Haynes Honda GL 1800 Gold Wing '01 to '09 Service and Repair Manual 156392787X, 9781563927874

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| it

GL 1800 Gold Wing 01 to 09

\

Model history * Pre-ride checks ® Wiring diagrams Tools and workshop tips

Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2021 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/hondagl1800goldwO0000ahIs

Honda GL1800 old Win

ervice and Repair Manual by Alan Ahistrand Models covered GL1800 Gold Wing, 2001 through 2009

ABCDE FGHIJ KLMNO PQRST

All rights reserved. No part of this in any form or by any means, photocopying, recording or by any without permission in writing from

book may be reproduced or transmitted electronic or mechanical, including information storage or retrieval system, the copyright holder.

ISBN-13: 978-1-56392-787-4 ISBN-10: 1-56392-787-X Library of Congress Control Number: 2010925281

Printed in the USA Haynes Publishing

© Haynes North America, Inc. 2010 With permission from J.H. Haynes & Co. Ltd

A book in the Haynes Service and Repair Manual Series

Sparkford, Nr Yeovil, Somerset BA22 7JJ, England Haynes North America,

Inc

861 Lawrence Drive, Newbury

Park, California 91320, USA

10-288

LIVING WITH YOUR HONDA Introduction The Birth of a Dream

Page

O*4

Acknowledgements

Page

0°7

About this manual

Page

0°7

Identification numbers

Page

Oe°8

Buying spare parts

Page

0°10

Safety first!

Page

Oet1

Engine oil level

Page

Oe*12

Coolant level

Page

0913

Suspension and steering checks

Page

0°13

Pre-ride checks

Legal and safety checks

Page

0913

Brake and clutch fluid levels

Page

0°14

Tires

Page

0915

Specifications

Page

191

Lubricants and fluids

Page

192

Maintenance schedule

Page

193

Component locations

Page

1*4

Maintenance procedures

Page

196

MAINTENANCE Routine maintenance and servicing

‘Contents REPAIRS AND OVERHAUL Engine, transmission and associated systems Engine, clutch and transmission

Page

2e¢1

Cooling system

Page

3e1

Fuel, exhaust and emission control systems

Page

4e1

Ignition system

Page

5e1

Steering, suspension and final drive

Page

691

Brakes

Page

7e1

Wheels

Page

7213

Tires

Page

7°17

Fairing and bodywork

Page

821

Electrical system

Page

9e1

Wiring diagrams

Page 9025

Chassis components

REFERENCE Dimensions and Weights

Page

REFe1

Tools and Workshop Tips

Page

REFe6

Conversion factors

Page

REFe24

Motorcycle Chemicals and Lubricants

Page

REFe25

Storage

Page

REF*26

Troubleshooting

Page

REFe29

Troubleshooting Equipment

Page

REFe*38

Security

Page

REFe42

Technical Terms Explained

Page

REFe45

Index

Page

REFe53

Drearr

oo4 INtroduction

by Jullan Ryder [= is no better example of the Japanese post-war industrial miracle than Honda. Like other companies which have become household names, it started with one man’s vision. In this case the man was the 40-year old Soichiro Honda, who had sold his piston-ring manufacturing business to Toyota in 1945 and was happily spending the proceeds on prolonged parties for his friends. However, the difficulties of getting around in the chaos of post-war Japan irked Honda, so when he came across a job lot of generator engines, he realized that here was a way of getting people mobile again at low cost. A 12 by 18-foot shack in Hamamatsu became his first bike factory, fitting the generator motors into pushbikes. Before long he’d used up all 500 generator motors and started manufacturing his own engine, known as the “chimney,” either because of the elongated cylinder head or the smoky exhaust, or perhaps both. The chimney made all of half a horsepower from its 50 cc engine but it was a major success and became the Honda A-type

Less than two years after he’d set up in Hamamatsu, Soichiro Honda founded the Honda Motor Company in September 1948. By then, the A-type had been developed into the 90 cc B-type engine, which Mr. Honda decided deserved its own chassis, not a bicycle frame. Honda was about to become Japan's first post-war manufacturer of complete motorcycles. In August 1949 the first prototype was ready. With an output of three horsepower, the 98 cc D-type was still a simple two-stroke, but it had a two-speed transmission and, most importantly, a pressed steel frame with telescopic forks and hard tail rear end. The frame was almost triangular in profile with the top rail going in a straight line from the massively braced steering head to the rear axle. Legend has it that after the D-type’s first tests, the entire workforce went for a drink to celebrate and try and think of a name for the bike. One man broke one of those silences you get when people are thinking, exclaiming “This is like a dream!” “That’s it!” shouted Honda, and so the Honda Dream was christened.

DEON ON

r. Honda was a brilliant, intuitive MI engineer and designer, but he did not bother himself with the marketing side of his business. With hindsight, it is possible to see that employing Takeo Fujisawa - who would both sort out the home market and plan the eventual expansion into overseas markets - was a masterstroke. He arrived in October 1949 and in 1950 was made Sales Director. Another vital new name was Kiyoshi Kawashima,

who along with Honda

himself,

designed the company’s first four-stroke after Kawashima had told them that the four-stroke opposition to Honda’s two-strokes sounded nicer and therefore sold better. The result of that statement was the overhead-valve 148 cc E-type, which first ran in July 1951 just two months after the first drawings were made. Kawashima was made a director of the Honda Company at 34 years old. The E-type was a massive success, over 32,000 were made in 1953 alone, a feat of

‘This is like a dream!’ "That eat shouted Honda mass-production

that was

astounding

by

the standards of the day given the relative complexity of the machine. But Honda’s lifelong pursuit of technical innovation sometimes distracted him from commercial reality. Fujisawa pointed out that they were in danger of ignoring their core business, the motorized bicycles that still formed Japan’s main means of transport. In May 1952, the F-type Cub appeared, another two-stroke despite the top men’s reservations. You could buy a complete machine or just the motor to attach to your own bicycle. The result was certainly distinctive, a white fuel tank with a circular profile went just below and behind the saddle on the left of the bike, and the motor with its horizontal cylinder and bright red cover just below the rear axle on the same side of the bike. This was the machine that turned

Honda into the biggest bike maker in Japan,

Honda C70 and C90 OHV-engined models

with 70% of the market for bolt-on bicycle motors. The F-type was also the first Honda to be exported. Next came the machine that would turn Honda into the biggest motorcycle manufacturer in the world. The C100 Super Cub was a typically audacious piece of Honda engineering and marketing. For the first time, but not the last, Honda invented a completely new type of motorcycle, although the term “scooterette’” was coined to describe the new bike which had many of the characteristics of a scooter but the large wheels, and therefore stability, of a motorcycle. The first one was sold in August 1958; fifteen years later, over nine-million of them were on the roads of the world. If ever a machine can be said to have brought mobility

Introduction oes

.

——_——

HONDA)

\

HONDA

Pa

The CB250N Super Dream became a favorite with UK learner riders of the late seventies and early eighties

to the masses, it is the Super Cub. If you add in the electric starter that was added for the C102 model of 1961, the design of the Super Cub has remained substantially unchanged ever since, testament to how right Honda got it first time. The Super Cub made Honda the world’s biggest manufacturer after just two years of production. onda’s export drive started in earnest a in 1957 when Britain and Holland got their first bikes; America got just two bikes the next year. By 1962, Honda had half the American market with 65,000 sales. But Soichiro Honda had already travelled abroad to Europe and the USA, making a special point of going to the Isle of Man TT, then the most important race in the GP calendar. He realized that no matter how advanced his products were, only racing success would convince overseas markets for whom “Made in Japan” still meant cheap and nasty. It took

five years from Soichiro Honda’s first visit to

The GL1000 introduced in 1975, was the first in Honda’s line

the Isiand before his bikes were ready for the TT. In 1959 the factory entered five riders in the 125 class. They did not have a massive impact on the event, being benevolently regarded as a curiosity, but sixth, seventh and eighth were good enough for the team prize. The bikes were off the pace but they were well engineered and very reliable. The TT was the only time the West saw the Hondas in ‘59, but they came back for more the following year with the first of a generation of bikes which shaped the future of motorcycling — the double-overhead-cam four-cylinder 250. It was fast and reliable it revved to 14,000 rpm —- but didn’t handle anywhere near as well as the opposition. However, Honda had now signed up non-Japanese riders to lead their challenge. The first win didn’t come until 1962 (Aussie Tom Phillis in the Spanish 125 GP) and was followed up with a world-shaking performance at the TT. Twenty-one year old Mike Hailwood

of Gold Wings won both 125 and 250 cc TTs and Hondas filled the top five positions in both races. Soichiro Honda’s master plan was starting to come to fruition; Hailwood and Honda won the 1961 250 cc World Championship. Next year Honda won three titles. The other Japanese factories fought back and inspired Honda to produce some of the most fascinating racers ever seen: the awesome six-cylinder 250, the five-cylinder 125, and the 500 four, with which the immortal Hailwood battled Agostini and the MV Agusta. hen Honda pulled out of racing in ‘67, they had won sixteen rider’s titles, eighteen manufacturer’s titles, and 137 GPs, including 18 TTs, and introduced the concept of the modern works

team to motorcycle racing. Sales success followed racing victory as Soichiro Honda had predicted, but only because the products advanced as rapidly as the racing machinery. The Hondas that came to Britain in the early ‘60s were incredibly sophisticated. They had overhead cams where the British bikes had pushrods, they had electric starters when the Brits relied on the kickstart, they had 12V electrics when even the biggest British bike used a 6V system. There seemed no end to the technical wizardry. It wasn’t that the technology itself was so amazing, but just like that first E-type, it was the fact that Honda could mass-produce it more reliably than the lower-tech competition that was so astonishing.

When, in 1968, the first four-cylinder CB750 road bike arrived, the world of motorcycling changed forever, they even had to invent a new word for it, “Superbike.” Honda raced again with the CB750 at Daytona and won the World Endurance title with a prototype DOHC version that became the CB900 roadster. There was the six-cylinder CBX, the CX500T - the world’s first turbocharged production Carl Fogarty in action at the Suzuka 8 Hour on the RC45

bike. They invented

the full-dress tourer with

the GoldWing, and came back to GPs with the

oe6 INtroduction motors!

However,

NS500,

an agile three-cylinder lightweight

in 1982

Honda

raced the

against the big four-cylinder opposition

in

500 GPs. The bike won in its first year, and in

‘83 took the world title for Freddie Spencer. In four-stroke racing the V4 layout took over from the straight four, dominating TT, F1 and

Endurance championships with the RVF750, the nearest thing ever built to a Formula 1 car on two wheels. And when Superbike arrived, Honda were ready with the RC30. On the roads the VFR V4 became an instant classic, while the CBR600

invented

another

new class of bike on its way to becoming a best-seller. The V4 road bikes had problems to start with, but the VFR750 sold world-wide over its lifetime while the VFR400 became a massive commercial success and cult bike in Japan. The original RC30 won the first two World Superbike Championships is 1988 and ‘89, but Honda had to wait until 1997 to win it again with the RC45, the last of the V4 roadsters. In Grands Prix, the NSR500 V4 two-stroke superseded the NS triple and became the benchmark racing machine of the ‘90s. Mick Doohan

secured his place in history by winning five World Championships in consecutive years on it. n yet another example of Honda inventing |: new class of motorcycle, they came up

with the astounding CBR9OORR revolutionary oval-pistoned NR500 four-stroke, a much-misunderstood bike that was more a rolling experimental laboratory than a racer. Just to show their versatility, Honda also came up with the weird CX500 shaft-drive V-twin, a rugged workhorse that powered a

new industry: the courier companies that oiled

the wheels of commerce in London and other big cities. It was true, though, that Mr. Honda was not

keen on two-strokes — early motocross engines had to be explained away to him as lawnmower

FireBlade,

a bike with the punch of a 1000 cc motor in a package the size and weight of a 750. It became a cult bike as well as a best seller, and with judicious redesigns, it continues to give much more recent designs a run for their

money. When

it became apparent that the high-tech

V4 motor of the RC45

was too expensive to

produce, Honda looked to a V-twin engine to power its flagship for the first time. Typically, the VTR1000 FireStorm was a much more rideable

machine

than

its opposition,

and

once accepted by the market formed the basis of the next generation of Superbike racer, the

VTR-SP-1. One of Mr. Honda’s mottos was that technology would solve the customers’ problems, and no company has embraced cutting-edge technology more firmly than Honda. In fact, Honda often developed new technology, especially in the fields

of

The CX500 - Honda’s first V-Twin and a favorite choice of dispatch riders

materials

science

and

metallurgy.

The embodiment of that was the NR750, a bike that was misunderstood nearly as much as the original NR5OO racer. This limited-edition technological tour-de-force embodied many of Soichiro Honda’s ideals. It used the latest techniques and materials in every component, from the oval-piston, 32-valve V4 motor to the titanium coating on the windscreen, it was - as Mr Honda would have wanted — the best it could possibly be. A fitting memorial to the man who has shaped the motorcycle industry and motorcycles as we know them today.

Introduction o-7 The GL1800 Gold Wing The GL71800 is the latest in a long series of Gold Wings, beginning with the GL1000 in 1975. Honda’s flagship touring motorcycle is the second Gold Wing to have an opposed 6-cylinder engine (its immediate predecessor, the GL1500, was the first). The engine’s crankshaft is mounted longitudinally in the motorcycle, with three horizontal cylinders on each side. A single overhead camshaft on each cylinder bank operates the valves through shim-underbucket lifters. There are two valves, one intake and one exhaust, per cylinder. The camshafts are operated by a pair of timing chains. The fuel system is a version of Honda’s Programmed Fuel Injection (PGM-Fl) system. It inducts air through a dual throttle body and supplies fuel through six injectors. The injectors are mounted in banks of three above each cylinder head. A number of sensors supply information to the engine management computer (engine control unit, or ECM). The ECM uses this information to control the timing and amount of fuel injected into each cylinder. The PGM-FI system includes sophisticated emission controls, including oxygen sensors or air-fuel ratio sensors in the exhaust system. Front suspension on all models is by telescopic forks, with a damper

2006 GL1800 Gold Wing

rod design

used for the left fork leg and a cartridge design used for the right fork leg. The left fork leg is equipped with an anti-dive unit. The rear suspension consists of a swingarm, single shock absorber with an automatic self-ieveling system and a progressive rising

rate linkage similar to that used in sport bikes and motocrossers. The transmission is a conventional motorcycle-type five-speed. The clutch is multi-wet-plate design with hydraulic assist to reduce lever effort. The motorcycle is

Acknowledgements Our thanks to AJ Jensen for lending us his 2003 GL1800 for the disassembly photographs in this manual, as well as for cover photos; to Harry Aced for lending us his 2006 GL1800 for cover photos; to David Guy, service manager at GP Sports, Santa Clara, California, for arranging the teardown and fitting the project into his shop’s busy schedule; and to Craig Wardner, service technician, for doing the mechanical work and providing valuable technical information.

About this Manual The aim of this manual is to help you get the best value from your motorcycle. It can

are equipped

the upper and lower pistons in each front caliper, as well as the center piston in the rear caliper. Pressing the brake pedal operates the center piston in each front caliper, as well as the upper and lower pistons in the rear caliper. The two hydraulic systems are completely independent of each other. Anti-lock brakes (ABS) are optional.

with Honda’s Linked Braking System, which ties the front and rear brakes together. In the GL1800, pulling the front brake lever operates

Optional equipment on the GL1800 includes cruise control, a global positioning system and an airbag.

do so in several ways. It can help you decide what work must be done, even if you choose to have it done by a dealer; it provides information and procedures for routine maintenance and servicing; and it offers diagnostic and repair procedures to follow when trouble occurs. We hope you use the manual to tackle the work yourself. For many simpler jobs, doing it yourself may be quicker than arranging an appointment to get the motorcycle into a dealer and making the trips to leave it and pick it up. More importantly, a lot of money can be saved by avoiding the expense the shop must pass on to you to cover its labour and overhead costs. An added benefit is the

sense of satisfaction and accomplishment that you feel after doing the job yourself. References to the left or right side of the motorcycle assume you are sitting on the

equipped with reverse, but the reverse system uses the starter motor, not the engine. Final drive is by a driveshaft, which connects the engine to the final drive unit at

the rear of the motorcycle. The brakes use a pair of three-piston calipers at the front and a single three-piston caliper at the rear. All models

seat, facing forward. We take great pride in the accuracy of information given in this manual, but motorcycle manufacturers make alterations and design changes during the production run of a particular motorcycle of which they do not inform us. No liability can be accepted by the authors or publishers for loss, damage or injury caused by any errors in, or omissions from, the information

given.

og Identification numbers Frame and engine numbers The vehicle identification number (VIN) is stamped into the left side of the steering head, and/or is located on a label affixed to the right side of the frame, below the exhaust pipe. The frame serial number is stamped into the right side of the steering head and the engine serial number is stamped into the right rear

corner of the engine. These numbers should be recorded and kept in a safe place so they

can be furnished to law enforcement officials in the event of theft. The VIN, frame serial number, engine serial number and carburetor identification

number should be kept in a handy place (such as your wallet) so they are always available when purchasing or ordering parts for your machine.

Other important identification numbers include the carburetor identification number and the color code. The carburetor

identification number is stamped into the intake side of the carburetor. The color code is located on a sticker inside the fuel filler cap door. Always refer to the color code when buying painted parts such as the fuel tank, fenders or side covers. The models covered by this manual are as follows:

Honda 2009

at

GL1800

Gold

Wing,

2001

through

+.

=a

The engine number location

ee

Samet

ag)

The frame number is stamped into the right side of the steering head and also printed on a sticker located nearby

Identification numbers og

Year

Model

Initial engine number

Initial frame number

2001

Standard

SC47E-2000101

1HFSC470*1A000001

ABS

SC47E-2000101

1HFSC474*1A000001

Standard

SC47E-2100101

1HFSC470*2A100001

ABS

SC47E-2100101

1HFSC474*2A100001

Standard

SC47E-2200011

1HFSC470*3A200001

ABS

SC47E-2200011

1HFSC474*3A200001

Standard

SC47E-2300001

1HFSC470*4A300001

ABS

SC47E-2300001

1HFSC474*4A300001

Standard

SC47E-2400001

1HFSC470*5A400001

ABS

SC47E-2400001

1HFSC474*5A400001

Standard

SC47E-2500001

1HFSC47F*6A500001

Comfort package

SC47E-2500001

1HFSC47G*6A500001

Comfort package, GPS

SC47E-2500001

1HFSC47H*6A500001

Comfort package, GPS, ABS

SC47E-2500001

1HFSC47L*6A500001

Premium audio

Not available

1HFSC47F*7A600001

Heated seats/grips, GPS

Not available

1HFSC47H*7A600001

Heated seats/grips

Not available

1HFSC47L*7A600001

Airbag

Not available

1HFSC47M*7A600001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

,

oe1o0 Identification numbers Year

Model

Initial engine number

Initial frame number

2008

Heated seats/grips, GPS,

Not available

1HFSC47F*8A700001

ABS, Premium audio,

\

Airbag

Not available

1HFSC47H*8A700001

Not available

1HFSC47L*8A700001

Premium audio

Not available

1HFSC47M*8A700001

Comfort package,

Not available

1HFSC47G*9A800001

Not available

1HFSC47H*9A800001

Not available

1HFSC47L*9A800001

Premium audio,

Heated seats/grips

Premium audio, GPS,

Heated seats/grips

2009

Premium audio

Satellite radio, GPS,

Heated seats/grips, ABS, Airbag

Satellite radio, GPS, Comfort package,

ABS

Buying spare parts Once you have found all the identification numbers, record them for reference when buying parts. Since the manufacturers change specifications, parts and vendors (companies that manufacture various components on the machine), providing the ID numbers is the only way to be reasonably sure that you are buying the correct parts. Whenever possible, take the worn part to the dealer so direct comparison with the new

component can be made. Along the trail from

the manufacturer to the parts shelf, there are numerous places that the part can end up with the wrong number or be listed incorrectly. The two places to purchase new parts for your motorcycle — the accessory store and the franchised dealer — differ in the type of parts they carry. While dealers can obtain virtually every part for your motorcycle, the accessory dealer is usually limited to normal high wear items such as shock absorbers, tune-up parts, various engine gaskets, cables, chains, brake parts, etc. Rarely will an accessory outlet have

major suspension components, cylinders, transmission gears, or cases. Used parts can be obtained for roughly half the price of new ones, but you can’t always be sure of what you’re getting. Once again, take your worn part to the breaker’s yard for direct comparison.

Whether buying new, used or rebuilt parts, the best course is to deal directly with someone who specializes in parts for your particular make.

Safety First! 0-11 Professional mechanics are trained in safe working procedures. However enthusiastic you may be about getting on with the job at hand, take the time to ensure that your safety is not put at risk. A moment's lack of attention can result in an accident, as can failure to observe simple precautions. There will always be new ways of having accidents, and the following is not a comprehensive list of all dangers; it is intended rather to make you aware of the risks and to encourage a safe approach to all work you Carry out on your bike.

Asbestos @ Certain friction, insulating, sealing and other products - such as brake pads, clutch linings, gaskets, etc. - contain asbestos. Extreme care must be taken to avoid inhalation of dust from such products since it is hazardous to health. If in doubt, assume that they do contain asbestos.

Fire @ Remember at all times that gasoline is highly flammable. Never smoke or have any kind of naked flame around, when working on the vehicle. But the risk does not end there a spark caused by an electrical short-circuit, by two metal surfaces contacting each other, by careless use of tools, or even by static electricity built up in your body under certain conditions, can ignite gasoline vapor, which in a confined space is highly explosive. Never use gasoline as a cleaning solvent. Use an approved safety solvent.

Remember... X Don’t start the engine without first ascertaining that the transmission is in neutral.

X Don’t suddenly remove the pressure cap from a hot cooling system - cover it with a cloth and release the pressure gradually first, or you may get scalded by escaping coolant.

% Don’t attempt to drain oil until you are sure

it has cooled

sufficiently

to avoid

scalding you. X Don’t grasp any part of the engine or exhaust system without first ascertaining that it is cool enough not to burn you.

* Don’t allow brake fluid or antifreeze to contact the machine’s paintwork or plastic components.

¥ Don’t siphon toxic liquids such as fuel, hydraulic fluid or antifreeze by mouth, or allow them to remain on your skin. * Don’t inhale dust - it may be injurious to health (see Asbestos heading). ¥ Don’t allow any spilled oil or grease to remain on the floor - wipe it up right away, before someone slips on it.

X Don’t use ill-fitting wrenches

or other

tools which may slip and cause injury.

@® Always disconnect the battery ground terminal before working on any part of the fuel or electrical system, and never risk spilling fuel on to a hot engine or exhaust. @® It is recommended that a fire extinguisher of a type suitable for fuel and electrical fires is kept handy in the garage or workplace at all times. Never try to extinguish a fuel or electrical fire with water.

Fumes @® Certain fumes are highly toxic and can quickly Cause unconsciousness and even death if inhaled to any extent. Gasoline vapor comes into this category, as do the vapors from certain solvents such as trichloro-ethylene. Any draining or pouring of such volatile fluids should be done in a well ventilated area. @ When using cleaning fluids and solvents, read the instructions carefully. Never use materials from unmarked containers - they may give off poisonous vapors. @ Never run the engine of a motor vehicle in an enclosed space such as a garage. Exhaust fumes contain carbon monoxide which is extremely poisonous; if you need to run the engine, always do so in the open air or at least have the rear of the vehicle outside the workplace.

The battery @ Never cause a spark, or allow a naked light near the vehicle’s battery. It will normally be giving off a certain amount of hydrogen gas, which is highly explosive.

X Don’t lift a heavy component which may be beyond your capability - get assistance. X Don’t rush to finish a job or take unverified short cuts.

* Don’t allow children or animals in or around an unattended vehicle. X Don’t inflate a tire above the recommended pressure. Apart from overstressing the carcass, in extreme cases

the tire may blow off forcibly. vV Do ensure that the machine is supported securely at all times. This is especially important when the machine is blocked up to aid wheel or fork removal.

¥ Do take care when attempting to loosen a stubborn nut or bolt. It is generally better to pull on a wrench, rather than push, so that if you slip, you fall away from the machine rather than onto it. ~ Do wear eye protection when using power tools such as drill, sander, bench grinder etc. ¥ Do use a barrier cream on your hands prior to undertaking dirty jobs - it will protect your skin from infection as well as making the dirt easier to remove

afterwards;

but

make sure your hands aren't left slippery. Note that long-term contact with used engine oil can be a health hazard. ¥ Do keep loose clothing (cuffs, ties etc.

@ Always disconnect the battery ground terminal before working on the fuel or electrical systems (except where noted). @ |f possible, loosen the filler plugs or cover when charging the battery from an external source. Do not charge at an excessive rate or the battery may burst. @ Take care when topping up, cleaning or carrying the battery. The acid electrolyte, even when diluted, is very corrosive and should not be allowed to contact the eyes or skin. Always wear rubber gloves and goggles or a face shield. If you ever need to prepare electrolyte yourself, always add the acid slowly to the water; never add the water to the acid.

Electricity @ When using an electric power tool, inspection light etc., always ensure that the appliance is correctly connected to its plug and that, where necessary, it is properly grounded. Do not use such appliances in damp conditions and, again, beware of creating a spark or applying excessive heat in the vicinity of fuel or fuel vapor. Also ensure that the appliances meet national safety standards. @ A severe electric shock can result from touching certain parts of the electrical system, such as the spark plug wires (HT leads), when the engine is running or being cranked, particularly if components are damp or the insulation is defective. Where an electronic ignition system is used, the secondary (HT) voltage is much higher and could prove fatal.

and long hair) well out of the way of moving mechanical parts. v Do remove rings, wristwatch etc., before working on the vehicle - especially the electrical system. V Do keep your work area tidy - it is only too easy to fall over articles left lying around. Vv Do exercise caution when compressing springs for removal or installation. Ensure that the tension is applied and released in a controlled manner, using suitable tools which preclude the possibility of the spring escaping violently.

¥ Do ensure that any lifting tackle used has a safe working load rating adequate for the job. ~Y Do get someone to check periodically that all is well, when working alone on the

vehicle. ¥ Do carry out work in a logical sequence and check that everything is correctly assembled and tightened afterwards.

V Do remember that your vehicle’s safety affects that of yourself and others. If in doubt on any point, get professional advice. @ If in spite of following these precautions, you

are

unfortunate

enough

to

injure

yourself, seek medical attention as soon as possible.

o-12 Daily (pre-ride checks)

Note: The Pre-ride checks outlined in the owner’s manual covers those items which should be inspected before riding the motorcycle.

Engine oil level Before you start:

Bike care:

Caution: Do not run the engine in an enclosed space such as a garage or workshop.

@ |f you have to add oil frequently, you should check whether you have any oil leaks. If there is no sign of oil leakage from the joints and gaskets the engine could be burning oil (see Troubleshooting).

VY Start the engine and let it idle for several minutes to allow it to reach normal operating

temperature. v¥ Stop the engine and support the motorcycle in an upright position, using an auxiliary stand if required. Make sure it is on level ground. V Leave the motorcycle undisturbed for a few minutes to allow the oil level to stabilize.

The correct oil:

specified type and viscosity and do not overfill the engine. API grade SG or higher, standard MA*

Oil viscosity

@ Modern, high-revving engines place great demands on their oil. It is very important that the correct oil for your bike is used. ®@ Always top up with a good quality oil of the

| SAE 10W-30

*Some automotive oils contain friction modifiers than can cause motorcycle clutches to slip. Oil meeting JASO standard T903 MA is compatible with motorcycle clutches.

ee

1 Remove the oil filler cap (arrow) from the right-hand side of the engine after removing the side cover. The dipstick is integral with the cap and is used to check the engine oil level. Using a clean rag or paper towel, wipe all the oil off the dipstick. Insert the clean dipstick in the filler cap hole, but do not screw it in.

|

meeting JASO T903

|

Remove the dipstick and observe the level of the oil, which should be somewhere in between the upper and lower lines (arrows). If the level is below the lower line, add the recommended grade and

type of oil to bring the level up to the upper line on the dipstick. Do not overfill. Install the filler cap.

Daily (pre-ride checks) o-13 Coolant level Warning: DO NOT remove the radiator pressure cap to add coolant. Topping up is done via the coolant reservoir tank filler. DO NOT leave open containers of coolant about, as it is poisonous.

Before you start: v Make sure you have a supply of coolant available — a mixture of 50% distilled water

and 50% corrosion inhibited ethylene glycol antifreeze is needed. V Check the coolant level when the engine is at operating temperature and idling. ¥Y Support the motorcycle in an upright

not top the system up using only water, as the system will become too diluted. @ Do not overfill the reservoir. If the coolant is significantly above the FULL level line at

position on its centerstand. level ground.

drained off to prevent the possibility of it being expelled out of the overflow hose.

Make sure it is on

any time, the surplus should

be siphoned

or

@ If the coolant level falls steadily, check the

Bike care: @ Use only the specified coolant mixture. It is important that antifreeze is used in the system all year round, and not just in the winter. Do

system for leaks (see Chapter 1). If no leaks are found and the level continues to fall, it is recommended that the machine be taken to a Honda dealer for a pressure test.

oa

The coolant reservoir dipstick is located on the left side of the bike, beneath the side cover.

Remove the dipstick, wipe it clean, reinsert it, and pull it out. Coolant level should be between the upper and lower lines on the dipstick. If the coolant level is below the lower line, top the coolant level up with the recommended coolant mixture.

Suspension and steering Suspension and Steering: @ Check that the front and rear suspension operates smoothly without binding. ®@ Check that the suspension is adjusted as required. @ Check that the steering moves smoothly from lock-to-lock.

Legal and safety Lighting and signalling:

Safety:

Fuel:

@ Take a minute to check that the headlight, tail light, brake light, instrument lights and turn signals all work correctly. @ Check that the horn sounds when the switch is operated. @ A working speedometer graduated in mph is a statutory requirement in the UK.

® Check that the throttle grip rotates smoothly and snaps shut when released, in all steering positions. Also check for the correct amount of freeplay (see Chapter 1). @ Check that the engine shuts off when the

@ This may seem obvious, but check that you have enough fuel to complete your journey. If you notice signs of fuel leakage — rectify the cause immediately. @ Ensure you use the correct grade unleaded

kill switch is operated.

fuel — see Chapter 4 Specifications.

@ Check that sidestand and centerstand return springs hold the stands up securely when they are retracted.

o-14 Daily (pre-ride checks)

Brake and clutch fluid levels ae

Warning: Paks hydraulic

fluid can harm Tigo | eyes and

dd.lamage pain Ne aed 4 are treme ca ion when handling an pouring it and cover surrounding su ces with rag. Do

not use fluid that has been standing

open for some

time, as it absorbs"

moisture from the air which can cause a dangerous loss of braking | peitecnveness,

;

‘

Before you start: ¥ Support the motorcycle in an upright position on its centerstand. Turn the handlebars until the top of the front master cylinder is as level as possible. The rear master cylinder reservoir is located behind the right-hand side cover. V Make sure you have the correct hydraulic fluid. DOT 4 is recommended.

vY Wrap a rag around the reservoir being worked on to ensure that any spillage does not come into contact with painted surfaces.

Bike care: ® The fluid in the front and rear brake master cylinder reservoirs will drop slightly as the brake pads wear down. @ If any fluid reservoir requires repeated topping-up this is an indication of an hydraulic leak somewhere in the system, which should be investigated immediately. ® Check for signs of fluid leakage from the hydraulic hoses and brake system components -— if found, rectify immediately (see Chapter 7). ® Check the operation of both brakes before taking the machine on the road; if there is evidence of air in the system (spongy feel to lever or pedal), it must be bled as described in

Chapter 7.

9 The clutch fluid reservoir is mounted on the left handlebar - it’s checked in the same way as the front brake reservoir, and it uses the same fluid.

The front brake fluid level is visible through the sight glass in the reservoir body must be above the LOWER reservoir line. If the fluid is below the line, remove the cap screws and lift off the reservoir cap, diaphragm plate and diaphragm. Top up with new, clean DOT 4 brake fluid, until the level

is just below the upper level line cast on the inside of the reservoir. Take care to avoid spills (see WARNING above) and do not overfill. Be suire the diaphragm is correctly seated before installing the plate and cap, then tighten the screws securely.

3 The rear brake master cylinder reservoir is located on the right side of the bike beneath the side cover. Fluid level should be

between the upper and lower lines molded in the reservoir. If it’s low, unscrew the cap/diaphragm and lift it off. Top up with new, clean DOT 4 brake fluid until the level is just below the upper line. Take care to avoid spills (see Warning above) and do not overfill. Install the cap/ diaphragm and tighten it securely.

Daily (pre-ride checks) 0-15

Tires The correct pressures: ® The tires must be checked when cold, not immediately after riding. Note that low tire pressures

may cause

the tire to slip on the

rim or come off. High tire pressures will cause abnormal tread wear and unsafe handling. @ Use an accurate pressure gauge. Many garage forecourt gauges are wildly inaccurate. If you buy your own, spend as much as you can justify on a quality gauge. ® Correct air pressure will increase tire life and provide maximum stability, handling capability and ride comfort.

Front Rear

250 kPa (36 psi)

280 kPa (41 psi)

Tire care: @ Check the tires carefully for cuts, tears, embedded nails or other sharp objects and excessive wear. Operation of the motorcycle with excessively worn tires is extremely

hazardous, as traction and handling are directly affected. @ Check the condition of the tire valve and ensure the dust cap is in place. @ Pick out any stones or nails which may have become embedded in the tire tread. If left, they will eventually penetrate through the casing and cause a puncture. @ If tire damage is apparent, or unexplained loss of pressure is experienced, seek the advice of a tire fitting specialist without delay.

Tire tread depth: @ At the time of writing UK law requires that tread depth must be at least 1 mm over the entire tread breadth all the way around the tire, with no bald patches. Many riders, however, consider 2 mm tread depth minimum to be a safer limit. Honda recommends a minimum of 1.5 mm for the front tire and 2 mm for the rear tire. @ Many tires now incorporate wear indicators in the tread. Identify the triangular pointer or

Check the tire pressures when the tires 1 are cold and keep them properly inflated. TWI mark on the tire sidewall to locate the indicator bar and renew the tire if the tread has worn down to the bar.

ene

Measure tread depth at the center of the tire using a tread depth gauge

3 Tire tread wear

indicator bar (A) and

its location

marking

(B)

— usually either an arrow, a triangle or the letters TWI - on the sidewall. Look for the tire information label on the chainguard or swingarm

o-16 Daily (pre-ride checks) Notes

Chapter 1 Tune-up and routine maintenance Contents Air filter element - replaceMent ...........:ccccssccecesssusesseeessesesssveeesneees Brake ads Weal GieCkKiccsccsteace becteneere meatwenc cs eet eans

22 4

Sane SVStelmiaGOMehal COCK ce. secccesrecsoetenscnvere soeaccesecsecetvetuersrne 6 Cigich =checkrandlacjUSthmelitizcsccccc-.ssececesvevonctocoresterrerusecscrevess 13 Cooling system - draining, flushing and refilling ............:c0c000 25 COO MNGISVSTEM INSPECOM ceoec seeseee tere-c eee somnccreseceresesotaes 8 Glannease breath ele SSMIGING --cseevercetseseccecseectseceessnercsyeeee sees 5 EMGIMexoll/Mltels=" CANOES. .c- 4K

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AS 2co° Fak Game sa VU, } aos

oo 5 = *Oo ©

5on a

tee eh oar, mo 0

Oo” Q=

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=

Po

7.2 Tap around the joint with a soft-faced mallet if necessary - don’t strike cooling fins 1 » >

2ow"7—

oO—©mx,@

+ ah)

2

mi oO c QO = >

a) _— @m ¢&

oad

Oo c=

) = > w L

=

(2) @

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ny = = a Ke)D jeu

Removal of old gasket and sealant

oO

@

Paperg asskets

complete

leaving

will most likely c only a few tra

7.5

... ora household

scraper

rere22 TOOIS and Workshop Tips

8.4 Insert the new soft link, with O-rings, through the chain ends... 7.6 Fine abrasive paper is wrapped around a flat file to clean up the gasket face

8.1 Tighten the chain breaker to push the pin out of the link...

8.5 ... install the O-rings over the pin ends...

7.7 A kitchen scourer can be used on

stubborn deposits the gasket surface can be made with very fine abrasive paper or a plastic kitchen scourer (see illustrations 7.6 and 7.7). @® Old sealant can be scraped or peeled off components, depending on the type originally used. Note that gasket removal compounds are available to avoid scraping the components clean; make sure the gasket remover suits the type of sealant used.

8

8.6 ... followed by the sideplate

Chains 8.3 ...and separate the chain link

Breaking and joining final drive chains @ Drive chains for all but small bikes are continuous and do not have a clip-type connecting link. The chain must be broken using a chain breaker tool and the new chain securely riveted together using a new soft rivettype link. Never use a clip-type connecting link instead of a rivet-type link, except in an emergency. Various chain breaking and riveting tools are available, either as separate tools or combined as illustrated in the accompanying photographs - read the instructions supplied

with the tool carefully.

A

Warning: The need to rivet the new link pins correctly cannot be overstressed - loss of contro! of the motorcycle is very likely to result if the chain breaks in use.

deeply center-punched instead of peened over like all the other pins (see illustration 8.9) and its sideplate may be a different color. Position the soft link midway between the sprockets

and assemble

Rotate the chain and look for the soft link.

The soft link pins look like they have been

breaker

tool over

the chain (see illustration 8.2). On an O-ring chain, remove the O-rings (see illustration 8.3). Carry out the same procedure on the other soft link pin.

Caution: Certain soft link pins (particularly on the larger chains) may require their ends to be filed or ground off before they can be pressed out using the tool. ® Check that you have the correct size and strength (standard or heavy duty) new soft link - do not reuse the old link. Look for the

size marking @®

the chain

one of the soft link pins (see illustration 8.1). Operate the tool to push the pin out through

engaged over the rear sprocket. On an Oring chain, install a new O-ring over each pin of the link and insert the link through the two chain ends (see illustration 8.4). Install a new O-ring over the end of each pin, followed by the sideplate (with the chain manufacturer’s marking facing outwards) (see illustrations 8.5 and 8.6). On an unsealed chain, insert the link through the two chain ends, then install the sideplate with the chain manufacturer’s marking facing outwards. ® Note that it may not be possible to install the sideplate using finger pressure alone. If using a joining tool, assemble it so that the plates of the tool clamp the link and press the sideplate over the pins (see illustration 8.7). Otherwise, use two small sockets placed over

on the chain sideplates

(see

illustration 8.10). ® Position the chain ends so that they are

using a clamp

Tools and Workshop Tips rerezs c) Two sockets placed on each side of the

hose and held with straight-jawed selflocking pliers (see illustration 9.3). d) Thick card stock on each side of the hose held between straight-jawed self-locking pliers (see illustration 9.4).

| PITCH 8.11

8.8 Assemble the chain riveting tool over one pin at a time and tighten it fully

areca PITCH

Chain dimensions

Sizes commencing with a 4 (for example 428) have a pitch of 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) Sizes commencing with a 5 (for example 520) have a pitch of 5/8 inch (15.9 mm) Sizes commencing with a 6 (for example 630) have a pitch of 3/4 inch (19.1 mm) ® The second and third digits of the chain size relate to the width of the rollers, for example the 525 shown has 5/16 inch (7.94 mm) rollers (see illustration 8.11).

8.9 Pin end correctly riveted (A), pin end unriveted (B)

9 | Hoses

the rivet ends and two pieces of the wood between a C-clamp. Operate the clamp to press the sideplate over the pins. ® Assemble the joining tool over one pin (following the manufacturer’s instructions) and tighten the too! down to spread the pin end securely (see illustrations 8.8 and 8.9). Do the same on the other pin.

A

Warning: Check that the pin ends are secure and that there is no danger of the sideplate «coming loose. If the pin ends are

Clamping to prevent flow ® Small-bore flexible hoses can be clamped to prevent fluid flow while a component is worked on. Whichever method is used, ensure that the hose material is not permanently distorted or damaged by the clamp.

a) A brake hose clamp available from auto parts stores (see illustration 9.1). b) A wingnut type hose clamp (see illustration 9.2).

ie the distance

from

the

Freeing and fitting hoses

9.1 Hoses can be clamped with an automotive brake hose clamp...

9.2 ...awingnut type hose clamp...

9.5 Cutting a coolant hose free with a sharp knife

Final drive chain sizing @ Chains are sized using a three digit number, followed by a suffix to denote the chain type (see illustration 8.10). Chain type is either standard or heavy duty (thicker sideplates), and also unsealed or O-ring/X-ring type. ® The first digit of the number relates to the

9.4 ... or thick card and self-locking grips

@® Always make sure the hose clamp is moved well clear of the hose end. Grip the hose with your hand and rotate it while pulling it off the union. If the hose has hardened due to age and will not move, slit it with a sharp knife and peel its ends off the union (see illustration 9.5). @® Resist the temptation to use grease or soap on the unions to aid installation; although it helps the hose slip over the union it will equally aid the escape of fluid from the joint. It is preferable to soften the hose ends in hot water and wet the inside surface of the hose with water or a fluid which will evaporate.

cracked the soft link must be replaced.

pitch of the chain,

9.3 ...two sockets and a pair of self-locking grips...

center of one pin to the center of the next pin (see illustration 8.11). Pitch is expressed in eighths of an inch, as follows:

8.10 Typical chain size and type marking

REFe24 Conversion Factors Length (distance) Inches (in) Feet (ft) Miles

X X X

25.4 0.305 1.609

=Millimeters (mm) =Meters (m) = Kilometers (km)

X X Xe

0.0394 3.281 O62]

=Inches (in) =Feet (ft) Miles

= Cubic centimeters (cc; cm?) = Liters (I)

xX x

0.061 1.76

= Cubic inches (cu in; in”) = Imperial pints (Imp pt)

Volume (capacity)

;

Cubic inches (cu in; in’) Imperial pints (Imp pt)

X 16.387 X 0.568

Imperial quarts (Imp qt) Imperial quarts (Imp qt) US quarts (US qt) Imperial gallons (Imp gal) Imperial gallons (Imp gal) US gallons (US gal)

X X X X X X

1.137 1.201 0.946 4.546 1.201 3.785

= Liters (|) =US quarts (US qt) = Liters (I) = Liters (1) =US gallons (US gal) = Liters (I)

Xx X X x X X

0.88 0.833 1.057. 0.22 0.833 0.264

= Imperial quarts (Imp qt) =Imperial quarts (Imp qt) =US quarts (US qt) = Imperial gallons (Imp gal) =Imperial gallons (Imp gal) =US gallons (US gal)

Ounces (oz)

X

=Grams (g) =Kilograms (kg)

X X

=Ounces

X

28.35 0.454

0.035

Pounds (Ib)

X X X

0.278 4.448 0.1.

=Newions (N) =Newtons (N) =Kilograms-force (kgf; kg)

Xx X Xx

3.6 0.225

X

0.070

= Kilograms-force

X

14.223

Mass (weight) 2.205

(oz) = Pounds (Ib)

Force Ounces-force (ozf; 0z) Pounds-force (Ibf; Ib) Newtons (N)

9.81

= Ounces-force (ozf; oz) = Pounds-force (Ibf; tb) = Newtons (N)

Pressure Pounds-force

per square inch

(psi; Ibf/in?; {b/in?) Pounds-force

per square

= Pounds-force

centimeter (kgf/cm?; kg/cm?)

per square inch

X

0.068

=Atmospheres

xX

0.069

= Bars

(atm)

X

14.696

= Pounds-force

x

14.5

= Pounds-force

(psi; Ibf/in?; Ib/in?) Pounds-force

ie

per square teh

(psi; tbf/in?; Ib/in?)

per square inch

(psi; Ibf/in?; Ib/in?) Pounds-force

per square inch

(psi; Ibf/in?; Ib/in?)

per square ee

(psi; Ibf/in?; Ib/in?)

per square inch

X

6.895

X

0.01

= Kilopascals (kPa)

X

0.145

= Kilograms-force per square

x

98.1

= Pounds-force

(psi; Ibf/in?; Ib/in?)

*

per square inch .

(psi; Ibf/in?; |b/in?)

Kilopascals (kPa)

= Kilopascals (kPa)

centimeter (kgf/cm?; kg/cm’)

.

Torque (moment of force) Pounds-force inches (Ibf in; Ib in) Pounds-force inches

X

1.152

X

0.868

0.113

=Kilograms-force centimeter (kgf cm; kg cm) =Newton meters (Nm)

X

(Ibf in; Ib in) Pounds-force

inches (Ibf in; Ib in) Pounds-force feet (Ibf ft; Ib ft)

Pounds-force feet (Ibf ft; Ib ft) Newton meters (Nm)

=Pounds-force (Ibf in; Ib in) = Pounds-force (Ibf in; Ib in) = Pounds-force (Ibf in; !b in)

inches

x

8.85

X

0.083

= Pounds-force feet (Ibf ft; Ib ft)

x

12

X

0.138

= Kilograms-force meters

X

7.233

= Pounds-force feet (Ibf ft; Ib ft)

X X

1.356 0.102

=Newton meters (Nm) =Kilograms-force meters (kgf m; kg m)

X X

0.738 9.804

= Pounds-force feet (Ibf ft; Ib ft) =Newton meters (Nm)

Inches mercury (in. Hg)

X

3.377

= Kilopascals (kPa)

X

0.2961

=inches mercury

Inches mercury (in. Hg)

X

25.4

= Millimeters mercury (mm Hg)

X

0.0394

= Inches mercury

X

745.7

=Watts

X

0.0013

= Horsepower

X

1.609

= Kilometers per hour (km/hr; kph) X.

0.621

= Miles per hour (miles/hr; mph)

inches inches

"

(kgf m; kg m)

Vacuum

Power Horsepower

(hp)

(W)

(hp)

Velocity (speed) Miles per hour (miles/hr; mph)

Fuel consumption* Miles per gallon, Imperial (mpg)

X

0.354

= Kilometers

per liter (km/I)

x

2.825

= Miles per gallon, Imperial (mpg)

Miles per gallon, US (mpg)

X

0.425

= Kilometers oer liter (km/l)

X

2.352

=Miles per gallon; US (mpg)

Temperature Degrees Fahrenheit “lt is common

=

(°C x 1.8) + 32

Degrees Celsius (Degrees Centigrade; °C)

practice to convert from miles per gallon (mpg) to liters/100 kilometers

where mpg (imperial) x 1/100 km = 282 and mpg (US) x 1/100 km = 235

(i/100km),

= (°F - 32) x 0.56

Motorcycle Chemicals and Lubricants rere2s A number of chemicals and lubricants are available for use in motorcycle maintenance and repair. They include a wide variety of products ranging from cleaning solvents and degreasers to lubricants and protective sprays for rubber, plastic and vinyl. ¢ Contact point/spark plug cleaner is a solvent used to clean oily film and dirt from points, grim from electrical connectors and oil deposits from spark plugs. It is oil free and leaves no residue. It can also be used to remove gum and varnish from carburetor jets and other orifices. e Carburetor cleaner is similar to contact point/spark plug cleaner but it usually has a stronger solvent and may leave a slight oily residue. It is not recommended for cleaning electrical components or connections. e

Brake

system

cleaner

is used

remove brake-dust, grease and fluid from the brake system, where surfaces are absolutely necessary. It no residue and often eliminates squeal caused by contaminants. *

Silicone-based

lubricants

to

brake clean leaves brake

are used

to protect rubber parts such as hoses and

grommets, and are used as lubricants for

hinges and locks. ¢ Multi-purpose grease is an all purpose lubricant used wherever grease is more practical than a liquid lubricant such as oil. Some multi-purpose grease is colored white and specially formulated to be more resistant to water than ordinary grease.

e Gear oil (sometimes called gear lube) is a specially designed oil used in transmissions and final drive units, as well as other areas where high friction, high temperature lubrication is required. It is available in a number of viscosities (weights) for various applications. © Motor oil is the lubricant formulated for use in engines. It normally contains a wide variety of additives to prevent corrosion and

reduce foaming and wear. Motor oil comes in various weights (viscosity ratings) from 0 to 50. The recommended weight of the oil depends on the season, temperature and the demands on the engine. Light oil is used in cold climates and under light load conditions. Heavy oil is used in hot climates and where high loads are encountered. Multi-viscosity oils are designed to have characteristics of both light and heavy oils and are available in a number of weights from OW-20 to 20W-50. e

Gasoline

additives

perform

several

functions, depending on their chemical makeup. They usually contain solvents that help dissolve gum and varnish that build up on carburetor and inlet parts. They also serve to break down carbon deposits that form on the inside surfaces of the combustion chambers. Some additives contain upper cylinder lubricants for valves and piston rings. e Brake and clutch fluid is a specially formulated hydraulic fluid that can withstand the heat and pressure encountered in break/clutch systems. Care must be taken that this fluid does not come in contact with painted surfaces or plastics. An opened container should always be resealed to prevent contamination by water or dirt. e

Chain

lubricants

are

formulated

especially for use on motorcycle final drive

chains. A good chain !ube should adhere well and have good penetrating qualities to be effective as a lubricant inside the chain and on the side plates, pins and rollers. Most chain lubes are either the foaming type or quick drying type and are usually marketed as sprays. Take care to use a lubricant marked as being suitable for O-ring chains. e Degreasers are heavy duty solvents used to remove grease and grime that may accumulate on the engine and frame components. They can be sprayed or brushed on and, depending on the type, are rinsed with either water or solvent.

e Solvents are used alone or in combination with degreasers to clean parts and assemblies during repair and overhaul. The home mechanic should use only solvents that are non-flammable and that do not produce irritating fumes. ¢ Gasket sealing compounds may be used in conjunction with gaskets, to

improve their sealing capabilities, or alone, to seal metal-to-metal joints. Many gasket sealers can withstand extreme heat, some

are impervious to gasoline and lubricants, while others are capable of filling and sealing large cavities. Depending on the intended use, gasket sealers either dry hard or stay relatively soft and pliable. They are usually applied by hand, with a brush or are sprayed on the gasket sealing surfaces. e Thread locking compound is an adhesive locking compound that prevents threaded fasteners from loosening because of vibration. It is available in a variety of types for different applications. e Moisture dispersants are usually sprays that can be used to dry out electrical components such as the fuse block and wiring connectors. Some types an also be used as treatment for rubber and as a lubricant for hinges, cables and locks. e Waxes and polishes are used to help protect painted and plated surfaces from the weather. Different types of pain may require the use of different types of wax polish. Some polishes utilize a chemical or abrasive cleaner to help remove the top layer of oxidized (dull) paint on older vehicles. In recent years, many non-wax polishes (that contain a wide variety of chemicals such as polymers and silicones) have been introduced. These non-wax polishes are usually easier to apply and last longer than conventional waxes and polishes.

rReFe26 Otorage Preparing for storage Before you start If repairs or an overhaul is needed, see that this is carried out now rather than left until you want to ride the bike again. Give the bike a good wash and scrub all dirt from its underside. Make sure the bike dries completely before preparing for storage.

Engine @® Remove the spark plug(s) and lubricate the cylinder bores with approximately a teaspoon of motor oil using a spout-type oil can (see illustration 1). Reinstall the spark plug(s). Crank the engine over a couple of times to coat the piston rings and bores with oil. If the bike has a kickstart, use this to turn the engine over. If not, flick the kill switch to the OFF position and crank the engine over on the starter (see illustration 2). If the nature of the ignition system prevents the starter operating with the kill switch in the OFF position, remove the spark plugs and fit them back in

their caps; ensure that the plugs are grounded against the cylinder head when the starter is operated (see illustration 3).

Warning: It is important that the plugs are grounded away from the spark plug holes otherwise there is a

risk of atomized fuel from the cylinders igniting.

HAYNES

HiNT

On a single cylinder four-stroke engine, you can seal the combustion

@ |f the bike is going into long-term storage, consider adding a fuel stabilizer to the fuel in the tank. If the tank is drained completely, corrosion of its internal surfaces may occur if left unprotected for along period. The tank can be treated with a rust preventative especially for this purpose. Alternatively, remove the tank and pour half a liter of motor oil into it, install the filler cap and shake the tank to coat its internals with oil before draining off the excess. The same effect can also be achieved by spraying WD40 or a similar waterdispersant around the inside of the tank via its flexible nozzle.

@® Make sure the cooling system contains the correct mix of antifreeze. Antifreeze also contains important corrosion inhibitors.

chamber completely by positioning the piston at TDC on the compression stroke. @® Drain the carburetor(s) otherwise there is a risk of jets becoming blocked by gum deposits from the fuel (see illustration 4).

@ The air intakes and exhaust can be sealed off by covering or plugging the openings. Ensure that you do not seal in any condensation;

then

switch

run the engine

off and

allow

until it is hot,

to cool.

Tape a

a

“Fy

a

4c

‘ie

aad

Sin

Squirt a drop of motor oil into each cylinder

Flick the kill switch to OFF...

oe

ts

...and ensure that the metal bodies of the plugs (arrows) are

grounded against the cylinder head

3

Connect a hose to the carburetor float chamber drain stub (arrow) and unscrew the drain screw

Storage rere27

Ss

‘a

NR

Se

|

Exhausts can be seaied off with a plastic bag

Disconnect the negative lead (A) first, followed by the positive lead (B)

if

piece of thick plastic over the silencer end(s) (see illustration 5). Note that some advocate pouring a tablespoon of motor oil into the silencer(s) before sealing them off.

Pivots and controls @® Lubricate all lever, pedal, stand and footrest pivot points. If grease nipples are fitted to the rear Suspension components, apply lubricant to the pivots. @ Lubricate all control cables.

Battery @ Remove it from the bike - in extreme cases of cold the battery may freeze and crack its case (see illustration 6). @ Check the electrolyte level and top up if necessary (conventional refillable batteries). Clean the terminals. @ Store the battery off the motorcycle and away from any sources of fire. Position a wooden block under the battery if it is to sit on

Cycle components

Use a suitable battery charger - this kit

the ground. _

also assesses battery condition

@ Give the battery a trickle charge for a few hours every month (see illustration 7).

@® Apply a wax protectant to all painted and plastic components. Wipe off any excess, but don’t polish to a shine. Where fitted, clean the screen with soap and water. ® Coat metal parts with Vaseline (petroleum jelly). When applying this to the fork tubes, do not compress the forks otherwise the seals will rot from contact with the Vaseline. @ Apply a vinyl cleaner to the seat.

Storage conditions

Tires

storage, ideally both tires should be off the

® Place the bike on its centerstand or an auxiliary stand which will support the

ground; not only will this protect the tires, but

motorcycle

steering head or wheel bearings. @ Deflate each tire by 5 to 10 psi, no more or the beads may unseat from the rim, making

in an upright position.

will also ensure that no load is placed on the

Position

wood blocks under the tires to keep them off the ground and to provide insulation from damp. If the bike is being put into long-term

subsequent inflation difficult on tubeless tires. ff

® Aim to store the bike in a shed or garage which does not leak and is free from damp. @ Drape an old blanket or bedspread over the bike to protect it from dust and direct contact with sunlight (which will fade paint). Beware of tight-fitting plastic covers which may allow condensation to form and settle on the bike.

Getting back on the road Engine and transmission @® Change the oil and replace the oil filter. If this was done prior to storage, check that the oil hasn’t emulsified - a thick whitish substance which occurs through condensation. @® Remove the spark plugs. Using a

@ Check that the clutch isn’t stuck on. The plates can stick together if left standing for some time, preventing clutch operation. Engage a gear and try rocking the bike back and forth with the clutch lever held against the handlebar. If this doesn’t work on cableoperated clutches, hold the clutch lever back

spout-type oil can, squirt a few drops of oil into the cylinder(s). This will provide initial lubrication as the piston rings and bores

against the handlebar with a strong rubber

comes back into contact. Service the spark plugs, or buy new ones, and install them in the

®

engine.

band or cable tie for a couple of hours (see illustration 8). \f the air intakes

or silencer

end(s) were

blocked off, remove the plug or cover used. @ \|f the fuel tank was coated with a rust

Hold the clutch lever back against the handlebar with rubber bands or a cable tie

ReFe2s Otorage preventative, oil or a stabilizer added to the fuel, drain and flush the tank and dispose of the fuel sensibly. If no action was taken with the fuel tank prior to storage, it is advised that

the old fuel is disposed of since it will go bad over a period of time. Refill the fuel tank with fresh fuel.

Frame and running gear

due to a seized operating cam, cable or rod linkage. @ If the motorcycle has been in long-term storage, replace the brake fluid and clutch fluid (where applicable). @® Depending on where the bike has been stored, the wiring, cables and hoses may have been nibbled by rodents. Make a visual check and investigate disturbed wiring loom tape.

® Oil all pivot points and cables. @® Check the tire pressures. They will definitely

Battery

need inflating if pressures were reduced for storage. @® Lubricate the final drive chain (where applicable). @® Remove any protective coating applied to the fork tubes (stanchions) since this may well destroy the fork seals. If the fork tubes weren't protected and have picked up rust spots, remove them with very fine abrasive paper and refinish with metal polish. @® Check that both brakes operate correctly. Apply each brake hard and check that it’s not possible to move the motorcycle forwards, then check that the brake frees off again once released. Brake caliper pistons can stick due to corrosion around the piston head, or on the sliding caliper types, due to corrosion of the slider pins. If the brake doesn’t free after repeated operation, take the caliper off for examination. Similarly drum brakes can stick

®@ If the battery has been previously removed and given top up charges it can simply be reconnected. Remember to connect the

positive cable first and the negative cable last. @

On conventional

refillable batteries, if the

battery has not received any attention, remove it from the motorcycle and check its electrolyte level. Top up if necessary then charge the battery. If the battery fails to hold a charge and a visual check show heavy white sulfation of the plates, the battery is probably defective and must be replaced. This is particularly tikely if the battery is old. Confirm battery condition with a specific gravity check. @® On sealed (MF) batteries, if the battery has not received any attention, remove it from the motorcycle and charge it according to the information on the battery case - if the battery fails to hold a charge it must be replaced.

Starting procedure @ lf a kickstart is fitted, turn the engine over a couple of times with the ignition OFF to distribute oil around the engine. If no kickstart is fitted, flick the engine kill switch OFF and the ignition ON and crank the engine over a couple of times to work oil around the upper cylinder components. If the nature of the ignition system is such that the starter won't work with the kill switch OFF, remove the spark plugs, fit them back into their caps and ground their bodies on the cylinder head. Reinstall the spark plugs afterwards. ® Switch the kill switch to RUN, operate the choke and start the engine. If the engine won’t start don’t continue cranking the engine - not only will this flatten the battery, but the starter motor will overheat. Switch the ignition off and try again later. If the engine refuses to start, go through the troubleshooting procedures in this manual. Note: /f the bike has been in storage for a long time, old fue/ or a carburetor blockage may be the problem. Gum deposits in carburetors can block jets - if a carburetor cleaner doesn’t prove successful the

carburetors must be dismantled for cleaning.

@ Once the engine has started, check that the lights, turn signals and horn work preperly. hy

® Treat the bike gently for the first ride and check all fluid levels on completion..Settle the bike back into the maintenance schedule.

Troubleshooting rere2s This Section provides an easy reference-guide to the more common faults that are likely to afflict your machine. Obviously, the opportunities are almost limitless for faults to occur as a result of obscure failures, and to try and cover all eventualities would require a book. Indeed, a number have been written on the subject.

Successful troubleshooting is not a mysterious ‘black art’ but the application of a bit of knowledge combined with a systematic and logical approach to the problem. Approach any troubleshooting by first accurately identifying the symptom and then checking through the

1 Engine problems

list of possible causes, starting with the simplest or most obvious and progressing in stages to the most complex. Take nothing for granted, but above all apply liberal quantities of common sense. The main symptom of a fault is given in the text as a major heading below which are listed the various systems or areas which may contain the fault. Details of each possible cause for a fault and the remedial action to be taken are given. Further information should be sought in the relevant Chapter.

Engine stumbles on acceleration Spark plugs fouled Fuel injection system faulty

Starter turns engine over but engine will not start Fuel tank empty Battery discharged (engine rotates slowly) Battery terminal connections loose or corroded BaeLeaking fuel injector(s), faulty fuel pump, pressure regulator, etc. Fuel not reaching fuel rail ia Ignition components damp or damaged Worn, faulty or incorrectly gapped spark plugs Broken, loose or disconnected wiring in the starting circuit LIC Broken timing chain or stripped sprocket Defective fuel system relay or harness at relay

Engine hard to start when cold |] Battery discharged or low [|

Malfunctioning fuel system

|_|

Injector(s) leaking

Fuel filter clogged Incorrect ignition timing Intake air leak

Engine surges while holding throttle steady Intake air leak Fuel pump faulty ] Loose fuel injector wiring harness connectors Defective ECU or information sensor Engine stalls |_| Fuel filter clogged and/or water and impurities in the fuel system Faulty emission system components Faulty or incorrectly gapped spark plugs Vacuum leak in the intake manifold or vacuum hoses

Engine hard to start when hot ||

Valve clearances incorrectly set

Air filer clogged

|_|

|_| “[ |

Fuel not reaching the fuel injection system

Corroded battery connections, especially ground Malfunctioning EVAP system

Engine starts but stops immediately | Loose or faulty electrical connections at coils or alternator (| Insufficient fuel reaching the fuel injector(s) [| Vacuum leak at the gasket between the intake manifold and throttle body Engine lopes while idling or idles erratically (| Vacuum leakage (| Air filter clogged {_] Fuel pump not delivering sufficient fuel to the fuel injection system

[|

Leaking head gasket

(| |_|

Timing chain or sprockets worn Camshaft lobes worn

Engine misses throughout driving speed range (| Fuel filter clogged or impurities in the fuel system Low fuel pressure Faulty or incorrectly gapped spark plugs Faulty emission system components Low or uneven cylinder compression pressures

[|]

Weaker faulty ignition system

||

Vacuum

leak in fuel injection system, intake manifold or

vacuum hoses.

HW Clutch slipping

|

Fuel filter clogged or impurities in the fuel system Emission control system not functioning properly Low or uneven cylinder compression pressures Obstructed exhaust system

Engine backfires [| |

id

Engine misses at idle speed [| Spark plugs worn or not gapped properly |_| Vacuum leaks Uneven or low compression

|

Engine lacks power Faulty or incorrectly gapped spark plugs Fuel injection system malfunction i _ft Faulty ignition coil(s) Brakes binding

Pulse secondary air system not functioning properly Fuel injection system malfunction Vacuum leak at the fuel injector(s), intake manifold or

vacuum hoses Valve clearances incorrectly set or valves sticking

Pinging or knocking sounds during acceleration and uphill

|_|

Incorrect grade of fuel

[|

Fuel injection system faulty

(| |_|

Knock sensor(s) faulty Vacuum leak

Engine runs with oil pressure light on Low oil level |

Short in wiring circuit

(|

Faulty oil pressure switch

{|

Worn engine bearings or oil pump

REFe30 Troubleshootin Clutch problems Clutch slipping UN Clutch not disengaging completely

3 Gearchanging problems Doesn’t go into gear, or lever doesn’t return Jumps out of gear Overselects

4 Abnormal engine noise Knocking or pinging Piston slap or rattling Valve noise Other noise

[_] Shock absorber noise (_] Brake noise

7 Excessive exhaust smoke White smoke Black smoke

8 Poor handling or stability

Handlebar hard to turn [_] Handlebar shakes or vibrates excessively Handlebar pulls to one side [| Poor shock absorbing qualities © |

5 Abnormal driveline noise |_| _| ||

Clutch noise Transmission noise Final drive noise

6 Abnormal frame and suspension neoise Front end noise

.

Braking problems Brakes are spongy, don’t hold Brake lever or pedal pulsates Brakes drag

10 Electrical problems Battery dead or weak Battery overcharged

Troubleshooting reres1

1 Engine problems Starter motor doesn’t rotate

Starter turns engine over but engine will

|_| Engine kill switch OFF.

not start

_|

Fuse blown or relay defective. Check main fuse, starter circuit fuse

Fuel tank empty. Battery discharged (engine rotates slowly) (see Chapter 9). Battery terminal connections loose or corroded (see Chapter 1)

and relays (see Chapter 9). |_| Battery voltage low. Check and recharge battery (Chapter 9). |_| Starter motor defective. Make sure the wiring to the starter is secure. Make sure the starter relay clicks when the start button is pushed. If the relay clicks, then the fault is in the wiring or motor. (| Starter relay faulty. Check it according to the procedure in Chapter 9. | Starter switch not contacting. The contacts could be wet, corroded or dirty. Disassemble and clean the switch (Chapter 9).

Leaking fuel injector(s), faulty fuel pump, pressure regulator, etc. (see Chapter 4). Fuel not reaching fuel rail (see Chapter 4). Ignition components damp or damaged (see Chapter 5). Worn, faulty or incorrectly gapped spark plugs (see Chapter 1). Broken, loose or disconnected wiring in the starting circuit (see Chapter 9). Broken timing chain or stripped sprocket (see Chapter 2). Defective fuel system relay or harness at relay (see Chapter 9).

Wiring open or shorted. Check all wiring connections and

harnesses to make sure that they are dry, tight and not corroded. Also check for broken or frayed wires that can cause a short to

[|

ground (see wiring diagram, Chapter 9). Ignition (main) switch defective. Check the switch according to the procedure in Chapter 9. Replace the switch with a new one if it is

Engine hard to start when cold rr

(_| |_|

defective. |

Engine kill switch defective. Check for wet, dirty or corroded contacts. Clean or replace the switch as necessary (Chapter 9).

m ngine hard to start when

Faulty neutral, side stand or clutch switch. Check the wiring to each switch and the switch itself according to the procedures in Chapter 9.

Air filer clogged (see Chapter 1). Fuel not reaching the fuel injection system (see Chapter 4). lei} Corroded battery connections, especially ground (See Chapters 1

Starter motor rotates but engine does not turn over {|

Starter motor clutch defective. Inspect and repair or replace

|_|

(Chapter 2). Damaged idler or starter gears. Inspect and Yeplace the damaged parts (Chapter 2).

{_] Seized engine caused by one or more internally damaged components. Failure due to wear, abuse or lack of lubrication. Damage can include seized valves, followers/rocker arms,

camshafts, pistons, crankshaft, connecting rod bearings, or transmission gears or bearings. Refer to Chapter 2 for engine disassembly.

No fuel flow |]

No fuel in tank.

[|

Fuel tank breather hose obstructed.

{_] Fuel filter is blocked (see Chapter 1). |

J

Leaking fuel injectors, faulty fuel pump, pressure regulator, etc. (see Chapter 4). Fuel not reaching fuel rail (see Chapter 4).

Defective fuel pump relay or harness at relay (see Chapter 4).

hot

and 9). Malfunctioning EVAP system (see Chapter 4).

Engine starts but stops immediately Loose or faulty electrical connections at coils or alternator (see Chapters 5 and 9). Insufficient fuel reaching the fuel injector(s) (see Chapter 4). Vacuum leak at the gasket between the intake manifold and throttle body (see Chapters 2 and 4).

Starter works but engine won’t turn over (seized)

[_]

Battery discharged or low (See Chapters 1 and 9). Malfunctioning fuel system (see Chapter 4). Injector(s) leaking (see Chapter 4).

Engine lopes while idling or idles erratically |

Vacuum leakage (Chapters 2 and 4).

|

Air filter clogged (see Chapter 1).

_| |_|

Fuel pump not delivering sufficient fuel to the fuel injection system (see Chapter 4). Leaking head gasket (see Chapter 2). Timing chain or sprockets worn (see Chapter 2). Camshaft lobes worn (see Chapter 2).

Engine misses at idle speed [| _| |}

Spark plugs worn or not gapped properly (see Chapter 1). Vacuum leaks (see Chapter 1). Uneven or low compression (see Chapter 2).

reres2 Troubleshooting 1 Engine problems (continued) Engine misses throughout driving speed range

CII

Fuel filter clogged or impurities in the fuel system (See Chapter 2). Low fuel pressure (see Chapter 4). Faulty or incorrectly gapped spark plugs (see Chapter 1). Faulty emission system components (see Chapter 4). Low or uneven cylinder compression pressures (see Chapter 2). Weaker faulty ignition system (See Chapter 5). Vacuum leak in fuel injection system (see Chapter 4), intake manifold (see Chapter 2) or vacuum hoses.

Engine stumbles on acceleration Spark plugs fouled (see Chapter 1). Fuel injection system faulty (see Chapter 4). Fuel filter clogged (see Chapter 4). Incorrect ignition timing (see Chapter 5). Intake air leak (see Chapters 2 and 4).

||

|| |] |_|

ngine surges while holding throttle steady Intake air leak (see Chapter 4). Fuel pump faulty (see Chapter 4). Loose fuel injector wiring harness connectors (see Chapter 4). Defective ECU or information sensor (see Chapter 4).

Engine stalls Fuel filter clogged and/or water and impurities in the fuel system (see Chapter 4). Faulty emission system components (see Chapter 4). Faulty or incorrectly gapped spark plugs (See Chapter 1). Vacuum leak in the intake manifold or vacuum hoses (See Chapters 2 and 4). Valve clearances incorrectly set (see Chapter 1).

m|

ngine lacks power

Faulty or incorrectly gapped spark plugs (see Chapter 1). Fuel injection system malfunction (See Chapter 4). Faulty ignition coil(s) (see Chapter 5). IIL Brakes binding (see Chapter 9).

[|

Clutch slipping (see Chapter 2).

|_| [-] |_| |]

Fuel filter clogged or impurities in the fuel system (see Chapter 2). Emission control system not functioning properly (see Chapter 4). Low or uneven cylinder compression pressures (See Chapter 2). Obstructed exhaust system (see Chapter 4).

ngine backfires m LJ Pulse secondary air system not functioning properly (see Chapter 4). Fuel injection system malfunction (see Chapter 4). ahs Vacuum leak at the fuel injector(s), intake manifold or vacuum hoses (see Chapters 2 and 4). Valve clearances incorrectly set or valves sticking (see Chapter 1 or 2).

Pinging or knocking sounds during acceleration and uphill |]

Incorrect grade of fuel

[| |

Fuel injection system faulty (see Chapter 4). Knock sensor(s) faulty (see Chapter 4).

_|

Vacuum leak (see Chapter 4).

Engine runs with oil pressure light on (| |

{|

Low oil level (see Chapter 1). Short in wiring circuit (see Chapter 9). Faulty oil pressure switch (see Chapter 9). Worn engine bearings or oil pump (See Chapter 9).

Compression low Spark plugs loose. Remove the plugs and inspect their threads. Reinstall and tighten to the specified torque (Chapter 1). Cylinder head not sufficiently tightened down. If the cylinder head is suspected of being loose, then there’s a chance that the gasket or head is damaged if the problem has persisted for any length of time. The head bolts should be tightened to the proper torque in the correct sequence (Chapter 2). [| Improper valve clearance. This means that the valve is not closing completely and compression pressure is leaking past the valve. Check and adjust the valve clearances (Chapter 1). Cylinder and/or piston worn. Excessive wear will cause compression pressure to leak past the rings. This is usually accompanied by worn rings as well. A top-end overhaul is necessary (Chapter 2). [] Piston rings worn, weak, broken, or sticking. Broken or sticking piston rings usually indicate a lubrication or fuelling problem that causes excess carbon deposits or seizures to form on the pistons and rings. Top-end overhaul is necessary (Chapter 2). Piston ring-to-groove clearance excessive. This is caused by excessive wear of the piston ring lands. Piston replacement is necessary (Chapter 2). Cylinder head gasket damaged. If a head is allowed.to become loose, or if excessive carbon build-up on the piston crewn and , combustion chamber causes extremely high compressionthe head gasket may leak. Retorquing the head is not always sufficient to restore the seal, so gasket replacement is necessary (Chapter 2).

[] Cylinder head warped. This is caused by overheating or . improperly tightened head bolts. Machine shop resurfacing or head replacement is necessary (Chapter 2). _] Valve spring broken or weak. Caused by component failure or wear; the springs must be replaced (Chapter 2). (_] Valve not seating properly. This is caused by a bent valve (from over-revving or improper valve adjustment), burned valve or seat (improper fuelling) or an accumulation of carbon deposits on the seat (from fuelling or lubrication problems). The valves,must be cleaned and/or replaced and the seats serviced if possible (Chapter 2). 8

Miscellaneous

causes

|_| Throttle valve doesn’t open fully. Adjust the throttle grip freeplay (Chapter 1). Clutch slipping. May be caused by loose or worn clutch components. Refer to Chapter 2 for clutch overhaul procedures. _| Engine oil viscosity too high. Using a heavier oil than the one recommended in Chapter 1 can damage the oil pump or lubrication system and cause drag on the engine. |_| Brakes dragging. Usually caused by debris which has entered the brake piston seals, or from a warped disc, out-of-round drum or bent axle. Repair as necessary. [|

Engine overheats |_| Coolant level low. Check and add coolant (Chapier 1). |_| Leak in cooling system. Check cooling system hoses and radiator for leaks and other damage. Repair or replace parts as necessary

(Chapter 3). Thermostat sticking open or closed. Check and replace as described in Chapter 3. |_| Faulty pressure cap. Remove the cap and have it pressure tested (Chapter 3). |_| Coolant passages clogged. Have the entire system drained and |_|

flushed, then refill with fresh coolant.

|_| Water pump defective. Remove the pump and check the components (Chapter 3).

Troubleshooting reress Clogged radiator fins. Clean them by blowing compressed air through the fins from the backside. Cooling fan or fan switch fault (Chapter 3).

Engine load excessive Clutch slipping. Can be caused by damaged, loose or worn clutch components. Refer to Chapter 2 for overhaul procedures. Engine oil level too high. The addition of too much oil will cause pressurization of the crankcase and inefficient engine operation. Check Specifications and drain to proper level (Chapter 1). Engine oil viscosity too high. Using a heavier oil than the one recommended in Chapter 1 can damage the oil pump or lubrication system as well as cause drag on the engine. Brakes dragging. Usually caused by debris which has entered the

Firing incorrect Spark plugs fouled, defective or worn out. See Chapter 1 for spark plug maintenance. Incorrect spark plugs. ECM defective. See Chapter 4. Camshaft position sensor coil faulty. See Chapter 4. Faulty ignition coils. See Chapter 5.

brake piston seals, or from a warped disc or drum or bent axle.

Fuel/air mixture incorrect — LJ

Fuel system fault. Check the fuel injection system (Chapter 4). Air filter clogged, poorly sealed, or missing (Chapter 1). Air filter housing poorly sealed. Look for cracks, holes or loose clamps, and replace or repair defective parts. Fuel tank breather hose obstructed. Intake air leak. Check for damaged intake manifold gasket and

Repair as necessary.

Lubrication inadequate

O

The oil provides a definite cooling function in the engine. Check the oil level (Chapter 1). Poor quality engine oil or incorrect viscosity or type. Oil is rated not only according to viscosity but also according to type. Some oils are not rated high enough for use in this engine. Check the Specifications section and change to the correct oil (Chapter 1).

damaged/disconnected vacuum hoses.

Compression too high

[al

Carbon build-up in combustion chamber. Use of a fuel additive that will dissolve the adhesive bonding the carbon particles to the piston crown and chamber is the easiest way to remove the build-up. Otherwise, the cylinder head will have to be removed and decarbonized (Chapter 2). Improperly:machined head surface or installation of incorrect gasket during engine assembly.

Engine oil level too low. Friction caused by intermittent lack of lubrication or from oil that is overworked can cause overheating.

Miscellaneous causes

O

Modification to exhaust system. Most aftermarket exhaust systems cause the engine to run leaner, which makes it run hotter.

2 Clutch probiems Clutch slipping Clutch cable freeplay incorrectly adjusted (cable clutch models) (Chapter 1). Friction plates worn or warped. Overhaul the clutch assembly (Chapter 2). Plain plates warped (Chapter 2).

Clutch springs broken or weak. Old or heat-damaged (from slipping clutch) springs should be replaced with new ones (Chapter 2). Clutch pushrod bent. Check and, if necessary, replace (Chapter 2). Clutch center or housing unevenly worn. This causes improper engagement of the plates. Replace the damaged or worn parts (Chapter 2). Wrong type of oil used. Make sure oil with anti-friction additives (such as molybdenum disulfide) is NOT used in an engine/ transmission with a wet clutch.

Clutch not disengaging completely Clutch cable freeplay Air in clutch hydraulic system (Chapter 2). Worn master or slave and repair or replace

incorrectly adjusted (Chapter 1). system (hydraulic clutch models). Bleed the cylinder (hydraulic clutch models). Inspect as necessary (Chapter 2).

Clutch plates warped or damaged. This will cause clutch drag, which in turn will cause the machine to creep. Overhaul the clutch assembly (Chapter 2). Clutch spring tension uneven. Usually caused by a sagged or broken spring. Check and replace the springs as a set (Chapter 2). Engine oil deteriorated. Old, thin, worn out oil will not provide

proper lubrication for the plates, causing the clutch to drag. Replace the oil and filter (Chapter 1). Engine oil viscosity too high. Using a heavier oil than recommended in Chapter 1 can cause the plates to stick together, putting a drag on the engine. Change to the correct weight oil (Chapter 1). Clutch housing bearing seized. Lack of lubrication, severe wear or damage can cause the bearing to seize on the input shaft. Overhaul of the clutch, and perhaps transmission, may be necessary to repair the damage (Chapter 2). Loose clutch center nut. Causes housing and center misalignment putting a drag on the engine. Engagement adjustment continually varies. Overhaul the clutch assembly (Chapter 2).

reFe34 Troubleshooting

3 Gearchanging problems Doesn’t go into gear or lever doesn’t return =

Clutch not disengaging. See Section 5. Shift fork(s) bent or seized. Often caused by dropping the machine or from lack of lubrication. Overhaul the transmission (Chapter 2). Gear(s) stuck on shaft. Most often caused by a lack of lubrication or excessive wear in transmission bearings and bushings. Overhaul the transmission (Chapter 2). Gear shift drum binding. Caused by lubrication failure or excessive wear. Replace the drum and bearing (Chapter 2). Gear shift lever pawl spring weak or broken (Chapter 2). Gear shift lever broken. Splines stripped out of lever or shaft, caused by allowing the lever to get loose or from dropping the machine. Replace necessary parts (Chapter 2). Gear shift mechanism stopper arm broken or worn. Full engagement and rotary movement of shift drum results. Replace the arm (Chapter 2).

[|

Stopper arm spring broken. Allows arm to float, causing sporadic shift operation. Replace spring (Chapter 2).

Jumps out of gear (_] Shift fork(s) worn. Overhaul the transmission (Chapter 2). [_] Gear groove(s) worn. Overhaul the transmission (Chapter 2). [| Gear dogs or dog slots worn or damaged. The gears should be inspected and replaced. No attempt should be made to service the worn parts.

Overselects |_| Stopper arm spring weak or broken (Chapter 2). |_| Return spring post broken or distorted (Chapter 2).

4 Abnormal engine noise Knocking or pinging (_] Carbon build-up in combustion chamber. Use of a fuel additive that will dissolve the adhesive bonding the carbon particles to the piston crown and chamber is the easiest way to remove the build-up. Otherwise, the cylinder head will have to be removed and decarbonized (Chapter 2). [| Incorrect or poor quality fuel. Old or improper fuel can cause

detonation. This causes the pistons to rattle, thus the knocking or pinging sound. Drain the old fuel and always use the recommended grade fuel (Chapter 4). |] Spark plug heat range incorrect. Uncontrolied detonation indicates that the plug heat range is too hot. The plug in effect becomes a

(|

glow plug, raising cylinder temperatures. Install the proper heat range plug (Chapter 1). Improper air/fuel mixture. This will cause the cylinders to run hot and lead to detonation. Blocked carburetor jets or an air leak can cause this imbalance. See Chapter 4.

Piston slap or rattling (_] Cylinder-to-piston clearance excessive. Caused by improper assembly. Inspect and overhaul top-end parts (Chapter 2). maak Connecting rod bent. Caused by over-revving, trying to start a badly flooded engine or from ingesting a foreign object into the combustion chamber. Replace the damaged parts (Chapter 2). [| Piston pin or piston pin bore worn or seized from wear or lack of lubrication. Replace damaged parts (Chapter 2). [|] Piston ring(s) worn, broken or sticking. Overhaul the top-end (Chapter 2). | Piston seizure damage. Usually from lack of lubrication or overheating. Replace the pistons and cylinders, as necessary (Chapter 2).

|]

Connecting rod bearing clearance excessive. Caused by — excessive wear or lack of lubrication. Replace worn parts.

Valve noise Incorrect valve clearances. Adjust the clearances by referring to Chapter 1. ; ea la Valve spring broken or weak. Check and replace weak valve». springs (Chapter 2). a [_] Camshaft or cylinder head worn or damaged. Lack of lubrication at high rpm is usually the cause of damage. Insufficient oil Gr failure to change the oil at the recommended intervals are the chief causes. Since there are no replaceable bearings in the head, the head itself will have to be replaced if there is excessive wear or damage (Chapter 2).

Other noise |_| Cylinder head gasket leaking. {_] Exhaust pipe leaking at cylinder head connection. Caused by improper fit of pipe(s) or loose exhaust nuts. All exhaust fasteners should be tightened evenly and carefully. Failure to do this will lead to a leak. [_] Crankshaft runout excessive. Caused by a bent crankshaft (from over-revving) or damage from an upper cylinder component

failure. Can also be attributed to dropping the machine on either of the crankshaft ends. |_| Engine mounting bolts loose. Tighten all engine mount bolts (Chapter 2).

| Crankshaft bearings worn (Chapter 2). _| Cam chain, tensioner or guides worn. Replace according to the procedure in Chapter 2.

Troubleshooting reress 5 Abnormal driveline noise Clutch

noise

|_|

Clutch outer drum/friction plate clearance excessive (Chapter 2). Loose or damaged clutch pressure plate and/or bolts (Chapter 2).

a = ® Q> =

1)

= 3 7) ® =

Chain or drive belt not adjusted properly (Chapter 1).

Transmission noise

__|

Engine oil level too low. Causes a howl from transmission. Also

affects engine power and clutch operation (Chapter 1).

Bearings worn. Also includes the possibility that the shafts are worn. Overhaul the transmission (Chapter 2). Gears worn or chipped (Chapter 2). Metal chips jammed in gear teeth. Probably pieces from a broken clutch, gear or shift mechanism that were picked up by the gears. This will cause early bearing failure (Chapter 2).

Front or rear sprocket loose. Tighten fasteners (Chapter 6). Sprockets worn. Replace sprockets (Chapter 6). Rear sprocket warped. Replace sprockets (Chapter 6). ae a Differential worn or damaged. Have it repaired or replace it (Chapter 7).

6 Abnormal frame and suspension noise Front end noise

[|]

|

Low fluid level or improper viscosity oil in forks. This can sound enatieres and is usually accompanied by irregular fork action

|_|

Spring weak or broken. Makes a clicking or scraping sound. Fork oil, when drained, will have a lot of metal particles in it (Chapter 6). Steering head bearings loose or damaged. Clicks when braking.

__| = FEN

Brake

salle a

noise

Squeal caused by dust on brake pads. Usually found in combination with glazed pads. Clean using brake cleaning solvent Chapter 7). Stree of brake pads. Oil, brake fluid or dirt causing brake sae

Check and adjust or replace as necessary (Chapters 1 and 6). re ile Qa 1A SO Essa specified torque (Chapter 6).

Bent or damaged shock body. Replace the shock with a new one paw ae suabension linkage Componeme caemeces) Check and replace as necessary (Chapter 6),

: is dpi eSto

etlieeTh Oe

ee

oe

|_|

Fork tube bent. Good possibility if machine has been dropped.

Seber

O

GAS a ne ee ified torque (Chapter 7)

from contamination. Do not use sandpaper/emery cloth or any other abrasive to roughen the pad surfaces as abrasives will stay

— Dee

bese (ee Sani eras en Su een Clon ade

ales iSAMEERRO IAS aks

arent Ch ne tre eS ae

ea aie

in the pad material and damage the disc. A very fine flat file can be used, but pad replacement is suggested as a cure (Chapter 7). (_] Disc warped. Can cause a chattering, clicking or intermittent

Shock absorber noise []

squeal. Usually accompanied by a pulsating lever and uneven

Fluid level incorrect. Indicates a leak caused by defective seal. Shock will be covered with oil. Replace shock or seek advice on repair from a dealer (Chapter 6). Defective shock absorber with internal damage. This is in the body of the shock and can’t be remedied. The shock must be replaced with a new one (Chapter 6).

braking. Replace the disc (Chapter 7). {_] Loose or worn wheel bearings. Check and replace as needed (Chapter 7).

7 Excessive exhaust smoke White

smoke

[_] Abnormal crankcase pressurization, which forces oil past the

[|

Piston oil ring worn. The ring may be broken or damaged, causing oil from the crankcase to be pulled past the piston into the combustion chamber. Replace the rings with new ones (Chapter 2). ‘ ‘ ;

C

nee SOIR Sala) ee pected. Caused by averheatng'l OF starvation. Install a new cylinder block (Chapter 2).

U

ee

damaged or worn. Replace oll seals with new ones

Mahl el Valve ue cee eel U

[|

: aguante ee sa ee

Engine Cheer ee a Se? Capes> ei te Be Voiet the rings. Drain oil to the proper : level (Chapter 31).

Pas

; Head gasket broken between oil return and cylinder. Causes oil to be pulled into the combustion chamber. Replace the head gasket and check the head for warpage (Chapter 2).

gsc eogen Black smoke

res tere yan

ae

Air filter clogged. Clean or replace the element (Chapter 1). Carburetor flooding. Remove and overhaul the carburetor(s) (Chapter 4)

|_| Main jet too large. Remove and overhaul the carburetor(s) (Chap[]

ter 4). Choke cable stuck (Chapter 4).

(| [|

Fuel level too high. Check the fuel level (Chapter 4). pitt Fuel injector problem (Chapter 4).

reFess Troubleshooting 8 Poor handling or stability Handlebar hard to turn

Handlebar pulls to one side Frame bent. Definitely suspect this if the machine has been dropped. May or may not be accompanied by cracking near the bend. Replace the frame (Chapter 8). Wheels out of alignment. Caused by improper location of axle spacers or from bent steering stem or frame (Chapters 6 and 8). Swingarm bent or twisted. Caused by age (metal fatigue) or impact damage. Replace the arm (Chapter 6). Steering stem bent. Caused by impact damage or by dropping the

Steering head bearing adjuster nut too tight. Check adjustment as described in Chapter 1. Bearings damaged. Roughness can be felt as the bars are turned from side-to-side. Replace bearings and races (Chapter 6). Races dented or worn. Denting results from wear in only one position (e.g., straight ahead), from a collision or hitting a pothole or from dropping the machine. Replace races and bearings

(Chapter 6). Steering stem lubrication inadequate. Causes are grease getting hard from age or being washed out by high pressure car washes. Disassemble steering head and repack bearings (Chapter 6). Steering stem bent. Caused by a collision, hitting a pothole or by dropping the machine. Replace damaged part. Don’t try to straighten the steering stem (Chapter 6). Front tire air pressure too low (Chapter 1).

Handlebar shakes or vibrates excessively Tires worn or out of balance (Chapter 7). Swingarm bearings worn. Replace worn bearings (Chapter 6). Wheel rim(s) warped or damaged. Inspect wheels for runout (Chapter 7). Spokes loose (see Chapter 1). Wheel bearings worn. Worn front or rear wheel bearings can cause poor tracking. Worn front bearings will cause wobble (Chapter 7). Handlebar clamp bolts loose (Chapter 6). Fork yoke bolts loose. Tighten them to the specified torque (Chapter 6). Engine mounting bolts loose. Will cause excessive vibration with increased engine rpm (Chapter 2).

motorcycle. Replace the steering stem (Chapter 6). Fork tube bent. Disassemble the forks and replace the damaged parts (Chapter 6). Fork oil level uneven. Check and add or drain as necessary

(Chapter 1).

Poor shock absorbing qualities Too hard: a) Fork oil level excessive (Chapter 1). b) Fork oil viscosity too high. Use a lighter oil (see Specifications in Chapter 1). c) Fork tube bent. Causes a harsh, sticking feeling d) Shock shaft or body bent or damaged (Chapter e) Fork internal damage (Chapter 6). f) Shock internal damage. g) Tire pressure too high (Chapter 1).

Too soft: a) b) c) da) e)

the . (Chapter 6). 6). 4s ¥., a ; wy

i

Fork or shock oil insufficient and/or leaking (Chapter 1). Fork oil level too low (Chapter 6). : Fork oil viscosity too light (Chapter 6). ‘ Fork springs weak or broken (Chapter 6). s. Shock internal damage or leakage (Chapter 6).

9 Braking problems Brakes are spongy, don’t hoid Air in brake line. Caused by inattention to master cylinder fluid level or by leakage. Locate problem and bleed brakes (Chapter 7). |_| Pad or disc worn (Chapters 1 and 7). [| Brake fluid leak. See paragraph 1. |_| Contaminated pads. Caused by contamination with oil, grease, brake fluid, etc. Clean or replace pads. Clean disc thoroughly with brake cleaner (Chapter 7). Brake fluid deteriorated. Fluid is old or contaminated. Drain system, replenish with new fluid and bleed the system (Chapter 7). Master cylinder internal parts worn or damaged causing fluid to bypass (Chapter 7). (_] Master cylinder bore scratched by foreign material or broken spring. Repair or replace master cylinder (Chapter 7).

Axle bent. Replace axle (Chapter 7). Brake caliper bolts loose (Chapter 7). Wheel warped or otherwise damaged (Chapter 7). Wheel bearings damaged or worn (Chapter 7). Brake drum out of round. Replace brake drum.

(|

Brakes drag Master cylinder piston seized. Caused by wear or damage to

piston or cylinder bore (Chapter 7). Lever binding. Check pivot and lubricate (Chapter 7). Brake caliper piston seized in bore. Caused by wear or ingestion

of dirt past deteriorated seal (Chapter 7).

|_| Brake caliper mounting bracket pins corroded. Clean off corrosion and lubricate (Chapter 7).

[| Disc warped. Replace disc (Chapter 7).

|_| Brake pad or shoe damaged. Material separated from backing

Brake lever or pedal pulsates |_| Disc warped. Replace disc (Chapter 7).

plate. Usually caused by faulty manufacturing process or from contact with chemicals. Replace pads or shoes (Chapter 7). Pads improperly installed (Chapter 7). Drum brake springs weak. Replace springs

|_| |_|

Troubleshooting reresz 10 Electrical problems Battery dead or weak

Battery overcharged

|_| Battery faulty. Caused by sulfated plates which are shorted

{|

through sedimentation. Also, broken battery terminal making only occasional contact (Chapter 9). |_| Battery cables making poor contact (Chapter 9).

gets excessively warm (Chapter 9). |_| Battery defective. Replace battery with a new one (Chapter 9). |_| Battery amperage too low, wrong type or size. Install

|_| Load excessive. Caused by addition of high wattage lights or other electrical accessories. |_| Ignition (main) switch defective. Switch either grounds internally or fails to shut off system. Replace the switch (Chapter 9). |_| Regulator/rectifier defective (Chapter 9). |_| Alternator stator coil open or shorted (Chapter 9). |_| Wiring faulty. Wiring grounded or connections loose in ignition, charging or lighting circuits (Chapter 9).

Regulator/rectifier defective. Overcharging is noticed when battery ©

manufacturer’s specified amp-hour battery to handle charging load (Chapter 9).

reFess Troubleshooting Equipment + LEAD

L Float-type hydrometer for measuring battery specific gravity

Measuring open-circuit battery voltage

damage the meter. @® A sound, fully-charged should produce between

Checking engine compression

volts across

@ Low compression will result in exhaust smoke, heavy oil consumption, poor starting and poor performance. A compression test will provide useful information about an engine’s condition and if performed regularly, can give warning of trouble before any other symptoms become apparent. @ A compression gauge will be required, along with an adapter to suit the spark plug hole thread size. Note that the screw-in type gauge/adapter set up is preferable to the rubber cone type. ® Before carrying out the test, first check the valve clearances as described in Chapter 1. @® Compression testing procedures for the motorcycles covered in this manual are described in Chapter 2C.

its terminals

fully-charged battery electrolyte is about 26% 12 volt battery 12.3 and 12.6 (12.8 volts for a

maintenance-free battery). On machines with a 6 volt battery, voltage should be between 6.1 and 6.3 volts. 1 Set a multimeter to the 0 to 20 volts dc range and connect its probes across the battery terminals. Connect the meter’s positive (+) probe, usually red, to the battery positive (+) terminal, followed by the meter’s negative (-) probe, usually black, to the battery negative terminal (-) (see illustration 1). 2 If battery voltage is low (below 10 volts on a 12 volt battery or below 4 volts on a six volt battery), charge the battery and test the voltage again. If the battery repeatedly goes flat, investigate the motorcycle’s charging system.

Checking battery specific gravity (SG)

neavier, at 1.260.

®

Specific gravity checks

are not possible

on maintenance-free batteries. Testing the open-circuit voltage is the only means of determining their state of charge. 1 To measure SG, remove the battery from the motorcycle and remove the first ceflcap. Draw some electrolyte into the hydrometer and note the reading (see illustration 2). Return the electrolyte to the cell and install the cap‘ 2 The reading should be in the region of 1.260 to 1.280. If SG is below 1.200 the battery

needs charging. Note that SG wilh vary with temperature; it should be measured.at 20°C (68°F). Add 0.007 to the reading for every 10°C above 20°C, and subtract 0.007 from the

reading for every 10°C below 20°C. Add 0.004 to the reading for every 10°F above 68°F:and subtract 0.004 from the reading for every OPP below 68°F. im 3 When the check is complete, rinse the hydrometer thoroughly with clean water.

Checking for continuity

Checking battery open-circuit voltage

BA

Warning: The gases produced by the battery are explosive - never smoke or create any sparks in the vicinity of the battery. Never ailow the electrolyte to contact your skin or clothing - if it does, wash it off and seek immediate medical attention.

® Before any electrical fault is investigated the battery should be checked. @ You'll need a dc voltmeter or multimeter to check battery voltage. Check that the leads are inserted in the correct terminals on the meter, red lead to positive (+), black lead to negative (-). Incorrect connections can

A

Warning: The gases produced by the battery are explosive - never smoke or create any sparks in the vicinity of the battery. Never allow the

electrolyte to contact your skin or clothing - if it does, wash it off and seek immediate medical attention.

© The specific gravity check gives an indication of a battery’s state of charge. @ A hydrometer is used for measuring specific gravity. Make sure you purchase one which has a small enough hose to insert in the aperture of a motorcycle battery. @ Specific gravity is simply a measure of the electrolyte’s density compared with

that of water. Water has an SG of 1.000 and

@ The term continuity describes the uninterrupted flow of electricity through an electrical circuit. A continuity check will determine

whether an open-circuit

situation

exists. ® Continuity can be checked with an ohmmeter, multimeter, continuity tester or battery and bulb test circuit (see illustrations 3, 4 and 5). ®@ All of these instruments are self-powered by a battery, therefore the checks are made with the ignition OFF. ® As a safety precaution, always disconnect

the battery negative (-) lead before making checks, particularly if ignition switch checks are being made. @ If using a meter,

select the appropriate

Troubleshooting Equipment rer-ss

Continuity check of front brake light switch using a meter - note cotter pins used to access connector terminals

Battery and bulb test circuit

ohms scale and check that the meter reads infinity (cc). Touch the meter probes together and check that meter reads zero; where necessary adjust the meter so that it reads zero. ® After using a meter, always switch it OFF to conserve Its battery.

Switch checks 1 If a switch is at fault, trace its wiring up to the wiring connectors. Separate the wire connectors and inspect them for security and condition. A build-up of dirt or corrosion here will most likely be the cause of the problem - clean up and apply a water dispersant such as WD40. 2 |f using a test meter, set the meter to the ohms x 10 scale and connect its probes across the wires from the switch (see illustration 6). Simple ON/OFF type switches, such as brake light switches, only have two wires whereas combination switches, like the ignition switch, have many internal links. Study

the wiring diagram to ensure that you are connecting across the correct pair of wires. Continuity (low or no measurable resistance - 0 ohms) should be indicated with the switch ON and no continuity (high resistance) with it OFF 3 Note that the polarity of the test probes doesn’t matter for continuity checks, although care should be taken to follow specific test procedures if a diode or solid-state component is being checked.

4 A continuity tester or battery and bulb circuit can be used in the same way. Connect its probes as described above (see illustration 7). The light should come on to indicate continuity in the ON switch position, but should extinguish in the OFF position.

Wiring checks @ Many electrical faults are caused by damaged wiring, often due to incorrect routing or chaffing on frame components. @ Loose, wet or corroded wire connectors

Continuity check of rear brake light switch using a continuity tester

can also be the cause of electrical problems, especially in exposed locations.

reFeao TYOubleshooting Equipment

Checking for voltage at the rear brake light power supply wire using ameter... ; :

A buzzer is useful for voltage checks

1 Acontinuity check can be made on a single length of wire by disconnecting it at each end and connecting a meter or continuity tester across both ends of the wire (see illustration 8). 2 Continuity (low or no resistance - 0 ohms) should be indicated if the wire is good. If no continuity (high resistance) is shown, suspect a broken wire.

in the correct terminals on the

meter, red to positive (+), black to negative (-).

Incorrect connections can damage the meter. @ A voltmeter (or multimeter set to the dc volts scale) should always be connected in parallel (across the load). Connecting it in series will destroy the meter. @ Voltage checks are made with the ignition

ON. 1 First identify the relevant wiring circuit by referring to the this manual. If share the same the same fuse),

Checking for voltage

® A voltage check can determine

are inserted

whether

current is reaching a component. @ Voltaye can be checked with a dc voltmeter, multimeter set on the dc volts scale, test light or buzzer (see illustrations 9 and 10). A meter has the advantage of being able to measure actual voltage. @ When using a meter, check that its leads

wiring other power take

diagram at the end of electrical components supply (ie are fed from note whether they are

working correctly - this is useful information in deciding where to start checking the circuit. 2 If using a meter, check first that the meter leads are plugged into the correct terminals Set the meter

to

the dc volts function, at a range suitable the battery voltage. Connect the meter probe (+) to the power supply wire and black probe to a good metal ground on

on the meter

(see above).

for red the the

motorcycle’s frame or directly to the battery negative (-) terminal (see illustration 11). Battery voltage should be shown on the meter

with the ignition switched ON. 3 If using a test light or buzzer, connect

its

positive (+) probe to the power supply terminal

and its negative (-) probe to a good ground on the motorcycle’s frame or directly to the battery negative (-) terminal (see illustration 12). With the ignition ON, the test light should illuminate or the buzzer sound. 4 \fno voltage is indicated, work back towards the fuse continuing to check for voltage. When you reach a point where there is voltage, you know the probiem lies between that point and your last check point.

Checking the ground

@

Ground

connections

are

made

either

Troubleshooting Equipment rerea1

... Ora

test light - note the ground connection to the frame (arrow)

directly to the engine or frame (such as sensors, neutral switch etc. which only have a positive feed) or by a separate wire into the ground circuit of the wiring harness. Alternatively a short ground wire is sometimes run directly from the component to the motor-cycle’s frame. @ Corrosion is often the cause of a poor ground connection. @ lf total failure is experienced, check the security of the main ground lead from the negative (-) terminal of the battery and also the main ground point on the wiring harness. If

A selection of jumper wires for making ground checks

of the component and the other end to the motorcycle’s frame. 2 If the circuit works with the jumper wire installed,

the

original

ground

circuit

is

faulty. Check the wiring for open-circuits or poor connections. Clean up direct ground connections,

removing

all traces of corrosion

and remake the joint. Apply petroleum jelly to the joint to prevent future corrosion.

Tracing a short-circuit

corroded, dismantle the connection and clean

all surfaces back to bare metal. 4 To

check

the

ground

on

a component,

use an insulated jumper wire to temporarily bypass its ground connection (see illustration 13). Connect one end of the jumper wire between the ground terminal or metal body

@ A short-circuit occurs where current shorts to ground bypassing the circuit components. This usually results in a blown fuse.

@ Ashort-circuit is most likely to occur where the insulation has worn through due to wiring chafing on a component, allowing a direct path to ground on the frame. 1 Remove any body panels necessary to access the circuit wiring. 2 Check that all electrical switches in the circuit are OFF, then remove the circuit fuse and connect a test light, buzzer or voltmeter (set to the dc scale) across the fuse terminals. No voltage should be shown. 3 Move the wiring from side to side while observing the test light or meter. When the test light comes on, buzzer sounds or meter shows voltage, you have found the cause of the short. It will usually shown up as damaged or burned insulation. 4 Note that the same test can be performed on each component in the circuit, even the switch.

REFea2 SECurity Introduction In less time than it takes to read this introduction, a thief could steal your motorcycle. Returning only to find your bike has gone is one of the worst feelings in the world. Even if the motorcycle is insured against theft, once you’ve got over the initial shock, you will have the inconvenience of dealing with the police and your insurance company. The motorcycle is an easy target for the professional thief and the joyrider alike and the

official figures on motorcycle theft make for depressing reading; on average a motorcycle is stolen every 16 minutes in the UK! Motorcycle thefts fall into two categories, those stolen ‘to order’ and those taken by opportunists. The thief stealing to order will be on the look out for a specific make and model and will go to extraordinary lengths to obtain that motorcycle. The opportunist thief on the other hand will look for easy targets which can be stolen with the minimum of effort and risk.

While it is never going to be possible to make your machine 100% secure, it

is estimated that around half of all stolen motorcycles are taken by opportunist thieves. Remember that the opportunist thief is always on the look out for the easy option: if there are two similar motorcycles parked side-by-side, they will target the one with the lowest level of security. By taking a few precautions, you can reduce the chances of your motorcycle being

stolen.

:

Security equipment There are many specialized motorcycle security devices available and the following text summarizes their applications and their good and bad points. Once you have decided on the type of security equipment which best suits your needs, we recommended that you read one of the many equipment tests regularly carried

out by the motorcycle press. These tests compare the products from all the major manufacturers and give impartial ratings on their effectiveness, value-for-money and ease of use. No one item of security equipment can provide complete protection. It is highly recommended that two or more of the items described below are combined to increase the security of your motorcycle (a lock and chain plus an alarm system is just about ideal). The more security measures fitted to the bike, the less likely it is to be stolen.

Lock and chain Pros: Very flexible to use; can be used to secure

Cons: Can be very heavy and awkward to carry on the motorcycle, although some types

Pass the chain through the bike’s frame, rather than just through a wheel...

@ Heavy-duty chains and locks are an excellent security measure (see illustration 1). Whenever

the motorcycle

is parked, use

the lock and chain to secure the machine to a solid, immovable object such as a post or railings. This will prevent the. machine from being ridden away or being lifted into the back of a van. aE Re, ~N

®

When fitting the chain, always ensure the

chain is routed around the motorcyc¢te frame

or swingarm

the motorcycle to almost any immovable object. On some locks and chains, the lock can be used on its own as a disc lock (see below). Ensure the lock and chain you buy is of good quality and long enough to shackle your bike to a solid object

will be supplied with a carry bag which can be strapped to the pillion seat.

(see illustrations 2 and 3).

Never merely pass the chain around one of the wheel rims; a thief may unbolt the.wheel and lift the rest of the machine into a vah, leaving you with just the wheel! Try to avoid having excess chain free, thus making it difficult to use cutting tools, and keep the chain and lock off the ground to prevent thieves attacking. it

with a cold chisel. Position the lock’so that its lock barrel is facing downwards; thts will make it harder for the thief to attack the lock mechanism.

... and loop it around a solid object

Security rere Uslocks :

Pros: Highly effective deterrent which can be used to secure the bike to a post or railings. Most U-locks come with a carrier which allows the lock to be easily carried on the bike. Cons: chain.

Not as flexible

to use as a lock and

® These are solid locks which are similar in use to a lock and chain. U-locks are lighter than a lock and chain but not so flexible to use. The length and shape of the lock shackle limit the objects to which the bike can be secured (see illustration 4).

Disc locks

Pros: Small, light and very easy to carry; most can be stored underneath the seat.

Cons: Does not prevent the motorcycle being lifted into a van. Can be very embarrassing if

U-locks can be used to secure the bike to a solid object ensure you purchase one which is long enough

you forget to remove the lock before attempting to ride off! ® Disc locks are designed to be attached to the front brake disc. The lock passes through one of the holes in the disc and prevents the wheel rotating by jamming against the fork/ brake caliper (see illustration 5). Some are equipped with an alarm siren which sounds if the disc lock is moved; this not only acts as a

theft deterrent but also as a handy reminder if you try to move the bike with the lock still fitted.

@

Combining

the disc lock with a length

of cable which can be looped around a post

or railings provides an additional measure of security (see illustration 6).

nd immobilisers

A typical disc lock attached through one of the holes in the disc

@ Electronic alarms and immobilizers are available to suit a variety of budgets. There are three different types of system available: pure alarms, pure immobilizers, and the more expensive systems which are combined alarm/immobilizers (see illustration 7). @® An alarm system is designed to emit an audible warning if the motorcycle is being tampered with. @ An immobilizer prevents the motorcycle

being started and ridden away by disabling its electrical systems. @ When purchasing an alarm/immobilizer system, check the cost of installing the system unless you are able to do it yourself. If the motorcycle is not used regularly, another

Pros: Once installed it is completely hasslefree to use. If the system is ‘Thatcham’ or ‘Sold Secure-approved’, insurance companies may give you a discount.

A disc lock combined with a security cable provides additional protection

Cons: Can be expensive to buy and complex to install. No system will prevent the motorcycle from being lifted into a van and taken away.

consideration is the current drain of the system. All alarm/immobilizer systems are powered by the motorcycle’s battery; purchasing a system with a very low current drain could prevent the battery losing its charge while the motorcycle is not being used.

A typical alarm/immobilizer system

ReFe44 O@Curity

Indelible markings can be applied to most areas of the bike - always apply the manufacturer’s sticker to warn off thieves

Pros: Very cheap and effective deterrent. Many insurance companies will give you a discount on your insurance premium if a recognized security marking kit is used on your motorcycle.

Chemically-etched code numbers can be applied to main body panels . .

Pros: An excellent form of security which will deter all but the most determined of thieves. Cons: Awkward expensive.

to

install

and

can

be

... again, always ensure that the kit manufacturer’s sticker is applied in a prominent position @® While the motorcycle is at home, it is a good idea to attach it securely to the floor or a solid wall, even if it is kept in a securely locked garage. Various types of ground anchors, security posts and wheel clamps are available for this purpose (see illustration 11). These security devices are either bolted

to a solid concrete or brick structure or can be cemented into the ground.

Cons: Does not prevent the motorcycle being stolen by joyriders. @ There are many different types of security marking kits available. The idea is to mark as many parts of the motorcycle as possible with a unique security number (see illustrations 8, 9 and 10). A form will be included with the

kit to register your personal details and those of the motorcycle with the kit manufacturer. This register is made available to the police to help them trace the rightful owner of any motorcycle or components which they recover should all other forms of identification have been removed. Always apply the warning stickers provided with the kit to deter thieves.

‘ee

Permanent ground anchors provide an excellent level of security when the bikeis at-home

Security at home A high percentage of motorcycle thefts are from the owner’s home. Here are some things to consider whenever your motorcycle is at home: Y Where possible, always keep the motorcycle in a securely locked garage. Never rely solely on the standard lock on the garage door, these are usual hopelessly inadequate. Fit an additional locking mechanism to the door and consider having the garage alarmed. A security light, activated by a movement sensor, is also a good investment.

Y Always secure the motorcycle to the ground or a wall, even if it is inside a securely locked garage. ¥ Do not regularly leave the motorcycle outside your home, try to keep it out of sight wherever possible. If a garage is not available, fit a motorcycle cover over the bike to disguise its true identity. ¥Y It is not uncommon for thieves to follow a motorcyclist home to find out where the bike is kept. They will then return at a later date. Be aware of this whenever you are returning

home

on your

motorcycle.

If you

suspect

you are being followed, do not return home, instead ride to a garage or shop and stop asa

precaution. ~ When selling a motorcycle, do not provide your home address or the iocation where the bike is normaily kept. Arrange to meet the buyer at a location away from your home. Thieves have been known to pose as potential buyers to find out where motorcycles are kept and then return later to steal them.

Security away from the home As well as fitting security equipment to your motorcycle here are a few general rules to follow whenever you park your motorcycle. Y Park ina busy, public place. Y Use car parks which incorporate security

Y At night, park in a well-lit area, preferably directly underneath a street light. Y Engage the steering lock. Y Secure the motorcycle to a solid, immovable object such as a post or railings

features, such as CCTV.

with an additional lock. If this is not possible,

secure the bike to a friend’s motorcycle. Some public parking places provide security loops for motorcycles. vY Never leave your helmet or luggage attached to the motorcycle. Take them with you at ali times.

Technical Terms Explained reres A ABS (Anti-lock braking system) A system, usually electronically controlled, that senses incipient wheel lockup during braking and relieves hydraulic pressure at wheel which is about to skid. Aftermarket Components suitable for the motorcycle, but not produced by the motorcycle manufacturer. Allen key A hexagonal wrench which fits into a recessed hexagonal hole. Alternating current (ac) Current produced by an alternator. Requires converting to direct current by a rectifier for charging purposes.

Alternator Converts mechanical energy from the engine into electrical energy to charge the battery and power the electrical system. Ampere

(amp)

A unit of measurement

for the flow of electrical current. Current = Volts + Ohms.

Ampere-hour capacity.

(Ah)

Measure of battery

Angle-tightening A torque expressed in degrees. Often follows a conventional tightening torque for cylinder head or main bearing fasteners (see illustration).

Anti-dive System attached to the fork lower leg (slider) to prevent fork dive when braking hard. Anti-seize compound A coating that reduces the risk of seizing on fasteners that are subjected to high temperatures, such as exhaust clamp bolts and nuts. API American Petroleum Institute. A quality standard for 4-stroke motor oils. Asbestos A natural fibrous mineral with great heat resistance, commonly used in the composition of brake friction materials. Asbestos is a health hazard and the dust created by brake systems should never be inhaled or ingested.

an angle to the wheel rim.

ATU Automatic Timing Unit. Mechanical device for advancing the ignition timing on early engines.

Big-end bearing The bearing in the end of the connecting rod that’s attached to the crankshaft.

ATV

All Terrain Vehicle. Often called a

Quad.

Axial play Side-to-side movement.

Bleeding The process of removing air from a hydraulic system via a bleed nipple or bleed screw.

Also known as a spindle.

Bottom-end A description of an engine’s crankcase components and all components contained therein.

B

BTDC Before Top Dead Center in terms of piston position. Ignition timing is often expressed in terms of degrees or millimeters BTDC.

Axle

A shaft on which a wheel revolves.

Ball bearing

A bearing consisting

of

a hardened inner and outer race with hardened steel balls between the two races.

Antifreeze A substance (usually ethylene glycol) mixed with water, and added to the cooling system, to prevent freezing of the coolant in winter. Antifreeze also contains chemicals to inhibit corrosion and the formation of rust and other deposits that would tend to clog the radiator and coolant passages and reduce cooling efficiency.

Bias-belted tire Similar construction to radial tire, but with outer belt running at

ATF Automatic Transmission Fluid. Often used in front forks.

Backlash The amount of movement between meshed components when one component is held still. Usually applies to gear teeth.

Angle-tightening cylinder head bolts

Bevel gears are used to turn the drive through 90°

‘ Bearings Used between two working surfaces to prevent wear of the components and a build-up of heat. Four types of bearing are commonly used on motorcycles: plain shell bearings, ball bearings, tapered roller bearings and needle roller bearings. Bevel gears Used to turn the drive through 90°. Typical applications are shaft final drive and camshaft drive (see illustration).

Bush A cylindrical metal or rubber component used between two moving parts. Burr Rough edge left on a component after machining or as a result of excessive wear.

C Cam chain

The chain which takes drive

from the crankshaft to the camshaft(s). Canister The main component in an evap-orative emission control system (California market only); contains activated charcoal granules to trap vapors from the fuel system rather than allowing them to vent to the atmosphere.

for engine power output.

Castellated Resembling the parapets along the top of a castle wall. For example, a castellated wheel axle or spindle nut.

Power output is now usually expressed in kilowatts (kW).

Catalytic converter A device in the exhaust system of some machines which

BHP

Brake

measurement

Horsepower.

The

British

rereas Technical Terms Explained Cush drive Rubber damper segments fitted between the rear wheel and final drive sprocket to absorb transmission shocks (see illustration).

D

converts certain pollutants in the exhaust gases into less harmful substances. Charging system Description of the components which charge the battery, ie the alternator, rectifer and regulator.

Clearance The amount of space between two parts. For example, between a piston and a cylinder, between a bearing and a journal, etc. Coil spring A spiral of elastic steel found in various sizes throughout a vehicle, for example as a springing medium in the suspension and in the valve train. Compression Reduction in volume, and increase in pressure and temperature, of a gas, caused by squeezing it into a smaller space. Compression damping Controls the speed the suspension compresses when hitting a bump.

Compression ratio The relationship between cylinder volume when the piston is at top dead center and cylinder volume when the piston is at bottom dead center. Continuity The uninterrupted path in the flow of electricity. Little or no measurable resistance.

Continuity tester Self-powered bleeper or test light which indicates continuity.

ECU (Electronic Control Unit) A computer which controls (for instance) an ignition system, or an anti-lock braking system.

EGO Exhaust Gas Oxygen sensor. Sometimes called a Lambda sensor.

Degree disc Calibrated disc for measuring piston position. Expressed in degrees.

Cush drive rubber segments dampen out transmission shocks

E

Dial gauge Clock-type gauge with adapters for measuring runout and piston position. Expressed in mm or inches.

Electrolyte battery.

The

fluid

in a lead-acid

EMS (Engine Management System) A computer controlled system which manages the fuel injection and the ignition systems in an integrated fashion.

Diaphragm The rubber membrane in a master cylinder or carburetor which seals the upper chamber.

Endfioat The amount of lengthways movement between two parts. As applied to a crankshaft, the distance that the crankshaft can move side-to-side in the crankcase.

Diaphragm spring A single sprung plate often used in clutches.

Endiess chain

A chain having no joining

link. Common

use for cam

Direct current (dc) by a dc generator.

Current produced

Decarbonization The process of removing carbon deposits - typically from

the combustion

chamber,

valves

and exhaust port/system. Detonation Destructive and damaging explosion of fuel/air mixture incombustion chamber instead of controlled burning.

Diode An electrical valve which only allows current to flow in one direction. Commonly used in rectifiers and starter interlock systems. Disc valve (or induction system stroke engines.

rotary valve) used on some

An two-

Double-overhead camshaft (DOHC) An engine that uses two overhead camshafts, one for the intake valves and one for the exhaust valves.

Drivebelt A toothed belt used to transmit drive to the rear wheel on some

Cp Candlepower. Bulb rating commonly found on US motorcycles.

motorcycles. A drivebelt has also been used to drive the camshafts. Drivebelts are usually made of Kevlar.

Crossply tire Tire plies arranged ina criss-cross pattern. Usually four or six plies used, hence 4PR or 6PR in tire size codes.

Driveshaft Any shaft used to transmit motion. Commonly used when referring to the final driveshaft on shaft drive motorcycles.

final drive chains.

chains

and

s

EP (Extreme Pressure) Oil typ@used in locations where high loads are applied, such as between gear teeth. he Evaporative emission control. system Describes a charcoal filled canister which stores fuel vapors fromthe tank rather than allowing them to vent to the atmosphere. Usually only fitted to California models and referred to as an EVAP system. oe Expansion chamber Section ofstwostroke engine exhaust system so designed to improve engine efficiency and boost power.

Feeler blade or gauge A thin strip or blade of hardened steel, ground to an exact thickness, used to check or measure clearances between parts. Final drive Description of the drive from the transmission to the rear wheel. Usually by chain or shaft, but sometimes by belt.

Firing engine power number

order The order in which the cylinders fire, or deliver their strokes, beginning with the one cylinder.

Flooding Term used to describe a high fuel level in the carburetor float chambers,

Technical Terms Explained rerea7 leading to fuel overflow. Also refers to excess fuel in the combustion chamber due to incorrect starting technique. Free length The no-load state of a component when measured. Clutch, valve and fork spring lengths are measured at rest, without any preload. Freeplay The amount of travel before any action takes place. The looseness in a linkage, or an assembly of parts, between the initial application of force and actual movement.

For example, the

distance the rear brake pedal moves before the rear brake is actuated. Fuel injection The fuel/air mixture is metered electronically and directed into the engine intake ports (indirect injection) or into the cylinders (direct injection). Sensors supply information on engine speed and conditions.

Fuel/air mixture The charge of fuel and air going into the engine. See Stoichiometric ratio.

Glaze-busting see Honing Grinding Process for renovating the valve face and valve seat contact area in the cylinder head. Ground

return

The return path of an

electrical circuit, utilizing the motorcycle’s frame.

Gudgeon pin The shaft which connects the connecting rod small-end with the piston. Often called a piston pin or wrist pin.

Hi Helical gears Gear teeth are slightly curved and produce less gear noise that straight-cut gears. Often used for primary drives.

Helicoil A thread insert repair system. Commonly used as a repair for stripped spark plug threads (see illustration).

Ibf ft Pounds-force feet. A unit of torque. Sometimes written as ft-lbs. lbf in Pound-force inch. A unit of torque, applied to components where a very low torque is required. Sometimes written as inch-lbs. IC Abbreviation for Integrated Circuit. Ignition advance Means of increasing the timing of the spark at higher engine speeds. Done by mechanical means (ATU) on early engines or electronically by the ignition control unit on later engines.

Ignition timing The moment at which the spark plug fires, expressed in the number of crankshaft degrees before the piston reaches the top of its stroke, or in the number of millimeters before the piston reaches the top of its stroke.

Fuse An electrical device which protects a circuit against accidental overload. The typical fuse contains a soft piece of metal which is calibrated to melt at a predetermined current flow (expressed as amps) and break the circuit.

Infinity (co) Description of an open-circuit electrical state, where no continuity exists.

G Gap The distance the spark must travel in jumping from the center electrode to the side electrode in a spark plug. Also refers to the distance between the ignition rotor and the pickup coil in an electronic ignition system.

Gasket

Hygroscopic Water absorbing. In motorcycle applications, braking efficiency will be reduced if DOT 3 or 4 hydraulic fluid absorbs water from the air - care must be taken to keep new brake fluid in tightly sealed containers.

Installing a Helicoil thread insert in a cylinder head

Inverted forks (upside down forks) The sliders or lower legs are held in the yokes and the fork tubes or stanchions are connected to the wheel axle (spindle). Less unsprung weight and stiffer construction than conventional forks.

Any thin, soft material - usually

Honing A process used to break down ¥ the glaze on a cylinder bore (also called - installed between two metal surfaces glaze-busting). Can also be carried out to ensure a good seal. For instance, to roughen a rebored cylinder to aid ring the cylinder head gasket seals the joint bedding-in. between the block and the cylinder head. HT (High Tension) Description of the electrical circuit from the secondary Gauge An instrument panel display winding of the ignition coil to the spark used to monitor engine conditions. A plug. gauge with a movable pointer on a dial or a fixed scale is an analog gauge. A Hydraulic A liquid filled system used to gauge with a numerical readout is called transmit pressure from one component to a digital gauge. another. Common uses on motorcycles are brakes and clutches. Gear ratios The drive ratio of a pair of gears in a gearbox, calculated on their Hydrometer An instrument for number of teeth. measuring the specific gravity of a leadcork, cardboard,

asbestos

or soft metal

acid battery.

J JASO Japan Automobile Standards Organization. JASO MA is a standard for motorcycle oil equivalent to API SJ, but designed to prevent problems with wet-type motorcycle clutches.

Joule

The unit of electrical energy.

Journal

The bearing surface of a shaft.

K Kickstart

Mechanical means of turning

the engine over for starting

purposes.

rereas Technical Terms Explained OE (Original Equipment) Relates to components fitted to a motorcycle as standard or replacement parts supplied by the motorcycle manufacturer.

Only usually fitted to mopeds, small capacity motorcycles and off-road motorcycles. Kill switch Handebar-mounted switch for emergency ignition cut-out. Cuts the ignition circuit on all models, and additionally prevent starter motor operation on others. km kmh hour.

Ohm

Ohmmeter An instrument for measuring electrical resistance.

Symbol for kilometer. Abbreviation

for kilometers

Oil cooler System for diverting engine oil outside of the engine to a radiator for cooling purposes.

per Tappet shims are measured with a micrometer

L Lambda sensor A sensor fitted in the exhaust system to measure the exhaust gas oxygen content (excess air factor). Also called oxygen sensor.

LCD Abbreviation Display.

for Liquid Crystal

LED Abbreviation Diode.

for Light Emitting

MON (Motor Octane Number) A measure of a fuel’s resistance to knock.

Monoshock A single suspension unit linking the swingarm or suspension linkage to the frame.

mph

Liner A steel cylinder liner inserted in an aluminum alloy cylinder block. Locknut A nut used to lock an adjustment nut, or other threaded

component, in place. Lockstops The lugs on the lower triple clamp (yoke) which abut those on the frame, preventing handlebar-to-fuel

Micrometer A precision measuring instrument that measures component outside diameters (See illustration).

Monograde oil An oil with a single viscosity, eg SAE80W.

Lapping see Grinding.

tank

contact.

Lockwasher A form of washer designed to prevent an attaching nut from working loose. LT Low Tension Description of the electrical circuit from the power supply to the primary winding of the ignition coil.

M Maintenance-free (MF) battery A sealed battery which cannot be topped

up. Manometer Mercury-filled calibrated tubes used to measure intake tract vacuum. Used to synchronize carburetors on multi-cylinder engines.

Abbreviation for miles per hour.

Multigrade oil Having a wide viscosity range (eg 10W40). The W stands for Winter, thus the viscosity ranges from SAE10 when cold to SAE40 when hot. Multimeter An electrical test instrument with the capability to measure voltage, current and resistance. Some meters also incorporate a continuity tester and buzzer.

N Needle roller bearing Inner race of caged needle rollers and hardened outer race. Examples of uncaged needle rollers can be found on some engines. Commonly used in rear suspension applications and in two-stroke engines. Nm

Main bearings The bearings between the crankshaft and crankcase.

The unit of electrical resistance.

Ohms = Volts + Current.

Newton

meters.

O The

measure

resistance to knock.

Open-circuit An electrical condition where there is a break in the flow of electricity - no continuity (high resistance).

O-ring A type of sealing ring made of a special rubber-like material; in use, the O-ring is compressed intd-a groove to provide the sealing action. “*. ie Gs Oversize (OS) Term used for piston and ring size options fitted to a-ebored cylinder. ” Overhead cam (sohc) engine An engine with single camshaft located on top of the cylinder head.

Overhead vaive (ohv) engine An engine with the valves located in the cylinder head, but with the camshaft located in

the engine block or crankcase.

of

a

fuel’s

%

Oxygen sensor A device installedin the exhaust system which senses the oxygen content in the exhaust and converts this information into an electric current. Also called a Lambda sensor.

P Plastigage A thin strip of plastic thread, available in different sizes, used for measuring

NOx Oxides of Nitrogen. A common toxic pollutant emitted by gasoline engines at higher temperatures.

Octane

Oil injection A system of two-stroke engine lubrication where oil is pump-fed to the engine in accordance with throttle position.

clearances.

For

example,

a strip of Plastigage is laid across a bearing journal. The parts are assembled and dismantled; the width of the crushed strip indicates the clearance between journal and bearing. Polarity Either negative or positive ground, determined by which battery lead is connected to the frame (ground return). Modern motorcycles are usually negative ground.

Technical Terms Explained rereas Pre-ignition A situation where the fuel/air mixture ignites before the spark plug fires. Often due to a hot spot in the combustion chamber caused by carbon build-up. Engine has a tendency to ‘run’

Ole

Pre-load (suspension) The amount a spring is compressed when in the unloaded state. Preload can be applied by gas, spacer or mechanical adjuster. Premix The method of engine lubrication on some gasoline two-stroke engines. Engine oil is mixed with the gasoline in the fuel tank in a specific ratio. The fuel/oil mix is sometimes referred to as “petrol”. Primary drive Description of the drive from the crankshaft to the clutch. Usually by gear or chain. PS

Pferdestarke

- a German

inter-

pretation of BHP.

R Rack-and-pinion A pinion gear on the end of a shaft that mates with a rack (think of a geared wheel opened up and laid flat). Sometimes used in clutch operating systems. Radial play

Up and down

movement

about a shaft.

Radial ply tires Tire plies run across the tire (from bead to bead) and around the circumference of the tire. Less resistant to tread distortion than other tire types. Radiator A liquid-to-air heat transfer device designed to reduce the temperature of the coolant in a liquid cooled engine. Rake A feature of steering geometry the angle of the steering head in relation to the vertical (see illustration).

PSI Pounds-force per square inch. Imperial measurement of tire pressure and cylinder pressure measurement.

PTFE

Polytetrafluroethylene.

Resistance Measured in ohms. An electrical component’s ability to pass electrical current.

RON

(Research

Octane

Number)

A

measure of a fuel’s resistance to knock.

rpm

revolutions per minute.

Runout The amount of wobble (in-andout movement) of a wheel or shaft as it’s rotated. The amount a shaft rotates "out-of-true." The out-of-round condition of a rotating part.

Sealant A liquid or paste used to prevent leakage at a joint. Sometimes used in conjunction with a gasket.

Service limit Term for the point where a component is no longer useable and must be replaced.

Quartz halogen bulb Tungsten filament surrounded by a halogen gas. Typically

Shaft drive

used for the headlight (see illustration).

A method

of transmitting

drive from the transmission wheel.

|

Filaments

Dip shield

Steering geometry

Quartz envelope

bulb construction

Relay A electrical device used to switch heavy current on and off by using a low current auxiliary circuit.

SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) A standard for the viscosity of a fluid.

Q

Quartz halogen headlight

Regulator Device for maintaining the charging voltage from the generator or alternator within a specified range.

S

Pulse secondary air injection system A process of promoting the burning of excess fuel present in the exhaust gases by routing fresh air into the exhaust ports.

H.1S994

Reed valve’ An induction system commonly used on two-stroke engines.

A low

friction substance.

——

Rectifier Device for converting the ac output of an alternator into dc for battery charging.

Rebore Providing anew working surface to the cylinder bore by boring out the old surface. Necessitates the use of oversize piston and rings. Rebound damping A means of controlling the oscillation of a suspension unit spring after it has been compressed. Resists the spring’s natural tendency to bounce back after being compressed.

to the rear

Shell bearings Plain bearings consisting of two shell halves. Most often used as big-end and main bearings in a fourstroke engine. Often called bearing inserts. Shim Thin spacer, commonly used to adjust the clearance or relative positions between

two parts. For example,

shims

inserted into or under tappets or followers to control valve clearances. Clearance is adjusted by changing the thickness of the shim. Short-circuit An electrical condition where current shorts to ground bypassing the circuit components.

reres0 Technical Terms Explained Skimming Process to correct warpage or repair a damaged surface, eg on brake discs or drums.

Slide-hammer A special puller that screws into or hooks onto a component such as a shaft or bearing; a heavy sliding handle on the shaft bottoms against the end of the shaft to knock the component free. Small-end bearing The bearing in the upper end of the connecting rod at its joint with the gudgeon pin. Snap-ring A ring-shaped clip used to prevent endwise movement of cylindrical parts and shafts. An internal snap-ring is installed in a groove in a housing; an external snap-ring fits into a groove on the outside of a cylindrical piece such as a shaft. Also known as a circlip. Spalling Damage to camshaft lobes or bearing journals shown as pitting of the working surface.

Specific gravity (SG) The state of charge of the electrolyte in a lead-acid battery. A measure of the electrolyte’s density compared with water. Straight-cut gears Common type gear used on gearbox shafts and for oil pump and water pump drives.

Stanchion The inner sliding part of the front forks, held by the yokes. Often called a fork tube. Stoichiometric ratio The optimum chemical air/fuel ratio for a gasoline engine, said to be 14.7 parts of air to 1 part of fuel. Sulphuric acid The liquid (electrolyte) used in a lead-acid battery. Poisonous and extremely corrosive. Surface grinding (lapping) Process to correct a warped gasket face, commonly used on cylinder heads.

pushrod and rocker arm. Also called a cam follower.

Tapered-roller bearing Tapered inner race of caged needle rollers and separate tapered outer race. Examples of taper roller bearings can be found on steering heads. A cylindrical component

which

the intake air. Normally used to increase the power output from a given engine displacement. TWI

TCS Traction Control System. An electronically-controlled system which

Abbreviation for Tire Wear Indicator.

Indicates the location of the tread depth indicator bars on tires.

senses wheel spin and reduces engine speed accordingly. TDC Top Dead Center denotes that the piston is at its highest point in the cylinder. Thread-locking compound Solution applied to fastener threads to prevent loosening. Select type to suit application.

Universal joint or U-joint (UJ) A doublepivoted connection for transmitting power from a driving to a driven shaft through an angle. Typically found in shaft drive assemblies.

Thrust washer A washer positioned between two moving components on a shaft. For example, between gear pinions on gearshaft.

Unsprung weight Anything not supported by the bike’s suspension (ie the wheel, tires, brakes, final drive and bottom (moving) part of the suspension).

Timing chain

See Cam Chain.

Timing light Stroboscopic lamp for carrying out ignition timing checks with the engine running. Top-end A description of an engine’s cylinder block, head and valve gear components.

Torque a shaft.

Turning or twisting force about

Torque setting A prescribed tightness specified by the motorcycle manufacturer to ensure that the bolt or nut is secured correctly. Undertightening can result in the bolt or nut coming loose or a surface not being sealed. Overtightening can result in stripped threads, distortion or damage to the component being retained. Torx key A six-point wrench. Tracer A stripe of asecond color applied to a wire insulator to distinguish that wire from another one with the same color insulator. For example, Br/W is often used to denote a brown insulator with a white tracer.

Trail A feature of steering geometry. Distance from the steering head axis to the tire’s central contact point.

3

Tappet

transmits motion from the cam to the valve stem, either directly or via a

V

, *~

Vacuum gauges Clock-type gauges for measuring intake tract vacuumsUsed

for carburetor synchronization on multicylinder engines.

Valve

A device through which the flow

of liquid,

gas

or vacuum

may

be

stopped, started or regulated by a moveable part that opens, shuts or partially obstructs one or more perts*or passageways. The intake and exheust

valves in the cylinder head are of the poppet type.

‘

Valve clearance The clearance between the valve tip (the end of the valve stem) and the rocker arm or tappet/follower. The valve clearance is measured when the valve is closed. The correct clearance is important - if too small the valve won’t close fully and will burn out, whereas if too large noisy operation will result. Valve lift The amount a valve is lifted off

its seat by the camshaft lobe.

Triple clamps

Valve timing The exact setting for the opening and closing of the valves in relation to piston position.

Turbocharger A centrifugal device, driven by exhaust gases, that pressurizes

Vernier caliper A precision measuring instrument that measures inside and outside dimensions. Not quite as accurate as a micrometer, but more convenient.

The cast components which extend from the steering head and support the fork stanchions or tubes. Often called fork yokes.

Technical Terms Explained reres: VIN Vehicle Identification Number. Term for the bike’s engine and frame numbers.

are directly surrounded by coolant (see illustration).

Viscosity The thickness of a liquid or its resistance to flow.

Wheelbase Distance from the center of the front wheel to the center of the rear wheel.

Volt A unit for expressing electrical “pressure” in a circuit. Volts = current x ohms.

W Water pump A mechanically-driven device for moving coolant around the engine. Watt A unit for expressing electrical power. Watts = volts x current.

eel ak ck al hee oh ah ahahd Wet liner arrangement

Wear limit see Service limit Wet liner A liquid-cooled engine design where the pistons run in liners which

Wiring harness or loom Describes the electrical wires running the length of the motorcycle and enclosed in tape or plastic sheathing. Wiring coming off the main harness is usually referred to as a sub harness.

Woodruff key A key of semi-circular or square section used to locate a gear toa shaft. Often used to locate the alternator rotor on the crankshaft. Wrist pin Another name for gudgeon or piston pin.

REESO2Sl ae US

ee

ees

ee

Notes

ee en ee

ee

ee

Index reress Note: References throughout this index are in the form, “Chapter number”e”Page number”

A About this manual, 0°7 Acknowledgements, 0¢7 Air filter element, replacement, 1°13 housing, removal and installation, 4°8 Air/fuel ratio sensor, general precautions and replacement, 4°20 Airbag system, general information and precautions, 9°22 Alignment check, 7°13 Alternator

driven gear, removal, inspection and installation, 2°36 removal and installation, 9°19 Antenna, removal and installation, 9¢20 Anti-iock brakes, general information, 7°17

B Bank angle sensor, removal and installation, 9°20 Barometric Pressure (BARO) sensor, removal and installation, 4°18 Battery charging, 9e4 inspection and maintenance, 9e3 Brake anti-lock brakes, general information, 7°17 bleeding, 7*12 calipers, removal, overhaul and installation, 7¢5 delay valve, removal and installation, 7°11 disc covers, removal and installation, 8°4 discs, inspection, removal and installation, 7°7

fluid level check, 0°14 type, 1¢2

hoses and lines, inspection and replacement, 7¢11 light switches, check and replacement, 9e11 master cylinder, removal! and installation front, 7°9 rear, 7°10 secondary, 7°10 pads replacement, 7°3 wear check, 1°6 pedal, removal and installation, 7°9 proportional control valve, removal and installation, 7¢11 system bleeding, 7°12 general check, 1°7 Brakes, wheels and tires, 7°1 Buying spare parts, 0°10

C Cable replacement cruise control, 4¢11 throttle, 4°11 Calipers, brake, removal, overhaul and installation, 7°5

‘Camshaft Position (CMP) sensor, removal and installation, 4°19 Camshafts and lifters, removal, inspection and installation, 2°12 Capacities, fluids and lubricants, 1°2 Case cover, removal and installation front, 2°43 rear, 2°34 Centerstand, removal and

installation, 8e22 Charging system alternator, removal and installation, 9°19 leakage and output test, 9°18 testing, general information and precautions, 9°18

Chemicals and lubricants, REFe25 Clutch check and adjustment, 1°11 fluid level check, 0°14 type, 1¢2 release mechanism, bleeding, removal, inspection and installation, 2¢22 removal, inspection and installation, 2°24 switch, check and replacement, 9°13 Connecting rod bearings, removal, inspection and installation, 2°56 Conversion factors, REFe24 Coolant level check, 0°13 type, 1¢2 Cooling system coolant hoses, removal and

installation, 3¢8 reservoir, removal and installation, 3¢3 temperature gauge and sender unit, check and replacement, 3¢5 type, 1°2 cooling fan and coolant sensor, check and replacement, 33 draining, flushing and refilling, 1¢15 general information, 3¢2 inspection, 1°8 radiator cap, check, 3¢3 radiators, removal and installation, 3°7 thermostat, removal, check and installation, 3¢5 water pump, removal, inspection and installation, 3e6 Crankcase breather, servicing, 1°7 components, inspection and servicing, 2°48 disassembly and reassembly, 2°45 emission control system, check and component replacement, 4¢22

ReFes4 INGEX Crankshaft and main bearings, removal, inspection, main bearing selection and installation, 2°57 Crankshaft Position (CKP) sensor, check and replacement, 4°19 Crash bars, removal and installation, 8°8 Cruise control cable, removal and installation, 4¢11 system, general information and cable adjustment, 9e21 Cylinder compression check, 2°6 Cylinder head and valves, disassembly, inspection and reassembly, 2°19

covers, removal and installation, 2¢11 removal and installation, 2¢17 Cylinders, inspection, 2°53

D Daily (pre-ride) checks, 0°12 brake and clutch fluid levels, 0°14 coolant level, 0°13

engine oil level, 0°12 legal and safety, 0°13 suspension and steering, 0°13 tires, 0°15 Delay valve, removal and installation, 7°11 Diagnosis, REF*29 Diagnostic Trouble Codes, accessing, 4°14 Dimensions and weights, REFe1 Disc brake

caliper, removal, overhaul and installation, 7¢5 discs, brake, inspection, removal and installation, 7°7 pads, wear check, 1°6

= Electrical system, 9¢1

Electrical troubleshooting, 9°3 Engine alternator driven gear, removal, inspection and installation, 2°36 camshafts and lifters, removal,

inspection and installation, 2°12 connecting rod bearings, removal, inspection and installation, 2°56 crankcase components, inspection and servicing, 2°48 disassembly and reassembly, 2°45

crankshaft and main bearings, removal, inspection, main bearing selection and installation, 2°57 cylinder compression check, 2¢6 cylinder head and valves, disassembly, inspection and reassembly, 2°19

covers, removal and installation, 211

removal and installation, 2°17 cylinders, inspection, 2°53

disassembly and reassembly, general information, 2°11

front case cover, removal and installation, 2°43 main and connecting rod bearings, general note, 2°56 major repair, general note, 2°6 oil pressure, check, 2¢7 oil pump, removal, inspection and installation, 2°49 oil type and viscosity, 1¢2 piston rings, installation, 2°54 piston/connecting rod assemblies, removal, connecting rod inspection and installation, 2°51 pistons, inspection, removal and installation, 2°54 rear case cover, removal, bearing inspection and installation, 2°34 removal and installation, 2¢7 timing chains, removal, inspection and installation, 2°15 valves/valve seats/valve guides, servicing, 2°19

Engine control module check, removal and installation, 54 removal and installation, 4¢20 Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) sensor check, 3e3 replacement, 3e5 Engine immobilizer (UK and Europe), general information and precautions, 9¢23 Engine oil, level check, 0e12 Engine oil/filter, change, 1°7 Engine, clutch and transmission, 2¢1

Evaporative emission conirol (EVAP) system check, 1°14

check and component replacement, 4°22 Exhaust system check, 1°10

removal and installation, 4e23 External reverse linkage, removal and installation, 2°31 External shift mechanism, removal,

inspection and installation, 2°44

Fairing front and under covers, removal and installation, 8°6 removal and installation, 8¢11 Fairing and bodywork, 8¢1 Fan and coolant sensor, check and replacement, 3°3

Fasteners, check, 1°12 Fault codes, accessing, 4°14 Fault finding, REFe29 Fender, removal and installation front, 8°4 rear, 8°16 Filter replacement air, 1°13 fuel, 4¢5 Final drive lubricant type, 1¢2 oil change, 1°17 oil level check, 1°6 unit, removal, inspection and installation, 6e12 Fluid level checks

brake fluid, 0¢14

“YN

clutch fluid, 0°14

coolant, 0°13

engine oil, 0°12 final drive oil, 1¢6 Fluids and lubricants capacities, 12

recommended, 12

.

.

‘

:

Footrests, removal and installation, 8¢4

Forks % disassembly, inspection and reassembly, 6¢4 removal and installation, 6e3*, Front brake master cylinder, removal and installation, 7°9 Front case cover, removal and installation, 2°43 Front fender and brake disc covers, removal and installation, 8°4 Front wheel, removal inspection and installation, 7°14 Fuel

Diagnostic Trouble Codes, accessing, 4°14 fuel injection system check, 4e¢14 general information, 4¢3 injectors, removal and instaliation, 4°16 pressure regulator, removal and installation, 4°16 pressure relief procedure, 4°4 pump and filter, removal and installation, 4°5 pump/fuel pressure check, 4¢4

Index Reress system check, 1°10 tank cleaning and repair, 4¢8 removal and installation, 4¢7 top cover, removal and installation, 8e15 Fuel, exhaust and emission control systems, 4¢1 Fuses, check and replacement, 9¢4

G Gear position sensor, removal and installation, 4°21 Glossary, REFe45

K Knock sensors, removal and installation, 4°19

L Lighting system, check, 9°7 Linkage, rear suspension, removal, inspection and installation, 6°12 Lubricants and fluids Capacities, 1¢2 general information, REFe25 recommended, 1¢2 Lubrication, general, 1°11

M

H Handlebar switches check, 9¢12 removal and installation, 9°12 Handlebars, removal and installation, 6°3 Headlight aim, check and adjustment, 1°12, 9e8

bulbs and housings, replacement, 9¢7 Horn, check and replacement, 9°15

identification numbers, 0°8 Idle Air Control (IAC) valve, removal and installation, 4°21 Idle speed adjustment, 4°12 specification, 1°1

Ignition main (key) switch, check and replacement, 9°14 Ignition system check, 5¢2 coils, check and replacement, 5¢2 engine control module, check, removal and installation, 54 general information, 5¢1 spark plug wires, removal and installation, 5°3 Initial start-up after overhaul, 2°63 Injectors, fuel, removal and installation, 4°16 Instrument cluster, removal and

installation, 9°15 Intake Air Temperature (!AT) sensor, removal and installation, 4°18 Internal shift linkage, removal, inspectior, and installation, 2°50

Main and connecting rod bearings, general note, 2°56 Maintenance points, 1¢4 routine, 1¢1 schedule, 1¢3 Major engine repair, general note, 2°6 Manifoid Absolute Pressure (MAP) sensor, removal and installation, 4°18 Master cylinder, removal and installation brake front, 7¢9 rear, 7910 secondary, 7°10 clutch, 2°22 Meters and gauges, check, 9°16 Motorcycle chemicals and lubricants,

REFe25

O ‘Obtaining and clearing Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs), 4°14 Oil, engine/transmission, type and viscosity, 1*2 Oil pressure switch, removal, check and instailation, 9°13 Oil pressure, check, 2°7 Oil pump chain and sprocket, removal, inspection and installation, 2°42 removal, inspection and installation, 2°49

Operations possible with the engine in the frame, 2°6

Operations requiring engine removal, 2°6

Output shaft and final drive gear, removal, inspection and installation, 2°40 Oxygen sensor, general precautions and replacement, 4°20

Pp Pads, brake wear check, 1°6 replacement, 7¢3 Piston rings, installation, 2°54 Piston/connecting rod assemblies, removal, connecting rod inspection and installation, 2°51 Pistons, inspection, removal and installation, 2°54 Power trunk lock system, testing and programming the transmitter, 9e23 Pressure regulator, fuel, removal and installation, 4°16 Programmed Fuel Injection (PGMeFI) system check, 4°14 general information, 4¢3 Proportional control valve, removal and installation, 7°11 Pulse secondary air (PAIR) system, check and component replacement, 4°21

R Radiator cap, check, 3e3 Radiators, removal and installation, 3°7 Radio, removal and installation, 9°20 Rear brake master cylinder, removal and installation, 7°10 Rear case cover, removal, bearing inspection and installation, 2°34 Rear fender, removal and installation, 8°16 Rear shock absorber, removal, inspection and installation, 6e11 Rear suspension linkage, removal, inspection and installation, 6¢12 Rear wheel, removal, inspection and installation, 7°16 Rearview mirrors, removal and installation, 8e9 Recommended break-in procedure, 2°63 Recommended lubricants and fluids, 1°2 Regulator, fuel pressure, removal and installation, 4°16 Relays, check and replacement, 9°4

ReFese INdeX Release cylinder, clutch, removal, inspection and installation, 2¢23 Reservoir, coolant, removal and installation, 3°3 Reverse actuator and position switch, check and replacement, 9°13 Reverse gears and shifter shaft, removal, inspection and installation, 2°39 Reverse lockout system, removal and installation, 2°42 Reverse system operation, check, 1¢11 Rings, piston, installation, 2°54 Rotor, brake, inspection, removal and installation, 7°7 Routine maintenance, 1¢1

S Saddlebag and trunk subframe, removal and installation, 8°22 Saddlebags, removal and installation, 8°20 Safety first!, 0°11 Scheduled maintenance, 1°1 Seat, removal and installation, 8e3 Secondary air system, inspection, 1°11 Secondary master cylinder, removal and installation, 7°10 Security, REFe42 Self-diagnosis system and trouble codes, 4°14 Shift drum and forks inspection, 2°62 removal and installation, 2¢59 Shift linkage, internal, removal, inspection and installation, 2°50 Shift mechanism, external, removal, inspection and installation, 2°44 Shifter shaft and reverse gears, removal, inspection and installation, 2¢39 Shock absorber, rear, removal, inspection and installation, 6¢11 Side covers, removal and installation front, 8°7 rear, 8°7 Sidestand check, 1°71 removal and installation, 8°22 switch, check and replacement, 9°14 Slave cylinder, clutch, removal, inspection and installation, 2°23

Spark plugs replacement, 1°14

type and gap, 1¢1 wires, removal and installation, 5¢3 Speakers, removal, check and installation, 9°21 Starter clutch, removal, inspection and installation, 2°37 motor, removal and installation, 9917

reduction gear, primary gears and alternator drive gear, removal, inspection and installation, 2°38 relays, check and replacement, 9¢16 Steering head bearings adjustment and lubrication, 6°8 check, 1°12 replacement, 6¢9 Steering, suspension and final drive, 6¢1 Stop light switches, check and replacement, 9°11 Storage, REFe26 Suspension check, 1°12 linkage, rear, removal, inspection and

installation, 6¢12 Swingarm and driveshaft, removal and installation, 6°14 Swingarm bearings check, 6°14 replacement, 6°16

T Taillight bulbs, replacement, 9°8 Tank, fuel

cleaning and repair, 4¢8 removal and installation, 4¢7 Technical terms explained, REF*e45 The Birth of a Dream, 0°4 Thermostat, removal, check and installation, 3e5

Throttle and cruise contro! cables, removal and installation, 4°11 Throttle body, removal and installation, 4°10 Throttle operation and freeplay, check and adjustment, 1°10 Timing chains, removal, inspection and installation, 2°15 Tires general check, 1¢11

pressure monitoring system, check information and precautions, 9°21 tubeless, general information, 7°17 Tires, checking, 0°15 Tools and workshop tips, REFe6 Top cover inner cover (2006 and later), 8°16 Transmission shafts disassembly, inspection and

reassembly, 2°62 shift drum and forks, removal and installation, 2°59 Trouble codes, accessing, 4°14 Troubleshooting, REF*29 Troubleshooting equipment, REFe38 Trunk light bulbs, replacement, 9¢8 power lock system, testing and programming the transmitter, 9¢23 removal and installation, 8¢18 subframe, removal and installation, 8¢22 Tubeless tires, general information, 7°17 : Tuneeup and routine maintenance, 1¢1

Turn signal

a

circuit, check, 9°10

light bulbs, replacement, 998...

V ~

Valve clearances, check and

adjustment, 1°17 Valves/valve seats/vaive guides, servicing, 2°19 Vehicle speed sensor, removal and installation, 4°19

W Water pump, removal, inspection and installation, 3°6 Wheel bearings, replacement, 7°16 Wheels

alignment check, 7913 general check, 1°11 inspection and repair, 7#13 removal, inspection and installation front, 7°14 rear, 7°16 Windshield, removal and installation, 8°10 Wiring diagrams, 9°24

Common

spark plug conditions

-

NORMAL Symptoms: Brown to grayish-tan color and slight electrode wear. Correct heat range for engine and operating conditions. Recommendation: When new spark plugs are installed, replace with plugs of the same heat range.

TOO HOT

WORN Symptoms: Rounded electrodes with a small amount of deposits on the firing end. Normal color. Causes

hard starting in damp or cold weather and poor fuel economy. Recommendation: Plugs have been left in the engine too long. Replace with new plugs of the same heat range. Follow the recommended maintenance schedule.

CARBON

PREIGNITION

DEPOSITS

Symptoms: Dry sooty deposits indicate a rich mixture or weak ignition. Causes misfiring, hard starting and hesitation. Recommendation: Make sure the plug has the correct heat range

Check

for a clogged

Symptoms: Blistered, white insulator, eroded electrode and absence of deposits. Results in shortened plug life. Recommendation: Check for the correct plug heat range, overadvanced ignition timing, lean fuel mixture, intake manifold vacuum leaks, sticking valves and insufficient engine cooling.

air filter or

problem in the fuel system or engine management system. Also check for ignition system problems.

ASH DEPOSITS Symptoms: Light brown deposits encrusted on the side or center electrodes or both. Derived from oil and/or fuel additives. Excessive amounts may mask the spark,

Symptoms: Melted electrodes. Insulators are white, but may be dirty due to misfiring or flying debris in the combustion chamber.

Can lead to engine damage. Recommendation: Check for the correct plug heat range, overadvanced ignition timing, lean fuel mixture, insufficient engine cooling and tack of lubrication.

HIGH SPEED GLAZING Symptoms: Insulator has yellowish, glazed appearance. Indicates that combustion chamber temper-

atures have risen suddenly during

hesitation

hard acceleration. Normal deposits melt to form a conductive coating.

Recommendation: — lf excessive deposits accumulate over a short time or low mileage, install new

Causes misfiring at high speeds. Recommendation: _|nstall new plugs. Consider using a colder plug if driving habits warrant

causing misfiring and during acceleration

valve guide seals to prevent seepage of oil into the combustion chambers. Also try changing gasoline brands

OIL DEPOSITS Symptoms:

by poor

Oily coating

oil control.

caused

Oil is leaking

past worn valve guides or piston rings into the combustion chamber

Causes hard starting, misfiring and hesitation

Recommendation: Correct the mechanical condition with neces sary repairs and install new plugs

DETONATION Symptoms: |nsulators may be cracked or chipped. Improper gap setting techniques can also result in a fractured insulator tip. Can lead to piston damage Recommendation: Make sure the fuel anti-knock values meet engine requirements. Use care when setting the gaps on new plugs. Avoid lugging the engine.

MECHANICAL GAP BRIDGING Symptoms:

lodge

Combustion

between

the

deposits

electrodes

Heavy deposits accumulate and bridge the electrode gap. The plug ceases to fire, resulting in a dead cylinder.

Recommendation:

Locate

the

faulty plug and remove the deposits

from between

the electrodes

DAMAGE

Symptoms: May be caused by foreign object in the combustion chamber or the piston striking an incorrect reach (too long) Causes a dead cylinder and result

in piston

damage

Recommendation: mechanical foreign

and/or plug

damage.

object

install

plug could

from

the

Repair Remove the

correct

the the

engine

reach

Honda GL 1800 Gold Wing models covered by this manual: GL 1800 GOLD WING (1832cc) '01 to 09

Whethér carrying out a routine service or rebuilding the engine, Haynes SHOWS YOU HOW and SAVES YOU MONEY. L

Step-by-step instructions clearly linked to hundreds of photos and illustrations guide you through each job

Wrench ratings grade all tasks by experience level — from simple servicing jobs for beginners through to more difficult tasks for the expert

Haynes Hints and Tool Tips give you valuable ‘inside’ information such as ways of removing parts without using special tools

Inside this Manual # Model history and Pre-ride Checks in color.

@ Electrical system — troubleshooting and repairs.

¢ Acomplete step-by-step guide to servicing and routine maintenance.

@ Comprehensive color wiring diagrams.

@ Engine and transmission — servicing and overhaul. @ Fuel and ignition systems explained.

@ Troubleshooting checklist and equipment to pinpoint specific problems.

® Suspension

@ Fully indexed to help you find information easily.

and steering — adjustment and overhaul.

@ 18 page Tools & Workshop Tips section in color.

@ Braking system - safety checks and repairs.

I

ISBN-13: 978-1-56392-787-4 ISBN 1-563592-78?-X

9"781563"927874

UPC CODE

| ote 345'02787

|

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