Grammatical framework : programming with multilingual grammars 9781575866277, 1575866277, 9781575866260, 1575866269
Grammatical Framework is a programming language designed for writing grammars, which has the capability of addressing se
221 71 2MB
English Pages 344 Year 2011
Table of contents :
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Web Resources and the GF System
1 Introduction
1.1 What this book is about
1.2 How to use this book
1.3 The role of grammars in language processing
1.4 The cost of grammars
1.5 Multilinguality
1.6 Semantic actions and interoperability
1.7 Application grammars and resource grammars
1.8 History of GF and its applications
1.9 Related work
Part I A GF Tutorial
2 Basic concepts of multilingual grammars
2.1 The BNF grammar format
2.2 Using the GF system
2.3 Testing a grammar in the GF system
2.4 A BNF grammar for Italian
2.5 BNF grammars and translation
2.6 Abstract and concrete syntax
2.7 Translating in GF
2.8 The structure of grammar modules
2.9 On the limitations of BNF grammars
2.10 Suppression and metavariables
2.11 Free variation
2.12 Ambiguity
2.13 Remaining problems
2.14 Graph-based visualization and shell escapes
2.15 Lexing and unlexing
2.16 Character encoding
3 Parameters, tables, and records
3.1 The problem of morphological variation
3.2 Parameters and tables
3.3 Variable vs. inherent features
3.4 Records and record types
3.5 Linearization types and agreement
3.6 Functional programming in GF: operation definitions
3.7 The Food grammar revisited
3.8 Testing inflection and operations in GF
3.9 Partial application
3.10 Discontinuous constituents
3.11 Non-concatenative morphology
4 Modular and scalable grammar writing
4.1 Reusable resource modules
4.2 Data abstraction
4.3 Case expressions and string matching
4.4 Smart paradigms
4.5 Arabic morphology revisited
4.6 Separating operation types and definitions
4.7 Overloading of operations
4.8 Module extension and inheritance
4.9 Inheritance and opening
4.10 Dependency graphs
4.11 Algebraic datatypes for parameters
4.12 Record extension and subtyping
4.13 Tuples and product types
4.14 Prefix-dependent choices and pattern macros
4.15 Strings at compile time vs. run time
5 Using the Resource Grammar Library
5.1 The purpose and coverage of the library
5.2 Lexical vs. phrasal rules
5.3 Lexical categories and rules
5.4 Phrasal categories and rules
5.5 The resource API
5.6 The library path
5.7 Example: English
5.8 Functor implementation of multilingual grammars
5.9 Interfaces and instances
5.10 A design pattern for multilingual grammars
5.11 Division of labour revisited
5.12 Overriding a functor
5.13 Compile-time transfer
5.14 The resource grammar as a linguistic ontology
5.15 A tour of the resource API
5.16 Flattening of constructions
5.17 Tense and polarity
5.18 Browsing the library
6 Semantic actions and conditions in abstract syntax
6.1 GF as a logical framework
6.2 Dependent types
6.3 Selectional restrictions
6.4 Polymorphism
6.5 Dependent types in concrete syntax
6.6 Proof objects
6.7 Proof-carrying documents
6.8 Restricted polymorphism
6.9 Variable bindings and higher-order abstract syntax
6.10 Anaphoric expressions
6.11 Semantic definitions
6.12 Intensional and extensional equality
6.13 Semantic actions and run-time transfer
6.14 Predefined categories
6.15 Probabilistic GF grammars
Part II Larger Grammars and Applications
7 Embedded grammars and code generation
7.1 The portable grammar format
7.2 The embedded interpreter and its API
7.3 Embedded GF applications in Haskell
7.4 The module PGF
7.5 A stand-alone translator
7.6 A translator loop
7.7 A question-answer system
7.8 Exporting GF datatypes
7.9 Putting it all together
7.10 Web server applications
7.11 Embedded grammars in other host languages
7.12 Multilingual syntax editing
7.13 Language models for speech recognition
7.14 Statistical language models
7.15 Multimodal dialogue systems
8 Interfacing formal and natural languages
8.1 Arithmetic expressions
8.2 Code generation as linearization
8.3 Programs with variables
8.4 The concrete syntax of assignments
8.5 A liberal syntax of variables
8.6 Is GF useful for defining formal languages?
8.7 Natural language generation from logic
8.8 Logical semantics of natural language
9 Getting started with resource grammar programming
9.1 Overview
9.2 The miniature resource grammar
9.3 Feature design
9.4 Predication
9.5 Complementation
9.6 Determination
9.7 Modification
9.8 Lexical insertion
9.9 The miniature resource in Italian
9.10 Implementing morphology
9.11 Implementing modification and determination
9.12 Implementing verb phrases and complementation
9.13 Implementing predication
9.14 Implementing the rest
9.15 Coordination and extraction
10 Extending the Resource Grammar Library
10.1 The module structure of a resource grammar
10.2 Effort statistics
10.3 Workflow for a new language
10.4 Reusing code from the miniature resource
10.5 The development-test cycle
10.6 Non-ASCII alphabets and transliterations
10.7 Coding discipline
10.8 Functors in the resource grammar
10.9 Widening the coverage for parsing text
10.10 Bootstrapping a resource lexicon
Appendix A: A miniature resource grammar
A.1 Abstract syntax
A.2 Auxiliary resource module for Italian
A.3 Italian concrete syntax
A.4 Morphological paradigms API for Italian
A.5 Test lexicon
A.6 Syntax API
Appendix B: A glossary of linguistic terms
Appendix Part III GF Reference Manual
Appendix C: The GF Programming Language
C.l Overview of GF
C.2 The module system
C.3 Judgements
C.4 Types and expressions
C.5 Flags and pragmas
C.6 The grammar of GF
Appendix D: The GF Resource Grammar Library
D.l The category system
D.2 Syntax rules
D.3 Lexical Paradigms
D.4 Other library modules
Appendix E: The GF Software System
E.l The GF shell
E.2 The GF batch compiler
Appendix F: Bibliography
F.l Publications on GF
F.2 Background and related work
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Web Resources and the GF System
1 Introduction
1.1 What this book is about
1.2 How to use this book
1.3 The role of grammars in language processing
1.4 The cost of grammars
1.5 Multilinguality
1.6 Semantic actions and interoperability
1.7 Application grammars and resource grammars
1.8 History of GF and its applications
1.9 Related work
Part I A GF Tutorial
2 Basic concepts of multilingual grammars
2.1 The BNF grammar format
2.2 Using the GF system
2.3 Testing a grammar in the GF system
2.4 A BNF grammar for Italian
2.5 BNF grammars and translation
2.6 Abstract and concrete syntax
2.7 Translating in GF
2.8 The structure of grammar modules
2.9 On the limitations of BNF grammars
2.10 Suppression and metavariables
2.11 Free variation
2.12 Ambiguity
2.13 Remaining problems
2.14 Graph-based visualization and shell escapes
2.15 Lexing and unlexing
2.16 Character encoding
3 Parameters, tables, and records
3.1 The problem of morphological variation
3.2 Parameters and tables
3.3 Variable vs. inherent features
3.4 Records and record types
3.5 Linearization types and agreement
3.6 Functional programming in GF: operation definitions
3.7 The Food grammar revisited
3.8 Testing inflection and operations in GF
3.9 Partial application
3.10 Discontinuous constituents
3.11 Non-concatenative morphology
4 Modular and scalable grammar writing
4.1 Reusable resource modules
4.2 Data abstraction
4.3 Case expressions and string matching
4.4 Smart paradigms
4.5 Arabic morphology revisited
4.6 Separating operation types and definitions
4.7 Overloading of operations
4.8 Module extension and inheritance
4.9 Inheritance and opening
4.10 Dependency graphs
4.11 Algebraic datatypes for parameters
4.12 Record extension and subtyping
4.13 Tuples and product types
4.14 Prefix-dependent choices and pattern macros
4.15 Strings at compile time vs. run time
5 Using the Resource Grammar Library
5.1 The purpose and coverage of the library
5.2 Lexical vs. phrasal rules
5.3 Lexical categories and rules
5.4 Phrasal categories and rules
5.5 The resource API
5.6 The library path
5.7 Example: English
5.8 Functor implementation of multilingual grammars
5.9 Interfaces and instances
5.10 A design pattern for multilingual grammars
5.11 Division of labour revisited
5.12 Overriding a functor
5.13 Compile-time transfer
5.14 The resource grammar as a linguistic ontology
5.15 A tour of the resource API
5.16 Flattening of constructions
5.17 Tense and polarity
5.18 Browsing the library
6 Semantic actions and conditions in abstract syntax
6.1 GF as a logical framework
6.2 Dependent types
6.3 Selectional restrictions
6.4 Polymorphism
6.5 Dependent types in concrete syntax
6.6 Proof objects
6.7 Proof-carrying documents
6.8 Restricted polymorphism
6.9 Variable bindings and higher-order abstract syntax
6.10 Anaphoric expressions
6.11 Semantic definitions
6.12 Intensional and extensional equality
6.13 Semantic actions and run-time transfer
6.14 Predefined categories
6.15 Probabilistic GF grammars
Part II Larger Grammars and Applications
7 Embedded grammars and code generation
7.1 The portable grammar format
7.2 The embedded interpreter and its API
7.3 Embedded GF applications in Haskell
7.4 The module PGF
7.5 A stand-alone translator
7.6 A translator loop
7.7 A question-answer system
7.8 Exporting GF datatypes
7.9 Putting it all together
7.10 Web server applications
7.11 Embedded grammars in other host languages
7.12 Multilingual syntax editing
7.13 Language models for speech recognition
7.14 Statistical language models
7.15 Multimodal dialogue systems
8 Interfacing formal and natural languages
8.1 Arithmetic expressions
8.2 Code generation as linearization
8.3 Programs with variables
8.4 The concrete syntax of assignments
8.5 A liberal syntax of variables
8.6 Is GF useful for defining formal languages?
8.7 Natural language generation from logic
8.8 Logical semantics of natural language
9 Getting started with resource grammar programming
9.1 Overview
9.2 The miniature resource grammar
9.3 Feature design
9.4 Predication
9.5 Complementation
9.6 Determination
9.7 Modification
9.8 Lexical insertion
9.9 The miniature resource in Italian
9.10 Implementing morphology
9.11 Implementing modification and determination
9.12 Implementing verb phrases and complementation
9.13 Implementing predication
9.14 Implementing the rest
9.15 Coordination and extraction
10 Extending the Resource Grammar Library
10.1 The module structure of a resource grammar
10.2 Effort statistics
10.3 Workflow for a new language
10.4 Reusing code from the miniature resource
10.5 The development-test cycle
10.6 Non-ASCII alphabets and transliterations
10.7 Coding discipline
10.8 Functors in the resource grammar
10.9 Widening the coverage for parsing text
10.10 Bootstrapping a resource lexicon
Appendix A: A miniature resource grammar
A.1 Abstract syntax
A.2 Auxiliary resource module for Italian
A.3 Italian concrete syntax
A.4 Morphological paradigms API for Italian
A.5 Test lexicon
A.6 Syntax API
Appendix B: A glossary of linguistic terms
Appendix Part III GF Reference Manual
Appendix C: The GF Programming Language
C.l Overview of GF
C.2 The module system
C.3 Judgements
C.4 Types and expressions
C.5 Flags and pragmas
C.6 The grammar of GF
Appendix D: The GF Resource Grammar Library
D.l The category system
D.2 Syntax rules
D.3 Lexical Paradigms
D.4 Other library modules
Appendix E: The GF Software System
E.l The GF shell
E.2 The GF batch compiler
Appendix F: Bibliography
F.l Publications on GF
F.2 Background and related work
