Great books of the Western world, vol. 40 [40]

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GREAT BOOKS OP THE WESTERN WORLD GILBERT GALILEO

41.

GIBBON

HARVEY

42.

KANT

29.

CERVANTES

43.

AMERICAN STATE

30.

FRANCIS BACON

28.

II

PAPERS

THE FEDERALIST J. S.

MILL

DESCARTES SPINOZA

44.

BOSWELL

32.

MILTON

45.

33.

PASCAL

LAVOISIER FOURIER

34.

NEWTON

31.

FARADAY

HUYGENS 55.

LOCKE BERKELEY

46.

HEGEL

47.

GOETHE

52.

48.

MELVILLE

53.

HUME

49. 54. 36.

S

SWIFT STERNE

50.

DARWIN

MARX ENGELS

^ ^

37.

FIELDING 51.

TOLSTOY 1U1.J»1UT

38.

MONTESQUIEU ROUSSEAU

52.

DOSTOEVSKY

39.

ADAM SMITH

53.

WILLIAM JAMES

40.

GIBBON

54.

FREUD

SfH

~

I

^

™

tiMiiitiitiiiititimiititiiitniitiiiiiiiiii

isiHa

a»»s

GREAT BOOKS OF THE WESTERN WORLD ROBERT MAYNARD HUTCHINS, EDITOR IN CHIEF

40.

GIBBON: I

Mortimer J. Adler,

Associate Editor

Members of the Adv'mry Board: Stringfellow Barr, Scott Buciianan, John Ersicinb, Clarence H. Faust, Alexander Meiklejohn, Joseph J. Sqiwab, Mark Van Dorbn. Editorial Consultants; A. F. B. Clark, F. L. Lucas, Walter Murdoch. Wallace Brockvtay, Executive Editor

THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE

ROMAN EMPIRE VOLUME I BY EDWARD GIBBON

William Benton,

Publisher

ENCYCLOPAEDIA «RITANNICA, INC. CHICAGO

LONDON TORONTO GENEVA •

•

The annotations in this edition are derived Srom the edition in Everyman’s Library, edited by Oliphant Smeaton, by permission of J. M. Dfnt & Sons Ltd., London, and £. P. Dotion Co. Inc., New York

&

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO The Great Books with the editorial advice of the faculties qf The University of Chicago

is published

1923

ST Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Copyright under Internationai. Copyright Union

All Rights Reserved under Pan American and Universal Copyright Conventions by Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE Edward Gibbon, Edward Gibbon was

Roman Upon

attributed his survival to the affectionate care of his aunt, Catherine Porten, “the true mother

of

my mind

as well as

my

health.”

It

was she

reading,” which he pursued widely in his grandfather’s library until his “indiscriminate appetite subsided by degrees in the historic line.” Gibbon’s early schooling had been irregular and frequently interrupted by illness. Then, suddenly, as he approached his sixteenth year, “his disorders wonderfully vanished.” Shortly afterwards his father sent him to Oxford. Here he received neither instruction nor companionship, finding the boys frivolous, the dons indolent, and hi" U‘*.4:cen months at the university “the most idle and unprofitable” of his whole

and

militia,

Gibbon

October 1764, as

I

sat

musing

of Jupiter, the idea of writing the decline and fall of the city first started to my mind.” But it w'as not until 1772, tw'O years after the death of his father, that Gibbon settled in London and submitted himself to the rigours of his life work. In the interim, he made several sallies into the field of polite letters, dividing his time between the family home at Buriton and the fashionable clubs of London. His membership in Johnson’s literary club was an annoyance to Boswell, who described him as “an ugly, affected, disgusting fellow.” Gibbon w'as elected to the House of Commons in 1 774. Although he held his scat during the stormy years of the American Revolution, he did not speak once. Like his stint in the Hampshire militia, his eight st'ssions in parliament he considered not w'asted; they comprised “a school of civic prudence, the first and most

young

Gibbon repudiated his Catholicism and followed a carefully supervised program of studies w'ith particular emphasis on the French and l.atin classics and on the mastery of these languages. At the age of twenty. Gibbon fell in love with Suzanne Cui chod, who found his unprepossessing appearance “spirituclle et singuli^re” and reciprocated his aifections. His request for his father’s permission to marry her met with refusal. He quietly acceded: “Without his consent,” he wrote, “I was destitute and helpless. I sighed as a lover, I obeyed as a son.” The Seven Years’ War had already been in progress for a year, when, in 1 758, Gibbon returned to England, more French than English in his outlook. From 1759 until the w'ar ended in 1 763, he served as a captain under his father in the Hampshire Militia. He assessed the value of this experience as making him “an Englishman and a soldier” and as giving him insight into military organization

from the

amidst the ruins of the Capitol, while the barefooted friars were singing Vespers in the Temple

In the course of his solitary literary rambles during these fourteen months, Gibbon became converted to Catholicism. He wrote to his father of the step, and the elder Gibbon, with the impetuosity that seems to have characterized his dealings with his son, sent the six teen -year-old youth to Lausanne. Here under the tutelage of Pavilliard,

his release

fifteenth of

life.

M.

Empire.”

decided to embark on a long-projected tour of Europe. In 1761 he completed, in French, his first work. Essay on the Study 0/ Literature^ in defense of classical studies. This had given him some status abroad and when, in 1763, he visited Paris, his essay “entitled” him to a “favorable reception.” But it was Rome that moved him to an unwonted enthusiasm, that seemed to give a new form and vividness to all he had read and studied. Here, according to a celebrated passage of the Memoirs: “On the

in his “invincible love of

the Calvinist minister,

737-1794

“so that the Captain of the Hampshire Grenadiers has not been useless to the historian of the

the eldest of seven chil-

dren born to Edward Gibbon and Julia Porten, and their only child to survive infancy. He

who encouraged him

i

essential virtue of

The

first

a historian.”

volume of The

lished in 1776, w'as

Decline and Fall, pubimmediately acclaimed as a

and attacked for its discussion of ChrisVolumes II and III, which followed shortly afterwards, were more quietly received. Since 1779 Gibbon had been serving on the Board of Trade, a sinecure which added to his income. The Board existed in a state of “perpetual virtual adjournment” and “unbroken classic

tianity.

sitting

vacation” until

sult of the

tactics,

V

it

w^as dissolved as

campaign conducted against

a reit

by

1

Biographical Note

vi

Edmund Burke in 1782. Shortly afterwards, the historian also lost his seat in parliament. As it now became impossible for him to maintain himself in London, he arranged to live in Lausanne with his life-long friend, George

Deyverdun. At Lausanne, in the comfort of his wellappointed bachelor quarters, the last three volumes reached rapid completion. In a famous passage of his autobiography, he commemorates his deliverance from his labors: 4 t was on the night of the 27th of June 1787, between the hours of eleven and twelve, that I wrote the last line of the last page in a summer-house in my ‘

garden.

After laying

down my

pen,

several turns in a berceau, or covered

I

took

walk of

acacias ... 1 will not dissemble the first emotions of joy on the recovery of my freedom, and,

perhaps the establishment of my fame. But my pride was soon humbled, and a sober mel-

ancholy was spread over my mind by the idea that I had taken an everlasting leave of an old and agreeable companion, and that whatsoever might be the future fate of my history, the life of the historian must be short and precarious.” For Gibbon it had always been reading and study that “supplied each day, each hour, with a perpetual source of independent and rational pleasure,” just as his library had been “the foundation” of his works and the “best comfort” of his life. In the “autumnal felicity” that followed in wake of the completion of The Decline and Fall^ Gibbon began work on his autobiography. But the mood was shattered by the death of the

Deyverdun in I78q, and in 1793 Gibbon returned to London. He had been suffering for some time from dropsy and the gout and upon his return, underwent a number of operations. Gibbon died January 16, 1794.

4 2 6 8 71

1

CONTENTS: VOLUME ONE CHAPTERS

I

— XL

Biographical Note.v I.

&

Military Force of the Empire The Extent Age of the Antomnes

2 2

At

2

Roman Emperors Discipline Ex.

Ridicule and solid Advantages of hereditary Succession Want of it in the Roman Empire productive of the greatest Calamities Birth and Fortunes of Maximin ^ * His Military Service and Honours Conspiracy of Maxinyn 235. Murder of Alexander Severus Tyranny of Maximin Oppression of the Provinces 237. Revolt in Africa Character and Elevation of the two

The apparent

Gordians

They

solicit

69 69 69 69 70 70 71 71 71

the Confirmation of their

Authority

The Senate

68

243.

244.

72 73

Italy

73 73

Prepares for a Civil War 237. Defeat and Death of the two

Gordians Election of Maximus by the Senate

73

and Balbinus 73

Their Characters

Tumult at Rome The younger Gordian

74 74 is

Games

Decline of the

Roman Empire

74 75 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 77

77 77 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79

the Restoration of

A.D.

The

Barbarians of the East and of

the North

79

Revolutions of Asia Ihe Persian Monarchy restored by Artaxerxes Reformation of the Magian Religion Persian Theology, two Winciples Religious Worship Ceremonies and moial Precepts Encouragement of Agriculture Power of the Magi Spirit of Persecution Establishment of the Royal Authority in the Provinces Extent and Population of Persia Recapitulation of the War between the Parthian and Roman Empires Cities of Selcucia and Ctesiphon 216. Conquest of Osrhocne by the Romans 230. Artaxerxes claims the Provinces of Asia, and declares War against the

Romans

80 Bo 80 81

81 81

82 82 83

83 83 83

84 84

84

233. Pretended Victory of Alexander

the Election of

the Gordians Declares Maximin a public enemy Assumes the Command of Rome and

Caesar

240.

242.

72 ratifies

Son

His Portrait Joy of the Roman World

instituted

The Excise Tax on Legacies and

Marches

Siege of Aquileia Conduct of Maximus 238. Murder of Maximin and his

65 65 66

Of the Isle of Gyarus Amount of the Revenue

II.

Maximin prepares to attack the Senate and their Emperors

on

Citizens

declared

74

Severus More piobable Account of the War 240. Character and Maxims of Artaxerxes Military Power of the Persians Their Infantry contemptible 'Pheir Cavalry cxcelleot

85 85 85 86 86 86

IX. 7 he State of Germany Till the Invasion of the Barbarians in the Time of the Emperor Dedus A.D.

Extent of Germany Climate Its Effects

on the Natives

86 87 87

Contents Origin of the Germans Fables and Conjectures

88 88 88 88 8g

The Germans

ignorant of Letters Of Arts and Agriculture Of the Use of Metals Their Indolence Their Taste for strong Liquors State of Population

89 90 90 90

German Freedom Assemblies of the People Authority of the Princes and Magistrates More absolute over the Property than over the Persons of the Germans

91 91 91

Voluntary Engagements

German

92 92 92 93 93 93 94

Chastity

Its probable Causes Religion

Its Effects in

Peace

Its Effects in

War

The Bards Causes which checked the Progress of the Germans Want of Arms Want of Discipline Civil Dissensions of Germany Fomenteti by the Policy of Rome against

7'idnsu*it

94 94 94 95 95

German

93 9b 96

Tribes

Numbers X. The Emperors

Defeat and Death of Decius and his

Son

101

251. Election of Gallus 252. Retreat of the Goths

101 101

Gallus purchases Peace by the Payment of an annual Tribute Popular Discontent 253. Victory and Revolt of iCmilianus Gallus abandoned and slain Valerian revenges the Death of Gallus Is

acknowledged Emperor

Character of Valerian 253-268. General Misfortunes of the Reigns of Valerian and Gallienus Inroads of the Barbarians Origin and Confederacy of the

Franks 7'hey invade Gaul

Ravage Spain Pass over into Africa Origin and Renown of the Suevi A mixed Body of Suevi assume the Name of Alcmanni

Invade Gaul and Italy Are repulsed from Rome by the Senate and People

Deciusy GalluSy /EmilianuSy Valer-

and Gallienus. The General Irruption of Barbarians. The Thirty Tyrants

the

tarty

96 96

7 he Kiiiperor Philip 249. Services, Revolt, Victory, and Reign of the Lmperor Decius 250. He marches against the Goths

Oi igin of

tlie

Goths from

Scandinavia

97 98 98

Religion of the Goths Institutions and Death of Odin Agreeable, but uncertain. Hypothesis concerning Odin Emigration of the Goths from

Scandinavia into Prussia From Prussia to the Ukraine The Gothic Nation increases in

98 98 98

its

March Distinction of the

99

Germans and

Sarmatians Description of the Ukraine The Goths invade the Roman Provinces 250. Various Events of the Gothic War 251, Dccius revives the Office of Censor in the Person of Valerian The Design impracticable and

without Effect

99 99

99 00 1

00

101

103 104 104 104 1

04

104 104

105

the Alemanni Inioads of the Goths Conquest of the Bosphorus by the

105 105

Goths

1

Naval Expeilition of the Goths he Goths besiege and take

7’rebizond

Goths 7 hey plunder the

105 106 106 1

The Second Expedition 97 97

103 103

from the Military Service Gallienus contiacts an Alliance with

First

248-26B. The Nature of the Subject

102 103 103

Gallienus

7 he Goths acquire a Naval Force

A.D.

102 102 102 102

105

The Senators excluded by

Marcus

Antoninus Distinction of the

xi

06

of the

106 Cities of

Bithynia Retreat of the Goths 7'hird Naval Expedition of the

107 107

Goths

107

7'hcy pass the Bosphorus and the Hellespont Ravage Greece and threaten Italy Their Divisions and Retreat Ruin of the Temple of Ephesus Conduct of the Gotlis at Athens Conquest of Armenia by the Persians X^ilerian marches into the East 260. Is defeated and taken Prisoner by Sapor, King of Persia Sapor overruns Syria, Cilicia, and

107 1

08

108 108 109 109 109

109

Cappadocia Boldness and Success of Odenathus against Sapor 7Veatment of Valerian Character and Administration of

109

Gallienus

ill

lio 10

1

9 5 7 311

Contents

xii

The Thirty Tyrants Their real Number

1 1

not more than

nineteen Character and Merit of the Tyrants Their obscure Birth The Causes of their Rebellion Their Violent Deaths Fatal Consequences of these Usurpa-

1 1

1

12

112

tions

112

Disorders of Sicily Tumults of Alexandria Rebellion of the Isaurians

1 1

Famine and

1 1

Pestilence

268. Diminution of the

XI.

1 1

1 1

Human

Species

113 114 114

Reign of Claudius. Defeat of the Goths. Victories^

Triumph^ and Death of Aurelian

Behaviour of Zenobia Rebellion and Ruin of Palmyra Aurelian suppresses the Rebellion of Firmus in Egypt 274. Triumph of Aurelian His Treatment of Tetricus and

1 25 125

125 125

Zenobia His Magnificence and Devotion He suppresses a Sedition at Rome Observations upon it Cruelty of Aurelian 275. He marches into the East, and is

126 126 1 26 127 127

Assassinated

xrwT

1

f.r.f

in

M

.

e.

.t

t\

of Aurelian. Reigns of Tacitus^ Probus, Catus

28 .1

and

his Sons

A.D.

Aureolus invades Italy,

and besieged

at

is

defeated,

Milan

Death of Gallienus Character and Elevation of the Emperor Claudius 268. Death of Aureolus Clemency and Justice of Claudius He undertakes the Reformation of

1 1

18 18 18

i x

9

1 1

119 120

Aurelian

120

Usurpers Succession of Usurpers in Gaul 271. The Reign and Defeat of Tetricus 272. Character of Zenobia

Her Beauty and Learning Her Valour She revenges her Husband’s Death She reigns over the East and Egypt

The Expedition of Aurelian The Emperor defeats the Palmyrenians in the Battles of Antioch and Emesa The State of Palmyra It is

besieged by Aurelian

273. Aurelian

121

Authority of the Senate 'llicir Joy and Confidence 276. Tacitus Ls acknowledged by the

131

Asia and are repulsed by Tacitus 276. Death of the Emperor 'Tacitus Usurpation and Death of his Brother Florianus

Theu* Family Subsists in Obscurity Character and Elevation of the Emperor Probus His Respectful Conduct towards the Senate Victories of Probus over the Barbarians 277. He delivers Gaul from the Invasion of the

121

He He

121 121

122 122 122 122 122 123 123

123 124 124

beromes Master of

Zenobia, and of the City

He is elected Emperor He accepts the Purple

The Alani invade

1

118 1

29 29 129 1 30 1 30 1 30 1 1

Army 1

The Alemannic War « The Alemanni invade Italy They are at last vanquished by

271. Superstitious Ceremonies Fort ifications of Rome Aurelian suppresses the two

272.

1 1

128

129 the Senate

Character of Tacitus

16

117

Aurelian’s successful Reign His Severe Discipline He concludes a Treaty with the Goths He resigns to them the Province of Dacia

270.

1

The Goths invade

His Victory over the Goths 270. Death of the Empeior, who Recommends Aurelian for his Successor The Attempt and Fall of Quintilius Origin and Services of Aurelian

Months The Consul Assembles

116

Distress

the Empire and Firmness of Claudius

Extraordinary Contest between the the Senate for the Choice of an Emperor 275. A peaceful Interregnum of Eight

Army and

1 1

116 116

the 269.

Army

114 115

124

Germans carries his

builds a

Arms

into

Germany

131

131 131

132 132 132 1

33

1

33 34

1

Wall from the Rhine

Danube Introduction and Settlement of the to the

1

Barbarians

1

Daring Enterprise of the Franks

1

279. Revolt of Saturninus in Che East 280. Revolt of Bonosus and Proculus in

Gaul 28 x Ti iumph of the Emperot Probus His Discipline 282. His Death Election and Character of Carus The Sentiments of the Senate and .

34

34 35 1 35 36 36 x 36 136 137 X

1

People

137

Carus defeats the SarmaCians, and marches into the East

137

283.

Contents

He givea Audience to the Persian Ambassadors 283. His Victories, and extraordinary Death Hr is succeeded by his two Sons,

137 1 38

Carinus and Numerian 284. Vices of Carinus He celebrates the

Spectacles

Roman Games of Rome

The Amphitheatre Return of Numerian with

the

138 138 139 139 140

Army

from Persia Death of Numerian

140 141

284. Election of the Emperor Diocletian 285. Defeat and Death of C^arinus

141

Defeat of Galerius His Reception by Diocletian 297. Second Campaign of Galerius His Victory His Behaviour to his Royal Captives Negotiation for Peace Speech of the Persian Ambassador Answer of Galerius Moderation of Diocletian Conclusion of a Treaty of Peace Articles of the Treaty The Aborns fixed as the Limits

between the Empires

141

and His Three Asso~ and Constuntius. General Re-establishment of Order and 7 ranqmlity. The Persian War. Victory, and Triumph. The Sew Form of Administration, Abdication and Retirement of Diocletian and Maximian

XIII. I he Reign of dates, Maximian,

Diocletian

Armenia

Gaterius,

Iberia 303.

285. Elevation and Character of Diocletian

His Clemenry in Victory 'md Character of

142 142

286. Associatit-i*

Maximian

143

two

Czesars, Galcrius

and C'k^nstantius Departments and Harmony of the four Piinct'S Series of Events 287. State of the IVasants of I heir Rebellion And (Jhastlsement

Gaul

287. Revolt of (];iruiisius in Britain Iniportanee of Britziin

Power of Caraiisiiis Acknowledged by the other Emperors 294. His Death 29(>. Recovery of Britain by Constantius 289.

Def«*nee of the Frontiers Ff>rtirications

Dissensions of the Baibzirians

Conduct of the Emperors V'alour of the Caesars Treatment of the Barbarians

Wars

of Afri)

45 45 145 4b 14b 14b 146 146 146 1

1

1

296.

47 147 147 148 148 148 148

Country

149 1 49 149

War between

the Persians

151

151

151

151 131

52

152 152 152

52

1

153

Herculians Cnil Magistracies laid aside Imperlil Dignity and Titles Diocletian assumes the Diadem, and

154 154 154

R< •semblance to Charles

and the 149

V

Long Illness of Diocletian His Prudence C'ompliance of Maximian Retirement of Diocletian at Salona His Philo.wphy 313. His Death Des(Ti|)tion of Salona and the adjacent C.ountrv Of Diocletian’s Palace Decline of the Arts Decline of Letters

304.

The new

XIV.

53 153

1

1

1

53

54

Platonists

155 1

55

156 156 15b 156 156 157 157 157

157 158 158 1

58

159

Troubles after the Abdication of Diocletian.

Death of Constantius. Elevation of Constantine and MaxentiiLS, Six Emperors at the Same Time. Death of

Maximian and

tine over

Revolt of the People and Nobles Story of Mamgo I'hc Persians recover Armenia

Romans

150

from Rome Their Residence at Milan Their Rf'sidence at Nicomedia Debasement of Rome and of the Senate New Bodies of Guards, Jovlans and

Maximian

1

148 1 48

State of the

50

1

New Form

28b. If is Restoration to the 'Phrone of

Armenia

Triumph of Diocletian and Maximian Long Absence of the Emperors

introduces the Persian Ceremonial of .Administration, two Augiisti and two Czesars Increase of Taxes Abdication of Diocletian and

143

149 150 150 150

1

Cession of five Provinces beyond the T'igrb

A.D.

292. Assoi iation of

xiii

Galerius. Victories of Constan-

Maxentius and

Empire under

Licinius. Reunion of the

the Authority of Constantine

A.D.

305-323. Period of Civil

Wars and

Confusion Character and Situation of Constantius

Of Galerius

*59 *59 160

1

Contents

xiv

The two Cssars, Severus and Maximin Ambition of Galerius disappointed by two Revolutions 306. 274. Birth, Education, and Escape of Constantine Death of Constantius, and Elevation of Constantine

He

is

who

6o

160 160 161

acknowledged by Galerius,

him only the Title of and that of Augustus to

gives

Caesar,

Severus The Brothers and Sisters of Constantine Discontent of the Romans at the Apprehension of Taxes 306. Maxentius declared Emperor at

Rome 307.

1

Maximian reassumes the Purple Defeat and Death of Severus Maximian gives his Daughter Fausta, and the Title of Augustus, to Constantine

Galerius invades Italy His Retreat 307. Elevation of Licinius to the

162

176

Con-

Siege of Byzantium, and Naval Victory of Crispus Battle of Chrysopolis Submission and Death of Licinius 324. Reunion of the Empire

XV. The

Progress of the Christian Religion^

162 162

Importance of the Inquiry

163 163 163

I.

The

Jews Its

65

79 180 1

gradual Increase Religion better suited to

'I'heir

Defence than to (kjnquTdom Various Incitements to Martyrdom

205

Ardour of the first Christians Gradual Relaxation Three Methods of escaping

to

Christianity most favourably received by the Poor and Simple

205

Rejected by some eminent Men of the Brst and second Centuries Their Neglect of Prophecy Their Neglect of Miracles

205 206 206

Martyrdom Alternatives of Severity

Toleration The Ten Persecutions

208

208

2oq 210 21o 211 211

2I2 212

213 214 214

215

215 216 216 21 21

2

His Danger and Flight 257. His Banishment Ills

206 207 207 208

1

218 218 218 219 219 220 220

220

and 22 221

Contents

xvi

Supposed Edicts of Tiberius and Marcus Antoninus

Foundation of the City Extent Progress of the

221

Its

222 222 223

Edifices

180. State of the Christians in the

Gommodus and

Sevcrus 21 1-249. Of the Successors of Severus 244. Of Maximin, Philip, and Docius 252-260. Of Valerian, Gallicnus, and

Reigns of

his Successors

260. Paul of Samosata, his Manners 270. He Ls degraded from the See of

Antioch 274.

is

Hierarchy of the State I'hrce Ranks of Honour

Four Divisions of Office

Edict against the Christians Zeal and Punishment of a Christian Fire of the Palace of Nicomedia imputed to the Christians Execution of the first ¥Aict Demolition of the Churches Subsequent Edicts 303-31 1 General Idea of the Persecution In the Western Provinces, under Constantins and Constantine

I.

224

Ihe Patricians II. The Prartotian Priefccts The Pracfects of Rome and Constantinople

225

The

Pioconsuls, Vicc-Pracfccts, 8tc. 'Fhe Govei nors of the Provinces

225

The Profession of the Law The Military Officers

226

III.

Distinction of the Tioops

Reduction of the Legions Difficulty of Levies

first

.

In Italy and Africa, under Maximian and Sevcrus

Under Maxentius In lilyricum and the East, under Galerius and Maximian Galcrius publishes an Edict of ^ Toleration Peace of the Church 324. Maximin prepares to renew the Persecution 313. End of the Persecutions Probable Account of the Sufferings of the Martyrs and Confessors Number of Martyrs Conclusion

Increase of Barbarian Auxiliaries IV. Seven Ministeis of the Palace 1 T he Clharnbciiain 2. T he Mastei of the Offices 3. The QuefStor 4. T’he Public 1 rcasurer 5. T iic* Pi ivate rieasuicr 6,7. The Counts of the Domestics Agents, or Offic lal Spies Use of Forturc

227 227

.

227 228 228 229 229

229

Finances The General Piibute, or Indie tion Assessed in the Form of a Capitation Capitation on liade and Industry Free Gifts Conclusion

230 230

230

1.

XVII.

231 231 231

232

Foundation of Constantinople. Political Sys^ and His Successors. Military Dis-*

The Palace. The Finances

A.D.

Design of a

New

Capital

Situation of Byzantium Description of Constantinople

The Bosphorus I'he Port of Constantinople

The Propontis The Hellespont Advantages of Constantinople

XVIII.

234 235 235 235 235 235 236 236

240 240 241 241 241

242 242

243 244 244 245 245 24b 247 247 248 248 2 ^9

249 249 250 250 2'',o

250 251 251 252 2')3

254 255 2*^r,

Character of Constantine. Gothic War. Death

of Constantine. Diiision of the Empve amon^ Jits Three Sons. Persian War. I ragtc Death of Co/istanline the Younger

232 233 233

tern of Constantine

cipline.

'Die Consuls

224

226

Nicomedia

31

330 or 334. Dedication 300-500. Form of Government in the Roman Empire

executed by

Aurelian 284-303. Peace and Prosperity of the Church under Diocletian Progress of Zeal and Superstition among the Pagans Maximian and Galcrius punish a few Christian soldiers Galerius prevails on Diocletian to begin a geneial Persecution 303. Demolition of the Church of

he

Population Privileges

224

Ihe Sentence

'I

223 223

Work

237 237 237 238 239 239 239

and Cons tans. Usurpation of

Magnentius. Ciiil War. Victory of Conslantius A.D.

Character of Constantine His Virtues His Vices His rarnily Virtues of Crispus 324. Jealousy of Constantine 325. Edict of Constantine 326. Disgrace and Death of Okispus T he Empress Fausta The Sons and Nephews pf Constantuie Thc'ir Education Man nets of the Sarmatians Their Settlement near the Danube

255 256 256 257 257 25B 258 258 259

259 260 260 261

Contents 331.

The Gothic War

261

334. Expulsion of the Sarmatians 337. Death and Funeral of Constantine Factions of the Court

Massacre of the Princes 337. Division of the Empire 310. Sapor, King of Persia State of Mesopotamia and 342. Death of Tiridates 337-360. The Persian War

Armenia

348. Battle of Singara 33B, 346, 350. Siege of Nisibis 340. Civil War, and Death of Constantine 350. Murder of Constans Magnentius and Vetranio assume the

Purple Constantius refuses to treat Deposes Vetranio 351.

Makes War against Magnentius Battle of Mursa

352. Conquest of Italy 353. Last Defeat

264 265 265 265 266 267 267 268 268 269 269 270 271

and Death of

Magnentius

XIX.

262 262 263 263 264 264

Constantius

271

Sole

Emperor,

Elevation

and

Death of Callus, Danger and Elevation of Julian. Sarmatian and I*ifuan IVars. Victories oj Julian in

Gaul

Power of the Eunuchs Education of Callus and Julian 351. Callus declared Caesar

Cruelty and Imprudence of Callus 354. Massacre of the Imperial Ministers Dangeious situation of Callus

His Disgrace and Death

The Danger and Escape 355.

He

is

of Julian

sent to Athens

Recalled to Milan Declared Caesar Fata] End of Sylvanus 357. Constantius visits Rome A new Obelisk 357» 35®. 359-

War

The

Persian Negotiation 359. Invasion of Mesopotamia by Sapor Siege of Amida 360. Siege of Singara Conduct of the Romans Invasion of Caul by the Germans Conduct of Julian

/

356. His fust Campaign in 357. His second Campaign Battle of Strasburg

Gaul

358. Julian subdues the Franks 357* 35®. 359* Makes three Expeditions beyond the Rhine Restores the Cities of Gaul

282 283 283 284 284 285 285 286

Effects oJ the

Constantine, Legal Establishment

Conand

Constitution oJ the Christian or Catholic Church

A.D.

308-337* I^ate of the Conversion of Constantine His Pagan Superstition 306-312. He protects the Chrutians of

Gaul

289 290

290

313. Edict of Milan

291

Use and Beauty of the Christian Morality

291

Theory and Practice of Passive Obedience Divine Right of Constantine 324. General Edict of Toleration J^oyalty and Zeal of the Chrbtian Party Expectation and Belief of a Miracle I. The Labarum^ or Standard of the Cross II. The Dream of Constantine HI. Appearance of a Cross in the sky The Conversion of Constantine might he sincere 'I he fourth Eclogue of Virgil Devotion and Privileges of Constantine Delay of his Baptism till the approach of Death Propagation of Chrbtianity 312-438. Change of the National Religion Distinction of the Spiritual and

Temporal Powers

292 292 293

293

294 294 294 295 296 297 297 297 298

299

299

State of the Bishops under the Christian Emperors

279 280 281 281

The Motives^ Propess^ and

version 0

The Quadian and

Sarmatian 358.

272 273 273 273 274 274 275 275 276 276 277 277 278 278

XX.

XVll

I.

Election of Bushops II. Ordination of the Clergy

299 300 300

III. Property

301

IV. Civil Jurisdiction V. Spiritual Censures VI. Freedom of Public Preaching VII. Privilege of Lc^gislative Assemblies

302 302 303

XXI.

Persecution of Heresy.

attst9.

The ,inan

tracted State of the

stantine

304

The Schism of the Don-

Controversy. Athanasius.

Dis-

Church and Empire I 'nder Con-

and His Sons, Toleration of Paganism

A. D.

312. African Controversy 315. Schism of the Donatists The Trinitarian Controversy B. G. 360. The System of Plato llie Logos

'Taught in the School of Alexandria A.D. 97. Revealed by the Apostle St.John B.o. 300.

Civil Administration of Julian

287 287 288

Description of Paris

289

The

Ebionites

and Do^tes

305 306 307 307 307 307 307 308

9 1

xviii

Contents

Mysterious Nature of the Trinity Zeal of the Christians Authority of the Church Factions 318. Heterodox Opinions of Arius Three Systems of the Trinity I. Arianism II. Tritheism

308 308 309 309 310 310 310 310 310

III.

SabcUianism

325. Council of Nice

311

Arian Creeds Arian Sects Faith of the Western, or Latin

312 312

Church

313 313

360. Council of Rimini Conduct of the Emperors in the

Arian Controversy 324. Indifference of Constantine 325. His Zeal 328-337. He persecutes the Arian and the

Orthodox Party 337-361. Constantins favours the Arians Arian Councils Character and Adventures of Athanasius 330. Persecution against Athanasius

His 6rst Exile His second Exile His Restoration 349. 35 1 Resentment of Constantius 353-355. Councils of Arles and Milan 355. Condemnation of Athanasius 336.

341.

.

Exiles

Third Expulsion of Athanasius from Alexandria His Behaviour 356-362. His Retreat Arian Bishops Divisions

Rome

II. Constantinople Cruelty of the Arians 345, &c. The Revolt and Fury of the Donatist Circumcellions Their Religious Suicides 312-361. General Character of the Christian Sects Toleration of Paganism by Constantine

his

Sons

of War Julian prepares to attack Constantius His March from the Rhine into Illyricum Hostile Preparations Death of Constantius 361. Julian enters Constantinople Is acknowledged by the whole 361.

Empire civil Government and private

31

320 321 321

32 322 323

324 324 324 325 326

327 327

328 328 329

Julian

330 330

330 331

332 332 333

334

334 335

335 336 337 338 338 338

His

Life

Reformation of the Palace

Chamber

316 317 318 318 319

Cause

his

.

of Justice

338 339 340

Punishment of the Innocent and

314 315 315

A.D.

The Jealousy of Constantius against Julian Fears and Envy of Constantius 360. The Legions of Gaul are ordered to march into the East Their Discontents

He justifies

314 314 314

XXII. Julian Is Declared Emperor by the Legions of Gaul, His March and Success, The Death oj ConstarUius. Civil Administration of

tions beyond the Rhine 361. Fruitless Treaty and Declaration

361

356.

By

His Protestations of Innocence His Embassy to Constantius 360, 361. His fourth and fifth Expedi-

31

The Homoousion

I.

They proclaim Julian Emperor

the Guilty

Clemency of Julian His Love of Freedom and the Republic His Care of the Grecian Cities Julian an Orator and a Judge His Character

XXI [I.

The Religion of Julian Universal

He

341 341

342 342 343 343 lolera-

and Reform the Pai>an Worship; to Rebuild the Temple oJ Jerusalem. His Artful Persecution of the Christians. Mutual ^eal and Injustice tion.

Attempts

to Restore

A.D.

Religion of Julian 351. His Education and Apostasy He embraces the Mythology of

Paganism

T he Allegoi ies T heological System

of Julian Fanaticism of the Philosophers Initiation and Fanatic ibin of Julian His leligious Dissimulation

He writes against Christianity 361. Universal Toleration 361 -3b3. Zeal and Devotion of Julian in the Restoration of Paganism Reformation

of

Paganism

344 344 345 34b 34b 347 347 348 348 348

349 350

The

Philosophers Conversions

351 351

The Jews

352 352 353

Description of Jerusalem Pilgrimages Julian attempts to rebuild the

Temple The Enterprise

defeated Perhaps by a preternatural Event Partiality of Julian He prohibits the Christians from teaching Schools is

353 354 354 354

355

CSontents

xix

Disgrace and Oppression of the

Marches against Sapor

Christians lliey are

362.

Retreat and Distress of the

355

condemned to restore the Pagan Temples The Temple and sacred Grove of

Army

363.

Julian

356

Daphne

357

continues his Retreat to Nisibis Universal Clamour against the Treaty of Peace Jovian evacuates Nisibis, and restores the five Provinces to the Persians Reflections on the Death of Julian

358 358

Martyr

359 359

On

his

Funeral

374 375 375 376 377 378

378 379

379 380 381 381

360

Julian 361-363. Zeal and Imprudence of the Christians

XXV. 360

His Sue-

ce^ful Expedition Against the Persians. Passage of the 7 igris. The Retreat and Death of Julian. Elec-

He Saves the Roman Army by a

Dis-

and Western Empires. Revolt of Procopius. Civil and EctlestasUcal Administration. Germany. Britain. Africa. The East. The Danube. Death of Valentinian. His Two Sons, Grattan and Valentiman Succeed to the Western Empire

U

graceful Treaty

The Government and Death of Jovian. Elecwho Associates His Brother Vaand Makes the Final Division of the Eastern

tion of Valenitman, lenSf

tion of Jovian

wounded

He

362. Restoration of Athanasius He is persecuted and expelled by

Residence of Julian at Antioch.

mortally

Jovian

358

.

XXIV.

is

Death of Julian Election of the Emperor Jovian Danger and Difficulty of the Retreat Negotiation and Treaty of Peace The Weakness and Disgrace of

356 357

Neglect and Profanation of Daphne Removal of the dead Bodies, and Conflagration of the Temple Julian shuts the Cathedral of Antioch George of Cappadocia oppresses Alexandria and Egypt 361 He is massacred by the People He is worshipped as a Saint and

373

Roman

,

364. A.D. 362.

Ihe Caesars of Julian resolves to march against the

361

Pntenti

364-375- Foreign Wars

Germany. The Alemanni Invade Gaul

393

Their Distress and Discontent Revolt of the Goths in Mscsia, and

394 394

They penetrate

365. 1 .

366. Their Defeat 368. Valentinian passes 371.

and

fortifies

the

Rhine The Burgundians The Saxons

395 395 396 397 398

11 . Britain. The Scots and Piets 343-366. Their Invasion of Britain 367-370. Restoration of Britain by

Theodosius 366. 111 . Africa. Tyranny of Romanus 37a. Revolt of Firmus 373. Theodosius recovers Africa

He

executed at Carthage State of Africa 365-378. IV. The East. The Persian 384. The Treaty of Peace Adventures of Para, King of 376.

is

War

Armenia V. The Danube. Conquests of Hermanric 366. The Cause of the Gothic War 367, 368, 369. Hostilities, and Peace 374. War of the Quadi and Sarmatians 375.

The Expedition of Valentinian His Death The Emperors Gratian and Valentinian 11 .

403

404 ^05

405 406 407 408

408

Government

Huns

Their Conquests in Scythia B.G. 201 Their Wars with the Chinese B.C. 141-87. Decline and Fall of the Huns A.D. 100. ITieir Emigrations 'fhe White Huns of Sogdiana .

of the Volga

Their Conquest of the Alani 375. Their Victories over the Goths 376. The Goths implore the Protection of Valens They are transported over the

Danube

into the

Roman Empire

4*3

Alemanni

The

424 425 426 426 426

Defeat of the

Romans

Death of the Emperor Valens Funeral Oiation of Valens and hb

Army

427 427

428 428

429 430

379-382. Hls prudent and successful Conduct of the Gothic War Divbions, Defeat, and Submission of the Goths 381. Death and Funeral of Athanaric 386. Invasion and Defeat of the Gruthungi, or Ostrogoths 383-395. Settlement of the Goths in Thrace and Asia Their hostile Sentiments

430 43 * 432

433 433 434

XXVII. Death of Gratian. Rmn of Arianism. St. Ambrose. First Civil War, against Maximw Charr

and Penance of Theodosius. Death of Valentinian II. Second Civil War, against Eugenius. Death of 1 heodosius

acter. Administration,

A.D.

and Conduct of the Emperor Gratian

379-383. Character

409 410

412

Original Seat of the

The Huns

409 409

422 422

Valens marches against the Goths Battle of Hadrianople

Provinces 378. Massacre of the Gothic Youth in Asia 379. 'Fhc Emperor Gratian invests Theodosius with the Empire of the East Birth and Character of Theodosius

411 41

Situation and Extent of Scythia or Tartary

421

Thrace

402 403

A.D.

Exercises

into

The Goths besiege Hadrianople 378, 379. They ravage the Roman

They Pass the Danube. Gothic War Defeat and Death of Valens. Gratian Invests Theodosius with the Eastern Empire. His Character and Success. Peace and Settlement of the Goths

Diet Habitations

Victories

401 401

Manners 0/ the Pastoral Nations. Progress of Hunsfrom China to Europe. Flight 0/ the Goths.

« 365. Earthquakes 376. The Huns and Goths The pastoral Manners of the Scythians or Tartars

first

377. Operations of the Gothic War Union of the Goths with the Huns, Alani, &c. 378. Victory of Gratian over the

399 399 400 400

XXVI. the

their

420

413 4*4 4*4 4*4 4*5 416 416 416 416 4*7

His Defects 383. Discontent of the Roman Troops Revolt of Maximus in Britain 383. Flight and Death of Gratian 383-387. Treaty of Peace between 380.

435 435 438 438 438

Maximus and Theodosius Baptbm and Orthodox Edicts of

437

Theodosius

438 438

418

340-380. Arianbm of Constantinople 378. Gregory Nazianzen acc^ts the Mission of Constantinople 380. Ruin of Arianbm at Coilstantinople 381. Ruin of Arianbm in thfe East The Council of Constantinople Retreat of Gregory Nazianzen 380-394. Edicts of Theodosius against the Heretics

4*9

385. Execution of Priscillian Associates

439 440 440 441 44*

442

and hb 443

xxi

C]!ontents 374-397. Ambrose, Archbishop of Milan 385. His sticcessful Opposition to the Empress Justina 387.

Maximus invades

Italy

Flight of Valent inian

Theodosius takes arms in the Cause of Valcntinian 388. Defeat and Death of Maximus Virtues of 'Fheodosius Faults of I'heodosius 387. The Sedition of Antioch Clemency of Fhccxlosius Sedition and Massacre of Thessalonica 380. Influence and Ck>nduct of Ambrose 390. Penance of Theodosius 388-391 Generosity of Fheodosius 391. Character of Valentinian 392. His Death 392-394. Usurpation of Eugenius Theodosius prepares for War 394. His Victory over Eugenius 395. Death of 'Hieodosius Corruption of the limes TTie Infantry lay aside their Armour 390.

.

XXVIII.

443

444 446 446 447 447 448 449 449 450 451 451

452 453 453 454 454 454 455 45b 456 457

Ftnal Deshuction 0/ Paganism. Introduce or ship uj Saints and Relics among the

Hon oj ike H Christians

is disappointed by the Marriage of Arcadius 385- Character of Stilicho, the Minister and General of the Western Empire 386- 408. His Military Command 395. 'Die Fall and Death of Rufinus 3^. Discord of the two Empires

397.

398. Revolt of Gildo in Africa He Ls condemned by the Roman

Senate Fhc African War 398. Defeat and Death of Gildo 398. Marriage and Character of Honorius 398.

Alexandiia Destruction 390. 'Fhe Pagan Religion is prohibited Its final

Oppressed 390-420.

Finally extinguished

Fhc Worship of the Christian Martyrs General Reflections I. Fabulous Martyrs and Relics Miracles III. Revival of Polytheism IV. Introduction of Pagan II.

Ceremonies

457 457

458 459

run Gaul. Usurpation of Constantine in the Disgrace and Death of Stilicho 305. Revolt of the Goths 39b. Alaric maiehes into Greece 403. 397. He is aic.^cked by Stilicho Escapes to Epirus 398. Alaric is declared Master-

General of the Eastern lllyricum Is proclaimed King of the

463 463 464 464 465 465 465 466

467

XXIX.

Final Division of the Roman Empire between the Sons of Theodosius. Reign of Arcadius and Ilonorius. Administration of Rufinus

and

Stilicho,

Revolt and Defeat of Gildo in Africa

395. Division of the

Empire between

Arcadius and Honorius 386-395. Character and Administration of Rufinus 395 * He oppresses the East

403. Battle of Pollentia Boldness and Retreat of Alaric 404. 'Fhc Friuiuph of Hono.ius at

The

468 468 469

West

fixes his

477 478 479 479

480

481

482 482 483

484 484

Gladiators abolished

Residence at

Ravenna 400. Ilie Revolutions of Scythia 405. Emigration of the northern Germans 406. Radagaisus invades Italy Radagaisus besieges Horence Radagaisus threatens Rome 406. Deleat and Destruction of his Army

484 485 486 486 487 487

by Stilicho 1 he Remainder of the Germans invade Gaul 407. Desolation of Gaul

487

Revolt of the British Army Constantine is acknowledged in

^9

Britain

and Gaul

408. He reduces Spain 404-408. Negotiation of Alaric

and 401

408. Debates of the Roman Senate Intrigues of the Palace 408. Disgrace and Death of Stilicho His Memory persecuted I'hc Poet Claud ian among the

Train of

488 489

490 490

Stilicho

A.D.

476

480 480

Honorius flies from Milan He is pursued and besieged by the Goths

Honorius 461 461

475 475 476

A.l>.

Rome 460

471

472 472 473 474

They Plunder Greece. Two Great Invasions of Italy by Alaric and Radagaisus. They Aie repulsed by Stilicho. The Germans Over^

Visigoths He invades Italy