Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois: Lee County

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698 Other Early Settlers 698 The Simms Tavern 699 Ogee and LeClaire Reservations .... 699 William Rogers first Postmaster. 699 "Underground Railroad" Station... 699 Four-Mile Grove Settlement 699 Paw Paw Grove an Lnportant Center 700 Horse-thieves and Counterfeiters' Resort 700 .

Paw Paw 695 695 695 695 695 695

.

.

\'illage

701 701

Village Schools

Newspapers Churches Banks Water System East and Snuth

Paw Paw

702 702-703 703 703 \illages. 704 .

Citizens of Lee Abell, Jabez Abell. John

74y 749 757 /^j 715

M

Adrian, Harry Adrian, John Alexander, PhiHp Althaus, John Anderson, Erastus

M

j~,~ j^'.j

Anderson. John \\' Andrus, Leonard Angier, Ambrose X Argraves, Lawrence Argraves, Linn C Argraves, Samuel (J Arnould, Mncent C Aschenbrenner, Andrew Aschenbrenner, Reinhart Avery, Wilbur ^l Ayres. Jason C Badger, Chester Badger, Warren Banks, John Bardwell, Abalino C Barge, William Barlow, Augustus

W

H

W

Barth. George J Bartlett, Prescott

Baum, William Baurne. Lemuel Beitel,

D

761 761

W

Bowers, C. \\' Bradshaw. Aid Brechon. Gustave Briggs, Briggs,

I

II. .

().

S

724 j(\t,

751;

755 761

7^4 -6^^

P

A

Luther

E

James

Carnahan, Andrew Carnahan, Hiram Caruth, Alexander

J

Caruth, Thomas A Case, Francis j\I Case, Frank Case, John Chadwick, Charles ^\' Chaffee, Fernando

W

A

H

Chaft'ee, \\'ilbur

T

Charters, James B Chase, Albion P Chase, Everett E

731

Cheney, Person Cheney, Mrs. Person Childs,

Frank

L

Christeance, George Clapp, John L Clark, Daniel S Clink, Alpheus

j;^/

J^J 756 769

W

'/22

765 768 7^7 739 713 708 767 766 715

H

Cobb, Henry

B

Cortright, Nathan A Cotton. Elmer Crabtree, John D Crawford. Albert Crawford, Calvin B

W

Crawford, Joseph Crawford, Joseph Crawford. ^lilton Crawford. Samuel Crawford, Wilson Cumins, Theron Daehler, William Dement, Henry D Dement. John Detrick, Martin

D A

7^17

755 766 766 711 771

770 770 771

7(19

1

Dixon, Sherwood Dodge, Orris B Douglass, John B

H

jfv-,

7(11 jt'12

73

Burns Brothers

764 764

Owen E

Cahill,

760 764 762

Burnett, Alfred

Burns,

764 760 767 767 768 767 767 767 768 768 768 709 766 766 714 /2^

/2t,

W

Brucker, William Bryant, Frank I'

Thomas E

772 748

C

Brown, George ^^^ Brown, Thomas

y^2 746 760 740 764

iurns,

llurright, Perrv A Cady," William ^^

Dinges. Peter Dixon. Frank F Dixon. Father John Dixon, Henry S

W

Brookner, Henry Brown, Clark S

Biu^ket,

758 708 762 762 763 710 759 746 738 759 762 764

Berry, Ezra Berry, Wilson S Bethea, \\'illiam Bieber, Paul Bliss, A'olney Boardman. Isaac S Bodine, Albert Z Bothe, Henrv

Bremmer,

741

~;^2

T

C.

754 714 730 758 758 758 758 742

1

Countv

r

7(iQ

'.

724 771 772

M

Durin, James Durin, Lewis G Durr, Henrv 1 Dyer, ^Irs.'^lary Dysart, Edward E Dysart, Ernest E

7of:)

772 771

E

770 770 769

LEE COUNTY INDEX. Dysart, Dysart, Dysart, Dysart, Dysart,

W

Harry John Samuel

770 744 "jzz

William C Wilson Eden, Martin P

Edmonds, Isaac Edwards, Isaac Edwards, William Eells, Samviel

J

C

Emmert, Frank G Emmert, Henry Emmert, Liirten S Emmert, Zachariah Erbes, Philip Ericsson, John Eustace, John A' Everett, Oliver Ewald, Charles Faber, Christian Faber, George Faber, William

774 j-jt,

C

778 77S

C

Fauble, Philip G Felker, John B Fischer, David J Fischer, Henry Fitzsimons, Edward Fleming, Peter Foley, Michael

L William E

Fordham, Harry

Franklin, Frantz, Benjamin Freese, Anton F Frost, S. Donald Frost, William S Fry, Josiah

F

Fuestman, Godfrey

Giampion

Gaertner, Ferdinand Gaffaney, Michael Gantz, Samuel Garland, John J

M


', Andrew, pioneer and early legislator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver Creek, in St. Clair County, 111., four miles south of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and subsequently removed to Washington County. He was a Colonel of "Rangers" during the War of 1813, and a Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1833. In 1833 he was elected to tlie State Senate from Washington Coimty, serving four years, and at the session of 1833-33 was one of those who voted of the

President, and, in 1868,

tlement.

By

1890 the

number

35 of Associations

had grown to forty, with 1010 churches 891 ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theological Seminary was for some time supported at Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the University of Chicago, becoming the divinity school of that institution. The chief organ of the denomination in Illinois is "The Standard." published at Chicago.

B.VEBER, Hiram, was born in Warren County, N. Y., March 34, 1835. At 11 years of age he accompanied his family to Wisconsin, of which State he was a resident until 1806. After graduating at the State University of Wisconsin, at Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law School, and was admitted to practice. After serving one term as District Attorney of his comity in Wisconsin (1861-63), and Assistant Attorney-General of the State for 1805-66, in the latter year he came to Chicago and, in 1878, was elected to Congress by the Republicans of the old Second Illinois District. His home is in Chicago, where he holds the position of Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County. BARDOl.PH, a village of McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 7 miles northeast of Jlacomb; has a local paper.

Population

(1880), 409; (1890), 447; (1900), 387.

BaRNSBACK, was

Georc;e Frederick Julius, pioGermany, July 25, 1781 came

against the Convention resolution which had for He subits object to make Illinois a slave State.

neer,

sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in 1S53, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin. BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to settle in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who located at New Design, in 1787. He was followed, about 1790-97, by Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist church within the limits of the State. Five churches, having four ministers and 111 memSeveral bers, formed an association in 1807. causes, among them a difference of views on the slavery question, resulted in the division of the denomination into factions. Of these perhaps

tucky, where he became an overseer; two or three years later visited his native country, suffering shipwreck en route in the English Channel

the most numerous was

tlie

ary) Baptists, at the head of

Regular

(or Jlission-

which was Rev. John

M. Peck, a resident of tlie State from 1833 until his death (1858). By 1835 tlie sect had grown, until it had some 350 churclies, with about 7,500 members. These were under the ecclesiastical care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isaac McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionary, preached at Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1835, and, eight years later. Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first Baptist society iu what was then an infant set-

l)Orn in

;

to Pliiladelphia in 1797,

and soon after to Ken-

returned to Kentucky in 1803, remaining until 1809,

when he removed

to wiiat

is

now Madison

(then a part of St. Clair) County, 111. served in the War of 1813, farmed and raised stock imtil ;

when, after a second visit to Germany, he bought a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo. Subsequently becoming disgusted with slavery, he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois, locating on a farm near Edwardsville, where he resided until his death in 1809. Mr. Barnsback served as Representative in the Fourteenth General Assembly (1844-40) and, after '•eturning from Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor of Madison County. Julius A. (Barnsback), his son, was born in St. Francois County, Mo., May 14, 1836; in 1846 became a merchant at Troy, Madison County was elected Sheriff in 1800 in 1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volunteers (100-days' men); also served as a member or the Twenty-fom-th General Assembly (1865). 1824,

—

;

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

36

BARJi'UM, WilUam H., lawyer and ex-Judge, was born in Onondaga County, N. Y.. Feb. 13, When he was but two years old his family 1840. removed to St. Clair County, 111. where he passed His preliminary educahis boyhood and youth. tion was obtained at Belleville, 111., Ypsilanti, Mich., and at the Michigan State University at ,

World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lecturer on Comparative Religions, under lectureships

in connection

with

tlie

dowed by Mrs. Caroline

University of Chicago enE. Haskell.

One

of these,

established in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated a series of lectures in India, to be delivered on

Ann Arbor. After leaving the institution last at the end of the sophomore year, he taught school at Belleville, still pursuing his classical studies. In 1862 he was admitted to the bar at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an otHce at Chester, where, for a time, he held the office of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago in 1807, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench

alternate years with a similar course at the Uni-

of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expiration of his term he resumed private practice.

November, 1896, ending with his return to the United States by way of San Francisco in May, 1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere, the tour embracing visits to the principal cities of Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India during the winter of 1896-97. After his return to the United States he lectured at the University of Chicago and in many of the principal cities of the country, on the moral and religious condition

named

BARRERE,

Granville,

was born

in

Highland

Ohio. After attending the common he acquired a higher education at Auand Marietta, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar in his native State, but began the pracIn tice of law in Fulton County, III, in 1856. 18T3 he received the Republican nomination for Congress and was elected, representing his district from 1873 to 1875, at the conclusion of his term retiring to private life. Died at Canton,

County,

schools,

gusta, Ky.

111.,

Jan.

,

13, 1889.

BARRIXGTON,

a village located on the northern border of Cook County, and partly in Lake, at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway, 33 miles northwest of Chicago. It has banks, a local paper, and several cheese factories, being in a dairying district. Population (1890), 848; (1900), 1,162. BARROWS, John Henry, D. D., clergyman and educator, was born at Medina, Mich., July 11, 1847; graduated at Mount Olivet College in 1807, and studied theology at Yale, Union and Andover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas, where he spent two and a half years in missionarj' and educational work. He then (in 1872) accepted a call to the First Congregational

Church

111., where he remained a which he gave a year to foreign travel, Egypt and Palestine, during a the time supplying the American chapel

at Springfield,

versity.

of the foreign lectureship. Dr.

Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered the Presidency of Oberlin College, Ohio, which he accepted, entering upon his duties early in of

1899.

BARRY, a city in Pike County, founded in 1836, on the Wabash Railroad, 18 miles east of Hannibal, Mo., and 30 miles southeast of Quincy. The surrounding country is agricultural. The city contains flouring mills, porkpacking and poultry establishments, etc. It has two local papers, two banks, three churches and a high Populaschool, besides scliools of lower grade. tion (1880), 1,393; (1890), 1,354; (1900), 1,643.

BARTLETT, Adolphus Clay, merchant, was born of Revolutionary ancestry at Stratford, Fulton County, N. Y., June 23, 1844; was educated in the common schools and at Danville Academy and Clinton Liberal of the

world-wide celebrity by his services as Chairman of the "Parliament of Religions," a branch of the "World's Congress Auxiliary," held during the

Institute, N. Y., and,

coming

Chicago in 1863, entered into the employment hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co., now Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which, a few years later, he became a partner, and later to

On his return to the United States he spent six j'ears in pastoral work at Lawrence and East Boston, Mass., when (in November, 1881) he assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a

it

of

visiting Europe,

in Paris.

Barrows found

necessary to resign his pastorate, which he did in the spring of 1896. After spending the summer in Germany, the regular itinerary of the romidthe-world tour began at London in the latter part

year, after

part of

Courses were delivered at the University

in 1895-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes

Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett has also been a Trustee of Beloit College, President of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and the Metropolitan National Bank, besides being identified with various other business and benevolent associations.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BASCOM,

(Rev.) Flavel, D. D., clergyman, was born at Lebanon, Conn., June S, 180-1; spent liis boyhood on a farm until 17 years of age, mean-

tional advantages,

while attending the common schools; prepared imder a private tutor, and, in 1824, entered Yale College, graduating in 1828. After a year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan, Conn., he entered upon the study of theology at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for the next two years, served as a tutor in the literary department of the college. Then coming to Illinois (1833), he cast his lot with the "Yale Band," organized at Yale College a few years previous spent five years in missionary work in Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illinois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society,

position four years (1847-51).

for college

;

exploring new settlements, founding churches and introducing missionaries to new fields of In 1839 he became pastor of the First labor. Presbjrterian Church of Chicago, remaining until 1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First Presbyterian Chm-ch at Galesburg, this relation continuing imtil 18.56. Then, after a year's service as the Agent of the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church, he accepted a call to the Congregational Church at Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when he took charge of the Congregational Church at

Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a considerable period as a member of the Executive Committee of the Illinois Home Missionary Society;

was also prominent in educational work, being one of the founders and, for over twenty-five years, an officer of the Chicago Theological Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College, Wis., from which he received the degree of D. D. Dr.

in 1869.

August

8,

Bascom

died at

Princeton,

111

,

1890.

BATAYIA, a

city in

Kane County, on Fox

River and branch lines of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Raih-oads, 3.5 miles we.st of Chicago; has water power and several prosperous manufacturing establishments employing over 1,000 operatives. The city has fine water-works supplied from an artesian well,

electric

lighting

plant,

electric

street car lines with interurban connections,

weekly schools,

papers,

eight

and private hospital

Population

two

two

public

for in.sane

women.

churches,

(1900), 3,871; (1903, est.), 4.400.

BATEMAIV, Newton, A. M., LL.D., educator and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois," was born at Fairfield, N. J., July 27, 1G22. of mixed English and Scotch an-

cestry

;

was brought by

his parents to Illinois in

youth enjoyed only limited educabut graduated from Illinois College at Jacksonville in 1843, supporting himself during his college coiu-se wholly by his own labor. Having contemplated entering the Christian ministr}', he spent the following year at Lane Theological Seminary, but was compelled to withdraw on accoimt of failing health, when he gave a year to travel. He then entered upon his life-work as a teacher by engaging as Principal of an English and Classical School in St. Louis, remaining tliere two years, when he accepted the Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col1833; in his

lege,

at St.

sonville,

111.,

Charles,

Mo.,

continuing in that Returning to Jackhe assiuned the

in the latter year,

main public school of that Here he remained seven years, during four duties of County Superintendent of Schools for Morgan County. In the fall of 18.57 he became Principal of Jacksonville Female Academy, but the following year was principalship of the city.

of

them discharging the

elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc-

having been nominated for the office by the Republican State Convention of 1858, which put Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he continued in this office fourteen years, serving continuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years tion,

(1863-65), as the result of his defeat for re-election

He was also endorsed for the same office by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but was not formally nominated by a State Convention. During his incumbency the Illinois common school system was developed and brought to the state of efiiciency which it has so well maintained. He also prepared some seven volmnes of biennial reports, portions of which have been in 1862.

republished in five different languages of Em-ope, hesides a volume of "Common School Decisions," originally published by authority of the General

Assembly, and of which several editions have since been issued. This volume has been recognized by the com-ts, and is still regarded as authoritative on the subjects to which it relates. In addition to his official duties during a part of this period, for three years he served as editor of "The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a committee of three which prepared the bill adopted by Congress creating the National Bureau of Education. Occupying a room in the old State Capitol at Springfield adjoining that used as an by Abraham Lincoln during the first candidacy of the latter for the Presidency, in 1860, a

office

—

—

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

38

pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time, and of which he gave evidence by his lectures full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent appreciation of the high character of the "Martyr President." A few months after his retirement

the deepest interest from the time of his assumpAt the tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. time of his death he had tlie satisfaction of knowing that his work in tliis field was practically complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice married, first in 1850 to Miss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville, who died in 1857, and a second time in October, 1859, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massachusetts (but for some time a teacher in Jacksonville

from the State Superintendency

Female Academy), who

up between tlie two men, which enabled the "School-master," as Mr. Lin-

close intimacy sprang

coln plajfuUy called the Doctor, to acquire an insight into the character of the future emanci-

(1875), Dr. Bate-

man was offered and accepted the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1893, when he

voluntarily tendered

his

resignation.

This, after having been repeatedly urged

upon

May

died.

28,

1878.

Rush (Bateman), a son

of Dr. Bateman was born at Jacksonville, March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and later from the law department of Columbia ColClifford

by

his first marriage,

New

the Board, was finally accepted but that body immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed him President Emeritus and Professor of Mental and Moral Science, imder which he continued to discharge his duties as a special lecturer as his health enabled him to do so. During his incumbency as President of Knox College, he twice received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State University and the Chancellorship of two other important State institutions. He also served, by

lege,

appointment of successive Governors between 18T7 and 1891, as a member of the State Board of Health, for four years of this period being Presi-

Arbor, Mich., Dec. 22, 1838; published her first book in 1868; the next year married Morgan

dent of the Board.

juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems, some of the most popular among the latter being

;

In February, 1878, Dr. Bate-

man, imexpeotedly and without solicitation on his part, received from President Hayes an appointment as "Assay Commissioner" to examine and test the fineness and weight of United States coins, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress of June 22, 1874, and discharged the duties assigned at the mint in Philadelphia. Never of a very strong physique, which was rather weakened by his privations while a student and his many years of close confinement to mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr. Bateman suffered much from a chest trouble which finallj' developed into "angina pectoris," or heart disease, from which, as the result of a most painful attack, he died at his home in Galesburg, Oct. 21, 1897, The event produced the most profound sorrow, not only among his associates in the Faculty and among the students of

Knox

College, but a large number of friends throughout the State, who had known him officially or personally, and had learned to admire

many

noble and beautiful traits of character. His fvmeral, which occurred at Galesburg on Oct. 25, called out an immense concourse of sorrowing friends. Almost the last labors performed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of matter for this volume, in which he manifested

his

York,

afterwards

prosecuting

his

and Paris, finally becoming Professor of Administrative Law and Government in Columbia College a position especially created for him. He had filled this studies at Berlin. Heidelberg

—

position a little over one year

when

which was one

— was cut short by

of great promise

his career

Three daughters of Dr. Bateman survive all the wives of clergymen. P. S. BATES, Clara Doty, author, was born at Ann death, Feb.

6,

1883.

—

Bates,

much

a Chicago publisher; wrote

for

"Blind Jakey" (1868) and "JEsop's Fables" in verse (1873). She was the collector of a model library for children, for the World's Columbian Exposition, 1893.

Died in Chicago, Oct.

BATES, Erastus Newton, Treasurer,

was born

soldier

14, 1895.

and State

at Plainfield, Mass., Feb. 29,

being descended from Pilgrims of the May"When 8 years of age he was brought by where the latter soon afterward died. For several years he lived with an uncle, preparing himself for college and earning money by teaching and manual labor. He graduated from Williams College, Mass., in 1853, and commenced the study of law in New York City, but later removed to Minnesota, where he served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1856 and was elected to the State Senate in 1857. In 1839 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com1828,

flower.

his father to Ohio,

menced practice there

in AugiLst, 1862

;

was com-

missioned Major of the Eightieth Illinois Volunteers, being successively promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen months he was a prisoner of war, escaping from Libby Prison only to be recaptured and later expo.sed to the fire of the Union batteries at Mor-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In 1866 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office under the new Constitution of 1870, and serving Died at Minneapolis, until January, 1873. Minn., May 39, 1898, and was buried at Springris

Island, Charleston harbor.

field.

BATES, George C, lawyer and politician, was born in Canandaigua, N. Y., and removed to Michigan in 1834; in 1849 was appointed United States District Attorney for that State, but removed to California in 1850, where he became a member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee" at

San Francisco, and, in

1856, delivered the first

Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving two years, in 1878 removing to Denver, Colo., where he died, Feb. 11. 1886. Mr. Bates was an orator of much reputation, and was selected to express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas, after the detection and defeat of the Camp Douglas conspiracy in November, 1864 a duty which he performed in an address of great eloquence. At an early day he married the widow of Dr. Alexander Wolcott, for a number of years previous to 1830 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white

—

settler of Chicago.

BATH,

a village of

Mason County, on the"

Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway, 8 miles south of Havana. Population (1880), 439; (1890), 384; (1900), 830.

BAYLIS, a corporate

village of Pike County,

line of the Wabash Railway, 40 miles southeast of Quincy; lias one newspaper. Popu-

on the main

BATLISS,

Alfred, Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born about 1846. served as a private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last

two years

of the Civil War, and graduated from in 1870, supporting himself during his college course by work upon a farm and teaching. After serving three j-ears as County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange County, Ind., in 1874 he came to Illinois and entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the northern part of the State. He served for some time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of Sterling, afterwards becoming Principal of the Township High School at Streator, wliere he was, in 1898, when he received the nomination for the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruc-

Hillsdale College (Mich.),

tion, to

which he was elected

111., was born in Granville, Count}', N. Y., in 1795, taken to Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and. in 1818, removed to IlUnois, living for a time about Edwardsville and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of the present city of Beardstown, and later established there the first ferry across the Illinois River. In 1827, in conjunction with Enoch March of Morgan County, he entered the land on

city of Beardstown,

Washington

which Beardstown was platted in Beardstown, in November, 1849.

in

November follow-

1829.

Died, at

BEARDSTOWN,

a city in Cass County, on the Illinois River, being the intersecting point for

the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways, and the northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111 miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of Peoria. Thomas Beard, for whom the town was named, settled here about 1820 and soon after-

wards established the first ferry across the IlliIn 1827 the land was patented by Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted, and, during the Black Hawk War of 1832, it nois River.

became a principal base of supplies for the Illinois volunteers. The cityhas six churches and three schools (including a high school), two banks and two daily newspapers. Several branches of

—

manufacturing are carried on here flouring and mills, cooperage works, an axe-handle fac-

saw

two stave factories, one shoe factory, large machine shops, and others The river is spanned here by of less importance. a fine railroad bridge, costing some $300,000. tory,

two button

Population

factories,

(1890), 4,226; (1900), 4,837.

BEAUBIEN, Jean

lation (1890), 368; (1900), 340.

30

ing by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of nearly 70,000 votes. BEARD, Thomas, pioneer and founder of the

manent

Baptiste, the second per-

site of Chicago, was bora became clerk of a fur-trader on Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for his first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at MiS waukee, which he maintained until 1818. Ho

settler

on the

at Detroit in 1780,

visited Chicago as early as 1804, bought a cabin there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre of 1812, married the daughter of Francis La Framboise, a French trader, and, in 1818, becama' agent of the American Fur Company, having charge of trading posts at Slackinaw and elsewhere. After 1823 he occupied the building known as "the factory," just outside of Fort Dear« born, which had belonged to the Government, but removed to a farm on the Des Plaines in 1840. Out of the ownership of this building grew his claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five

—

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn reservation. The claim was allowed by the Land

and sustained by the State courts, but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the Office officials

litigation. An attempt to revive this claim in Congress in but it was reported upon adversely by a Senate Committee of which the late Senator Thomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien was evidently a man of no little prominence in his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens to tlie Black Hawk War in 1833, was appointed by the Governor the first Colonel of 5Iilitia for Cook County, and, in 1850, was commissioned Brigadier-General. In 18,58 he removed to Nashville, Tenn., and died there, Jan. 5, 1863.— Mark (Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien, was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in 1820, and bought a log house of James Kinzie, in which he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he erected the first frame building in Chicago, which was known as the "Sauganash," and in which he kept a hotel until 1834. He also engaged in merchandising, but was not successful, ran the first ferry across the South Branch of the Chicago River, and served for many years as lighthouse keeper at Chicago. About 1834 the Indians transferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on the Calumet, for which, some forty years afterwards, he received a patent which had been signed by Martin Van Buren he having previously been ignorant of its existence. He was married twice and had a family of twenty-two children. Died, at Kankakee, 111., April 16, 1881. Madore B. (Beaubien), the second son of General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born on Grand River in Michigan, July 15, 1809, joined his father in Chicago, was educated in a Baptist Mission School where Niles, Mich., now stands; was licensed as a merchant in Chicago in 1831, but failed as a business man; served as Second Lieutenant of the Naperville Company in the Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant of a Chicago Company. His first wife was a white woman, from whom he separated, afterwards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illinois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at Council Bluffs and. later, in Kansas, being for many years the official interpreter of the tribe and, for some time, one of six Commissioners employed by the Indians to look after their affairs with the United States Government. Alexander (Beaubien), son of General Beaubien by his white wife, was born in one of the buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28,

United States after long

was made 18TS.

—

—

In 1840 he accompanied his father to hii farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago and for years past has been employed on the Chicago police force. BEBB, William, Governor of Ohio, was born in Hamilton County in that State in 1802 taught school at North Bend, the home of William Henry Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48; later led a 1822.

in 1863,

;

Welsh colony

to Tennessee, but left at the outbreak of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago County, 111., where he had purchased a large body of land. He was a man of uncompromising loyalty and high principle; served as Examiner of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln and, in 1868, took a prominent part in the campaign which resulted in Grant's first election to the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 33, 1873. A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon. John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and, during the World's Columbian Exposition, Director-in-Chief of the IlUnois Board of World's

Fair Commissioners. BECKER, Charles St. N., ex State Treasurer,

was born

in

Germany. June 14, 1840, and brought by his parents at the age of 11

to this cormtry

years, the family settling in St. Clair County,

111.

Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea Ridge, was so severely wounded that it was fovmd necessary to amputate one of his legs. In 1866 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County, and, from 1873 to 1880, he served as clerk of the He also served several St. Clair Circuit Court. terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888 he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican ticket, serving from Jan. 14, 1889, to Jan. 12, 1891.

BECKWITH, Corydon, lawyer and jurist, was born in Vermont in 1823, and educated at Providence, R. I., and Wrentham, Mass. He read law and was admitted to the bar in St. Albans, Vt., where he practiced for two years. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months of the unexpired term of Judge Caton, who had On retiring from the bench he reresigned. sumed pri\ate practice. Died, August 18, 1890. BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and author,

was born

at Danville.

111.,

March

5,

1833.

Mr. Beckwith's father, Dan W. Beckwith, a pioneer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the founders of the city of Danville, was a native of

Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789,

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. his mother being, in her girlhood, Hannah York, one of tlie survivors of the famous Wyoming massacre of 1778. In 1817, the senior Beckwith. in company with his brother George, descended tlie Ohio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash

where Terre Haute now stands, but finally what is now a part of Edgar County, A year later he removed to the vicinity of the present site of the city of Danville. Having to

locating in

111.

emploj^ed for a time in a surveyor's he finally became a survej^or himself, and, on the organization of Vermilion County, served for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of the Governor, and was also employed by the General Government in surveying lands in the eastern part of the State, some of the Indian reservations in that section of the State being In connection with Guy W. set oft by him. Smith, then Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Palestine, 111., he donated the ground on which the county-seat of VermiHon County was located, and it took the name of Danville from his first name "Dan." In 1830 he

been

corps,

—

was

elected Representative in the State Legislature for the District composed of Clark, Edgar, and Vermilion Counties, then including all that section of the State between Crawford County and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835. Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left fatherless at less than three years of age, received only such education as was afforded in the common scliools of that period. Nevertheless, lie began the study of law in the Danville office of Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice in 1854, about the time of reaching his majority. He continued in their office and, on the removal of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859, he succeeded to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr. Lamon who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the District of Columbia was distantly related to Mr. Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of the latter. While engaged in the practice of his profession, Mr. Beckwith has been over thirty years a zealous collector of records and other material bearing upon the early history of Illinois and the Northwest, and is probably now the owner of one of the most complete and valuable

—

—

collections of

Americana

in .Illinois.

He

is

also

author of several monographs on historic themes, including "The Winnebago War, " "The Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic Notes of the Northwest," published in the "Fergus Series," be.sides having edited an edition of "Reynolds' History of Illinois" (pubhshed by the tlie

same

firm), which he has enriched by the addition During 1895-96 he contributed a series of valuable articles to "The Chicago Tribune" on various features of early Illinois and Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by Governor Fifer a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, serving until the expiration of his term in 1894, and was re-appointed to the same position by Governor Tanner in 1897, in each case being chosen President of the Board. BEECHER, Charles A,, attorney and railway solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 27, 1839, but, in 1836, removed with his family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years. Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, in 1854 he removed to Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County. and began the study of law in the office of his brother, Edwin Beecher, being admitted to practice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the organization of the Illinois Southeastern Railroad projected from Shawneetown to Edgewood on tlie Illinois Central in Effingham County. This enterprise was consolidated, a year or two later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern, under which name it was constructed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This line which Mr. Beecher served for some time as Vice-President now constitutes the Beardstown & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illinois Southeastern Company having fallen into financial difficulty in 1873, Mr. Beecher was appointed receiver of the road, and, for a time, had control of its operation as agent for the bondholders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio), when Mr. Beecher became General Counsel of tlie controlling corporation,

of valuable notes.

—

—

so remaining until 1888.

Since that date he has been one of the assistant counsel of the Baltimore & Ohio sy.stem. His present home is in Cincinnati, although for over a quarter of a century he has been prominently identified witli one of the most important railway enterprises in Southern Illinois. In politics Mr, Beecher has always been a Republican, and was one of the few in Wayne County wlio voted for Fremont in 1856, and for Lincoln in 1860. He was also a member of the Republican State Central Committee of Illinois from 1860 for a period of ten or twelve years.

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. D. D., clergyman anJ was born at East Hampton, L. I.. August 27, 1803— the son of Rev. Lyman Beecher and the elder brother of Henry Ward graduated

BEECHER, Ednard,

educator,

;

at Yale College in 1823, taught for over a year at Hartford, Conn., studied theology, and after a

service as tutor in Yale College, in 1826 was ordained pastor of the Park Street In 1830 Congregational Church in Boston. he became President of Illinois College at

year's

Jacksonville,

resigned pastor

of

remaining until

1844,

when

lis

and returned to Boston, serving as the Salem Street Church in that

18.')(>. also acting as senior editor of In 1856 for four years. returned to Illinois as pastor of the First Congregational Church at Galesburg, continuing until 18T1, when he removed to Brooklyn, where lie resided without pastoral charge, e.xcept 188589, when he was pastor of tlie Parkville Congre-

city until

"The Congregationalist"

lie

Episcopal preacher, was born in Buckingham County, Va., March 30, 1801. His father, who was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentucky in 1805, but remained there only two years, when he removed to Clark County, Ind. The son enjoyed but poor educational advantages here, obtaining his education chiefly by liis own efforts in what he called "Brush College." At the age of 21 lie entered the ministry of the Jlethodist Episcopal Church, during the next ten years traveling different circuits in Indiana. In 1831 he was appointed to Chicago, but the Black Hawk War coming on immediately thereafter, he retired to Plainfield. Later he traveled various circuits in Illinois, until 1868, when he was superannuated, occupying his time thereafter in writing reminiscences of his early history. A volume of this character published by him, was entitled "Pages from the Early History of the West and North-

He

%vest."

died at Plainfield,

111.,

Sept.

9,

1895,

gational Church.

While President of Illinois was exposed to mucli hostile criticism on account of his outspoken opposition to slavery, as shown by his participa-

in the 9.5th year of his age.

College, that institution

BEIDLER, Henry, early settler, was born of German extraction in Bucks County, Pa., Nov.

first Illinois State AntiSlavery Society and his eloquent denunciation of the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his brotlier Henry Ward, he was probably the most powerful orator belonging to that gifted family, and, in connection with his able associates in the faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give that institution a wide reputation as a nursery of independent thought. Up to a short time

Springfield,

tion in founding the

before his death, he was a prolific writer, his productions (besides editorials, reviews and conon a variety of subjects) including nme or ten volumes, of which the most important are: "Statement of Anti-Slavery Principles and Address to the People of Illinois'" (1837); "A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the Alton Riots" (1838); "The Concord of -\ges"

tributions

"The Conflict Conspiracy Exposed" (18.53);

of

(18.54);

"Papal

besides a

number

Ages"

(1854),

of others invariably on religious or anti -slavery

Died in Brooklyn, July 28, 1895. topics. BEECHER, WilUam H., clergj-man oldest son of Rev. Lyman Beecher and brother of Edward and Henry Ward was born at East

—

—

Hampton, N. Y., educated at home and at .\ndover, became a Congregationalist clergyman, occupying pulpits at Newport, R. I., Batavia, N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio; came to Chicago in his later years, dying at the home of his daughters in that city, June 23, 1889. BEGGS, (Rev.) Stephen R.. pioneer Methodist

27, 1812

;

came

to Illinois in 1843, settling first at

where he carried on the grocery

business for five years, then removed to Chicago and engaged in tlie lumber trade in connection

with a brother, afterwards carrying on a large lumber manufacturing business at JIuskegon, Mich., which proved very profitable. In 1871 Mr. Beidler retired from the lumber trade, investing largely in west side real estate in the city of Chicago, which appreciated rapidly in value, making him one of the most wealthy real estate owners in Chicago. Died, March 10, 1893.— Jacob

was born in Bucks County, Penn., in 1815; came west in 1842, first began working as a carpenter, but later engaged in the grocery business with his brother at Springfield, 111. in 1844 removed to Chicago, where he was joined by his brother four years later, when they engaged largely in the lumber trade. Mr. Beidler retired from business (Beidler), brother of the preceding,

;

in 1891, devoting his attention to large real estate investments. He was a liberal contributor to religious, educational

and benevolent

Died in Chicago, March

institutions.

15, 1898.

Holmes, educator, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 17, 1837; was educated at an Iowa College, and for a time was tutor in the same; during the War of the Rebellion served in the army of tlie Cumberland, first as Lieutenant and afterwards as Adjutant of the Eighth Iowa Cavalry, still later being upon the staff of Gen. E. M. McCook, and taking part in the

BELFIELD, Henry

a

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Nashville campaigns. While a prisoner in the hands of the rebels he was placed under fire of the Union batteries at Charleston. Coming to Chicago in 1866, he served as Principal in various public schools, including the North Division High School. He was one of the earliest advocates of manual training, and, on the establishment of the Chicago Manual Training School in 1884, was appointed its Director position which he has continued to occupy. During 1891-93 he made a trip to Europe by appointment of the Government, to investigate the school sj'stems in European countries. BELK\.4P, Hugh Reid, ex-Memberof Congress, was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Sept. 1, 1860. being the son of W. W. Belknap, for some time Secretary of War under President Grant. After Atlanta

—

attending the public schools of his native city, he took a course at Adams Academy, Quincy, Mass., and at Phillips Academy, Andover, wlien he entered the service of the Baltimore & Ohio Ptailroad, where he remained twelve years in various departments, finally becoming Chief Clerk of the General Manager. In 1832 he retired from this position to become Superintendent of the South Side Elevated Railroad of Chicago, lie never held any political position until nominated (1894) as a Republican for the Fifty-fourth Congress, in the strongly Democratic Third DisAlthough the returns showed trict of Chicago. a plurality of thirty -one votes for his Democratic opponent (Lawrence McGann). a recount proved him elected, when, Mr. McGann having voluntarily withdrawn, Mr. Belknap was unanimously awarded the seat. In 1896 he was re-elected from a District usually strongly Democratic, receiving a plurality of 590 votes, but was defeated by his Democratic opponent in 1898, retiring from Congress, March 3, 1899, when he received an appoir^tment as Paymaster in the Army from President ilcKinley, with the rank of Major. BELL, Robert, lawyer, was born in Lawrence County, 111., in 1829, educated at Mount Carmel and Indiana State University at Bloomington, graduating from the law department of tlie latter in 18.5.5; wliile yet in his minority edited "The Mount Carmel Register," during 1851-53 becoming joint owner and editor of the same with his brother, Victor D. Bell. After graduation he opened an office at Fairfield. Wayne County, but, in 1857, returned to Mount Carmel and from 1864 was the partner of Judge E. B. Green, imtil the appointment of the latter Cliief Justice of Oklahoma by President Harrison in 1890. In 1869 Mr. Bell was appointed County

43

Judge of Lawrence County, being elected to the «ime office in 1894. He was also President of

the

Illinois

Southern

was merged

until

it

Road

in 1807

Louis

&

;

later

Railroad

Company

&

Vincennes

into the Cairo

became President of the

Mt. Carmel Railroad, Evansville & St.

Louisville,

St.

now a part of the Loms line, and

secured the construction of the division from Princeton, Ind., to Albion, 111. In 1876 he visited California as Special Agent of the Treasury Department to investigate alleged frauds in tlie Revenue Districts on the Pacific Coast; in 1878 was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic Nineteenth District; was appointed, the same year, a member of the Republican State Central Committee for the State-at-large, and, in 1881, officiated by appointment of President Garfield, as Commissioner to examine a section of the .^.tlantic & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico. Judge Bell is a gifted stump-speaker and is known in the southeastern part of the State as the "Silver-tongued Orator of the Wabash." BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair County, a city and railroad center, 14 miles south of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been selected as the county-seat in 1814 and platted in 1815. It lies in the center of a rich agricultural and coal-bearing district and contains numerous factories of various descriptions, including flouring mills, a nail mill, glass woiks and slioe factories. It has five newspaper establishments, two being Ger-

man, which issue daily editions. Its commercial and educational facilities are exceptionally good. Its population is largely of German Population (1890), 15,361; (1900), 17,484.

BELLEVILLE, CENTR.4LIA

descent.

& E.\STERN

R.i.ILRO.\D. (See Louisville. Evmisville Louis {Consolidated) Railroad.)

&

St.

BELLEVILLE & CiRONDELET R.\ILRO.\D, a short line of road extending from Belleville to East Carondelet, 111., 17.3 miles. It was cliartered Feb. 20, 1881, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company, June 1, 1883. rental is §30.000. a sum equivalent to the interest on the bonded debt. T!ie capital stock (1895) is §500,000 and the bonded debt 8485.000. In addition to these sums the floating debt swells the entire capitalization to §995,054 or §57,317 per mile.

The annual

BELLEVILLE & ELDOB.IDO R.4ILR0AD, a road 50.4 miles in length running from Belleville to Duquoin, 111. It was chartered Feb. 22, 1861, and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1,

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

44

1880, it was leased to the St Louis, Alton & Terra Haute Railroad Company for 480 years, and has since been operated by that corporation in connection with its Belleville branch, from East At Eldorado the road St. Louis to Belleville. intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and the Sha^vneetown branch of the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville & Npshville Railroad Company. Its capital stock (1895) is §1,000,000 and its bonded debt 8550,000. Tlie corporate nftU-e is at Rell.'ville.

BELLEVILLE ic ILLIXOISTOWX K.VILKOAD.

milk-condensing factory and two creameries. Population (1890), 3,807; (1900), 6,937. BEMENT, a village in Piatt County, at intersection of main line and Chicago Division of Wabash Railroad, 20 miles east of Decatur and 166 miles south -southwest of Chicago; in agricultural and stock-raising district; has three grain elevators, broom factory, water- works, electric-light plant, four churches, two banks and

weekly paper.

BENJAMIN, Chatham

was educated

(See St. Louis. Alton d- Tern- Haute Uailroad.)

29,

BELLEVILLE & SOUTHERN ILLINOIS RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) run-

herst, Mass.

ning from Belleville to Duquoin, in length.

It

was

111.,

56.4 miles

cliartered Feb. 15, 1857,

and

completed Dec. 15, 18T3. At Duquoin it connects with the Illinois Central and forms a short line between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1, 1866, it was leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company for 999 years. Tlie capital stock is §1,692,000 and the bonded debt §1,000,000. The corporate office is at Belleville. BELLMONT, a village of Wabash County, on the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880), 350; (1890), 487; (1900), 624.

BELT RAILWAY COMPANY OF CHICAGO, THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 23, 1882, and the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad (which see). Its total trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 66pound steel rails) is 93.26 miles, distributed as follows Auburn Junction to Chicago, Milwaukee & St. PaulJunction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull:

man

Junction to Irondale, III, etc., 5.41 miles; second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles. The cost of construction has been §524,549; capiIt has no funded debt. tal stock, §1,200,000. The earnings for the year ending June 30, 1895, were §556,847, the operating expenses §378,012,

and the

ta.xes §51,009.

BELVIDERE,an incorporated city, the

county-

Boone County, situated on the Kishwaukee River, and on two divisions of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest of Chicago and 14 miles east of Rockford is connected with the latter city by electric railroad. The city has twelve churches, five graded schools, and three banks (two national). Two daily and two semi-weekly papers are published here. Belvidere also has very considerable manufacturing interests, including manufactories of sewing maseat of

;

chines,

bicycles,

automobiles,

besides

a

large

1833;

Pop. (1890), 1,129; (1900), 1,484. Keiiben Moore, lawyer, born at

Centre, Columbia County, N. Y. at

Amherst

,

College,

June

Am-

spent one y^ear in the law department of Harvard, another as tutor at Amherst and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on an examination certificate furnished by Abraham Lincoln, he was licensed to practice. The first public office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, in which he took a prominent part in shaping the provisions of the new Constitution relating to corporations. In 1873 he was chosen County Judge of McLean County, by repeated, re-elections holding the position until 1886, when he resumed private practice. For more than twenty years he has been connected with the law department of Wesleyan University at Bloomington, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty is also the author of several volumes of legal ;

text-books.

BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, Medical

Its first

1868.

an Eclectic of Chicago, incorporated by and opened in the autumn of sessions were held in two large

School

special charter

rooms its faculty consisted of seven professors, and there were thirty matriculates. More commodious quarters were secured the following year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871, in which all the college property was destroyed. Another change of location was made in 1874. In 1890 the property then owned was sold and a new college building, in connection with a hospital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city. A free dispensary is conducted by the college. The teaching faculty (1896) consists of nineteen professors, with four assistants and demonstraWomen are admitted as pupils on equal tors. terms with men. ;

BENT, cago, Deo.

was born in Chibut removed with his family,

Charles, journalist, 8,

1844,

in 1856, to Morrison, Whiteside County, where,

two years

later, he became an apprentice to the printing business in the office of "The Whiteside Sentinel."' In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in the One Hundred and Fortietli Illinois (100days' regiment) and, on the expiration of his term of service, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty -seventh Illinois, being mustered out at Savannah, Ga., in January, 1866, with the rank of Second Lieutenant. Then resuming his vocation as a printer, in July, 1867, he purchased the office of "The Whiteside Sentinel," in ivhich he learned his trade, and has since been the editor of that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged in writing a "History of Whiteside County." is a charter member of the local Grand Army Post and served on the staff of the Department Commander was Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue during 1870-73, and, in 1878, was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for Whiteside and Carroll Counties, serving four years. Other positions held by him include the office of City Alderman, member of the State Board of

He

;

Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner

He

of the Joliet Penitentiary (1889-93).

been a

member

has also

of the Republican State Central

Committee and served

as its

Chairman

1886-88.

BEXTOX,

county-seat of Franklin County, on 111. Cent, and Chi. & E. 111. Railroads has electriclight plant, water-works, saddle and harness factory, two banks, two flouring mills, shale brick and tile works (projected), four churches and three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 939; (1900), 1,341. ;

BERDAX,

James, lawyer and County Judge, was born in New York City, July 4, 180.5, and educated at Columbia and Yale Colleges, graduating from the latter in the class of 1824. His father, James Berdan, Sr. came west in the fall of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York Emigration Society, and, in January, 1820, visited ,

the vicinity of the present site of Jacksonville, 111., but died soon after his return, in part from

exposure incurred during his long and arduous winter journey. Thirteen years later (1832) his son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same

and Jacksonville became his home for the his life. Mr. Berdan was a wellread lawyer, as well as a man of high principle and sound culture, with pure literary and social Although possessing unusual capabilities, tastes. his refinement of character and dislike of ostentation made him seek rather the association and esteem of friends than public office. In 1849 he was elected County Judge of Morgan County, serving by a second election until 1857. Later he was Secretary for several years of the Tonica & Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of construction), serving until it was merged into the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, region,

remainder of

45

now

constituting a part of the Jacksonville division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; also

served for many years as a Trustee of Illinois College. In the latter years of his life he was, for a considerable period, the law partner of ex-Governor and ex-Senator Richard Yates. Judge Berdan was the ardent political friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti^late friend and frequent correspondent of the poet Longfellow, besides being the correspondent, during a long period of his life, of a number of other prominent Uterary men. Pierre Irving, the nephew and biographer of Washington Irving, was his brother-in-law through the marriage of a favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jacksonville,

August

24, 1884.

BEROEN,

(Rev.) John G., pioneer clergyman, N. J., Nov. 27, 1790; studied theology, and, after two years" service as

was born

at Hightstown,

tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of a Presbyterian church at Madison, N. J., in 1828

came

to Springfield,

erection of the

first

111., and assisted in the Protestant church in the

central part of the State, of

pastor until 1848.

Died,

which he remained

at

Springfield,

Jan.

17, 1872.

BERGGREN, Augustus

W.,

legislator,

born in

17, 1840; came to the United States at 16 years of age and located at Oneida,

Sweden, August

Knox County,

111. afterwards removing to Galesvarious offices, including that of (1873-81), State Senator (1881-89) serving as President p»'o tern, of the Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State penitentiary at Joliet, 1888-91. He was for many years the very able and efficient President of the Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and is now its Treasurer. BERCilER, (Rev.) J, a secular priest, born in France, and an early missionary in Illinois. He labored among the Tamaroas. being in charge of the mission at Cahokia from 1700 to his death in 1710. BERRY, Orville F., lawyer and legislator, was

burg;

,

held

Sheriff of

Knox County

—

born in McDonough County, 111., Feb. 16, 1852; early left an orphan and, after working for some time on a farm, removed to Carthage, Hancock County, where he read law and was admitted to the bar in 1877; in 1883 was elected Mayor of

Carthage and twice re-elected was elected to the State Senate in 1888 and '93, and, in 1891, took a prominent part in securing the enactment of the compulsory education clause in the common school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Republican State Convention of 1896, the same year was a candidate for re-election to the State Senate, ;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. but the certificate was awarded to his Democratic coxnpetitor, who was declared elected by 164 On a contest before the Senate at the plurality. first session of the Fortieth General Assembly, the seat was awarded to Mr. Berry on the ground of illegality in the rulings of the Secretary of State affecting the vote of his opponent. BERRY, (Col.) William W., lawyer and sol-

Senator (1858-62), and an ardent friend of Abra-

dier, was born in Kentucky, Feb. 23, 1834, and educated at Oxford. Ohio. His home being then in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and, at the age of 23, began practice at Louisville, Ky.,

tion (1880), 628; (1890), 879; (1900), 477.

being married two years later to Miss Georgie Hewitt of Frankfort. Early in 1861 he entered the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the Louisville Legion, and subsequently served in the Army of the Cumberland, marching to the sea with

Sherman and, during the period

service, receiving four

of the

war he was

of his

After the close

wounds.

offered the position of Gov-

ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining not to go further west than Illinois, declined. For three years he was located and in practice at Winchester, 111., but removed to Quincy in 1874, where he afterwards resided. He always took a warm interest in politics and, in local affairs, was a leader of his party. He was an organizer of

the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Commander, and, in 1884-85, served as Commander of the State Department of the G. A. R. He organized a Young Men's Republican Club, as he believed that the young minds should take an active part in politics. He was one of the committee of seven appointed by the Governor to locate the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home for Illinois, and, after spending six months inspecting various sites offered, the institution was finally located at Quincy; was also Trustee of Kjqox College, at Galesburg, for .several years.

He was

frequently urged by his party friends to run for office, but it was so much against his nature to ask for even one vote, that he would not consent. He died at his home in Quincy, public

much

regretted.

May

6,

1895.

I$EST(tR, (jieorge C, legislator, born in Washington City, April 11, 1811; was assistant document clerk in the House of Representatives eight years; came to Illinois in 1835 and engaged in real-estate business at Peoria; was twice appointed Postmaster of that city (1842 and 1861) and three times elected Mayor served as financial agent of the Peoria & Oquawka (now Chicago, Bm-lington & Quincy Railroad), and a Director of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw a delegate to the Whig National Convention of 1852; a State ;

;

Died, in Washington, May 14, prosecuting a claim against the construction of gunboats during the war. BETHALTO, a village of Madison County, on

ham

Lincoln.

while

1872,

Government

for the

the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & Railway, 25 miles north of St. Louis.

St. liOuis

Popula-

BETHANY,

a village of Moultrie County, on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railroad, 18 miles southeast of Decatur in farming district has one newspaper and four churches. Pop. mostly American ;

;

,

born, (1890), 688; (1900), 873; (1903,

est.), 900.

BETTIE STUART INSTITUTE, an young

tion for

ladies at Springfield,

111.

,

institu-

founded

Mary McKee Homes, who consome twenty years, until her death.

in 1868 by Mrs.

ducted

it

for

Its report for 1898

shows a faculty

of ten instruct-

is valued at embraces the preparatory and classical branches, together with music, oratory and fine arts. BEVERIDGE, James H., State Treasurer, was born in Washington County. N. Y., in 1828; served as State Treasurer, 1805-67, later acted as Secretary of the Commission which built the State Capitol. His later years were spent in superintending a large dairy farm near Sandwich, De Kalb County, where he died in January, 1896. BEVERIDGE, John L., ex-Governor, was born

ors

and

§23,500.

in

125 pupils.

Its

property

Its course of instruction

Greenwich N.

Y., July

6,

1824;

came

to

Illi-

spending some two years in Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary, went to Tennessee, where he engaged in teaching while studying law. Having been admitted to the bar, he returned to Illinois in 1851, first locating at Sycamore, but three years later established himself in Chicago. During the first year of the war he assisted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illinois Cavalry, and was commissioned fir.st as Captain and still later Major; two years later became Colonel of the Seventeenth Cavalry, which he commanded to the close of the war, being mustered out, February, 1866, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war nois, 1842, and, after

he held the oflSce of Sheriff of Cook County four was elected to the State Senate, and. in the following year, Congressman-at-large to succeed General Logan, elected to the United years; in 1870

States Senate; 1873,

resigned this office in January,

having been elected Lieutenant-Governor,

and a few weeks later succeeded to the governorship by the election of Governor Oglesby to the United States Senate. In 1881 he was appointed.

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by President Arthur, Assistant United States Treasurer for Chicago, serving until after CleveHis present home (1898), is land's first election. near Los Angeles. Cal. BIENVILLE, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur de, was born at Montreal, Canada. Feb. 23, 1680, and was the French Governor of Louisiana at the time the IlUnois country was included in that province. He had several brothers, a number of whom played important parts in the early history of the province. Bienville first visited Louisiana, in company with his brother Iberville, in 1698, their object being to establish a French

colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699, and Sanvolle, another brother, was placed in charge. The latter was afterward made Governor of Louisiana, and, at his death (1701), he was succeeded by Bienville, who transferred the seat of government to Mobile. In 1704 he was joined by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seventeen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards Iberville died,

and Bienville was recalled to

France in 1707, but was reinstated the following Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of year. the soil, he seriously suggested to the home government the expediency of trading off the coppercolored aborigines for negroes from the West Indies, three Indians to be reckoned as equivalent to

two blacks.

In 1713 Cadillac was sent out

47

county in the Territorial Legislatures of Indiana and Illinois. Died, in St. Clair County, in 1827.

BIGGSVILLE,

a village of Henderson County, & Quiucy Railroad, miles northeast of Burlington; has a bank and two newspapers; considerable grain and livestock are shipped here. Population (1880), 358;

on the Chicago, Burlington 1.5

(1890), 487; (1900), 417.

BIG MUDDY RIVER, a stream formed by the union of two branches which rise in Jefferson County. It runs south and southwest through Franklin and Jackson Counties, and enters the Mississippi about five miles below Grand Tower. Its length is estimated at 140 miles. BILLIXGS, Albert Merritt, capitaUst, was born in New Hampshire, April 19, 1814, educated

common schools of his native State and Vermont, and, at the age of 22, became Sheriff of Windsor County, Vt., Later he was proprietor for a time of the mail stage-coach line between Concord, N. H., and Boston, but, having sold out, in the

means in the securities of the ChiMilwaukee & St. Paul Railway and became with the business interests of Chicago. In the "SO's he became associated with CorneUus K. Garrison in the People's Gas Company of Chicago, of which he served as President from 1859 to 1888. In 1890 Mr. Billings became extensively invested his cago,

identified

interested in the street railway enterprises of Mr.

as Governor, Bienville being made LieutenantGovernor. The two quarreled. Cadillac was

C. B.

superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's (see Company of the first expedition arrived West), and brought a Governor's commission for Bienville. The latter soon after foimded New Orleans, which became the seat of government for the province (which then included Illinois), in 1723. In January, 1724, he was again summoned to France to answer charges; was removed in disgrace in 1726, but reinstated in 1733 and given the rank of Lieutenant-General. Failing in various expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians, lie was again superseded in 1743, returning to

Tenn., valued, in 1897, at $3,000,000. In early life he had been associated with Commodore Vanderbilt in the operation of the Hudison River

France, where he died in 1768.

twenty years of age, and began the study law with Judge Foote, of Cleveland, Ohio, was admitted to the bar two years later and practiced there some two years longer. He then removed to St. Louis, Mo., later resided for a time at Waterloo and Cairo, 111., but, in 1845, settled at Alton; was elected Mayor of that city in 1851, and the first Judge of the newly organized City

BItrGS, William, pioneer, Judge and legislator, in Maryland in 1753, enlisted in the Revolutionary army, and served as an officer under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the expedition for the capture of Illinois from the British

He

settled in Bellefontaine

(now Monroe

County) soon after the close of the war. He was Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and later Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court of

Common

Pleas.

He

also

steamboat lines of the other

business

his

latter.

enterprises,

owner and, during the

In addition to his he was principal

last twentj'-five

years of

President of the Home National and Savings Banks of Chicago. Died, Feb. 7, leaving an estate valued at several millions

life.

Home 1897,

of dollars.

BILLINGS, Henry W., was born at Conway, Amherst Col-

Mass., July 11, 1814, graduated at lege at

was born

in 1778.

Holmes, resulting in his becoming the proMemphis,

prietor of the street railway system at

represented

his

of

Court, in 1859, serving in this position six years.

In 1869 he was elected a Delegate from Madison County to the State Constitutional Convention of

;

48

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

but died before tbe expiration of the session, on April 19, 1870. BIRKBECK, Morris, early colonist, was born in England about 1762 or 1763, emigrated to America in 1817, and settled in Edwards County, 111. He purchased a large tract of land and induced a large colony of English artisans, laborers farmers and to settle upon the same, founding the town of New Albion. He was an active, un1869-70,

compromising opponent of slavery, and was an important factor in defeating the scheme to make He was appointed SecreIllinois a slave State. tary of State by Governor Coles in October, 1824, but resigned at the end of three months, a hostile Legislature having refused to confirm him. A strong writer and a frequent contributor to the press, his letters and published works attracted attention both in this country and in Europe. Principal among the latter were: "Kotes on a Journey Through France" (181.5); "Notes on a Journey Through America" (1818), and "Letters from Illinois" (1818). Died from drowning in 182."). ased about 63 years. (See Slavery and

Laws) BISSELL, William H., first Republican Governor of Illinois, was born near Cooperstown, Slave

N. Y., on April 25, 1811, graduated inmedicineat Philadelphia in 1835, and, after practicing a short time in Steuben County, N. Y., removed to Monroe County, 111. In 1840 he was elected a Representative in the General Assembly, where he soon attained high rank as a debater. He studied law and practiced in Belleville, St. Clair County, becoming Prosecuting Attorney for that county in 1844. He served as Colonel of the Second Illinois

Volunteers during the Mexican War, and achieved He represented Illidistinction at Buena Vista. nois in Congress from 1849 to 1855, being first On the paselected as an Independent Democrat. sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he left the Democratic party and, in 1856, was elected Governor on the Republican ticket. While in Congress he was challenged by Jefferson Davis after an interchange of heated words respecting the relative courage of Northern and Southern soldiers, spoken in debate. Bissell accepted the challenge, naming muskets at thirty paces. Mr. Davis's friends objected, and the duel never occurred. Died in office, at Springfield, 111., March 18, 1860. BLACK, John Charles, lawyer and soldier, born at Lexington. Miss., Jan. 29, 1839, at eight years of age came with his widowed mother to Illinois; while a student at Wabash College, Ind., in April, 1861, enlisted in the Union array, serving gallantly and with distinction until Aug. 15,

1865,

when, as Colonel of the 37th

111.

Vol. Inf., he

retired with the rank of BrevetBrigadier-General

was admitted

and after practicing at Danville, Champaign and Urbana, in 1885 was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, serving until 1889, when he removed to Chicago served as Congressman-at-large (1893-95), and U. S. District Attorney (1895-99); Commander of the Loyal Legion and of the G. A. R. (Department of Illinois) was elected Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army at the Grand Encampment, 1903. Gen. Black received the honorary degree of A.M. from his Alma Mater and that of LL. D. from Knox College; in January, 1904, was appointed by to the bar in 1857,

;

;

President Roosevelt member of Service Commission, and chosen

BLACKBURN UMTERSITY,

tlie

U.

S.

Civil

President. located at Car-

its

linville, Macoupin Coimty. It owes its origin to the efforts of Dr. Gideon Blackburn, who, having induced friends in the East to unite with him in the purchase of Illinois lands at Government price, in 1837 conveyed 16,656 acres of these

lands, situated in ten different counties, in trust

for the founding of

an institution of learning,

intended particularly "to qualify yovmg men for the gospel ministry. " The citizens of Carlinville donated funds wherewith to purchase eighty acres of land, near that city, as a site, which was included in the deed of trust. The enterprise lay dormant for many years, and it was not until 1857 that the institution was formally incorporated, and ten years later it was little more than a high school, giving one course of instruction considered particularly adapted to prospective students of theology. At present (1898) there are about 110 students in attendance, a faculty of twelve instructors, and a theological, as well as preparatory and collegiate departments. The institution owns property valued at §110.000, of which §50,000 is represented by real estate and §40,000

by endowment funds.

BLACK HAWK,

a Chief of the Sac tribe of

Indians, reputed to have been born at Kaskaskia in 1767. (It is also claimed that he was born on

Rock River, as well as within the present limits Hancock County.) Conceiving that his people had been ^vTongfully despoiled of lands belonging to them, in 1832 he inaugurated what is commonly known as the Black Hawk War. His Indian name was Makabaimishekiakiak, signifying Black Sparrow Hawk. He was ambitious, but susceptible to flattery, and while having many of the qualities of leadership, was lacking in moral force. He was always attached to British interests, and unquestionably received British aid of a of

IIISTORrCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. After his defeat he was made substantial sort. the ward of Keokuk, another Chief, which humiliation of his pride broke his heart. He died

on a reservation aged

1838,

set apart for

His body

71.

exhumed nine month.s lated skeleton in the

is

is

him

in Iowa, in

have been

said to

after death,

and

his articu-

alleged to have been preserved

rooms of the BiirHngton

Society until 1855,

when

it

Historical

was destroyed by

Hmck War: BLACKSTOXE, Timothy

(See also Black

(la.)

Ajjpendix. B.,

fire.

)

Railway Presi-

was born at Branford, Conn., March 28, After receiving a common school educasupplemented by a course in a neighboring academy, at 18 he began the practical study of engineering in a corps employed by the New York & New Hampshire Railway Company, and the same year became assistant engineer on the dent, 1829.

tion,

Stockbridge & Pittsfield Railway. While thus employed he applied himself diligently to the study of the theoretical science of engineering, and, on coming to Illinois in 1851, was qualified to accept and fill the position of division engineer (from Bloomington to Dixon) on the Illinois Central Railway. On the completion of the main line of that road in 1855, he was appointed Chief Engineer of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, later

becoming

financially

interested

therein,

and

being chosen President of the corporation on the completion of the line. In January, 1864, the Chicago & Joliet was leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Alton Raih-oad Company. Mr. Blackstone then became a Director in the latter organization and, in April following, was chosen its President. This office he filled uninterruptedly until April 1,1899, wlien the road passed into tlie hands of a syndicate of other lines. He was also one of the original incorporators of the Union Stock Yards Company, and was its President from 1864 to 1868. His career as a railroad man was conspicuous for its long service, the iminterrupted success of his management of the enterprises entrusted to his hands and his studious regard for the interests of stockholders. This was illustrated by the fact tliat, for some thirty years, the Cliicago & Alton Railroad paid dividends on its preferred and common stock, ranging from 6 to 8}.< percent per annum, and, on disposing of his stock consequent on the transfer of the line to a new corporation in 1899, Mr. Blackstone rejected offers for his stock aggregating nearly one-third of the whole which would have netted him 51,000,000 in excess of the amount received, because he was unwilling to use his position to reap an advantage over smaller stockholders. Died, May 26, 1900.

—

—

BLACKWELL,

Robert

49

S.,

lawyer, was born

in 1833. He belonged to a prominent family in the early history of the David Blackwell, who was also a lawyer and settled in Belleville about 1819, having been a member of the Second General Assembly (1820) from St. Clair County, and also of the Fourth and Fifth. In April, 1823, he was appointed by Q-overnor Coles Secretary of State, succeeding Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme Court, who had just received from President Monroe the appoint-

at Belleville, III, State, his father,

ment

of Receiver of Public Moneys at the Edwardsville Land Office. Mr. Blackwell served in the Secretary's office to October, 1824, during

a part of the time acting as editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer," which liad been removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia, and in which he strongly

opposed the policy of making

Illinois a slave He finally died in Belleville. Robert Blackwell, a brother of David and the uncle of the subject of this sketch, was joint owner with Daniel P. Cook, of "The Illinois Herald"—after-

State.

—

wards "The Intelligencer" at Kaskaskia, in 1816, and in April, 1817, succeeded Cook in the Auditor of Public Accounts, being himself succeeded by Elijah C. Berry, who had become his partner on "The Intelligencer," and served as Auditor until the organization of the State Government in 1818. Blackwell & Berry were chosen State Printers after the removal of the State capital to Vandalia in 1820, serving in this capacity for some years. Robert Blackwell located at Vandalia and served as a member of the House from Fayette County in the Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies (1832-36) and in office of Territorial

the Senate, 1840-42. and the yoimger

Robert S.— the son of David,

member

of

this

somewhat

—

famous and historic family wliose name stands at the head of this paragraph, attended the common schools at Belleville in his boyhood, but in early manhood removed to Galena, where he engaged

He later studied law with Hon. O. H. Browning at Quincy, beginning was associated for a time with Judge Minshall. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, having for liis first partner Corydon Beckwith, afterwards of the Supreme in mercantile pursuits.

practice at Rushville. where he

Court, still later being associated with a number of prominent la\vyers of that day. He is described by his biographers as "an able lawyer, an

eloquent advocate and a brilliant scholar." "Blackwell on Tax Titles, "from his pen, has been accepted by the profession as a high authority on that branch of law. He also published a revision

'

HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

50

and began an "Abstract Supreme Court," which had fourth volume at liis death,

of the Statutes in 1858,

of Decisions of the

reached the third or

May 16, 1863. BLAIR, William,

merchant, was born at Homer, Cortland County, N. Y., May 20, 1818, through five generations of New being descended England ancestors. After attending school in became his father's which the town of Cortland, residence, at the age of 14 he obtained employ-

and hardware store, four years coming to Joliet, III., to take charge of a branch store which the firm had established there. The next year iie purchased the stock and

ment

in a stove

later (1836)

continued the business on his own account. In August, 1842, he removed to Chicago, where he established the earliest and one of the most extensive wholesale hardware concerns in that city, with which he remained connected nearly During this period he was associated fifty years. with various partners, including C. B. Xelson, E. G. Hall, O. W. Belden, James H. Horton and others, besides, at times, conducting the business alone. He suffered by the fire of 1871 in common with other business men of Chicago, but promptly resumed business and, within the next two or three years, had erected business blocks, successively, on Lake and Randolph Streets, but retired from business in 1888. He was a Director of the Merchants' National Bank of Chicago from its organization in 1865, as also for a time of the

& Pacific Telegraph Company and the & Coke Company, a Tnistee of Lake Forest University, one of the ^Managers of the Presbyterian Hospital and a member of the Atlantic

Chicago Gaslight

Chicago Historical Society.

Died in

Chicago,

May 10, 1899. BLAKELT,

Darid, journalist, was born in Franklin County, Vt., in 1834; learned the printer's trade and graduated from tlie University of Vermont in 1857. He was a member of a musical family which, under the name of "The Blakely Family," made several successful tours of the He engaged in journalism at Rochester, "West. Minn., and, in 1862, was elected Secretary of State and ex-ofiicio Superintendent of Schools, serving imtil 1865, when he resigned and, in partnership with a brother, bought "The Chicago

Evening Post," with which he was connected at the time of the great fire and for some time afterward. Later, he returned to Minnesota and became one of the proprietors and a member of the editorial staff of "The St. Paul Pioneer-Press. In his later years Mr. Blakely was President of the Blakely Printing Company, of Chicago, also '

conducting a large printing business in New York, which was his residence. He was manager for several years of the celebrated Gilmore Band of musicians, and also instrumental in organizing the celebrated Sousa's Band, of which he was manager up to the time of his decease in New York, Nov. 7, 1896.

BLAKEMAN, Curtlss, sea-captain, came from New England

settler,

and pioneer to Madison

County, 111., in 1819, and settled in what was afterwards known as the "Marine Settlement," of which lie was one of the founders. This settlement, of which tlie present town of Marine (first called Madison) was the outcome, took its name

from the fact that several of the early settlers, like Captain Blakeman, were sea-faring men. Captain Blakeman became a prominent citizen and represented Madison County in the lower branch of the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1822 and 1824), in the former being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery

A

son of

his,

amendment

of the

of the Constitution.

same name, was a Representand Sixteenth

ative in the Thirteentli, Fifteenth

General Assemblies from Madison County. BLAXCHAED, Jonathan, clergyman and edu cator, was born in Rockingliam, Vt., Jan. 19, 1811; graduated at Middlebury College in 1832; then, after teaching some time, spent two years in Andover Tlieological Seminary, finally graduating in theology at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, in 1838, where he remained nine years as pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian Church of that city. Before this time he had become interested in various reforms, delegate to the

and,

in

1843,

was sent as a

second World's Anti-Slavery Convention in London, serving as the American Vice-President of that body. In 1846 he assumed the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1858, during his connection with that institution doing much to increase its capacity and resources. After two years spent in pastoral work, he accepted (1860) the Presidency of 'Wheaton College, which he continued to fill until 1882, when he was chosen President Emeritus, remaining in this position until his death.

May 14, 1892. BLAXBIXSTILLE,

a town County, on the Toledo, Peoria

in

&

McDonough

'Warsaw

Rail-

road, 26 miles southeast of Burlington, Iowa,

64 miles west by south

from Peoria.

and

a ship ping point for the grain grown in the surrounding country, and has a grain elevatoi and steam It also has banks, two fiour and saw mills. weekly newspapers and several churches. Population"(loo'^^

877; (1900), 995.

It is

— HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BLAXEY, Jerome Van

Zaiidt, early physician,

born at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1820; was educated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at

when too young to receive his diploma; in 1842 came west and joined Dr. Daniel Philadelpliia

Brainard in founding Rush Medical College at Chicago, for a time filling three chairs in that institution also, for a time, occupied the chair of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in Northwestern University. In 1861 he was appointed Surgeon, and afterwards Medical Director; in the army, and was Surgeon-in-Chief on the staff of General Sheridan at the time of the battle of Winchester after the war was delegated by the Government to pay off medical officers in the Northwest, in this capacity disbm-sing over S600,000 finally retiring with the rank of LieutenantColonel. Died. Dec. 11, 1874. BLATCHFORD, Eliphalet Wickes, LL.D., son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater, N. Y., May 31, 1826; being a grandson of Samuel ;

;

;

Blatchford,

D.D.,who came

to

New York

from

England, in 179.5. He prepared for coUege at Lansingburg Academy. New York, and at Marion College, Mo. finally graduating at IlUnois College, Jacksonville, in the class of 184.5. After graduating, he was employed for several years in the law oflSces of his uncles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford, New York. For considerations of health he returned to the West, and, in 18.50, engaged in business for himself as a lead manufacturer in St. Louis, Mo., afterwards associating with him the late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatchford & Collins. In 1834 a branch was established in Chicago, known as ColUns & Blatchford. After a few years the firm was dissolved, Mr. Blatchford taking the Chicago business, which has continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co. to the present time. Wliile Mr. Blatchford has invariably declined political offices, he has been recognized as a staunch Republican, and the services of few men have been in more frequent request for positions of trust in connection with educational and benevolent enterprises. Among the numerous positions of this character which he has been called to fill are those of Treasurer of the Northwestern Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission, during the Civil War, to which he devoted a large part of his time Trustee of Illinois College (1866-75) President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences; a member, and for seventeen years President, of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmai-y Trustee of the Chicago Art Institute Executor and Trustee of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its ,

;

;

;

;

51

incorporation. President of the Board of Trustees

The Newberry Library Trustee of the John Crerar Library; one of the founders and President of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Manual Training School; life member of the of

;

Chicago Historical Society; for nearly forty years President of the Board of Directors of the Chicago Theological Seminary during his residence in Chicago an officer of the New England Congregational Church: a corporate member of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and for fourteen years its VicePresident: a charter member of the City Missionary Society, and of the Congregational Club of Chicago; a member of the Chicago Union League, the University, the Literary and the Commercial Clubs, of which latter he has been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter of John C.Williams, of Chicago. Seven children four sons and three daughters have blessed this union, the eldest son, Paul, being to-day one of Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's life has been one of ceaseless and successful ;

—

activity in business,

much

and to him Chicago owes

of its prosperity.

and money

In the giving of time and benevo-

for Cliristian, educational

lent enterprises, he has been conspicuous for his

generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and executive ability in carrying these enterprises to

BLATCHFORD, John, D.D,, was bom at New(now Bridgeport), Conn., May 34, 1799; removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y., and was educated at Cambridge Academy and Union College in that State, graduating in 1820. field

He N.

finished his theological course at Princeton, J.,

in 1823, after

which he ministered succesand

sively to Presbyterian chm-ches at Pittstown

Stillwater, N. Y., in 1830 accepting the pastorate

Church of BridgeConn. In 1836 he came to the West, spending the following winter at Jacksonville, lU., and, in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, where he remained until compelled by failing health to resign and return to the East. In 1841 he accepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently assuming the Presidency. The institution having been purchased by the Free Masons, in 1844, he removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847, to Quiriey, 111., where he resided during the remainder of his Ufe. His death occurred in St. Louis, April 8, 1855. The churches he served of the First Congregational port,

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

52

Frances "Wickes, daughter of Eliphalet Wickes, Esq. of Jamaica, Long Island, X. Y. BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and lawyer, was born in Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1809; graduated at West Point Military Academy in 1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib-

Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named road he was one of the projectors, procuring its charter, and being identified with it in the several capacities of Attorney, Director and President. In 1870 President Grant appointed him Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. This position he continued to occupy for twenty -two years, resign-

from the army in During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor and teacher of French at Kenyon

ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment by President Cleveland as one of the counsel for tlie United States before the Behring Sea Arbitrators

strongly to Dr. Blatcliford's faithful, acceptable and successful performance of his testified

ministerial duties.

He was married

&

in ISi.i to

.

son, Indian Territory, retired 1832.

of Mathematics College,

Ohio,

and,

in

1835-36,

Professor

of

at Paris,

but lacked stability of character. Died at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 8. 1877. BLODGETT, Henry Williams, jurist, was born At the age of 10 at Amherst, Mass., in 1S21. years he removed with his parents to Illinois, schools, later district the attended he where returning to Amherst to spend a year at the Academy. Returning home, he spent the years In 1842 he 1839-42 in teaching and surveying. began the study of law at Cliicago, being admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning practice at Waukegan, 111., where he has continued In 1852 he was elected to the lower to reside. house of the Legislature from Lake County, as an anti-slaverj- candidate, and, in 1858, to the State Senate, in the latter serving four years. He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being employed at different times by the Chicago &

Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee

&

St.

his last official service.

30 miles west by north

Population

from Chicago.

(1880), 226; (1890), 463; (1900), 235.

BLOOMINGTON,

the county-seat of

McLean

County, a flourishing city and railroad center, 59 miles northeast of Springfield is in a rich agriBesides car cultural and coal-mining district. ;

Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the University of Mississippi, and (1854-61) in the University of Virginia. He then entered the Confederate service with the rank of Colonel, but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of War; in 1863 visited England to collect material for a work on the Constitution, which was published in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore, where he began the publication of "The Southern Review," which became the recognized organ of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later he became a minister of the ilethodist Church. He gained considerable reputation for eloquence during his residence in Illinois, and was the author of a number of works on reUgious and political subjects, the latter maintaining the right of secession; was a man of recognized ability,

which was

BLOOMIJfGDALE, a village of Du Page County,

Then, havMathematics at Miami University. ing studied theology, he served for several years as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838 he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the practice of law, remaining several years, when he removed to Washington, D. C. Later he became

shops and repair works employing some 2,000 hands, there are manufactories of stoves, furNurseries are numerous naces, plows, flour, etc. in the vicinity and horse breeding receives much The city is the seat of Illinois Wesattention. leyan University, has fine public schools, several newspapers (two published daily), besides educaTlie business sectional and other publications. tion suffered a disastrous fire in 1900, but has been The prinsubstantially than before. rebuilt more cipal streets are paved and electric street cars connect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Orphans' Home." Pop. (1890), 20,284; (1900), 23,286. BLOOMI>fciTOX COXVEXTlOy OF ISoB.

,

Although not formally called as such, tUs was first Republican State Convention held in Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Republican organization in the State. A mass conventhe

tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri

(known as an "Anti-Nebraska Convention") was held at Springfield during the of the State Fair of 1854 (on Oct. 4 and 5), and, although it adopted a platform in harmony with the principles which afterwards became the foundation of the Republican party, and appointed a State Central Committee, besides putting in nomination a candidate for State Treasurer the only State officer elected that year the organization was not perpetuated, the State Central Compromise

week

—

—

The Bloomington failing to organize. Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call appointed Central Committee issued by a State by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held Anti-Neb1856. (See February 22, on Decatur at Committee

;

HISTOKICAL E^-CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. raska Editorial Convention.) The call did not even contain the word "Republican," but was addressed to those opposed to the principles of the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing The Conven-tion Democratic administration. met on May 29, 1856, the date designated by the Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather in the nature of a mass than a delegate convention, as party organizations existed in few counConsequently ties of the State at that time. representation was very unequal and followed no systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties into which the State was then divided, only seventy vv'ere represented by delegates, ranging from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty counties (embracing nearly the whole of the southern part of the State) entirely unrepresented. Lee County had the largest representation (twenty-five),

Morgan County

(the

home

of

Richard Yates) coming next with twenty delegates, while Cook County had seventeen and Sangamon had five. The whole number of delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous

Among the leading spirits in record, was 269. the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archibald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates. John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B. Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards became prominent in State politics. The delegation from Cook County included the names of John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and Charles L. Wilson. The temporary organization was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams County in the chair, followed by the election of John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent The other officers were: Vice-PresiPresident. dents — John A. Davis of Stephenson; William Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H. Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of Warren; Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith of Madison Thomas A. Marshall of C(jles J. M. Ruggles of Mason G. D. A. Parks of Will, and John Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries— Henry S. Baker Charles L. Wilson of Cook John of Madison Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La A State Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. ticket was put in nomination consisting of William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclamation); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County, for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias M. Hatch of ;

;

;

;

;

Jesse K. Dubois of Lawrence, for Auditor; James Miller of McLean, for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria,

Pike, for Secretary of State

;

53

Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoffman, having been found ineligible by lack of residence after the date of naturalization, withdrew, and his place was subsequently filled by the nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The platform adopted was outspoken in its pledges of unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition A to the extension of slavery into new territory. delegation was appointed to the National Convention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17, following, and a State Central Committee was named to conduct the State campaign, consisting of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County Asaliel Gridley of McLean Burton C. Cook of La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B. Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the occasion, before the convention or in popular meetings held while the members were present in Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Browning, Owen Lovejoy, Abraham Lincoln, Burton C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out the policy of the administration for making Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has been universally regarded by those who heard it as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "housedivided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858. John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Democratic Press," vrriting of it, at the time, to his paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to listen to a more eloquent and masterly presentation of a subject. For an hour and a half he (Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage spellbound by the power of his argument, the intense irony of his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded, the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after cheer told how deeply their hearts had been touched and their souls warmed up to a generous enthusiasm." At the election, in November following, although the Democratic candidate for President carried the State by a plurality of over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in nomination at Bloomington was successful by majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the for

;

.

.

.

several candidates.

BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on the Calumet River and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and the Illinois Central Railways, 15 miles south of

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

54

Chicago. It has a high school, churches and two newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works. Population (1890), 2.521; (1900), 6,114. BLUE ISLAND RAILROAD, a short line 3.96 miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois; capital stock §25,000; operated by the Illinois Central Railroad Company. Its funded debt (1895)

was

.5100,000

and

its

floating debt, §3,779.

BLUE MOUND, a town of Macon County, on the Wabash Railway, 14 miles southeast of Decatur; in rich grain and live-stock region; has three grain elevators, two banks, tile factory and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 690; (1900), 714. BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of the Wabash Railway, 53 miles west of SpringPopulation field; has a bank and a newspaper.

$1,500 per annum is allowed to each member of the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be a stenographer, receives a salary of §1,200 per annum. When a controversy arises between an individual, firm or corporation employing not less than twenty -five persons, and his or its employes, application may be made by the aggrieved party to the Board for an inquiry into the nature of the disagreement, or both parties may unite in the submission of a case. The Board is required to visit the locality, carefully investigate the cause of the dispute and render a decision as soon as practicable, the same to be at once made public. If the application be filed by the employer, it must be accompanied by a stipulation to continue in business, and order no lock-out for the space of three weeks after its date. In

manner, complaining employes must promise

(1880), 162; (1890), 421: (1900), 539.

like

physician and legisborn near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was brought by his parents to Ohio when five years old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at Lacon, 111., in 1836, practicing there until 1862, when, having been appointed Surgeon of the Board of Enrollment for that District, he removed to Peoria. Other public positions held by Dr. Boal have been those of Senator in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies (1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and Twentieth (1854-58), and Trustee of the Institu-

to continue peacefully at work, under existing conditions, for a like period. The Board is

BOAL, Robert, M.D.,

lator,

President of the Board.

granted power to send for persons and papers and Its decisions to administer oaths to witnesses. are binding upon applicants for six months after rendition, or until either party shall have given the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or In case their intention not to be bound thereby. the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists between emplo}'es and an employer having less than twenty-five persons in his employ, and that a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is made the duty of the body to put itself into communication with both employer and employes and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement between them by mediation. The absence of any provision in the law jjrescribing penalties for its violation leaves the observance of the law, in its present form, dependent upon the voluntary

of the State Medical

action of the parties interested.

tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, remaining in the latter position seventeen years

under the successive administrations of Governors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Beveridge the last five years of his service being

—

He was also President Board in 1883. Dr. Boal continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890, when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon to reside with his daughter, the widow of the late Colonel Greenbury L. Fort, for eight years Representative in Congress from the Eighth District.

BOARD OF ARBITRATION,

a Bureau of the l>y an act of tlie Legisapproved August 3, 1895. It is appointed by the Executive and is composed of three members (not more than two of whom can belong to the same political party), one of whom must be an employer of labor and one a member of some labor organization. The term of office for the

State Government, created lature,

members first named was fixed at two years; after March 1, 1897, it is to be three years, one member retiring annually. A compensation of

BOARD OF EQUALIZATION,

a body organ-

ized under act of the General Assembly, approved

March

8,

1867.

It first

consisted of twenty-five

members, one from each Senatorial District. The first Board was appointed by the Governor, holding office two years, afterwards becoming In 1873 the elective for a term of four years. law was amended, reducing the number of members to one for each Congressional District, the whole number at that time becoming nineteen, with the Auditor as a member ex-officio, who

From 1884 to 1897 it consisted of twenty elective members, but, in 1897, it was usually presides.

The Board meets to twenty-two. annually on the second Tuesday of August. Tlie abstracts of the property assessed for taxation in the several counties of the State are laid before increased

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. it

for examination

and

equalization, but

it

may

not reduce the aggregate valuation nor increase it more than one per cent. Its powers over the returns of the assessors do not extend beyond equalization of assessments between counties.

The Board is required to consider the various classes of property separately, and determine such rates of addition to or deduction from the listed, or assessed, valuation of each class as it may deem equitable and just. The statutes prescribe rules for determining the value of all the classes of property enumerated personal, real,

—

The valuation of the and other corporations (except newspapers) is fixed by the railroad, telegraph,

etc.

of railroads, telegraph

capital stock

Board. Its consideration having been completed, the Board is required to summarize the results of its labors in a comparative table, which must be again examined, compared and perfected. Reports of each annual meeting, with the results reached, are printed at the expense of the State and distributed as are other public documents. The present Board (1897-1901) consists by dis-

George

McKnight,

John

tricts of

(1)

McKenna,

(3) Solomon Simon, (4) Andrew McAlbert Oberndorf, (6) Henry Severiu,

Ansh, (7) (9)

(5)

Edward

S.

F.

(2)

J.

Taylor, (8) Theodore S. Rogers,

Charles A. Works, (10)

Thomas

P. Pierce, (11)

Samuel M. Barnes, (12) Frank P. Martin, Frank K. Robeson, (14) W. O. Cadwallader,

;

and has resulted in benefit alike to the tax-payers and the inmates. The Board, at the close of the year 1898, consisted of the following five members, their terms ending as indicated in parenthesis: J. C. Corbus (1898), R. D. Lawrence (1899), Julia C.

Lathrop

William

(1900),

J. Cal-

houn (1901), Ephraim Banning (1902). J. C. Corbus was President and Frederick H. Wines, Secretary.

BOtrARDUS,

Charles,

legislator,

%vas

born

Cayuga County, N. Y., March 28, 1841, and an orphan at six years of age was educated in the common schools, began working in a store at 12, and, in 1802, enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service as Lieutenant-Colonel ''for gallant and meritorious service" before Petersburg. While in the service he participated in some of the most important battles in Virginia, and was once wounded and once captured. In 1872 he located in Ford County, III, where he has been a success-

in

left

;

He

(13)

ful operator in real estate.

(15)

House of Representatives (1884 and and three times to the State Senate (1888, '92 and '96), and has served on the most important committees in each house, and has proved himself one of the most useful members. At the session of 1895 he was chosen President jwo tern.

Cruttenden, (16) H. D. Hirshheimer, (17) Thomas N. Leavitt, (18) Joseph F. Long, (19) Richard Cadle, (20) Charles Emerson, (31) John W. Larimer, (22) William A. Wall, besides the Auditor of Public Accounts as ex-ofRcio member the District members being divided politically in the proportion of eighteen Republicans to four Democrats. BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES, a State Bureau, created by act of the Legislature in 1869, upon the recommendation of Governor Oglesby. Tlte act creating the Board gives the Commissioners supervisory oversight of the financial and administrative conduct of all the charitable and correctional institutions of the State, with the exception of the penitentiaries, and they are especially charged with looking after and caring for the condition of tlie paupers and the insane. As originally constituted the J.

55

no charge of peculation against any official connected with the same has ever been substantiated there have been no scandals, and only one or two isolated charges of cruelty to inmates. Its supervision of the county jails and almshouses has been careful and conscientious,

S.

—

has been twice

elected to the '80)

of the Senate.

BOGGS, Coiu-t, 111.,

Carroll

was born

Oct. 19, 1844,

C,

Justice of the

Supreme

Wayne

County,

in Fairfield,

and

still

resides in his native

town; has held the offices of State's Attorney, County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of tlie Circuit Court for the Second Judicial Circuit, being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In June, 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J. Baker, his term to continue until 1906.

BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of WiUiam and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was born at Amherst, Mass., Jan. 17, 1831; fitted for college at

male members who em-

Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst

ployed a Secretary. Later provision was made for the appointment of a female Commissioner. The office is not elective. The Board has always carefully scrutinized the accoimts of the various State charitable institutions, and, under its man-

College in 1853. While in .college he taught school every winter, commencing on a salarj' of S4 per week and "boarding round" among the scholars. After graduating he taught in acad-

Board consisted of

five

emies at Limerick, Me., and at Pembroke and

a

,

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

56

and

Derry, X. H., rence, Mass. for

;

in t)ie

high school at Law-

also served as School

Rockingham County, N. H.

Commissioner

In 1S64 he went

into the service of the Sanitary Commission in the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the close of the war was also ordained Chaplain of a colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered After the close of the war he was employed in. as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111. for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organized the first township high school ever organized in the State, where he remained eleven years. He afterwards organized the township high school at Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which, in 1883, he organized and took charge of the township high school at Evanston, where he has ;

since been

employed

in his profession as a teacher.

Professor Boltwood has been a member of the State Board of Education and has served as President

As a teacher of the State Teachers' Association. he has given special attention to English language and literature, and to history, being the author of an English Grammar, a High School Speller and "Topical Outlines of General History,"

many contributions to educational jourHe has done a great deal of institute work, in Illinois and Iowa, and has been known

besides nals.

both

somewhat as a

tariff

BO>'D, Lester

was born

at Raven-

na, Ohio, Oct. 2T, 1829; educated in the common schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring in local factories studied law and was admitted ;

to the bar in 1853, the following year coming to Chicago, where he has given his attention chiefly to practice in connection

with patent laws.

Mr.

Bond served several terms in the Chicago City was Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and served two terms in the General Assembly— 1866-70.

Council,

BOND, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the State, was born in Maryland, and, after being liberally educated, removed to Kaskaskia while Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory. He served as a member of the first Territorial Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in Congress, serving from 1813 to 1814. In the latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys he also held a commission as Captain in the War of 1812. On the admission of the State, in 1818, he was elected Governor, and occupied the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskaskia, April 13, 1832.— Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was ;

St. Clair County (then comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and, in 180-t, to the Legislative Coimcil of the newly

organized Territory of Indiana. BOAD COUNTY, a small county lying northeast from St. Louis, having an area of 380 square The miles and a population 1900) of 16,078. first American settlers located here in 1807, coming from the South, and building Hill's and Jones's forts for protection from the Indians. Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcely twenty-five log cabins in the county. The county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin was erected in 1815 by George Davidson. The county was organized in 1818, and named in honor of Gov. Shadrach Bond. Its original limits included the present counties of Clinton, Fayette and Montgomery. The first court was held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit Court at Hill's Station. The first court house

The county at Greenville in 1822. contains good timber and farming lands, and at points, coal is found near the surface. was erected

some

BONNEY,

Charles Carroll, lawyer and rewas born in Hamilton, N, Y., Sept. 4, educated at Hamilton Academy and settled in Peoria, 111., in 1850, where he pursued the avocation of a teacher while studying law was admitted to the bar in 1852, but removed to Chicago in 1860, where he has since been engaged in practice; served as President of the National Law and Order League in New York in 1885, being repeatedly re-elected, and has also been President of the Illinois State Bar Association, as well as a inember of the American Bar AssociaAmong the reforms which he has advotion. former, 1831

reformer.

L., lawyer,

elected Delegate h-om

;

;

cated are constitutional prohibition of special legislation; an extension of equity practice to bankruptcy and other law proceedings civil service pensions; State Boards of labor and capital, He has also published some treatises in book etc. form, chiefly on legal qviestions, besides editing a volume of "Poems by Alfred W. Arrington, with a sketch of his Character" (1869. ) As President of the World's Congresses Auxiliary, in 1893, Mr. Bonney contributed largely to the success of that jvery interesting and important feature of the great Columbian Exposition in Chicago. BOOXE, Levi D., M. D., early physician, was born near Lexington, Ky., December, 1808 descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; received the degree of M, D. from Transylvania University and came to Edwardsville, 111., at an ;

—

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. early day, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and taking part in the Black Hawk War as Captain of

a cavalry company; came to Chicago in 1836 and engaged in the insurance business, later resuming the practice of his profession; served several

terms as Alderman and was elected Mayor in 1855 by a combination of temperance men and Know-Nothings acquired a large property by Died, February, operations in real estate. ;

1882

BOOXE COUNTY, the smallest of the "northem tier" of counties, having an area of only 290 square miles, and a population (1900) of 13,791. Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and tlie principal products are oats and corn. The earli-

came from New York and New Engand among them were included Medkiff, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had

est settlers

land,

Dunham,

evacuated brothers,

the

country),

came

Slaria Hollenbeck

Shattuck

tlie

and Mrs. Bullard,

Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Whiting, H. C. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families.

Boone County was cut

off

from Winnebago, and

organized in 1837, being named in honor of KenThe first frame house in the tucky's pioneer. county was erected by S. F. Doty and stood for fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north The county-seat side of the Kishwaukee River. (Belvidere)

was platted The

in 1837,

and an academy

Protestant church was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev. Dr. King. BOURBONNAIS, a village of Kankakee County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles north of

built soon

after.

first

Kankakee.

Population (1890), 510; (1900). .595. BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Boston, Mass., ilarcli 14, 1856, graduated from the Northwestern University at Evanston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 1879, and to tliat of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1885. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was elected to the lower branch of the Thirty-fourth General Assembly and was one of the "103" who, in the long struggle during the following session,

participated in the election of

Gen. John A.

Logan

to the United States Senate for the last

time.

At a

Illinois

special election held in the Sixth

District

in

November,

1897,

elected Representative in Congress

he

was

the vacancy caused by the sudden death of his predecessor, Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the

same

to

fill

position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over

his

Democratic competitor and a majority of 719

over

all.

Nathaniel S., manufacturer, was born in Concord, N. H., May 14, 1828; in his youth farmed and taught school in Connecticut, but in 1852 came to Chicago and was employed in a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards became a partner, in the manufacture of carwheels and railway castings. Later he became associated with the American Bridge Company's works, which was sold to the Illinois Central Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the Union Car Works, which he operated until 1863. He then became the head of the Union Foundry Works, which having been consolidated with the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired, organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Mr.

BOUTOX,

is a Republican, was Commissioner of Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms before the Civil War, and served as Assistant Quartermaster in the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment) from 1862 until after the battle of Chickamauga. BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County, Pa., June 25, 1830, and graduated at Marshall

Bouton

College, Mercersburg, Pa.,

at

the

age of

18;

studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted to the bar at Bedford in his native State, where

he practiced until 1856, when he removed to Illinois. In 1861 he abandoned his practice to enlist in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in which he

At the close of the war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and was elected State Senator and re-elected at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twentyseventh General Assemblies. He was also a Republican Representative from his District in the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses held the position of Captain.

in 1866,

(1877-81).

Died, at Lewistown,

BRACEVILLE, a town

in

May

28, 1897.

Grundy County,

61

miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining The town has two is the principal industry. banks, two chvirches and good public schools. Population (1890), 2,150; (1900), 1,669. BRADFORD, village of Stark County, on Buda and Rusliville branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway; is in excellent farming region

and has large grain and lent high

live-stock trade, excel-

school building, fine churches, good

and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 773. BRADSBY, William H., pioneer and Judge, was born in Bedford County, 'Va., July 12, 1787. He removed to Illinois early in life, and was the first postmaster in Washington County (at Cov-

hotels

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

58

school-teacher and the first Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the ington), the

first

time of his death he was Probate and County Judge. Besides being Clerk of all the courts, he was virtually County Treasurer, as he had custody of all the county's money. For several years he was also Deputy United States Surveyor, and in that capacity surveyed much of the south part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay Counties.

Died at

Nasliville,

111

,

August

21,

1839.

BRADTVELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer and editor,

was born at Loughborough, England, April and brought to America in infancy, his

16, 1828,

parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In 1833 they emigrated to Jacksonville, 111., but the following year removed to Wheeling, Cook County, settling on a farm, where the younger Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking prairie, splitting rails

and

tilling the soil.

His

schooling was obtained in a country logschool-house, but, later, he attended the Wilson Academy in Chicago, where he had Judge Lorenzo Sawyer for an instructor. He also took a fii-st

course in Knox College at Galesburg, then a manual-labor school, supporting himself by working in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood, In May, 1852, he was married to Miss Myra etc. Colby, a teacher, with whom he w^ent to Memphis, Tenn., the same year, where they engaged in teaching a select school, the subject of this sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to

reading law. He was admitted to the bar there, but after a stay of less than two years in Memphis, returned to Chicago and began practice. In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook County, and re-elected four years later, but declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of his term occurring during the progress of the Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering

some vigorous decisions which won for him tlie reputation of a man of courage and inflexible independence, as well as an incorruptible champion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the branch of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in 1874. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by many believed to have been honestly elected, though his opponent received the certificate. He made a contest for the seat, and the majority of the Committee on Elections reported in his favor but he was defeated through the treachery and suspected corruption of a professed politHe is the author of the law making ical friend. women eligible to school offices in Illinois and

lower

;

allowing them to become Notaries Public, and has always been a champion for equal rights for women in the professions and as citizens. He was a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment. Illinois Militia, in 18-18 presided over the American Woman's Suffrage Association at its organization in Cleveland; has been President of the Chicago Press Club, of the Chicago Bar Association, and, for a number of years, the Historian of the latter one of the founders and President of the Union League Club, besides being associated with many other social and business organizations. At present (1899) he is editor of "The Chicago Legal News," foimded by his wife thirty years ago, and with which he has been identified in a business capacity from its establishment.— Myra Colby (Bradwell), the wife of Judge Bradwell, was born at Manchester, Vt., Feb. 12, 1831 being descended on her mother's side from the Chase family to which Bishop Philander Chase and Salmon P. Chase, the latter Secretaiy of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought to Portage, N. Y., where she remained until she was twelve years of age, when her family removed west. She attended school in Kenosha, Wis., and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being engaged in teaching. On May 18, 1852, she was married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately going to Memphis, Tenn., where, with the assistance of her husband, she conducted a select school for some time, also teaching in the public schools, when they returned to Chicago. In the early jjart of the Civil War she took a deep interest in the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their families at home, becoming President of the Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 1868 and in 1865. After the war she commenced the study of law and, in 1868, began the publication of "The Chicago Legal News," with which she remained identified until her death also publishing biennially an edition of tlie session laws after each session of the General Assembly. After passing a most creditable examination, application was made for her admission to the bar in 1871, but denied in an elaborate decision rendered by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Com-t of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as was also done by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1873, on the latter occasion Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally admitted to the bar on March 28, 1892. and was the first lady member of the State Bar Associ;

;

—

—

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Other organizations with wliich she was

59

diers' Home (in war time), the "Illinois Industrial School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian Home, the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Woman's Committee on Jurisprudence of the World's Congi-ess Auxiliary of 1893. Although much before the public during the latter years of her life, she never lost the refinement and graces which belong to a true woman. Died, at her home in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1894. BRAID"n'OOD, a city in Will County, incorporated in 1860 is 58 miles from Chicago, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad; an important coalmining point, and in the heart of a rich agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 4,G41 (1900), 3,279. BRANSOjV, Jfathaniel Yf., lawyer, was born in Jacksonville, 111. May 29, 1837 was educated in

rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was appointed to revise the statutes of the State. Later he devoted much attention to railroad enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central Railroad, 1851-55; then projected the construction of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite Cairo, into Arkansas, which was partially completed before the war. and almost wholly destroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered the service as Major of the Twenty-ninth IlUnois Volunteers, taking part in a number of the early battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh; was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious conduct at the latter, and for a time served as Adjutant-General on the staff of General McClernand; was promoted Brigadier-General in September, 1863, at the close of the war receiving the brevet rank of Major-General. After the close of the war he devoted considerable attention to reviving his railroad enterprises in the South; edited "The Illinois State Journal,"

the private and public schools of that city and at Illinois College, graduating from the latter In 1857 studied law with David A. Smith, a promi-

pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four years, after which he returned to Ripon, Wis.

ation.

embraced the Illinois State Press Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol-

identified

;

;

;

,

;

nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1800, soon after estabhshing himself in practice at Petersburg, Menard County, where he has ever since resided. In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in

—

a poBankruptcy for the Springfield District He was also sition which he held thirteen years. elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1872, by re-election in 1874 serving four years in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth General Assemblies was a Delegate from Illinois to the National Republican Convention of 1876, and served for several years most efficiently as a ;

Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the Board. Politically a conservative Republican, and in no sense an office-seeker, the official positions which he has occupied have come to him unsought and in recognition of his fitness and capacity for the proper discharge of their duties.

BRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 23, 1813; brought up as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in 1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Mich., in 1838 and became editor of "The Louisville AdverIn 1843 he opened a law office in tiser" in 1841. Springfield, 111., and the following year was appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to adjust the

Mormon

troubles, in

which capacity

lie

1872 73;

removed

to

Wisconsin and was ap-

Died, in Kansas City, Feb. BREESE, a village in

Baltimore

& Ohio

37, 1895.

CUnton County, on

W. Railway,

39 miles east of Louis; has coal mines, water system, bank and weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 808. (1900), 1,571. BREESE, Sidney, statesman and jurist, was S.

St.

born at Wliitesboro, N Y., (according to the generally accepted authority) July 15, 1800. Owing to a certain sensitiveness about his age in his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult to secure authentic data on the subject but his arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at Union College, and his admission to the bar in 1830, have induced many to believe that the date of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier. He was related to some of the most prominent families in New York, including the Livingstons and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskaskia, began the study of law with his friend Elias Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator. Sleanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kaskaskia, he became Assistant Secretary of State, and, in December, 1830, superintended the removal of the archives of that office to Vandalia, the new State capital. Later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney, serving in that position from 1822 till 1827," when he became United States District Attorney for Illinois. He was the first official reporter of the Supreme Court, ;

issuing

its first

volume

Lieutenant-Colonel

of

of decisions;

volunteers

served as

dm-ing the

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

GO

Hawk War

Blfwjk

(1832)

;

in 1835

was elected

to

the circuit bench, and, in 1841, was advanced to tlie Supreme bench, serving less than two years, when lie resigned to accept a seat in tlie United States Senate, to which he was elected in 1843 as the successor of Richard M. Young, defeating Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter for the office.

Wliile in the Senate (1843-49) he

served as Chairman of tlie Committee on Public Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the construction of a transcontinental railway to the He was also one of the originators and Pacific. active promoters in Congress of the Illinois CenHe was Speaker of the tral Railroad enterprise. Illinois House of Representatives in 1851 again became Circuit Judge in 1805 and returned to the Supreme bench in 1857 and served more than one term as Chief Justice, the last being in His home during most of his public life 1873-74. His death occurred in Illinois was at Carlyle. ,

at Pinckneyville,

June

28. 1878.

Lorenzo, was bom at Mannheim, Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Nov. was educated at the Universities of Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of LL.D., and attaining high honors, both profesHe was successively a sional and political. member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and of the Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader In 1849 he became of the revolutionist party. President of the Provisional Republican Government of Baden, but was, before long, forced He first to find an asylum in the United States. settled in Kalamazoo County, Mich. as a farmer, but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was

BREXTANO,

in the 14,

1813;

,

but soon entered the field of journalism, becoming editor and part proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He held various public offices, being elected to the

admitted to the

Illinois bar,

Legislature in 1862, serving five years as President of the Chicago Board of Education, was a Republican Presidential Elector in 18G8, and United States Consul at Dresden in 1872 (a general

amnesty

having been

granted

to

the

revolution of 1848), and Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891. BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, It has a bank 14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. and one weekly paper. Population (1900), 487. BRIDGEPORT, a former suburb (now a part of the city) of Chicago, located at the jimction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the participants in the

center of

the large slaughtering and packing

industry.

BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO RAILWAY. (See Chicago & Xorthern Pacific Railroad.) BRIGHTON, a village of Macoupin County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways; coal is mined here; has a newspaper. Population (1880), 691; (1890), 697; (1900), 600.

BRIMFIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Bur-

& Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of Buda; coal-mining and farming are the chief It has one weekly paper and a bank. lington

industries.

Population (1880), 832; (1890), 719; (1900), 077. BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergyman, was bom in Orleans County, to Kankakee,

111.,

N,

Y.,

Jan.

in boyhood,

4,

came

1851;

and having

lost

his father at 12 j-ears of age, spent the following

years in various manual occupations until about nineteen years of age. when, having been converted, he determined to devote his life to the ministry. Tlirougli the aid of a benevolent lady, he was enabled to get two years" (1870-72) instruction at the Northwestern University, at Evanston, afterwards supporting himself by preaching at various points, meanwhile continuing his studies at tlie University until 1877. After completing his course he served as pastor of some of the most prominent Methodist churches in Chicago, his last charge in the State being at Evanston. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington City, becoming pastor of the Metropolitan M. E. Dr. Church, attended by President McKinley Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator of recognized ability.

BROADWELL, Norman M., lawyer, was born Morgan County, 111., August 1, 1825; was educated in the common schools and at McKendree and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing health to leave college without graduating spent some time in the book business, then began the study of medicine with a view to benefiting his own health, but finally abandoned this and, about 1850, commenced the study of law in the office of in

;

Lincoln & Herndon at Springfield. Having been admitted to the bar, he practiced for a time at Pekin, but, in 1854, returned to Springfield, where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860 he was elected as a Democrat to the House of Representatives from Sangamon County, serving Other in the Twenty-second General Assembly. offices held by him included those of County

Judge

(1863-65)

and Mayor of the

city of Spring-

;

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. field,

(1867

to which last position he was twice elected and again in 1S69). Judge Broadwell was

one of the most genial of men, popular, highminded and honorable in all his dealings. Died, in Springfield, Feb. 28, 1893.

BROOKS, John

Flavel, educator, was born Oneida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801 graduated at Hamilton College, 1828; studied three years in the theological department of Yale College; was ordained to the Presbyterian minin

istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service of the American Home Missionary Society. After preaching at CoUinsville, Belleville and other points, Mr. Brooks, who was a member of the celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly, Morgan County, but three j-ears later removed to Springfield, where he established an academy for Although finally compelled to both sexes. abandon this, he continued teaching with some interruptions to within a few years of his death, which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trustees of Illinois College from its foundation up to

his death.

BROSS, William, journalist, was born in Sussex County, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated with honors from Williams College in 1838, having previously developed his physical strength by much hard work upon the Delaware and Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For five years after graduating he was a teacher, and settled in Chicago in 1848. Th 3re he first engaged in bookselling, but later embarked in journalism. His first publication was "The Prairie Herald," a religious paper, which was discontinued after two years. In 18.53, in connection with John L. Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press." which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in 1858, Mr. Bross retaining his connection with the new concern. He was always an ardent freesoiler, and a firm believer in the great future of Chicago and the Northwest. He was an enthusiastic Republican, and, in 18.JG and 1860, served as an effective campaign orator. In 1864 he was the successful nominee of his party for Lieutenant-Governor. This was his only official position outside of a membership in the Chicago Common Council in IS.j.j. As a presiding officer, he was dignified yet affable, and his impartiality was shown by the fact that no appeals were taken from his decisions. After quitting public life he devoted much time to literary pursuits, delivering' lectures in various parts of the comitry. Among his best known works are a brief "History of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas,''

and

'

'Tom Quick."

61

Died, in Chicago, Jan.

1890.

BROWX, Henry, lawyer and historian, was born at Hebron, Tolland County, Conn., May 13. 1789 the son of a commissary in the army of General Greene of Revolutionary fame; graduated at Yale College, and, when of age, removed to New York, later studying law at Albany, Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to the bar about 1813, when he settled down in practice at Cooperstown; in 1816 was appointed Judge of Herkimer County, remaining on the bench until about 1824. He then resumed practice at Cooperstown, continuing until 1836, when he removed to Chicago. The following year he was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two years, and, in 1842, became Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County. During this period he was engaged in writing a "History of Illinois, " which was published in New York in 1844 This was regarded at the time as the most voluminous and best digested work on Illinois history that had as yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the Presidency of tlie Chicago Lyceum, he delivered an inaugirral entitled "Chicago, Present and Future," which is still preserved as a striking prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Originally a Democrat, he became a Freesoiler in 1848. Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849. BROWN, James B., journalist, was born in Gilmanton, Belknap County, N. H., Sept. 1, 1833 his father being a member of the Legislature and Selectman for his town. The son was educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he studied medicine for a time, but did not graduate. In 18.57 he removed West, first settling at Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he became Principal of the public schools; in 1861 was elected County Superintendent of Schools for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two years later and assuming the editorship of "The Gazette" of that city. Mr. Brown also served as Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died,

—

—

Feb.

13, 1896.

BROWN, James N., agriculturist and stockman, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1, 1806;

came

to

Sangamon County,

111.,

in 1833,

locating at Island Grove, where he engaged extensively in farming and stock-raising. He served as Representative in the General Assem'42, '46, and '.52, and in the last was instrumental in securing the incorporation of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, of which he was chosen the first President, being re-elected in 1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow-

blies of 1840,

"

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ers of blooded cattle in the State and did much to introduce them in Central Illinois was also an earnest and influential advocate of scientific education for the agricultural classes and an efficient colaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of ;

Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Congress, in 1863, of the law granting lands for the

endowment grew the

of Industrial Colleges, out of

Illinois State

which

University and instituother States. Died,

tions of like character in

Nov.

16, 1868.

BROWN, June

1,

William, lawyer and jurist, was born Cumberland, England, his parcountry when he was

1819, in

ents emigrating to this

BROWN COUNTY,

situated

in

the %vestern

part of the State, with an area of 300 square miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951; was cut

from Schuyler and made a separate county in May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the Vandeventers and Hambaughs, John and David Six, William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker, Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus and Robert H. Curry. The county-seat is Mount Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness. Other prosperous villages are Mound Station and off

The chief occupation of the people is farming, although there is some manufacturing lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois River. Population (1900), 11, .557.

Ripley.

eight years old, and settling in Western New York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester,

of

and at once removed to RockIn 1853 ford, III., where he commenced practice. he was elected State's Attorney for the Fourteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1857, was chosen Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 he was elected to the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to Judge Sheldon, later veas promoted to the Su-

BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author, was born in South Hahfax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, the son of William Goldsmith Browne, who was a

in October, 1845,

preme Court, and \yas reelected successively in Died, at Rockford, Jan. 15, 1873, in '79 and '85. 1891.

BROWN, was born

William H., lawyer and in Connecticut,

Dec.

20,

financier,

1796;

spent

Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and, in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lockwood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee-

his

boyhood

at

town in a fiat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskaskia and was soon after appointed Clerk of the United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel

and author of the song "A Hundred Years to Come." In childhood he was brought by his parents to Western Massachusetts, where he attended the public schools and learned the printing trade in his father's newspaper office at Chicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1803, he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers, in which he served one year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regiment he engaged in the study of law at Rochester, N. Y., entering the law department of the University of Michigan in 1866, but abandoning his intenton of entering the legal profession, removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in teacher, editor

journalistic

and

Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandalia, the new State capital, where he remained until 1835. He then removed to Chicago to accept the position of

and

Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank of Illinois, which he continued to fill for many years. He served the city as School Agent for thirteen j'ears (1840-53), managing the city's school fund through a critical period with great discretion and success. He was one of the group of early patriots who successfully resisted the attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-34; was also one of the projectors of the Chicago & Galena Union Railroad, was President of the Chicago Historical Society for seven years and connected with many other local enterprises. He was an ardent personal friend of President Lincoln and served as Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-62). "While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly-

editorship of

sis at

Amsterdam, June

17, 1867.

'74

literary pursuits.

Between 1869

he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly,"

when he became literary editor of "The

Alliance,

he established and assumed the "The Dial," a purely literary publication which has gained a high reputation, and of which he has remained in control continuously ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary but,

in

1880,

adviser, for

lishing

many

years, of the

house of McClurg

&

well-known pubCo.

Besides

his

Browne has contributed to the magazines and literary anthologies a number of short lyrics, and is the author of "The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain" journalistic work, Jlr.

(1893).

He

also

compiled and edited "Golden

Poems by British and American Authors" (1881); "The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose" (1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of standard ]ioetry (1891-93). Mr. Browne was Chairman of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in

— HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the World's Congress Auxiliary held in connection with The Columbian Exposition in 1893.

BROWNE, Thomas C, early jurist, was born in Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to Shawneetown in 1812, served in the lower branch of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-10) and

in the Council (1816-18), being the first lawyer to enter that body. In 1813 he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney and, on the admission of Illinois as a State, was promoted to the Supreme bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of the Legislature in 1825, and serving continuously imtil the reorganization of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 18-18, a period of over thirty years. Judge Browne's judicial character and abilities have been differently estimated. Though lacking in industry as a student, he is represented by the late Judge John D. Caton, who knew him personally, as a close thinker and a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever, accustomed to argue questions in the conference room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity for expressing himself in short, pungent sentences, which indicated that he was a man of considerable ability and liad clear and distinct views An attempt was made to impeach of his own. him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of capacity to discharge the duties of his office," but it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He was a Whig in politics, but had some strong supporters among Democrats. In 1822 Judge Browne was one of the fom- candidates for Governor in the final retm-ns standing third on the list and. by dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution, contributing to the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of

—

the pro-slavery party. (See Coles. Edward, and Slavery and Slave Laws.) In the latter part of

term Judge Browne resided at Garemoved with his son-in-law, ex-Congressman Joseph P. Hoge, to San Francisco, Cal., where he died a few j-ears later his official

lena, but, in 18.33,

63

Blooniington Convention of 1856. As a delegate to the Chicago Convention in 1860, he aided in securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a conspicuous supporter of the Government in the Civil War. In 1861 he was appointed by Governor Yates United States Senator to fill Senator Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1863. In 1866 he became Secretary of the Interior by appointment of President Johnson, also for a time discharging the duties of Attorney-General. Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, which was his last participation in public affairs, his time thereafter being devoted to his profession. He died at his home in Quincv, 111. August 10, ,

1881.

BRYAX,

Silas Lillard, legislator

and

jm-ist,

born in Culpepper Count}-, Va., Nov. 4, 1822; was left an orphan at an early age, and came west in 1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy, 5Io. The following year he came to Marion County, 111., where he attended school and worked on a farm; in 1845 entered McKendree College, graduating in 1849, and two years later was admitted to the bar, supporting himself meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem^ 111., and, in 1852, was elected as a Democrat to the State Senate, in which body he served for eight years, being re-elected in 1856. In 1861 he was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial Circuit, and again chosen in 1867, his second term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge, he was also elected a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on the Greeley ticket in 1872. Died at Salem, March 30, 1880.— William Jennings (Bryan), son of the preceding, was born at Salem, 111., March 19, 1860. The early .

life of young Bryan was spent on his father's farm, but at the age of ten years he began to attend the public school in town later spent two years in Whipple Academy, _the preparatory ;

department of

Illinois College at Jacksonville,

lawyer, United

and, in 1881, gi-aduated from the coUege proper as the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted

States Senator and Attorney-General, was born In Harrison County, Ky. in 1810. After receiving a classical education at Augusta in his native

two 3-ears to the study of law in the Union Law School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman

State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1832 he served in the Black Hawk War, and from 1836. to 1843, both was a member of the Legislature, serving bouses. A personal friend and political adherent of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization of the Republican party at the memorable

Triunbull.

probably about 1856 or 1838.

BROWNISGl, OrvlUe Hickman, ,

m

Having gi-aduated in law in 1883, he soon entered upon the practice of his profession at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P.' Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent Republican of that city. Four years later (1887) found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., which has since been his home. He took a prominent part

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

64

stumping tlie State Democratic nominees in 1SS8 and "89, and Democratic nomination for Congress in a district which had been regarded as strongly Republican, and was elected by a large majority. Again, in 1893, he was elected by a reduced majority, but two years later declined a renomination, though proclaiming himself a free-silver candidate for the United in the politics of Nebraska, for the

in 1890 received the

States Senate,

meanwhile

officiating as editor of

"The Omaha World-Herald." In July, 1896, he received the nomination for President from the Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on a platform declaring for the "free and imlimited coinage of silver" at the ratio of sixteen of silver one of gold, and a few weeks later was nominated by the "Populists" at St. Louis for the same office being the youngest man ever (in weight) to

—

put in nomination for the Presidency in the history of the Government. He conducted an active personal campaign, speaking in nearly every Northern and Middle Western State, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, Maj. William McKinley. Mr. Bryan is an easy and fluent speaker, possessing a voice of imusual compass and power, and is recognized, even by his political opponents, as a man of pure personal character.

BRYAN, Thomas Barbour, lawyer and

real

was born at Alexandria, Va., being descended on the maternal side from the noted Barbour family of that State graduated in law at Harvard, and, at the age of twenty-one, settled in Cincinnati. In 1852 he came to Chicago, where he acquired ex-

estate operator,

Dec.

23,

1828,

;

real estate interests and built Bryan which became a popular place for en-

tensive Hall,

Being a gifted speaker,

as well

tertainments. a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen to deliver the address of welcome to Senator Douglas, when that statesman returned to Chicago a few weeks before his death in 1861. During the progress of the war he devoted his time and his means mo.st generously to fitting out soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and wounded. His services as President of the great

as

Sanitary Fair

in

Chicago

(1865),

where some

§300,000 were cleared for disabled soldiers, were At this time he became especially conspicuous.

the purchaser (at $3,000) of the original copy of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which had been donated to the cause. He also rendered valuable service after the fire of 1871, though a heavy sufferer from that event, and was a leading factor in securing the location of the

World's Columbian Exjjosition in Chicago in 1890, later becoming Vice-President of the Board of Directors and making a visit to Eiuope in the interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan resided in Washington for some time, and, by appointment of President Hayes, served as Commissioner of the District of Columbia. Possessing refined literary and artistic tastes, he has done much for the encouragement of literature and art in Chicago. His home is in the suburban village of Elmhurst.— Charles Pa^e (Bryan), son of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister, was born in Chicago, Oct. 3, 1855, and educated at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law School; was admitted to practice in 1878, and the following year removed to Colorado, where he remained four years, while there serving in both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he returned to Chicago and became a member of the First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard, serving upon the staff of both Governor Oglesby and Governor Fifer; in 1890, was elected to the State Legislature from Cook County, being re-

and in 1894; was also the first Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of the World's Columbian Exposition, on his return serving as Secretary of the Exposition CommisIn the latter part of 1897 he sioners in 1891-92. was ai>|iiiiiit(Ml by President McKinley Minister lull bclore Cliiiia, being confirmed, early in to 1898, was assigned to the United States mission to the Repulilic of Brazil, where he now is, Hon. E. H. Conger of Iowa, who had previously been appointed to the Brazilian mission, being transferred to Pekin. elected in 1892,

BRTAXT, John Howard,

pioneer, brother of

William CuUen Bryant, the Cummington, Mass., July 32,

poet, was born in 1807, educated at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N. Y, removed to Illinois in 1831, and held various offices in Bureau County, including that of Representative in the General Assembly, to whicli he was elected in 1843, and again in 1858. A practical and enterprising farmer, he was identified with the Illinois State Agricultural Society ;

in its early history, as also

which resulted

with

tlie

movement

in the establishment of industrial

He was one

of the founders of the Republican partj' and a warm personal friend of President Lincoln, being a member of the first Republican State Convention at Blooinington in 1856, and serving as Collector of Internal Revenue by appointment of Mr. Lincoln in 1862-04. In 1872 Mr. Bryant joined in the Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two colleges in the various States.

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. years later was identified with the "Independent Eeform'' party, but has since cooperated with

the Democratic party. He has produced two Tolumes of poems, published, respectively, in 1'85.5

and

number

1885, besides a

His home

is

of public addresses.

Bureau County. clergyman, was born in Steu-

at Princeton,

BUCK, Hiram,

ben County, X. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and conservice for nearly fifty years, being the time a Presiding Elder. At his death he bequeathed a considerable simi to the endowment funds of the "Wesleyan University at Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College

tinued in

much

its

of

at Jacksonville, 22, 1893.

Died at Decatur,

111.,

August

village in Bureau County, at the juncmain line with the Buda and Rushbranch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and the Sterling and Peoria branch of the Chicago & Northwestern. 12 miles southwest of Princeton and 117 miles west-southwe.st of Chicago; has excellent water-works, electriclight plant, brick and tile factory, fine churches, graded school, a bank and one newspaper Dairying is carried on quite extensively and a good-sized creamery is located here. Population

Bl]DA,a

tion of the

ville

of Hon. Ireland,

Edward). Dr. Caldwell descended the Ohio River in 1799 in company with Lyon's family and his brother-in-law, John Messinger (see Messinger, John), who afterwards became a prominent citizen of St. Clair County, the party locating at EddyviUe, Ky. In 1802, Caldwell and Messinger removed to Illinois, landing near old Fort Chartres, and remained some time in the American Bottom. The former finally located on the banks of the Mississippi a few miles above St. Louis, where he practiced his profession and held various public offices, including those of Justice of the Peace and County Judge for St. Clair County, as also for Madison

stead,

County after the organization of the latter. He served as State Senator from Madison County in the First and Second General Assemblies. (1818-22), and, having removed in 1820 within thft limits of what is now Morgan County (but still earlier embraced in Greene), in 1822 was elected to the Senate for Greene and Pike Counties the latter at that time embracing all the northern and northwestern part of the State, including During the following sesthe coimty of Cook. sion of the Legislature he was a sturdy opponent His of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State.

home in Morgan Coimty was in a locality known as "Swinerton's Point," a few miles west of Jacksonville, where he died, August 1, 1826. (See Slavery and Slave Lairs.) Dr. Caldwell (or

(See

Cadwell, as he was widely known) commanded a high degree of respect among early residents of Governor Reynolds, in his "Pioneer Illinois. History of Illinois,'' says of him: "He was moral and correct in his public and private life, was a respectable physician, and always maintained an unblemished character." CALHOUN, John, pioneer printer and editor, was born at Watertown, N. Y., April 14, 1808;

George, early physician and legislator (the name is spelled both Cadwell and Caldwell in the early records), was born at

learned the printing trade and practiced it in his native town, also working in a type-foundry in Albany and as a compositor in Troy. In the fall of 1833 he came to Chicago, bringing with him

nati,

Chicago & St. Louis Railurit/.) ii ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See St. & Cairo Railroad and Mobile & Ohio Rail-

CAIRO Louis u-ay.

CAIRO & VI>CE>>ES RAILROAD. Cairo, Vincennes 'LAP, Mathias Lane, horticulturist, was born at Cherry Valley, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1814: coming to La Salle County, 111., in 1835, he taught school the following winter then secm-ed a clerkship in Chicago, and later became bookkeeper for a firm of contractors on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, remaining two years. Having entered a body of Government land in the western part of Cook County, he tm-ned his attention to farming, giving a portion of his time to siu'veyIn 1845 he became interested in horticultm-e ing. and, in a few years, built up one of the most extensive nurseries in the "West. In 1854 he was chosen a Representative in the Nineteenth General Assembly from Cook Coimty, and, at the following session, presided over the cavicus which resulted in the nomination and final election of Lyman Trumbull to the United States Senate for the first time Politically an anti-slavery Democrat, he espoused the cause of freedom in the Territories, while his house was one of the depots of the "underground railroad." In 1855 he purchased a half-section of land near Champaign, whither he removed, two vears later, for the ;

14, 1875.

organized in 1839,

named

which flows through it. It adjoins Cook County on the west and contains 340 square miles. In 1900 its population was 28,196. The county-seat was originally at Naperville, which was platted in 1342 and named in honor of Capt. Josepli Naper, who settled upon the site in 1831. In 18C9 the count}- government was removed to Wheaton, the location of Wheaton College, where it yet remains. Besides Captain Naper, early settlers of prominence were Bailey Hobson (the pioneer in the township of Lisle), and Pierce Downer (in Downer's Grove). The chief towns

in fruit-growing,

cultural Society, besides local offices.

Died, Feb.

DU PAGE cor XT Y, for a river

Hinsdale

(population, (1,584),

1,622),

Naperville

Downer's Grove

(960),

Hinsdale and Roselle are largely populated by persons doing business in Chicago. DC (jUOIX, a city and railway junction in Perry County, 76 miles north of Cairo; has a foundry, machine shops, planing-mill, flour mills, factory, soda-water factory, salt works, ice creamery, coal mines, graded school, public Population (1890), library and four newspapers. f450).

4,052; (1900), 4,353; (1903, school census), 5,207.

DURBORO'O', AUan man, was born

When

Cathcart, ex-CongressNov. 20, 1857.

in Philadelphia,

years old ho accompanied liis jjarents to Williamsport, Ind., where he received his early education. He entered the preparatory department of Wabash College Ln 1872, and five

graduated from the University of Indiana, at Bloomington, in 1877. After two years' residence he removed to Chicago, where he engaged in business. Always active in local politics, he was elected by the Democrats in 1890, and again in 1892, Representative in Congress from the Second District, retiring with the close of the Fifty-third Congress. Mr. Durborow is Treasurer of the Chicago Air-Line Express Company. DUSTIN, (Gen.) Daniel, soldier, was born in Topsham, Orange County, Vt., Oct. 5, 1820; received a common-school and academic education, graduating in medicine at Dartmouth Colin Indianapolis,

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. After practicing three years at

lege in 1846.

Corinth, Vt., he

went

to California in 1850

and

engaged in mining, but three years later resumed the practice of his profession while conducting a mercantile business. He was subsequently chosen to the California Legislature from Nevada Coxmty, but coming to Illinois in 18.58, he engaged in the drug business at Sycamore, De Kalb County, in connection with J. E. Elwood. On the breaking out of the war in 1861, he sold out his drug business and assisted in raising the Eighth Regiment Illinois Cavalry, and was commissioned Captain of Company L. The regiment was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, and, in January, 1862, he was promoted to the position of Major, afterwards taking part in the battle of Manassas, and the great "seven days' fight" before Richmond. In September, 1863, the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was mustered in at Dixon, and Major Dustin was commissioned its Colonel, soon after joining the Army of the Cumberland. After the Atlanta campaign he was assigned to the command of a brigade in the Third Division of the Twelfth

Army

Corps, remaining in this position

to the close of the war,

meanwhile having been

143

rich farming and stock-raising district. Dwight has attained celebrity as the location of the first of "Keeley Institutes," founded for the cure of

the

drink

and

morphine

(1890), 1,354; (1900), 2,015.

include

the

floating

habit. Population These figures do not

population,

which

is

augmented by patients who receive treatment at the "Keeley Institute."

DYER, Charles Volney, M.D., pioneer physician, was born at Clarendon, Vt., June 12, 1808; graduated in medicine at Middlebury College, in began practice at Newark, N. J,, in 1831, Chicago in 1835. He was an uncompromand an avowed supporter of the "underground railroad," and, in 1830;

and

in

ising opponent of slavery 1848,

received the support of the Free-Soil party Dr. Dyer was also one

of Illinois for Governor.

North Chicago Street Railway Company, and his name was prominently identified with many local benevolent enterprises. Died, in Lake View (then a suburb of Chicago), April 24, 1878. of the original incorporators of the

EARLVILLE, La

a city and railway junction in

Salle County, 52 miles northeast of Princeton,

at the intersecting point of the Chicago, Burling-

& Quincy and

the Chicago & Northwestern the center of an agricultural

brevetted Brigadier-General for bravery displayed on the battle-field at Averysboro, N. C. He was

ton

mustered out at Washington, June 7, 1865, and took part in the gi-and review of the armies in

and stock-raising

that city which

school, one bank,

Returning to

manufactories of Population (1880), 963; (1890), 1,058; (1900), 1,122. EARLY, John, legislator and Lieutenant-Governor, was born of American parentage and Irish ancestry in Essex County, Canada West, March

marked the close of the war. his home in De Kalb County, he Coimty Clerk in the following

was elected November, remaining in office four years. Subsequently he was chosen Circuit Clerk and exofficio Recorder, and was twice thereafter re-elected in 1884 and 1888. On the organization of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, in 1885, he was appointed by Governor Oglesby one

—

Railroads.

It is in

shipping-point.

and is an important has seven churches, a graded

district, It

two weekly newspapers and plows, wagons and carriages.

and accompanied his parents to CaleBoone County, 111., in 1846. His boyhood was passed upon his father's farm, and in youth 17,

1828,

donia,

of the Trustees, retaining the position imtil his

he learned the trade (his father's) of carpenter

May, 1890, he was appointed by Harrison Assistant United States Treasurer at Chicago, but died in office while on a visit with his daughter at Carthage, Mo. March 30, 1892. General Dustin was a Mason of high degree, and, in 1872, was chosen Right Eminent Commander of the Grand Commandery of the

and

death.

In

President

,

State.

DWIGHT, a prosperous city in Livingston County, 74 miles, by rail, south-southwest of Chicago, 52 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 23 miles east of Streator; has two banks, two weekly papers, six churches, five large warehouses, two electric light plants, complete water-works system, and four hotels. The cit}' is the center of a

In 1852 he removed to Rockford, joiner. Winnebago County, and, in 1865, became State Agent of the New England Mutual I^ife Insm-ance Company. Between 1863 and 1866 he held sundry local offices, and, in 1809, was appointed

by Governor Palmer a Trustee of the State Reform School. In 1870 he was elected State Senator and re-elected in 1874, serving in the Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assemblies. In 1873 he

was elected President pro

tenr. of

the Senate, and,

Lieut-Gov. Beveridge succeeding to the executive chair, he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor. In 1875 he was again the Republican nominee for the Presidencv of the Senate, but >vas defeated

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

144

by a coalition of Democrats and Independents.

He

died while a

member

of the Senate, Sept.

2,

1877.

EARTHQUAKE OF

1811.

A

series of

the

most remarkable earthquakes in the history of the Mississippi Valley began on the night of November 16, 1811, continuing for several months and finally ending with the destruction of CaracWliile the cas, Venezuela, in March following. •center of the earlier disturbance appears to have been in the vicinity of New Madrid, in Southeastern Missouri, its minor effects were felt through a wide extent of country, especially in the settled

portions

of

Illinois.

Contemporaneous

history states that, in the American Bottom, then the most densely settled portion of Illinois, the results were very perceptible. The walls of a brick house belonging to Mr. Samuel Judy, a pioneer settler in the eastern edge of the bottom, near Edwardsville, Madison Countj', were cracked bj' the convulsion, the effects being seen for more than two generations. Gov. John Reynolds, then a young man of 23, living with his father's family in what was called the "Goshen Settlement," near Edwardsville, in his history of "My Own Times." says of it: "Our family were all sleeping in a log-cabin, and my father leaped out of bed, crying out, 'The Indians are on the house. The battle of Tippecanoe had been recently fought, and it was supposed the Indians would attack the settlements. Not one in the family knew at that time it was an earthquake. The next morning another shock made us acquainted The cattle came running home with it. bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly alarmed. Our house cracked and quivered so we were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the American Bottom many chimneys wei^ thrown down, and the church bell at Cahokia was sounded by the agitation of the building. It is said a shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskaskia in 1804, but I did not perceive it." Owing to .

.

.

the sparseness of the population in Illinois at that time, but little is known of the effect of the convulsion of 1811 elsewhere, but there are numerous "sink-holes" in Union and adjacent counties, between the forks of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, wliich probably owe their origin to this or some similar disturbance. "On the Kaskaskia River below Athens," says Governor Reynolds in his "Pioneer History," "the water and white sand were thrown up through a fissure of the earth."' EAST DUBUQUE, an incorporated city of Jo Daviess County, on the east bank of the ilississippi, 17 miles (by rail) northeast of Galena. It

connected with Dubuque, Iowa, by a railroad and a wagon bridge two miles in length. It has a grain elevator, a box factory, a planing mill and manufactories of cultivators and .sand drills. It has also a bank, two churches, good public schools and a weekly newspaper. Population is

(1880), 1,037; (1890), 1,069; (1900), 1,146.

EASTOX,

Rnfus, pioneer, founder of the was born at Litchfield, Conn., law and practiced two years in Oneida County, N. Y. emigrated to St. Louis in 1804. and was commissioned by President Jefferson Judge of the Territory of Louisiana, and also became the first Postmaster of St. Louis, (Col.)

city of Alton;

May

4,

1774;

studied

;

From 1814 to 1818 he served as Delegate from Missouri Territorj', and, on the organization of the State of Missouri (1821), was appointed Attorney-General for the State, serving His death occurred at St. Charles, until 1826. Mo., July 5, 1834. Colonel Easton's connection in 1808.

in Congress

with

Illinois history is

fact that he

based chiefly upon the of the present city

was the founder

which he laid out, in 1817, on a tract of land of which he had obtained possession at the

of Alton,

mouth of the town for his

Little Piasa Creek,

Rev.

son.

Thomas

naming the Lippincott,

prominently identified with the early history of that portion of the State, kept a store for Easton at Milton, on Wood River, about two miles from Alton, in the early "

'20's."

EAST ST. LOUIS, a flourishing city in St. Clair County, on the east bank of the Mississippi directly opposite St. Louis; is the terminus of twenty-two railroads and several electric lines, and the leading commercial and manufacturing point in Southern Illinois. Its industries include rolling mills, steel, brass, malleable iron and glass works, grain elevators and flour mills, breweries, stockyards and packing houses. The city has eleven public and five parochial schools, one high school, and two colleges; is well supplied with banks and has one daily and four weekly papers. Population (1890), 1.5,169; (1900), 29,6.55; (1903, est.), 40.000.

EASTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE IXSANE. The act

for the establishment of this institution

General Assembly in 1877. Many inducements, by way of donations, new hospital, but the site finally selected was a farm of 250 acres near Kankakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the purchase of 327 additional acres in 1881. Work was begun in 1878 and the first patients received The plan of the institution in December, 1879. It comprises a is, in many respects, unique.

passed the

cities offered

for the location of the

)

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. general building, three stories high, capable of accommodating 300 to -100 patients, and a nmiiber of detached buildings, technically termed cottages, where various classes of insane patients may be grouped and receive the particular treatment best adapted to ensure their recovery. The plans were mainly worked out from suggestions by Frederick Howard Wines, LL.D., then Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, and liave attracted generally favorable comment both in The seventy-five buildthis country and abroad. ings occupied for the various purposes of the institution, cover a quarter-section of land laid off

with trees, plants and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of a flourishing village with numerous small parks The counties adorned with walks and drives. from which patients are received include Cook, Champaign, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, Douglas, Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee, La Salle, Livingston, Macou, McLean, Moultrie^ The whole Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. number of patients in 1898 was 2,200, while the employes of all classes numbered 500. EASTERN ILLI>'OIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution designed to qualify teachers for giving in regular streets, beautified

in the public schools, located at Charleston, Coles County, under an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The

instruction

act appropriated §50,000 for the erection of buildings, to which additional appropriations were added in 1897 and 1898, of §25,000 and §50,000, respectively, with §56,216.72 contributed

by the

making a total of §181,216.72. The building was begun in 1896, the corner-stone being laid on May 27 of that year. There was delay in the progress of the work in consequence city of Charleston,

of the failure of the contractors in December,

but the work was resumed in

1897 and with the expectation that the institution would be opened for the reception of students in September fol1896,

practically completed early in 1899,

lowing.

EASTMAN,

Zebina, anti-slavery journalist, was born at North Amherst, Mass., Sept. 8, 1815; became a printer's apprentice at 14, but later spent a short time in an academy at Hadley. Then, after a brief experience as an employe in the oflice of "The Hartford Pearl,"" at the age of 18 he invested his patrimony of some §2,000 in the establishment of "The Free Press"" at Fayetteville, Vt. This venture proving unsuccessful, in 1837 he came west, stopping a year or two at Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1839 he visited Peoria liy way of Chicago, working for a time on "Tlie

145

Peoria Register,"' but soon after joined Benjamin Lundy, who was preparing to revive his paper,

"The Genius of Universal Emancipation," at La Salle County. This scheme was by Lundy's early death, but, after a few months" delay, Eastman, in conjunction with Hooper Warren, began the publication of "The Genius of Liberty'" as the successor of Lundy's paper, using the printing press which Warren had used in the office of "The Commer Lowell,

partially defeated

cial Advertiser, " in Chicago, a year or so before. In 1842, at the invitation-of prominent AboUtionists, the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was issued under the name of "The Western Citizen," in 1858 becoming "The Free West," and finally, in 1856, being merged in "The Chicago Tribune." After the suspension of "The Free West," Mr. Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago

Magazine," a literary and historical monthly, but it reached only its fifth number, when it was discontinued for want of financial -upport. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln United States Consul at Bristol, England, where he remained eight years. On his return from Europe, he took up his residence at Elgin, later

removing to Maywood, a suburb of Chicago, where he died, June 14, 1883. During the -latter years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many articles of great historical interest to the Chi-

cago press. (See Lundy, Benjamin, and Warren, Hooper. EBERHART, John .T'rederlck, educator and real-estate operator, was born in Mercer County, Pa., Jan. 21, 1829; commenced teaching at 16 years of age, and, in 1853, graduated from Allegheny College, at Meadville, soon after becoming Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the same State in 1855 came west by way of Chicago, locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work a year later established "The Northwestern Home and School Journal,'" which he published ;

three years, in the meantime establishing and conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1859 he was elected School Commissioner of Cook County a position which was afterwards changed to County Superintendent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr. Eberhart was largely instrumental in the establishment of the Cook County Normal School. Since retiring from office he has been engaged in

—

the real-estate business in Chicago.

ECKHART, Bernard

A.,

manufacturer and

President of the Chicago Drainage Board, was

France (now Germany), brouglit to America in infancv and reared on a farm in liorn in Alsace.

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

146

Vernon County, Wis. was educated at Milwaukee, and, in 1868, became clerk in the office of the ;

Eagle Milling Companj' of that city, afterwards serving as its Eastern agent in various seaboard cities. He finally established an extensive milling business in Chicago, in which he is now engaged. In 1884 he served as a delegate to the National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and, in 1886, was elected to the State Senate, serving four years and taking a prominent part in drafting the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed by the Thirty -sixth General Assembly. He has also been prominent in connection with various financial institutions, and, in 1891, was elected one of the Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was re-elected in 189.5 and chosen President of the Board for the following year, and re-elected President in December, 1898.

EDBROOKE, Architect, 111.,

Sept.

profession tion

of

Willoughby J., Supervising was born at Deerfield, Lake County, 1843; brought up to the architectural by his father and under the instrucChicago architects. During Mayor

3,

Roche's administration he held the position of Commissioner of Public Works, and, in April, 1891, was appointed Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department at Washington, in that capacity supervising the construction of Government buildings at the World's Columbian Exposition. Died, in Chicago, Blarch 26, 1896. EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawyer and editor, was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg, served in the War of 1812, and was wounded in the battle of Black Rock, near Buffalo came to Shawneetowu, 111,, in 1818, where he edited "The Illinois Emigrant," the earliest paper in that part of the State; was a Presidential Elector in 1824, a Representative in the Second and Fifteenth General Assemblies, and elected a Circuit Judge in 183.5, but resigned a few weeks later. He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder, in his "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," says of Mr. Eddy: "When he addressed the court, he elicited the most profound attention. He was a sort of walking law library. He never forgot anything that he ever knew, ;

whether law, June 29, 1849.

jioetry or

EDDY, Thomas was born

lettres."

Died,

Moars, clergyman and author,

in Haniill.ni

1823; educated at

belles

('(iiinty,

Ohio, Sept.

7,

:r.(iiNl,oi-,,u,i;li, Ind., and, from 1842 to 18.53, was a iletlu.dist circuit preacher in that State, becoming Agent of the American Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding (

Elder of the Indianapolis district until 1856, when he was appointed editor of "The Morthwestern Christian Advocate," in Chicago, retiring from that position in 1868. Later, he held pastorates in Baltimore and Washington, and was chosen one of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Missionary Society by the General Conference of 1872. Dr. Eddy was a copious writer for the press, and, besides occasional sermons, published two volumes of reminiscences and personal sketches of prominent Illinoisans in the War of the Rebellion under the title of "Patriotism of Illinois" 7,

(1865).

Died, in

New York

City, Oct.

1874.

EDGAR, John,

early settler at Kaskaskia,

was

born in Ireland and, during the American Revolution, served as an officer in the British navy, but married an American woman of great force of character who sympathized strongly with the patriot cause. Having become involved in the desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife had promised to assist in reaching the American camp, he was compelled to flee. After remaining for a while in the American army, during which he became the friend of General La Fayette, he sought safety by coming west, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1784. His property was confiscated, but his wife succeeded in saving some §12,000 from the wreck, with which she joined him two years

He engaged

in business and became an being credited, during with the ownership of nearly 50,000 acres situated in Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and Jackson Counties, and long known as the "Edgar lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill near Kaskaskia which had belonged to a Frenchlater.

extensive

land-owner,

Territorial days,

man named

Paget, and became a large shipper of an early day to the Southern markets. County was organized, in 1790, he was appointed one of the Judges of the Common Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued On the for more than a quarter of a century. flour at

When

St. Clair

establishment of a Territorial Legislature for the Northwest Territory, he was chosen, in 1799, one of the members for St. Clair County the Legislature holding its session at Chillioothe, in the present State of Ohio, under the administration of Governor St. Clair. He was also appointed a Major-General of militia, retaining the office for many years. General and Mrs. Edgar were leaders of society at the old Territorial capital, and, on the visit of La Fayette to Kaskaskia in 1825, a reception was given at their house to the distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance

—

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

147

they had made more than forty years before. He died at Kaskaskia, in 1832. Edgar County, in the

General Assembly. In 1873 he was elected Attorney-General on the Republican ticket and

eastern part of tlie State, was named in lionor of General Edgar. He was Worshipful Master of the first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted

re-elected

Masons in

tice of

Illinois,

constituted at Kaskaskia in

1876.

At the expiration

his profession,

occurred,

1806.

in

of

his

second term he took up his residence in Chicago, where he afterwards devoted himself to the prac-

June

until

his

death,

which

20, 1893.

ED«AE COUNTY,

one of the middle tier of counties from north to south, lying on the eastern border of the State was organized in 1823, for General Edgar, an early citizen of Kaskaskia. It contains 630 square miles, with The county is a population (1900) of 28,273. nearly square, well watered and wooded. Most of the acreage is under cultivation, grain-growing

EDUCATION.

;

and named

and stock-raising being the principal industries. Generally, the soil is black to a considerable deptli,

—especially adjoinbrown the east — the

though at some points

soft, ing the timber lands in clay of the subsoil comes to the surface. Beds of the drift period, one hundred feet deep, are foimd in the northern portion, and some twenty-five years ago a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon was exhimied. A bed of limestone, twenty-five feet thick, crops out near Baldwinsville and runs

along Brouillefs creek to the State line. Paris, tlie county-seat, is a railroad center, and has a popuVermilion and Dudley are lation of over 6,000. prominent shipping points, while Chrisman,

which was an unbroken

prairie in

1873,

was

credited with a population of 900 in 1900. EDINBURG, a village of Christian County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 miles southeast of Springfield; has two banks

and one newspaper. The region is agricultural, though some coal is mined here. Population (1880), 551; (1890), 806; (1900), 1,071.

EDSALL, James

Kirtland, former Attorney General, was born at Windham, Greene Coimty, N. Y., May 10, 1831. After passing through the common-schools, he attended an academy at Prattsville, N.Y., supporting himself meanwhile, by working upon a farm. He read law at Prattsville and Catskill, and was admitted to the bar at Albany in 1853. The next two years he spent in Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, in 1854, removed to Leavenworth, Kan. He was elected to the Legislature of that State in 1855, being a member of the Topeka (free-soil) body when it was broken up by United States troops in 1856. In August, 1856, he settled at Dixon, 111., and at once engaged in practice. In 1863 he was elected Mayor of that city, and, in 1870, was chosen State Senator, serving on the Committees on Municipahties and Judiciary in the Twenty-seventh ,

The first step in the direction of the establishment of a system of free schools for the region now comprised within the State of Illinois was taken in the enactment by Congress, on May 20, 1785, of "An Ordinance for Ascertaining the

mode

of disposing of lands in the

Western

Terri-

This applied specifically to the region northwest of the Ohio River, which had been acquired through the conquest of the "Illinois Country" by Col. George Rogers Clark, acting under the auspices of the State of Virginia and by authority received from its Governor, the patriotic Patrick Henrj'. This act for the first time established the present sj-stem of township (or as it was then called, "rectangular") surveys, devised by Capt. Thomas Hutchins, who became the first Surveyor-General (or "Geographer," as the otSce was styled) of the United States under the same act. Its important feature, in this connection, was the provision "that there shall be reserved the lot No. 16 of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within the tovmtory."

The same reservation (the term "section" being substituted for "lot" in the act of May 18, 1796) was made in all subsequent acts for the sale of public lands the acts of July 23, 1787, and June 20, 1788, declaring that "the lot No. 16 in each township, or fractional part of a township," shall be "given perpetually for the pm-pose contained in said ordinance" (i. e., the act of 1785). The next step was taken in the Ordinance of 1787 (Art. III.), in the declaration that, "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary for the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encom-aged." The reservation referred to in the act of 1785 (and subsequent acts) was reiterated in the "enabling act" passed by Congress, April 18, 1818, authorizing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a State Government, and was formally accepted by the Convention which formed the first State Constitution. The enabling act also set apart one entire township (in addition to one previously donated for the same purpose by act of Congress in 1804) for the use of a seminary of learning, ship. "

—

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

148 togetlier

with three per cent of the net proceeds

of the sales of public lands within the State, "to

be appropriated bj- the Legislature of the State for the encouragement of learning, of which onesixth part"' (or one-half of one per cent) "shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or uni%-ersity." Thus, the plan for the establishment of a system of free public education in Illinois had its inception in the first steps for the organization of the Northwest Territory, was recognized in the

was made

in January, 1825, in the pas.sage of a

introduced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards a Congressman and Governor of the State. It nominally appropriated two dollars out of each one hundred dollars received in the State Treasury, to be distributed to those who had paid taxes or bill

subscriptions

for

the

support of

schools.

So

small was the aggregate revenue of the State at that time (only a little over §00,000), that the

sum

realized

from

this

law would have been but

Ordinance of 1787 which reserved that Territory forever to freedom, and was again reiterated in

little

the preliminary steps for the organization of the State Government. These several acts became the basis of that permanent provision for the encouragement of education known as the "township," "seminary" and "college or university"

when the State inaugurated the policy of selling the seminary lands and borrowing the proceeds for the payment of current expenses. In this way 43,200 acres (or all but foiir and a half sections) of the seminary lands were disposed of,

funds.

realizing

—

Early Schools. Previous to this, however, a beginning had been made in the attempt to establish schools for the benefit of the children of the

One John Seeley is said to have taught American school within the territory of Illinois, in a log-cabin in Monroe County, in 1783, followed by others in the next twenty years in Monroe, Randolph, St. Clair and Madison Counties. Seeley"s earliest successor was Francis Clark, who, in turn, was followed by a man pioneers.

the

first

named Halfpenny, who afterwards built a mill near the present town of Waterloo in Monroe

Among

the teachers of a still later period were John Boyle, a soldier in Col. George Rogers

County,

Clark's army, who taught in Randolph County between 1790 and 1800; John Atwater, near Ed wards ville, in 1807, and John Slessinger, a surveyor,

who was

a

member

of the Constitutional

Convention of 1818 and Speaker of the first House The latter taught in the vicinity of Shiloh in St. Clair County, afterwards the site of Rev. John M. Peck's Rock Spring Seminary. The schools which existed during of Representatives.

this period,

and

for

many

years after the organi-

zation of the State Government, were necessarily few, widely scattered and of a very primitive character, receiving their support entirely by subscription from their patrons.

First Free School Law and Sales of School Lands.— It has been stated that the first free school in the State was established at L^pjier is good reason for believing this claim was based upon the power granted by the Legislature, in an act passed that year, to establish such schools there, which power was never can-ied into effect. The first attempt to establish a free-school system for the whole State

Alton, in 1821, but there

more than §1,000 per year. It remained practically a dead letter and was repealed in 1829,

less than 860,000. The first sale of township school lands took place in Greene County in 1831, and, two years later, the greater

part of the school section in the heart of the present city of Chicago was sold, producing about §39,000. The average rate at which these sales were made, up to 1882, was §3. 78 per acre, and the minimum, 70 cents per acre. That these lands have, in very few instances, produced the results expected of them, was not so much the fault of the sj-stem as of those selected to administer it whose bad judgment in premature sales, or whose complicity with the schemes of speculators, were the means, in many cases, of squandering what might otherwise have furnished a liberal provision for the support of public

—

schools in

many

sections of the State.

Mr.

W.

L.

Pillsbury, at present Secretary of the University

of Illinois, in a paper printed in the report of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1885-86 to which the writer is indebted for many

—

— gives

of the facts presented in this article Chicago the credit of establishing the

to

first free

schools in the State in 1834, while Alton followed in 1837,

and Springfield and Jacksonville

in 1840.

Early Higher Institutions.— A movement looking to the establishment of a higher institution of learning in Indiana Territory (of which Illinois then formed a part), was inaugurated by the passage, through the Territorial Legislature at Vincennes, in November, 1806, of an act incorporating the University of Indiana Territory to be located at V'incennes. One provision of the act authorized the raising of $20,000 for the institution by means of a lottery. A Board of Trustees was promptly organized, with Gen. William Henry Harrison, then the Territorial Governor, at its head but, beyond the erection of a building. ;

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was made.

Twenty-one years later (1827) the first successful attempt to found an advanced school was made by the indomitable Rev. John M. Peck, resulting in the establishment of his Theological Seminary and High

little

progress

School at Rock Springs, St. Clair Count}^ which, in 1831, became the nucleus of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Seminary, established in 1828, two years later expanded into McKendree College, while instruction began to be given at Illinois College, Jacksonville, in December, 1829, as the outcome of a movement started by a band of young men at Yale College in 1827 these several institutions being formally incorporated by the same act of (See sketches of the Legislatiu-e, passed in 1835.

—

Educational Conventions. — In was held at Vandalia (then the State

1833

there

capital) the

of a series of educational conventions, which were continued somewhat irregularly for twenty years, and whose history is remarkable for the first

participating in

them who

after-

in State and National these conventions were held at

wards gained distinction history.

At

first

the State capital during the sessions of the General Assembly, when tlie chief actors in them were members of that body and State officers, with a few other friends of education from the ranks of professional or business men. At the convention of 1833, we find, among those participating, the names of Sidney Breese, afterwards a United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court; Judges. D. Lockwood, then of the Supreme Court; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Governor and United States Senator O. H. Browning, afterwards United States Senator and Secretary of the Interior; James Hall and John Russell, the most notable writers in the State in their day, besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams, Benjamin Mills, Jesse B. Thomas, Henry Eddy ;

and

others, all

prominent in their several depart-

In a second convention at the same two years later, Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas and Col. John J. Hardin ments.

place, nearly

were participants. At Springfield, in 1810, proand literary men began to take a more part, although the members of the Legislature were present in considerable force. fessional

prominent

A convention

"State Teachers' Institute," which, three years took the name of the "State Teachers' Association" though an association of the same name was organized in 1836 and continued in existence several years. later,

—

State Superintendent and School Jour-

—

nals. The appointment of a State Superintendent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as

and was urged from time to time in memorials and resolutions by educational conventions, by the educational press, and in the State Legislature but it was not until February, 1854, that an act was passed creating the ofiice, when the Hon. Ninian W. Edwards was appointed by early as 1837,

;

Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in

these Institutions.)

number of those

149

permanent educational societies, finally resulting, in December, 1854, in the organization of the

held at Peoria, in 1844, was made up largely of professional teachers and school officers, with a few citizens of local prominence and the same may be said of those held at Jacksonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other points. Various attempts were made to form

his successor

was elected in

1856.

office until

"The Common

School Advocate" was published for a year at Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in 1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate" began publication at Springfield, but was discontinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855 was established "The Illinois Teacher." This was merged, in 1873, in "The Illinois Schoolmaster," which became the organ of the State Teachers' Association, so remaining several years. The State Teachers' Association has no oflicial organ now, but the "Public School Journal" is the chief educational publication of the State. Industrial Education. In 1851 was instituted a movement which, although obstructed for some time bj^ partisan opposition, has been followed by more far-reaching results, for the country at large, than any single measure in the history of education since the act of 1785 setting apart one section in each township for the support This was the scheme formuof public schools. lated bj' the late Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of Jacksonville, for a system of practical scientific education for the agricultural, mechanical and other industrial classes, at a Farmers' Convention held under the auspices of the Buel Institute (an Agricultural Society), at Granville, Putnam Covmty, Nov. 18, 1851. While proposing a plan for a "State University" for Illinois, it also advocated, from the outset, a "University for the industrial classes in each of the States," by way of supplementing the work which a "National Institute of Science," such as the Smithsonian Institute at Washington, was expected to accomplish. The proposition attracted the attention of persons interested in the cause of industrial education in other States, especially in New York and some of the New England States, and

—

— HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

150

received their hearty endorsement and cooperThe Granville meeting was followed by a ation. series of similar conventions held at Springfield,

June

8, 18.53;

Cliioago, Nov. 24, 18.53; Springfield,

Springfield, Jan. 1, 1855, at 4, 1853, and which the scheme was still further elaborated. At the Springfield meeting of January, 1853, an organization was formed under the title of the "Industrial League of the State of Illinois." with

Jan.

a view to disseminating information, securing more thorough organization on tlie part of friends of the measure, and the employment of lecturers to address the people of the State on the subject. At the same time, it was resolved that "this Convention memorialize Congress for the purpose of obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and endow industrial institutions in each and every State in the Union." It is worthy of note that this resolution contains the central idea of the act passed by Congress nearly ten years afterward, making appropriations of public lands for the

establishment

and support of

industrial

colleges in the several States, which act received the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1863

a similar measure having been vetoed by President Buchanan in February, 1859. The State was extensively canvassed by Professor Turner, Mr. Bronson Murray (now of New York), the late Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, in behalf of the objects of the League, and the Legislature, at its session of 1853, by unanimous vote in both houses, adopted the re.solutions commending the measure and instructing the United States Senators from Illinois, and requesting its Representatives, to give it their support. Though not specifically contemplated at the outset of the movement, the Convention at Springfield, in January, 18.55, propo.sed, as a part of the scheme, ', a city in Iroquois County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railways, 81 miles south by west from Chicago and 208 miles northeast It is in the heart of one of the of St. Louis. richest corn districts of the State and has large It has stock-raising and fruit-growing interests an opera house, a public library, an extensive nursery, brick and tile works, a linseed oil mill, two banks and two weekly newspapers. Artesian well water is obtained by boring from 90 to 200 feet. Population (1890), 1,112; (1900). 1,411. (ilLMAN, Arthur, was born at Alton, 111., June 22, 1837, the son of Winthrop S. Oilman, of the firm of Oilman & Godfrey, in whose warehouse the printing press of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored at the time of its destruction by a mob in 1837; was educated in St. Louis and Xew York, l'SO\, Charles M., civil engineer and Assistant Railway President, was born in Chicathe son of George M.Higginson, go, July 11. 1846 who located in Chicago about 1843 and engaged in the real-estate business; was educated at the Lawrence Scientific School. Cambridge, Mass., and entered the engineering department of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in 1867, remaining until 1875. He then became the pur-

—

— HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. chasing agent of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, but, a j-ear later, returned to Chicago, and soon after assumed the same position in connection with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, being transferred to the Auditorship of the latter road in 1879. Later, he became assistant to President Ripley of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Line, where he remained until his death, which occurred at Riverside, 111., Jlay 0, Mr. Higginson was, for several years, 1899. President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and a member of the Board of Managers of the Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago. HIGH, James L., lawj'er and author, was born at Belleville, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1844; in boyhood came to Wisconsin, and graduated at Wisconsin State University, at Madison, in 1804, also serving for a time as Adjutant of the Forty-ninth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers studied law at the Michigan University Law School and, in 18G7. came to Chicago, where he began practice. He spent the winter of 1871-72 in Salt Lake City and, in the absence of the United States District Attorney, conducted the trial of certain Mormon leaders for connection with the celebrated Mountain Meadow Massacre, also acting as correspondent of "The New York Times," his letters being widely copied. Returning to Chicago he took a high rank in his profession. He was the author of several volumes, including treatises on "The Law of Injunctions as administered in the Courts of ;

England and America, and "Extraordinary Legal Remedies, Mandamus, Quo Warranto and Prohibitions," which are accepted as high authority with '

'

the profession.

In 1870 he published a revised Works, including all with a memoir of

edition of Lord Erskine's

his legal arguments, together his hfe.

Died, Oct. 3, 1898. city in the southeastern part of

H1GHLA>'D, a

Madison County, founded in 1836 and located on the Vandalia line, 3"3 miles east of St. Louis. Its manufacturing industries include a milk-condensing plant, creamery, flour and planing mills, breweries, embroidery works, etc. It contains several churches and schools, a

Roman

Catholic

Seminary, a hospital, and has three newspaper.? one German. The early settlers were Germans

most thrifty and enterprising The surrounding country is agricultural. of the

classes.

Popu-

lation (1880), 1,960; (1890), 1,857; (1900, decennial census), 1,970.

HIGHLAND PARK, an incorporated city of Lake County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Chicago. It

has a salubrious site on a blutf 100 feet above

Lake Jlichigan, and

233

a favorite. residence and health resort. It has a large hotel, several churches, a military academy, ami a weekly is

Two Waukegan papers issue editions Population (1890), 3,163;. (1900), 2,806. Jesse S., lawyer and legislator, was born in Middletown, Conn., March 14, 1833; at 15 removed to the State of New York and afterwards to Harrisburg, Pa. in 1860 came to Belvidere, 111., where he began the practice of law, also serving as Corporation Trustee and Township Supervisor, and. during the latter years of the war, as Deputy Provost Marshal. His first important elective office was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1870, but he was elected Representative in the General Assembly the same year, and again in 1872. While in the House he took a prominent part in the legislation which resulted in the organization of the Railroad and Warehouse Board. Mr. Hildrup was also a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and United States Marshal for the Northern

paper. here.

HILDBUP,

;

District of Illinois

from 1877 to

1881.

During

the last few years much of his time has been spent in California for the benefit of the health of some members of his family. HILL, Charles Augustus, ex-Congressman, was born at Truxton, Cortland County, N. Y., August 33, 1833. He acquired his early education of hard labor, and much privation. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, settling in Will County, where, for several years, he taught school, as he had done while in New York. Meanwhile he read law, his last instructor being Hon. H. C. Newcomb, of Indianapolis, where he was admitted to the bar. He returned to Will

by dint

County in 1860, and, in 1862, enlisted in the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, participating in the battle of Antietam. Later he was commissioned Finst Lieutenant in the First United States Regiment of Colored Troops, with which he remained until the close of the war, rising to the rank of Captain. In 1865 he returned to Joliet and to the practice of his profession. In 1868 he was elected State's Attorney for the district comprising \\

ill

and Grundy Counties, but declined a renominaIn 1888 he was the successful Republican candidate for Congress from the Eighth Illinois District, but was defeated for re-election in 1890 by Lewis Steward, Democrat. HILLSBORO. an incorporated city, the countyseat of Montgomery County, on the Cleveland. tion.

&

Cincinnati, Chicago St. Louis Railway. 07 miles northeast of St. Louis. Its manufactures

are flour, brick and

tile,

carriages and harness.

;

IIISTOPJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.

334

and woolen goods. It lias a Ingh The school, banks and two weekly newspapers. surrounding region is agricultural, though considerable coal is mined in the vicinity. Populafurniture

tion

(issil).

2,858; (1890),

(1900), 1,937.

2,.'500;

HIXCKLEY, a village of De Kalb County, on the Roehelle Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 18 miles we.st of Aurora; in rich agricultural and dairying region has grain elevators, brick and tile works, water system and Pop. (1890), 496; (1900), 587. electric light plant. HINRICHSEX, William H., ex-Secretary of State and ex-Congressman, was born at Franklin, Morgan County, 111., May 27, 1850; educated at the University of Illinois, spent four years in the office of his father, who was stock-agent of the Wabash Railroad, and six years (1874-80) as ;

Deputy

Sheriff of

Morgan County; then went

into the newspaper business, editing the Jackson-

"Evening Courier," until 1880, after which he was connected with "The Quincy Herald," to 1890, when he returned to Jacksonville and resumed his place on "The Courier. He was Clerk of the House of Representatives in 1891, and ville

"

'

elected Secretary of State in 1893, serving until

January, 1897. Mr. Hinrichsen has been a member of the Democratic State Central Committee since 1890,

and was Chairman

of that

body dur-

In 1896 Mr. Hinrichsen was the nominee of his party for Congress in the Sixteenth District and was elected by over 6,000 majority, but failed to secure a renomination in ing 1894-96.

1898.

HIKSDALE, a village in Du Page County and popular residence suburb, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles west-southwest of Cliicago. It has four churches, a graded school, an academy', electric light plant, waterworks, sewerage system, and two weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 1,584; (1900), 2,578. HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at Hanson, Plymouth County, Mass., April 4, 1837; studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, soon afterward establishing himself for the practice of his profession in Chicago. In 1869 Mr. Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, which was the only important public office that he held, though his capacity was recognized by his election to the Presidency of that body. Died, May 6, 1881.

HITCHCOCK, Luke,

clergyman, was born April 13, 1813, at Lebanon, X. Y., entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1834, and, after supplying various charges in

that State during the next five years, in 1839 came to Chicago, becoming one of the most influential factors in the Methodist denomination in Northern Illinois. Between that date and 1860 he was identified, as regular pa.stor or Presiding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa, Belvidere, Rockford, Mount Morris, St. Charles

and Chicago (the old Clark Street church), with two years' service (1841-43) as agent of Rock River Seminary at Mount Morris his itinerant

—

labors being interrupted at

two

or three periods

by ill-health, compelling him to assume a superannuated relation. From 1853 to '80, inclusive, he was a delegate every four years to the General Conference. In 1860 he was appointed Agent of the Western Book Concern, and, as the junior representative, was placed in charge of the depository at Chicago in 1868 becoming the Senior Agent, and so remaining until 1880. His subsequent service included two terms as Presiding Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Districts the position of Superintendent of the Chicago Home Missionary and Church Extension Society Superintendent of the Wesley Hospital (which he assisted to organize), his last position being that of Corresponding Secretary of the Superannu-

—

ates" Relief Association.

He was

also influential

in securing the establishment of a church paper in

Chicago and the founding of the Northwestern

University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died, while on a visit to a daughter at East Orange, N. J., Nov. 12, 1898. HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier, was born in Bourbon County, K}-., Jime 13, 1810 the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his In slaves and removed to Urbana, Ohio, in 1814. 1829 tlie son began the study of engineering and, removing to Illinois the following year, was appointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, later being employed in surveyBeing stationed at ing some sixteen years. Prairie du Chien at the time of the Black Hawk War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson Rangers for a year, but at the end of that period resumed surveying and, having settled in La Salle Coxmty, became the first Surveyor of that county. In 1861 he joined Colonel Cushman, of Ottawa, in the organization of the Fifty-third

—

Illinois Volunteers,

in March, 1863,

was mu.stered

into the service

and commissioned

its Lieutenantin various Tlie regiment took including those of Shiloh, Corinth and La Grange, Tenn. In the latter Colonel Hitt received an injury by being thrown from his horse which compelled his resignation and from

Colonel.

battles,

part

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. which he never

fully recovered.

Returning to

Ottawa, he continued to reside there imtil his May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of Andrew J. Hitt, General Superintendent of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and uncle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount Originally a Democrat, he allied himself Morris. with the Republican party on the breaking out of the Civil AVar. He was a thirty-second degree Mason and prominent in Grand Army circles. HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was born at Boonsboro, Md., June 3, 1838; in 1S4.5 entered the fresliman class at Asbury University, Ind., graduating in 1849. Then, removing to Ottawa, 111., be was engaged for a time in farming, but, in 1853, entered into the forwarding and commission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile devoted some attention to real-estate law, in 1853 he began buying and selling real estate while continuing his farming operations, adding thereto coal-mining. In May, 1856, he was a delegate from La Salle County to the State Convention at Bloomington which resulted in the organization Removing of the Republican party in Illinois. to Chicago in 1860, lie engaged in the real-estate business there in 1863 was appointed on a committee of citizens to look after the interests of wounded Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort Donelson, in that capacity visiting hospitals at Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Xashville. During the war he engaged to some extent in the business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr. Hitt has been a member of both the Chicago and the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 1869, was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Commission to lay out the park system of Chicago. Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he aided in the erection of the Woman's College in connection with the Northwestern University. In 1876 he was appointed by the Governor agent to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp lands within its limits, and has given much of death,

;

HITT, Robert Roberts, Congressman, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 1834. When he was three years old his parents removed to IlUnois, settling in Ogle County. His education was acquired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount Morris College), and at De Pauw University, Ind. In 1858 Mr. Hitt was one of the reporters who the

celebrated

debate

He was

of

that

year

between Lincoln and Douglas. From December, 1874, imtil 3Iarch, '81. he was connected with the United States embassy at Paris, serving as First Secretary of Legation and Charge d'Affaires ad

235

Assistant Secretary of State in

1881, but resigned the post in 1883. having been elected to Congress from the Sixth IlUnois District to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death

of R. M. A.

Hawk.

By

eight successive re-elec-

tions he has represented the District continuously

being conspicuous for long service. In that time he has taken an important part in the deliberations of the House, serving as Chairman of many important committees, notably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he has been Chairman for several terms, and for which his diplomatic experience well qualifies him. In 1898 he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and report upon a form of government for that portion of the newly acquired national domain. ]\Ir. -Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably considered for the position of Minister to England after tlie retirement of Secretary Day in since, his career

1898.

HOBART, Horace

R., was born in Wisconsin graduated at Beloit College and, after a newspaper work, enlisted, in 1861, in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and was assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster. Being wounded at Helena, Ark,, he was compelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputy Provost Marshal of the Second Wisconsin District. In 1866 he re-entered newspaper work as reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago Evening Pest" and "Evening Mail"; later was editor of "The Jacksonville Daily Journal" and "The Chicago Morning Courier," also being, for some years from 1869, Western Manager of the American Press Association. In 1876, Mr. Hobart became one of the editors of "The Railway Age" (Chicago), with which he remained until the close of the year 1898, when he retired to give his in 1839

:

brief experience in

attention to real-estate matters.

HOFFMAN,

his attention to that business since.

reported

interim.

Francis A., Lieutenant-Governor

(1861-65), was born at Herford. Prussia, in 1833, and emigrated to America in 1839, reaching Chicago the same year. There he became a boot-black in a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching a small German school at Dunkley's Grove (now Addison), Du Page County, and later officiating

In 1847 he represented as a Lutheran minister. that county in the River and Harbor Convention In 1853 he removed to Chicago, and, at Chicago. the following j'ear, entered tlie City Council. Later, he

embarked

in the real-estate business,

and, in 1854, opened a banking house, but

was

;

IIISTOUICAL EXCYCL0PP:DIA or ILLINOIS.

23tj

forced to assign in 1861. He recognized anti-slavery leader to the for

German

early became a and a contributor was nominated

press, and, in 1830,

Lieutenant-Governor on the

first

Republican

State ticket with William H. Bissell, but was found ineligible by reason of his short residence

United States, and withdrew, giving place John "Wood of Quincy. In 18G0 he was again nominated, and having in the meantime become eligible, was elected. In 1804 he was a Republican candidate for Presidential Elector, and assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul at Chicago for several German States. For a number of years past Mr. Hoffman has been editor of an agricultural paper in Southern Wisconsin. HOGA>', John, clergyman and early politician, was born in the city of Mallow, County of Cork, Ireland, Jan. 2, 180o; brought in childhood to Baltimore, Md., and having been left an orphan at eight years of age, learned the trade of a shoemaker. In 1826 he became an itinerant Methodist preacher, and, coming west the same year, preached at various points in Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. In 1830 lie was married to Miss Mary Mitchell West, of Belleville, 111. and soon after, having retired from the itinerancy, engaged in mercantile business at Edward'sville and Alton. In 1836 he was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly from Madison County, two years later was appointed a Commissioner of Public Works and, being re-elected in 1840, was made President of the Board; in 1841 was appointed by President Harrison Register of the Land Office at Dixon, where he remained until 1845. During the anti-slavery excitement which attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was regarded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the pro-slavery faction. After retiring from the Land Office at Dixon, he removed to St. Louis, where lie engaged in the wholesale grocery business. In his early political life he was a Whig, but later co-operated with the Democratic party in 1857 he was appointed bj- President Buchanan Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until the accession of Lincoln in 1861 in 1864 was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Congress, serving two years. He was also a delegate to the National Union (Democratic) Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. After his retirement from the Methodist itinerancy he continued to officiate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed

in the to

,

;

a speaker of ilnusual eloquence and ability. His death occurred, Feb. 5, 1892. He is author of several volumes, including .souri,"

"The Resources of Mis-

"Commerce and Manufactures

of

St.

Louis," and a "History of Methodism."

HO(iE, Joseph P., Congressman, was born in Ohio early in the century and came to Galena, in 1836, where he attained prominence as a 111. lawyer. In 1842 he was elected Representative in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of the Mormon vote at Nauvoo, serving one term. In 1853 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and became a Judge in that State, dying a few years since at the age of over 80 years. He is represented to have been a man of much ability and a graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Hoge was a son-in-law of Thomas C. Browne, one of the Justices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois who ,

held office until 1848.

HOLLISTER, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physiwas born at Riga, N. Y., in 1824; was brought to Romeo, Mich., by his parents in infancy, but his father having died, at the age of 17 cian,

went to Rochester, N. Y., to be educated, finally graduating in medicine at Berkshire College, Mass., in 1847, and beginning practice at Otisco, Mich. Two years later he removed to Grand Rapids and, in 1855, to Chicago, where he held, for a time, the position of demonstrator of anatomy in Rush Medical College, and, in 1856, became one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, in which he has held various chairs. He also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and was, for twenty years. Clinical Professor in the same institution; was President of the State Medical Society, and, for twenty years, its Treasurer. Other positions Jield by him have been those of Trustee of the American Medical Association and editor of its journal. President of the Young Men's Cliristian Association and of the Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been prominent in Sunday School and churcll*work in connection with the Armour Jlission. with which he has been associated for many vears. HOME FOR JUVEMLE OPFEXDERS, (FEMALE). The establishment of this institution was authorized by act of June 22, 1893, which appropriated 875,000 towards its erection and maintenance, not more than 815,000 to be expended for a site. (See also State Guardians for Gj rh. It is designed to receive girls between the ages of 10 and 16 committed thereto by any court of record upon conviction of a misdemeanor, the term of commitment not to be less than one year, or to exceed minority. Justices of the )

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. may

company

237

send giris for a term not The act of incorporation less than three months. provides for a commutation of sentence to be earned by good conduct and a prolongation of the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are empowered, in their discretion, either to apprentice the girls or to adopt them out during their minority. Temporary quarters were furnished for the Home dm-ing the first two years of its existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings for the institution have been erected on tlie banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane County. HOMER, a village in Champaign County, on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles west-southwest from Danville and about 18 miles east-southeast from Champaign. It supports a carriage factory also has two banks, several churches, a seminary, The an opera -house, and one weekly paper. region is chiefly agricultural. Population (1880),

carriage and machine shops, and two large canning factories, besides two banks and one daily and three weekly newspapers, several churches, a high school and a business college. Population

934; (1890), 917; (1900), 1,080.

(1S90,\ 1,911; (1900), 3,833; (1904),

Peace, however,

HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws have been defined to be "legislation enacted to secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home and shelter for a family or individual by exempting, under certain conditions, the residence occupied by the family or individual, from liability to be sold for the payment of the debts of

and by

its

owner,

restricting his rights of free alienation."

In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm and dwelling thereon of everj^ householder having a family, and occupied as a residence, whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the value of Si, 000. The exemption continues after death, for the benefit of decedent's wife or hus-

band occupying the homestead, and also of the if any, until the youngest attain the Husband and wife must join in

children,

age of 21 years. releasing the

always liable

exemption, but the for

property is In 18G3

improvements thereon.

—

Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers on public lauds under certain restrictions as to active occupancy, under which most of that class of lands since taken for settlement have been purchased. HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on tlie Illinois Central Railway, 23 miles south of ChiPopulation, (1900), 352. M., theatrical manager, was born in Ireland, April 13, 1823 at the age of 18 entered the theater as a musician and, four cago.

HOOLEY, Richard

;

years later,

came

to America, soon after forming

an association with E. P. Christy, the originator of negro minstrelsy entertainments which went under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted

through the principal towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to some of the chief cities on the continent returned to America five years later, and subsequently managed houses in San Francisco, Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New York, finally locating in Chicago in 1869, where he remained the rest of his life, his theater becoming one of the most widely known and popular in the city. a

of minstrels

;

—

Died, Sept.

8,

1893.

HOOPESTON, a prosperous city in Vermilion County, at the intersection of the Chicago it Eastern Illinois and the Lake Erie & Western Railroads, 99 miles south of Chicago. It has grain elevators, a nail factory, brick and tile works,

HOPKINS, in

Albert

De Kalb County,

J.,

111.,

about 4..500. Congressman, was born 15, 1846. After

August

graduating from Hillsdale College, Mich., in 1870, he studied law and began practice at Aurora.

He

rapidly attained prominence at the bar, and,

was elected State's Attorney for Kane County, serving in that capacity for four years. He is an ardent Republican and high in the party's councils, having been Chairman of the State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan ticket in 1884. The same year he was elected to the Forty-ninth Congress from the Fifth District (now the Eighth) and has been continuously reelected ever since, receiving a clear majority- in 1898 of more than 18,000 votes over two competitors. At present (1898) he is Chairman of the Select House Committee on Census and a member of the Committees on Ways and Means, and Merchant Marine and Fisheries. In 1886 he was strongly supported for the Republican nomination for Governor. HOUGHTON, Horace Hocking, pioneer printer and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt., Oct. 26, 1806, spent his youth on a farm, and at eighteen began learning the printer's trade in the oflice of "The Woodstock Overseer" on arriving at his majority became a journeyman printer and, in 1828, went to New York, spending some time in the employment of the Harper Brothers. After a brief season spent in Boston, he took charge of in 1872,

;

"The Statesman"

at Castleton, Vt., but, in 1834,

New York, taking with him a device for throwing the printed sheet off the

again went to press,

which was afterwards adopted on the

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

23S

Adams and Hoe printing presses. His next move was to Marietta, Oliio, in 1834, thence by way of Cincinnati and Louisville to St. Louis, for a time in the ofEce of the old "St. Republican." He soon after went to Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later became associated with Sylvester I\L Bartlett in the management of "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser," finally becoming sole In 1842 he sold out the paper, but proprietor. resumed his connection with it the following year, remaining until 1803, when he finally sold He afterwards spent some time on the out. Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to Islands, but finally returned to Sandwich the Galena and, during the later years of his Ufe, was Postmaster there, dying April 30, 18T9. HOVET, Charles Edward, educator, soldier and laivyer, was born in Orange County, Vt., April 26, 1827 graduated at Dartmouth College in 1853, and became successively Principal of high schools at Farmington, Mass., and Peoria, III. Later, he assisted in organizing the Illinois State Normal School at Normal, of %vhich he was President from 18.57 to 1861 being also President

working Louis

;

—

of the State Teachers' Association (1856), member of the State Board of Education, and, for some

"The Illinois Teacher." In Auhe assisted in organizing, and was commissioned Colonel of, the Thirty-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "SchoolMasters' Regiment," from the fact that it was composed largely of teachers and young men from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few months later, to brevet Jlajor-General for gallant and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military service in May, 1863, he engaged in the practice of law in "Washington, D. C. Died, in Washington, Nov. 17, 1897. HOWLA>'D, George, educator and author, was born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass., July 30, 1824. After graduating from Amherst College in 1850, he devoted two years to teacliing in the public schools, and three years to a tutorship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in Latin, Greek and French. He began the study of law, but, after a year's reading, he abandoned it, removing to Chicago, where he became Assistant Principal of the city's one high school, in

years, editor of gust, 1861,

1858.

1880,

He became was

its

Principal in 1860, and, in

elected Superintendent of Chicago City

This position he filled until August, 1891, when he resigned. He also served as Trustee of Amherst College for several years, and as a Schools.

member of the Illinois State Board of Education, being President of that body in 1883. As an author he was of some note; his work being chiefly on educational lines. He published a translation of the ..rEueid adapted to the use of schools, besides translations of some of Horace's Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odyssej'. He was also the author of an English grammar. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1892. HOY>'E, Philip A., lawyer and United States Commissioner, was born in New York City, Nov. 20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after spending eleven years alternately in Galena and Chicago, finally located permanently in Chicago, in 1852; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Recorder's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five years was admitted to the bar in IMarch, 1856, and appointed United States Commissioner the same j'ear, remaining in office until his death, Nov. 3, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an ofl5cer of the Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the ;

Union League Club. Hl'BBARD, Gurdou Saltonstall, pioneer and Indian trader, was born at Windsor, Vt., August 22, 1802. His early j-outh was passed in Canada, chiefly in the employ of the American Fur Company. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and for nine j'ears traveled back and forth in the interest of his employers. In 1827, having embarked in business on his own account, he established several trading posts in Illinois, becoming a resident of Chicago in 1832. From this time forward he became identified with the history and development of the State. He served with distinction dm-ing the Black Hawk and Winnebago Wars, was enterprising and public-spirited, and did much to promote the early development

He was elected to the Legislature from Vermilion County in 1832, and, in 1835, was appointed by Governor Duncan one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal.

of Chicago.

Died, at Chicago, Sept.

14, 1886.

From the time

he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years, no man was more active or public-spirited in pronaoting its commercial development and general prosperity. He was identified with almost every branch of business upon which its growth as a commercial city depended, from that of an early Indian trader to that of a real-estate operator, being manager of one of the largest packing houses of his time, as well as promoter of

A zealous Republican, he was one of the most earnest supporters of Abraham Lincoln in the campaign of 1860, was prominently identified with every local measure early railroad enterprises.

—" ;

lIISTOlilCxVL

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

maintenance of tlie Union cause, and, for a year, held a commission as Captain in the Eiglity-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment. HUGHITT, JlarTin, Railway President, was born, August, 1837, and, in 1850, began his railroad experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-deIn 1862 he entered the service of the spatcher. for the

Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity, later occupying the positions of Assistant Superintendent and General Superintendent, remaining in the latter from 1865 to 1S7U, when he resigned to become Assistant General Manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. In 1872 he became associated with the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, in connection with which he has held the positions of Superintendent, General Manager, Second Vice-President and President the last of which (1899) he still occupies. HL'LETT, Alta M., lawyer, was born near Eockford, 111., June 4, 1854; early learned telegraphy and became a successful operator, but subsequently engaged in teaching and the study of law. In 1873, having passed the required examination, she applied for admission to the bar, but was rejected on account of sex. She then, in conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others, interested herself in securing the passage of an act by the Legislature giving women the right that had been denied her, which having been accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted to the bar and began practice. Died, in Calistill

fornia.

March

27, 1877.

HUNT, Daniel D., legislator, was born in "Wyoming County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to De Kalb County, 111. in 1857, and has since been engaged in hotel, mercantile and farming business. He was elected as a Republican Representative in the Thirty-fifth General Assembly in 1886, and re elected in 1888. Two years later he was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in giving him a continuous 1894, and again in 1898 ,

—

service in one or the other branch of the General A.ssembl3- of sixteen years.

During the session

Hunt was

especially active in

of 1895, Senator

the legislation which resulted in the location of the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De Kalb.

HUNT, Georgre, lawyer and ex-Attorney-Genwas born in Knox County, Ohio, in 1841 having lost both parents in childhood, came, with an uncle, to Edgar County, III., in 1S55. In July, 1861, at the age of 20, he enlisted in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enlisting as a veteran

«ral,

in 1864,

ILLINOIS.

239

and rising from the ranks

to a captaincy.

After the close of the war, he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and, locating at Paris, Edgar County, soon acquired a large practice. He was elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in 1874, and re-elected in 1878 and 'S2. In 1884 he received his first nomination for Attorney-General, was renominated in 1888, and elected both times, serving eight years. Among the important questions with which General Hunt had to deal during his two terms were the celebrated "anarchist cases" of 1887 and of 1890-92. In the former the condemned Chicago anarchists applied through their counsel to the Supreme Court of the United States, for a writ of error to the Supreme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to

grant them a new trial, which was refused. The case, on the part of the State, was conducted by General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massachusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia, Roger A. Pryor of New York, and Messrs. W. P. Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab, who had been condemned to life imprisonment, attempted to secure their release the former by an application similar to that of 1887, and the latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham of the United States Circuit Court refusing a writ of habeas corpus. The final hearing of tliese cases was had before the Supreme Court of the United States in January, 1893, General

—

Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the plaintiffs— but with the same result as in 1887.

General Hunt's management of these cases won for him much deserved commendation both at home and abroad. HUNTEK, Andrew J., was born in Greencastle, Ind., Dec.

and removed in infancy by Edgar County, this State. His was received in the common Edgar Academy. He commenced

17, 1831,

his parents, to

early education

schools and at his business life as a civil engineer, but, after three years spent in that profession, began the

study of law and was admitted to the bar. He has since been actively engaged in practice at Paris, Edgar County. From 1804 to 1868 he represented that county in the State Senate, and, in 1870, led the Democratic forlorn hope in the Fifteenth Congressional District against General Jesse H: Moore, and rendered a like service to his party in 1882, when Joseph G. Cannon was his Republican antagonist. In 1886 he was elected Judge of the Edgar County Court, and, in 1890, was re-elected, but resigned this office in 1893, having been elected Congressman for the State-

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

240

at-large on the Democratic ticket.

He was

a can-

didate for Congress from the Nineteenth District again in 1896, and was again elected, receiving a majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, his Republican opponent and immediate predecessor. HUNTER, (Gen.) David, soldier, was born in Washington, D. C, July 21, 1802; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1822, and assigned to the Fifth Infantry with the rank of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During this period he twice crossed the plains to the Rocky Mountains, but, in 1836, resigned his commission and engaged in business in Chicago, Re-entering the service as Paymaster in 1842, he was Chief Paymaster of General Wool's command in tlie Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed at New Orleans, Wasliington, Detroit, St. Louis and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of President Lincoln, whom he accompanied when the latter set out for Washington in February, 18G1, but was disabled at Buffalo, having his collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was appointed Colonel of the Sixth United States Cavalry, May 14, 1861, three days later commissioned Brigadier-General and, in August, made Major-General. In the Manassas campaign he commanded the main column of McDowell's

army and was

severely wounded at Bull Run served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded in command in November, 1861, remaining March, 1862. Being transferred to the Department of the South in May following, he issued an order declaring the persons held as slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina free, which order was revoked by President Lin-

him

until

coln ten days

taken

later.

by him

On

account of the steps

for the organization of

troops, Jefferson Davis issued

colored

an order declaring him. in case of capture, subject to execution as a felon. In May, 1864, he was placed in command of the Department of the West, and, in 1865, served on various courts-martial, being President of tlie commission that tried Mr. Lincoln's assassins was brevetted Major-General in March, 1S6~). retired from active service July, 1866, and died in Washington, Feb. 2, 1886. General Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie, the fir.st permanent citizen of Chicago. HURI), Harvey B., lawyer, was born in Fairfield County, Conn., Feb. 24, 1827. At the age of 15 he walked to Bridgeport, where he began life as ofiBce-boy in "The Bridgeport Standard," a journal of pronounced Whig proclivities. In 1844 he came to Illinois, entering Jubilee College, ;

came to Chicago in There he found temporary employment

but, after a brief attendance, 1846.

as a compositor, later commencing the study of law, and being admitted to the bar in 1848.

A

portion of the present city of Evanston

is

built

upon a 248-acre tract owned and subdivided by Mr. Hurd and his partner. Always in sympathy with the old school and most radical type of Abolitionists, he took a deep interest in the Kansas-Missouri troubles of 1856, and became a member of the "National Kansas Committee" appointed by the Buffalo (N. Y. Convention, of which body he was a member. He was chosen Secretary of the executive committee, and it is not too much to say that, largely through his earnest and poorly requited labors, Kansas was finally admitted into the Union as a free State. It was mainly through his efforts that seed for planting was gratuitously distributed among the free-soil settlers. In 1869 he was appointed a member of the Commission to revise the statutes )

work devolving consequence of the withdrawal of The revision was completed in 1874, in conjunction with a Joint Committee of Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legislature of 1873. AVhile no statutory revision has been ordered by subsequent Legislatures, Mr. Hurd has carried on the same character of work on independent lines, issuing new editions of the statutes from time to time, which are regarded as standard works by the bar. In 1875 he was nominated by the Republican party for a seat on the Supreme bench, but was defeated by the late Judge T. Lyle Dickey. For several years he of Illinois, a large part of the

upon him

in

his colleagues.

filled

of

a chair in the faculty of the Union College His liome is in Evanston.

Law.

Hl'RLBUT, Stephen

A., soldier. Congressman and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston, S. C, Nov. 29, 1815, received a thorough liberal education, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making his home at Belvidere. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, in 1848 was an

unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Elector on the Whig ticliet, but, on tlie organization of

the Republican party in 1856, promptly identified himself with that party and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembh' as a Republican in 18.58 and again in 1860. During the War of the Rebellion he served with distinction from May, 1861, to July, 1865. He entered the service as Brigadier-General, commanding the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg Landing; was made a Major-General in Septem-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ber. 1862,

and

command

later assigned to the

the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and subsequently to the command of the Department of the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he served another term in the General Assembly (1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1868, and. in 1869, was appointed by President Grant Minister Resident to the United States of Colombia, serving until 1872. The latter year he was elected Representative to Congress, and re-elected two years later. In 1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an independent Republican, but was defeated by William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881 he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and

March 27, 1882. HUTCHIXS, Thomas, was born

died at Lima,

in

Monmouth,

N. J., in 1730, died in Pittsburg, Pa., April 28, 1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, frequently called the "Geographer"; was also an

241

Royal (British) regiment, and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at Fort Chartres, be resigned his commission because of his sympathy with the patriots. Three years later he was charged with being in treasonable correspondence with FrankUn, and imprisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to have devised the present system of Government officer of the Sixtieth

of

,

surveys in this country, and his services in carrying it into effect were certainly of great value. He was the author of several valuable works, the best known being a "Topographical Description of Virginia,'"

HUTSOXVILLE, a village of Crawford County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 583; (1900), 743.

ILLIXOIS. (general history.) Illinois is the twenty-first State of the Federal Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth in present area and the third in point of population. A concise history of the region, of which it constituted the central portion at an early period, will be found in the following pages: The greater part of the territory now comprised within the State of Illinois was known and attracted eager attention from the nations of the old world especially in France, Germany and England before the close of the third quarter of the seventeenth century. More than one hundred years before the struggle for American Independence began, or the geographical division known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had an existence: before the names of Kentucky, Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, and while the early settlers of New England and Virginia were still struggling for a foothold

—

—

among

the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the

maps

of

North America as distinct and definite

New York or Pennsylvania. And from that time forward, until it assumed its position in the Union with the rank of a State, no other section has been the theater of more momentous and stirring events or has contributed more material, affording interest and instruction to the archaeologist, the ethnologist and the historian, than as

that portion

known The

of

the American Continent

now

as the "State of Illinois."

—

"Illinois Country." What was known to the early French explorers and their followers and descendants, for the ninety years which intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to the Enghsh, as the "Illinois Country," is described with great clearness and definiteness by Capt. Philip Pittman, an English engineer who made the first survey of the Mississippi River soon after the transfer of the French possessions east of the Mississippi to the British, and who published the result of his observations in London in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a work of the highest authenticity, and is the more valuable because written at a transition period when it was of the first importance to preserve and hand down the facts of early French history to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows:

"The Country of the

Illinois is

bounded by the

Mississippi on the west, by the river Illinois on the north, by the Ouabache and Sliamis on the

and the Ohio on the south." From this it would appear that the country lying between the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to the west and northwest of the former, was not

east

considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and

IIISTOPJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

24';

this agrees

generally

-svith

the

records of

tlie

early French explorers, except that they regarded the region which comprehends the site of the

present city of Chicago— the importance of which appears to have been appreciated from the first as a connecting Link between the Lakes and the

upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the Gulf of Jlexico— as belonging thereto Origin of the Name. The •'Country'" appears to have derived its name from Inini, a word of Algonquin origin, signifying "the men," euphemized by the French into lUini with the

—

signifying "tribe." The root of the term, apphed both to the country and the Indians occupying it, has been still further defined as "a suffix ois,

perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and the derivative has been used by the French

chroniclers in various forms though always with the same signification a signification of which

—

the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well as their successors of a different race, have not failed to be duly proud. Boundaries and Area.— It is this region

which gave the name to the State of which it constituted so large and important a part. Its boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are concerned, are identical with those given to the The State is "Illinois Country" by Pittman.

bounded on the north by Wisconsin on the east by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the Wabash River; southeast by the Ohio, flowing between it and the State of Kentucky and west and southwest by the Mississippi, which separates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the ;

;

boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north bank of the Ohio River; this seems to have been a sort of concession on the part of the framers of the Act to our proud neighbors of the "Dark and Bloody Ground." Geographically, the State lies between the parallels of 30' 59' and 42° 30' north latitude, and the meridian of 10' 30' and 1-1° of longitude west from the city of Washington. From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north, its estimated length is 385 miles, with an extreme breadth, from the Indiana State line to the Mississippi

River at a point between Quincy and Owing to the tortuous of 218 miles.

Warsaw,

course of

its river

and lake boundaries, which

compri.se about tliree-fourths of the wliole, its physical outline is extremely irregular. Between the limits described, it has an estimated area of 5G,650 square miles, of which 050 square miles is water the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan. This area is more than one and one-half times that of all New England (Maine being excepted), and is greater than that of any other State east of the Mississippi, except Michigan. Georgia and Florida Wisconsin lacking only a few hundred square nriles of the same. AVhen these figures are taken into account some idea may be formed of the magnificence of the domain comprised within the limits of the State of Illinois— a domain larger in extent than that of England, more than one-fourth of that of all France and nearly half that of the British Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, by any other State of the Union and with resources in agriculture, manufactures and commerce unsurpassed in any country on the face of the globe, transcend all human conception.

—

—

Streams and Navigation.— Lying between the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the Ohio, with the Wabash on the east, and intersected from northeast to southwest by the Illinois

and

its

numerous

affluents,

and with no moun-

tainous region within its limits. Illinois is at once tlie best watered, as well as one of the most Besides the Sangalevel States in the Union. mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers,

one of

and the Kaskaskia draining the region between the Illinois and the Wabash, Rock River, in the northwestern portion of the State, is most important on account of its valuable water-power. All of these streams were regarded as navigable for some sort of craft, durchief tributaries of the Illinois,

ing at least a portion of the year, in the early history of the country, and with the magnificent Mississippi along the whole western border, gave to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters than that of any other single State. Although practical navigation, apart from the lake and by natural water courses, is now limited to the Mismaking an aggregate sissippi, Illinois and Ohio of about 1,000 miles the importance of the smaller streams, when the people were dependent almost wholly upon some means of water communication for the transportation of heav)- commodities as well as for travel, could not be over-estimated, and it is not without its effect upon the productiveness of the soil, now that water transportation has given place to railroads.

—

—

HISTOrJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The whole number of streams shown upon the best maps exceeds 280. Topography. In physical conformation the surface of the State presents the aspect of an

—

inclined plane with a moderate descent in the

general direction of the streams toward the south and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern end of the State and the point of lowest depression, has an elevation above sea-level of about 300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Jlichigan at Chicago is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is

reached near Scale's Mound in the northwestern part of the State 1.2.57 feet while a spur from the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across

—

—

the southern part of the State, rises in Jackson and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet. The eastern end of this spm-, in the northeast corner of Pope County, reaches an elevation of South of this ridge, the surface of 1,046 feet.

the country between "the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers was originally covered with dense forests. These included some of the most valuable species of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm, linden, hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cottonwood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech. The native fruits included the persimmon, vrild plum, grape and paw-paw, with various kinds of berries, sucli as blackberries, raspberries, strawberries (in the prairie districts) and some others. Most of the native growths of woods common to the south were found along the streams farther north, except the cypress beech, pecan and a few others.

Peaieies.

— A peculiar

feature of the country,

and northern portion of the State, which excited the amazement of early explorers, was the vast extent of the prairies or natural meadows. The origin of these has been attributed to various causes, such as some peculiarity of

in the middle

soil, absence or excess of moisture, recent upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other

the

bodies of water, the action of

fires, etc.

In

many

sections there appears little to distinguish the

the prairies from that of the adjacent woodlands, that may not be accounted for by the character of their vegetation and other causes, for the luxuriant gi-owth of native grasses and other productions has demonstrated that they do not lack in fertility, and the readiness with which trees take root when artificially propagated and protected, has shown that there is nothing in the soil itself unfavorable to their growth. Whatever may have been the original soil of

243

cause of the prairies, however, there is no doubt that annually recurring fires have had much to do in perpetuating their existence, and even extending their limits, as the absence of the same agent has tended to favor the encroachments of the forests. While originally regarded as an. obstacle to the occupation of the country by a dense population, there is no doubt that their existence has contributed to its rapid development when it was discovered with what ease these apparent wastes could be subdued, and how productive they were capable of becoming when once brought under cultivation. In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the State as a whole, many sections present a variety of siu-face and a mingling of plain and woodland of the most pleasing character. This is especially the case in some of the prairie districts where the undulating landscape covereil with rich herbage and brilliant flowers must have presented to the first explorers a scene of ravishing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than diminished in recent times by the hand of cultivation. Along some of the streams also, especially on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, and at some points on the Ohio, is foimd scenery of a most picturesque variety.

—

AxiMALS, ETC. From this description of the country it will be easy to infer what must have been the varieties of the animal kingdom which here found a home. These included the buffalo, various kinds of deer, the bear, panther, fox, wolf, and wild-cat, while swans, geese and ducks co%-ered the lakes and streams. It was a veritable paradise for game, both large and small, as well as for their native hunters. "One can scarcely travel," wrote one of the earliest priestly explorers, "without finding a prodigious multitude of turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter, and mink were found along the streams. Most of these, especially the larger species of game, have disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and the different varieties of fish in the streams, protected by law during certain seasons of the year, continue to exist in considerable numbers. Soil and Climate.— The capabilities of the soil in a region thus situated can be readily understood. In proportion to the extent of its surface, Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than any other State in the Union, with a soil of superior quality, much of it imsurpassed in natural fertility. This is especially true of the "American Bottom," a region extending a distance of ninety

— HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

244

miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from a few miles below Alton nearly to Chester, and of an average width of five to eight miles. This

was the seat of the first permanent wliite settlement in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it have been under cultivation from one hundred to one hundred and fifty years without exhaustion. Other smaller areas of scarcely less fertility are found both upon the bottom-lands and in the prairies in the central portions of the State.

Extending through

five

and one-half degrees of

latitude, Illinois has a great variety of climate.

Though subject

at times to sudden alternations

of temperature, these occasions have been rare

since the country has been thoroughly settled.

mean average

for a series of j'ears has been 48° in the northern part of the State and 56' in the Its

southern, differing little from other States upon the same latitude. The mean winter temperature has ranged from 25' in the north to 34' in the south, and the summer mean from 67' in the north to 78° in the south. The extreme winter temperature has seldom fallen below 20' below zero in the northern portion, wliile the highest summer temperature ranges from 95° to 102°. The average difference in temperature between the northern and southern portions of the State is about 10°, and the difference in the progress of the seasons for the same sections, from four to six weeks. Such a wide variety of climate is favorable to tlie production of nearly all the grains and fruits peculiar to the temperate zone.

—

Contest for Occupation. Three powers early became contestants for the supremacy on the Xorth American Continent. The first of these was Spain, claiming possession on the ground of the discovery by Columbus; England, basing her claim upon the discoveries of the Cabots, and France, maintaining her right to a considerable part of the continent by virtue of the discovery and exploration by Jacques Cartier of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-35, and the settlement of Quebec by Champlain seventy-four years later. The claim of Spain was general, extending to both North and South America; and, while she early established her colonies in Mexico, the Wes^ Indies and Peru, the country was too vast and her agents too busy seeking for gold to interfere materially with her competitors. The Dutcli, Swedes and Germans established small, though flourishing colonies, but

they were not colonizers nor were

thej'

numeric-

ally as strong as their neighbors,

and their ments were ultimately absorbed by the Both the Spaniards and the French were

;

settle-

proselyting the aborigines, but while the former did not hesitate to torture their victims in

in order to extort their gold while claiming to

save their souls, the latter were more gentle and beneficent in their policy, and, by their kindness, succeeded in winning and retaining the friendship of the Indians in a remarkable degree. They

were traders as well as missionaries, and this fact and the readiness with which they adapted themselves to the habits of those whom they foimd in possession of the

soil,

enabled them to

make

the

most extensive explorations in small numbers and at little cost, and even to remain for un-

among their aboriginal friends. the other hand, the English were artisans and the soil with a due proportion engaged in commerce or upon the sea; and, while they were later in planting their colonies in Virginia and New England, and less aggressive in the work of exploration, they maintained a surer foothold on the soil when they had once established themselves. To this fact is due the permanence and steady growth of the English colonies in the New World, and the virtual dominance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than five-sevenths of the North American Continent a result which has been illustrated in the history of every people that has made agriculture, manufactures and legitimate commerce the basis of limited periods

On

tillers of

their prosperity.

—

Early Explorations. The French explorers were the first Europeans to visit the "Country of the Illinois," and, for nearly a century, they and their successors and descendants held undisputed possession of the country, as well as the greater

part of the Mississippi Valley. It is true that Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this

whole region, but she was kept too busy elsewhere to make her claim good, and, in 1763, she relinquished it entirely as to the Mississippi Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to strengthen herself elsewhere. There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that, while the English colonists who settled about Massachusetts Bay named that region "New England," the French gave to their possessions, from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mississippi, tlie name of "New France," and the Spaniards called all the region claimed by them, extending from Panama to Puget Sound, "New Spain." The boundaries of each were very indefinite and often conflicting, but were settled by the treaty of 1703. early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way then Canada, discovered Lake Michigan

As

latter.

of

—

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by the French, "Lao des Illinois" Green Bay and visited some of the

called

—entered tribes of

Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous missionhad reached the Falls of St. Mary (called by the French "Sault Ste. Marie"), and, in 1658, two French fur-traders are alleged to have penetrated aries

"La Pointe"' on Lake Superior, where they opened up a trade with the Sioux Indians and wintered in the neighborhood of the Apostle Islands near where the towns of Ashland and Bayfield, Wis., now stand. A few years later (1665), Fathers Allouez and Dablon, French missionaries, visited the Chippewas on the soutliern shore of Lake Superior, and missions were established at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La Pointe. About the same time the mission of St. Ignace was established on the north shore of the Straits of Mackinaw (spelled by the French "Michillimacinac"). It is also claimed that the French as far west as

during the year of 1658-59, reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the claims of Joliet and Marquette as its discoverers by fourteen years. Nicholas Perrot, an intelligent chronicler who left a manuscript account of his travels, is said to have made extensive explorations about tlie head of the great lakes as far south as the Fox River of Wisconsin, between 1670 and 1690, and to have held an important conference with representatives of numerous tribes of Indians at Sault Ste. Marie in June, 1671. Perrot is also said to have made the first discovery of lead mines in the West. Up to this time, however, no white man appears to have reached the "Illinois Country," though much had been heard of its beauty and its wealth in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet, an enterprising explorer who had already visited the Lake Superior region in search of copper mines, under a commission from the Governor of Canada, in company with Father Jacques Marquette and five voyageurs, with a meager stock of provisions and a few trinkets for trading with the natives, set out in two birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace on a tour of exploration southward. Coasting along the west shore of Lake Michigan and Green Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached the country of the Mascoutins on Fox River, ascended that stream to the portage to the Wisconsin, then descended the latter to tlie Mississippi, which they discovered on June 17. Descending the Mississippi, which they named "Rio de la Conception," they passed the mouth of the Des Moines, where they are supposed to have encountered the first Indians of the Illinois tribes, by whom they were hospitably entertraveler, Radisson,

245

Later they discovered a rude painting upon the rocks on the east side of the river, which, from the description, is supposed to have been the famous "PiasaBird," which was still to be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the tained.

generation. Bird, The (See Piasa Legend of.) Passing the mouth of the Missouri River and the present site of the city of St. Louis, and continuing past the mouth of the Ohio, they finally reached what Marquette called the village of the Akanseas. which lias been assumed to be identical with the mouth of the Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the Mississippi "had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf of Mexico, and fearing capture by the Spaniards, they started on their return. Reaching the mouth of the Illinois, they entered that stream and ascended past the village of the Peorias and the "Illinois town of the Kaskaskias" the latter being about where the town of Utica, La Salle County, now stands-^at each of which they made a brief stay. Escorted by guides from the Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage to Lake Michigan where Chicago now stands, and returned to Green Bay, wliich they reached in the latter part of September. (See Joliet and Mar-

present

"

'

—

quette.)

The next and most important expedition to nois

— important

because

it

Illi-

led to the first per-

—

manent settlements was undertaken by Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. Tliis eager and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discoverer had spent several years in exploration in the lake region and among the streams south of the lakes and west of the AUeghenies. It has been claimed that, during this tour, he descended the Ohio to its junction with the Mississippi;

by way of the head of Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage, and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th also that he reached the Illinois

antedating

parallel,

that stream by

Marquette's

first

visit

to

two years. The chief authority La Salle's biographer, Pierre

for this claim is

Margry,

who

bases his statement on alleged con-

La Salle and letters of his friends. The absence of any allusion to these discoveries in La Salle's own papers, of a later date, addressed versations with

to the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim. this may have been, there is conclusive evidence that, during this period, he met with Joliet while the latter was returning from one of his trips to the Lake Superior country. With an imagination fired by what he then learned, he made a visit to his native country, receiving a

However

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.

246

liberal grant from the Frencli Government which enabled liim to carry out his plans. With the Henry de Tonty, an Italian who afterward accompanied liim in his most important expeditions, and who proved a most valuable and efficient co-laborer, under the auspices of Frontenac, then Governor of Canada, he constructed a small vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which, with a company of thirty-four persons, he set sail on the seventh of August, 1679, for the West. This vessel (named tlie "Griffon") is believed to have been the first sailing-vessel that ever navigated the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, and he carried with him material for a boat which he intended to put together on tliat stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in September, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, loading the Griffon with furs, started it on its return with instructions, after discharging its cargo at the starting point, to join him at the head of Lake Michigan. Witli a force of seventeen men and tliree missionaries in four canoes, he started southward, following the %vestern shore of Lake Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, on Nov. 1, 1CT9, and reached tlie mouth of the St. Josepli River, at the southeast corner of the lake, which had been selected as a rendezvous. Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who had come by the eastern shore, but the Griffon never was heard from again, and is supposed to have been lost on the return voyage. While waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward The two parties here united, called Fort Miami. and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with the remaining thirty-three, he resumed his journey on the third of December. Ascending the St. Joseph to about where South Bend, Ind., now stands, he made a portage with his canoes and stores across to the headwaters of tlie Kankakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On the first of January lie arrived at the great Indian town of the Kaskaskias, wliich Marquette had left for the last time nearly five years before, but found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illinois, on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria Lake and the next morning reached the Indian

aid of

village of that

established

name

at the foot of the lake,

friendly relations with

Having determined

its

and

people.

up his vessel here, he on the eastern bank of

to set

constructed a rude fort the river about four miles south of the village. With the exception of the cabin built for Mar-

quette on the South Branch of the Chicago River in the winter of 1674-75, this was probably the structure erected by white men in Illinois. This received the name "Creve-Coeur— "Broken Heart" which, from its subsequent history, proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dispatched Father Louis Hennepin with two companions to the Upper Mississippi, by wa}' of the mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony, La Salle started on his return to Canada for additional assistance and the stores which he had failed to receive in consequence of Soon after his departhe loss of the Griffon. first

—

men

ture, a majority of the

left

with Tonty at

Fort Creve-Coeur mutinied, and, having plundered the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled

Tonty and

five

companions who had remained

true, to retreat to the Indian village of the

Illi-

Rock," between where the Salle now stand, where he spent the summer awaiting the return of La Salle. In September, Tonty "s Indian allies having been attacked and defeated by the Iroquoi3, he and his companions were again compelled to flee, reaching Green Bay the next .spring, after having spent the winter among the Pottawatonois near "Starved

Ottawa and La

cities of

niies in the present State of

Wisconsin.

During the next three years

(1681-83)

La

Salle

made two

other visits to lUinois, encountering and partially overcoming formidable obstacles at each end of the journey. At the last visit, in

company with the

faithful Tonty,

whom

he had

met at Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a separation of more than a year, he extended his exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of which he took formal possession on April 9, 1683, in the name of "Louis the Grand, King of France This was the first expedition of white men to pass down the river and determine

and Xavarre."

the problem of Mexico.

its

discharge into the Gulf of

Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois, in the fall of 1682, Tonty set about carrying into effect La Salle"s scheme of fortifying "The Rock," to which reference has been made under the

name of

'

'Starved Rock.

' '

The buildings are

said

have included store-houses (it was intended as a trading post), dwellings and a block-house erected on the summit of the rock, and to which the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a to

village of confederated Indian tribes gathered its base on the south which bore the name La Vantum. According to the historian, Parkman, the population of this colony, in the

about of

HENRY DK

FT DEA.RB'D,^LL COUMY, a northeastern county, with an area of 330 square miles and a population The surface is rolling and the (1900) of 11,467. in

although generally a light, sandy The county was organized in 1841, out of

soil fertile,

loam.

parts of

Kane and La

Salle,

and was named

in

honor of President Jackson's Postmaster General. Fox River (running southwestwardly through the county), with its tributaries, affords ample drainage and considerable water power; the railroad facilities are admirable; timber is abundant. Yorkville and Oswego have been

The

rivals for the county-seat, the distinction finally

resting with the former.

may

mentioned David the Wormley and Morgan. KEXDRICK, Adin be

ward Anient,

Among

Messrs.

the

pioneers

John Wilson, Ed-

Carpenter, Samuel Smith, Pierce brothers, and E.

A., educator, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1836; educated at Granville Academy, N. Y., and Middlebury College; removed to Janesville, Wis., in 1857, studied

law and began practice at Monroe, in that State, a year later removing to St. Louis, where he continued practice for a short time. Then, having abandoned the law, after a course in the Theological

Seminar_v at Rochester, N. Y., in 1861 he

became pastor of the North Saptist Church in Chicago, but, in 1865, removed to St. Louis, where he remained in pastoral work until 1873, when he assumed the Presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton, 111. KEJi'NET, a village and railway station in Dewitt County, at the intersection of the Springfield

Division of

Peoria,

Decatur

&

the Illinois Central and the Evansville Railroads, 36 miles

-northeast of Springfield. Tlie

town has two banks

and two newspapers

;

315

the district

is

agricultural.

Population (1880), 418; (1890). 497; (1900), 584. KENT, (Rev.) Aratus, pioneer and Congregawas born in Suffield, Conn, in 1794, educated at Yale and Princeton and, in 1829, as a Congregational missionary, came to the Galena lead mines then esteemed "a place so hard no one else would take it." In less tlian two years he had a Sunday-school with ten teachers and sixty to ninety scholars, and had also established a day-school, which he conducted himself. In 1831 he organized the First Presbyterian Church of Galena, of which he remained pastor until 1848, when he became Agent of the Home Missionary Society. He was prominent in laying the foundations of Beloit College and Rockford Female Seminary, meanwhile contributing freely tional missionary,

—

from his meager salary to charitable purposes. Died at Galena, Nov. 8, 1869.

KEOKUK,

(interpretation,

"The

Watchful

Fox"), a Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born on River, about 1780. He had the credit of shrewdness and bravery, which enabled him

Rock

finally to displace his rival. Black Hawk. He always professed ardent friendship for the whites,

altliough this

a

far-seeing

was not infrequently attributed policy.

He

earnestly

to

dissuaded

Black Hawk from the formation of his confederacy, and when the latter was forced to surrender himself to the United States authorities, he was formally delivered to the custody of Keokuk. By the Rock Island treaty, of September, 1833, Keokuk was formally recognized as the principal Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and granted a reservation on the Iowa River, 40 miles square. Here he lived until 1845, when he removed to Kansas, where, in June, 1848, he fell a victim to poison, supposedly administered by some partisan of Black Hawk. (See Black Hawk and Black Hawk War.)

KERFOOT, Samuel was born

H.,

in Lancaster,

real-estate operator,

Pa., Deo. 18, 1823,

and

educated under the tutorship of Rev. Dr. Muhlenburg at St. Paul's College, Flushing, Long Island, graduating at the age of 19. He was then associated with a brother in founding St. James College, in Washington County, Md. but, in 1848, removed to Chicago and engaged in the real-estate business, in which he was one of the oldest operators at the time of his death, Dec. 38, 1896. He was one of the founders and a life member of the Chicago Historical Society and of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and associated with other learned and social organizations. He was also a member of the original Real Estate ,

"

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

31t

and Stock Board

of

Chicago and

its

Presi-

first

dent.

KEWANEE, a

city in

Henry County, on the

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 131 Agriculture and miles southwest of Chicago. coal-mining are chief industries of the surrounding country. The city contains eighteen churches, six graded schools, a public library of 10,000

volumes, three national banks, one weekly and It has extensive manufactories five thousand hands, the output including tubing and soil-pipe, boilers, pumps and heating apparatus, agricultural implements, Population (1890), 4,.569 (1900), 8,382 (1903, etc.

two daily papers. employing four to

;

;

est.), 10,000.

KETES, Willard,

pioneer,

was born

at

New-

Windsor County, Vt., Oct. 28, 1792; spent on a farm, enjoying only such educational advantages as could be secured by a few months" attendance on school in winter; in 1817 started west by way of Mackinaw and, crossing Wisconsin (then an unbroken wilderness), finally reached Prairie du Chien, after which he spent a

was first visited by Samuel Champlain. the KiekaIinos were noted as a nation of warriors. They fought against Christianization, and were, for some time, hostile to the French, although they proved

efficient allies of the latter during the Their first formal recognition of the authority of the United States was in the treaty of Edwardsville (1819). in which reference was made to the treaties executed at

French and Indian War.

Vincennes (1805 and 1809). Nearly a century before, they had left their seats in Wisconsin and established villages along the Rock River and near Chicago (171215). At the time of the Edwardsville treaty they had settlements in the valleys of the Wabash, Embarras, Kaskaskia, Sangamon and Illinois Rivers. While they

fane,

fought bravelj' at the battle of Tippecanoe, their

his early life

chief military skill lay in predator}- warfare.

year in the "pineries." In 1819 he descended the Mississippi with a raft, his attention en route being attracted by the present site of the city of Quincy, to which, after two years spent in extensive exploration of the "Military Tract" in the interest of certain owners of bounty lands, he again returned, finding it still unoccupied. Then, after two years spent in farming in Pike County, in 1824 he joined his friend, the late Gov. John Wood, who had built the first house in Quincy two years previous. Mr. Keyes thus became one of the three earliest settlers of Quincy, the other two being John Wood and a Major Rose. On the organization of Adams Coimty, in January, 182.5. he was appointed a member of the first Board of County Commissioners, which held its first meeting in his house. Mr. Keyes acquired considerable landed property about Quincy, a portion of which he donated to the Chicago Theological Seminary, thereby furnishing means for the erection of "Willard Hall" in connection with that institution. His death occurred in Quincy, Feb. 7, 1872. KICKAPOOS, a tribe of Indians whose ethnology is closely related to that of the ^MascouThe French orthography of the word was tins. various, the early explorers designating them as "Kic-a-pous, " "Kick-a-poux," "Kiok-a-bou," and "Quick-a-pous." The significance of the name is uncertain, different authorities construing it to mean "the otter's foot" and the "rabbit's ghost," according to dialect. From 1602, when the tribe

As

compared with other tribes, they were indvistriIn 1832-33 they ous, intelligent and cleanly. were removed to a reservation in Kansas. Thence

many ing

of

them

drifted to the southwest,

plundering

roving,

bands.

In

join-

language,

manners and customs, the Kickapoos closely resembled the Sacs and Foxes, with whom some ethnologists believe them to have been more or less closely

connected.

KILPATRICK, soldier,

was born

Thomas M., in

legislator

Crawford County,

Pa.,

and June

He

learned the potter's trade, and, at the age of 27, removed to Scott County, 111. He was a deep thinker, an apt and reflective student of public afl'airs. and naturally eloquent. He was twice elected to the State Senate (1840 and 1,

1807.

'44), and, in 1846, was the Whig candidate for Governor, but was defeated by Augustus C. French, Democrat. In 1850 he emigrated to California, but, after a few years, returned to Illinois and took an active part in the campaigns On the outbreak of the Civil of 1858 and 1860. War he was commissioned Colonel of the Twentyeighth Illinois "Volunteers, for which regiment he had recruited a company. He was killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, while leading a

charge.

KIXDERHOOK,

Population

and railway station Hannibal Division of the

a village

in Pike County, on the

Wabash Railway,

13 miles

east

of

Hannibal.

(1890), 473; (1900), 370.

KING, John Ind., in 1825

Lyle, lawyer, was born in Madison,

—the

son of a pioneer settler

who

was one of the founders of Hanover College and of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary "Presbytiicre, which afterwards became the terian Theological Seminary of the Northwest,

IIISTOKIL'AL

EXCYCLOPEDIA OF

ILLINOIS.

3i:

Seminary the McCormick Chicago. After graduating at Hanover, Mr. King began the stud}- of law with an uncle at JMadison, and the following year was admitted to the bar. In 1852 be was elected to the Indiana Legislature

manvifacturers and dealers in farm machinery, buggies, wagons, etc. The Kingman Plow Company, Bank of Illinois, Peoria Cordage Companj-,

and, while a member of that body, acted as Chairman of the Committee to present Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot and exile, to the Legisla-

prises

now

Theological

also took a

prominent

part,

of

during the next

ture

;

few

years, in the organization of the Republican

Removing to Chicago in 18.j6, he soon became prominent in his profession there, and, in 1860, was elected City Attorney over Col. James A. Mulligan, who became eminent a year or two later, Havin connection with the war for the Union. ing a fondness for literature, Mr. King wrote much for the press and, in 1878, published a volume of

party.

sporting experiences with a part}^ of professional friends in the woods and waters of Northern Wisconsin and Michigan, under the title, "Trouting on the Brule River, or Summer Wayfaring in the Northern Wilderness." Died in Chicago, April 17,

KING, William H., lawyer, was born at Clifton Park, Saratoga County, N.Y., Oct. 23, 1817; graduated from Union College in 1840, studied law at Waterford and, having been admitted to the bar the following year, began practice at the same place. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, where he held a number of important positions, including the Presidency of the Chicago Law Institute, the Chicago Bar Association, the Chicago Board of Education, and the Union College Alumni Association of the Northwest. In 1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twentyseventh General Assembly, and, during the sessions following the fire of 1871 prepared the act for the protection of titles to real estate, made necessary by the destruction of the records in the Recorder's office. Mr. King received the degree of

LL.D from

Chicago, Feb.

his G,

Alma Mater

in 1879.

Died, in

—all large concerns in each of which he is a and a Director. Mr. Kingman was Canal Commissioner for six years this being his only connection with politics. During 1898 he was also chosen Lieutenant-Colonel of the Peoria Provisional Regiment organized for the SpanishAmerican War. His career in connection with large stockholder

—

the industrial development of Peoria has been especially conspicuous and successful. KINKADE (or Kiniead), William, a native of Tennessee, settled in what is now Lawrence County, in 1817, and was elected to the State Senate in 1823, but appears to have served only one session, as he was succeeded in the Fourth General Assembly by James Bird. Although a Tennesseean by birth, he was one of the most aggressive opponents of the scheme for making Illinois a slave State, being the only man who made a speech against the pro-slavery convention resolution, though this was cut short by the determination of the pro-conventionists to permit no debate. Mr. Kinkade was appointed Postmaster at Lawrenceville by President John Quincy Adams, and held the position for many He died in 1846. years. KINMUXDY, a city in Marion County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 229 miles south of Chicago and 24 miles northeast of Centralia. fruit-growing and Agriculture, stock-raising, coal-mining are the principal industries of the surrounding country. Kinmundy has flouring other mills and brick-making plants, with manufacturing establishments of minor importance. There are five churches, a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,096; (1890), 1,045; (1900), 1,221.

KINNEY, William, Lieutenant-Governor

1892.

KIXGMA>', Martin, was born

at Deer Creek,

Tazewell

County, 111., April 1, 1844; attended school at Washington, 111., then taught two or three years, and, in June, 1863, enlisted in the Eighty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving three years without the loss of a day a part of the time on detached service in charge of an

—

ambulance corps and, later, as Assistant Quartermaster. Returning from the war with the rank of First Lieutenant, in August, 1865, he went to Peoria, where he engaged in business and has remained ever since. He is now connected with the following bu.siness concerns:

;

Peoria General Electric Company, and National Hotel Company, besides various outside enter-

Kingman &

Co.,

of

from 1826 to 1830 was born in Kentucky in and came to Illinois earlj-- in life, finally settling in St. Clair County. Of limited educational advantages, he was taught to read bj' his wife after marriage. He became a Baptist preacher, was a good stump-orator; served two sessions in the State Senate (the First and Third), was a candidate for Governor in 1834, but was defeated by Joseph Duncan in 1838 was elected by the Legislature a member of the Board of Public Works, becoming its President. Died in 1843.— William C. (Kinney), son of the pre('eding, was born in Illinois, served as a member of Illinois

;

1781

;

:

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

318

the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and as Kepresentative in the Nineteenth General Assembly (1805), and, in 1857, was appointed by Governor Bissell Adjutant-General of the State,

dying

in office the following year.

— an orthography recognized by the family.

Dur-

ing his early childhood his father died, and his mother gave him a stepfather by the name of William Forsythe. When ten years old lie left home and, for three years, devoteil himself to learning the jeweler's trade at Quebec. Fascinated by stories of adventure in the West, he

removed thither and became an Indian-trader. In 1804 he established a trading post at what is

now

the site of Chicago, being the first solitary white settler. Later he established other posts on the Rock, Illinois and Kankakee Rivers. He was twice married, and the father of a numerous Hi3 daughter Maria married Gen. family. David Hunter, and his daughter-in-law, Mrs. John H. Kinzie, achieved literary distinction as the authoress of "Wau Bun," etc. (N. Y. 1850.) Died in Chicago, Jan. 6, 1828.— John Harris (Kinzie), son of the preceding, was born at Sandwich, Canada, July 7, 1803, brought by his parents to Chicago, and taken to Detroit after the massacre of 1812, but returned to Chicago in

Two

years later his father placed

him

at

Mackinac Agency of the American Fur Company, and, in 1824, he was transferred to Prairie du Chien. The following year lie was Sub- Agent of Indian affairs at Fort Winnebago, where he witnessed several important Indian treaties. In 1830 he went to Connecticut, where he was married, and, in 1833, took up his permanent residence in Chicago, forming a partnership with Gen. David Hunter, his brother-in-law, in the forwarding business. In 1841 lie was appointed Registrar of Public Lands by President Harrison, but was removed by Tyler. In 1848 lie was appointed Canal Collector, and, in 1849, President Taylor commissioned him Receiver of Public Moneys. In 1861 he was commissioned Paymaster in the army by President Lincoln, which office he held until his death, which occurred on a railroad train near Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 1865.

KIRBY, Edward

P.,

lawyer and

legislator,

in Putnam County, 111., Oct. 28, 1834— the son of Rev. William Kirby, one of the founders and early professors of Illinois College at

was born

1854,

at

Illinois

College in

then taught several years at St. Louis and was admitted to the bar in 1864,

Jacksonville;

was elected County Judge of Morgan County as a Republican was Representative in the General Assembly from Morgan County

and, in 1873,

;

KINZIE, John, Indian-trader and earliest citizen of Chicago, was born in Quebec, Canada, in 1763. His father was a Scotchman named McKenzie, but tlie son dropped the prefix "Mc," and the name soon came to be spelled "Kinzie"

1816.

Jacksonville; graduated

(1891-93)

;

also served for several years as Trustee

of the Central Hospital for the Insane and. for a

long period, as Trustee and Treasurer of Illinois College.

KIRK,

(Oen.) Edward N,, soldier, was born of in Jefferson County, Ohio, Feb. graduated at the Friends' Academy, at Mount Pleasant in the same State, and, after teaching for a time, began the study of law, completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was admitted to the bar in 1853. A year later he removed to Sterling, 111., where he continued in

Quaker parentage 29, 1828;

his profession until after the battle of the first

Bull Run, when he raised a regiment. The quota of the State being already full, this was not im-

mediately accepted; but, after some delay, was mustered in in September, 1861, as the Thirtyfourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the subject of this sketch as Colonel. In the field he soon proved himself a brave and dashing officer; at the battle of Sliiloh, though wounded through the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After remaining with the army several days, inflam-

matory fever

set in, necessitating his

removal to

the hospital at Louisville, where he lay between Having partially life and death for some time. recovered, in August, 1862, he set out to rejoin his regiment, but was stopped en route by an order assigning him to command at Louisville. In November following he was commissioned Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry and ability" displayed on the field. In the last

days of December, 1802, lie had sufficiently recovered to take part in the series of engagements at Stone River, where he was again wounded, He was taken to his home in this time fatally. Illinois, and, although he survived several months, the career of one of the most brilliant and promising soldiers of the war was cut short by his death, July 21, 1863. KIRKLAND, Joseph, journalist and author, was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1830 the son of Prof. William Kirkland of Hamilton College was brought by his parents to Michigan in 1835, where he remained until 1856, when he came to the city of Chicago. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry (threemonths' men), was elected Second Lieutenant, but later became Aid-de-Camp on the staff of

—

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. General McClellan. serving tliere and on the staff of General Fitz-John Porter until the retirement of the latter, meanwhile taking part in the Peninsular campaign and in the battle of Autietam. Returning to Chicago he gave attention to some coal-mining property near Danville, but later studied lau- and was admitted to the bar in 1880. A few years later he produced his first novel, and, from 1890, devoted his attention solely to literary pursuits, for several years being literary editor of "The Chicago Tr-bune." His works several of which first appeared as serials in the magazines include "Zury, the ^leanest Man in "The JlcVeys" (1887); Spring County" (1885) "The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "History of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The Story of Chicago" the latter in two volumes. At the time of his death he had just concluded, in collaboration with Hon. Jolm Jloses, the work of editing a two-volume "History of Chicago," pubDied, in lished by Messrs. Munsell & Co. (1895). Chicago, April 29, 1894.— Elizabeth Stansbury (Kirkland), sister of the preceding teacher and author was born at Geneva, N. Y. came to Chicago in 1867 and, five years later, established a select school for young ladies, out of which grew what is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement," which was continued until her death, July 30, She was the author of a number of vol1896. umes of decided merit, written with the e.special object of giving entertainment and instruction to the young including "Six Little Cooks. " "Dora's Housekeeping," "Speech and Manners." a Child's "History of France," a "History of England," "History of English Literature," etc. At her death she left a "History of Italy" read}' for the hands of the publishers. KIRKPATRICK, John, pioneer Methodist preacher, was born in Georgia, whence he emigrated in 1802 located at Springfield, 111. at an early day, wliere he built the first horse-mill in that vicinity in 1829 removed to Adams County, and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, where he died in 1845. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the first local Methodist preacher licensed in Illinois.

—

—

;

—

—

—

,

—

;

,

;

(a woman and two Adams County, he brought them

Having inherited three slaves boys) while in

and gave them their freedom. The boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a trade, but mysteriously disappeared presumably having been kidnaped with the connivance of the man in whose charge they liad been placed. to Illinois

—

KIRKWOOD, a

city in Warren County, once "Young America," situated about six southwest of Monmouth, on the Chicago,

known miles

as

319

Burlington tt Quincy Railroad is a stock-.shipping point and in an agricultural region. Tlie town has two banks, five churches, and two weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 949; (1900), 1,008. ;

KISHWAUKEE RIVER, Count3% runs west

Rock River

rises

in

McHenry

through Boone, and enters

Winnebago County, eight miles

in

below Rockford. It is 75 miles long. An affluent called the South Kishwaukee River runs north-northeast and northwest through De Kalb County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winnebago County, about eight miles southeast of Rockford.

KITCHELL, General of

May

Wickliff, lawyer and Attorneywas born in New Jersey,

Illinois,

Feb. 29, 1812, he was married, at Newark, N. J., to Miss Elizabeth Ross, and the same year emigrated west, passing down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittsburg, Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814 he became a resident of Southern Indiana, where he was elected sheriff, studied law and was admitted to the bar, finally becoming a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed to Palestine, Crawford County, III, where, in 1820, he was elected Representative in the Second General Assembly, and was also a member of the State Senate from 1828 to 1832. In 1838 he removed to Hillsboro, Montgomery County, was 21,

1789.

appointed Attorney-General in 1889, serving until near the close of the following year, when he resigned to take his seat as Representative in the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 1846 and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa, but the latter year returned to Hillsboro. During his early political career Mr. Kitchell had been 'a Democrat but, on the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska act, became an earnest Republican. Public-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of !iis time on many public questions. Died, Jan. 2, 1869.— Alfred (Kitchell), son of the preceding, lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine, 111. March was educated at Indiana State Univer29, 1820 sity and Hillsboro Academy, admitted to the bar in 1841, and, the following year, commenced ;

,

;

was elected State's Attorney through repeated re-elections holding the

practice at Olney in 1843, office

ten years

tional

;

;

was a member

of tlie Constitu-

Convention of 1847 and, in

1849,

was

elected Judge of Richland County later assisted in establishing the first newspaper published in :

Olney. and in organizing the Republican party there in 1856 in 1859 was elected Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term. ;

He was

also influential in procuring a charter for

HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.

320

&

and in the conbeing an original corporator and subsequently a Director of the Compan}-. Later he removed to Galesburg, where he died, Nov. 11, 1870.— Edward (Kitchell), another son, was born at Palestine, 111., Deo. 21, 1829; was the Ohio

Mississippi Railroad,

struction of the

line,

Academy

until 1846,

when

educated at Hillsboro he removed with his father's family to Fort Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to continue his studies in 1853 made the trip across the plains to California to engage in gold mining, but the following year went to Walla Walla, Washington Territory, where he opened a law oflBce; in 1854 returned to Illinois, locating at Olney, Ricliland County, forming a partnership with Horace Hayward, a relative, in the practice of law. Here, having taken position against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became, in 1856, the editor of the first Republican news;

paper published in that part of Illinois known as "Egypt," with his brother. Judge Alfred Kitchell, being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans in Richland County. In 1862 he assisted in organizing the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers at Centralia, which, in the following year having been mounted, became a part of the famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to the command of the regiment after the wounding

"The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he conducted until drafted into the service in 1864, serving until the close of the war. In 1866 he removed to Pana (his present residence), resuming practice there was a candidate for the State Senate the same year, and, in 1870, was the Republican nominee for Congress in that District. KNICKERBOCKER, Joshua C, lawyer, was born in Gallatin, Columbia County, N. Y., Sept. 26, 1827; brought by his father to Alden, McHenry County, 111., in 1844, and educated in the common schools of that place; removed to Chicago in 1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in 1862; served on the Bo.ard of Supervisors and in the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Representative in the General Assembly, serving one term. He was also a member of the State Board of Education from 1875 to '77, and the latter year was elected Probate Judge for Cook County, serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890. ;

KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS,

a secret semi-milifounded in the

tary and benevolent association City of Washington, D. C, Feb. H. Rathbone (who died Dec. 9, recognized founder. The order in Illinois, May 4, 1869, by the "Welcome Lodge, No. 1," in the

On July

1,

1869, this

At the

bers.

Justus being its

19, 1864,

1889)

was established organization of city of Chicago.

Lodge had nineteen mem-

close of the year four additional

of Colonel Funkhouser at Chickamauga in September, 1863; was finally promoted to the colonelcy in July, 1865, and mustered out with the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming the practice of his profession at Olney, he was,

Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate membership of 245. Early in the following year, on petition of these five Lodges, approved by the Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order

in 1866, the Republican candidate for Congress in a district strongly Democratic also served as Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time and, in 1868, was Presidential Elector for the same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869.—

with a membership of twenty-nine Past Chancel-

;

John liff

WickCrawford

Wickliflf (Kitchell), youngest son of

Kitchell,

was born

May

at Palestine,

educated at Hillsboro, County, 111., read law at Fort Madison, Iowa, and admitted to the bar in that State. At the age of 19 years be served as Assistant Clerk of the House of Representatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk of the same body at the session of 1861. Previous to the latter date he had edited "The Montgomery County Herald," and later, "The Charleston Courier." Resigning his position as Reading Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the first call of President Lincoln in the Ninth Illinois Volunteers, servel}ortionment, Lcgislathv.

(See

)

LEGISLATURE. (See General Axsemblies.) LELAND, a village of La Salle County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 29 miles southwest of Aurora. Population (1900), 634. LELAND, Edwin S., lawyer and Judge, was born at Dennysville, Me., August 28, 1812, and admitted to the bar at Dedham, Mass., in 1834. In 1835 he removed to Ottawa, 111., and, in 1839, to Oregon, Ogle County, where he practiced for four years. Returning to Ottawa in 1843, he rapidly rose in his profession, until, in 18.52, he was elected to the Circuit Court bench to fill the unexpired term of Judge T. Lyle Dickey, who liad resigned. In 1866 Governor Oglesby appointed him Circuit Judge to fill the imexpired term of Judge

Hollister.

He was

elected

by

popular vote in 1867, and re-elected in 1873, being assigned to the Appellate Court of the Second District in 1877. He was prominently identified with the genesis of the Republican part_v. whose tenets he zealously championed. He was also prominent in local affairs, having been elected the first Republican Mayor of Ottawa (1856), President of the Board of Education and County Treasurer. Died. June. 24. 1889. LEMEN, James, )Sr.. pioneer, was born in Berkeley County, Va., Nov. 20, 1760; served as a solilier

in tlie

New

came to Illinois, settling at the village of Design, near the present site of Waterloo, in

Monroe County. He was a man of enterprise and sterling integrity, and ultimately became the head of one of the most prominent and influential families in Southern Illinois. He is said to have been the first person admitted to the Baptist Church by immersion in Illinois, finally becoming a minister of that denomination. Of a family of eight children, four of his sons became ministers. Mr. Lemen's prominence was indicated by the

was approached by Aaron Burr, with rewards for his influence in founding that ambitious schemer's projected Southwestern Empire, but the proposals were indignantly rejected and the scheme denounced. Died, at Waterloo, Jan. 8. 1822.— Robert (Lenien), oldest son of the preceding, was born in Berkeley County, Va., Sept. 25, 1783; came with his father to Illinois, and, after his marriage, settled in St. Clair County. He held a commission as magistrate and, for a time, was United States Marshal for Illinois under the administration of John fact that he

offers of large

Quincy Adams.

Died

in

Ridge

Prairie, St. Clair

County, August 24, I860.— Rev. Joseph (Lemen), the second son, was born in Berkeley County, Va., Sept. 8, 1785, brought to Illinois in 1786, and, on reaching manhood, married Mary Kinney, a daughter of Rev. William Kinney, who afterwards became Lieutenant-Governor of the State. Joseph Lemen settled in Ridge Prairie, in the northern part of St. Clair County, and for many years supplied the pulpit of the Bethel Baptist chm-ch, which had been founded in 1809 on the principle of opposition to human slavery. His death occurred at his home, June 29, 1861.— Rev.

James (Lemen), Monroe County,

Jr.,

III,

the third son, was born in Oct. 8, 1787; early united

with the Baptist Church and became a minister assisting in the ordination of his father, whose sketch stands at the head of this article. He served as a Delegate from St. Clair County in the first State Constitutional Convention (1818). and as Senator in the Second, Fourth and Fifth General Assemblies. He also preached extensively in Illinois, Missouri, and Kentucky, and assisted in the organization of many churches, although his labors were chiefly within his own. Mr. Lemen

—

was the second child of American parents born in Enoch Moore being the first. Died, 8, 1870.— William (Lemen), the fourth son, born in Monroe County, III, in 1791; .served as a Died in Monroe soldier in the Black Hawk War. Illinois

Feb.

—

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. County,

in

1857.

—Rer.

Josiah

(Lemen),

the

born in Monroe County, 111., August 15, was a Baptist preacher. Died near Du-

fifth son,

1794;

quoin, July 11, 1867.— ReT. Moses (Lemen), the sixth son, born in Monroe County, 111., in 1797; became a Baptist minister early in life, served as Eepresentative in the Sixth General Assembly

Monroe County. Died, in Montgomery County, 111., March 5, 1859. LEMOXT, a city in Cook County, 2.i miles southwest of Cliicago, on the Des Plaines Rirer A thick and the Chicago & Alton Railroad. (IS-^S-SO) for

vein of Silurian limestone (Athens marble) is extensively quarried here, constituting the chief Owing to the number of industrial industry. enterprises, Lemont is at times the temporary

The city of a large number of workmen. has a bank, electric lights, six churche.s, two and four private schools, one business college, aluminum and concrete works. Population of the townsliip (1890), 5,.539: (1900),

home

papers, five public

4,441.

LE MOYXE, John V., ex-Congressman, was born in Washington County, Pa., in 18'38. and graduated from Washington College, Pa., in 1847. He studied law at Pittsburg, where he was admitted to the bar in 1852. He at once removed to Chicago, where he continued a permanent resident and active practitioner. In 1873 he was a candidate for Congress on the Liberal Republican ticket, but was defeated by Charles B. Farwell, Republican. In 1874 he was again a candidate against Mr. Farwell. Both claimed the election, and a contest ensued which was decided by the House in favor of Mr. Le Moyne. LENA, a village in Stephenson County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Freeport and 38 miles east of Galena. It is in a farming and dairying district, but has some manufactures, the making of caskets being the principal industry in this line. There are six churches, two hanks, and two newspapers. Population (1890), 1,270; (1900). 1,252.

LEOJfARD, Edward F., Railway President, was born in Connecticut in 1836 graduated from Union College, N. Y., was admitted to the bar and came to Springfield, 111., in 1858; served for ;

several years as clerk in the office of the State

Auditor, was afterwards connected with the construction of the "St. Louis Short Line" (now a part of the Illinois Central Railway), and was private secretary of Governor Cullom during his first term. For several years he has been President of the Toledo, Peoria AVestern Railroad, •with headquarters at Peoria.

&

LEROT, a city in McLean County, 15 miles southwest of Bloomington; has two banks, several churches, a graded school and a plow factory. Two weekly papers are publislied there. Population (1880), 1,068; (1890), 1.258; (1900), 1,629.

LEVER F.TT, Washington cators

and Warren, eduand twin-brothers, whose careers were

strikingly similar 19, 1805,

;

born at Brookline, Mass. Dec. ,

and passed their boyhood on a farm; in

1827 began a preparatory course of study under

an

elder brother at Roxbury, Mass., entered L^niversity as freshmen, the next year, and graduated in 1833. Warren, being in bad health, spent the following winter in South Carolina, afterwards engaging in teaching, for a time, and in study in Newton Theological Seminary, while Washington served as tutor two years in his Alma Mater and in Columbian College in Washington, D. C, then took a course at Newton, graduating there in 1836. The same year he accepted the chair of Mathematics in Shurtleff College at Upper Alton, remaining, with slight interruption, until 1868. Warren, after suffering from hemorrhage of the lungs, tame west in the fall of 1837, and. after teaching for a few months at Greenville, Bond County, in 1839 joined his

Brown

brother at Shurtleff College as Principal of the preparatory department, subsequently being advanced to the chair of Ancient Languages, which he continued to occupy until June, 1868, when he retired in the same year with his brother. After resigning he established himself in the book business, which was continued until his death, Nov. 8. 1872. Washington, the surviving brother, continued to be a member of the Board of Trustees of Shurtleff College, and to discharge the duties of Librarian and Treasurer of the institution. Died, Dec. 13, 1889. LEWIS IJfSTITUTE, an educational institution based upon a bequest of Allen C. Lewis, in the city of Chicago, established in 1895. It maintains departments in law, the classics, preparatory studies and manual training, and owns property valued at $1,600,000, with funds and

endowment amounting to §1,100,000. No report is made of the number of pupils. LEWIS, John H., ex-Congressman, was born in Tompkins County, N. Y., July 21, 1830.

When

six years old he accompanied his parents Knox County, 111., where he attended the public schools, read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1860. The same year he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Knox County. In 1874 he

to

was elected

to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1880, was the successful Repub-

;

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

334

from the old Ninth In 1882, he was a candidate for refrom the same district (then the Tenth), but was defeated by Nicholas E. Worthington, his Democratic opponent. lican candidate for Congress

lum and Reformatory,

Young Men's

4;

Christian

District.

A.ssociation, 2; Scientific, 6; Historical, 3; Soci-

election

ety, 8; Medical,

LEWISTOWX, the county-seat of Fulton County, located on two lines of railway, fifty

volumes and over was 1,822,580 with 447,168 pamphlets; and. of the class between 300 and 1,000 volumes, 66,992 making a grand total of

miles southwest of Peoria and sixty miles northwest of Springfield. It contains flour and sawmills, carriage wagon, can-making, and duplex-.scales and evener factories, six churches and four newspapers, one issuing a daily edition also excellent public schools. Population (1880), 1.771; (1890), 2,166; (1900), 2,504,

LEXIXGTOX, a Chicago & Alton

city in

McLean County, on the

Railroad, 110 miles south gf

Chicago and 16 miles northeast of Bloomington. The surrounding region is agricultural and stockraising, and the town has a flourishing trade in horses and other live-stock. Tile is manufactured here, and the town has two banks, five churches, a high school and two weekly newsPopulation (1890), 1,187; (1900), 1,415. LIBERTYVILLE, a village of Lake County, on the main line of the Chicago & Madison Division of tlie Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 35 miles north-northwest of Chicago. The region is agricultural. The town has some manufactures, two banks and a weekly paper. Populapapers.

tion (1890),

5.50; (1900). 864.

LIBRARIES.

(Statistical.

)— A

report of the

Commissioner of Education for 1895-96, on the subject of "Public, Society and School Libraries in the United States," presents some approximate statistics of libraries in the several States,

upon the reports of

librarians,

based

so far as they

could be obtained in reply to inquiries sent out from the Bureau of Education in Washington. As shown by the statistical tables embodied in this report, there were 348 libraries in Illinois reporting 300 volumes and over, of which 134 belonged to the smallest class noted, or those containing less than 1,000 volumes. The remaining 214 were divided into the following classes:

Containing 300,000 and

" "

lUU.OOO 50,000 25,000 10,000 5,000 1.000

less

than 500,000 volumes

"

"

"

"

" "

"

" "

" " "

300,000 100,000 ,50,000

25,000 10,000 5,000

" "

" "

" "

1

2 1

5

27 34 144

The

total

Odd Fellows and Social, 1 each. number of volumes belonging to the

class of 1,000

—

The

1,889,572 volumes.

library belonging to tlie

is that of the University Chicago, reporting 305,000 volumes, with 180,000 pamphlets, while the Chicago Public Library and the Newberry Library belong to the

largest (or 300,000) class,

of

second class, reporting, respectively, 217,065 volumes with 42,000 pamphlets, and 135,244 volumes and 35,6.54 pamphlets. (The report of the Chicago Public Library for 1898 shows a total, for that year, of 235,385 volumes and 44,069 pamphlets.

As

)

method of adminisreporting 1.000 volumes by taxation 27, by appropriations by State, County or City; 20, from endowment funds 54, from membership fees and dues; 16, from book-rents; 26, from donations, leaving 53 to be supported from sources not stated. The total income of 131 reporting on tliis to sources of support or

tration, 43 of

and

tlie class

over, are supported

;

;

subject

is

§787,263;

the aggregate

endowment

is 83,383,197, and the value of buildings belonging to 36 is estimated at §2,981,575. Of the 214 libraries reporting 1,000 volumes and over, 88 are free, 28 are reference, and 158 are both circulating and reference. The free public libraries in the State containing

of 17 of this class

3,000

volumes and over, in

1896,

amounted

to 39.

The following list includes those of this class containing 10,000 volumes and over: Chicago, Public Library

" Peoria, Springfield, " Rockford, Quincv,

.

.

" "

" " and Reading " " Galesburg " Elgin, Gail Borden Public Library " Bloomington, Withers " " Evanston, Free " " " Decatur, " "

Aurora,

" "

Rock

"

BelleviUe, Island,

"

Joliet,

The John Crerar Library

"

" " "

(1896) 217,065 57,604 28,639 28,000 Room 19,400 18,469 17,000 16.068 15,515 14.766 14,511 14,350 12,634 23,325 .

.

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

(a scientific reference

—

established in the City of Chicago in on the basis of a bequest of the late John Crerar, estimated as amounting to fully S3, 000,000 is rapidly adding to its resources, having, library) 1894,

A

general classification of

libraries of

1,000

volumes and over, as to character, divides them into. General, 91; School, 36; College, 42; College

Society, 7;

Law,

3; Theological, 7; State, 2;

Asy-

—

in the four years of

40,000 volumes.

its history,

With

its

acquired over

princely endowment,

'

:

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. it is

destined, in the course of a

few

jears. to be

reckoned one of the leading libraries of its class in the United States, as it is one of the most

modern and carefully selected. The Newberry and Chicago Historical Society Libraries fill an important place for reference puron historical subjects. A tardy beginning has been made in building up a State Historical Library in Springfield but, owing to poses, especially

;

the indifference of the Legislature and the meager support it has received, the State which was, for nearly a hundred years, the theater of the most important events in the development of the Mississippi Valley, has, as yet, scarcely

anything worthy of

its

name

accomplished

in collecting

and

preserving the records of its own history. In point of historical origin, next to the Illinois State Library, which dates from the admission of the State into the Union in 1818, the oldest is that of the McCormick Theological Seminary, which is set down as having had its origin in 1825, though this occurred

library in the State

The early State College

in another State.

Li-

braries follow next in chronological order: Shurt-

Upper Alton, 1837 Illinois College, at Jacksonville, 1829; McKendree College, at Lebanon, 1834; Rockford College, 1849; Lombard University, at Galesburg, 1852. In most cases, lefif

College, at

;

however, these are simply the dates of the establishment of the institution, or the period at which instruction began to be given in the school which finally developed into the college. The school library is constantly becoming a more important factor in the liberal education of the youth of the State. Adding to this the "Illinois Pupils' Reading Circle," organized by the State Teachers" Association some ten years ago, but still in the experimental stage, and the system of "traveling libraries," set on foot at a later period, there is a constant tendency to enlarge the range of popular reading and bring the public library, in some of its various forms, within the reach of a larger class.

The Free Public Library Law of Ilunois.

—The

following history and analysis of the Free Public Library Law of Illinois is contributed, for the "Historical Encyclopedia," by E. S. Willcox, Librarian of the Peoria Public Library

The Library

Law

of lUinois in 1873

passed by the Legislature

was

tlie first broadly planned, complete Free Public Library Law placed on the statute book of any State in the Union. It is true. New Hamp-

comprehensive and

in 1849, and Massachusetts, in 1851, had taken steps in this direction, with three or shire,

four brief sections of laws, permissive in their

335

character rather than directive, but lacking the vitalizing qualities of our Illinois law, in that they provided no sufficiently .specific working

—

method — no

sailing directions for starting and libraries. They seem to have had no influence on subsequent

administering such free public

library legislation, while, to quote the language of Mr. Fletcher in his "Public Libraries in America," "the wisdom of the Illinois law, in this regard, is probably the reason why it has been so widely copied in other States." By this law of 1873 Illinois placed herself at the head of her sister States in encouraging the spread of general intelligence among the people; but it is also a record to be equall}' proud of, that, within less than five years after "her admission to the Union, Dec. 3, 1818 that is, at the first session of her Third General Assembly a general Act was passed and approved, Jan. 31, 1823, entitled: "An act to incorporate such persons as may associate for the purpose of procuring and erecting public libraries in this State," with the

—

—

following preamble"Wherea.s, a disposition for improvement in useful linowlediie has manifested itself in various parts of this .State, by associating for procuring and erecting public libraries: and, whereas, it is of the utmost importance to the public that the sources of information should be multiplied, and institutions for that purpose encouraged and promoted: Seel. Beit enacted,"

etc.

Then follow ten sections, covering five and a half pages of the published laws of that session, giving explicit directions as to the organizing and maintaining of such Associations, with provisions as enUghtened and liberal as we could ask for to-day. The libraries contemplated in this act are, of course, subscription libraries, the only kind known at that time, free pubhc libraries supported by taxation not having come into vogue in that early day. It is tlie one vivifj'ing quality of the Illinois law of 1872, that it showed how to start a free public library, how to manage it when started and how to provide it with the necessary funds. It furnished a full and minute set of sailing directions for the ship it launched, and, moreover, was not loaded down with useless Umitations. With a few exceptions notably the Boston Public Library, working imder a special charter, and an occasional endowed library, like the Astor Library all public libraries in those days were subscription Ubraries, like the great Mercantile Libraries of New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati, with dues of from S3 to §10 from each member per year. With dues at 84 a year, our Peoria Mercantile Library, at its best, never had over 286 members in any one year. Compare this with our present public membership of 6,500, and it will be seen that some kind of a free public library law was needed. That was the conclusion I, as one of the Directors of the Peoria Mercantile Library, came to in 1869. had tried every expedient for years, in the way of lecture courses, concerts, spelling matches, "Drummer Boy of Shiloh," and begging, to increase our membership and revenue. So far, and no farther, seemed to be the rule with all subscription libraries. They did not reach the masses who needed them most. And, for this manifest rea-

—

—

We

:

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. son the necessary cost of cannual dues stood in the way; the women and young people who :

wanted something to read, who thirsted for knowledge, and who are the principal patrons of the free public library to-day, did not hold the family purse-strings; while the men, who did hold the purse-strings, did not particularly care for books. It was my experience, derived as a Director in the Peoria Mercantile Library when it was still a small, struggling subscription library, that suggested the need of a State law authorizing cities and towns to tax themselves for the support of public libraries, as the)' already did for the support of public schools. When, in 18T0, I submitted tlie plan to some of my friends, they pronounced it Quixotic the people would never consent to pay taxes for libraries. To which I replied, that, until sometime in the 'SO's, we had no free public schools in this State. I then drew up the form of a law, substantially as it now stands; and, after submitting it to Justin Winsor, then of the Boston Public Library William F. Poole, then in Cincinnati, and William T. Harris, then in St. Louis, I placed it in the hands of my friend, Mr. Samuel Caldwell, in December, 1870, who took it with him to Springfield, promising to do what he could to get it through the Legislature, of which he was a member from Peoria. The bill was introduced by Mr. Caldwell, March 23, 1871, as House bill No. 563, and as House bill No. 503 it finally received the Governor's signature and became a

—

;

March 7, 1873. The essential features of our Illinois law are Tlie power of initiative in starting a free I. lies in the City Council, and not in an appeal to the voters of the city at a general law,

public library election.

It is a weak point in the English public libraries act that this initiative is left to the electors or voters of a city, and, in several London and provincial districts, the proposed law has been

repeatedly voted down by the very people it was most calculated to benefit, from fear of a little extra taxation. II. The amount of tax to be levied is jxrmissive, not mandatory. We can trust to the public spirit of our city authorities, supported by an intelligent public sentiment, to provide for the library needs. A mandatory law, requiring the levying of a certain fixed percentage of the city's total assessment, plight invite extravagance, as it has in several instances where a mamhitory law is in force. III. Tin' T.ihnir)/ Uminl Ikix exclusive control of lihrarll ni,i,n.in-i„'li,nis

This IS t.) l.f mfiprfted that Public Library Boards are sejiarate ami distinct departments of the city administration; and experience has shown t'nat they are as capable and honest in handling money as School Boards or City Councils.

IV. Library Boards consist of nine members to serve for th ree yea rs. V. The members of the Board are appointed by the Mayor, subject 'to the approval of the City Council, from the citizens at large with reference to their fitness for such office.

VI. An annual report is to be made by the Board to the City Council, stating the condition of their triist on the first day of June of each year. This, with slight modifications adapting it to villages, towns and townships, is, in substance, the Free Public Library Law of Illinois. Under its beneficent operation flourishing free public libraries have been established in the principal slowly, at first, cities and towns of our State but, of late years, more rapidly as their usefulness

—

has become apparent.

No argument is now needed to show the imthe imperative necessity of the widest possible diffusion of intelligence among the people of a free State. Knowledge and ignorance the one means civilization, the other, barbarism. Give a man the taste for good books and the means of gratifying it, and you can hardly fail of portance

—

—

—

making him a

better, happier

man and

a wiser

citizen. You place him in contact with the best society in every period of history you set before him nobler examples to imitate and safer paths to follow. have no way of foretelling how many and how great benefits will accrue to society and the State, in the future, from the comparatively modern introduction of the free public library into our educational system but when some youthful Abraham Lincoln, poring over ^^sop's Fables, Weems' Life of Washington and a United States History, by the flickering light of a pineknot in a log-cabin, rises at length to be the hope and bulwark of a nation, then we learn what the world may owe to a taste for books. In the general spread of intelligence through our free schools, our free press and our free libraries, lies our only hope that our free American institutions shall not decay and perish from the earth. ;

We

;

LIEUTEXAXT-GOTERNORS OF ILLINOIS. The

office of

Lieutenant-Governor, created by the

Constitution of 1818, has been retained in each of the subsequent Constitutions, being elective by the people at the same time with that of Governor. The following is a list of the Lieutenant Governors of the State, from the date of its admission into the Union to the present time (1899), with the date and length of each incum bent's term: Pierre Menard, 1818-23; Adolphus Frederick Hubbard, 1822-26; William Kinney 1826-30; Zadoc Casey, 1830-33; William Lee D Ewing (succeeded to the office as President of the Senate), 1833-84; Alexander M. Jenkins, 1834 William H. Davidson (as President of the Senate), 1836-38; Stinson H. Anderson, 1838-42; John Moore, 1842-46; Joseph B. Wells, 1846-49; W^illiam McMurtry, 1849-53; Gustavus Koerner, 18.53-57; John Wood, 1857-60; Thomas A. Mar shall (as President of the Senate), Jan. 7-14, 1861 Francis A. Hoffman, 1861-65; William Bross, 1865-69; John Dougherty, 1869-73; John L.

.

,

IIISTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Beveridge, Jan. 13-23, 1ST3; John Early (as President of the Senate), 1S73-T5; Archibald A. Glenn (as President of the Senate), 1875-77;

Andrew Shuman,

to

Lyman

He

—

William A. Northcott. 1897 LIMESTONE. Illinois ranks next to Pennsylvania in its output of limestone, the United States Census Report for 1890 giving the number

for building purposes Illinois far exceeds any other State, the greater proportion of the output in Pennsylvania being suitable only for flux. Next to its employment as building stone, Illinois limestone is chiefly used for street-work, a small percentage being used for flux, and still less for bridge-work, and but little for burning into lime. The quarries in this State emplo}' 3,388 hands, and represent a capital of 83,316,616, in the latter particular also ranking next to Pennsylvania. The quarries are found in various parts of the State, but the most productive and most valuable are in the northern section. LINCOLN, an incorporated city, and countyseat of Logan County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Champaign and Havana and the Peoria, Decatur and Evansville Divisions of the Illinois Central Railroad; is 28 miles

when he declined a re-election. In 1838, and again in 1840, he was the Whig candidate for Speaker of the House, on both occasions being defeated by William L. D. Ewing. In 1841 he was an applicant to President William Henry Harrison for the position of Commissioner of the General Land Office, the appointment going to Justin Butterfield. His next official position was that of Representative in the Thirtieth Congress

Considerable manufacturing is carried on, among the products being flour, brick and drain tile. The city has water-works, fire department, gas and electric ligliting plant, telephone system, machine shops, eigliteen churches, good schools, three national banks, a public library, electric Besides street railways, and several newspapers. possessing good schools, it is the seat of Lincoln University (a Cumberland Presbyterian institution, founded in The Odd Fellows' 1865) Orphans' Home and the Illinois (State) Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children are also located here. Population (1890), 6,735; (1900), 8,963; (1903, est.), 12,000.

LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth President of the

settled in Indiana in 1816,

and removed

(1847-49). From that time he gave his attention when he was a leading candidate for the United States Senate in opposition to the principles of the Nebraska Bill, but failed of election, Lyman Trumbull being chosen. In 1856, he took a leading part in the organization of the Republican party at Bloomington, and, in 1858, was formally nominated by the Republican State Convention for the United States Senate, later engaging in a joint debate with Senator Douglas on party issues, during which they delivered speeches at seven diff'erent cities of the State. Although he again failed to secure the prize of an election, owing to the character of the legislative apportionment then in force, which gave a majority of the Senators and Representatives to a Democratic minority of the voters, his burning, incisive utterances on the subject of slavery attracted the attention of the whole country, and prepared the way for the future triumph of the Republican party. Previous to this he had been four times (1840, '44, '53, and '56) on the ticket of his party as candidate for Presidential Elector. In 1860, he was the nominee of the Republican party for the Presidency and was chosen by a decisive majority in the Electoral College, though receiving a minority of the aggregate popular vote. Unquestionably his candidacy was aided by internal dissensions in the Democratic party. His election and his inauguration (on March 4, 1861) were

to his profession until 1855,

northeast of Springfield, and 157 miles southwest of Chicago. The surrounding country is devoted stock-raising and coal-mining.

Abraham,

flat-

until 1843,

to agriculture,

Lincoln, the father of

served at difiierent times as farm-laborer,

War, and was chosen Captain of his company; was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature the same year, but elected two years later. About this time he turned his attention to the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1836, and, one year later, began practice at Springfield. By successive re-elections he served in the House

of quarries as 104, and the total value of the product as $3,190,604. In the value of stone used

Thomas

337

Abraham was the

boatman, country salesman, merchant, surveyor, lawyer, State legislator, Congressman and President. In 1833 he enlisted for the Black Hawk

B. Ray, 1889-93; Joseph B. Gill. 1893-97;

Indians in 1784.

1830.

issue of his father's first marriage, his mother's

;

United States, was born in Hardin County, Ky. Feb. 13, 1809, of Quaker-English descent, his grandfather having emigrated from Virginia to Kentucky about 1780, where he was killed by the

in

maiden name being Nancy Hanks. The early occupations of the future President were varied.

John 11. Hamilton. 1881-83; William J. Campbell (as President of the Senate), 1883-85; John C. Smith, 1885-89; 1877-81

Macon County

.

—

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. made a

pretext for secession, and he

met the

promptitude and firmness, tempered with kindness and moderation towards the seissue with

He was

cessionists.

re-elected to the Presidency

in 1864, the vote in the Electoral College standing

213 for Lincoln to

21

George B. McClellan.

for his opponent,

of the whole country during Next to his success period.

authority of

Gen.

The history of Mr. Lin-

coln's life in the Presidential chair its

in

is

the history

most dramatic restoring

the

Government over the whole

the

Union, history Will, no doubt, record his issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation of January, 1863, as the most important and far-reaching act of his administration.

And yet to this act, which

has embalmed his memory in the hearts of the lovers of freedom and human justice in all ages and in all lands, the world over, is due his death at the hands of the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, in Washington City, April 15, 1865, as the result of an assault made upon him in Ford's Theater the evening previous his death occurring one week after the fall of Richmond and the surrender of Lee's army just as peace, with the restoration of the Union, was assured. A period of National mourning ensued, and he was accorded the honor of a National funeral, his remains being finally His laid to rest in a mausoleum in Springfield. profound sympathy with every class of sufferers during the War of the Rebellion his forbearance in the treatment of enemies; his sagacity in giving direction to public sentiment at home and in dealing with international questions abroad; his courage in preparing the way for the removal of slavery the bone of contention between the warring sections have given him a place in the

—

—

;

—

—

Washington him the respect and admi-

affections of the people beside that of

himself,

and won

for

gaining high distinction as a diplomatist. This was the last public office held by him. After the death of George M. Pullman he became Acting President of the Pullman Palace Car Company, later being formally elected to that office, which Mr. Lincoln's name has (1899) he still holds. been frequently mentioned in connection with the Republican nomination for the Presidency, but its use has not been encouraged bv him. LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS DEBATE, a name popularly given to a series of joint discussions between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, held at different points in the State during the summer and autumn of 1858, while both were candidates for the position of United States SenaThe places and dates of holding these tor. discussions were as follows: At Ottawa, August

August

21; at Freeport,

27; at Jonesboro, Sept.

15; at Charleston, Sept. 18; at Galesburg, Oct. 7;

at Quincy, Oct. 13; at Alton, Oct.

15.

Immense

audiences gathered to hear these debates, which have become famous in the political history of the Nation, and the campaign was the most noted in the history of any State. It resulted in the securing by Douglas of a re-election to the Senate but his answers to the shrewdly-couched interrogatories of Lincoln kd to the alienation of his Southern following, the disruption of the Democratic party in 1860, and the defeat of his Presidential aspirations, with the placing of Mr. Lincoln prominently before the Nation as a sagacious political leader, and his final election to the Presidency.

LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, an institution located at Lincoln, 1865.

Logan County,

It is co-educational,

111., incorporated in has a faculty of eleven

instructors and, for 1896-8, reports 209 pupils

Instruction ninety-one male and 118 female. given in the classics, the sciences, music, fine and preparatory studies. The institution has a library of 3,000 volumes, and reports funds

ration of all civilized nations.

is

LI>'COLJf, Robert Todd, lawyer, member of the Cabinet and Foreign Minister, the son of Abraham Lincoln, was born in Springfield, 111., August 1, 1843, and educated in the home schools and at Harvard University, graduating from the During the last few months of latter in 1864. the Civil War, he served on the staff of General Grant with the rank of Captain. After the war he studied law and, on his admission to the bar, settled in Chicago, finally becoming a member of the firm of Lincoln & Isham. In 1880, he was chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in March following, appointed Secretary of War by President Garfield, serving to the In 1889 he became Minister to close of the term. England by appointment of President Harrison,

arts

and endowment

amounting

to

§60,000,

with

property valued at §55,000.

LINDER, Usher

lawyer and politician, was born in Elizabethtown, Hardin Coimty, Ky. (ten miles from the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln),

March

20, 1809;

F.,

came

to Illinois in 1835, finally

locating at Charleston, Coles County after traveling the circuit a few months was elected Repre;

sentative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), but resigned before the close of the session to

accept the office of Attorney-General, which he held less than a year and a half, when he resigned that also. Again, in 1846, he was elected txD the Fifteenth General Assembly and re-elected to the

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Sisteenth and Seventeenth, afterwards giving his attention to the practice of his profession. Mr. Linder, in his best days, was a fluent speaker with some elements of eloquence which gave him a wide popularity as a campaign orator. Originally a "Whig, on the dissolution of that party he became a Democrat, and, in 1860, was a delegate Democratic National Convention at to the Charleston, S. C. and at Baltimore. During the last four years of his life he wrote a series of articles under the title of "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," which was pubDied in Chicago, lished in book form in 1876. ,

June

5,

1876.

lUTEGAR, David Ohio, Feb. 13, 1830; Ind., in 1840,

and

to

T., legislator,

came

Wayne

was born in

to Spencer County,

County,

111.,

in 1858,

afterward locating at Cairo, where he served as Postmaster during the Civil War; was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1872, but afterwards became a Democrat, and served as such in the lower branch of the General Assembly (1880-86). Died at Cairo, Feb. 2, 1886. LIPPI>'COTT, Charles E., State Auditor, was born at Edwardsville, 111., Jan. 26, IBi'i; attended Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate; in 1849 graduated from the St. Louis Medical College, and began the practice of mediIn 1852 he cine at Chandlerville, Cass County.

went

to California,

remaining there

five years,

taking an active part in the anti-slavery contest, and serving as State Senator (1853-55). In 1857, having returned to Illinois, he resumed practice at Chandlerville, and, in 1861, under authority of Governor Yates, recruited a company which was attached to the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry as Company K, and of which he was commissioned Captain, having declined the lieutenant-colonelcy. Within twelve months he became Colonel, and, on Sept. 16, 1865, was mustered out as brevet Brigadier-General. In 1866 he reluctantly consented to lead the Republican forlorn hope as a candidate for Congress in the (then) Ninth Congressional District, largely reducing the Democratic majority. In 1867 he was elected Secretary of the State Senate, and the same year chosen Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives at Washington. In 1868 he was elected State Auditor, and re-elected in 1872 also served as Permanent President of the Republican State Convention of 1878. On the establishment of the Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, he became its first Superintendent, assuming his duties in March, 1887, but died Sept. 13, following, as a result of injuries received from a runaway team ;

339

while driving through the grounds of the institution a few days previous. Emily Webster Chandler (Lippincott), wife of the jireceding, was born March 13, 1833, at Chandlerville, Cass County, 111., the daughter of Dr. Charles Chandler, a prominent physician widely known in that section of the State was educated at Jacksonville Female Academy, and married, Dec. 25, 1851, to Dr. (afterwards General) Charles E. Lippincott. Soon after the death of her husband, in September, 1887, Mrs. Lippincott, who had already endeared herself by her acts of kindness to the veterans in the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, was appointed Matron of the institution, serving until her death. May 21, 1895. The respect in which she was held by the old soldiers, to whose comfort and necessities she had ministered in hospital and elsewhere, was shown in a most touching manner at the time of her death, and on the removal of her remains to be laid by the side of her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemetery at Spring-

—

;

field.

LIPPIXCOTT,

(Rev.)

Thomas, early clergy-

man, was born in Salem, N. J., in 1791; in 1817 started west, arriving in St. Louis in February, 1818

;

the same year established himself in mer-

cantile business at Milton, then a place of

some

importance near Alton. This place proving unhealthy, he subsequently removed to Edwardsville, where he was for a time employed as clerk in the Land Office. He afterwards served as Secretary of the Senate (1822-28). That he was a man of education and high intelligence, as well as a strong opponent of slavery, is shown by his writings, in conjunction with Judge Samuel D. Lockwood. George Churchill and others, in opposition to the scheme for secviring the adoption of a pro-slavery Constitution in Illinois in 1824. In 1825 he purchased from Hooper Warren "The Edwardsville Spectator," which he edited for a year or more, but soon after entered the ministry of the Presbyterian Church and became an influential factor in building up that denomination in Illinois. He was also partly instrumental in securing the location of Illinois College at Jacksonville. He died at Pana, 111., April 13, 1869. Gen. Charles E. Lippincott, State Auditor (1869-77), was a son of the subject of this sketch. LIQUOR LAWS. In the early history of the State, the question of the regulation of the sale of intoxicants was virtually relegated to the control of the local authorities, who granted license, collected fees, and fixed the tariff of charges. As early as 1851, however, the General Assembly, with a view to mitigating what it was felt had

340 become a growing

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. evil,

date a general license system has prevailed, except in certain towns and cities where prohibitorjordinances were adopted. The regulations gov-

erning the traffic, therefore, have been widely variant in different localities. The Legislature, however, has always possessed the same constitutional power to regulate the sale of intoxicants, as aconite, henbane, strychnine, or other poisons. In 1S79 the Woman's Christian Temperance Union began the agitation of the license question from a new standpoint. In JIarch of that year, a delegation of Illinois women, headed by Miss Frances E. Willard, presented to the Legislature

a monster petition, signed by 80,000 voters and 100,000 women, praying for the amendment of the State Constitution, so as to give females above the age of 21 the right to vote upon the granting of licenses in the localities of their residences. Miss Willard and ilrs. J. Ellen Foster, of Iowa, addressed the House in its favor, and Miss Willard spoke to the Senate on the same lines. The measure was defeated in the House by a vote of fifty-five to fifty-three, and the Senate took no action. In 1881 the same bill was introduced

anew, but again failed of passage. Nevertheless, persistent agitation was not without its results. In 1883 the Legislature enacted what

is

generally

termed the "High License Law," by the provisions of which a minimum license of §500 per annum was imposed for the sale of alcoholic drinks, and 6150 for malt liquors, with the authority on the part of municipalities to impose a still higher rate by ordinance. This measure was made largely a partisan issue, the Republicans voting almost solidly for it, and the Democrats almost solidly opposing

it.

The

bill

was

promptly signed by Governor Hamilton. The liquor laws of Illinois, therefore, at the present time are based upon local option, high license and local suiiervision.

LITCHFIELD,

enacted a law popularly

as the "quart law," which, it was hoped, would do away with the indiscriminate sale of liquor by the glass. The law failed to meet the expectation of its framers and supporters, and, in 1855, a prohibitory law was submitted to the electSince that ors, which was rejected at the polls.

known

The criminal code

of the State

contains the customary provisions respecting the sale of stimulants to minors and other prohibited parties, or at forbidden times, but, in the larger cities, many of the provisions of the State law are rendered practically inoperative by the

tlie

principal city of Jlontgom-

ery County, at the intersection of Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Wabash and the Illinois Central, with three other short-line railways, 43 miles south of Springfield and 47 miles northeast Louis. The surrounding country is ferundulating prairie, in which are found coal, A coal mine is operated gas. within the corporate limits. Grain is extensively raised, and Litchfield has several elevators, flouring mills, a can factory, briquette works, etc. The output of the manufacturing establishments also includes foundry and machine shop products, brick and tile, brooms, ginger ale and cider. The city is lighted by both gas and electricity, and has a Holly water-works system, a public library and public parks, two banks, twelve churches, high and graded schools, and an UrsuCatholic hospital, and two line convent, a monthly, two weekly, and two daily periodicals. Population (IS'JD). 5,811; (1900), 5,918; (1903,

of St. tile,

and natural

oil

est

).

T,000.

LITCHFIELD, CARROLLTOX & WESTERN

RAILROAD,

a line which extends from Colum-

biana, on the Illinois River, to Barnett,

miles

;

with

is

111.,

51.5

of standard gauge, the track being laid

fifty -six

pound

steel rails.

It

was opened

for business, in three different sections, from 1883 and for three years was operated in connection with the Jacksonville Southeastern Railway. In May, 1890, the latter was sold under foreclosure, and, in November, 1893, the LitchCarrollton & Western reverted to the field, former owners. Six months later it passed into the hands of a receiver, by whom (iqi to 1898) it The general offices has since been operated. are at Carlinville LITTLE, George, merchant and banker, was born in Columbia, Pa., in 1808; came to Rushville. 111., in 1836, embarking in the mercantile business, which he prosecuted sixty years. In 1865 he established the Bank of Rushville, of which he was President, in these two branches of business amassing a large fortune. Died, March

to 1887,

5,

1896.

LITTLE TERMILIOX RIVER rises in Vermilion Count}', 111., and flows eastwardly into Indiana, emptying into the Wabash in Vermilion County, Ind. LITTLE WABASH RIVER,

rises in

Effingham

and Cumberland Counties, flows east and south through Clay, Wayne and White, and enters the

municipal ordinances, or absolutely nullified by

Wabash River about

the indifference or studied neglect of the local

the latter.

officials.

miles.

Its

8 miles above the mouth of estimated length is about 180

niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. LITTLER, David T., lawyer and State Senator, was born at Clifton, Greene County, Ohio, Feb. was educated in the common schools in removed to 111., where he worked at the carpenter's trade for two years, meanwhile studying law. He was admitted to the bar in 18G0, soon after was elected a Justice of the Peace, and later appointed Master in Chancery. In 1866 he was appointed by President Johnson Collector of Internal Revenue for the Eiglith District, but resigned in 1868, removing to Springfield the same year, where he entered into partnership with the late Henry S. Greene, Milton Hay being admitted to 7,

1836;

his native State and, at twentj^-one,

Lincoln,

the firm soon after, the partnership continuing until 1881. In 1882 Mr. Littler was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly from Sangamon County, was re-elected in 1886, and returned to the Senate in 1894, serving in the latter body four years. In both Houses Mr. Littler took a specially prominent part in

revenue question. LITERMORE, Mary Ashton, reformer and philanthropist, was born (Mary Ashton Rice) in Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1831; taught for a time in a female seminary in Charlestown, and spent two years as a governess in Southern Virginia later married Rev. Daniel P. Livermore, a Universalist legislation

on

tlie

;

who

held pa.storates at various places in Massachusetts and at Quincy, 111., becoming editor of "The New Covenant" at Chicago, in Dm-ing this time Mrs. Livermore wrote 1857. much for denominational papers and in assisting her husband; in 1863 was appointed an agent, and traveled extensively in the interest of the United States Sanitary Commission, visiting hospitals and camps in the Mississipi^i Valley; also took a prominent part in the great Northwestern Sanitary Fair at Chicago in 1863. Of late years she has labored and lectured extensively in the interest of woman sufl'rage and temperance, besides being the author of several volumes, one of these being "Pen Pictures of Chicago" (186.j). Her home is in Boston. LIYINGSTOX COUXTT, situated about midminister,

way between Chicago and

Springfield.

Tlie sur-

is rolling toward the east, but is level in the west; area, 1,036 square miles; population (1900), 42,035, named for Edward Livingston. It was organized in 1837, the first Commissioners being Robert Breckenridge, Jonathan Moon and Daniel

face

Pontiac was selected as the countyseat, the proprietors donating ample lands and S3, 000 in cash for the erection of public buildings. Vermilion River and Indian Creek are the prin-

Rockwood.

341

Coal underlies the entire county, and shafts are in successful operation at various points. It is one of the chief agricultural counties of the State, the yield of oats and corn being large. Stock-raising is also extensively carried on. The development of the count}' really dates from the opening of the Chicago & Alton Railroad in 1854, since which date it has been crossed by numerous other lines. Pontiac, the countyseat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad center and the site of the State Reform School. Its population in 1890 was 2,784. Dwight has attained a wide reputation as the seat of the parent "Keeley" Institute for the cure of the cipal streams.

liquor habit.

LOCKPORT, a in

1837

village in Will County, laid out 1853- situated 33

and incorporated in

miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, the Atchi-

& Santa Fe and the Chicago & Alton Tlie surrounding region is agricullimestone is extensively quarried. Manufactures are flour, oatmeal, brass goods, paper and strawboard. It has ten churches, a public and high school, pai-ochial schools, a bank, gas plant, electric car lines, and one weekly paper. The controlling works of the Chicago Drainage Canal and offices of the Illinois & Michigan Canal are located here. Population (1890), 3,449; son,

Topeka

Railroads.

tural;

(1900), 3,659.

LOCKWOOD, Samuel at

Poundridge,

August after a

2,

Brake, jurist, was born Westchester County, N. Y.,

1789, left fatherless at the age of ten,

few months at a private school in New went to live with an uncle (Francis Waterford, N. Y., with whom he

Jersey, he

Drake) at

studied law, being admitted to the bar at Batavia, N. Y., in 1811. In 1813 he removed to Auburn, and later became Master in Chancery. In 1818

he descended the Ohio River upon a flat-boat in company with William H. Brown, afterwards of Chicago, and walking across the country from Shawneetown, arrived at Kaskaskia in December, but finally settled at Carmi, where he remained a year. In 1831 he was elected Attorney-General of the State, but resigned the following year to accept the position of Secretary of State, to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, and which he filled only three months, President Monroe made him Receiver of Public Moneys at Edwardsville. About the same time he was also appointed agent of the First Board of Canal Commissioners. The Legislature of 1824-35 elected him Judge of the Supreme Court, his service extending until the adoption

when

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

348

which he assisted in framing as a Delegate from Morgan County. In of the Constitution of 1848,

was made State Trustee of the Illinois Central Railroad, which office he held until his death. He was always an uncompromising antagonist of slavery and a leading supporter of 1851 he

Governor Coles in opposition to the plan to secure a pro-slavery Constitution in 1824. His personal and political integrity was recognized by all parties.

a

From

Judge Lockwood was where he proved himand patron of Illinois Col-

1828 to 1853

citizen of Jacksonville,

self

an

lege,

elficient friend

serving for over a quarter of a century as

one of

its

Trustees,

and was

also influential in

securing several of the State charitable instituHis later years were spent at tions there. Batavia, where he died, April 23, 1874, in the 85th year of his age. LODA, a village of Iroquois County, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 4 miles north of Paxton. The region is agricultural, and the town has considerable local trade. It also has a bank and one weekly paper. Population (1880), 635; (1890), 598; (1900), 668. LOGAN, Cornelius Ambrose, physician and diplomatist, born at Deerfield, Mass., August 6, 1836, the son of a dramatist of the same name was educated at Auburn Academy and served as Medical Superintendent of St. John's Hospital, Cincinnati, and, later, as Professor in the HosIn 1873 he was pital at Leavenworth, Kan. appointed United States Minister to Chili, afterwards served as Minister to Guatemala, and again (1881) as Minister to Chili, remaining until 1883. He was for twelve years editor of "The Medical Herald," Leaven wortli, Kan., and edited the works of his relative. Gen. John A. Logan (1886), besides contributing to foreign medical publications and publishing two or three volumes on medical and sanitary questions. Resides in Chicago. LOttAN, John, physician and soldier, was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, Dec. 30, 1809; at six years of age was taken to Missouri, his family settling near the Grand Tower among tlie Shawnee and Delaware Indians. He began business as clerk in a New Orleans commission house, but returning to Illinois in 1830, engaged in the blacksmith trade for two years; in 1831 enlisted in the Ninth Regiment Illinois Militia and took part in the Indian troubles of that year and the Black Hawk War of 1832, later being Colonel of the Forty-fourth Regiment State Militia. At the close of the Black Hawk War he settled in Carlinville, and having graduated in medicine,

engaged in practice in that place until

1861.

At

the beginning of the war he raised a company for the Seventh Illinois Volunteers, but the quota being already full, it was not accepted. He was finally commissioned Colonel of the Thirtysecond Illinois Volunteers, and reported to General Grant at Cairo, in January, 1862, a few weeks later taking part in the battles of Forts Henry and Donelson. Subsequently he had command of the Fourth Division of the Army of the Tennessee under General Hurlbut. His regiment lost heavily at the battle of Shiloh, he himself being severely wounded and compelled to leave the field. In December, 1864, he was discharged with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. In 1866 Colonel Logan was appointed by President Johnson United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, serving until 1870, when he resumed the practice of his profession at Carlinville. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, serving as a delegate to the first Republican State Convention at Bloomington in 1856. He was a man of strong personal characteristics and an earnest patriot. Died at his home at Carlinville,

August

24, 1885.

LOGAN, John Alexander,

soldier and statesman, was born at old Brownsville, the original

county-seat of Jackson County,

111.,

Feb.

9,

1826,

the son of Dr. John Logan, a native of Ireland and an early immigrant into Illinois, where he attained prominence as a public man. Young Logan volunteered as a private in the Mexican War, but was soon promoted to a lieutenancy, and afterwards became Quartermaster of his regiment. He was elected Clerk of Jackson County in 1849, but resigned the office to prosecute his law studies. Having graduated from Louisville University in 1851, he entered into partnership with his uncle, Alexander M. Jenkins was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat in 1852, and again in 1856, having been Prosecuting Attorney in the interim. He was chosen a ;

Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket in 1856,

was

in 1860,

elected to Congress in 1858, and again

as a Douglas Democrat.

During the

special session of Congress in 1861, he left his

and fought

in the ranks at Bull Run.

In September, 1861, he organized the Thirty-first

seat,

Regiment Illinois Infantry, and was commissioned by Governor Yates its Colonel. His military career was brilliant, and he rapidly rose to be Major-General. President Johnson tendered him the mission to Mexico, which he declined. In 1866 he was elected as a Republican to Con-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and acted as one of the managers in the impeachment trial of tlie President; was twice re-elected and, in 1871, was chosen United States Senator, as he was again in 1879. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidential nomination at the Republican Convention in Chicago, but was finally placed on the ticket for the Vice-Presidency with James G. gress for the State-at-large,

Blaine, the ticket being defeated in November following. In 1885 he was again elected Senator, but died during his term at Washington, Dec. 26, 1886. General Logan was the author of "The Great Conspiracy" and of "The Volunteer Soldier of America." In 1897 an equestrian statue was erected to his memory on the Lake Front Park in Chicago. LOGAN, Stephen Trigg, eminent Illinois jurist, was born in Franklin County, Ky., Feb. 2-1, 1800; studied law at Glasgow, Ky., and was admitted to the bar before attaining his majority. After practicing in his native State some ten years, in 1832 he emigrated to Illinois, settling in Sangamon County, one year later opening an oflice at Springfield. In 183.5 he was elevated to the bench of the First Judicial Circuit resigned two years later, was re-commissioned in 1839, but again resigned. In 1842, and again in 1844 and 1846, he was elected to the General Assembly; also served as a member of the Consti;

tutional Convention of 1847. Between 1841 and 1844 he was a partner of Abraham Lincoln. In 1854 he was again chosen a member of the lower house of the Legislature, was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1860, and, in 1861, was commLssioned by Governor Yates to represent Illinois in the Peace Conference, which assembled in Washington. Soon afterward he retired to private Ufe. As an advocate his ability was widely

recognized.

Died at Springfield, July

LOGAN COUNTY, of the State,

square miles.

17, 1880.

situated in the central part

and having an area of about 620 a level or with some high extremely fertile

Its surface is cliiefly

moderately undulating ridges, as at Elkhart.

prairie,

Its soil is

and well drained by numerous creeks. Coalmining is successfully carried on. The other staple products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle

and pork. Settlers began to locate in 1819-22, and the county was organized in 1839, being originally cut off from Sangamon. In 1840 a portion of Tazewell was added and, in 1845, a part of De Witt County. It was named in honor of Dr. John Logan, father of Senator John A. Logan.

Postville

was the

first

county-seat, but,

was made Lincoln, which

in 1847, a chjjnge

and, later, to tal.

343 to

Mount

Pulaski,

is the present capiPopulation (1890), 25,489; (1900), 28,680.

LOMBARD, a village of Dupage County, on the Chicago & Great Western and the Chicago & Northwestern Railways.

Population

(1880), 378;

(1890), .515; (1900), 590.

LOMBARD UNIVERSITY,

an institution at

Galesburg under control of the Universalist denomination, founded in 1851. It has preparacollegiate and theological departments. The collegiate department includes both classical and scientific courses, with a specially arranged tory,

course of three years for young women, who constitute nearly half the number of students. The University has an endowment of .$200,000, and owns additional property, real and personal, of the value of $100,000. In 1898 it reported a faculty of thirteen professors, with an attendance of 191 students.

LONDON MILLS, a village and railway station Narrow Gauge and Iowa Central Railroads, 19 miles southeast of Galesburg. The district is agricultural; the town has two banks and a weekly newspaper; of Fulton County, on the Fulton

is mined. Pop. (1900), .528. LONG, Stephen Harriman, civil engineer, was born in Hopkinton, N. H., Dec. 30, 1784; gradu-

fine brick clay

ated at Dartmouth College in 1809, and, after teaching some years, entered the United States Army in December, 1814, as a Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers, acting as Assistant Professor of Mathematics at West Point; in 1816 was transferred to the Topographical Engineers with the brevet rank of Major. From 1818 to 1823 he had charge of explorations between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, and, in 1823-24, to the sources of the Mississippi. One of the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains was named in his honor. Between 1827 and 1830 he was employed as a civil engineer on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and from 1837 to 1840, as Engineerin-Chief of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in Georgia, where he introduced a system of curves and a new kind of truss bridge afterwards generally adopted. On the organization of the Topographical Engineers as a separate corps in 1838, he became Major of that body, and, in 1861, chief, with the rank of Colonel. An account of his first expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1819-20) by Dr. Edwin James, was published in 1823, and the following year appeared "Long's Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the Wood.s, Etc." He was a member of the American Philosophical Society and the author of the

;

niSTOEICxVL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

344

on railroad building ever this country, under the title of "Railroad Manual" (1829). During the latter days of his life his home was at Alton, 111. where first

original treatise

publislied in

,

he died, Sept.

4,

1864.

Though

retired

from

active service in June, 1863, he continued in the

discharge of important duties up to his death. LONGENECKER, Joel M., lawyer, %vas born in Crawford County, 111., June 12, 1847; before reaching his eighteenth year he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, servinguntil the close of the war. After attending the high school at Robinson and teaching for some time, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar at Olney in 1870; served two years as City Attorney and four (1877-81) as Prosecuting Attorney, in the latter year removing to Chicago. Here, in 1884, he became the assistant of Luther Laflin Mills in the office of Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County, retaining that position with Mr. Jlills' successor, Judge Grinnell. On the promotion of the latter to the bench, in 1886, Mr. Longenecker succeeded to the office of Prosecuting Attorney, continuing "While in this office in that position until 1892.

he conducted a large number of important criminal cases, the most important, perliaps, being the trial of the murderers of Dr. Cronin, in which he gained a wide reputation for skill and ability as a prosecutor in criminal cases.

LOOMIS, cator,

(Bev.) Hubbell, clergyman

was born

in Colchester,

1775; prepared for college in the

and

at Plainfield

finally

1799

Academy,

and edu-

Conn., May 31. common scliools

in his native State,

graduating at Union College, N. Y., in supported himself during a con-

— having

educational course by manual labor and teaching. He subsequently studied theology, and, for twenty-four j-ears, served as pastor of a Congregational chiu-ch at Willington, Conn., meanwhile fitting a number of young men for college, including among them Dr. Jared Sparks, afterwards President of Harvard College and author of numerous historical works. About 1829 his views on the subject of baptism underwent a change, resulting in his uniting himself with the Baptist Church. Coming to Illinois soon after, he spent some time at Kaska.skia and Edwardsville, and, in 1832, located at Upper Alton, where he became a prominent factor in laying the foundation of Shurtleff College, first by the establishment of the Baptist Seminary, of which he was the Principal for several years, and later by assisting, in 1835, to secure the charter of the college in which the seminary was merged. His name stood first on siderable

part

of

his

new institution, and, means, he was a liberal consupport in the period of its infancy. The latter years of his life were sjient among his books in literary and scientific pursuits. Died at Upper Alton, Dec. 15, 1872, at the advanced age of nearly 98 years. A son of his Prof. Elias the

list

of Trustees of the

in proportion to his

tributor to

its

—

—

—

Loomis an eminent mathematician and naturalwas the author of "Loomis" Algebra" and

ist,

other scientific text-books, in extensive use in the colleges of the country. He held professorships in various institutions at different times, the last

being that of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in Yale College, from 1860 up to his death in 1889. LORIMER, William, Member of Congress, was born in Manchester, England, of Scotch parentage, April 27, 1861 came with his parents to America at five years of age, and, after spending some years in Michigan and Ohio, came to Chicago in 1870, where he entered a private school. Having lost his father bj- death at twelve years of age, he became an apprentice in the sign-painting business; was afterwards an employe on a street-railroad, finally engaging in the real-estate business and serving as an appointee of ilayor Roche and Maj-or AVashburne in the city water department. In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for Clerk of the Superior Court, but was defeated. Two years later he was elected to the Fifty- fourth Congress from the Second Illinois District, and re-elected in 1896, as he was again in 1898. His plurality in 1896 amounted to 26,736 ;

votes.

LOUISVILLE, The

county-seat of Clay County

situated on the Little Waba.sh River and on the Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Oliio It is 100 miles southSouthwestern Railroad.

southeast of Springfield and 7 miles north of Flora; has a courthouse, three churches, a high school, a savings bank and t«-o weekly newsPopulation (l8;-)0) 637; (1900) 646. papers.

LOUISVILLE, EVANSVILLE & NEW ALBAXT RAILROAD. (See LoitisviUe. EvansriUe A- St.

Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.)

LOUISVILLE, EVAXSVILLE & ST. LOUIS (Consolidated) entire line

is

RAILROAD. The 858.55 miles, of

length of this

which nearly

150

miles are operated in Illinois. It crosses the State from East St. Louis to Mount Carmel, on the Wabash River. "Within Illinois the system uses a single track of standard gauge, laid with steel The grades are usually rails on white-oak ties. light, although, as the line leaves the Mississippi bottom, the gradient is about two per cent or The total capitalization 105.6 feet per mile.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. was §18,236,246, of which .$4,247,909 was in stock and §10,568,350 in bonds. — (History.) The original corporation was organized in both Indiana and Illinois in 1869, and the Illinois section of i,he line opened from Mount Carniel to Albion (18 miles) in January, 1873. The Indiana division was sold under foreclosure in 1876 to the Louisville, New Albany & St. Louis Railway Company, while the Illinois division was reorganized in 1878 under the name of the St. Louis, Mount Carmel & New Albany Railroad. A few months later the two divisions were consolidated under the name of the former. In 1881 this line was (1898)

again consolidated with the Evansville, Rockport & Eastern Railroad (of Indiana), taking the name of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad. In 1889, by a still further consolidation, it absorbed several short lines in Indiana and Illinois those in the latter State being the Illinois & St. Louis Railroad and Coal Company, the Belleville, Centralia & Eastern (projected from Belleville to Mount Vernon) and the Venice & Carondelet the new organization assuming the present name Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis

—

—

—

(Consolidated) Railroad.

LOUISVILLE & NASHVILLE RAILROAD,

a operating an extensive system of Ohio River and extending through Kentucky and Tennessee into Indiana. The portion of the line in Illinois (known as the St. Louis, Evansville & Nashville line) extends from East St. Louis to the Wabash corporation

railroads, chiefly south of the

as a Presbyterian minister in Returning to St. Louis, he started "The

1833.

Observer"

Threats of violence from the pro-slavery party induced him to remove his paper, presses, etc., to Alton, in July, 1836. Three

times within twelve months his plant was destroyed by a mob. fourth press having been procured, a number of his friends agreed to pro-

A

from destruction in the warehouse where it was stored. On the evening of Nov. 7, 1837, a mob, liaving assembled about the building, sent tect

it

one of their number to the roof to set it on fire. Lovejoy, with two of his friends, stepped outside to reconnoiter, when he was shot down by parties in ambush, breathing his last a few minutes later. His death did much to strengthen the anti-slavery sentiment north of Mason and Dixon's line. His party regarded him as a martyr, and his death was made the text for many impassioned and eflfective appeals in opposition to

there,

Riots

formally leased frona the Southeast & St. Louis Railway Company, whose corporate existence is merely nominal. The latter company acquired title to the property after foreclosure

November, 1880, and leased it in perpetuity to the Louisville & Nashville Company. The total earnings and income of the leased line in Illinois, for 1898, were 81,052,789, and the total expenditures (including 647,198 taxes) were 8057,12."). in

LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. Jacksonville

&

St.

Louis

(See

Railii-ay.)

LOVE JOY, Elijah Parish, minister and antislavery journalist, was born at Albion, Maine, Nov. 9, 1802 the son of a Congregational minis-

—

ter.

He

graduated at Waterville College in 1826,

came west and taught school in St. Louis 1827, and became editor of a AVhig paper there 1829.

in in

Later, he studied theology at Princeton

an institution which employed moboc-

racy and murder in its efforts to suppress free discussion. (See Alton Riots.) LOVEJOY, Owen, clergj-man and Congressman, was born at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 1811. Being the son of a clergyman of small means, he was thrown upon his own resources, but secured a collegiate education, graduating at Bowdoin College. In 1836 he removed to Alton, 111., joining his brother, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who was conducting an anti-slavery and religious joui-nal

and from McLeansboro to Shawneetown (40.7 miles)—total, 180.41 miles. The Illinois Division, though virtually owned by the operating line, is

— a religious weekly, which condemned

slave-holding.

in White County (133.64 miles), with branches from Belleville to O'Fallon (6.07 miles),

River,

345

and was licensed

and whose assassination by a pro-slaveiy

mob he witnessed

the following year. (See Alton P. Lovejoy.) This tragedy

and Elijah

induced him to devote his

life to a crusade Having previously begun the study of theology, he was ordained to the ministry and officiated for several years as pastor of a Congregational church at Princeton. In 1847 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Constitutional Convention on the '"Liberty" ticket, but, in 1854, was elected to the Legislature upon that issue, and earnestl}' supported Abraham Lincoln

against slavery.

for

United States Senator.

Upon

his election to

the Legislature he resigned his pastorate at Princeton, his congregation presenting him with a solid silver service in token of their esteem. In 1856 he was elected a Representative in Congress by a majority of 7,000, and was re-elected for three successive terms. As an orator he had few equals in the State, while his courage in the support of his principles was indomitable. In the campaigns of 1856, "58 and "60 he rendered valuable service to the Republican party, as he

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

346

did later in upholding the cause of the Union in Congress. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 25, 1864.

LOVINGTOX, a village of Moultrie County, on the Terre Haute-Peoria branch of the Vandalia Line and the Bement & Altamont Division of the Wabash Railway, 33 miles southeast of Decatur. The town has two banks, a newspaper, waterworks, electric lights, telephones and volunteer fire

department.

Pop. (1890), 767; (1900), 815.

LTJDLAM, (Dr.) Reuben, physician and author, was born at Camden. N. J., Oct. 11, 1831, the son of Dr. Jacob Watson Ludlam, an eminent physician who, in his later years, became a resident of Evanston, 111. The younger Ludlam, having taken a course in an academy at Bridgeton, N. J. at sixteen years of age entered upon the study of medicine with his father, followed by a ,

course of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated, in 1852. Having removed to Chicago the following year, he soon after began an investigation of the homoeopathic system of medicine, which resulted in its adoption, and, a few years later, had acquired such prominence that, in 1859, he was appointed Professor of Physiolog)' and Pathology in the newly

estabUshed Hahnemann Medical College in the city of Chicago, with which he continued to be connected for nearly forty years. Besides serving as Secretary of the institution at its inception, he had, as early as 1854, taken a position as one of the editors of "The Chicago Homoeopath,'' later being editorially associated with "The North American Journal of Homceopathy, " published in New York City, and "The United States Medical and Surgical Journal" of Chicago. He also served as President of numerous medical associations, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor Cullom a member of the State Board of Health, serving, by two subsequent reappointments, for a period of fifteen years. In addition to his labors as a lecturer

and

one of the most

practitioner. Dr. prolific

Ludlam was

authors on professional

lines in the city of Chicago, besides

numerous

special topics, having produced a "Course of Clinical Lectures on Diphtheria" (1863); "Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the Diseases of Women" (1871), and a translation from the French of "Lectures on Clinical Medicine" (1880). The second work mentioned is recognized as a valuable text-book, and has passed through seven or eiglit editions. A few years after his first connection with the Hahnemann Medical College, Dr. Ludlam became Processor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and, on the

monographs on

death of President C. S. Smith, was chosen President of the institution. Died suddenly from Zieart disease, while preparing to perform a surgical operation on a patient in the Hahnemann Medical College, April 29, 1899. LUNDY, Beujamiii, early anti-slavery journalist, was born in New Jersey of Quaker parentage; at 19 worked as a saddler at Wheeling, Va. where he first gained a practical knowlestantiaHy the whole of the northern part of tlie

sissippi River.

Its

area

The surface of the county sissippi bluffs,

349

were steadily reduced by excisions iintil 1843. The soil is fertile, corn, wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes being raised and exported in large quantities. Coal seams underlie the soil, and carboniferous limestone crops out in tlie neighborhood of Alton. American settlers began first to arrive about 1800, the Judj-s, Gillhams and Whitesides being among the first, generally locating in the American Bottom, and State,

but

its

limits

laying the foundation for the present county. In the early history of the State, Madison County was the home of a large number of prominent

men who destiny.

exerted a large influence in sha^jing its Among these were Governor Edwards,

Governor

Coles,

Judge Samuel D. Lockwood. and

many more whose names

are intimately inter-

woven with

State history. Edwardsville. and Alton

Population

The county-seat is

is

at

the principal city.

(1890), 51,585; (1900), 64,694.

MAGRUDER, Benjamin D., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born near Natchez, Miss., graduated from Yale College in

Sept. 27, 1838;

1856, and, for three years thereafter, engaged in teaching in his father's private academy at Baton Rouge, La. and in reading law. In 1859 he graduated from the law department of the University of Louisiana, and the same year opened an office at Memphis, Tenn. At the outIjreak of the Civil War, his sympathies being strongly in favor of the Union, he came North, ,

and, after visiting relatives at New Haven, Conn., settled at Chicago, in June, 1861. While ever radically loyal, he refrained from enlisting or taking part in political discussions during the

war, many members of his immediate family being in the Confederate service. He soon achieved and easily maintained a high standing at the Chicago bar in 1868 was appointed Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County, and, in 1885, was elected to succeed Judge T. Lyle Dickey on the bench of the ;

Supreme Court, being re-elected for a full term He was of nine years in 1888, and again in 1897. Chief Justice in 1891-92. MAKANDA, a village of Jackson County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 49 miles north of Cairo, in South Pass, in spur of Ozark Mountains. It is in the midst of a rich fruit-growing region, large amounts of this product being shipped there and at Cobden. The place has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1900), 528.

MALTBY,

Jasper A.,

soldier,

was born

in Ash-

tabula Covmty, Ohio, Nov. 3, 1826, served as a private in the Jlexican War and was severely wounded at Chapultepec. After his discharge he

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

350

established himself in the mercantile business at Galena, 111. in 1861 entered the volunteer service ;

as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry, was wounded at Fort Douelson, pro-

moted Colonel

in

November,

1863,

and wounded

a second time at Vioksburg; commissioned 1863; served Brigadier-General in August. through the subsequent campaigns of the Army of the Tennessee, and was mustered out, January, Later, he was appointed by the commander 1866. of the district Mayor of Vicksburg, dying in that office,

Dec.

12, 1867.

MANCHESTER, a town of Scott County, on the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railway, 16 miles south of Jacksonville; has some manufactures of pottery. Population (1890), 408; (.1900), 430.

MANIERE,

(ieorg'e, early Chicago lawyer and born of Huguenot descent, at New LonBereft of his father in 1831, his mother removed to New York City, where he began the study of law, occasionally contributing to "The New York Mirror," then one of the leading literary periodicals of the country. In 1835 he removed to Chicago, where he completed his professional studies and was admitted to the bar in 1839. His first office was a deputyship in the Circuit Clerk's office; later, he was appointed Master in Chancery, and served one term as Alderman and two terms as City Attorney. While filling the latter office he codified the municipal ordinances. In 18.55 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1861 without opposition. Before the expiration of his second term he died. May 21, 1863. He held the office of School Commissioner from 1844 to 1852, during which time, largely through his efforts, the school system was remodeled and the impaired school fund placed in a satisfactory condition. He was one of the organizers of the Union Defense Committee in 1861, a member of the first Board of Regents of the (old) Chicago University, and prominently connected with several societies of a semi-public character. He was a polished writer and was, for a time, in edijurist,

don, Conn., in 1817.

torial control of

"The Chicago Democrat."

MANN, James R., lawyer and Congressman, was born on a farm near Bloomington, 1856,

whence

in 1867

;

moved

Oct. 20,

111.,

to Iroquois

County

graduated at the University of

Illinois

his father

Union College of Law in Chicago, in 1881, after which he established himself in practice in Chicago, finally becoming the head of the law firm of Mann, Hayes & Miller in 1888 was elected Attorney of the village of Hyde Park in 1876

and

at the

;

and, after the annexation of that municipality tothe city of Chicago, in 1892 was elected Alderman of the Thirty-second Ward, and reelected in 1894, while in the City Council becoming one of its most prominent members; in 1894, served as Temporary Chairman of the Republican State Convention at Peoria, and, in 1895, as Chairman In of the Cook County Republican Convention. 1896 he was elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty-

Congress, receiving a plurality of 28,459 over the Free Silver Democratic candidate, and 26,907 majority over all. In 1898 he was a candidate for re-election, and was again successful, by over 17,000 plurality, on a largely reduced vote. Other positions held by Mr. Mann, previous to his election to Congress, include those of Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook Covmty and General Attorney of the South Park Commissioners of the city of Chicago. fifth

MANN, Orrin L., lawyer and soldier, was born Geauga County, Ohio., and, in his youth, removed to the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Mich., where he learned the blacksmith trade, but, being compelled to abandon it on account of an injury, in 1851 began study with the late Dr. Hinman, then in charge of the Wesleyan Female in

College, at Albion, Mich.

two years

later,

Dr.

Hinman

having,

become President of the North-

Evanston, Mr. Mann accompanied his preceptor to Chicago, continuing his studies for a time, but later engaging in teaching; in 1856 entered the University of Michigan, but left in his junior year. In 1860 he took part in the campaign which resulted in the election of Lincoln early in the following spring had made arrangements to engage in the lumbertrade in Chicago, but abandoned this purpose at the firing on Fort Sumter then assisted in organizing the Thirty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (the "Yates Phalanx"), which having been accepted after considerable delay, he was chosen Major. The regiment was first assigned to duty in guarding the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, but afterwards took part in the-

western

University,

at

;

;

battle of Winchester and in operations in North and South Carolina. Having previously been commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, Major Mann was now assigned to court-martial duty at Newbern and Hilton Head. Later, he participated in the siege of Forts Wagner and Gregg, winning a brevet Brigadier-Generalship for meritorious service. The Thirty-ninth, having "veteranized" in 1864, was again sent east, and being assigned to the command of Gen B. F. Butler, took part in the battle of Bermuda. first

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hundreds, where Colonel Mann was seriously wounded, necessitating a stay of several months Returning to duty, he was assigned in hospital. to the staff of General Ord, and later served as Provost Marshal of the District of Virginia, with headquarters at Norfolk, being finally mustered After the war he out in December, 1865. engaged in the real estate and loan business, but, in 1866, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District, serving until 1868, when he was succeeded by General Corse. Other positions held by him have been Representative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly (1874-76), Coroner of Cook County (1878-80), and Sheriff (1880-82). General Mann was injured by a fall, some years since, inducing partial paraly:

sis.

MANNING,

Secretary of the Illinois & Michigan Canal Commissioners, was born in 1793, graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1818, Joel,

first

and came to Southern Illinois at an early day, residing for a time at Brownsville, Jackson County, where he held the office of CountyClerk. In 1836 he was practicing law, when he was appointed Secretary of the first Board of Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, remaining in office until 1845. He continued to reside at Lockport, Will County, until near the close of his

there, Jan.

life, 8,

when he removed

to Joliet.

dying

1869.

MAJi'NIXdJ, Jnlins, lawyer, was born in Canada, near Chateaugay, N. Y., but passed his

New

earlier years chiefly in the State of

York,

completing his education at Middlebury College, Vt. in 1839 came to Knoxville, 111. where he served one term as County Judge and two terms (1842-46) as Representative in the General Assembly. He was also a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1848. In 1853 he removed to Peoria, where he was elected, in 1861, a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of the following year. Died, at Knoxville, July 4, 1862. MANSFIELD, a village of Piatt County, at the intersection of the Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Chicago Division of the Wabash Railways, 32 miles southeast of Bloomington. It is in the heart of a rich agricultural region has one newspaper. Population (1890), 533; (1900), 708. MANTEXO, a village of Kankakee County. on the Illinois Central Railroad, 47 miles south of Chicago; a shipping point for grain, livestock, small fruits and dairy products; has one newspaper. Population (1880), 633; (1890), ;

,

;

627; (1900), 932.

MA(JUOX, a

village of

Peoria Division of

35L

Knox County, on

the Chicago, Burlington

the.

&

Quincy Railway, 16 miles southeast of Galesburg. The region is agricultural. The town has banks and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 548; (1890), 501; (1900), 475.

MARCY,

(Dr.) Oliver, educator,

was born in

Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 13, 1820; received his early

education in the grammar schools of his native town, graduating, in 1842, from the Wesleyan University at Middletown, Conn. He early manifested a deep interest in the natural sciences and became a teacher in an academy at Wilbraham, Mass., where he remained until 1862, meanwhile making numeroxis trips for geologic investigation of these was made in 1849, overland, ta Puget Sound, for the purpose of securing data for maps of the Pacific Coast, and settling disputed questions as to the geologic formation of the Rocky Mountains. During this trip he visited San Francisco, making maps of the mountain regions for the use of the Government. In 1862he was called to the professorship of Natural History in the Northwestern University, at Evanston, remaining there until his death. The institution was then in its infancy, and he taught mathematics in connection with liis other duties. From 1890 he was Dean of the faculty. He received the degee of LL.D. from the University Died, at Evanston, March. of Chicago in 1876.

One

19, 189B.

MAREDOSIA (MARAIS de OGEE), a peculiar depression (or slough) in the southwestern part of Whiteside

County, connecting

and Rock

Rivers, through which, in

the

Mississippi

times of

former sometimes discharges a part

freshets, the

waters into the latter. On the other hand, when Rock River is relatively higher, it sometimes discharges through the same channel intothe Mississippi. Its general course is north and south.— Cat-Tail Slougrh, a similar depression, runs nearly parallel with the Maredosia, at a distance of five or six miles from the latter. The highest point in the Maredosia above low water in the Mississippi is thirteen feet, and that in the Cat-Tail Slough is twenty-six feet. Each is believed, at some time, to have served as a channel for the Mississippi. MAREJfGO, a city of McHenry County, settled in 1835, incorporated as a town in 1857 and, as a city, in 1893 lies 68 miles northwest of Chicago, on the Cliicago & Northwestern Railroad. It is in the heart of a dairying and fruit-growing district; has a foundry, stove works, condensed milk plant, canning factory, water-works, eleo-

of

its

;

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. trie liglits, has six churches,

good schools and

two weelvly newspapers. Population

(1880)

,

1

,

264

445; (1900), 2,005. MARINE, a village of Madison County, on the

(1890),

1,

Central Railroad, 27 miles northeast of Several of its earliest settlers were St. Louis. sea captains from the East, from whom the "Marine Settlement" obtained its name. PopuIllinois

lation (1880)

774; (1890), 637; (1900), 666.

M.4.RI0N, tlie county-.seat of Williamson County, 172 miles southeast of Springfielil, on the Illinois Central and Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroads: in agricultural and coal region; has cotton and woolen mills, electric cars, waterworks, ice and cold-storage plant, dry pressed brick factory, six churclies, a graded school, and three newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,338; (1900), 2,510. MARION COUXTT, located near the center of the southern half of the State, with an area of 580 square miles; was organized in 1823, and, by the census of 1900, had a population of 30,446. About half the county is prairie, the chief prodThe being tobacco, wool and fruit. ucts remainder is timbered land. It is watered by the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash of the tributaries Rivers. The bottom lands have a heavy growth of choice timber, and a deep, rich soil. A large portion of the county is underlaid with a thin vein of coal, and the rocks all belong to the upper coal measures. Sandstone and building sand are Ample shipping facilities are also abundant. afforded by the Illinois Central and theBaltimore & Ohio (S.W.) Railroads. Salem is the county -seat, but Centralia is the largest and most important town, being a railroad junction and center of an extensive fruit-trade. Sandoval is a thriving town at the junction of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads. MARISSA, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis & Cairo Short Line Railroad. 39 miles southeast of St. Louis. It is in a farming and mining district; has two banks, a newspaper and a magazine. Population (1890). 876; (1900), 1,086. MAROA, a city in Macon County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 13 miles north of Decatur and 31 miles south of Bloomington. The city has

an agricultural implement facwater-works system, electric light plant, telephone service, two banks, one newspaper, three churches and a graded school. Population

tliree elevators,

tory,

(1880), 870; (1890), 1,164; (1900), 1,213.

MARQUETTE, (Father) Jaoques, a French missionary and e.xplorer, born at Laou, France, in 1637. He became a .Jesuit at the age of 17, and, twelve years later (1666), was ordained a priest.

The same year he Quebec.

sailed for Canada, landing at For eighteen months he devoted him-

the study of Indian dialects, and,

self chiefly to

accompanied a party of Nez-Perces to Lake Superior, where he founded the mission of

in 1068,

Sault

Ste.

Marie.

Later, after various vicissi-

went to Mackinac, and, in that vicinity, founded the Mission of St. Ignace and built a rude church. In 1673 he accompanied Joliet on his voyage of discovery down the Mississippi, the two setting out from Green Bay on May 17, and reaching the Mississippi, by way of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, June 17. (For an interesting

tudes, he

translation of Marquette's quaint narrative of the expedition, see Shea's

"Discovery and Explo-

ration of the Mississippi,'- N. Y., 1852.) In September, 1673, after leaving the Illinois and stop-

ping for some time among the Indians near "Starved Rock," he returned to Green Bay much broken in health. In October, 1674, under orders from his superior, he set out to establish a mission at Kaskaskia on the Upper Illinois. In December he reached the present site of Chicago, where he was compelled to halt because of exhaustion. On March 29, 1675, he resumed his journe}', and reached Kaskaskia, after much suffering, on April 8. After laboring indefatigably and making many converts, failing health compelled him to start on his return to Mackinac. Before the voyage was completed he died. May 18, 1675, at the mouth of a stream which long bore his name but is not the present Marquette River on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. His remains were subsequently removed to Point St. Ignace. He was the first to attempt to explain the lake tides, and modern science has not improved his theory. MARSEILLES, a city on the Illinois River, in La Salle County, 8 miles east of Ottawa, and 77 miles southwest of Chicago, orf tlie line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Excellent water power is furnished by a dam across the river. The city lias several factories, among the leading products being flour, paper and a,gricultural implements. Coal is mined in the

—

—

Tlie grain trade is large, sufficient to support three elevators. There are three papers (one daily). Population (1890), 2,210; (1900),

vicinity.

2, .559;

(1903, est.), 3,100.

MARSH, Benjamin F., Congres.sman, born in AVy the Township, Hancock County, 111., was educated at private schools and at Jubilee College, leaving the graduation. brother.

latter

institution one year

before

He read law under the tutelage of his J. W. Marsh, of Warsaw, and was

Judge

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. admitted to the bar

in 1860.

an unsuccessful candidate Immediately upon the first

The same year he was for State's Attorney. call for troops in 1861,

he raised a company of cavalry, and, going to No Springfield, tendered it to Governor Yates. cavalry having been called for, tlie Governor felt constrained to decline it. On his way home Mr. Marsh stopped at Quiucy and enlisted as a private in the Sixteenth Illinois Infantry, in which regiment he served until July 4, 1861, when Governor Yates advised him by telegraph of his cavalry company. his readiness to accept

Warsaw he recruited another comfew days, of which he was commissioned Captain, and which was attached to the Second Illinois Cavalry. lie served in the army until January, 1866, being four times wounded, and rising to the rank of Colonel. On liis return home he interested himself in politics. In 1869 he was a Republican candidate for tlie State Constitutional Convention, and. in 1876, was elected to represent the Tenth Illinois District in Congress, and re-elected in 18T8 and 1880. In 1885 he was appointed a member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, serving until 1889. In 1894 he was again elected to Congress from his old district, which, under tlie new apportionment, had become the Fifteenth, was re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the Fifty-fifth Congress he was a member of the House Committee on Military Affairs and Chairman of the Committee on 5Iilitia. MARSH, William, jurist, was born at Moravia, N. Y., May 11, 1822; was educated at Groton Academy and Union College, graduating from the latter in 1842. He studied law, in part, in the office of Millard Fillmore, at Buffalo, and was admitted to the bar in 1845, practicing at Ithaca until 1854, when he removed to Quincy, 111. Here he continued in practice, in partnership, at different periods, with prominent lawyers of that city, until elected to the Circuit bench in 1883, serving until 1891. Died, April 14, 1894. MARSHALL, the county -seat of Clark County, and an incorporated city, 16K miles southwest of Terre Haute, Ind. and a point of intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the "Vandalia Railroads. The surrounding coimtry is devoted to farming and stock-raising. The city has woolen, flour, saw and planing mills, and milk condensing plant. It has two banks, eight churches and a good public school system, which includes city and township high .schools, and three newspapers. Population (1890), 1,900; Returning to

pan}' within a

,

(1900), 2,077.

MARSHALL, Samuel S., lawyer and Congressman, was born in Gallatin County, 111., in 1824; studied law and soon after located at McLeansboro. In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower house of the Fifteenth General Assembly, but resigned, early in the following year, to become State's Attorney, serving until 1848; was Judge of the Circuit Court from 1851 to 1854, and again from 1861 to 1865 was delegate from the State-at-large to the Charleston and Baltimore Conventions of 1860, and to the National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. In 1861 he received the complimentary vote of his party in the Legislature for United States Senator, and was similarly honored in the Fortieth Congress (1867) by receiving the Democratic support for Speaker of the House. He was first elected to Congress in 1854, re-elected in 1856, and, later, served continuously from 1865 to 1875, wlien he returned to the practice of his profession. Died, July 26, 1890. MARSHALL COUNTY, situated in the northcentral part of the State, with an area of 400 square miles named for Chief Justice John Mar;

—

Settlers began to arrive in 1827, and county organization was effected in 1839. The Illinois River bisects the count}-, which is also drained by Sugar Creek. The surface is generally level prairie, except along the river, although shall.

undulating. The soil is fertile, wheat, hay and oats forming the staple

occasionally corn,

Hogs are raised in great extensively mined. Lacon Population (1880), 15,053;

agricultural products.

number, and coal is

is

the county-seat.

(1.S90), 13,6.53;

(1900), 16,370.

MARTIN, (Gen.) James S., ex- Congressman and soldier, was born in Scott County, Va., August 19, 1826, educated in the common schools, and, at the age of 20, accompanied his parents to Southern Illinois, settling in Slarion County. He served as a non-commissioned officer in the war with Mexico. In 1849, he was elected Clerk of the Mai-ion County Court, which office he filled for twelve years. By profession he is a lawyer, and has been in active practice when not in public or military life. For a number of years he was a member of tlie Republican State Central Committee. In 1862 he was commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Eleventh Illinois Volunteers, and, at the close of the war, brevetted Brigadier-General. On his return home

he was elected Coimty Judge of Marion County, and, in 1868, appointed United States Pension Agent. The latter post he resigned in 1872, having been elected, as a Repulilican. to represent

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

354

the Sixteenth District gress.

for the

in the Forty-third Con-

He was Commander of the Grand Department of Illinois in 1889-90.

Army

MARTI>'SVILLE, a village of Clark County, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis (Vandalia) Railroad. 11 miles southwest of Marshall; has twobanksand one newspaper. Population (1880), 668;

(1S90). 779; (1900). l.UOO.

MASCOUTAH,

a city in St. Clair County, 25 miles from St. Louis and 11 miles east of Belleville, on the Line of the Louisville & Xashville Railroad. Coal-mining and agriculture are the principal industries of the surrounding country. The city has flour mills, a brickyard, dairy, school, churches, and electric line. Population (1880), 2,558; (1890), 2,033; (1900), 2,171.

MASON,

Rosirell B., civil engineer,

was born

in Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1805;

in his

boyhood was employed as a teamster on the Erie Canal, a year later (i822) accepting a position as rodman under Edward F. Gay, assistant-engineer in charge of construction. Subsequently he was employed on the Schuylkill and Morris Canals, on the latter becoming assistant -engineer and, finalh", chief and superintendent. Other works with which Mr. Mason was connected in a similar capacity were the Pennsylvania Canal and the Housatonic, New York & New Haven and the Vermont Valley Railroads. In 1851 he came west and took charge of the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, a work which required five years for its completion. The next four years were spent as contractor in the construction of roads in Iowa and Wisconsin, until 18G0, when he became Superintendent of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, but remained onl}' one year, in 1861 accepting the position of Controller of the

land department of the Illinois Central Railroad, which he retained until 1867. The next two years were occupied in the service of the State in lowering the summit of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. In 1869 he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago, and it was in the closing days of his term that the great fire of 1871 occiirred, testing his executive ability to the utmost. From 1873 to 1883 he served as one of the Trustees of the Illinois Industrial University, and was one of the incorporators, and a life-long Director, of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the Northwest. Died, Jan. 1, 1892.— Edward Gay (Mason), son of the preceding, was born at Bridgeport, Conn., August 23, 1839; came with his father's family, in 1852, to Chicago, where he attended school for several years, after which he entered Yale College, graduating there in 1860. He then

studied law, and, later, became a member of the law firm of Mattocks & Mason, but subsequently, in conjunction with two brothers, organized the firm of Mason Brothers, for the prosecution of a real-estate and law business. In 1881 Mr. Mason was one of the organizers of the Chicago Musical Festival,

which was instrumental

in

bringing

Theodore Thomas to Chicago. In 1887 he became President of the Chicago Historical Society, as the successor of Ehhu B. AVashburne, retaining the position until his death, Dec. 18, 1898. During his incumbency, the commodious building, now occupied by the Historical Society Library, was erected, and he added largely to the resources of the Society by the collection of rare manuscripts and other historical records. He was the author of several historical works, including "Illinois in the Eighteenth Ceutury," "Kaskaskia and Its Parish Records," besides papers on La Salle and the first settlers of Illinois, and "The Story of James Willing An Episode of the American Revolution." He also edited a volmue entitled "Early Chicago and Illinois," which was published under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society. Mr. Mason was, for several years, a Trustee of Yale University and, about the time of his death, was prominently talked of for President of that institution, as successor to President

—

Timothy Dwight. MASON, William E., United States Senator, was born at Fra.nklinville, Cattaraugus Coimty, N. Y., July 7, 18.50, and accompanied his parents to Bentonsport, Iowa, in 1858. He was educated at the Bentonsport Academy and at Birmingham

From 1866 to 1870 he taught school, the College. two years at Des Moines. In that city he studied law with Hon. Thomas F. "Withrow, who last

afterward admitted him to partnership. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, where he has since practiced his profession. tics,

and, in 1878,

He

soon embarked in polito the lower house

was elected

of the General Assembly, and, in 1882, to the

State Senate.

In 1884 he was the regular Repub-

lican candidate for Congress in the Third Illinois

owing was defeated by James H. Ward, a Democrat. In 1886, and again in 1888, he was elected to Congress, but, in 1890, was defeated for re-election by Allan C. Durborow. He is a vigorous and effective campaign speaker. In 1897 he was elected United States Senator, District (then strongly Republican), but,

to party dissensions,

receiving in the Legislature 125 votes to 77 for P. Altgeld, the Democratic candidate. MASON CITY, a prosperous city in Mason County, at the intersection of the Chicago &

John

,

IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Alton and the Havana branch of the Illinois Central Railroads, 18 miles west by north of Lincoln, and about 30 miles nortli of Springfield. Being in the heart of a I'ich corn-growing district, it is an important shipping point for that commodity. It has fom- chm-ches, two banks, two newspapers, brick works, flour-mills, grain-elevators and a carriage factory. Population (1S80), 1,714; (1890), 1,869; (1900), 1,890.

MASON COUNTY, population

of

about

organized in 1841, with a 2,000; population (1900),

—

and area of 560 square miles, named for a county in Kentucky. It lies a little northwest of the center of the Staite, the Illinois and Sangamon Rivers forming its west and its south boundThe soil, while sandy, is fertile. The aries. chief staple is corn, and the covmty offers excelThe American lent opportunities for viticultiu'e. pioneer of Mason County was probably Maj.

17,491,

Ossian B. Ross,

who

settled at

Havana

in 1833.

Not imtil 1837, however, can immigration be said Havana was first chosen to have set in rapidly. as the coimtyseat, but Bath enjoyed the honor county offices being perfew years, the for a manently removed to the former point in 1851. Mason City is an important shipping point on the Chicago

&

Alton Railroad

MASONS, ANCIENT ORDER OF FREE AND ACCEPTED. (See Free-Masons.) MASSAC COUNTY, an extreme southern county of the State and one of the smallest, its area, being but little more than 340 square miles, with a population (1900) of 13,110 named for Fort Massac, within its borders. The surface is hilly toward the north, but the bottom lands along the Ohio River are swampy and liable to

—

A

considerable portion of the frequent overflows. natm-al resources consists of timber oak, wal nut, poplar, hickory, cj'press and cottonwood aboimding. Saw-mills are foimd in nearly every town, and considerable grain and tobacco are

—

The original settlers were largely from Kentucky and North Carolina, and hosj^i-

raised.

Ohio,

Metropolis, on the Ohio is traditional. is the county-seat. It was laid off in 1839, although Massac County was not separately organized until 1843. At Massac City may be seen the ruins of the early French fort of that name. MASSAC COUNTY REBELLION, the name commonly given to an outbreak of mob violence wliich occurred in Massac Comity, in 1843-46. An arrested criminal having asserted that an organized band of thieves and robbers existed, and having given the names of a large number of the

tality

River,

alleged

355

members, popular excitement rose to

A company of self-appointed "reguwas formed, whose acts were so arbitrary August election of 1846, a Sheriff and County Clerk were elected on the avowed issue fever heat. lators"'

that, at the

opposition to these irregular tactics. This served to stimulate the "regulators" to renewed activity. Many persons were forced to leave the county on suspicion, and others tortured into making confession. In consequence, some leading "regulators" were thrown into jail, only to be soon released by their friends, who ordered the Sheriff and County Clerk to leave the county. The feud rapidly grew, both in proportions and in intenof

Governor French made two futile efl'orts to and the ordinary law were also found unavailing. Judge Scates was threatened with lynching. Only 60 men dared to serve in the Sheriff's posse, and these siu-rendered upon promise of personal immunity from violence. This pledge was not sity.

restore order through mediation,

processes of

regarded, several

members

of the posse being led

away as

prisoners, some of whom, it was believed, were drowned in the Ohio River. All the incarcerated "regulators" were again released, the Sheriff and his supporters were once more ordered to leave, and fresh seizures and outrages followed each other in quick succession. To remedy this

condition of affairs, the Legislature of 1847 enacted a law creating district courts, under the provisions of which a Judge naight hold court in any county in his circuit. This virtually conferred upon the Judge the right to change the venue at his own discretion, and thus secm-e juries unbiased

by

local or jiartisan feeling.

The

effect of this

was highly beneficial in restoring although the embers of the feud still smoldered and intermittently leaped into flame legislation quiet,

for several years thereafter.

MATHENY, Charles R., pioneer, was born in Loudoun County, Va., March 6, 1786, licensed as a Methodist preacher, in Kentucky, and, in 1805, came to St. Clair County (then in Indiana TerriLater, he studied law and tory), as a missionary. was admitted to the bar; served in the Third Territorial (1817) and the Second State Legislaremoved, in 1831, to the newly tures ("1830-23) organized county of Sangamon, where he was appointed the first County Clerk, remaining in office eighteen years, also for some years holding, at the same time, the offices of Circuit Clerk, Judge. Died, while Recorder and Probate County Clerk, in 1839.— Noah W. (Matheny), son of the preceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111. July 31, 1815; was assistant of his father in the ;

— HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

356

County Clerk's

office in

on the death of the

Sangamon County,

latter,

(November,

1839),

and,

was

and re-elected

for eight con-

secutive terms, serving until 18T3.

Died, April

elected his successor,

1877. James H. (Matheny), another son, born Oct. 30, 1818, in St. Clair County; served in his youth as Clerk in various local oflSces was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, elected Circuit Clerk in 1852, at the close of his term beginning the practice of law; was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Illinois Volunteers, in October. 1862, and, after the siege of Vicksburg, served as Judge Advocate until July, 1864, when he resigned. He then returned to his profession, but, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Sangamon County, holding the office by repeated rehaving elections until his death, Sept. 7, 1890, 30,

;

—

resided in Springfield 68 years. MATHER, Thomas, pioneer

merchant, was born, April 24, 1795, at Simsbury. Hartford County, Conn. in early manhood was engaged for a time in business in New York City, but, in the spring of 1818, came to Kaskaskia, 111., where he soon after became associated in business with James L. Lamb and others. This firm was afterwards quite extensively engaged in trade with New Orleans. Later he became one of the founders of the town of Chester. In 1820 Mr. Mather was elected to the lower branch of the Randolph Second General Assembly from County, was re-elected to the Third (serving for a part of the session as Speaker), and again to the Fourth, but, before the expiration of his last term, resigned to accept an appointment from President John Quincy Adams as Commissioner to locate the military road from Independence to Santa Fe, and to conclude treaties with the Indians along the line. In the Legislature of 1822 he was one of the most determined opponents of the scheme for securing a pro-slavery Constitution. In 1828 he was again elected to the House and, in 1832, to the Senate for a term of four years. He also served as Colonel on the staff of Governor Coles, and was supported for the United States Senate, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John McLean, in 1830. Having removed to Springfield in 1835, he became prominent in business affairs there in connection with his former partner, Mr. James L. Lamb; in 1837 was appointed a member of the first Board of Fund Commissioners for the State under the internal improvement system; also served seven years as President of the Springfield branch of the State Bank; was connected, as a stock;

holder, with the construction of the

Sangamon

&

Morgan (now Wabash)

Railroad, extending from Springfield to the Illinois river at Naples, and

was

also identified, financially, with the old Chi-

& Galena Union Railroad. From 1835 until Mather served as one of the Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and was a liberal contributor to the endowment of that institution. His death occurred during a cago

his death. Colonel

March 28, 1853. MATTESOiX, Joel Aldrieh, ninth regularly was born in AVatertown, N. Y., August 8, 1808; after some visit to Philadelphia,

elected Governor of Illinois (1853-57),

experience in business and as a teacher, in 1831 he went to South Carolina, where he was foreman in the construction of the first railroad in that State. In 1834 he removed to Illinois, where he became a contractor on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and also engaged in manufacturing at Joliet. After serving three terms in the State Senate, he was elected Governor in 1852, and, in 1855, was defeated by Lyman Trumbull for the United States Senatorship. At the close of his gubernatorial term he was complimented by the Legislature, and retired to private life a popular man. Later, there were developed grave scandals in connection with the refunding of certain canal scrip, with which his name unfortunately was connected. He turned over property to the State of the value of nearly 8250,000, for its indemnification. He finally took up his residence in Chicago, and later spent considerable time in travel in Europe. He was for many years the lessee and President of the Chicago & Alton Railroad. Died in Chicago, Jan. 31, 1873. MATTHEWS, Asa C, ex-Comptroller of the United States Treasury, was born in Pike County, March 22, 1833 graduated from Illinois Col111. lege in 1855, and was admitted to the bar three years later. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, he abandoned a remunerative practice at Pittsfield to enlist in the army, and was elected and commissioned a Captain in the Ninety-ninth Illinois Volunteers. He rose to the rank of Colonel, being mustered out of the service in August, 1865. He was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, and Supervisor for the District composed of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, in Being elected to the Thirtieth General 1875. Assembly in 1876, he resigned his office, and was On the re-elected to the Legislature in 1878. death of Judge Higbee, Governor Hamilton appointed Mr. Matthews to fill the vacancy thus created on the bench of the Sixth Circuit, his term expiring in 1885. In 1888 he was elected to

—

—

,

;

,;

HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. General Assembly and was chosen Speaker of the House. In May, 1889, President Harrison named him First Comptroller of the United States Treasury, and the House, by a unanimous vote, expressed its gratification at his selection. Since retiring from office. Colonel Matthews has devoted his attention the

Thirty-sixth

to the practice of his profession at Pittsfield.

MATTHEWS, Milton W., lawyer and journalist, was born in Clark County, 111., March 1, 1846, educated in the common schools, and, near the close of the war, served in a 100-days' regiment began teaching in Champaign County in I860, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1867 in 1873 was appointed Master in Chancery, served two terms as Prosecuting Attorney, and, in 1888, was elected to the State Senate, meanwhile, from 1879, discharging the duties of editor of "The Champaign County Herald," of which he was During his last session in the also proprietor. State Senate (1891-93) he served as President pro tern, of that body; was also President of the State Press Association and served on the staff of Governor Fifer, with the rank of Colonel of the Died, at Urbana, May Illinois National Guard. 10,

1892.

MATTOOJf, an important

city in Coles County, 56 miles a point of junction for three lines of railway, and an important shipping point for corn and broom corn, which are both extensively grown in the surrounding region. It has several banks, foundries, machine shops, brick and tile-works, flour-mills, grain-elevators, with two daily and four weekly newspapers also has good graded schools and a high school. The repair shops of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad are located here. Population (1890), 6,833; (1900), 9,622. MAXWELL, Philip, M.D., pioneer physician, was born at Guilford, Vt., April 3, 1799, graduated in medicine and practiced for a time at Sacketfs Harbor, also serving in the New York Legislature; was appointed Assistant Surgeon at Fort Dearborn, in 1833, remaining intil the abandonment of the fort at the end of 1836. In 1838 he was promoted Surgeon, and served with Gen. 172 miles west of south

from Chicago and

west of Terre Haute, Ind.

;

;

Zachary Taylor in the campaign against the Seminoles in Florida, but resumed private practice in Chicago in 1844 served two terms as Representative in the General Assembly (1848-52) and, in 1855, settled on the shores of Lake Geneva, Wis. where he died, Nov. 5, 18.59. MAT, William L., early lawyer and Congressman, was born in Kentucky, came at an early day ;

to Edwardsville,

357

and afterwards to Jacksonville; was elected from Morgan County to the Sixth General Assembly (1828), and the next year removed to Springfield, liaving been appointed by President Jackson Receiver of Public Moneys for the Land Office there. He was twice elected to Congress (1834 and '36), the first year defeating Benjamin Mills, a brilliant lawyer of Galena. Later, May became a resident of Peoria, but finally removed to California, where he died. MAYO, Walter L., legislator, was born in Albemarle County Va., March 7, 1810; came to Edwards County, 111., in 1828, and began teaching. He took part in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), being appointed by Governor Reynolds 111.

.

Quartermaster of a battalion organized in that the State. He had previously been appointed County Clerk of Edwards County to fill a vacancy, and continued, by successive re-elections, to occupy the position for thirty-seven years— also acting, for a portion of the time, as Circuit Clerk, Judge of Probate and County Treasurer. In 1870 he was elected Representative in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly for the Edwards County District. On the evening of Jan. 18, 1878, he mysteriously disappeared, having been last seen at the Union Depot at East St. Louis, when about to take the train for his home at Albion, and is supposed to have been secretly murdered. No trace of his body or of the crime was ever discovered, and the affair has remained one of the mysteries of the criminal history of section of

Illinois.

MAYWOOD, a village of Cook County, and suburb of Chicago, 10 miles west of that city, on the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western Railways; has churches, two weekly newspapers, public schools and some manufactures. Population (1900), 4,583. McAllister, WJUiam K., jurist, was born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1818. After admission to the bar he commenced practice at Albion, N. Y., and, in 1854, removed to Chicago. In 1866 he was a candidate for the bench of the Superior Court of that city, but was defeated by Judge Jameson. Two years later he was chosen Judge of the Recorder's Court, and, in 1870, was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, which position he resigned in 1875, having been elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to fill a vacancy. He was re-elected for a full term and assigned to Appellate Court duty in 1879.

He was

elected for a third time in 1885, but, before the expiration of his term, he died, Oct. 29, 1888.

;

358

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

MeARTHrR,

John, soldier, was born in Erskiue. Scotland, Xov. 17, 1826; worked at his father's trade of blacksmith until 23 years old. when, coming to the United States, he settled in Chicago. Here he became foreman of a boilermaking establishment, later acquiring an establishment of his own. Having joined the Twelfth Illinois Volunteers at the beginning of the war, with a company of which he was Captain, he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, still later Colonel, and, in March, 1SC2, promoted to Brigadier-General for gallantry in the assault on Fort Donelson. where he commanded a brigade. At Shiloh lie was wounded, but after having his wound dressed, returned to the fight and succeeded to the command of the Second Division when Gen. W. H. L. "Wallace fell mortally wounded. He commanded a division of McPherson's corps in the operations against Vicksburg, and bore a conspicuous part in the battle of Nashville, where he commanded a division under Gen. A. J. Smith, winning a brevet Major-Generalship by his gallantry. General McArthiu- was Postmaster of Chicago from 1873

Army of the Ohio. At the conclusion of his term of service in the army, he resumed the practice of his profession at Fairfield, 111. in 1880 was ;

nominated and elected, as a Republican, AttorneyGeneral of the State, and, during his last year in oiSce, began the celebrated "Lake Front suits"" which finally terminated successfully for the Since retiring from office. Gencity of Chicago. eral McCartney has been engaged in the practice of his profession, chiefly in Springfield and Chicago, having been a resident of the latter city since 1890.

McCartney, Robert

to 1877.

McCACKJ, Ezra Butler, lawyer, was born at Kinderhook, N Y., Nov. 22, 1825; studied law at Hudson, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, entered the law office of J. Young Scammon, soon afterwards becoming a member of the firm of Scammon & McCagg. During the war Mr. McCagg was an active member of the United States Sanitary Commission, and (for some years after the fire of 1871) of the Relief and Aid Society; is also a life-member and officer of the Chicago Historical Society, besides being identified with several State and municipal boards. His standing in his profession is shown by the fact that he has been more than once ofi'ered a non-partisan nomination for Justice of the Supreme Court, but has declined. He occupies a high rank in literarj- cii'cles, as well as a connoisseur in art, and is the owner of a large private library collected since the destruction of one of the best in the

began practice at Monmouth, retnoving the following year to Galva. In April, 1801, he enlisted in what afterwards became the Seventeenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, was commissioned a First Lieutenant, but, a year later, was compelled to resign on .account of ill-health. A few months later he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois, being soon promoted to a captaincy, although serving much of the time as Judge Advocate on courts-martial, and, for one year, as Acting Assistant Adjutant-General in the

West by the

fire of 1871.

McCartney, James,

lawyer and ex- Attorney General, was born of Scotch parentage in the north of Ireland, Feb. 14, 1835; at two years of age was brought to the United States and, until 1845, resided in Pennsylvania, when his parents removed to Trumbull County, Ohio. Here he spent his youth in general farm work, meanwhile attending a high school and finally engaging in teaching. In 185G he began the study of law at Warren, Ohio, which he continued a year later in the office of Harding & Reed, at Monmouth, 111. was admitted to the bar in Januarv, 1858, and

jurist,

March

was born

in

Wilson, lawyer and Trumbull County. Ohio,

spent a portion of his boyhood in Pennsylvania, afterwards returning to Y'oungs19, 1843,

town, Ohio, where he enlisted as a private in the Sixth Ohio Cavalry. He was severely wounded at the battle of Gettysburg, lying two days and nights on the field and endm-ing untold suffering. As soon as able to take the field he was commissioned, by Governor Curtin, a Captain in the Eighty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers, serving in the arm}- of the Potomac to the close of the war, and taking part in the grand review at Washington, in May, 1805. After the war he took a course in a business college at Pittsburg, removed to Cleveland and began the study of law, but soon came to Illinois, and, having completed his law studies with his brother, J. T. McCartney, at Metropolis, was admitted to the bar in 1808 also edited a Republican paper there, became interested in lumber manufacture and was one of the founders of the First National Bank of that city. In 1873 he was elected County Judge of Massac County, serving nine years, when (1882) he was elected Representative in the Thirty-third GenAt the close of his term in the eral Assembly. Legislatui-e he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the first Circuit, serving from 1885 to ;

1891.

was

Died,

Oct.

1893. Judge McCartney and patriotic. The city him the Free Public Library-

27.

able, public-spirited

owes name.

of Metropolis

bearing his

to

;

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. McCLAUGHRY, Robert

Wilson, penologist, was born at Fountain Green, Hancock Count}-, 111., Julj' 22, 1839, being descended from ScotchIrish ancestry— his grandfather, who was a native of the North of Ireland, having come to America in his youth and served in the War of the RevoluThe subject of this sketch grew up on a tion. farm, attending school in the winter until 1854, then spent the next two winters at an academy, and, in 1856, began a course in Monmouth ColThe following lege, where he graduated in 1860. year he spent as instructor in Latin in the same institution, but, in 1861,

became

editor of

"The

Carthage Republican,'' a Democratic paper, which he made a strong advocate of the cause of the Union, meanwhile, both by his pen and on the stump, encouraging enlistments in the arm)". About the first of July, 1862, having disposed of his interest in the paper, he enlisted in a company of which he was unanimously chosen Captain, and which, with four other companies organized in the same section, became the nucleus of the One Hundred and Eighteenth Illinois Volunteers. The regiment having been completed at Camp Butler, he was elected Major, and going to the field in the following fall, took part in General Sherman's first movement against Vicksburg by way of Chickasaw Bayou, in December, 1862. Later, as a member of Osterhaus' Division of General McClernand's corps, he participated with his regiment in the capture of Arkansas Post, and in the operations against Vicksburg which resulted in the capture of that stronghold, in July, 1863. He then joined the Department of the Gulf under command of General Banks, but was compelled by sickness to return north. Having sufficiently recovered, he spent a few months in the recruiting service (1864), but, in May of 'that year, was by order of President Lincoln, to the Pay Department, as Additional-Paymaster, with the rank of Major, being finally assigned to duty at Springfield, where he remained, paying off Illinois regiments as mustered out of the service, transferred,

until Oct.

13, 186.5,

when he was honorably

dis-

A few weeks later he was elected County Clerk of Hancock County, serving four years. In the meantime he engaged in the stone business, as head of the firm of R. W. McClaughry & Co., furnishing stone for the basement of the State Capitol at Springfield and for bridges across the Mississippi at Quincy and Keokuk later being engaged in the same business at St. Genevieve, Mo., with headquarters at St. Louis. Compelled to retire by failing health, he took up his Tesidence at Monmouth in 1873, but, in 1874, was charged.

—

359

called to the warden.ship of the State Peniten-

Here he remained until December, when he resigned to accept the superintendency of the Industrial Reformatory at Huntingdon, Pa., but, in May, 1891, accepted from JIayor Washburne the position of Chief of Police in Chicago, continuing in service, under Mayor Harrison, until August, 1893, when he became Superintendent of the Illinois State Refoi'matory at Pontiac. Early in 1897 he was again offered and accepted the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet. Here he remained until 1899, when he received from President McKinley the appointment of Warden of the Military Prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., which position he now (1899) occupies. Major McClaughry's administration of penal and reformatory institutions has been eminently satisfactoiy, and he has taken rank as one of the most successtiary at Joliet. 1888,

ful penologists in the country.

McCLELLAX, Robert

H., lawyer and banker, Washington County. N. Y., Jan. 3, Union College, Schenectady, in 1847, and then studied law with Hon. Martin I. Townsend, of Troy, being admitted to the bar in 18.50. The same year he removed to Galena, 111. during his first winter there, edited "The Galena Gazette," and the following .sjiring formed a partnership with John M. Douglas, afterwards General Solicitor and President of the Illinois Central Railroad, which ended with the removal

was born

in

1823; graduated at

Chicago, when Mr. McClellan succeeded him as local attorney of the road at Galena. In 1864 Mr. McClellan became President of the Bank of Galena later the "National Bank of Galena" remaining for over twenty years. of the latter to

—

—

He

is

tories

also largely interested in local

and financial

manufac-

elewhere. He Representative in the

institutions

served as a Republican

Twenty-second General Assembly (1861-62). and and maintained a high rank and judicious legislator. Liberal, public-spirited and patriotic, his name has been prominently connected with all movements for the improvement of his locality and the advanceas Senator (1876-80), as a sagacious

ment

of the interests of the State.

McCLERNAND, John Alexander, a volunteer the Civil War and prominent Demo-

officer in

cratic politician, was born in Breckenridge County, Ky., May 30, 1812, brought to Shawneetown in 1816, was admitted to the bar in 1832, and engaged in journalism for a time. He served in the Black Hawk War, and was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and again in 1840 and '42. The latter year he was elected to Congress, serv-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.

3G0

ing four consecutive terms, but declining a renomination. being about to remove to Jackson-

where he resided from 1S51 to 1S56. Twice (1S40 and '52) he was a Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket. In 1806 he removed to ville,

sented with a sword bearing the names of the principal battles in which he was engaged, besides being especially complimented in letters

by Generals Sherman, Thomas, Baird, Mitchell, Davis and others. He was invited to enter the

army

Springfield, and, in 1839, re-entered Congress as Representative of the Springfield District; was

regular

re-elected in 1860, but resigned in 18G1 to accept a commission as Brigadier-General of Volunteers from President Lincoln, being promoted MajorGeneral early in 1863. He participated in the battles of Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh and before Vicksburg, and was in command at the

former position with

capture of Arkansas Post, but was severely criticised for some of his acts during the Vicksburg

campaign and relieved of his command by GenHaving finally been restored by eral Grant. order of President Lincoln, he participated in the campaign in Louisiana and Texas, but resigned his

commission in

1864.

General McClernand

presided over the Democratic National Convention of 1876, and, in 1886, was appointed by President Cleveland one of the members of the Utah Commission, serving through President Harrison's

administration.

He

was

also

elected

Judge in 1870. as successor to Hon. B. S. Edwards, who had resigned. Died Sept. 20, 1900. MeCLURti, Alexander C, soldier and publisher, was born in Philadelphia but grew up in Pittsburg, where his father was an iron manuHe graduated at Miami University. facturer. Oxford, Ohio. and, after studying law for a time with Chief Justice Lowrie of Pennsylvania, came to Chicago in 18.59, and entered the bookstore of Early in as a junior clerk. S. C. Griggs & Co. 1861 he enlisted as a private in the "War of the men three-months' quota of Rebellion, but the being already full, his services were not accepted. member of the became a 1862, he In August. "Crosby Guards," afterwards incorporated in the Board of (Second Illinois Infantry -eighth Eighty Trade Regiment), and was unanimously elected Captain of Company H. After the battle of Perryville, he was detailed as Judge Advocate at Circuit

,

,

Xashville, and, in the following year, offered the position of Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCook. afterwards serving in a

similar capacity on the staffs of Generals Thomas. Sheridan and Baird. He took part in the defense of Chattanooga and. at the battle of Missionary Ridge, had two horses shot under him; was also

with the Fourteenth Army Corps in the Atlanta campaign, and, at the request of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis, was promoted to the rank of Colonel and brevetted

Brigadier-General

— later,

being

pre-

at the close of the war, but pre-

ferred to return to private S.

life,

C.

and resumed

Griggs

&

his

Co., soon

becoming a junior partner in the concern, of which he has since become the chief. In the various mutations through which this extensive firm has gone. General McClurg has been a leadafter

ing factor until now (and since 1887) he stands at the head of the most extensive publishing firm west of Xew York. McCOXXEL, Murray, pioneer and lawyer, was born in Orange County, X. Y., Sept. 5, 1798, and educated in the common schools; left home at 14 years of age and, after a year at Louisville, spent several years flat-boating, trading and hunting in the West, during this period visiting Arkansas, Texas and Kansas, finally settling on a farm near Herculaneum, Mo. In 1823 he located in Scott (then a part of Morgan) County, 111., but when the town of Jacksonville was laid out, became a citizen of that place. During the Black Hawk War (July and August, 1832), he served on the .staff of Gen. J. D. Henry with the rank of Major; in 1837 was appointed by Governor Duncan a member of the Board of Public Works for the First Judicial District, in this capacity having charge of the construction of the railroad between Meredosia and Springfield (then known as the Northern Cross Railroad) the first public railroad built in the State, and the only one constructed during the "internal improvement" era following 1837. He also held a commission from Governor French as Major-General of State Militia, in 1.85.5 was appointed by President Pierce Fifth Auditor of the Treasurv' Department, but In 1832, on his return from retired in 1839. the Black Hawk War. he was elected a Representative in the State Legislature from Morgan County, and, in 1864. was elected to the State Senate for the District composed of Morgan, Menard, Cass, Schuyler and Brown Counties, serving rmtil 1868. Though previously a Democrat and a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1860, he was an earnest supporter of the war policy of the Government, and was one of four Democratic Senators, in the General Assembly of 1>S65, who voted for the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, prohibiting slavery in the United

—

States.

His death occurred by assassination, by

niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. some unknown person, in

his office at Jackson-

Feb. 9, 1809.— John Ludlum (MoConnel), son of the preceding. %vas born in Jacksonville, III., Nov. 11, 1826, studied law and graduated at Transylvania Law School in 1846 enlisted as a private in the Mexican War, became First Lieutenant and was promoted Captain after the battle of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded. After the war he returned to Jacksonville and wrote several books illustrative of Western life and character, which were published between 1850 and 1853. At the time of his death— Jan. he was engaged in the preparation of a 17, 1862 "History of Early Explorations in America, " having special reference to the labors of the early ville,

;

—

Roman Catholic McCOXNELL,

missionaries.

(trcn). John, soldier, was born in Madison County, N. Y. Dec. 5, 1824, and came with his parents to Illinois when about sixteen years of age. His father (James McConnell) was a native of Ireland, who came to the United .

States shortly before the

War

of 1812, and, after

remaining in New York until 1840, came to Sangamon County. 111. locating a few miles south of Springfield, where he engaged extensively in sheep-raising. He was an enterprising and progressive agriculturist, and was one of the founders of the State Agricultural Society, being President of the Convention of 1852 which resulted in its organization. His death took place, Jan. 7, 1807. The subject of this sketch was engaged with his father and brothers in the farming and stock business until 1861, when he raised a company for the Third Illinois Cavalry, of which he was elected Captain, was later promoted Major, serving imtil March, 1863, during that time taking part in some of the important battles of the war in Southwest Missouri, including Pea Ridge, and was highly complimented by his commander, Gen. G. M. Dodge, for bravery. Some three months after leaving the Third Cavalry, he was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and, in March, 1805, was commissioned Brevet Brigadier-General, his commission being signed by President Lincoln on April 14, 1865, the morning preceding the night ,

During the latter part of General McConnell was on duty in

of his assassination. his service.

Texas, being finall)' mustered out in October, 1865. After the death of his father, and until 1879, he continued in the business of sheep-raising and farming, being for a time the owner of several extensive farms in Sangamon County, but, in 1879, engaged in the insurance business in Springfield, where he died, March 14, 1898.

McCOXXELL, Samuel was born

at

361

P., son of the preceding,

Springfield,

111.,

on July

5,

1849.

After completing his literary studies he read law at Springfield in the office of Stuart, Edwards

&

Brown, and was admitted to the bar in 1872, soon after establishing himself in practice in Chicago. After various partnerships, in which he was associated with leading lawyers of Chicago, he was Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, in 1889, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge W. K. McAllister, serving until 1894, when he resigned to give his attention to private practice. Although one of the youngest Judges upon the bench. Judge McConnell was called upon, soon after his election, to preside at the trial of the conspirators in the celebrated Cronin murder case, in which he displayed great ability. He has also had charge, as presiding Judge, of a number of civil suits of great importance affecting corelected

porations.

Mccormick, Cyms

Hall, inventor and manuRockbridge County. Va., Feb. 15, In youth he manifested unusual mechanical ingenuity, and early began attempts at the manufacture of some device for cutting grain, his first finished machine being produced in 1831. Though he had been manufacturing for years in a small way, it was not until 1844 that his first machine was shipped to the West, and, in 1847, he came to Chicago with a view to establishing its manufacture in tbe heart of the region where its use would be most in demand. One of his early partners in the business was WiUiam B. Ogden, afterwards so widely known in connection with Chicago's railroad history. facturer, born in 1809.

The business grew on his hands until it became one of the largest manufacturing interests in the United States. Mr. McCormick was a Democrat, and, in 1860, he bought "The Chicago Times." and having united it with "The Herald," which he already owned, a few months later sold the consoUdated concern to Wilbur F. Storey. "The Interior," the Northwestern mouthpiece of the Presbyterian faith, had been founded by a joint stock-company in 1870, but was burned out in 1871 and removed to Cincinnati. In January, 1872, it was returned to Chicago, and, at the beginning of the following year, it became the property of Mr. McCormick in conjunction with Dr. Gray, who has been its editor and manager ever since. Mr. McCormick's most liberal work was undoubtedly the endowment of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary in Chicago, which goes by his name. His death occurred, May 13, 1884, after a business life of almost unprece-

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. dented success, and after conferring upon the agriculturists of the country a boon of inestimable value.

McCOKMICK THEOLOGICAL SEMI.VART, a Presbyterian school of theology in Chicago, being the outgrowtli of an institution originally connected with Hanover College, Ind.. in 1830. In 1S.")9 the late Cyrus H. McCormick donated §100,000 to the school, and it was removed to Chicago, where it was opened in September, with a class of fifteen students. Since then nearly §300,000 have been contributed toward a building fund by ;Mr. }iIcCormick and his heii-s, besides nimierous donations to the same end made by others. The number of buildings is nine, four being for the general purposes of the institution (including dormitories), and five being houses for the proThe course of instruction covers three fessors. annual terms of seven months each, and includes didactic and polemic theology, biblical and ecclesiastical history, sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology, church government and the sacraments,

Xew

Testament literature and exegesis,

apologetics and missions, and homiletics. The faculty consists of eight professors, one adjimct professor, and one instructor in elocution and

vocal culture.

Between 200 and 300 students are

enrolled, including post-graduates.

McCULLOCH,

David, lawyer and

jurist,

was

born in Cumberland County, Pa., Jan. '2.5. 1832; received his academic education at Marshall College. Mercersbtirg, Pa. graduating in the class of 18-52. Then, after spending some six months as a teacher in his native village, he came west, arriving at Peoria early in 18.53. Here he con,

ducted a private school for two years, when, in 1S5.5. he began the study of law in the office of Manning & Merriman, being admitted to the bar Soon after entering upon his law studies in 18-57. he was elected School Commissioner for Peoria County, serving, by successive re-elections, three terms (18-55-61). At the close of this period he was taken into partnership with his old precepIn tor. Julius llanning, who died, Jtily 4, 1862. ISTT he was elected Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, tmderthelaw authorizing the increase of Judges in each circuit to three, and was reelected in 1879. serving until 1895. Six years of this period were spent as a Justice of the Appellate Court for the Third Appellate District. On retiring from the bench, Judge ilcCulloch entered into partnership with his son, E. D. McCuUoch, which is still maintained. Politically, Judge McCuUoch was reared as a Democrat, but during the Civil War became a Republican. Since 1886

he has been identified with the Prohibition Party, although, as the result of questions arising during the Spanish-American "War, giving a cordial support to the policy of President McKinley. In reUgious views he is a Presbyterian, and is a member of the Board of Directors of the McCormick Theological Seminary at Cliicago. SIcCTLLOrGH, jaines Skiles, Auditor of Public Accounts, was bom in Mercersburg, Franklin Cotmty, Pa., May 4, 1843; in 18o4 came with his father to Urbana, 111., and grew up on a farm in that vicinity, receiving such education as could be obtained in the public schools. In 1862, at the age of 19 years, he enlisted as a private in Company G, Seventy -sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served during the next tliree years in the Departments of the Mississippi and the Gulf, meanwhile participating in the campaign against Vicksburg, and, near the close of the war, in the operations alx)ut Mobile. On the 9th of April, 1865, while taking part in the assault on Fort Blakely, near Mobile, his left arm was torn to pieces by a grape-shot, compelling its amputation near the shoulder. His final discharge occurred in July. 1865. Returning home he spent a year in school at Urbana. after which he was a student in the Soldiers" College at Fulton, 111., for two years. He then (1868) entered the ofiice of the Cotmty Clerk of Champaign County as a deputy, remaining until 1873, when he was chosen Coimty Clerk, serving by successive re-elections until 1896. The latter year he received the nomination of the Republican Party for Auditor of Public Accounts, and, at the November election, was elected by a plurality of 138.000 votes over his Democratic opponent. He was serving his sixth term as County Clerk when chosen Auditor, having received the nomination of his party on each occasion without opposition. McDA>'>"OLD, John J., lawyer and ex-Congressman, was bom in Brown County, 111., August 29, 1851. acquired his early education the common schools of his native county and in a private school; graduated from the Law Department of the Iowa State University in 1874. and was admitted to the bar in Illinois the same year, commencing practice at Mount Sterling. In 1885 he was made Master in Chanceiy, in 1886. elected County Judge, and re-elected in 1890. resigning his seat in October. 1892. to accept an election by the Democrats of the Twelfth Illinois District as Representative in the Fifty-third Congress. After retiring from Congress (March 4. 1895). Mr. McDannold removed to Chicago, where he engaged in the practice of his profession.

m

iil1^, •-^,:-^i

^.

^^

L

— HISTOEICAL EIS^CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. McDONOrOH COUNTY, act passed, Jan.

35, 1826,

organized under an

and attached,

for judicial

Schuyler County until 1830. Its 580 square miles named in honor McDonougli. The first settlement Commodore of in the county was at Industry, on the site of which William Carter (the pioneer of the county) built a cabin in 1826. James and John Vance and William Job settled in the vicinity in the following year. Out of this settlement grew William Pennington located on BlandinsTille. Spring Creek in 1828, and, in 1831, James M. Campbell erected the first frame house on the site of the present city of Macomb. The first sermon, preached by a Protestant minister in the count}', was delivered in the Job settlement by Eev. Jolin Logan, a Baptist. Among the early officers were John Huston, County Treasurer; William Southward. Sheriff; Peter Hale, Coroner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor. The first term of the Circuit Court was held in 1830, and presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. The first railway to cross the county was the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (1857). Since then other lines have penetrated it, and there are numerous railroad centers and shipping points of considerable importance. Population (1880), 2.5, 087; purposes,

to

present area

—

is

(1890), 27,467; (1900), 28,413.

McDOUGALL, James Alexander, lawyer and United States Senator, was born in Bethlehem, Albany County, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1817; educated at the Albany grammar school, studied law and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1837; was Attorney-General of Illinois four years (1843-47) then engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized and led an exploring expedition to the Rio del Norte. Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of law. In 1850 be was elected Attorney-General of California, served several terms in the State ;

Legislatm-e, and, in 1853, crat, to Congress,

was chosen,

as a

Demo-

but declined a re-election

;

in

was elected United States Senator from Calia War Democrat until 1867. At the expiration of his senatorial term he retired to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867. Though somewhat irregular in habits, he was, at times, a brilliant and effective speaker, and, dur1860

fornia, serving as

ing the

War

aid to the

of the Rebellion, rendered valuable

Union

cause.

McFARLAND, Andrew,

3I.D.,

alienist,

was

born in Concord, N. H., July 14, 1817, graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1841, and, after being engaged in general practice for a few years, was invited to assume the man-

agement Insane

of the

at

New Hampshire Asylum

Concord.

363 for the

Here he remained some

eight years, dui-ing which he acquired considerable reputation in the treatment of nervous and

mental disorders.

In 1854 he was offered and accepted the position of Medical Superintendent of the Illinois State (now Central) Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, entering upon his duties in June of that year, and continuing his connection with that institution for a period of more than sixteen years. Having resigned his position in the State Hospital in June, 1870, he soon after established the Oaklawn Retreat, at Jacksonville, a private institution for the treatment of insane patients, which he conducted with a great degree of success, and with which he was associated during the remainder of bis life, dying, Nov. 23, 1891. Dr. JlcFarland's services were in frequent request as a medical expert in cases before the courts, invariably, however, on the side of the defense. The last case in which he appeared as a witness was at the trial of Charles F. Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield, whom he believed to be insane. McGAHEY, David, settled in Crawford County, 111., in 1817, and served as Representative from that County in the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1832-26), and as Senator in the Eighth and Ninth (1883-36). Although a native of Tennessee, Mr. McGahey was a strong opponent of slavery, and, at the session of 1822, was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Constitution resolution. He continued to reside in Lawrence County until his death in 1851. James D. (McGahey), a sou of the preceding, was elected to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford County, in 1834, but died during his term of service.

McGANX, Lairrence Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1852. His father having died in 1884, the following year his mother emigrated to the United States, settling at Milford, Mass., where he attended the public In 1865 he came to Chicago, and, for schools. fourteen years, found employment as a shoemaker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1, 1885, was appointed City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May, 1891. He was elected in 1892, as a Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Fifty-second Congress, and re-elected to the Fiftythird. In 1894 he was a candidate for re-election and received a certificate of election by a small majority over Hugh R. Belknap (Republican). An investigation having shown his defeat, he

;

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

364

magnanimously surrendered petitor without a contest.

his seat to his

He

com-

has large business

interests in Chicago, especially in street railroad

property, being President of an important electric line.

MeHENRT,

a village in McHenry County,

situ-

where, although the most extensive deposits are in the northern half of the county, where they exist in sloughs covering several thousands of acres. Several lines of railroad cross the county, and every important village is a railway station.

Woodstock, Marengo, and Harvard are the prin-

ated on the Fox River and tlie Chicago & Northwestern Railway. The river is here navigable for steamboats of light draft, which ply between the

cipal

town and Fox Lake, a favorite resort for sportsmen. The town has bottling works, a creamerv, marble and granite works, cigar factory, flour mills, brewery, bank, four churches, and one

Fulton County, N. Y., in 1822; at 19 years of age entered an academy at Galway Center, remaining three years in 1845 removed to Joliet,

weekly paper.

True Democrat," but sold out the next year, and, in 1849, went to California. Returning in 1852, he bought back "The True Democrat," which he edited until 1857, meanwhile (1856) having been elected Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder of Will County. In 1863 he %vas appointed by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, serving under General Sherman in 1864 and in the "March to the Sea," and, after the war, being for a time Post Quartermaster at Mobile. Having resigned in 1866, he engaged in mercantile business at Wilmington, Will Coimty but, in 1869, bought "The Wilmington Independent," which he published until 1873. The next year he returned to Joliet, and, a few months

Pop. (1890), 979; (1900), 1,013.

McHEXRY, William, legislator and soldier the Black Hawk "War, came from Kentucky

of to

Illinois in 1809, locating in "White County, and afterwards became prominent as a legislator and soldier in the War of 1812, and in the Black Hawk War of 1833, serving in the latter as Major of the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the He also served as Representbattle of Bad Axe. ative in the First. Fourth, Fifth and Ninth General Assemblies, and as Senator in the Sixth and Seventh. While serving his last term in the House (1835), he died and was buried at "Vandalia, then the State capital. McHenry County— organized by act of the Legislature, passed at a second session during the winter of 183.5-36 was named in his honor McHENEY COUNTY, lies in the northern portion of the State, bounded on the north by Wis-

—

—

consin named for Gen. William McHenry. Its area is 624 square miles. With what is now the County of Lake, it was erected into a county in Three 1836, the county-seat being at McHenry. years later the eastern part was set off as the County of Lake, and the county -seat of McHenry County removed to Woodstock, the geographical center. The soil is well watered by living springs and is highly productive. Hardwood groves are numerous. Fruits and berries are extensively cultivated, but the herbage is especially adapted to dairying, Kentucky blue grass being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual production of butter and cheese reaches into the millions of pounds. The geological formations comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara groups of rocks. Near Fox River are found

remains and logs of wood have been found at various depths in the drift deposits in one instance a cedar log, seven inches in diameter, having been discovered fortytwo feet below the surface. Peat is found everygravel ridges.

;

"\'egetable

towns.

Population

(1880), 24.908;

(1890),

26,114; (1900), 29,759.

MelXTOSH;

Alexander, was born in

(Capt.)

:

111.,

and,

after,

two years

became

later,

political

started

editor

of

"The

"The

Joliet

Joliet

Republican," and was subsequent^ connected, in a similar capacity, with other papers, including "The Phoenix" and "The Sun" of the same city. Died, in Joliet, Feb.

McKEXDREE,

2.

1899.

William, Methodist Episcopal

Bishop, was born in Virginia, in 1757, enlisted as a private in the War of the Revolution, but later served as Adjutant and in the commissary depart-

He was

ment.

converted at 30 years of age, and

the next year began preaching in his native State, being advanced to the position of Presiding Elder; in 1800

was transferred

nois falling within his District.

to the West, IIU-

Here he remained

elevation to the episcopacy in 1808. McKendree College, at Lebanon, received its until

his

name from him,

together with a donation of 480

acres of land. Died, near Nashville, Tenn. 5,

,

March

1835.

McKEXDREE COLLEGE, Illinois colleges, located at

one of the earliest of

Lebanon and incorpo-

Its founding was suggested by Rev. Peter Cartwright, and it may be said to have had its inception at the Methodist Episcopal Conference held at Mount Carmel, in September,

rated in 1835.

1827. The first funds for its establishment were subscribed by citizens of Lebanon, who contrib-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. uted from their scanty means, SI. 385. Instruction began, Nov. 24, 1828, under Rev. Edward Ames, afterwards a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1830 Bishop McKendree made a donation of land to the infant institution, and the school

was named become

said to have

and

its first class

as

follows:

in his honor.

It

cannot be

really a college until 1836,

graduated in 1841. University powers were granted it by an amendment to its charter in 1839. At present the departments are Preparatory,

business,

classical,

music and oratory. The instituowns property to the value of 890,000, including an endowment of .525,000, and has about 200 students, of both sexes, and a faculty of ten scientific, law,

tion

instructors.

(See Colleges, Early.)

McLAKEX, William Edward, Episcopal Bishop, was born at Geneva, N. Y. Dec. 13, 1831 graduated at Washington and Jefferson College (Washington, Pa.) in 1851, and, after six years spent in teaching and in jom-nahstic work, entered Alle,

:

graduating and entering the Presbyterian ministry in 18C0. For three years he was a missionary at Bogota. South America, and later in charge of churches at Having entered Peoria, III, and Detroit, Mich. the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was made a deacon in July, 1872, and ordained priest the following October, immediately thereafter assuming the pastorate of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio. In July, 1875, he was elected Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, which then included the whole State. Subsequently, the dioceses of Quincy and Springfield were erected therefrom. Bishop McLaren remaining at the head of the Chicago See. Puring his episcopate, church work has been active and effective, and the Western Theological Seminary in Chicago has been founded. His published works include numerous sermons, addresses and poems, besides a volume entitled "Catholic Dogma the Antidote to Doubt" (New York, 1884). McLAUGHLIX, Robert K., early lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Virginia, Oct. 25, 1779 before attaining his majority went to Kentucky, and, about 1815, removed to Illinois, settling finally at Belleville, where he entered upon

gheny Theological Seminary,

;

the practice of

law.

him seems

The

first

public position

have been that of Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of both Houses of the Third held by

to

(or last) Territorial Legislature (1816-18). In August, 1819, he entered upon the duties of State

Treasurer, as successor to

John Thomas, who had

been Treasurer

the

during

whole Territorial

period, serving until January, 1823.

Becoming a

365

removal thither of the State capital a few months later, he continued to reside there the remainder of his life. He subsequently represented the Fayette District as Representative in the Fifth General Assembly, and as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh and Tenth, and, in 1887, became Register of the Land OfBce at Vandalia, serving until 1845. Although an uncle of Gen. Joseph Duncan, he became a candidate for Governor against the latter, in 1834, standing third on the hst. He married a Miss Bond, a niece of Gov. Shadrach Bond, under whose administration he served as State Treasurer. citizen of Vandalia, by the

Died, at Vandalia,

May

29, 1862.

McLEAX, a village of McLean County, on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 14 miles southwest of Bloomington, in a farming, dairying and stockgrowing district; has one weekly paper. Pop\ilation (1890), 500; (1900), 532.

McLean, John, was born

in

early United States Senator, North Carolina in 1791, brought by

Kentucky when four years old, and. at 23, was admitted to the bar and removed to Illinois, settling at Shawneetown in 1815. Pos. sessing oratorical gifts of a high order and an almost magnetic power over men, coupled with strong common sense, a keen sense of humor and, bis fatlier to

command of language, he soon attained prominence at the bar and as a popular speaker. great

In 1818 he was elected the first Representative in Congress from the new State, defeating Daniel P. Cook, but served only a few months, being defeated by Cook at the next election. He was three times elected to the Legislature, serving once as Speaker. In 1824 he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Governor Edwards (who had resigned), serving one year. In 1828 he was elected for a second time by a unanimous vote, but lived to serve only one session, dying at Sliawneetown, Oct. 4, 1830. In testimony of the public appreciation of the loss which the State liad sustained by his death, McLean County was

named in his honor. McLEAJf COrXTY, State,

the largest county of the having an area of 1166 square miles, is

central as to the region north of the latitude of

Louis and about midway between that city and Chicago was named for John McLean, an early United States Senator. The early immigrants were largely from Ohio, although Kentucky and New York were well represented. The county was organized in 1830, the population at that time being about 1.200. The greater portion

St.

—

of the surface

is

high, undulating prairie, with

occasional groves and belts of timber.

On

the

;;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. creek bottoms are found black walnut. bucke3'e, black ash and elm, while the sandy ridges are covered with scrub oak and black-jack. The soil is extremely fertile (generally a rich, brown loam), and the entire county is underlaid

with

coal.

The chief occupations are

stock-rais-

and manufactures. Sugar and Mackinaw Creeks, with their tribudrainage. Sand and thorough afford taries, gravel beds are numerous, but vary greatly in in boring has been found, Chenoa one At depth. for coal, thirty feet thick, overlaid by forty-five ing, coal-mining, agriculture

feet of the clay

common

to this formation.

The

in the Bloomington shafts is No. 6 of the general section, and the lower. No. 4 the latter averaging four feet in thickness. The principal towns are Bloomington (the countyseat). Normal, Lexington, LeRoy and Chenoa.

upper seam of coal

Population (1890), 03,036; (1900), 67,843. McLEANSBORO, a city and the county-seat of Hamilton County, upon a brancli of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 102 miles east southeast of St. Louis and about 48 miles southeast of The people are enterprising and proCentralia. gressive, the city is up-to-date and prosperous, supporting three banks and six churches. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Population (1880), 1.341; (1890),

1,3.55; (1900), 1,758.

McMULLIN, James C, Railway Manager, was born at Watertown, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1830; began work as Freight and Ticket Agent of the Great Western Railroad (now Wabash), at Decatur, 111., May, 1857, remaining until 1800, when he accepted the position of Freight Agent of the Chicago & Alton at Springfield. Here he remained until Jan. 1, 1803, when he was transferred in a similar capacity to Chicago; in September, 1864. became Superintendent of the Northern Division of the Chicago & Alton, afterwards successively filling the positions of Assistant General Superintendent (18G7), General Superintendent (1868-78) and General Manager (1878-88). The latter year he was elected VicePresident, remaining in office some ten years, when ill-health compelled his retirement. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 30. 1896.

McJIURTRY, William,

Lieutenant-Governor,

was born in Mercer County, Ky., Feb. 20, 1801 removed from Kentucky to Crawford Coimty, Ind., and,

settling in

in 1829,

came

to

Knox County, III., He was elected

Henderson Township.

Representative in the Tenth General Assembly (1886), and to the Senate in 1843, serving in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. In 1848 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on

the same ticket with Gov. A. C. French, being the first to hold the office under the Constitution adopted that year. In 1862 he assisted in raising the One Hundred and Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, although advanced in years,

was

elected Colonel, but a few weeks later was compelled to accept a discharge on account of failing health. Died, April 10, 1875. SIcNEELET, Tliompson W., lawyer and ex-Congressman, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 5, 1835, and graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg, at the age of 21. The following year he was licensed to practice, but continued to pursue his professional studies, attending the Law University at LouisviUe, Ky., from which institution he gi-aduated in 1859. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee in 1878. From 1869 to 1873 he represented his District in Congress, resuming his practice at Petersburg, Menard County, after his retirement. McNULTA, John, soldier and ex-Congressman, was born in New York City, Nov. 9, 1887, received an academic education, was admitted to the bar, and settled at Bloomington, in this State, while yet a young man. On May 3, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Union army, and served until August 9, 1865, rising, successively, to the rank Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and of Captain, Brevet Brigadier-General. From 1869 to 1873 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assembly from JIcLean County, and, in 1872, was elected to the Forty-third Congress, as a Republican. General McNulta has been prominent in the councils of the Republican party, standing second on the ballot for a candidate for Governor, in the State Convention of 1888, and serving as Permanent President of the State Convention of 1890. In 1896 he was one of the most earnest advocates of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for President. Some of his most important work, within the past few years, has been performed in connection with receiverships of certain railway und other corporations, especially that of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, from 1884 He is now (1898) Receiver of the National to 1890. Bank of Illinois, Chicago. Died Feb. 22. 1900. Mcpherson, Slmeon J., clergyman, descended from the Clan McPherson of Scotland, was born at Mumford, Monroe County, N. Y., Jan. 19, 1850 prepared for college at Leroy and Fulton, and graduated at Princeton, N. J. in 1874. Then, after a 3-ear's service as teacher of mathematics at his Alma Mater, he entered the Theological ;

,

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and graduated from that department in 1879, having in the meantime traveled through Europe, Egypt and Palestine. He was licensed to preach by the Rochester Presbytery in 1877, and spent three years (1879-82) in pas-

Seminary

there,

toral labor at East Orange, N.

J.

;

when he

ac-

cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until the early part of 1899, when he tendered his resignation to accept the position of Director of the Lawrenceville Preparatory Academy of Princeton College, N. J. McROBERTS, Josiah, jurist, was bom in

Monroe County, 111.. June 13, 1830; graduated from St. Mary's College (Mo.) in 1839; studied law at Danville, 111., with his brother Samuel, and, in 1843, entered the law department of Transylvania University, graduating in 1844, In 1846 after which he at once began practice. he was elected to the State Senate for the ChamVermilion District, at the and expiration of paign In 18.52 he was his term removing to Joliet. Governor Matteson by Trustee of appointed the Illinois & Michigan Canal, which office he held In 1866 he was appointed Circuit for four years. Court Judge by Governor Oglesby, to fill a vacancy, and was re-elected in 1867,

'73, "79,

and

'8.5,

but died a few months after his last election. McROBERTS, Samuel, United States Senator, was born in Monroe County, 111., Feb. 20, 1799; graduated from Transylvania University in 1819; in 1821, was elected the fii-st Circuit Clerk of his native county, and, in 1825, appointed Circuit Judge, which office he held for three In 1838 he was elected State Senator, years. representing the district comprising Mom-oe, Clinton and Washington Counties. Later he was appointed United States District Attorney by President Jackson, but soon resigned to become Receiver of Public Jloneys at Danville, by appointment of President Van Buren, and, in 1839, Solicitor of the General Land Office at Washington. Resigning the latter office in the fall of 1841, at the next session of the Illinois Legislature he was elected United States Senator to succeed John M. Robinson, deceased. Died, at Cincinnati, Ohio, March 23, 1843, being succeeded by James Semple.

McVICKER, James Hubert, rical

manager, was born in

actor and theatCity, Feb.

New York

thi'own upon his own resources by the death of his father in infancy and the necessity of assisting to support his widowed mother, he early engaged in various occupations, until, at the age of 15, he became an apprentice in the office of "The St. Louis Republican," three years 14, 1822;

367

becoming a journeyman printer. He first appeared on the stage in the St. Charles Theater, New Orleans, in 1843; two years later was principal comedian in Rice's Theater, Chicago, remaining until 1852, when he made a tour of the country, appearing in Yankee characters. About 1855 he made a tour of England and, on his later

commenced building his first Chicago which was opened, Nov. 3. 1857, and was conducted with varied fortune until burned down

return,

theater,

Rebuilt and remodeled burned down a second time from these several fires having imposed upon Mr. McVicker a heavy burden. Although an excellent comedian, Mr. McVicker did not appear on the stage after 1882, from that date giving his attention entirely to management. He enjoyed in an eminent degree

in the great fire of 1871.

from time to time,

it

in August, 1890, the losses

the

re-spect

and confidence, not only of the

profession, but of the general public.

Chicago, March

7,

Died in

1896.

Mc'WILLIAMS, David, banker, D wight. 111., was born in Belmont County. Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834; was brought to Illinois in infancy and grew up on a farm until 14 years of age, when he entered the the Pittsfield (Pike County) "Free Press" In 1849 he engaged in the an apprentice. lumber trade with his father, the management of which devolved upon him a few yeai's later. In the early oO's he was, for a time, a student in

office of

as

College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate in 1855 removed to Dwight, Livingston County, then a new town on the line of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, which had been completed Here he to that point a few months previous. erected the first store building in the town, and put in a 82,000 stock of goods on borrowed capital, remaining in the mercantile business for eighteen years, and retaining an interest in the establishment seven years longer. In the meantime, while engaged in merchandising, he began a banking business, which was enlarged on his

Illinois

;

retii'ement attention.

from the former, receiving his entire The profits derived from his banking

business were invested in farm lands until he became one of the largest land-owners in Livingston County. Mr. McWilliams is one of the

members of the first Methodist Episcopal Church organized at Dwight, and has served as a

original

lay delegate to several General Conferences of that denomination, as well as a delegate to the

Ecumenical Council in London in 1881 has also been a liberal contributor to the support of various literary and theological institutions of the church, and has served for many years as a Trus;

"

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tee of the Northwestern University at Evanston.

In politics he is a zealoiis Republican, and has repeatedly served as a delegate to the State Conventions of that party, including the Bloomington Convention of 1856, and was a candidate for Presidential Elector for the Ninth District on the Blaine ticket in 1884. He has made several extended tours to Europe and other foreign countries, the last including a trip to Egypt and the Holy Land, during 1898-99. MECHAJiICSBURG, a village of Sangamon County, near the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890), 406; (1900), 476.

MEDILL, Joseph, editor and newspaper publisher, was born, April 6, 1833, in the vicinity (now a part of the city) of St. John, N. B., of ScotchIrish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot descent. At nine years of age he accompanied his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where lie enjoyed such educational advantages as belonged He entered an acadto that region and period. emy with a view to preparing for college, but his family having suffered from a fire, he was compelled to turn his attention to business; studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1840. and began practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas County. Here he caught the spirit of journalism by frequent visits to the ofliice of a local paper, learned to set type and to work a hand-press. In 1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he assumed editorial charge, employing his brothers as assistants in various capacities. The name of this paper was "The Coshocton Whig," which he soon changed to "The Republican," in which he dealt vigorous blows at political and other abuses, which several times brought upon him assaults from his political opponents that being the style of political argument in those days. Two years later, having sold out "The Republican," he established "The Daily Forest City" at Cleveland a Whig paper with free-soil proclivities. The following year "The Forest City" was consolidated with "Tlie Free-Democrat," a FreeSoil paper under the editorship of John C. Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new paper taking the name of "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of Mr. VaUghan, then went to work to secure the consolidation of the elements opposed to slavery in one compact organization. In this he was aided by the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in Congress, in December, 18.53, and, before its passage in May following, Mr. :Medill had begun to agitate tlie question of a union of all

—

—

opposed to that measure in a new party under the name "Republican." During the winter of 1854-55 he received a call from Gen. J. D. Webster, at that time part owner of "The Chicago Tribune," which resulted in his visiting Chicago a few months later, and his purchase of an interest in the paper, his connection with the concern dating from June 18, 1855. He was almost immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who had been editor of "The Galena Jefiiersonian, and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred Cowles, who had been associated with him on "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed the position of managing editor, and, on the retirement of Dr. Ray, in 1803, became editor-inchief until 1806, when he gave place to Horace White, now of "The New York Evening Post." During the Civil War period he was a zealous supporter of President Lincoln's emancipation policy, and served, for a time, as President of the "Loyal League," which proved such an infiueutial factor in upholding the hands of the Government during the darkest period of the rebellion. In 1869 Mr. Medill was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, and, in that body, was the leading advocate of the principle of "minority representation" in the election of Representatives, as it was finally incorporated in the Constitution. In 1871 he was appointed by President Grant a member of the first Civil Service Commission, representing a principle to which he ever remained thoroughly committed. A few weeks after the great fire of the same year, he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago. The financial condition of the city at the time, and other questions in issue, involved great difHculties and responsibilities, which he met in a way to command general approval. During his administration the Chicago Public Library was established, Mr. Medill delivering the address at Near the close of his its opening, Jan. 1, 1873. term as JIayor, he resigned the office and spent the following year in Europe. Almost simultaneously with his return from his European trip, he secured a controlling interest in "The Tribune," re.suming control of the paper. Nov. 9, 1874, which, as editor-in-chief, he retained for the remainder of his life of nearly twenty-five years. The growth of the paper in business and infiuence, from the beginning of his connection with it, was one of the marvels of journalism, making it easily one of the most successful newspaper ventures Early in the United States, if not in the world. in December, 1898. Mr. Medill went to San Antonio, Te.xas, hoping to receive relief in that

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mild climate from a chronic disease which had been troubling him for years, but died iu that city, March 16, 1899, within three weeks of having reached his 76th birthday. The conspicuous features of his character were a strong individuality and indomitable perseverance, which led him never to accept defeat. A few weeks previous to his death, facts were developed going to show that, in 1881, he was offered, bj' President the

Postmaster-General, which was declined, when he wa.? tendered the choice of any position in the Cabinet except two which had been previously promised; also, that he was offered a position in President Harrison's Garfield,

position

of

Cabinet, in 1889.

MEDILL,

William H.,

(Maj.)

soldier,

was

born at Massillon, Ohio, Nov. 5, 183.5; in 18.5.5, to Chicago and was associated with "The Prairie Farmer." Subsequently he was editor of "The Stark County (Ohio) Republican," but again returning to Chicago, at the beginning of the war, was employed on "The Tribune," of which his brother (Hon. Joseph Medill) was After a few months' service in Barker's editor. Dragoons (a short-time organization), in September, 1861, he joined the Eighth Illinois Cavalry (Colonel Farnsworth's), and, declining an election The regias Major, was chosen Senior Captain. ment soon joined the Army of the Potomac. By the promotion of his superior officers Captain Medill was finally advanced to the command, and, during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, led his troops on a reconnoissance within twelve miles of Richmond. At the battle of Gettysburg he had command of a portion of his regiment, acquitting himself with great credit. A few days after, while attacking a party of rebels who were attempting to build a bridge across the Potomac at Williamsburg, he received a fatal wound through the lungs, dying at Frederick City, July

came

16, 1863.

MEEKER, ark, N. J.,

Moses, pioneer, was born in New-

June

17,

1790;

removed

to Cincinnati,

Ohio, in 1817, engaging in the manufacture of white lead until 1822, when he headed a pioneer

ety

July

Collections." 7,

Died,

3G9 ShuUsburg,

at

Wis.,

186.5.

MELROSE,

a suburb of Chicago, 11 miles west & Northwestern Railroad, upon which it is located. It has two or three churches, some manufacturing establishments and one weekly paper. Populaof the initial station of the Chicago

tion (1890),

1,0.50;

(1900), 2,.592.

MEMBRE, Zenobius, French missionary, was born in France in 1645 accompanied La Salle on his expedition to Illinois in 1679, and remained at Fort Creve-Cojur with Henry de Tonty descended the Mississippi with La Salle in 1682; returned to France and wrote a history of the expedition, and, in 1684, accompanied La Salle on his final expedition is supposed to have landed with La Salle in Texas, and there to have been massacred ;

;

;

by the natives

in 1687.

(See

La

Salle

and Tonty.)

MEXARD, Pierre, French pioneer and first Lieutenant-Governor, was born at St. Antoine, Can., Oct. 7, 1766; settled at Kaskaskia, in 1790, and engaged in trade. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected to the Territorial Council of Indiana, and later to the Legislative Council of Illinois Territory,

being presiding officer of the

latter until the admission of Illinois as a State.

He

was, for several years. Government Agent, and in this capacity negotiated several important treaties with the Indians, of whose characteris-

he seemed to have an intuitive perception. He temperament, impulsive and In 1818 he was elected the first Lieutenant-Governor of the new State. His term of office having expired, he retired to private life and the care of his extensive business. He died at Kaskaskia, in June, 1844, leaving what was then considered a large estate. Among his assets, however, were found a large number of promissory notes, which he had endorsed for personal friends, besides many uncoUectable accounts from poor people, to whom he had sold goods through pure generosity. Menard County was named for him, and a statue in his honor stands in the capitol grounds at Springfield, erected by the son of his old partner Charles Pierre Chou-

tics

Avas of a nervous

generous.

—

expedition to the frontier settlement at Galena, 111., to enter upon the business of smelting lead-

teau, of St. Louis.

He served as Captain of a company in the Black Hawk War, later removing to Iowa County, Wis., where he built the first smelting works in that Territory, served in the Territorial

center of the State, and originally a part of Sangamon, but separately organized in 1839, the Provisional Commissioners being Joseph Watkins, William Engle and George W. Simpson. The county was named in honor of Pierre Menard,

ore.

and in the first ConstituConvention (1846). "History of the Early Lead Regions," by him, appears in the sixth volume of "The Wisconsin Historical SociLegislature (1840-43)

tional

A

MENARD COUNTY,

who

settled at

organization of

near the

geographical

Kaskaskia prior to the Territorial Illinois. (See Menard, Pierre.)

Cotton was an important crop until 1830,

when

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

370

agriculture uuderwent a change. Stock-raising Three fine veins is now extensively carried on. Among of bituminous coal underlie the county.

American settlers may be mentioned the Clarys, Matthew Rogers, Amor Batterton, Solomon Pruitt and William Gideon. The names of Meadows, Montgomery, Green. Boyer and Grant are also familiar to early settlers. The county furnished a company of eighty -six volunteers for the Mexican War. The county-seat is at Petersburg. The area of the county is 320 square miles, and its population, under the last census, 14,336. In 1829 was laid out the town of Salem, now extinct, but for some years the home of Abraham Lincoln, who was once its Postmaster, and who marched thence to the Black Hawk War as Captain of a company. MENDON, a town of Adams County, on the Burlington & Quincy Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 15 miles northeast of Quincy has a bank and a newspaper is surrounded by a farming and stock-raising district. early

MERCY HOSPITAL, the

first

located in Chicago, and in the State char-

permanent hospital

—

tered in 1847 or 1848 as the "Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes."' No steps were taken

toward organization until 1850, when, with a scanty fund scarcely exceeding §1.50, twelve beds were secm-ed and placed on one floor of a boarding house, whose proprietress was engaged as nurse and stewardess. Drs. N. S. Davis and

Daniel Brainard were, respectively, the first physician and surgeon in charge. In 1851 the hospital was given in charge of the Sisters ov Mercy, who at once enlarged and improved the accommodations, and, in 1852, changed its name Three or four years later, a to Mercy Hospital. removal was made to a building previously occupied as an orphan asylum. Being the only public hospital in the city, its wards were constantly overcrowded, and, in 1869, a more capacious and better arranged building was erected. This 'edifice it has continued to occupy, although many additions and improvements have been, and are still being, made. The Sisters of Mercy own the Population (1880). (io2; (1890)^ 640; (1900), 627. MENDOTA, a city in La Salle County founded grounds and buildings, and manage the nursing domestic and all the and financial affairs of the in 1853, at the junction of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy with its Rochelle and Fulton branches institution. The present medical staff (1896) Railway, 80 miles southconsists of thirteen physicians and surgeons, and the Illinois Central besides three internes, or resident practitioners. west of Chicago. It has eight churches, three MERED0SI4,a town in Morgan County, on and public liand two high schools, a graded braryWartburg Seminary (Lutheran, opened the east bank of the Illinois River and on the The chief industrial Wabash Railway, some .58 miles west of Springin 18-53) is located here. field is a grain shipping point and fishing and plants are two iron foundries, machine shops, hunting resort It was the first Illinois River plow works and a brewery. The city has three point to be connected with the State capital by The surbanks and four weekly newspapers. railroad in 1838. Population (1890), 621; (1900), 700. rounding country is agricultural and the city has MERRIAM, (Col.) Jonathan, soldier, legislaPopulation (1890), considerable local trade. tor and farmer, was born in Vermont, Nov. 1, 3,542; (1900), 3,736. MERCER COUNTY, a western county, with an 1834; was brought to Springfield, 111., when two years old, living afterwards at Alton, his parents area of 555 square miles and a population (1900) finally locating, in 1841, in Tazewell County, of 20,945— named for Gen. Hugh Mercer. The Mississippi forms the western boundary, and where he now resides when not oflScially emalong this river the earliest American settlements ployed pursuing the occupation of a farmer. He were made. William Dennison, a Pennsylvanian, was educated at Wesleyan University, Bloomingsettled in New Boston Township in 1828, and, ton, and at McKendree College; entered the before the expiration of a half dozen years, the Union army in 1862. being commissioned LieuVannattas. Keith, Jackson, Wilson, Farlow, tenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and SevenBridges, Perry and Fleharty had arrived. Merteenth Illinois Infantr}-, and serving to the close cer County was separated from Warren, and of the war. During the Civil War period he was specially organized in 1825. The soil is a rich, one of the founders of the "Union League of black loam, admirably adapted to the cultivation America," which proved so influential a factor of cereals. A good quality of building stone is in sustaining the war policy of the Government. found at various points. Aledo is the countyHe was also a member of the State Constitutional The county lies on the outskirts of the seat. Convention of 1869-70; an unsuccessful RepubIllinois coal fields and mining was commenced lican nominee for Congress in 1870; served as in 1845. Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield ;

;

;

—

—

—

,;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. from 1873 to '83, was a Representative in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assemblies, and, in 189T, was appointed, bj- President McKinley, Pension Agent for the State of Illinois, with headquarters in Chicago. Thoi'oughly patriotic and of incorruptible integrity, he has won the respect and confidence of all in every public position he has been called to fill. MERRILL, Stephen Mason, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, Sept. 16, 182.5, entered the Ohio Conference of tlie Methodist Episcopal Church, in 186-1, as a traveling preacher, and, four years later, became editor of "The Western Christian Advocate," at Cincinnati. He was ordained Bishop at Brooklyn in District

after two years spent in Minnesota, to Chicago, where he still resides. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Ohio Wesleyan University, in 1868, and that of LL.D. by the Northwestern University, in 1886. He has Baptism" (Cincinnati, published "Christian 1876); "New Testament Idea of HeU" (1878); "Second Coming of Christ" (1879); "Aspects of Christian Experience" (1882); "Digest of Methodist Law" (1885); and "Outlines of Thought on Probation" (1886). 1872, and,

removed

MERRITT, John W., journalist, was born in New York City, July 4, 1806; studied law and with the celebrated James Brady as a partner. In 1841 he removed to County, 111., purchased and, from 1848 to '51, conducted "The Belleville Advocate"; later, removed to Salem, 111. where he established "The Salem Advocate" served as Assistant Secretary of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862, and as Representative in the Twenty -third practiced, for a time, T.

St. Clair

,

;

In 1864 he purchased "The

General Assembly.

State Register" at Springfield, for several years.

Died, Nov.

and was 16,

its

editor

1878.— Thomas lawyer and

E. (Merritt), son of the preceding, politician,

1834;

was born

in

New York

City, April 29,

age was brought by his where he attended the common

at six years of

father to Illinois, schools

and

later learned the trade of carriage-

Subsequently he read law, and was admitted to the bar, at Springfield, in 1862. In 1868 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the lower house of the General Assembly from the Salem District, and was re-elected to the same body in 1870, '74, '76, '86 and "88. He also served two terms in the Senate (1878-"86), making an almost continuous service in the General Assembly of eighteen years. He has repeatedly been a member of State conventions of his party, and stands as one of its trusted representatives. Maj.-Gen. painting.

371

Wesley (Merritt), another son, was born in New York, June 16, 1836, came with his father to Illinois in childhood, and was appointed a cadet at West Point Military Academy from this State, graduating in 1860 became a Second Lieutenant in the regular army, the same year, and was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant, a year later. After the beginning of the Civil War, he was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers in 1863, and being mustered out, in 186G, with the brevet rank ;

Major-General. He re-entered the regular as Lieutenant-Colonel, was promoted to a colonelcy in 1876, and, in 1887, received a commission as Brigadier-General, in 1897 becoming

of

army

Major-General. He was in command, for a time, of the Department of the Missom-i, but, on his last promotion, was transferred to the Department of the East, with headquarters at Governor's Island, N. Y. Soon after the beginning of the war with Spain, he was assigned to the command of the land forces destined for the Philippines, and appointed Military Governor of the Islands. Towards the close of the year he returned to the United States and resumed his old command at New York. MESSINGER, John, pioneer surveyor and cartographer, was born at West Stockbridge, Mass. in 1771, grew up on a farm, but secured a good education, especially in mathematics. Going to Vermont in 1783, lie learned the trade of a carpenter and mill-wright removed to Kentucky in ;

1799, and, in 1802, to Illinois (then a part of Indi-

ana Territory), locating first in the American Bottom and, later, at New Design within the present limits of Monroe County. Two years later he became the proprietor of a mill, and, between 1804 and 1806, taught one of the earliest

The latter year he took up the vocation of a surveyor, which he followed for many years as a sub-contractor imder William Rector, surveying much of the land in schools in St. Clair County.

and Randolph Counties, and,

still later,

assisting in determining the northern

boundary as a

St. Clair

of the State.

He

also served

for a time

teacher of mathematics in Rock Spring Seminary in 1821 published "A Manual, or Hand-Book, intended for Convenience in Practical Surveying," and prepared some of the earlier State and county maps. In 1808 he was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, to fill a vacancy, and took part in the steps which resulted in setting up a separate Territorial Government for Illinois, the following year. He also received an appointment as the first Surveyor of St. Clair

HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Count}' under the new Territorial GoTernment; was cliosen a Delegate from St. Clair County to tlie

which framed the first Constitution, and, the same year, was

Convention of

State

1818,

a Representative in the First General Assembly, serving as Speaker of that body. After leaving New Design, the later years of his life were spent on a farm two and a half miles north of Belleville, where he died in 1846. METAMORA, a town of Woodford County, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 19 miles east-northeast of Peoria and some thirty miles northwest of Bloomington; is center of a fine farming district. The town has a creamery, soda factory, one bank, three churches, two newspapers, schools and a park. Population elected

(1880)

828;

(1900),

758.

Metamora was

county -seat of Woodford County until

1899,

the

when

the seat of justice was removed to Eureka. METCALF, Andrew W., lawyer, was born in Guernsey County, Ohio, August 6, 1828 educated at Madison College in his native State, graduating in 18-tG, and, after studying law at Cambridge, Ohio, three years, was admitted to the bar in 1850. The following year he went to Appleton, Wis. but remained or^ly a year, when he removed to St. Louis, then to Edwardsville, and shortly after to Alton, to take charge of the legal business of George T. Brown, then publisher of "The Alton Courier." In 1853 he returned to Edwardsville to reside permanently, and, in 1859, was appointed by Governor Bissell State's Attorney for Madison County, serving one year. In 1864 he was elected State Senator for a term of four years was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1872, and, in 1876, a lay delegate from the Southern Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church to the General Conference at Baltimore; has also been a Trustee of ;

,

;

McKendree

College, at Lebanon,

111.,

for

more

than twenty-five vears.

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH,

one of

the most numerous Protestant church organizations in the United States and in Illinois. Rev. Joseph Lillard was the first preacher of this sect to settle in the Northwest Territory, and Capt. Joseph Ogle was tlie first class-leader (1795). It is stated that the first American preacher in the American Bottom was Rev. Hosea Riggs (1796). Rev. Benjamin Young took charge of the first Methodist mission in 1803, and, in 1804, this mission was attached to the Cumberland (Tenn.) circuit. Revs. Joseph Oglesby and Charles R. Matheny were among the early circuit riders. In 1820 there were seven circuits in Illinois, and, in

1830,

the

twenty-eight,

actual

membership

exceeding 10,000. The first Methodist service in Chicago was held by Rev. Jesse W^alker, in 1826. The first Methodist society in that city was organized by Rev. Stephen R. Beggs, in June, 1831. By 1835 the number of circuits had increased to 61, with 370 ministers and 15,000 members. Rev. Peter Cartwright was among the early revivalists. The growth of this denomination in the State has been extraordinary. By 1890, it had nearly 2,000 churches, 937 ministers, and 151,000 members the total number of Methodists in the United States, by the same census, being 4.980.240. The church property owned in 1890 (including parsonages) approached $111,000,000, and the total contributions were estimated at 82,073,923. The denomination in Illinois supports two theological seminaries and the Garrett Biblical Institute at Evanston. "The Northwestern Christian Advocate," with a circulation of some 30,000, is its official organ in Illinois. (See also Religious Denominations.) METROPOLIS CITY, the county-seat of Massac County, 156 miles southeast of St. Louis, situated on the Ohio River and on the St. Louis and Paducah Division of the Illinois Central Railroad. The city was founded in 1839, on the site of old Fort Massac, which was erected by tlie French, aided by the Indians, about 1711. Its industries consist largely of various forms of wood-working. Saw and planing mills are a commercial factor; other establishments turn out wlieel. buggy and wagon material, barrel staves and heads, boxes and baskets, and veneers. There are also flouring mills and potteries. The city has a public library, two banks, waterworks, electric liglits. numerous churches, high school and graded schools, and three papers. Population (1880), 2,668; (1890). 3,573; (1900), 4.069.

—

MEXICAN WAR.

Briefly

stated,

this

war

originated in the annexation of Texas to the United States, early in 1846. There was a disagreement as to the western boundary of Texas.

Mexico complained of encroachment upon her territory, and hostilities began with the battle of Palo Alto, May 8, and ended with the treaty of peace, concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, near the City of Mexico. Feb. 2, 1848. Among the most prominent figures were President Polk, under whose administration annexation was effected, and Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was chief in command in the field at the beginning of the war, and was elected Polk's successor. Illinois furnished more than her full quota of troops for the struggle. May 13, 1846, war was declared. On May

'

niSTOEICxVL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Governor Ford issued his proclamation calling for the enlistment of three regiments of infantry, the assessed quota of the State. The response was prompt and general. Alton was named as the rendezvous, and Col. (afterwards General) Sylvester Churchill was the mustering officer. The regiments mustered in were commanded, respectively, by Col. John J. Hardin, Col. Wm. H. Bissell (afterwards Governor) and Col. Ferris Forman. An additional twelve months' regiment (the Fourth) was accepted, under command of Col. E. D. Baker, who later became United States Senator from Oregon, and fell at the battle of Ball's Bluff, in October, 1861. A second call was made in April, 1847, under which Illinois sent two more regiments, for the war, towards the Mexican frontier. These were commanded by 35,

Edward W.

Col.

Newby and

B.

Collins.

Independent

tendered

and

companies

accepted.

some 150 volunteers who already in the

Commanders

field.

Col.

were

James also

there were joined the regiments Besides,

of the inde-

pendent companies were Capts. Adam Dunlap, of Schuyler County; Wyatt B. Stapp, of Warren Michael K. Lawler, of Shawneetown, and Josiah Little. Col. John J. Hardin, of the First, was killed at Buena 'Vista, and the official mor;

tuary list includes and bravest sons. battle of

Buena

many names

of Illinois' best

After participating in the the IlUnois troops shared

"Vista,

such names as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, M. K. Lawler, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace, B. M. Prentiss, Rebellion, including

W.

R. Morrison,

The

total

whom

number

of

volimteers was

were killed, and 160 wounded, dying of their wounds. Gallant service in the Mexican War soon became a pass86

port to political preferment, and some of the brave soldiers of 1846-47 subsequently achieved merited distinction in civil life. Many also became distinguished soldiers in the War of the

The

;

ity favors the belief that this tribe of Indians

was

originally a part of the Ill-i-ni or Illinois, but the

date of their separation from the parent stock cannot be told. It is likely, however, that it occurred before the French pushed their explo-

Canada westward and southward, and along the Mississippi Valley. Father Dablon alludes to the presence of Miamis (whom he calls Ou-mi-a-mi) in a mixed Indian village,

into

of the latter

others.

MEYER, John, lawyer and legislator, was born in Holland, Feb. 27, 1852 came to Chicago at the age of 12 years; entered the Northwestern University, supporting himself by labor during vacations and by teaching in a night school, until his third year iu the universitj', when he became a student in the Union College of Law, being admitted to the bar in 1879; was elected from Cook County to the Thirty-fifth General Assembly (1884), and re-elected to the Thirty-sixth, Thirtyeighth and Thirty -ninth, being chosen Speaker of the latter (Jan. 18, 1895). Died in office, at Freeport, 111., July 3, 1895, during a special session of the General Assembly. MIAMIS, The. The preponderance of author-

rations from

1'3

and

—

on Sept. 16, 1847, and (in connection with those from Kentucky) were especially complimented in General Taylor's official report. The Third and Fourth regiments won distinction at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo and the City of Mexico. At the second of these battles. General Shields fell severely (and, as supposed for a time, mortally) wounded. Colonel Baker succeeded Shields, led a gallant charge, and really turned the day at Cerro Gordo. Among the officers honorably named by General Scott, in his official report, were Colonel Forman, Major Harris, Adjutant Fondey, Capt. J. S. Post, and Lieutenants Hammond and Davis. All the Illinois troops were mustered out between May 25, 1847 and Nov. 7, 1848, the independent companies being the last to quit the 6,123, of

Ross,

F.

Mexico.

in the triumphal entry into the City of Mexico,

service.

L.

cost of the war, with §15,000,000 paid for territory annexed, is estimated at §166,500,000 and the extent of territory acquired, nearly 1,000,000 considerably more than the square miles whole of the present territory of the Republic of

near the mouth of Fox River of Wisconsin, in 1670. The orthography of their name is varied. The Iroquois and the British generally knew them as the "Tvvightwees, " and so they were commonly called by the American colonists. The Weas and Piankeshaws were of the same tribe. When La Salle founded his colony at Starved Rock, the Miamis had villages which could muster some 1,950 warriors, of which the Weas had 500 and the Piankeshaws 150, the remaining 1,300 being Miamis proper. In 1671 (according to a written statement by Charlevoix in 1721), the Miamis occupied three villages: one on the St. Joseph River, one on the Maumee and one on the "Ouabache" (Wabash). They were friendly toward the French until 1694, when a large number of them were

—

by a party of Sioux, who carried which had been furnished them by the Frenchmen. The breach thus caused was never closed. Having become possessed of guns massacred firearms

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

374

themselves, the Jliamis were able, not only to

hold their own, but also to extend their hunting grounds as far eastward as the Scioto, alternately warring with the French, British and Americans. General Harrison says of them that, ten years before the treaty of Greenville, they could have brought upon the field a body of 3,000 "of the finest light troops in the world," but lacking in Border warfare and discipline and enterprise. smallpo.x, however, had, by that date (1T95), greatly reduced their numerical strength. The main seat of the Miamis was at Fort Wayne,

whose residents, because of their superior numbers and intelligence, dominated all other bands except the Piankeshaws. The physical and moral deterioration of the tribe began immediLittle by ately after the treaty of Greenville. little, they ceded their lands to the United States, the money received therefor being chiefly squandered in debauchery. Decimated by vice and disease, the remnants of this once powerful aboriginal nation gradually drifted westward across the Mississippi, whence their valorous sires had emigrated two centuries before. The small rem-

nant of the band finally settled in Indian Terribut they have made comparatively little (See also Piankeprogress toward civilization. shaws; Tl'en.s.)

tory,

MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, under care of the association known as the United Hebrew Charities. Previous to 1871 this association maintained a small hospital for

Canada, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois swell the miles.— (History.) The in 1846, and purchased from the State of Michigan the line from Detroit to Kalamazoo, 144 miles, of which construction had been begun in 1836. The road was completed to Michigan City in 18.i0, and, in May, 18.52, reached Kensington, 111. As at present constituted, the road (with its auxiliaries) forms an integral part of what is popularly known as the "Vanderbilt System." Only 35 miles of the entire line are operated in Illinois, of which 29 belong to the Joliet & Northern Indiana branch (which see). The outstanding capital stock (1898) was SIS,Earn738,000 and the funded debt, §19,101,000. ings in Illinois the same year, §484,002; total operating expenses, 6540,905; taxes, §24,250. MICHIOAX, LAKE. (See Lake Mich igmi.) MIHALOTZY, Geza, soldier, a native of Hungary and compatriot of Kossuth in the Magyar struggle; came to Chicago in 1848, in 1861 enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Volunteers (first "Hecker regiment"), and, on the resignation of Colonel Hecker, a few weeks A trained later, was promoted to the Colonelcy. soldier, he served with gallantry and distinction, but was fatally wounded at Buzzard's Roost, Feb. 24, 1864, dying at Chattanooga, March 11, 1864. MILAN, a town of Rock Island Count}',. on the Rock Island & Peoria Railway, six miles south of Rock Island. It is located on Rock River, has several mills, a bank and a newspaper. Populatotal mileage to 1,643.56

company was chartered

the care of some of its beneficiaries, but it was destroyed in the conflagration of that year, and no immediate effort to rebuild was made. In 1880,

tion (1880), 845; (1890), 692; (1900), 719.

however, Michael Reese, a Jewish gentleman who had accumulated a large fortune in California, bequeathed S9T,000 to the organization. With this sum, considerably increased by additions from other sources, an imposing building was erected, well arranged and thoroughly equipped for hospital purposes. The institution thus founded was named after its principal benefactor. Patients are received without discrimination as to race or religion, and more than half those admitted are charity patients. The present medical staff consists of thirteen surgeons and

At the age

physicians,

several

of

whom

are

eminent

specialists.

MICHIGA]V CENTRAL RAILRO.ID. The main line of this road extends from Chicago to

Detroit,

270 miles,

from Kensington, 14

with

trackage

facilities

miles, over the line of the

terminus

Chicago. Branch lines (leased, proprietary and operated) in Illinois

Central,

to its

in

MILBLRN,

(Rev.) William Henry, clergyin Philadelphia, Sept. 26, 1826.

man, was born

of five years he almost totally lost

sight in both eyes, as the result of an accident,

and subsequent malpractice in their treatment. For a time he was able to decipher letters «-ith difficulty, and thus learned to read. In the face of such obstacles he carried on his studies until 12 years of age, when he accompanied his father's family to Jacksonville, 111., and, five years later, became an itinerant Methodist preacher. For a time he rode a circuit covering 200 miles, preaching, on an average, ten times a week, for §100 per year. In 1845, while on a Mississippi steamboat, he publicly rebuked a number of Congressmen, who were his fellow passengers, for intemperance and gaming. This resulted in his being made Chaplain of the House of Representatives. From 1848 to 1850 he was pastor of a church at Montgomery, Ala., during which time he was tried for heresy, and later became pastor of a "Free Church." Again, in 1853, he was chosen Chap-

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. lain of Congress.

While

in Europe, in 18.59, lie

took orders in the Episcopal Churcli, but returned to Methodism in 1871. He has since been twice Chaplain of the House (1885 and "87) and three times (1893, "9.5 and '97) elected to the same position in the Senate

He

is

generally

known

as

"the bUnd preacher'' and achieved considerable prominence by his eloquence as a lecturer on a Blind Man Saw in Eui-ope." Among his published writings are, "Rifle, Axe and Saddlebags" (1856), "Ten Years of Preacher Life'' (1858) and "Pioneers, Preachers and People of the

"What

Mississippi Valley''

(18(50).

MILCHRIST, Thomas E., lawyer, was born in Man in 1839, and, at the age of eight years, came to America with his parents, who the Isle of

Here he attended school settled in Peoria, 111. and worked on a farm until the beginning of the Civil War, when he enlisted in the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, serving until 1865, and being discharged with the rank of CapAfter the war he read law with John I. tain.

—

Bennett then of Galena, but later Master in Chancery of the United States Court at Chicago —was admitted to the bar in 1867, and, for a number of years, served as State's Attorney in Henry County. In 1888 he was a delegate from Illinois to the Republican National Convention, and the following year was appointed by President Harrison United States District Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois. Since retiring from office in 1893, Mr. Milchrist has been engaged in private practice in Cliicago. In 1898 he was elected a State Senator for the Fifth District (city of Chicago) in the Forty-first General Assembly. MILES, Nelson A., Major-General, was born at Westminster, Mass., August 8, 1839, and, at the breaking out of the Civil War, was engaged in mercantile pursuits in the city of Bcston.

In

October, 1861, he entered the service as a Second

Lieutenant in a Massachusetts regiment, distinguished himself at the battles of Fair Oaks, Charles City Cross Roads and Malvern Hill, in one of which he was wounded. In September, 1862, he was Colonel of the Sixtyfirst New York, which he led at Fredericksburg and at ChanceUorsville, where he was again

wounded. He commanded the First Brigade of the First Division of the Second Army Corps in the Richmond campaign, and was made Brigadier-General, May 13, 1864, and Majorseverely

shown at Ream's December of the same year. At the the war he was commissioned Colonel of

General, by brevet, for gallantry Station, in •

close of

375

the Fortieth United States Infantry, and distinguished himself in campaigns against the Indians

became a Brigadier-General

in 1880,

and Major-

General in 1890, in the interim being in command of the Department of the Columbia, and, after 1890, of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chi-

Here he did much to give efficiency and importance to the post at Fort Sheridan, and, in 1894, rendered valuable service in checking the strike riots about Chicago. Near the close of the year he was transferred to the Department of the East, and, on the retirement of General Schofield cago.

in 1895, was placed in command of the army, with headquarters in Washington. During the Spanish- American war (1898) General Miles gave attention to the fitting out of troops for the Cuban and Porto Rican campaigns, and visited Santiago

during the siege conducted by General Shatter, but took no active command in the field until the occupation of Porto Rico, which was conducted with rare discrimination and good judgment, and with comparatively little loss of life or suffering to the troops.

MILFORD, a prosperous village of Iroquois County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railis in a rich farming region; lias water and sewerage systems, electric lights, two brick and tile works, three road, 88 miles south of Chicago;

large grain elevators, flour mill, three churches,

good schools, a public library and a weekly newsIt is an important shipping point for grain and live-stock. Population (1890), 957; paper.

(1900), 1,077.

MILITARY BOUNTY LANDS.

(See MiUtai-y

Tract.)

MILITARY TRACT,

a popular name given to a section of the State, set apart under an act of Congress, passed. May 6, 1812, as bounty-lands for soldiers in the war %vith Great Britain commencing the same year. Similar reservations in the Territories

of

Michigan and

Louisiana (now for in the same act. embraced in this act were situated between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, and extended from the junction of these streams due north, by tlie Fourth Principal Meridian, to the northern boundary of Township 15 north of the "Base Line." This "base line"

Arkansas) were

The lands

provided

in Illinois

started about opposite the present site of Beardstown, and extended to a point on the Mississippi about seven miles north of Quiucy. The north-

ern border of the "Tract" was identical with the northern boundary of Mercer County, which, extended eastward, reached the Illinois about the present village of De Pue, in the southeastern

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

376

part of Bureau County, where the Illinois makes a great bend towards the south, a few miles west of the city of Peru. The distance between the Illinois and the Mississippi, by this line, was about 90 miles, and the entire length of the "Tract," from its northern boundary to the junction of

—

the two rivers, was computed at 169 miles, consisting of 90 miles north of the "base line" and 79 miles south of it, to the junction of the rivers.

The "Tract" was surveyed

in 1815-16.

It

com-

prised 307 entire townships of six miles square, each, and 61 fractional townships, containing an

area of 5.360,000 acres, of which 3. .500, 000 acres— a little less than two-thirds were appropriated to The residue consisted partly military bounties. of fractional sections bordering on rivers, partly of fractional quarter-sections bordering on township

—

lines, and containing more or less than 160 acres, and partly of lands that were returned by the sur-

veyors as unfit for cultivation. In addition to this, there were large reservations not coming within the above exceptions, being the overplus of lands after satisfying the military claims, and subject to entry and purchase on tlie same conThe "Tract" ditions as other Government lands. thus embraced the present counties of Calhoun,

Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, McDonough, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson and Mercer, with parts of Henry, Bureau, Putnam and Marshall— or so much of them as was necessary to meet the demand for Immigration to this region set in quite bounties. actively about 1823, and the development of some portions, for a time, was very rapid but later, its growth was retarded by the conflict of "taxtitles" and bounty -titles derived by purchase from the original holders. This led to a great deal of litigation, and called for considerable legislation; but since the adjustment of these questions, this region has kept pace with the most favored sections of the State, and it now includes some of the most important and prosperous towns and cities and many of the finest farms in Pike,

;

Illinois.

MILITI,\. of the

War

taught by the experiences and the necessity of providing

Illinois,

of 1813

for protection of its citizens against the incur-

began the adoption, at an early date, of such measures as were then common in the several States for the maintenance of a State militia. The Constitution of 1818 made the Governor "Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of this State, " and declared that the miUtia of the State should "consist of all free male able-bodied persons (negroes, musions of Indians on its borders,

lattoes

State,

and Indians excepted) resident in the oetween the ages of IS and -15 years," and was continued in the later con-

this classification

stitutions, except that of 1870,

which omits

all

reference to the subject of color. In each there is the same general provision exempting persona against entertaining "conscientious scruples

bearing arms," although subject to payment of an equivalent for such exemption. The first law on the subject, enacted by the first General Assembly (1819), provided for the e.stablishment of a general militia system for the State and the fact that this was modified, amended or wholly changed by acts passed at the sessions of 1821, '23, '25, '26, "27, '29, "33, '37 and '39, shows the estimation in which the subject was held. While many of these acts were of a special character, ;

providing for a particular class of organization, the general law did little except to require persons subject to military duty, at stated periods, to attend county musters, which were often conducted in a very informal manner, or made the occasion of a sort of periodical frolic. The act of July, 1833 (following the Black' Hawk War), required an enrollment of "all free, white, male inhabitants of military age (except such as might be exempt under the Constitution or laws)"; divided the State into five divisions by counties, each division to be organized into a certain specified number of brigades. This act was quite elaborate, covering some twenty-four pages, and provided fur regimental, battalion and company musters, defined the duties of officers, manner of election, etc. The act of 1837 encouraged the organization of volunteer companies. The Mexican War (1845-47) gave a new impetus to this class of legislation, as also did the War of the Rebellion (1861-65). While the office of Adjutant-General had existed from the first, its duties except during the Black Hawk and Mexican Wars were rather nominal, and were discharged without stated compensation, the incumbent being merely Chief -of-staff to the Governor as Commauder-in-Chief. The War of the Rebellion at once brought it into prominence, as an important part of the State Government, which it has since maintained. The various measures passed, during this period, belong rather to the history of the late war than to the subject of this chapter. In 1865, however, the office was put on a different footing, and the important part it had played, during the preceding four years, was recognized by the passage of "an act to provide for the appointment, and designate the work, fix the pay and prescribe the duties, of the Adjutant-General

—

—

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. During the next four years, its most important work was the publication of eight volumes of war records, containing a complete roster of the officers and men of the various regiments and other military organizations from Illinois, with an outline of their movements and a list of the battles in which they were engaged. To the Adjutant-General's office, as now administered, is entrusted the custody of the warrecords, battle-flags and trophies of the late war. A further step was taken, in 1877, in the passage of an act formulating a military code and providing for more thorough organization. Jlodifying amendments to this act were adopted in 1S79 and While, under these laws, "all able-bodied 1885. male citizens of this State, between the ages of 18 and 45" (with certain specified e.xceptions), are declared "subject to military duty, and desig-

ities of any city, town or county. This authority, however, is exercised with great discretion, and only when the local authorities are deemed unable to cope with threatened resistance to law. The officers of the National Guard, when called into actual service for the suppression of riot or the enforcement of the laws, receive the same compensation paid to officers of the LTnited States army of like grade, while the enlisted men receive During the time they are at any $2 per day. encampment, the officers and men alike receive $1 per day. with necessary subsistence and cost of transportation to and from the encampment. (For list of incumbents in Adjutant-General's office, see Adjutants-Oeneral; see, also, Spanish-

nated as the Illinois State Militia," provision is made for the organization of a body of "active militia," designated as the "Illinois National Guard," to consist of "not more than eighty-four

in early life

companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery and two troops of cavalry," recruited by voluntary enlistments for a period of three j'ears. with right to re-enUst for one or more years. The National Guard, as at present constituted, consists of three brigades, with a total force of about 9,000 men. organized into nine regiments, besides the batteries and cavalry already mentioned. Gatling guns are used by the artillery and breechloading rifles by the infantry. Camps of instruction are held for the regiments, respectively— one or more regiments participating each year, usually at "Camp Lincoln" near Springfield, when regimental and brigade drills, competitive

the service, received an injury which rendered him a cripple for life. Though of feeble physical organization and a sufferer from ill-health, he was a man of decided ability and much influence. He served as State's Attorney of Stark Coimty ^1872-76) and, in 1884, was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, at the following session being one of the most zealous supporters of Gen. John A. Logan, in the celebrated contest which resulted in the election of the latter, for the third time, to the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he also served in the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth General Assemblies, during the session of the latter being chosen Speaker of the House, as successor to A. C. Matthews, who had been appointed, during the session. First Comptroller of the Treasurj' at Washington. In the early part of the summer of 1890, Mr. Miller visited Colorado for the benefit of his health, but, a week after his arrival at Manitou Springs, died suddenly, June 27, 1890.

of

Illinois."

—

and mock battles are had. An act "Naval Militia of Illinois," to more than eight divisions or companies," divided into two battalions of four divisions each, was passed by the General Assembly of 1893 the whole to be under the command of an officer with the rank of Commander. The rifle

practice

establishing the consist of "not

—

commanding

officer of

each battalion

is

styled a

"Lieutenant-Commander," and both the Commander and Lieutenant-Commanders have their respective

staffs

—their

organization, in

other

conformable to the laws of the A set of "Regulations," based upon these several laws, has been prepared by the Adjutant-General for the government of the various organizations. The Governor is authorized, by law, to call out the militia to resist invasion, or to suppress violence and enforce execution of the laws, when called upon by the civil author-

respects, being

United States.

American

fVai-.)

MILLER, James

H., Speaker of the House of was born in Ohio, May 29, 184.3 came to Toulon, Stark County, 111.,

Representatives,

where he finally engaged in the practice of law. At the beginning of the Rebellion he enlisted in the Union army, but before being mustered into

MILLS, Benjamin, lawyer and early poliwas a native of Western Massachusetts, and described by his contemporaries as a highly educated and accomplished lawyer, as well as a brilliant orator. The exact date of his arrival in Illinois cannot be determined with certainty, but he appears to have been in the "Lead Mine Region" about Galena, as early as 1826 or "27, and was notable as one of the first "Yankees" to locate in that section of the State. He was elected a Representative in the Eighth General Assembly (1832), his district embracing the tician,

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. counties of Peoria, Jo Daviess, Putnam, La Salle and Cook, Including all the State north of Sangamon (as it then stood), and extending from the Mississippi River to the Indiana State line. At this session occurred the impeacliment trial of Theophilus W. Smith, of the Supreme Com't. Mr. Mills acting as Chairman of the Impeachment Committee, and delivering a speech of great brilliancy, which lasted two or three In 1834 he was a candidate for Congress from the Northern District, but was defeated by William L. May (Democrat), as claimed by Mr.

power and daj-s.

He early fell a victim consumption and, returning to Massachusetts, died in Berkshire County, in that State, in 1841. Hon. R. H. McClellan, of Galena, says of him: "He was a man of remarkable ability, learning and eloquence," while Governor Ford, in his Mill's friends, unfairly.

to

"History of Illinois," testifies that, "by common consent of all his contemporaries, Mr. Mills ^^as regarded as the most popular and brilliant lawyer of his day at the Galena bar." MILLS, Henry A., State Senator, was born at New Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1827; located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County, 111., in 18,5G, finally engaging in the banking business at Having served in various local that place. offices, he was, in 1874, chosen State Senator for the Eleventh District, but died at Galesburg before the expiration of his term, July 7, 1877. MILLS, Luther Lafliu, lawyer, was born at North Adams, Mass., Sept. 3, 1848; brought to Chicago in infancy, and educated in the public schools of that city and at Michigan State University. In 1868 he began the study of law, was admitted to practice three years later, and, in 1876, was elected State's Attorney, being reelected in 1880. While in this office he was connected with some of the most important cases ever brought Chicago courts. before the Although he has held no official position except that already mentioned, his abilities at the bar and on the rostrum are widely recognized, and his services, as an attorney and an orator, have been in frequent demand. MILLSTADT, a town in St. Clair County, on branch of Mobile it Ohio Railroad, 14 miles southsoutheast of St. Louis; has electric lights, churches, schools, bank, newspaper, coal mines, and manufactures flour, beer and butter. Population (1890), 1,186; (1900), 1,172.

MILWAUKEE & Chicago, Milwaukee

ST.

PAUL RAILWAY.

&

Paul Railway.)

St.

(See

MINER, Orlin H., State Auditor, was born in Vermont, May 13, 1825 from 1834 to '51 he lived ;

in Ohio, the latter year

coming to Chicago, where

he worked at his trade of watch-maker. In 1855 he went to Central America and was with General William Walker at Grey town. Returning to Illinois, he resumed his trade at Springfield; in 1857 lie was appointed, by Auditor Dubois, chief clerk in the Auditor's office, serving until 1864, when he was elected State Auditor as successor to his chief. Retiring from oflSce in 1869, he gave attention to his private business. He was one of the founders and a Director of the Springfield Iron Company. Died in 1879. MINIER, a village of Tazewell County, at the intersection of the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 26 miles southeast of Peoria;

is

in fine

farming district and has several grain elevators, some manufactures, two banks and a newspaper. Population

(1S90), 664; (1900), 746.

MIJfONK, a city in Woodford County, 29 miles north of Bloomington and 53 miles northeast of Peoria, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Illinois Central Railways. The surrounding region is agricultural, though much coal is mined in the vicinity. The city has brick yards, tile factories, steam flouring-mills, several grain elevators,

two private banks and two weekly

newspapers. 2,316; (1900),

Population

(1880),

1,913;

(1890),

2,-546.

MINORITY REPRESENTATION,

a method of

choosing members of the General Assembly and other deliberative bodies, designed to secure representation, in such bodies, to minority parties. In Illinois, this method is limited to the election of members of the lower branch of the General Assembly except as to private corporations, which may, at their option, apply it in the election of Trustees or Directors. In the apportionment of members of the General Assembly (see Legislative Apportionment), the State Constitution requires that the Senatorial and Representative Districts shall be identical in territory, each of such Districts being entitled to choose one Sena-

—

and three Representatives. The provisions of the Constitution, making specific application of the principle of "minority representation" (or "cumulative voting, " as it is sometimes called), declares that, in the election of Representatives, "each qualified voter may cast as many votes for one candidate as there are Representatives, or (lie) may distribute the same, or equal parts thereof, among the candidates as he shall see fit." (State Constitution, Art. TV, sections 7 and In practice, this provision gives the voter 8.) power to cast three votes for one candidate two tor

;

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. votes for one candidate and one for another, or one and a half votes to each of two candidates, or he may distribute his vote equally among

in charge of the mission, and the number of Indians among whom he labored was, that year, considerably diminished by the emigration of the

three candidates (giving one to each) but no other division is admissible without invalidating

this time, labored

;

Other forms of minorrepresentation have been proposed by various

Kaskaskias to the south.

his ballot as to this office.

incapacitated

ity

medicine

writers,

among whom

Thomas Hare, John

Mr.

Stuart Mill, and

Sir. Craig, of England, are most prominent but that adopted in Illinois seems to be the simplest and most easy of application. ;

MIXSHALL, William A., who came

a native of Ohio

legislator

and

to Rushville,

jurist, 111.,

at

an early day, and entered upon the practice of law; served

as Representative in

the

Eighth,

Tenth and Twelfth General Assemblies, and as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1847.

He was

elected

Judge of the Circuit

Court for the Fifth Circuit, under the new Constitution, in 1848, and died in office, early in 1853, being succeeded by the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker.

MISSIONARIES, EARLY. tian missionaries in Illinois

Catholic faith.

As a rule,

The earliest Chriswere of the Roman

these accompanied the

French explorers and did not a little toward the extension of French dominion. They were usually

members

—

of one of two orders the "Recollects," founded by St. Francis, or the "Jesuits," founded by Loyola. Between these two bodies of ecclesiat times, a strong rivalry; the former having been earlier in the field, but having been virtually subordinated to the latter by Cardinal Richelieu. The controversy between the two orders gradually involved the civil authorities, and continued until the suppression of the Jesuits, in France, in 1764. The most noted of the Jesuit missionaries were Fathers Allouez, Gravier, Marquette, Dablon, Pinet, Rasle, Lamoges, Binneteau and Marest. Of the Recollects, the most conspicuous were Fathers Membre, Douay, Le Clerq, Hennepin and Ribourde. Besides these, there were also Father Bergier and Montigny, who, belonging to no religious order, were called secular priests. The first Catholic mission, founded in Illinois, was probably that at the original Kaskaskia. on the Illinois, in the present county of La Salle, where Father Marquette did missionary work in 1673, followed by Allouez in 1677. (See Allo2iez, Claude Jean. The latter was succeeded, in 1688, by Father Gravier, who was followed, in 1692, by Father Sebastian Rasle, but who, returning in 1694, remained until 1695, when he was succeeded by Pinet and Binneteau. In 1700 Father Marest was

astics existed,

)

man

Father Gravier, about

among

the Peorias, but was

by a wound received from the of the tribe, which finally resulted

in his death, at Mobile, in 1706.

The Peoria station

remained vacant for a time, but was finally filled by Father Deville. Another early Catholic mis-

was that at Cahokia. While the precise date of its establishment cannot be fixed with certainty, there is evidence that it was in sion in Illinois

existence in 1700, being the earliest in that region. Among the early Fathers, who ministered to the savages there, were Pinet, St. Cosme, Bergier and

Lamoges. This mission was at first called the Tamaroa, and, later, the mission of St. Sulpice. It was probably the first permanent mission in the Country. Among those in charge, down were Fathers de Montigny, Damon (proband le Mercier. In 1707, Father Mermet assisted Father Marest at Kaskaskia, and, in 1720, that mission became a regularly constituted parish, the incumbent being Father de Beaubois. Rev. Philip Boucher preached and administered the sacraments at Fort St. Louis, where he died in 1719, having been preceded by Fathers Membre and Ribourde in 1680, and by Fathers Douay and Le Clerq in 1687-88. The persecution and banisliment of the Illinois

to 1718,

ably), Varlet, de la Source,

early Jesuit missionaries, by the Superior Coimcil of Louisiana (of which Illinois had formerly been a part), in 1763, is a curious chapter in State history. That bod}', following the example of some

provincial legislative bodies in France, officially declared the order a dangerous nuisance, and decreed the confiscation of all its property, in-

cluding plate and vestments, and the razing of its churches, as well as the banishment of its members. This decree the Loviisiana Council undertook to enforce in Illinois, disregarding tlie fact that that territory had passed under the jurisdiction of Great Britain. The Jesuits seem to have offered no resistance, either physical or

and all members of the order in Illinois were ruthlessly, and without a shadow of authorcarried to New Orleans and thence deported to France. Only one— Father Sebastian Louis Meurin was allowed to return to Illinois and he, only after promising to recognize the ecclesiastical legal,

ity,

—

;

authority of the Superior Council as supreme, and to hold no communication with Quebec or

Rome. The labors of the missionaries, apart from spiritual results, were of great value. They

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

380

perpetuated tlie records of early discoveries, reduced the language, and even dialects, of the aborigines, to grammatical rules, and preserved the original traditions and described the customs (Authorities: Shea and Kip's of the savages. "Catholic Missions," "Magazine of

Western His-

tory," Winsor's "America," and Shea's "Catholic Church in Colonial Days.") MISSISSIPPI KIVEK. (Indian name, "Missi

head waters are

Sipi," the "Great

Water.")

in the northern

part of Slinnesota, 1,680 feet Its chief source is Itasca

above tide-water.

Its

Lake, which is 1,575 feet higher than the sea, and which is fed by a stream having its source within one mile of the head waters of the Red River of the North. From this sheet of water to the mouth of the river, the distance is variously estimated at from 3.000 to 3,160 miles. Lake Itasca is in lat. 47° 10' north and Ion. 95' 20' west from Greenwich. The river at first runs northward, but soon turns toward the east and expands Its course, as far as into a series of small lakes.

Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, below which it runs southward to St. Cloud, thence southeastward to Minneapolis, where occur the Falls of St. Anthony, establishing a complete barrier to navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than a mile the river descends 66 feet, including a perpendicular fall of 17 feet, furnishing an immense water-power, which is utilized in operating flouring-mills and other manufacturing establishments. A few miles below St. Paul it reaches the western boundary of Wisconsin, where it expands into the long and beautiful Lake Pepin, bordered by picturesque limestone bluffs, some point

Below Dubuque its general direction is southward, and it forms the boundary between the States ot Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas and the northern part of Louisiana, on the west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and MisAfter many sinuous turnsissippi, on the east. 400 feet high.

ings in its southern course, it enters the Gulf of Mexico by three principal passes, or mouths, at the southeastern extremity of Plaquemines 39" north and Ion. 89° 12' Its principal affluents on the right are the Minnesota, Iowa, Des Moines, Missouri, Arkansas and Red Rivers, and, on the left, the Wisconsin, Illinois and Ohio. The Missouri River is longer than that part of the Jlississippi above the point of junction, the distance from its source to the

Parish, La., in lat.

west.

delta of the latter being about 4,300 miles, which exceeds that of any other river in the world. The width of the stream at St. Louis is about 3,500 feet, at the mouth of the Ohio nearly 4,500

feet,

and

mean

at

New

Orleans about 2,500

The

feet.

velocity of the current between St. Louis is about five to five and

and the Gulf of Mexico

miles per hour. The average depth is said to be 121 feet, though, in the vicinity of New Orleans, the maximum is said to reach 150 feet. The principal rapids below the Falls of St. Anthony are at Rock Island and the Des Moines Rapids above Keokuk, the former having twenty-two feet fall and the latter twenty-four feet. A canal around the Des Moines Rapids, along the west bank of the river, aids navigation. The alluvial banks which preone-half

below Red River

on one or both shores of the lower Mississippi, often spread out into extensive "bottoms" which vail

are of inexhaustible fertility.

tant of these above the

mouth

The most imporof the Ohio,

is

the

"American Bottom," extending along the east bank from Alton to Chester. Immense sums have been spent in the construction of levees for the protection of the lauds along the lower river from overflow, as also in the construction of a system of jetties at the mouth, to improve navigation by deepening the channel.

MISSISSIPPI RIYER BRIDGE, THE, one of tlie best constructed railroad bridges in the West, spanning the Mississippi from Pike, 111., to Louisiana, Mo. The construction company was chartered, April 25, 1873, and the bridge was ready for the passage of trains on Dec. 24, 1873. On Dec. 3, 1877, it was leased in perpetuity by the Chicago & Alton Railway Compan)', which holds all its stock and §150,000 of its bonds as an investment, imy ing a rental of 860, 000 per annum to be applied in the payment of 7 per cent interest on stock and G per cent on bonds. In 1894, §71,000 was jjaid for rental, §16,000 going toward a sinking fund. ,

MOBILE & OHIO RAILROAD.

This company

operates 160.6 miles of road in Illinois, of which 151.6 are leased

road.

(See St. Louis

MOLINE, a

Louis & Cairo RailCairo Railroad.)

from the

&

St.

flourishing manufacturing city in

Rock

Island County, incorporated in 1873, on the Mississippi above Rock Island and opposite

Davenport, Iowa; is 168 miles south of west from Chicago, and the intersecting point of three trunk lines of railway. Moline, Rock Island and Davenport are connected by steam and street railways, bridges

and

ferries.

All three obtain

The region water-power from the Mississippi. around Moline is rich in coal, and several productive mines are operated in the vicinity. It is an important manufacturing point, its chief outputs being agricultural implements, filters, malleable iron, steam engines, vehicles, lumber, organs

— HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

and

schools, gas library,

daily

tiiree

and

;

1897.

MOMENCE, ated on the

a town in Kankakee County, situKankakee River and at the intersec-

& Eastern Illinois and the & Iowa Railroads, 54 miles south has water power, a flouring miU, enameled brick factory, railway repair shops, two banks, two newspapers, five churches and two schools. Population (1890), 1,635; (1900), 2,036. MOXMOUTH, the county-seat of AVarren County, 26 miles east of the Mississippi River; at point of intersection of two lines of the Chicago, tion of the Chicago

Indiana, Illinois

of Chicago;

Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Central Railways. The Santa Fe enters Monmouth on the Iowa Central lines. The surrounding country is agricultural and coal yielding. The city has manufactories of agricultural implements, sewerpipe, pottery, paving brick, and cigars. Monmouth College (United Presbyterian) was chartered in 1857, and the library of this institution, with that of Warren County (also located at Monmouth) aggregates 30,000 volumes. There

two daily, three weekly and two other periodical publications. An appropriation was made by the Fifty-fifth Congress

are three national banks,

for the erection of a

Government building

Monmouth. Population

(1890), 5,936; (1900), 7,460.

at

MONMOUTH COLLEGE, tution,

an educational insticontrolled by the United Presbj'terian

denomination, but non-sectarian

:

located at Jlon-

mouth. It was founded in 1856, its first class graduating in 1858. Its Presidents have been Drs. D. A. Wallace (1856-78) and J. B. McMichael, the latter occupying the position from 1878 until 1897.

In 1896

instructors

the faculty con,sisted of

fifteen

and the number of students was

289.

four years' study

first three,

is

required;

for the degree of B.L., three years.

weekly

MONROE,

It also

;

college

of the

electric light plants, a public

banks,

five

has an extensive electric power plant; electric street cars and interm-ban line. Population (1890), 13,000; (1900), 17,248. MOLOXET, Maurice T., ex- Attorney-General, was born in Ireland, in 1849 came to America in 1867, and, after a course in the Seminary of "Our Lady of the Angels" at Niagara Falls, studied theology then taught for a time in Virginia and studied law at the University of that State, graduating in 1871, finally locating at Ottawa, 111., where he served three years as State's Attorney of La Salle County, and, in 1892, was nominated and elected Attorney-General on the Democratic State ticket, serving until January, papers.

381

campus covers ten acres, tastefully The institution confers four degrees laid out. A.B., B.S., M.B., and B.L. For the conferring The

and reed), paper, lead-roofing, wind-mills, milling machinery, and furniture. The city has admirable water-works, several churches, good (pipe

George D., State Senator, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y. Sept. 24, 1844, and came with his parents to Illinois in 1849. His father having been elected Sheriff of Will County in 1864, he became a resident of Joliet, serving as a deputy in his father's office. In 1865 he engaged in merchandising as tlie partner of his father, which was exchanged, some fifteen years ,

.

the wholesale grocery trade, and, finally, and mortgage-loan business, in is still employed. He has also been extensively engaged in the stone business some twenty years, being a large stockholder in the Western Stone Company and Vice-President of the concern. In 1894 Mr. Monroe was elected, as a Republican, to the State Senate from the Twenty-fifth District, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assemblies, and proving himself one of the most influential members of that body. later, for

for the real-estate

wliich he

MONROE COUNTY, situated in the southwest part of the State, bordering on the Missi.ssippi named

for President Monroe. Its area is about 380 square miles. It was organized in 1816 and

included within

French

villages

its

boundaries

which

several

constituted,

for

of

the

many

a center of civilization in the West. American settlers, however, began to locate in the district as early as 1781. The county has a years,

diversified surface and is heavily timbered. The embracing both upland and river bottom. Agricultui-e and the manufacture and shipping of lumber constitute leading occupations of the citizens. Waterloo is the county-seat. Population (1890). 12,948; (1900). 13,847. soil is fertile,

MONTGOMERY COUNTY, situated northeast

of

St.

an interior county,

Louis and

Springfield; area 702 square

miles,

south of population

30,836— derives its name from Gen. Richard Montgomery. The earliest settlements by Americans were toward the close of 1816, county organization being effected five years later. The entire population, at that time, scarcely exceeded 100 families. The surface is undulating, well watered and timbered. The seat of county government is located at Hillsboro. Litchfield is an important town. Here are situated car-shops and some manufacturing establishments. Conspicuous in (1900)

,

'

the

county's history as

Reavis,

Henry

Pyatt,

pioneers were Harris John Levi, Aaron Casey

"

;

niSTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

382

John

Tillson,

(Joseph

and

Hiram Rountree, the Charles),

the

Hills

Wrights (John and

Hemy), William McDavid and John Russell. MOXTICELLO, a city and the county-seat of Piatt County, on the Sangamon River, midway between Chicago and St. Louis, on the Kankakee and Bloomington Division of the Illinois Central, and the Chicago and St. Louis Division of the

Wabash

ILLINOIS.

of Bloomington,

Mr. Moore, a few years later, began operating extensively iu Illinois lands, and is now one of the largest land proprietors in

the State, besides being interested iu a number of manufacturing ventures and a local bank. The only ofiicial position of importance he has held is that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70.

He

is an enthusiand art treasures,

within the 'corn belt, extensively carried on in the surrounding country. Among the city industries

astic collector of State historical

are a foundry and machine shops, steam fiom- and planing mills, broom, cigar and harness-making,

MOORE, Henry, pioneer lawyer, came to Chicago from Concord, Mass., in 1834, and was almost immediately admitted to the bar, also acting for a time as a clerk in the office of Col. Richard J. Hamilton, who held pretty much all the county offices on the organization of Cook County. Mr. Moore was one of the original Trustees of Rush Medical College, and obtained from the Legislature the first charter for a gas company in Chicago. In 1838 he went to Havana, Cuba, for the benefit of his failing health, but subsecjuently returned to Concord, Mass., where he died some years afterward. MOORE, James, pioneer, was born in the State of Maryland in 1750; was married in his native State, about 1773, to Miss Catherine Biggs, later removing to Virginia. In 1777 he came to the Illinois Country as a spy, preliminary to the contemplated expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark, which captured Kaskaskia in July, 1778. After the Clark expedition (in which he served as Captain, by appointment of Gov. Patrick Henry), he returned to Virginia, where he remained until 1781, when he organized a party of emigrants, which he accompanied to Illinois, spending the winter at Kaskaskia. The following year they located at a point iu the northern part of Monroe County, which afterwards received the name of Bellefontaine. After his arrival in Illinois, he organized a company of "Minute Men," of which he was chosen Captain. He was a man of prominence and influence among the early settlers, but died in 1788. A numerous and influential family of his descendants have grown up in Southern Illinois. John (Moore), son of the preceding, was born in Maryland in 1773, and brought by his father to Illinois eight years later. He married a sister of Gen. John D. Whiteside, who afterwards became State Treasurer, and also served as Fund Commissioner of the State of Illinois under the internal improvement system. Moore was an officer of the State Militia, and served in a company of rangers during the War of 1812; was also the first County Treasurer of

Railways.

and stock-raising

It lies

'

is

and patent fence and tile works. The city is lighted by electricity, has several elevators, an excellent water system, numerous churches and good schools, with banks and three weekly Population (189U), 1,043; (lilOO). 1,983. MOXTICELLO FEMALE SEMINARY, the second institution estaliUshed in Illinois for the higher education of women Jacksonville Female Seminary being the first. It was founded through the munificence of Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, who donated fifteen acres for a site, at Godfrey, Madison County, and gave §53,000 toward erecting and equipping the buildings. The institution was opened on April 11, 1838, with sixteen young lady pupils. Rev. Theron Baldwin, one of the celebrated "Yale Band," being the first Principal. In 1843 he was succeeded by Miss Philena Fobes, and she, in turn, by Miss Harriet N. Haskell, in 1866, who still remains in charge. In November, 1883, the seminary building, with its contents, was burned but the institution continued its sessions in temporary quarters until the erection of a new building, which was soon accomplished through the generosity of alumna; and friends of female education tliroughout the country. The new strucpapers.

—

ture

is

of

stone,

three

stories in

height,

and

thoroughly modern. The average number of pupils is 150, with fourteen instructors, and the standard of the institution is of a high character. MOORE, Clifton H., lawyer and financier, was born at Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio, Oct. 26, 1817; after a brief season spent in two academies and one term in the Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary, at Kirtland, iu 1839 he came west and engaged in teaching at Pekin, 111., while giving his leisure to the study of law. He spent the next year at Tremont as Deputy County and Circuit Clerk, was admitted to the bar at Springfield in 1841, and located soon after at Clinton, DeWitt County, which has since been his home. In partnership with the late Judge David Davis,

of

which he

possesses one of the most valuable

private collections in Illinois.

—

—

—

;;;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Monroe County.

Died, Juh-

4,

1833.

— James

B.

(Moore), the third son of Capt. James Moore, was born in 1780, and brought to Illinois by his parents; in his early manhood he followed the business of keel-boating on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, visiting New Orleans. Pittsburg and other points; became a prominent Indian fighter during the War of 1813. and was commissioned Captain by Governor Edwards and authorized to raise a company of mounted rangers; also served as Sheriff of Monroe County, by appointment of Governor Edwards, in Territorial days; was Presidential Elector in 1820, and State Senator for Madison County in 1836-40, dying in the Enoch (Moore), fourth son of Capt. latter year. James Moore, the pioneer, was born in the old block-house at Belief on taine in 1782, being the first child born of American parents in Illinois served as a "ranger" in the company of his brother, James B. occupied the office of Clerk of the Circuit Court, and afterwards that of Judge of Probate of Monroe County during the Territorial period was Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, and served as Representative from Monroe County in the Second General Assembly, later filling various county offices for ;

;

years. He died in 1848. MOORE, Jesse H., clergj-man, soldier and Congressman, born near Lebanon, St. Clair County, lU., April 22, 1817, and graduated from McKendree College in 1842. For thirteen years he was a teacher, dirring portions of this period being successively at the head of three literary institutions in the West. In 1849 he was ordained a minister of the Jlethodist Episcopal Church, but resigned pastorate duties in 1862, to take part in the War for the Union, organizing the One Hundred and Fifteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, also serving as brigade commander during the last year of the war, and being brevetted Brigadier-General at its close. After the war he re-entered the ministry, but, in 1868, while Presiding Elder of the Decatur District, he was elected to the Forty-first Congress as a Republican, being re-elected in 1870 afterwards served as Pension Agent at Spring-

some twenty

and, in 1881, was appointed United States Consul at Callao, Peru, dying in office, in that city, July 11, 1883. MOORE, John, Lieutenant-Governor (1842-46) was born in Lincolnshire, Eng.. Sept. 8, 1793;

field,

came

to

America and

settled in Illinois in 1830,

spending most of his life as a resident of Bloomington. In 1838 he was elected to the lower branch of the Eleventh General Assembly from

the

McLean

,

38a

District, and, in 1840, to the Senate,

but before the close of his term, in 1842, was elected Lieutenant-Governor with Gov. Thomas Ford. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he took a conspicuous part in recruiting the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's), of which he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, serving gallantly throughout the struggle. In 1848 he was appointed State Treasurer, as successor of Milton Carpenter, who died in office. In 1850 he was elected to the same office, and continued to discharge its duties until 1857, when he was succeeded by James Miller. Died, Sept. 23, 1863.

MOORE,

Risdon, pioneer, was born in Dela-

ware in 1760; removed to North Carolina in 1789, and, a few years later, to Hancock County, Ga. where he served two terms in the Legislature.

He

emigrated from Georgia in

1812,

and

settled

in St. Clair County, 111.—besides a family of fifteen white persons, bringing with him eighteen colored people the object of his removal being to get rid of slavery. He pm-chased a farm in

—

what was known

as the "Turkey Hill Settlement," about four miles east of Belleville, where he resided until his death in 1828. Mr. Moore became a prominent citizen, was elected to the Second Territorial House of Representatives, and was chosen Speaker, serving as such for two sessions (1814-15). He was also Representative from St. Clair County in the First. Second and Third

General Assemblies after the admission of Illinois In the last of these he was one of the most zealous opponents of the pro-slavery Convention scheme of 1822-24. He left a numerinto the Union.

ous and highly respected family of descendants, who were afterwards prominent in public affairs.

—

William (Moore),

War

his son, served as

and

a Captain in

commanded

a company in the Black Hawk War. He represented St. Clair County in the lower branch of the Ninth and Tenth General Assemblies; was a local preacher of the Methodist Church, and was President of the Board of Trustees of McKendree College at the time of his death in 1849. Risdon (Moore), Jr., a cousin of the first named Risdon Moore, was a Representative from St. Clair County in the Fourth General Assembly and Senator in the Sixth, but died before the expiration of his term, being succeeded at the next session by Adam W. Snyder. MOORE, Stephen Richey, lawyer, was born of Scotch ancestry, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 22. 1832; in 1851, entered Farmers' College near Cincinnati, graduating in 1856, and, having qualified the

of 1812,

also

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS

384

himself for the practice of law, located the following year at Kankakee, 111., which has since been his home. In 1858 he was employed in defense of the late Father Chiniquy. who recently died in Montreal, in one of the celebrated suits begun against him by dignitaries of the Roman Catholic Church. Mr. Moore is a man of striking appearance and great independence of character, a Methodist in religious belief and has generally acted politically in co-oi^eration with the Democratic party, though strongly anti-

In 1873 he was a delegate to the Liberal Republican Convention at Cincinnati which nominated Mr. Greeley for the Presidency, and, in 1896, participated in the same way in the Indianapolis Convention which nominated Gen. John M. Palmer for the same ofSce, in the following campaign giving the "Gold Democracy" a vigorous support. slavery in his views.

MORAN, Thomas

A., lawyer

and

jurist,

was

born at Bridgeport, Conn., Oct. 7, 1839; receiv'ed his preliminary education in the district schools of Wisconsin (to which State his father's family had removed in 1846), and at an academy at Salem, Wis. began reading law at Kenosha in 1859, meanwhile supporting himself by teaching. In May, 1865, he graduated from the Albany (N. Y.) Law School, and the same year commenced practice in Chicago, rapidly rising to the front rank of his profession. In 1879 he was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, ;

and re-elected in 1885. At the expiration of his second term he resumed private practice. While on the bench he at first heard only common law but later divided the business of the equity Judge Tuley. In June, he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court, of which tribunal he was, for a year, Chief Justice. MORGAN, James Dady, soldier, was born in Boston, Mass., August 1, 1810, and, at 16 years of age, went for a three years' trading voyage on the ship "Beverly." When thirty days out a mutiny arose, and shortly afterward the vessel was burned. Jlorgan escaped to South America, and. after man}- hardships, returned to Bo.ston. In 183-t he removed to Quincy, 111. and engaged in mercantile pursuits; aided in raising the "Quincy Grays" during the Jlormon difficulties (1844-45) during the Jlexioan War commanded a company in the First Regiment Illinois Volunteers in 1861 became Lieutenant-Colonel of the Tenth Regiment in the three months' service, and Colonel on reorganization of the regiment for three years; was promoted Brigadier-General cases,

side of the court with 1886,

,

;

;

in July.

186'.3,

for meritorious service

;

commanded

a brigade at Nashville, and, in March, 1865, was brevetted Major-General for gallantry at Bentonville, N. C, being mustered out, August 24, 1865. After the war he resumed business at Quincy, 111., being President of the Quincy Gas Company and Vice-President of a bank; was also President, for

some time, of the Society of the Army

of the Cumberland. Died, at Quincy, Sept. 12, 1896.

MORGAN COUNTY,

a central county of the Sangamon, and bordering on the Illinois River named for Gen. Daniel Morgan; area, 580 square miles; population (1900), State, lying west of

—

35,006.

The

probably

American

earliest

Elisha

and

settlers

Seymoiu; Kellogg,

were

who

located on Mauvaisterre Creek in 1818. Dr. George

Caldwell came in 1820, and was the

first

phy-

and Dr. Ero Chandler settled on the present site of the city of Jacksonville in 1821. sician,

Immigrants began

to arrive in large

numbers

1822, and, Jan. 31, 1823. the county was organized, the first election being held at the house of James G. Swinerton, six miles south-

about

west of the present city of Jacksonville. OlniMound was the first county-seat, but this choice was only temporary. Two years later, Jacksonville was selected, and has ever since so stead's

continued. (See Jacksonville.) Cass Coimty was cut off from Morgan in 1837, and Scott County in 1839. About 1837 Jlorgan was the most populous coimty in the State. The county is nearlj- equally divided between woodland and prairie, and is well watered. Besides the Illinois River on its western border, there are several smaller streams, among them Indian, Apple, Sandy and Mauvaisterre Creeks. Bituminous coal underlies the eastern part of the county, and

crop out along the Illinois River Sandstone has also been quarried. a suburban village of Cook County, 13 miles south of Chicago, on the Chi-

thin veins bluffs.

MORGAN PARK,

cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway is the seat Academy (a preparator}- branch) of the University of Chicago and the Scandinavian Department of the Divinity School connected with Population (1880), 187; the same institution. ;

of the

(1890), 1,027; (1900), 2,329.

MORMONS, a religious Smith,

Jr.,

August

6,

sect, foimded by Joseph Seneca County, X. Y., themselves the "Church of

at Fayette,

1830, styling

Jesus Christ of Latter- Day Saints. " Membership in 1892 was estimated at 230,000, of whom some 20,000 were outside of the United States. Their religious teachings are peculiar. They avow faith in the Trinity and in the Bible (as by them

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. They Mormon''

interpreted).

"Book

of

however, that the assumed to be of divine

believe,

—

—

and a direct revelation to Smith is of equal authority with the Scriptm-es, if not supeAmong their ordinances are rior to them. baptism and the laying-on of hands, and, in their church organization, they recognize various orders apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangelThey also believe in the restoration of ists, etc. the Ten Tribes and the literal re assembhng of Israel, the return and rule of Christ in person, and the rebuilding of Zion in America. Polygorigin

—

encouraged and made an article of faith, though professedly not practiced under existing laws in the United States. The supreme power

amy

is

who

has authority in temporal and spiritual affairs alike; although there is less effort now than formerly, on the part of the priesthood, to interfere in temporalities. Driven from New York in 1831, Smith and his followers first settled at Kirtland, Ohio. There, for a time, the sect flourished and built a temple but, within seven years, their doctrines and practices excited so much hostility that they were forced to make another removal. Their next settlement was at Far West, Mo. but here the hatred toward them became so intense as to open war. From Missouri they result in recrossed the Mississippi and founded the city of Nauvoo, near Commerce, in Hancock County, 111. The charter granted by the Legislature was an extraordinary instrument, and well-nigh made the city independent of the State. Nauvoo soon obtained commercial importance, in two years becoming a city of some 16,000 inhabitants. The Mormons rapidly became a powerful factor in State politics, when there broke out a more bitter public enmity than the sect had yet encountered. Internal dissensions also sprang up, and, in 1844, a discontented Mormon founded a newspaper at Nauvoo, in which he violently assailed the prophet and threatened him with exposure. Smith's answer to this was the destruction of the printing office, and the editor promptly secured a warrant for his arrest, returnable at Carthage. Smith went before a friendly justice at Nauvoo, who promptly discharged him, but he positively refused to appear before the Carthage magistrate. Thereupon the latter issued a second warrant, charging Smith with treason. This also was treated with contempt. The militia was called out to make the arrest, and the Mormons, who had formed a strong military organization, armed to defend their leader. After a few trifling clashes between the soldiers

is

vested in a President,

;

•

385

and the "Saints," Smith was per.suaded to surrender and go to Carthage, the county-seat, where he was incarcerated in the county jail. Within twenty-four hours (on Sunday, June 37, 1844), a mob attacked the prison. Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were killed, and some of their adherents, who had accompanied them to jail, were wounded. Brigham Young (then an apostle) at once assumed the leadership and, after several months of intense popular excitement, in the following year led his followers across the Mississippi, finally locating (184T) in Utah. (See also Nauvoo.) There their history has not been free from charges of crime; but, whatever may be the character of the leaders, they have succeeded in building up a prosperous community in a region which they found a virtual desert, a little more than forty years ago. The polity of the Church has been greatly modified in consequence of restrictions placed upon it by Congressional legislation, especially in reference to polygamy, and by contact with other communities. (See Smith, Joseph.) MORRIS, a city and the county-seat of Grundy County, on the Illinois River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 61 miles southwest of Chicago. It is an extensive grain market, and the center of a region rich in bituminous coal. There is valuable water-power here, and is

much manufacturing

done, including builders" hardware, plows, iron paper car-wheels, brick and tile, flour

specialties,

and planing-mills, oatmeal and tanned leather. There are also a normal and scientific school, two national banks and three daily and weekly newspapers.

Population (1880), 3,486;

(1890),

3,653;

(1900), 4,273.

MORRIS, Buckner Smith, at Augusta, Ky.,

August

early lawyer

19, 1800;

born

was admitted

to the bar in 1837, and, for seven years thereafter, continued to reside in Kentucky, serving two In 1834 terras in the Legislatvire of that State.

he removed to Chicago, took an active part in the incorporation of the city, and was elected its second Mayor in 1838. In 1840 he was a Whig candidate for Presidential Elector, Abraham Lincoln running on the same ticket, and, in 1853, was defeated as the Whig candidate for Secretary of State. He was elected a Judge of the Seventh Circuit in 1851, but declined a renomination in 1855. In 1856 he accepted the

American

(or

Know-Nothing)

nomination for

Governor, and, in 1860, that of the Bell-Everett party for the same office. He was vehemently opposed to the election of either Lincoln or

a

IIISTOltlCAL

386

ENCYCLOPEDIA OE

BreckenridKe to the Presidenoy, believing that

A shadow civil war would result in either event. was thrown across his life, in 1864, by his arrest and trial for alleged complicity in a rebel plot to burn and pillage Chicago and liberate the prisoners of war held at Camp Douglas. The trial, however, which was held at Cincinnati, resulted in his acquittal.

Died, in Kentucky,

Dec. 18, 1879. Those who knew Judge Morris, in his early life in the city of Chicago, describe him as a man of genial and kindly disposition, in spite of his opposition to the abolition of slavery

—

had much to do with his acquittal of the charge of complicity w4th the Camp Douglas conspiracy, as the evidence of his being in commimication with the leading con(See spirators appears to have been conclusive. Camp Douglas Conspiracy.) MORRIS, Freeman P., lawyer and politician, was born in Cook County, III, March 19. 1854, labored on a farm and attended the district school in his youth, but completed his education in Chicago, graduating from the Union College of Law, and was admitted to practice in 1874, when he located at Watseka, Iroquois County. In 1884 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the House of Representatives from the Iroquois District, and has since been re-elected in 1888, "94, "96, being one of the most influential members of In 1893 he was appointed his party in that body. by Governor Altgeld Aid-de-Camp, with the rank fact which, no doubt,

of Colonel, on his personal staff, but resigned in 1896.

MORRIS, man, was

Isaac Newton, lawyer and Congressborn at Bethel, Clermont County,

Ohio, Jan. 23, 1812; educated at Miami University, admitted to the bar in 183.5, and the next year removed to Quincy, 111. was a member and ;

President of the Board of Canal Commissioners (1842-43), served in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48) was elected to Congress as a Democrat in 1856, and again in 1858, but opposed the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Constitution in 1868 supported General Grant— who ;

;

had been

Union

—

boyhood for President, was appointed a member of the

his friend in

and, in 1870,

Pacific Railroad Commission.

Died, Oct.

29, 1879.

MORRISON, a

the county-seat of Whiteside County, founded in 1855; is a station on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 124 miles Agriculture, dairying and west of Chicago. stock-raising are the principal pursuits in the surrounding region. The city has good watercity,

works, sewerage, electric lighting and several

ILLIXOLS.

manufactories, including carriage and refrigerator works; also has numerous churches, a large

graded school, a public library and adequate banking facilities, and two weekly papers. Greenhouses for cultivation of vegetables for winter market are carried on. Pop. (1900), 2,308. MORRISON, Isaac L., lawyer and legislator, born in Barren County, Ky., in 1826; was educated in the common schools and the Masonic Seminary of his native State; admitted to the bar, and came to Illinois in 1851, locating at where he has become a leader of the bar and of the Republican party, which he assisted to organize as a member of its first State Convention at Bloomington, in 1856. He was also a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a second time. Mr. Morrison was three times elected to the lower house of the General Assembly (1876, "78 and "82), and, by his clear judgment and incisive powers as a public speaker, took a high rank as a leader in that body. Of late years, he has given his attention solely to the practice of his profession in

Jacksonville,

Jacksonville.

MORRISON, James Lowery

Donaldson, poll lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kas111., April 12, 1816; at the age of 16 was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy, but leaving the service in 1836, read law with Judge Nathaniel Pope, and was admitted to tician,

kaskia.

the bar, practicing at Belleville. He was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly from St. Clair County, in 1844, and to the State Senate In 1852 he was an in 1848, and again in '54. unsuccessful candidate for the Lieutenant-Governorship on the Whig ticket, but, on the dissolution of that party, allied himself with the Democracy, and was, for many years, its leader in Southern Illinois. In 1855 he was elected to Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Lyman Trumbull, who had been elected to the United States Senate. In 1860 he was a candidate before the Democratic State Convention for the nomination for Governor, but was defeated by James C. Allen. After that year he took no prominent part in public affairs. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he was among the first to

a company of volunteers, and was coiimiissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Regiment (Colonel Bissell's). For gallant services at Buena Vista, the Legislature presented him with a sword. He took a prominent part in the incorporation of railroads, and, it is claimed, drafted and introduced in the Legislature the charter of raise

—

— HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

387

the Illinois Central Railroad in 1851. Died, at St. Louis, Mo., August 14, 1888. MORRISOX, William, pioneer merchant, came

sioned Colonel. The regiment was mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861, and took part in the battle of Fort

from Philadelphia, Pa., toKaskaskia,

severely wounded.

111.,

in 1790,

the mercantile house of Bryant & Morrison, of Philadelphia, and finally established an extensive trade throughout the Mississippi Valley, supplying merchants at St. Louis, St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New as

representative

of

He is also said to have sent an agent with a stock of goods across the plains, with a view to opening up trade with the Jlexicans at Santa Fe, about 1804, but was defrauded by the Madrid.

agent,

who

appropriated the goods to his

own

without accounting to his emploj'er. the principal merchant in the Terridoing a thriving business in early days, when Kaskaskia was the principal supply point He is defor merchants throughout the valley. scribed as a public-spirited, enterprising man, to whom was due the chief part of the credit for securing construction of a bridge across the Kaskaskia River at the town of that name. He died at Kaskaskia in 1837, and was buried in the cemeRobert (Morrison), a brother of the tery there. preceding, came to Kaskaskia in 1793, was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court in 1801, retaining the position for many years, He was the besides holding other local offices. benefit

He became tory,

father of Col. James L. D. Morrison, politician soldier of the Mexican War, whose sketch is given elsewhere. Joseph (Morrison), the oldest son of "William Morrison, went to Ohio, residing there several years, but finally returned to Prairie du Rocher, where he died in 184.5. —James, another son, went to Wisconsin; William located at Belleville, dying there in 1843; while Lewis? another son, settled at Covington, AVashington County, 111., where he practiced medicine up to 18.51 then engaged in mercantile business at Chester, dying there in 1856.

and

;

MORRISON, William Inter-State

Ralls, ex-Congressman.

Commerce Commissioner, was

born,

Monroe County, 111., and educated at McKendree College served as a private in the Mexican War, at its close studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1855; in 1852 was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe

Sept. 14, 1825, in

;

County, but resigned before the close of his term, accepting the ofiice of Representative in the State

which he was elected in 1854; was and again in 1858, serving as Speaker of the House during the session of 1859. In 1861 he assisted in oi:ganizing the Forty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers and was commisLegislature, to

re-elected in 1856,

Donelson in February following, where he was 1862,

While yet

in the service, in

he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, resigned his commission, but was de-

when he

feated for re-election, in 1864, by Jehu Baker, as he was again in 1866, In 1870 he was again elected to the General Assembly, and, two years later (1872), returned to Congress from the Belleville District, after which he served in that body,

by successive

re-elections, nine terms and until 1887, being for several terms Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee and promi-

nent in the tariff legislation of that period. In March, 1887, President Cleveland appointed him a member of the first Inter-State Commerce Commission for a period of five years; at the close of his term he was reappointed, by President Harrison, for a full term of six years, serving a part of the time as President of the Board, and retiring

from

oflSce in 1898.

JIORRISONVILLE, a town in Christian County, situated on the Wabash Railway, 40 miles soutliwest of Decatur and 20 miles northnorthef..st

of Litchfield

Grain

is

raised in the surrounding region,

with

extensively

and Morrison-

elevators and mill, is an important shipping-point. It has brick and tile works, ville,

its

electric lights,

and high

two banks,

schools,

graded

five churches,

and a weekly paper.

Popula-

tion (1890). 844; ^1900), 934; (1903, est.), 1,200.

MORTOX, a village of Tazewell County, at the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 10 miles southeast of Peoria; has factories, a bank and a newspaper.

MORTON, tor,

Population (1890), 657; (1900), 894. Joseph, pioneer "farmer and legisla-

was born

in Virginia,

August

1,

1801

;

came

Madison County, 111., in 1819, and the following year to Morgan County, when he engaged in farming in the vicinity of Jacksonville. He served as a member of the House in the Tenth and Fifteentli General Assemblies, and as Senator in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth. He was a Democrat in politics, but. on questions of State to

local policy, was non-partisan, faithfully representing the interests of his constituents. Died, at his liome near Jacksonville, March 2, 1881. MOSES, Adolph, lawyer, was born in Speyer, Germany, Feb. 27, 1837, and, until fifteen years of age, was educated in the public and Latin schools of his native country in the latter part of 1852, came to America, locating in New Orleans, and, for some years, being a law student

and

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

38f

Louisiana University, under the preoeptorsliip of Randall Hunt and otlier eminent lawyers of tliat State. In tlie early days of the Civil War he espoused the cau.se of the Confederacy, serving some two years as an officer of the Twenty-first Louisiana Regiment. Coming north at the expiration of this period, he resided for a time in Quincy, III, but, in 1809, removed to Chicago, where he took a place in the front rank at the he has resided ever since. bar, and where Although in sj'mpatliy with the general principles of the Democratic party. Judge Moses is an independent voter, as shown by the fact that he voted for General Grant for President in 1868, and supported the leading measures of the RepubHe is the editor and pub lican party in 1896. lisher of "The National Corporation Reporter," established in 1890, and which is devoted to the interests of business corporations. in

MOSES, John, lawyer and

author, was born at Canada, Sept. 18, 1825; came to family locating first at Naples, He pursued the vocation of a Scott County. teacher for a time, studied law, was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court for Scott County in 1856, and served as County Judge from 1857 to 1861. The latter year he became the private secretary of Governor Yates, serving until 1863, during that period assisting in the organization of seventyseven regiments of Illinois Volunteers. While serving in this capacity, in company with Governor Yates, he attended the famous conference of loyal Governors, held at Altoona, Pa., in September, 1862, and afterwards accompanied the Governors in their call upon President Lincoln, a few days after the issue of the preliminary proclamation of emancipation. Having received the appointment, from President Lincoln, of Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Tenth Illinois District, he resigned the position of private secretary to Governor Yates. In 1874 he was chosen Representative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly for the District composed of Scott, Pike and Calhoun Counties served as a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia, in 1872, and as Secretary of the Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners for three years (1880-83). He was then appointed Special Agent of the Treasury Department, and assigned to duty in connection with the customs revenue at Chicago. In 1887 he was chosen Secretary of the Chicago Historical Society, serving until 1893. While connected with the Chicago Historical Library he brought out the most complete History of Illinois yet published, in two

Niagara

Falls,

Illinois in 1837, his

;

volumes, and also, in connection with tlie late Major Kirkland, edited a History of Chicago in two large volumes. Other literary work done by Judge Moses, includes "Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the War Governor of Illinois," in the form of lectures or addre.sses. Died in Chicago, July 3, 1898. MOULTON, Samuel W., lawyer and Congressman, was born at Wenham, Mass., Jan. 20, 1822, where he was educated in the public schools. After spending some years in the South, he removed to Illinois (1845), where he studied law, and was admitted to the bar, commencing practice at Shelbyville. From 1852 to 1859 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assembh-; in 1857, was a Presidential Elector on the Buchanan ticket, and was President of the State Board of Education from 1859 to 1876. In 1864 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in

Congress for the State-at-large, being again, as a Democrat,

elected

from the Shelbyville Dis-

1880 and '82. During the past few years (including the campaign of 1896) Mr. Moulton

trict, in

has acted in cooperation with the Republican party.

MOULTRIE COUNTY, a comparatively small county in the eastern section of the middle tier of the State named for a revolutionary hero. Area, 340 square miles, and population (by the census Moultrie was one of the early of 1900), 15.224. "stamping grounds" of the Kickapoos, who were always friendly to English-speaking settlers. The earliest immigrants were from the Southwest, but arrivals from Northern States soon followed. County organization was effected in 1843, both

—

Shelby and Macon Coimties surrendering a portion of territory. A vein of good bituminous coal underlies the count}', but agriculture is tlie more important industry. Sullivan is the county-seat, selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was about 1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Governor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil War) began the practice of law here.

MOUND-BUILDERS, WORKS OF THE. One most conclusive evidences that the MisValley was once occupied by a people and civilization from the Indians found occupying the soil when of the

sissippi

different in customs, character

first white explorers visited it, is the existence of certain artificial mounds and earthworks, of the origin and purposes of which the Indians seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. These works extend throughout the valley from the Allegheny to the Rocky Mountains, being much more numerous, however, in some portions than

the

:

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and

also varying greatly in form.

This fact, with the remains found in some of them, has been regarded as evidence that the pm-poses of their construction were widely variant. They have consequently been classified by archaeologists as sepulchral, religious, or defensive, while some seem to have had a purpose of which writers on the subject are unable to form any in others,

satisfactory conception,

and which

are, therefore,

still regarded as an vmsolved mystery. Some of the most elaborate of these works are found along the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley, especially in Ohio and the fact that they appear to belong to the defensive class, has led to the conclusion that this region was occupied by a race practically homogeneous, and that these works were designed to prevent the encroachment of Illihostile races from beyond the AUeghenies. nois being in the center of the valley, comparatively few of these defensive works are found here, those of this character which do exist being ;

(See Fortireferred to a different era and race. Prehistoric.) While these works are

fications.

numerous in some portions of Illinois, their form and structure gh-e evidence that they were erected by a peaceful people, however bloody may have been some of the rites performed on those

designed for a religious purpose. Their also imply a dense population. This is

numbers

American Bottom opposite the city of St. Louis, which is the seat of the most remarkable group of earth works of this character on the continent. The especially true of that portion of the

central, or principal structui'e of this group, is known, locally, as the great "Cahokia Mound," being situated near the creek of that name which empties into the Mississippi just below the city of East St. Louis. It is also called "Monks' Mound," from the fact that it was occupied early in the present century bj' a community of Slonks of La Trappe. a portion of whom succumbed to the malarial influences of the climate, while the survivors returned to the original seat of their order. This mound, from its form and commanding size, has been supposed to belong to the class called "temple mounds." and has been described as "the monarch of all similar structui'es" and the "best representative of its class in North

William Mc Adams, of Alton, who surveyed this group some years since, in his "Records of Ancient Races," gives the fol-

America."

The

late

lowing description of this principal structure "In the center of a great mass of mounds and earthworks there stands a mighty pyramid whose base covers nearly sixteen acres of ground.

389

It is not exactly square,

being a parallelogram a little longer north and south than east and west. Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side, is an apron or terrace, on which now grows an orchard of considerable size. This terrace is approached from the plain by a graded roadway. Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west side, is another much smaller, on which are now

growing some forest trees. The top. which conan acre and a half, is divided into two nearly equal parts, the northern part being four or five feet the higher. On the north, tains

.

east

.

and south, the structure

.

still

retains

its

straight side, that probably has changed but little since the settlement of the country by white

men, but remains in appearance to-day the same The west side of the pyramid, however, has its base somewhat serrated and seamed by ravines, evidently made by rainstorms and the elements. From' the second terrace a well, eighty feet in depth, penetrates the base of the structure, which is plainly seen to be ahnost wholly composed of the black, stick}' soil of the surrounding plain. It is not an oval or conical mound or hill, but a pyramid with straight sides." The approximate height of this mound is ninety feet. When first seen by white men, this was surmounted by a small conical mound some ten feet in height, from which human remains and various relics were taken while being leveled for the site of a house. Messrs. Squier and Davis, in their report on "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," published by the Smithsonian Institute (1848), estimate the contents of the structure at 20,000,000 cubic feet. A Mr. Breckenridge, who visited these mounds in 1811 and published a description of them, estimates that the construction of this principal mound must have required the work of thousands of laborers and years of time. The upper terrace, at the time of his visit, was occupied b}' the Trappists as a kitchen garden, and the top of the structure was sown in wheat. He also found nmnerous fragments of flint and earthern vessels, and concludes that "a populous city once as centuries ago.

existed here, similar to those of Mexico described

conquerors. The mounds were sites monuments to great men." AccordMr. McAdams. there are seventy-two mounds of considerable size within two miles of the main structvu-e, the group extending to the mouth of the Cahokia and embracing over one hundred in all. Most of these are square, ranging from twenty to fifty feet in height, a few are oval and one or two conical. Scattered among

by the

first

of temples or

ing

to

a

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

390

the mounds are also a number of small lakes, evidently of artificial origin. From the fact that there were a number of conspicuous mounds on the Missouri side of the river, on the present site of the city of St. Louis and its environs, it is believed that they all belonged to the same system and had a common purpose; the Cahokia Mound, from its superior size, being the center of the group and probably used for sacrificial purposes. The whole number of these structures in the American Bottom, whose outlines were still visible a few years ago, was estimated by Dr. J. W. Foster at nearly two hundred, and the presence of so large a number in close proximit)', has been accepted as evidence of a large population in the immediate vicinitj-. Mr. McAdams reports the finding of numerous specimens of pottery and artificial ornaments and implements in the Cahokia mounds and in caves and mounds between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois River, as well as on the latter some twenty-five miles from its mouth. Among the relics found in the Illinois River mounds was a burial vase, and Mr. McAdams says that, in thirty years, he has imearthed more than a

—

thousand of these, many of which closely resemble those found in the mounds of Europe. Dr. Foster also makes mention of an ancient cemetery near Chester, in which "each grave, when explored, is found to contain a cist enclosing a skeleton, for the most part far gone in decay. These cists are built up and covered with slabs of limestone, which here abound." Another noteworthy group of mounds though far inferior to the Cahokia group exists near Hutsonville in Crawford County. As described in the State Geological Survey, this group consists of fiftyfive elevations, irregularly dispersed over an area of 1,000 by 1,400 to 1,.500 feet, and varying from

—

—

—

fourteen to fifty feet in diameter, the larger ones having a height of five to eight feet. From their form and arrangement these are believed to have been mounds of habitation. In the southern portion of this group are four

mounds

of peculiar

construction and larger size, each surrounded by a low ridge or earthwork, with openings facing towards each other, indicating that they were defense-works. The location of this group few miles from a prehistoric fortification at

—

Merom, on the Indiana side of the Wabash, to which the name of "Fort Azatlan" has been given induces the belief that the two groups, like those in the American Bottom and at St. Louis, were parts of the same system. Professor Engelman, in the part of the State Geological

—

—

Survey devoted to Massac County, alludes to a remarkable group of earthworks in the Black Bend of the Ohio, as an "extensive"' system of which probably "fortifications and mounds belong to the same class as those in the Mississippi

Bottom opposite

St.

Louis and at other In the report of

points farther up the Ohio."

Government survey by Dan W. Beckwith, mention

is

Kankakee

now a

made

of a very large

River, near the

mouth

in 1834,

mound on of

the

Rock Creek,

Kankakee County.

This had a base diameter of about 100 feet, with a height of twenty feet, and contained the remains of a large number of Indians killed in a celebrated battle, in which the Illinois and Chippewas, and the Delawares and Shawnees took part. Near by were two other mounds, said to contain the remains of the chiefs of the two parties. In this case, mounds of prehistoric origin had probably been utilized as burial places by the aborigines at a comparatively recent period. Related to the Kankakee mounds, in location if not in period of construction, is a group of nineteen in number on the site of the present city of Morris, in Grundy County. Within a circuit of three miles of Ottawa it has been estimated that there were 3,000 mounds though many of these are believed to have been of Indian origin. Indeed, the whole Illinois Valley is full of these silent monuments of a prehistoric age, but they are not generally of the conspicuous character of those found in the vicinity of St. Louis and attributed to the ilound Builders. A very large and numerous group of these monuments exists along the bluffs of the Slississippi River, in the western part of Rock Island and Mercer Counties, chiefly between Drury's Landing and New Boston. Mr. J. E. Stevenson, in "The American Antiquarian." a few years ago, estimated that there were 2. .500 of these within a circuit of fifty miles, located in groups of two or three to 100, varying in diameter part of

—

—

from

and

with an elevation of two There are also numerous burial

fifteen to 150 feet,

to fifteen feet. sacrificial

mounds

in the vicinity of Chilli-

cothe, on the Illinois River, in the northeastern

—

part of Peoria County. There are but few specimens of the animal or effigy mounds, of which so

many

exist in Wisconsin, to be found in Illinois;

and the fact that these are found chiefiy on Rock River, leaves no doubt of a common origin vrith the Wisconsin groups. The most remarkable of these is the celebrated "Turtle Mound," within the present limits of the city of Rockford though some regard it as having more resemblance to an alligator. This figure, which is maintained in a

—

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. good state of preservation

by the

citizens, lias

an

extreme length of about 150 feet, by fifty in width at the front legs and thirty-nine at the hind legs, and an elevation equal to the height of a man. There are some smaller mounds in the vicinity, and some bird effigies on Rock River some six miles below Rockford. There is also an animal efBgy near the village of Hanover, in Jo Daviess County, with a considerable group of round mounds and embankments in the immediate vicinity, besides a smaller effig}' of a similar character on the north side of the Pecatonica in Stephenson County, some ten miles east of FreeThe Rook River region seems to have been port. a favorite field for the operations of the moundbuilders, as shown by the number and variety of these structures, extending from Sterling, in Whiteside County, to the Wisconsin State line. A large number of these were to be found in the

Kishwaukee River in the southWinnebago County. The famous on Rock River, just beyond the Wisconsin boundary which seems to

vicinity of the

eastern part of prehistoric

fortification

—

have been a sort of counterpart of the ancient Fort Azatlan on the Indiana side of the Wabash appears to have had a close relation to the works of the mound-builders on tlie same stream

—

in Illinois.

MOUND CITT, the county-seat of Pulaski County, on the Ohio River, seven miles north of is on a branch line of the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad. The chief industries are lumbering and ship-building; also has furniture, canning and other factories. One of the United States National Cemeteries is located here. The town has a bank and two weekly papers. Pojuilation

tries.

MOUNT CARROLL SEMINARY, ladies'

(1890), 3,550; (1900), 2,705; (1903, est.), 3,.500.

MOUNT CARMEL, a city and the county-seat Wabash County; is the point of junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Southern Railroads, 133 miles northeast of Cairo, and 24 miles southwest of Vincennes, Ind. situated on the Wabash River, which sup;

good water-power for saw mills, flouring mills, and some other manufactures. The town has railroad shops and two daily newspapers. Agriculture and lumbering are the principal pursuits of the people of the surrounding district. plies

Population

(1890), 8,376; (1900), 4,311.

MOUNT CARROLL, the county-seat of Carroll County, an incorporated city, founded in 1843; is 138 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Chicago,

Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Farming, and mining are the principal indus-

stock-raising

a

young

seminary, located at Mount Carroll, Carroll

County; incorporated in 1853; had a faculty of thirteen members in 1896, with 126 pupils, property valued at 8100,000, and a library of 5,000 volumes.

MOUNT MORRIS, a town in Ogle County, situated on the Chicago & Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Raih-oad, 108 miles west by north from Chicago, and 34 miles southwest of Rockford; is the seat of Mount Morris College and flourishing public school has handsome stone and brick buildings, three churches and two newspapers. Population (1900), 1,048. MOUNT OLIVE, a village of Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways, 68 miles southwest of Decatur; in a rich agricultural and coal-mining region. Population (1880), 709; (1890), 1,986 ;(1900), 3,935. ;

MOUNT PULASKI, a village and railroad juncin Logan County, 31 miles northwest of Decatur and 24 miles northeast of Springfield. Agriculture, coal-mining and stock-raising are leading industries. It is also an important shipping point for grain, and contains several elevators and flouring mills. Population (1880),

tion

1,135; (1890), 1,3.57; (1900), 1,643.

MOUNT STERLING, a city,

Cairo;

of

391

has five

churches, excellent schools, good libraries, two daily and two semi-weekly newspapers Pop. (1890), 1,836; (1900), 1,965. It

the county -seat of

Brown County, midway betvpeen Quincy and Jacksonville, on the Wabash Railway. It is surrounded by a rich farming country, and has extensive deposits of clay and coal. It contains six churches and four schools (two large public, and two parochial). The town is lighted by electricity and has public water-works. Wagons, brick, tile and earthenware are manufactured iiere. and three weekly newspapers are published. Population (1880), 1,445; (1890), 1,655; (,1900), 1,960.

MOUNT

TERNON, a city and county-seat of County, on three trunk lines of railroad, 77 miles east-southeast of St. Louis is the center of a rich agricultural and coal region; has many Jeffer.son

;

flourishing manufactories, including car-works, a plow factory, flouring mills, pressed brick factory, canning factory, and is an important ship-

ping-point for grain, vegetables and fruits. The Appellate Com-t for the Southern Grand Division held here, and the city has nine churches, fine

is

school buildings, a Carnegie library, two banks, heating plant, two daily and three weekly papers. Population (1890), 3,233; (1900), 5.216.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. MOUNT VERNON & (IRAYVILLE RAILROAD. (See Peoria. Decatur & Evansville Railway.) MOWEAqUA, a village of Shelby County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 1(3 miles south of Decatur; is in rich agricultural and stock-raising section; has coal mine, three banks and two newspapers. Population (1890), 848; (1900). 1,478. MUDD, (Col.) John J., soldier, was born in St. Charles County, Mo., Jan. 9, 1820; his father having died in 1833, his mother removed to Pike County, 111. to free her children from the influence of slavery. In 1849, and again in 1850, he made the overland journey to California, each time returning by the Isthmus, his last visit extending into 1851. In 1854 he engaged in the commission business in St. Louis, as head of the firm of Mudd & Hughes, but failed in the crash of 1857; then removed to Chicago, and, in 18(jl, was again in prosperous business. While on a business visit in New Orleans, in December, 1860, he had an opportunity of learning the growing spirit of secession, being advised by friends to leave the St. Charles Hotel in order to escape a mob. In September, 1861, he entered the army as Major of the Second Illinois Cavalry (Col. Silas Noble), and, in the next few months, was stationed successively at Cairo, Bird's Point and Paducah, Ky., and, in February, 1862, led the advance of General McClernand's division in the attack on Fort Donelson. Here he was severely ,

wounded but, after a few weeks in hospital at St. Louis, was suflSciently recovered to rejoin his regiment soon after the battle of Shiloh. Unable to perform cavalry duty, he was attached to the staff of General McClernand during the advance on Corinth, but. in October following, at the head ;

men of his regiment, was transferred command of General McPherson. Early

of 400

to

the

in

1863 he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel, and soon after to a colonelcy, taking part in the movement against Vicksburg. June 13. he was again severely wounded, but, a few weeks later, was on duty at New Orleans, and subsequently participated in the operations in Southwestern Louisiana and Texas. On May 1, 1864, he left Baton Rouge for Alexandria, as Chief of Staff to General McClernand, but two days later, while approaching Alexandria on board the steamer,

was shot through He was a gallant

tlie

head and instantly killed. and greatly beloved by

soldier

his troops.

MULBERRY GROVE, a village of Bond County, on the Terre Haute

&

Indianapolis (Vandalia)

Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Greenville; has a Pop, (1890). 750; (1900). 632. local newspaper.

MULLIGAN, James

A., soldier, was born of parentage at Utica, N. Y., June 25, 1830; in his parents to Chicago, and, after graduating from the University of St. Mary's of the Lake, in 1850, began the study of law. In 1851 he accompanied John Lloyd Stephens on his expedition to Panama, and on liis return resumed his professional studies, at the same time editing "The Western Tablet," a weekly Catholic paper. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he recruited, and was made Colonel of the Twenty-third Illinois Regiment, known as the Irish Brigade. He served with great gallantry, first in the West and later in the East, being severely wounded and twice captured. He declined a Brigadier-Generalship, preferring to remain with his regiment. He was fatally wounded during a charge at the battle of WinWhile being carried off the field he chester. noticed that the colors of his brigade were endangered. "Lay me down and save the flag," he ordered. His men hesitated, but he repeated the command until it was obeyed. Before they returned he had been borne away by the enemy, and died a prisoner, at Winchester, Va., July 26, Irish

1836

accompanied

1864.

MUNN, Daniel W., lawyer and soldier, was born in Orange County, Vt., in 1834; graduated at Thetford Academy in 1852, when he taught two 3'ears, meanwhile beginning the study of law. Removing to Coles County, III, in 1855, he resumed his law studies, was admitted to the bar and began practice at Hillsboro, Montgomery County. In 1862 he joined the One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois in 1858,

Volunteers, with the rank of Adjutant, but the following year was appointed Colonel of the First Alabama Cavalry. Compelled to retire from the service on account of declining health, he re-

turned to Cairo, 111., where he became editor of "The Daily News"; in 1866 was elected to the State Senate, serving four years served as Presidential Elector in 1868 was the Republican nominee for Congress in 1870, and the following year was appointed by President Grant Supervisor of Internal Revenue for the District including the States of Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. Removing to Chicago, he began practice there in He 1875, in which he has since been engaged. has been prominently connected with a number of important cases before the Chicago courts. MUNN, Sylvester W., lawyer, soldier and legislator, was born about 1818, and came from Ohio at thirty years of age, settling at Wilmington, Will County, afterwards removing to Joliet, ;

;

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. where he practiced law. During the War he served as Major of the Yates Phalanx (Thirtylater, was State's ninth Illinois Volunteers) Attorney for Will County and State Senator in Thirty-first and Thirty-second General the ;

Died, at Joliet, Sept.

Assemblies.

was a member of the

11, 1888.

Illinois State

He

Bar Associ-

ation from its organization.

MURPHY,

Everett J., ex-Member of Conwas born in Nashville, 111., July 24, 1852; early youth removed to Sparta, where he was

gress,

in

educated in the high schools of that place at the age of fourteen he became clerk in a store; in 1877 was elected City Clerk of Sparta, but the next year resigned to become Deputy Circuit Clerk at Chester, remaining until 1882, when he was elected Sheriff of Randolph County. In 1886 he was chosen a Representative in the General Assembly, and, in 1889, was appointed, by Governor Fifer, Warden of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary at Chester, but retired from this position in 1892, and removed to East St. Louis. Two years later he was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Twenty-first District, but was defeated for re-election by a small majority in 1896, by Jehu Baker, Democrat and Populist. In 1899 Jlr. Murphy was appointed Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to ;

succeed Col. R.

W. McClaughry.

MURPHYSBORO, the county-seat of Jackson County, situated on the Big Muddy River and on main line of the Mobile & Ohio, the St. Louis Division of the- Illinois Central, and a branch of the St. Louis "Valley Railroaas, 52 miles north of Cairo and 90 miles south-southeast of St. Louis. Coal of a superior quality is extensively mined in the vicinity. The city has a foundr}-, machine shops, skewer factory, furniture factory, floirr '

and saw

mills, thirteen churches,

four schools,

two daily and three weekly newsaod rural free mail delivery. Popu-

three banks, papers, city

lation (1890), 3,380; (1900). 6,463; (1903, est), 7,500.

MURPHYSBORO & SH.VWNEETOWN RAIL. (See Carbondale & Shawiiectoicn. St. Louis Southern and St. Louis. Alton & Terre

ROAD.

Haute Railroads.)

NAPERVILLE, a city of Du Page County, on the west branch of the Du Page River and on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. 30 miles west-southwest of Chicago, and 9 miles east of Aurora. It has three banks, a weekly newspaper, stone quarries, couch factory, and nine churches; is

also the seat of the

Northwestern College, an by the Evangelical

institution founded in 1861

Association

;

the college

393

now

has a normal school

department. Population (1890), 3,216; (1900), 2,629 NAPLES, a town of Scott County, on the IIUnois River and the Hannibal and Naples branch of the Wabash Railway, 31 miles west of Jacksonville. Population (1890), 453; (1900), 398. N.4.SHVILLE, an incorporated city, the countyseat of Washington County, on the Centralia & Chester and the Louisville & Nashville Railways; is 120 miles south of Springfield and 50 miles east by south from St. Louis. It stands in a coalproducing and rich agricultural region. There are two coal mines within the corporate limits, and two large flouring mills do a considerable business. There are numerous churches, public schools, including a high school, a State bank, and four weekly papers. Population (1880), 2,333; (1890), 2,084; (1900), 2,184. JfAUVOO, a city in Hancock County,

at the head of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi, between Fort Madison and Keokuk, Iowa. It was founded by the Mormons in 1840, and its early growth was rapid. After the expulsion of the "Saints'" in 1846, it was settled by a colony of French Icarians, who introduced the culture of grapes on a large scale. They were a sort of communistic order, but their experiment did not prove a success, and in a few years they gave place to another class, the majority of the population now being of German extraction. The .

chief industries are agriculture and horticulture. Large quantities of grapes and strawberries are raised and shipped, and considerable native wine is

produced.

1,308;

Population

(1880),

(per census 1900), 1,321.

1,402;

(1890),

(See also

Mor-

mons.)

NAVIGABLE STREAMS

(by Statute).

Fol-

lowing the example of the French explorers, who chiefly followed the water-ways in their early explorations, the early permanent settlers of Illinois, not only settled, to a great extent, on the principal streams, but later took especial pains to maintain their navigable character by statute. This was, of course, partly due to the absence of improved highways, but also to the belief that, as the country developed, the streams would become extremely valuable, if not indispensable, especially in the transportation of heavy commodities. Accordingly, for the first quarter century after the organization of the State Government, one of the questions receiving the attention of the Legislature, at almost every session, was the enactment of laws affirming the navigability of certain streams now regarded as of little importance, or utterly insignificant, as channels of

;

IIISTOrjCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

394 transportation.

Legislation

began with the

first

of

character

this

General Assembly

(1819),

and continued, at intervals, with reference to one or two of the more Important interior rivers Besides the Illinois of the State, as late as 18(37. and Wabash, still recognized as navigable streams, the following were legislation of this character

made

the subject of Beaucoup Creek, a

;

branch of the Big Sluddy, in Perry and Jackson Counties (law of 1819); Big Bay, a tributary of the Ohio in Pope County (Acts of 1833); Big to the junction of the East and "West Forks in Jefferson County (1835), with various subsequent amendments Big Vermilion, declared navigable (1831) Bon Pas, a branch of the Wabash, between Wabash and Edwards CounCache River, to main fork in Johnson ties (1831) County (1819); Des Plaines, declared navigable (1839); Embarras (1831), with various subsequent

Muddy,

;

;

;

improvement; Fox River, declared navigable to the Wisconsin line (1840), and Fox River Navigation Company, incorporated (1855); Kankakee and Iroquois Navigation & Manufacturing Company, incorporated (1847), with various changes and amendments (1851-65) Kaskaskia (or Okaw), declared navigable to a point in Fayette County north of Vandalia (1819), with various modifying acts (1823-67) Macoupin Creek, to Carrollton and Alton road (1837); Piasa, declared navigable in Jersey and Madison Counties (18G1); Rock River Navigation Comacts in reference to

;

pany, incorporated (1845-67)

;

(1841),

Sangamon

%vith subsequent acts

navigable east line of Sangathe North Fork of same

River, declared

to Third Principal Meridian

mon County — (1823), and to

Champaign County

(1845)

;

—

Sny-Carty (a bayou

of the Mississippi), declared navigable in Pike and Adams Counties (1859): Spoon River, navi-

gable to Cameron's mill in Fulton County (1835), with various modifying acts (1845-53); Little Wabash Navigation Company, incorporated and river declared navigable to McCawley's bridge probably in Clay County^(1826), with various subsequent acts making appropriations

—

improvement; Skillet Fork (a branch of the Little Wabash), declared navigable to Slocmn's Mill in Marion County (1837), and to Ridgway Mills (1846). Other acts passed at various times declared a number of unimportant streams navigable, including Big Creek in Fulton County, Crooked Creek in Schuyler County, Lusk's Creek in Pope County, McKee's Creek in Pike County, Seven Jlile Creek in Ogle for

its

County, besides a number of others' of similar cliiiracter.

XEALE, THOMAS M., pioneer lawyer, was born in Fauquier County, Va., 1T9G; while yet a child removed with his parents to Bowling Green, Ky., and became a common soldier in the War of 1812;

came

to Springfield,

the practice of law

ment

111.,

and began

in 1824,

served as Colonel of a regi-

;

Sangamon and Morgan Counties for the Winnebago War (1827). and afterwards as Surveyor of Sangamon Count}', appointing Abraham Lincoln as his deputy. He also served as a Justice of the Peace, for a number of years, raised in

at Springfield.

Died, August

NEECE, William

7,

1840.

ex-Congressman, was what is now a part of Logan County. 111. but which was then within the limits of Sangamon was reared on a farm and born, Feb. 26,

H.,

in

1831, ,

;

the public schools in McDonough County; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1858, and has been ever since engaged in practice. His political career began in 1861, when he was chosen a member of the City Coun. cil of 5Iacomb. In 1864 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1869, a member of the Constitutional Convention. In 1871 he was again elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and. in 1878, to the State Senate. From 1883 to 1887 he represented the Eleventh IlUuois District in Congress, as a Democrat, but was defeated for re-election in 1890 by William H. Gest, Republican. JfEGROES. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) >'EO(i!A, a village of Cumberland County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, St. Louis ct Western Railways, 20 miles southwest of Charleston has a bank, two newspapers, some manufactories, and ships grain, hay, fruit and Pop. (1890), 829; (1900), 1,126 live-stock. NEPOXSET, a village and station on the Chi-

attended

;

&

cago, Burlington

Quincy Railroad,

in

County, 4 miles southwest of Mendota. tion (1880),

r,o2;

Bureau Popula-

(1890), 542; (1900), 516.

NEW ALBA\T &

LOUIS RAILWAY.

ST.

&

(See Louisville, Evansville dated) Railroad.)

NEW ATHEXS, a village

St.

Louis (Consoli-

of St. Clair County,

St. Louis & Cairo "Short Line" (now Illinois Central) Railroad, at the crossing of the Kaskaskia River, 31 miles southeast of St. Louis has one newspaper and considerable gi-ain trade. Population (1880), 603; (1890), 624; (1900), 856. NEW BERLIN, a village of Sangamon County, on the Wabash Railway, 17 miles west of Spring-

on the

;

field.

Population

(1880), 403; (1900), 533.

NEWBERRT LIBRARY, brary, located in Chicago,

a large reference

li-

endowed by AValter

L.

'

.

. I

Art Institute.

Court House.

Public Library.

Armour

Institute.

PtBLIC BUILDINGS.

)

,

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. man of Chicago, who (aggregating over $3,000,000)

NEW BRIGHTON, a village of

Newberry, an early business left half of his estate

The property bequeathed was largely in real estate, which lias since greatly increased in Talue. The library was established in temporary quarters in 1887, and the first section of a permanent building was opened in the autumn of 1893. By that time there had been accumulated about 160.000 books and pamplilets.

and suburb of East

St. Clair

County

Population (1890),

St. Louis.

for the purpose.

A collection

of nearly fifty portraits

— chiefly

of

eminent Americans, including many citizens of Chicago was presented to the library by G. P. A. Healy, a distinguished artist, since deceased. The site of the building occupies an entire block, and the original design contemplates a handsome front on each of the four streets, with a large

—

rectangular court already completed its interior is

of a library, beautiful.

The section massive and imposing, and

in is

the center.

admirably adapted to the purposes and at the same time rich and

When

completed, the

building will

have a capacity for four to six million volsumes. NEWBERRr, Walter C, ex-Congressman, was born at Sangerfield, Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 23, 1835.

Early in the Civil

War

he enlisted as a

and rose, step by step, to a colonelcy, and was mustered out as Brevet Brigadier-General. In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent

private,

the Fourth Illinois District in the Fifty-second Congi'ess (1891-93). His home is in Chica.go. NEWBERRY, Walter L., merchant, banker and philanthropist, was born at East Windsor, Conn. Sept. 18, 1804, descended from English ancestry. He was President Jackson's personal appointee to the United States Military Academy at West Point, but was prevented from taking the examination by sickness. Subsequently he embarked in business at Buffalo, N. Y., going to Detroit in After 1828, and settling at Chicago in 1833. engaging in general merchandising for several years, he turned his attention to banking, in which he accumulated a large fortime. He was a prominent and influential citizen, serving several terms as President of the Board of Education, and being, for six years, the President of the Chicago Historical Society. He died at sea, Nov. 6, 1868, leaving a large estate, one-half of which he devoted, by will, to the founding of a free reference library in Chicago. (See Newberry

NEW BURNSIDE, a village of Johnson County, on the Cairo Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 53 miles northeast

of

Cairo.

Population

650;

(1880),

(1890), ,596; (1900), 468.

NEW DOUGLAS, a village

Madison County, Louis & Western Railroad in in

on the Toledo, St. farming and fruit-growing region has coal mine, and newspaper. Population (1900), 469. NEWELL, John, Railway President, was born ;

;

flour mill

at

West Newburj',

directly

Mass.,

March

31,

being

1830,

descended from "Pilgrim" stock.

At

the age of 16 he entered the employment of the Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen

mouths

later he was appointed an assistant engineer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in 1850, he accepted a responsible position on the

& St. Lawrence Railroad. From 18.50 was engaged in making surveys for Kentucky and New York, and, during

Champlain to 1856 he

roads in

the latter year, held the position of engineer of the Cairo City Company, of Cairo, 111. In 1857 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Company, as Division Engineer, where his remarkable success attracted the attention of the owners of the old Winona & St. Peter Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern system), who tendered him the presidency. This he accepted, but, in 1864, was made President of the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years later, he accepted the position of General Superintendent and Chief Engineer of the New York Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1869, to become Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad. In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but retired in September, 1874, to accept the position of General Manager of the Lake Shore & Jliohigan

Southern Railroad, of which he was elected President, in May, 1883, and continued in oflSce which occurred at Young.stown, Ohio, August 25, 1894. until the time of his death,

NEWHALL, and newspaper

(Dr.)

Horatio, early physician

publisher,

came from

St.

Louis,

Library.

Mo., to Galena, 111., in 1827, and engaged in mining and smelting, but abandoned this business,

jVEW boston, a city of Mercer County, on the Mississippi River, at the western terminus of the Galva and New Boston Division of the ChiPopulation cago. Burlington & Quincy Railway.

the following year, for the practice of his profession; soon afterward became interested in the publication of "The Miners" Journal," and still later in "The Galena Advertiser," with which

(1890), 44.5; (1900), T03.

Hooper Warren and Dr. Philleo were

as.sociated.

— HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In 1830 he became a Surgeon in the United States Army, and was stationed at Fort Winnebago, but retired from the service, in 1833, and returned Wlieu the Black Hawk War broke to tialena. out he volunteered his services, and, by order of General Scott, was placed in charge of a military hospital at Galena, of

which he had control until

the close of the war. The difficulties of the position were increased by the appearance of the Asiatic cholera among the troops, but he seems to liave discliarged his duties with satisfaction He enjoyed a wide to the military authorities.

reputation for professional ability, and had an extensive practice. Died, Sept. 19, 1870. SEWMAX, a village of Douglas County, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway, 52 miles

has a bank, a newspaper, canning factory, broom factory, electric lights, and large trade in agricultural products and liveeast of Decatur;

stock.

Population

(1890), 990; (1900), 1,166.

NEWSPAPERS, EARLY. The

first

newspaper

published in the Northwest Territory, of which the present State of Illinois, at the time, composed a part, was "TheCentinel of the Northwest Territory," established at Cincinnati by W^illiam Maxwell, the first issue appearing in November, 1793. This was also the first newspaper published west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1796 it was sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name Willis "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel of (grandfather of N. P. Willis, the poet) estab"The Scioto Gazette," Chillicothe, in lished at 1796. "The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette" was the third paper in Northwest Territory (also within the limits of Ohio), founded in 1799. Willis's paper became the organ of the Territorial Government on the removal of the capital to Chillicothe, in 1800.

The first newspaper in Indiana Territory (then including Illinois) was established by Elihu Stout at Vincennes, beginning publication, July 4, 1804. It took the name of "The Western Sun and General Advertiser," but is now known as "The Western Sun," having had a continuous existence for ninet.v-five years. The first newspaper published in Illinois Territory was "The Illinois Herald," but, owing to the absence of early files and other specific records, the date of its establishment has been involved Its founder was Matthew Dunin some doubt. can (a brother of Joseph Duncan, who was afterwards a member of Congress and Governor of the State from 1834 to 1838), and its place of publication Kaskaskia, at that time the Territorial Duncan, who was a native of Kentucky, capital.

brought a press and a primitive printer's outfit with him from that State. Gov. John Eej-nolds, who came as a boy to the "Illinois Country" in 1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest Territory," in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," has fixed the date of the first issue of this paper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois was severed from Indiana Territory and placed under a separate Territorial Government. There

good reason, however, for believing that the Governor was mistaken in this statement. If Duncan brought his press to Illinois in 1809 which is probable— it does not seem to have been employed at once in the publication of a newspaper, as Hooper W^arren (the founder of the is

third paper established in Illinois) says it "was for years only used for the public printing."

The

Herald" known II, and bears from these the paper was issued continuously from

earliest issue of

"The

Illinois

to be in existence, is No. 83 of Vol. date,

April

data, if

18,

Calculating

1816.

establishment, the date of the first issue would have been Sept. 6, 1814. Corroborative evidence of this is found in the fact that "The Missouri Gazette,'' the original of the old "Missouri Repubits

lican" (now

"The

St.

Louis Republic"), %vhich

was established in 1808, makes no mention of the Kaskaskia paper before 1814, although communication between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was most intimate, and these two were, for several years, the only papers published west of Vincennes, Ind.

In August, 1817, "The Herald" was sold to Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackwell, and the name of the paper was changed to "The Illinois Cook who had previously been Intelligencer.'' Auditor of Public Accounts for the Territory, and afterwards became a Territorial Circuit Judge, the first Attorney-General under the new State Government, and, for eight years, served as the only Representative in Congress from Illinois— for a time officiated as editor of "The Intelligencer," while Blackwell (who had succeeded to the Auditorship) had charge of the publication. The size of the paper, which had been four pages of three wide columns to the page, was increased, by the new publishers, to four columns to the page. On the removal of the State capital to

—

"The Intelligencer" was in 1830, removed thither also, and continued under its later name, afterwards becoming, after a change of management, an opponent of the scheme for

Vandalia,

the calling of a State Convention to revise the State Constitution with a view to making Illinois a slave State. (See Slavery and Slave Laivs.)

"

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The second paper establisheil on Illinois soil was "The Shawnee Chief," which began publication at Shawneetown, Sept. 5, 1818, with Henry Eddy who afterwards became a prominent lawyer of Southern Illinois as its editor. The name of "The Chief" was soon afterwards changed to "The Illinois Emigrant," and some years later, became "The Shawneetown Gazette." Among others who were associated with the Shawneetown paper, in early days, was James Hall, after-' wards a Circuit Judge and State Treasurer, and, without doubt, the most prolific and popular

—

—

writer of his day in

Illinois.

Later, he estab-

"The IlUnois Magazine" at Vandalia, subsequently removed to Cincinnati, and issued under the name of "The Western Monthly Magazine. He was also a frequent contributor to other magazines of that period, and author of several volumes, including "Legends of the West" and "Border Tales." During the contest over the in 1823-24, "The Gazette" slavery question, lished

rendered valuable service to the anti-slavery party by the publication of articles in opposition to the Convention scheme, from the pen of Jlorris

Birkbeck and others.

The third Illinois paper— and, in 1823-34, the strongest and most influential opponent of tlie -scheme for establishing slavery in Illinois was

—

"The Edwardsville Spectator, " which began publication at Edwardsville, Madison County, May '23, 1819. Hooper Warren was the publisher and responsible editor, though he received valuable aid

Coles, George Thomas Lippincott, Judge Lockwood, Morris Birkbeck and (See Warren, Hooper.) Warren sold

from the pens of Governor

Churchill,

Samuel others.

Rev,

D.

"The Spectator" to Rev. Thomas Lippincott in 1825, and was afterwards associated with papers at Springfield, Galena, Chicago and elsewhere. The agitation of the slavery question (in part, at least) led to the establishment of two new papers in 1823.

The

first

of

these

was "The

Republican Advocate," which began publication under the management of Elias Kent Kane, then an aspirant to the United States Senatorship. After his at Kaskaskia, in April of that year,

election to that oflSce in 1824, "Tlie

Advocate"

passed into the hands of Robert K. Fleming, who, suspension, established "The

after a period of

Kaskaskia Recorder," but, a year or two

later,

removed to Vandalia. "The Star of the We.st" was established at Edwardsville. as an opponent of Warren's "Spectator," the first issue making its appearance, Sept. 14, 1822, with Theophilus W. Smith, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme

397

reputed editor. A few months later it passed into new hands, and, in August, 1833, assumed the name of "The Illinois Republican." Both "The Republican Advocate" and "The Illinois Republican" were zealous organs of the Court, as

its

pro-slavery party.

With the settlement Illinois,

of the slavery question in

by the election of

1824, Illinois journalbe said to Iiave entered upon a new era. At the close of this first period there were only five papers published in the State—all established

ism

may

within a period of ten years; and one of tliese ("The Illinois Republican," at Edwardsville) promptly ceased publication on the settlement of the slavery question in opposition to the views

which it had advocated. The ne-\t period of fifteen years (1823-40) was prolific in the establishment of new newspaper ventures, as might be expected from the rapid increase of the State in population, and the development in the art of printing during the same period. "The Western Sun," established at Belleville (according to one report, in December, 1835, and according to another, in the winter of 1827-28) by Dr. Joseph Green, appears to have been the first paper published in St. Clair County. This was followed

by "The Pioneer," begun, April 25, 1839, at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, with the indomitable Dr. John M. Peck, author of "Peck's Gazetteer," as its editor.

It

was removed

in 1836 to

Upper

when it took the name of "The Western Pioneer and Baptist Banner." Previous to this, however. Hooper Warren, having come into possession of the material upon which he had printed "The Edwardsville Spectator," removed it to Springfield, and, in the winter of 1836-27, began the publication of the first paper at the present State capital, which he named "The Sangamo Gazette." It had but a brief existence. During 1830, George Forquer, then Attorney-General of the State, in conjunction with his half-brother, Thomas Ford (afterwards Governor) was engaged in the publication of a paper called "Tlie Courier," at Springfield, which was continued only a short time. The earliest paper north of Springfield appears to have been "Tlie Hennepin JourAlton,

,

which began publication, Sept. 15, 1827. "The Sangamo Journal" now "The Illinois

nal,"

—

State Journal," and the oldest paper of continuous existence in the State was established at

—

Springfield by ins

Simeon and Josiah Francis (cousfrom Connecticut), the first issue bearing

date, Nov. 10, 1831.

Before the close of the same year James G. Edwards, afterwards the founder of "The Burlington (lo'wa) Hawkeye," began the

;

lISTOrJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

39S

publication of "The Illinois Patriot'" at JacksonAnother paper, established the same year, ville.

was "The Gazette"

great

business

activity.

On

James Jones commenced the

July

issue

8,

of

1828,

ter."

'

Miners' Journal, the first paper at Galena. Jones died of cholera in 183.3, and his paper passed into other hands. July 20, 1829, "The Galena Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Herald" began publication, with Drs. Horatio Newhall and Addison '

Philleo as editors, and lisher,

before

Hooper Warren as pub-

but appears to liave the expiration of

its

been discontinued first

year.

"The Advocate" was removed owner (who

"The

(See Forquer, George; Ford, Thomas: Francis. Simeon.) At this early date the development of the lead mines about Galena had made that place a center capital.

of

months previous.

to Vandalia, and, on the death of the

had been appointed State Printer), was consolidated with "The Illinois Register," which had been established in 1836. The new paper took the name of "The Illinois Register and People's Advocate," in 1839 was removed to Springfield, and is now known as "The Illinois State Regis-

at Vandalia, then the State

"The

Galenian" was established as a Democratic paper by Philleo. in May, 1832, but ceased publication in September. 183G. "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser," founded in November, 1834, by Loring and Bartlett (the last named afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy Whig"), has had a continuous existence, being now known as "The Galena Advertiser." Benjamin Mills, one of the most brilliant lawyers of his time, was editor of this paper during a part of the first year of its publication. Robert K. Fleming, who has already been mentioned as the successor of Elias Kent Kane in the publication of "The Republican Advocate," at Kaskaskia, later published a paper for a short time at Vandalia, but, in 1827, removed his establishment to Edwardsville, where he began

Other papers established between 1830 and 1840 "The Vandalia Whig" (1831); "The Alton Spectator,'' the first paper published in Alton (January, 1834); "The Chicago Demo-

include:

crat," by John Calhoun (Nov. 26, 1833); "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land Advertiser," by Francis A. Arenz (July 29, 1833) "The Alton American" (1833); "The White County News," at Carmi (1833); "The Danville Enquirer" (1833); "The Illinois Champion," at Peoria (1834); "The Mount Carmel Sentinel and

Wabash

Advocate'' (1834); "The Illinois State Gazette and Jacksonville News," at Jacksonville (183.5);

"The

Illinois

Argus and Boimty Land

Register," at Quincy (1835); "The Rushville Journal and Military Tract Advertiser" (1835); "The Alton Telegraph" (1836); "The Alton Observer" (1836); "The Carthaginian," at Carthage (1836) "The Bloomington Observer" (1837); "The Backwoodsman," founded by Prof. John Russell, at Grafton, and the first paper published ;

1833,

Greene County (1837); "The Quincy Whig"' (1838) "The Illinois Statesman," at Paris, Edgar County (1838); "The Peoria Register" (1838). The second paper to be established in Chicago was "The Chicago American," whose initial number was issued. June 8, 1835, with Thomas O. Davis as proprietor and editor. In July, 1837, it passed into the hands of William Stuart & Co., and, on April 9, 1839, its publishers began the

lication of

issue of the first daily ever published in Chicago.

the publication of "The Corrector." The latter was continued a little over a year, when it was suspended. He then resumed the publication of "The Recorder" at Kaskaskia. In December,

he removed to Belleville and began the pub"The St. Clair Gazette," which afterwards passed, through various changes of owners, under the names of "The St. Clair Mercury" and "Representative and Gazette.'' This was succeeded, in 1839, by "The Belleville Advocate," which has been published continuously to the present time.

Samuel S. Brooks (the father of Austin Brooks, afterwards of "The Quincy Herald") at different times published papers at varioxis points in the State. His first enterprise was "The Crisis" at Edwardsville, which he changed to "The Illinois Advocate," and, at the close of his first year, sold out to Judge John York Sawyer, who united it with "The Western Plowbov," which he had established a few

in

;

"The Chicago Express" succeeded "The American" in 1842, and, in 1844, became the forerimner "The Chicago Journal." The third Chicago paper was "The Commercial Advertiser," founded by Hooper Warren, in 1836. It lived Zebina Eastman, who was only about a year. afterwards associated with Warren, and became one of the most influential journalistic opponents of

of slavery, arrived in the State in 1839, and, in the latter part of that year, was associated with the celebrated AboUtionist, Benjamin Lundy, in the preliminary steps for the issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," projected

by lAmdy at Lowell, in La Salle County. Lundy 's untimely death, in August, 1839, however, pre-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. -vented him from seeing the consummation of his plan, although Eastman lived to carry it out in A paper whose career, although extending part. only a little over one year, marked an era in Illinois journalism, was "The Alton Observer," its history closing with the assassination of its editor, Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, on the night of Nov. 8, 1S3T, while unsuccessfully attempting to protect his press from destruction, for the fourth Humiliating as was time, by a pro-slavery mob. this crime to every law-abiding Illinoisan, it undoubtedly strengthened the cause of free speech and assisted in hastening the downfall of the institution in whose behalf it was committed. That the development in the field of journalism, within the past sixty years, has more than kept pace with the growth in population, is shown by the fact that there is not a county in the State without its newspaper, while every town of a few hundred population has either one or more. According to statistics for 1898, there were 605 cities and towns in the State having periodical publications of some sort, making a total of 1,709, of which 174 were issued daily, 34 semi-weekly, 1,205 weekly, 28 semi-monthly, 238 monthly, and the remainder at various periods ranging from tri-weekly to eight times a year. NEWTOX, the county-seat of Jasper County, situated on the Embarras River, at the intersection of subsidiary lines of the Illinois Central Railroad from Peoria and Effingham; is an incorporated city, was settled in 1828, and made the Agriculture, coal-mining county-seat in 1836. and dairy farming are the principal pursuits in The city has waterthe surrounding region.

power, which is utilized to some extent in manufacturing, but most of its factories are operated by steam. Among these establishments are flour and saw mills, and grain elevators. There are a half-dozen churches, a good public school system,

including besides

parochial

school

two banks and

Population

and high school, weekly papers.

tliree

(1890), 1,428; (1900), 1,630.

NEW YORK, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY (>'lckel Plate), a line 522.47 miles in length, of

which

(1898) only 9.96 miles are operated in

It owns no track in Illinois, but uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad (9.96 miles in length), of which it has financial Illinois.

control, to enter the city of Chicago.

capitalization of the

New

York, Chicago

Louis, in 1898, is §50,223,568, of is in bonds.— (History.) The

cago

& St.

the

laws

The

which

total

&

St.

§19,425,000

New York, ChiLouis Railroad was incorporated under of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio,

399

Indiana and Illinois in 1881, construction begun immediately, and the road put in operation in 1882. In 1885 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887, and reorganized by the consolidation of various eastern lines with the Fort Wayne & Illinois Railroad, forming the line under its pre.sent name. The road between Buffalo, N. Y., and the west line of Indiana is owned by the Company, but, for its line in Illinois, it uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad, of which it is the lessee, as well as the owner of its capital stock. The main line of the "Nickel Plate" is controlled by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, which owns more than half of both the preferred and

common stock. KIANTIC, a town Wabash Railway, 27

in Macon County, on the miles east of Springfield. Agriculture is the leading industry. The town has three elevators, three churches, school, coal mine, a newspaper and a bank. Pop. (1900), 654. JilCOLAY, John George, author, was born in Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1882; at 6 years of age was brought to the United States, lived for a time in Cincinnati, attending the public schools there, and then came to Illinois; at 16 entered the office of "The Pike County Free Press" at Pittsfield, and, while still in his minority, became In 1857 he editor and proprietor of the pajoer. became Assistant Secretary of State under O. M. Hatch, the first Republican Secretarj', but during Mr. Lincoln's candidacy for President, in 1860, aided him as private secretary, also acting as a correspondent of "The St. Louis Democrat." After the election he was formally selected by Mr. Lincoln as his private secretary, accompanying him to Washington and remaining imtil Mr. Lincoln's assassination. In 1865 he was appointed United States Consul at Paris, remaining until 1869; on his return for some time edited "The Chicago Republican"; was also Marshal of the United States Supreme Court in Washington from 1872 to 1887. Mr. Nicolay is author, in collaboration with John Hay, of "Abraham Lincoln: A History," first published serially in "The Century Magazine," and later issued in ten volumes; of "The Outbreak of the Rebellion" in "Campaigns of the Civil War," besides numerous maga-

He lives in Washington, D. C. NICOLET, Jean, early French explorer, came

zine articles.

from Cherbourg, France, in

1618, and, for several

among the Algonquins, whose language he learned and for whom he acted as On July 4, 1634, he discovered Lake interpreter. Michigan, then called the "Lake of the Illinois,"

years, lived

)

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

400

Menominees and Winnebagoes, in the region about Green Bay, he was,received kindlj-. From the Mascoutins, on the Fox River (of Wisconsin), he

and

visited

the

Cliippewas.

among whom

learned of the Illinois Indians, some of whose northern villages he also visited. He subsequently returned to Quebec, where he was drowned, in October, 1642. He was probably the first Caucasian to visit Wisconsin and Illinois. NILES, Nathaniel, lawyer, editor and soldier, born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., Feb. 4, 1817; attended an academy at Albany, from 1830 '34. was licensed to practice law and removed west in 1837, residing successively at Delphi and Frankfort, Ind.. and at Owensburg, Ky., until In 1840 1842, when he settled in Belleville. 111. he was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel

to

Mexican War, but, after the was promoted by General an independent company of Texas foot. He was elected Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives at the session of 1849, and the same year was chosen County Judge of St. Clair County, serving until 1861. With the exception of brief periods from 1851 to '59, he was editor and part owner of "The Belleville Advocate," a paper originally Democratic, but which became Republican on the organization of the Republican party. In 1861 he was Bissell's)

for the

battle of

Buena

Wool

Vista,

to the captaincy of

appointed Colonel of the Fifty-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but the completion of its organization having been delayed, he resigned, and, the following year, was commissioned Colonel of the

One Hundred and

until May, 1864,

when he

Thirtieth, serving

resigned

— in

March,

1865, receiving the compliment of a brevet Brigadier-Generalship. During the winter of 1862-63 he ^yas in command at Memphis, but later took part in the Vicksburg campaign, and in the campaigns on Red River and Bayou Teche. After

the war he served as Repre.sentative in the General Assembly from St. Clair County (1865-66) as Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville; on the Commission for building the State Penitentiary at Joliet, and as (by appointment of Governor for locating the Soldiers" Orphans' Home. His later years have been spent chiefly in the practice of his profession, with occasional

North Carolina and Quaker ancestry, early in' 18o2. In is.j:? he graduated from Farmers' (now Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After devoting two years to teaching, h° entered the law department of the University bi Pennsylvania (1855), graduating in 1859. For nine years thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio Legislature. In 1868 he embarked in journalism, he and his older brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, with a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chronicle." A few years later "The Times" was purchased, and the two papers were consolidated under the name of "The Times-Chronicle." In May, 1872, having disposed of his interests in Cincinnati, he assumed the business management of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875 he and his brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, secured a controlling interest in the paper, when the former assumed the position of editor-in-chief, which he continued to occupy until 1897, when he was appointed Collector of Customs for the City of Chicago a position which' he now holds. JiOKOMIS, a city of Montgomery County, on the "Big Four" main line and " 'Frisco" Railroads. 81 miles east by north from St. Louis and 52 miles west of Mattoon; in important graingrowing and hay -producing section; has waterworks, electric lights, three flour mills, two machine shops, wagon factory, creamery, seven churclies, high school, two banks and three papei>; is noted foi shipments of poultry, butter and eggs. Population (1890), 1,305; (1900), 1,371. NORMAL, a city in McLean County, 2 miles north of Bloomington and 124 southwest of Chicago; at intersecting point of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads. It lies in a rich coal and agricultural region, and has extensive fruit-tree nurseries, two canning factories, one bank, hospital, and four periodicals. It is the seat of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, founded in 1869. and the Illinois State Normal University, founded in 1857; has city and rural mail delivery. Pop. (1890), 3,4.59; (1900), 3,795. NORMAL UNIVERSITIES. (See Southern

—

Commissioner

Illinois

Oglesby)

versittj.

excursions into journalism. Originally an antislavery Democrat, he became one of the founders of the Republican party in Southern Illinois. NIXON, William Penn, journalist, Collector of

Customs, was born in AVayne County, Ind., of

Normal

University; State

Normal Uni-

NORTH ALTON, and

a village of Madison County suburb of the city of Alton. Population

(1880), 838; (1890), 762; (1900), 904.

NORTHCOTT, William A., Lieutenant-Govwas born in Murfreesboro, Tenn., Jan. 28, 1854— the son of Gen. R. S. Northcott, whose

ernor,

loyalty to the Union, at the beginning of the

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Rebellion, compelled

him

Southern home and seek safety for himself and family in the North. He -went to West Virginia, was commissioned Colonel of a regiment and served through the war, being for some nine months a After acquiring his prisoner in Libby Prison. literary education in the public schools, the younger Northcott spent some time in the Xaval Academy at Annapolis. Md., after which he was engaged in teaching. Meanwhile, he was preparing for the practice of law and was admitted to the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Greenville, Bond County, 111. which has since been his home. In 1880. by appointment of President Hayes, he served as Sujjervisor of the Census for the Seventh District; in 1883 was elected State's Attorney for Bond County and re-elected successively in '8-1 and "88 in 1890 was appointed on the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy, and, by selection of the Board, delivered the annual address to the graduating In 1892 he was the Repubclass of that year. lican nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth District, but was defeated in the general landslide of that year. In 1896 he was more fortunate, being elected Lieutenant-Governor by the vote of the to leave his

,

401

boundary was a violation of the Ordinance, inasmuch as the fourteenth section of the preamble thereto declares that "the failure to establish this

following articles shall be considered as articles of compact between the original States and the people and States in the said Territory, and forever remain unalterable, unless by common consent."— In the limited state of geographical knowledge, existing at the time of the adoption of the Ordinance, there seems to have been considerable difference of opinion as to the latitude of the southern limit of Lake Michigan. The map of Mitchell (17.5.5) had placed it on the parallel of 42° 20', while that of Thomas Hutchins (1778) fixed it at 41° 37'.

State, receiving a plurality of over 137,000 over

It was officially estabby Government survey, in 1835, at 41' 37' As a matter of fact, the northern boundary of neither of the three States named was finally fixed on the line mentioned in the proviso above quoted from the Ordinance— that of Ohio, where it meets the shore of Lake Erie, being a little north of 41° 44'; that of Indiana at 41° 46' (some 10 miles north of the southern bend of the lake), and that of Illinois at 42° 30'— about 61 miles north of the same line. The boundary line between Ohio and Michigan was settled after a Viitter controversy, on the admission of the latter

Democratic opponent. formerly a suburban village

State into the Union, in 1837, in the acceptance by her of certain conditions proposed by Congress.

;

his

NORTH PEORIA,

in Peoria County. 2 miles north of the city of

Peoria; annexed to the city of Peoria in 1900.

NORTHERN BOUNDARY QUESTION, THE, The Ordinance of 1787, making the first specific provision, by Congress, for the government of the country lying northwest of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi (known as the Northwest

among

other things (Art. v.. Ordinance 1787), that "there shall be formed in the said Territory not less than three nor more than five States." It then proceeds to fix the

Territory), provided,

boundaries

the proposed States, on the assump-

o'f

tion that there shall be three in

number, adding

"Provided, howfurther understood and declared, that the boundaries of these three States shall be thereto the following proviso; ever,

and

it is

subject so far to be altered that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have

authority to form one or two States in that part of the said Territory which lies north of an east

and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan." On tlie basis of this provision it has been claimed that the northern boundaries of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio should have been on the exact latitude of the southern limit of Lake Michigan, and that the

lished 07.9".

These included the annexation to Michigan of "tapper Peninsula," is known as the between Lakes Michigan and Superior, in lieu of a strip averaging six miles on her southern border, which she demanded from Ohio. The establishment of the northern boundary of Illinois, in 1818, upon the line which now exists, is universally conceded to have been due to the action of Judge Nathaniel Pope, then the Delegate in Congress from Illinois Territory. While it was then acquiesced in without question, it has since been tl-o subject of considerable controversy and has been followed by almost incalculable results. The •enabling act," as originally introduced early in IS'iS. empov%-ering the people of Illinois Territoi-y to form a State Government, fixed the northern boundary of the proposed State at 41° 39'. then the supposed latitude of the southern extremity of Liike Michigan. While the act was under consideration in Committee of the Whole, Mr. Pope oHercd an amendment advancing the northern boundary to 42° 30'. The object of his amendment (as he explained) was to gain for tlie new State a coast line on Lake Michigan, bringing it into political and commercial relations with the States east of

what

lying

—

—

— IIISTOMCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

iO-i

it

— Indiana,

Oliio,

Pennsylvania and

Xew

Yorli

thus •'affording additional security to the perpetuity of the Unjon." He argued that the location of the State between the Mississippi,

Wabash and Ohio Rivers—all

—

flowing to

the

would bring it in intimate communication with the Southern States, and that, in the event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it south

was important that it should be identified with the commerce of the Lakes, instead of being left entirely

to

the

waters of

the

south-flowing

rivers. "Thus," said he, "a rival interest would be created to check the wish for a Western or Southern Confederacy. Her interests would thus be

balanced and her inclinations turned to the North." He recognized Illinois as already "the key to the West," and he evidently foresaw that the time might come when it would be the Keystone of the Union. While this evinced wonderful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his argument that, in time, a commercial emporium would grow up upon Lake Michigan, which would demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illinois River— a work which was realized in the completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal thirty years later, but which would scarcely have been accomplished had the State been practically cut off from the Lake and its chief emporium left to grow up in another commonwealth, or not at all. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted without division, and, in this form, a few days later, the bill became a law. The almost super-

—

human

sagacity exhibited in Judge Pope's argubeen repeatedly illustrated in the commercial and political history of the State since, but never more significantly than in the

ment, has

commanding

position which Illinois occupied during the late Civil War, with one of its citizens in the Presidential chair and another leading its 2.'50,.000 citizen soldiery and the armies of the Union in battling for the perpetuity of the Republic— a position which more than fulfilled every prediction made for it. The territory

—

by this settlement of the northern boundary, includes all that part of the State north of the northern line of La Salle County, and embraces the greater portion of the fourteen counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, Boone, DeKalb, Lee, Ogle, Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll and Whiteside, with portions of Kendall, Will and Rook Island— estimated at 8,500 square miles, or more than one-seventh of the present area of the State. It has been argued that this territory belonged to the State of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordi-

affected

nance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between 1839 and 1813, to induce the people of these counties to recognize this claim. These were, in a few Instances, partially successful, although no official notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illinois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by Governor Ford who wrote his "History of Illinois"' when the subject was fresh in the public mind— was that, while the Ordinance of 1787 gave Congress power to organize a .State north of the parallel running through the southern bend of Lake Michigan, "there is nothing in the Ordinance requiring such additional State to be

—

'

organized of the territory north of that line. In other words, that, when Congress, in 1818, authorized the organization of an additional State north of and in (i. e., within) the line named, it did not violate the Ordinance of 1787, but acted in accordance with it in practically assuming that the new State "need not necessarily include the whole of the region north of that line." The question was set at rest by Wisconsin herself in the action of her Constitutional Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first constitution, in form recognizing the northern boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act '

—

of 1818.

XORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE I>SA\E, an institution for the treatment of the insane, created by Act of the Legislature, approved, April 16, 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Governor Palmer to fix its location consisted of August Adams, B. F. Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L. Joslyn, D. S. Hammond and William Adams. After considering many offers and examining numerous sites, the Commissioners finally selected the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres, IM miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox River, and overlooking that stream, as a site this having been tendered as a donation by the Plans were adopted in the citizens of Elgin. latter part of 1869, the system of construction chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the United States Hospital for the Insane at WashBy January, 1873, the north wing and rear building were so far advanced as to permit the reception of sixty patients. The center building was ready for occupancy in April, 1873, and the south wing before the end of the following year. The total expenditures previous to

ington, D. C.

and since that date have been made for addiand improvements, including the

1876 had exceeded 8637,000, liberal appropriations tions,

repairs

— HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. addition of between 300 and 400 acres to tlie lauds connected with the institution The first Board Trustees consisted of Charles X. Holden, Oliver Everett and Henry W. Sherman, with Dr. E. A. Kilbourne as the first Superintendent, and of

D.r. Richard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintendent of the Eastern Ho-spital at Kankakee) as his Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head Assistant. of the institution until Iiis death, Feb. 27, 1890, covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kilbourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks, and he. by Dr. Loewy, in June, 1893, and the latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Supervising Surgeon of the United States Jlarine Hos-

Hamilton died in December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was $882,745. 66, of which §701,330 was in land and buildings. Under the terms of the law estabpital

Service) in

1897.

Dr.

lishing the hospital, provision

is

made

for the

care therein of the incurably insane, so that

it is

both a hospital and an asylum. The whole number of patients under treatment, for the two years preceding June 30, 1894, was 1,797, the number of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,054, and the average daily attendance for treatment, for the year 1896, 1,296. The following counties comprise the district dependent upon the Elgin Hospital: Boone, Carroll. Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Kendall, Lake, Stephenson, Whi;,eside and Winnebago.

NORTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee County, 111., for the purpo.se of giving instruction in branches related to the art of teaching. Its claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom 744 women, receiving instruction from thirty-six teachers. The total value of property was estimated at more than §200,000, of last report

885 were

which

men and

.$160,000

was

in real estate

and 545,000

in

Attendance on the institution has been affected by the establishment, under act of the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State Normal School at DeKalb (which see). NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, T!IE, an institution for the confinement of criminals of the State, located at Joliet, Will County. The site was purchased by the State in 1837, and comprises some seventy-two acres. Its erection was found necessary because of the inadequacy of the first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Penttentiary.) The original plan contemplated a cell-house containing 1,000 cells, which, it was thought, would meet the public necessities for many years to come. Its estimated cost was apparatus.

403

had been expended upon the institution the sum of §934,000, and its capacity was taxed to the utmost. Subsequent enlargements have increased the cost to over 81,600,000, but by 1877, the institution had become so overcrowded that the erection of another State penal institution became positively necessary. (See Southern Penitentiary.) The prison has always been conducted on "the

§550,000; but, within ten years, there

Auburn system," which contemplates

associate

labor in silence, silent meals in a common refecand (as nearly as practicable) isolation at

tory,

The system of labor has varied at different times, the "lessee system," the "contract s3-stem'' and the "State accoimt plan" being successively in force. {See Convict Labor.) The night.

whole number of convicts in the institution, at official report of 1895, was 1,566. The total assets of the institution, Sept. 30, 1894, were reported at .§2,121,308.86, of which §1,644,601.11 was in real estate. the date of the

NORTH & SOUTH RAILROAD. Lonis. Peoria

ORTHWESTER> GRAXD TRUXK RAIL(See Chicago & Grand Trunk Puiiltcay.) XORTHWESTERX XORMAL, located at Gen'e-

WAY.

Henry County, lU., incorporated in 1884; in 1894 had a faculty of twelve teachers with 171 whom ninety were male and eighty-one

seo,

pupils, of

female.

NORTHWESTERN UMYERSITY,

amendment, in the

departments,

collegiate school.

an impor-

tant educational institution, established at Evanston. in Cook County, in 1851. In 1898 it 2,599 students (1,980 male and 619 and a faculty of 234 instructors. embraces the following departments, all of

reported female), It

which confer degrees; A College Arts; two Medical Schools (one

of

Liberal

for

women

a Law School a School of Pharmacy and a Dental College. The Garrett Biblical Institute, at which no degrees are conferred, constitutes the theological department of the University. The charter of the institution requires a majority of the Trustees to be members of the ilethodist Episcopal Church, and the University is the largest and wealthiest of the schools controlled by that denomination. The College of Liberal Arts and the Garrett Biblical Institute are at Evanston the other departments In the (all professional) are located in Chicago. academic department (Liberal Arts School), provision is made for both graduate and post-graduate courses. The Medical School was formerly known as the Chicago Medical College, and its Law Department was originallj- the Union College of Law, both of which have been absorbed exclusively)

;

;

;

the University, as have also its schools of dentistry and pharmacy, which were formerly independent institutions. The property owned by the University is valued at §4,870.000, of which §1,100,000 is real estate, and §2,250,000 in endowment funds. Its income from fees paid by students in 1898 was §215,288, and total receipts from all Co-education of the sexes pre§482,389. bj-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. vails in the College of Liberal Arts.

Wade

Rogers

is

Dr.

Henry

months each.

President.

NORTHWESTERN UMVERSITY MEDICAL located in Chicago

SCHOOL,

;

was organized

in

1859 as Medical School of the Lind (now Lake Three annual terms, of five Forest) University.

months

each, at first constituted a course, although attendance at two only was compulThe institution first opened in temporary sory. quarters,- Oct. 9, 1859, with thirteen professors

and thirty-three students. By 1863 more ample accommodations were needed, and the Trustees of the Lind University being unable to provide a In building, one was erected by the faculty. 1864 the University relinquished all claim to the

which was thereupon incorporated

institution,

as

the Chicago Jledical College. In 1868 the length of the annual terms was increased to six months, and additional requirements were imposed on candidates for both matriculation and gradu-

The same year, the college building was and the erection of a new and more commodious edifice, on the grounds of the Mercy HosThis was completed in pital, was commenced. 1870, and the college became the medical department of the Northwestern University. The number of professorships had been increased to eighteen, and that of undergraduates to 107. Since that date new laboratory and clinical buildings have been erected, and the growth of the institution has been steady and substantial. Mercy and St. Luke's Hospital, and the South

405

ing three annual graded college terms of

autumn

The

six

term opened in the an attendance of twenty

first

of 1870, with

The original location of tlie school was in the "North Division" of Chicago, in temporary quarters. After the fire of 1871 a removal was effected to the "West Division," where (in 1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building was erected. A larger structure was built in 1884, and, in 1891, the institution became a part of the Northwestern University. The college, in all its departments, is organized along tlie lines of the best medical schools of the country. In 1896 there were twenty-four professorships, all capably filled, and among the faculty are some of the best known specialists in the country. NORTON, Jesse 0., lawyer. Congressman and Judge, was born at Bennington, Vt., April 25, 1813, and graduated from Williams College in students.

1835.

He

settled

at

JoUet in

1839,

and soon

ation.

became prominent

sold,

was that of City Attorney, after which he served as County Judge (1846-50). Meanwhile, he was chosen a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1850 he was

Side Free Dispensar\' afford. resources for clinical instruction. in

The teaching

1898, consists

faculty, as constituted

of about fifty instructors,

in-

cluding professors, lecturers, demonstrators, and assistants.

NORTHWESTERX UXIVERSITT WOMAN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL, fessional

education

Chicago.

Its

"Woman's

an institution of

women,

for the pro

located

in

corporate name was the Hospital Medical College of Chicago," first

and it was in close connection with the Chicago Hospital for Women and Children. Later, it severed its connection with the hospital and took the name of the '"Woman's Medical College of Chicago." Co-education of the sexes, in medicine and surgery, was experimentally tried from 1868 but the experiment proved rejiugnant to the male students, wlio unanimously signed a protest against the continuance of the system. The result was the establishment of a separate

.to 1870,

women in 1870, with a faculty of sixThe requirements for graduation were fixed mt four years of medical study, includ-

school for

teen profe.ssors.

His

in the affairs of Will County.

public ofBce

first

elected to the Legislature, and, in 1853, to Congress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in

his re-election as a Representative in 1854. At the expiration of his second term (1857) he was chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He

was once more elected to Congress in 1862, but disagreed with his party as to the legal status of the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson appointed him United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, which ofRce he filled Immediately upon his retirement he until 1869. began private jsractice at Chicago, where he died, Au.gust 3, 1875. NORWOOD PARK, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad (Wiscon.sin Division), 11 miles northwest of Chicago. Incorporated in City of Chicago, 1893. NOTES, George Clement, clergyman, was born at Landaff, N. H., August 4, 1833, brought by his parents to Pike County, 111., in 1844, and, at the age of 16, determined to devote his life to the ministry in 1851, entered Illinois College at Jacksonville, graduating with first honors in the class of 1855. In the following autumn he entered Union Theological Seminary in New York, and, having graduated in 1858, was ordained the same year, and installed pastor of the First Presbyterian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained ;

;

40

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

1

when he accepted a

call to the First Presbyterian Church of Evaustoii, 111., then a small organization which developed, during the twenty years of his pastorate, into one of the strongest and most influential churches in EvansFor a number of years Dr. Noyes was an ton. editorial writer and weekly correspondent of "The New York Evangelist,'" over the signature

ten years,

of "Clement."

He was

Trustees of his

Knox

mind was

an Board of

also, for several years,

active and very efficient

member

College.

of the

The

liberal bent of

illustrated in the fact that he acted

as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the celebrated trial of the latter for heresy before the

Chicago

— his argument on that encomiums from all classes of

Presbytery

occasion winning

His death took place at Evanston, Jan. 14, 1889, as the result of an attack of pneumonia, and was deeply deplored, not only by his own church and denomination, but by the whole community. Some two weeks after it occurred a union meeting was held in one of the churches at Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration of his services were delivered by some dozen people.

ministers of that village and of Chicago, %vhile various social and literary organizations and the He press bore testimony to his high character. was a member of the Literary Society of Chicago, and, during the last year of his life, served as its President. Dr. Noyes was married, in 18.58, to a daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville.

OAKLAND, dalia Line

a city of Coles County on the VanSt. Louis & Western

and the Toledo,

Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Charleston;

in

is

grain center and broom-corn belt the town has two banks and one daily and two weekly papers. ;

Pop. (1890), 905 ;(1900), 1,198. OAK PARK, a village of Cook County, and

popular residence suburb of Chicago, 9 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, on which it is located is also upon the line of the Wisconsin Central Railroad. The place has numerous churches, prosperous schools, a public library, telegraph and express offices, banks and two local papers. Population (1880), 1,888; (1890), 4,771. ;

OBERLT, John ice

Commissioner,

H., journalist

was

born

and in

Civil Serv-

Cincinnati,

boyhood in Allegheny County, Pa., but, in 1853, began learning the printer's trade in the office of "The Wooster (Ohio) Republican," completing it at Memphis, Tenn and becoming a journeyman printer in Ohio, Dec.

,

6,

1837; spent part of his

He worked in various offices, including the Wooster paper, where he also began the study of law, but, in 18G0, became part proprietor of "The Bulletin'' job office at Memphis, in which 1857.

he had been employed as an apprentice, and. foreman. Having been notified to leave Memphis on account of his LTnion principles after the beginning of the Civil War. he returned to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers there during the next four years, but, in 1865, came to Cairo, 111., where he served for a time as foreman of "The Cairo Democrat," three years later establishing "The Cairo Bulletin." Although the latter paper was burned out a few months later, In 1872 he it was immediately re-established. was elected Representative in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor Cullom the Democratic member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, serving four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Democratic candidate for Secretary of State. Other positions held by liim included Jlayor of the city of Cairo (1869); President of the National Typographical Union at Chicago (1865), and at Memphis (1866); delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of Central Committee the Democratic State (1883-84). After retiring from the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, he united in founding "The Bloomington (111.) Bulletin," of which he was editor some three years. During President Cleveland's administration he was appointed a member of the Civil Service Commission, being later transferred to the Commissionership of Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected in an editorial capacity with "The Washington Post," "The Richmond (Va.) State," "The Concord (N. H.) People and Patriot" and "The Washington Times." While engaged in an attempt to reorganize "The People and Patriot," he died at Concord, N. H., April 15, 1S99. ODD FELLO'O'S. "Western Star" Lodge, No.

later, as

1,

I.

1836.

was instituted at Alton, June 11, In 1838 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was

0. O. F.,

same place, and reorganized, at S. C. Pierce was the first Grand Master, and Samuel L. Miller, Grand SecAVildey Encampment. No. 1, was organretary. ized at Alton in 1838, and the Grand Encampment, instituted at the

Springfield, in 1842.

at Peoria, in

1850,

with Charles

II.

Constable

Grand Patriarch. In 1850 the subordinate branches numbered seventy-six, with 3, 291 members, and §25,392.87 revenue. In 1895 the Lodges numbered 838, the membership 50.544. with $475,252.18 revenue, of which $135,018.40

of the Order

— IIISTOIUCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was

expended

for

relief.

The

Encampment

branch, in 1895, embraced 179 organizations witli a membership of 6,812 and §23,865.2.5 revenue, of which $6,781.40 was paid out for relief. The Eebekah branch, for the same year, comprised 423

Lodges, with 22,000 members and 843.215.65 revenue, of which 83,133.79 was for relief. The total sum distributed for relief b}- the several organizations (1895) was §144, 972..59. The Order was especially liberal in its benefactions to the sufferers by the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to its members calling forth a generous response

throughout the United States. Oi-jjhan^' Home.)

(See

Odd

Fellows'

ODD FELLOWS' ORPHANS' HOME, a benevo lent institution, incorporated in 1889, erected at 111. under the auspices of the Daughters Rebekah (see Odd Fellows), and dedicated August 19, 1892. The building is four stories in height, has a capacity for the accommodation of fifty children, and cost 836,524.76, exclusive of

Lincoln,

,

of

ODELL,

a village of Livingston County, and station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 83 miles south-southwest of Chicago. It is in a grain and stock-raising region. Population (1880), 908; (1890), 800; (1900), 1,000. ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the cross-

ing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railways, 2-14 miles south by west from Chicago; in fruit belt; has coal-mine, two fruit evaporators, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,180. O'FALLOX, a village of St. Clair County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 miles east of St. Louis; has interurbau raihvay, electric lights, water-works, factories, coal-mine, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,367. OGDEX, William Butler, capitalist and Railway President, born at AValton, N. Y. June 15, 1805. He was a member of the New York Legislature in 1834, and, the following j'ear, removed to Chicago, wliere he established a land and trust agency. He took an active part in the various entei-prises centering around Chicago, and, on the incorporation of the city,, was elected its first Mayor. He was prominently ideati.leJ with tlie construction of the Galena & Cliica^o Union Railroad, and, in 1S47, bocanio its President. ,

visiting Em-ope in 1G53, he made a careful study of the canals of Holland, wliich convinced him of the desirability of widening and deepening the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of constructing a ship canal across the southern of Michigan. In 1855 he became PresiI

St.

Paul

407

&

Fond du Lao

and effected its consolidation with the & Chicago Union. Out of this consolidation sprang the Chicago & Northwestern RailRailroad,

Galena

way Company, of which he was elected President. In 1850 he presided over the National Pacific Railroad Convention, and, upon the formation of the Union Pacific Railroad Company, he became its President. He was largely connected with the inception of the Northern Pacific line, in the success of which he was a firm believer. He also controlled various other interests of public

importance, among them the great lumbering establishments at Peshtigo, Wis., and, at the time of his death, was the owner of what was probably the largest plant of that description in the world. His benefactions were numeroas, among the recipients being the Rush Medical College, of which he was President; the Theological Semi-

nary of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical Society, the

Academy

of Sciences, the Universit^-

of Chicago, the Astronomical Society,

forty acres of land valued at .88,000.

While

dent of the Chicago.

other educational

and benevolent

and many

institutioi;s

and organizations in the Northwest. Died, in New York City, August 3, 1877. (See Chicago cc North western Ra ilroad. ) OGLE, Joseph, pioneer, was born in Virginia in 1741, came to Illinois in 1785. settling in the American Bottom within the present County of Monroe, but afterwards removed to St. Clair County, about the site of the present town of O'Fallon, 8 miles north of Belleville; was selected by his neighbors to serve as Captain in their skirmishes with the Indians. Died, at his home in St. Clair County, in February, 1831. Captain Ogle had the reputation of being the earliest convert to Methodism in Illinois. Ogle County, in Northern Illinois, was named in his honor. Jacob (Ogle), son of the preceding, also a native of Virginia, was born about 1773, came to Illinois with his fatlier in 1785, and was a "Ranger" in the War of 1813. He served as a Representative from St. Clair County in the Third General Assembly (1822), and again in the Seventh (1830), in the former being an opponent of the pro-slavery convention scheme. Beyond two terms in the Legislature he seems to have held no public office except that of Justice of the Like his father, he was a zealous .uetlioPeace. Died, in 1844, aged 70 dist and highly respected.

OGLE COlTJfTY, next to the "northern tier" ot counties of the State and originally a part of Jo It was separately organized in 1837, Daviess. and Lee County was carved from

its

territory in

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

40S

In lOOn its area was 7yu square miles, and population 29,139. Before the Black Hawk

1839. its

War

immigration was slow, and life primitive. Peoria was the nearest food market. New grain was "ground" on a grater, and old pounded with an extemporized pestle in a wooden mortar. Rock River flows across tlie county from northA little oak timber grows east to southwest. along face

its

is

banks, but, generally speaking, the sursoil of a rich

undulating prairie, with

loam. Sandstone is in ample supply, and all the limestones aboimd. An extensive peat-bed has been discovered on the Killbuck Creek. Oregon, the coimty-seat, has fine water-power. Tlie other principal towns are Rochelle, Polo, Forreston and

Mount

Morris.

OGLESBY, Richard James, Governor and United States Senator, was born in Oldham County, Ky., July 25, 1824; left an orphan at the age of 8 years in 1836 accompanied an uncle to Decatur, 111., where, until 1844, he worked at farming, carpentering and rope-making, devoting In 1845 he his leisure hours to the study of law. was admitted to the bar and began practice at Sullivan, in Moultrie County. In 1846 he was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's regiment), and served through the Mexican War, taking part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the In 1847 he pursued a battle of Cerro Gordo. course of study at the Louisville Law School, graduating in 1848. He was a "forty-niner" in In California, but returned to Decatur in 1851. 1858 he made an unsuccessful campaign for Conwas he In 1860 gress in the Decatur District. elected to the State Senate, but early in 1861 ;

resigned his seat to accept the colonelcy of the Eighth Illinois Volunteers. Through gallantry (notably at Forts Henry and Donelson and at Corinth) he rose to be Major-General, being severely wounded in the last-named battle. He resigned his commission on account of disability, in May, 1864, and the following November was In 1872 he elected Governor, as a Republican.

was

re-elected Governor,

but,

two weeks

after

his inauguration, resigned to accept a seat in the

United States Senate, to which he was elected by the Legislature of 1873. In 1884 he was elected Governor for the third time being the

—

only man in the history of the State who (up to the present time— 1899) has been thus honored. After the expiration of his last term as Governor, he devoted his attention to his private affairs at his home at Elkhart, in Logan County, where he died, April 24, 1899, deeply mourned by personal

and

political friends in all parts of the

who admired

his strict

integrity

and

Union, sterling

patriotism.

OHIO, INDIANA & (See Peoria

WESTERN RAILWAY.

&

Eastern Railroad.) affluent of the Mississippi, formed by the union of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers, at Pittsburg, Pa. At this point it becomes a navigable stream about 400 yards wide, with an elevation of about 700 feet above sea-level. The beauty of the scenery along its banks secured for it, from the early French explorers (of whom La Salle was one), the name of "La Belle Riviere." Its general course is to the southwest, but with many sinuosities, forming the southern boundary of the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the western and northern boundary of West Virginia and Kentucky, until it enters the Mississippi at Cairo, in latitude 37° N., and about 1.200 miles above the mouth of the latter stream. The area which it drains is computed to be 214,000 square miles. Its mouth is 268 feet above the level of the sea. The current is remarkably gentle and uniform, except near Louisville, where there is a descent of twentytwo feet within two miles, which is evaded by means of a canal around the falls. Large steamboats can navigate its whole lengtli, except in low

OHIO RIVER, an

stages of water

and when closed

Its largest affluents are

bj' ice

in winter.

the Tennessee, the

Cum-

Kanawha and the Green Rivers, from the south, and the Wabash, the Miami, Scioto and Muskingum from the berland, the Kentucky, the Great

The principal cities on its banks are Pittsburg, Wheeling, Cincinnati, Louisville, Evans-

north. ville,

New

Albany, Madison and Cairo.

It

is

crossed by bridges at Wheeling, Cincinnati and The surface of the Ohio is subject to a Cairo. variation of forty-two to fifty -one feet between

high and low water. Its length is 975 miles, and its width varies from 400 to 1,000 yards. (See Inundations, Remarkable.)

OHIO & MISSISSIPPI RAILWAY.

(See Bal-

&

Ohio Sonthirestern Railroad.) incorporated city and the countyseat of Richland County, 31 miles west of Vin-

timore

OLNEY, an

cennes, Ind., and 117 miles east of

St.

Louis, Mo.,

& Ohio Southwestern and the Peoria Division of the Illinois Central and the Ohio River Division of the Cin-

at the junction of the Baltimore

Hamilton & Dayton Railroad; is in the center of the fruit belt and an important shipping point for farm produce and live-stock; has flour mills, a furniture factory and railroad repair shops, banks, a public library, churches and live cinnati,

—

— HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. newspapers, one issuing daily and anotlier seniiweekl.v editions. Population (1890). 3,831 (1900), ;

and a weekly

1,061; (1890), 994;

ONEIDA,

4,260.

OMELTESY,

John, pioneer and head of a numerous family which became prominent In Southern Illinois; was a native of Ireland who came to America about 1798 or 1799. After residing in Kentucky a few years, he removed to Illinois, locating in what afterwards became Pope County, whither his oldest son, Samuel, had preceded him about 1797 or 1798. The latter for a time followed the occupation of flat-boating, carrying produce to New Orleans. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 from Pope County, being the colleague of Hamlet Ferguson. A year later he removed to Randolph County, where he served as a member of the County Court, but, in 1820-22, we find him a member of the Second General Assembly from Union County, having successfully contested the seat of Samuel Alexander, who had received the He died in 1828.—Edward certificate of election. (Omelveny), another member of this family, and grandson of the elder John Omelveny, represented Monroe County in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), and was Presidential Elector in 1852, but died sometime during the Civil "War. Harvey K. S. (Omelveny), the fifth son of William Omelveny and grandson of John, was born in Todd County, Ky., in 1823, came to Southern IlHnois, in 1852, and engaged in the practice of law, being for a time the partner of Senator

Thomas E. Merritt, at Salem. Early in 185S was elected a Justice of the Circuit Court

lie

to

succeed Judge Breese, who had been promoted to the Supreme Court, but resigned in 1801. He gained considerable notoriety by his intense hostility to the policy of the Government during the Civil War, was a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and was named as a member of the Peace Commission pi'oposed to be appointed by the General Assembly, in 1863, to secure terms of peace with the Southern Confederacy. He was also a leading spirit in the peace meeting held at Peoria, in August, 1863. In 1869 Mr. Omelveny removed to Los Angeles, Cal., which has since been his home, and where he has carried on a lucrative law practice. OXAEGA, a town in Ii-oquois County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 85 miles south by west from Cliicago, and 43 miles north by east from Champaign. It is a manufacturing town, flour, wagons, wire-fencing, stoves and tile being among the products. It has a bank, eight churches, a graded school, a commercial college,

newspaper.

(1900), 1,270.

a city in

cago, Burlington

409 Population (1880),

'T, (in English, Bridge Prairie), an early French settlement, one mile south of Cahokia. It was commenced about 1760, located on the banks of a creek, on which was the first mill, operated by water-power, in that section, having been erected by missionaries

from St

Sulpice, in

17.54.

In

176.5

contained fourteen families. In inimdated and nearly destroj-ed.

PRAIRIE

(111

ROCHER,

(in

the village

1844

it

was

English, Prairie of

the Rock), an early French village in

what

is

now Monroe County, which began

to spring up near Fort Chartres (see Fort Chart res), and by 1722 had grown to be a considerable settlement. It stood at the foot of the Mississippi bluffs, about four miles northeast of the fort. Like other

French villages in cominon

priest, its

had its church and and commons. Many of

Illinois, it

field

the houses were picturesque cottages built of limestone. The ancient village is now extinct; yet, near the outlet of a creek which runs through bluff, may be seen the vestiges of a water mill, by the Jesuits during the days of French occupation. PRE'nTICE, WilUam S., Methodist Episcopal

the

said to have been erected

clergyman, was born in St. Clair County, 111., in 1819; licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1849,

and

filled pastorates at Paris, Danville, CarlinSpringfield, Jacksonville and other places the latter part of his life, serving as Presiding Elder; was a delegate to the General Conference of 1860, and regularly re-elected from 1872 to the end of his life. During the latter part of his life ville,

home was in Springfield. Died, June 28, 1887. PRENTISS, Benjamin Mayberry, soldier, was

his

born at Belleville,

Wood

County, Va., Nov.

23,

accompanied his parents to Misremoved to Quincy, III., where he learned a trade, afterwards embarking in the commission business. In 1844-4.5 he was Lieutenant of a company sent against the IMormons at Nauvoo, later serving as Captain of Volunteers in the :\rexican War. In 1860 he was an unsuccess1819;

in 1835

souri, and, in 1841,

ful Republican candidate for Congress; at the outbreak of the Civil War tendered his services to Governor Yates, and was commissioned Colonel of the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, was almost immediately promoted to Brigadier-General and placed in command at Cairo, so continuing until relieved by General Grant, in September, 1861. At the battle of Shiloh, in April following, he was captured with most of his command, after a most vigorous fight with a superior rebel force, but, in 1862, was exchanged and brevetted MajorGeneral of Volunteers. He was a member of the court-martial that tried Gen. Fitzjolm Porter, and, as commander at Helena, Ark. defeated the Confederate Generals Holmes and Price on July He resigned his commission, Oct. 28, 3, 1863. In 1869 he was appointed by President 1863. Grant Pension Agent at Quincy, serving four ,

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. At present

General Prentiss" residence is at Bethany, Mo., where he served as Postmaster, during the admini-stration of President Benjamin Harrison, and was reappointed by Died Feb. 8, 1901. President Mc-Kinley.

years.

(1898)

PKESIDF.XTI.VL ELECTORS. (See Elections.)

PKtSBYTERIAX HOSPITAL,

located at Chi-

was organized in 1883 by a number of wealthy and liberal Presbyterians, "for the purpose of affording medical and sui-gical aid to sick and disabled persons, and to provide them, while inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations of the gospel, agreeably to the doctrines and forms of the Presbyterian Church"' Rush Medical College offered a portion of its ground as a site (see Rush Medical College), and through generous building was subscriptions, a well-planned erected, capable of accommodating about 250 patients. A corridor connects the college and The medical staff comprises hospital buildings. cago,

eighteen of Chicago's best

known

physicians and

surgeons.

PRESBTTERIAXS, THE. The

first

Presby-

was organized by Rev. James McGready, of Kentucky, in 1816, at Sharon, White County. Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith, also Presbyterians, had visited terian society in Illinois

the State in 1814, as representatives of the Massachusetts Missionary Society, but had formed no The members of the Sharon church society.

were almost all immigrants from the South, and were largely of Scotch-Irish extraction. Two other churches were established in 1819 one at Shoal Creek, Bond Count}', and the other at Edwardsville. In 1825 there were but three Presbyterian ministers in Illinois Revs. Stephen Ten years Bliss, Jolm Brich and B. F. Spilman. later there were SO churches, with a membership In 1880 the number of of 2,500 and CO ministers. churches had increased to 487; but, in 1890. (as shown by the United States census) there were less. In the latter year there were 405 ministers and 52,945 members. The Synod of Illinois is the highest ecclesiastical com-t of the denomination in the State, and, rmder its jurisdiction, the church maintains two seminaries: one (the 3IcCormick) at Chicago, and the other (the Blackburn University) at CarUnville. The organ of the denomination is "The Interior,"' founded by Cyrus H. McCormick, and published weekly at Chicago, with William C. Gray as editor. The Illinois Synod embraced within its jurisdiction (1895) eleven Presbyteries, to which were attached

—

—

483 churches, 464 ministers 63,247.

and a membership

(See also Religious Denominations.)

of

PRICKETT,

433

merchant, was born near Lexington, Ky., came to Madison County, 111., in 1808; was employed for a time in the drug business in St. Louis, then opened a store at Edwardsville, where, in 1813, he received from the first County Court of Madison County, a license to retail merchandise. In 1818, he served as one of the three Delegates from Madison County to the Convention which framed the first State Constitution, and, the same year, was elected a Representative in the First General Assembly; was also Postmaster of the town of Edwardsville for a number of years. In 1825 he removed to Adams Count}' and laid out an addition to the city of Quincy; was also engaged there in trade with the Indians. In 1836, while engaged on a Government contract for the removal of snags and other obstructions to the navigation of Red River, he died at Natchitoches, La. —George W. (Prickett) a son of the preceding, and afterwards a citizen of Chicago, is said to have been the first white child born in Edwardsville.— Isaac (Prickett), a brother of Abraham, came to St. Louis in 1815, and to Edwardsville in 1818, where he was engaged in mercantile business with his brother and, later, on his own account. He held the offices of Postmaster, Public Administrator, Quartermaster-General of State Militia, In.spector of the State Penitentiary, and, from 1838 to '42, was Receiver of Public Moneys at Edwardsville, dying in 1844. PRICKETT, David, pioneer lawyer, was born in Franklin County, Ga., Sept. 21, 1800; in earhchildhood was taken by his parents to Kentucky and from there to Edwardsville, lU. He graduated from Transylvania University, and, in 1821, began the practice of law was the first Supreme Court Reporter of Illinois, Judge of the Madison County Probate Court, Representative in the General Assembly (1826-28), Aid-de-Camp to General Whiteside in the Black Hawk War, State's Attorney for Springfield Judicial Circuit (1837), Treasurer of the Board of Canal Commissioners (1840), Director of the State Bank of IIHuois (1842), Clerk of the House of Representatives for ten sessions and Assistant Clerk of the same at the time of his death, March 1, 1847. PRIXCE, David, physician and surgeon, was born in Brooklyne, Windham County, Conn., June 21, 1816; removed with his parents to Canandaigua, N. Y., and was educated in the academy there began the study of medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, finishing at the Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, where he was associated, for a year and a Aliraliaiu, pioneer

;

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

434

with the celebrated surgeon, Dr. Muzzy. In 1843 he came to Jacksonville, 111., and, for two years, was Professor of Anatomy in the Medical half,

Department of Illinois College; later, spent five years practicing in St. Louis, and lecturing on surgery in the St. Louis Medical College, when, returning to Jacksonville in 1852, he established himself in practice there, devoting special attention to surgery, in which he had already won a wide reputation. During the latter part of the Civil War he served, for fourteen months, as Brigade Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac, and, on the capture of a portion of his brigade, voluntarily surrendered himself that he might attend the captives of his command in Libby After the close of the war he was Prison. employed for some months, by the Sanitary Commission, in writing a medical history of the war.

He

visited

Europe twice,

first

in 1881 as a dele-

gate to the International Medical Congress in London, and again as a member of the Copenhagen Congress of 1884 at each visit making careful inspection of the hospitals in London, Paris, and Berlin. About 1867 he established a

—

Sanitarium in Jacksonville for the treatment of surgical cases and chronic diseases, to which he gave the closing years of his life. Thoroughly devoted to his profession, liberal, public-spirited and sagacious in the adoption of new methods, he stood in the front rank of his profession, and his death was mourned by large numbers who had received the benefit of his ministrations without money and without price. He was member of a number of leading professional associations, besides local

literarj-

and

social organizations.

Died, at Jacksonville, Dec. 19, 1889.

lawyer, was born at West Bloomfield, Ontario County, N. Y., Dec. 8, 1832; attended school at Pay son, 111., and Illinois College, Jacksonville, graduating from the latter in

PRINCE, Edward,

law at Quincy, and after admission began dealing in real estate. In 1861 he offered his services to Governor Yates, was made Captain and Drill-master of cavalry and. a few months later, commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, taking part, as second in command, in the celebrated 1852; studied

to the bar in 1853,

"Grier.son raid" through Mississippi, in 1863, serving until discharged with the rank of Colonel of his regiment, in 1864. After the war he gave considerable attention to engineering and the construction of a system of water-works for the

where he now resides. PRINCE, (jJeorge W., lawyer and Congressman, born in Tazewell County, 111., March 4, 18.54; was

city of Quincy,

educated in the public schools and at Knox College, graduating from the latter in 1878. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880 was elected City Attorney of Galesburg the following year served as chairman of the Knox ;

;

County UepubUcan Central Committee in 1884, and, in 1888, was elected Representative in the General Assembly and re-elected two years later. In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for Attorney-General of the State of Illinois, but was defeated with the rest of the State ticket at a special election, held in April, 1895, he was chosen Representative in Congress from the Tenth District to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Col. Philip Sidney Post, which had occurred in January preceding. In common with a majority of his colleagues, Mr. Prince was ;

re-elected in 1896, receiving a plurality of nearly 16,000 votes,

November,

and was elected

for a third

term in

1898.

PRINCETON,

a city and the county-seat of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 22 miles west-southwest of Mendota, and 104 miles west-southwest of Chicago; has a court house, gas-works, electric lights,

graded

and

high

schools,

numerous

churches, three newspapers and several banks. Coal is mined five miles east, and the manufactures include flour, carriages and farm imple-

ments.

Pop. (1890), 3,396; (1900), 4,023.

Prince-

ton is populated with one of the most intelligent and progressive comm\inities in the State. It was the home of Owen Lovejoy during the greater part of his life in Illinois.

PRINCETON & WESTERN RAILWAY.

(See

Xorthwentcrn Railway.) a village of Peoria County, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Rock Island & Peoria Railways, 22 miles northwest of Peoria; is a trade center for a prosperous agriculPopulation (1890), 041; (1900), 735 tural region. PROPHETSTOWN, a town in Whiteside Rock River and the Fulton Bianch on County,

Chicago

A-

PRINCEVILLE,

& Quincy Railroiul, 45 miles northwest of Mendota; has some manuPop. factures, three banks and two newspapers.

of the Chicago. Burlington

(1890), 604; (190(1). 1,143.

PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION.

(Se

3Ii)writi/ Rcpr,.-'CY

TOLEDO

&

QUIJfCT

&

RAILROAD.

(See

WARSAW RAILROAD. d-

(See

Quincy Railroad.)

RAAB, Henry, ex-State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born in Wetzlar, Rhenish Prussia, June 20, 1837; learned the trade of a currier with his father and came to the United States Ln 18.53, finally locating at Belleville, 111., where, in 1857, he became a teacher in the public schools; in 1873 was made Superintendent of schools for that city, and, in 1882, was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction on

the Democratic ticket, declined a renomination in 1886; was nominated a second time in 1890, re-elected, but defeated by S. M. Inglis in 1894. In the administration of his oftice. Pro-

and

fessor

Raab showed a commendable freedom from After retiring from the office of

partisanship.

State Superintendent, he resumed a position in connection with the public schools of Belleville. RADISSON, Pierre Esprit, an early French traveler

and

trader,

who

is

said to

have readied

the Upper IMississippi on his third voyage to the West in 1658-59. The period of his explorations 1684, of which he prepared a narrative which was published by the Prince Society of Boston in 1885, under the title of "Radisson's Voyages." He and his brother-inlaw, Medard Chouart, first conceived the idea of (See planting a settlement at Hudson's Bay. Chouart, 3Iedard.)

extended from 1652 to

RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE COMMISSION, a Board of three Commissioners, appointed by the executive (by and with the advice and consent of the Senate), under authority of an act approved, April 13, 1871, for the enforcement of the provisions of the Constitution and laws in relation The Commission's to raih-oads and warehouses. powers are partly judicial, partly executive. The following is a summary of its powers and duties:

maximum

The prinCommission are at the State where monthly sessions are held. For

cipal offices of the

the purpose of properly conducting the grain inspection department, montlily meetings are also held at Chicago, where the offices of a Grain Inspector, appointed by the Board, are located. Here all business relating to this department is discussed and necessary special meetings are held. The inspection department has no revenue outside of fees, but the latter are ample for its maintenance. Fees for inspection on arrival ("inspection in") are twenty -five cents per carload, ten cents per wagon-load, and forty cents per 1,000 bushels from canal-boat or vessels. For inspection from store ("inspected out") the fees are fifty cents per 1,000 bushels to vessels; thirty-five cents per car-load, and ten cents per wagon-load to teams. While there are never wanting some cases of friction between the transportation companies and warehousemen on the one hand, and the Commission on the other, there can be no question that the formation of the latter has been of great value to the receivers, shippers, forwarders and tax-payers of the State generally. Similar regulations in regard to the inspection of grain in warehouses, at East St. The first Louis and Peoria, are also in force. Board, created under the act of 1871, consisted of Gustavus Koerner, Richard P. Morgan and David Other S. Hammond, holding office until 1873.

—

Boards have been as follows: 1873-77 Henry D. Cook (deceased 1873, and succeeded by James David A. Brown and Jolm M. Pearson; 1877-83—William M. Smith. George M. Bogue and John H. Oberly (retired 1881 and succeeded by William H. Robinson) 1883-8.5— Wm. N. Brainard, E. C. Lewis and Charles T. Stratton 1885-89 —John I. Rinaker, Benjamin F. Marsh and Wm. T. Johnson (retired in 1887 and succeeded by Jason Rogers); 1889-93— Jolm R. Wheeler, Isaac N. Phillips and W^. S. Crim (succeeded, 1891, by John Steele),

;

;

R. Tanner)

;

Gahan and Charles George W. Fithian)

F. ;

1897-99— Cicero

S. RanneUs and James Orain Inspection.)

Charles also

S. Cantrell, Thomas F. Lape (succeeded, 1895, by

1893-97—W.

rates, equi-

establish a schedule of

table to shipper

trestles: to

tem, to be approved by the Commission; to enforce proper rules for the inspection and regis-

and carrier alike; to require yearly reports from railroads and warehouses; to hear and pass upon complaints of extortion and

To

and

manner of complaints relative

to insure the adoption of a safe interlocking sys-

capital,

)

Chicago, Burlington

all

tration of grain throughout the State.

cago. Burlington d- Quincy Railroad.)

Waba.ih Railroad.

hear and decide

to intersections and to protect grade-crossings;

(1890), 31,494; (1900), 36,252.

(See Chicago, Burlington

unjust discrimination, and (if necessary) enforce prosecutions therefor; to secure the safe condition of railway road-beds, bridges

J.

Lindley,

E. Bidwell.

(See

—

)

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. RAILROADS

(IN

GENERAL).

The existing

raib-oad system of Illinois had its inception in the mania for internal improvement which swept

over the country in 1836-37, the basis of the plan adopted in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) being that the State should construct, maintain, own and operate an elaborate system. Lines were to be constructed from Cairo to Galena, from Alton to Mount Carmel, from Peoria to Warsaw, from Alton to the Central Railroad, from Belleville to Motmt Carmel, from Bloomington to Jlackinaw Town, and from Meredosia to Springfield. The experiment proved extremely unfortunate to the financial interests of the State, and laid the foundation of an immense debt under which it staggered for many years. The Northern Cross Railroad, extending from Meredosia to Springfield, was the only one so far completed as to be in It was sold, in 1847, to Nicholas H. operation. Ridgely, of Springfield for §21,100, he being the This line formed a nucleus of highest bidder. the existing Wabash system. The first road to be operated by private parties (outside of a primitive tramway in St. Clair County, designed for the transportation of coal to St. Louis) was the Galena & Chicago Union, chartered in 1836. This was the second line completed in the State, and The subsequent the first to run from Chicago. development of the railway system of Illinois was at first gradual, then steady and finally rapid. A succinct description of the various lines now in operation in the State maj- be found under appropriate headings. At present Illinois leads all the States of the Union in the extent of railways in operation, the total mileage (1897) of main track being 10,785.43 or 19 miles for each 100 square miles of territory and 25 miles for each 10,000 inhabitants estimating the population Every one (1898) at four and a quarter millions. of the 103 counties of the State is traversed by at least one railroad except three Calhoun, Hardin and Pope. The entire capitalization of the 111 companies doing business in the State in 1890, (including capital stock, funded debt and current liabilities), was 82,669,164,142— equal to §67,550 per mile. In 1894, fifteen owned and ten leased lines paid dividends of from four to eight per cent on common, and from four to ten per cent on preferred, stock the total amount thus paid aggregating §25,321,752. The total earnings and income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the State, aggregated §77,508,537, while the total expenditure within the State was §71,463,367. Of the 58,263,860 tons of freight carried, 11,611,798 were of agricultural products and 17,179,366

—

—

—

—

4:5£

number of passengers mineral products. The (earning revenue) carried during the year, was The

83,281,655.

total

ployes (of all classes)

amount

number of was 61,200.

railroad em-

The

entire

of taxes paid bj^ railroad companies for

From 1836, when the the year was §3,846,379. first special charter was granted for the construction of a railroad in Illinois, until 1869 after which all corporations of this character came under the general incorporation laws of the State in accordance with the Constitution of 1870 293 special charters for the construction of railroads were granted by the Legislature, besides numerous amendments of charters ab-eady in

—

(For the history of important individual lines see each road under its corporate existence.

name.

RALSTON, Virgil Young, editor and soldier, was born, July 16, 1828, at Vancebm'g, Ky. was a student in Illinois College one year (1846-47), after which he studied law in Quincy and practiced for a time also resided some time in California; 1855-57 was one of the editors of "The Quincy Whig," and represented that paper in the Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) In 1861, he was commissioned a Captain in the Sixteenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on ;

;

account of ill-health later, enlisted in an Iowa regiment, but died in hospital at St. Louis, from ;

wounds and exposure, April 19, 1864. RAMSAY, Rufus N., State Treasurer, was born on a farm in Clinton County,

111.,

May

20,

1838;

received a collegiate education at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, and at Indiana State University studied law with ex -Gov. A. C. French, and was admitted to the bar in 1865, but soon ;

abandoned the law for banking, in which he was engaged both at Lebanon and Carlyle, limiting his business to the latter place about 1890.

He

served one term (from 1865) as County Clerk, and two terms (1889 and "91) as Representative in the General Assembly, and, in 1892, was nominated as a Democrat and elected State Treasurer. Died in office, at Carlyle, Nov. 11, 1894.

R.^>rSEY, a village of Fayette County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central St.

Louis

& Western

newspaper.

and the Toledo,

Railroads, 13 miles north of

"Vandalia; the district

is

agricultural;

has one

Pop. (1890), 598; (1900), 747. Ues in the southwest

RANDOLPH COUNTY,

and borders on the MissisRiver; area 560 square miles; nanaed for Beverly Randolph. It was set off from St. Clair County in 1795, being the second coimty organ-

section of the State, sippi

mSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

440

ized in the territory wliicli

State of Illinois.

now

constitutes the

From the earliest

period of

Illi-

Randolph County has been a pivotal autumn of 1700 a French and Indian settlement was established at Kaskaskia, which subsequently became the center of French nois history,

point.

lu the

influence

In 1723 Prairie du Rocher was founded by the French. It was in Randolph County that Fort Chartres was built, in 1720, and it was here that Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition for the .seizure of the "Illinois Country" met with success in the capture of Kaskaskia. American immigration began with the close of the Revolutionary War. Among the early settlers were the Cranes (Ichabod and George), Gen. John Edgar, the Dodge family, the Morrisons, and John Rice Jones. Toward the close of the century came Shadrach Bond (afterwards the fir.st Governor of the State) with his imcle of the same name, and the Menards (Pierre and Hippo lyte), the first of whom subsequently became Lieutenant - Govin

the

Mississippi

Valley.

(See Bond, Shadrach; Menard, Pierre.) In outline, Randolph County is triangular, while its surface is diversified. Timber and building stone are abundant, and coal underlies a considerable area. Chester, the county-seat, a city of 3,000 inhabitants, is a place of considerable trade and the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary. The county is crossed by several railroad lines, and transportation facilities are excellent. Popernor.

ulation

(1890), 25,049; (1900), 28,001.

RANSOM, (Gen.) Thomas Edward

Greenfield,

soldier, was born at Norwich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1834; educated at Norwich University, an institution under charge of his father, who was later an oflScer of the Mexican War and killed at ChapulHaving learned civil engineering, he tepeo. entered on his profession at Peru, 111., in 1851; in 1855 became a member of the real-estate firm of A. J. Galloway & Co., Chicago, soon after removing to Fayette County, where he acted as agent of the Illinois Central Railroad. Under the first call for volunteers, in April, 1801, he organized a company, which having been incorporated in the Eleventh Illinois, he was elected Major, and. on the reorganization of the regiment for the three-years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, in this capacity having command of his regiment at Fort Donelson, where he was severely wounded and won deserved promotion to a colonelcy, as .successor to Gen. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards killed at Shiloh. Here Colonel Ransom again distinguished himself by his bravery, and though again wounded while

ILLINOIS.

regiment, remained in command through the day. His service was recognized by promotion as Brigadier - General. He bore a prominent part in the siege of Vicksburg and in leading

liis

the Red River campaign, and, later, commanded the Seventh Army Corps in the operations about Atlanta, but finally fell a victim to disease and his

numerous wounds, dying

in Chicago, Oct. 29,

having previously received the brevet rank General Ransom was confessedly one of the most brilliant officers contributed by Illinois to the War for the Union, and was pronounced, by both Grant and Sherman, one of the ablest volunteer generals in their commands. RASTOUL, a city in Champaign County, at the junction of the main line of the Illinois Central Railroad, with its West Lebanon and Leroy 1864,

of Major-General.

branch, 14 miles north-northeast of Champaign 114 miles south by west of Chicago. It has a national bank, seven churches, opera house, graded school, two weekly papers, machine shops,

and

and flax mills, tile handsome residences. Pop. flouring

factories,

and many

(1900), 1,207.

RASLE,

Sebastian, a Jesuit missionary, born in France, in 1658; at his own request was attached to the French missions in Canada in 1689, and, about 1691 or "93, was sent to the Illinois Country, where he labored for two years, traveling much and making a careful study of

the Indian dialects. He left many manuscripts descriptive of his journeyings and of the mode of From Illilife and character of the aborigines. nois he was transferred to Norridgewock, Maine, where he prepared a dictionary of the Abenaki

language in three volumes, which is now preserved in the library of Harvard College. His influence over his Indian parishioners was great, and his use of it, during the French and Indian War, so incensed the English colonists in Massachusetts that the Governor set a price upon his head. On August 12, 1724, he was slain, with seven Indian chiefs who were seeking to aid his escape, during a night attack upon Norridgewock by a force of English soldiers from Fort Richmond, his mutilated body being interred the next day by the Indians. In 1833, the citizens of Norridgewock erected a monument to his memory on the spot where he fell. RASTER, Herman, journalist, was born in Germany in 1828 entered journalism and came to America in 1851, being employed on German papers in Buffalo and New York City in 1867 accepted the position of editor-in-chief of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung, " which he continued to ;

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

441

fill until June, 1890, when he went to Europe for the benefit of his health, dying at Dresden, July While employed on papers in this 1891. 24, country during the Civil War, he acted as the American correspondent of papers at Berlin, Bremen, Vienna, and other cities of Central Europe. He served as delegate to both State and National Conventions of the Republican party, and, in 1869, received from President Cxrant the appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District, but, during the later years of his life, cooperated with the Democratic

America," and a series of reports as Secretary of the State Board of Health. Died, at Lebanon,

party.

sixth Illinois Volunteers,

RAUCH, John Henry,

physician and sanitary

expert, born in Lebanon, Pa., Sept.

4,

1828,

and

graduated in medicine at the University of PennThe following year he removed

sylvania, in 1849.

He was an to Iowa, settling at Burlington. member of the Iowa State Medical Society, and, in 1851, prepared and published a "Report on the Medical and Economic Botany of Iowa," and, later, made a collection of ichthyologio active

remains of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri for Professor Agassiz. From 1857 to 18G0 he filled the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany at Rush Medical College, Chicago, occupying the same position in 1859 in the Chicago College of Pharmacy, of which he was one of the organDuring the Civil War he served, until izers. 1864, as Assistant Medical Director, first in the Army of the Potomac, and later in Louisiana, being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of the struggle. Returning to Chicago, he aided in reorganizing the city's health service, and, in 1867, was appointed a member of the new Board of Health and Sanitary Inspector, serving until 1876. The latter year he was chosen President of the American Public Health Association, and, in 1877, a member of the newly created State

Board of Health of

Illinois,

and elected

its first

Later, he became Secretary, and continued in that office during his connection with the Board. In 1878-79 he devoted much attention to the yellow-fever epidemic, and was instrumental in the formation of the Sanitary Council of the Mississijipi, and in securing the adoption of a system of river inspection by the National Board of Health. He was a member of many scientific bodies, and the author of numerous monographs and printed addresses, chiefly in the domain of sanitary science and preventive medicine. Among them may be noticed "Intramural Interments and Their Influence on Health and Eijidemics," "Sanitary Problems of Chicago," "Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North

President.

Pa.,

March

24, 1894.

RAUM. (fcien.) (:«feen

Berry, soldier and author, Pope County, 111. Dec. 3, law and was admitted to the bar in 1853, but, three years later, removed with his family to Kansas. His Free-State proclivities rendering him obnoxious to the pro-slavery party there, he returned to Illinois in 1857, settling at Harrisburg, Saline County. Early in the Civil War he was commissioned a Major in the Fifty-

was born

at Golconda,

,

1829, studied

was subsequently promoted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, and, later, advanced to a Brigadier-Generalship, resigning his commission at the close of the war (May 6, 18G5). He was with Rosecrans in the Mississippi campaign of 1863, took a conspicuous part in the battle of

Corinth, participated in the siege of

Vicksburg and was wounded at Missionary Ridge. He also rendered valuable service during the Atlanta campaign, keeping lines of communication open, re-enforcing Resaca and repulsing an attack by General Hood. He was with Sherman in the "March to the Sea," and with Hancock, in the Shenandoah Valley, 1866 General

when the war closed.

Raum became

In President of the pro-

&

Vincennes Railroad, an enterprise He of which he had been an active promoter. was elected to Congress in 1866 from the Southjected Cairo

ern Illinois District (then the Thirteenth), serving one term, and the same year presided over the Republican State Convention, as he did again in 1876 and in 1880 was also a delegate to the National Conventions at Cincinnati and Chicago

—

From August 1876, to May 31, 1883, General Raum served as Commissioner of Internal Revenue at Washington, in that time having superintended the collection of 8800,000,000 of revenue, and the disbursement of §30.000,000. After retiring from the Commissionership, he resumed the practice In 1889 he was appointed of law in Washington. Commissioner of Pensions, remaining to the

the last two years just mentioned. 2,

close

of

President

Harrison's

administration,

to Chicago and again engaged During the various political campaigns of the past thirty years, his services have been in frequent request as a campaign speaker, and he has canvassed a number of States in the Besides his interest of the Republican party. official reports, he is author of "The Existing Conflict Between Republican Government and Southern Oligarchy" (Washington, 1884), and a number of magazine articles.

when he removed in practice.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIxV OF ILLINOIS.

442

RAUM, John, pioneer and early legislator, was born in Hummelstown, Pa., July 14, 1793, and Having died at Golconda, 111., March 14, 1869. received a liberal education in his native State, Shawueetown. settled at the subject of this sketch Ill,, in 1823, but removed to Golconda, Pope County, in 1826. He had previously served three years in the War of 1813, as First Lieutenant of the Sixteenth Infantry, and, while a resident of Illinois, served in the Black Hawk War of 1833 as Brigade Major. He was also elected Senator from the District composed of Pope and Johnson Counties in the Eighth General Assembly (1833), as successor to Samuel Alexander, who had resigned. The following year lie was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court of Pope County, and was also elected Clerk of the County Court the

same year, holding both offices for many and retaining the County Clerkship up a

death,

period

married March

was father

of

thirty-five

years.

to his

and Green B. Raum, and

33, 1827, to Juliet C.

of Brig. -Gen.

years,

He was

Field,

Maj. John M. Raum, both of whom served in the volunteer army from Illinois during the Civil

War.

RAWLINS, John Aaron, soldier, Secretary of War, was born at East Galena, Feb. 13, 1831, the son of a small farmer, who was also a charcoalburner. The son, after irregular attendance on the district schools and a year passed at Jlount Morris Academy, began the study of law. He was admitted to the bar at Galena in 1854, and at once began practice. In 18.j7 he was elected City Attorney of Galena, and nominated on the DougAt the outbreak of las electoral ticket in 1860. the Civil War he favored, and publicly advocated, measures, and it is said that it was partly through his influence that General Grant early tendered his services to the Government. He served on the staff of the latter from the time General Grant was given command of a brigade coercive

until the close of the war, most of the time being its chief, and rising in rank, step by step, until, in 1863, he became a Brigadier-General, and, in 1865,

a Major-General.

His long service on the

General Grant indicates the estimation which he was held by his chief. Promptly on

staff of

in

the assumption of the Presidency by General Grant, in March, 1869, he was appointed Secretary of War, but consumption had already obtained a hold upon his constitution, and he survived only six months, dying in office, Sept. 6, 1869.

was born at NorChenango County, N. Y., March 13, 1821;

RAT, Charles -ndch,

H., journalist,

in 1843, studied medicine and began practice at Muscatine, Iowa, afterwards locating in Tazewell County, 111., also being associated,

came west

with the publication of a temperance paper at Springfield. In 1847 he removed to Galena, soon after becoming editor of "The Galena Jeffer.sonian,"' a Democratic paper, with which he remained until 1854. He took strong ground against the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and, at the session of the Legislature of 1855, served as Secretary of the Senate, also acting as correspondent of "The New York Tribune"; a few months later became associated with Joseph Medill and John C. Vaughan in the purchase and for a time,

of "The Chicago Tribune,'" Dr. Ray assuming the position of editor-in-chief. Dr. Ray was one of the most trenchant and powerful writers ever connected with the Illinois press, and his articles exerted a wide influence dvu-ing the period of the organization of the Republican party, in which he was an influential factor. He was a member of the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors lield at Decatur, Feb. 33, 1856, and served as C'liairman of the Committee on Resolutions. (See Anti-Xcbraska Editorial ConvenAt the State Republican Convention held ti07i.) at Bloomington, in May following, he was

management

appointed a member of the State Central Committee for that year was also Canal Trustee by appointment of Governor Bissell, serving from 1837 to 1S61. In November, 1863, he severed his connection with "The Tribune" and engaged in oil speculations in Canada which proved financially disastrous. In 1865 he returned to the paper as an editorial writer, remaining only for a short time. In 1868 he assumed the management of "The Chicago Evening Post." with which lie ;

remained identified until his death, Sept.

23,

1870.

RAY, Lyman ernor,

Beecher, ex-Lieutenant-Govwas born in Crittenden County, Vt.,

August

17,

1831

;

removed

to Illinois in 1852,

and

has since been engaged in mercantile business in After filling several local offices he this State. was elected to represent Grundy County in the lower house of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1872), and, ten years later, was chosen State Senator, serving from 1883 to 1887, and being one of the recognized party leaders on the In 1888, he was elected Lieutenant-Govfloor. ernor on the Republican ticket, his term expiring

His home is at Morris, Grundy County. RAY, William H., Congressman, was born in Dutchess County, N. Y.. Dec. 14, 1813; grew to

in 1893.

manhood

in his native State, receiving a limited

— —

—

—

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. removed to Rusliville, 111., engaging in business as a merchant and, later, as a banker was a member of the first State Board of Equalization (1867-69), and, in 1872, was education;

in 1834

;

elected to Congress as a Republican, representing his District from 1873 to 187.5. Died. Jan. 25,

RAYMOM), a St.

Montgomery County, Louis Division of the Wabash Railway, village of

50 miles southwest of Decatur; has electric lights, paper. Considerable coal is mined here and grain and fruit

some manufactures and a weekly

grown

According to Governor Reynolds, has left the most detailed account of them in "Pioneer History of Illinois," they consisted of nine brothers and four daughters, all of whom were born in Fauquier County, Va., some of them emigrating to Ohio, while others came to Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1806. Reynolds describes them as passionate and impulsive, but possessed of a high standard of integrity and a chivalrous and patriotic spirit. William, the oldest brother, and regarded as the head of the family, became a Deputy Surveyor soon after coming to Illinois, and took part in the Indian campaigns between 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he was appointed Surveyor-General of IlHnois, Missouri and Arkansas, and afterwards removed to St. Louis. Stephen, another of the brothers, was a Lieutenant in Captain Moore's Company of Rangers in the War of 1812, while Charles commanded one of the two regiments organized by Governor Edwards, in 1812, for the expedition against the Indians at the head of Peoria Lake. JTelson, still another brother, served in the same expedition on the staff of Governor Edwards. Stephen, already mentioned, was a member of the expedition sent to strengthen Prairie du Chien in 1814, and showed great com-age in a fight with the Indians at Rock Island. During the same year Nelson Rector and Captain Samuel Whiteside joined Col. Zachary Taylor (afterwards President) in an expedition on the Upper Mississippi, iu which they came in conflict with the British and Indians at Rock Island, in which Captain Rector again displayed the courage so characteristic of his family. On the 1st of March, 1814, while in charge of a surveying party on Saline Creek, in Gallatin County, according to Reynolds, Nelson was ambushed by the Indians torial days.

who

1881.

on the

US

Greeley," another of General Harney, and two or three other volumes. Died in St. Louis, April 25, 1889. RECTOR, the name of a prominent and influential family who lived at Kaskaskia in Terri-

in the

surrounding country.

Population

(1880), 543; (1890), 841; (1900), 906.

BAYMOND,

Miner, D.D., clergyman and educator, was born in Kew York City, August 29, 1811, being descended from a family of Huguenots (known by the name of "Raimonde"), who were expelled from France on account of their religion. In his youth he learned the trade of a shoemaker with his father, at Rensselaerville, N. Y. He united with the Methodist Episcopal Church at the age of 17, later taking a course in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., where he afterwards became a teacher. In 1838 he joined the Xew England Conference and, three years later, began pastoral work at Worcester, subsequently occupying pulpits in Boston and Westfield. In 1848, on the resignation of Dr. Robert AUyn (afterwards President of McKendree College and of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbondale), Dr. Raymond succeeded to the principalship of the Academy at Wilbraham, remaining there until 1864, when he was elected to the chair of (Rev.)

systematic theology in the Garrett Biblical Institute at Evanston, 111., his connection with the 189.5, when he For some three years of this period he served as pastor of the First Methodist Church at Evanston. His death occurred, Nov. 25, 1897. REAYIS, Logan Uriah, journali.st, was born in the Sangamon Bottom, Mason County, 111., March 26, 1831 in 1855 entered the office of "The Beardstown Gazette," later purchased an interest in the paper and continued its publication under

latter institution continuing until

resigned.

;

name of "The Central lUinoian," until 1857, when he sold out and went to Nebraska. Return-

the

he repm-chased his old paper and when he sold out for the of his life was devoted chiefly to advocating the removal of the National Capital to St. Louis, which he did by lectures and the publication of pamphlets and books on the subject; also published a "Life of Horace ing, in 1860,

conducted last time.

it

until 1866,

The remainder

his

—

and, though severely wounded,

was carried away

by

his horse, and recovered. Elias, another member of the family, was Governor Edwards' first Adjutant-General, serving a few months in 1809, when he gave place to Robert Morrison, but was reappointed in 1810, serving for more than three

Thomas, one of the yoimger members, had a duel with Joshua Barton on "Bloody and 1814, in which he killed his antagonist. (See Duels.) A portion of this historic family drifted into Arkansas, where they became prominent, one of their years.

Island," sometime between 1812

;

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

444

descendants serving as Governor of that State during tlie Civil War period. RED Bl'D, a city in Randolph County, on the Mobile i Ohio Railroad, some 37 miles southsoutheast of St. Louis, and 21 miles south of Belleville; has a carriage factory and two flouring mills, electric lights, a hospital, two banks, five churches, a graded school and a weekly newspaper.

Pop. (1890), 1,176; (1900), 1,169.

T., lawyer and jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Deo. 18, 1839 graduated at the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Delavpare, in 1850, afterwards serving as a tutor in

REEVES, Oweu

;

that institution and as Principal of a High School at Chillicothe. In 185-4 he came to Bloomington, 111., and, as a member of the School Board, assisted in reorganizing the school system of that city; also has served continuously, for over 40 years, as one of the Trustees of the Illi-

which was

increaseil to 324 in 1890.

between 16 and 21. The Board of Managers is composed of five members, not more than three of whom shall be of the same party, their term of be for ten years. The course of treateducational (intellectually, morally and being conducted, trades taught, and the inmates constantly impressed with the conviction that, only through genuine and unmistakable evidence of improvement, can they regain their freedom. The reformatory influence of the institution may be best inferred

office to

ment

is

from the

construction of the Lafayette, Bloomington & (now a part of the Illinois Central), and was also one of the founders of the Law Department of the Wesleyan University. In 1877 he was elected to the Circuit bench, serv-

Mississippi Railroad

ing continuously, by repeated re-elections, until 1891—during the latter part of his incumbency being upon the Ai:)pellate bench. REEVES, Walter, Member of Congress and lawyer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25, 1848 removed to Illinois at 8 years of age and was reared on a farm; later became a teacher ;

and lawyer, following his profession at Streator in 1894 he was nominated by the Republicans of the Eleventh District for Congress, as successor to the Hon. Thomas J. Henderson, and was elected, receiving a majority over three competitors. Mr. Reeves was re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898.

REFORMATORY, ILLINOIS STATE, a prison male offenders under 31 years of age, who are believed to be susceptible of reformation. It is the successor of the "State Reform School," which was created by act of the Legislature of 1867, but not opened for the admission of inmates until 1871. It is located at for the incarceration of

Pontiac.

The number of inmates,

in 1872,

was

105,

desired,

1891, a radical change was effected. Previous to that date the Umit, as to age, was 16 The law establishing the present reformayears. tory provides for a system of indeterminate sentences, and a release upon parole, of inmates who, in the opinion of the Board of Managers, may be safely granted conditional liberation. The inmates are divided into two classes. (1) those between the ages of 10 and 16, and (3) those

July 1, 1863, he enlisted in the Seventieth Volunteers (a 100-days' emergency regiment), -was elected Colonel and mustered out, with his command, in October, 1863. Colonel Reeves was subsequently connected with the Illinois

results,

and, in

industrially), schools

ors.

what was

scale adequate to accomplish

nois

Wesleyan University, being a part of the time President of the Board. In the meantime, he had begun the practice of law, served as City Attorney and member of the Board of Supervis-

The

while moderately successful, were not altogether The appropriations made for construction, maintenance, etc., were not upon a satisfactory.

results of one year's inmates paroled, 15 violated became fugitives, 6 were Reformatory, 1 died, and

employment and regularly

operation.

Of 146 and

their parole

returned 134

to

remained

reporting.

the in

Among

the industries carried on are painting and glazing, masonry and plastering, gardening, knitting, chair-caning, broom-making, carpentering, The grounds of the tailoring and blacksmithing. Reformatory contain a vein of excellent coal, which it is proposed to mine, utilizing the clay,

thus obtained, in the manufactm-e of brick, which can be employed in the construction of additional needed buildings. The average number of inmates is about 800, and the crimes for which they are sentenced range, in gravity, from simple assault, or petit larceny, to the most serious offenses known to the criminal code, with The number of the exception of homicide. inmates, at the beginning of the year 1895, was similar cliaracter, for institution of a 813. An the confinement of juvenile female offenders, was Legislature under an act of the established passed at the session of 1893, and located at GenHome County. (See Kane for Juvenile eva,

Female Offenders.)

RELIGIOUS DE^OMI^ATIO^fS. The

State

contains the familiar guaranty of freedom of conscience. The chief denominations have grown in like ratio with the

constitution

absolute

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. population, as may be seen from figures given below. Tiie earliest Christian services held were conducted by Catholic missionaries, who attested

the

sincerity

of

their

convictions

(in

many

instances) by the sacrifice of their lives, either through violence or exposure. The aborigines, however, were not easily Christianized; and, shortly after the cession of Illinois by France to Great Britain, the Catholic missions, being generally withdrawn, ceased to exert much influence upon the red men, although the French, who remained in the ceded territory, continued to adhere to their ancient faith. (See Early Mis-

One of the first Protestant sects to ) hold service in Illinois, was the Methodist Episcopal; Rev. Joseph Lillard coming to Illinois in Rev. Hosea Riggs settling in the 1793, and American Bottom in 179t). (For history of Methodism in Illinois, see Methodist Episcopal Protestant preacher, Church.) The pioneer however, was a Baptist Elder James Smith— who came to New Design in 1787. Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance followed him in 1796, and the first denominational association was formed in 1807. (As to inception and growth of this denomination in Illinois, see also Bapitists.) In 1814 the Massachusetts Missionary Society sent two missionaries to Illinois Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith, Two years later (1816), the First Presbyterian Church was organized at Sharon, by Rev. James McGready, sionaries.

—

—

Kentucky. (See also Pi-esbyterians.) The Congregationalists began to arrive with the tide of immigration that set in from the Eastern States, early in the '30's. Four churches were organized in 1833, and the subsequent growth of the denomination in the State, if gradual, has been steady. (See Congregationalists.) About the same time came the Disciples of Christ (sometimes called, from their founder, "Campbellites"). of

They encouraged free discussion, were liberal and warm hearted, and did not require belief in any particular creed as a condition of membership.

The

sect

grew rapidly

in numerical

strength.

{See Discijolcs of Christ.) The Protestant Episcopalians obtained their first foothold in Illinois, in 1835, when Rev. Philander Chase (afterward consecrated Bishop) immigrated to the State from

the

East.

(See Protestant Episcopal

Church.)

in Illinois are chiefly of German or Scandinavian birth or descent, as may be inferred from the fact that, out of sixty-four churches in Chicago under care of the Missouri

The Lutherans

Synod, only four use the English language. They are the only Protestant sect maintaining (when-

415

ever possible) a system of parochial schools. (See Lutherans. There are twenty-six other religious bodies in the State, exclusive of the Jews, who have twelve synagogues and nine rabbis. According to the census statistics of 1890, these twenty-six sects, with their numerical strength, number of buildings, ministers, etc., are as follows: Anti-Mission Baptists, 3,800 members, 78 churches and 63 ministers; Chiu-ch of God, 1,200 members, 39 churches, 34 ministers; Dunkards, 121,000 members, 155 churches, 83 ministers; Friends ("Quakers") 2,655 members, 25 churches; )

Free Methodists, 1,805 members, 38 churches, 84 ministers; Free-Will Baptists, 4,694 members, 107 churches, 72 ministers; Evangelical Association, 15,904 members, 143 churches, 153 ministers; Cmnberland Presbyterians, 11,804 members. 198 churches, 149 ministers; Methodist Episcopal (South) 3,927 members, 34 churches, 33 ministers; Moravians, 720 members, 3 churches, 3 ministers New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgians), 663 members, 14 churches, 8 ministers; Primitive Methodist, 230 members. 2 churches, 2 ministers; Protestant Methodist, 5,000 members, 91 churches, 106 ministers Reformed Church in United States, 4,100 members, 34 churches, 19 ;

;

ministers;

Reformed Church

of America, 2,200

members, 24 churches, 23 ministers; Reformed Episcopalians, 2,150 members, 13 churches, 11 ministers; Reformed Presbyterians, 1,400 members, 7 churches, 6 ministers; Salvation

1,980

members; Second Adventists,

bers,

64 churches, 35

ministers;

4,500

Army,

mem-

Seventh Day

members, 7 churches, 11 ministers; Universalists, 3,160 members, 45 churches, 37 ministers; Unitarians, 1,225 members, 19 churches, 14 ministers; United Evangelical, 30,000 members, 129 churches, 108 ministers; United Brethren, 16,500 members, 275 churches, 260 ministers; United Presbyterians, 11,250 mem199 ministers; Wesleyan bers, 203 churches, Methodists, 1,100 members, 16 churches, 33 ministers. (See various Churches under their proper names; also Roman Catholic Church.) RE>iD, William Patricli, soldier, capitalist, and coal-operator, was born in County Leitrim, Ireland, Feb. 10, 1840, brought to Lowell, Mass., in boyhood, and graduated from the high school Baptists, 320

there at 17; taught for a time near New York City and later in Maryland, where he began a course of classical study. The Civil War coming on, he enlisted in the Foiu'teenth Regiment New York Volunteers, serving most of the time as a non-commissioned officer, and participating in the battles of the second Bull Run, Malvern Hill,

mSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

440

Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. After the war )ie came to Chicago and secured emjiloyment in a railway surveyor's office, later acting as foreman of the Northwestern freight

and finally embarking in the coal business, wiiich was conducted with such success that he became the owner of some of the most valuable mining properties in the country. Meanwhile depot,

has taken a deep interest in the welfare of miners and other classes of laborers, and has lie

ILLINOIS.

promote arbitration and conciliation between employers and employed, as a means of averting disastrous strikes. He was especially active during the long strike of 1897, in efforts to bring about an understanding between the miners and the operators. For several years he held a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Illinois National Guard until compelled, by souglit to

the demands of his private business, to tender his resignation.

REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. Tlie

presents the names, residence. Districts represented, politics (except as to earlier ones), and lengtli of term or terms of service of Illinois Representatives in tiie lower House of Consiress, from tlie organization of Illinois as a Territory down to the present time; (D, Democrat; W, Whig; E, Republican; G-B, Greenback; P, Populist). tollowin(>; taljle

Name.

'

..

.

HISTOEICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BKStt>..c..

James

James James James

C. Kobinsoll, D... C. Robinson, D... C. Kobinson, D. . C. Robinson, D...

D

Philip B. Fouke.

R D R R William J. Allen, D William J. Allen, D John A. Logan, John A. Logan,

Isaac N. Arnold, Isaac N. Arnold,

A. L. Knapp, A. L. Knapp.

1)

D

R ...

Charles M. Harris, Ebon C. IngersoU, B JohnE. Eden, D JohnR. Eden, D

....

JohnR. Eden, D

Lewis W. Bos.1, D William R. Morrison. }). William R. Morrison, D William R. Morrison, D. S. W. Moulton, R

S.W. Moulton, D

W. Moulton, D AbnerC. Harding, B.... Burton O. Cook, R H. P. H. Bromwell.R... Shelby M. CuUom, R Anthony Thornton, D Jehu Baker, R Jehu Baker, R Jehu Baker, P A.J. Kuykendall, R Norman B. Judd. R Albert G. Burr, D Green B. Raum, R Horatio C. Burchard, R..., HoralioC Burchard, R..., John B. Hawley, B a.

John

B.

B R

Hawley,

Jesse H. Moore,

Thomas W. MoNeeley, John B. Hay, R John M. Crebi. John L. Beveriil-.' Charles B. Far"

D.

I

I

:

Charles B. Farw.-.i. Charles B. Farwxll. Brad. N. Steven.f, R Henry Snapp, R

John E.G.

I.

II

B. Rice, R.' Caulfleld. D

Jasper D. Ward, R Stephen A. Hurlbut,

R

Granville Barriere, R.

William H. Ray, R... Robert M. Knapp, D... Robert M. K napp, D .

JohnMcNulta.R Joseph Joseph Joseph Joseph

James

.

R

G. Cannon, G. Cannon, R. G. Cannon. R. G. Cannon, B. S. Martin. R. ...

Richard H. WhiKtu:,

1;

JohnC. Bagby, U Scott Wike, Scott Wike,

D D

William M. Springer. Willia Adlai K. stev Adl;

Philip C Hayes, Thomas A. Boyd, P Mar

Benjamin

D.

IIISTOIilCAL

EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOH

nth

Thomas

F. Tipton.

R

1895

'

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. EETNOLDS,

and fourth Governor of ancestry, in 1789,

Supreme Court was born of Irish,

Jolin, Justice of Illinois,

Montgomery County,

and brought by

Pa., Feb. 26,

his parents to Kaskaskia,

in 1800, spending the

nine years of his After receiving a comlife in Illinois on a farm. mon school education, and a two years' course of study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied 111.,

first

law and began practice. In 1812-13 he served as a scout in the campaigns against the Indians, winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The Old

Ranger."

Afterwards he

removed

to

where he began the practice of Cahokia, law, and, in 1818, became Associate Justice of the Retiring first Supreme Court of the new State. from the bench in 1825, he served two terms in the Legislature, and was elected Governor in 1830, in 1833 personally commanding the State volunteers called for service in the Black Hawk War. Two weeks before the expiration of his term (1834), he resigned to accept a seat in Congress, to which he had been elected as the successor of Charles Slade. who had died in office, and %vas again elected in 1838, always as a Democrat. He also served as Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the Eighteenth (18.52-.54), being chosen Speaker of the latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to the Republican and regular (or Douglas) DemoFor some years he edited a cratic candidates. daily paper called "The Eagle," which was published at Belleville.

While Governor Reynolds

acquired some reputation as a 'classical scholar, from the time spent in a Tennessee College at that early day, this was not sustained by either his colloquial or written style. He was an ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early days of the Rebellion, gained imfavorable notoriety in consequence of a letter written to Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of '

'

"secession." Nevertheless, in spite of intense prejudice and bitter partisanship on some questions, he possessed many amiable qualities, as shown by his devotion to temperance, and his popularity among persons of opposite political opinions. Although at times crude in style, and

not always reliable in his statement of historical facts and events. Governor Reynolds has rendered a valuable service to posterity by his writings relating to the early history of the State, espeHis cially those connected with his own times. best known works are: "Pioneer History of Illinois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at the Crystal

449

and Sketches of Travel" (18.J4); and "My Life and Times" (18.5.5). His death occurred at Palace,

Belleville,

May

8,

1865.

RETXOLDS, John Parker, Secretary and President of State Board of Agriculture, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, March 1, 1820, and graduated from the Miami University at the age of 18. In 1840

he graduated

from the Cincinnati Law-

School, and soon afterward began practice. He removed to Illinois in 1854, settling first in Win-

nebago County,

later,

successively

in

Marion

County, in Springfield and in Chicago. From 1860 to 18T0 he was Secretary of the State Agricultural Society, and, upon the creation of the State Board of Agricultm-e in 1871, was elected its President, filling that position until 1888, when he resigned. He has also occupied numerous other posts of honor and of trust of a public or semi-public character, having been President of the Illinois State Sanitary Commission during the War of the Rebellion, a Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector from 1878 to 1882, and Secretary of the InterState Industrial Exposition Company of Chicago, from the date of its organization (1873) until its final dissolution. His most important public service, in recent years, was rendered as Directorin-Chief of the Illinois exhibit in the World's Columbian Exposition of 1803.

REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3,

lator,

at 17 years of age

went

to Chicago,

legis-

1839;

was educated

in the high school there, within a

month

after

graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixtyfourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he gradations of Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July, 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On his return home after nearly four years" service, he entered the law department of the Chicago University, graduating therefrom and beginning practice in 1866. General Reynolds has been prominent in public hfe, having served as a member of both branches of the General Assembly, and having been a State Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition of 1873. He is a member of the G. A. R., and, in 1875, was elected Senior Vice-Commander of the order for the United rose to a colonelcy through the

States.

REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, was born in Fayette County, Pa. March 4, 1812 after graduating at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1832, wag connected with various institutions in that State, as well as President of Capital LTniversity at ,

;

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

450 Columbus, Ohio,

;

then,

coming

President of the Illinois Springfield, 1857-60, after

State

to Illinois,

was

University at

which he became Prin-

Previcipal of a female seminary in Chicago. ously a Lutheran, he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1864, and served several parishes until his death. In his early life he founded, and, for a time, conducted several religious publications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides issuing a number of printed addresses and other published works. Died at Oak Park, near Chi-

cago, Sept.

5,

RHOADS,

1876.

Franklin Lawrence, soldier and steamboat captain, was born in Harrisburg, Pa., Got. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin, Tazewell County, 111., in 1836, where he learned the printer's trade, and, on the breaking out of the Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close. Returning home he engaged in the river trade, and, for fifteen years, commanded steamboats on the Illinois, Jlississippi and Ohio Rivers. In April, 1861. he was commissioned Captain of a company of three months' men attached to the Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the threeyears' service, was commissioned LieutenantColonel, soon after being promoted to the colonelcy, as successor to Col. Richard J. Oglesby, who had been promoted Brigadier-General. After serving through the spring campaign of 1862 in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was compelled by rapidly declining health to resign, when he located in Shawneetown, retiring in 1874 to During the latter years his farm near that city. of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at Shawneetown, Jan. 6, 1879. RHOADS, Joshua, M.D., A.M., physician and (Col.)

educator, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 1806; studied medicine and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania with the degree of

M.D., also receiving the degree of A.M., from Princeton after several years spent in practice as a physician, and as Principal in some of the public schools of Philadelphia, in 1839 he was elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, and, in 18.50, took charge of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, Here he remained until 111. then in its infancy. Died, February 1, 1876. 1874, when he retired. RICE, Edward T., lawyer and jurist, born in Logan County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1820, was educated in ;

,

common

schools and at Shurtleff College, which he read law with John M. Palmer at and was admitted to practice, in 1845, at Hillsboro in 1847 %vas elected County Recorder

the

after

Carlinville,

;

Montgomery County, and, in 1848, to the Sixteenth General Assembly, serving one term. Later he was elected Coimty Judge of Montgomery County, was Master in Chancery from 1853 to 1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the Eighteenth Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and again in 1867. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the election of the latter year, was chosen Representative in the Forty-second Congress as a of

Democrat.

Died, April

RICE, John

16, 1883.

B., theatrical

manager, Mayor of

Chicago, and Congressman, was born at Easton, Md., in 1809. By profession he was an actor, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, built and opened there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected in 1867. He was also prominent in the early stages of the Civil War in the measures taken to In 1872 he was elected raise troops in Chicago. to the Forty-third Congress as a Republican, but, before the expiration of his term, died, at NorAt a special election folk, Va., on Dec. 6, 1874. to fill the vacancy, Bernard G. Caulfield was chosen to succeed him.

RICHARDSOX, William

A., lawyer and poliborn in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11, at Transylvania University, came to the bar at 19, and settled in Schuyler County, 111., becoming State's Attorney in 1835 was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature in 1836, to the Senate in 1838, and to the House again in 1844, from Adams County the latter year being also chosen Presidential Elector on the Polk and Dallas ticket, and, at the succeeding session of the General Assembly, serving as Speaker of the House. He entered the Mexican War as Captain, and won a Majority through

tician, 1811,

was educated

—

gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856 (when he resigned to become a candidate for Governor), he was a Democratic Representative

from the Quincy District; re-entered Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was chosen United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention of 1868, but after that retired to private life, acting, for a short time, as editor of ''The Quincy Herald." Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875. RICHLAND COUNTY, situated in the southeast quarter of the State, and has an area of 361 square miles. It was organized from Edwards

in Congress

County in 1841. Among the early pioneers may be mentioned the Evans brothers, Thaddeus

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Morehouse, Hugh Calhoun and son, Thomas Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long, James Gilmore and EUjah Nelson. In 1820 there were but thirty families in the district. The first frame houses tlie Nelson and Morehouse homesteads were built in 1821, and, some

—

—

years later. James Laws erected the first brick house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but,

a store was opened at Stringtown by Jacob May and the same year the first school was opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac ChaunTlie first church was erected by the Bapcey. tists in 1822, and services were conducted by "William Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time the mails were carried on horseback by Louis in 1825,

;

and James Beard,

and WhetThe

but, in 1824, Mills

sell established

a line of four-horse stages.

principal road,

known

ing from

Louisville

as the "trace road," leadto

Cahokia,

followed

a

and Indian trail about where the main Olney now is. Olney was selected as the county-seat upon the organization of the county, and a Sir. Lilly built the first house buffalo

street of

The chief branches of industry followed by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruitthere.

growing.

Population

(1880),

15,54.5;

(1890),

15,019; (1900). 16,391.

RIDGE FARM, a

village of Vermillion County,

at junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Cliicago

&

St.

Louis and the Toledo,

St.

Louis

& Western

Railroads, 174 miles northeast of St. Louis; has electric light plant, planing mill, elevator.'^,

and two

papers.

bank

Pop. (1900), 938; (1904), 1,300.

RIDGELY, a manufacturing and mininfc suburb of the city of Springfield. An extensive rolling mill is located there, and there are several coal-shafts in the vicinity. Population(1900), 1,169.

RIDGELT, Charles, manufacturer and capiborn in Springfield, 111., Jan. IT. 1830; was educated in private schools and at Illinois College after leaving college spent some time as a talist,

;

bank at Springfield, finally becoming a member of the firm and successively Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but later has affiliated with the Republican party. About 1872 lie became identified with the Springfield Iron Company, of which he has been Presiclerk in his father's

dent for many years has also been President of the Consolidated Coal Company of St. Louis and, for some time, was a Director of the Wabash Railroad. Mr. Ridgely is also one of the Trustees of ;

Illinois College.

RIDGELT, born

in

Nicholas H., early banker, was Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1800; after

451 in the

leaving school was engaged, for a time, dry-goods trade, but, in 1829, came to St. Louis to assume a clerksliip in the branch of the United States Bank just organized there. In 1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was at Springfield, and Sir. Ridgely became its cashier, and, when it went into liqui-

established dation,

up

was appointed one of the

its affairs.

He

trustees to

wind

subsequently became Presi-

dent of the Clark's Exchange Bank in that city, but this having gone into liquidation a few years later, he went into the private banking business as head of the "Ridgely Bank," which, in 1866, became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the strongest financial institutions in the State outAfter the collapse of the interside of Chicago. nal improvement scheme, Mr. Ridgely became one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system extending from the Illinois river to Springfield), when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying therefor §21,100. He was also one of the Springfield bankers to tender a loan to the State at the beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of the builders and principal owner of the Springfield gas-light system. His business career was an eminently successful one, leaving an estate at his death, Jan. 31. 1888, valued at over ?2, 000, 000. RIDGWAT, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 12 miles nortliwest of Shawneetown; has a bank and one newsjiapor. Pop. (1890), 523; (1900), 889; (1903, est.), 1 000, RIDGWAT, Thomas S., merchant, ba;iker and politician, was born at Carnii, 111., August 30, 1826. His father having died when he was but 4 years old and his mother when he was 14, Iiis education was largely acquired through contact with the world, apart from such as he received from his mother and during a year's attendance at a private school. When he was 6 years of age the family removed to Shawneetown, wliere he ever afterwards made his home. In 1845 he embarked in business as a merchant, and the firm of Peeples & Ridgway soon became one of the most prominent in Southern Illinois. In 1865 the partners closed out their business and organized the first National Bank of Shawneetown, of which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875, Mr. Ridgway was President. He was one of the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to 1874, served as its President. He was an ardent

and active RepubUcan, and served as a delegate

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

453

cago, and, for nineteen years,

At the State Republican Convention of 1880 he was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor. In 1894 he made the race as the Republican candidate for Congress in the Sixteenth District and, although his opponent was awarded the certificate of election, on a bare majority of 60 votes on the face of the returns, a re-count, ordered by the Fifty-fourth Congress, showed a majority for General Rinaker, and he was seated near the close of the first session. He was a candidate for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly

Southern

Democratic

to every State and National Convention of Ins party from 18G8 to 1896. In 1874 be was elected

State Treasm-er, the candidate for Superintendent of Public Instruction on the same ticket being defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccessful candidate for his party's nomination for Governor. Three times he consented to lead the forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate

from an impregnably Democratic For several years he was a Director of the McCormick Theological Seminary, at Chifor Congress

stronghold.

Illinois

was a Trustee of the Normal University at CarbonDied, at Shawneetown,

dale, resigning In 1893.

Nov.

M., ex-Congressman, was born in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, where he received a common school education, supple-

KIGGS, James

mented by a partial collegiate course. He practicing lawyer of Winchester. In 1864 he

is

a

was

two years. In 1871-72 he represented Scott County in the lower house of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and was In 1882, and State's Attorney from 1872 to 1876. again in 1884, he was the successful Democratic candidate for Congress in the Twelfth Illinois elected Sheriff, serving

District.

Scott, pioneer,

was born

in

North

Carolina about 1790; removed to Crawford County, 111, early in 1815, and represented that county in the First General Assembly (1818-20). In 1825 he removed to Scott County, where he continued to reside until his death, Feb. 24, 1872. RlJf AKEE, John I., lawyer and Congressman, born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 18, 1830. Left an orphan at an early age, he came to Illinois in 1886, and, for several years, lived on farms in Sangamon and Morgan Counties; was educated at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, graduating from the latter in 1851; in 1852 began reading law with John M. Pahner at Carlinville, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. In August, 1862, he recruited the One Hundred and Twenty-second Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel. Four months later he was wounded in battle, but served with his regiment through the war, and was brevetted BrigadierGeneral at its close. Returning from the war he

resumed the practice of his profession at Carlinville. Since 1858 he has been an active Republican; has twice (1872 and '76) served his party

—

as a Presidential Elector the latter year for the State-at-large and, in 1874, accepted a nomination for Congress against William R. Morrison,

—

largely reducing the normal Democratic major-

District.

RIPLEY, Edward Payson, Railway was born

17, 1897.

RIGGS,

it}'.

in Dorchester

President,

(now a part of Boston),

Mass.. Oct. 30, 1845, being related, on his mother's to the distinguished author. Dr. Edward Payson. After receiving his education in the high school of his native place, at the age of 17 he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk in a wholesale dry-goods establishment in Boston. About the time he became of age, he entered into the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a clerk in the freight department in the Boston office, but, a few years later,assumed a responsible position in connection with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line, finally becoming General Agent for the business of that road east of Buffalo, though retaining his headquarters at Boston. In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept the position of General Freight Agent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy System, with which he remained twelve years, serving successively as General Traffic Manager and General Manager, imtil June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become Third Vice-President of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. This relation was continued until Jan. 1, 1896, when Mr. Ripley accepted the Presidency of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, which (1899) he now holds. Mr. Ripley was a prominent factor in secm-ing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Cliicago, and, in April. 1891, was chosen one of the Directors of the Exposition, serving on the Executive Committee and the Committee of Ways and Means and Transportation, being Chairman of the latter. RIVERSIDE, a suburban town on the Des Plaines River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 11 miles west of Chicago; has handsome parks, several churches, a bank, two local papers and numerous fine residences. Population (1890), 1,000; (1900), 1,561. RIVERTON, a village in Clear Creek Township, Sangamon County, at the crossing of the side,

mSTOrjCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Wabash Railroad over the Sangamon

River,

6^

miles east-northeast of Springfield. It has four churches, a nursery, and two coal mines Population (1880), TOo: (1890), 1,127, (1900), 1,511; (1903, est),

about COOO.

RIVES, John Cook, early banker and journalwas born in Franklin Comity, Va., May 24,

ist,

1795;

in 1806

removed

to

grew up under care of an

Kentucky, where he imcle,

Samuel Casey.

received a good education and was a man of high character and attractive manners. In his early manhood he came to Illinois, and was connected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to

He

position in the bank law and was admitted to FinaUy, having accepted a clerkship in the Fourth Auditor's Office in Washington, he removed to that city, and, in 1830, became associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the establishment of "The Congressional Globe" (the predecessor of "The Congressional Record"), of which he finally became sole proprietor, so remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair, although a native of Virginia and a life-long Democrat, he was intensely loyal, and contributed liberally of his means for the equipment of soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for the support of their families, during the Civil War. His expenditures for these objects have been estimated at some $30,000. T\ied, in Prince George's County, Md., April 10, 1804. ROANOKE, a village of Woodford County, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 26 miles northeast of Peoria; is in a coal district; has two banks, a coal mine, and one newspaper. Population (1880), 3.55; (1890). 831; (1900), 966. ROBB, Thomas Patten, Sanitary Agent, was born in Bath, Maine, in 1819; came to Cook County, 111., in 1838, and, after arriving at manhood, established the first exclusive wholesale grocery house in Chicago, remaining in the business until 1850. He then went to California, establishing himself in mercantile business at Sacramento, where he remained seven years, meanwhile being elected Mayor of that city. Returning to Chicago on the breaking out of the war, he was appointed on the staff of Governor Yates with the rank of Major, and, while serving in this capacity, was instrumental in giving General Grant the first duty he performed in the office of the Adjutant-General after his arrival from Galena. Later, he was assigned to duty as Inspector-General of Illinois troops with the rank of Colonel, having general charge of sanitary

Shawneetown and held a there;

also studied

practice.

ILLINOIS.

453

affairs imtil the close of the war,

when he was

appointed Cotton Agent for the State of Georgia, and, still later. President of the Board of Tax Commissioners for that State. Other positions held by him were those of Postmaster and Collector of Customs at Savannah, Ga. he was also one of the publishers of "The New Era," a Republican paper at Atlanta, and a prominent actor in reconstruction affairs. Resigning the Collectorship, he was appointed by the President United States Commissioner to investigate Mexican outrages on the Rio Grande border was subsequently identified with Texas railroad interests as the President of the Corpus Christi & Rio Grande Railroad, and one of the projectors of the Chicago, Texas & Mexican Central Railway, being thus engaged until 1872. Later he returned to California, dying near Glenwood, in that State, April 10, 1895, aged 75 years and 10 months. ROBERTS, William Charles, clergj-man and educator, was born in a small village of Wales, England., Sept. 23, 1832; received his primary education in that countr}-, but, removing to America during his minority, graduated from Princeton College in 1855, and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1858. After filling various pastorates in Delaware, New Jersey and Ohio, in 1881 he was elected Corresponding Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, the next year being offered the Presidency of Rutgers College, which he declined. In 1887 he accepted the presidency of Lake Forest University, which he still retains. From 1859 to 1863 he was a Trustee of Lafayette College, and, in 1866, was elected to a trusteeship of his Alma ;

;

Mater. He has traveled extensively in the Orient, and was a member of the first and third councils of the Reformed Chm-ches, held at Edin-

burgh and Belfast. Besides occasional sermons and frequent contributions to English, American, German and Welsh periodicals. Dr. Roberts has published a Welsh translation of the Westminster shorter catechism and a collection of letters on the great preachers of Wales, which appeared in Utica, 1808. He received the degree of D.D., from Union College in 1872, and that of LL.D., from Princeton, in 1887. ROBINSON, an incorporated city and the county -seat of Crawford Courty, 25 miles northwest of Vincennes, Ind. and 44 miles south of Paris, 111. is on two Hues of railroad and in the ,

;

heart of a fruit and agricultural region The city has water-works, electric lights, two banks and three weekly newspapers Population (1890) 1,387; (1900), 1,083; (1904),

about

2,000.

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

454

ROBINSON, James C, lawyer and former Congressman, was born in Edgar County, 111., in 1822, read law and was admitted to the bar in 1850. He served as a private during the Mexican War, and, in 1858, was elected to Congress as a Democrat, as he was again in 1860, "02, '70 and '72. In 1864 he was tlie Democratic nominee for Governor. He was a fluent speaker, and attained considerable distinction as an advocate in criminal practice. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 3, 1886. ROBINSON, John 31., United States Senator, born in Kentucky in 1793, was liberally educated and became a lawyer by profession. In early life he settled at Carmi, 111., where he married. He was of fine physique, of engaging manners, and personally

popular.

Through

his

association

with the State militia he earned the title of "General. ' In 1830 he was elected to the United States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of John McLean. His immediate predecessor was David Jewett Baker, appointed by Governor Edwards, who served one month but failed of election bjthe Legislature. In 1834 Mr. Robinson was reelected for a full term, which expired in 1841. In 1848 he was elected to a seat upon the Illinois Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 27. of the same year, within three months after his

manufacturing a flourishing county-seat of Winnebago Count}- lies ;

on both sides of the Rock River, 92 miles west of Chicago. Four trunk lines of railroad the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago & North-

—

western, the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul intersect here. Excellent

—

water-power is secured by a dam across the river, and communication between the two divisions of the city is facilitated by three railway and three highway bridges. Water is provided from five a reserve main leading to the The city is wealthy, prosperous and proThe assessed valuation of property, in 1893, was §6,531,235. Chm-ches are numerous and schools, both public and private, are abundant and well conducted. The census of 1890 showed §7,715,069 capital invested in 246 manufacturing establishments, which employed 5,223 persons and turned out an annual product valued at §8,888,904. The principal industries are the manufacture of agricultural implements and furniture, though watches, silver-plated ware, paper, flour and grape sugar are among the other products.

artesian wells, river.

gressive.

Pop. (1880), 13,129; (1890), 23,584; (1900), 31.051. ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rockford, 111., incorporated in 1847; in 1898 had a faculty

The branches taught include the classics, music and fine arts. It has a library of 6,150 volumes, funds and endowment aggregating §50,880 and property valued at §240,880, of which §150,000 is real of 21 instructors with 161 pupils.

elevation.

ROCHELLE,

a city of Ogle

intersecting point of the Chicago

County and an

& Northwestern

tlie Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways. miles west of Chicago, 27 miles south of Rocktord, and 23 miles east by north of Dixon. It IS in a rich agricultural and stock-raising region, rendering Rochelle an important shipAmong its industrial establishping point. ments are water-works, electric lights, a flouring The city has mill and silk-underwear factorythroe banks, five churches and three newspapers.

and

It is 75

Pop. (1890), 1,789; (1900), 2,073; (1903), 2,500. ROCHESTER, a village and early settlement in Sangamon County, laid out in 1819: in rich

on the Baltimore & Ohio Tji miles southeast of has a bank, two churches, one school, and a newspaper. Population (1900) 365 ROCK FALLS, a city in Whiteside County, on Rock River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad; has excellent water-power, a good public school sy.stem with a high school, banks and a weekly newspaper. Agricultural implements, barbed wire, furniture, flour and paper are Water for the navigable its chief manufactures. feeder of the Hennepin Canal is taken from Rock f!.gncultural district,

S.iutlr.vestern Railroad,

Springfield

ROCKFOBD, city, the

;

River at this point.

Pop. (1900), 2,176.

estate.

ROCK ISLAND,

the principal city and countyRock Island County, on the Mississippi from Chicago; is the converging point of five lines of railroad, and the western terminus of the Hennepin Canal. The name is derived from an island in the Slississippi River, opposite the city, 3 miles long, which belongs to the United States Government and contains an arsenal and armory. The river seat of

River, 182 miles west by south

channel north of the island is navigable, the southern channel having been dammed by the Government, thereby giving great water power to Rock Island and MoHne. A combined railway and highway bridge spans the river from Rock Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island, while a railway bridge connects the cities a mile below. The island was the site of Fort Armstrong during the Black Hawk War, and was also a place for the confinement of Confederate prisonRock Island is in a reers during the Civil War. gion of much picturesque scenery and has extensive manufactures of lumber, agricultural imple-

—

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ments, iron, carriages and wagons and oilolotb also iive banks and three newspapers, two issuing daily editions. Pop. (1890). 13,634; (1900), 19,493. ROCK 1SLA>'D COUNTY, in the northwestern section of the State bordering upon the Mississippi River (which constitutes its northwestern boundarj- for more than 60 miles), and having an area of 440 square miles. In 1816 the Government erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in the Mississippi, 3 miles long and one-half to three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort Armstrong. It has always remained a military post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal and work-shops. In the spring of 1828. settlements were made near Port Byron by John and Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and George Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island and Rapids City, were J. W. Spencer, J. W. Barriels, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak; and among the pioneers were Wells and Michael Bartlett, Joel Thompson, the Simms brothers and George Davenport. The country was full of Indians, this being the headquarters of Black Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk War. (See Black Hawk, and Black Hawk War.) By 1829 settlers were increased in number and county organization was effected in 1835, Rock Island (then called Stephenson) being made the first county-seat. Joseph Conway was the County Clerk, and Joel Wells, Sr. the first TreasThe first court was held at the residence urer. ,

John W.

Farnhamsburg. The county is irregular in shape, and the soil and scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the water-power inexhaustible, and the county's mining and manufacturing interests are very of

Barriels,

in

Several lines of railway cross the county, affording admirable transportation faciliboth eastern and western markets. Rock Island and Moline (which see) are the two principal cities in the county, though there are several other important points. Coal Valley is the center of large mining interests, and Milan is also a manufacturing center. Port Byron is one of the oldest towns in the county, and has considerable lime and lumber interests, while Watertown is the seat of the Western Hospital for the

121.10

nies

—the

name.

(1880), 38,302;

a extend-

standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, ing from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Railroad, running from Milan to Cable, 111., giving it a total length of 118 miles with Peoria Terminal,

—

a

1,

organization

taking the latter its

entire

1872, its sale

Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island & Mercer County Railroad, and opened in December of the same year, sold under foreclosure in 1877, and leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad, July 1, 1885, for 999 years, the rental for the entire period being commuted at §450,000. (FINA^XIAL.) The cost of the entire road and equipment was 62,654,487. The capital stock (1898) is 81,500.000; funded debt, §600,000; other forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital invested to .82,181,066. ROCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Washington County, Wis., and flows generally in a southerly direction, a part of its course being very sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting the counties of Winnebago, Ogle, Lee, Whiteside and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi three miles below the city of Rock Island. It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is partly obstructed by rapids, which, however, furnish abimdant water-power. The principal towns on its banks are Rockford, Dixon and Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its beaut,Y

Population of the county

is

under foreclosure and reorganization under its present name taking The Cable place, as already stated, in 1877.

tlie

ROCK ISLAND & PEORIA RAILWAY,

new

The road was opened through

length, Jan.

ties to

(1890), 41,917; (1900), 5.5.249.

The company

Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1869, of two corporations —the Rock Island & Peoria and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Compa-

extensive.

Insane.

miles.— (History.)

reorganization (Oct. 9, 18TT) of the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was The latter sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877.

and

fertility.

ROCKTON,

a village in Winnebago County, at junction of two branches of the Chicago,

Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River, 13 raUes north of Rockford; has manufactures of paper and agricultural implements, a feed mill, and

local paper.

Pop. (1890), 892; (1900), 936. A.B., M.D., physician,

ROE, Edward Reynolds,

and author, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, June 22, 1813; removed with his father, in 1819, to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Medical Institute in 1842 began practice at Anderson, Ind., but soon removed to Shawneetown, 111., where he gave much attention to geological research and made some extensive natural hissoldier

;

tory collections. From 1848 to '52 he resided at Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite science, wrote for the press and, for two years (1850-52), edited

"The Jacksonville Journal,"

still

— ;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS.

456

newly established "ConstituDuring a part of tionalist" for a few months. this period he was lecturer on natural science at later

;;

eiliting the

also delivered a lecture before the State Legislature on the geolog}' of Illinois, which was immediately followed by the passage

Shurtleff College

of the

;

the State Geological Department. A majority of both houses joined in a request for his appointment as State Geologist, but it was rejected on partisan grounds he, then, being a Whig. Removing to Bloomington in 18.52, Dr. Roe became prominent in educational matters, being the first Professor of Natural Science in the State Normal University, and also a Trustee of the Illinois Wesleyan University. Having identified himself with the Democratic party at this time, he became its nominee for State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1860, but, on the inception of the war in 1861, he promptly espoused the cause of the Union, raised three companies (mostly Normal students) which were attached to the Thirty-third Illinois (Normal) Regiment was elected Captain and successively promoted to Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. Having been dangerously wounded in the assault at Vicksburg, on May 33, 1863, and compelled to return home, he was elected Circuit Clerk by the combined vote of both parties, was re-elected four years later, became editor of "The Blooniington Pantagraph" and, in 1870, was elected to the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, where he won distinction by a somewhat notable humorous speech in opposition to removing the State Capital to Peoria. In 1871 he was appointed Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, serving nine years. Dr. Roe was a somewhat prolific author, having produced more than a dozen works which have appeared in book form. One of these, "Virginia Rose; a Tale of Illinois in Early Days," first appeared as a prize serial in "The Alton Courier" in 1853. Others of his more noteworthy productions are "The Gray and the Blue''; "Brought to Bay"; "From the Beaten Path"; "G. A. E. or How She Married His Double"; "Dr. Caldwell; or the Trail of the Serpent"; and "Prairie-LanJ and Other Poems." He died in Chicago, Nov. 6, 1893. ROGERS, George Clarke, soldier, was born in Grafton County, N H., Nov. 22, 1838; but was educated in Vermont and Illinois, having removed to the latter State eai'ly in life. While teaching he studied law and was admitted to the bar in I860; was the first, in 1861, to raise a company in Lake Count}' for the war, which was mustered into the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers act

establishing

;

:

;

was chosen Second-Lieutenant and later Captain was wounded four times at Sliiloh, but refused to leave the field, and led his regiment in the final charge; was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and soon after commissioned Colonel for gallantry at Hatchie. At Champion Hills he received three woimds, from one of which he never fully recovered took a prominent part in the operations at Allatoona and commanded a brigade nearly two years, including the Atlanta campaign, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. Since the war has practiced law in Illinois and in Kansas. ;

ROGERS, Henry Wade, educator, lawyer and was born in Central New York in 1853 entered Hamilton College, but the following year became a student in Michigan University, graduating there in 1874, also receiving the degree of A.M., from the same institution, in 1877. In 1883 he was elected to a professorship in the Ann Arbor Law School, and, in 1885, was made Dean of the Faculty, succeeding Judge C'ooley, at the age of 33. Five years later he was tendered, and accepted, the Presidency of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, being the first laj'man chosen to the position, and succeeding a long line of Bishops and divines. The same year (1890), Wesleyan University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. He is a member of the American Bar Association, has served for a nimiber of years on its Committee on Legal Education and Admission to the Bar, and was the first Chairman of the Section on Legal Education. President Rogers was the General Chairman of the Conference on the Future Foreign Policy of the United States, held at Saratoga At the ConSprings, N. Y., in August, 1898. gress held in 1893, as auxiliary to the Columbian Exposition, he was chosen Chairman of the Committee on Law Reform and Jurisprudence, and author,

was for a time associate editor of "The American Law Register," of Philadelphia. He is also the author of a treati.se on "Expert Testimony," which has passed through two editions, and has edited a work entitled "Illinois Citations,"' besides doing much other valuable literary work of a similar character.

ROGERS, John Gorln, jurist, was born at Glasgow, Ky., Dec. 28, 1818, of English and early Virginian ancestry was educated at Center College, Danville, Ky., and at Transylvania University, graduating from the latter institution in For 1841, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. sixteen years he practiced in his native town, and, in 1857, removed to Chicago, where he soon ;

'

,;

niSTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. attained professional prominence. In 1870 he was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, continuing on the bench, through repeated until

death,

occurred suddenly, Jan. 10, 1887, four j-ears before the expiration of the term for which he had been re-elections,

his

wliich

elected.

EOGEES PARK, a village and suburb 9 miles north of Chicago, on Lake jMichigan and the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways has a bank and two weekly newspapers is reached by electric streetcar line from Chicago, and is a popular residence suburb. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1893. ROLL, John E., pioneer, was born in Green ;

;

Village, N. J., 1830,

June

4,

1814;

came

to Illinois in

He settled in Sangamon County. Abraham Lincoln in the construction of

and

assisted

the flat-boat with which the latter descended the Mississippi River to New Orleans, in 1831. Mr. Roll, who was a mechanic and contractor, built a number of houses in Springfield, where he has since continued to reside.

ROMAX CATHOLIC CHURCH.

The

earliest

Christians to establish places of worship in Illinois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early

CathoUo missionaries were explorers and

histori-

ans as well as preachers. (See Allouez; Bergier; Early Missionaries; Gravier; Marquette.) The church went hand in hand with the representatives of the French Government, carrying in one hand the cross and in the other the flag of France, simultaneously disseminating the doc-

and inculcating loyalty to the House of Bourbon. For nearly a hundred years, the self-sacrificing and devoted Catholic clergy of the seventeenth and eigliteenth centuries ministered to the spiritual wants of the early French settlers and the natives. They were not without factional jealousies, however, and a severe blow was dealt to a branch of them in the order for the banishment of the Jesuits and the confiscation of their property. (See Early Missionaries.) The subsequent occupation of the country by the English, with the contemporaneous emigration of a considerable portion of the French west of the Mississippi, dissipated many congregations. Up to 1830 Illinois was included in the diocese of Missouri but at that time it was constituted a separate diocese, under the episcopal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rosatti. At that date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois. But Bishop Rosatti was a man of earnest purpose and rare administrative ability. New parishes were organized as rapidly as circumstances trines of Christianity

;

would permit, and the growth

457 of the

chm'ch has

been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one parishes and twenty priests. In 1896 there are reported 098 parishes, 764 clergymen and a Catholic population exceeding 850,000. (See also Seligions Denominations.) ROODHOUSE, a city in Greene County, 21 miles south of Jacksonville, and at junction of three divisions of the Chicago & Alton Railroad is in fertile agricultural and coal-mining region city contains a flouring mill, grain-elevator, stockyards, railway shops, water-works, electric light plant, two private banks, fine opera house, good school buildings, one daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 2,360; (1900), 2,351. ROODHOUSE, John, farmer and founder of the town of Roodhouse, in Greene Coimty, 111. ;

was born in Yorkshire, England, brought toAmerica in childhood, his father settling in Greene Count}', 111., in 1831. In his early manhood he opened a farm in Tazewell County, but finally returned to the paternal home in Greene County, where, on the location of the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junction of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch with the main line. ROOT, George Frederick, musical composer and author, was born at Sheffield, Mass., August 30, 1820. He was a natural musician, and, while employed on his father's farm, learned to play on various instruments. In 1838 he removed to BosBesides ton, where he began his life-work. teaching music in the public schools, he was employed to direct the musical service in two churches. From Boston he removed to New York, and, in 1850, went to Paris for purposes of musical study. In 1853 he made his first public essay as a composer in the song, "Hazel Dell," which became popular at once. From this time forward his success as a song-writer was assured. His music, while not of a high artistic character, captivated the popular ear and appealed strongly In 18G0 he took up his residence in to the heart. Chicago, where he conducted a musical journal and wrote those "war songs" which created and perpetuated his fame. Among the best known are "Rally Round the Flag"; "Just Before the

Mother"; and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp." Other popular songs by hira are "Rosalie, the Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago" and "The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs he composed several cantatas and much sacred music, also publishing many books of instruction and numerous collections of vocal and instru-

Battle,

;

— HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

458

mental music. In 1873 the University of Chicago conferred on him tlie degree of Mus. Doc. Died, near Portland, Maine, August

6,

1895.

ROOTS, Benajah Guernsey, civil engineer, and educator, was born in Onondaga County N. Y., April 20, 1811, and educated in the schools and academies of Central New York; began teaching in 1837, and, after spending a year at sea for the benefit of his health, took a course in law and civil engineering. He was employed as a civil engineer on the Western Railroad of

Massachusetts until 1838, when he came to Illinois and obtained employment on the railroad projected from Alton to Shawneetown, under the "internal improvement system" of 1837. When that was suspended in 1839, he settled on a farm near the present site of Tamaroa, Perry County, and soon after opened a boarding school, continuing its management until 1846, when he became Principal of a seminary at Sparta. In 1851 he went into the service of the Illinois Central Railroad, first as resident engineer in charge of surveys and construction, later as land agent and attorney. He was prominent in the introduction of the graded school system in Illinois and in the establishment of the State Normal School at Bloomington and the University of Illinois at Champaign; was a member of the State Board of Education from its organization, and served as delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1868. Died, at his home in Perry County, 111., May 9, 1888.— Philander Keep (Roots), son of the preceding, born in Tolland County, Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois the same year and educated in his father's school, and in an academy at CarroUton and the Wesleyan University at Bloomington at the age of 17 belonged to a corps of engineers employed on a Southern railroad, and, during the war, served as a civil engineer in the construction and repair ;

of military roads.

Later, he

was Deputy Sur-

veyor-General of Nebraska in 1871 became Chief Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of the Iron Mountain) Railway; then engaged in the banking business in Arkansas, first as cashier of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the Jlerchants' National Bank at Little Rock, of ;

which

Logan

was President. Logran H. (Roots), another son, born near Tamaroa. Perry County. 111., March 23, 1841, was educated at home and at the State Normal at Bloomington, meanwhile serving as principal of a high school at Duquoin in 1862 enlisted in his brother,

H.,

;

the

Eighty-first

Illinois

Volunteers,

serving

through the war and acting as Chief Commissary

for General Sherman on the "March to the Sea," and participating in the great review in Washington, in May, 186.5. After the conclusion of

the war he was appointed Collector of Internal for the First Arkansas District, was from that State to the Fortieth and and 1870)— being, at the time, the youngest member in that body and was appointed United States Marshal by President Grant. He finally became President of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, with which he remained nearly twenty years. Died,

Revenue

elected

Forty-first Congresses (1868

—

suddenly, of congestion of the brain.

May

30,

1893, leaving an estate valued at nearly one and a half millions, of which he gave a large share to charitable purposes and to the city of Little Rock, for the benefit of its hospitals and the improvement of its parks. ROSE, James A., Secretary of State, was born at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Oct. 13, 1850. The foundation of his education was secured in

the public schools of his native place, and, after a term in the Normal University at Normal, 111., at the age of 18 he took charge of a country school. Soon he was chosen Principal of the

Golconda graded schools, was later made County Superintendent of Schools, and re-elected for a second term. During his second term he was admitted to the bar, and, resigning the office of Superintendent, was elected State's Attorney without opposition, being re-elected for another term. In 1889, by appointment of Governor Fifer, he became one of the Trustees of the Pontiac Reformatory, serving until the next year, when he was transferred to the Board of Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary at Che.ster, which position he continued to occupy until 1893. In 1896 he was elected Secretary of State on the Republican ticket, his term extending to January, 1901. ROSEVILLE, a village in Warren County, on the Rock Island Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles northwest of Bushnell has water and electric-light plants, two banks, public library and one newspaper Region ;

agricultural and coal-mining.

ROSS, Leonard Fulton, County,

III,

July

18,

Pop. (1900), 1,014. born in Fulton

soldier,

1833;

was educated in the

common

schools and at Illinois College, Jacksonstudied law and admitted to the bar in 1845; the following year enlisted in the Fourth Illinois Volunteers for the Mexican War, became First Lieutenant and was commended for services at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo also performed important service as bearer of dispatches for Genville,

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. After the war as Probate Judge. In May, the war for the Union, and of the Seventeenth Illinois

eral Taylor.

he served six years 1861, he enlisted in was chosen Colonel

Volunteers, serving it in Missouri and Kentucky; was commissioned Brigadier-General a few weeks after the capture of Fort Donelson, and, after the evacu-

with

ation of Corinth, was assigned to the command of a division with headquarters at Bolivar, Tenn. He resigned in July, 1863, and, in 1867, was

appointed by

President Johnson Collector of Revenue for the Ninth District; has been three times a delegate to National Republican Conventions and twice defeated as a candidate for Congress in a Democratic District. Since the war he has devoted liis attention largely to stock-raising, having a large stockInternal

In his later years was President 111. Died Jan. IT, 1901. William, pioneer, was born at Monson, Hampden County, Mass., April 24, 1792;

farm

in Iowa.

of a bank at Lewistown,

KOSS,

(Col.)

removed with his father's family, in 1805, to Pittsfield, Mass., where he remained until his twentieth year, when he was commissioned an Ensign in the Twenty-first Regiment United States Infantry, serving through the War of 181314, and participating in the battle of SackDuring the latter part of his servett's Harbor. ice he acted as drill-master at various points. Then, returning to Pittsfield, he carried on the business of blacksmithing as an employer, meanwhile filling some local offices. In 1820, a company consisting of himself and four brothers, with their families and a few others, started for the West, intending to settle in Illinois. Reaching the head- waters of the Allegheny overland, they transferred their wagons, teams and other property to flat-boats, descending that stream and the Ohio to Sliawneetown, 111. Here they disembarked and, crossing the State, reached Upper Alton, where they found only one house, that of Maj. Charles W. Hunter. Leaving their famihes at Upper Alton, the brothers proceeded nortli, crossing the Illinois River near its mouth, until they reached a point in the western part of the present county of Pike, where the town of Here they located. Atlas was afterwards erected four rough log-cabins, on a beautiful prairie not far from the Mississippi, removing They their families thither a few weeks later. suffered the usual privations incident to life in a death and new country, not excepting sickness At the next session of of some of their number. the Legislature (1820-21) Pike County was established, embracing all that part of the State west

459

and north of the Illinois, and including the present cities of Galena and Chicago. The Ross settlement became the nucleus of the town of Atlas, laid out by Colonel Ross and his associates in 1823, at an early day the rival of Quincy, and becoming the second county-seat of Pike County, so remaining from 1824 to 1833, when the seat of Dm-ing this justice was removed to Pittsfield. period Colonel Ross was one of the most prominent citizens of the county, holding, simultaneously or successively, the offices of Probate Judge, Circuit and County Clerk, Justice of the Peace, and others of a subordinate character. As Colonel of Militia, in 1832, he was ordered by Governor Reynolds to raise a company for the Black Hawk War, and, in four days, reported at Beardstown with twice the number of men called for. In 1834 he was elected to the lower branch of the General Assemblj', also serving in the Senate during the three following sessions, a part of the time as President pro tem.' of the lastnamed body. While in the General Assembly he was instrumental in securing legislation of great importance relating to Military Tract lands. The year following the establishment of the county-seat at Pittsfield (1834) he became a citizen of that place, which he had the privilege of naming for his early home. He was a member of the Republican State Convention of 1856, and a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1860, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for President the first time. Beginning life poor he acquired considerable property was liberal, pub;

and patriotic, making a handsome donation to the first company organized in Pike County, for the suppression of tlie Rebellion.

lic-spirited

Died, at Pittsfield, May 31, 1873. EOSSTILLE, a village of Vermillion County,

on the Chicago & Eastern

Illinois Railroad, 19 miles north of Danville; has electric-light plant, water-works, tile and brick-works, two banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 879; (1900), 1,435. KOUXDS, Sterling Parker, public printer,

in Berkshire, Vt. June 27, 1828; about began learning the printer's trade at Kenwas foreman of the State printing office at Madison, afterward working in offices in Milwaukee, Racine and Buffalo, going Here he finally established to Chicago in 1851. a printer's warehouse, to which he later added an electrotype foundry and the manufacture of presses, also commencing the issue of "Round's

was born

,

1840

osha, Wis., and, in 1845,

Cabinet,'' a trade-paper, which was continued during his life. In 1881 he was appointed by President Garfield Public Printer at Printers'

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Washington, serving until 1885, when he removed to Omaha, Neb., and wa,s identified with "The Kepublican," of that city, imtil liis death, Dec.

the

17, 1887.

company

ROUNTREE, Hiram, County Judge, born in Rutherford Coimty, N. C, Dec. 23, 1794; was brought to Kentucky in infancy, where he grew to manhood and served as an Ensign in the War of 1813 under General Shelby. In 1817 he removed

to

Illinois

Territory, first

locating in

Madison County, where he taught school for two years near Edwardsville, but removed to Fayette County aliout the time of the removal of the State capital to Vandalia.

On

the organization

Montgomery County, in 1831, he was appointed and ever afterwards resided at Hillsboro. For a number of years in the early history of the county, he held (at the same time) the offices of Clerk of the County Commissioners Court. Clerk of the Circuit Court, Coimty of

to office there

Recorder, Justice of the Peace, Notary Public, Master in Chancery and Judge of Probate, besides that of Postmaster for the town of Hillsboro. In 1836 he was elected Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the Senate and re-elected in 1830 served as Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 18-17, and the next year was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth General Assemblies. On retiring from the Senate (18.53), he was elected County Judge without opposition, was re-elected to the same ;

and again, in 186.5, as the nominee Judge Rountree was noted for his sound judgment and sterling integrity. Died, at Hillsboro, March 4, 1873. ROUTT, Johu L., soldier and Governor, was

office in 1861,

of the Republicans.

born at Eddyville, Ky., April 25, 1826, brought and educated in the comschools. Soon after coming of age he was elected and served one term as Sheriff of McLean County in 1863 enlisted and became Captain of Company E, Ninety-fourth Illinois Volunteers. After the war he engaged in business in Bloomington, and was appointed by President Grant, successively, United States Jlarshal for the Southern District of Illinois, Second Assistant Postmaster-General and Territorial Governor of Colorado. On the admission of Colorado as a State, he was elected the first Governor under the to Illinois in infancy

mon

;

—

State Government, and re-elected in 1890 serving, in all, three years. His home is in Denver.

He

has been extensively and successfully identified with mining enterprises in Colorado.

ROWELL, Jonathan H., ex-Congressman, was born at Haverhill, N. H., Feb. 10, 1833. He is a

Eiu-eka College and of the Law Department of the Chicago University. During War of the Rebellion he served three years as

graduate of

officer in the Seventeenth Illinois In 1868 he was elected State's Attorney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1880, was a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. In 1883 he was elected to Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois District and three times

Infantry.

re-elected, serving until is

at

March,

1891.

His home

Bloom ington.

ROWETT,

Richard, soldier, was born in Cornwall, England, in 1830, came to the United States in 1851, finally settling on a farm near Carlinville, 111., and becoming a breeder of thorough-bred horses. In 1861 he entered the service as a Captain in the Seventh Illinois Volunteers and was successively promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; was wounded in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and Allatoona, especially distinguishing himself.at the latter and being brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry. After the war he retui-ned to his stock-farm, but later held the positions of Canal Commissioner, Penitentiary Commissioner, Representative in the Thirtieth General Assembly and Collector of Internal Revenue for the Fourth (Quincy) District, until its consolidation with the Eighth District by President Cleveland. Died, in Chicago, July 13, 1887.

RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chicago; incorporated by act of March 2, 1887, the charter having been prepared the previous year by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiah C. Goodhue. The extreme financial depression of the following year prevented the organization of a faculty The institution was named in honor Benjamin Rush, the eminent practitioner, medical author and teacher of Philadelphia in the The fir.st latter half of the eighteenth century. faculty consisted of four professors, and the first term opened on Dec. 4, 1843, with a class of twenty-two students. Three years' study was required for graduation, but only two annual terms of sixteen weeks each need be attended at the college itself. Instruction was given in a few rooms temporarily opened for that purpose. The next year a small building, costing between $3,000 and $4,000, was erected. This was re-arranged and enlarged in 1855 at a cost of §15,000. The constant and rapid growth of the college necessitated the erection of a nevr building in This was 1867, the cost of which was §70,000. destroyed in the fire of 1871. and another, costing $54,000, was erected in 1876 and a free dispensary until 1843.

of Dr.

IIISTOrJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. added. In 1844 the Presbyterian Hospital was located on a portion of the college lot, and the two institutions connected, thus insuring abun-

dant and stable facilities for clinical instruction. Shortly afterwards, Rush College became the medical department of Lake Forest University.

The present faculty

(1898) consists of 95 profes-

adjunct professors, lecturers and instructors of all grades, and over 600 students in attendance. The length of the annual terms is six months, and four years of study are required for graduation, attendance upon at least three college terms being compulsory. RUSHVILLE, the county-seat of Schuyler County. 50 miles northeast of Quincy and 11 miles northwest of Beardstown is the southern terminus of the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The sors,

;

town was

selected as the county-seat in 1826, the seat of justice being removed from a place Beardstown, about five miles eastward (not the present Beardstown in Cass County), wliere it had been located at the time of the organization of Schuyler County, a year previous. At first the new seat of justice was called Rushton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but afterwards took its present name. It is a coal-mining, grain and fruit-growing region, and contains several manufactories, including flour-mills, brick and tile works; also has two banks (State and Four periodicals private) and a public library. (one daily) are published here. Population called

(1880), 1,662;

(1890), 2,031; (1900), 2,292.

RUSSELL, John, was born

pioneer teacher and author,

at Cavendish, Vt., July 31, 1793,

and

educated in the common schools of his native State and at Middlebury College, where he graduated in 1818 having obtained means to support himself, during his college course, by teaching and by the publication, before he had reached his 20th year, of a volume entitled "The Authentic After graduHistory of Vermont State Prison. ation he taught for a short time in Georgia; but, early in the following year, joined his father on the way to Missouri. The next five years he spent in teaching in the "Bonhommie Bottom'' on the Missouri River. During this period he published, anonymously, in "The St. Cliarles Missourian," a temperance allegory entitled "The

—

'

'

(or "The Worm of the Still"), which gained a wide popularity and was early recognized by the compilers of school-readers as

Venomous Worm"

a

soi-t

of classic.

Leaving

thi.s

locality

he taught

a year in St. Louis, when lie removed to Vandalia (then the capital of Illinois), after which he spent

461

two years teaching in the Seminary at Upper Alton, which afterwards became Shurtleff College. In 1828 he removed to Greene County, locating at a jioint near the Illinois River to which he gave the name of Bluffdale. Here he was Ucensed as a Baptist preacher, officiating in this capacity only occasionally, wliile pursuing his calling as a teacher or writer for the press, to which he was an almost constant contributor during the last twenty-five years of his life. About 1837 or 1838 he was editor of a paper called "The Backwoodsman" at Grafton— then a part of Greene County, but now in Jersey County— to which he afterwards continued to be a contributor some time longer, and, in 1841-42, was editor of

"The Advertiser,

also,

Hill

at Louisville, Ky. He was for several years, Principal of the Spring Academy in East Feliciana Parish, La., '

meanwhile serving

for a portion of the time as Superintendent of Public Schools. He was the author of a number of stories and sketches, some of which went through several editions, and, at the time of his death, had in preparation a history of "The Black Hawk War," "Evidences of Christianity" and a "History of Illinois." He was an accomplished linguist, being able to read with fluency Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian, besides having considerable familiarity with several other modern languages. In 1863 he received from the University of Chicago the degree of LL.D. Died, Jan, 2, 1863, and was buried on the old homestead at Bluafdale.

RUSSELL, Martin J., politician and journalist, born in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1845. He was a nephew of Col. James A. Mulligan (see Mulligan, James A.) and served with credit as AdjutantGeneral on the staff of the latter in the Civil War. In 1870 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Post." and was advanced to the position of city editor.

Subsequently he was connected with "The Times," and "The Telegram" was also a member of the Board of Education of Hyde Park before the annexation of that village to Chicago, and has been one of the South Park Commissioners of the city last named. After the purchase of "The Chicago Times" by Carter H. Harrison he remained for a time on the editorial staff. In 1894 President Cleveland appointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago. At the expiration of his term of office he resumed editorial work as editor-in-chief of "The Chronicle," the organ of the Democratic party in Chicago. Died June 25, 1900. RUTHERFORD, Friend S., lawyer and soldier, 'was born in Schenectady, N. Y., Sept. 25, ;

,

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

463

1830; studied law in Troy and removed to Illinois, settling at Edwardsville, and finally at Alton; -was a Eepublican candidate for Presidential Elector in 1856, and. in 1860, a member of

RUTLAND, a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 25 miles south of La Salle; has a bank, five churches, school, and a newspaper, with coal mines in the vicinity. Pop.

the National Republican Convention at Chicago, wliich nominated Mr. Lincoln for tlie Presidency. In September, 1863, he was commissioned Colonel of the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volimteers, and participated in the capture of Port Gibson and in the operations about Vicksburg also leading iu the attack on Arkansas Post, and subsequently serving in Louisiana, but died as the result of fatigue and exposure in the service, June 30, 1864, one week before his promotion to the rank of Brigadier-General.— Reuben C. (Rutherford), brother of tlie preceding, was born at Troy, N. Y.

(1890), 509; (1900), 893; (1903), 1,093.

—

grew up in Vermont and New Hampshire received a degree in law when quite Sept. 29, 1833, but ;

young, but afterwards fitted himself as a lecturer on physiology and hygiene, upon which he lectured extensively in Michigan, Illinois and other States after coming west in 1849. During 1854-55, in co-operation witli Prof. J. B. Turner and others, he canvassed and lectured extensively throughout Illinois in support of the movement which resulted in the donation of public lands, by Congress, for the establishment of "Industrial The establishColleges"' in the several States. ment of the University of Illinois, at Cliampaign, was the outgrowth of this movement. In 1856 he located at Quincy, where he resided some thirty years; in 1861, served for several months as the first Commissary of Subsistence at Cairo; was later associated with tlie State Quartermaster's Department, finally entering the secret service of the War Department, in which lie remained until 1867, retiring with the rank of brevet BrigadierGeneral. In 1886, General Rutherford removed to New York City, where he died, June 34, 1895.— George T. (Rutherford), another brother, was born at Rutland, Vt. 1830 was first admitted to the bar, but afterwards took charge of the construction of telegraph lines in some of the Southern States; at the beginning of the Civil War became Assistant Quartermaster-General of the State of Illinois, at Springfield, under ex-Gov. John Wood, but subsequently entered the Quartermaster's service of the General Government in Washington, retiring after the war witli the rank of Brigadier-General. He then returned to Quincy, 111. where he resided until 1873, when he engaged in manufacturing business at Northampton, Mass., but finally removed to California Died, at St. for the benefit of his failing health. Helena, Cal. August 28, 1872. ,

,

,

;

RUTLEDliE,

(Rev.) William J., clergyman, Chaplain, born in Augusta County, Va.,

Army

1830; was converted at the age of 13 years and, at 31, became a member of the Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, serving various churches in the central and west-

June

34,

—

ern parts of the State also acting, for a time, as Agent of the Illinois Conference Female College

From

1861 to 1863 he was ChapFourteenth Regiment Illinois VolunReturning from the war, he served as pastor of churches at Jacksonville, Bloomington,

at Jacksonville. lain of the teers.

Quincy, Rushville, Springfield, Griggsville and other points; from 1881 to '84 was Chaplain of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. Mr. Rutledge was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and served for many years as Chaplain of the order for the Department of Illinois. In connection with the ministry, he has occupied a supernumerary relation since 1885. Died in Jacksonville, April 14, 1900. RUTZ, Edward, State Treasurer, was born in a village in the Duchy of Baden, Germany, May 5, 1839; came to America in 1848, locating on a farm in St. Clair County, 111. went to California in 1857, and, early in 1861, enlisted in the Third United States Artillery at San Francisco, serving with the Army of the Potomac until his discharge in 1864, and taking part in every battle iu which his command was engaged. After his return in 1865, he located in St. Clair County, and was elected County Surve3'or, served three consecu;

tive terms as

County Treasurer, and was elected times— 1873, '76 and '80. removed to California, where he

State Treasurer three

About

1893 he

now resides. RYAN, Edward

G.,

early editor

and

jurist,

born at Newcastle House. County Meath, Ireland, Nov. 13, 1810; was educated for the priesthood, but tm-ned his attention to law, and, in 1830, came to New York and engaged in teaching while prosecuting his legal studies; in 1836 removed to Chicago, where he was admitted to the bar and was, for a time, associated in practice with Hugh T. Dickey. In April, 1840, Mr. Ryan assumed the editorship of a weekly paper in Chicago called "The Illinois Tribune," which he conducted for over a year, and which is remembered chiefly on account of its bitter assaults on Judge John Pearson of Danville, who had

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. aroused the hostility of some members of the Chicago bar by his rulings upon the bench. About 1843 Ryan removed to Milwaukee, Wis., where he was, for a time, a partner of Matthew H. Carpenter (afterwards United States Senator), and was connected with a number of celebrated trials before the courts of that State, including the Barstow-Bashford case, which ended with Bashford becoming the first Republican Governor of "Wisconsin. In 1874 he was appointed Chief Justice of Wisconsin, serving until his death, which occurred at Madison, Oct. 19, 1880. He was a strong partisan, and, during the Civil "War, was an intense opponent of the war policy' of the Government. In spite of infirmities of temper, he appears to have been a man of mucli learning and recognized legal ability. RTAy, James, Roman Catholic Bishop, born in Ireland in 1848 and emigrated to America in childhood; was educated for the priesthood in Kentucky, and, after ordination, was made a professor in St. Joseph's Seminary, at Bardstown, Ky. In 1878 he removed to IlUnois, attaching himself to the diocese of Peoria, and having charge of parishes at Wataga and Danville. In 1881 he became rector of the Ottawa parish, within the episcopal jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Chicago. In 1888 he was made Bishop of the see of Alton, the prior incumbent (Bishop Baltes) having died in 1886.

SACS AJfD FOXES, two confederated Indian who were among the most warlike and powerful of the aborigines of the Illinois Country. The Foxes called themselves the Musk-wah-hatribes,

name compounded of two words, signifying "those of red earth." The French called them Ou-ta-ga-mies, that being their spelling of the name given them by other tribes, the meaning of which was "Foxes," and which was bestowed upon them because their totem (or armorial device, as it may be called) was a fox. They seem to have been driven westward from the northern shore of Lake Ontario, by way of kee, a

Niagara and Mackinac, to the region around Green Bay, Wis. Concerning their allied brethren, the Sacs, less is known. The name is vari-

—

ously spelled in the Indian dialects

—

— Ou-sa-kies,

Sauks, etc. and the term Sacs is unquestionably an abbreviated corruption. Black Hawk belonged to this tribe. The Foxes and Sacs formed a confederation according to aboriginal tradition, on what is now known as the Sao River, near Green Bay, but the date of the alliance cannot be determined. The origin of the Sacs is equally

463

Black Hawk claimed that his tribe originally dwelt around Quebec, but, as to the uncertain.

authenticity of this claim, historical authorities differ widel}'. Subsequent to 1070 the history of the allied tribes is tolerably well defined. Their

and habits are described some length by Father AUouez, who visited in 166G-67. He says that they were numerous and warlike, but depicts them as "penurious, avaricious, thievish and quarrelsome." That they were cordially detested by their neighbors is certain, and Judge James Hall calls them "the Ishmaelites of the lakes. " They were unfriendly characteristics, location

at

them

who attached to themselves other and. through the aid of the latter, had well-nigh exterminated them, when the Sacs and Foxes sued for peace, which was granted on terms most humiliating to the vanquished. By 1718, however, they were virtually in possession of the region around Rock River in Ilhnois, and, four years later, through the aid of the Mascoutins and Kickapoos, they had expelled the Illinois, driving the last of that ill-fated tribe across the Illinois River. They abstained from taking part in the border wars that marked the close of the Revolutionary War, and therefore did not participate in the treaty of Greenville in 179,). At that date, according to Judge Hall, they claimed the country as far west as Council Bluffs, Iowa, and as far north as Prairie du Chien. Thej^ offered to co-operate with the United States Government in the War of 1812, but this offer was declined, and a portion of the tribe, under the leadership of Black Hawk, enlisted on the side of the British. The Black Hawk War proved their political ruin. By the treaty of Rock Island the}' ceded vast tracts of land, including a large part of the eastern half of Iowa and a large body of land east of the Mississippi. (See Black Hawk M'ar; Indian Treaties.) In 1842 the Government divided the nation into two bands, removing both to reservations in the farther West. One was located on the Osage River and the other on the south side of the Nee-ma-ha River, near the northwest corner of Kansas. From these reservations, there is httle doubt, many of them have silently emigrated toward the Rocky Mountains, where the hoe might be laid aside for the rifle, the net and the spear of the himter. A few years ago a part of these confederated tribes were located in the eastern part of Oklahoma.

to the Fi-ench, tribes,

SAILOR SPRINGS, a village and health resort in Clay County, 5 miles north of Clay City, has an academy and a local paper. Population (1900), 419; (1903, est.), 550.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

464

incorporated city, the county-seat of Marion County, on the Baltimore & Oliio Southwestern, the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Illinois Southern Railroads, 71 miles east of St. Louis, and IG miles northeast of Centralia; in agricultural and coal district. A leading indus-

SALEM, an

try

is

fruit.

the culture, evaporation and shipment of

The

city has flour-mills,

three weekly newspapers.

two banks and

Pop.

(1890),

1,493;

(1900), 1,G43.

southeastern county, organized in 18 IT, having an area of 380 square It derives its name from the salt springs miles. which are found in every part of the county.

SALINE COr>'TT,

a

The northern portion is rolling and yields an abundance of coal of a quality suitable for smithThe bottoms are swampy, but heavily ing. timbered, and saw-mills abound. Oak, hickory, sweet gum, mulberry, locust and sassafras are the prevailing varieties. Fruit and tobacco are extensively cultivated. The climate is mild and humid, and the vegetation varied. The soil of the low lands is rich, and, when drained, makes excellent farming lands. In some localities a good gray sandstone, soft enough to be worked, is quarried, and millstone grit is frequently found. In the southern half of the county are the Eagle Mountains, a line of hills having an altitude of some 4.50 to 500 feet above the level of the Mis-

and believed by geologists to have been a part of the upheaval that gave birth to the Ozark Mountains in Missouri and ArkanThe highest land in the county is 864 feet sas. above sea-level. Tradition says that these hills are rich in silver ore, but it has not been foimd Springs strongly impregin paying quantities. nated with sulphur are found on the slopes. The sissippi at Cairo,

county-seat was originally located at Raleigh, which was platted in 1848, but it was subsequently removed to Harrisburg, which was laid out in IS.'JO. Population of the county (1880), 1.5.940; (1890), 19.343;

(1900), 21,685.

.

SALINE RITER, a stream formed by the confluence of two branches, both of which flow through portions of Saline County, uniting in Gallatin County.

The North Fork

rises in

Hamil-

ton County and runs nearly south, while the South Fork drains part of Williamson County, and runs east through Saline. The river (which is little more than a creek), thus formed, runs southeast, entering the Ohio ten miles below

Shawneetown.

SALT MANUFACTURE. There is evidence going to show that the saline springs, in GaUatin County, were utilized by the aboriginal inhabit-

ants in the

making of

of white settlers.

salt, long before the advent There have been discovered, at

various points, what appear to be the remains of evaporating kettles, composed of hardened clay

and pounded

shells,

varying in diameter from

three to four feet. In 1812, with a view to encouraging the manufacture of salt from these springs, Congress granted to Illinois the use of 36 square miles, the fee

still

remaining

in the

United States. These lands were leased b}- tlie State to private parties, but the income derived from them was comparatively small and frequently difficult of collection. The workmen were mostly slaves from Kentucky and Tennessee,

who

Section

are especially referred to in Article VI.,

2,

of the Constitution of 1818.

made brought So

The

salt

per 100 pounds, and was shipped

in keel-boats to various points on the Ohio, Mis-

Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, while purchasers came hundreds of miles on horseback and carried it away on pack animals. In 1827, the State treasury being empty and the General Assembly having decided to erect a penitentiary at Alton, Congress was petitioned to donate these lands to the State in fee, and permission was granted "to sell 30,000 acres of the Ohio Salines in Gallatin County, and apply the proceeds to such purposes as the Legislature might by law direct." The sale was made, onehalf of the proceeds set apart for the building of the penitentiary, and one-half to the improvement of roads and rivers in the eastern part of the State. The manufactm-e of salt was carried on, however for a time by lessees and subsequently by owners until 1873, about which time it was abandoned, chiefly because it had ceased to be profitable on account of competition with other districts possessing superior facihties. Some salt was manufactured in Vermilion County about 1834. The manufacture has been successfully carried on in recent years, from the product of artesian wells, at St. John, in Perry County. SANDOVAL, a village of Marion Comity, at the crossing of the western branch of the Illinois Central Riilroad, and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern, 6 miles north of Centralia. The town has coal mines and some manufactures, Population with banks and one newspaper. sissippi,

many

—

—

(1880), .564;

(1890). 834; (1900), 1,2-58.

SANDSTONE. The

quantity of sandstone quaris comparatively insignificant, its value being less than one-fifth of one per cent of the value of the output of the entire country. In 1890 the State ranked twenty-fifth in the list of States producing this mineral, the total value

ried in Illinois

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the stone quarried being but 817,896, representing 141,605 cubic feet, taken fi-om ten quarries, which employed forty -six hands, and had an aggregate capital invested of §49,400.

SANDWICH,

a city in

porated iu 1873, on

tlie

De Kalb County,

incor-

Chicago, Burlington

&

Quincy Railroad, 58 miles southwest of Chicago. Tlie principal industries are the manufacture of agricultural implements, hay-presses, corn-shellpumps and wind-mills. Sand^vich has two

ers,

private banks,

two weekly and one semi-weekly

Pop. (1890), 3,516; (1900), 3,520; (1903),

papers.

SANGAMON

COUNTY,

organized under act of June

a

central

county,

from parts of Bond and Jladison Counties, and embracing the present counties of Sangamon, Cass, Menard, Mason, Tazewell, Logan, and parts of Morgan, McLean, Woodford, Marshall and Putnam. It .was named for the river flowing through it. Though reduced 'in area somewhat, four' years later, it extended to the Illinois River, but was reduced to its present limits by the setting apart of Menard, Logan and Dane (now Christian) Counties, in 1839. Henry Funderburk is believed to have been the first white settler, arriving there in 1817 and locating in what is now Cotton Hill Township, being followed, the next year, by William Drennan, Joseph Dodds, James McCoy, Robert Pulliam and others. John Kelly located 30, 1831,

on the present site of the city of Springfield in 1818, and was there at the time of the selection of that place as the temporary seat of justice in 1821. Other settlements were made at Auburn, Island Grove, and elsewhere, and population

began to flow in rapidly. Remnants of the Pottawatomie and Kickapoo Indians were still there, but soon moved north or west. County organization was effected in 1821, the first Board of County Commissioners being compo.sed of William Drennan, Zachariah Peter and Samuel Lee. John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) lieUl the first term of Circuit Court, with John Taylor, Sheriff Henry Starr, Prosecuting Attorney, and Charles R. Matheny, Circuit Clerk. A United ;

States Lffod Office

was established

at Springfield

P. Enos as Receiver, the of lands taking place the same year.

with Pascal

in 1833, first sale

The

Sangamon County is exuberantly ferwith rich underlying deposits of bituminous

soil of

tile,

thence westward through Sangamon County, forming the north boundary of Christian County, and emptying into the Illinois River about 9 miles above Beardstown. The Sangamon is nearly 240 miles long, including the North Fork. The South Fork flows through Christian Coimty, and joins the North Fork about 6 miles east of Springfield.

2,865.

which is mined in large quantities. The towns are Springfield, Auburn, Riverton, Illiopolis and Pleasant Plains. The area of the

coal,

chief

county

is

860 square miles.

Population (1880),

52,894; (1890), 61,195; (1900), 71,593.

465

SANGAMON RIVER, formed by the union of the North and South Forks, of which the former The North Fork is the longer, or main branch. rises in the northern part of Champaign County, the city of Decatur, whence it runs southwest to

In the early history of the State the

Sangamon was regarded as a navigable stream, its improvement was one of the measures advocated by Abraham Lincoln in 1832, wlien he and

was

for the first

cessfuUy) for

time a candidate (though vmsucLegislature. In the spring of

tlie

from Cincinnati, called the "Talisman," ascended the river to a point near The event was celebrated with great rejoicing by the people, but the vessel encountered so much difficulty iu getting out of the river that the experiment was never 1833 a small steamer

Springfield.

repeated.

SANGAMON & MORGAN RAILROAD. Wabash tractor,

(See

Railroad.)

SANGER, Lorenzo was born

P., railway

at Littleton,

and canal conN. H., March 3,

1809 brought in childhood to Livingston County, N. Y., where his father became a contractor on ;

the Erie Canal, the son also being employed upon the same work. The latter subsequently became a contractor on the Pennsylvania Canal on his own account, being known as "the boy contractor." Then, after a brief experience in mercantile business, and a year spent in the construction of a canal in Indiana, in 1836 he came to Illinois, and soon after became an extensive contractor on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, having charge of rook excavation at Lockport. He was also connected with the Rock River improvement scheme, and interested in a line of stages between Chicago and Galena, which, having been consolidated with the line managed by the firm of Fink & Walker, finally became the Northwestern Stage Company, extending its operations throughout Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa and Missouri— Mr. Sanger having charge of the

Western Division,

for a time, with headquarters In 1851 he became the head of the firm of Sanger, Camp & Co. contractors for the construction of the Western (or Illinois) Division of the Ohio & Mississippi (now the Baltimore

at St. Louis.

,

&

Ohio Southwestern) Railway, upon

which he

—

)

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

46G

was employed for several rears. Other works with which he was connected were the North Missouri Railroad and the construction of the

subject of Great Britain and a Chief of the Ottawas and Pottawatomies. In 1828 the Government, in consideration of his services, built for

State Penitentiary at Joliet, as member of the firm of Sanger & Casey, for a time, also lessees of

him the

In 1862 Mr. Sanger received from Governor Yates, by request of President Lincoln,

By a treaty, Jan. 3, 1830, reservations were granted by the Government to Sauganash, Shabona and other friendly Indians (see Shabona). and 1,240 acres on the North Branch of Chicago River set apart for Caldwell, which he sold before leaving the country. Died, at Council Bluffs, Iowa,

convict labor.

a commission as Colonel, and was assigned to staff duty in Kentucky and Tennessee. After the war he became largely interested in stone quarries adjacent to Joliet also had an extensive contract, from the City of Chicago, for deepening the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Oakland, Cal., March 23, 187.5, whither he had gone for the ;

James Young (Sanger), brother of the preceding, was born at Sutton, Vt., March 14, 1814; in boyhood spent some time benefit of

his health.

in a large mercantile establishment at Pittsburg, Pa., later being associated with his father elder brother in contracts on the Erie Canal

and and

similar works in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana.

At the age

of 22 he

came with

his father's

family to St. Joseph, Mich., where they established a large supply store, and engaged in bridge-building and similar enterprises. At a later period, in connection with his father and his brother, L. P. Sanger, he was prominently connected with the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal the aqueduct at Ottawa and the locks at Peru being constructed by them. About 1850 the Construction Company, of which he and his brother, L. P. Sanger, were leading members, undertook the construction of the Ohio & Mississippi (now Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern) Railroad, from St. Louis to Vincennes, Ind., and were prominently identified with other railroad enterprises in Southern Illinois, Missouri and California. Died, July 3, 1867, when consummating arrangements for the performance of a large contract on tlie Union Pacific Railroad. SANITARY COMMISSION. (See niiriois Sanitary Commission.

—

SAMTARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO.

(See

Chicago Drainage Canal.) SAUGANASH, the Indian name of a half-breed

known

as Capt. Billy Caldwell, the

British officer and a Pottawatomie

son

of

a

woman, born

Canada about 1780; received an education from the Jesuits at Detroit, and was able to speak and write English and French, besides several Indian dialects was a friend of Tecum-

first

frame house ever erected in Chicago, until his departure with his

which he occupied

tribe for Council Bluffs in 1836.

made

Sept. 28, 1841.

SAVAGE, George S. F., D.D., clergyman, was born at Cromwell, Conn., Jan. 29, 1817; graduated at Yale College in 18-14; studied theology at Andover and New Haven, graduating in 1847; was ordained a home missionary the same year and spent twelve years as pastor at St. Charles, 111. for four years being corresponding editor of "The Prairie Herald" and "The Congregational Herald." For ten years he was in the service of the American Tract Society, and, during the Civil War, was engaged in sanitary and religious work in the army. In 1870 he was appointed Western Secretary of the Congregational Publishing Society, remaining two years, after which he became Financial Secretary of the Chicago Theological Seminary. He has also been a Director of the institution since 1854, a Trustee of Beloit College since 1850, and, for several years, editor and publisher of "The Congregational Review." SAVANIVA, a city in Carroll County, situated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Burlington & Northern and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; is 10 miles west of Mount Carroll and about 20 miles north of Clinton, Iowa. It is an important shipping-point and contains several manufactories of machinery, lumber, It has two State banks, a public fiour, etc. ,

two graded schools, township high school, and two daily and weekly newslibrary, churches,

Pop. (1890), 3,097; (1900), 3.325. a village of McLean County, on & Western Railroad, 26 miles east of Bloomington; district agricultural^ ccunty fairs held here; the town has two banks and two papers.

SAYBROOK,

the Lake Erie

in

newspapers.

seh's and, during the latter part of his

SCATES, Walter Bpn;iett, jurist and soldier, was born at South Boston, Halifax County, V'a., Jan. 18, 1808; was taken in infancy to Hopkinsville, Ky., where he resided imtil 1831, having meanwhile learned the printer's trade at NashIn 1831 he ville and studied law at Louisville. removed to Frankfort, Franklin County, 111.,

;

life, a devoted friend of the whites. He took up his residence in Chicago about 1820, and, in 1826, was a Justice of the Peace, while nominally a

Pop. (1890), 851; (1900), 879.

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. where, for a time, he was County Surveyor. In 1836, having been appointed Attorney-General, he removed to Vandalia, then the seat of government, but resigned at the close of tlie same year to accept the judgeship of the Third Judicial Circuit, and took up liis residence at Shawneetown. In 1841 he was one of five new Judges added to the Supreme Court bench, the others being Sidney Breese, Stephen A. Douglas, Thomas Ford and Samuel H. Treat. In that year he removed to Mount Vernon, Jefferson County, and, in January, 1847, resigned liis seat upon the bench to resume practice. The same year he was a member of the Constitutional Convention and Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. In June, 1854, he again took a seat upon the Supreme Court bench, being chosen to succeed Lyman Trumbull, but resigned in May, In 1857, and resumed practice in Chicago. 1863 he volunteered in defense of the Union, received a Major's commission and was assigned to duty on the staff of General McClernand was made, Assistant Adjutant-General and mustered out in January, 1866. In July, 1866, President Johnson appointed him Collector of Customs at Chicago, which position he filled until July 1, 1869, when he %vas removed by President Grant, during the same period, being ex-oflficio custodian of United States funds, the office of Assistant Treasurer not having been then created. Died, at Evanston, Oct. 26, 1886. SCAMMOX, Jonathan Youn^, lawyer and banker, was born at Whitefield, Maine, July 27, 1812 after graduating at Waterville (now Colby) University in 1831, he studied law and was admitted to the bar at Ilallowell, in 1835 removing to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of his life. After a year spent as deputy in the office of the Circuit Clerk of Cook County, during \\hich he prepared a revision of the Illinois statutes, he was appointed attorney for the State Bank of Illinois in 1837, and, in 1839, became reporter of the Supreme Court, which office he held until 1845. In the meantime, he was associated with several prominent lawyers, his first legal firm being that of Scammon, McCagg & Fuller, which was continued up to the fire of 1871. A large operator in real estate and identified with man}' enterprises of a public or benevolent character, his most important financial venture was in connection with the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, which conducted an extensive banking business for many years, and of which he was the President and leading spirit. As a citizen he was progressive, ;

;

467

and liberal. He was one of the main promoters and organizers of the old Galena & Chicago Union Railway, the first railroad to run west from Lake Michigan was also prominently identified with the founding of the Chi-

public-spirited

;

cago public school system, a Trustee of the (old) Chicago University, and one of the founders of the Chicago Historical Society, of the Chicago Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Astrobeing the first President nomical Society

—

He erected, at a cost of body. the Fort Dearborn Observatory, in which he caused to be placed the most powerful telescope which had at that time been brought to the West. He also maintained the observatory of the latter

§30,000,

He was the pioneer of his own expense. Swedenborgianism in Chicago, and, in politics, a staunch Whig, and, later, an ardent Republican. In 1844 he was one of the founders of "The Chicago American," a paper designed to advance at

the candidacy of

Henry Clay

for the Presidency

and, in 1872, when "The Chicago Tribune" espoused the Liberal Republican cause, he started "The Inter-Ocean" as a Republican organ, being, for some time, its sole proprietor and editor-inchief. He was one of the first to encourage tlie adoption of the homeopathic system of medicine in Chicago, and was prominently connected with the founding of the Hahnemann Medical College and the Hahnemann Hospital, being a Trustee in both for many years. As a member of the General Assembly he secured the pas.sage of many important measures, among them being legislation looking toward the bettering of the currency and the banking system. He accumulated a large fortune, but lost most of it by the fire of Died, in Chicago, 1871 and the panic of 1873.

March

17. 1890.

SCARRITT, Nathan, necticut,

came

County.

pioneer,

to Edwardsville,

in 1821, located in

Scarritt's

was born 111.,

in

Con-

in 1820, and,

Prairie,

JIadison

His sons afterward became influential and Methodist church circles. Died,

in business

Dec.

12, 1847.

SCENERY, NATURAL. Notwithstanding the uniformity of sm'face which characterizes a country containing no mountain ranges', but which is made up largely of natural prairies, there are a number of localities in Illinois where scenery of a picturesque, and even bold and rugged character, may be found. One of the most striking of these features is produced by a spur or low range of hills from the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across the southern part of the State from the vicinity of Grand

— HISTOrJCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

468

Tower

in Jackson Comitj', through the northern

part of Union, and through portions of Williamson, Johnson, Saline, Pope and Hardin Counties. Grand Tower, the initial point in the western part of the State,

is

an isolated

cliff

of limestone,

standing out in the channel of the Mississippi,

and forming an island nearly 100 feet above lowwater level. It has been a conspicuous landmark for navigators ever since the discovery of

the

"Fountain Bluff," a few miles Mississippi. above Grand Tower, is another conspicuous point immediately on the river bank, formed by some isolated hills about three miles long by a mile and a half wide, which have withstood the forces that excavated the valley now occupied by the Mississippi. About half a mile from the lower end of this hill, with a low valley between them, is a smaller eminence known as the "Devil's Bake Oven." The main cliain of bluffs, known as the "Back Bone," is about five miles from the river, and rises to a height of nearly 700 feet above low-tide in the Gulf of Mexico, or more than 400 feet above the level of the river at Cairo. "Bald Knob" is a very prominent inland bluff promontorj' near Alta Pass on the line of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, in the northern part of Union County, with an elevation above tidewater of 985 feet. The highest point in this range of hills is reached in tlie northeastern part of Pope County the elevation at that point (as ascertained by Prof. Rolfe of the State University at Champaign) being 1,046 feet. There is some striking scenery in the neighborhood of Grafton between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois, as

—

—

well

as

some distance up the

latter

stream-

though the landscape along the middle section of the Illinois is generally monotonous or only gently undulating, except at Peoria and a few otlier points, where bluffs rise to a considerable height. On the Upper Illinois, beginning at Peru, the scenery again becomes picturesque, including the celebrated "Starved Rock," the site of La Salle's Fort St. Louis (which see). This rock rises to a perpendicular height of about r35 feet from the surface of the river at the ordinary stage. On the oijposite side of the river, about four miles below Ottawa, is "Buffalo Rock," an isolated ridge of rock about two miles long by forty to sixty rods wide, evidently once an island at a period when the Illinois Ri%'er occupied the whole valley. Additional interest is given to both these localities by their association with early history. Deer Park, on the Vermilion River some two miles from where it empties, into the Illinois, just below "Starved

—

Rock"

—

is

a peculiar grotto-Uke formation, caused

by a ravine which enters the Vermilion at this Ascending this ravine from its mouth, for a quarter of a mile, between almost perpendicular walls, the road terminates abruptly at a dome-like overhanging rock which widens at this point to about 150 feet in diameter at the base, with a height of about 75 feet. A clear spring of water gushes from the base of the cliff, and, at point.

certain seasons of the

}"ear. a beautiul water-fall pours from the cliffs into a little lake at the bottom of the chasm. There is much other striking scenery higher up, on both the Illinois and Fox Rivers. A point which arrested the attention of the earliest explorers in this region was Mount Joliet, near the city of that name. It is first mentioned by St. Cosme in 1C98, and has been variously known as Jlonjolly, Mont Jolie, Mount

—

Juliet,

and Mount

Joliet.

It

had an

elevation, in

early times, of about 30 feet with a level top 1,300 by 235 feet. Prof. O. H. Marshall, in "The

American Antiquarian," expresses the opinion that, originally, it was an island in the river, which, at a remote period, swept of the

Des Plaines.

rallying

point

of

Mount Illinois

down

Joliet

the vallej'

was a

Indians,

accustomed to hold their councils at

favorite

who were its

base.

The scenery along Rock River is not striking from its boldness, but it attracted the attention of early explorers by the picturesque beauty of its groves, undulating plains and sheets of water.

The highest and most abrupt elevations are met with in Jo Daviess County, near the Wisconsin Pilot Knob, a natural mound about State line. three miles south of Galena and two miles from the Mississippi, has been a landmark well known and river men ever since the Upper began to be navigated. Towering

above the surrounding bluffs, it reaches an altitude of some 430 feet above the ordinary level of Fever River. A chain of some half dozen of these mounds extends some fom- or five miles in a northeasterly direction from Pilot Knob, Waddel's and Jackson's IMounds being conspicuous among them. There are also some castellated rocks around the city of Galena which are very strikCharles Mound, belonging to the system ing. already referred to, is believed to be the highest elevation in the State. It stands near the Wisconsin State line, and, according to Prof. Rolfe, has an altitude of 314 feet above the Illinois Central Railroad at Scales" Mound Station, and, 1,257 feet above the Gulf of Mexico.

SCHAUMBERG,

a

village

Township, Cook County.

in

Schaumberg

Population, 573.

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SCHNEIDER, was born

George, journalist and banker,

at Pirmasens, Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1823.

Being sentenced to death for his participation in the attempted rebellion of 1848, he escaped to America in 1849, going from New York to Cle-reThere, in conland, and afterwards to St. Louis. nection with his brother, he established a German "The New Era" which was intensely daily anti-slavery and exerted a decided political influ-

—

—

among persons of German birth. In 1851 he removed to Chicago, where he became "The Staats Zeitung," in which he vigorously opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill on its introduction by Senator Douglas. His attitude and articles gave such offense to the partisan friends of this measure, that "The Zeitung" was

ence, especially

editor of

threatened with destruction by a mob in 185.5. He early took advanced ground in opposition to slavery, and was a member of the convention of Anti-Nebraska editors, held at Decatur in 1856, and of the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington the same year, as well as of the National Republican Conventions of 1856 and 1860, participating in the nomination of both John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency. In 1861 he was a member of the Chicago Union Defense Committee, and was appointed, by Jlr. Lincoln, Consul-General at

Denmark. Returning to America in 1862, he disposed of his interest in "The Staats Zeitung" and was appointed the first Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District. On retiring from this ofl5ce he engaged in banking, subsequently becoming President of the National Bank of Illinois, with which he was associated In 1877 President for a quarter of a century. Hayes tendered him the ministry to Switzerland, whicli he declined. In 1880 he was chosen Presi-

Elsinore,

dential Elector for the State-at-large, also serving for a number of years as a member of the Republican State Central Committee.

SCHOFIELD, John was born

in

McAllister, Major-General, Y., Sept 29,

Chautauqua County, N.

1831; brought to Bristol, 1843, and,

two years

Kendall County,

later,

removed

111.,

in

to Freeport

graduated from the United States Military Academy, in 1853, as classmate of Generals McPherson and Sheridan was assigned to the artillery ser;

vice

and served two years

he spent

five

in Florida, after

which

years (1855-60) as an instructor at

West Point. At the beginning of the Civil War he was on leave of absence, acting as Professor of

Physics

in

Washington University

at

St.

Louis, but, waiving his leave, he at once returned

to duty and was

appointed

mustering

officer;

469

by permission of the War Department, entered the First Missouri. Volunteers as Major, serving as Chief of Statf to General Lyon in the early battles in Missouri, including Wilson's Creek. His subsequent career included the then,

organization of the Missouri State Militia (1862), command of the Army of the Frontier in Southwest Missouri, command of the Department of the Missouri and Ohio, participation in the Atlanta campaign and co-operation with Sherin the capture of the rebel Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina—his army having been transferred for this purpose, from Tennessee by way of Washington. After the close of the war he went on a special mission to Mexico to investigate the French occupation of that country was commander of the Department of the Potomac, and served as Secretary of War, by appointment of President Johnson, from June, On retiring from the Cabi1868, to March, 1869. net he was commissioned a full Major-General and held various Division and Department commands until 1886, when, on the death of General Sherman, he succeeded to the command of the Army, with headquarters at Washington. He was retired under the age limit. Sept. 29, 1895. His present home is in Washington. SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in Clark County, 111., in 1834; acquired the rudiments of an education in the common schools during boyhood, meanwhile gaining some knowledge of the higher branches through toilsome application to test-books without a preceptor. At the age of 20 he entered the law school at Louisville, Ky., graduating two years later, and beginning prac-

man

;

111. He defrayed his expenses law school from the proceeds of the sale of a small piece of land to which he had fallen heir. In 1856 he was elected State's Attorney, and, in 1860, was chosen to represent his coimty in the After serving one term he retiu-ned Legislature. to his professional career and succeeded in building up a profitable practice. In 1869-70 he represented Clark and Cumberland Counties in the Constitutional Convention, and, in 1870, became Solicitor for the Vandalia Railroad. In 1873 he was elected to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court of the State for the Middle Grand Division, caused by the resignation of Judge Anthony Thornton, and re-elected without opposition in 1879 and 1888. Died, in office, Feb. 13, 1893. It has been claimed that President Cleveland would have tendered him the Chief Justiceship of the United States Supreme Court, had he not insistently declined to accept the honor.

tice at Marshall,

at the

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS.

470

SCHOOL-HOUSES, EARLY. The

primitive

school-houses of Illiuois were biiilt of logs, and were extremely rude, as regards both structure and fui-nishing. Indeed, the earliest pioneers rarely erected a special building to be used as a

An old smoke-house, an abandoned dwelling, an old block-house, or the loft or one end of a settler's cabin not unf requently answered the j)urpose, and the church and the court-house were often made to accommodate the school. When a school-house, as such, was to be built, the school-house.

men

of the district gathered at the site selected,

bringing their axes and a few other tools, with their ox-teams, and devoted four or five days to constructing a house into which, perhaps, not a nail was driven. Trees were cut from the public lands, and, without hewing, fashioned into a cabin. Sixteen feet scpiare was usually considered the proper dimensions. In the walls were cut two holes, one for a door to admit light and air, and the other for the open fireplace, from which rose a chimney, usually built of sticks and mud, on the outside. Danger of fire was averted by thickly lining the inside of the chimney with clay mortar. Sometimes, but only with great stone was substituted for mortar made from the clay soil. The chimneys were always wide, seldom less than six feet, and sometimes extending across one entire end of the building. The fuel used was wood cut directly from the forest, frequently in its green state, dragged to the spot in the form of logs or entire trees to be cut by the older pupils in lengths suited to the width of the chimney. Occasionally there was no chimney, the fire, in some of the most primitive structures, being built on the earth and the smoke escaping through a hole in the roof. In such houses a long board was set up on the windward side, and shifted fiom side to side as the wind varied. Stones or logs answered for andirons, clapboards served as shovels, and no one complained of the la?k of tongs. Roofs were labor,

of roughly split clapboards, held in place by "weight poles" laid on the boards, and by supports starting from "eaves poles." The space between the logs, which constituted the walls of

made

the building, was filled in with blocks of wood or "chinking," and the crevices, both exterior and interior, daubed over with clay mortar, in whicli straw was sometimes mixed to increase its

On one side of the structure one two logs were sometimes cut out to allow the admission of light; and, as glass could not alwaj's be procured, rain and snow were excluded and Over light admitted by the use of greased paper.

adhesiveness. or

this space

a board, attached to the outer wall by was sometimes suspended to keep

leather hinges,

out the storms. The placing of a glass window in a country school-house at Edwardsville, in 1834, was considered an important event. Ordinarily the floor was of the natural earth, although this was sometimes covered with a layer of clay, firmly packed down. Only the more pretentious school-houses had "puncheon floors"; i. e., floors

made

of

"ceilings"

made

split logs

roughly hewn. Few had the latter being usually

(so-called),

of clapboards, sometimes of bark, on

which was spread earth, to keep out the cold. The were also of puncheons (without backs) supported on four legs made of pieces of poles inserted through augur holes. No one had a desk, except the advanced pupils who were learning to write. For their convenience a broader and smoother puncheon was fastened into the wall by wooden pins, in such a way that it would seats

downward toward the pupil, the front being supported by a brace extending from the wall. When a pupil was writing he faced the wall. When he had finished this task, he "reversed himself" and faced the teacher and his schoolmates. These adjuncts completed the furnishings, with the exception of a split -bottomed chair for the teacher (who seldom had a desk) and a pail, or "piggin," of water, with a gourd for a drinking slope

Rough and uncouth as these structures cup. were, they were evidences of public spirit and of appreciation of the advantages of education. They were built and maintained by mutual aid and sacrifice, and, in them, some of the great men and Nation obtained that primary training which formed the foundation of their of the State

subsequent careers.

(See Education.) SCHUYLER COUNTY, located in the western portion of the State, has an area of 430 square miles, and was named for Gen. Philip Schuyler. The first American settlers arrived in 1823. and,

among

the earliest pioneers, were Calvin Hobart, William H. Taylor and Orris McCartney. The county was organized from a portion of Pike County, in 183.5, the first Commissioners being Thomas Blair, Thomas McKee and Samuel Horney. The Commissioners appointed to locate the county -seat, selected a site in the eastern part of the county about one mile west of the present village of Pleasant View, to which the name of Beardstown was given, and where the earliest court was held. Judge John York Sawyer presiding, with Hart Fellows as Clerk, and Orris McCartney. Sheriff. unsatisfactory,

This location, however, proving

new Commissioners were

ap-

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. pointed, who, in the early part of 1826, selected

the present site of the city of Rushville, some miles west of tlie point originally chosen.

five

The new

seat of justice was first called Riishton, honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but the name was afterwards changed to Rushville. Ephraini Eggleston was the pioneer of Rushville. The surface of the county is rolling, and the region contains excellent farming land, which is well watered by the Illinois River and numerous in

Population (1890), 16,013; (1900), 16,129. SCHWATKA, Frederick, Arctic explorer, was born at Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849: graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1871, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877, meantime studying law and medicine, being admitted to the bar in 1875, and graduating in medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by reports of traces of Sir John Franklin's expedition, found by the Esquimaux, he obtained leave of absence in 1878, and, with Wm. H. Gilder as second in command, sailed from New York in the "Eotben," June 19, for King William's Land. The party returned, Sept. 22, 1880, having found and buried the skeletons of many of Franklin's party, besides discovering relics which tended to clear up the mystery of their fate. During this period he made a sledge journey of 3,351 miles. Again, in 1883, he headed an exploring expedition up the Yukon River. After a brief return to army duty he tendered his resignation in 1885, and the next year led a special expedition to Alaska, under the auspices of "The New York Times," later making a vo}-age of discovery among the Aleutian Islands. In 1889 he conducted an expedition to Northern Mexico, where he found many interesting relics of Aztec civilization and of the cliff and cave-dwellers. He received the Roquette Arctic Medal from the Geographical Society of Paris, and a medal from the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia also published several volumes relating to his researches, under the titles, "Along Alaska's Great River"; "The Franklin Search Under Lieutenant Schwatka" "Nimrod of the Nortli" and "Children of the Cold." Died, at Portland, Ore., Nov. 2, 1892. SCOTT, James Y/., journalist, was born in Walworth County, Wis., June 26, 1849, the son While a boy of a printer, editor and publisher. he accompanied his father to Galena, where the latter established a newspaper, and where he learned the printer's trade. After graduating from the Galena high school, he entered Beloit creeks.

:

;

;

471

end of his sophomore year. Going to NewYork, he became interested in floriculture, at the same time contributing short articles to horticultural periodicals. Later he was a compositor in Washington. His first newspaper venture was the publication of a weekly newspaper in Maryland in 1873. Returning to Illinois, conjointly with his father he started College, but left at the

"The Industrial Press" at Galena, but, in 1875, removed to Chicago. There he purchased "The Daily National Hotel Reporter,'" from which he withdrew a few years later. In May, 1881, in conjunction with others, he organized The Chicago Herald Company, in which he ultimately secm-ed a controlling interest. His journalistic and executive capability soon brought additional responsibilities. He was chosen President of the

American Newspaper Publishers' Association, of the Chicago Press Club, and of the United Press the latter being an organization for the collection and dissemination of telegraphic news to journals throughout the United States and Canada. He was also conspicuously connected with

—

preliminary

the

organization

of

the

World's

Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Press Committee. In 1893 lie started an evening paper at Chicago, which he named "The Post." Early in 1895 he purchased "The Chicago Times," intending to consolidate it with "The Herald," but before the final consummation of his plans, he died suddenly, while on a business visit in

New

York, April

SCOTT, John

14, 1895.

M., lawyer and jurist, was born

111., August 1, 1824; his being of Scotch -Irish descent and his mother a Virginian. His attendance upon district schools was supplemented by private tuition, and his early education was the best that the

in

St.

Clair County,

father

new country afforded. He read law at Belleville, was admitted to the bar in 1848, removed to McLean Coimty, which concomparatively

tinued to be his home for nearly fifty years. He served as County School Commissioner from 1849 to 1852, and, in the latter year, was elected County Judge. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for the State Senate, frequently speaking from the same platform with Abraham Lincoln. In 1862 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, to succeed David Davis on the elevation of the latter to the bench of the United States Supreme Court, and was re-elected in 1867. In 1870, a new judicial election being rendered necessary by the adoption of the new Constitution, Judge Scott was chosen Ju.stice of the Supreme Court

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. term of nine years was re-elected in 1879, but declined a renomination in 1888. The latter years of his life were devoted to hie private Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 21, 1898. affairs. Shortly before his death Judge Scott published a volume containing a History of the Illinois for a

;

Supreme Court, including brief sketches of the early occupants of the Supreme Court bench and early lawyers of the State. SCOTT, Matthew Thompson, agriculturist and

was born at Lexington, graduated at Centre College

real-estate operator,

Ky., Feb.

34, 1828;

in 1846, then spent several years looking after his father's landed interests in Ohio, when he came to Illinois and invested largely in lands for himself

and

in 1856

;

removed

others.

He

laid out the

town

of

lived in Springfield in 1870-72, to Bloomington,

Chenoa

when he

where he organized the

McLean County Coal Companj^, remaining

as its

head until his death; was also tlie founder of "The Bloomington Bulletin," in 1878. Died, at Bloomington, May 21, 1891. SCOTT, Owen, journalist and ex-Congressman, was born in Jackson Township, Effingham County, 111., July 6, 1848, reared on a farm, and, after receiving a thorough common-school education, became a teacher, and was, for eight years. Superintendent of Schools for his native county. In January, 1874, he was admitted to the bar, but abandoned practice, ten years later, His first publito engage in newspaper work. cation was "The Effingham Democrat," which he left to become proprietor and manager of "The Bloomington Bulletin." He was also publisher of "The Illinois Freemason," a monthly periodical. Before removing to Bloomington he filled the offices of City Attorney and Mayor of Effingham, and also served as Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue. In 1890 he was elected as a Democrat from the Fourteenth Illinois District to the Fifty-second Congress. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by his Eepublican opponent, Benjamin F. Funk. During the past few years, Mr. Scott has been editor of "The Bloomington Leader." SCOTT COUJfTY, lies in the western part of the State adjoining the Illinois River, and has an area of 248 square miles. The region was originally owned by the Kickapoo Indians, who ceded it to the Government by the treaty of Edwardsville, July 30, 1819. Six months later (in January, 1820) a party of Kentuckians settled near Lynnville (now in Morgan County), their names being Thomas Stevens, James Scott, Alfred Miller, Thomas Allen, John Scott and

Adam Miller. Allen erected the first house in the county, John Scott the second and Adam Miller the third. About the same time came Stephen M. Umpstead, whose wife was the first white woman in the county. Other pioneers were Jedediah Webster, Stephen Pierce, Joseph Densmore, Jesse Roberts, and Samuel Bogard. The country was rough and the conveniences of civilization few and remote. Settlers took their corn to Edwardsville to be ground, and went to Alton for their mail.

Turbulence early showed

itself,

and, in 1822, a band of "Regulators" was organized from the best citizens, who meted out a rough

and ready

sort of justice, until 1830, occasionally shooting a desperado at his cabin door. Scott County was cut oflf from Morgan and organized in 1839. It contains good farming land, much of it being originally timbered, and it is well watered by the Illinois River and numerous small streams. Winchester is the county-seat. Population of the county (1880), 10,741; (1890), 10,304; (1900), 10,455.

SCRIPPS, John

L., journalist,

Cape Girardeau, Mo., Feb. Rushville,

111.,

in

was born near taken to educated at

18, 1818; v*'as

childhood, and

studied law and came to Chicago in 1847, with the intention of practicing, but, a year or so later, bought a third interest in

McKendree

College;

"The Chicago Tribune," which had been lished during

the previous year.

In

estab-

1853

he

withdrew from "The Tribune," and, in conjunction with William Bross (afterwards Lieutenant-Governor), established "The Daily Democratic Press," which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in July, 1858, under the name of "The Press and Tribune," Mr. Scripps remaining one of the editors of the new concern. In 1861 he was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 1865, when, having

"The Tribune," he engaged in the banking business as a member of the firm of His health, however, Scripps, Preston & Kean. soon showed signs of failure, and he died, Sept. 21, 1866. at Minneapolis, Minn., whither he had gone in hopes of restoration. Mr. Scripps was a finished and able writer who did much to elevate the standard of Chicago journalism. SCROtittS, George, journalist, was born at Wilmington, Clinton, County, Ohio, Oct. 7, 1843 the son of Dr. John W. Scroggs, who came to Champaign County, 111., in 1851, and, in 1858, took charge of "The Central Illinois Gazette. " In 186()-67 Dr. Scroggs was active in securing the location of the State University at Champaign, afterwards serving as a member of the first Board sold his interest in

—

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of Trustees of that institution. The son, at the age of 15, became an apprentice in his father's printing office, continuing until 1862, when he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and

Twenty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being

promoted through the positions of Sergeant-Major and Second Lieutenant, and finally serving on the staffs of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis and Gen. James D. Morgan, but declining a commission as Adju-

He participated in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge and the march with Sherman to the sea. in the latter being severely wounded at Bentonville, N. C. He remained in the service until July, 186.5, when he resigned; then entered the University at Champaign, later studied law, meanwhile writing for "The Champaign Gazette and

tant of the Sixtieth lUinois.

Union," of which he finally became sole proprietor. In 1877 he was appointed an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Governor CuUom, and, the following year, was elected to the Thirty-first General Assembly, but, before the close of the session (1879), received the appointment of United States Consul to Hamburg, Germany. He was compelled to surrender this position, a year later, on account of ill-health, and, returning home, died,

Senate, but without

SECRET TREASONABLE SOCIETIES.

SEATOJiVILLE, a Bureau County.

village in Hall Township,

Population

(1900), 909.

SECRETARIES OF STATE. The following

is

list of the Secretaries of State of Illinois from its admission into the Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each incumbent: Elias Kent Kane, 1818-33; Samuel D. Lockwood, 1832-33; David

a

Blackwell. 1833-34; Morris Birkbeck, October, 1824 to January, 1825 (failed of confirmation by the Senate); George Forquer, 1825-28; Alexander Pope Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41 (served three months resigned to take a seat on

—

the Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull, 1841-43; Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley, 1846-50; David L. Gregg, 1850-53; Alexander Starne, 1853-57 Ozias M. Hatch, 1857-65 Sharon ;

;

1869-73; Tyndale, 186.5-69; Edward Rummel, George H. Harlow, 1873-81 Henry D. Dement, 1881-89; Isaac N.Pearson, 1889-93; William H. Hinrichsen, 1893-97; James A. Rose, 1897 Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816, and the latter from 1816 to 1818. Under the first Constitution (1818) the office of the Secretary of State was filled by appointment by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the ;

.

Early

War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at various points in the Northwest, organizations of in the

persons disaffected toward the National Government. They were most numerous in Ohio. Indi-

Kentucky and Missouri. At first known by such titles as "Circles of Honor," "Mutual Protective Associations," etc. But they had kindred aims and their members were soon united in one organization, styled "Knights of the Golden Circle." Its secrets having been partiallj' disclosed, this body ceased to exist or, it would be more correct to say, changed its name being soon succeeded (1863) by an organization of similar character, called the "American Knights." These societies, as first formed, were rather political than military. The "American Knights" had more forcible aims, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the order was re-organized under the name of "Sons

ana, Illinois,

they were

—

—

of Libert}'."

Indiana, and,

Oct. 15, 1880.

47;

term of office. By the Constitution of 1848, and again by that of 1870, that officer was made elective by the people at the same time as the Governor, for a term of four vears. limitation as to

The last named order started in owing to its more perfect organi-

spread over the Northwest, acquiring much more strength and influence than its predecessors had done. The ultimate authority of the organization was vested in a Supreme Council, whose officers were a "supreme commander, " "secretary of state, "and "treasurer." Each State represented formed a division, under a 'deputy grand commander. States were divided into military districts, imder "major-generals." County lodges were termed "temples." The order was virtually an officered army, and its zation,

rapidly

'

'

'

aims were aggressive. It had its commander-inchief, its brigades and its regiments. Three degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy taken at each initiation surpassed, in binding force, either the oath of allegiance or an oath taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive policy by the Government in deaUng with secession, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its methods and purposes were to discourage enlistments and resist a draft; to aid and protect deserters; to disseminate treasonable literature;

Government Clement L. Vallandigham, the expatwas at its head, and, in 1864, claimed that it had a numerical .strength of 400,000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois. Many overt to aid the Confederates in destroying

property.

riated

traitor,

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

474

were committed, but the organization, having been exposed and defeated in, its objects, disbanded in 1S65. (See Camp Douglas Consjjiracy.) SELUT, Paul, editor, -was born in Pickaway County, Ohio, July 20, 1835; removed with his parents, in 1837, to Van Buren County, Iowa, but, at the age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, where he spent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison County. In 1848 he entered the preparatory department of Illinois College at Jacksonville,

acts

but

left

the institution during his junior year to

assume the editorship of '"The Morgan Journal," which he remained until

at Jacksonville, with

the

fall of

1858,

covering the

period

of

the

Returning North with his family in some nine months in the commissary and transportation branches of the serIn July, 1862, vice at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. his hands.

July, 1861, he spent

he became associate editor of "The Illinois State Journal" at Springfield, remaining until NovemThe next six months were spent as ber, 1865. Assistant Deputy Collector in the

Custom House

New

Orleans, but, returning North in June, he soon after became identified with the Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The Evening Journal" and, later, on "The Republican." In May, 1868, he assumed the editorship

at

1866,

of

"The Quincy Whig," ultimately becoming

organization of the Republican party, in which "The Journal" took an active part. He was a member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known

part proprietor of that paper, but, in Januarj', 1874, resumed his old place on "The State Jour-

as Republican) State Convention, which met at Springfield, in October, 1854 (the first ever held in

etors.

the State), and, on Feb. 23, 1856, attended and presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a line of policy for the newly organizing RepubAnti-Nebraska Editorial lican party. (See Convention.) This body appointed the first Republican State Central Committee and designated the date of the Bloomington Convention of May 39, following, which put in nomination the first Republican State ticket ever named in Illinois, which ticket was elected in the following November (See Bloomington Convention.) In 1859 he prepared a pamphlet giving a history of the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, which was widely circulated. (See Canal Scri}} Fraud.) Going South in the fall of 1859, he was engaged in teaching in the State of Louisiana until the last of June, 1861. Just two weeks before the fall of Fort Sumter he was denounced to his Soutliern neighbors as an "abolitionist" and

becoming one of its propriIn 1880 he was appointed by President Hayes Postmaster of Springfield, was reappointed by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1886. Sleanwhile he had sold his interest in "The Journal," but the following year organized a new company for its purchase, when he resumed his former

nal," four years later

In 1889 he disposed of his holding in "The Journal," finally removing to Chicago, where he has been emploved in literary work. In aU he has been engaged in editorial work over thirty-five years, of which eighteen were spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860 Mr. Selby was complimented by his Alma Mater with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Springfield, who died in November, 1865, leaving two daughters, and, in 1870, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitchcock, of Quincy, by whom he had two children, both of whom died in infancy.

position as editor.

SEMPLE, James, United States Senator, was born in Green County, Ky., Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch descent

;

after learning the tanner's trade, studied

falsely

law and emigrated to

the

to Missouri four years later,

charged with having been connected with "underground railroad," in letters from

secession sympathizers in the North, %vhose per-

sonal and political enmity he had incurred while

conducting a Republican paper in of

whom

Slidell, of

referred

*

to

Illinois,

some

Jefferson Davis, Senator

Louisiana, and other Southern leaders

their characters. He at once invited an investigation by the Board of Trus-

as vouchers for

the institution, of which he was the when that body although composed, part, of Southern men on the basis of testimonials from prominent citizens of Jacksonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions declaring the charges prompted by personal hostility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into

tees of

Principal, for the

most

—

—

Illinois in 1818,

removing

where he was admitted to the bar. Returning to lUinois in 1838, he began practice at Edwardsville, but later became a citizen of Alton. During the Black Hawk War he served as Brigadier-General. He was thrice elected to the lower house of the Legislature (1833, '34 and '36), and was Speaker during the last two terms. In 1833 he was elected Attorney-General by the Legislature, but served only until the following year, and, in 1837, was appointed Minister to Granada, South America. In 1843 he was appointed, and afterwards elected. United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Samuel McRoberts, at the expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. He

town of Elsah, in Jersey County, just south of which lie owned a large estate on the Mississippi bluffs, where he died,

life.

Dec.

laid out the

20. 1866.

SENECA

(formerly Crotty), a village of La Salie County, situated on the Illinois River, the Illinois >fc Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Eock Island & Pacific and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 13 miles east of Ottawa. It has a graded school, several churches, a bank, some manufactures, grain warehouses, coal mines, telephone system and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,190; (1900), 1,036. SENN, (Dr.) Nicholas, physican and surgeon, was born in the Canton of St. Gaul, Switzerland, Oct. 31, 1844; was brought to America at 8 years of age, his parents settling at Washington. Wis. He received a grammar school education at Fond du Lac, and, in 1864, began the study of medicine, graduating at the Chicago Medical College in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as resident physician in the Cook County Hospital, he began practice at Ashford, Wis. but removed to Milwaukee in 1874, where he became attending physician of the Milwaukee Hospital. In 1877 he visited Europe, graduated the following year from the University of Munich, and, on his return, became Professor of the Principles of Surgery ,

Pathology in Rush Medical College also has held the chair of the PracSurgery in the same institution. Dr. Senn has achieved great success and won an international reputation in the treatment of difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the author of a number of volumes on different branches of surgery which are recognized as standard authorities. A few years ago lie purchased the extensive library of the late Dr. William Baum, Professor of Surgery in the University of Gottingen, which he presented to the Newberry Library of Chicago. In 1893, Dr. Senn was appointed Surgeon-General of the Illinois National Guard, and has also been President of the Association of Military Surgeons of the National Guard of the United States, besides being identified with various other medical bodies. Soon after the beginning of the SpanishAmerican War, he was appointed, by President McKinley, a Surgeon of Volunteers with tlie rank of Colonel, and rendered most efficient aid in the military branch of the service at Camp Chickamauga and in the Santiago campaign.

and

.Surgical

in Chicago

—

tice of

SEXTON,

(Col.)

Commander-inof the Republic, was born

James

A..

Chief of Grand

Army

in the city of

Chicago, Jan.

5,

1844;

in April,

1861,

being then only a

little

475 over

17,

enlisted as a

soldier under the first call for troops issued by President Lincoln at the close of his term was appointed a Sergeant, with authority to recruit a company which afterwards was attached

private

;

to the Fifty-first Volunteer Infantry.

Later, he was transferred to the Sixty-seventh with the rank of Lieutenant, and, a few months after, to the Seventy-second with a commission as Captain of Company D. which he had recruited. As commander of his regiment, then constituting a part of the Seventeenth Army Corps, he participated in the battles of Columbia, Duck Creek, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville, and in the Nashville campaign. Both at Nashville and Franklin he was wounded, and again, at Spanish Fort, by a piece of shell which broke his leg. His regiment took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes, and, while it went out 967 strong in officers and men, it retm-ned with only 332, all told, although it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known as "The boy Captain," being only 18 years old when he received his first commission, and 21 when, after participating in the Mobile campaign, he was mustered out with the rank of

Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he engaged in planting in the South, purchasing a plantation in Lowndes County, Ala., but, in 1867, returned to Chicago, where he became a member of the firm of Cribben, Sexton & Co., stove manufacturers, from which he retired in 1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District, and, in 1889, was appointed, by President Harrison, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving over In 1888 lie was chosen Department five years. Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the State of Illinois, and, ten years later, to

the position of Commander-in-Chief of the order, which he held at the time of his deatli. He had number of years, one of tlie Trustees of the Soldiers" and Sailors' Home at Quincy, and, during most of the time. President of the Board. Towards the close of the year 1898, he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Commission to investigate the conduct of the Spanish-American War, but, before the Com-

also been, for a

mission had concluded its labors, was taken with "the grip." which developed into pneumonia, from which he died in Washington, Feb. 5. 1899.

SEYMOUR, (Jeorge Franklin, Protestant Episcopal Bishop, was born in New York City, Jan. .5, 1829; graduated from Columbia College in 1850, and from the General Theological Seminary (New York) in 1854. He received both minor

;

HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

470

hands of Bishop Potter, in 1854 and ordained priest in For several years he was engaged in missionary work. Dm-ing this period he was prominently identified with the founding of St.

and major orders being

at the

made deacon

1855.

Stephen's College. After serving as rector in various parishes, in 1865 he was made Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Seminary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of the institution, still retaining his professorship. Racine College conferred upon him the degree of S.T.D., in 1867, and Columbia that of LL.D. in In 1874 he was elected Bishop of Illinois, 1878. but failed of confirmation in the House of Depu-

Upon the erection of the new diocese of Springfield (1877) he accepted and was consecrated Bishop at Trinity Church, N. Y., June 11,

ties.

He was a prominent member of the Third 1878. Pan- Anglican Council (London, 1885), and has done much to foster the growth and extend tlie influence of his church in his diocese. SHABBONA, a village of De Kalb County, on the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 35 miles west of Aurora. Population (1890), 503; (1900), 587. SHABONA (or Shabbona), an Ottawa Chief, was born near the Maumee River, in Ohio, about 1775, and served under Tecum.seh from 1807 to the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell (see Sauganash) to the homes of the Pottawatomies and other tribes within the present limits of Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-operation in driving the white settlers out of the country. At the battle of the Thames, he was by the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he and Caldwell, losing

faith in their British allies,

soon after submitted to the United States through General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed to Black Hawk in 1833, and did much to thwart

Havthe plans of the latter and aid the whites. ing married a daughter of a Pottawatomie chief, who had a village on the Illinois River east of the present city of Ottawa, he lived there for some time, but finally removed 25 miles north to Shabona's Grove in De Kalb County. Here he remained till 1837, when he removed to Western Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a reservation near by, hostilities began between them, in which a son and nephew of Shabona were killed. He finally returned to his old home in Illinois, but found it occupied by whites, who drove him from the grove that bore his name. Some friends then bought for him twenty acres of land on Mazon Creek, near Morris, where he

He is described as a noble died, July 27, 1859. specimen of his race. A life of him has been pubUshed by N. Matson (Chicago, 1878). SHANNON, a village of Carroll County, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 18 miles southwest of Freeport. It is an important trade Popucenter, has a bank and one newspaper. lation (1890), 591; (1900), C78.

SHAW, Aaron, former Congressman, born in Orange County, N. Y., in 1811; was educated at the Montgomery Academy, studied law and was admitted to tlie bar at Goshen in that State. In 1833 he removed to Lawrence County, 111. He has held various important public offices. He was a member of the first Internal Improvement Convention of the State; was chosen State's Attorney by the Legislature, in which body he served two terms served four years as Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit; was elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress in 1856, and to the Forty-eighth in 1883, as a Democrat. SHAW, James, lawyer, jurist, was born in Ireland, May 3, 1832, brought to this country in infancy and grew up on a farm in Cass County, 111. graduated from Illinois College in 1857, and, after admission to the bar, began practice at Mount Carroll. In 1870 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, being re-elected He was Speaker of the in 1872, '76 and '78. House during the session of 1877, and one of the Republican leaders on the floor during the succeeding session. In 1873 he was chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1891, to a seat on the Circuit bench from the Thirteenth Circuit, and, in 1897 was re-elected for the Fifteenth ;

Circuit.

SHAWNEETOWiX,

a city and the county-seat

of Gallatin Coanty, on the Ohio River 130 miles from its mouth and at the terminus of the Sliaw-

neetown Divisions of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads; is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been laid out in 1808, and noted for tlie number of prominent men who resided there at an early Coal is extensively mined in that section, day. and Shawneetowu is one of the largest shipping points for lumber, coal and farm products between Cairo and Louisville, navigation being Some manufacturing is open the year round. done here; the city has several mills, a foundry and machine shop, two or three banks, several churches, good schools and two weekly papers. Since the disastrous floods of 1884 and 1898, Shawneetown has reconstructed its levee system on a substantial scale, which is now believed to furnish

HISTOrJCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. ample protection against the recurrence of similar disaster.

Pop. (1900), 1,698; (1903,

SHEAHAX, James

est.), 2,200.

W., journalist, was born in life, after reaching

Baltimore. JMd., spent bis early

in Washington City as a Congressional Reporter, and, in 1847, reported the proceedings tlie Illinois State Constitutional Convention at

manhood, of

Through the influence of Senator

Springfield.

Douglas be was induced, in 18.54, to accept the "The Young America"' newspaper

editorship of

which was soon after clianged to "The Chicago Times." Here he remained until the fall of 1860, when, "The Times'" having been sold and consolidated with "The Herald," a at Chicago,

Buchanan-Breckenridge organ, he established a

new paper called "The Morning Post." This he made representative of the views of the "War Democrats" as against "The Times,"' which was opposed to the war. In May, 1865, he sold the plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago now "Inter Ocean." A few Republican" months later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago Tribune," which he retained until his death,

—

Jufle 17, 1883.

SHEFFIELD,

a prosperous village of Bureau

County, on the Chicago, Rock Island

&

Pacific

Rook Island: has valuable coal mines, a bank and one newspaper. Railroad, 44 miles east of

Population

(1890). 993; (1900), 1,265.

SHELBY COU>TY, lies south of the center of the State, and contains an area of 776 square miles. The tide of immigration to this coimty was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina, although later it began to set in from the Northern States. The first cabin in the county was built by Simeon Wakefield on what is now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold Spring. Joseph Daniel was the earliest settler in what is now Shelbyville, pre-emjating ten acres, which he soon afterward sold to Joseph Oliver, the pioneer merchant of the county, and father of the first wldte child born within its limits. Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield, Levi Casey and Samuel Hall. In lieu of hats the early settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin, with the tails dangling at the backs, and he was regarded as well dressed who boasted a fringed buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins. The county was formed in 1827, and Shelbyville made the county-seat. Both county and town are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Kentucky. County Judge Joseph Oliver held the first court in the cabin of Barnett Bone, and Judge Theophilus W. Smith presided over the

477

Circuit Court in 1828. Coal is abundant, and lime-stone and sandstone are also found. The surface is somewhat rolling and well wooded. The Little Wabash and KasUaskia Rivers flow first

through the central and southeastern portions. The county lies in the very heai-t of the great corn belt of the State, and has excellent transportation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of railway.

Population (1880), 30,270;

(1890), 31,-

191; (1900), 32,126.

SHELBYVILLE,

the county-.seat and an incorporated city of Shelby County, on the Kaskaskia River and two lines of railway, 32 miles southeast of Decatur. Agriculture is carried on extensively, and there is considerable coal mining in the immediate vicinity. The city has two flouring mills, a handle factory, a creamery, one National and one State bank, one daily and four

weekly papers and one monthly periodical, an Orphans' Home, ten churches, two graded and a public library. Population (1890),

schools,

3,162; (1900).

3,.546.

SHELDON, a village of Iroquois County, at the intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and tlie Toledo. Peoria & Western Railways, 9 miles east of Watseka has two banks and a newspaper. The region is agricultural. ;

Pop. (1890), 910; (1900), 1.103. SHELDON, Benjamin R., jurist, was born in Massachusetts in 1813, graduated from Williams College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law

and was admitted to practice in 1836. Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at Hennepin, Putnam County, but soon removed to Galena, and finally to Rockford. In 1848 he was elected Circuit Judge of the Sixth Circuit, which afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, School,

presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was reelected in 1879, but retired in 1888, being succeeded by the late Justice Bailey. Died, April " 13, 1897.

SHEPPARD, Nathan, author and lecturer, was born in Baltimore. Md., Nov. 9. 1834; graduated at Rochester Theological Seminary in 1859 during the Civil War was special correspondent of ;

"The New York World" and "The Chicago Journal" and "Tribune," and, during the FrancoGerman War, of "The Cincinnati Gazette;" also served as special American correspondent of "The London Times," and was a contributor to "Frazer's Magazine"' and "Temple Bar." In 1873 be became a lecturer on Modern English Literature and Rhetoric in Chicago LTniversitv and,

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

478

four years later, accepted a similar position in Allegheny College; also spent four years in Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1884 he founded the "Athenaeum" at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., of which he was President until his death, early in 1888.

"The Dickens Reader," "Character Read-

ings from George Eliot" and "Essays of George Eliot" were among the volumes issued by him

between 1881 and

1887.

Died in

New York

City,

Jan. 24. 1888.

SHERMAN, Alson Smith, early Chicago Mayor, was born

at Barre, Vt., April 21, 1811. remaining there until 1836, when he came to Chicago and began business as a contractor and builder. Several years later he opened the first stone quarries at Lemont, 111. Mr. Sherman spent many years in the service of Chicago as a public official. From 1840 to 1842 he was Captain of a company of militia; for two years served as Chief of the

Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in In 1844, he was 1S42, serving again in 1846. chosen Mayor, his administration being marked by the first extensive public improvements made After his term as Mayor he did in Cliicago.

much

to secure a better water supply for the

He was especially interested in promoting common school education, being for several years a member of the City School Board. He was city.

Vice-President of the first Board of Trustees of Northwestern University. Retired from active pursuits, Mr. Sherman is now (1899) spending a serene old age at Waukegan, 111. Oren (Sherman) brother of the preceding and early Chicago merchant, was born at Barre, Vt. March 5, 1816. After spending several years in a mercantile

— ,

house in Montpelier, Vt.

came

west,

first

to

,

New

at the age of

twenty he

Buffalo, Mich., and, in

1836, to Chicago, opening a dry-goods store there the next spring. "With various partners ilr. Sherman continued in a general mercantile business until 18.13, at the same time being extensively engaged in the provision trade, one-half the entire

transactions in pork in the city passing through Next he engaged in developing stone Lis hands.

quarries at Lemont,

111.

;

also

became extensively

interested in the marble business, continuing in this until a few years after the panic of 1873,

when he

retired in consequence of a shock of

Died, in Chicago, Deo. 15, 1898. SHEUMAX, Elijah B., lawyer, was born

paralysis.

at

18, 1832— his family being Roger Sherman, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the late Gan. W. T. Sherman; gained his education in the

Fairfield,

Vt.,

June

distantly related to

common

schools and at Middlebury College, where he graduated in 1860 began teaching, but soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the Union received a Lieutenant's commission, and served until captured on the eve of the battle at Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp Douglas, Chicago, awaiting exchange. During this period he commenced reading law and, having resigned his commission, graduated from the law department of Chicago University in 1864 In 1876 he was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Cook Covmty, and reelected in 1878, and the following year appointed Master in Chancery of the United States District He has Court, a position which he still occupies repeatedly been called upon to deliver addresses on political, literary and patriotic occasions, one of these being before the alumni of his alma mater, in 1884, when he %vas complimented with the degree of LL.D. SHIELDS, James, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated to the United States at the age of sixteen, and began the practice of law at Kaskaskia in 1833. He was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he became a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and, in 1845, was made Commissioner of the General Land Office. In July, 1846, he was commissioned Brigadier-General in the Mexican War gaining ;

;

the

brevet

of

Major-General at

Cerro-Gordo,

where he was severely wounded. He was again wounded at Chapultepec, and mustered out in 1848. The same year he was appointed Governor In 1849 the Democrats in of Oregon Territory. the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, and he resigned his office in Oregon. In 1856 he removed to IMinnesota, and, in 1858, was chosen United States Senator from that State, his term expiring in 1859, when he established a residence At the outbreak of the Civil War in California. (1861) he was superintending a mine in Mexico, but at once hastened to "Washington to tender his services to the

Governmnet.

He was commis-

sioned Brigadier-General, and served with distinction until March. 1863, when the effect of numerous wounds caused him to resign. He sub-

sequently removed to Missouri, practicing law at CarroUton and serving in the Legislature of that State in 1874 and 1879. In the latter year he was elected United States Senator to fill out the unexpired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in office serving only six weeks, but being the only man in the history ot the country who filled the office of United States Senator from three differ-

—

a

;

HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Ottumwa, Iowa, June

Died, at

ent States.

1,

47 9'

the degree of D.D., conferred upon him by Ohio

Wesleyan University.

1879.

SHIPMAX, a town

of

Macoupin County, on the

Chicago & Alton Railway, 19 miles north-northeast of Alton and 14 miles southwest of Carlinville. Population (1S90), 410; (1900), 396. SHIPMAX, George E., M.D., physician and philanthropist, born in New York City, March 4, 1820 graduated at the University of New York in 1839, and took a course in the College of Physicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at ;

Peoria,

111.,

where Homeopathic

but, in 1846, located in Chicago,

he assisted in organizing the

first

Hospital in that city, and, in 1855, was one of the In 18T1 he first Trustees of Hahnemann College. established, in Chicago, the Foundlings' Home at his own expense, giving to it the latter years of Died, Jan. 20, 1893. his life. SHORET, Daniel Lewis, lawyer and philan-

was born at Jonesborough, Washington County, Maine, Jan. 31, 1824; educated at PhilAcademy, Andover, Mass. and at Dartmouth College, graduating from the latter in is,"ii

thropist,

lips

,

taught two years in Washington City, meanwhile reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane Law School, Cambridge was admitted to the bar in Boston in 1854, the nest year locating at Davenport, Iowa, where he remained ten years. In 1865 he removed to Chicago, where he prosecuted his profession until 1890, when he retired. Mr. Shorey was prominent in the establisliment of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the first Library Board; was also a prominent member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a Director in the new University of Chicago and ;

deeply interested in cago,

March

SHORT,

4,

its

prosperity.

Died, in Chi-

1899.

William educator, was born in Ohio

clergyman and in 1829, brought to childhood, and lived upon

(Rev.)

F.,

Jlorgan County, 111. in a farm until 20 years of age, when he entered McKendree College, spending his senior year, however, at Wesleyan University, Bloomington, where he graduated in 1854. He had meanwhile accepted a call to the Missouri Conference Seminary at Jackson, 5Io. where he remained three years, when he returned to Illinois, serving churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a part of the time being Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville District. In 1875 he was elected President of Illinois Female College at Jacksonville, continuing in that position until 1893, when he was appointed Superintendent of the Illinois State Institution for tlie Blind at the same place, but resigned early in 1897. Dr. Short received ,

;

SHOUP,

United States Senator, June 15, 1836, came on a stockfarm near Galesburg; in 1859 removed to Colorado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile business until 1861, when he enlisted in a company of scouts, being advanced from the rank of First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864. Retiring to private Ufe. he again engaged in mercantile and mining business, first in Nevada and then in Idaho; served two terms in the Territorial Legislature of the latter, was appointed Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was chosen the first Governor of the State, in October of the same year being elected to the United States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one of the few Western Senators who remained faithful to the regular Republican organization, during the political campaign of 1896. SHOW ALTER, John W., jurist, was born in

was born

Oeora:e

L.,

at Kittanning. Pa.,

to Illinois in 1852. his father locating

Mason Count)-, Ky., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some years in Scott County in that State, and was educated in the local schools, at Maysville and Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale College in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He returned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but, in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the employment of the firm of Moore & Caulfield, with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879 he became a member of the firm of Abbott, Oliver & Showalter (later, Oliver & Showalter), where he remained until his appointment as United States Circuit Judge, in March, 1895. Died, in Chicago, Deo.

12, 1898.

SHUMAN, Andrew, journalist and LieutenantGovernor, was born at Manor, Lancaster County, His father dying in 1837, he Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. was reared by an uncle. At the age of 15 he became an apprentice in the office of "The Lancaster Union and Sentinel." A year later he accompanied his employer to Auburn, N.Y., working for two years on "The Daily Advertiser" of that city, then known as Governor Seward's "home organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published and distributed during his leisure hours small weekly paper called "The Auburnian." At the conclusion of his apprenticeship he was employed, for a year or two. in editing and publisliing "The Cayuga Chief." a te;iiporance journal.

—

—

— HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

480

he entered Hamilton College, but, before the completion of his junior year, consented, at the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward, In

IS.")!

to assume editorial control of

"The Syracuse

Daily Joui-nal." In July, 1856, he came to Chicago, to accept an editorial position on "The Evening Journal"" of that city, later becoming editor-in-chief and President of the Jom-nal Company. From 1805 to 18T0 (first by executive appointment and afterward by popular election) he was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni-

tentiary at Joliet, resigning the office four years before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he

was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Republican

ticket.

Owing

to

declining

health,

he

abandoned active journalistic work in 1888, dying in Chicago, May 5, 1890. His home during the latter years of his life was at Evanston. Governor Shuman was author of a romance entitled "Loves of a

Lawyer," besides numerous addresses before literary, commercial and scientific associations.

SHUMWAY, Dorlce Dwight, merchant, was born at Williamsburg, "Worcester County, Mass., from French Huguenot came to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1837, and Montgomery County, 111., in 1841; married a daughter of Hiram Rountree, an early resident Sept. 28, 1813. descended

ancestry; to

of Hillsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian

County; was engaged for a time in merchandising at Taylorville, but retired in 1858, tliereafter giving his attention to a large landed estate. In 1846 he was chosen Representative in the General Assembly, served in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and four years as County Judge of Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870. Hiram P. (Shumway), eldest son of the preceding, was born in Montgomery County, 111., June, 1843; spent his boyhood on a farm in Christian County and in his father's .store at Taylorville took an academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercantile business; was Representative in the Twentyeighth General Assembly and Senator in the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh, afterwards removing to Springfield, where he engaged in the stone business. ;

SHURTLEFF located at

COLLEGE,

an

institution

Upper Alton, and the third e.stabIt was originally incorporated

lished in Illinois.

as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special charter which was not accepted, but re-incorporated in 1835, in an "omnibus bill" with Illinois and McKendree Colleges. (See Early Col-

primal origin was a school at Rock Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824, leges.)

Its

by Rev. John M. Peck.

This became tlie "Rock Spring Seminary"" in 1827, and. about 1831, was united with an academy at Upper Alton. This w-as the nucleus of "'Alton" (afterward "Shurtleff'") College. As far as its denominational control is concerned, it has always been dominated by Baptist influence. Dr. Peck"s original idea was to found a school for teaching theology and Biblical literature, but this project was at first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis and John Russell were among the first instructors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Slmrtleff donated the

and the institution was named in College classes were not organized and several years elapsed before a class

college §10,000, his honor.

mitil 1840,

graduated.

endowment

in 1898 was over worth of real and About 255 students were in Besides preparatory and collegiate

Its

§126,000, in addition to §125,000

personal property.

attendance. departments, the college also maintains a tlieological school. It has a faculty of twenty instructors and is co-educational. SIBLEY, a village of Ford County, on the Chicago Division of the Wabash Railway, 105 miles

south-southwest of Chicago; has banks and a weekly newspaper. The district is agricultural. Population (1890), 404; (1900), 444. SIBLEY', Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was born at Westfield, Mass., in 1818; learned the trade of a whip-maker and afterwards engaged in merchandising. In 1843 he began the study of law at Syracuse, N. Y., and, iijjon admission to the bar, came west, finally settUug at Nauvoo, Hancock County. He maintained a neutral attitude during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offense In 1847 he was to a section of the community. an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislatore, but was elected in 1850, and re-elected in 1853. In 1853 lie removed to Warsaw, and, in 1855, was elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1861, "67 and '73, being assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in 1877. His residence, after 1865, was at Quinoy, where he died, June 18. 1897. SIDELL, a village of "Vermillion County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Cincinnati. Hamilton & Dayton Railroads; has a bank, electric Pop. (1900), 776. light plant and a newspaper. SIDNEY, a village of Champaign County, on Railway, at the juncW^abash main line of the the tion of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It is in a farming district has a ;

bank and a new.spaper. Population, (1900), 564. SIM, (Dr.) TTllliain, pioneer physician, was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, in

1795,

came

to

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. America in early manhood, and was

tlie first

phy-

at Golconda, in Pope Countj", which he represented in the Foiu-th and Fifth General Assemblies (1824 and "28). He married a Hiss Elizabeth Jack of Philadelphia, making the journey from Golconda to Philadelphia for that purpose on horseback. He had a family of five children, one son. Dr. Francis L. Sim, rising to distinction as a phj'siciau, and, for a time, being President of a Medical College at Jlemphis, Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in sician to settle

1868.

SIMS, James, early legislator and 5Iethodist was a native of South Carolina, but to Kentucky in early manhood, thence

preacher,

removed

111., and, in 1820, to SangaCounty, where he was elected, in 1822, as the first Representative from that county in the Third General Assembly. At the succeeding session of the Legislature, he was one of those who voted against the Convention resolution designed to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard State. County, but finally removed to Morgan. SINGER, Horace M., capitalist, was born in Schnectady, N. Y., Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago in 1836 and found employment on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of repairs upon the Canal until 18.53. While thus employed he became one of the proprietors of the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed by the firm of Singer & Talcott until about 1890. wlien they became the property of the Western Stone Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican during the Civil War, and served as a member of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly (1867) for Cook County, was elected County Commissioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the Republican County Central Committee in 1880. He was also associated with several financial institutions, being a director of the First National Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chicago, and a member of the Union League and Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena. Cal., Dec.

to St. Clair County,

mon

28, 1896.

SINGLETON, James W., Congressman, born at Paxton, Va., Nov. 23, 1811;

was educated

at

the W^inchester (Va. ) Academy, and removed to

Mount

Illinois in 1833, settling first at

Brown County, near Quincy.

and,

By

and was prominent

Sterling,

some twenty years later, was a lawyer, and commercial

profession he in political

In his later years he devoted considerable attention to stock-raising. He was elected Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844, affairs.

481

being identified to some extent with the "Mormon War"; was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, served six terms in the Legislature, and was elected, on the Democratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in 1880. In 1882 he ran as an indejjendent Democrat, but was defeated by the regular nominee of his party. James M. Riggs. During the War of the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous leaders of the "peace part}'."' He constructed the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash) and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of the Chicago, Brndington & Quincy) Railways, being President of both companies. His death occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4, 1892. SINNET, John S., pioneer, was born at Lexington, Ky., March 10, 1796 at three years of age, taken by his parents to Missouri enlisted in the War of 1812, but, soon after the war, came to Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now Christian County, locating on land constituting a part of the present city of Taylorville. In 1840 he removed to Tazewell County, dying there, Jan. ;

;

13, 1872.

SKINNER, Mark, jurist, was born at Manches1813; graduated from Middlebury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1836, came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in 1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later JIaster in Chancer}' for Cook County, and finally United States District Attorney under President Tyler. As member of the House Finance Committee in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), he ter, Vt.. Sept. 13,

aided influentially in securing the adoption of measures for refunding and paying the State debt. In 18.51 he was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook County, but declined a re-election in 1853. Originally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a liberal supporter of the Government policy during the rebellion. He liberally aided the United States Sanitary Commission and was identified with all the leading charities of the city. Among the great business enterprises with which he was officially associated were the Galena & Chicago Union and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways (in each of whicli he was a Director), the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, the Gas-Light and Coke Company and others. Died, Sept. 16, 1887. Judge Skinner's only surviving son was killed in the trenches before Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War. SKINNER, Otis Ainsworth, clergyman and author, was born at Royalton, Vt. July 8. 1807 .

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

482

became a Universalist taught for some minister, serving churclies in Baltimore, Boston 1831 and 1857; then New York between and time,

came to

Elgin,

111.,

was elected President

of

Lom-

bard University at Galesburg, but the following year took charge of a church at Joliet. Died, at He wrote several volNaperville, Sept. 18, 1861.

umes on

religious topics, and, at different times, edited religious periodicals at Baltimore, Haverhill, Mass.. and Boston.

SKINNER,

Ozias

C, lawyer and

jurist,

was

Principal of the Belleville High School. While connected with the Belleville schools, he was

County Superintendent, remaining in some ten years later had charge of Almira College at Greenville, Bond County, served six

elected office

;

years as Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the

Republican

party.

On

few

born at Floyd, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1817; in Peoria 1836, removed to Illinois, settling in County, where he engaged in farming. In 1838

past

he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840. Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois, and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County, removing to Quincy in 1844. During the "Mormon War" lie served as Aid-de-camp to Governor In 1848 he was elected to the lower house Ford.

Shn-enj and Slave Laws.)

of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a

short time, served as Prosecuting Attorney for the district including Adams and Brown Coimties. In 18.51 he was elected Judge of the (then)

Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1855, succeeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench, resigning this position in April, 18.58, two months before the expiration of his term. He was a large land owner and had extensive agricultural He built, and was the first President interests. of the Carthage & Quincy Railroad, now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He was a prominent member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the

Committee on Judiciary.

Died in

1877.

Charles, early Congressman; his early and place of birth, are unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative from Washington County in the Second General Assembly, and, in 1826, was re-elected to the same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1833

SLADE,

history, including date

he was elected one of the three Congressmen

from

Illinois, representing the First District. After attending the first session of the Twentythird Congress, while on his way home, he was attacked with cholera, dying near Vincennes,

Ind., July 11, 1834.

SLADE, James P., ex-State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born at Westerlo, Albany County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837, and spent his boyhood with his parents on a farm, except while absent at school; in 18,56 removed to Belleville, 111., where he soon became connected with the pubUc schools, serving for a number of years as

retirement

from the

Superintendent, he resumed his place at the head of Almira College, but, for the office of State

years,

Schools at East

St.

has

been

Superintendent of

Louis.

SLAVERY AGITATION OF

1823-24.

(See

SLAVERY AND SLAVE LAWS.

African slaves were first brought into the Illinois country by a Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about 1723. At that time the present State formed a part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was regulated by French royal edicts. When Great Britain acquired the territory, at the close of tlie French and Indian War, the former subjects of France were guaranteed secm-ity for their persons "and effects," and

no interference with

was attempted. Upon the conquest of by Virginia (see Clark, George Rogers), the French very generally professed allegiance to that commonwealth, and, in her deed of cession slavery Illinois

to the

United

States, Virginia expressly stipulated

for the protection of the "rights

and

liberties"

This was construed as property in negro slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, while prohibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, preserved to the settlers (reference being especially made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kaskaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring viUages, their laws and customs, now (then) in force, relative to the descent and conveyance of property. A conservative construction of this clause was, that while it prohibited the extension of slavery and the importation of slaves, the status of those who were at that time in involuntary servitude, and of their descendants, was left unchanged. There were those, however, who denied the constitutionality of the Ordinance in toto, on the ground that Congress had exceeded its powers in its passage. There was also a party which claimed that all children of slaves, born after 1787, were free from birth. In 1794 a convention was held at Vincennes, pursuant to a call from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Congress was adopted, praying for the repeal or, at of the sixth clause of the least a modification of the French citizens. recognizing the right

of

'

'

—

—

—

)

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1787.

The

mittee, to wliich reported adversely

upon

Ordinance of

this

first

Congressional

petition

was

Com-

referred,

but a second committee recommended the suspension of the operation of the clause in question for ten years. But no action was taken by the National Legislature, and, in 1807, a counter petition, extensively signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note that some of the most earnest opponents of the measure were Representatives from Southern Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being one of them. The pro-slavery party in the State then prepared what is popularly known as the "Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts adopted by Governor Edwards and his Council, and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legislature in 1812.

It

was

it

;

entitled,

"An Act

relating

and JIulattoes into and gave permission to bring

to the Introduction of Negroes this Territory,"

slaves above 15 years of age into the State,

when

they might be registered and kept in servitude within certain limitations. Slaves under that age might also be brouglit in, registered, and held in bondage until they reached the age of 3.5, if males, and 30, if females. The issue of registered were to serve their mother's master until the age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The effect of this legislation was rapidly to increase the number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 prohibited the introduction of slavery thereafter that is to saj-, after its adoption. In 1822 the slave-holding party, with their supporters, began to agitate the question of so amending the organic law as to make Illinois a slave State. To effect such a change the calling of a convention was necessary, and, for eighteen months, the struggle between "conventionists" and their opponents was bitter and fierce. The question was submitted to a popular vote on August 2, 1824, the result of the count showing 4,972 votes This for such convention and 6,640 against. decisive result settled the question of slave-holding in Illinois for all future time, though the existence of slavery in the State continued to be recognized by the National Census until 1840. The number, according to the census of 1810. was 108: in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then the number began to diminish, being reduced in 1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the last census which shows any portion of the population held in slaves

bondage"), it was 331. Hooper Warren who has been mentioned elsewhere as editor of "The Edwardsville Spectator," and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the

—

483

scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1822— in an article in the first number of 'The Genius of '

Liberty" (January, 1841), speaking of that contest, says there were, at its beginning, only three papers in the State "The Intelligencer" at Vandalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of these, at the outset, favored the Convention scheme, while "The Spectator" opposed it. The management of the campaign on the part of the pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J. West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly, and a paper was established by the name of "The Illinois Republican," with Smith as editor. Among the active opponents of the measure were

—

George Churchill, Thomas Lippincott, Samuel D. Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincinnati), Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. James Lemen, of St. Clair County. Others who contributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of Jackson County, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond; William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards editor of "The New York Evening Po-st"), Benjamin Lundy (then of Missouri), David Blackwell and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County. Still others were Nathaniel Poise (Judge of the United States District Court), William B. Archer, William H. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of Vandalia), John Tillson, Dr. Horatio Newhall, George Forquer, Col. Thomas blather. Thomas Ford, Judge David J. Baker, Charles W. Hunter and Henry H. Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest as coming from one who probably had more to do with defeating the scheme, with the exception of Gov, Edward Coles. Outside of the more elaborate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and detailed accounts of this particular period are to be found in "Sketch of

Edward Coles" by

the late

E. B. Washburne, and "Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery," an address before the Chicago Historical Society

by Hon. William H. Brown, of Chicago. (See also, Coles, Edu-ard; Warren, Hooj)e7-; Broicn,

(1864),

William H.; Churchill, George; LijJjnncott, Tliomas; and Newspajxrs, Early, elsewhere in this volume.

SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and juri.st, was born in Dorchester County, Md., Feb. 20,, 1806. At the age of 17, having received a fair academic education, he accompanied his parents to Philadelphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the same time studying law, and being admitted to

484

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838, going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskaskia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, whicli continued to be his home the remainder of his life. In 1848 he "was elected to the Legislature, and re-elected in 1850, "52, and '.56, serving three times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. He was one of the members of the first State Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18, 18.57, and took a prominent part in the founding and organization of the State educational institutions. In 18.57 he was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1861, but declined a re-election for a third term. Died, Jan. 15, 1887. SMITH, Abiier, jurist, was born at Orange, Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1843, of an old New England family, whose ancestors came to Massachusetts Colony about 1630: was educated in the public schools and at Middlebury College, Vt., graduating from the latter in 1866. After graduation he spent a year as a teacher in

ment Jan.

women's and children's

of

Died,

diseases.

10, 1894.

SMITH, David Richmond, father,

at

Allen, lawyer, was born near

"Va., June 18, 1809; removed with his an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. at 17 ;

went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala., where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and began practice. His father, dying about 1831, left him the owner of a number of slaves whom, in 1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111., and emancipated, giving bond that they should not become a charge to the State. In 1839 he removed to Jacksonville, where he practiced law until his death. Col. John J. Hardin was his partner at the time of his death on the battle-field of Bueua Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous

ing as the attorney of several important corporations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected in 1897, his term of service continuing until

patron of Illinois College, for a quarter of a century, but never held any political office. As a lawyer he was conscientious and faithful to the interests of his clients; as a citizen, liberal, public-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liberally to the support of the Government during the war for the Union. Died, at Anoka, Minn., July 13, 1865, where he had gone to accompany an invalid son. Thomas 'William (Smith), eldest son of the preceding, born at Courtland, Ala., Sept. 27. 1832: died at Clearwater, Minn., Oct. 29, 1865. He graduated at Illinois College in 1852, studied law and served as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, until, broken in health, he returned home to

Newton Academy, at Shoreham, Vt., coming to Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the study of law, being admitted to the bar in 1868. The next twenty-five years were spent in the practice of his profession in Chicago, within that time serv-

—

1903.

die,

SMITH, (Dr.) Charles Gilman, physician, was born at Exeter, N. H., Jan. 4, 18'38, received his early education at Phillips Academy, in his native place, finally graduating from Harvard University in 1847. He soon after commenced the study of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but completed his course at the University of Pennsylvania in 1851. After two years spent as attending physician of the Alms House in South Boston, Mass., in 1853 he came to Chicago, where he soon acquired an extensive practice. During the Civil War he was one of six physicians employed by the Government for the treatment

SMITH, Dietrich C, ex-Congressman, was born at Ostfriesland, Hanover, April 4, 1840, in boyhood came to the United States, and, since 1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell County. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Illinois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy, and, while so serving, was severely wounded at Shiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was mustered out of service as Captain of Company C His business is that of banker of that regiment. and manufacturer, besides which he has had con-

war in hospital at Camp Douglas. In 1868 he visited Europe for the purpose of observing the management of hosijitals in Germany, France and England, on his return being invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College in Chicago, and also becoming consulting physician in the Women's and Children's Hospital, as well as in the Presbyterian Hospital a position which he continued to occupj" for the remainder of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat-

management of railroads. He was a member of the Thirtieth General Assembly, and, in 1880, was elected Representative in Congress from what was then the Thirteenth District, on the Republican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Steven.son, afterwards Vice-President. In 1882, his county (Tazewell) having been attached to the district for many years represented by Wm. M. Springer, he was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re-

of prisoners of

—

siderable

election.

experience

in

the

construction

and

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SMITH, George, one early bankers, land,

March

8,

of Chicago's pioneers

and

was born in Aberdeenshire, Scot1808. It was his early intention

to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen College with this end in view, but was forced to quit the institution at the end of two years, because of impaired vision.

In 1833 he

came

to America,

and, in 1834, settled in Chicago, where he resided until 1861, meanwhile spending one year in Scotland. He invested largely in real estate in Chi-

time owning a considerable portion of the present site of Milwaukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the cago and Wisconsin, at one

Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was really the owner of the company, although Alexander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary.

Under

this charter Mr.

Smith was able

to issue

11,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely In 1839 he founded Chicago's first as currency. private banking house. About 1843 he was inter-

ested in a storage and commission business in Chicago, with a Mr. Webster as partner. He was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of construction, by loans of money; was also a

charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade, organized in 1848. In 1854, the State of Wisconsin having prohibited the circulation of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates above mentioned. Mr. Smith sold out the comto his partner, Mitchell, and bought two Georgia bank charters, which, together, empowered him to issue §3,000,000 in cui-rency. Tlie notes were duly issued in Georgia, and put into circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George Smith & Co.'s Chicago bank. About 1856 Mr. Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago, meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland,

pany

but, returning in 1860,

made

extensive invest-

ments in railroad and other American securities, which netted him large profits. The amount of capital which he is reputed to have taken with

him

land has been estimated at retained considerable and about Chicago. Among those who were associated with him in business, either as employes or otherwise, and who have since been prominently to his native

§10,000,000,

though he

tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin

with Chicago business affairs, were Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I. Tinkham (afterwards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W. Willard, now of Newport, R. I. and others. Mr. Smith made several visits, during the last forty

identified

,

485

United States, but divided his time chiefly between Scotland (where he was the owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899. SMITH, (Jeorge W., soldier, lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col8,

years, to the

legiate

education,

but

his

father's

business

embarrassments having compelled the abandonment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went In to Arkansas and taught school for two years. 1856 he returned to Albany and began the study of law, graduating from the law school in 1858. In October of that year he removed to Chicago, where he remained continuously in practice, with the exception of the years 1862-65, when he was serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he He was musfilled the office of State Treasurer. tered into service, August 37, 1862, as a Captain in

—

the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry the second Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he was seriously wounded and captured. After four days" confinement, he was aided by a negro He made his way to the Union lines, to escape. but was granted leave of absence, being incapacitated for service. On his return to duty he joined his regiment in the Chattanooga campaign, and

was

officially

complimented

for his

bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he was again severely wounded, and was once more personally complimented in the official report. At Kenesaw Mountain (June 27. 1864), Capt. Smith commanded the regiment after the killing of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was promoted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy for bravery on the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the commander for his gallant service. In the spring of 1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and, in June following, was mustered out. Returning to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his jirofession, and gained a prominent position at the bar. In 1866 lie was elected State Treasurer, and, after the expiration of his term, in January, General Smith was, 1869, held no pubUc office. for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Historical Society, and Vice-President of the Board. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 16, 1898. SMITH, (ieorge W., lawyer and. Congressman, was born in Putnam County, Ohio, August 18, 1846. When he was four years old, his father removed to Wayne County. 111., settling on a farm. He attended the common schools and graduated from the literary department of McKendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith, Init

niSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

486

determined to study law. After reading for a time at Fairfield, 111., he entered the Law Department of the Bloomington (lud.) UniverThe same year he sity, graduating there in 1870. was admitted to the bar in IlUnois, and has since practiced at Murphysboro. In 1880 he was a Republican Presidential Elector, and, in 1888, was elected a Republican Representative to Congress from the Twentieth Illinois District, and has later

been continuously re-elected, his

sixth

consecutive term

now

(1899) serving

as Representative

from the Twenty-second SMITH, Oiles Alexander, soldier, and Assistant Postmaster-General, was born in JefEerson County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; engaged in drygoods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington, 111., in 1861 being proprietor of a hotel in the latter place; became a Captain in the Eighth Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry District.

and Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth, and promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in 1802; led his first attack on Vicksburg, and was severely wounded at Arkansas Post was promoted Brigadier-General in August, 1863. for gallant and meritorious conduct; led a brigade of the Fifteenth Army Corps at Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta campaign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in regiment on the

;

the

"March

to the Sea."

After the surrender of

Lee he was transferred to the Twenty-fifth

Army

JIajor-General in 1865, and resigned in 1866, having declined a commission as Colonel in the regular army about 1869 was appointed, by President Grant, Second Assistant Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of Corps,

became

;

Bloomington, Nov. 8, 1876. General Smith was one of the founders of the Society of the Army of the failing health in 1872.

Died, at

Tennessee.

SMITH, Gustavus Adolphns,

soldier,

was born

in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1820; at 16 joined two brothers who liad located at Springfield, Ohio,

where he learned the trade of a carriage-maker. In December, 1837, he arrived at Decatur, 111., but soon after located at Springfield, where he resided some six years. Then, retm-ning .to Decatur, he devoted his attention to carriage manufacture, doing a large business with the South, but losing heavily as the result of the war. An original Whig, he became a Democrat on the dissolution of the Whig party, but early took ground in favor of tlie Union after the firing on Fort Sumter; was ofl'ered and accepted the colonelcy of the Tliirty-fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor

Yates in the selection of Camp Butler as a camp recruiting and instruction. Having been assigned to duty in Missouri, in the sunime"!- of 1861, he ijroceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fremont at Cartilage in that State, and made a forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking part in the campaign in Arkansas and in the battle of Pea Ridge, where he had a horse shot under him and was severely (and, it was supposed, fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868. Being compelled to retm-n home, he received authority to raise an independent brigade, but was unable to accompany it to the field. In September, 1862, he was commissioned a BrigadierGeneral by President Lincoln, "for meritorious conduct,"' but was unable to enter into active of

service on account of his

wound.

Later, he

was

assigned to the command of a convalescent camp at Murfreesboro, Tenn., under Gen. George H. Thomas. In 1864 he took part in securing the

second election of President Lincoln, and, in the early part of 1865, was commissioned by Governor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the

One Hundred and

Fifty-fifth

Illinois),

but,

on

account of his wounds, was assigned to courtmartial duty, remaining in the service until January, 1866, when he was mustered out with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During the second year of his service he was presented with a magnificent sword by th^ rank and file of his regiment (the Thirty-fifth), for brave and galAfter retiring from lant conduct at Pea Ridge. the army, he engaged in cotton planting in Alabama, but was not successful in 1868, canvassed Alabama for General Grant for President, but declined a nomination in his own favor for ConIn 1870 lie was appointed, by General gress. Grant, United States Collection and Disbursing Agent for the District of New Mexico, where lie continued to reside. SMITH, John Corson, soldier, ex-LieutenantGoveruor and ex-State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia, Feb. 13, 1832. At the age of 16 he ;

was apprenticed to a carpenter and builder. In 1854 he came to Chicago, and worked at his trade, for a time, but soon removed to Galena, where he engaged in business as a contractor. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth Illinois Volunteers, but, having received authority from Governor Yates, raised a company, of finally

wliich he was chosen Captain, and which was incorporated in the Ninety-sixth Illinois InfanOf this regiment he was soon elected Major. After a short service about Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington and Newport, Ky., the Ninety-

try.

;

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. sixth was sent to the front, and took part (among other battles) in the second engagement at Fort Donelson and in the bloody fight at Franklin,

Tenn. Later, Major Smith was assigned to staff duty under Generals Baird and Steedman, serving through the TuUahoma campaign, and participating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Being promoted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, he rejoined his regiment, and was given command of a brigade. In the Atlanta campaign he served gallantly, taking a conspicuous part in its long series of bloody engagements, and being severely wounded at Kgnesaw Mountain. In February, 18G.5, he was brevetted Colonel, and, in June, 1865, BrigadierGeneral. Soon after his return to Galena he was appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, but was legislated out of office in 1872. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and embarked in business. In 1874-76 he was a member (and Secretary) of the Illinois Board of Commissione!'s to the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1875 he was appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago, and held the office for several years. In 1872 and '76 he was a delegate to the National Republican Conventions of those years, and, in 1878, was elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1882. In 1884 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, serving until 1889. He is a prominent Mason, Knight Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distinguished member of the Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and was prominently connected with the erection of the "Masonic Temple Building" in Chicago. SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born in Switzerland, August 3, 1816, the son of an officer who had served under Napoleon, and after tlie downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadelphia. The subject of this sketch received an academic education and became a jeweler in 1801 entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry; took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh and siege of Corinth was promoted a BrigadierGeneral in November, 1862, and placed in command of a division in the Sixteenth Army Corps led the Third Division of the Seventeenth Army Corps in the Vicksburg campaign, later being transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking part in the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta and Carolina campaigns of 1864-65. He received the brevet rank of Major-General of Volunteers in January, 1865, and, on his muster-out from the volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twentyseventh United States Infantry, being transferred, ;

;

487

In 1867 his services in 1870, to the Fourteenth. at Vicksburg and Savannah were further recoghim nized by conferring upon the brevets of Brigadier and Major-General in the regular army. In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing in Chicago, where he died, Jan. 29, 1897. SMITH, Josepli, the founder of the Mormon sect, was born at Sharon, Vt., Dec. 2.3, 1805. In 1815 his parents removed to Palmyra, N. Y., and still later to Manchester. He early showed a dreamy mental cast, and claimed to be able to locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone. In 1820 he claimed to have seen a vision, but his pretensions were ridiculed by his acquaintances. His story of the revelation of the golden plates by the angel Moroni, and of the latter"s instructions to him, is well known. With the aid of Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared the "Book of Mormon," alleging that he had deciphered it from heaven-sent characters, through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This was published in 1830. In later years Smith claimed to have received supplementary revelations, which so taxed the credulity of his followers that some of them apostatized. He also claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism, etc. He soon gained followers in considerable numbers, whom, in 1832, he led west, a part settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in Jackson County, Mo. Driven out of Ohio five years later, the bulk of the sect found the way to their friends in Missom-i, whence they were finally expelled after manj- confiicts with the authorities. Snrith, with the other refugees, fled to Hancock County, 111., founding tlie city of Nauvoo, which was incorporated in 1840. Hero was begun, in the following j-ear, the erection of a great temple, but again he aroused the hostility of the authorities, although soon wielding considerable political power. After various unsuccessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, Smith and a number of his followers were induced to surrender themselves under the promise of protection from violence and a fair trial. Having been taken to Carthage, the county-seat, all were discharged under recognizance to appear at court except Smith and his brother Hyruin, who were held under the new charge of "treason, " and were placed in jail. So intense had been the feeling against the Mormons, that Governor Ford called out the militia to preserve the peace; but it is evident that the feeling among the latter was in sympathy with that of the populace. Most of the militia were disbanded after Smith's arrest, one company being left on duty at Carthage,

)

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

488

from wliom onlj- eight men were detailed to guard the jail. lu this condition of affairs a mob of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from Warsaw, appeared before the jail on the evening of June

—

who made only a Joseph Smith and his brother both shot down, while a friend, who had remained with them, was wounded. The fate of Smith undoubtedlj- went far to win for him the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse (See Mormons; Nauvoo. to the Mormon faith. SMITH, Justin Almerin, D.D., clergyman and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y. Dec. 39, 1819, educated at New Hampton Literary and Theological Institute and Union College, graduating from the latter in 1843; served a year as Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, Vt., followed by four years of pastoral work, when he assumed the pastorate of the First Bapat Rochester, N. Y., where he tist church remained five years. Then (1853) he removed to Chicago to assume the editorship of "The Christian Times" (now "The Standard"), with which he was associated for the remainder of his life. Meanwhile he assisted in organizing three Baptist churches in Chicago, serving two of them as 37,

and, forcing the guards

feeble resistance.

—

Hyrum were

,

"

.

made an extended tour of Europe in 1869, attending the was Rome; a Trustee and at Council Vatican one of the founders of the old Chicago Univerof the Baptist and Lecturer and Trustee sity, Theological Seminary; was also the author of Died, at Morgan Park, several religious works. pastor for a considerable period;

near Chicago, Feb.

4,

1890.

SMITH, Perry H., lawyer and politician, was born in Augusta. Oneida County, N. Y., March entered Hamilton College at the age of 18, 1828 14 and graduated, second in his class, at 18; began reading law and was admitted to the bar on coming of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton, Wis., when 23 years of age he was elected a Judge, served later in both branches of the ;

Legislature, and. in 1857, became Vice-President Fond du Lie Railway, of the Chicago, St. Paul retaining the same position in the reorganized

&

corporation

became the Chicago & In 185G Mr. Smith came to Chi-

when

it

Northwestern. cago and resided there

Sunday

of 1885.

till

his death,

He was prominent

on Palm

in railway

circles and in the councils of the Democratic party, being the recognized representative of Mr. Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam-

paign of

1876.

SMITH, Robert, Congressman and was born

at Petersborough, N. H.,

June

lawyer, 12,

1802;

was educated and admitted to the bar in his native town, settled at Alton, 111., in 1832, and engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected to the General Assembly from Sladison County, and re-elected in 1838. In 1842 he was elected to the Twenty -eighth Congress, and twice re-elected, serving three successive terms. During the Civil War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the rank of Major, and was stationed at St. Louis. He was largely interested in the construction of water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in railroad enterprises in Illinois. He was a prominent Mason and a public-spirited citizen. Died, at Alton, Dec. 20. 1867. SMITH, Samuel Lisle, lawyer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a wealthy family, enjoyed superior educational advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law School at an age too early to admit of his receiving a degree. In 1836 he came to Illinois, to look after some landed interests of his father's in the vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and, for a time, occupied an office with the well-known law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was one of the principal speakers, establishing a reputation as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and was also a prominent speaker at the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a^ keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a master of repartee and invective, he achieved popularity, both at the bar and on the lecture platform, and had the promise of future success, which was unfortunately marred by hi.s convivial habits. Died of cholera, in Chicago, July ;Hi, is."i4. Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of Philadelphia, an eminent clergyman of the Episcopal Church. SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in Washington County, N. Y., May 13, 1829; studied law and was admitted to the bar at Albion, in that State, came to Chicago in 1856 and entered in 1851 into partnership vrith Grant Goodrich and William W. Farwell, both of whom were afterwards elected to places on the bench the first in the Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In 1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior Court of Cook County, serving until 1885, when he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of Trade. He was the Republican candidate for ;

—

mSTOIilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in 1885, and is believed by many to have been honestly elected, though defeated on the face of the retui-ns. A recount was ordered by the court, but so much delay was incui-red and so many obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order

Judge Smith abandoned the conalthough making material gains had gone. During his professional career he was connected, as counsel, with some of the most important trials before the Chicago into effect, that

489

State at the time afforded. After completing his school course he began teaching, and, for a time,

served as tutor in a Western college, but soon turned his attention to journalism, at first as assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincinnati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855, city editor of "The Cincinnati Gazette."' with

test in disgust,

which he was connected

as far as

position at the beginning of the war, incidentally

it

was also one of the Directors of the Chicago Public Library, on its organization in 1871. Died suddenly, in Chicago. Oct. 6, 1898. SMITH, Theophilus Washington, Judge and politician, was born in New York City, Sept. 28, 1784, served for a time in the United States navy, was a law student in the oiBce of Aaron Burr, was admitted to the bar in his native State in courts

;

1805, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at Edwardsville, where he soon became a prominent In 1820 he was an figure in early State history. unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for being defeated by of Attorney-General, the ofHce Samuel D. Lockwood, but was elected to the serving in 1822, four years. In 1823 State Senate he was one of the leaders of the "Conventionisf was adopt new Constitution whose aim to a party, which would legalize slavery in Illinois, during this period being the editor of the leading organ of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, but resigned, Dec. 36, 1842. He was impeached in 1832 on charges alleging oppressive conduct, corruption, and other high misdemeanors in office, but secured a negative acquittal, a two-thirds vote being necessary to conviction. The vote in the Senate stood twelve for conviction (on a part of the charges) to ten for acquittal, four being excused from voting. During the Black Hawk War he served as QuartermasterGeneral on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, he

Hammond,

1896.

bias,

and

SMITH, William Henry, journahst. Associated Press Manager, was born in Columbia County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1833: at three years of age was taken by his parents to Ohio, where he enjoyed the best educational advantages that

more responsible

besides contributions to periodicals.

After retiring from the management of the Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "History of American Politics" and a "Life of Rutherford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well advanced at the time of his death, which took place at his home, at Lake Forest, 111., July 27,

was charged by

his political opponents with being unable to divest himself of his partisan and even with privately advising counsel, in political causes, of defects in the record, which they (the coimsel) had not discovered. He was also a member of the first Board of Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, appointed in 1833. Died, in Chicago, May 6, 1846.

in a

doing work upon "The Literary Review." His connection with a leading paper enabled him to exert a strong influence in support of the Government. This he used most faithfully in assisting to raise troops in the first years of the war. and, in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the election of John Brough as a Union candidate for Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandigham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he was nominated and elected Secretary of State, being re-elected two years later. After retiring from office he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as editor of "The Evening Chronicle." from which he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the Western Associated Press, with headquarters, at first at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success in this Line was demonstrated by the final union of the New York and Western Associated Press organizations under his management, continuing until 1893, when he retired. ^Ir. Smith was a strong personal friend of President Hayes, by whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of Chicago in 1877. While engaged in ofiicial duties he found time to do considerable literary work, having published, several years ago, "TheSt. Clair Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles

SMITH, William

M., merchant, stock- breeder

was born near Fi'ankfort, Ky., accompanied his father's family to Lexington, McLean County, 111., where they settled. A few years later he bought forty acres of government land, finally increasing his holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of

May

politician, 23,

1827; in 1846

he added to his agricultural a merchant. Having with the Republican party, he remained a firm adherent of its principles during the Civil War, and, while declining

fine stock.

Still later

pursuits the business of early identified himself

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

490

a commission tendered him by Governor Yates, devoted his time and means liberally to the recruiting and organization of regiments for service in the field, and procuring supplies for the sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, and was re-elected in 1868 and "70, serving, during his last term, as Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor

Cullom a member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, of which bod}' he served as President until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popularity.

Died.

March

25, 1886.

SMITH, William

Sooy, soldier and civil engiPickaway County, Ohio, July 22, 1830 graduated at Ohio University in 1849, and, at the United States Military Academy, in 1853, having among his classmates, at the latter. Generals McPherson, Schofield and Sheridan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he first found employment as an engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assistant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graham in engineer service on the lakes a year later took charge of a select school in Buffalo in 18.57 made the first surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara Falls, then went into the service of extensive locomotive and bridge- works at Trenton, N. J., in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also superintending the construction of a bridge across the Savannah River. The war intervening, he returned North and was appointed LieutenantColonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adjutant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in June, 1862, was commissioned Colonel of the Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers, participating in the West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shiloli and Perryville. In April, 1862, he was promoted Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall of 1862, when he joined Grant and took part in the Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on account of impaired health. During the war General Smith rendered valuable service to the Union cause in great emergencies, by his knowledge of engineering. On retiring to private life he resumed his profession at Chicago, and since has been employed by the Government on some of its most stupendous works on the lakes, and has also planned several of the most important raib-oad bridges across the Missom'i and other neer,

was born

at Tarlton, ;

;

;

He has been much consulted in reference to municipal engineering, and his name is connected with a number of the gigantic edifices in Chicago. SMITHBORO, a village and railroad junction in Bond County, 8 miles east of Greenville.

streams.

Population. 393; (1900), 314.

SJiAPP, Henry, Congressman, born in Livingston County, N. Y., June 30, 1822, came to Illinois with his father when 11 years old. and, having read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in 1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty years before entering public life. In 1868 he was elected to the State Senate and occupied a seat in that body until his election, in 1871, to the Fortysecond Congress, by the Republicans of the (then) Sixth Illinois District, as successor to B. C. Cook, who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 23, 1895. SNOW, Herman W., ex-Congressman, was born in La Porte County, Ind., July 3, 1836, but was reared in Kentucky, working upon a farm for five years, while yet in his minority becoming a resident of Illinois. For several years he was a school teacher, meanwhile studying law and being admitted to the bar. Early in the war he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, rising to the rank of Captain. His term of service having expired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he resumed teaching at the Chicago High School, and later served in the General Assembly (1873-74) as Representative from Woodford Count}'. In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the

Congress, but

opponent in

SNOWHOOK, Customs

Ninth

Illinois District in

was defeated by

his

Republican

1892.

William B.,

at Chicago,

first

Collector

was born in Ireland was brought

at the age of eight years

of

in 1804;

New

to

where he learned the printer's trade, and worked for some time in the same office with Horace Greeley. At 16 he went back to Ireland, remaining two years, but, returning to the United States, began the study of law was also emplo3'ed on the Passaic Canal; in 1836, came to Chicago, and was soon after associated with William B. Ogden in a contract on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, which lasted until 1841. As early as 1840 he became prominent as a leader in the Democratic party, and, in 1846, received from President Polk an appointment as first Collector of Customs for Chicago (having previously York,

;

served as Special Surveyor of the Port, while

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. attached to the District of Detroit) in 1853, was re-appointed to the Collectorship by President Pierce, serving two years. During the "Mormon War" (1S44) he organized and equipped, at his own expense, the ^Montgomery Guards, and was commissioned Colonel, but the disturbances were brought to an end before the order to march. From 1856 he devoted his attention chiefly to his practice, but, in 1863, was one of the Democrats of Chicago who took part in a movement to sustain the Government by stimulating enlistments; was also a member of the Convention which nominated Mr. Greeley for President in 1872. Died, in Chicago, May 5, 1883. SNYDER, Adam Wilson, pioneer lawyer, and early Congressman, was born at Connellsville, In early life he followed the Pa., Oct. 6, 1799. occupation of \vool-curling for a livelihood, attending school in the winter. In 1815, he emigrated to Columbus, Ohio, and afterwards settled Being in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, 111. offered a situation in a wool-curling and fulling mill at Cahokia, he removed thither in 1817. He formed the friendship of Judge Je.sse B. Thomas, and, through the latter's encouragement and aid, studied law and gained a solid professional, political, social and financial position. In 1830 he was elected State Senator from St. Clair Covmty, ;

cuit in '73, "79 and "85. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died,

at Belleville, Dec. 24, 1892.

SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' HOME,

a State

by act of the and located at Quincy,

charitable institution, founded

Legislature

in

1885,

Adams

County. The object of its establishto provide a comfortable home for such disabled or dependent veterans of the United States land or naval forces as had honorably served during the Civil War. It was opened for the reception of veterans on

ment was

March

3, 1887, the first cost of site and buildings having been about §350,000. The total num-

ber of inmates admitted up to June 30, 1894, was 2,813; the nmnber in attendance during the two previous years 988, and the whole number present

on Nov. 10, 1894, 1,088. The value of property at that time was 8393,636.08. Considerable appropriations have been made 'for additions to the buildings at subsequent sessions of the Legislature. The General Government pays to the State SlOO per year for each veteran supported at the

Home.

SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME, ILLINOIS, an

by Thomas Ford, who was

institution, created by act of 1865, for the maintenance and education of children of deceased soldiers of the Civil War. An eighty -acre tract, one mile north of Normal, was selected as the site, and the first principal building was completed and opened for the admission of beneficiaries on June 1, 1869. Its first cost was §135,000, the site having been donated. Repairs and the construction of new buildings, from time to time, have considerably increased this sum. In 1875 the benefits of the institution were extended, by legislative enactment, to the children of soldiers who had died after the close of the war. The aggregate number of inmates, in 1894, was 573, of whom 323 were males and 249 females.

elected.—William H. (Snyder), son of the prewas born in St. Clair County, 111., July educated at MoKendree College, studied 13, 1S25 law witli Lieutenant-Governor Koerner, and was admitted to practice in 1845; also served for a time as Postmaster of the city of Belleville, and, during the Mexican War, as First-Lieutenant and Adjutant of the Fifth Illinois Volunteers. From 1850 to '54 he represented his county in the Legislature in 1855 was appointed, by Governor Matteson. State's Attorney, which position he filled for two years. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the office of Secretary of State in 1850, and, in 1857, was elected a Judge of the Twentyfourth Circuit, was re-elected for the Third Cir-

SOLDIERS' WIDOWS' HOME. Provision was made for the establishment of this institution by the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, in an act, approved, June 13, 1895, appropriating §20,000 for the purchase of a site, the erection of buildings and furnishing the same. It is designed for the reception and care of the mothers, wives, widows and daughters of such honorably discharged soldiers or sailors, in the United States service, as may have died, or may be physically or mentally unable to provide for the families naturally dependent on them, provided that such persons have been residents of the State for at least one year previous to admission, and are without means or ability for self-support.

and re-elected for two successive terms. He served through the Black Hawk War as private. Adjutant and Captain. In 1833 he removed to Belleville, and, in 1834, was defeated for Congress by Governor Reynolds, whom he, in turn, defeated in 1836. Two years later Reynolds again defeated him for the same position, and, in 1840, he was elected State Senator. In 1841 he was the Democratic nominee for Governor. The election was held in August, 1843, but, in May preceding, he died at his home in Belleville. His place on the

was

ticket

ceding,

;

;

filled

IIISTOraCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

402

Home are managed by a board of five trustees, of whom two are men and three women, the former to be members of the Grand Army of the Republic and of different poHtical parties, and the latter members of the Tlie

affairs

Women's

of the

Relief Corps of this State.

The

institu-

Wilmington, occupying a site of seventeen acres, where it was formally opened in a house of eighteen rooms, March 11, 1890, with twenty-six applications for admittance. The plan contemplates an early enlargetion

was located

ment by the

at

erection of additional cottages. a village of Bond County, at the

SOREXTO,

&

Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railways, 14 miles southeast of Litchfield; has a bank and a Its interests are agricultural and newspaper. mining. Pop. (1890), .538; (1900), 1,000. SOULARD, James Gaston, pioneer, born of French ancestry in St. Louis, Mo., July 15, 1798; resided there until 1821, when, having married the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, he received an appointment at Fort Snelling, near the present city of St. Paul, then under command

intersection of the Jacksonville

St.

army ever

since, a son being a prominent artillery the Battle of Gettysburg. Mrs. Soulard St. Louis, in 1820, and survived her husband some sixteen years, dying at Galena,

officer at

%vas

married at

August 11, 1894. She had resided in Galena nearly seventy years, and at the date of her death, in the 90th year of her age, she was that citv's oldest resident.

SOUTH CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA RAILROAD. (See Chicuijo & Western Indiana Bailroad.)

SOUTH DANVILLE,

a suburb of the city of Population (1890),

Danville, Vermilion County. 799; (1900), 898.

SOUTHEAST & LovisviUe

&

ST.

LOUIS RAILWAY.

Nashville Railroad.) a village of

SOUTH ELGIN,

near the city of Elgin.

SOUTHERN

Population

COLLEGIATE

(See

Kane County, (1900),

51.5.

INSTITUTE,

located at Albion, Edwards County, incori'orated in 1891; had a faculty of ten teachers with 219 pupils (1897-98)— about equally male and female.

of Col. Snelling,

Besides classical, scientific, normal, music and fine arts departments, instruction is given in preparatory studies and business education. Its

law.

property

who was his wife's brother-inThe Fort was reached after a tedious jourflat-boat and overland, late in the fall of Three years 1821, his wife accompanying him. later they returned to St. Louis, where, being an engineer, he was engaged for several years in surveying. In 1827 he removed with his family to Galena, for the next six years had charge of a

ney by

is

valued at

$16,.TOO.

SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, located at Anna, Union County, founded by act The original site comof the Legislature in 1869. prised 290 acres and cost a little more than was donated by citiwhich one-fourth of $23,000, zens of the county. The construction of build-

store of the Gratiot Brothers, early business men of that locality. Towards the close of this period

ings

March,

1875, that the

he received the appointment of County Recorder, also holding the position of County Surveyor and Postmaster of Galena at the same time. His later years were devoted to farming and horti-

pleted)

was ready

culture, his

death taking place, Sept.

17,

1878.

Mr. Soulard was probably the first man to engage in freighting between Galena and Chicago. "The Galena Advertiser" of Sept. 14, 1829, makes mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to Chicago, his team taking back a load of salt, the paper remarking; "This is the first wagon that

has ever passed from the Mississippi River to Chicago." Great results were predicted from the exchange of commodities between the lake Mrs. Eliza M. and the lead mine district. Hunt (Soulard), wife of the preceding, was born at Detroit, Dec. 18, 1804, her father being Col. Thomas A. Hunt, who had taken part in the Battle of Bunker Hill and remained in the army until his death, at St. Louis, in 1807. His descendants hare maintained their connection with the

—

was begun

in 1869, but

it

was not

until

north wing (the first comoccupancy. Other portions were completed a year later. The Trustees purchased 160 additional acres in 1883. The first cost (up to September, 1876) was nearly §635.000. In 1881 one wing of the main building was destroyed by fire, and was subsequently rebuilt the patients being, meanwhile, cared for in temporary wooden barracks. The total value of lands and buildings belonging to the State, June 30, 1894, was estimated at §738,580, and, of property of all The wooden barracks were sorts, at $833,700. later converted into a permanent ward, additions made to the main buildings, a detached building for

;

accommodation of 300 patients erected, numerous outbuildings put up and general improvements made. A second fire on the night of Jan. 3, 1895, destroyed a large part of the main building, inflicting a loss upon the State of Provision was made for rebuilding by $175,000. the Legislature of that year. The institution has for the

capacity for about 750 patients.

1-4 -.V

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL UNITERSITT, established

in

1869,

and

located, after

competitive bidding, at Carbondale, which offered lands and bonds at first estimated to be of the value of §229,000, but which later depreciated, through shrinkage, to $75,000. Construction was commenced in May, 1870, and the first or main building was completed and appropriately dedicated in July, 1874. Its cost was §265,000, but it was destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 1883. In February, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost of §150,000. Two normal courses of instruction are given classical and scientific each extending over a period of four years. The conditions of admission require that the pupil shall be 16 years of age, and shall possess the qualifications enabling him to pass examination for a secondgrade teacher's certificate. Those unable to do so may enter a preparatory department for six months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach in the public schools, not less than half the time of their attendance at the University, receive free tuition with a small charge for incidentals, while others paj' a tuition fee. The number of students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was 720, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in

—

—

the southern half of the State, with representatives from eight other States. The teaching faculty for the same year .consisted, besides the President, of sixteen instructors in the various departments, of whom five were ladies and eleven gentlemen.

SOUTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE,

located

near Chester, on the Mississippi River. Its erection was rendered necessary by the overcrowding (See Korthern of the Northern Penitentiary. Penitentiai-y.) The law providing for its establishment required the Commissioners to select a site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and timber, and having a high elevation, with a never In 1877, 122 acres were failing supply of water. purchased at Chester, and the erection of buildings commenced. The first appropriation was of

and §300,000 was added in 1879. By 200 convicts were received, and was utilized in the completion of the buildings, which are constructed upon approved

§200,000,

March,

1878,

their labor

modern principles. The prison receives convicts sent from the southern portion of the State, and has accommodation for some 1,200 prisoners. In connection with this penitentiary is an asylum for insane convicts, the erection of which was provided for by the Legislature in 1889. SOUTH OROVE, a village of De Kalb County. Population (1890), 730.

SPALDING,

Jes.se,

493

manufacturer. Collector of

Customs and Street Railway President, was

bom

at Athens, Bradford County, Pa., April 15, 1833; earl}-

and,

commenced lumbering on the Susquehanna, at 23, began dealing on his own account. In

removed to Chicago, and soon after bought New York Lumber Company Menominee River in AVisconwhere, with different partners, and finally

1857 he

the property of the at the mouth of the sin,

practically alone, he has carried on the business

lumber manufacture on a large scale ever In 1881 he was appointed, by President Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in 1889, received from President Harrison an appointment as one of the Government Directors of the Union Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was a zealous supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion and rendered valuable aid in the construction and equipment of Camp Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants in payment, when no fimds in the State treasury were available for the purpose. He was associated with William B. Ogden and others in the project for connecting Green Bay and Sturgeon Bay by a ship canal, which was completed in 1882, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden, succeeded to the Presidency of the Canal Company, serving until 1893, when the canal was turned over to the General Government. He has also been identified with many other public enterprises intimately connected with the development and prosperity of Chicago, and, in July, 1899, became President of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having control of the North and West Chicago Street Railway Systems. SPALDINO, John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop, was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated in the United States and in Europe, ordained a priest in the Catholic Church in 1863, and thereupon attached to the cathedral at Louisville, as assistant. In 1869 lie organized a congregation of colored people, and built for their use the Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned to that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards he was appointed Secretary to the Bishop and made Chancellor of the Diocese. In 1873 he was transferred from Louisville to New York, where he was attached to the missionary parish of St. Michael's. He had, by this time, achieved no little fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When the diocese of Peoria, 111., was created, in 1877, the choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new see, and he was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that year, by Cardinal JleCloskey at New York. His

of

since.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

494

administration has been cliaracterized by both energy and success. He lias devoted much attention to the subject of emigration, and lias brought al)out tlie founding of many new settlements in tlie far West. He was also largely instrumental in bringing about the founding of the Catholic University at Washington. Ho is a frequent contributor to the reviews, and the author of a

number

of religious works.

SPANISH INVASION OF ILLINOIS.

In the

month of June, 1779, soon after the declaration of war between Spain and Great Britain, an expedition was organized in Canada, to attack the Spanish posts along the Mississippi. Simultaneously, a force was to be dispatched from Pensacola against New Orleans, then commanded by a young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo de Galvez. Secret instructions had been sent to British Commandants, all through the Western country, to co-operate with both expeditions. De Galvez, having learned of the scheme through intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack by becoming the assailant. At the head of a force of 670 men, he set out and captured Baton Rouge, Fort Manchac and Natchez, almost without opposition. The British in Canada, being ignorant of what had been going on in the South, in February following dispatched a force from Mackinac to support the expedition from Pensacola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American Cahokia and Kaskaskia rebels while en route. were contemplated points of attack, as well as the Spanish forts at St. Louis and St. Genevieve. This movement was planned by Capt. Patrick Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain Hesse was placed in charge of the expedition, which numbered some 750 men, including a force of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. The British arrived before St. Louis, early on the morning of May 36, 1780, taking the Spaniards by surprise. Meanwhile Col. George Rogers Clark, having been apprised of the project, arrived at Cahokia from the falls of the Ohio, twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his presence and readiness to co-operate with the Spanish, no doubt, contributing to tlie defeat of the expedition. The accounts of what followed are conflicting, the number of killed on the St. Louis shore being variously estimated from seven or eight to sixty -eight the last being the esti-

—

All the invading party was MontColonel forced to retreat in great haste. gomery, who had been in command at Cahokia, with a force of 3.'50 and a party of Spanish allies,

mate

of Capt. Sinclair in his official report.

agree,

however, that

pursued the retreating invaders as far as the Rock River, destroying many Indian villages on the way. This movement on the part of the British served as a pretext for an attempted reprisal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid of a number of Caliokians, early in 1781. Starting early in Januar}', this latter expedition crossed Illinois, with the design of attacking Fort St. Joseph, at the head of Lake Michigan, which had been captured from the English by Thomas Brady and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were commanded by Don Eugenio Pourre, and suj^ported by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort was easily taken and the British flag replaced by the ensign of Spain. The affair vk^as regarded as of but little moment, at the time, the post being evacuated in a few days, and the Spaniards returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious international complications, and the "conquest" was seriously urged by the Spanish ministry as giving that country a right to the territory traversed. This claim was supported by France before the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but was defeated, through the combined efforts of Messrs. Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American Commissioners in charge of the peace negotiations with England.

SPARKS, legislator,

(Capt.) David R., manufacturer and was born near Lanesville, Ind., in removed -with his parents to Ma-

1833; in 1836,

coupin

County,

111.

;

New

for the Santa Fe,

in 1847, enlisted

Mexican War, crossing the plains

to

In 1850 he made the overland trip to California, returning the next year by the Isthmus of Panama. In 1855 he engaged in the milling business at Staunton, Macoupin County, but, in 1860, made a third trip across the plains in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was erected near where Central City, Colo., now is, and which was the second steam-engine in that region. He returned home in time to vote for Stephen A. Douglas for President, the same year, but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks later, when the advocates of secession began to develop their policy after the election of Lincoln. In 1861 he enlisted, under the call for 500,000 volunteers following the first battle of Bull Run, and was commissioned a Captain in the Third Illinois Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr), serving two and a half years, during which time he took part in several hard-fought battles, and being present at the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service he became associated with his former partner in the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield, but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flour-

Mexico.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS, ing mill at Alton, of which he became the principal owner in 1881, and which has since been greatly enlarged and improved, until it is now one of the most extensive establishments of its kind in the State. Capt. Sparks was elected to the House of Representatives in 1888, and to the State Senate in 1894, serving in the sessions of 1895 and '97; was also strongly supported as a candidate for the Republican nomination for Congress in

thougli often solicited to do

oflSce,

May

1882.

— James

1896.

Louisville,

SPARKS, William A. J., ex-Congressman, was born near New Albany, Ind., Nov. 19, 1828, at 8 years of age was brought by his parents to Illinois, and shortly afterwards left an orphan. Thrown on his own resources, he found work upon a farm, his attendance at the district schools being limited to the winter months. Later, he passed through McKendree College, supporting himself, meanwhile, by teaching, graduating in 1850. He read law with Judge Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. His first public oflSce was that of Receiver of the Land Office at Edwardsville, to which he was appointed by President Pierce in 1853. remaining until 1856, when he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The same year he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1863-64, served in the State Senate for the unexpired term of James M. Rodgers, deceased. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention in 1868, and a Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875 In 1885 he was appointed, by President to 1883. Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land Office in Washington, retiring, by resi,gnation, in 1887. His home is at Carlyle. SPARTA & ST. GENETIETE RAILROAD.

older brother of the preceding,

(See Centralia

&

Chester Railroad.)

SPEED, Joshua Fry, merchant, and intimate Abraham Lincoln was educated in the

friend of

;

and at St. Joseph's College, Bardstown, Ky., after which he spent some time in a local schools

wholesale mercantile establishment in Louisville. About 1835 he came to Springfield, 111. where he engaged in the mercantile business, later becoming the intimate friend and associate of Abraham Lincoln, to whom he offered, the privilege of sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln .

removed from

New Salem

to Springfield, in 1836.

Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 1843, but the friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a most devoted character, continued until the death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson County, Ky., Mr. Speed was elected to the Legislature in 1848, but was never again willing to

495

In 1851 he removed to Louisville, where he acquired a handsome fortune in the real-estate business. On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1861, lie heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and, during the war, was entrusted with many delicate and important duties in the interest of the Government, by Mr. Lincoln, whom he frequently visited in Washington. His death occurred at accept

29,

so.

(Speed),

an

was a prominent Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a leading Republican of that State, serving as delegate to the National Republican Conventions of 1872 and 1876. In 1864 he was appointed Attorney-General by Mr Lincoln and served until 1866, when he resigned on account of disagreement with President Johnson. He died in 1887, at the

age of 75 years. SPOOJf RIYER, rises in Bureau County, flows southward through Stark County into Peoria, thence soutliwest through Knox, and to the south and southeast, through Fulton County, entering the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about 150 miles long.

SPRINGER, (ReT.) Francis, D.D., educator Army Chaplain, born in Franklin Coimty,

and

March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in Pa.,

1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, 111., and taught school; in 1847 became President of Hillsboro College, which, in 1853, was removed to Springfield and became Illi-

wliere he preached

now known as Concordia Seminary. Later, he served for a time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of Springfield, but, in September, 1861, resigned to accept the Chaplaincy of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry by sucnois State University,

:

cessive resignations and appointnients. held the positions of Chaplain of the First Arkansas Infantry (1863-64) and Post Chaplain at Fort Smith,

Ark., serving in the latter position until April, 1867. when he was commissioned Cliaplain of the United States Army. This position he resigned while stationed at Fort Harker, Kan. August 23, During a considerable part of his incum1867. bency as Chaplain at Fort Smith, he acted as Agent of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen, performing important service in caring for noncombatants rendered homeless by the vicissitudes of war. After the war he served, for a time, as ,

Superintendent of Schools for Montgomery County, 111. was instnmiental in the founding of Carthage (111.) College, and was a member of ;

)

406

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Board of Control at the time of his death. He «as elected Chaplain of the Illinois House of its

Representatives at the session of the Thirty-fifth General Assembly (1887), and Chaplain of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Illinois for two consecutive terms (1890-'92). He was also member of the Stephenson Post, No. 30, G. A. R., at Springfield, and served as its Chaplain from January, 188-1, to his death, which occurred at Springfield. Oct. 21, 1892. SPRINGER, William McKendree, ex-Congressman. Justice of United States Court, was born in Sullivan County, Ind.. May 30, 1836. In 1848 he removed with his parents to Jacksonville, 111., was fitted for college in the public high school at Jacksonville, under the tuition of the late Dr. Bateman, entered Illinois College, remaining three years, when he removed to the Indiana State University, graduating there in 1858. The following }-ear he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Logan County, but soon after removed to Springfield. He entered public life as Secretary of the Constitutional Convention In 1871-72 he represented Sangamon of 1802. County in the Legislature, and, in 1874, was elected to Congress from the Thirteenth Illinois District as a Democrat. From that time until the close of the Fifty-third Congress (1895), he served in Congress continuously, and was recognized as one of the leaders of his party on the floor, being at the head of many important committees when that party was in the ascendancy, and a candidate for the Democratic caucus nomination for Speaker, in 1893. In 1894 he was the candidate of his party for Congress for the eleventh time, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, James A. Connolly. In 1895 President Cleveland appointed him United States District Judge for Indian Territory. SPRIXGFIELD, the State capital, and the county-seat of Sanganfon County, situated five miles south of the Sangamon River and 185 miles southwest of Chicago; is an important railway center. The first settlement on the site of the present city was made by John Kelly in 1819. On April 10, 1821, it was selected, by the first Board of County Commissioners, as the temporary county-seat of Sangamon County, the organization of which had been authorized b^v act of the Legislature in January previous, and the name Springfield was given to it. In 1823 the selection was made permanent. The latter year the first sale of lands took place, the original site being entered by Pascal P. Enos. Elijah lies ami Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the

same time, and the name "Calhoun" was given to a section in the northwest quarter of the present city this being the "hey-day" of the South Carolina statesman's greatest popularity but the change was not popularly accepted, and the new name was soon dropped. It was incorporated as a town, April 2, 1832, and as a city, April 6, 1840; and re-incorporated, under the general,

—

—

in 1882. It was made the State capital by act of the Legislature, passed at the session of which went into effect, July 4, 1839, and the Legislature first convened there in December of

law

1837,

the

latter

The general surface

year.

though there

is

is

rolling gi-ound to tlie west.

flat,

The

city has excellent water-works, a paid fire-depart-

ment, six banks, electric street railways, gas and lighting,

electric

chm-ches, numerous

commodious hotels, fine handsome residences, beauti-

thorough sewerage, and is one of the best paved and handsomest cities in the State. The city proper, in 1890, contained an area of four square miles, but has since been enlarged by the annexation of the following suburbs: North ful jjarks,

West Springfield, Jan. 7, 1891 and South Springfield and the village of

Springfield, April 4,

1898;

Laurel, April

;

1898.

5,

These additions give to

the present city an area of 5.84 square miles. The population of the original city, according to the census of 1880, was 19,743, and, in 1890, 24.963, while that of the annexed suburbs, at the last census,

was

2,109

— making a total of 29,072.

The

showed a total popu-population by census (1900), 34. 159. Besides the State Hoiise, the city has a handsome United States Government Building for United States Court and post-ofiice purposes, a county courthouse (the former State capitol), a city hall and (State) Executive Mansion. latest school census (1898)

of

lation

33,37.1

Springfield

was the home

of

Abraham

Lincoln.

His former residence has been donateil to the

and

State,

beautiful

his

tomb and monument are

in the

Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining the

Springfield

city.

is

an important coal-mining

and has many important indiistries, notably a watch factory, rolling mills, and extensive manufactories of agricultural implements and furniture. It is also the permanent location of the State Fairs, for which extensive buildings have been erected on the Fair Grounds north of the city. There are three daily papers— two morning and one evening published here, besides various other publications. Pop. (1900), 34.159. center,

—

SPRINGFIELD, EFFIXGHAM & SOFTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Indianapolis

&

Eastern Railroad.

)

;

HISTOraCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SPRIXGFIELD

&.

ILLINOIS SOUTHEAST-

ERX RAILROAD.

Baltimore

(See

-try. Organized at Camp and mustered in, July 4, It remained at Camp Butler doing guard duty. Its term of service was three months. Seventy-first Infantry. Mustered into servButler, near Springfield, 1862.

ice,

July

26, 1862, at

nois

Chicago, for three months.

was confined to garrison duty in Illiand Kentucky, being mustered out at Chi-

Its service

cago, Oct. 29, 1862.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

560

Seventy-second Infantry. cago, as the First

of Trade,

and

Regiment

Organized at ChiBoard

of the Chicago

mustered into service

for three

August 23, 1862. It was engaged at Cllampion Hill, Vicksburg. Natchez, FrankHn, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely; mustered out of service, at Vicksburg, August 6, 1865, and discharged at Chicago. Seventy-third Inf.\ntry. Recruited from the counties of Adams, Champaign, Christian, Hancock, Jackson, Logan, Piatt, Pike, Sangamon, Tazewell and Vermilion, and mustered into years,

service at Springfield, I't

August

participated in the battles of

Perryville,

Chickamauga,

900 strong. Stone River,

21, 1862,

Missionary

Ridge,

Resaca, Adairsville, Burnt Hickorj', Pine and Lost Jlountains. New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville was mustered out at Nashville, ;

June

12,

1865,

and, a few days later, -vent to and final discharge.

Springfield to receive pay

Seventy-fourth

Organized at Rockford, in August, 1862, and mustered into service September 4. It was recruited from Winnebago, Ogle and Stephenson Counties. This regiment was engaged at Perryville, Murfreesboro and Nolansville, took part in the Tullahoma campaign, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Tunnel Hill, and Rocky Face Ridge, the siege of Atlanta, and the battles of Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It was mustered out at Nashville, June 10, 1865, with 343 officers and men. the aggregate number enrolled having been 1,001. Infantry. Seventy-fifth Organized at Dixon, and mustered into service, Sept. 2, 1862. The regiment participated in the battles of Perryville, Nolansville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Dalton, Resaca, Marietta. Kenesaw, Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out at Nashville, June 12, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 1,

Inf.\ntry.

following.

SEVEXTY--SIXTH INFANTRY. Organized at Kan111., in August, 1862, and mustered into the service, August 23, 1862 took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the engagement at Jackson, the campaign against Meridian, the expedition to Yazoo City, and the capture of Mobile, was ordered to Texas in June, 1865. and mustered out at Galveston, July 22, 1865, being paid ofl^ and disbanded at Chicago, August 4, 1865 having traveled kakee,

;

—

10,000 miles.

Seventy-seventh Infantry.

Organized and

mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862, at Peoria; "was engaged in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou,

Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg (including the battle of Chamiiion Hills), the capture of Jackson, the Red River expedition, and the battles of Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant Hill the reduction of Forts Gaines and Morgan, and the capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. It was mustered out of service at Mobile, July 10, 1865, and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge, where it arrived, July 22, 1865, having particii^ated in sixteen battles and sieges. :

Seventy-eighth Inf.a.ntry-. Organized at Quincy, and mustei'ed into service, Sept. 1, 1863; participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville;

was mustered

sent to Chicago, where

charged, June

it

out, Jime 7, 1865, and was paid off and dis-

12, 1865.

Seventy-ninth Infantry. Organized at Matand mustered into service,

toon, in August, 1802,

August

28,

1863;

participated in the battles of

River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge. Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy, Franklin and Nashville; was

Stone

mustered out, June 12, Butler, June 15, and, on pay and discharge. Eightieth Infantry. 111., in August, 1862, and

1865;

arrived at

June

23,

Camp

received final

Organized at Centralia, mustered into service,

was engaged at Perryville, Dug's Gap, Sand Mountain and Blunt's Farm,

August

25, 1862.

It

surrendering to Forrest at the latter point. After being exchanged, it participated in the battles of "VVauhatchie, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca, Adairsville, CassviUe, Dallas, Pine IMountain, Kenesaw Moimtain, Marietta, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nashville. The regiment traveled 6,000 miles and participated in more than twenty engagements. It was mustered out of service, June 10, 1865, and proceeded to Camp Butler for final pay and discharge.

Eighty-first Infantry.

Recruited from the

counties of Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Jackson, Union, Pulaski and Alexander, and mustered into service at Anna,

August

26, 1862.

It partici-

pated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Black River Bridge, and Later, in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. the regiment was engaged at Fort de Russey, Alexandria, Guntown and Nashville, besides It was assisting in the investment of Mobile. mustered out at Chicago, August 5, 1864.

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Eighty-second Infantry. Sometimes called the "Second Hecker Regiment," iu honor of Colonel Frederick Hecker, its first Colonel, and for

on June

merly Colonel of the Twentj'-fourth Illinois Infantry being chiefly composed of German members of Chica,go. It was organized at Springfield, Sept. 26, 1S62, and mustered into service,

gust, 1862;

—

Oct.

33,

participated in the battles

1S63;

of

Gettysbui-g, Wauhatchie, Orchard Knob, Slissionary Ridge, Re.«aca, New Hope Church, Dallas, Marietta, Pine Movmtain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and BentonviUe was mustered out of service, June 9, 1865, and returned to Chicago, June 16 having marched, during its time of service, 2,503 miles. EiGHTY-THiHD Inf.^js'try. Organized at Monmouth in August, 1862, and mustered into serv-

Fredericksburg,

;

—

Augiist 21. It participated in repelling the rebel attack on Fort Donelson, and in numerous hard-fought skinnishes in Tennessee, but was ice,

engaged in the performance of heavy guard duty and in protecting lines of communiThe regiment was mustered out at Nashcation. ville, June 26, 1865, and finally paid off and discharged at Chicago, July 4, following. Organized Eighty-fourth Infantry. at Quincy, in August, 1862, and mustered into servThe ice, Sept. 1, 1862, with 939 men and oflScers. regiment was auttiorized to inscribe upon its chiefly

battle-flag the

Woodbury,

names

of Perryville, Stone River,

Chickamauga,

Lookout Mountain,

Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Dalton, Buzzard's Roost, Eesaca, Burnt Hickory, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Love joy StaIt was mustered tion, Franklin, and Nashville. out,

June

8,

1865.

Eighty-fifth Infantry. Organized at Peoria, about Sept. 1, 1862, and ordered to Louisville. It took part in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Knoxville, Dalton, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Savannah, BentonviUe, Goldsboro and Raleigh; was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 5, 1865, and sent to Springfield, where the regiment was paid oflE and discharged on the 20th of the same month. Eighty-sixth Infantry. Mustered into service, August 27, 1862, at Peoria, at which time it numbered 923 men, rank and file. It took part in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca. Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro, Averysboro and BentonviUe; was mustered out on June 6, 1865, at Washington, D. C, arriving

11,

561

at Chicago, where, ten days later, the

men

received their pay and final discharge. Eighty-seventh Inf.antry. Enlisted in Auwas composed of companies from Hamilton, Edwards, Wayne and White Counties was organized in the latter part of August, 1863, at Shawneetown; mustered in, Oct. 3, 1862, the muster to take effect from August 2. It took part in the siege and captm-e of Warrenton and Jackson, and in the entire campaign through Louisiana and Soutliern Mississippi, participating in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads and in numerous skirmishes among the bayous, being mustered out, June 16, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where it arrived. June 24, 1865, and was paid off and disbanded at Camp Butler, on July 3. Eighty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Chicago, in September, 1863, and known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment.'' It was mustered in, Sept. 4, 1863 was engaged at Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge. Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, AdairsviUe, ;

New Hope Kenesaw

Church, Pine Mountain. 5Iud Creek, Smyrna Camp Ground,

IMountain,

Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 9, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 13, 1865, where it received final pay and Atlanta,

June 32, 1865. Eighty-ninth Infantry.

discharge,

Called

the

"Rail-

vras organized by the railroad companies of Illinois, at Chicago, in August, 1863, and mustered into service on the 37th of that month. It fought at Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Knoxville, Resaca, Rocky Face Ridge, Pickett's Mills. Kenesaw Mountain. Peach Tree Creek. Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Spring Hill, Columbia. Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out. June 10,

road Regiment"

:

1865, in the field

at Chicago

near Nashville, Tenn.

two days

later,

and was

;

arrived

finally dis-

charged, June 34, after a service of two years, nine months and twenty -seven days.

Ninetieth Infantry. at Chicago, Sept.

7,

1863

;

Mustered into service participated in the siege

and the campaign against Jackson, and was engaged at Missionary Ridge, Resaca, of Vicksburg

New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Nickajack Creek, RossweU, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Fort McAllister. After the review at Washington, the regiment was mustered out, June 6, and returned to Chicago, Pallas,

June

9, 1865, where it was finally discharged. Jninety-first Infantry. Organized at Camp near Springfield, in August, 1862, and

Butler,

HISTOKICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. mustered in on Sept. 8, 1862 participated in t!ie campaigns against Vicksburg and New Orleans, and all along the southwestern frontier in ;

Louisiana and Texas, as well as in the investiture and capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Mobile, Jul}' 12, 1865, starting for home the same day, and being finally paid off and discharged on

July

28,

following.

Ninety-second Infantry (Mounted). Organized and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862, being recruited from Ogle, Stephenson and CarDuring its term of service, the roll Counties. Ninety -second was in more than sixty battles and skirmishes, including Ringgold, Chickamauga, and the numerous engagements on the "Slarch to the Sea," and during the pursuit of Johnston through the Carolinas. It was mustered out at Concord, N. C, and paid and discharged from the service at Chicago, July

10, 1865.

Ninety-third Infantry.

Organized at Chi-

cago, in September, 1862, and mustered in, Oct. It participated in the movements 13. 998 strong.

against Jackson and Vicksburg, and was engarged at Cliampiou Hills and at Fort Fisher; also was

engaged in Dallas,

the

battles

Resaca, and

follovcing

Carolinas.

of

Missionary Ridge,

many minor engagements,

campaign though the Mustered out of service, June 23,

Sherman

in his

1865, and, on the 25th, arrived at Chicago, receiving final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865, the regiment having marched 3.554: miles, traveled by water, 3,296 miles, and, by railroad, 1,237

miles

—total,

6,087 miles.

Infantry. Organized at Ninety-fourth Bloomington in August, 1863, and enlisted wholly

McLean County. After some warm experi ence in Southwest Missouri, the regiment took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and was, later, actively engaged in the campaigns in Louisiana and Texas. It participated in the capture of Mobile, leading the final assault. After several months of garri.son duty, the regiment was mustered out at Galveston, Texas, on July 17, 1865, reaching Bloomington on August 9, following, havingserved just three years, marched 1,200 in

traveled by railroad 010 miles, and, by steamer, 6,000 miles, and taken part in nine liattles, sieges and skirmishes. miles,

Ninety-fifth Infantry. Organized at Rockford and mu.stered into service, Sept. 4, 1802. It was recruited from the counties of McHenry and Boone three companies from the latter and seven from the former. It took part in the campaigns in Northern Mississippi and against Vicksburg. ill the Red River expedition, the campaigns

—

against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against Mobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles in which the regiment was engaged were those of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond,

Champion

Fort de Russey, Old River, Mansura, Yellow Bayou, Guntown,

Hills,

Cloutierville,

Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely,

Kenesaw

Mountain, Chattahoochie River, Atlanta, Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nashville. The distance traveled by the regiment, while in the service, was 9,960 miles. It was transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infantry,

August

25, 1865.

Ninety-sixth Infantry. Recruited during the months of July and August, 1862, and mustered into service, as a regiment, Sept. 6, 1863. The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson, Spring Hill. Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap,

Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kingston, New Hope Church, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Rough and Ready, Jonesboro, Lovejoy "s Station, Franklin and Nashville. Its date of final pay and discharge was June 30, 1865. Ninety-seventh Infantry. Organized in August and September, 1863, and mustered in on Sept. 16 participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson and Mobile. On July 29, 1865, it was mustered out and proceeded homeward, reaching Springfield, August 10, after an absence of three years, less a Shelbyville,

;

few days. Ninety-eighth Infantry. Organized at CenSeptember, 1863, and mustevccl in, Sept. 3; took part in engagements at 'liickaiiiiiuj;:!, McMinnville, Farmington and Si-lma, Ih-IiI.s many others of less note. It was mustered out, June tralia,

(

37, 1805, the recruits being transferred to the Illinois Volunteers. The regiment arrived at Springfield, June 30, and received final discharge, July 1865. and payment 7,

Sixty-first

Ninety-ninth Infantry'. Organized in Pike County and mustered in at Florence, August 23, 1862; participated in the following battles and skirmishes; Hills,

Beaver Creek, Hartsville, Magnolia Hills. Black River,

Raymond, Champion

Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Esperanza, Grand Coteau, Fish River, Spanish Fort and Blakely: days under fire, 62; miles traveled, 5,900; men killed in battle, 38; men died of wounds and disease, 149; men discharged for disability, 127;

men

deserted, 35;

officers

killed

in

battle.

3;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. officers died, 3; officers resigned, 3G.

The

regi-

ment was mustered out 1865,

and paid

at Baton Rouge, July 31, and discharged, August 9,

ofiE

following.

ton, D.

C, June

few days

later,

received final discharge at Chicago.

One Hundred and Fifth Infantry.

Mus-

3, 1863, at Dixon, and the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing; also took pai-t in the "March to the Sea" and the campaign in the Carolinas, including the siege of Savannah and the battles of Averysboro and

Infantry. Organized at Joliet, in August, 1863, and mustered in, August The entire regiment was recruited in Will 30. County. It was engaged at Bardstown, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Nashville was liustered out of service, June 13,

participated

1865, at Nashville, Tenn.,

and arrived at Chicago, received final payment and

Bentonville.

June

ton.

;

where

it

discharge.

One Hundred and First Infantry,

Organ-

ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the

month of August, was mustered in.

1863, and,

It participated in

payment and discharge. .\nd Third Infantry.

One Hundred

Re-

took part in the Grierson raid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jackson, Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain and Griswoldsville was also in the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, June 31, and received final discharge at Chicago. July 9, 1865. The original strength of the regiment was 808, and 84 recruits were It

:

enlisted.

One Hundred and Fourth Infantry. Organized at Ottawa, in August, 1863,

and composed

almost entirely of La Salle County men. The regiment was engaged in the battles of Hartsville, Chickamauga. Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge. Resaca, Peach Tree Creek, Utoy Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville, besides many severe skirmishes was mustered out at Washing;

Washingand dis-

off

Mus-

tered

gamon and Menard

cruited wholly in Fulton County, and mustered 1863.

at

New Hope

1863,

,

3,

It was mustered out C, June 7, 1865, and paid

D.

charged at Chicago, June 17. One Hundred and Sixth Infantry.

the battles

3,

Church, Kenesaw and Pine Mountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Bentonville. On Dec. 30, 1863, five companies were captured at Holly Springs, Miss., paroled and sent to Jefferson Barracks, Mo. and formally exchanged in June. 1863. On the Tth of June, 1865, it was mustered out, and started for Springfield, where, on the 31st of June, it was paid off and disbanded. One Hundred and Second Infantry. Organized at Knoxville, in August, 1863, and mustered It was engaged at Resaca, in, September 1 and 3. Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory, Big Shanty, Peach Tree Creek and Averysboro; mustered out of service June 6, 1865, and started home, arriving at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14, received

into the service, Oct.

in

into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18, 1863, eight of the ten companies having been recruited in Logan County, the other two being from San-

on Sept.

of Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resaca,

final

563

1865, and. a

tered into service, Sept.

One Hundredth

15,

6.

Counties. It aided in the defense of Jackson, Tenn., where Company paroled, being exchanged in the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and performed service at various points in Arkansas. It was mustered out, July 13, 1865, at Pine Bluff, Ark., and arrived at Springfield, July 34, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge

"C

was captured and

One Hundred and Seventh Infantry. tered into service at Springfield, Sept.

was composed

of six companies

Mus-

4,

1863;

from DeWitt and

four companies from Piatt County. It was engaged at Campbeirs Station, Dandridge, Rocky-Face Ridge. Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin, Nashville and Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 31, 1865, at Salisbury, N. C, reaching Springfield, for final payment and discharge, July 3, 1865. One Hundred and Eighth Infantry-. Organized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August 38,

1863

;

took part in the

first

expedition against

Vicksburg and in the battles of Arkansas Post (Fort Hindman), Port Gibson and Champion Hills; in the capture of Vicksburg, the battle of

Guutown, the reduction of Spanish Fort, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicksburg, August 5, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, August 11. One Hundred and Ninth Infantry. Recruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and mustered into the

service, Sept. 11, 1863.

Owing

number being greatly reduced, it was consolidated with the Eleventh Infantry in April, 1863. (See Eleventh Infantry.) to its

One Hundred and Tenth Infantry. OrganAnna and mustered in, Sept. 11, 1863; was

ized at

IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

564

engaged at Stone Rirer, Woodbury, and in numerous skirmishes in Kentucky and Tennessee. In Maj-, 1863, the regiment was consolidated, its numbers having been greatly reduced. Subseit participated in the battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, the battles around Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas, being present at Johnston's surrender. The regiment was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 5, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, June 15. The enlisted men whose term of service had not expired at date of muster-out,

quently

were consolidated into four comiianies and transferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry.

One Hu.vdred

Eleventh Infantry.

Recruited from Marion, Clay, Washington, Clinton and Wayne Counties, and mustered into the servThe regiment aided ice at Salem, Sept. 18, 1863. in the capture of Decatur, Ala. took part in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro participated in the "March to the Sea'" and the campaign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles of Fort McAllister and Bentouville. It was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 7, 1865, receiving final discharge at Springfield, June 37. having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 was on tlie march. .\nd

;

:

One Hundred and Twelfth Infantry. tered into service

at

Peoria, Sept. 20

Mus-

and

23,

participated in the campaign in East Tennessee, under Burnside, and in that against 1862

:

Atlanta, under Sherman; was also engaged in the battles of Columbia, Franklin and Nashville, and the capture of Fort Anderson and WilmingIt was mustered out at Goldsboro, N. C, ton. June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago,

July

7,

1865.

One Hundred and Thirteenth Infantry'. Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front, 1862; was engaged in the Tallahatchie 6,

Left Nov.

expedition, participated in the battle of Chickasaw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prisoners

and

recruit.

The regiment

also took part in

the siege and oaptm-e of Vicksburg, was mustered out, June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, five days later.

One Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry. Organized in July and August, 1862, and mustered 18, being recruited from The regiCass, Menard and Sangamon Counties. ment participated in the battle of Jackson (Miss.), the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and in the

in at Springfield, Sept.

battles of

Guntown and

Harrisville. the pursuit

of Price through Missouri, tlie battle of Nashville, and the capture of Mobile. It v.-as mustered out at Vicksburg, August 3, 1865, receiving final payment and discharge at Springfield. August 15, 1865.

One

Hundred and Fifteenth

Infantry-.

Ordered to the front from Springfield, Oct. 4, 1862 was engaged at Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Resaca and in all the principal battles of the Atlanta campaign, and in the defense of Nashville and pursuit of Hood; was mustered out of service, June 11, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, June ;

23, 1865, at Springfield.

One Hundred and Sixteenth Infantry'. Recruited almost wliolly from Macon County, numbering 980 ofScers and men when it started from Decatur for the front on Nov. 8, 1862. It participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Stone Mountain, Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and was mustered out, June 7, 1865, near Washington, D. C.

One Hundred and Seventeenth Infantry. Orgaaized at Springfield, and mustered in, Sept. 19, 1862; participated in the Meridian camimign, the Red River expedition (as.sisting in the capture of Fort de Russey), and in the battles of Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Franklin, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865. liaving traveled 9,276 miles, 2,307 of which were marched. One Hundred and Eighteenth

Inf.4.ntry.

and mustered into the service at was engaged at Chicka7, 1862 saw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Jackson (Miss.), Grand Coteau, Jackson (La. ), and Amite River. The regiment was mounted, Oct. 11, 1863, and dismounted. May 23, 1865. Oct. 1, 1865, it was mustered out, and finally discharged, Oct. 13. At the date of the muster-in, the regiment numbered 830 men and oflBcers, received 283 recruits, Organized

Springfield, Nov.

;

total of 1,103; at muster-out it numbered 523. Distance marched, 2,000 miles; total distance traveled, 5,700 miles.

making a

One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, in September, 1862, and was mustered into the United States service, October 10; was engaged in the Red River campaign and in the battles of Shreveport, Yellow Bayou. Tupelo, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Blakely.

Its

muster-out

final

Mobile, August

26,

took place at 1865, and its discharge at

Springfield.

One Hundred

a>'d

Twentiety Infantry.

Mustered into the service, Oct. 28, 1862, at Springwas mustered out, Sept. 7, 1865, and received final paj-ment and discharge, September 10, at

field

;

Springfield.

Hundred and Twenty-first Infan-

One

try. (The organization of this regiment was not completed.)

One Hundred and Twenty-second Infantry.

Organized at Carlinville, in August,

1862,

and mustered into the service, Sept. 4, with 960 enlisted men. It participated in the battles of Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakelj-, and was mu.stered out, Julj' 15, 1865, at Mobile, and finally discharged at Springfield, August 4.

One Hundred and Twenty-third

InfanMustered into service at Mattoon, Sept. 6, 1862; participated in the battles of Perry ville, Milton, Hoover's Gap, and Farmington also took part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching try.

;

and fighting as infantry. Later, it ser\-ed as mounted infantry in Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the capture of Selma. The regiment was discharged at Springfield, July 11, 1865 the recruits, whose terms had not expired, being transferred to the as cavalry

—

Volunteer Infantry.

Sixty-first

One Hundred and Twenty-fourth InfanMustered into the service, Sept. 10, 1862, at Springfield took part in the Vicksburg campaign and in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond and Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the capture of Mobile. On the 16th of August, 1865, eleven days less than three years after the first try.

;

company went into camp at Springfield, the regiment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel Howe's history of the battle-flag of the regiment, stated that

it

had been borne

4,

100 miles, in four-

teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of forty-seven days and nights, and thirteen days

and

nights, respectively.

One Hundred and Twenty-fifth try.

Mustered into service, Sept.

3,

Infan-

1862; par-

Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and in the "March to the Sea'' and the Carolina campaign, being engaged at Averysboro and Bentonville. It was mustered out at "Washington, D. C, June 9, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago. ticipated

in the battles of

Perryville,

565

Hundred and Twenty-sixth Infan-

One

try. Organized at Alton and mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg. Six companies were engaged in skirmish line, near Humboldt, Tenn., and the regiment took part in the capture of Little Rock and in the fight at Clarendon, Ark. It was mustered out July 12, 1865. One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Infantry. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 6, 1862; took part in tlie first campaign against Vicksburg, and in the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksbui-g under Grant, the capture of Jackson (Miss.), the battles of MissionaryRidge and Lookout Mountain, the Meridian raid,, and in the fighting at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro; also accompanied Sherman in his march through Georgia and the Carolinas, taking part in the battle of Bentonville was mustered out at Chicago. June ;

17, 1865.

One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Infantry.

Mustered

in,

Dec.

18, 1862,

in service less than five months,

but remained

when,

its

num-

ber of officers and men having been reduced from 860 to 161 (largely by desertions), a number of oflScers were dismissed, and the few remaining officers and men were formed into a detachment, and transferred to another Illinois regiment. One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Infantry. Organized at Pontiao, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service Sept. 8. Prior to May, 1864, the regiment was chiefly engaged in garrison duty. It marched with Sherman in the Atlanta campaign and through Georgia and the Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Resaca, Buzzard's Roost, Lost Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Bentonville. It received final pay and discharge at Chica'-o, June 10, 1865. One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Oct. 25, 1862 was engaged at Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Vicksburg, Jackson (Miss.), and in the Red River expedition. While on this expedition almost the entire regiment was captured at the battle of Mansfield, and not paroled until near the close of the war. The remaining officers and men were ;

consolidated with the Seventy-seventh Infantry in January, 1865, and participated in the capture of Mobile. Six months later its regimental reorganization, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth,

was ordered. It was mustered out at New Orleans, August 15, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, August 31.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hundred and Thirty-first IxfaxOrganized in September, 1S02, and mustered into the service, Nov. 13, with 815 men, exclusive of officers. In October, 1863, it was consolidated with the Twenty -ninth Infantry, and ceased to exist as a separate organization. Up to that time the regiment had been in but a few conflicts and in no pitched battle. One Hundred and Thirty-second Infantry. Organized at Chicago and mustered in for The regiment re100 days from June 1, 1864. mained on duty at Paducah until the expiration OxE

TRY.

of its service,

was mustered

when

it

moved

to Chicago,

and

out, Oct. IT, 1864.

One Hundred

Thirty-third Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in for one hundred days, May 31, 1864; was engaged during its term of service in guarding prisoners of war at Rock Island; was mustered out, Sept. 4, 1864,

at

Camp

and

Butler.

One Hundred and Thirty'-fourth try'.

Inf.^^'-

Organized at Chicago and mustered

in,

31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garrison duty at Columbus, Ky., and mustered out of service, Oct. 25, 1864, at Chicago.

May

Hundred and Thirty-fifth InfanMustered in for 100-days" service at Mattoon, June 6, 1864, having a strength of 853 men. It was chiefly engaged, dm-ing its term of service, in doing garrison duty and guarding railroads. It was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 28, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Inf.\nTRY. Enlisted about the first of May, 1864, for 100 days, and went into camp at Centralia, 111., but was not mustered into service until June 1, One

try.

Its principal service was garrison duty, with occasional scouts and raids amongst At the end of its term of service the regiment re-enlisted for fifteen days; was mus-

following.

guerrillas.

tered out at Springfield, Oct. charged eight days later

33, 1864,

and

dis-

.^'d

,

One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Inf.\ntry Organized at Quincy, and mustered in, 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garrison duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and in Western Missouri. It was mustered out of serv-

June

ice at Springfield, lU., Oct. 14. 1864.

try.

Hundred and

One Hundred Organized as a

and

lOO-daj's'

Fourtieth

Inf.4_ntr\'.

regiment, at Springfield,

and mustered into service on that date. The regiment was engaged in guarding railroads between Memphis and Holly Springs, and in garrison dutj' at Memphis. After the term of enlistment had expired and the regiment had June

18, 1864,

been mustered out, it aided in the pursuit of General Price through Missouri was finally discharged at Chicago, after serving about five ;

months

One Hundred and Forty-first InfanMustered into service as a lOO-days' regiment, at Elgin. June 16, 1864 strength, 843 men; departed for the field, June 27, 1864; was mustry.

—

tered out at Chicago, Oct.

10, 1864.

One Hundred try.

and Forty'-second Inf.^Organized at Freeport as a battalion of

Camp Butler, where two companies were added and the regiment mustered into service for 100 days, Jime 18, 1804. It was ordered to Jlemphis, Tenn. five days later, and assigned to duty at White's Station, eleven miles from that city, where it was employed in guarding the Memphis & Charleston railroad. It was mustered out at Chicago, on Oct, 27, 1864, the men having voluntarily served one month beyond their term of enlistment. One Hundred and Forty'-third InfanOrganized at Mattoon, and mustered in, try*. June 11, 1864, for 100 days. It was assigned to garrison duty, and mustered out at Mattoon, eight companies, and sent to

,

One Hundred .a.nd Forty-fourth InfanOrganized at Alton, in 1864, as a one-year regiment; was mustered into the service, Oct. 21, It was mustered its strength being 1,159 men. out, July 14, 1865.

try'.

Hundred and Forty-fifth Inf.\nMustered into service at Springfield, June strength, 880 men. It departed for the 9, 1864 field, June 12, 1864; was mustered out, Sept. 23, One

field. 111.. Sept. 4, 1864.

One

ing been in the service nearly five months.

Sept. 26, 1864.

Thirty-seventh Infantry. Organized at Quincy, with ex-Gov. John "Wood as its Colonel, and mustered in, June 5, Was on duty at Memphis, 1864, for 100 days. Tenn and mustered out of service at Spring-

One Hundred

1, 1864; was engaged in Columbus and Cairo, in making reprisals for guerrilla raids, and in the pursuit of the Confederate General Price in Missom-i. The latter service was rendered, at the President's request, after the term of enlistment had expired. It was mustered out at Peoria, Oct. 25, 1804, hav-

ment, at Peoria, June

garrison duty at

Thirty-ninth

Inf.\.n-

Mustered into service as a 100-day's

regi-

try.

;

1864.

One

Hundred

.\nd

Forty-sixth

Infan-

try. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 18, 1804, for one year. Was assigned to the duty of guarding drafted men at Brighton, Quincy, Jacksonville

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and

Springfleld,

July

and mustered out at

Springfield,

5, 18(3o.

Sjjringfield

One Hundred

.i_\d

Forty-seventh

Inf.ajn-

where

it

charged at

4,

1865, it

received final discharge at Springfield, Feb.

to

Camp

OxE

Hundred and

Forty-eighth

4.

Infan-

try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 31, 1865, for the term of one year was assigned to garrison and guard duty and mustered out, Sept. 5, 1865, ;

at Nashville, 9,

Teun arrived at Springfield, Sept. was paid off and discharged. Forty-ninth Infan;

1865, where it

One try.

Hundred and

Organized at Springfield, Feb.

11,

1865,

and mustered in for one year; was engaged in garrison and guard duty mustered out, Jan. 27, 1866, at Dalton, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fiftieth Infantry. Organized at Springfleld, and mustered in, Feb. 14, 1865. for one year; was on duty in Tennessee and Georgia, guarding railroads and garrisoning towns. It was mustered out, Jan. 16, 1866, at Atlanta, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge. ;

One Hundred

an'd

Fifty-first

Infantry.

regiment was organized at Quiuc}', 111., and mustered into the United States service, Feb. 23, 1865, and was composed of companies from various parts of the State, recruited, under the call of Deo. 19. 1864. It was engaged in guard duty, with a few guerrilla skirmishes, and was present at the surrender of General Warford's army, at Kingston, Ga. was mustered out at Columbus, Ga., Jan. 24, 1866, and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and This

;

discharge. Feb.

8,

1866.

Hundred .and Fifty-second Inf.vnOrganized at Springfield and mustered in, Feb. 18, 1865, for one year; was mustered out of service, to date Sept. 11, at Memphis, Tenn., and One

try'.

arrived at Camp Butler, Sept. 9, 1865. where received final payment and discharge.

One Hundred

it

and

Fifty'-third Infantry. Organized at Chicago, and mustered in, Feb. 27, 1865, for one year; was not engaged in

any battles. It was mustered out, Sept. 15, 1865, and moved to Springfleld, 111., and, Sept. 24, received final pay and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Inf.anTRY. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for one year. Sept. 18, 1865, the regiment was

One

for

final

payment and discharge, was paid oft and dis-

arrived, Sept. 22;

Organized at Chicago, and mustered into service for one year, Feb. 18 and 19, 1865; was engaged chiefly on guard or garrison duty, in scouting and in skirmishing with guerrillas. Mustered out at Nashville, Jan. 22, 1866, and TRY.

567

mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., and ordered to

Camp Butler, Sept. 29. Hundred aud Fifty-fifth

Infan-

Organized at Springfield and mustered in Feb. 28, 1865, for one year, 904 strong. On Sept.

try.

was mustered out of service, and moved Butler, where it received final pay and

discharge.

One

Hundred and Fifty-sixth InfanOrganized and mustered in durin.g the of February and March, 1865, from the northern counties of the State, for the term of one year. The officers of the regiment have left no written record of its history, but its service seems to have been rendered chiefly in Tennessee in the neighborhood of Memphis, Nashville and Chattanooga. Judging by the muster-rolls of the Adjutant-General, the regiment would appear to have been greatly depleted by desertions and otherwise, the remnant being flnally mustered try-.

months

out, Sept. 20, 1865.

—

First Cavalry. Organized consisting of seven companies, A, B, C, D, E, F and G at Alton, in 1861, and mustered into the United States service, July 3. After some service in Missouri, the regiment participated in the battle of Lexington, in that State, and was surrendered, with the remainder of the garrison, Sept. 20, 1861. The officers were paroled, and the men sworn not to take up arms again until discharged. No exchange having been effected in November, the non-commissioned officers and privates were ordered to Springfleld and discharged. In June, 1863, the regiment was reorganized at Benton Barracks, Mo., being afterwards employed in guarding supply trains and supply depots at various points. Mustered out, at Benton Barracks, July 14, 1862. Second Cavalry-. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, August 13, 1861, with Company M (which joined the regiment some months later), numbering 47 commissioned officers and 1,040 enlisted men. This number was increased by recruits and re-enlistments, during its four and a half year's term of service, to 3,336 It enlisted men and 145 commissioned officers. was engaged at Belmont a portion of the regiment took part in the battles at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and Shiloh, another portion at Merri weather's Ferry, Bolivar and Holly Springs, and participated in the investment of Vicksburg. In January, 1864, the major part of the regiment

—

;

re-enlisted as veterans, later, participating in the

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

56S

Red River expedition and the investment of Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at San Antonio, Tex., Nov. 22, 1865, and linally paid and discharged at Springfield, Jan.

Third Cavalry. panies,

3,

Composed

1866.

of

twelve com-

localities in the State, the

from various

gi-and total of

company officers and

under the

organization, being 1,433.

first

enlisted

men,

It

was

organized at Springfield, in August, 1861 participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Haines' Bluff, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg. In July, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re;

The remainder were mustered out, Sept. 5, 1864. The veterans participated in tlie repulse of Forrest, at Mempliis, and in the

enlisted as veterans.

Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, Campbellsand Franklin. From May to October, I860, engaged in service against the Indians in the Northwest The regiment was mustered out at

battles of ville

Springfield, Oct. 18,

186.5.

Fourth

Cavalry. Mustered into service, and participated in the battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Shiloli; in the siege of Corinth, and in many engagements of less historic note was mustered out at Springfield in November, 1864. By order of the "War Department, of June 18, 1865, the members of the regiment wliose terms had not expired, were conSept. 26, 1861,

;

solidated with the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry. Fifth Cavalry. Organized at Camp Butler,

November, 1861 took part in the Meridian and the expedition against Jackson, Miss., in numerous minor expeditions, doing effective work at Canton, Grenada, Woodville, and

in

;

raid

and

other points. On Jan. 1, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re-enli.sted as veterans. Its final muster-out took place, Oct. 27, 1865, and it received final payment and discharge, October 80.

Sixth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, Nov. 19, 1861 participated in Sherman's advance upon Grenada in the Grierson raid through Mississippi and Louisiana, the siege of Port Hudson, the battles of Moscow (Tenn), West Point (Miss.), Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans, March 30, 1864; was mustered out at Selma, Ala., Nov. 5, 1865, and received discharge, November ;

;

20, at Springfield.

Se\t;nth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, and was mustered into service, Oct. 13, 1861. It participated in the battles of Farmington, luka, in Grierson's raid Corinth (second battle) ;

and Louisiana; in the enand the investment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864, 288 through Mississippi

gagement

at Plain's Store (La.),

officers

and men

re-enlisted

The

as veterans.

nun-veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the entire regiment took part in the battle of Franklin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed in Alabama and Mississippi, until the latter part of October, 1865 was mustered out at Nashville, and finally discharged at Springfield, Nov. 17, ;

1865.

Eighth Cavalry. Organized at St. Charles, and mustered in, Sept. 18, 1861. The regito Virginia, and participated

111.,

ment was ordered

in the general advance on Manassas in March,

was engaged

1862;

at

Mechanicsville,

Gaines'

Malvern Hill, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Middletown, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Sulphur Springs, Warrenton, Rapidan Station, Northern Neck, Gettysburg, Williamsburg, Funkstown, Falling Water, Chester Gap Sandy Hook, Culpepper, Brandy Station, and in many raids and skirmishes. It was mustered out of service at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 17, 1865, and ordered to Chicago, where it received Hill,

payment and discharge. Ninth Cavalry Organized at Chicago, in autumn of 1861, and mustered in, November 30 was engaged at Coldwater, Grenada, Wyatt, Saulsbury, Moscow, Guntown, Pontotoc, Tupelo,

final

the ;

Old

Town

Creek, Hurricane Creek, Lawrence-

Campellsville, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, March 16, 1864; was mustered out of service at Selma, Ala., Oct. 31, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where the men received final payment and discharge. Tenth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield in the latter part of September, 1861, and mustered into service, Nov. 25, 1861; was engaged at Prairie

burg,

Grove,

Cotton

Plant,

Arkansas Post,

in

the

expedition, at Richmond (La.), Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Bayou La Fourche and Little Rock. In February, 1864, a large

Yazoo Pass

the regiment re-enlisted as veternon-veterans accompanying General Red River expedition. On Jan. 27, 1865, the veterans, and recruits were consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, and all reorganized under the name of the Tenth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Cavalry. Mustered out of service at San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 22, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1866. Eleventh Cavalry. Robert G. Ingersoll of Peoria, and Basil D. Meeks, of Woodford County, obtained permission to raise a regiment of cavalry, and recruiting commenced in October, 1861. The regiment was recruited from the counties of Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Woodford,

portion of ans,

the

Banks

in his

569

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. Marshall, Stark, Knox, Henderson and Warren; was mustered into the service at Peoria, Dec. 20, 1861,

and was

first

under

fire

at Shiloh.

It also

took part in the raid in the rear of Corinth, and in the battles of Bolivar, Corinth (second battle), luka, Lexington and Jackson (Tenn.); in Mcpherson's expedition to Canton and Sherman's Meridian raid, in the relief of Yazoo Git}', and in numerous less important raids and skirmishes. Most of the regiment re-enUsted as veterans in December, 1863; the non-veterans being mustered out at Memphis, in the autumn of 1864. The veterans were mustered out at the same place, Sept. 30, 1865, and discharged at Springfield,

October

20.

Twelfth Cavalry.

Organized at Springfield, and remained there guarding

in February, 1863, rebel prisoners until

June

25,

when

it

was was

It to Martinsburg, Va. at Fredericksburg, Williamsport, Falling Waters, the Rapidan and Stevensburg. On Nov. 26, 1863, the regiment was relieved from service and ordered home to reorganize as veterans. Subsequently it joined Banks in the Red River expedition and in Davidson's expedition against Mobile. While at Memphis the Twelfth Cavalry

mounted and sent engaged

was consoUdated into an eight-company organization, and the Fourth Cavalry, having previously been consolidated into a battalion of five comThe panies, was consolidated with the Twelfth. consolidated regiment was mustered out at Houston, Texas, May 29, 1866, and, on June 18, received final pay and discharge at Springfield. Thirteenth Cavalry. Organized at Chicago, in December, 1861; moved to the front from

Benton Barracks, Mo., in February, 1863, and was engaged in the following battles and skirmishes (all in Missouri and Arkansas) Putnam's Ferry, Cotton Plant, Union City (twice). Camp Pillow, Bloomfield (first and second battles). Van Buren, Allen, Eleven Point River, Jackson, White River, Chalk Bluff, Bushy Creek, near Helena, Grand Prairie, White River, Deadman's ;

Lake, Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Austin, Little Rock, Benton, Batesville, Pine Bluff, Arkadelphia, Okolona, Little Missouri River, Prairie du Anne, Camden, Jenkins' Ferry, Cross Roads,

Mount Elba, Douglas Landing and Monticello. The regiment was mustered out, August 31, 1865, and received final pay and discharge at Springfield, Sept. 13, 1865.

Mustered into service January and February, 1863; parCumberland Gap, in the defense of Knoxville and the pursuit of Long-

Fourteenth Cavalry.

at Peoria, in

ticipated in the battle of

street, in the

engagements

at

Bean Station and and in the cavalry

Dandridge, in the Macon raid, In the latter Genbattle at Sunshine Church. eral Stoneman surrendered, but the Fourteenth the men were retreat their On way out. its cut betrayed by a guide and the regiment badly cut hunted by being escaping those scattered, and up

with bloodhounds. Later, it was engaged Waynesboro and in the battles of Franklin and and was mustered out at Nashville, July 31, 1865, having marched over 10,000 miles, exclusive of duty done by detachments. Fifteenth Cavalry. Composed of companies

soldiers

at

Nashville,

originally independent, attached to infantry regiments and acting as such; participated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the

and capture of Corinth. Regimental organization was effected in the spring of 1863, and thereafter it was engaged chiefly in scouting and post duty. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 35, 1864, the recruits (whose term of service had not expired) being consolidated with

siege

the Tenth Cavalry.

Sixteenth Cavalry.

Comiwsed principally

men—Thieleman's and Schambeck's Cavalry Companies, raised at the outset of the war, forming the nucleus of the regiment. The former served as General Sherman's body-guard Captain Thieleman was made a for some time. Major and authorized to raise a battalion, the two companies named thenceforth being known In September, 1862, as Thieleman's Battahon. the War Department authorized the extension of

of Chicago

the battalion to a regiment, and, on the 11th of June, 1863, the regimental organization was comIt took part in the East Tennessee campleted. paign, a portion of the regiment aiding in the defense of Knoxville, a part garrisoning Cumberand Gap, and one battalion being captured by Longstreet. The regiment also participated in the battles of Rocky Face Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Kingston, Cassville, Carterville,

AUatoona,

Kenesaw,

Lost

Moimtain,

Mines

Ridge, Powder Springs, Chattahoochie, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. It arrived in Chicago, August 23, 1865, for final payment and discharge, having marched about 5,000 miles and engaged in thirty-one battles, besides numer-

ous skirmishes.

Mustered into servJanuary and February, 1864; aided in the City, Mo., and was Jefferson repulse of Price at engaged at Booneville, Independence, Mine

Seventeenth Cavalry.

ice in

Creek, and Fort Scott, besides doing garrison duty, scouting and raiding. It was mustered

;

niSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

570

out in November and December, I8G0, at Leavenworth, Kan. Gov. John L. Beveridge, who had previously been a Captain and Major of the Eighth Cavahy, was the Colonel of this regi-

ment. First Light Artillery. Consisted of ten batteries. Battery A was organized under the first call for State troops, April 21, 1861, but not mustered into the three years' service until July 16; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the Atlanta campaign; was in reserve at Champion Hills and Nashville, and mustered out July o, 1865, at Chicago. Battery

B was

organized in April, 1861,

en-

gaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the and at La Grange, Holly Springs, Memphis, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmond (La.), the Atlanta campaign and the battle of Nashville. The Battery was reorganized by consolidation with Battery A, and mustered out at Chicago, July 3, 1865. siege of Corinth

Battery D was organized at Cairo, Sept. 2, 1861 was engaged at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh, and mustered out, July 28, 1865, at Chicago. Batterj' E was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into service, Dec. 19, 1861 was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Jackson, Vicksburg, Guntown, Pontotoc, Tupelo and Nashville, and mus;

tered out at Louisville, Dec.

24, 1864.

Battery F was recruited at Dixon and mustered in at Springfield, Feb. 25, 1862. It took part in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition, and was consolidated with the other batteries in the regiment, March 7, 1865. Battery G was organized at Cairo and mustered in Sept. 28, 1861 was engaged in the siege and the second battle of Corinth, and mustered out at Springfield, July 24, 1865. Battery H was recruited in and about Chicago, during January and February, 1862; participated in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg, and in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the Sea," and through the Carolinas with Sherman. Battery I was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered in, Feb. 10, 1862; was engaged at Shiloh, in the Tallahatchie raid, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the battles of ;

Chattanooga

March

and Vicksburg It veteranized, and was mustered out, July 26,

17, 1864,

mustered

of Knoxvilte.

manider at Chicago in July. Battery M was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into the service, August 12, 1862, for three years. It served through the Chickamauga campaign, being engaged at Chickamauga; also was engaged at Missionary Ridge, was besieged at Chattanooga, and took part in all the important battles of the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out at Chicago, July 24, 1864, having traveled 3,102 miles and been under fire 178 days. Second Light Artillery. Consisted of nine batteries. Battery A was organized at Peoria, and mustered into service, May 23, 1861 served in Missouri and Arkansas, doing brilliant work at Pea Ridge. It was mustered out of service at ;

Springfield, July 27, 1865.

Battery

K was organized in,

Jan.

9,

at

Shawneetown and

1862, participated in

Burn-

D was organized at Cairo,

into service in December, 1861

;

and mustered was engaged at

Fort

Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksbxrrg, Jackson, Jleridian and Decatur, and mustered out at Louisville, Nov. 21, 1864. Battery E was organized at St. Louis, Mo., in August, 1861, and mustered into service, August It was engaged at Fort Donel20, at that point. son and Shiloh, and in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition was consolidated with Battery A. Battery F was organized at Cape Girardeau, Mo., and mustered in, Dec. 11, 1861; was engaged at Shiloh, in the siege and second battle of Corinth, and the Meridian campaign; also It was at Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro. mustered out, July 27, 1865, at Springfield. Battery was organized at Springfield, December, 1861, and mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861; was engaged at Fort Donelson and in the siege of Fort Pillow; veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, was mounted as cavalry the following summer, and mustered out at Springfield, July 29, 1865. Battery I was recruited in 'Will County, and mustered into service at Camp Butler, Dec. 31, 1861. It participated in the siege of Island No. 10, in the advance upon Cornith, and in the

—

H

Chickamauga, Lookout and Chattanooga. marched with Sherman to Atlanta, and thence to Savannah and through the Carolinas, and was mustered out at battles

Perryville,

of

Mountain, Missionary Ridge It veteranized,

Jan.

1,

1864,

Springfield.

Battery

1863.

Battery

campaign in Tennessee, and in tlie capture Part of the men were mustered out at Springfield in June, 1865, and the reside's

K

was organized at Springfield and 31, 1863; was engaged at Fort and the

mustered in Dec.

Pillow, the capture of Clarkston, Mo.,

IIISTOlilCAL siege of Vioksburg. 14, 1865,

in,

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

was mustered

out,

July

at Chicago.

Battery tered

It

L was Feb.

organized at Chicago and musparticipated in the ad-

28, 1862;

vance on Corintli, the battle of Hatchie and the advance on the Tallahatchie, and was mustered out at Chicago, August

9, 186.5.

M

Battery was organized at Chicago, and mustered in at Springfield, June, 1862 was engaged at Jonesboro, Blue Spring, Bloimtsville and ;

being finally consolidated other batteries of the regiment. Bogersville,

with

Chicago Board of Trade Battery.

Organized through the efforts of the Chicago Board of Trade, which raised §15,000 for its equipment, within fortj'-eight hours. It was mustered into service, August 1, 1862, was engaged at Lawrenceburg, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Chickamauga, Farmington, Decatur (Ga.), Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Nashville, Selma and Columbus (Ga. ) It was mustered out at Chicago, June 30, 1865, and paid in full, July 3, having marched

ILLINOIS.

571

advance on Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg, the battle of Missionary Ridge, and tlie capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, near Mobile. The i-egiment was mustered out at Springfield, August 14, 1865, having served three years and nine months, marched over 7, .500 miles, and participated in seven sieges and battles. Sturges Rifles. An independent company, organized at Chicago, armed, equipped and subsisted for nearly two months, by the patriotic generosity of Mr. Solomon Sturges was mustered into service. May 6, 1861 in June following, was ;

;

ordered

to

West

Virginia, serving

as

body-

guard of General McClellan; was engaged at Rich Mountain, in the siege of Yorktown, and in the seven days' battle of the Chiokahominy. A portion of the company was at Antietam, the remainder having been detached as foragers, It was mustered out at Washington, scouts, etc. Nov.

25, 1862.

WAR, THE

SPANISH - AMERICAN.

The

6,268 miles

oppressions and misrule which had characterized the administration of affairs by the Spanish

scouts, reconnoissances or outpost duty.

Government and its agents for generations, in the Island of Cuba, culminated, in April, 1898, in mutual declarations of war between Spain and the United States. The causes leading up to this

and traveled by rail 1,231 miles. The battery was in eleven of the hardest battles fought in the West, and in twenty-six minor battles, being in action forty-two times while on

Chicago Mercantile Battery. Recruited and organized under the auspices of the Mercantile Association, an association of prominent and patriotic

merchants of the City of Cliicago. It into service, August 29, 1862, at

was mustered

Camp

Douglas, participated in the Tallahatchie and Yazoo expeditions, the first attack upon Vicksburg, the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of "Vicksburg, the battles of Slagnolia Hills, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge and Jackson (Miss.); also took part in Banks' Red River expedition; was mustered out at Chicago, and received final payment, July 10, 1865, having traveled, by river, .sea and land, over 11,000 miles.

Sprixgfield

Light Artillery.

Recruited

principally from the cities of Springfield, Belle-

and Wenona, and mustered into service at Springfield, for the term of tliree years, August It 21, 1862, numbering 199 men and officers. participated in the capture of Little Rock and in the Red River expedition, and was mustered out at Springfield, 114 strong, June 30. 1865. Cogswell's Battery, Light Artillery. Organized at Ottawa, 111., and mustered in. Nov. ville

11,

1861, as

Company

ing

tlie

A

(Artillery) Fifty-third

Colonel Cushnian commandparticipated in the regiment. It

Illinois Volunteers,

were the injurious effects upon American commerce and the interests of American citizens owning property in Cuba, as well as the constant expense imposed upon the Government of the United States in the maintenance of a large navy result

along the South Atlantic coast to suppress filibustering, superadded to the friction and unrest produced among the people of this country by the long continuance of disorders and abuses so near to our own shores, which aroused the sympathy and indignation of the entire civilized world. For three years a large proportioii of the Cuban population had been in open rebellion against the Spanish Government, and, while the latter had imported a large army to the island and subjected the insurgents and their families and sympathizers to the grossest cruelties, not even excepting torture and starvation itself, their policy had failed to bring the insurgents into subjection or to restore order. In this condition of affairs the United States Government had endeavored, through negotiation, to secure a mitigation of the evils complained of, by a modification of the Spanish policy of government in the island but all suggestions in this direction had either been resented by Spain as unwarrantable interference in her affairs, or promises of reform, when made, had been as invariably broken. ;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

572

In the meantime an increasing sentiment had been growing up in the United States in favor of conceding belligerent rights to the Cuban insurgents, or the recognition of their independence, which foimd expression in measm-es proposed in Congress all offers of friendly intervention by

—

the United States having been rejected by Spain Compelled, at with evidences of indignation. last, to recognize its inability to subdue the insurrection, the Spanish Government, in November, 1897, made a pretense of tendering autonomy to the Cuban people, with the privilege of amnesty to the insurgents on laying down their arms. The long duration of the war and the outrages perpetrated upon the helpless "reooncentrados,"' coupled with the increased confidence of the insurgents in the final triumph of their cause, rendered this movement even if intended to be The carried out to the letter of no avail.

—

came

proffer

too late,

—

and was promptly

rejected.

In this condition of affairs and with a view to security for American interests, the American battleship Maine was ordered to Havana, on Jan. 24, 1898. It arrived in Havana Harbor the following day, and was anchored at a greater

point designated by the Spanish commander. On the night of February 15, following, it was blown

up and destroyed by some force, as shown by after investigation, applied from without. Of a crew of

3.5-1

men

belonging to the vessel at the time,

366 were either killed outright by the explosion,

Not only the Amerior died from their wounds. can people, but the entire civilized world, was shocked by the catastrophe. An act of horrible treachery had been perpetrated against an American vessel and its crew on a peaceful mission in the harbor of a professedly friendly nation.

The successive steps leading to actual ho.stiliwere rapid and eventful. One of the earliest and most significant of these was the passage, by a unanimous vote of both houses of Congress, on March 9, of an appropriation placing $50,000,000 in the hands of the President as an emergency fund for purposes of national defense. This was followed, two days later, by an order for the mobilization of the army. The more important events following this step were: An order, under date of April 5. withdrawing American consuls from Spanish stations the departure, on April 9, of Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee from Havana; April 19, the adoption by Congress of concurrent resolutions declaring Cuba independent and directing the President to use the land and naval forces of the United States to put an end to ties

:

Spanish authority in the island; April 20, the sending to the Spanish Government, by the President, of an ultimatum in accordance with ihis act; April 21, the delivery to Minister Woodford, at Madrid, of his passports without waiting for the presentation of the ultimatum, with the departure of the Spanish Minister from Washington April 23, the issue of a call by the President ;

for 125,000 volunters; April 24, the final declara-

war by Spain April 25, the adoption by Congress of a resolution declaring that war had on the same date an order to Admiral Dewey, in command of the Asiatic Squadron at Hongkong, to sail for Manila with a view to investing that city and blockading

tion of

;

existed from April 21

;

Philippine ports.

The chief events subsequent

to the declaration

war embraced the following: May 1, the destruction by Admiral Dewey's squadron of the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila; May 19, the arrival of the Spanish Admiral Cervera's fleet

of

Cuba; May 25, a second call by the President for 75,000 volunteers; July 3, the attempt of Cervera's fleet to escape, and its destruction off Santiago; July 17, the surrender of Santiago to the forces under General Shafter; July 30, the statement by the President, through the French Ambassador at Washington, of the terms on which the United States would consent to make peace August 9, acceptance of the peace terms by Spain, followed, three days later, by the signing of the peace protocol September 9, the appointment by the President of Peace Commissioners on the part of the United States; Sept. 18, the announcement of the Peace Commissioners selected bj' Spain; October 1, the beginning of the Peace Conference by the representatives of the two powers, at Paris, and the formal signing, on December 10, of the peace treaty, including the recognition by Spain of the freedom of Cuba, with the transfer to the United States of Porto Rico and her other West India islands, together with the surrender of the Philippines for a conat Santiago de

;

;

sideration of §20,000,000.

Seldom, if ever, in the history of nations have such vast and far-reaching results been accomThe war, plished within so short a period. which practically began with the destruction of the Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor an event which aroused the enthusiasm of the whole American people, and won the respect and admiration of other nations was practically ended by the surrender of Santiago and the declaration by the President of the conditions of Succeeding peace just three months later.

—

—

a

;

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. treaty,

up to the formal signing of the peace were uaerely the recognition of results

previously determined.

History of Illinois Regiments.—The part by Illinois in connection with these events be briefly summarized in the history of Illinois regiments and other organizations. Under pla3-ed

may the

first call

of the President for 135,000 volun-

—

seven of infantry and one assigned to Illinois, to which application through Governor Tanner, one battery of light artillery. The infantry regiments were made up of the Illinois National Guard, numbered consecutively from one to seven, and were practically mobilized at their home stations within forty-eight hours from the receipt of the call, and began to arrive at Camp Tanner, near Springfield, the place of rendezvous, on April 26, the day after the issue of the Governor's call. The record of Illinois troops is conspicuous for the promptness of their response and the completeness of their organization in this respect being unsurpassed by those of any other State. Under the call of May 25 for an additional force of 75,000 men, the quota assigned to Illinois was two regiments, which were promptlj' furnished, taking the names of the Eighth and Ninth. The first of these belonged to the Illinois National Guard, as the regiments mustered in under the first call had done, while the Ninth was one of a number of "Provisional Kegiments" which had tendered their services to the Government. Some twenty-five other regiments of this class, more or less complete, stood ready to perfect their organizations should there be occasion for their services. The aggregate strength of Illinois organizations at date of muster out from the United States service was 12,280 11,789 men and 491 teers, eight regim.ents

of cavah-y

—were

was subsequently added, on

—

—

officers.

First Eegimext Illinois Volunteers (originally Illinois National Guard) was organized at Chicago, and mustered into the United States service at Camp Tanner (Springfield), under the

command

of Col.

L. Turner, May 13, 1898 Camp Thomas (Chickamauga)

Henry

left Springfield for

May

assigned to First Brigade, Third Division, of the First Army Corps; started for Tampa, Fla., June 2, but soon after arrival there was transferred to Picnic Island, and assigned to provost duty in place of the First United States Infantry. On June 30 the bulk of the regiment embarked for Cuba, but was detained in the harbor at Key We.st until July 5, when the vessel sailed for Santiago, arriving in Guantanamo Bay 17;

5:3

on the evening of the 8th. Disembarking on the loth, the whole regiment arrived on the firing line on the 11th, spent several days and nights in the trenches before Santiago, and were present at the surrender of that city on the 17th. Two companies had previously been detached for the scarcely less perilous duty of service in the fever hospitals and in caring for their wounded comrades. The next month was spent on guard duty in the captured city, until xUigust 25, when, depleted in numbers and weakened by fever, the bulk of the regiment was transferred by hospital boats to Camp Wikoif, on

Moutauk Point, L. I. The members of the regiment able to travel left Camp Wikoff, September 8, for Chicago, arriving two days later, where they met an enthusiastic reception and were mustered out, November 17, 1,235 strong (rank and file) — considerable number of recruits having joined the regiment just before leaving Tampa. The record of the First was conspicuous by the fact that it was the only Illinois regiment to see service in Cuba dui'ing the progress of actual hostilities. Before leaving Tampa some eighty members of the regiment were detailed for engineering duty in Porto Rico, sailed for that island on July 12, and were among the first to perform service there. The First sufliered severely from yellow fever while in Cuba, but, as a regiment, while in the

made a brilliant record, vs-hich was highly complipiented in the oflScial reports of its com-

service,

manding officers. Second Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry (originally Second I. N. G.). This regiment, also from Chicago, began to arrive at Springfield, April 27, 1898 at that time numbering 1,202 men and 47 officers, imder command of Col. George M. Moulton; was mustered in between May 4 and May 15; on May 17 started for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was changed to Jacksonville, where, as a part of the Seventh Army Corps, under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, it assisted in the dedication of Camp Cuba Libre. October 25 it was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at "Camp Lee" until

—

December 8, when two battalions embarked for Havana, landing on the 15th, being followed, a few days later, by the Third Battalion, and stationed at 11,

1899,

Camp

Columbia. Colonel Moulton

From

Dec. 17 to Jan. served as Chief of

Police for the city of Havana.

On March

28 to 30

Camp Columbia in detachments for Augusta, Ga., where it arrived April 5, and was mustered out, April 26, 1,031 strong (rank and file), and returned to Chicago. I)urthe regiment left

a

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

574 ing

its

3tay in

Cuba the regiment did not

lose a

A

man. »vritten

Third

history of this regiment has been by Rev. H. W. Bolton, its late Chaplain.

Regiment

Illdjois

Volunteer

In-

fantry, composed of companies of the Illinois National Guard from the counties of La Salle. Livingston, Kane, Kankakee, McHenrj-, Ogle, "Will, and Winnebago, under command of Col. Fred Bennitt, reported at Springfield, with 1,170 men and 50 officers, on April ^7 was mustered in May 7, 1898; transferred from Springfield to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), May 14; on July 22 left Chickamauga for Porto Rico on the 28th sailed from Newport News, on the liner St. Louis, arriving at Ponce, Porto Rico, on July 31 soon after disembarking captured Arroyo, and assisted ;

;

;

the captm-e of Guayama, which was the beginning of General Brooke's advance across the island to San Juan, when intelligence was received of the signing of the peace protocol by Spain. From August 13 to October 1 the Third continued in the performance of guard duty in Porto Rico on October 23, 986 men and 39 officers took transport for home by way of New York, arriving in Chicago, November 11, the several companies being mustered out at their respective home stations. Its strength at final muster-out was 1,278 men and officers. This regiment had the distinction of being one of the first to see service in Porto Rico, but suffered severely from fever and other diseases during the three months of its stay in the island. Fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, composed of companies from Champaign, Coles, Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson, Jefferson, Montgomery, Richland, and St. Clair counties; mustered into the service at Springin

;

May 20, under command of Col. Casimer Andel; started immediately for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was changed to Jacksonfield,

ville,

where

it

was stationed

at

Camp Cuba Libre command of

as a part of the Seventh Corps under

Gen. Fitzhugh Lee; in October was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at Camp Onward until a'oout the

first

of Januarj',

when

the regi-

ment took ship for Havana. Here the regiment was stationed at Camp Columbia until April 4, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out at Camp Mackenzie (Augusta), May 2, the companies returning to their respective home stations. During a part of its stay at Jacksonville, and again at Savannah, the regiment was employed on guard duty. While at Jacksonville Colonel Andel was suspended by court-martial, ami finally tendered his resigna-

tion, his place being supplied by Lieut. -Col. Swift, of the Ninth.

Eben

Regiment Illinois Volunteer InF.vNTRY was the first regiment to report, and was Fifth

mustered in at Springfield, May

7, 1898, under of Col. James S. Culver, being finally composed of twelve companies from Pike, Christian, Sangamon, McLean, Montgomerj', Adams, Tazewell, Macon, Morgan, Peoria, and Fulton

command

counties; on

May

14 left Springfield for

Camp

Thomas (Chickamauga,

Ga.), being assigned to of General Brooke; Augusts left Cliickamauga for Newport News, Va., with the

the

command

—

expectation of embarking for Porto Rico previous order of July 26 to the same purport

having been countermanded at Newport News embarked on the transport Obdam, but again the order was rescinded, and, after remaining on board thirty-six hours, the regiment was disembarked. The next move was made to Lexington, Ky., where the regiment having lost hope of reaching "the fronf.^remained until Sept. 5, ;

—

when

returned to Springfield for final musterThis regiment was composed of some of the out. best material in the State, and anxious for active service, but after a succession of disappointments, was compelled to return to its home station without meeting the enemy. After its arrival at Springfield the regiment was furlougbed for thirty days and finall}' mustered out, October 16, it

numbering 1,213 men and 47 officers. Sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer InF.\NTRY, consisting of twelve companies from the counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lse, Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, AVarren, Bm-eau, and Jo Daviess, was mustered in May 11, 1898, imder command of Col. D. Jack Foster; on May 17 left Springfield for Camp Alger, Va. Julj^ 5 the regiment moved to Charleston, S. C, where a part embarked for Siboney, Cuba, but the whole regiment was soon after united in General ;

Miles' expedition for the invasion of Porto Rico,

landing at Guanico on July 2.5, and advancing into the interior as far as Adjunta and LTtuado. After several weeks' service in the interior, the regiment returned to Ponce, and on September 7 took transport for the return home, arrived at Springfield a week later, and was mustered out November 25, the regiment at that time consisting of 1,239 men and 49 officers. Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry Two (known as the "Hibernian Rifles"). battalions of this regiment reported at Spring, field. April 27. with 33 officers and 765 enlisted men, being afterwards increased to the maxi-

—

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

mum

;

was mustered

into the United States serv-

Col.

Edward

C.

Young;

575

left Springfield for

Camp

vmder command of Col. Marcus Kavanagli, 18, 1898; on May 28 started for Camp Alger, was afterwards encamped at Thoroughfare Gap and Camp Meade on September 9 returned to Springfield, was furloughed for thirty days, and mustered out, October 20, numbering 1,260 men and 49 officers. Lilie the Fifth, the Seventh saw no actual service in the field.

Thomas, Ga., May 30, remaining there until August 24, when it returned to Fort Sheridan, near Chicago, where it was stationed until October 11, when it was mustered out, at that time consisting of 1,158 men and 50 officers. Although the regiment saw no active service in the field, it established an excellent record for itself in respect

Eighth Illixois Volunteer Infantry (colored regiment), mustered into the service at Springfield under the second call of the President, July 23, 1898, being composed wholly of Afro- Americans under officers of their own race, with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the muster-roll showing 1,195 men and 76 officers. The six companies, from A to F, were from Chicago, the other five being, respectively, from Bloomington, Springfield, Quincy, Litchfield, Mound City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The regiment having tendered their services to relieve the First Illinois on dutj' at Santiago de Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, by way of

First Engineering Corps, consisting of 80 detailed from the First Illinois Volunteers, were among the first Illinois soldiers to see service in Porto Rico, accompanying General Miles' expedition in the latter part of July, and being^ engaged for a time in the construction of bridges in aid of the intended advance across the island. On September 8 they embarked for the return home, arrived at Chicago, September 17, and were mustered out November 20. Battery A (I. N. G.), from Danville, 111., was mustered in under a special order of the War Department, May 12, 1898, under command of

New York immediately on arrival at Santiago, a week later, was assigned to duty, but subsequently transferred to San Luis, where Colone, Marshall was made military governor. The major part of the regiment remained here until ordered home early in March, 1899, arrived at Chicago, March 1.5, and was mustered out, April 3, 1,226 strong, rank and file, having been in service nine months and six days.

left Springfield for

ice,

May Va.

;

;

;

Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry was organized from the counties of Southern Illinois, and mustered in at Springfield under the second call of the President, July 4-11, 1898, under command of Col. James B. Campbell; arrived at Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla.), August 9; two montlis later was transferred to Savannah, was moved to Havana in December, where Ga. it remained until May, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out there. May 20, 1899, at that time consisting of 1,095 men and 46 officers. From Augusta the several companies returned to their respective home stations. The Ninth was the only "Provisional Regiment" from Illinois mustered into the service during the war, the other regiments all belonging to the National Guard. First Illinois Cavalry was organized at Chi;

cago immediately after tlie President's first call, seven compianies being recruited from Chicago, two from Bloomington, and one each from Springfield, Elkhart, and Lacon was mustered in at Springfield, May 21, 1S98, under command of ;

to discipline.

men

Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, con.sisting of 118

and,

two months

Camp Thomas,

later,

Ga.,

men;

May

19,

joined in General Miles'

Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanico on August 3, and taking part in the affair at Guayama on the 12th. News of peace having been received, the Battery returned to Ponce, where it remained vmtil September 7, when it started on the return home by way of New York, arrived at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for sixty days, and mustered out November 25. The Battery was equipped with modern breech-loading rapid-firing guns, operated by practical artillerists and prepared for effective service. Naval Reser^t:s.— One of the earliest steps taken by the Government after it became ap-

parent that hostilities could not be averted, was to begin preparation for strengthening the naval arm of the service. ~The existence of the "Naval Militia," first organized in 1893, placed Illinois in an exceptionally favorable position for making a prompt response to the call of the Government, as well as furnishing a superior class of men for service a fact evidenced during the operations in the West Indies. Gen. John McNulta, as head of the local committee, was active in calling the attention of the Nav}' Department to the value of the service to be rendered by this organization, which resulted in its being enlisted practically as a bod}-, taking the name of "Naval Reserves" all but eighty-eight of the number passing the physical examination, the places of these being promptly filled by new recruits. The first de-

—

;

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tachment of over 200

left

Chicago

May

2,

under

the command of Lieut. -Com. John M. Hawley, followed soon after by the remainder of the First Battalion, making the whole number from Chicago 400, with 267, constituting the Second BatThe latter talion, from other towns of the State. was made up of 1-17 men from Moline, 58 from Quinoy, and 63 from Alton making a total from the State of 667. This does not include others, not belonging to this organization, who enlisted for service in the navy during the war, which raised the whole number for the State over 1,000. The Reserves enlisted from Illinois occuiaied a different relation to the Government from that of the "naval militia" of other States, which retained their State organizations, while those from Illinois were regularly mustered into the

—

United States service. The recruits from Illinois were embarked at Key West, Norfolk and New York, and distributed among fifty-two different vessels, including nearly

every vessel belonging

North Atlantic Squadron. They saw servdepartment from the position of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the to the

ice in nearly every

turrets of the big battleships, the largest number being assigned to the famous battleship Ore-

(60)

gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47 the Harvard with 35; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19; ;

Franklin, 18 Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17 Hector, 14; Marietta, 11; Wilmington and Lan10 each, and others down to one each. Illinois sailors thus had the jirivilege of partici;

caster,

pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which resulted in the destruction of Cervera's fleet off Santiago, as also in nearly every other event in the West Indies of less importance, without the loss of a man while in the service, although among the most exposed. They were mustered out at different times, as they could be spared from the service, or the vessels to which they were attached went out of commission, a portion The serving out their full term of one year. Reserves from Chicago retain their organization under the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans," with headquarters in the Masonic Temple Building, Chicago.

WARD, James

H., ex-Congressman, was born

and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, and the same

was the successful candidate of his party for Congress in the Third Illinois District, serving one term. WINNEBAGO INDIANS, a tribe of the Dacota, or Sioux, stock, which at one time occupied The word Winnea part of Northern Illinois. bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebegoutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou" taking the jjlace of the consonant "w," which is wanting in the French alphabet. These were, in turn, French misspellings of an xVlgonquin term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe applied to the Winnebagoes because they had come from the western ocean the salt (or "fetid") water. In their advance towards the East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country of the Illinois, but were finally driven northward by the latter, who surpassed them in numbers rather than in bravery. The invaders settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela-

year,

—

tions.)

The Winnebagoes are commonly

re-

garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by the fact that the treaty of Prairie du Chien (August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village located in what is now Jo Daviess County, near the mouth of the Pecatonica River. While, as a rule, the tribe, if left to itself,

live in

amity with the whites, the eloquence and

was disposed to it was carried

away by

diplomacy of cajoleries of "The Prophet." General Harrison especially alludes to the bravery of the Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe' which he attributees in part, however, to a superstitious faith in "The Prophet." In June or July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by the whites upon an unoffending and practically defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie du Chien brought on what is known as the Winyiebago War.) 'Winnebago War." (See The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War, largely because of the great influence and shrewd

Tecumseh and the

tactic

of

their chief,

Naw-caw.

By

treaties

executed in 1833 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded

in Chicago. Nov. 30, 1853, and educated in the Chicago public schools and at the University of

to the United States all their lands lying east of

Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1873. Three years later he graduated from the Union College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to the bar. Since then he has continued to practice In 1879 he was his profession in his native city.

the Mississijipi. They were finally removed west of that river, and, after many sbiftings of location, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in Eastern Nebraska, where their industry, thrift and peaceable disposition elicited high praise

elected Supervisor of the

town

of

West Chicago,

from Government

oflScials.

IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. WAR^'ER,

Vespasian, lawyer and Member of Congress, was born in De Witt County, 111., April 23, 1843, and has lived all his life in his native county his present residence being Clinton. After a short course in Lombard University, while studying law in the office of Hon. Lawrence Weldon, at Clinton, he enlisted as a private soldier of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, in June, 1861, serving until July, 18Gli, when he was mustered out with the rank of Captain and brevet Major. He received a gunshot wound at Shiloh, but continued to serve in the Army of the Tennessee until the evacuation of Atlanta, when he was ordered North on account of disability. His last service was in fighting Indians on the plains. After the war he completed his law studies at Harvard University, graduating in 1868, when he entered into a law partnership with Clifton H. Moore of Clinton. He served as Judge-Advocate General of the Illinois National Guard for several years, with the rank of Colonel, under the administrations of Governors Hamilton, Oglesby and Fifer, and, in 1894, was nominated and elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Thirteenth District, being re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the Fifty-fifth Congress, Mr. Warner was a member of the Committees on Agi-iculture and Invalid Pensions, and Chairman of the Committee on Revision of the Laws. WARREN, a village in Jo Daviess County, at intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways, 26 miles west-northwest of Freeport and 27 miles east by north of Galena. The surrounding region is

—

agricultural and stock-raising; there are also lead mines in the vicinity. Tobacco is grown to some extent.

Warren has a

flouring mill, tin factory,

creamery and stone quarries, a State bank, water supply from artesian wells, fire department, gas plant, two weekly newspapers, five churches, a high school, an academy and a public library. Pop. (1890), 1,172; (1900), 1,337. WARREN, Calvin A., lawyer, was born in Essex County, N. Y., June 3, 1807; in his youth, worked for a time, as a typographer, in the office of "The Northern Spectator," at Poultney, Vt., side by side with Horace Greeley, afterwards the founder of "The New York Tribune." Later, he became one of the publishers of "The Palladium" at Ballston, N. Y., but, in 1832, removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, where he began the study of law, completing his course at Transylvania University, Ky., in 1834. and beginning practice a*; Batavia. Ohio, as the partner of

577

Thomas

Morris, then a United States Senator Ohio, whose daughter he married, thereby

from becoming the brother-in-law of the Morris,

of

Quincy,

111.

In

1836,

late Isaac N.

Mr.

Warren

Adams County, 111., but soon after removed to Warsaw in Hancock County, where he resided until 1839, when he returned to came

to Quincy,

Quincy.

Here he continued

in practice, either

alone or as a partner, at different times, of .several of the leading attorneys of that city. Although he held no office except that of Master in Chancery,

which he occupied

for

some sixteen

an inexhaustible fund of humor, with strong practical sense and decided ability as a speaker, gave him great popularity at the bar and upon the stiunp, and made him a recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic party, of which he was a life-long member. He served as Presidential Elector on the Pierce ticket in 1852, and was the nominee of his party for the same position on one or two other occayears, the possession of

Died, at Quincy, Feb. 22, 1881. WARREX, Hooper, pioneer journalist, was born at Walpole, N. H., in 1790; learned the printer's trade on the Rutland (Vt.) "Herald"; in 1814 went to Delaware, whence, three years later, he emigrated to Kentucky, working for a time on a paper at Frankfort. In 1818 he came to St. Louis and worked in the office of the old "Missouri Gazette" (the predecessor of "The Republican"), and also acted as the agent of a lumber company at Cairo, 111. when the whole population of that place consisted of one family domiciled on a grounded flat-boat. In March, 1819, he established, at Edwardsville, the third paper in Illinois, its predecessors being "The Illinois sions.

,

Intelligencer," at Kaskaskia,

Emigrant," at Shawneetown.

and "The IlUnois The name given

new paper was "The

Spectator," and the contest over the effort to introduce a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution soon brought it

to the

Backed by Governor Coles, Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Judge S. D. Lockwood, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Wm. H. Brown (afterwards of Chicago). George Churchill and other opponents of slavery, "The Spectator" into prominence.

made a sturdy

fight in opposition to the scheme,

which ended in defeat of the measure by the rejection at the polls, in 1824, of the proposition for a Constitutional Convention. Warren left the Edwardsville paper in 183.5, and was, for a time, associated with "The National Crisis," an anti-slavery paper at Cincinnati, but soon returned to Illinois and established "The Sangamon Spectator" the first paper ever published at the

—

578

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

present State capital. This lie sold out in 1839, and, for the next three years, was connected with "The Advertiser and Upper Mississippi HerAbandoning this field in 1832, ald," at Galena. he removed to Hennepin, where, within the next five years, he held the offices of Clerk of the Cir-

and County Commissioners' Courts and exRecorder of Deeds. In 1836 he began the — "The Commercial Advertiser" (a weekly) wiiich was continued a little more than a year, when it was abandoned, and he settled on a farm at Henry, Marshall County. His further newspaper vencuit

officio

publication of the third paper in Chicago

—

tures were, as the associate of Zebina Eastman, in the publication of "The Genius of Liberty," at Lowell, La Salle County, and "The Western Citizen"— afterwards "The Free West"— in Chi(See Eastman, Zebina, and Lundy. Bencago. jamin.) On the discontinuance of "The Free West" in 1856, he again retired to his farm at Henry, where he spent the remainder of his days. While returning home from a visit to Chicago, in August, 1864, he was taken ill at Mendota, dying there on the 22d of the month. WARREN, Johu Esaias, diplomatist and realestate operator, was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1826, graduated at Union College and was connected with the American Legation to Spain during the administration of President Pierce; in 1859-60 was a member of the Minnesota Legislature and, in 1861-62, Mayor of St. Paul; in 1867, came to Chicago, where, while engaged in real-estate business, he became known to the press as the

author of a series of articles entitled 'Topics of the Time." In 1886 he took up his residence in Brussels, Belgium, where he died, July 6, 1896. Mr. Warren was author of several volumes of travel, of which "An Attache in Spain" and '

"Para" are most important.

WARREN

COUNTY.

A

western

county,

created by act of the Legislature, in 1825, but not fully organized until 1830, having at that time about 350 inhabitants has an area of 540 square ;

and was named for Gen. Joseph Warren. It is drained by the Henderson River and its affluents, and is traversed by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (two divisions), the Iowa Central and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroads. Bituminous coal is mined and limemiles,

stone is quarried in large quantities. The county's early development was retarded in consequence of having become the "seat of war," during the Black Hawk War. The principal products are grain and live-stock, although manufacturing is carried on to some extent. The county -seat and

chief city is

is

Monmouth (which

a shipping point.

Population

see).

Roseville

(1880),

22,933.

(1890), 21,281; (1900), 23,163.

WARRENSBURG,

a town of Macon County, on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railway, 9 miles northwest of Decatur; has elevators, canning factory, a bank and newspaper. Pop. (1900), 503. WARSAW, the largest town in Hancock County, and admirably situated for trade. It stands on a bluff on the Mississippi River, some three uiiles below Keokuk, and about 40 miles above Quincy. It is the western terminus of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, and lies 116 miles west-southwest of Peoria. Old Fort Edwards, established by Gen. Zachary Taylor, during the War of 1812, was located within the limits of the present city of Warsaw, opposite the An iron mouth of the Des Moines River. foundry, a large woolen mill, a plow factory and cooperage works are its principal manufacturing establishments. The channel of the Mississippi admits of the passage of the largest steamers Warsaw has eight churches, a up to this point. system of common schools comprising one high

and three grammar schools, a National bank and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 3,105; (1890), 2,721; (1900), 2,335.

WASHBURN, a village of Woodford County, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railway 25 miles northeast of Peoria; has banks and a weekly paper; the district is agricultural. Population (1890), 598; (1900), 703.

WASHBURNE, Eliliu Benjamin, Congressman and diplomatist, was born at Livermore, Maine, Sept. 23, 1816; in early life learned the trade of a

graduated from Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Coming west, he settled at Galena, forming a partnership with Charles S. Hempstead, for the practice of law, in 1841. He was a stalwart Whig, and, as such, was elected to Congress in 1852. He conprinter, but

tinued to represent his District until 1869, taking a prominent I'osition, as a Republican, on the organization of that party. On account of his long service he was known as the "Father of the House," administering the Speaker's oath three times to Schuyler Colfax and once to James G. Blaine. He was appointed Secretary of State by General Grant in 1869, but surrendered his portfolio to become Envoy to France, in which capacity he achieved great distinction. He was the only official representative of a foreign government who remained in Paris, during the siege of that city by the Germans (1870-71) and the reign of the "Commune." For his conduct he was

;

HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. honored by the Governments of France and Germanj- alike. On his return to the United States, he made his home in Chicago, where he devoted his latter years

chiefly to Hterary labor, and where he died, Oct. 22, 1887. He was strongly favored as a candidate for the Presidency in 1880. WASHINGTON, a city in Tazewell County, situated at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads. It is 31 miles west of El Paso, and 13 miles east of Peoria. Carriages, plows and farming implements constitute the manufactured output. It is also an important shipping-point for farm products. It has electric light and water-works plants, eight churches, a graded school, two banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890). 1,301; (1900), 1,451.

WASHINGTON COUNTY, an interior county of Southern Illinois, east of St, Louis is drained by the Kaskaskia River and the Elkhorn, Beaucoup and Muddy Creeks; was organized in 1818, and has an area of 540 square miles. The surface is diversified, well watered and timbered. The soil is of variable fertility. Corn, wheat and :

oats are the chief agricultural products. facturing is carried onto some extent,

the

Manu-

among

products

being agricultural implements, flour, carriages and wagons. The most important town is Nashville, which is also the countyseat. Population (1890), 19,262; (1900), 19,.526. "Washington was one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the organization of the State Government, being one of the last three created during the Territorial period— the other two being Franklin and Union. WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific

and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago

&

St.

Louis Railways, 13 miles southwest of Chicago has a graded school, female seminary, military school, a car factory, several churches and a newspaper. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1890. WATAGA, a village of Knox County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Galesburg. Population (1900), 545. WATERLOO, the county-seat and chief town of Monroe County, on the Illinois Division of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles east of south

from St. Louis. The region is chiefly agricultural, but underlaid with coal. Its industries embrace flour mills, a plow factory, distillery, creamery, two ice plants, and some minor concerns. The city has municipal water and electric light plants, four churches, a graded school and two

two

newspapers.

Pop. (1890), 1,860; (1900) 2.114-

579

WATERMAN, Arba

Nelson, lawyer and jurist, was born at Greensboro, Orleans County, Vt., Feb. 3, 1830. After receiving an academic education and teaching for a time, he read law at Montpelier and, later, passed through the Albany Law School. In 1861 he was admitted to the bar,

removed

to Joliet,

111.,

and opened an

office.

In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the One Hundredth Illinois Volunteers, serving with the

Army of the Cumberland for two years, and being mustered out in August, 1864. with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel On leaving the army. Colonel Waterman commenced practice in Chicago. In 1873-74 he represented the Eleventh Ward in the City Council. In 1887 he was elected to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court, and was re-elected in 1891 and, again, in 1897. In 1890 he was assigned as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court. WATSEKA, the county-seat of Iroquois County, situated on the Iroquois River, at the mouth of Sugar Creek, and at the intersection of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads, 77 miles south of Chicago. 46 miles north of Danville and 14 miles east of Gilman. It has fiour-mills, brick and tile works and foundries, besides several churches, banks, a graded school and three weekly newspapers. Artesian well water is obtained by boring to the depth of 100 to 160 feet, and some forty flowing streams from these shafts are in the place. Population (1890),"3, 017; (1900), 3,505.

WATTS, Amos, jurist, was born in St. Clair County, lU., Oct. 25, 1821, but removed to Washington County in boyhood, and was elected County Clerk in 1847, '49 and "53, and State's Attorney for the Second Judicial District in 1856 and '60; then became editor and proprietor of a newspaper, later resuming the practice of law, and, in 1873, was elected Circuit Judge, remaining in office until his death, at Nashville,

III,

Dec.

6,

WAUKEGAN,

the county-seat and principal city of Lake County, situated en the shore of Lake Michigan and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, about 36 miles north by west from Chicago, and 50 miles south of Milwaukee; is also the northern terminus of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad and connected by electric

with Chicago and Fox Lake. Lake Michigan about 80 miles wide opposite this point.

lines is

Waukegan was

first

known

as "Little Fort,"

from the remains of an old fort tliat stood on its The principal part of the city is built on a bluff, which rises abruptly to the height of about

site.

}

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.

580

Between the

bluff and the shore is a about 400 yards wide which is occupied by gardens, dwellings, warehouses and manufactories. The manufactures include steel-wire,

fifty feet. flat tract

refined sugar,

scales, agricultural

implements,

brass and iron products, sash, doors and blinds,

the city has paved streets, gas and electric light plants, three banks, eight or ten churches, graded and high schools and two newspapers. A large trade in grain, lumber, coal and dairy products is carried on. Pop. (1890), leather, beer, etc.

;

4,91.5; (1900), 9,426.

WAUKEGAJf & SOUTHWESTERN RAILWAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway.

WAVER

LY, a city in Morgan County, 18 miles southeast of Jacksonville, on the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroads. It was originally settled by enterNew England, whose descendants constitute a large proportion of the population. It is the center of a rich agricultural region, has a fine graded school, six or seven churches, two banks, two newspapers and tile works. Population (1880), 1,134; (1890), 1,337;

prising emigrants from

(1900), 1,573.

WAYNE,

(Gen.)

Anthony,

soldier,

was born

in

Chester County, Pa.. Jan. 1, 1745, of Anglo-Irish descent, graduated as a Surveyor, and first practiced his profession in Nova Scotia. During the years immediately antecedent to the Revolution he was prominent in the colonial councils of his native State, to which he had returned in 1767, where he became a member of the "Committee of Safety." On June 3, 1776, he was commissioned Colonel of the Fom-th Regiment of Pennsylvania troops in the Continental army, and, dm-ing the War of the Revolution, was conspicuous for his courage and ability as a leader. One of his most daring and successful achievements was the capture of Stony Point, in 1779, when the works having been carried and Wayne having received, what was supposed to be, his death- wound he entered the fort, supported by his aids. For this service he was awarded a gold medal by Congress. He also took a conspicuous part in the investiture and capture of Yorktown. In October. 1783, he was brevetted Major-General. In 1784 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature. A few years later he settled in Georgia, which State he represented in Congress for seven months, when his seat was declared vacant after contest. In April. 1792, he was confirmed as General-in-Chief of the United States Army, on nomination of President Washington. His connection with Illinois history began shortly after

—

—

St. Clair's defeat,

when he

Ohio

led a force into

(1783) and erected a stockade at Greenville, which he named Fort Recovery his object being ;

to subdue the hostile savage tribes. was eminently successful and, on

In this he

August

3,

a victorious campaign, negotiated the Treaty of Greenville, as broad in its provisions as He was a it was far-reaching in its influence. daring fighter, and although Washington called him "prudent," his dauntlessness earned for him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony." In matters of dress he was punctilious, and, on this account, he was sometimes dubbed "Dandy Wayne.'' He was one of the few white officers whom aU the Western Indian tribes at once feared and respected. They named him "Black Snake" and "Tornado." He died at Presque Isle near Erie, Dec. 15, 1796. Thirteen years afterward his remains were removed by one of his sons, and interred in Badnor churchyard, in his native county. The Pennsylvania Historical Society erected a marble monument over his grave, and appropriately dedicated it on July 4 of the same 1793, after

year.

WAYNE COUNTY, in the southeast quarter of the State has an area of 720 square miles was organized in 1819, and named for Gen. Anthony Wayne. The county is watered and drained by the Little Wabash and its branches, notably the Skillet Fork. At the first election held in the county, only fifteen votes were cast. Early life was exceedingly primitive, the fii-st settlers ;

;

pounding corn into meal with a wooden pestle, a hollowed stump being used as a mortar. The first mill erected (of the antique South Carolina pattern) charged 2.5 cents per bushel for grinding. Prairie and woodland make up the surface, and Railroad facilities are furnished & St. Louis and the (Southwestern) Railroads. Corn, oats, tobacco, wheat, hay and wool are the chief agricultural products. Saw mills are numerous and there are also carriage and wagon factoPopulation ries. Fairfield is the county-seat.

the

soil is fertile.

by the

Louisville, Evansville

Baltimore

&

Ohio

(1880), 21,291; (1890), 23,806; (1900), 27,626.

WEAS, THE,

a branch of the Miami tribe of They called themselves "We-weeand were spoken of by the French as 'Ouiat-a-nons" and "Oui-as." Other corruptions of the name were common among the British and American colonists. In 1718 they had a village at Chicago, but abandoned it through fear of their hostile neighbors, the Chippewas and Pottawatomies. The Weas were, at one time, brave and warlike but their numbers were reduced by Indians.

hahs,

'

'

;

HISTOrilCAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. constant warfare and disease, and, in the end, debauchery enervated and demoralized them. They were removed west of the Mississippi and given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. This they ultimately sold, and, under the leadership of Baptiste Peoria, united with their few remaining brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant of the lU-i-ni under the title of the "confederated tribes," and settled in Indian Territory. (See also

Mia m is: Pia n kesli a ics. WEBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician, was born about 1802, came to the vicinity of Carmi, White County, 111., about 1828 to 1830, )

still later, studied law at Transylvania UniHe held the office of Prosecuting Attorney of White County, and, in 1834, was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, serving, by successive re-electious, until 1843, and, in the Senate, from 1842 to "46. During his service in the House he was a col-

and,

versity.

league

and

Abraham

political

Lincoln.

and

He

personal friend of the internal

opposed

improvement scheme of 1887, predicting many of the disasters which were actually realized a few years later. He was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and "48, and, in 18,52, received the nomination for Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson, two years later, being an unsuccessful candidate

for Justice of the

Judge W.

Supreme Court in opposition While practicing law

B. Scates.

to

at

Garmi, he was also a partner of his brother in the mercantile business. Died, Oct. 14, 1858, in the .^Gth year of his age. WEBB, Henry Livingston, soldier and pioneer (an elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted New York journalist), was born at Claverack. N. Y., Feb. 6, 1795; served as a soldier in the War of 1813, came to Southern Illinois in 1817, and became one of the founders of the town of America near the mouth of the Ohio was Representative in the Fourth and Eleventli General Assemblies, a Major in the Black Hawk AVar and Captain of volunteers and. afterwards. Colonel of regulars, in the Mexican War. In 18G0 he went to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi-military capacity under the Confederate Government; returned to Illinois in 1869, and died, at ;

Makanda. Oct.

5,

1876.

WEBSTER, Fletcher, lawyer and soldier, was born at Portsmouth, N. H., July 23, 1813; graduated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law with his father (Daniel Webster) in 1837, located at Peru, 111., where he practiced three years. His father liaving been appointed Secretary of State ;

in 1841, the son

was

became

58i

his private

secretary,

also Secretary of Legation to Caleb

Cushing

(^Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the JIassachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Smweyor of the Port of Boston, 1850-61; the latter year

became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts Volunteers, and was killed in the second battle of Bull Run,

August 30, 1863. Joseph Dana,

WEBSTER,

civil engineer and Old Hampton. N. H., graduated from Dartmouth College in 1833, and afterwards read law at Newbirryport, IMass. His natural inclination was for engineering, and, after serving for a time in the Engineer and War offices, at Washington, was made a United States civil engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. He served through the Mexican War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thirteen months later he resigned, removing to Chicago, where he made his permanent home, and soon after was identified, for a time, with the proprietorship of "'The Chicago Tribune." He was President of the commission that perfected the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and executed the raising of the grade of a large portion of the city from two to eight feet, whole blocks of buildings being raided by jack screws, while new foundations were inserted. At the outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his services to the Government and superintended the

soldier,

was born

August

35,

1811.

at

He

111., and Paducah, Ky. On April 7, 1861, he was commissioned Paymaster of Volunteers, with the rank of JIajor, and, in February, 1862. Colonel of the First Illinois Artillery. For several months he was chief of General Grant's staff, participating in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry, and in the battle of Shiloh. in the latter as Chief

erection of the fortifications at Cairo,

of Artillery.

ment

detailed

In October, 1863, the War Departhim to make a survey of the Illi-

&

Michigan Canal, and, the following month, he %vas commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers, serving as Military Governor of Memphis and Superintendent of military railroads. He was again chief of staff to General Grant during the Vicksburg campaign, and, from 1864 until the close of the war. occupied the same relation to General Sherman. He was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865, but, nois

resigning Nov. 6, following, returned to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of his life. From 1869 to 1873 he

was Assessor

of Internal

Revenue

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. there, and, later. Assistant

United States Treas-

urer, and, in July, 1873,

niscences of that day, especially of the eastern portion of the District, where he was accustomed

of Internal Revenue.

to

was appointed Collector Died, at Chicago, March

12, 1876.

WELCH,

William R., lawyer and jurist, was Jessamine County, Ky., Jan. 23, 1828,

born in educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, graduating from the academic department in 1847, and, from the law school, in 1851. In 1864 he removed to Carlinville, Macoupin County, 111., which place he made his permanent home. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth In 1884 Circuit, and re-elected in 1879 and "85. he was assigned to. the bench of the Appellate Court for the Second District. Died, Sept. 1, 1888.

WELDON, Lawrence, one of the Judges of the United States Court of Claims, Washington, D. C, was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 1829; while a child, removed with his parents to Madison County, and was educated in the common schools, the local academy and at "Wittenberg College, Springfield, in the same State read law with Hon. R. A. Harrison, a prominent member of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in 1854, meanwhile, in 1852-53, having served as a ;

clerk in the office of the Secretary of State at Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat-

ing at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he engaged in practice in 1860 was elected a Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year, and assisted in the first election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency. Early in 1861 he resigned his seat in the Legislature to accept the ;

position of United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by

President Lincoln, but resigned the latter office in 1866 and, the following year, removed to Bloomington, where he continued the practice of his profession until 1883, when he was appointed, by President Arthur, an Associate Justice of the

United States Court of Claims at Washington— a position which he still (1899) continues to fill. Judge Weldon is among the remaining few who rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lincoln. From the time of coming to the State in 1854 to 1860, he was one of Mr. Lincoln's most companions in the old intimate traveling Eighth Circuit, which extended from Sangamon County on the west to Vermilion on the east, and of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the Supreme Com-t of the United States and United States Senator, was the presiding Justice. The Judge holds in his memory many pleasant remi-

meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator McDonald and other leading lawyers of Indiana, as well as the historic men whom he met at the

State capital.

WELLS, Albert W., lawyer and legislator, was born at Woodstock, Conn., Blay 9, 1839, and enjoyed only such educational and other advantages as belonged to the average New England boy of that period. During his boyhood Ids family removed to New Jersey, where he attended an academy, later, graduating from Columbia College and Law School in New York City, and began practice with State Senator Robert Allen During the Civil War he at Red Bank, N. J. enlisted in a New Jersey regiment and took part in the battle of Gettysburg, resuming his profession at the close of the war. Coming west in 1870, he settled in Quincy, 111., where he continued practice. In 1886 he was elected to the House of Representatives from Adams County, as a Democrat, and re-elected two years later. In 1890 he was advanced to the Senate, where, by re-election in 1894, he served continuously until his death in office, March 5, 1897. His abilities and long service covering the sessions of the Thirty-fifth to the Fortieth General Assemblies placed him at the head of the Democratic side of ithe Senate during the latter part of his

—

—

legislative career.

WELLS, William, soldier and victim of the Fort Dearborn massacre, was born in Kentucky, about 1770. When a boy of 12, he was captured by the Miami Indians, whose chief. Little Turtle, adopted him, giving him his daughter in marriage when he grew to manhood. He was highly esteemed by the tribe as a warrior, and, in 1790, was present at the battle where Gen. Arthur St. Clair was defeated. He then realized that he was fighting agaiu.st his own race, and informed his father-in-law that he intended to ally himself with the whites. Leaving the Miamis, he made his way to General Wayne, who made him CapAfter the treaty of tain of a companj' of scouts. Greenville (1795) he settled on a farm near Fort Wayne, where he was joined by his Indian wife. Here he acted as Indian Agent and Justice of the In 1812 he learned of the contemplated Peace. evacuation of Fort Dearborn, and, at the head of thirty Miamis, he set out for the post, his intention being to furnish a body-guard to the noncombatants on their proposed march to Fort Wayne. On August 13, he marched out of the fort with fifteen of his dusky warriors behind

—

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. him, the remainder bringing up the rear. Before a mile and a half had been traveled, the party fell into an Indian ambuscade, and an indiscriminate massacre followed. (See Fort Dearborn.) The Miamis fled, and Captain Wells' body was riddled with bullets, his head out off and his heart taken out. He was an uncle of Mrs. Heald, wife of the commander of Fort Dearborn. WELLS, William Harvey, educator, was born in Tolland, Conn., Feb. 27, 1812; lived on a farm imtil 17 years old, attending school irregularlj% but made such progress that he became successively a teacher in the Teachers" Seminary at

583

giance to the Republican party. In 1878 Mr. Wentworth published an elaborate genealogical work in three volumes, entitled "History of the Wentworth Family." A volume of "Congressional Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chicago," published in connection with the Fergus Historical Series, contain some valuable informaOn tion on early local and national history. account of his extraordinary height he received the sobriquet of "Long John,"" by which he was Died, familiarly known throughout the State. in Chicago, Oct.

16, 1888.

WEST, Edward

M., merchant and banker, was

May

came with his became a clerk EdwardsviUe, also in 1833, took a postmaster, and, deputy as served position in the United States Land Office there. Two years later he engaged in mercantile business, which he prosecuted over thirty years

Andover and Newburyport, and, finally. Principal of the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass.

born in Virginia,

In 1856 he accepted the position of Superintendent of Public Schools for the city of Chicago, serving till 1864, when he resigned. He was an organizer of the Massachusetts State Teachers' Association, one of the first editors of "The Massachusetts Teacher'' and prominently connected with various benevolent, educational and learned societies was also author of several textbooks, and assisted in the revision of "Webster's

in the Recorder's

Unabridged Dictionary." Died, Jan. 21, 188.5. WENONA, city on the eastern border of Mar-

a bank at EdwardsviUe, with which he was connected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed much ability as a public speaker. WEST, Mary Allen, educator and philanthropist, was born at Galesbm-g, lU., July 31, 1837;

:

shall County, 30 miles south of La Salle, has zinc works, public and parochial schools, a

weekly paper, two banks, and five churches. A good quality of soft coal is mined here. Population (1880), 911; (1890), 1,0.53; (1900). 1,486. John, early journalist

WENTWORTH,

and

at Sandwich, N. H., graduated from Dartmouth College in 1836, and came to Chicago the same year, where he became editor of "The Chicago Demowhich had been estabUshed by John Calcrat, houn three years previous. He soon after became proprietor of "The Democrat,"' of which he con-

Congressman,

March

5,

was born

1815,

'

'

tinued to be the publisher until it was merged into '"The Chicago Tribune," July 24, 1864. He also studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Democrat from 1843 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 1855, but left the Democratic party on the repeal the Missouri Compromise. He was elected of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, during his incumbency introducing a number of important municipal reforms was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and twice served on the Board of Education. He again represented Illinois in Congress as a Republican

of

Mayor

;

from 1865 to 1867

—making

service in that body.

Greelev movement,

fourteen years of In 1873 he joined in the

luit later

renewed

his alle-

2,

1814;

father to Illinois in 1818; in 1829

meanwhile ex-offlcio

filling

oflSce

at

the office of County Treasurer,

Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate

to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established

Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught when she was elected County Superintendent of Schools, serving nine years. She took an active and influential interest in educational and reformatory movements, was for two years editor of "Our Home Monthly." in Philadelphia, and also a contributor to other journals, besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Signal," Chicago, the organ of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in which she held the position of President was also President, in the latter days of her life, of the Illinois Woman"s Press Association of Chicago, that city having become her home in 1885. In 1893, Miss West started on a tour of the world for the benefit of her health, but died at Tokio, Japan, Dec. 1, 1893.

graduated at until 1873,

—

;

WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE an

IKSASiE,

institution for tlie treatment of the insane,

located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in accordance with an act of the General Assembly, approved. May 22, 1895. The Thirty-ninth General Assembly made an appropriation of §100,000 fire-proof

buildings, while

Rock Island County donated a

tract of 400 acres

for the erection of

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

584

The site selected bj- the Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking the Mississippi River, eight miles above Rock Island, and Ave and a half miles from Moline, and the buildings are of the most modern style of construction. Watertown is reached by two lines of railroad the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago, Burlington & Quiiicy besides the Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was begun in 1896, and they were opened for the reception of patients in 1898. They have a capacity for 800 patients. of land valued at 840, 000.

—

—

WESTERN MILITARY ACADEMY,

an

insti

Chicago, Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 years of went to New York to study, earning her way by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg; in New York was patronized by Henry Ward Beecher and others, and aided in securing the training of European masters. Compelled to surmount many obstacles from poverty and other causes, her after success in her profession was age,

phenomenal.

Died, during a professional tour, Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Miss Abbott married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who

at Salt

died before her.

tution located at Upper Alton, JIadison County, incorporated in 1892 has a faculty of eight mem-

WHEATON, a city and the county-seat of Du Page County, situated on the Chicago & North-

bers and reports eighty pupils for 1897-98, with property valued at §70,000. The institution gives instruction in literary and scientific branches,

western Railway, 25 miles west of Chicago.

;

besides preparatory

and business

courses.

WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE,

located at incorporated in 1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve instructors and reported 500 pupils for 1897-98, 300 males and 200 females.

Bushnell,

McDonough County;

WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook County, and residence suburb of the city of Chicago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 15 miles west of the initial station. Population (1890), 451; (liiOO), 662. WESTERN

THEOLOGICAL

SEMINARY,

and controlled by the ProtesIt was founded in 1883 through the munificence of Dr. Tolman Wheeler, and was opened for students two years later. It has two buildings, of a superior order of architecture one including the school and lecture rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital and gymnasium are attached to the latter, and a located in Chicago

tant Episcopal Church.

—

school for boys

is

conducted on the

the main building, which Hall.

The

is

known

first floor

as

of

Wheeler

institution is under the general super-

vision of Rt. Rev.

William E. McLaren. Protes-

tant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Illinois.

WESTFIELD, village of

Clark County, on Cin., m. s -e. of Charleston; has a bank, five churches and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 820. WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on the Peoria-Evans ville Div. 111. Cent. R. R., 12 miles nortlieast of Albion; has a bank and a

Ham. & Dayton

seat

of

R. R.

Westfield

weekly paper.

,

10

College;

Pop. (1890), 476; (1900),

7(J0.

WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was born in Chicago, Dec. 9, 1849; in her childhood attracted attention while singing with her father (a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in

Agriculture and stock-raising are the chief industries in the surrounding region. The city owns a new

water-works plant (costing 860,000) and has a public library valued at 875,000, the gift of a resident, Mr. John Quincy Adams has a court house, electric light plant, sewerage and drainage system, seven churches, three graded schools, four weekly newspapers and a State bank. Wheaton is the seat of Wheaton College (which ;

see)

Population

(1880),

1,160;

(1890),

1,622;

(1900). 2,34.5.

WHEATON COLLEGE,

an educational institution located at Wheaton, Du Page County, and under Congregational control. It was founded in 1853, as the Illinois Institute, and was chartered under its present name in 1860. Its early existence was one of struggle, but of late years it has been established on a better foundation, in 1898 having 854,000 invested in productive funds, and property aggregating 8136,000. The faculty comprises fifteen professors, and, in 1898, there were 321 students in attendance. It is co-educational and instruction is given in business and preparatory studies, as well as the fine arts,

music and

classical literature.

WHEELER, David Hilton, D.D., LL.D., clergyman, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1829; graduated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, in 1851; edited "The Carroll County Republican" and held a professorship in Cornell College, Iowa, (1857-61); was United States Consul at Geneva, Switzerland, (1861-66)

;

Professor of

English Literature in Northwestern University (1867-75); edited "The Methodist" in New York, seven years, and was President of Allegheny College (1883-87); received the degree of D.D. from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL. D. from the Northwestern University in 1881. He is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy"

HISTOrJCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. (two volumes, 1864)