

to join it. .

.

353

354 355 356

.

.356

.

.

XXIII.

GREAT BRITAIN MAKES WAR ON THE NETHERLANDS. 1780-1781.

Weymouth

succeeded by Stormont.

Mariott on the rights of neutrals

Spain, France, and the United States approve the principles of the

358

neutrality

Answer of England The Netherlands design to join the armed neutrality The British cabinet determined on war with the Netherlands Stormont inquires where

to strike the

Dutch with

He

prepares for the capture of St. Eustatius Stormont makes of the Dutch impossible demands St.

.

pillage in South Africa

profit .

.

859

360 .

.

.361

.

.

.

.... .

362 863

364

864

Eustatius captured

Immense

357

armed

;

in Ceylon

365

CONTENTS.

XV

CHAPTER XXIV. THE WAE IN THE SOUTH.

CLINTON AND LINCOLN.

1778-1780.

The American war transferred to the southern

PAGE 366

states

in the south Capture of Savannah. Lincoln takes the command Movements in North and South Carolina

.

.

.

368 369

Charleston in danger Shall negroes be armed ? The proposal for neutrality defeated

D Estaing

and the French

The attempt

to take

367

fleet

.

.

.

.370 371

.

Savannah by storm

372

.

373

fails

Negroes not yet freed but sold in the West Indies Sir Henry Clinton repairs to South Carolina

374

The

376

375

siege of Charleston Lincoln signs a capitulation

377 378

The

spoliation of South Carolina Clinton compels South Carolina to persevere for independence

.

.

.379

CHAPTER XXY. THE WAR IN THE SOUTH.

COENWALLIS AND GATES.

1780.

380

Rivalry between Cornwallis and Clinton Cornwallis takes command in the South

380

He makes

. the reconciliation of South Carolina impossible Houston s prediction. Rising of patriots. Sumter s first exploit More of Sumter. Magnanimity of Washington. Jefferson and Virginia

Congress sends Gates to the southern command. He aims at Camden. Junction with Porterfield illusions.

.

.

.381 .

382

.

383

.

384 385

He

Heroism and death of Kalb. Rout of Sumter

.

His relation to congress

detaches Sumter and eight hundred men. His disposition for battle His defeat and rout .

His

.

His night march. 386 387

388 389

Gates deserts his army

390

CHAPTER XXVI. THE WAB IN THE SOUTH.

CORNWALLIS AND THE PEOPLE OP THE SOUTH-WEST. 1780.

Cornwallis introduces a reign of terror in South Carolina The capitulation of Charleston violated

Resoluteness of Gadsden.

Others accept British protection

.

.

.

.391

....

394

Williams and Sumter and Marion rally the people Cornwallis begins his

march

to the North.

Jefferson

392

393

s

forethought

.

.

395

CONTENTS.

xvi

PAGB 395

Cornwallis sequesters even debts due to patriots Events in Georgia. Cornwallis arrives at Charlotte

One

396

half the adults west of the mountains ride over the Alleghanies

They choose Campbell

their

commandant

.

.

.

.

.

Cornwallis sends Tarleton to assist Ferguson at King s Mountain The American line of attack march upward and take the mountain .

Of the Americans. Results of the victory Retreat of Cornwallis. The victories and clemency of Marion Tarleton s inhumanity. He moves against Sumter Sumter defeats him. Cornwallis is driven back Loss of the British.

.

.

.

.397 .

.

397 398

.

.

399

.

.

.

400

.

.

.401 402 403

CHAPTER XXVII. THE EI8E OF FEEE COMMONWEALTHS. 1780. Antiquity of freedom.

The

abolition of villeinage

....

and parliament protect the slave-trade Slavery divides the southern states from the North. Gouverueur Morris Antagonism of Virginia and New England

The

British king

.

Virginia permits emancipation and resists abolition

412 .

men

.

.

.

.

.413 .414

The constitution rejected Draft of the It

new

415 416

constitution of Massachusetts

proposes a free commonwealth Massachusetts rid itself of slavery

417

How

Decision of

its

Decision of

its juries

supreme

406

411

Slavery in Delaware,

Massachusetts formed a constitution disfranchising colored

405

407 408 409 410

The balance of power between North and South The semi-tropical states are the stronghold of slavery

New York, Vermont, New Jersey Pennsylvania divests the state of slaves Slavery in South Carolina and Georgia. In Massachusetts

404

.418 419

judicial court

420

The rights of conscience in Massachusetts. The Methodists and slave-keeping

CHAPTER THE OOMPLOT OF

8IE

Its

proposed dismemberment

.

421

422

XXVIII.

HENRY CLINTON AND AENOLD. 1780.

The British and American armies in 1780 Movements of the British in New Jersey Clinton gives up offensive operations Occupation of Newport by the French

423

Clinton relies for success solely on corruption Andre" sent to . bargain with Arnold

427 428 429 430

The career of George Rodney Rodney at New York prepares

to go against

424 425

426

West Point

....

CONTENTS.

...... ......... ....... ........ ....... .......... ..... ........

Andre consummates the bargain with Arnold West Point and its fortifications Arrest of Andre on his return to New York Escape of Arnold from West Point Andre convicted and sentenced as a spy His execution

.

The rewards of Arnold. The humiliation of Clinton The reward of Andre s captors .

PAGE 431

432 433 434 435 436 437 438

CHAPTER XXIX. STRIVING FOR UNION. 1779-1781.

The

finances of congress.

Its

...... .... ..... ........ ....... ...... ....... ........ .......

paper money

.

Vergennes prefers America should not consolidate its union Tendencies of Maryland and Virginia to separation

New York makes sacrifices for union The hopeless financial system of congress The rising demand for an efficient government The criticism and judgment of Washington United States deposit money in a bank The spirit of the act of Pennsylvania. The spirit of New England Reform in the quartermaster s department

A

.

.

............. ........ ...... ........... ........ ..... ........ .......... .....

440 441 442

442 443 444 445 445 446

convention of states at Boston propose to invest congress with more

power Hamilton pleads for a vigorous confederation and

officers of state

.

.

.

Washington s appeal to George Mason Yain efforts of congress for reform and revenue Mutiny in the army

A

439

special appeal to France for relief

For union

447 448 449 450 451 452

The confederation and perpetual union

453 454

Defects of the confederation

455

s

sake Virginia surrenders lands to congress

...... .......

Earnest appeal of Washington to Virginia statesmen Madison conforms to the advice of Washington Scanty provision for the campaign of 1781

456 457 458

V.THE PEOPLE OF AMERICA TAKE THEIR EQUAL STATION AMONG THE POWERS OF THE EARTH.

CHAPTER

I.

FRANCE HAS URGENT NEED OF PEACE. 1780-1781. France needs peace.

... .... ... ....

Discontent of Spain

Disaffection in the Spanish colonies VOL. v. 2

461

462

CONTENTS.

xv iii

PAGE

Jolm Adams John Adams

463

as sole negotiator of peace at Paris in strife with

Vergennes

Eagerness for peace at Paris Clandestine negotiations of Necker

-.

464

.

46G

467 468

The new appeal of America to France for money The fall of Necker. Raynal s history

469

Austria in vain offers to mediate

Progress of the campaign Congress yields to France

.

.

.

470

.

471 its

472

instructions for peace

A new

peace commission of five members The new ultimatum of America for peace

.

474

...

The emancipation of the commerce of Ireland

CHAPTER

473

>

475

.

II.

THE SEPARATE COMMAND OF MORGAN.

THE SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN.

1780-1781. Daniel Morgan returns to active service He obtains a separate command and the rank of brigadier Greene assumes the command at the South

The

British conduct the

....

war with barbarous cruelty

479 480

Cornwallis sends Tarleton against Morgan

Morgan prepares

476 477 478

482

for battle

483

His victory over Tarleton at the Cowpens

484

Important consequences of the victory Honors awarded to Daniel Morgan and others Cornwallis begins a forced march to The Moravian settlement of Salem

.

.

.

.

.

.485

.

.

487 487

t

489

486

the Chesapeake

Ruined health drives Morgan into retirement.

CHAPTER

His public services

III.

THE SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN OF GREENE. February-September 1781. Greene

collects his forces

Masterly retreat before Cornwallis Greene receives reinforcements

490

He

492 493

491

offers battle near Guilford court-bouse

The events of the Greene

battle

retires before the British

*.

The