Hairy Cell Leukemia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References 0497005050, 9780497005054, 9781417559831

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HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Hairy Cell Leukemia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00505-0 1. Hairy Cell Leukemia-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on hairy cell leukemia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.

Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA............................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Hairy Cell Leukemia ..................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA .................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Hairy Cell Leukemia .................................................................... 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 56 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA ........................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 63 General References ....................................................................................................................... 63 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 67 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 69 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 73 Associations and Hairy Cell Leukemia ........................................................................................ 77 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 78 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 81 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 81 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 81 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 87 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 89 HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA DICTIONARY.................................................................................. 91 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 127

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with hairy cell leukemia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about hairy cell leukemia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to hairy cell leukemia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on hairy cell leukemia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to hairy cell leukemia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on hairy cell leukemia. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on hairy cell leukemia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and hairy cell leukemia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “hairy cell leukemia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

26-Year-Old Male Presented to the Dental Office for a Routine Check-Up. At the Time of the Appointment, a Diffuse Swelling of the Lower Lip Was Noted Source: RDH. Registered Dental Hygienist. 21(3): 19. March 2001. Contact: Available from Penwell Corporation. 1421 South Sheridan, Tulsa, OK 74112. Summary: This case study reports on a 26 year old male who presented to the dental office for a routine check up. At the time of the appointment, a diffuse swelling of the lower lip was noted. When questioned about the swollen lower lip, the patient stated that it had first appeared several days earlier. The author describes the symptoms and the arrival at a diagnosis of cheilitis granulomatosa. This disorder is currently believed to be an abnormal autoimmune reaction, either primary or secondary. Suggested

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precipitating factors can include genetic predisposition, infections, or allergic reactions to food or other materials. Recurring episodes of cheilitis granulomatosa are common and may last from hours to months at a time; some may result in permanent enlargement. The diagnosis of cheilitis granulomatosa involves the exclusion of potential systemic granulomatous processes that have oral or facial involvement (such as Crohn's disease, hairy cell leukemia, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis). A biopsy is required to rule out a foreign body or infection. Treatment can be problematic: intralesional injections of corticosteroid preparations often are used, but with limited success; systemic corticosteroid medications also may be used; and some patients respond to the elimination of the suspected causative factor or treatment of the underlying systemic disease. 1 figure.

Federally Funded Research on Hairy Cell Leukemia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to hairy cell leukemia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to hairy cell leukemia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore hairy cell leukemia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for hairy cell leukemia: •

Project Title: BRAIN TUMORS - IMMUNOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bigner, Darell D.; Jones Cancer Research Professor; Pathology; Duke University Durham, Nc 27710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-1976; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): There will be more than 17,000 new cases of primary malignant brain tumors diagnosed in 2002 and more than 13,100 deaths. There has been little progress in the treatment of malignant gliomas in the last 30 years. Unarmed and armed MAbs are now being approved by the FDA for treatment of systemic cancers such as breast carcinoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia. Our hypothesis is that poor drug delivery and widespread migration of GBM cells will be overcome by using intracranial microdiffusion [(convection-enhanced delivery (CED)] of MAbs or their fragments as unarmed MAbs, toxin conjugates, or radiolabeled conjugates. Genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity and cellular resistance to chemotherapy will be overcome by targeting multiple cell-surface expressed molecular targets of GBMs, namely EGFRvIII, MRP3, GPNMBwt and GPNMBsv, and 3'-isoLM1 and 3'6'-isoLD1. Anti-EGFRvIII MAbs have been developed in the last period of this

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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grant and an scFv-PE38 KDEL single fragment chain Pseudomonas exotoxin construct will enter clinical trial in late 2002. We propose raising three additional MAbs, one reactive with GPNMBwt and GPNMBsv, another specific for 3'-isoLM1 and 3'6'-isoLD1, and anti-MRP3 MAbs. All of these molecules are involved in the malignant phenotype of GBM. Elimination of cells expressing these four molecules should result in significant survival increases in GBM patients. Our specific aims are: 1) To prepare high affinity MAbs reactive with GPNMBwt and GPNMBsv, MRP3, and 3'-isoLM1 and 3'6'-isoLD1.2) To use the MAbs from Specific Aim 1 and anti-EGFRvIII MAbs from the previous grant period to determine the true incidence of expression, cell and tissue localization and heterogeneity of expression of GPNMB, MRP3, 3'-isoLM1 and 3'6'-isoLD1, and EGFRvIII in malignant gliomas. 3) To determine in vitro whether unarmed MAbs reactive with GPNMBwt and GPNMBsv, MRP3, and 3'-isoLM1 and 3'6'-isoLD1 have anti-proliferative and/or apoptosis-initiating activity. 4) To prepare scFv-Pseudomonas toxin constructs and 131I and 211Atlabeled divalent minibodies reactive with GPNMBwt and GPNMBsv, MRP3, and 3'-isoLM1, and 3'6'- isoLD1, and to compare their cystostatic and cytocidal activity in vitro and in vivo. 5) Under D. Bigner's Brain Tumor Center grant, perform FDA-required toxicity and efficacy of three best toxin and three best radiolabeled constructs and submit IND and carry out clinical studies in glioma patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ECOGENETICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Spitz, Margaret R.; Professor and Chair; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The overall goal of this research core is to develop and validate genetic markers for cancer susceptibility. By incorporating molecular genetics and cytogenetics into population studies, the investigators hope to gain insights into the complex interactions between genetic and environmental determinants of cancer. Of particular interest are the low penetrance genes that may modulate one's response to environmental exposures and contribute to the etiology of sporadic cancers. Specific aims include maintaining and expanding communication and scientific interaction among Core and other Center members, as well as non-Center members; strengthen current and promote future research activities in the area of genetic susceptibility to environmental disease; stimulate and facilitate intra- and inter-Core grant renewals and new investigators-initiated grant proposals; and serve in consultative and collaborative roles across research and facility cores to include concept development, study design, human tissue procurement and environmental data collection. Major areas of research focus in this Core encompass: 1) the assessment of phenotypic markers of DNA damage and repair as markers of susceptibility to carcinogenesis, 2) the evaluation of polymorphisms in select metabolic and DNA repair genes and DNA adducts in the etiology of lung, bladder, breast, and pancreatic cancers, and 3) the development of statistical models for cancer risk assessment by combining biomarkers and for genotypephenotype and surrogate-tissue marker correlation. Intra-Core 4 and inter-Core collaborative studies being conducted or completed include the following: 1) a casecontrol study of lung cancer examining cytogenetic and molecular determinants of tobacco carcinogenesis, 2) a study of genetic and environmental determinants, including phytoestrogen intake, of prostate cancer progression, 3) a genetic epidemiologic study of gliomas in relation to family history and genetic susceptibility markers, 4) a study of microsatellite instability and the risk of bilateral breast cancer, 5) a study of genetic

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polymorphisms, epidemiologic risk factors and differences in breast cancer survival among different ethnic groups, 6) a study of DNA adducts, P53 mutation spectrum, oxidative DNA damage and breast cancer risk among premenopausal women, 7) a study of molecular genetics of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, 8) a study of modifier genes that influence age-associated risk of colorectal cancer, 9) two studies evaluating environmental and genetic determinants of advanced prostate cancer, 10) studies of second malignancies after treatment for hairy cell leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, 11) a study of cutaneous malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, 12) a study of linkage and linkage disequilibrium, methods for traits, 13) a study of genetic susceptibility of bladder cancer, 14) a study of mutagen sensitivity and progression in Barrett's esophagus, 15) a study of the genetic, hormonal and behavioral determinants of obesity, 16) a pilot study of breast and colorectal cancers among Egyptians and organochlorine pesticides exposures, and 17) a pilot study to examine associations of mutagen sensitivity, oxidative damage and DNA adducts in lung cancer. The stated long term goal of this Core is to develop a validated risk model for cancer, such as lung cancer, to take into account simultaneously the effects of numerous genetic and environmental factors and the nature of subgroups (women, never-smokers, young subjects, ethnic minorities, etc). Future plans include the use of funds from the Tobacco Settlement for the State of Texas to establish an archival laboratory for the long-term storage and tracking of biological specimens and a centralized genotyping core. It also plans to expand in the area of nutritional epidemiology, and in its molecular epidemiologic studies to include brain and lymphoid malignancies. Future plans also include the development of a genotyping chip, in collaboration with Genometrix, expansion of the CRED website and implementation of multivariate statistical analysis to the large database that will be generated by incorporating chip technologies into studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STRUCTURE INVESTIGATIONS ON INTERFERON TAU Principal Investigator & Institution: Krishna, Nepalli R.; Professor; Biochem & Molecular Genetics; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) The current proposal is aimed at understanding the structural biology of ovine interferon-tau (IFNtau). This protein is a recent addition to the type I interferon family that includes IFNalpha IFNbeta, and IFNalpha. It is a 20 kDa antileuteolitic protein produced in sheep conceptuses, and originally called ovine trophoblast protein-I. However, it shows homology to IFNalpha and IFNbeta. Like other interferons, ovine IFNtau exhibits antiproliferative and antiviral activities across several species, including humans. Unlike other interferons, however, it does not exhibit toxicity to cells even at high concentrations, and does not induce weight loss and bone marrow suppression in animal models. Thus IFNtau is of considerable interest because of its clinical potential in treating cancers such as renal carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia, colon tumors, and kidney tumors, and viral infections such as HIV and hepatitis B and C. Two separate hypotheses relating to the solution structure and lack of cytotoxicity will be tested during the course of this investigation. This study is also likely to contribute to basic knowledge on the mechanism of signal transduction by IFNtau at the level of receptor. A number of experimental methods that include cloning and expression of uniformly 15N/13C-labeled recombinant proteins, multidimensional NMR, molecular modeling, circular dichroism, antiviral activity assay, antiproliferative activity and cell cycle analyses, and cytoxicity measurements will be used.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF SIRS WITH PENTOSTATIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Law, William R.; Supergen, Inc. 4140 Dublin Blvd, Ste 200 Dublin, Ca 94568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Description (provided by applicant): During systemic inflammatory response syndromes (SIRS), amplifying endogenous adenosine action by inhibiting adenosine deaminase (ADA) with 2-deoxycoformycin (pentostatin) reduces proinflammatory cytokine responses, limits tissue peroxidation, and has the potential to improve regional perfusion. Our long-term goal is to use pentostatin in the treatment of SIRS. For this to be a viable agent, we need todetermine the half-life of its activity and effects on the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in macrophages, target cells in this response. From a vascular perspective, we must also demonstrate that inhibition of ADA will not exacerbate the low systemic vascular resistance associated with sepsis. Thus, for phase one we will: 1) Measure the time-course of restoration of ADA activity in peritoneal and alveolar macrophages after in vitro or vivo administration of pentostatin. ADA activity will be measured at various times after in vitro exposure, or in macrophages collected at various times after in vivo administration. 2) Determine how treatment of septic rats with pentostatin affects the responsiveness of their peritoneal and alveolar macrophages to in vitro LPS. The end-points to be examined will be the relative changes in selected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in of macrophage culture media and macrophage membrane homogenates from septic and non- 3) Verify that inhibition of ADA will not exacerbate the low systemic vascular resistance associated with SIRS caused by sepsis. This will be done by measuring blood pressure, cardiac output, and systemic vascuolar resistance after pentostatin administration to septic rats during their hyperdynamic phase of the pathology. These studies have the potential to vastly improve clinical outcome in SIRS patients with a compound previously approved for use only as an anti-neoplastic agent. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Pentostatin is currently in use to treat hairy cell leukemia. If successful, the proposed research will extent the application of pentostatin to treat systemic inflammatory response syndromes through transfer if the technology developed at the University of Illinois to the product, pentostatin. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TREATMENT CHLORODEOXYADENOSINE

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Orringer, Eugene P.; Professor; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “hairy cell leukemia” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for hairy cell leukemia in the PubMed Central database: •

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Capnocytophaga canimorsus septicemia caused by a dog bite in a hairy cell leukemia patient. by Ndon JA.; 1992 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265022 High levels of circulating soluble receptors for tumor necrosis factor in hairy cell leukemia and type B chronic lymphocytic leukemia. by Digel W, Porzsolt F, Schmid M, Herrmann F, Lesslauer W, Brockhaus M.; 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=443049 Interleukin-6 functions as an intracellular growth factor in hairy cell leukemia in vitro. by Barut B, Chauhan D, Uchiyama H, Anderson KC.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=288416 Monoclonal antibodies with specificity for hairy cell leukemia cells. by Posnett DN, Chiorazzi N, Kunkel HG.; 1982 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=371231

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with hairy cell leukemia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “hairy cell leukemia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for hairy cell leukemia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A case of hairy cell leukemia resembling asymptomatic chronic liver disease on presentation. Author(s): Andrade RJ, Camargo R, Garcia E, Blanes A, Perez-Fernandez I, Ramirez G, Melgarejo F, Franquelo E. Source: Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1998 October-December; 61(4): 483-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9923103 A hairy cell leukemia variant with unusual nuclear morphology. Author(s): Invernizzi R, Castello A. Source: Haematologica. 1994 November-December; 79(6): 567-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7896217 A randomized comparison of two doses of human lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha in hairy cell leukemia. Wellcome HCL Study Group. Author(s): Smalley RV, Anderson SA, Tuttle RL, Connors J, Thurmond LM, Huang A, Castle K, Magers C, Whisnant JK. Source: Blood. 1991 December 15; 78(12): 3133-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1742480 A role for radiation in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia complicated by massive lymphadenopathy: a case report. Author(s): Orringer EP, Varia MA. Source: Cancer. 1980 April 15; 45(8): 2047-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6154523 A single course of 2-chloro-deoxyadenosine does not eradicate leukemic cells in hairy cell leukemia patients in complete remission. Author(s): Filleul B, Delannoy A, Ferrant A, Zenebergh A, Van Daele S, Bosly A, Doyen C, Mineur P, Glorieux P, Driesschaert P, et al. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1994 July; 8(7): 1153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7913513 A single cycle of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine results in complete remission in the majority of patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Tallman MS, Hakimian D, Variakojis D, Koslow D, Sisney GA, Rademaker AW, Rose E, Kaul K. Source: Blood. 1992 November 1; 80(9): 2203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1358262

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A unique vascular lesion in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Kjeldsberg CR. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1978 January; 69(1): 99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=619618 Aberrant expression and localization of the cytoskeleton-binding pp52 (LSP1) protein in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Miyoshi EK, Stewart PL, Kincade PW, Lee MB, Thompson AA, Wall R. Source: Leukemia Research. 2001 January; 25(1): 57-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11137562 Aberrant rearrangements within the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Kayano H, Dyer MJ, Zani VJ, Laffan MA, Matutes E, Asou N, Katayama I, Catovsky D. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994; 14 Suppl 1: 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820052 Absence of neutral protease and alkaline phosphatase in neutrophils of a case of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Zeya HI, Keku E, Richards F 2nd, Spurr CL. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1979 April; 95(1): 55-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=434113 Accumulating mutations of p53 in colon tumor and hairy cell leukemia do not arise from methylation/deamination processes, but rather from nucleotide deletions and insertions. Author(s): Marcsek ZL, Konig EA. Source: Biological Chemistry. 1998 April-May; 379(4-5): 545-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9628350 Acid alpha naphthyl acetate esterase and beta-glucuronidase in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Van der Planken M, Peetermans M. Source: Blut. 1980 August; 41(2): 137-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6159936 Acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase in hairy cell leukemia cells and other cells of the hematopoietic system. Author(s): Tolksdorf G, Stein H. Source: Blut. 1979 September; 39(3): 165-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=314316

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Acute necrotising vasculitis in hairy cell leukemia--rapid response to cladribine: case report and a brief review of the literature. Author(s): Seshadri P, Hadges S, Cropper T. Source: Leukemia Research. 2000 September; 24(9): 791-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10978784 Alpha-interferon as induction and maintenance therapy in hairy cell leukemia: a long-term follow-up analysis. Author(s): Damasio EE, Clavio M, Masoudi B, Isaza A, Spriano M, Rossi E, Casciaro S, Cerri R, Risso M, Nati S, Siccardi M, Truini M, Gobbi M. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2000 January; 64(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10680705 Alpha-interferon in hairy cell leukemia: an initial Indian experience. Author(s): Malhotra H, Advani SH, Gopal R, Saikia TK, Nadkarni KS, Pai VR, Nair CN. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1992 March; 40(3): 159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1634479 alpha-Interferon inhibits spontaneous and induced DNA synthesis in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Hassan IB, Gronowitz JS, Carlsson M, Sundstrom C. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1992 May; 7(1-2): 69-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1472934 Alpha-interferon treatment of hairy cell leukemia and associated monoclonal large granular lymphocyte proliferation. Author(s): Sgarabotto D, Zerbinati P, Vianello F, Valeri P, Girolami A, Dazzi F. Source: Haematologica. 1992 July-August; 77(4): 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1427450 An unusual case of hairy cell leukemia: death due to leukostasis and intracerebral hemorrhage. Author(s): Ng MH, Tsang SS, Ng HK, Sriskandavarman V, Feng CS. Source: Human Pathology. 1991 December; 22(12): 1298-302. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1748438 Analysis of CD10+ hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Jasionowski TM, Hartung L, Greenwood JH, Perkins SL, Bahler DW. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 August; 120(2): 228-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12931553

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Antigenic phenotypes of hairy cell leukemia and monocytoid B-cell lymphoma: an immunohistochemical evaluation of 66 cases. Author(s): Stroup R, Sheibani K. Source: Human Pathology. 1992 February; 23(2): 172-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1740301 Assessment of bone marrow infiltration by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hairy cell leukemia treated with pentostatin or alpha-interferon. Author(s): Bentz M, Dohner H, Guckel F, Semmler W, Kauczor HU, van Kaick G, Ho AD, Hunstein W. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1991 October; 5(10): 905-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1961024 Assessment of complete remission after 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for hairy cell leukemia: utility of marrow immunostaining and measurement of splenic index. Author(s): Tallman MS, Hakimian D, Dyrda S, Kiley C, Nemcek A, Peterson L. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994; 14 Suppl 1: 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7529609 Association of aberrant transcortin levels with HLA antigens of the B and C loci: high transcortin levels are frequently found in patients with lymphatic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Author(s): De Moor P, Louwagie A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1980 October; 51(4): 86872. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6932403 Atypical hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Wu ML, Kwaan HC, Goolsby CL. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2000 November; 124(11): 1710-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11079033 Atypical mycobacterial infection in a patient with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Trizna Z, Tschen J, Natelson EA. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2001 March; 67(3): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11270299 Atypical pattern of light chain gene rearrangement in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Narni F, Mariano MT, Moretti L, Colo A, Montagnani G, Grantini M, Donelli A, Torelli U. Source: Hematol Pathol. 1991; 5(1): 11-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1646781

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Autoantibody occurrence in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Demeter J, Paloczi K, Lehoczky D, Hoier-Madsen M, Wiik A. Source: Haematologica. 1993 September-October; 78(5): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8314157 Autocrine and paracrine regulation of neoplastic cell growth in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Schmid M, Porzsolt F. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1995 May; 17(5-6): 401-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7549830 Autocrine loop of tumor necrosis factor induced by interferon-alpha in tumor cells from hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Romquin N, Billard C. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1995 January; 9(1): 87-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7845033 Basic fibroblast growth factor is expressed by CD19/CD11c-positive cells in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Gruber G, Schwarzmeier JD, Shehata M, Hilgarth M, Berger R. Source: Blood. 1999 August 1; 94(3): 1077-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10419901 BCL-2 immunohistochemical evaluation in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hairy cell leukemia before treatment with fludarabine and 2-chloro-deoxy-adenosine. Author(s): Zaja F, Di Loreto C, Amoroso V, Salmaso F, Russo D, Silvestri F, Fanin R, Damiani D, Infanti L, Mariuzzi L, Beltrami CA, Baccarani M. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1998 February; 28(5-6): 567-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9613987 Biochemical and immunological responses of hairy cell leukemia patients to interferon beta. Author(s): Liberati AM, Horisberger M, Schippa M, Di Clemente F, Fizzotti M, Filippo S, Proietti MG, Arzano S, Berruto P, Palmisano L, et al. Source: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : Cii. 1991; 34(2): 115-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1760815 Biological markers and minimal residual disease in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Lauria F, Raspadori D, Benfenati D, Rondelli D, Pallotti A, Tura S. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1992 November; 6 Suppl 4: 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1359204

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Blastic transformation of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Nazeer T, Burkart P, Dunn H, Jennings TA, Wolf B. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1997 July; 121(7): 707-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9240906 B-ly-7, a monoclonal antibody reactive with hairy cell leukemia, also defines an activation antigen on normal CD8+ T cells. Author(s): Mulligan SP, Travade P, Matutes E, Dearden C, Visser L, Poppema S, Catovsky D. Source: Blood. 1990 September 1; 76(5): 959-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2118401 Bone densitometry and histomorphometry in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Demeter J, Grotes HJ, Horvath C, Gassel WD, Delling G, Friedrich JM, Porzsolt F. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994; 14 Suppl 1: 73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820057 CD11c gene expression in hairy cell leukemia is dependent upon activation of the proto-oncogenes ras and junD. Author(s): Nicolaou F, Teodoridis JM, Park H, Georgakis A, Farokhzad OC, Bottinger EP, Da Silva N, Rousselot P, Chomienne C, Ferenczi K, Arnaout MA, Shelley CS. Source: Blood. 2003 May 15; 101(10): 4033-41. Epub 2003 February 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12576324 CD5+ immunophenotype in the bone marrow but not in the peripheral blood in a patient with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Usha L, Bradlow B, Stock W, Platanias LC. Source: Acta Haematologica. 2000; 103(4): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11014896 CD52 expression in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Quigley MM, Bethel KJ, Sharpe RW, Saven A. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2003 December; 74(4): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14635201 Changes in finances, insurance, employment, and lifestyle among persons diagnosed with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Hounshell J, Tomori C, Newlin R, Knox K, Rundhaugen L, Tallman M, Bennett C. Source: The Oncologist. 2001; 6(5): 435-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11675521

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Characterization of a hairy cell leukemia-associated 5q13.3 inversion breakpoint. Author(s): Wu X, Merup M, Juliusson G, Jansson M, Stellan B, Grander D, Zabarovsky E, Liu Y, Spasokoukotskaja T, Gahrton G, Einhorn S. Source: Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 1997 December; 20(4): 337-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9408749 Characterization of three hairy cell leukemia- derived cell lines (ESKOL, JOK-1, and hair-M) by multiplex-FISH, comparative genomic hybridization, FISH, PRINS, and dideoxyPRINS. Author(s): Lindbjerg Andersen C, Ostergaard M, Nielsen B, Pedersen B, Koch J. Source: Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 2000; 90(1-2): 30-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11060441 Chromosomal gains and losses are uncommon in hairy cell leukemia: a study based on comparative genomic hybridization and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Author(s): Dierlamm J, Stefanova M, Wlodarska I, Michaux L, Hinz K, Penas EM, Maes B, Hagemeijer A, De Wolf-Peeters C, Hossfeld DK. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 2001 July 15; 128(2): 164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11463458 Chronic immunity-driven polyarthritis in hairy cell leukemia. Report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Vernhes JP, Schaeverbeke T, Fach J, Lequen L, Bannwarth B, Dehais J. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 October; 64(10): 578-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9385695 Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine) therapy in hairy cell leukemia variant. A report of three cases. Author(s): Palomera L, Domingo JM, Sola C, Azaceta G, Calvo MT, Gutierrez M. Source: Haematologica. 2002 January; 87(1): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11801472 Cladribine for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Author(s): Rai KR. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 1998 June; 25(3 Suppl 7): 19-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9671325

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Clinical relevance of recombinant interferon-alpha 2a antibodies in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Steis RG, Longo DL. Source: Journal of Interferon Research. 1994 August; 14(4): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7822877 Clonal chromosome rearrangements in hairy cell leukemia: personal experience and review of literature. Author(s): Sambani C, Trafalis DT, Mitsoulis-Mentzikoff C, Poulakidas E, Makropoulos V, Pantelias GE, Mecucci C. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 2001 September; 129(2): 138-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11566344 Clonally expanded T cells in hairy cell leukemia patients are not leukemia specific. Author(s): Spaenij-Dekking EH, Van der Meijden ED, Falkenburg JH, Kluin-Nelemans JC. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 2004 January; 18(1): 176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14523468 Coexistence of chronic myeloid leukemia and hairy cell leukemia of common clonal origin. Author(s): Pajor L, Kereskai L, Tamaska P, Vass JA, Radvanyi G. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 2002 April 15; 134(2): 114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12034522 Co-existence of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and B hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Paolini R, Poletti A, Ramazzina E, Menin C, Santacatterina M, Montagna M, Bonaldi L, Del Mistro A, Zamboni S, D'Andrea E. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2000 July; 64(3): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10861816 Comparative analysis of immunophenotypic methods for the assessment of minimal residual disease in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Bengio R, Narbaitz MI, Sarmiento MA, Palacios MF, Scolnik MP. Source: Haematologica. 2000 November; 85(11): 1227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11064481 Concentrations of organochlorines related to titers to Epstein-Barr virus early antigen IgG as risk factors for hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Nordstrom M, Hardell L, Lindstrom G, Wingfors H, Hardell K, Linde A. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 May; 108(5): 441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10811571

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Concurrent diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia and renal cell carcinoma. Author(s): Undar B, Demirkan F, Oztop I, Ozcan MA, Ozsan GH. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2001 July; 42(3): 567-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11699427 Constitutively activated Rho guanosine triphosphatases regulate the growth and morphology of hairy cell leukemia cells. Author(s): Zhang X, Machii T, Matsumura I, Ezoe S, Kawasaki A, Tanaka H, Ueda S, Sugahara H, Shibayama H, Mizuki M, Kanakura Y. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 2003 April; 77(3): 263-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12731670 Correction of abnormal T-cell receptor repertoire during interferon-alpha therapy in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Kluin-Nelemans HC, Kester MG, van deCorput L, Boor PP, Landegent JE, van Dongen JJ, Willemze R, Falkenburg JH. Source: Blood. 1998 June 1; 91(11): 4224-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9596670 Correlation of serum levels of interleukin-1 family members with disease activity and response to treatment in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Barak V, Nisman B, Polliack A, Vannier E, Dinarello CA. Source: European Cytokine Network. 1998 March; 9(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9613675 Cross-resistance to purine analogs in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Kraut EH. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994 February 1; 120(3): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7506014 Cryptococcal meningitis occurring at 19 months after cladribine therapy for hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Ikpeazu EV, Kaplon MK. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1998 October; 61(4): 286-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9820640 Current treatment strategies for patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Tallman MS. Source: Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Hematology. 2002 December; 6(4): 389400; Discussion 449-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12823779

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Decrease of memory T helper cells (CD4+ CD45R0+) in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): van der Horst FA, van der Marel A, den Ottolander GJ, Kluin-Nelemans HC. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1993 January; 7(1): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8093370 del(17)(q25) in a patient with hairy cell leukemia: a new clonal chromosome abnormality. Author(s): Sucak GT, Ogur G, Topal G, Ataoglu O, Cankus G, Haznedar R. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1998 January 15; 100(2): 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9428360 Delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhage after needle revision of trabeculectomy bleb in a patient with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Syam PP, Hussain B, Anand N. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 December; 136(6): 1155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14644230 Deoxycoformycin in the treatment of patients with hairy cell leukemia: results of a Spanish collaborative study of 80 patients. Author(s): Rafel M, Cervantes F, Beltran JM, Zuazu F, Hernandez Nieto L, Rayon C, Garcia Talavera J, Montserrat E. Source: Cancer. 2000 January 15; 88(2): 352-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10640967 Deoxycoformycin induces long-lasting remissions in hairy cell leukemia: clinical and biological results of two different regimens. Author(s): Annino L, Ferrari A, Giona F, Cimino G, Crescenzi S, Cava MC, Pacchiarotti A, Mandelli F. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994; 14 Suppl 1: 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820042 Detection of minimal residual disease by immunostaining of bone marrow biopsies after 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Hakimian D, Tallman MS, Kiley C, Peterson L. Source: Blood. 1993 September 15; 82(6): 1798-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7691237 Development of essential thrombocythemia in a patient treated with interferon alfa and pentostatin for hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Lichtman SM, Wasil T, Ahmad M, Brody J. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1998 January; 28(3-4): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9517515

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Development of hairy cell leukemia in a patient treated with cytoreductive agents for essential thrombocythemia. Author(s): Azagury M, Martelli JM, Morcelet M, Duboucher C, Flandrin G. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2003 June; 44(6): 1067-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12854912 Development of lymphoproliferative disorder of granular lymphocytes in association with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Xie XY, Sorbara L, Kreitman RJ, Fukushima PI, Kingma DW, StetlerStevenson M. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2000 March; 37(1-2): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10721773 Diagnosis: hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Hanson TA. Source: Pathology. 1976 October; 8(4): 298, 352-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1018947 Diagnostic application of two-color flow cytometry in 161 cases of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Robbins BA, Ellison DJ, Spinosa JC, Carey CA, Lukes RJ, Poppema S, Saven A, Piro LD. Source: Blood. 1993 August 15; 82(4): 1277-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7688993 Diffuse pulmonary disease associated with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Williams JP 3rd, Arcement CM, Wong R, Robinson AE. Source: Academic Radiology. 1995 February; 2(2): 179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9419545 Disease eradication in hairy cell leukemia patients treated with 2chlorodeoxyadenosine. Author(s): Carbone A, Reato G, Di Celle PF, Lauria F, Foa R. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1994 November; 8(11): 2019-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7967746

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Disease-related hypocholesterolemia in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Positive correlation with spleen size but not with tumor cell burden or low density lipoprotein receptor activity. Author(s): Juliusson G, Vitols S, Liliemark J. Source: Cancer. 1995 August 1; 76(3): 423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8625123 Disseminated Mycobacterium kansasii infection complicating hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Manes JL, Blair OM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 October 18; 236(16): 1878-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=989541 Distinct subtype within the spectrum of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Jansen J, Schuit HR, Schreuder GM, Muller HP, Meijer CJ. Source: Blood. 1979 August; 54(2): 459-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=313222 Do we know the treatment of choice for hairy cell leukemia? Author(s): Golomb HM. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1994 October; 5(8): 676-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7826898 Durable complete remissions after 2'-deoxycoformycin treatment in patients with hairy cell leukemia resistant to interferon alpha. Author(s): Blick M, Lepe-Zuniga JL, Doig R, Quesada JR. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1990 March; 33(3): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2301379 Duration of response after interferon treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Mick R, Ratain MJ, Golomb HM. Source: Blood. 1990 June 15; 75(12): 2465-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2350583 Dyserythropoietic changes and sideroblastic anemia in patients with hairy cell leukemia before and after therapy with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Author(s): Zak P, Chrobak L, Podzimek K, Pliskova L, Dedic K. Source: Neoplasma. 1998; 45(4): 261-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9890671

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Early age onset of hairy cell leukemia presenting with leukocytosis. Author(s): Shibayama H, Machii T, Yamaguchi M, Tokumine Y, Kitani T. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 1996 October; 64(3-4): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8923794 Early response to alpha interferon in a patient affected by hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Di Raimondo F, Murolo D, Milone G, Cacciola E, Giustolisi R. Source: Haematologica. 1992 July-August; 77(4): 355-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1427445 Effect of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine therapy on bone marrow fibrosis in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Dedic K, Zak P. Source: Neoplasma. 2004; 51(1): 56-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15004661 Effective natural interferon-alpha therapy in recombinant interferon-alpha-resistant patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): von Wussow P, Pralle H, Hochkeppel HK, Jakschies D, Sonnen S, Schmidt H, Muller-Rosenau D, Franke M, Haferlach T, Zwingers T, et al. Source: Blood. 1991 July 1; 78(1): 38-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2070058 Effective treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and hairy cell leukemia with interferon-alpha. Author(s): Cesana C, Brando B, Boiani E, Chiodo F, Cairoli R, Intropido L, Morra E. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2002 February; 68(2): 120-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11982619 Effects of interferon-alpha on L-BCGF- and TNF-alpha-induced proliferation of hairy cell leukemia in Japan. Author(s): Tokumine Y, Machii T, Inoue R, Shibayama H, Nishimori Y, Nakamura Y, Nojima J, Tagawa S, Kitani T. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1995 January; 9(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7845025 Efficacy of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (Mabthera) in patients with progressed hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Lauria F, Lenoci M, Annino L, Raspadori D, Marotta G, Bocchia M, Forconi F, Gentili S, La Manda M, Marconcini S, Tozzi M, Baldini L, Zinzani PL, Foa R. Source: Haematologica. 2001 October; 86(10): 1046-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11602410

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Efficacy of rituximab in hairy cell leukemia treatment. Author(s): Zinzani PL, Ascani S, Piccaluga PP, Bendandi M, Pileri S, Tura S. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2000 November 15; 18(22): 3875-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11078503 Elevated antibody levels to Epstein-Bbarr virus antigens in patients with hairy cell leukemia compared to controls in relation to exposure to pesticides, organic solvents, animals, and exhausts. Author(s): Nordstrom M, Hardell L, Linde A, Schloss L, Nasman A. Source: Oncology Research. 1999; 11(11-12): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10905566 Epidemiology of hairy cell leukemia in Iceland. Author(s): Kristinsson SY, Vidarsson B, Agnarsson BA, Haraldsdottir V, Olafsson O, Johannesson GM, Eyjolfsson GI, Bjornsdottir J, Onundarson PT, Reykdal S. Source: The Hematology Journal : the Official Journal of the European Haematology Association / Eha. 2002; 3(3): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12111650 Epstein-Barr virus-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma following treatment of hairy cell leukemia with cladribine. Author(s): Lenz G, Golf A, Rudiger T, Hiddemann W, Haferlach T. Source: Blood. 2003 November 1; 102(9): 3457-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14568909 Establishment and characterization of an Epstein-Barr virus spontaneously transformed lymphocytic cell line derived from a hairy cell leukemia patient. Author(s): Schiller JH, Bittner G, Meisner LF, Oberley TD, Norback D, Schwabe M, Faltynek CR, Raab-Traub N. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1991 May; 5(5): 399-407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1851909 Establishment of a new cell line from a patient with hairy cell leukemia-Japanese variant. Author(s): Shibayama H, Machii T, Tokumine Y, Nishimori Y, Nojima J, Inoue R, Kanamaru A, Tagawa S, Kitani T. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1997 April; 25(3-4): 373-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9168447

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Evidence for an association between hairy cell leukemia and renal cell and colorectal carcinoma. Author(s): Nielsen B, Braide I, Hasselbalch H. Source: Cancer. 1992 October 15; 70(8): 2087-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1394039 Evolving therapy of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Glaspy JA, Jacobs AD, Golde DW. Source: Cancer. 1987 February 1; 59(3 Suppl): 652-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10822465 Ex vivo evidence of lymphocyte apoptosis in hairy cell leukemia, induced by 2chlorodeoxyadenosine treatment. Author(s): Idink-Mecking CA, Richel DJ, Vermes I, Schaafsma MR, Reutelingsperger C, Haanen C. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1998 January; 76(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9486921 Exposure to pesticides as risk factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia: pooled analysis of two Swedish case-control studies. Author(s): Hardell L, Eriksson M, Nordstrom M. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2002 May; 43(5): 1043-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12148884 Expression and function of the FAS antigen in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Panayiotidis P, Ganeshaguru K, Foroni L, Hoffbrand AV. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1995 July; 9(7): 1227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7543175 Extended follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukemia after treatment with cladribine. Author(s): Goodman GR, Burian C, Koziol JA, Saven A. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 March 1; 21(5): 891-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12610190

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Extensive human papillomavirus-related disease (bowenoid papulosis, Bowen's disease, and squamous cell carcinoma) in a patient with hairy cell leukemia: clinical and immunologic evaluation after an interferon alfa trial. Author(s): Lebbe C, Rybojad M, Ochonisky S, Miclea JM, Verola O, Cordoliani F, Ablon G, Morel P. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1993 October; 29(4): 644-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8408802 Familial hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Makower D, Marino P, Frank M, Wiernik PH. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1998 March; 29(1-2): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9638989 Familial hairy cell leukemia: a HLA-linked disease or farmers-linked disease? Author(s): Casado LF, Mouleon P, Villarrubia B, Toledo MC, Martinez-Frejo MC. Source: Haematologica. 1998 August; 83(8): 751-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9793263 Fatty acid differences amongst leukemia cell types, with special reference to hairy cell leukemia: a preliminary report. Author(s): Dawson G, Golomb HM. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1979 August 15; 96(1-2): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=476962 Filgrastim for cladribine-induced neutropenic fever in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Saven A, Burian C, Adusumalli J, Koziol JA. Source: Blood. 1999 April 15; 93(8): 2471-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10194424 Fine needle aspiration of the spleen in hairy cell leukemia. A case report. Author(s): Pinto RG, Rocha PD, Vernekar JA. Source: Acta Cytol. 1995 July-August; 39(4): 777-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7631555 Five day intermittent vs seven day continuous 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine infusion for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. A study by Italian Group for the Hairy Cell Leukemia. Author(s): Damasio EE, Resegotti L, Masoudi B, Bruni R, Cerri R, Isaza A, Clavio M, Risso M, Rossi E, Spriano M, Truini M. Source: Recenti Prog Med. 1998 February; 89(2): 68-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9558908

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Five years follow-up after 2-chloro deoxyadenosine treatment in thirty patients with hairy cell leukemia: evaluation of minimal residual disease and CD4+ lymphocytopenia after treatment. Author(s): Bastie JN, Cazals-Hatem D, Daniel MT, D'Agay MF, Rabian C, Glaisner S, Noel-Walter MP, Dabout D, Flandrin G, Dombret H, Poisson D, Degos L, Castaigne S. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1999 November; 35(5-6): 555-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10609793 Flow analysis of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Braylan RC, Diamond LW. Source: Leukemia Research. 1980; 4(1): 177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7412355 Flow cytometric detection of CD44 (H-CAM) in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Rutella S, Sica S, Etuk B, Salutari P, D'Onofrio G, Rumi C, Leone G. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1996 May; 21(5-6): 497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9172816 Flow cytometry of blood and bone marrow cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia: phenotype of hairy cells and lymphocyte subsets after treatment with 2chlorodeoxyadenosine. Author(s): Juliusson G, Lenkei R, Liliemark J. Source: Blood. 1994 June 15; 83(12): 3672-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7911341 Flow cytometry of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia: phenotype of hairy cells, lymphocyte subsets and detection of minimal residual disease after treatment. Author(s): Babusikova O, Tomova A, Kusenda J, Gyarfas J. Source: Neoplasma. 2001; 48(5): 350-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11845978 Fludarabine phosphate in refractory hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Kraut EH, Chun HG. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1991 May; 37(1): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1708945 Fludarabine therapy in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Kantarjian HM, Schachner J, Keating MJ. Source: Cancer. 1991 March 1; 67(5): 1291-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1991291

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Functional criteria for staging and treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Porzsolt F, Demeter J, Heimpel H. Source: Onkologie. 1991 February; 14(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2057174 Functional studies of hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis). Author(s): Palutke M, Tabaczka P. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1979 March; 71(3): 273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=433832 Genomic imbalances are rare in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Nessling M, Solinas-Toldo S, Lichter P, Reifenberger G, Wolter M, Moller P, Dohner H, Bentz M. Source: Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 1999 October; 26(2): 182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10469459 Genotypic and phenotypic evidence of T-cell leukemia in a patient successfully treated by interferon-alpha for typical hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Knecht H, Sarraj A, Delacretaz F, Bachmann E, Clement F. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1991 December; 5(12): 1031-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1663564 Glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase in red cells of patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Arruda VR, Salles TS, Costa FF, Saad ST. Source: Neoplasma. 1996; 43(2): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8843970 Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rh G-CSF) as an adjunct to interferon alpha therapy of neutropenic patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Lorber C, Willfort A, Ohler L, Jager U, Schwarzinger I, Lechner K, Geissler K. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1993 July; 67(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7687471 Guillain-Barre syndrome following 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine treatment for Hairy Cell Leukemia. Author(s): Sarmiento MA, Neme D, Fornari MC, Bengio RM. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2000 November; 39(5-6): 657-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11342351

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Hairy cell leukemia and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Author(s): Alexopoulou A, Dourakis SP, Louka O, Marinaki O, Kalmantis T. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 2003 March; 17(3): 655-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12646965 Hairy cell leukemia and sarcoidosis: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Schiller G, Said J, Pal S. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 2003 October; 17(10): 2057-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14513061 Hairy cell leukemia in father and son. Author(s): Cetiner M, Adiguzel C, Argon D, Ratip S, Eksioglu-Demiralp E, Tecimer T, Bayik M. Source: Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England). 2003; 20(4): 375-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14716034 Hairy cell leukemia in first cousins and review of the literature. Author(s): Colovic MD, Jankovic GM, Wiernik PH. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2001 September; 67(3): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737252 Hairy cell leukemia in Hong Kong Chinese: a 12-year retrospective survey. Author(s): Au WY, Kwong YL, Ma SK, Mak YK, Wong KF, Lei KI, Ng MH, Chan JC, Lin SY, Lee KK, Liang R. Source: Hematological Oncology. 2000 December; 18(4): 155-159. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11135356 Hairy cell leukemia presenting as localized skeletal involvement. Author(s): Lal A, Tallman MS, Soble MB, Golubovich I, Peterson L. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2002 November; 43(11): 2207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12533048 Hairy cell leukemia variant developing in a background of polycythemia vera. Author(s): Kelly NP, Alkan S, Nand S. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 April; 127(4): E209-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12683904

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Hairy cell leukemia with concurrent cryptococcus infection. Author(s): Audeh YM, Gruszecki AC, Cherrington A, Reddy VV. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2003 March; 72(3): 223-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12605398 Hairy cell leukemia with marked lymphocytosis. Author(s): Adley BP, Sun X, Shaw JM, Variakojis D. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 February; 127(2): 253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562251 Hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Savoie L, Johnston JB. Source: Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2001 June; 2(3): 217-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12057121 Hairy cell leukemia: a histo-cytochemical and ultra-structural study. Author(s): Gonsalez D, Oliveira JS, Haapalainen E, Kerbauy J. Source: Rev Paul Med. 1998 March-April; 116(2): 1681-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9778888 Hairy cell leukemia: an autopsy study. Author(s): Dedic K. Source: Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2003; 46(4): 175-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14965169 Hairy cell leukemia: an update. Author(s): Goodman GR, Bethel KJ, Saven A. Source: Current Opinion in Hematology. 2003 July; 10(4): 258-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12799530 Hairy cell leukemia: biology, clinical diagnosis, unusual manifestations and associated disorders. Author(s): Polliack A. Source: Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Hematology. 2002 December; 6(4): 366-88; Discussion 449-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12823778 Hairy cell leukemia: early immunophenotypical detection and quantitative analysis by flow cytometry. Author(s): Babusikova O, Tomova A. Source: Neoplasma. 2003; 50(5): 350-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14628088

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Hairy cell leukemia: treatment prospects. Author(s): Seshadri P, Seshadri R. Source: Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 2001 June; 1(1): 91-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12113139 Hairy cell leukemia--results with alpha interferon therapy. Author(s): Pai S, Shinde SC, Saikia TK, Gopal R, Nair CN, Advani SH. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 June; 47(6): 605-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10999157 Hairy cell leukemia-specific recognition by multiple autologous HLA-DQ or DPrestricted T-cell clones. Author(s): van de Corput L, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Kester MG, Willemze R, Falkenburg JH. Source: Blood. 1999 January 1; 93(1): 251-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9864168 Hairy cell leukemia-variant. Author(s): Al-Sheikh IH, Quadri MI. Source: Saudi Med J. 2001 January; 22(1): 72-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11255616 How reliable is histologic examination of bone marrow trephine biopsy specimens for the staging of non-Hodgkin lymphoma? A study of hairy cell leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma involvement of the bone marrow trephine specimen by histologic, immunohistochemical, and polymerase chain reaction techniques. Author(s): Pittaluga S, Tierens A, Dodoo YL, Delabie J, De Wolf-Peeters C. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1999 February; 111(2): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9930138 Identification of monoclonal immunoglobulins and quantitative immunoglobulin abnormalities in hairy cell leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Author(s): Hansen DA, Robbins BA, Bylund DJ, Piro LD, Saven A, Ellison DJ. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1994 November; 102(5): 580-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7942620 Immediate or delayed therapy with 2-CdA for hairy cell leukemia in Jehova's Witness? Author(s): Juliusson G. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1996 September; 53(1): 49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8813099

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Immune electron-microscopy study of the trimeric glycoprotein (CD 103) of hairy cell leukemia using the Ber-ACT8 monoclonal antibody. Author(s): Frangoulidis D, Schulz A, Pralle H. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1994 May; 68(5): 237-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8018764 Immunohistochemical characteristics of monocytoid B cell lymphoma, mantle zone lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma (or B chronic lymphocytic leukemia), and hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Oka K, Mori N, Yatabe Y. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1993; 90(2): 84-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8285023 Immunohistochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase isoenzyme 5 (tartrateresistant) in paraffin sections of hairy cell leukemia and other hematologic disorders. Author(s): Hoyer JD, Li CY, Yam LT, Hanson CA, Kurtin PJ. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1997 September; 108(3): 308-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9291460 Immunohistochemical detection of cyclin D1 using optimized conditions is highly specific for mantle cell lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Miranda RN, Briggs RC, Kinney MC, Veno PA, Hammer RD, Cousar JB. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 2000 December; 13(12): 1308-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11144927 Immunomorphologic analysis of bone marrow biopsies after treatment with 2chlorodeoxyadenosine for hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Ellison DJ, Sharpe RW, Robbins BA, Spinosa JC, Leopard JD, Saven A, Piro LD. Source: Blood. 1994 December 15; 84(12): 4310-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7994047 Immunophenotypic features and configuration of immunoglobulin genes in hairy cell leukemia-Japanese variant. Author(s): Yamaguchi M, Machii T, Shibayama H, Tokumine Y, Hara J, Yutsudo M, Yamada O, Klobeck HG, Kitani T. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1996 August; 10(8): 1390-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8709650

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Impaired interferon alpha response in hairy cell leukemia is corrected by therapy with 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine: implications for susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Author(s): Siegal FP, Shodell M, Shah K, Drake D, Hoffman M, Sawitsky A, Janson D, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P, Rai KR. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1994 September; 8(9): 1474-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7916389 Inadequate production of hematopoietic growth factors in hairy cell leukemia: upregulation of interleukin 6 by recombinant IFN-alpha in vitro. Author(s): Schwarzmeier JD, Hilgarth M, Nguyen ST, Shehata M, Gruber G, Spittler A, Willheim M, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Hocker P, Berger R. Source: Cancer Research. 1996 October 15; 56(20): 4679-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8840984 Increased expression of the src proto-oncogene in hairy cell leukemia and a subgroup of B-cell lymphomas. Author(s): Lynch SA, Brugge JS, Fromowitz F, Glantz L, Wang P, Caruso R, Viola MV. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1993 September; 7(9): 1416-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7690441 Increased frequency of chromosome abnormalities in fibroblasts from hairy cell leukemia patients. Author(s): Haglund U, Stellan B, Juliusson G, Gahrton G. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1997 December; 11(12): 2105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9447827 Increased incidence of second neoplasms in patients treated with interferon alpha 2b for hairy cell leukemia: a clinicopathologic assessment. Author(s): Kampmeier P, Spielberger R, Dickstein J, Mick R, Golomb H, Vardiman JW. Source: Blood. 1994 May 15; 83(10): 2931-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8180388 Induction of apoptosis in vivo and in vitro in hairy cell leukemia treated by deoxycoformycin. Author(s): Ogawa K, Shichishima T, Nakamura N, Maruyama Y. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2000 September; 192(1): 87-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11128872

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Interferon alpha and intracytoplasmic free calcium in hairy cell leukemia cells. Author(s): Genot E. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994 February; 12(5-6): 373-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8180601 Interferon treatment for hairy cell leukemia. An update on a cohort of 69 patients treated from 1983 to 1986. Author(s): Spielberger RT, Mick R, Ratain MJ, Golomb HM. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994; 14 Suppl 1: 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820060 Interleukin-6 functions as an intracellular growth factor in hairy cell leukemia in vitro. Author(s): Barut B, Chauhan D, Uchiyama H, Anderson KC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993 November; 92(5): 2346-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8227350 Investigating hairy cell leukemia dysregulations. Looking for interferon alpha site of action in hairy cells. Author(s): Genot E, Wietzerbin J. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994; 14 Suppl 1: 23-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820049 Involvement of CD44-hyaluronan interaction in malignant cell homing and fibronectin synthesis in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Aziz KA, Till KJ, Zuzel M, Cawley JC. Source: Blood. 2000 November 1; 96(9): 3161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11049998 Involvement of the CCND1 gene in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): de Boer CJ, Kluin-Nelemans JC, Dreef E, Kester MG, Kluin PM, Schuuring E, van Krieken JH. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1996 March; 7(3): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8740788 Ki-1-positive lymphoma developing 10 years after the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Abbondanzo SL, Sulak LE. Source: Cancer. 1991 June 15; 67(12): 3117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1646069

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Large cell lymphoma of the colon presenting as a second malignancy in a patient with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Lopera GA, Alvarez OA, Lee M. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1995 October; 21(3): 259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8648069 Late transition of hairy cell leukemia to multiple myeloma. Author(s): Aronowitz J, Baral E, Dalal BI. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1993 November; 44(3): 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8213782 Leukemic cells in hairy cell leukemia and B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia release soluble TNF receptors. Author(s): Trentin L, Pizzolo G, Zambello R, Agostini C, Morosato L, Sancetta R, Adami F, Vinante F, Chilosi M, Gallati H, et al. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1995 June; 9(6): 1051-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7596168 Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (hairy cell leukemia): a review of the evidence concerning the immunology and origin of the cell. Author(s): Hooper WC, Buss DH, Parker CL. Source: Leukemia Research. 1980; 4(5): 489-503. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7015022 Long term outcome of patients with hairy cell leukemia treated with pentostatin. Author(s): Ribeiro P, Bouaffia F, Peaud PY, Blanc M, Salles B, Salles G, Coiffier B. Source: Cancer. 1999 January 1; 85(1): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9921975 Long term results of interferon treatment in hairy cell leukemia. Italian Cooperative Group of Hairy Cell Leukemia (ICGHCL). Author(s): Capnist G, Federico M, Chisesi T, Resegotti L, Lamparelli T, Fabris P, Rossi G, Invernizzi R, Guarnaccia C, Leoni P, et al. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994 August; 14(5-6): 457-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7812205 Long term results with 2'deoxycoformycin in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Catovsky D, Matutes E, Talavera JG, O'Connor NT, Johnson SA, Emmett E, Corbett L, Swansbury J. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994; 14 Suppl 1: 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820041

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Long-lasting complete remission in patients with hairy cell leukemia treated with 2CdA: a 5-year survey. Author(s): Lauria F, Rondelli D, Zinzani PL, Bocchia M, Marotta G, Salvucci M, Raspadori D, Ventura MA, Birtolo S, Forconi F, Tura S. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1997 May; 11(5): 629-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9180283 Long-term chemotherapy-induced remission in a probable case of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Stewart DJ, Keating MJ, Youness E, Burgess MA. Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1981 March-April; 65(3-4): 313-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6940658 Long-term follow-up of hairy cell leukemia patients treated with 2chlorodeoxyadenosine. Author(s): Zinzani PL, Magagnoli M, Bendandi M, Tani M, Stefoni V, Cellini C, Poggi S, Piccioli M, Pileri S, Tura S. Source: Haematologica. 2000 September; 85(9): 922-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10980629 Long-term follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukemia after cladribine treatment. Author(s): Saven A, Burian C, Koziol JA, Piro LD. Source: Blood. 1998 September 15; 92(6): 1918-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9731048 Long-term follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukemia after treatment with 2'deoxycoformycin. Author(s): Kraut EH, Grever MR, Bouroncle BA. Source: Blood. 1994 December 15; 84(12): 4061-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7994024 Long-term follow-up of remission duration, mortality, and second malignancies in hairy cell leukemia patients treated with pentostatin. Author(s): Flinn IW, Kopecky KJ, Foucar MK, Head D, Bennett JM, Hutchison R, Corbett W, Cassileth P, Habermann T, Golomb H, Rai K, Eisenhauer E, Appelbaum F, Cheson B, Grever MR. Source: Blood. 2000 November 1; 96(9): 2981-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11049974

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Long-term outcome following treatment of hairy cell leukemia with pentostatin (Nipent): a National Cancer Institute of Canada study. Author(s): Johnston JB, Eisenhauer E, Wainman N, Corbett WE, Zaentz SD, Daeninck PJ. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 2000 April; 27(2 Suppl 5): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10877049 Long-term outcome with pentostatin treatment in hairy cell leukemia patients. A French retrospective study of 238 patients. Author(s): Maloisel F, Benboubker L, Gardembas M, Coiffier B, Divine M, Sebban C, Blanc M, Abgrall JF, Lederlin P, Harousseau JL, Blaise AM, Grosbois B, Morice P, Ghandour C, Castaigne S. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 2003 January; 17(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12529659 Long-term results in hairy cell leukemia treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Author(s): Chrobak L, Zak P, Podzimek K, Pliskova L, Foglova J, Maisnar V, Dulicek P, Dedic K. Source: Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 1997; 40(2): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9389210 Long-term results of alpha interferon as initial therapy and splenectomy as consolidation therapy in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Final report from the Italian Cooperative Group for HCL. Author(s): Federico M, Frassoldati A, Lamparelli T, Foa R, Brugiatelli M, Annino L, Baldini L, Capnist G, Chisesi T, di Celle PF, et al. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1994 October; 5(8): 725-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7826905 Loss of interferon antibodies during prolonged continuous interferon-alpha 2a therapy in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Steis RG, Smith JW 2nd, Urba WJ, Venzon DJ, Longo DL, Barney R, Evans LM, Itri LM, Ewel CH. Source: Blood. 1991 February 15; 77(4): 792-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1704264 Low doses of alpha 2B interferon in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia: results of treatment and mean follow-up at 18 months in 13 patients. Author(s): Santagati G, Nastasi G, Porta C, Moroni M, Santagati C, Casagranda I, Bobbio-Pallavicini E, Cosimi MF. Source: Pathologica. 1994 February; 86(1): 66-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8072805

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Lymphocytic lymphoma simulating hairy cell leukemia: a consideration of reliable and unreliable diagnostic features. Author(s): Palutke M, Tabaczka P, Mirchandani I, Goldfarb S. Source: Cancer. 1981 November 1; 48(9): 2047-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6975157 Malignant melanoma and hairy cell leukemia. Two cases. Author(s): Carsuzaa F, Aubert L, Pierre C, Jaubert D, Guiguen Y, Arnoux D. Source: Nouv Rev Fr Hematol. 1992; 34(2): 211-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1502030 Managing hairy cell leukemia in pregnancy. Author(s): Alothman A, Sparling TG. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994 June 15; 120(12): 1048-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7910438 Marrow mast cell hyperplasia in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Macon WR, Kinney MC, Glick AD, Collins RD. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1993 November; 6(6): 695-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8302811 Massive splenomegaly in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Tallman MS, Hakimian D, Peterson L. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1998 March; 16(3): 1232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9508212 Mechanism of interferon action in hairy cell leukemia: a model of effective cancer biotherapy. Author(s): Vedantham S, Gamliel H, Golomb HM. Source: Cancer Research. 1992 March 1; 52(5): 1056-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1737364 Mechanisms accounting for the defective natural killer activity in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Trentin L, Zambello R, Agostini C, Ambrosetti A, Chisesi T, Raimondi R, Bulian P, Pizzolo G, Semenzato G. Source: Blood. 1990 April 1; 75(7): 1525-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2317560

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Minimal interferon-alpha doses for hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Gastl G, Aulitzky W, Tilg H, Thaler J, Berger M, Huber C. Source: Blood. 1990 February 1; 75(3): 812-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2297581 Minimal residual disease detection in hairy cell leukemia. Comparison of flow cytometric immunophenotyping with clonal analysis using consensus primer polymerase chain reaction for the heavy chain gene. Author(s): Sausville JE, Salloum RG, Sorbara L, Kingma DW, Raffeld M, Kreitman RJ, Imus PD, Venzon D, Stetler-Stevenson M. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 February; 119(2): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12579991 Minimal residual disease may predict bone marrow relapse in patients with hairy cell leukemia treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Author(s): Wheaton S, Tallman MS, Hakimian D, Peterson L. Source: Blood. 1996 February 15; 87(4): 1556-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8608247 Molecular analysis of the human chromosome 5q13.3 region in patients with hairy cell leukemia and identification of tumor suppressor gene candidates. Author(s): Wu X, Ivanova G, Merup M, Jansson M, Stellan B, Grander D, Zabarovsky E, Gahrton G, Einhorn S. Source: Genomics. 1999 September 1; 60(2): 161-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10486207 Molecular evaluation of clonal remission in hairy cell leukemia patients treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Author(s): di Celle PF, Reato G, Raspadori D, Carbone A, Rondelli D, Lauria F, Foa R. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994; 14 Suppl 1: 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820046 Molecular study of hairy cell leukemia variant with biclonal paraproteinemia. Author(s): Copeland AR, Bueso-Ramos C, Liu FJ, Kornblau SM, Huh YO, Albitar M. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1997 February; 121(2): 150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9126043 Monoclonal antibody B-ly7: a sensitive marker for detection of minimal residual disease in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Thaler J, Dietze O, Faber V, Greil R, Gastl G, Denz H, Ho AD, Huber H. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1990 March; 4(3): 170-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2314116

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Monoclonal antibody HML-1, a marker for intraepithelial T cells and lymphomas derived thereof, also recognizes hairy cell leukemia and some B-cell lymphomas. Author(s): Moller P, Mielke B, Moldenhauer G. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1990 March; 136(3): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2316623 Monoclonal expansion of large granular lymphocytes with a CD4+ CD8dim+/phenotype associated with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Airo P, Rossi G, Facchetti F, Marocolo D, Garza L, Lanfranchi A, Prati E, Brugnoni D, Malacarne F, Cattaneo R. Source: Haematologica. 1995 March-April; 80(2): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7543070 More on paraproteinemia and hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Spector N, Pulcheri W, Nucci M, de Oliveira HP. Source: Haematologica. 1992 January-February; 77(1): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1398294 Morphometric classification of hairy cell leukemia in bone marrow trephine biopsy. Author(s): Okon K, Szumera A, Papla B, Pietkun I, Zdunczyk A, Rucinska M, Skotnicki AB, Stachura J. Source: Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2003 August; 25(4): 227-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12961830 Multiple heavy chain isotypes on the surface of the cells of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Burns GF, Cawley JC, Worman CP, Karpas A, Barker CR, Goldstone AH, Hayhoe FG. Source: Blood. 1978 December; 52(6): 1132-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=102379 Multiple myeloma and hairy cell leukemia: a rare association or coincidence? Author(s): Saif MW, Greenberg BR. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2001 September-October; 42(5): 1043-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11697621 Myelodysplasia terminating in acute myeloid leukemia in a hairy cell leukemia patient treated with 2-deoxycoformycin. Author(s): Todd SA, Morris TC, Alexander HD. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2002 June; 43(6): 1343-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12153007

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Neuroendocrine carcinoma in a patient with hairy cell leukemia: a case report. Author(s): Ballen KK, Canoso R, Seiler M, Neish A, Bauer KA. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 1992; 20(4): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1351656 Neutral glycosphingolipids in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Lee WM, Klock JC, Macher BA. Source: Biochemistry. 1981 October 27; 20(22): 6505-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7306520 Neutrophil defect associated with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Gavioli R, Spisani S, Giuliani AL, Fagioli F, Lanza F, Traniello S. Source: J Clin Lab Immunol. 1990 May; 32(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1967034 Normal humoral immunity in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Lang JM, Giron C, Oberling F, Goetz ML, North ML. Source: Biomedicine. 1976 February 10; 25(1): 41-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=963194 Observations regarding hairy cell leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia within the proposed new classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Author(s): Demeter J, Schmid M, Porzsolt F. Source: Blood. 1995 April 1; 85(7): 1972-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7703501 Ocular manifestation of hairy cell leukemia with dramatic response to 2-chlorodeoxy-adenosine. Author(s): Robinson A, Eting E, Zeidman A, Djaldetti M, Mittelman M, Savir H. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1996 January; 121(1): 97-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8554090 Optimal treatment for untreated patients with hairy cell leukemia? Author(s): Troussard X, Flandrin G. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1995 October; 13(10): 2677-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7595722

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Panuveitis responsive to 2-CdA: an unusual ocular presentation of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Zeidman A, Floru S, Robinson A, Polliack A, Djaldeti M, Savir H, Mittelman M. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1996 February; 20(5-6): 501-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8833410 Papillary cystic tumor of the pancreas coexisting with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Acebo E, Rodilla IG, Torio B, Hernando M, Garcia de Polavieja M, Morales D, Seco I, Bermudez A. Source: Pathology. 2000 August; 32(3): 216-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10968400 Paracrine regulation of B-cell growth in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Porzsolt F, Schmid M, Staib G, Schrezenmeier H. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994; 14 Suppl 1: 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820045 Pentostatin (Nipent) in the treatment of chronic lymphocyte leukemia and hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Dillman RO. Source: Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 2004 February; 4(1): 27-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14748654 Pentostatin treatment for hairy cell leukemia patients who failed initial therapy with recombinant alpha-interferon: a report of CALGB study 8515. Author(s): Golomb HM, Dodge R, Mick R, Budman D, Hutchison R, Horning SJ, Schiffer CA. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1994 December; 8(12): 2037-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7807991 Pentostatin: an adenosine deaminase inhibitor for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Kane BJ, Kuhn JG, Roush MK. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1992 July-August; 26(7-8): 939-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1504408 Peripheral and intrasplenic platelet kinetics and bone marrow megakaryopoiesis in alpha-2b-interferon treated hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Wadenvik H, Braide I, Ridell B, Kutti J, Jacobsson S, Revesz P. Source: Leukemia Research. 1994 August; 18(8): 569-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8065159

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Peripheral blood hairy cell leukemia cells express only low affinity IL-2 receptors. Author(s): Bulger K, Murphy J, Janckila A, Nichols J, McCaffrey R. Source: Leukemia Research. 1994 February; 18(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8107487 Persistent clonal excess and skewed T-cell repertoire in T cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Kluin-Nelemans JC, Kester MG, Melenhorst JJ, Landegent JE, van de Corput L, Willemze R, Falkenburg JH. Source: Blood. 1996 May 1; 87(9): 3795-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8611705 Persistent remission after immunosuppressive therapy of hairy cell leukemia mimicking aplastic anemia: two case reports. Author(s): Sugimori C, Kaito K, Nakao S. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 2003 May; 77(4): 391-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12774930 Phase 2 study of rituximab in the treatment of cladribine-failed patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Nieva J, Bethel K, Saven A. Source: Blood. 2003 August 1; 102(3): 810-3. Epub 2003 March 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12663446 Phase II trials of pentostatin (Nipent) in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Kraut EH. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 2000 April; 27(2 Suppl 5): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10877048 Phenotypic analysis of hairy cell leukemia: "variant" cases express the interleukin-2 receptor beta chain, but not the alpha chain (CD25). Author(s): de Totero D, Tazzari PL, Lauria F, Raspadori D, di Celle PF, Carbone A, Gobbi M, Foa R. Source: Blood. 1993 July 15; 82(2): 528-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8329708 Polyarteritis nodosa in hairy cell leukemia: treatment with interferon-alpha. Author(s): Carpenter MT, West SG. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 June; 21(6): 1150-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7932433

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Polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis with features resembling hairy cell leukemiaJapanese variant. Author(s): Machii T, Yamaguchi M, Inoue R, Tokumine Y, Kuratsune H, Nagai H, Fukuda S, Furuyama K, Yamada O, Yahata Y, Kitani T. Source: Blood. 1997 March 15; 89(6): 2008-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9058722 Possible association between hairy cell leukemia and Behcet's disease. Author(s): Oo TH, Delafuente M, Hassoun H. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 March; 96(3): 323-4. Erratum In: South Med J. 2003 April; 96(4): 418. Oo Thien R [corrected to Oo Thien H]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12659376 Proliferation and cytogenetic analysis of hairy cell leukemia upon stimulation via the CD40 antigen. Author(s): Kluin-Nelemans HC, Beverstock GC, Mollevanger P, Wessels HW, Hoogendoorn E, Willemze R, Falkenburg JH. Source: Blood. 1994 November 1; 84(9): 3134-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7524766 Prolonged interferon-alpha-2b treatment of hairy cell leukemia patients. Author(s): Bourantas KL, Hatzimichael EC, Makis AC, Kapsali E, Tsiara S, Christou L, Seferiadis K. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2000 May; 64(5): 350-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10863983 Prolonged, continuous treatment of hairy cell leukemia patients with recombinant interferon-alpha 2a. Author(s): Smith JW 2nd, Longo DL, Urba WJ, Clark JW, Watson T, Beveridge J, Conlon KC, Sznol M, Creekmore SP, Alvord WG, et al. Source: Blood. 1991 October 1; 78(7): 1664-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1912555 Prospective evaluation of internal adenopathy in a cohort of 43 patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Hakimian D, Tallman MS, Hogan DK, Rademaker AW, Rose E, Nemcek AA Jr. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1994 February; 12(2): 268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7906724

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Randomized comparison of pentostatin versus interferon alfa-2a in previously untreated patients with hairy cell leukemia: an intergroup study. Author(s): Grever M, Kopecky K, Foucar MK, Head D, Bennett JM, Hutchison RE, Corbett WE, Cassileth PA, Habermann T, Golomb H, et al. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1995 April; 13(4): 974-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7707126 Rapid massive splenic relapse of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) during bone marrow remission after 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine therapy: the spleen as a sanctuary site in HCL? Author(s): Polliack A, Dann EJ. Source: Blood. 1994 September 15; 84(6): 2057-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8081009 Reactive polyclonal T-cell lymphocytosis mimicking Sezary syndrome in a patient with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Wulf GG, Schulz H, Hallermann C, Kunze E, Wormann B. Source: Haematologica. 2001 October; 86(10): E27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11602434 Recombinant alpha-2b-interferon in therapy of previously untreated hairy cell leukemia: long-term follow-up results of study by Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Author(s): Rai KR, Davey F, Peterson B, Schiffer C, Silver RT, Ozer H, Golomb H, Bloomfield CD. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1995 July; 9(7): 1116-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7630181 Reconstitution of endogenous interferon a by recombinant interferon in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Shehata M, Schwarzmeier JD, Nguyen ST, Hilgarth M, Berger R, Hubmann R, Kickmaier S, Decker T. Source: Cancer Research. 2000 October 1; 60(19): 5420-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11034083 Recurrent hairy cell leukemia during pregnancy: a case report. Author(s): Patsner B, Penney RW, Walsh CM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 May; 170(5 Pt 1): 1380-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8178873

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Recurrent hairy cell leukemia presenting as a large mesenteric mass diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. A case report. Author(s): Kaw YT, Artymyshyn RL, Schichman SA, Salhany KE. Source: Acta Cytol. 1994 March-April; 38(2): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8147223 Recurrent imbalances involving chromosome 5 and 7q22-q35 in hairy cell leukemia: a comparative genomic hybridization study. Author(s): Ostergaard M, Lindbjerg Andersen C, Pedersen B, Koch J, Nielsen B. Source: Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 2001 February; 30(2): 218-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11135441 Red cell distribution width (RDW) as a marker of disease activity in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Chrobak L, Zak P, Podzimek K, Stransky P. Source: Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 1998; 41(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9588069 Relapse in hairy cell leukemia due to isolated nodular skin infiltration. Author(s): Yetgin S, Olcay L, Yenicesu I, Oner AF, Caglar M. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2001 September; 18(6): 415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11554237 Relapse of hairy cell leukemia after 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine: long-term follow-up of the Northwestern University experience. Author(s): Tallman MS, Hakimian D, Rademaker AW, Zanzig C, Wollins E, Rose E, Peterson LC. Source: Blood. 1996 September 15; 88(6): 1954-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8822913 Relationship between hairy cell leukemia variant and splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes: presentation of a new concept. Author(s): Sun T, Dittmar K, Koduru P, Susin M, Teichberg S, Brody J. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1996 April; 51(4): 282-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8602628 Remission in hairy cell leukemia-variant following splenic radiotherapy alone. Author(s): Sgarabotto D, Vianello F, Radossi P, Poletti A, Sotti G, Stefani PM, Sartori R, Girolami A. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1997 July; 26(3-4): 395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9322903

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Remission of hairy cell leukemia without treatment. Author(s): Abramson N, Castro S. Source: Haematologia. 1997; 28(4): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9408771 Response duration and recovery of CD4+ lymphocytes following deoxycoformycin in interferon-alpha-resistant hairy cell leukemia: 7-year follow-up. Author(s): Seymour JF, Talpaz M, Kurzrock R. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1997 January; 11(1): 42-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9001417 Response to interferon-alpha in patients with hairy cell leukemia relapsing after treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Author(s): Seymour JF, Estey EH, Keating MJ, Kurzrock R. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1995 May; 9(5): 929-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7769859 Retrospective analysis of 34 cases of hairy cell leukemia treated with interferon-alpha and/or 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Author(s): Zaja F, Fanin R, Silvestri F, Russo D, Infanti L, Baccarani M. Source: Haematologica. 1997 July-August; 82(4): 468-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9299866 Risk of second cancer in patients with hairy cell leukemia: long-term follow-up. Author(s): Federico M, Zinzani PL, Frassoldati A, Vinceti M, Mode A, Annino L, Chisesi T, Pagnucco G, Invernizzi R, Spriano M, Resegotti L, Bendandi M, Damasio EE; Italian Cooperative Group for the Study of Hairy Cell Leukemia. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2002 February 1; 20(3): 638-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11821443 Rituximab in relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Thomas DA, O'Brien S, Bueso-Ramos C, Faderl S, Keating MJ, Giles FJ, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM. Source: Blood. 2003 December 1; 102(12): 3906-11. Epub 2003 June 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12816862 Rituximab: a useful drug for a repeatedly relapsed hairy cell leukemia patient. Author(s): Pollio F, Pocali B, Palmieri S, Morabito P, Scalia G, Del Vecchio L, Ferrara F. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2002 December; 81(12): 736-8. Epub 2002 November 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12483372

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Scleroderma, polymyositis, and hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Blanche P, Bachmeyer C, Mikdame M, Dreyfus F, Sicard D. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 July; 22(7): 1384-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7562778 Second cancer risk in hairy cell leukemia: analysis of 350 patients. Author(s): Kurzrock R, Strom SS, Estey E, O'Brien S, Keating MJ, Jiang H, Adams T, Talpaz M. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1997 May; 15(5): 1803-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9164188 Second malignancies in patients with hairy cell leukemia in british columbia: a 20year experience. Author(s): Au WY, Klasa RJ, Gallagher R, Le N, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM. Source: Blood. 1998 August 15; 92(4): 1160-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9694703 Secondary acute myeloid leukemia following successful treatment of hairy cell leukemia with cladribine. Author(s): Seshadri P. Source: Leukemia Research. 2000 July; 24(7): 637. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10979762 Septic cutaneous lesions caused by Mycobacterium malmoense in a patient with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Castor B, Juhlin I, Henriques B. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 February; 13(2): 1458. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8013487 Serum interleukin 1 beta levels as a marker in hairy cell leukemia: correlation with disease status and sIL-2R levels. Author(s): Barak V, Nisman B, Dann EJ, Kalickman I, Ruchlemer R, Bennett MA, Polliack A. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994; 14 Suppl 1: 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820051

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Serum soluble IL-2 receptor as a reliable and noninvasive marker of disease activity in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Chrobak L, Podzimek K, Pliskova L, Kerekes Z, Zak P, Voglova J, Spacek J, Palicka V. Source: Neoplasma. 1996; 43(5): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8996552 Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Guler N, Kansu E, Turker A, Barista I, Kanra T. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1997 March; 58(3): 205-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9150716 Similar patterns of V kappa gene usage but different degrees of somatic mutation in hairy cell leukemia, prolymphocytic leukemia, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, and myeloma. Author(s): Wagner SD, Martinelli V, Luzzatto L. Source: Blood. 1994 June 15; 83(12): 3647-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8204889 Simultaneous diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma: a frequent association? Author(s): Gine E, Bosch F, Villamor N, Rozman M, Colomer D, Lopez-Guillermo A, Campo E, Montserrat E. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 2002 August; 16(8): 1454-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12145685 Simultaneous manifestation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Author(s): Sokol L, Agosti SJ. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2004 February; 75(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14755378 Simultaneous presentation of hairy cell leukemia and follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma in a patient with previous diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. Author(s): Diaz-Pavon JR, Pugh W, Cabanillas F. Source: Hematological Oncology. 1995 March-April; 13(2): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7797194

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Splenectomy following complete response to alpha interferon (IFN) therapy in patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL): results of the HCL88 protocol. Italian Cooperative Group for the Study of Hairy Cell Leukemia (ICGHCL). Author(s): Damasio EE, Frassoldati A. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994; 14 Suppl 1: 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820061 Splenectomy for hairy cell leukemia in pregnancy. Author(s): Stiles GM, Stanco LM, Saven A, Hoffmann KD. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1998 May-June; 18(3): 200-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9659649 Sporotrichosis as a presenting manifestation of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Kumar S, Kumar D, Gourley WK, Alperin JB. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1994 June; 46(2): 134-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8172180 Subcutaneous injections of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for symptomatic hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Juliusson G, Heldal D, Hippe E, Hedenus M, Malm C, Wallman K, Stolt CM, Evensen SA, Albertioni F, Tjonnfjord G, et al. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1995 April; 13(4): 989-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7707128 Successful treatment of a patient with hairy cell leukemia and pentostatin-induced autoimmune thrombocytopenia with rituximab. Author(s): Hensel M, Ho AD. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2003 May; 73(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12701118 Successful treatment of patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) using a single cycle of 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (CdA). Author(s): Jehn U, Gawaz M, Grunewald R, Hill W, Lorenz B, Stotzer O. Source: Anticancer Res. 1993 September-October; 13(5C): 1809-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7903521 Sweet syndrome as the presenting symptom of relapsed hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Levy RM, Junkins-Hopkins JM, Turchi JJ, James WD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2002 December; 138(12): 1551-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12472340

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Synaptojanin 2 is recognized by HLA class II-restricted hairy cell leukemia-specific T cells. Author(s): Spaenij-Dekking EH, Van Delft J, Van Der Meijden E, Hiemstra HS, Falkenburg JH, Koning F, Drijfhout JW, Kluin-Nelemans JC. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 2003 December; 17(12): 2467-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14562116 T-cell dysfunction in hairy cell leukemia: an updated review. Author(s): Van De Corput L, Falkenburg JH, Kluin-Nelemans JC. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1998 June; 30(1-2): 31-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9669674 TCR gamma delta+ cells expressing Vgamma 9V delta2, which normally predominate the blood, are found in the spleens of patients with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): van de Corput L, Kester MG, Falkenburg JH, Willemze R, Kluin-Nelemans JC. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1997 January; 11(1): 106-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9001424 TGF-beta1 induces bone marrow reticulin fibrosis in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Shehata M, Schwarzmeier JD, Hilgarth M, Hubmann R, Duechler M, Gisslinger H. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2004 March; 113(5): 676-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14991065 The biology of hairy cell leukemia. A study of the practical aspects of interferontreatment, its mechanism of action and on the pathogenesis of anemia. Author(s): Nielsen B. Source: Apmis. Supplementum. 1995; 52: 1-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7576791 The degree of bone marrow infiltration in patients with hairy cell leukemia treated with splenectomy compatible with long-term hematological remission. Author(s): Zak P, Chrobak L, Dedic K. Source: Neoplasma. 2001; 48(1): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11327542

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The development of congestive cardiac failure in a patient with hairy cell leukemia treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Author(s): Koczwara B, Spangenthal E, Bernstein SH. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1997 July; 26(3-4): 413-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9322907 The diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia can be established by flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood, even in patients with low levels of circulating malignant cells. Author(s): Cornfield DB, Mitchell Nelson DM, Rimsza LM, Moller-Patti D, Braylan RC. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2001 August; 67(4): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11443633 The hairy cell leukemia cell line Eskol spontaneously synthesizes tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide. Author(s): Eigler A, Waller-Fontaine K, Moeller J, Hartmann G, Hacker UT, Endres S. Source: Leukemia Research. 1998 June; 22(6): 501-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9678716 The immunophenotype of hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Proposal for a scoring system to distinguish HCL from B-cell disorders with hairy or villous lymphocytes. Author(s): Matutes E, Morilla R, Owusu-Ankomah K, Houliham A, Meeus P, Catovsky D. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994; 14 Suppl 1: 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820054 The natural history and clinico-pathological features of the variant form of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Matutes E, Wotherspoon A, Brito-Babapulle V, Catovsky D. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 2001 January; 15(1): 184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11243388 The simultaneous occurrence of variant hairy cell leukemia and chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia. A case report. Author(s): Reeves JE, Robbins BA, Pankey LR, Elias AL, Anderson WF. Source: Cancer. 1995 April 15; 75(8): 2089-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7697598 The tumor necrosis factor family and and correlation with disease activity and response to treatment in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Barak V, Nisman B, Polliack A. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1999 February; 62(2): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10052708

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The value of bone marrow biopsy in the prognosis of hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Author(s): Podzimek K, Kerekes Z, Chrobak L, Skalska H, Voglova J, Mirova S, Dulicek P, Zak P. Source: Neoplasma. 1994; 41(6): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7870215 Therapeutic advances in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Andrey J, Saven A. Source: Leukemia Research. 2001 May; 25(5): 361-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11301103 Treatment of hairy cell leukemia in a decade of change. Appraisal of community based oncologists' opinions. Author(s): Arena FP. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994; 14 Suppl 1: 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7820059 Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine via the Group C protocol mechanism of the National Cancer Institute: a report of 979 patients. Author(s): Cheson BD, Sorensen JM, Vena DA, Montello MJ, Barrett JA, Damasio E, Tallman M, Annino L, Connors J, Coiffier B, Lauria F. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1998 September; 16(9): 3007-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9738569 Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine) by subcutaneous bolus injection: a phase II study. Author(s): von Rohr A, Schmitz SF, Tichelli A, Hess U, Piguet D, Wernli M, Frickhofen N, Konwalinka G, Zulian G, Ghielmini M, Rufener B, Racine C, Fey MF, Cerny T, Betticher D, Tobler A; Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK), Bern, Switzerland. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2002 October; 13(10): 1641-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12377655 Trisomy 12 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hairy cell leukemia: a cytogenetic and interphase cytogenetic study. Author(s): Cuneo A, Bigoni R, Balboni M, Carli MG, Piva N, Fagioli F, Latorraca A, Wlodarska I, van den Berghe H, Castoldi G. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994 September; 15(1-2): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7858495

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Tumor cells of hairy cell leukemia express multiple clonally related immunoglobulin isotypes via RNA splicing. Author(s): Forconi F, Sahota SS, Raspadori D, Mockridge CI, Lauria F, Stevenson FK. Source: Blood. 2001 August 15; 98(4): 1174-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11493467 Tumorous manifestation of hairy cell leukemia after long-term treatment with interferon alpha. Author(s): Huhn D, Oertel J, Serke S, Kaiser D, Schmitt-Graff A, Stein H. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1995 February; 70(2): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7880923 Ultrastructural characteristics of the spleen in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Wu SH, Vedantham S, Rosner MC, Lovis RM, Golomb HM, Gamliel H. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1992 September; 8(1-2): 137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1493465 Ultrastructural modifications in one case of hairy cell leukemia during alphainterferon therapy. Author(s): Morroni M, Ripa G, Bolognesi G, Leoni P, Cinti S. Source: Tumori. 1992 June 30; 78(3): 190-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1440943 Ultrastructure of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Ghadially FN, Skinnider LF. Source: Cancer. 1972 February; 29(2): 444-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4501700 Understanding the action of interferon in hairy cell leukemia: the past as prologue. Author(s): Tallman MS. Source: Leukemia Research. 2002 April; 26(4): 407-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11839386 Unexpectedly high incidence of hypoplastic/aplastic foci in bone marrow biopsies of hairy cell leukemia patients in remission following 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine therapy. Author(s): Gillis S, Amir G, Bennett M, Polliack A. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2001 January; 66(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11168501

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Unusual presentation of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Spedini P, Tajana M, Bergonzi C. Source: Haematologica. 2000 May; 85(5): 548. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10800175 Unusual ultrasound appearance of the spleen. A case of hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Liu JB, Zou XH, Zhang JX, Goldberg BB. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1990 June; 103(6): 523-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2119969 Use of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, and erythropoietin in a Jehovah's Witness with hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Couban S, Wilson WE. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1995 July; 49(3): 255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7541605 Use of the bone marrow imprint in the diagnosis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis ("hairy cell leukemia"). Author(s): Krause JR, Srodes C, Lee RE. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1977 September; 68(3): 368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=70993 Utility versus futility in subclassifying hairy cell leukemia in Japanese. Author(s): Takeuchi H, Kayano H, Katayama I. Source: International Journal of Hematology. 1998 August; 68(2): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9803680 Vasculitides in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Hasler P, Kistler H, Gerber H. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1995 October; 25(2): 134-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8578313

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and hairy cell leukemia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Hairy Cell Leukemia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “hairy cell leukemia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “hairy cell leukemia” (or a synonym): •

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Diversity in inhibitory effects of IFN-gamma and IFN-alpha A on the induced DNA synthesis of a hairy cell leukemia B lymphocyte clone reflects the nature of the activating ligand. Author(s): Department of Rheumatic Diseases, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10003. Source: Mongini, P Seremetis, S Blessinger, C Rudich, S Winchester, R Brunda, M Blood. 1988 November; 72(5): 1553-9 0006-4971 Phenotypic changes associated with chemically induced differentiation of a hairy cell leukemia cell line. Source: Hooper, W C Barth, R F Minowada, J Am-J-Hematol. 1987 April; 24(4): 401-14 0361-8609 Phorbol ester induction of plasmacytoid and hairy cell leukemia features in B-type lymphocytic leukemias: the relation to B-cell differentiation and maturation. Source: Gazitt, Y Polliack, A Blood-Cells. 1987; 12(2): 413-39 0340-4684 Phosphorylation of CD20 in cells from a hairy cell leukemia cell line. Evidence for involvement of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Author(s): Unite INSERM 196, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Source: Genot, E M Meier, K E Licciardi, K A Ahn, N G Uittenbogaart, C H Wietzerbin, J Clark, E A Valentine, M A J-Immunol. 1993 July 1; 151(1): 71-82 0022-1767 Reduced production of tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells in hairy cell leukemia patients and improvement following interferon therapy. Author(s): Department of Medicine T, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel. Source: Aderka, D Levo, Y Ramot, B Michalevicz, R Meytes, D Shaklai, M Hahn, T Holtmann, H Revel, M Wallach, D Cancer. 1987 November 1; 60(9): 2208-12 0008-543X Response patterns of hairy cell leukemia to B-cell mitogens and growth factors. Author(s): Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115. Source: Barut, B A Cochran, M K O'Hara, C Anderson, K C Blood. 1990 November 15; 76(10): 2091-7 0006-4971

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: • • • •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0 The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/ Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/ Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/ Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/ Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/ Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/ Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/ WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to hairy cell leukemia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to hairy cell leukemia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “hairy cell leukemia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to hairy cell leukemia: •

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37th Annual American Society of Clinical Oncology Meeting. San Francisco, CA. May 12-15, 2001. Author(s): D'Orazio AI. Source: Clinical Lymphoma. 2001 June; 2(1): 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11712543 A case of primary plasma cell leukemia with hairy-cell morphology and lambda-type Bence-Jones protein. Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis. Author(s): Tanioka F, Tamashima S, Shimizu S, Kobayashi H, Kobayashi Y, Sugimura H. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003 May; 33(5): 232-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865467

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Accumulation of vincristine and doxorubicin in malignant lymphocytes with different immunophenotypes. Author(s): Reizenstein P, Kapoor R, Gruber A, Peterson C. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1989 November; 43(5): 448-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2693130 Chemotherapy in hairy cell leukemia. Preliminary results of a nonaggressive regimen. Author(s): Annino L, Tentori L Jr, Cameli G, Angeli G, Mandelli F. Source: Cancer. 1984 June 1; 53(11): 2398-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6201257 Chemotherapy of progressive hairy-cell leukaemia. Author(s): Cold S, Brincker H. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1987 March; 38(3): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3595814 Chemotherapy-induced remission in a patient with small cell carcinoma of the lung and hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Kuebler JP, Earhart R, Hafez GR. Source: Cancer. 1985 June 15; 55(12): 2758-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2986824 Combination chemotherapy of hairy cell leukemia with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone. Author(s): Case DC Jr. Source: J Maine Med Assoc. 1980 May; 71(5): 136-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7373155 Comparative antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of resveratrol, epsilon-viniferin and vine-shots derived polyphenols (vineatrols) on chronic B lymphocytic leukemia cells and normal human lymphocytes. Author(s): Billard C, Izard JC, Roman V, Kern C, Mathiot C, Mentz F, Kolb JP. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2002 October; 43(10): 1991-2002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12481898 Hairy cell leukaemia. A review of nine cases. Author(s): Chudgar U, Shah RV, Krishnaswamy H, Chandy M. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 1991 September; 28(3): 155-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1786982

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Hairy cell leukemia responsive to chemotherapy with doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD). Author(s): Patten E, Gill DP, Weiss GB. Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1983 December; 67(12): 1147-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6197166 Hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Plenderleith IH. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1970 May 23; 102(10): 1056-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4939244 Hairy cell leukemia. Durability of response to splenectomy in 26 patients and treatment of relapse with androgens in six patients. Author(s): Magee MJ, McKenzie S, Filippa DA, Arlin ZA, Gee TS, Clarkson BD. Source: Cancer. 1985 December 1; 56(11): 2557-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4052933 High-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue: effectiveness in relapsed hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Joosten P, Hagenbeek A, Lowenberg B, Sizoo W. Source: Blood. 1985 July; 66(1): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3873970 In vitro cytotoxic effects of fludarabine (2-F-ara-A) in combination with commonly used antileukemic agents by isobologram analysis. Author(s): Kano Y, Akutsu M, Tsunoda S, Suzuki K, Ichikawa A, Furukawa Y, Bai L, Kon K. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 2000 March; 14(3): 379-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10720130 Is therapy with cytostatics obsolete in hairy-cell leukemia? Author(s): Franchi F, Seminara P, Codacci-Pisanelli G, Bianco P. Source: International Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Research. 1992; 22(2): 122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1504306 Localized renal aspergillosis with hairy cell leukemia: a review of urinary tract aspergillosis in malignant and nonmalignant conditions. Author(s): Hartman BJ, Coleman M, Brause BD, Saletan S. Source: Cancer Investigation. 1984; 2(3): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6375823

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Lymphocytosis of large granular lymphocytes in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Kingreen D, Dalal BI, Heyman M, Phillips GL, Horsman D, Kidd P, Loughran TP Jr. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1995 December; 50(4): 234-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7485096 Massive retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy as a terminal event in hairy cell leukaemia. Author(s): Mehta AB, Catovsky D, O'Brien CJ, Lott M, Bowley N, Hemmingway A. Source: Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 1983; 5(3): 259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6360496 Molecular weight analysis of Fc gamma-binding proteins of lymphoid leukemia, myeloid leukemia, and hairy-cell leukemia. Author(s): Stein H, Thoenes J, Klatt U, Gerdes J, Muller V, Havsteen B. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1981; 101(1): 75-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6974174 Monoclonal antibodies PG-B6a and PG-B6p recognize, respectively, a highly conserved and a formol-resistant epitope on the human BCL-6 protein aminoterminal region. Author(s): Flenghi L, Bigerna B, Fizzotti M, Venturi S, Pasqualucci L, Pileri S, Ye BH, Gambacorta M, Pacini R, Baroni CD, Pescarmona E, Anagnostopoulos I, Stein H, Asdrubali G, Martelli MF, Pelicci PG, Dalla-Favera R, Falini B. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1996 May; 148(5): 1543-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8623923 Prognosis and therapy in hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Jansen J, den Ottolander GJ, Holdrinet RS, Tricot GJ, Hermans J. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 1984 December; 11(4 Suppl 2): 472-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6548834 The effect of anticoagulant on the cell size of hairy cells and other malignant hematologic cells. A study with the Hemalog D. Author(s): den Ottolander GJ, Jansen J. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1984 February; 81(2): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6421146 The hematologic malignancies. Leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. Author(s): Freireich EJ, Keating M, Cabanillas F, Barlogie B. Source: Cancer. 1984 December 1; 54(11 Suppl): 2741-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6208991

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The simultaneous presentation of peripheral T-cell lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia. Author(s): Lawlor E, O'Briain DS, Finn T, Ward R, Rogers FM, O'Brien AA, Daly PA. Source: Cancer. 1987 October 1; 60(7): 1537-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2441843

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: • •

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Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/ AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/ Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/ MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/ HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8:

• • • • • • • •

8

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/ National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25 National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375 National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/ National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/ National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10

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Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “hairy cell leukemia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3384 16 684 8 7 4099

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “hairy cell leukemia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

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CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/. Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on hairy cell leukemia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to hairy cell leukemia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.

The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.

Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to hairy cell leukemia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “hairy cell leukemia”:

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Bone Marrow Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonemarrowdiseases.html Lymphoma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lymphoma.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to hairy cell leukemia, the following was listed: •

Diagnosis/Symptoms How Is Leukemia Diagnosed? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_3x_how_is_leukemia_diagno sed_62.asp?sitearea=cri How Is Leukemia Staged? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_3X_How_is_leukemia_sta ged_62.asp Platelet Count Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/platelet/test.html Understanding Blood Counts Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma Society http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_mat_toc.adp?item_id=9452 White Blood Cell Count Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/wbc/test.html

•

Treatment Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma Society http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_mat_toc.adp?item_id=2443 Blood Transfusion Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma Society http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_mat_toc.adp?item_id=17813 Choosing a Treatment Facility Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma Society http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_mat_toc.adp?item_id=9877 Long Term and Late Effects of Treatment for Blood Cancers Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma Society http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_mat_toc.adp?item_id=9965 MedlinePlus: Bone Marrow Transplantation Source: National Library of Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonemarrowtransplantation.html New Approaches to Treatment Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma Society http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_page?item_id=4702

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Questions and Answers: Gleevec Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/qandagleevec Understanding Drug Therapy and Managing Side Effects Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma Society http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_mat_toc.adp?item_id=4826 •

Alternative Therapy Complementary & Alternative Therapies for Leukemia, Lymphoma, Hodgkin's Disease, & Myeloma Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma Society http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_mat_toc.adp?item_id=9882

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Coping Coping with Survival Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma Society http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_mat_toc.adp?item_id=28462

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From the National Institutes of Health Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (PDQ): Treatment Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/CLL/patient/ Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (PDQ): Treatment Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/CML/patient/ Hairy Cell Leukemia (PDQ): Treatment Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/hairy-cell-leukemia/patient/ What You Need to Know about Leukemia Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/wyntk/leukemia

•

Latest News New Drug May Offer New Hope for Leukemia Patients Source: 07/15/2004, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_18968 .html Thousands to Get Coverage for Cancer Drugs under Medicare Demo Program Source: 06/26/2004, American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_2_1x_Thousands_to_Get_C overage_for_Cancer_Drugs_Under_Medicare_Demo_Program.asp

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Organizations American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/

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Leukemia & Lymphoma Society http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/hm_lls National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/ National Marrow Donor Program http://www.marrow.org/ •

Prevention/Screening What Are the Risk Factors for Leukemia? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_fa ctors_for_leukemia_62.asp

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Research Gleevec Prolongs Life Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Gleevec_Prolongs_Lif e.asp New Report Supports Association Between Agent Orange and One Form of Chronic Leukemia Source: National Academy of Sciences http://www4.nationalacademies.org/news.nsf/isbn/0309086167?OpenDocument New Test Predicts Course of Leukemia Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_New_Test_Predicts_C ourse_of_Leukemia.asp What's New in Leukemia Research and Treatment? Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_6x_whats_new_in_leukemia _research_and_treatment_62.asp?sitearea=cri

•

Statistics Leukemia Facts and Statistics Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma Society http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_page?item_id=9346

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to hairy cell leukemia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

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•

•

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/ Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/ Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/ WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Hairy Cell Leukemia The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to hairy cell leukemia: •

Hairy Cell Leukemia Research Foundation Telephone: (847) 843-1975 Toll-free: (800) 693-6173 Fax: (815) 425-6734 Email: [email protected] (all lower case) Web Site: http://www.HAIRYCELLLEUKEMIA.ORG Background: The Hairy Cell Leukemia Research Foundation is an organization created and run by HCL patients, with the goal of providing support and information to individuals and families, as well as raising funds for research. It is an all volunteer, nonprofit organization. Hairy cell leukemia is a rare blood disorder that affects mostly males in middle age. However, it has been identified in both sexes and among younger adults. It is a chronic leukemia and does not develop into acute leukemia.

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to hairy cell leukemia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with hairy cell leukemia.

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about hairy cell leukemia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “hairy cell leukemia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.

The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “hairy cell leukemia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “hairy cell leukemia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “hairy cell leukemia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

•

• •

• • •

• • • •

• • • • • • •

20

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/ Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute) Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation) California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/ California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/ California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/ California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/ California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/ Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/ Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/ Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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• •

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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/ Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/ Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/ Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/ Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/ Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/ Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/ Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10 Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/ Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/ Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/ Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/ Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330 Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula) National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/ National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/ New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/ New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/ New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/ Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/ Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/ Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/ Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/ Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: • • • • • • •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/ Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on hairy cell leukemia: •

Basic Guidelines for Hairy Cell Leukemia Hairy cell leukemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000592.htm HCL Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000592.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Hairy Cell Leukemia Bruising Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Enlarged spleen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003276.htm

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Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm General ill feeling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Leukemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001299.htm Spleen enlargement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003276.htm Sweating, excessive Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Swollen lymph glands Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003097.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Hairy Cell Leukemia Abdominal CT scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003789.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Blood smear Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003665.htm Bone marrow biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003934.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm Platelet count Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003647.htm Platelets Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003647.htm White blood cell count Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003643.htm

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•

Background Topics for Hairy Cell Leukemia Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Malignant Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002253.htm Peripheral Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002273.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Symptomatic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002293.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: • • • •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/ Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenopathy: Large or swollen lymph glands. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Deaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the

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tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group

Dictionary 93

(-NH2). [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the

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antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aplastic anemia: A condition in which the bone marrow is unable to produce blood cells. [NIH]

Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular

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or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the

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heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bolus injection: The injection of a drug (or drugs) in a high quantity (called a bolus) at once, the opposite of gradual administration (as in intravenous infusion). [EU] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone marrow biopsy: The removal of a sample of tissue from the bone marrow with a needle for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Bone Marrow Cells: Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells, stromal cells, megakaryocytes, and the immediate precursors of most blood cells. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH]

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Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH]

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Chromosome Abnormalities: Defects in the structure or number of chromosomes resulting in structural aberrations or manifesting as disease. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic granulocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. [NIH] Chronic leukemia: A slowly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cladribine: An antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases including hairy-cell leukemia. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH]

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Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consolidation: The healing process of a bone fracture. [NIH] Consolidation therapy: Chemotherapy treatments given after induction chemotherapy to further reduce the number of cancer cells. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH]

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Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cryptococcus: A mitosporic Tremellales fungal genus whose species usually have a capsule and do not form pseudomycellium. Teleomorphs include Filobasidiella and Fidobasidium. [NIH]

Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges

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which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dacarbazine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]

Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH]

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Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales.

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Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erythrocyte Indices: Quantification of size and cell hemoglobin content or concentration of the erythrocyte, usually derived from erythrocyte count, blood hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit. Includes the mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Use also for cell diameter and thickness. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibril: Most bacterial viruses have a hollow tail with specialized fibrils at its tip. The tail fibers attach to the cell wall of the host. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin;

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another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fludarabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]

Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Rearrangement: The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination

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such as that which occurs normally during development. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goniotomy: A surgical procedure for congenital glaucoma in which a sweeping incision is made in the neshwork at the filtration angle by means of a knife-needle inserted through the opposite limbus and carried across the anterior chamber parallel to the iris. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Granulocyte: A type of white blood cell that fights bacterial infection. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Granulocytopenia: A deficiency in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH]

Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody

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response. [NIH] Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Hematologic malignancies: Cancers of the blood or bone marrow, including leukemia and lymphoma. Also called hematologic cancers. [NIH] Hematopoietic growth factors: A group of proteins that cause blood cells to grow and mature. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used

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of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunoglobulin Isotypes: The classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. In man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunophenotyping: Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort Tlymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH]

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Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon Alfa-2a: A recombinant alfa interferon consisting of 165 amino acids with lysine at position 23 and histidine at position 34. It is used extensively as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which

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activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interphase: The interval between two successive cell divisions during which the chromosomes are not individually distinguishable and DNA replication occurs. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leucovorin: The active metabolite of folic acid. Leucovorin is used principally as its calcium salt as an antidote to folic acid antagonists which block the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. [NIH] Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded

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animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukemia, Hairy Cell: A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of "hairy" or "flagellated" cells in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH] Leukemia, Myeloid: Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors in the bone marrow and other sites. [NIH] Leukemic Infiltration: A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Leukostasis: Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from leukemic infiltration which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linkage Disequilibrium: Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH]

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Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphocytosis: Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoma, Small Lymphocytic: A low-grade malignant lymphoma that may, in some cases, be considered histologically identical to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It is diffuse in pattern, representing the neoplastic proliferation of well-differentiated Blymphocytes. In patients with immunoglobulin gammopathies, the lymphocytes may exhibit plasmacytoid characteristics. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into

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computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megakaryocytes: Very large bone marrow cells which release mature blood platelets. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH]

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Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH]

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Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase.

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Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonmalignant: Not cancerous. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Ovum Implantation: Endometrial implantation of the blastocyst. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-

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inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] PDQ: Physician Data Query. PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information is available on the CancerNet Web site, and more specific information about PDQ can be found at http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov/pdq.html. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. The drug is effective in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly hairy-cell leukemia. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity. [NIH]

Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides

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(industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polycythemia Vera: A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by

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abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitating Factors: Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc. [NIH] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or

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severity. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells,

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which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Residual disease: Cancer cells that remain after attempts have been made to remove the cancer. [NIH] Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs. [NIH] Reticuloendotheliosis: Hyperplasia of reticuloendothelial tissue, in any organ or tissue. A related concept is reticulosis which is an increase in reticuloendothelial elements. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH]

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Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rituximab: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second cancer: Refers to a new primary cancer that is caused by previous cancer treatment, or a new primary cancer in a person with a history of cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic

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system. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenectomy: An operation to remove the spleen. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH]

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Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH]

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Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trabecular Meshwork: A porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the canal of Schlemm. [NIH] Trabeculectomy: Any surgical procedure for treatment of glaucoma by means of puncture or reshaping of the trabecular meshwork. It includes goniotomy, trabeculotomy, and laser perforation. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trophoblast: The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst which works its way into the endometrium during ovum implantation and grows rapidly, later combining with mesoderm. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs,

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administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to

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treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 88, 91, 112, 115, 116, 120 Aberrant, 10, 12, 91 Acatalasia, 91, 97 Acetylcholine, 91, 114, 115 Acid Phosphatase, 30, 91 Acute leukemia, 77, 91 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 91 Acute myeloid leukemia, 38, 46, 91 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 91 Acute renal, 91, 106 Adenine, 91 Adenopathy, 42, 91 Adenosine, 7, 13, 39, 40, 91, 116, 117 Adenosine Deaminase, 7, 40, 91, 116 Adrenal Cortex, 91, 100 Affinity, 5, 41, 91 Agar, 92, 100 Algorithms, 92, 95 Alkaline, 10, 92, 93, 96 Alkaline Phosphatase, 10, 92 Alkylating Agents, 92, 101 Alleles, 92, 110 Alopecia, 92, 100 Alpha Particles, 92, 119 Alternative medicine, 92 Amino acid, 92, 93, 94, 106, 108, 111, 116, 118, 119 Amino Acid Sequence, 92, 93 Amino-terminal, 62, 92 Ammonia, 91, 93 Anaesthesia, 93, 108 Anal, 38, 93, 102 Analytes, 74, 93 Anaplasia, 93 Androgens, 61, 91, 93, 100 Anemia, 20, 21, 47, 49, 93, 104, 106, 110, 114 Animal model, 6, 93 Anions, 93, 109, 123 Annealing, 93, 118 Antiallergic, 93, 100 Antibacterial, 93, 122 Antibiotic, 93, 101, 122 Antibodies, 16, 35, 93, 105, 111, 113, 117, 119

Antibody, 14, 22, 30, 37, 38, 92, 93, 99, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 112, 113, 119, 120, 121, 122 Anticoagulant, 62, 93, 119 Antidote, 93, 109 Antigen, 14, 16, 23, 42, 92, 93, 99, 105, 106, 107, 108, 112 Anti-inflammatory, 7, 94, 100, 105, 116, 118 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 94, 100 Antimetabolite, 94, 113 Antineoplastic, 92, 94, 95, 98, 100, 101, 108, 113, 116, 125 Antineoplastic Agents, 92, 94, 116, 125 Antiproliferative, 6, 60, 94 Antiviral, 6, 94, 108 Anus, 93, 94, 98 Aplastic anemia, 41, 94 Apolipoproteins, 94, 110 Apoptosis, 5, 23, 31, 94 Arginine, 94, 114 Arteries, 94, 96, 100, 111, 113 Arterioles, 94, 96, 125 Aspergillosis, 61, 94 Aspiration, 24, 44, 94 Assay, 6, 94 Asymptomatic, 9, 91, 94 Autologous, 29, 94 Autopsy, 28, 94 B Bacteria, 93, 94, 95, 113, 121, 122, 124 Bacteriophage, 94, 124 Bacterium, 94, 106 Basophils, 95, 105, 110 Benign, 95, 114, 120, 125 Bilateral, 5, 95 Bile, 95, 107, 110 Biochemical, 13, 92, 94, 95, 104 Biological therapy, 95, 105 Biomarkers, 5, 95 Biopsy, 4, 29, 38, 88, 95 Biopsy specimen, 29, 95 Biotechnology, 8, 69, 95 Bladder, 5, 95, 119, 124 Blastocyst, 95, 115, 124 Bleomycin, 61, 95 Blood Cell Count, 74, 95, 106 Blood Coagulation, 95, 96

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Blood Platelets, 95, 112, 123 Blood pressure, 7, 95, 113 Blood vessel, 95, 96, 102, 106, 111, 112, 116, 121, 123, 125 Blood Volume, 96, 118 Body Fluids, 95, 96, 124 Bolus, 51, 96 Bolus infusion, 96 Bolus injection, 51, 96 Bone marrow biopsy, 51, 88, 96 Bone Marrow Cells, 25, 96, 112 Bradykinin, 96, 115 C Calcium, 32, 56, 96, 99, 109 Calmodulin, 56, 96 Carbohydrate, 96, 100, 118 Carcinogenesis, 5, 96 Carcinogens, 96, 114, 115 Carcinoma, 4, 6, 23, 39, 60, 97 Cardiac, 7, 50, 97, 114 Cardiac Output, 7, 97 Case report, 9, 11, 24, 27, 39, 41, 43, 44, 50, 97 Case-Control Studies, 23, 97, 102 Catalase, 26, 91, 97 Causal, 97, 102 Cell Cycle, 6, 97, 100, 119 Cell Death, 94, 97, 105, 114 Cell Differentiation, 56, 97 Cell Division, 94, 97, 100, 105, 109, 113, 117 Cell Size, 62, 97, 104 Cell Survival, 97, 105 Cheilitis, 3, 97 Chemotherapy, 4, 34, 60, 61, 97, 99, 110 Cholesterol, 95, 97, 98, 110, 111 Cholesterol Esters, 97, 110 Chondrocytes, 97, 103 Chromatin, 94, 97, 102, 114 Chromosome, 16, 18, 31, 37, 44, 97, 98, 110 Chromosome Abnormalities, 31, 98 Chronic Disease, 98, 109 Chronic granulocytic leukemia, 98 Chronic leukemia, 77, 98, 110 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 8, 13, 15, 23, 29, 30, 33, 39, 47, 51, 98, 111 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 50, 98 Chylomicrons, 98, 110 Cladribine, 11, 15, 17, 22, 23, 24, 34, 41, 46, 51, 98 Clinical trial, 4, 5, 69, 98, 116, 119, 120 Clone, 56, 98

Cloning, 6, 95, 98 Cohort Studies, 98, 102 Collagen, 92, 98, 103, 104, 117, 120 Colon, 6, 10, 33, 98, 109 Colorectal, 6, 23, 98 Colorectal Cancer, 6, 98 Complement, 99, 105 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 63, 99 Complementary medicine, 59, 99 Complete response, 48, 99 Computational Biology, 69, 99 Connective Tissue, 96, 98, 99, 104, 111, 123 Consolidation, 35, 99 Consolidation therapy, 35, 99 Contraindications, ii, 99 Coronary, 100, 113 Coronary Thrombosis, 100, 113 Corticosteroid, 4, 100, 118 Cortisone, 100, 118 Cross-Sectional Studies, 100, 102 Cryptococcus, 28, 100 Culture Media, 7, 92, 100 Cutaneous, 6, 12, 16, 46, 100 Cyclic, 96, 100, 105, 115 Cyclin, 30, 100 Cyclophosphamide, 60, 100 Cytogenetics, 5, 15, 16, 18, 100 Cytokine, 7, 17, 100 Cytoplasm, 94, 95, 100, 101, 102, 113, 114 Cytoskeleton, 10, 100 Cytotoxic, 61, 101, 119, 120 Cytotoxicity, 6, 101 D Dacarbazine, 61, 101 Data Collection, 5, 101 Daunorubicin, 101 Deamination, 10, 101 Degenerative, 101, 106 Deletion, 94, 101 Denaturation, 101, 118 Density, 20, 101, 104, 110, 115 Diagnostic procedure, 101 Diffusion, 101, 108 Digestion, 95, 101, 109, 110, 123 Digestive tract, 101, 122 Direct, iii, 101, 120 Dissociation, 92, 101 Doxorubicin, 60, 61, 101 Dura mater, 101, 112, 115 Dyes, 95, 101, 104, 114

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E Efficacy, 5, 21, 22, 102 Effusion, 102, 111 Electrolyte, 100, 102, 113 Electrons, 102, 109, 119, 120 Electrophoresis, 102, 107 Embryo, 95, 97, 102, 108, 112 Endemic, 102, 122 Endogenous, 7, 43, 102 Endometrium, 102, 124 Endothelial cell, 102, 103 Endothelium, 102, 115 Endothelium-derived, 102, 115 Environmental Exposure, 5, 102, 115 Environmental Health, 16, 68, 70, 102 Enzymatic, 92, 96, 99, 102, 118 Enzyme, 91, 92, 97, 102, 105, 109, 116, 118, 119, 120, 123, 125 Eosinophils, 102, 105, 110 Epidemic, 102, 122 Epidemiologic Studies, 6, 102 Epidermoid carcinoma, 102, 122 Epigastric, 103, 115 Epitope, 62, 103 Erythrocyte Indices, 95, 103 Erythrocytes, 93, 95, 96, 103, 120 Erythropoietin, 53, 103 Esophagus, 6, 101, 103, 123 Ethnic Groups, 6, 103 Eukaryotic Cells, 103, 108 Excitation, 103, 104, 114 Exocrine, 103, 115 Exogenous, 102, 103 Exotoxin, 5, 103 Extracellular, 99, 103 Extracellular Matrix, 99, 103 F Facial, 4, 103, 116 Family Planning, 69, 103 Fat, 96, 100, 103, 110, 121 Fetus, 103 Fibril, 103, 120 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 13, 103 Fibroblasts, 31, 103 Fibronectin, 32, 103 Fibrosis, 21, 49, 104, 121 Flow Cytometry, 19, 28, 104, 107 Fludarabine, 13, 25, 61, 104 Fluorescence, 15, 104 Fluorescent Dyes, 104 Fold, 104, 112 Folic Acid, 104, 109

Forearm, 96, 104 Fungi, 94, 104, 113, 124, 126 G Gamma Rays, 104, 114, 120 Gas, 93, 101, 104, 107, 114, 115, 125 Gelatin, 100, 104 Gene, 12, 14, 32, 37, 47, 92, 95, 104, 105, 115 Gene Expression, 14, 104 Gene Rearrangement, 12, 104 Genetic Engineering, 95, 98, 105 Genetic Markers, 5, 105 Genetic testing, 105, 118 Genetics, 5, 6, 15, 16, 18, 91, 100, 105, 116 Genotype, 5, 105, 117 Giant Cells, 105, 121 Gland, 91, 100, 105, 111, 115, 116, 117, 119, 121 Glioma, 5, 105 Glucocorticoid, 105, 118 Glycoprotein, 30, 103, 105, 124 Goniotomy, 105, 124 Governing Board, 105, 118 Grade, 105, 111 Granulocyte, 26, 53, 105 Granulocytopenia, 105, 110 Growth factors, 56, 105 Guanylate Cyclase, 105, 115 H Half-Life, 7, 105 Haptens, 92, 105 Hematocrit, 95, 103, 106 Hematologic malignancies, 62, 106 Hematopoietic growth factors, 31, 106 Hemoglobin, 93, 95, 103, 106 Hemolytic, 21, 47, 106 Hemorrhage, 11, 18, 106, 123 Hepatitis, 6, 106 Hepatocytes, 106 Hereditary, 6, 106, 116 Heredity, 104, 105, 106 Heterogeneity, 4, 92, 106 Histidine, 106, 108 Histology, 106, 116 Homologous, 92, 106, 119 Hormonal, 6, 100, 106 Hormone, 100, 103, 106 Human papillomavirus, 24, 106 Humoral, 39, 106 Humour, 106, 107 Hybrid, 98, 107

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Hydrogen, 96, 97, 101, 107, 113, 114, 119, 123 Hydrogen Peroxide, 97, 107, 123 Hydrolysis, 91, 107, 118 Hydrophobic, 107, 110 Hyperplasia, 36, 107, 120 Hypertrophy, 107 I Idiopathic, 107, 121 Immune response, 93, 100, 105, 107, 108, 125 Immune system, 95, 107, 111, 125 Immunoglobulin, 10, 29, 30, 52, 93, 107, 111, 113 Immunoglobulin Isotypes, 52, 107 Immunologic, 24, 107, 120 Immunology, 13, 33, 56, 92, 104, 107 Immunophenotyping, 37, 107 Immunosuppressant, 92, 107, 113 Immunosuppression, 107, 115 Immunosuppressive, 41, 100, 105, 107, 108, 116 Immunosuppressive therapy, 41, 108 In situ, 15, 108 In Situ Hybridization, 15, 108 In vitro, 5, 7, 8, 31, 32, 61, 108, 118 In vivo, 5, 7, 31, 108 Induction, 11, 31, 56, 93, 99, 108 Infarction, 100, 108, 113 Infection, 4, 12, 20, 28, 95, 105, 108, 111, 115, 123, 125 Infiltration, 12, 44, 49, 108, 110 Inflammation, 94, 97, 104, 106, 108, 112, 115, 117, 122, 125 Infusion, 24, 96, 108 Insecticides, 108, 117 Interferon Alfa-2a, 43, 108 Interferon-alpha, 9, 13, 16, 17, 21, 26, 35, 37, 41, 42, 45, 108 Interleukin-1, 17, 108 Interleukin-2, 41, 109 Intermittent, 24, 109 Interphase, 15, 51, 109 Intestine, 98, 106, 109, 125 Intracellular, 8, 32, 108, 109, 115 Intraepithelial, 38, 109 Intravascular, 109, 110 Intravenous, 96, 108, 109 Intrinsic, 92, 109 Invasive, 109, 111 Ionizing, 92, 102, 109, 120 Ions, 96, 101, 102, 107, 109

Isoenzyme, 30, 109 K Kb, 68, 109 Kinetics, 40, 109 L Large Intestine, 98, 101, 109, 120 Latent, 109, 118 Lesion, 10, 109, 111 Leucocyte, 109, 110 Leucovorin, 61, 109 Leukaemia, 60, 62, 109 Leukemia, Hairy Cell, 12, 110 Leukemia, Myeloid, 62, 110 Leukemic Infiltration, 110 Leukocytes, 95, 96, 102, 108, 110, 113, 114, 116, 124 Leukocytosis, 21, 110, 118 Leukostasis, 11, 110 Libido, 93, 110 Ligament, 110, 119 Linkage, 6, 105, 110 Linkage Disequilibrium, 6, 110 Lip, 3, 110 Lipid, 94, 110 Lipoprotein, 20, 110, 111 Liver, 9, 91, 95, 100, 103, 104, 106, 110, 118, 121 Localization, 5, 10, 111 Localized, 27, 61, 108, 111, 117 Loop, 13, 111 Low-density lipoprotein, 110, 111 Lymph, 9, 62, 88, 91, 102, 107, 110, 111, 121 Lymph node, 111, 121 Lymphadenopathy, 9, 62, 110, 111 Lymphatic, 12, 102, 108, 111, 121, 122, 123 Lymphatic system, 111, 122, 123 Lymphocyte, 11, 23, 25, 40, 56, 94, 107, 111, 112 Lymphocyte Subsets, 25, 111 Lymphocytic, 22, 36, 47, 56, 60, 75, 110, 111 Lymphocytosis, 28, 42, 43, 62, 111 Lymphoid, 6, 39, 62, 93, 109, 111 Lymphoma, Small Lymphocytic, 30, 111 Lymphoproliferative, 19, 98, 111, 116 Lysine, 108, 111 M Macrophage, 7, 109, 111 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 12, 111 Maintenance therapy, 11, 112 Malignancy, 33, 112, 115

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Malignant, 4, 6, 32, 36, 50, 60, 61, 62, 89, 94, 111, 112, 114, 120 Malignant tumor, 112, 114 Mediator, 109, 112 Medical Records, 112, 121 MEDLINE, 69, 112 Megakaryocytes, 96, 112 Melanocytes, 112 Melanoma, 6, 36, 112 Membrane, 7, 99, 103, 112, 117, 118 Memory, 18, 112 Meninges, 101, 112 Meningitis, 17, 112 Menopause, 112, 118 Mental, iv, 4, 68, 70, 101, 112 Mercury, 104, 112 Mesenteric, 44, 112 Mesentery, 112, 116 Mesoderm, 112, 124 Metabolite, 109, 113 Metastasis, 113 Methotrexate, 61, 113 MI, 16, 29, 89, 113 Microbe, 113, 124 Microorganism, 113, 125 Migration, 4, 113 Mineralocorticoids, 91, 100, 113 Mitosis, 94, 113 Mitotic, 113, 125 Modeling, 6, 113 Molecular, 4, 5, 6, 37, 59, 62, 69, 71, 95, 96, 99, 100, 113, 123, 124 Molecule, 93, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 107, 113, 120, 125 Monitor, 113, 115 Monoclonal, 8, 11, 14, 21, 29, 30, 37, 38, 62, 113, 121 Monoclonal antibodies, 8, 21, 62, 113, 121 Monocytes, 108, 110, 113 Mononuclear, 56, 113, 124 Morphology, 9, 17, 59, 114 Multiple Myeloma, 33, 114 Mustard Gas, 114 Mutagen, 6, 114 Myelogenous, 75, 114 Myeloma, 38, 47, 62, 75, 114 Myocardium, 113, 114 N NCI, 1, 67, 114, 116 Necrosis, 94, 108, 113, 114, 121 Neoplasia, 114 Neoplasm, 114

Neoplastic, 7, 13, 93, 110, 111, 114 Neural, 107, 114 Neurotransmitter, 91, 92, 96, 114 Neutrons, 92, 114, 119 Neutrophils, 10, 105, 110, 114 Nitric Oxide, 50, 114 Nitrogen, 93, 100, 115 Nonmalignant, 61, 115 Nuclear, 9, 102, 103, 104, 114, 115 Nuclei, 92, 102, 105, 111, 113, 114, 115, 119 Nucleic acid, 108, 115 Nucleus, 94, 95, 97, 100, 102, 103, 104, 113, 114, 115, 119, 123 O Ocular, 39, 40, 115 Ointments, 115 Oncogene, 31, 115 Opacity, 101, 115 Opportunistic Infections, 31, 115 Ovum, 115, 124 Ovum Implantation, 115, 124 P Pachymeningitis, 112, 115 Pancreas, 40, 91, 95, 115, 124 Pancreatic, 5, 115 Pancreatic cancer, 5, 115 Papillomavirus, 115 Paraffin, 30, 115 Parotid, 116, 121 Partial remission, 116, 120 Particle, 116, 124 Pathogenesis, 49, 116 Pathologic, 94, 95, 100, 110, 116 Pathologic Processes, 94, 116 PDQ, 75, 116 Pelvic, 116, 119 Pentostatin, 7, 12, 18, 33, 34, 35, 40, 41, 43, 48, 116 Peptide, 92, 103, 116, 118, 119 Perforation, 116, 124 Perfusion, 7, 116 Peripheral blood, 14, 25, 41, 50, 108, 116 Peritoneal, 7, 116 Peritoneum, 112, 116, 120 Peroxidase, 26, 116 Peroxide, 116 Pesticides, 6, 22, 23, 108, 116 Petroleum, 115, 117 Pharmacologic, 105, 117, 124 Phenotype, 5, 25, 38, 117 Phospholipids, 103, 110, 117 Phosphorus, 96, 117

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Physiologic, 105, 117, 120 Pigment, 112, 117 Pilot study, 6, 117 Pituitary Gland, 100, 103, 117 Plants, 114, 117, 124 Plasma, 59, 93, 96, 97, 103, 104, 106, 113, 114, 117, 121 Plasma cells, 93, 114, 117 Platelet Aggregation, 115, 117 Platelets, 88, 115, 117 Platinum, 111, 117 Pneumonia, 99, 117 Poisoning, 112, 117, 121 Polyarthritis, 15, 117 Polycythemia Vera, 27, 117 Polymerase, 29, 37, 118 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 29, 37, 118 Polypeptide, 92, 98, 118 Polyposis, 98, 118 Polysaccharide, 93, 118 Posterior, 93, 115, 118 Potentiates, 109, 118 Practice Guidelines, 70, 118 Precipitating Factors, 4, 118 Predisposition, 4, 118 Prednisolone, 118 Prednisone, 60, 118 Premenopausal, 6, 118 Progression, 5, 93, 118 Progressive, 60, 97, 114, 118 Prostate, 5, 95, 119, 124 Protease, 10, 119 Protein C, 92, 94, 107, 110, 119 Protein S, 95, 119 Proteins, 62, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, 99, 106, 109, 113, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 124 Proteinuria, 114, 119 Protocol, 48, 51, 119 Protons, 92, 107, 109, 119 Proto-Oncogenes, 14, 119 Public Policy, 69, 119 Publishing, 8, 119 Pulmonary, 19, 95, 119 Pulmonary Artery, 95, 119 R Race, 113, 119 Radiation, 9, 102, 104, 107, 109, 119, 120, 125 Radioactive, 105, 107, 113, 115, 119, 120 Radioimmunotherapy, 119, 120 Radiolabeled, 4, 120 Radiotherapy, 44, 119, 120

Randomized, 9, 43, 102, 120 Receptor, 6, 17, 20, 41, 47, 94, 120 Recombinant, 6, 16, 21, 31, 40, 42, 43, 108, 120, 125 Recombinant Proteins, 6, 120 Recombination, 104, 105, 120 Rectum, 94, 98, 101, 104, 109, 119, 120 Red blood cells, 103, 106, 120 Reductase, 113, 120 Refer, 1, 99, 104, 111, 114, 120, 124 Refraction, 120, 122 Refractory, 25, 45, 120 Regeneration, 103, 120 Regimen, 60, 102, 120 Relapse, 37, 43, 44, 61, 120 Remission, 9, 12, 34, 37, 41, 43, 44, 45, 49, 52, 60, 112, 120 Renal cell carcinoma, 17, 47, 120 Residual disease, 13, 16, 18, 25, 37, 120 Reticulin, 49, 120 Reticuloendotheliosis, 26, 33, 53, 120 Retroperitoneal, 62, 120 Retrospective, 27, 35, 45, 121 Retrospective study, 35, 121 Ribose, 91, 121 Risk factor, 6, 16, 23, 102, 121 Rituximab, 22, 41, 45, 48, 121 S Salivary, 115, 121 Sarcoidosis, 4, 27, 121 Screening, 76, 98, 116, 121 Second cancer, 45, 46, 121 Secretion, 100, 107, 113, 121 Semen, 119, 121 Sepsis, 7, 121 Septic, 7, 46, 121 Septicemia, 8, 121 Sequencing, 118, 121 Serum, 17, 46, 47, 99, 111, 113, 121, 124 Sex Characteristics, 93, 121 Side effect, 95, 100, 121, 123 Signs and Symptoms, 120, 121 Skeletal, 27, 93, 114, 121 Skeleton, 121 Soft tissue, 96, 121 Solid tumor, 95, 101, 121 Soma, 122 Somatic, 47, 107, 113, 122 Specialist, 78, 122 Species, 6, 91, 100, 107, 113, 119, 122, 123, 124, 125 Specificity, 8, 92, 122

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Spectrum, 6, 20, 122 Sperm, 93, 97, 122 Spleen, 20, 24, 43, 52, 53, 87, 88, 110, 111, 118, 121, 122 Splenectomy, 35, 48, 49, 61, 122 Splenomegaly, 36, 110, 118, 122 Sporadic, 5, 122 Squamous, 24, 103, 122 Squamous cell carcinoma, 24, 103, 122 Squamous cells, 122 Staging, 26, 29, 122 Stem Cells, 103, 122 Sterility, 100, 122 Steroids, 100, 105, 122 Stomach, 91, 101, 103, 106, 110, 122, 123 Stool, 98, 109, 123 Strand, 118, 123 Stress, 118, 123 Stroke, 68, 97, 123 Stromal, 96, 123 Stromal Cells, 96, 123 Subacute, 108, 123 Subclinical, 108, 123 Subcutaneous, 48, 51, 123 Subspecies, 122, 123 Superoxide, 26, 123 Superoxide Dismutase, 26, 123 Supportive care, 116, 123 Suppression, 6, 100, 123 Symphysis, 119, 123 Symptomatic, 48, 89, 123 Synergistic, 116, 123 Systemic, 4, 7, 96, 108, 118, 121, 123, 125 Systemic disease, 4, 121, 123 T Thermal, 101, 114, 118, 123 Thrombocytopenia, 48, 110, 123 Thymus, 111, 123 Topical, 107, 115, 123 Toxic, iv, 92, 101, 102, 103, 123, 124 Toxicity, 5, 6, 112, 124 Toxicology, 70, 124 Toxin, 4, 124 Trabecular Meshwork, 124 Trabeculectomy, 18, 124

Transduction, 6, 124 Transfection, 95, 124 Trophoblast, 6, 95, 124 Tuberculosis, 4, 124 Tumor marker, 95, 124 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 8, 13, 50, 56, 124 Tumor suppressor gene, 37, 124 U Ureters, 124 Urethra, 119, 124 Urinary, 61, 124 Urinary tract, 61, 124 Urine, 95, 119, 124 V Vaccines, 124, 125 Vascular, 7, 10, 102, 108, 115, 125 Vascular Resistance, 7, 125 Vasculitis, 11, 125 Vasodilators, 115, 125 Vector, 124, 125 Vein, 109, 115, 116, 125 Venous, 95, 119, 125 Venous blood, 95, 125 Veterinary Medicine, 69, 125 Villi, 125 Villous, 44, 50, 125 Vinblastine, 61, 125 Vinca Alkaloids, 125 Vincristine, 60, 125 Viral, 6, 105, 119, 124, 125 Virulence, 124, 125 Virus, 16, 22, 94, 105, 106, 108, 124, 125 Viscera, 112, 122, 125 Vitro, 5, 7, 125 Vivo, 7, 23, 125 W Warts, 106, 125 White blood cell, 88, 93, 98, 105, 110, 111, 114, 117, 125 Wound Healing, 103, 125 X Xenograft, 93, 125 X-ray, 104, 114, 115, 120, 125 Y Yeasts, 104, 117, 126

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