Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850: An Annotated Bibliography [Reprint 2016 ed.] 9783110859713, 9783110097788

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Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages

Edward Stankiewicz

Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850 An Annotated Bibliography

Mouton Publishers Berlin • New York · Amsterdam

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Stankiewicz, Edward. Grammars and dictionaries of the Slavic languages from the Middle Ages u p to 1850. Includes indexes. 1. Slavic languages - Grammar - Bibliography. 2. Slavic languages - Dictionaries - Bibliography. I. Title. Z7402.S85 1984 [PG59] 016.4918 84-985 ISBN 3-11-009778-8 © Copyright 1984 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form - by photoprint, microfilm, or any other means - nor transmitted nor translated into a machine language without written permission from the publisher. Typesetting: Druckerei Georg Appi, Wemding. - Printing: Druckerei Hildebrand, Berlin. Binding: Dieter Mikolai, Berlin Printed in Germany

Table of Contents

Foreword

vii West Slavic

CZECH Grammars Dictionaries

3 16

SLOVAK Grammars Dictionaries

25 28

POLISH Grammars Dictionaries

33 45

SORBIAN Grammars Dictionaries

61 63 South Slavic

BULGARIAN Grammars Dictionaries

69 72

CROATIAN Grammars Dictionaries

77 84

SERBIAN Grammars Dictionaries

94 96

SLOVENE Grammars Dictionaries

98 103

vi

Table of Contents

East Slavic RUSSIAN Grammars Dictionaries

113 127

UKRAINIAN Grammars Dictionaries

147 151

Index of Authors

159

Index of Cities with Variant Names

169

Secondary Bibliography

171

List of Facsimiles and Critical Editions

187

Foreword

This book is the outgrowth of a research project on the formation of the Slavic National Languages which was granted by the Ford Foundation to the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at Yale University ten years ago. While the other volumes issuing from this project dealt with political, cultural, and linguistic processes that led to the formation of the modern Slavic literary languages,' this volume has the more specific purpose of providing an insight into the orthographic, grammatical, and lexicographical works which have over the ages contributed to the crystallization of a Slavic national consciousness, to the formation of the Slavic literary languages, and to the knowledge of the Slavic languages and dialects. It is precisely in these works that the rights to autonomy and literary status of the Slavic languages were articulated in the most eloquent and emphatic terms (particularly in the prefaces to the grammars and dictionaries), and that the distinctive as well as the common features of the Slavic languages were described in the most comprehensive and explicit form. In addition to contributing to a better understanding of the history of the Slavic literary languages, this volume is thus intended in the first place as a guide to the history of Slavic grammatical thought as reflected in the grammars and dictionaries that came from the desks of Slavic and non-Slavic scholars from about 1400 until about 1850. The cut-off date 1850 was suggested by the fact that most Slavic literary languages (except Byelorussian and Macedonian) were formed by then. For a bibliography of Slavic linguistic works written in the second half of the 19th century the reader may consult a Selected Bibliography of Slavic Linguistics by E. Stankiewicz and D.Worth (2 vols., 1966; 1970), which in effect forms a companion piece of this volume. The original "National Languages" character of the project has also dictated the omission of works that deal with the historical elaboration of Church Slavonic and with the attempts at artificial all-Slavic languages. For the older history of the former, Jagic's Rassuzdenija juznoslavjanskoj i russkoj stariny o cerkovnoslavjanskom jazyke (1896) is still an unsurpassed source, whereas the works on the latter are easily available in an ever growing literature (particularly in works devoted to the most astute Panslavist and linguist of his time, Juraj Krizanic). On the other hand, I have included works of either type (e.g., Zizanij, Berynda, Smotryc'kyj; Herkel, Majar), insofar as they affected the history of the Slavic national languages by either fostering or hampering their growth. I have also omitted works of secondary importance, especially in the case of languages with rich grammatical traditions (such as "azbukovniki", primers and school grammars), as well as dictionaries of exotic languages. But as the latter made their appearance fairly late (in the 18th and 19th centuries), they had little bearing on the direction of Slavic grammatical thought.

vili

Foreword

In the annotations that follow the individual entries I have greatly profited from the books and monographs that have come out in recent years (for a list of these, see the attached Secondary Bibliography). None of these works, however, offers a survey of the linguistic traditions of all the Slavs, and their emphasis is not so much on this as on the formation of the Slavic literary languages. The most comprehensive work dealing with the study of language among the Slavs is still Jagic's outstanding Istorija slavjanskoj filologii (1910), though Jagic too treated the problems of language rather tangentially, i. e., within his broadly conceived conception of Slavic philology, a discipline that would encompass the cultural, ethnographic, and linguistic history of the Slavs. This emphasis on "Geistesgeschichte" accounts for the special attention he devoted to the founders of Slavic philology (such as Dobrovsky, Kopitar, Safarik, Vostokov, Vuk) and for the sketchy treatment accorded the earlier linguistic developments and traditions. Jagic, no doubt, also shared the nineteenth-century conviction that the true history of linguistics began with the discovery of historical-comparative grammar and, in the Slavic context, with the study of Old Church Slavonic and older texts. A broader approach to the questions of language is found in the book by B. Otwinowska, Jçzyk-Narôd-Kultura (1974), which is nevertheless circumscribed in time (the Renaissance) and in space (it covers only Poland). The many-sided study of the history of Slavic grammatical thought therefore remains to be done, and this bibliography is offered as a limited but indispensable step toward this end. Since the development of language study among the Slavs has been largely ignored in Western linguistic historiography, it seems appropriate at this point to indicate the main lines of that development and to show in what way it coincided with or diverged from the study of language in the West, and what it owes to it. The emergence of "a linguistic problem" of the Slavs was almost coterminous with their appearence on the historical arena. The activities of the Slavic Apostles, Cyril and Methodius, posited from the very beginning the question of the equality of languages, of the admission of the vernacular in the Church, and of its right to a distinctive system of writing. The suppression of the Slavic liturgy in most Western Slavic lands did not thwart the aspirations of their peoples to cultural and linguistic independence, but postponed their realization until a time when they would re-emerge in a new and more articulate form. That time came, as in Western Europe, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which witnessed the formation of modern ethnic entities and states and of new national languages. It was during the Renaissance and Reformation that the supremacy of the Church and of universal Latin gave way to new forms of national and literary expression. But unlike the West, where the defense of the "living" vernaculars went hand in hand with the rejection of "dead" Latin, 2 the Slavic peoples advanced the rights of their vernaculars in the name of a linguistic and cultural continuity and of a return to the original Slavic source. The work of the Slavic Apostles provided the model and inspiration for the translation of the Gospels into the new national languages, for their admission in secular and sacred af-

Foreword

ix

fairs, as well as for the creation of new Slavic alphabets. It is in this spirit that the Emperor Charles IV established the Emmaus monastery in Prague with the help of the South Slavic "glagoljasi," that the Polish king Wladyslaw Jagiello introduced the Slavic liturgy (na Kleparzu), and that Jan Hus and Adam Bohoric created their new Slavic alphabets in Latin letters. But it is above all the Bible translations, initiated by Protestants and Catholics alike, which fostered the equality of the Slavic languages with the three "holy" languages, and which became the workshop in which the Slavic vernaculars acquired their flexibility and richness, and in which their modern literary norms were forged. Thus, some of the earliest and best Slavic grammars (Bohoric's of Slovene, J.Blahoslav's of Czech, Smotryc'kyj's of Church Slavonic, Chojanus' of Sorbían) made their appearance only in the wake of outstanding Bible translations (Dalmatin's in Slovenia, the Kralice Bible in Bohemia, the Ostrog Bible in the Ukraine, Jakubica's New Testament in Sorbia). Church Slavonic in one or another local form together with the Greek Orthodox Church remained, of course, the bond which would tie together all Orthodox Slavdom until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Rather than foster a rupture between the modern Slavic languages and the older literary language of the Slavs, Slavic grammarians, historians and writers kept alive for centuries the memory of their common origin and patrimony, a memory that was confirmed by the identity of their name (slovënski) despite the great diversity of local designations ( Wendic, Illyrian, Dalmatian, Polish, etc.). In asserting the autonomy of their languages vis-à-vis the languages of the West with their alleged provenience from "noble" classical languages (i. e. from Latin or from Greek), the Slavs created their own pedigrees that would relate them to Homer's Heneti or to the heirs of Alexander the Great, and they glorified their language as "famous" (from slava), "ancient," "generous," "holy" (in part because of its link to St. Jerome, the presumed translator of the Vulgate into Slavic) and "universal," inasmuch as it was spoken all the way from the Adriatic up to the White Sea. Just as they were eager to emphasize their continuity with the past, the Slavic writers and grammarians were also keen on pointing up their linguistic continuity in space, viewing the individual Slavic languages as mere dialectal varieties of one ideal, supranational language. This view explains the recurrent comparisons drawn between Slavic and classical Greek (with its diverse literary dialects), which recur in the works of Slavic historians and grammarians beginning with St. Orzechowski and Jan Blahoslav up to Jernej Kopitar and Josef Dobrovsky. The greeting extended by Charles IV to the Serbian tsar Stefan Dusan (in 1355) could well have served as the banner under which the Slavs would rally at various points in their history: eiusdem nobilis slavici idiomatisparticipatio, eiusdem generosae linguae sublimitas.1 Unlike the nations in the West, which vied fiercely for the cultural priority and presumed natural superiority of their languages (reflected in the unending controversies between the Italians and the French or between the Florentines and the Northern Italians), the Slavs were the first to formulate a program of a "panslavic" community which was daily corroborated by the similarity of their customs, history, and languages. The

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Foreword

awareness of their linguistic affinity gave rise to such basically anachronistic schemes as Krizanic's attempt at a common Slavic language, or to such pervasive political and cultural movements as "Illyrianism" (among the Southern Slavs) and 'vzájemnost' ("reciprocity"), which were seriously entertained well into the beginning of the nineteenth century. It accounted, further, for the intimate collaboration of Slavic scholars of various countries and creeds (e. g. between Dobrovsky and Kopitar, between Kopitar and Vuk) and ultimately for Vuk's successful effort in unifying the Croats and Serbs under a common literary language. The sentiment of linguistic and cultural unity also left a permanent mark on the quality of the Slavic grammars and dictionaries that were being produced with an eye to a broader, all-Slavic audience, and that borrowed from each other grammatical concepts, terms and everyday vocabulary. These borrowings not only enriched the lexical stocks of the individual languages, but deepened the sense of their unity and their actual similarity. The desire to go beyond the confines of one's own language is apparent in the earliest works of the Protestants (e. g. in Dalmatin's Register and in Bohoric's Slovene grammar [of 1584] which were destined for all Southern Slavs), and continues to inform the all-Slavic orientation of grammatical and lexicographic works as far as the eighteenth and nineteenth century (e.g. Linde's dictionary of Polish of 1807-14, which incorporates words from all Slavic languages). The influence these works exercised upon each other, both in content and style, can be traced across the map of the whole Slavic world ; e. g. Hus' influence on the Polish orthographic treatises of Parkosz and Zaborowski ; Vrancic's on the sevenlanguage dictionary of the Czech Loderecker; Rosa's and Loderecker's on the works of the Slovenian monk Pohlin ; Linde's contribution to the Czech dictionary of Jungmann. The list of such intra- and inter-Slavic influences can be greatly extended, and they would themselves make an interesting subject of research. The quest for interdependence and unity, which shaped the cultural relations between the Slavs, and which was particularly intense among their minor nations, was at the same time counteracted by the opposite tendency towards individuation and differentiation. This tug of centripetal and centrifugal forces, or what the French Slavist André Vaillant called the "attraction and repulsion" of the Slavic peoples, had important consequences also for Slavic grammatical theory and practice. Works that stressed the primacy of their own languages over others began to make their appearance during the Counter Reformation, i. e., when the national, religious, and linguistic differences among the Slavic countries became more pronounced. The new patriotic attitude is already reflected in L.Górnicki's Dworzanin polski{1566), a work which was inspired by Castiglione's II Cortegiano, but which was adapted to the linguistic situation in Poland. In it the author gives not only the customary catalogue of Slavic nations, but promotes the cause of Polish vis-à-vis the other Slavic languages and Latin. He disapproves of the Polish fascination with Czech ("an effeminate language"), describes the South

Foreword

xi

Slavic languages as "pagan" (because of their contamination by Turkish), puts under question the intrinsic superiority of Russian (i.e., Russian Church Slavonic), and pleads for wtasne polskie slowo ("one's own Polish word") in place of Latin borrowings. In a similar vein the Polish historian Kromer, the promulgator of the Sarmatian origin of the Poles, insists on the uniqueness and superiority of Polish. The Slavic languages, he claims, may all have sprung from a common source, but the passage of time has made them so different that their speakers "can hardly communicate with each other." According to J. Rybmski, the author of De linguarum in genere ... (1589), Polish is the queen of the Slavic languages, surpassing them in elegance and flexibility, although it has some sounds that are difficult for speakers of other languages. The Polonized Frenchman Mesgnien maintains (in his grammar of 1649) that Polish is the most constans et nobilissima lingua, while Jan Blahoslav (in 1570) ascribes such qualities only to Czech. The emphasis on the proprietates et idiotismi of their own Slavic language (V. Rosa), of its singular wiasnosci (Seklucjan) or svojstva (Smotryc'kyj) is a theme which appears with ever greater frequency in works of a linguistic and political character. Of particular interest is here Rosa's encomium of the Czech language (in the preface to his grammar of 1672) as one that is endowed with venustas et nervositas, with the greatest number of sounds, with a poetry based on quantitative meters (metrice, not ritmice), with the richest system of verbal aspects and an opulence of diminutives and derived nouns (varietas nominum). The recurring apologias for one's native language were not merely exercises in self-satisfaction, but often had the more pressing purpose of fending off the encroachments of other, more powerful Slavic languages. Such a motivation was obviously behind Smotryc'kyj's grammar, which defended the position of Church Slavonic, the language of Orthodoxy, in the face of the Union and Polish political expansion. The striving towards national self-determination under the umbrella of Slavic cultural unity received the most poignant expression in the program of the Ukrainian Fraternity of Cyril and Methodius (in 1846): „We declare," it stated, "that all Slavs should unite ... But in such a way that each nation build its own republic and be governed separately so that each nation have its own language, literature and social order."4 All these efforts and declarations could not but drive home the point that amidst their similarity the Slavic languages exhibit great dissimilarities and that they have largely developed along different historical paths. Such a conclusion must have imposed itself above all upon a long line of authors (such as Hus, Zaborowski, Bohoric, Krizanic, Budinic, Belostenec, Vuk, and Gaj) who embarked on reforms of the Slavic alphabets, an activity that presupposed a subtle understanding of their underlying phonemic systems and an awareness of their distinction from other languages or older stages of their own language. The tendency to compare the various phases of a language and the need to state the distinctive traits of their dialects or languages with relation to other Slavic and non-Slavic languages (in particular Latin) sharpened the comparative outlook of the Slavs and laid the groundwork for a Slavic linguistic typology long before the advent of the modern science of language and of the comparative-historical method.

xii

Foreword

Another important aspect of the Slavic grammatical and lexicographical tradition is its relation to the linguistic thought of the West. Western linguistic influences on the Slavs can be traced back to the fifteenth century when the teachings of the Modistae worked their way into the university curriculum (at Cracow), and they persisted uninterruptedly throughout the following centuries. The Slavic authors were keenly aware of the linguistic controversies in the West (as in the above-mentioned work of Górnicki), while some of their grammarians were in personal contact with the most outstanding Humanists of Europe (e. g., Bohoric's apprenticeship to Melanchthon and Maczynski's to Bibliander). Erasmus's ideas penetrated many philological works and gave a decisive impetus to Slavic paroemiology, which was treated as the most palpable expression of the "genius" of a given language (cf. the vast number of proverbs in the dictionaries of M^czyñski, Megiser and Knapski).5 In addition to the ubiquitous Priscian and Donatus, the Slavs early became acquainted with and profited from the works of the leading Renaissance grammarians and lexicographers of the West, such as Laskaris, Alvarez, R. Estienne, Calepinus, Pomey and Dasypodius. In the seventeenth century Western Europe itself acquired an intense and almost insatiable interest in the Slavic languages and antiquities and in the hitherto unaccessible linguistic riches of Russia, attracting to this study such eminent polymaths and linguists as Leibniz, Sparvenfeld, Hiob Ludolf, La Croze and Eckhart. This interest found a sympathetic response and financial patronage on the part of Peter I and Catherine the Great, leading to such gigantic linguistic enterprises as the catalogues of all languages produced by Pallas and Jankoviè de Mirievo. Pointless as they might have subsequently appeared, these ventures led to a vast expansion of the linguistic horizons. The eighteenth century taste for "rational" and "universal" grammars found an equally sympathetic echo in Poland and in Russia, which actively participated in the advance, as well as demise, of this tradition through the works of such authors as Kopczynski, Lomonosov, Jazvickij, Kurganov, Maudru, Becker and many others. The nineteenth-century discovery of the comparative method finally put Slavic philology on an equal footing with Western linguistic scholarship. The study of the Slavic languages owes a special debt to the foreign scholars who settled in the Slavic countries and acquired first-hand knowledge of their languages and cultures. It is striking that the first grammars and dictionaries of the major Slavic languages were written by Western travellers and scholars, such as Stojeñski (Statorius) and Mesgnien in Poland, and W.Ludolf, Groening, Sparvenfeld and Schlözer in Russia. No less important was the contribution of foreigners to the advancement of the South Slavic languages, sponsored in part by the Protestants and in part by the Roman Curia. Thus the great polyglot Megiser placed Slovene in the company of the most prestigious languages of Europe (in his quadrilingual dictionary of 1592), whereas the Italian Jesuits J. Micaglia (Mikalja) and Delia Bella promoted the linguistic stature of Bosnian as the most "universal" and "beautiful" dialect of the Southern Slavs, thereby preparing the ground for Vuk's selection of jekavian stokavian as the norm of the modern Serbo-Croatian literary language.

Foreword

xiii

Slavic philology is also indebted to those Hebrew grammarians who left us the oldest (11th to 13th centuries) glosses and grammatical descriptions of K'naanic, the Slavic language of medieval East European Jewry.6 J. Schröpfer was no doubt right in assuming that Hus's use of diacritic marks was inspired by the Jewish practice of rendering in Hebrew the Slavic palatal consonants. 7 The Jews who inspired Hus's reform were clearly the same Jews who lived in the Bohemian milieu and who were largely supportive of the Hussite cause. It is finally my pleasure to thank all those who contributed to the advance of this work. Foremost thanks are due to the former and present graduate students at Yale who participated in the various stages of the project: to Micaela S. Iovine, who verified and completed the Bulgarian section, and to Jack Schreiber and Susanne Fusso, who helped throughout with the technical aspects of the work. The latter has prepared most of the Secondary Bibliography. Dr. Olga Nedeljkovic was helpful at the initial stage of the research. This project could not have been completed without the help of some Polish scholars and the support of IREX, which sponsored a collaborative project of the Yale Slavic Department and the University of Katowice on the history of Slavic grammatical thought. Although this project never got off the ground, it enabled me to visit Poland on several occasions, to consult there some primary sources and to profit from the help and advice of the following colleagues: Dr.M.Basaj, Dr. W. Kryzia, Prof. K.Polañski, Ms. M. Turkowska, Dr.W.Witkowski, and Dr.J.Zieniukowa. Prof. Polanski prepared the Sorbían section which appears here in a shortened and modified form. Dr. J.Jerkovic of Belgrade was kind enough to check the Serbian section. To all of them I express here my sincere thanks.

Footnotes

1 See the Foreword to The Slavic Literary Languages: Formation and Development, New Haven, 1980 (ed. A. Schenker and E. Stankiewicz). 2 For a discussion of this and related problems see E. Stankiewicz, "The 'genius' of language in sixteenth century linguistics," Logos Semánticos. Studia linguistica in honorem Eugenio Coseriu, vol.I, Berlin-New York-Madrid, 1981,177-189. 3 Murko, M., Slovanska ideja pred Kollárjem, Izbrano delo, Ljubljana, 1962, p. 79. 4 See Shevelov, G. Y., "Ukrainian" in The Slavic Literary Languages (op. cit.), p. 157. 5 On the role of proverbs in Renaissance linguistics see "The 'genius' of language ..." (op. cit.), p. 184. 6 A survey of these texts is given in Kupfer, F. and Lewicki, T., Zródia hebrajskie do dziejów Slowian i niektórych innych ludów srodkowej i wschodniej Europy, Wroclaw-Warsaw, 1956. See also the study by Jakobson, R. and Halle, M., "The term Canaan in Medieval Hebrew," For Max Weinreich on his Seventieth Birthday, The Hague, 1964. 7 Schröpfer, J., Hussens Traktat "Orthografìa Bohémica."Die Herkunft des diakritischen Systems in der Schreibung slawischer Sprachen und die älteste zusammenhängende Beschreibung slawischer Laute, Wiesbaden, 1968.

List of Abbreviations

C.M.S. ISL IzvORJaS IzvRA LMS SORJaS TO RLS

Bulg Cro Cz Pol

Casopis Macicy serbskeje, Budysin. Institut za serbski ludospyt, Budysin. Izvestija Otdelenija russkogo jazyka i slovesnosti Akademii nauk, Moscow. Izvestija Rossijskoj akademii, St. Petersburg. Letopis Matice slovenske, Ljubljana. Sbornik Otdelenija russkogo jazyka i slovesnosti, St. Petersburg-Leningrad. Trudy Obscestva ljubitelej rossijskoj slovesnosti, St. Petersburg.

Bulgarien Croatian Czech Polish

Rus Slvk Slvn Sor

Russian Slovak Slovene Sorbían

West Slavic

Czech

Czech Grammars 15th

Century

Hus, Jan, De Orthographia Bohémica, MS, ca. 1410. Pathbreaking treatise on Czech orthography that became in time a model (with various modifications) for all non-Orthodox Slavs. Hus replaced the medieval system of digraphs with one of diacritics, among which the dot (later replaced by a hácek) marked the palatals ή, (, f , c, z, s and l(=l) and an acute accent (càrka) the long vowels ά, ό, ú, í, ié. Hus' distinction of i/y and l/l was being lost even in his own time.

16th

Century

[Anon.], Kràtké nauëenj obogj feci, cesky a nëmecky uciti se cjstiy mluwiti, cechùm nëmecky, a nëmcùm cesky... Zpráwa o wlasnosti nëkterych liter, kterak by w obogj feci auplnë wysloweny byti magj, Plzeñ, 1531 ; many later editions. A comparison of Czech and German pronunciation, with special attention paid to Czech vowel quantity. Shows preference for colloquial forms. Includes Czech and German dialogues. Optât, Benes; Gzell, Petr; and Philomathes, Václav, Grämatyka Czeská w dwogij strànce. Orthographia przedkem, kterâz vcij ceskú fee pràwë a wlastnëpsátiy cijsti. Etymologia potom—, Nàmëst', 1533,1588,1643; Nuremberg, 1543. A two-part grammar written in connection with the Czech translation of the New Testament. Part I (orthography) distinguishes i and y, hard and soft consonants, but treats uo and ie as antiquated. Includes lengthy section on punctuation, with examples. Part II (etymology), written in Latin with Czech examples, discusses the Czech parts of speech and their grammatical categories. Republished by I. Hradil and J. Jireöek, Vienna, 1857. Critical edition and facsimiles of 1533 and 1588 in G.Freidhof, Grammatyka ceská: die Ausgaben von 1533 und 1588/Benes Optât, Petr Gzel, Václav Philomates ( = Specimina Philologiae Slavicae, 7), Frankfurt am Main-Munich, 1974. Optât, Benes, Isagogicon genzgestprwnij uwedení kazdému pocínagijcymu se uciti, Námést', 1535,1548,1588. A handbook on spelling and pronunciation. The pronunciation of individual sounds is discussed in the introduction.

4

Czech Grammars

[Anon.], Slabikár czesky a ginych nábozenstwijpocátkowé: Kterymzto wëcem Dijtky Krestianské hned zmladosti uceny byti magij, [Prostëjov], 1547. The first printed slabikár, or primer, used to teach spelling and reading. The introduction contains the alphabet followed by a scheme of syllabification. The bulk of the work consists of prayers and other religious texts. Kolin, Matèj, Elementarius libellus in lingua latina et boiemica pro novellis scholasticis. Knjzka zaczatkùw w gazyku Latinskím a Czesckim pro nowé ziácky, Prague, 1552. A handbook of Czech orthography and pronunciation supplemented with examples of inflections. Offers a noteworthy Czech translation of Latin grammatical terms. Klatovsky, Ondrej, Knyzka w ceském a nëmeckém gazyku slozená kterakby Czech nêmecky a Nêmec cesky cjsti, psâti a mluwiti uciti se mël, Prague, 1567. A Czech-German grammar with 42 conversations. The grammar covers orthography, pronunciation and inflection. Contains information on dialectal differences. Blahoslav, Jan, Grammatika ceská, MS, 1571 ; Vienna, 1857, xii + 390 pp. A two-part grammar by the archivist of the Czech Brethren whose purpose was to elevate the status of Czech and to provide preachers with an authoritative reference work. Part I is on the "Rules of Exemplary Style and Phraseology in General," which is in fact a commentary on Optât and Gzell's grammar of 1533. Part II is "On Metaphor," in which B. expresses his admiration for the written (spisovny) language and praises his native Czech for its power, flexibility and subtlety. An appendix (De dialectis) contains valuable information on Czech dialects (especially of Silesia and Moravia) and a comparison of Czech with other Slavic languages. Benesovsky, Matous, Grammatica bohémica, studiosis eius linguae utilissima, t.j. Gramatika ceská milovníküm téhozjazyku velmi uzitecná, Prague, 1577. B.'s two-part grammar represents no advance over that of Optât and Gzell (1533); Blahoslav's Grammatika ceská (1571) was unknown to him. The preface contains a dedication to Emperor Rudolph II and an excursus on the importance of the Slavic languages and on their relationship to each other. Part I surveys the inflection of nouns and adjectives, the comparison of adjectives, the formation of diminutives and the governance of prepositions. Part II discusses the verbal categories and classes of verbs. Provides no explanations or commentary; the exposition is brief and superficial. Contains an appendix with verse translations of several psalms.

17th Century

17th

5

Century

Benedikti, Vavrinec [Laurentius Benedicti, Benedict, Benedykt with surname Nudozerinus, Nudozerinus, Nudozersky, Nedozersky], Grammaticae Bohemicae ad Leges Naturalis Methodi Conformatae ... Libri Duo, Prague, 1603. The first normative Czech grammar, modelled after the Latin grammar of Peter Ramus and composed with the help of Daniel Adam ζ Veleslavina. Parti (De etymologia) includes sections on pronunciation, declension and conjugation. Partii (De syntaxi) comprises chapters on agreement, the use of cases, and elliptical constructions. Provides information on Moravian and Slovak dialects and gives examples from the Kralice Bible. Drachovsky, Jan, Grammatica boëmica in V. libros divisa, Olomouc, 1660. Modelled on Latin handbooks, this grammar discusses the inflected and noninflected parts of speech, orthography and quantity. Sets up three verb conjugations and analyzes governance. The final section deals with vowel quantity and recommends the use of quantitative meter. Konstanc, Jin [Constantius, Gregorius], Lima lingue bohemice to gest brus gazyka ceského neb spis o pooprawenj a naostrenj feci ceské, Prague, 1667. A grammar in Latin and Czech. Nouns are divided into five and verbs into three form-classes. Contains discussion of derivation and compounding and remarks on archaisms and loanwords. The section on syntax deals mainly with the governance of prepositions. Vowel quantity, orthography, and punctuation are treated under prosody. Steyer, Matëj Vaclav, [Stejer], Wybomë dobry zpûsob gak se mâ dobre po cesku psâti neb tisknauti, wytazeny ζ ceské bibli, kterâ na nëkolik dilù rozdëlena a wyklady po krajich polozenymi wyswétlena bywsi mezi nekatolickymi gest u weliké waznosti..., Prague, 1668,1730,1781. A handbook in the form of dialogues between a teacher and a pupil. Reflects the contemporary spoken language. Relies on examples from the Kralice Bible (1579-1593). Also known as Zácek. Rosa, Václav Jan, Czechorecnost, seu Grammatica linguae bohemicae quatuor partibus orthographia, etymologia, syntaxi et prosodia constans, Prague, 1672. A four-part grammar written in Latin. The first of two Forewords defends and praises Czech and stresses the importance of the relationship of Czech to other Slavic languages (R. identifies Slovak completely with Czech). The second Foreword provides instructions for foreigners on how to learn Czech. The section on orthography covers spelling rules (e.g., / after c, s, z, r) and pronunciation. The section on "etymology" discusses six nominal declensions (with the dual treated as a vestigial category), the verbal categories and derivation, including diminutives. The syntax deals with word order, government and agreement. The prosody advocates the use of quantitative meters and includes a

6

Czech Grammars

discussion of orthography and consonant alternations. R.'s purism leads him to coin many neologisms which never entered the language. R. was also the author of an unpublished dictionary (Thesaurus linguae bohemicae) which was utilized by Jungmann. [Anon.], Prima principia linguae bohemicae, Prague, 1678,1783. A grammar in three sections covering inflection, syntax and orthography. Nouns are divided into five declensions and verbs into three conjugations. The treatment of the verbal categories is based on Latin. The syntax treats word order, governance of verbs and prepositions.

18th

Century

Jandyt, Václav [Jandit], Grammatica linguae boëmicae methodo facili, Prague, 1704,1705; many later editions. A grammar in four parts. Part I (orthography) gives rules for the use of punctuation, diacritics and vowel length. Part II ("etymology") discusses the parts of speech. Part III (syntax) includes phraseology and derivation. Part IV (prosody) illustrates the use of quantitative meters. [Anon], Alphabetum boëmicum in quo singularum litterarum proprietates nova et facili methodo proponuntur et per collectas de orthographia boëmica observationes, Prague, 1718. Discusses the pronunciation of Czech sounds in comparison with Latin and German. Czech vowel quantity is illustrated by minimal pairs. Dolezal, Pavel, Sama ucicí abeceda a tak sporádany slabikár, Bratislava, 1742, 1756. A versified and illustrated textbook of Czech for children drawn from Komensky. , Orthographia bohemo-slavicaperspicuis ac maxime necessariis regulis a quodam magni nominis viro dim explicata [nunc vero in usum juventutis scholasticae omniumque linguae slavicae cultorum diligenter revisa et in lucem edita], η.pp., 1742. , Grammatica slavico-bohemica, in qua praeter alia ratio accuratae scriptionis et flexionis, quae in hac lingua magnis difficultatibus laborat, ex genuinis fundamentis demonstratur ut et discrimen inter dialectum bohemorum et cultiorum slavorum in Hungaria insinuaturcum appendice ..., Bratislava, 1746. [Anon.], Elementa linguae slavo-bohemicae, Levoca, 1752. [Anon.], Zácek skolpoloznych neb kràtky zpùsob, ktérak ditky znâmky znâti, iporádné skládati, a dobre cesky cisti se uciti maji, Prague, 1755.

18 th Century

7

Pohl, Jan Václav, Grammatica linguae bohemicae oder die böhmische Sprachkunst bestehend in vier Theilen, Vienna-Prague-Trieste, 1756; many later editions. A four-part grammar (orthography, inflection, syntax, prosody) written in German by one of the foremost linguistic purists of the period. Also contains 26 dialogues and a thematically arranged dictionary of ca. 1600 entries. The work is mostly derived from Rosa. [Anon.], Kràtkà prawidla k Latinské Rzecigakoz taképfilozená nëkterà Poznamenánj na Czeskau Slowárnu k prospëchu sskol w kraginâch Domu Rakauského ... wyhotowenâ. Djl Prwnj, Prague, 1764; many later editions. A grammar of Latin which includes a survey of Czech inflected parts of speech. Pohl, Jan Václav, Neuverbesserte böhmische Grammatik, Vienna, 1773. A revised version of P.'s 1756 grammar with an expanded section on prosody and an enlarged dictionary. Rozenthaler, Josef, Opella in septem capita distincta, quibus errorum, qui in bohémica scriptione, tum in typo fiunt caussae expanduntur, et per lectas de orthographia et etymologia bohémica observationes, Prague, 1779. A manual on writing and pronunciation which recommends adherence to the spoken language (although it observes such graphic distinctions as i and y). , Orthographia ceská aneb naucenj, gak se má dobre cesky psát, Prague, 1780, 1793,1810. An orthographic handbook with separate sections on the use of long and short vowels, syllabification and punctuation. , Hwëzdicka pjsare k dobrému psanj ceskému wedaucy ku prospëchu sskol ceskych wydana, Prague, 1781. A shorter Czech version of R.'s Latin Opella in septem capita .... Tomsa, Franz, Böhmische Sprachlehre, Prague, 1782. Discusses the pronunciation of Czech, the writing of i and y, and the role of quantitative and consonant alternations. Incorporates material on inflection from Dolezal's grammar of 1746. Distinguishes three declensions on the basis of gender and six conjugations on the basis of the infinitive. Discusses the usefulness of German caiques. The book gives a fairly faithful picture of the contemporary language. Petrmann, Jiri, Cechorecnost tauz Recj mlauwycym slozenà a we dwauch djljch obsazená, totiz: w dobropjsebnosti a zpëwomluwnosti, Bratislava, 1783. Discussion of the sounds and orthography of Czech. The section on prosody covers rhyme and the rules of Czech quantitative meters.

8

Czech Grammars

Tomsa, Frantisele Jan, Uwedenj k ceské dobropjsemnosti k uzjwânj ceskych ssol w cys. král. zemjeh, Prague, 1784. A manual of Czech orthography. Schimek, Maximilian [Simek], Handbuch fiir einen Lehrer der böhmischen Literatur, Vienna, 1785; Czech edition (Pfírucka pro ucitelé ceské literatury), 1785. Covers orthography and morphology. The nouns are classified into five declensions and the adjectives into three types (hard, soft and possessive). Discusses three aspects (perfective, imperfective and frequentative) and four conjugations of the verb. Thám, Karel Václav Ignác, Kurzgefasste böhmische Sprachlehre nebst böhmisch, deutsch, französischen Gesprächen, Prague-Vienna, 1785. Pohl, Jan Václav, Prawopisnost feci cechské, Vienna, 1786. A treatise on Czech orthography with a classification of vowels, diphthongs and consonants. Notes the distinctive value of Czech length and uses diacritics to mark long vowels and "soft" consonants. Dobrovsky, Josef, Geschichte der böhmischen Sprache und Literatur, Prague, 1791 (abridged), 1792,1818. The first comparative Slavic grammar which has as its main subject the history of the Czech literary language and literature. Among other topics, it deals with the origin, habitat and oldest written language of the Slavs; compares the sounds of Old Church Slavonic with those of Latin, Czech and German; traces the history of the nominal inflections and genders, the formation of the oldest Slavic alphabets and of the Slavic liturgy. Among the Slavic languages D. considers Czech, Russian, Polish, "Croatian" (i. e., Croatian and Slovenian) and "IIlyrian" (i. e., the other South Slavic languages). The last chapter gives a survey of the oldest Czech literary monuments. Reprinted 1955, Halle, with a foreword by H. Rosei. Tomsa, Frantisek, Poucenj, gakse má dobre ceskypsát, Prague, 1793,1800. A normative handbook of Czech orthography. Includes sections on the use of capital letters, diacritics, punctuation and syllabification. Distinguishes spoken from written Czech, but admits in the latter only infinitives in -t. [Anon.], Zacátkové ceského jazyka. Ceské cvicenípro schovance c. k. kadetniho domu, Prague, 1793. Pelzel, Franz Martin [Pelel], Typus declinationum linguae bohemicae nova méthode dispositorum, Prague, 1793. A description of the Czech inflection which adopts Dobrovsky's system. Chládek, Jiljí Bartolomëj, Naucenj kratické, kterakby se mélo dobre mluwiti cesky a psâti, Prague, 1795.

19th Century

9

A four-part grammar written to encourage the study and cultivation of Czech. Discusses in detail the Czech consonants and offers a description of the nominal and verbal inflection based on Latin. The syntax covers word order and the syntactic functions of the parts of speech. Pelzel, Franz Martin, Grundsätze der böhmischen Grammatik, Prague, 1795; 1798. The grammar, modelled after Dobrovsky's works, displays marked archaizing tendencies (e.g., the reinstitution of the distinction between I and t), having been written after the promulgation of the Patent of Tolerance, which allowed the republishing of and access to 16th-century Protestant texts. The work surveys older Czech grammars, treats orthography, phonetics, morphology, and syntax. The morphology covers the inflected parts of speech and is particularly exhaustive in the study of the verb. The work concludes with Czech-German dialogues, lists of Czech phrases and proverbs and a Czech-German dictionary. , Typus declinationum ex grammatica Pelcliana, Prague, 1795. Thám, Karel Ignác, Böhmische Grammatik zum Gebrauche der Deutschen, wodurch sie diese Sprache auf eine leichte Art in kurzer Zeit gründlich erlernen können, Prague, 1798,1800,1801 ; republished as Erster gründlicher Unterricht in der böhmischen Sprache mit Leseübungen, Prague, 1804. Deals with Czech morphology and syntax. The grammar is followed by a selection of texts with commentaries and glossaries and a German-Czech dictionary of toponyms and personal names. Dobrovsky, Josef, Bildsamkeit der slawischen Sprache an der Bildung der Substantive und Adjektive in der böhmischen Sprache dargestellt, Prague, 1799. Treatise on nominal and adjectival derivation. Antiquated in its treatment of the morphophonemic alternations, but outstanding in the analysis of Czech nominal derivatives. , Slovo Slovenicum, in specie Czechicum, Prague, 1799. A study of Czech conjugation.

19th

Century

Thám, Karel Ignác, Leichte und gründliche Methode in kurzer Zeit echt böhmisch auszusprechen, zu lesen und zu schreiben, Prague, 1800. A Czech primer for Germans which compares Czech orthography and pronunciation with those of German. Tomsa, Franz, Über die Aussprache der cechischen Buchstaben, Silben und Wörter nebst Leseübungen, Prague, 1801. An overview of the history of Czech orthography and of contemporary pronunciation, with exercises.

10

Czech Grammars

Tham, Karel Ignác, Über den Charakter der Slaven, dann über den Ursprung, die Schicksale, Vollkommenheiten, die Nützlichkeit und Wichtigkeit der böhmischen Sprache, Prague, 1803. A typical vindication of the Czech language written on behalf of all Slavdom. Attempts to show the position of Czech among other European languages and to demonstrate its superiority over German in its lexicon and grammar (e.g., in its aspects, richness of synonyms and derivation). Old Czech texts are cited as proof of an uninterrupted literary tradition. Nejedly, Jan, Böhmische Grammatik (Part I), Prague, 1804; Praktischer Teil enthaltend verschiedene Aufgaben ... (Partii), Prague, 1805; Parisi and II, 1809, 1821. Discusses Czech sounds in relation to those of other European languages and the problems of Czech orthography. Gives inflection of all parts of speech and touches briefly upon syntax. Compares Czech word order with that of German. Tomsa, Franz, Über die Bedeutung, Abwandlung und Gebrauch der tschechischen Zeitwörter mit 30 tschechischen und deutschen Gesprächen und Erzählungen: dann folgt etwas aus der Naturlehre, elf tschechische Oden, endlich die Recension meines Werkchens über die Aussprache der tschechischen Buchstaben, Sylben und Wörter, aus den Annalen der österreichen Literatur, Prague, 1804. A study of the meanings and formal classification of verbs in two parts. Part I (the morphology of the verb) discusses perfective, imperfective and frequentative aspects and mood. Verbs are classified into two conjugations (on the basis of 1 sg. pres. form). Prefixes are treated with regard to tense, aspect and the syntactic functions of the verbs. Part II contains Czech-German conversations and a number of poems. Puchmayer, Antonin Jaroslav [Puchmajer], Prawopis rusko-cesky, Prague, 1805. An orthoepic work which offers a system of transliteration from Czech into Russian. Touches on phonetic and lexical differences between the two languages. Concludes with a survey of Czech and Russian inflections. Tomsa, Franz, Über die Veränderungen der cechischen Sprache nebst einer cechischen Chrestomathie seit dem dreizehnten Jahrhundert bis jetzt, Prague, 1805. A history of the Czech language, based on orthographic, syntactic and inflectional changes as attested in texts, especially in Bible translations. Compares orthographic conventions of various periods. Notes Czech-Russian and CzechPolish phonetic and lexical similarities. Tries to define the contemporary literary norm. Dobrovsky, Josef, Böhmische Biegung, Prague, 1808. Nejedly, Jan, Praktische böhmische Grammatik für Deutsche, Prague, 1809,1821. Same as Nejedly 1805, with minor changes.

19th Century

11

Dobrovsky, Josef, Ausfiihrliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache ..., Prague, 1809. Basic work on Czech morphology. Treats in detail the inflection of the noun and verb (together with derivation). Provides lists of nominal and adjectival suffixes (without examples or meanings). The syntax covers the functions of verbal prefixes and the structure of impersonal and reflexive sentences. Served as a model for the description of other Slavic languages (See Puchmajer, Russian G 1820).

Thám, Karel Ignác, Neueste gründliche und leichtfassliche Methode in möglichster Geschwindigkeit böhmisch richtig lesen und schreiben zu lernen, Prague, 1811. A Czech textbook for Germans in four parts: (I) Pronunciation; (II) Orthography with rules for the distinction of vowel quantity; (III) Inflection of nouns classified into five declensions, and verbs grouped into three conjugations (according to the present tense); (IV) Czech-German dictionary of 550 nouns with 99 dialogues and conversational phrases. Parizek, Ales, Prawidla ceské dobropisebnosti praktyckymi prjklady wyswëtlenà, Prague, 1812,1815,1819. A normative handbook of Czech orthography. Some of the orthographic rules approximate modern Czech spelling. Discusses homonyms and shows their use in sentences. Tomsa, Franz, Von den Vorzügen der cechischen Sprache, Prague, 1812. A defense of the Czech language which affirms the importance of Czech among modern European languages. Emphasizes the semantic diversity, syntactic flexibility and rich derivational possibilities of Czech. Cites Old Czech texts as proof of a long-established literary tradition. , Grössere cechische Orthographie, gemeiniglich böhmische Orthographie genannt, Prague, 1812. An orthographic handbook which distinguishes the written and spoken norms of the language (e.g. the literary norm avoids prothetic ν-, the ej pronunciation of y and the simplification of certain consonant clusters). Cites minimal pairs illustrating the distinctive value of vowel length. The appendix contains an orthographic dictionary and rules for transliterating Russian, Serbian and Polish. Dobrovsky, Josef, Entwurf zu einem allgemeinen Etymologikon der slawischen Sprachen, Prague, 1813, 1833. An outline of comparative Slavic grammar. Compares the phonological systems of various Slavic languages. Covers nominal, verbal and pronominal inflections and the role of vowel alternations in stems and endings. Singles out for discussion the historical development of the present tense endings. Thám, Karel Ignác, Kunst in drei Monaten böhmisch lesen, verstehen, schreiben und sprechen zu lernen, Prague, 1815.

12

Czech Grammars

Smitt, Jan, Gramatyka ceská nebo: Ucenj gak se ceská slowa uchylowati, spogowati a psáti magj, Prague, 1816. A handbook of Czech inflection and orthography. Nouns are divided into nine declensions. Verbs are classified as regular (with four conjugations) and irregular. Adjectives are categorized as hard, soft, possessive and short. The syntax covers the function of the various parts of speech. The orthography gives rules for punctuation, vowel quantity and vowel and consonant alternations. Discusses the morphological differences between the written and spoken language. Hanka, Václav, Prawopis cesky podle základu Grammatyky Dobrowského, Prague, 1817. A two-part work written in response to the controversy between the ypsilonisty and the jotisty. The first part covers the nominal and verbal inflections with particular emphasis on the role of vowel and quantitative alternations. The second part (orthography) provides rules for the use of the letters i and y, discusses the difference between prothetic and non-prothetic v- and indicates the correct pronunciation of ca. 420 words. Thám, Karel Ignác, Lehrbuch für Anfänger in der böhmischen Sprache in grammatischen und syntaktischen Übungen, Prague, 1817. A survey of Czech parts of speech with a discussion of their syntactic use and lists of alternative endings. Discusses verbal derivation and classifies verbs according to the infinitive and present tense stems. Includes exercises and CzechGerman dialogues with explanations of Czech words and idioms. Novotny ζ Luze, Frantisek, Prawidla ceské feci, Prague, 1818. Surveys Czech orthography and inflection from the 14th century on. Attempts to reconstruct the Old Czech sound system on the basis of the Dalimil Chronicle. The section on orthography is followed by an overview of the inflected parts of speech. Ziegler, Josef Liboslav, Böhmische Biegungen. Uchylky, Hradec-Králové, 1818, 1823. School textbook. Contains tables of declensions and conjugations based on J. Nejedly's grammar. Lischka, Antonín [Liska], Elementar Unterricht in der böhmischen Sprache zunächst fur die teutsche studierende Jugend nach den besten Sprachlehren entworfen, Neuhaus, 1821,1849. Filcik, Jan Josef [Filzig], Prawidla dobropjsemnosti Ceské, Hradec Králové, 1822, 1827. An orthography of Czech, with a survey of the inflected parts of speech. Arranges nouns into eight declensions, but fails to classify the verbs. Gives prepositions and their governance. Uses idiosyncratic grammatical terms.

19th Century

13

Hanka, Václav, Mluwnice, cili saustawa ceského gazyka podlé Dobrowského, Prague, 1822,1831,1849. A translation of the second edition of Dobrovsky's grammar, with a number of additions. Cerny, Jan, Tabule poucugjcy a wedaucí k nâlezitému poznánj dewatera cástek ceské feci, Jicín, 1825. Tables of declensions and conjugations. Jungmann, Josef, with V. Hanka, O pocâtku a proménâch prawopisu ceského a w cem tak nazwanà analogichi od bratrsképosawád uzjiwané ORTHOGRAPHIE se rozdéluge, k Ijbeznému a nestrannému uwazenj wsem PP. Wlastencùm w krâtkosti podâno, Prague, 1828. A historical survey of Czech orthography beginning with the 11th century. Trnka, Frantisek, Übersicht der böhmischen Declinationen und Prague, 1829.

Conjugationen,

Kyselo, Karel, Neynowëgsi mluwnice ceská, Prague, 1830. Survey of Czech morphology, pronunciation, and stylistic variants. Divides nouns into nine declensions, adjectives into five types and verbs into four conjugations. Discusses vowel quantity, devoicing of final consonants and the distribution of orthographic i/y. Contains lists of homonyms, verbs governing the genitive, and words that are most frequently mispronounced. Michl, J. J., Saustawa gazyka ceského ζ hledisté prawopisného, Prague, 1836. A survey of Czech inflected and non-inflected parts of speech. Under orthographic rules discusses capitalization, the use of i and y, and vowel quantity. Introduces grammatical terms that are still in use (skloñováni, predlozka, etc.). Vanëk, Norbert; and Franta, J., Kleine Grammatik, 2 vols., Prague, 1836-1837; 18382 (Kurzgefasste Grammatik der böhmischen Sprache zum Selbstunterricht). Burian, T., Ausßihrliches theoretisch-praktisches Lehrbuch der Sprache für Deutsche, Prague, 1839,1843,1850,1859.

böhmischen

Sykora, J. N., Anleitung zur schnellen und gründlichen Erlernung der böhmischen Sprache, Prague, 1839. Prosek, J., Kurzgefasste praktische böhmische Grammatik fiir Deutsche, Prague, 1840. Sembera, Alois Vojtëch, Böhmische Rechtschreibung, Olomouc, 1841,1844. A grammar in two parts, with exercises. The first part (phonetics and morphology) discusses the sounds of Czech, their alternations, and the inflected parts of speech. The noun is divided into five declensions and the verbs into seven conjugations. The second part (orthography) covers capitalization, syllabification, and the use of i/y.

14

Czech Grammars

Wlasák, Josef [Vlasák], Ceská dobropjsemnost aneb auplny úwod gakby se djtky naucily dobre psâti, weskrz prjklady wyswétlen, Prague, 1841. School grammar covering morphology, pronunciation, and orthography. The introduction surveys the orthographic norms of previous authors. Zák, Vincenc Pavel, Böhmische Sprachlehre für Deutsche, Prague, 1841; many later editions. Koneöny, J. N., Theoretisch-praktische Anleitung zur schnellen und gründlichen Erlernung der cechisch-slawischen Sprache, (Parti), Vienna, 1842, 1847, 1849, 1852; Theoreticko-praktické nawedení k rychlému a dûkladnému naucení jazyku ceskoslowanskému podle nowé, lehkopochopitelnè methody, (Part II), Vienna, 1842,1846. A handbook of Czech in two parts: I (in German) Grammar; II (in Czech) Chrestomathy. Contrasts Czech pronunciation with German. Divides nouns into eight declensions on the basis of gender and nom. and gen. sg. endings. Also provides paradigms of adjectives, pronouns, and numerals. Classifies verbs into five conjugations on the basis of the infinitive stem. Under syntax, gives an extensive list of verbs and their governance. Discusses subject-predicate and predicate-object relations. Ziegler, Josef Liboslav, Mluwnice ceská, kterauz ku prospëchu mládeze sskolní slozil..., Chrudím, 1842; Hradec Králové, 1850. A normative school grammar. Discusses orthography, alternations of length, inflected parts of speech, and the basic rules of syntax. Pursues a puristic tendency. , Neykratssj zpûsob ceské dobropjsemnosti ceské dokonale se nauciti, Cáslav, 1842. Textbook on orthography with exercises. Compares spoken and written Czech, giving the correct pronunciation of frequently mispronounced words. Objects to "vulgar" use of prothetic v- and the simplification of consonant clusters, but tolerates the variants y/ej and è/i in writing. Kampelik, Frantisek Cyrill, Cástky ceskoslovenského jazyka, Prague, 1843. Sykora, J. N., Kurzgefasstes Lehrbuch der böhmischen Sprache und Rechtschreibung, Prague, 1844,1849,1851,1857. A grammar in two parts. Part I (phonetics and inflection) compares Czech and German pronunciation. Discusses the inflected and non-inflected parts of speech. Nouns are arranged into eight declensions, adjectives into three types (hard, soft, and possessive) and verbs into three conjugations (on the basis of the first person sing. pres.). Partii (orthography) deals with capitalization, vowel quantity, syllabification and punctuation. Discusses the difference between the written and spoken norms.

19th Century

15

Kampelík, Frantisele C., Prawopis ceskoslowanské feci co pñrucní knízka se mnohymi pfíklady pro ucitele, pëstouny, rodice ke prospéchu mlàdeze tak sestaweny, aby se mu snadnym zpusobem dùkladnë nauciti mohla, Prague, 1845. Textbook on orthography with survey of morphology and pronunciation. Exhibits puristic tendency. Maly, Jakub Josef, Krátká mluwnice ceská pro Cechy, Prague, 1845. A grammar in three parts: (1) inflection, (2) syntax, (3) orthography. Divides nouns into six declensions, adjectives into hard, soft, and possessive and verbs into nine conjugations (on the basis of the first person sing, pres., infinitive stem, and sometimes imperative). Gives examples of verb derivation. Includes list of prepositions with governance. Discusses types of syntactic relations and word order. Gives classification of vowels and consonants and their alternations. Safarik, Pavel Josef, Pocátkové staroceské mluwnice. Úvod k vyboru staroceské literatury, Prague, 1845. A four-part historical grammar of Czech from the 10th to the 15th century, covering (1) phonology, (2) & (3) the inflected and non-inflected parts of speech, and (4) syntax. Discusses the Czech prehláska and the development of Czech é in comparison with other Slavic languages. Traces the history of the Czech noun declensions and divides the Old Czech verb into six conjugations, based on present and past tense; distinguishes simple and compound tenses; treats separately the auxiliary and athematic verbs. The treatment of syntax is perfunctory. Koneôny, J. N., Grundzüge der neuen Orthographie der cechischen Sprache samt Uebungsaufgaben zum Dictandoschreiben, Vienna, 1846. Discusses syllabification and capitalization. Formulates rules for vowel alternations in inflection and derivation. Notes differences between the written and spoken languages, including the diphthongization of y to ej and the simplification of consonant clusters. Observations are supported by examples. Includes exercises. [Anon.], Prawidla ceského prawopisu, praktickymi prjklady wywswétlená pro ucitele ceskych sskol zwlàsstë pro kandidáty aufadu ucitelského, Prague, 1846,1847, 1848. A two-part grammar aiming at a faithful description of the contemporary language (without obsolete categories). Part I (morphology) describes nominal and verbal inflection, aspect, prepositions, adverbs, and conjunctions. Partii (orthography) deals with syllabification, capitalization, and the differences between the written and spoken norms. Tomek, V.V., Kurzgefasste böhmische Sprachlehre, Prague, 1848, 1849, 1851, 1855. Hattala, Martin, Skladba ceskoslovenského jazyka prostredni skoly, Prague, 1855. A textbook for high schools offering a description of simple and complex sentences, mood, and the use of tenses. See Slk G 1850,1852,1864.

16

Czech Dictionaries

, Srovnávací mluvnice jazyka ceského a slovenského, Prague, 1857. A two-part contrastive grammar of Czech and Slovak. The introduction discusses older Czech and Slovak grammars. Compares simple and complex sentences, the use of prepositions, the sound systems, alternations of vowels, and the development of the inflections in Czech and in Slovak. The section on phonology and inflection is essentially a repetition of the author's earlier Grammatica Linguae Slovenicae(1850). (See Slk G 1850,1852,1864.)

Czech Dictionaries 14th-15th

Century

School of Claretus de Solentia [Mistr Klaret or Bartolomëj ζ Chlumce], Bohemarius Major, Glossarius, Vokabulár grammaticky, MS, ca. 1360. Three dictionaries in verse, intended to render in Czech the bulk of Latin technical terminology to facilitate access to Western science for Czech students. The largest of them is the Glossary of 7 000 words, among which are many neologisms and words of everyday usage. Although many of the terms were not adopted, the work as a whole served as a basis for a new scientific terminology. Published by V. Flajshans, Klaret a jeho druzina, Vol. I, Prague, 1926. Claretus de Solentia, Vocabularius, MS, 1409. Dictionary of 3485 Latin and Czech entries arranged thematically. Preserved in two copies made by Piter and Dobrovsky (which served as the basis for the 1833 edition: Sbirka nejdavnëjsich slovnikù, ed. V. Hanka, Prague, 1833, pp. 54-104). 16th Century Aquentis [Wodftansky, Jan Bosák], Vocabularius cuius nomen Lactifer, Novy Plzen, 1511. The first printed Latin-Czech dictionary. Compiled to facilitate the reading of major Latin authors. The material is arranged by subject matter into 12 sections; the items in each section are arranged alphabetically. Each Latin entry is accompanied by an etymology, Czech glosses, and commentary. The orthography is inconsistent; vowel length is not indicated. [Anon.], Dictionarius trium linguarum latine, teutonice, bohemicepotiora vocabula continens: peregrinantibus apprime utilis, Vienna, 1513. A dictionary of ca. 1500 nouns arranged by subject matter, and a list of numerals. Some entries betray Central Czech origin. The orthography is inconsistent (the hácek is used only for z), and vowel length is not indicated. An expanded edition including Italian and French equivalents appeared in 1531.

16th Century

17

[Anon.], Quinqué linguarum utilissimus vocabularius: Latinae, Italicae, Gallicae, Bohemicae et Allemanicae, valde necessariuspermundum versan cupientibus ..., Nuremberg, 1531. A dictionary in two parts containing ca. 2000 entries incorporating many Central Czech features. The first part (ca. 1250 entries) contains mostly nouns and adjectives arranged by subject matter. The second part is arranged according to semantic "nests." The orthography lacks diacritic marks. Gelenius, Sigmund [Hruby ζ Jelení, Zikmund], Lexicon symphonum quo quatuor linguarum Europae ... concordia ... indicatur, Basel, 1537 (1300words), 1544 (3136 words), 625 pp. A three-part dictionary comparing the "literate" Greek and Latin with the "barbarian" German and Slavic (Part 3 contains no Slavic). The Slavic is an artificial ree slovanská made up of Czech and Croatian elements. H. attempts to show the relationship among the languages but does not distinguish loanwords (angelos, angelus, Engel, anjel) from cognates (mus ~ maus - μΰς - mys). See Croatian D 1537. Codicillus, Petr, Wokabulár latinsky, czesky a nëmecky, Prague, 1546; many later editions and expanded title : Wokabulár latinsky, czesky a nëmecky nynj nowë spraweny a rossyreny; Wokabulár latinsky a cesky nynj nowë spraweny a rossyreny, 1704 (without German). A dictionary of ca. 3000 entries arranged by subject matter, containing nouns and adjectives and examples of their usage. The edition of 1704 includes ca. 400 verbs. There are also phrases and conversations on everyday subjects. Vopatovinus [?], Jan, Puerilium colloquiorum formulae, Latina, Bohémica, et Germanica lingua brevissime conscriptae, Prague, 1550. A Latin-Czech-German conversation book in 30 dialogues. The Czech shows many features of the spoken language (e. g., prothetic v-). The orthography is inconsistent. [Anon.], Elementa latinae, bohemicae ac germanicae linguae, Olomouc, 1551. A thematically arranged Latin-Czech-German dictionary, containing ca. 1200 entries (mainly nouns and a few adjectives). The orthography is inconsistent. Vowel length is not marked. Some entries show traits of the spoken language (e.g., prothetic v-). Dasypus, P.; Heyden, S. and Piniciano, I., Wokabulár. Nomenclatura Rerum Domesticarum. In usum studiosae iuventutis, Latina, Boèmica, Germanica lingua breviter collecta, Olomouc, 1560. A thematically arranged dictionary of ca. 2000 entries, consisting of nouns, adjectives, and some verbs; numerals are given in the last section. Reschel, Tomás [Hradecky Resel], Dictionarium Latinobohemicum in usum et gratiam studiosae iuventutis Bohemicae..., 2 vols., Olomouc, 1560-1562.

18

Czech Dictionaries

A dictionary of ca. 6500 semantic "nests" with Latin entries matched by several Czech synonyms. The Czech entries are accompanied by scant grammatical remarks. Contains separate indexes of toponyms, plants, animals, etc. Pressius, Paul, Vokabulár ν nové spraveny a rozsíreny; Vocabularium trilingue dilgenter et accuratae editum, Prague, 15863,1575. Latin-Czech-German dictionary. Benesovsky, Matous, Knjzka slow czeskych wylozenych odkud svüj pocátek magi totiz jaky jejich jest rozum, Prague, 1587. The first comprehensive Czech dictionary. Contains fanciful etymologies of Czech words based upon comparison with words in other Slavic languages (especially Polish, Russian and Croatian Church Slavonic). An appendix lists loanwords from Latin, Greek, and German. The preface contains a vigorous defense of the Czech language and of all Slavdom. Daniel Adam ζ Veleslavína, Nomenciator quadrilinguis bohemico-latino-graecogermanicus. In quatuor classes dinstinctus, quarum prima est de Deo, secunda de Natura, tertia de Homine, quarta deArtibus, Prague, 1598, 658 col, 66, 72 pp. One of the largest 16th-century Czech dictionaries. Arranged by subject matter in four sections (God, nature, man, art). Contains ca. 11,500 nouns, adjectives and numerals. There is an appended index of the Czech and Latin entries followed by a Czech-Latin-Greek-German gazeteer of ca. 750 geographical names. , Sylva quadrilinguis vocabulorum et phrasium bohemicae, latinae, graecae et germanicae linguae . . P r a g u e , 1598,1916 col. and register; 1683. An alphabetically arranged dictionary of ca. 17,000 German and matching Czech entries which replaced the Hebrew and French words of its model, the dictionary of Helfricus Emillinus (1592). Entries are arranged in "nests" and accompanied by synonyms, derivatives, and illustrative phrases. The appendix contains an index of German words. 17th Century Vrancic, Faustus, Dictionarium septem diversarum linguarum videlicet latine, italice, dalmatice, bohemice, polonice, germanice et ungarice, Prague, 1605. Dictionary of ca. 5500 entries by Croatian author. Contains valuable Czech entries marked for vowel quantity. (See Croatian D 1595). [Anon.], Dictionarium Quattuor Linguarum: Latinae, Hungaricae, Bohemicae, Germanicae, Vienna, 1629. A dictionary of 4500-5000 thematically arranged entries. Grammatical annotations are sporadic and vowel quantity is marked inconsistently. [Anon.], Nucleus Grammaticae: seu Breve Latino-Bohemo-Germanicum

Dictio-

18th Century

19

narium in quo Omnia Gramaticae Vocabula Continentur, una cum Nominum Generibus, ac Genitivis; Verborum item Praeteritus et Supinis ..., Prague, 1681; many later editions. A trilingual dictionary in two parts: (1) nouns and adjectives (ca. 1050); (2) verbs (ca. 650). The Latin entries are supplied with grammatical annotations. [Anon.], Quadrillingue dictionarium videlicet, Bohemo-Germanico et LatinoGraecum . . P r a g u e , 1683. A quadrilingual dictionary containing ca. 4000 entries without grammatical annotations. Included are idiomatic phrases (alphabetized separately) and a German-Latin index.

18th

Century

Wussin [Vusin, Kaspar Zachariás], Dictionarium von dreien Sprachen, Teutsch, Lateinisch und Böhmisch ..., 3 vols., Prague, 1700,1706, n.d.; 1722,1729,1742, 1746 (Lexicon Tripartitum, oder deutsch, lateinisch und böhmisches Wörterbuch). Compiled with the intention of replacing foreignisms with ad hoc Czech neologisms, thus giving a distorted picture of the contemporary language. [Ryvola, Jan Josef], Slowár Czesky. To gest slowa nëkterâ Czeská gak od Latinárûw tak y od Nëmcùw wypúgcená zase naprawená a w wlastnj Czeskau Rzec obrâcenâ k uzjvanj Milownjkùw Czeské Rzeci, Prague, 1705,1716. A dictionary of ca. 450 entries. Attempts to replace German and Latin borrowings with native words (neologisms or archaisms). Few of the invented forms entered the language. [Anon.], Nucleus Grammaticae Breve Latino-Bohemico-Germanicum rium, Prague, 1729.

Dictiona-

Rosa, Václav Jan, Thesaurus Linguae Bohemicae, 4 vols. (MSS in the National Museum in Prague), late 17th-early 18th century. A Czech-Latin-German dictionary of alphabetically arranged lexical nests based on Komensky's material. R. attempts to eradicate real or apparent foreignisms by introducing neologisms, of which only a few have survived. Represents the only remnant of Komensky's projected Thesaurus, destroyed in the 1656 fire of Leszno. Wagner, Franz, Universae phraseologiae latinae corpus, congestum a P. Francisco Wagner societatis Jesu sacerdote, secundis curis a quopiam eiusdem societatis sallustiana, caesareana, liviana, corneliana ... phraseologiis, Demum apud nos Unguis hungarica et slavica locupletatum, Trnava, 1750,1755 ; Prague, 1762 ; 1822. A Latin-Czech-German dictionary of ca. 10,000 entries. Czech entries include synonyms and translations of Latin phrases. Grammatical information is given only for the Latin entries. Czech verbs are cited in the 1st pers. sing, present. (See Croatian D 1747.)

20

Czech Dictionaries

Kropf, Frantisele, Index Locuples Latinorum Dictionum, pro Germanicis et Bohemias vocibus delectarum, Prague, 1753, χ + 852 + xxxvi + lix pp. A German-Czech-Latin dictionary of ca. 6500 entries arranged by subject. Each entry is accompanied by illustrative sentences or phrases. Contains a German-Czech index. Röhn, Jan Karel, Nomenclátor to gest: Gmenowatel aneb Rozlicnych Gmen gak w Czeské, Latinské, taky w Nëmeské Rzeci Oznamitel, 4 vol., Prague, 1746-1768. A four-volume Czech-Latin-German dictionary of ca. 19,000 entries arranged by subject. Phrases and sentences are occasionally cited as separate entries. Grammatical qualifiers are given only for the Latin entries. Wiedemann, Václav [Widemann ζ Plznë, Václav], Neu erfasstes böhmisches Wörterbuch, Wiener Neustadt, 1768.

deutsches

Thám, Karel Ignác, Neues ausßihrliches und vollständiges deutsch-böhmisches Nationallexicon oder Wörterbuch, Prague, 2 vols., 1788; vol.1 (Α-K), 526 pp.; vol.11 (L-Z), 729 pp. Tomsa, Frantisele Jan, Maly nëmecky a cesky slovnik, Prague, 1789. A German-Czech dictionary compiled under the direction of Dobrovsky. Contains many Czech synonyms, phrases, and illustrations of usage. Grammatical information is supplied only for the German entries. , Vollständiges Wörterbuch der böhmischen, deutschen und lateinischen Sprache, Prague, 1791,32 pp., 1240 col. Also published under the direction of Dobrovsky. Contains a preface by Dobrovsky entitled "Abhandlung über Ursprung und Bildung der slavischen Sprachen, insbesonderen der böhmischen Sprache."

19th

Century

Thám, Karel Ignác, Neues kleines deutsch-böhmisches Wörterbuch ... zum Behufe der Deutschen, Prague, 1802,1804. A dictionary in three parts. Part I (ca. 3500 entries) contains nouns and adjectives arranged according to subject matter, with many synonyms in Czech and German. Part II contains ca. 200 alphabetically arranged German proverbs and expressions with Czech equivalents. Partili contains ca. 250proverbs culled from Old Czech and German sources. Dobrovsky, Josef, Deutsch-böhmisches Wörterbuch, 2 vols. Prague, 1802-1821; vol.1 (Α-K, with the collaboration of S.Leska and J. Nejedly), 344 pp.; vol.11 (L-Z, with the collaboration of A. Puchmajer and V. Hanka), 482 pp. A comprehensive dictionary with a discussion of older lexicographical works. German entries are followed by Czech and occasionally by Latin and Slovak equivalents. Some entries include synonyms and examples of usage.

19th Century

21

Thám, Karl Ignatz, Neustes ausfiihrliches und vollständiges böhmisch-deutsches synonymisch-phraseologisches Nazionallexicon oder Wörterbuch ... mit einer Vorrede des J.Ch.Adelung.... Prague, 1805, lxii + 781 pp. Contains a long introduction (62 pp.) a>- ut the "character," origin and ethnic division of the Slavs, a defense of Czech as one of the richest Slavic languages, and a brief history of Bohemia. Thám, Karel Hynek, Neynowejssj auplny cesko-nêmecky slownjk aneb prjgodny wybërek slow k mluwenj po cesku, tèi po nëmecku neypotrebneyssjch a neyobwykleyssjch, totizgmén y wyznamu wssech témërse namjtagjcych wecy s dolozenjm pohlawj..., 2 vols., Prague, 1807-1808, vol.1,107 pp.; vol.11,108 pp. , Neuestes möglichst vollständiges deutsch-böhmisches und böhmisch-deutsches Taschenwörterbuch (I. Teil deutsch-böhm., II. Teil böhmisch-deutsch), 2 vols., Prague, 1814-1818. Palkoviö, Jin, Böhmisch-deutsch-lateinisches Wörterbuch mit Beifügung den Slowaken und Mähren eigenen Ausdrücke und Redensarten zunächst för Schulen durchaus neu bearbeitet, auch mit vollständigem deutschen Wortregister versehen ..., 2 vols., Prague-Bratislava, 1820-1821. A dictionary in two volumes of ca. 32,000 entries. The introduction discusses the basic phonetic and morphological differences between Czech and Slovak. Includes Moravian and Slovak equivalents, references to literary sources, and examples of usage. Puchmayer, Antonin, Romàni üb, das ist Grammatik und Wörterbuch der Zigeuner Sprache nebst einigen Tabellen in derselben. Dazu als Anhang die Hantyrka oder die cechische Diebessprache, Prague, 1821. A grammar of Romany with a short (ca. 380 entries) dictionary of Czech thieves' slang. Sychra, Mathias Jos., Versuch einer böhmischen Phraseologie durch kurze, alphabetisch geordnete, den echten Geist der cechischen Sprache aussprechende ..., 2 vols., Brno, 1821-1822. Kollár, Jan, Gmenoslow cili slowník osobnych gmen rozlicnych kmenú a nárecí narodu slawenského sebrany od Jana Pacice ..., rozmnozeny, saustaweny latinskym pjsmem a poznamenánjmi opatreny od..., Buda, 1828. A dictionary of Slavic personal and place names, culled from the writings of various periods and authors (Nestor, Karamzin, Vuk). Contains some etymologies and a list of suffixes used in the various Slavic languages. Facing entries are in Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. Chmela, Josef, Lateinisch-böhmisch-deutsches viii+ 790 pp.

Wörterbuch, Hradec, 1830-1834,

22

Czech Dictionaries

Jungmann, Josef, Slovnik cesko-nëmecky, 5 vols. Prague, 1835-1839,4698pp. J.'s dictionary marks the high point of 19th-century Czech lexicography and forms the basis of the contemporary literary language. Included in it are the vocabulary of the literature of the Golden Age, that of more recent times and J.'s own neologisms. The success of many of these new coinages is due to J.'s adherence to the rules of normal Czech derivation. Verbs are given in all basic forms, with examples of usage. In addition to the German, includes some Latin and Slovak equivalents. Contains an index and list of abbreviations. The material J. compiled for the projected German-Czech dictionary was used by Sumavsky (1843-1847). Konecny, J. N., Ouplny kapesní slownik cechoslowanského a nëmeckého jazyka (S nowou dobropisemnosti), Vienna, 1845 (Czech-German part). A dictionary of ca. 40,000 entries based on Jungmann. In the orthography, i is substituted for j, ou for au, and j for g, while w is retained. Perfective and imperfective verbs are cited together and nouns are given in the nom. and gen. sing. The qualifying annotations discuss stylistic usage. Diminutives and feminine derivatives are listed as separate entries. Contains list of Czech proper and geographical names. Sumavsky, J.F., IJplny nëmeckocesky slovnik, 2 vols., Prague, 1843-1847, vol.1 (A-J), vol.11 (K-Z), 1107,1095 pp.; 1848-1851 2 ,1296 pp. A dictionary of ca. 40,000 entries with many Czech synonyms and examples of usage. Contains no grammatical annotations, but mentions phonetic variants of Czech words. Uses Jungmann's material. Celakovsky, Frantisek Ladislav, Dodâvky ke slovmku J. Jungmanna, Prague, 1851,66 pp. A short addendum to Jungmann's dictionary, including dialectal forms, neologisms and examples of usage. Definitions are given in Czech (and occasionally in German) along with qualifying annotations and sources.

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