History of the City of Gaza: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day 9781463213053

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H I S T O R Y O F T H E C I T Y O F GAZA

History of the City of Gaza From the Earliest Times to the Present Day

MARTIN A . MEYER

GORGIAS PRESS

2008

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2008

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IN DEEP GRATITUDE TO MY BELOVED PARENTS WHOSE SELF-SACRIFICE MADE POSSIBLE ALL THE GOOD IN MY LIFE

NOTE THE city of Gaza has not had the glamour thrown around it which has brought so many cities on the coasts of the Mediterranean into great prominence. But it has had an importance all its own. As the objective point of the caravans that brought the merchandise of southern Arabia and of the far East to the Mediterranean, as the distributing center of this merchandise into Syria, Asia Minor, and Europe, as well as the connecting link between Palestine and Egypt, the city of Gaza is interesting to the student of history. Since K. Stark in 1852 first made the attempt to write the history of the city, a large mass of material dealing with ancient Semitic civilizations has come to light — Assyrian, Egyptian, Sabsean, and Minaean. Stark also closed his account with the year 634. Dr. Martin A. Meyer has taken up Stark's work, and has presented a picture of the life of the city and of its varying fortunes from the earliest times down to the present day. He has carefully collected and sifted all the available material. The importance of the city of Gaza will be more and more emphasized as the eastern shores of the Mediterranean are opened up to the commerce of the world, and as the projected railroads bring the inner parts of hither Asia into direct connection with the sea. RICHARD GOTTHEIL.

PREFACE THE preparation of this thesis has developed from a matter of duty into a labor of love. The subject, which was suggested by my friend and teacher, Professor R. J . H. Gottheil, made its appeal to me chiefly because of its relation to the Holy Land, where I had spent a memorable year in investigations similar to those now called for. There I had learned the outlines of that wide subject which I had heard Mr. R. A. S. Macalister, of the Palestine Exploration Fund, term " Palestinology." Its literature and problems had since become familiar to me, so that when, in the spring of 1904,1 undertook the preparation of this dissertation, I was already more or less at home on my theme. Begun on strictly Semitic lines, the work has led one far afield; for the successive strata of Palestinian history form, as it were, a cross-section of the history of the world at large. One has been brought into contact with all the races of mankind, which had their habitat in the Mediterranean region, with their successive empires and cultures; Semite and Aryan have rubbed shoulders, exchanged customs and manners, deities and cults; trade interests, cultures, military endeavor, and literary accomplishment have intermingled in one great complex ; and through it all has run, like a thread, the rise, growth, and disintegration of the city of Gaza. Stark's monumental work, " Gaza und die Philistáische Küste," has naturally been my guide; but, splendid as it is, it has its decided limitations. When Stark wrote (1852), the remarkable discoveries of Assyriology and, in a large part, too, of Egyptology were still in the future. He knew nothing of the pre-Israelitish history of the Philistine coast. His dependence was entirely on the later Greek historians and on vii

PREFACE

the few isolated notices in the Bible. Moreover, his use of Scripture may well be characterized as unscientific. If he had any knowledge of Biblical criticism, he applied its results to his work but little, if at all; so that it may well be claimed, yet modestly, that the following chapters on these early periods are new ab initio. In the period from Alexander the Great to the capture of Gaza by the Moslems, I have done little but summarize the results presented by Stark. This period lay rather in the field of Grseco-Roman civilization; and here Stark was preeminent. His knowledge of the classics was wide; and I could not hope to add anything to his contributions. Here and there I have been able to uncover new facts; but these have been so unimportant as to leave the general trend of his conclusions unaffected. The Christian mortuary inscriptions and the inscription of Ptolemy, son of Serenes, are about the only new items of importance in this field. Stark's work ended with the capture of the city by the Moslems. Here again I have been able to add something; and the investigations have been brought clown to the present day. W i t h the advent of the Arabs the old culture passed away, and the field again became Semitic. In this era of the city's history I had none to follow; pioneer work had to be done, the only materials available being widely scattered notices. The problem presented itself of setting in the general history of the Orient the particular facts relating to Gaza; of putting each fact in its proper place and bringing it into connection with the whole. Given the point of contact, one was asked to find the larger circumference which it indicated. The limitations of such a work must be apparent. I have had access to no manuscript sources, but have had to depend on printed editions and reports. T o the inaccessibility of many valuable works are due lacuna;, which I hope at some future time to be able to fill in. I wish to express my gratitude to Professor Gottheil, who has taken more than a passing interest in the work, for his constant assistance and valuable suggestions; to Dr. William viii

PREFACE

Popper, formerly Gustav Gottheil Lecturer at Columbia University, who kindly assisted me in the work of culling references from Arabic sources; to the librarians of the State Library at Albany and of Columbia University for their kindness in procuring books for my assistance ; and to the librarian of Hamilton College for the loan of special works bearing on the subject. MARTIN A. MEYER.

BROOKLYN, N E W

YORK,

April, 1907.

ix

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE SUBSEQUENT PAGES Arch. Researches

.

.

Archceological Researches, ClerniontrGanneau.

Ab. Zar

Abodali Zarah

Bab. Gesch

Babylonische Geschichte, Tiele.

(Talmud).

B.B. & D

Brown, Briggs, and Driver, A Hebrew and

English

Lexicon of the Old Testament. C.I.G r C.I.S Chron. Pasch.

.

.

.

E.B

Grczcarum.

Corpus Inscriptionum

Semiticarum.

Chronicon Paschale, ed. Dindorf. Encyclopcedia Biblica, Cheyne and Black.

@ Gesch. B. & A.

Corpus Inscriptionum

Septuagint; .

.

.

Swete, The Old Testament in Greek.

Geschiphte Babyloniens und Assyriens,

Winckler.

Gl

Eduard Glaser.

H.E

Historia

Hör

Horayot ( T a l m u d ) .

J.A.I

Journal of the Anthropological

J.A.O.S

Journal of the American Oriental Society.

J.E J.P

Jewish '.

Ecclesiastica. Institute.

Encyclojicedia.

History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, Emil Schuerer, English version by Rev. J o h n Macpherson.

J.Q.R

Jewish Quarterly

K.B

Keilinschriftliche

Review.

LXX

The Septuagint;

Swete, op. cit.

Marc. Diac

Vita Porphyrii

by Marcus Diaconus, Bollandist's

Bibliothek, E. Schräder.

library. M.D.O.G

Mittheilungen

der deutschen Orients

Gesellschaft.

M.V.G

Mittheilungen der Vorderasiatischen

Gesellschaft.

Onomastica, or O.S. P.E.F.Q.S

.

Onomastica Sacra, Eusebius, ed. Lagarde. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly xi

Statement.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE SUBSEQUENT PAGES Q.C.R

Quintus Curtius Rufus.

R.B

Revue

Biblique.

Sabb

Sabbath (Talmud).

Steph. Byz

Stephen of Byzantium.

S.W.P

Memoirs of the Survey o f Western Palestine.

Rev. Arch Tot. Orb. Desc. .

Revue .

.

Archéologique.

Totius Orbis Descriptio.

Z.A

Zeitschrifte für A ssyriologie.

Z.D.M.G

Zeitschrift

der deutschen Morgenländischen

schaft. Z.D.P.V

Zeitschrift des deutschen Palestina

xii

Vereins.

Gesell-

CONTENTS PAET I CHAPTER

I. II. III. IV.

V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI.

PAGE

INTRODUCTION

3

POPULATION

13

PERIOD

18

OF F O R E I G N D O M I N A T I O N

ISRAELITISH

PERSIAN

HELLENISTIC ROMAN

PERIOD

41

PERIOD

46

PERIOD

MOSLEM

55

CONQUEST

P E R I O D OF T H E TURKISH THE

30

PERIOD

73

CRUSADES

80

PERIOD

89

MODERN CITY

106

PAET XII.

II

C U L T S A N D D E I T I E S OF G A Z A

115

XIII.

THE

125

XIV.

INSCRIPTIONS

XV. XVI. XVII.

CALENDAR

ANTIQUITIES

AT

GAZA

139 AT

GAZA

152

COINS GAMES,

157 INDUSTRIES,

TRADE

ROUTES

INDEX

161 167

xiii

PART I

HISTORY OF THE CITY OF GAZA CHAPTER

I

INTRODUCTION

Names — Site — Port of Gaza— Old and New Gaza GAZA, as the most southwesterly town of Palestine on the route to E g y p t , has enjoyed from the earliest times a unique position in the history of that land. A l l exact knowledge of its foundation has been lost in the mists of legend and folk-lore; but it has existed from the remotest period and has had an almost uninterrupted history down to the present day. The secret of its long-continued existence is its position on the border of the Egyptian desert. A s the last town on the road to E g y p t and the first to be reached after emerging from the desert, it became a provisioning point for the caravans. In early times numerous trade-routes centered here; and the commercial importance of the place was only rivaled b y its strategic value from a military point of view. The possession of Gaza became a bone of contention between the rulers of E g y p t and those of Palestine and Syria. This rivalry was particularly acute between the older Pharaonic dynasties and the Assyrians, and, later, between the Ptolemies and the Seleucidse; and during the medieval period and in modern times the struggle was renewed between the Egyptian kings and the lords of Damascus. I t m a y be noted, too, that whenever E g y p t was able to conquer and hold Gaza, the affairs of that kingdom were in general at the highwater mark of prosperity. Only during the palmiest days of the kingdom was E g y p t able to hold this outpost of Palestine, whose possession meant the control of the trade and military routes between Asia and Africa. 3

HISTORY OF THE CITY OF GAZA I t is interesting to note that as long as the center of history remained in the Mediterranean world, the fate of nations was mirrored in that of this solitary city. Gaza passed from one to another of a whole procession of conquerors, each of whom strove for its possession, and in turn handed over the stronghold to his successor in the ambitious quest of world-rule. A s soon, however, as the center of history shifted from the Mediterranean coasts to the Atlantic seaboard, the city became of less and less account. After the Crusades, its interest and importance markedly declined; and to-day, the caravan trade having become a thing of the past, and the military value of the site having been diminished b y this fact as well as b y the comparative unimportance of the surrounding lands, Gaza is but a survival of a bygone age, interesting only because of its antiquity and history. Gaza has always been a favorite resort of the Bedouins of the desert, who have frequented its markets, though they have avoided Hebron. A t Gaza they disposed of their plunder and provisioned themselves for their desert wanderings. The common interests of the inhabitants of Gaza and of the Arabs of the peninsula kept both friendly; the necessity of a market for their spices and frankincense being just as great for the Arabs as the importance of this trade was for the prosperity of the city. The further fact that from the earliest times many of the population were Arabs contributed to harmony. " G a z a " is the common transliteration of the Hebrew Mp, T a f a , as found in the Septuagint, and thence adopted into all the modern languages of Europe. On some of the coins of the city the name is spelled T9 1 ; but whether this was due to want of space or whether the name was purposely shortened it is difficult to decide. On the monuments the name of the city is found variously spelled. In Egyptian it is rendered Ga-da-tu (or Ga-sa-tu),2 "g" representing 9 ('ayin) in Hebrew and ghayin in Arabic. 3 In the Assyrian records also it has several spellings, viz. Ha-azzu-tu,4 Ha-zi-ti,5 Ha-zi-it-ti," Ha-za-zu-at-a-a,1 and Ha-za-at-a-a ;8 while in the Tell el-Amarna letters Azzati 9 is found a most interesting and suggestive variant. In south Arabic it is rendered 4

INTRODUCTION

mS',10 and in Arabic proper Ghazzah. The usual transliteration in Greek was as stated above, T a f a ; but "A fa is found as an alternative in Stephen of Byzantium. 11 The Hebrew 'ayin, as in this case, was frequently represented by the gamma in Greek.12 In the "Onomastica Sacra," 13 it is explicitly stated that the Hebrew word began not with a consonant, but with a vocal. Finally the name has been identified philologically (cf. infra, ch. iv.) with the Kadytis of Herodotus. 14 The name of the city has been generally derived in Hebrew tradition, as reported by Eusebius in his "Onomastica Sacra," 15 from 1133, " t o be strong." The difficulty in accepting this tradition grows out of the fact that the Arabic word for "strong" is 'aziz, spelled with an 'ayin, the same as the Hebrew. If this tradition were correct, then we should expect the Arabic name of the city to begin with an 'ayin, not with ghayin. The Assyrian, Egyptian, south-Arabic, and Herodotean forms all point to an initial guttural letter, as well as the usual Greek transliterations. The forms Azzati, found in the Tell el-Amarna letters, and the Greek "A£a (evidently based on the current Hebrew pronunciation) alone bear out the Hebrew. Even in the Hebrew, where the double nature of the 'ayin is well known, the tradition may not be supported. 15 a But these exceptions are overbalanced by the usual forms in their respective languages. The meaning of the word " G a z a " must remain an open question, subject to further investigation. In one note in the "Onomastica Sacra" an old legend is reported which connected it with the word v a f a / 6 meaning "treasure," because treasure was buried at the place by (1) Zeus 17 or by (2) Cambyses on his way down to Egypt. 18 The lateness of this legend, however, is self-evident; and it must be regarded as a product of Oriental fancy rather than as an attempt to explain the name on scientific grounds. 19 An example of the unreliable and fanciful suggestions of the Arabs in such matters is the statement of Muhallibi abu Said, 20 who derived the name from ghazza, " t o make a choice." The gentilic of the town name is in Hebrew. 21 In 5

HISTORY OF T H E CITY OF GAZA

Greek it was Tafcuo? 22 ; and also T a ^ m , a form, however, which did not conform to Greek usage.23 Stephen of Byzantium also warns against the use of " G a z a n " as incorrect; but he gives Ta^irrj^ as the term used by the inhabitants themselves, with particular reference to the pottery made in the town. The form Gazatce is also used, according to Alexander Polyhistor.24 In English, the forms Gazite25 and Gazathite26 are both found. The former is apparently from the Greek; the latter, from the Hebrew. Arrian 27 calls the inhabitants "Arabians"; and Herodotus 28 refers to them as " t h e Syrians of Palestine." Certain other names are occasionally found in ancient records. The city is variously called "Afa 2 9 after Azon, the son of Hercules, one of the reputed founders of the city; Minoa, because Minos and his brothers iEacus and Rhadamanthus settled there; 3 0 and Iona, because Ius (Io) emigrated thither.31 In later times the Arab Abu Mundir 32 calls it Ghazzat Hashim, " t h e Gaza of Hashim," because Hashim, the grandfather of the Prophet, was buried there. He also connects the name with that of the wife of Sur, the founder of Tyre. The "KhalilDaheri" 3 3 gives the place the supplementary designation Dehliz el-Mulk, " t h e threshold of the kingdom." The name of the city was often confused with that of Gazara 34 and occasionally with Azotus.35 Azotus was the Greek form of Ashdod. The names Azotus, Azon, Azzati, etc., were sufficiently similar to cause this confusion. Gaza is situated 31° 3' N. lat. and 34° 28' E. long. I t is not on the coast; in fact, Askelon was the only one of the old Philistine cities which was immediately on the sea. I t is the most southwesterly city in Palestine and about fifty miles west-southwest from Jerusalem. I t is on the edge of the desert, and about eight days' march from the Delta. The city is now about three miles from the seacoast; which agrees with the account of Arrian,38 who describes it as situated twenty furlongs from the sea at the time of its siege by Alexander. I t was then situated on a high hill, as it is still to-day.37 From 6

INTRODUCTION a number of passages found in the classical authors (cf. infra) it has frequently been urged t h a t the site of the ancient city was different from that of the city of medieval and modern times.

This view is no longer maintained as correct.

The

chief part of the modern city stands on a high tell, or mound, the edges of which show remains of walls, etc., of a v e r y ancient character.

T h e R o m a n city no doubt stretched to the sea,

where to-day potsherds and other fragments are still to be seen. 38

T h e Greeks say that the soil about G a z a was soft and

easy to w o r k ; 3 9

and t h a t it therefore presented difficulties

for the siege-machines, which sunk into it.

T h e district im-

mediately about the city has a l w a y s been renowned for its great fertility, and travelers h a v e praised, often immoderately, its fruits

and

other

products.

But

from

Gaza

southward

the land is barren and sandy, typically desert. A l t h o u g h at various times of its history G a z a came under E g y p t i a n rule, it was never reckoned as a part of E g y p t , b u t rather as a city of Syria, Palestine, or Phoenicia.

Geographi-

cally it fell naturally into the territory of Syria.

Ptolemy

reckoned it as belonging to J u d e a ; to Phoenicia.

T h e latter s a y s :

and Strabo

41

40

assigned it

" T h e one remaining part of

the coast extending from Orthesia as far as Pelusium is called Phoenicia, a narrow strip of land along the sea . . . between G a z a and Antilibanus and towards the Arabians is called J u d e a . " Herodotus

42

refers to G a z a as a city of the Syrians;

does not give the geography of the district in detail. of B y z a n t i u m

43

b u t he Stephen

calls it a Phoenician city, and says that in his

day it belonged to Palestine, though it had formerly been a part of E g y p t .

Marcus Diaconus

44

(fourth century A.D.) states

that it was in the see of Cfesarea; Sozomen A.D.), that it was in the territory of

Maioumas. 46

45

(sixth

century

Al-Mukaddasi 4 7

(tenth century A.D.) states that in his time it was in the district of Filastin, one of the six districts into which the Moslems had divided S y r i a ; b u t during the Crusades it w a s a fief of Arsouf. 48

Details of the various changes in rulership to which

G a z a was subjected, involving its inclusion in different districts, 7

HISTORY OF THE CITY OF GAZA

will be presented further on; sufficient has been said here to show that in accordance with its geographical position, the city was generally reckoned with Syria rather than with Egypt. The port of Gaza, Maioumas, is only mentioned in the later classical sources; 49 but it no doubt existed from an early period, at least from the time when trade with Greece began to develop. According to Makrizi,50 "Maioumas" is an Egyptian word meaning " maritime place." Jerome arbitrarily identified Madmannah, mentioned in Joshua xv. 31, with Maioumas. Modern authorities have disagreed as regards the actual site of the maritime city. Gatt 5 1 claims that the port was situated on the site of the present harbor. This 52 is a rather insignificant bay in the low-lying sandy coast, marked out by a few rocks and some ancient masonry remains. I t is now known as El-Mineh (Arabic for " harbor "). Sandreczky 53 thinks it was at the mouth of the Wadi Gaza. The remains and general conditions bear out Gatt's contention. The harbor was included in the municipality for political and ecclesiastical purposes till the time of Constantine.54 That emperor separated the two places, made Maioumas an independent city, and, on account of its warm espousal of the Christian cause and the conversion of its inhabitants, changed its name to Constantia in honor of his sister (331 a.d.). Made tributary by Julian the Apostate, it was restored to its independence upon his death.55 As late as the time of Sozomen, the bishop of Gaza tried, but unsuccessfully, to assert his authority over the harbor city.56 After its degradation by Julian it regained its old name of Maioumas.57 In the Middle Ages, it was known as Tida or Taida, 58 which name is an apparent shortening of Anthedon. The site of ancient Anthedon has not been positively established. There are several heaps of ruins in the neighborhood of Gaza which have been identified with this old city; but a tell somewhat to the north of Gaza known to the natives as Tida, 59 seems, according to the facts of the case, to be the remains of Anthedon. I think it possible that Idrisi, hearing the name Tida connected with Gaza, and find8

INTRODUCTION

ing no site with which he could associate it, gave it to the harbor city. One of the interesting problems in connection with the history of the city is that of Old and New Gaza. Fortunately, the archaeologist and the excavator have settled what had been a vexed question for centuries. They have decided that modern Gaza stands practically upon the site of the old town, the present elevation being due to the accumulation of débris through the centuries. The passage in Polybius 60 which has been interpreted to indicate the existence of a second Gaza, in Egypt between Rhinocolura and Barathra, is plainly an error of some scribe, by whom a sentence was misplaced.61 The town conquered by Ptolemy Lagos in 312 B.C. is called by Diodorus62 and Porphyry 63 "Old Gaza" (according to the Armenian version, "veterem Gazam"; in the Greek of Lyncellus, TlaXaiyaÇafi). Strabo 64 states that Old Gaza was destroyed by Alexander, and that it has since lain waste; but here he has been misled, having copied his remark from an old geographer who knew nothing of New Gaza. The allusion in the Acts of the Apostles (viii. 26), " Arise, and go toward the south unto the way that goeth down from Jerusalem unto Gaza: the same is desert," does not apply; for, if the whole passage be not considered a gloss of a later hand, the word avrri must be construed to refer to the road and not to the city. An explicit statement to the effect that there was a New Gaza appears in an anonymous geographical fragment 65 which reads as follows; fjATti ra ViizoKopovpa rj via Ta^a Ktlrox iroAis ovcra Koi avri] eW* rj '¿py/AOS IVi£a tira rj AtrKaXajy •jroÀis k . t . X . "After Rhinocolura lies the New Gaza, which is a city; then there is the ' Desert Gaza,' and then the city Askelon." Jerome68 confirms this, saying: "The site of the ancient city is hardly visible; and the existing city, superseding that which was destroyed, has been built in another place." Now, if there ever was a New Gaza (in contradistinction to the Old Gaza), it must date from the time of the rebuilding of the city by 9

HISTORY OF THE CITY OF GAZA

Gabinius (57 B . C . ) . Strabo is mistaken when he says that the city was entirely destroyed by Alexander the Great; for its final capture and destruction took place in the reign of Alexander Jannseus. The rebuilt city might properly be referred to as "New Gaza" without implying a different site; for abundant proofs are forthcoming from other excavations showing several rebuildings on the old site to which the people clung most tenaciously. 67 The fact that no trace of the site of the old city was to be seen in Eusebius' time only shows that the superimposition was complete. The "New Gaza" of the anonymous geographer cited above may therefore be dismissed as being a literary creation rather than a historical fact. The passage in Acts (viii. 26), already referred to, calls for some discussion. I t is entirely out of the question to refer the epr)fioy/xo? Ya'QaUov • TS>P év Tá^rj; Ya^ÍT(úvt ra^eárcov. As citizens of the city, only the old native elements are recognized: thus Pompey gives the city to the 7vr/crioi TTOXITM, and the Jews seem not to have enjoyed equal rights with them.11 Again reference is made to a fiov\r¡t a council, or senate, which formerly was composed of five hundred members.12 These were elected from an inner circle of the inhabitants, the best families of the city,13 and represented the aristocratic elements in the government. From the Suidas passage it may also be inferred that citizenship could be bestowed upon strangers by a vote of the people. The members of this senate are often referred to as 7T/3WTOÍ,14 and later as primores,15 curiales,18 and decuriones,17 Finally, there occur the apxai, who corresponded to the magistrates of the West. Sozomen 18 distinguished between the apxovre? and the arparriyoí, which at the first glance would appear to indicate a division of magisterial powers between military and civil functionaries. On closer examination, however, this does not seem to have been the case. The duumvir mentioned by Jerome 19 is merely a municipal magistrate, the title being variously rendered in Greek by the two words used above.20 This seems to have been the highest position to which a citizen could be elected. Alongside of these there are met with in Gaza the Irenarcha;,21 whose functions were to "preserve public good order and to correct morals," 22 and who were known as the "guardians of the peace." 23 They corresponded to the prefects in Western cities and were selected each year from ten names submitted to the head of the municipality. The police power was intrusted into their keeping. A "defensor populi" 24 is also mentioned as a city official. He was probably a citizen elected by his fellows to look after their rights in a city otherwise governed by the "better classes." A "curator of the sanctuary" (¿7rt^eX?^? TOV iepov) is also mentioned in the 56

T H E ROMAN PERIOD

inscription of Gordianus: 25 he seems to have had charge of the city temples and sanctuaries. The aryapdvofios mentioned on several inscriptions 28 was a petty market official. The years following the death of Herod were quiet ones for the Philistine coast. The cities were well satisfied with their Roman masters, who were content to allow them to pursue their own way unhindered. In 66, at the beginning of the Jewish war with Rome, the Jews were ruthlessly slaughtered in Caesarea and other coast towns, no doubt with the connivance of Florus the procurator; and in revenge they set fire to Askelon and Ptolemais and burned Anthedon and Gaza.27 This, however, could hardly have been a widespread destruction in the case of Gaza; for the city seems to have continued on its usual way with little interruption. The course of the war left the Philistine cities untouched. In 68 they no doubt joined with the other Hellenistic cities of Syria in sending deputations and crowns to Vespasian in Beirut and in acclaiming him emperor. 28 In 69 Titus passed through Gaza on his march from Egypt to Palestine, 20 and again on his return the year after the fall of Jerusalem. 30 As the cities of Judea declined, those of the Philistine coast increased in importance. The campaign of Cornelius Palma (105) to Bostra and Perea, and the establishment of the province of Arabia made Gaza all the more secure, and restored its old trade with Petra and Aila. The first severe persecution of the Christians in Palestine occurred in the reign of Trajan, about 106-114'. Christianity had been introduced into Gaza by Philip.31 The progress of the new faith was very slow; for even at the end of the fourth century the heathen temples still stood in Gaza and their oracles were consulted.32 Though there is no record that the Christians of Gaza suffered in the persecutions, there can be little doubt that their experiences were similar to those of their fellow-believers elsewhere during the early days of the Church. The reign of Hadrian was a halcyon period in the history of the coast cities. He visited the East several times during 57

HISTORY OF THE CITY OF GAZA

his reign — i n 123-125; 129-130; and, finally, in 135, after the close of the war with the Jews under Bar Kokhba. Gaza in particular was favored by the emperor; and during his second visit a new local era, the Hadrianic, was instituted (cf. infra); thus 1 anno Hadrianis = 190 anno Gazfe = 129 A.D. Some confusion as to the exact year of this second visit to Palestine has existed; but the dates given above seem to be well established by the imperial coins of the period as well as by the historical notices.33 There was another general persecution of the Christians under Hadrian in 128. In 135, after the close of the Bar Kokhba rebellion, Hadrian sold some of his Jewish captives at the rate of a horse apiece. He took the rest to Gaza, where he instituted games, at which he caused the Jews to be torn to pieces. These games, known as the 7ravr) SI TOV yX £tovs IVS ¡3i. ev ¡j.rj Aiov

£ TOV 0\

CTOVs ivS

y.

cv /IRJ Aico 6K TOV T]7R trows iv8

The 14th of Daisios, anno 33, ind. 12. The 7th of Dios, anno 39, ind. 3. The 29th of Dios, anno 88, ind. 7. 135

HISTORY OF T H E CITY OF GAZA

I t is curious that the hundreds are omitted from the dates of these three inscriptions. What is to be supplied, chi (600) or phi (500) ? Paleographically, these inscriptions correspond with the above-dated ones, i.e. between the dates 565 A.G. and 669 A.G. If chi be supplied, it makes the dates all at variance with the indiction years; and the same is true if phi be supplied; e.g. Daisios 14, 533, corresponds to June 8, 473. But the indiction began in 462, so that 473 should be 11, not 12; and the same is true with all the other dates. Clermont-Ganneau thinks that it is the era of Askelon. He says that the era of the Seleucidae cannot be meant; for in that case, the indiction years would not correspond. Nor could these dates be of the era of Maioumas or of Hadrian; for these eras were not so long enduring; he therefore concludes that the era must be that of Askelon. He states that the third of these inscriptions is known to have come from there, and he therefore assumes that the others did likewise. According to the Hemerologium, the year at Askelon was little different from that at Gaza, e.g. it began October 28, but with the first of Hyperberetaios; and the Epagomenai were intercalated between Panemos and Loos. He begins the Askelonite cycle 104 A.D. This, then, would bring about the following equations: — Daisios 14, 533 A.A., ind. 12, corresponds to July 8, 429, ind. 12. Dios 7, 539 A.A., ind. 3, corresponds to Dec. 3, 434, ind. 3. Dios 29, 588 A.A., ind. 7, corresponds to Dec. 25, 483, ind. 7. But, as Schuerer points out, the Askelonite origin of the inscriptions is doubtful; and, further, it is a question whether the era of Askelon began in 104 or in 105. The problem of these dates remains unsolved. In connection With this era but one question remains to be discussed : From what date or event did the Gazseans reckon their era? As Gabinius, the rebuilder of the city, did not come to Syria till 57 B.C., the era does not date back to this restoration of Gaza. I t must begin with some event in the life of Pompey. In 64- 63 B.C. Pompey was in Syria; in 63 B.C. Jerusalem was 136

T H E C A L E N D A R A T GAZA

captured, and matters were rearranged in Judea. The coast cities from Raphia to Dora, the Hellenistic cities across the Jordan, Scythopolis and Samaria, were taken from the Jews and placed directly under the rule of the Roman governor of Syria. Many of these cities reckoned their eras from this event. But the Pompeian era was not the same throughout Syria. Most of the cities reckoned 63 B.C. as the beginning of their eras, but as has been shown, Gaza began with 61 B.C. I t may be that this year was chosen because in it Pompey celebrated his Oriental triumph in Rome. 31 There is another unique era connected with the city of Gaza. On several coins of the Emperor Hadrian a double dating is noticeable, e.g. r . ETTI. BQP ; A. ETTI. TQP; E. ETTI. A Q P ; E. ETTI. EQP. This era dated from the time of the visit of the emperor to the city, when he instituted games and showed other marks of his favor to Gaza. This occurred 129-130 A.D. According to the coins, the beginning of this Hadrianic year was not concurrent with that of the old local era. I t must have begun sometime during the middle of the old year; for it is seen on the coins that the year " E " of the Hadrianic era corresponds to the years 194 and 195 A.G. There are no evidences t h a t this era lasted after the death of the emperor, in 138 A.D. 1

For this whole chapter, consult Schuerer, Sitzungsberichte d. Berliner Akademie d. Wissenschaften, 1896, no. 41, pp. 1065 sqq., " D e r Kalendar 2 und die Aera von Gaza." Ed. Dindorf, 1, 352. 3 The Leyden Ms. was published b y Sainte-Croix in his Histoire de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, vol. xlvii., 1809, pp. 66-89. The Florentine Mss. h a v e 4 not been edited. They are catalogued Plut. 28, cod. 16 and 26. For these inscriptions, see Clermont-Ganneau, Archceological Researches, ii., pp. 4 0 0 - 4 2 9 ; Revue Biblique, 1892, p. 239; 1893, p. 203; 1894, p. 428. 6 6 1 8 Op. cit., c. 19. Ibid., c. 21. Ibid., c. 54. Ibid., c. 103. 9 11 12 Ibid. "> Ibid., c. 15. Cf. supra. Musei Sanclementiani 13 Numismata Selecta, ii., lib. iii., pp. 2 5 2 - 2 6 0 ; iv., pp. 153-9. Marc. 14 15 10 Diac., cc. 15-18. Ibid., c. 19. Ibid., c. 21. Ibid., c. 22. 17 18 19 Ibid., c. 25. Ibid., c. 26. De Viris Illustribus, c. 130. 20 21 22 23 Schuerer, op. cit. Quoted b y Schuerer, op. cit. lxxvi. 5. Dio 24 25 26 Cassius, lxxvii. 3. Ibid., lxxvi. 3. Schuerer, op. cit. 130 A.G., 27 28 i.e. 6 9 - 7 0 A.D. Clermont-Ganneau, Researches, ii. 405. Ibid., 137

HISTORY OF T H E CITY OF GAZA 29 30 409. Ibid., pp. 412, 413. Ibid., ii. 405, 409, 412-13. In order to change dates A.G. (Gazsean era) into their corresponding dates A.D., deduct 61 from the former date, if it be between October 28 and December 31, both inclusive; or 60 if the date be between January 1 and October 27, both inclusive.

p. 31

138

CHAPTER XIV INSCRIPTIONS

IN contrast to the general scarcity of inscriptions in Palestine, the number discovered at Gaza, as surface finds, is strikingly large. This fact offers a decided inducement for more detailed and thorough investigation, exploration, and excavation of this site. Besides the coins, whose inscriptions give them an added paleographic interest, and the inscriptions noted in the section on Calendation, there is quite a large number of inscriptions of Gaza which will now be presented and discussed. None is of any great antiquity. In fact, none is pre-Christian in date; but all are nevertheless interesting and valuable. Most of them are in Greek; but a Hebrew one also, of some interest, has been found' and two Samaritan ones. In the Great Mosque, on one of the columns, in the second row of pillars of the center aisle, is an inscription in Hebrew and Greek. I t is described by Clermont-Ganneau 1 as accompanied by a bas-relief of a seven-branched candlestick, inscribed in a crown; and below this is a sort of cartouche containing the bilingual inscription. The wreath is closed at the top with an egg-shaped gem, and the fillet terminates in flowing ends of ivy leaves. In the center of the wreath is a conventional picture of a candlestick, flanked on either side with a horn of oil, and a sacrificial knife. The inscription is about 0.48 m. in height and reads as follows: — X

a p r - o rrarr ANANIA

YJQIAKQ 139

HISTORY OF THE CITY OF GAZA

The sides of the cartouche contain conventionalized presentations of palm-branches. The Greek is written in the style of the second and third centuries. The interest centers rather in t h e curious form I a««, which here unquestionably represents laiccofi. laKO) m a y be a parallel form in Hellenistic Greek to Ia/cw/3. Comparison m a y be made of a t e x t found by Maspero a t H a d r u m e t i u m , which reads as follows: TOV deov TOV Af3paa/x Kai TOV Iaa> TOV TOV Iaicov. Maspero corrects this last to Iaaicov) b u t perhaps 1 aicov¡3 is m e a n t ; so t h a t latcov is from a nominative la/cos. E x a m i n a t i o n of a squeeze brought from Jaffa shows irapa la/cco • and a graffitus from Mt. Sinai 2 has Iaica> with Ia>/3, both pointing to the same form of Jacob. Moreover, the form of the n a m e in t h e Romance languages should be borne in m i n d ; e.g. Iago (Diego, Tiego) and Jacques, which seem to indicate the elision of the final b; also the omission of the last letter in the n a m e FpV, which later became XDV; W ; MDV, and in Greek a n d Latin, I wo-???, Eioar], Jose. The dative via> seems to indicate t h a t the inscription is dedicated to and not b y Hananiah. I t is not a funerary inscription, b u t one erected in honor of Hananiah. The custom of erecting such pillars existed in Palmyra. I t would indicate t h a t this pillar was erected in honor of H a n a n i a h because of his services, probably to some synagogue. If this be a correct conclusion, then the question arises when, if ever, did the Jews build in Gaza so fine a synagogue as this pillar would seem to indicate ? No record exists to show t h a t the Jews obtained a n y hold there during pagan times; and such a building would surely not have been allowed in Christian times. I t is more than likely t h a t the pillar was brought to Gaza from Alexandria or Csesarea. 3 I n the fifth century, when Eudoxia built the basilica, she sent thirty-two columns to be used in the construction. 4 I t is not certain whence these pillars were taken. According to a tradition, the Crusaders' church was built on the site of the basilica of E u d o x i a ; and this church in time was converted into the present mosque. However, there were other Byzantine churches in Gaza from the 140

INSCRIPTIONS

materials of which the later structures might have been built; e.g. the churches of St. Sergius and of St. Stephen, which were built by the Bishop Marcianus, under Justinian. The good bishop used for his churches the old materials which he found at hand. Choricius of Gaza describes these churches with much detail. On another column of the mosque near by is a cross which the Moslems have tried to erase, and on another the holes for holding a similar crucifix are found. In the description, given above, of the race-course at Maidan el-Zaid, built by the Saracens some seven hundred years ago, reference has been made to an inscribed pillar.5 This is no doubt a mortuary inscription of the usual type. I t reads as follows: — XI (From P.E.F.Q.S., April, 1875) Aofie + OK . . . T7)

irepir(tou) yi ii>8 e

I t reads as

the plasterer on the 13th of Peritios, 674, indiction 5.

This inscription belongs to the same class as those Christian funerary inscriptions discussed in the previous chapter. The date is apparently of the Gaztean era, and the correspondence between the indiction year and the other date is correct as given. Seoo-e/Si? is no doubt a vulgar form of the more generally known Scoo-t/Sw. The only difficulty which the inscription presents is the fourth sign in the fourth line. The first editors read it as a cross, and endeavored to find in the word an ethnic designation, but without success. Clermont-Ganneau 16 reads this letter as "Vr>" suggesting that the fancy of the stonecutter caused him to give the letter the form of the cross. He finds then that the word is to be read 7w^o/cos, " a plasterer " ; a word formed on the analogy of apTotccnro?, " a baker." A Samaritan inscription of nineteen lines is reported by Clermont-Ganneau, but aside from indicating that it is of a liturgical character, its contents are not made known/ 7 as he failed to copy or photograph it. Another inscription in the same characters is reported by Abel. I t is a fragment of the Decalogue, breaking off at "likeness." I t is prefaced with ¡HIT DttD, which seems to indicate an origin in the Moslem period. 18 The author is in receipt of the following brief description of the Arabic inscriptions of Gaza from Max van Berchem, the learned editor of the Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum, together with his permission to publish the same: — " T h e most striking characteristic of the Arabic epigraphy of Gaza is that all the inscriptions belong to the later Mameluke 149

HISTORY OF THE CITY OF GAZA

and Ottoman sultans. The only older one which I [Van Berchem] found is a Cufic inscription in the sanctuary of the mosque 'al-Mahkama in the quarter el-Sajja'iyya; unfortunately, this well-preserved text is not dated, but as it contains only invocations, it is without any historical information. The absence of early Arabic texts in Gaza can be explained by the fact that both before and after the Crusades, under Moslem rule, Gaza remained a very small and unimportant place up to the time of the early Mamelukes. " I n the Great Mosque the following inscriptions are preserved : Two of Sultan Lagin dated Rabi' I. and Sha'ban, 697 a.h.; four of Mohammed el-Nasir, of the years 706, 718, Muharram 730, and the fourth one undated; one of sultan Mohammed, son of Kait Bay, of Ramadan, 903. The sultan Skeikh has an inscription in the Mosque Ibn Othman, dated Sha'ban 821. " T h e other inscriptions in the Great Mosque and in the numerous sanctuaries of the city belong to various emirs and officers under the Mameluke sultans, several of these relating to the emir Sanjar el-Jawali, the first governor of Gaza under the sultan Mohammed el-Nasir. I found, besides these, building inscriptions, and others mentioning public works, or charitable endowments (wakf), and several decrees remitting taxes (marsum). Some unimportant texts of Ottoman officials are also found. A number of funerary and commemorative inscriptions occur, mentioning the names of local sheikhs and saints. The oldest of these, in fact the oldest dated Arabic inscription of the city, is in the little mosque of Sheikh Ilyas, Safar 671 (1272 a . d . ) . " 2 Arch. Researches, ii., pp. 389 sqq. Lepsius, no. 84; Euting, no. 510. Cf. the pillars of Egyptian granite used in the building of the church at Tyre; also the several Egyptian sarcophagi found along the Phoenician coast. 4 5 51 Marc. Diac., c. 84. P.E.F.Q.S., 1875. St. George and the prophet 6 Elijah are frequently referred to under this name. P E F QS 9 1875. . ' Cf. infra. * P.E.F.Q.S., October, 1893. A market inspector, whose chief function was supervision of weights and measures. 1

3

150

INSCRIPTIONS 10

12 13 P.E.F.Q.S., 1875. " Ibid. Ibid. Arch. Researches, ii., 420 sqq. 16 " C. I. Gr., no. 5892. W. Kubitschek, Kalendarstudien, Jahreshefte 18 17 d. oesterrischischen Institutes in Wien, viii., p. 97. Op. cit. Arch. 18 Researches, ii., p. 430. Montgomery, The Samaritans, pp. 276, 277; R. B., 1906, p. 84.

151

CHAPTER XV ANTIQUITIES AT GAZA

As no systematic excavations have ever been conducted at Gaza, all the antiques which have come from the place have been surface finds. No doubt, many valuable ones have passed into the hands of the ignorant who either destroyed them or did not appreciate the importance of the knowledge to be gained from exact information as to the provenance of archaeological discoveries. Thus they have been absorbed into the great mass of undated, unlocalized Palestinian antiques. In 1660 Chevalier D'Arvieux and Pater Moronne, under the patronage of the local government, made the first attempt at a thorough exploration of the site of the old city, and the pasha conducted some excavations on the supposed site of the temple of Dagon. The general survey of western Palestine made by the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1871-75 and 187879 also included Gaza. The place was again visited and carefully examined by Clermont-Ganneau; and Gatt has done some good work here for the Deutscher Palestina Verein. The number of other scientific or quasi-scientific visitors to this site, as well as to other Palestinian localities, is too great for more than the merest mention. A site so well determined as this, in so promising a locality, where even surface finds have been more abundant than in most parts of Palestine, surely suggests itself as a desirable one for excavation. The most important find yet made at Gaza and in its neighborhood was the great statue discovered at Tell Ajjul, one and one-half hours south of Gaza, by the natives of the village on Sept. 6, 1879. The statue was buried in the deep sand on a hill some 50 m. high. I t lay on its left side, with its head to the southwest, its face toward the sea, and its lower extremity 152

ANTIQUITIES AT GAZA

to the northeast. I t was only cut to the hips. The back was a square block, no doubt to be attached to some building. A cloak was draped over the left shoulder. The plinth was roughly cut. The breast of the statue was very well preserved. The head and hair were less well preserved, the nose in particular being broken off. The forehead also was badly damaged; and the left arm was missing. I t may be that the arm was outstretched and broke off when the statue was thrown down: 1 there is little or no trace of it on the body. According to the observations of another investigator 2 the left arm was folded across the breast. The right arm is broken at the elbow; and most of the shoulder is hidden under the robe. The beard is long and full; and the hair falls in long locks to the shoulder. There is no inscription upon the statue. It is about 3.28 m. high, including the base upon which it stands. The base is 1 m. high, 90 cm. wide, and 70 cm. thick. Beneath the statue a mosaic floor was found, all trace of which has disappeared. The statue does not show very high-class artistic work. I t is decidedly not Assyrian in character, but most likely Greco-Roman. The material of which it is made is not marble, but "chalesi," stone from the old town of Elasa (Chalasa). I t is a yellow sandstone, hard, and of very fine grain. The statue is apparently seated. I t may have been sawn in two for the purpose of transportation, and buried in the sand to protect it from the Christians. I t was rescued from the natives, who had already begun to destroy it, by the missionary Shapira,3 and is now in the Imperial Museum at Constantinople. The reporter in the P.E.F.Q.S., 1882/ calls it the 5 "Gazsean Jupiter." S. Reinach identifies it with Zeus. G. A. Smith e mentions its likeness to the Greek Zeus, and thinks it is Marnas; so also Guthe.7 The Archceobgische Zeitschrift8 thinks it a statue of Serapis. I t is more than likely that its identification with Zeus-Marnas is correct. A bas-relief is also reported in the P.E.F.Q.S., 1898, April, of Byzantine workmanship, similar to those with which Choccius says his town and the other coast cities of Philistia were 153

HISTORY OF THE CITY OF GAZA

adorned. An investigator 9 reports the following finds: In Nasara, a full hour south of Gaza, a well-built cistern was destroyed whose stones were brought to Gaza. A mosaic was found there some years before, somewhat to the south; but it has been destroyed. The site where the Jupiter-Marnas statue was found was searched for dressed stones, but with no results. The east wall of Maioumas, 3 m. thick, is at present buried in the sand. Ten capitals are also to be seen there strewn along the coast. Guerin saw the south wall of the harbor, too; but it is now no longer visible. He also observed a number of pillars and capitals in the sea at this point. Just north of Sheikh 'Ajlun many dressed stones of good quality are found. Near the Bab el-Darum, by the quarantine station, is a Moslem cemetery. I t contains seven marble shafts, pillars from old buildings. The Arabic inscriptions in this cemetery are in some cases seven hundred years old. The race-course at Maidan el-Zaid is marked by four stones, one of which is inscribed. I t was built by the Saracens some seven hundred years ago. The goals were no doubt pillars removed from old Roman buildings. Clermont-Ganneau reports the following finds:10 — A white marble "chimera and griffin" bas-relief, with the rear portions of a deer and a doe thereon. A fish of dark green schist, 12 x 7 cm., which was no doubt a votive offering. Does this point to the practice of ichthyolatry at Gaza? A small figure of gold, in the Egyptian style, 2.5 cm. high, with an eye in the back for suspension. A small lion of gold, also in the Egyptian style, 2 cm. in length. There is a cartouche on the base which has been read " (A) men-Ra, the enneadian, god of the two lands." A plain sarcophagus of calcareous conglomerate, 1.05 m. X 40 cm. A bronze ape, about 6 cm. long, which may also be taken for a figure with human head. The feet are broken and the workmanship is very rude. 154

A N T I Q U I T I E S AT GAZA

Two figurines, suspensible. One is a winged Eros; the other, Artemis wearing a diadem. A bronze mirror, flat and round, about 15 cm. in diameter. The back is engraved with a series of concentric circles; and it is provided with movable handles. The discovery of a square weight of lead is reported,11 which weighs about 144 grammes and is inscribed thus: — LA I P A TOPANO M0 Y N T 0 $ A I K AI0 V This is read by Ganneau as follows: — (erows) AHE, ayopavofiovvroi

ALKMOV

" T h e year 164, Dikaios being agoranomos."

It was found at Khirbet Lakhiyah, which is probably Bait Lakhyah, just north of Gaza. The date, 164, is no doubt that of the era of Gaza, which began Oct. 28, 61 B.C., so that the weight dates from 103-104 A.D. For purposes of comparison, reference may be made to Waddington, Inscriptions, No. 1. 904, where the inscription KOXWVIas

To^iys

¿TTL

'HpwSou

ALOOLVTOV

( " o f the colony of Gaza, under Herodes Diophantes")

is found on a similar weight. On the back of this second weight is a Phoenician mem, the initial letter of the name of the local Gazsean deity, Marnas. The weight of this one is 178 grammes. On the new-found weight there are no symbols upon the back, only series of parallel lines crossing each other at acute angles. The Herodes weight has the letters IE or AE; but they are very indistinct. It may be of the year 15, or the year 35. It'is likely that the weights were dated according to the ephemeral era of Hadrian, which the emperor instituted at Gaza on the occasion of his visit in 130. There are several coins of this era. A few years later, a similar weight was dis155

HISTORY OF T H E CITY OF GAZA

covered in the vicinity of Gaza.12 This one is .093 m. x .089 m. x .0045 m., weighs 313.9 grammes, and is provided with a handle at the top. On the one side is the figure of a horseman and an inscription, and on the other a draped female figure holding a cornucopia in her left hand and a balance in her right. About the figure is the word A u c a i o a v v r j ("Justice"). I t may have been a model for coin artists. The influences of Alexandrian art are very pronounced. The female figure may be that of Isis, who was often adored under the name of Justice. The legend on the obverse reads as follows : —• CTOVÇ

Ç7R

yS ¿ÇafjLYjvov l-rri ' A.X.c£av8pov 'AÀiov ayopa.vofJ.ov.

" The year 86, the second semester, under Alexander Alphios as agoranome."

The year 86 A.G. would correspond to 25-26 A.D. ; but the character of the writing is later, and the style of the figurines also. If the era referred to be that of Hadrian, it would make the date 216, which would be too late, according to the testimony of the paleography and the art. Nor was the era of Hadrian of so long a duration. The question arises, is it possible that here is an object whose provenance is misleading; and that its real home is some other place from which it has been carried to the site where it was found? For example, if the object came from Askelon, where a new era was instituted in 104, the facts would fit in better. No definite conclusion can be reached on this point in view of present knowledge of the matter. 1

2 3 Z.D.P.V., vii., 188,4, pp. 1-14. Ibid., ii., p. 185. Shapira's connection with the finding of the statue tended at first to discredit the authenticity of the find because of his previous share in the famous Moabite forgeries. But nothing has ever been advanced to show that this statue 4 6 shares the character of his other discoveries. p. 147. Catal. du 0 Musée Imp. d'antiquités, p. 11, no. 27. Op. cit., p. 188. ''Z.D.P.V., 8 8 10 ii., p. 185. 1879, p. 198. Z.D.P.V., vii. (1884), pp., 1-14. Re12 searches, vol. ii., pp. 430 sqq. " P.E.F.Q.S., October, 1893. Comptes Rendus, xxvi., p. 606.

156

CHAPTER

XVI

COINS

THE earliest coin a t t r i b u t e d to Gaza is the so-called Jehovah coin of the British Museum. 1 On the obverse appears a head with a helmet ; on the reverse, a figure seated in a chariot, with a bird in his h a n d . Above the figure, in Phoenician characters, are the three letters (l!T) ( Y H W ) . A bearded head, wearing a mask, is also to be found on the reverse. N e x t in age are a n u m b e r of coins of foreign powers, adapted to the needs of the city. I n particular, a n u m b e r of Athenian coins are found so a d a p t e d ; e.g. No. 12 (mentioned b y Six, " O b s e r v a t i o n s sur les Monnaies Phéniciennes," in the " N u m i s matic Chronicle," new series, xvii., 1877) is a copy of a tetradrachm of Athens. No. 21 is a t e t r a d r a c h m of A t h e n s 2 with an inscription, 3 which is conjecturally read ¡TO ~\bf2 ("king of G a z a " ) . Nos. 1 - 8 , with the double-headed decoration, are also to be a t t r i b u t e d to Gaza, despite their Greek dress ; 4 and No. 29 writes the Semitic for Gaza in Greek order, thus 2H. 5 A curious passage from Berosus 6 is cited which receives new meaning f r o m the figures on these coins. I t reads as follows : — 'AvOpunrovs yevvrjdrjval, crû/xa /J.f.v l^ovras «V ke? t€ Kopvcjxua Kal 8vo PER' airrjv . . . irapa Ta^aiots TOV Aio's.

" The sign of Zeus among the Gazseans is one straight line and three strokes after this, and it is the chief and two after it." The word MEINQ is also found on some of the coins, and refers to Minoa, the legendary name of Gaza, as reported by Stephen of Byzantium, with reference to its foundation by Minos of Crete. As Stark 11 points out, this name may be derived from the Minse158

COINS

ans who, coming out of Arabia, established themselves here, and made Gaza the headquarters of their incense trade. The legend as reported is no doubt a late attempt to identify early Greek culture with this newly Hellenized region, and grew up out of the accidental likeness of the ethnic name and the name of the hero. Similarly, the name EIQ appears on some of the coins. Stephen of Byzantium also reports a legend identifying Io with the early history of the city. He also states that the sea between Gaza and the Delta was known as the Ionian Sea; and on some of the coins a cow appears, which, as is well known, was associated with Io legends, and became her symbol. Interesting, too, is the repeated occurrence of the words IEP. A3Y. on several coins. An interesting passage from the Gordianus inscription,12 which reads as follows, explains these abbreviations: — •¡I N-OXIS

RF TS>V TA^AIWV

itpa

KO.1 A