Grammar of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic 9781463233914

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Grammar of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic

Analecta Gorgiana

987 Series Editor George Anton Kiraz

Analecta Gorgiana is a collection of long essays and short monographs which are consistently cited by modern scholars but previously difficult to find because of their original appearance in obscure publications. Carefully selected by a team of scholars based on their relevance to modern scholarship, these essays can now be fully utilized by scholars and proudly owned by libraries.

Grammar of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic

William Barron Stevenson

2013

Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com G&C Kiraz is an imprint of Gorgias Press LLC Copyright © 2013 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in 1924 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. 2013

ISBN 978-1-61143-928-1

ISSN 1935-6854

Reprinted from the 1924 Oxford edition.

Printed in the United States of America

P R E F A C E THIS introduction to Palestinian Jewish Aramaic presupposes a general knowledge of Hebrew or of some other Semitic language, such as Syriac or Arabic.

It is intended primarily to equip students

for the reading of the Targums ( O J ) and the Aramaic portions of the Palestinian T a l m u d and Midrashim ( P T M ) , and to provide a help to the study of the Aramaic elements contained in the writings of the New Testament. T h e Aramaic of the books of Ezra and Daniel is perhaps best learned after a study has been made of one of the dialects just named.

Its forms and uses, therefore, are noted in a supplemen-

tary way throughout the grammar.

At the same time those who

choose to begin with Old Testament Aramaic ( O T A ) may do so with the help of the special paradigms at the end of the book and by concentrating chiefly on the notes marked O T A , which have been placed towards the close of most of the sections into which the grammar is divided. T h e pioneer work of Gustaf Dalman is everywhere presupposed and made use of.

His grammar of O J and P T M formulates the

now accepted principles of their treatment (see p. 9) and provides an inexhaustible store-house of material for further investigation. In accordance with his conclusions the punctuation of the supralinear M S S . is taken as a standard, although transliterated uniformly into the familiar sublinear system and so, in some particulars, made more precise (see § 2). Dalman's grammar does not include syntax, so that the notes on syntax are a special feature of this grammar and are based almost entirely on the writer's personal observations. 2765

The

references

4

PREFACE

added to the syntactical notes, and in other cases

also, are

intended to show the range of the evidence found, and to make it easy to test and supplement the conclusions drawn. not intended to be used by beginners.

They are

The evidence for the

syntax of P T M has been taken wholly from the texts of Dalman's Dialekiproben. T h e scantiness of the material available for the study of O T A often makes

the formulation of

general

difficult and practically inexpedient.

statements

about

it

T h e method adopted, there-

fore, has frequently been that of giving a precise numerical statement of the facts.

T h e paradigm of the verb, also, has been made,

more closely than is usual, a reproduction of existing verbal forms. Strack's edition of the texts, in his Biblical Aramaic Grammar, is assumed to be referred to, except when otherwise stated.

Special

note has been made of the evidence of the supralinear M S S . of O T A , of which Strack gives specimens. References to the Targum of Onkelos are made implicitly to the supralinear editions of Kahle, Merx, and Praetorius, so far as they go (see Literature, p. 8).

In the case of Gen. 1 - 4 and 24, the

source is Merx's Chrestomathy, for other parts of the Pentateuch, Berliner's Onkelos is used.

T h e references to Dalman's Dialeki-

proben are made by means of figures referring to the page, paragraph, and line, generally without mention of the title, sometimes with the abbreviation Chrest. prefixed. Much of the material in most sections of the grammar may be passed over on a first reading.

Students working without a teacher

are recommended to confine themselves at first to the notes marked with an asterisk.

One or two sections which should be read com-

pletely are similarly marked.

Those who have a fair working

knowledge of Hebrew may begin to read the chapters of Genesis contained in Merx's Chrestomathy after they have completed § 8 of the Grammar.

Only texts with a supralinear vocalization should

PREFACE

5

be used at first. Dalman's interesting Dialektproben, if it can be obtained, may be commenced at p. 14, after a few chapters of the Targum have been read. Unfortunately the Dialektproben is now out of print and there is no immediate prospect of its re-issue. The publication of further selections from the Aramaic portions of the Jerusalem Talmud, with an English vocabulary, would be of great assistance to English students of this literature. The language of the Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C., recently edited and translated by A. Cowley (1923), is closely related to the idioms of OJ, P T M , and OTA. The announcement by the editor of his intention to publish a grammar of the dialect of these papyri makes it superfluous to apologize for its exclusion from the scope of the present work. Still it may be said that, on the scale of treatment here attempted, no more than three dialects could properly be included. A more comprehensive work must be preceded by other detailed studies, which do not yet exist. It is a very pleasant duty to acknowledge the help and encouragement the writer has received from the members of the Society for Old Testament Study, both individually and collectively. Without the assurance of their support and interest this grammar would never have been published nor expanded into its present form. Special thanks are due to my friend, the energetic and resourceful secretary, Dr. T . H. Robinson, of Cardiff University College. I am greatly obliged to the readers of the Clarendon Press for their vigilant attention to every detail and to the Delegates for the cordiality of their acceptance of my work. My Assistant, Mr. E . J. Harris, B.D., has twice read through the proofs and has verified many references and has helped to remove inaccuracies that might otherwise have escaped detection. Glasgow, 5th March, 1924.

WM. B. S T E V E N S O N .

T A B L E

O F

C O N T E N T S PAGE

PREFACE

3

LITERATURE

.

.

.

.

.

.

•

•

8

1. Introduction

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

9

2. Orthography

.

•

•

•

3. Persona] P r o n o u n s (nominative forms) .

.

.

4.

.

•

.

. 1 6

5. Demonstrative P r o n o u n s and Adjectives

.

.

. 1 8

6. Interrogatives

•

•

. 2 0

,,

„

.

.

.

(suffix forms) .

.

.

.

•

•

. 1 1 .

15

7. T h e Relative P r o n o u n

21

8. N o u n s a n d Adjectives (general)

22 .

.

.

. 2 6

10. Inflexion of N o u n s (masculine types) .

9. Classification of N o u n s (declensions)

.

.

- 2 9

.

.

.

38

.

40

11.

„

„

(feminines)

34

12. P r o n o m i n a l Suffixes (with singular n o u n s ) 13.

,,

14.

„

(with masc. plur. stems)

.

,,

(with fem. plur. stems) .

.

. 4 2

15. n"N, n ^ ,

43

16. Verbal Stems

44

17. Perfect T e n s e s

46

18. Imperfect T e n s e s

48

19. Imperatives .

.

.

20. Infinitives

.

.

.

21. Participles

.

.

22. C o m p o u n d T e n s e s

.

. • .

.

• • •

.

• • •

.

•

• *

• .

.

23. Influence of Gutturals u p o n Verbal F o r m s .

•

51 52

• •

•

54

.

.

57

.

. 6 0

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

7 PAGE 6l

24- Verbs, initial Nun ,, initial Aleph 25-

63

26.

,,

initial Y o d h and Waw

.

.

.

.

27. 28.

„

final

.

.

.

.

,,

perfect tenses .

68

29-

„

„

,,

,,

impff.,imperatt., and infinn

70

3°-

„

,,

„

,,

inflexion of particc. .

72

Y o d h and Aleph

t -:, f mn, T-: ) son, T~: * -]bn '—: 3i- a m Monosyllabic Stems 32„

33-

„

73 75 (inflected forms)

.

77

34- Partially Monosyllabic Stems (»"») ,, „ (inflected forms) 35. . . 36. Verbal Suffixes „ (with N"i> stems)

.

„ . „ (in O T A ) Paradigm of Verb ( O J ) ,,

„

Verbal Suffixes

Tables of O T A

78 80

,

,

81

.

.

.

84

.

.

.

88

.

90

. .

37-

38.

65 66

86 .

. .

.

.

92

L I T E R A T U RE BERLINER, A .

T a r g u m Onkelos (text, with introduction and notes).

Berlin, 1884. Massorah zum T a r g u m Onkelos.

Leipzig, 1 8 7 7 .

BURNEY, C. F . Aramaic Origin of the Fourth Gospel. O x f o r d , 1922. DALMAN,

GUSTAF.

mäisch.

Grammatik

des

Zweite Auflage.

Aramäisch-Neuhebräisches T a l m u d und Midrasch. Auflage.

Jüdisch-Palästinischen

Ara-

Leipzig, 1905. Handwörterbuch

zu

Targum,

Zweite verbesserte und vermehrte

Frankfurt a. Main, 1922.

Aramäische D i a l e k t p r o b e n . . . mit Wörterverzeichnis.

Leipzig,

1896.

Worte Iesu.

Leipzig, 1898.

(English trans., T . & T . Clark,

1902.)

DIETTRICH.

Grammatische Beobachtungen zu drei . . . H a n d -

schriften des Onqelostargums.

Z A T W x x 1900 (pp. 1 4 8 -

59)KAHLE, PAUL.

Masoreten des O s t e n s — d i e ältesten punktierten

Handschriften

des Alten Testaments

(in Kittel's Beiträge, H e f t 15). LAGARDE, PAUL DE. LANDAUER, S.

und

der

Targume

Leipzig, 1 9 1 3 .

Prophetae chaldaice.

Leipzig, 1 8 7 2 .

Studien zu M e r x ' Chrestomathia targumica.

In

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, vol. iii, 1888 (pp. 2 6 3 - 9 2 ) . MERX, ADALBERT.

Chrestomathia T a r g u m i c a (with critical notes

and Latin glossary). PRAETORIUS, FRANZ. rung.

Berlin, 1888.

T a r g u m zu Josua in- Jemenischer Überliefe-

Berlin, 1899.

T a r g u m zum B u c h der Richter in Jemenischer Uberlieferung. Berlin, 1900. STRACK, H . L .

Grammatik

des Biblisch-Aramäischen, mit . . .

T e x t e n und einem Wörterbuch. 1921.

6te A u f l a g e .

Munich,

PALESTINIAN JEWISH A R A M A I C § i.

INTRODUCTION

D A L M A N ' S Grammar of Jewish-Palestinian Aramaic (Leipzig, 1894) opened a new period in the study of the Aramaic dialects. It separated clearly for the first time the dialects of the Targums, Talmuds, and Midrashim, and it supplied a coherent and correct vocalization of the grammatical forms of the Targum of Onkelos and of the related dialect used in the Palestinian Talmud. The vocalization was based upon Yemenite MSS., which employed supralinear vowel signs. The second edition of Dalman's grammar (1905), along with his dictionary (1901), supplemented and revised his early work, but did not change its fundamental character.

It was now made clear that the Targums of Onkelos (Pentateuch) and Jonathan (Prophets) were written in practically the same Aramaic dialect (OJ), somewhat modified by the influence of the Hebrew originals, and that the Palestinian Talmud and Midrashim preserved the remains of another dialect (PTM), closely related to the former. Because of this relationship Dalman supplied the unvocalized texts of P T M with vowels determined for the most part by the analogy of the supralinear tradition of the Targums. In this whole literature he saw, with good reason, the best avenue of approach to the Aramaic speech of Palestine in the time of Christ and a valuable help to the study of the language and thought of the New Testament. The origin, character, and variations of the supralinear MSS. of 2765

R

§ I.

10

INTRODUCTION

the T a r g u m s have been greatly elucidated extensive researches of Paul

Kahle

by the patient

(published

conclusions may b e summarized as follows.

in 1 9 1 3 ) .

and His

T h e oldest and best

tradition of the Aramaic of the T a r g u m s is contained in M S S . of Babylonian

(i.e.

Mesopotamian) origin.

The

Yemenite

MSS.

represent this tradition modified by the principles of the school of Tiberias in Palestine.

T h e measure of Palestinian influence in-

creased as time went on, so that the older Yemenite M S S . arp nearer to the Babylonian tradition than the later.

T h e sublinear

vocalization of Berliner's edition of Onkelos goes back ultimately to a M S . which used

the supralinear

system.

The

forms of

Berliner's edition are not real Aramaic forms, but through them we m a y reach a supralinear tradition similar to that of the M S S . which employ a supralinear vocalization. T h e texts of P T M are to a large extent stories written in a simple popular style.

T h e language, according to Dalman, is that

of Galilee in the third and fourth centuries A.D.

Part of what is

contained in the Midrashim may be dated as late as the sixth century.

There are some differences of vocabulary between the

T a r g u m s of Onkelos and Jonathan, but no very obvious differences of grammar.

T h e Aramaic of these T a r g u m s has a more literary

character than the language of the Galilean stories, and is supposed to have been moulded first in J u d e a . may not have received

T h e T a r g u m s themselves

their final literary form before the fifth

century, but the idiom in which they are written probably goes back at least to the second century and perhaps earlier.

Dalman's

interpretation of the phraseology of the N e w Testament in the light of Aramaic usage proceeds on the view that we have in O J and P T M , respectively, close approximations to the literary and popular forms of the language of Palestine in the time of Christ. 1 1 See especially Dalman's Words of Jesus, Introduction, section viii. The most recent attempt to show the influence of Aramaic upon a NT writer is

11 § 2. 1

ORTHOGRAPHY

1. In unvocalized texts ( P T M ) K, n , 1, and ' are freely used to indicate vowels. as

well

prs =

as

long

W a w and y o d h frequently denote short vowels, vowels.

i'tip 1 » =

Typical K W

T^n&c, t n a u = «"¡aa, ¡ t 6 « =

examples

=

are:

ni^O =

r&B,

IWN = priN, T ! W K

, Norn = N p n , s e n

0r

Nisn.

=

The

stem v o w e l of the inflected f o r m s of segholate n o u n s ( N ^ y ) and the preformative v o w e l of verbal reflexives ( T ^ J V t f ) are c o m m o n l y indicated in this w a y .

T h e insertion of vowel signs into texts originally

unvocalized accounts for the existence of f o r m s like piS'N, ^PP'P, &c. I n unvocalized texts 11 and « m a y b e written for c o n s o n a n t a l w a w a n d y o d h in the middle of a word (e. g. diphthongal ai o r for

11

daghesh (e.g. Q' 1 ? = ¡3*2). vowel, especially a. used.

=

and « for

p r o n o u n c e d as a double consonant, with K a n d n both represent

a

I n P T M and OJ X is the m o r e

final

long

commonly

I n O T A N is preferred in s o m e cases, e. g. to represent the

emphatic e n d i n g K (§ 8), n in other cases, e . g . in the feminine termination r?T.

I n [ND ( w h o ? ) and buy (he entered) K denotes

the short a, in order to distinguish these words f r o m the prepositions ¡1? a n d by.

B u t |P and 7V are generally used.

Final diph-

thongal ai is often denoted by 2 . T h e punctuation of the M S S . of B a b y l o n i a n origin published b y K a h l e is b y n o m e a n s uniform, v a r y i n g through several stages f r o m a quite simple system to o n e w h i c h is highly c o m p l e x .

The

system of the Y e m e n i t e M S S . is a variation of the simple B a b y l o n i a n system, and the resemblances and differences of these t w o are, principally, what is explained in the f o l l o w i n g notes. C. F. Bnrney's Aramaic Origin of the Fourth Gospel (1922). It gives a most valuable synopsis of the Aramaic idioms and constructions which may be looked for in the Greek of N T . 1 This section may be omitted when the grammar is being read for the first time. A knowledge of the ordinary Hebrew alphabet is presupposed. B 2

13

§ 2.

ORTHOGRAPHY

3. In the simple Babylonian punctuation there are signs for daghesh (a supralinear J o r x ) and raphe (supralinear P or r ) , which, however, are seldom used (Kahle, p. 167). Some Yemenite MSS. do not employ daghesh at all (as in Merx, pp. 57 if.), others regularly use the Palestinian sign (so in Judges and Joshua as edited by Praetorius). The supralinear MSS. of O T A in Strack occasionally exhibit the Babylonian signs for daghesh (Dan. 4. 24, 5. 8, i 2 , & c . ) and raphe (Dan. g. 7, 12). 4. The supralinear punctuation at first had no sign equivalent to the Palestinian silent shewa. Some Babylonian MSS., however, which use a complex system of punctuation, employ the sign for vocal shewa ambiguously as in the Palestinian system. In Yemenite MSS. the shewa sign usually represents only vocal shewa, although in some few cases it may represent Palestinian silent shewa also. 5. Pathah furtive is seldom represented in either the Babylonian or the Yemenite MSS., but was, presumably, pronounced in the positions indicated by the Palestinian tradition, and so may be introduced into a sublinear transliteration of the supralinear signs. The suffix (§ 4) is, however, to be excepted from this treatment, in accordance with the analogy of OTA. 0. The following vowel signs are used in the supralinear system of the simplest type : Qames

.

.

Pathah and seghol Sere . Hireq

. .

. .

" '

Holem

.

.

Shureq

.

.

.

Vocal shewa . . (including hatephs)

' '

The first six of these signs denote regularly both long vowels and short vowels.

Qames at first had only the sound of a in

' psalm' (approximately), not that of a in ' ball', and holem represented

both Palestinian 0 and

Palestinian

holem.

The later

Yemenite MSS., however, use qames for 0, so that, at different

§ 2. periods, both ^

ORTHOGRAPHY

13

and S^ "'ere pronounced as Hebrew

No

distinction is made in the representation of pathah and seghol, although, presumably, both sounds were used in actual speech.

In

transliterating the supralinear pathah into sublinear writing, the analogy of O T A and of Hebrew will determine our choice between sublinear pathah and sublinear seghol. 7. In Babylonian and sporadically in Yemenite MSS., pathah is used for hateph pathah, following N and 5? and sometimes following H and n (e.g. " O i for "HOK, TiyK for 1 " ? ^ ) .

This usage occurs

in the supralinear MSS. of O T A (Dan. 3.12, 3. 13, 4. 28, 4. 29), but not consistently (Dan. 4. 32 n'psi, 5. 5 nnjjB>). 8. Some supralinear MSS. have forms like tM'N, Nnb'N, m r n w ( = Hebrew or

B ^ i j , Dni^), instead of forms commencing with

It is possible that this orthography represents an alterna-

tive pronunciation of the words in question, but more likely that yodh, with sere, simply represented ..., just as pathah stood for Similarly

.

(Chrest. 29. 21) was neither a phonetic variant nor

a grammatical equivalent of

(1 plur. impf. Pael), but was,

originally, precisely the same word, differently spelled.

This use

of yodh (with sere) to denote vocal shewa occurs in the supralinear MSS. of O T A , and it throws fresh light on the Hebrew forms referred to in Gesenius-Kautzsch, § 23 h ("liti? = 9 . Some supralinear MSS. write ? instead of

especially at the

beginning of words, but also in other cases (e.g. in T i ' J = Deut. 9. 28—Kahle, p. 14).

This alternative orthography may

also be understood to imply an alternative pronunciation—yi or i (cf. Syriac)—but it should rather be regarded as an alternative way of representing the sound that is usually written as vocal shewa. 10. Hateph qames is sometimes explicitly written in Yemenite MSS., especially in those of later date and especially in certain words, such as EHiJ.. 11. With the exceptions already noted, the hatephs of the sub-

14

§ 2.

ORTHOGRAPHY

linear system are not specially represented in the •writing.

supralinear

Still the distinctive sounds of the hatephs were n o doubt

employed by those who wrote the supralinear system.

T h e forms

1 (and) and 1 (who, which), which are used before certain consonants followed by vocal shewa, may be taken as proof that these following consonants were pronounced with hateph pathah. H a t e p h s may therefore be employed in transliterating the supralinear into the sublinear system. 12. In Babylonian MSS. and in the supralinear M S S . of O T A (Strack) 1 is the form of the conjunction ' and ' before words commencing with a consonant followed by vocal shewa ( D a n . 3. 21, 4. 29, 5. 20, 6. g, 6 . 1 7 ) , even when that following consonant is 3, D, or B (Dan. 5 . 1 1 , 6 . 1 1 ) .

Before a , a , and a not followed by

vocal shewa, the form of the conjunction is }, implicitly, at least, since the vowel is generally not explicitly represented.

In the

Yemenite MSS. of O J 1 is used in all these cases, as in sublinear Hebrew texts (so in Praetorius's edition of Joshua and Judges a n d in Berliner's Onkelos). 13, W h e n the initial consonant of a word is followed by vocal shewa simple, the supralinear punctuation does not indicate its presence if it is preceded by the conjunction 1 or 1 (Gen. 1 . 1 0 , 1. 17, Judg. 1 . 1 7 , 1. 22, D a n . 3. 2 1 , 5. 11, 6 . 1 7 , &c.).

T h i s may

imply that the vocal shewa in these cases, as in Hebrew VW, was n o longer pronounced (so Dalman, p. 240).

and

Some M S S .

treat words that commence with n and n in the same way so that, for example, Njni may perhaps be an alternative for KJH! (cf. H e b . I 3 r 6 ) . In the Babylonian M S S . and in the supralinear MSS. of O T A (Strack), however, vocal shewa following an initial consonant is frequently unrepresented in writing, especially in association with particular forms or words, such as the particles 3 , 3 , b, and 1. T h i s implies that the absence of the sign of a hurried vowel (vocal shewa) is not a certain proof of its absence in speech, and m a k e s

§ 2.

ORTHOGRAPHY

15

any conclusion regarding the case of the preceding paragraph uncertain. 14. In OTA the diphthong ai causes mutation, like a simple vowel, and silent shewa is written after the yodh of the diphthong (e.g. in w^a, n;in ; w n ) . Compare also, perhaps, NJTn-ji?(§ n , note 12) and ^ n u t p (Ps. 1 1 6 . 7, in the Hebrew Psalter). These analogies may be allowed to determine the sublinear vocalization of OJ and P T M in such words as HV7, (§ 6), Nnna? (§ 11, note 7), (§ 31), and the pronominal suffixes V??. and (§ 13). § 3.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS (nominative forms) PTM

PLUR.

pm -

juvi, p r x prn, p r x

OJ SING.

PLUR.

SING.

Wis'

(Njn?) wras

(nOR) m

NJN

i com.

pnK

IjiK

2 masc.

I 1 ?ON) m

pm

m Kin

fem. 3 masc.

Nin

JttK

Wn

fem.

Accent. 1*. In OJ and OTA the pronouns of the 1 person plural are accented on the penultimate syllable. This is one of the few exceptions to the general rule in these dialects that the last syllable of a word is accented. Forms. 2. The shortened forms NJ, and fin sometimes occur independently in PTM (cf. BO for and WH) for They, and fi = ntf, also coalesce with participles into tense forms (§21, note 7). (§

3*. JW'N, &c., are unvocalized spellings equivalent to 1).

&c.

OTA. 4. For the forms of OTA see paradigm, p. 92. The last letter of is N three times and once n. nnJN is

i6

§3.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

a Knhibh form, always changed to by Q e re, but pointed HWK by the supralinear MSS. in Strack. P3K and tan occur, as nominatives, each once only. Idioms. 5. The expressions X"]?? NVin (' a certain man ', § 5, note 12) and xnnN N">nn are used by PTM in modesty for (cf. Hebrew T ! ? 5 ? ) a n d in curses or protestations for AN. In polite address, for riK, OJ uses and ^iBl and P T M n o , p.D, and ¡331 (cf. Hebrew "riN). 6. For ' he himself', &c., see § 4, note 6.

§ 4.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS (suffix forms) PTM

OJ

Plur.

Plur.

OJ, P T M

Ì. ^

fa =

:

P3 :

P3 :

pn

- P'1 :

PÜ :

:

RO.

Sing. 1 i com. 2 masc. fem. T . IT .. 3 masc. a. fem.

1*. These suffixes are equivalent to English possessive adjectives and to the genitives of the personal pronouns in other languages. For the possessive pronouns see § 7, note 4. Forms. 2. The suffixes of the table are those joined to the singular stems of nouns ending with a consonant. In slightly different forms they are attached to verbs to express the accusatives of the personal pronouns (§ 36). (2 s. f.) and NH. (3 s. f.), used in the marriage contract printed in Dalman's Dialekiprohen, p. 4 (11. 4, 5,'6, 8), are older, uncontracted, forms of and respectively. See also § 12, note 2, and § 13. For the variations of OTA, see p. 93. 1

See § 3, note 1.

§4.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

17

3. Merx (Chrest. Targum.) prints N.^i? in Gen. 2. 20 for W.^j? and xnlnn for fininn in Gen. 2. 21. Accus. Gases. 4*. The accusatives of the personal pronouns are expressed in three ways: (1) by suffixes (§ 36), (2) by W , &c., (3) by »5», &c. OJ nearly always follows the Hebrew text in its choice between a verbal suffix and an independent accusative form. In the latter case it regularly employs &c., seldom &c. For and Jinb after particc. see Gen. 3 . 1 5 and Exod. 3. 9. In P T M &c., are used as accusatives after participles (18.12, 19. 5, 20.11, 14, &c.) and sometimes after finite forms of the verb (16. ii. 9, 26.3, 28.15). A pronominal object after a verb is usually expressed by a suffix, 'JV, &c., occur after participles (16. ii. 3, 23. 2), perfects (19. ii. 14, 21. 7, 25. ii. 5), and impff. (22. 5)In O T A the pronominal object of a verb is generally expressed by means of a suffix. But only the independent forms isn (in Ezra), ?isn (in Daniel) and (Dan. 6. 25) are used for ' t h e m ' . JV with a suffix occurs once (Dan. 3. 12, iii""Tt), ''i', &c., only with participles (Dan. 2. 23, 4. 22, 29, 6. 17, Ezra 5. 2). E t h i c Dative. 5. 'b, &c., are also used as ' ethic datives', especially after verbs of motion. Examples : p?f (26. 5), NgSI» (24. 5)Reflex. Pron. 6*. In P T M the reflexive pronouns are generally expressed by , &c., sometimes by T S ? , &c. (Dalman, P- l r 5 i § I 3)OJ the pronominal suffixes are used, in agreement with the Hebrew text, *B>BJ, &c., being occasional alternatives. In P T M emphatic ' h e himself' is expressed by ¡Wia 'this itself' by bb (tH = this, § 5). means, literally, ' my bone' (for its inflexion see § 12, note 4). OTA. 7. In M T (Baer, Ginsburg) is usual for but cf. pausal wninrE' (Dan. 3. 17). Qb and D'n occur only in Ezra, as alternatives to ?i3 and fin. See Brockelmann, Grundriss, I. 113. 2765

C

i8 § 5.

this

D E M O N S T R A T I V E PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES P T M

PTRI

O ]

OJ

ADJECTIVES.

PRONOUNS.

ADJECTIVES.

PRONOUNS.

fn, inn, pnn, p i n

w i , pi

pin

(;:i) pi

s iTnT

NIT

Kin T T

s Ti

p.i>n

p.^N

)\"?xn

p?N

-in, -jin

( ^ i ) sinn

•an

i 'nT

wnn • T

11 ' T

these ADJECTIVES

that

AND

PRONOUNS.

wnn "n, "wn, N\m T ' T J • T

those

pj'N, JWM

_

psxn

Forms. 1*. Ninn and N^n are the forms of the Babylonian MSS. published by Kahle. NWn and tonn in the supralinear Yemenite MSS. are Hebraisms (Dalman). p.^n (16. ii. 7) is pointed P^n in Dalman's paradigm (p. 397). 2*. p^N, p j M , and p r x are the unvocalized spellings of P T M (§ 2. 1). 3. P ^ i , NTH, and )\b]n occur as alternatives to P?n, &c. (e.g. 15. 6) and are cited by Dalman (p. 111), but are held by him to be incorrect forms (p. 120). 4. P T M has a number of forms such as pnt? and jntf (28. 24) in •which x alternates with ¡1. It also frequently uses contracted forms 0^0, &c.). p i and p i n coalesce with a following Kin into into *y, "J (Dalman, p. 112). and M'n. 3, 1 join with OTA. 5. For OTA forms see paradigm (p. 92). J13K for ' those ' (Dan. 2. 44) and nW for ' these' (Ezra 5 . 1 5 ) occur each once only. |31 ' t h a t ' is both masculine (once) and feminine (twice). In OTA the same forms are used, without distinction, as adjectives and pronouns. See also notes 10 and 14.

§ 5Special usages.

DEMONSTRATIVES

19

6. JjH occurs in P T M as an enclitic particle

following interrogative pronouns (Dalman, Grammar, pp. h i and 224).

In OJ it is similarly used to translate n j after neb (Gen.

25.22) and also for Hi associated with a numeral (Gen. 27.36, Judg. 1 6 . 1 5 ) .

is sometimes used by OJ as a translation of

Hebrew ¡"13 (Gen. 45.9, Exod. 3 . 1 4 f., 5 . 1 0 , 7.26, Josh. 24.2, Judg. 1 1 . 1 5 , 2 Kings 19. 20). 7*.

is usually equivalent to Htj>n (Judg. 6. 20, &c.) and

seldom occurs otherwise (Gen. 27. 33). T h e pronoun ' t h a t ' in OJ is also expressed by Kin (Gen. 2. 19, 41. 28, 42. 14, Exod. 16. 23, Amos 7.6), which might, therefore, properly be included in the table. Syntax.

8*. OJ generally distinguishes between adjective and

pronoun forms.

Exceptions are: (a)

(6) P;? instead of P^n,

after a noun with a pronominal suffix attached, under the influence of the Hebrew text (Exod. 10. 1, Josh. 2. 20, Judg. 6.14), (c) the phrase PS NOV = nisn 'to-day' (cf.

KG* 'this day'), id) N'ira

(Judg. 13. 23, 15.7). 9. In P T M

twrn generally

serves as

the

pronoun ' that'

(16. ii. 11 and 13, 18. ii. 3) and other singular adjective forms are also freely used as pronouns (15. 6, 16. ii. 12, 28. 24). On

the other hand, pronoun forms are used as adjectives

(18. ii. 10 and 1 1 — n , 28. 1 3 — p b s ,

in particular, occurs

more often than P^n as an adjective (16. ii. 10, 17. ii. 8, 20. 21, 24. ii. 1). 10*. In P T M a demonstrative nearly always stands before its associated noun (two exceptions in ChresL 20. 12 and 21. 15 are both from the same narrative).

In OJ the influence of the Hebrew

text has established the rule that demonstratives follow the nouns they qualify.

Exceptions agree with the order of the Hebrew text

(Gen. 2. 23, Judg. 1 6 . 1 5 , &c.)

In O T A a demonstrative adjective

generally follows, but may precede, an associated noun (Dan. 2. 44). c 2

20

§ 5.

DEMONSTRATIVES

11. Nouns qualified by a demons, adjective nearly always assume the emphatic form (see § 8, note 3). Idioms. 12. f i n is used with proper names in the sense of ' the well-known' or ' t h e previously-mentioned' (15. ii. 2, 17, ii. 1; similarly 22. ii. 9). Nffln is sometimes equivalent to a certain , e.g. in the phrases xwn, N?nn. J ^ . . . J ^ (and i n . . . ID) express 'this . . . t h a t ' or ' one . . . another'. 13. n j with suffixes of the third person is sometimes used as a demons, adjective or pronoun, like i n x , &c., in the Mishnah (Dalman, § 1 7 . 8). 14. In O T A before a noun governed by a preposition an anticipative pronominal suffix is used in an emphasizing demonstrative sense (NJO] it? ' a t that very time'). T h e noun is then in the emphatic form (§ 8). So in P T M fini"1 janf) ~\m < he said to this same R. J o c h a n a n ' (20. ii. 10).

§ 6.

INTERROGATIVES

PTM who? what ? which ? „

OJ

?NP, ?0

¡9

no

NO

JH^n

pTK

sing. masc.

N-rn

ntk

fem.

r^M, P^n

(r.h?)

plural com.

Forms. 1*. For the spelling [NO see § 2. 1. I'.W happens not to occur in OJ. pTYl, &c., are the unvocalized spellings of H i n , &c. (§ 2. i and 14). 2. In P T M NW ¡p contracts into WO and NVn KD into ^O In OJ n o = H ND (note 4). Usages. 3*. T h e meanings of NO a r e : what ? how ? what kind of? and (with adjectives) how! Noi> (nc6) expresses ' w h y ? ' and

§6.

INTERROGATE VES

21

KD3 (n»3) 'how many?' Questions introduced by so often expect a negative answer that this interrogative acquires the sense of a negative (§ 7, note 7). 4. In OJ PI Nl? or P I ? renders Hebrew nrnp (Gen. 27.20, Judg. 18. 24), but IJ"] NDi> is used for nrnisS (§ 5, note 6). Syntax. 5. pTK, &c., are both pronouns and adjectives. Their associated nouns may stand in the emphatic form (Chrest. 23. 3 and 4, Isai. 66.1), but not necessarily. Interrog. Adverbs. = ' whither?' and written for fK ¡¡3.

6. ?? (OJ) and jn (PTM) = 'where?', = 'whence ? ' IJtp (Gen. 29. 4) is also

OTA. 7. Only IP and HD occur in OTA. Most editors, including Baer and Ginsburg, point the former ¡O. In Dan. 3. 33 FIB3 (with an adjective) = how! § 7.

T H E R E L A T I V E PRONOUN

Forms. 1*. In OJ and P T M the relative pronoun is (uninflected). In OTA and in OJ compounds , &c., note 4) the form is H. Idioms. 2*. without an antecedent means ' that which', 'he who', 'those who', &c. ^ P^n, Kinn, "=i IP, and 1 NO are also used to express these combinations. 3 * . ^ before a genitive means 'the possession of', 'those of', ' those belonging to', &c. E. g. W ? ! = ' the people of my house'. In reports of the opinions of the Rabbis, before the name of a Rabbi, it stands for ' the opinion of'. Compounds. 4*. \to, =lto> &c-> which is to me', 'that which is to t h e e & c . , are the equivalents of the possessive pronouns mine, thine, &c., in OJ (cf. Dan. 2. 20). In P T M &c., are more usual. ^Tl may be a phonetic variant of \to (Barth) or = 1 + ' the possession of my hand' (Dalman).

22

§ 7.

THE

RELATIVE

PRONOUN

5. NO + ^ + i», with suffixes, is treated as a substantive, meaning property (16. ii. 2, ¡ ^ 1 ' ? ) . 6. In P T M i t is a contraction for f i n ] and ^ occurs as a contraction for i f i f l (Dalman, p. 98). 7*. "t is much used as a conjunction,

Conjunctional uses.

— o f time (when), place (where), cause (because), purpose (in order that), and introducing subject and object sentences ( = Hebrew ' that'). tions

Joined to prepositions it gives them the force of conjuncft) = after,

Hp = until or whilst).

' l e s t ' or 'perhaps ' (Ezra 7. 23 n»5> ^ (§ 6, note 3) respectively.

1 3 ' w h e n ' and NOH

are compounds with 3 and is used for ' because ' and

' in order that 8*. T h e relative adverbs—where, whither,

Relative Adverbs.

and whence—are expressed in P T M by I ¡n, ] fnis, and ^ ?n jp (cf. § 6, note 6) and in OJ generally by pa? . fBHD . .

farij' • . " , and

(cf. O T A rran . . "I, Ezra 6. x). § 8.

NOUNS

AND

FEMININE.

A D J E C T I V E S (general) MASCULINE.

3Q 1"DD

30

Nnaa

singular absolute. construct. emphatic.

f20

P3D

plural absolute.

fl3D

construct.

NJ?3D

emphatic. 1*. T h e emphatic ending a has a demon-

E m p h a t i c state. strative force equivalent corresponding English

to the Hebrew definite article.

The

expression may, however, be indefinite,

e . g . when the noun is abstract (16. ii. 4, 2 1 . 1 5 , 24.11.6), or a generic word (Dan. 5. 1).

Sometimes the emphatic ending has

practically the force of a possessive pronoun, (20. 5, where n'KJb'

§ 8.

NOUNS

AND

ADJECTIVES

23

= ' o u r e n e m i e s ' , 24. ii. 12, where ' t h e s t i c k ' means ' h i s s t i c k ' or ' a stick '). 2. In P T M and O J the emphatic state tends to lose its distinctive definite meaning, as in Syriac, but to a m u c h lesser extent ( 1 4 . ii. 1, 25. ii. 10, 18. ii. 2, 2 0 . 1 2 , 24. ii. 1, 27. 6, 25. ii. 3 and 9 ; Gen. 2 . 1 0 , E x o d . 1 . 8 , 1 2 . 2 0 , Josh. 2 . 2 , Judg. 9 . 3 6 ) .

In

PTM

emphatic forms ( 1 8 . 6 , 18.ii. 6, 19. ii. 3, 21. ii. 7, 2 7 . 2 ) as well as absolute forms (16. ii. 6, 1 7 . ii. 1, 29. r, 25. ii. 3) are associated with the indefinite word i n , one.

In O J the emphatic state seems to be

more often used with i n (Gen. 1 . 9 , 2. 24, 27. 38, 45, 3 3 . 1 3 , 3 4 - l 6 . 4 0 . 5 , Deut. 2 4 . 5 , Josh. 3 . 1 2 , r 3 , 1 7 . 1 7 , Judg. 6 . 1 6 , 9 . 3 7 ) than the absolute is (Gen. 1 . 5 , 1 1 . 1 , Deut. 2 8 . 7 , Josh. 9 . 2 ) .

The

MS.

evidence sometimes varies and the printed texts even have both constructions in the same verse (Gen. 1 1 . 6, Josh. 1 7 . 1 4 ) .

I n OJ

a singular indefinite object is generally expressed by the emphatic state ( G e n . 2. 8, 4 . 1 , 4 . 1 7 , 20. 9, 21. 8, 28. 2, 29. 2, 3 3 . 1 7 , Judg. 6. 26), rarely by the absolute (Judg. 6 . 1 7 ) .

Emphatic forms are

said to be preferred in pause (Berliner, Massorah, p. 96, Lev. 2 . 1 3 , Deut. 26. 7). OTA

seems always to use the emphatic form in its distinctive

sense. 3*. T h e r e are a few exceptions to the rule that a noun qualified by a demons, adjective stands in the emphatic form ( 1 6 . ii. 2).

The

absolute state is employed when the associated noun is accompanied by a numeral and a demons, adjective ( 2 8 . 1 3 ) . (Judges, passim)

In

fin

K3D1

the feminine noun may be regarded as mascu-

line in form, and so as in the emphatic state.

Cf. f i n

N3DJ,

Deut. ro. 10. 4*. A n attributive adjective regularly assumes an emphatic

orm

when the noun it qualifies stands in thé emphatic state ( G e n , 1 . 1 6 , 10. 2r, 2 7 . 1 5 , 2 9 . 2 , Deut. 3. 24, 1 1 . 2 ; Chrest.

23. ii. 4 ;

3. 26, 6 . 2 7 ) .

' p n N (24. ii. 1 3 ) ;

C f . N 3 n n W ( i Sam. 12. 22), but

Dan.

24

§ 8.

NOUNS AND

ADJECTIVES

Absolute state. 5*. Some words and phrases employ absolute forms in a definite sense (25. ii. 3, obv ¡V3 'the cemetery '). In P T M foreign words may be used definitely without the addition of an emphatic ending (16. 6 ff., 23. 4, , '^a). Predicative adjectives are generally put in the absolute state (Dan. 2.11), even when, in OJ, they translate Hebrew words with a definite article attached (Gen. 2.11, 4 2 . 6 ) . A predicative adjective in the emphatic state may be considered to be a superlative (ig. 8). Construct and Genitive. 6*. In P T M construct forms, followed by genitives, have only a limited use (17.13, tjH'l They occur most frequently as the second member of compound prepositions , 133, ^iD^, &c.) and in stereotyped phrases which are almost compound nouns, e.g. tw " a (28.11), thy fl1? (25. ii. 3), ^ODD 'sunset' (22. ii. 5), »D")5? DTIS 'my bed-cover'(29.15). Instead of the genitive construction P T M usually employs phrases like (a) tf»^ KSty W??!™ KIT? < the birds of the sky', 'the house of his comrade', or (d) Nnbtn rTOiO WTH 'the name of G o d ' the house of her mother', when the expression is definite, and like (c) SH"]11! pito"! ' pomegranates of g o l d w h e n the expression is indefinite. In all these cases means 'that of' or 'those of' and governs the following noun in the genitive case (§ 7, note 3). Mixed constructions like pta nbn ( 1 7 . 1 5 ) and

n o (Chrest. 17. 7, Judg. 19. 22) occur less often.

7*. In O J the use of a construct, followed by a genitive> is general, although the constructions of note 6 also occur. Examples: (a) Gen. r. 14, 25, 2 . 7 , 1 2 , 2 2 . 1 2 , Josh. x. 8, 13, 2 . 2 , 4.16, 5.1, and frequently; (5) Gen. 30. 2 0 ; (r) Gen. 3.21, Deut. I0.7—pw pbn:. 8. In O T A the idiom of a construct followed by a genitive prevails—except in one group of cases, where the constructions of note 6 (a) and (c) are preferred. These latter constructions are generally, though not exclusively, used before or after and in com-

§ 8.

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

25

bination with standing phrases, such as 'treasure-house', 'house of G o d ' book of records'. xn^K

Examples : Ksbe

N'E'N (Ezra 5 . 1 6 ) , E O t f T ^

human hand' (Dan. 5. 5). 2.14, 2. 49, 4. 26, 5. 3.

IV3 (Ezra 5.17), j y ^ X A n g e r s of a

Cf. Ezra 4. 15, 6. 5, 7. 12, 7 . 1 7 , Dan.

There are comparatively few cases of the

use of these constructions as an alternative to a simple construct and genitive (Ezra 5. 2, 13, 14, 7. 26, Dan. 2. 15, 19, 38, 41, 4 . 1 2 ( = 20), 5. 7 ( = 16 and 29), 5. 23, 24, 7. 4, 6, 7 ( = 19), 7. 9, 1 0 , 28).

A considerable proportion of them seem to imply at least a

slight emphasis (e.g. Ezra 5 . 1 4 , 7. 26, Dan. 2. 38, 5. 7 ( = 16 and 29), 5 . 2 3 , 7 . 4 , 7 ( = 19), 7 . 9 , 1 0 ) . KW-lK 33 (6. 8, 13, 25) and

' T h e den of lions' is both ^ N32 (6. 17, 20).

The construction of note 6 (b) occurs in O T A about a dozen times and the words governed by ^ are then evidently in most cases emphatic (Dan. 2. 44, 3.28f., 4. 23, 6. 25, 27, Ezra 5. 11). Renderings such as ' the name of him who is (really) G o d ' and ' the appearance of that fourth' are sometimes appropriate (Dan. 2- 20, 3. 25, 3. 26). A c c u s a t i v e case. no distinctive mark.

9*. In P T M the object noun has generally j> occasionally introduces definite accusatives

(15. 11, 16. ii. 11, 2i. 6 , 7 , 23.8, 27.6) and IV does so rarely (15. ii. 8).

In OJ IV is the regular equivalent of Hebrew HN and

P seldom occurs (in Gen. 3. 17 I»"»!» = Hebrew 3 9 . 1 5 see § 36, note 11).

for Gen.

T h e old accusative ending a survives in

a few adverbs of place (e. g. N^nn ' below').

For the accusative

pronoun anticipating an object noun see § 36, note 11. 10. In O T A b is not infrequently associated with a definite accusative.

Possibly it has a slight demonstrative or emphasizing

effect. 1 1 It is prefixed to expressions for the true G o d (Dan. 2 . 1 9 , 4. 31, 34, j . 23) and the false gods (3. 18, 5. 4, 23 ; cf. 2. 34), to words and phrases denoting the rulers ( 3 . 2 , 6. 2) and wise men of Babylon ( 2 . 1 2 , 1 4 , 2 4 ; 5 . 7 ) , to the

2765

D

26

§8.

NOUNS

Inflexional endings.

AND

ADJECTIVES

11*. T h e feminine singular ending

is attached especially to stems that end in an, hence i. 2) and used by some

nouns.

Examples:

(a)

i;??,

ib) ijn«, I j n s — f r o m n s , Sign, and nn»?, sister. and

(Gen.

Feminine plural endings divan and ewan

= iJXD.

are fi^n,

Cf. ij«» = f}?»

See also § 10, note 21, and § 30, note 2.

12*. T h e plurals of 3 « , DK, and Bit? are fra^, |n?2K, and f n m , respectively. 13*. T h e termination \. is sometimes used when a noun is in the absolute or in the emphatic state. ,J.0

(Gen.

2. 7), n i n

(Gen.

18.7).

Examples : ''I?»! (Gen. 1. 10),

Such forms are specially frequent

in the case of gentilic names like WVG (Chrest. 24. ii. 1), W S O (Exod. 12. 30), ^ n n (Josh. 1. 4), and

(Dan. 2. 5).

Dalman

compares, also, T e ^ / x a v ^ = 'JOS? fl3 = < garden of oils'. 14. Words like p r e ? (Num. 32. 4), from "133, village, and p n j | (16. ii. 14) are examples of double plurals. ending see Brockelmann, Grundriss, Duals.

F o r an as a plural

vol. i, p. 450 f.

1 5 * . T h e only clear duals in P T M and OJ are p i n ,

prinri (< t w o ' ) , and f n x o

(200).

But the ending p. in words such

as r?ij? may also be a dual ending ( O T A p^S?). H . ? , PiH!!l, and pnwD) p T , p^p., pyip, and

§ 9*. C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

In O T A (besides occur.

OF NOUNS

(declensions)

T h e following classification is made with a view to a statement of the rules for nominal inflexion, as given in the next paragraph. Six classes, or declensions, are distinguished. n a m e s S h a d r a c h , M e s h a c h , and A b e d n e g o ( 2 . 4 9 , 3 . 1 3 , 2 2 , 3 0 ; cf. 3 . 2 7

and

3. 28) and t o the n a m e D a n i e l , w h e n s t a n d i n g as an o b j e c t b y itself (2. 1 9 , 4- 3 1 , 3 4 , 5- 2 3 ; cf. 2. 1 3 a n d 1 8 ) . A l m o s t the o n l y o t h e r cases of b i n t r o d u c i n g a definite o b j e c t , in D a n i e l , are f o u n d in 5. 2, 22 and 23. e x a m p l e s a l t o g e t h e r o c c u r ( 4 . 1 4 , 5. 12, 6. 7, 7. 25). b e r e g a r d e d as a t e x t u a l error.

In E z r a very f e w

In E z r a 6. 7 n T Q j 6 m a y

§ 9*. A nouns.

CLASSIFICATION

OF

NOUNS

27

Nouns originally disyllabic and having two short

vowels are very

slightly distinguished

in Aramaic

from

originally monosyllabic and ending in two consonants.

nouns

T h e two

groups are here joined in the A class of nouns, which is further subdivided into three sub-classes according as the

characteristic

vowel (used in the inflected forms) is a, z, or it ( O T A 0).

The

absolute forms, of which specimens follow, do not clearly indicate the sub-class to which an A noun belongs. u class.

i class. ^103

tDit^p

a class. 3rn

originally disyllabic.

"H3

.

tPM

originally monosyllabic.

E"n-|

cni)

m In the u class absolute forms like tt"! (Deut. 9. 20, Dan. 3 . 1 3 ) , Bpa (Exod. 30. 23), and

(Dan. 5. 5) sometimes occur.

Dan. 5. 5 the supralinear M S S . give

i5"3 f ° r t h e

Words of the a. class like Q^jj are and D^-i ( O T A

In

of

D ^ B , ^ n , r j ^ C , TJJD,

EM?, ctar, and onj), with 13J? in Dan. 2. 49,

6.21). Some words have more than one absolute form In O T A the uses of

and DVip, D^S and D^' are perhaps

differentiated by M T (Strack, § 8 c.). TIT: (Num. 5 . 2 2 ) and Dry? (Exod. 2 2 . 2 1 , Deut. 2 7 . 1 9 ) are unusual forms, perhaps at first only orthographically different from and D1V (§ 2, notes 8 and 9).

T h e former belongs to the z sub-

class and the latter to the a sub-class. B nouns.

Disyllabic nouns having a in the final syllable and

an unchangeable long vowel, or a shut syllable, in the penult, together with all participles (whose final vowel is sere or pathah) follow D2

28

§9*.

CLASSIFICATION

a distinct rule of inflexion (see § 10). T'OP.

OF

NOUNS

E x a m p l e s : "IBK, JfinN, D^V.

A small number of monosyllables including T , Q i , ft, i n ,

1 3 (son), and ttítf ( O T A 0E>) belong to this B class and not to the C class. C nouns. like M ,

Monosyllables from stems v " l have absolute forms and b'3} in which the vowels é and 5 are frequently

represented by

and i respectively (e.g. TVE®, DÍB).

D a l m a n gives

1'? (arrow) and 3?-) (pit) as variant forms in the second and third classes. Some words which are not from of this class ( e . g . Día, IV).

stems follow the inflexion

In O T A the M S S . of M T read DQ

(mouth), but the supralinear M S S . have 0 9 , in accordance with the analogy of D nouns.

&c. W o r d s which remain unchanged when terminations

are added to the stem are principally disyllables with a long vowel in the final syllable ( e . g . BOX, t b f , 133, Tljf), and monosyllables like "Wl, D^, "Wt3, and P^.

T h e unchangeable á in the first group

is equivalent to H e b r e w o (O^K®, &c.). B nouns.

It is convenient to make nouns from stems final

y o d h or final waw a separate group. substantives and those like Mp ( O T A (see § 30).

W o r d s like \bt? are chiefly nriK) are participle forms

P r o b a b l y the orthography ' P n ^ G e n . 1 2 . 1 1 ) is equiva-

lent to v n (§ 2. 8). F nouns.

In this class are included all nouns with the termina-

tions ai ( = Hebrew 1) or e added to a triliteral stem. W p . (or (W5,

§ 2.1),

'J»?.

Examples :

T h e long vowel of

OTA

is also the pausal form of O J (Gen. 1 . 1 3 , i 9 ) .

29

§ 10.

INFLEXION

OF N O U N S (masculine types) Singular.

Plural. Emph.

Constr.

Absol.

Emph. î«i>D

rn? T- : •

^

NJÇ'bî?

loijy

T

'T.

s nTa~aT •

'135

Constr.

te

PÎ>P P"»

NTU

pn?

Kim

-inj

idljj

3=1»

Xçbjf

nby

Absol. À? il? 33b B

T

n;

ft?

ars

f-133 1 •f •

SÎ-J33

-133 T•

f?

C

133

D

pbç i

KJ^B

A

E

ri"? T- T

•"3D •• T

t: It

'P.?

"?.P

POT

Nitn t: "

!irn

irn

m?? pK-py

Kanay

¡IDTQ

i fTo:i :a

s? N>nn T-: -

a nTTiTo n; s

Wtn

mp-itt

snny

n3y •'D-113

F

'PIQ

1 The accent in these plurals was probably placed on the a and the ending may be pronounced as ain.

§ IO.

3° A nouns.

INFLEXION

OF

NOUNS

1*. Nouns of the A type retain or assume a mono-

syllabic form before inflexional endings.

The usual vowels of these

monosyllables are a, i, and u ( O T A o).

The mutation of the third

radical of inflected forms in OTA—when the third radical is susceptible of mutation—shows that the preceding shewa is vocal (a) in the plural of nouns originally monosyllabic (psbiO), (¿) in the singular and plural of nouns originally disyllabic

All

the examples of the table above are treated according to this rule, although the Yemenite M S S . with supralinear punctuation do not indicate vocal shewa, except after a medial guttural, and even then not consistently (e.g.

Gen. 2 . 1 3 , but

Josh. 1. 4).

2 . Under the influence of medialp, b, and m (labials) u is often substituted for a and i in the monosyllabic stems of the first and second sub-classes, especially in P T M . XBcn.

Examples:

The absolute form fB3, for

K3S3(

secondary formation from the inflected stem gufn. plural forms of "D? are always

X'fOi,

may be regarded as a In O T A the

, &c.

3. The vowel i is also frequently substituted for an original a. Examples: SOD3, tfirn, X t W , Nro^ • O T A KBtotf, pnTl,

T h e absolute form n ? ^ (Exod. 12. 27) may

be a secondary formation like ?B3. The stem vowel of the inflected forms of

is i in the supralinear M S S . of O T A and according to

the Babylonian tradition (Kahle ; cf. Chrest. 1 5 . 9 ) .

The M T of

Daniel and the Yemenite M S S . of O J give a (Josh. 5.15, 14. 9). 4 . In the i sub-class, nouns whose initial radical is a guttural generally retain hireq in the inflected forms.

from

(dream), in the M T of Daniel and in some O J MSS., may be due to Hebrew influence (cf. &c.).

Hireq and seghol also inter-

change in the O T A group W 3 , TOfa, p n o f j . 5. In the ii sub-class, when holem occurs as the vowel of the inflected

stem

Examples:

it

may be understood to represent 0 (§ 2. 1).

NmiN Gen. 38. 16, pVfp Exod. 28. 40, Nfiijf Lev.

§ 10.

INFLEXION

1 1 . 1 5 (Dalman, p. 144).

OF

NOUNS

31

According to the punctuation of M T

there are three examples of 0-stems in O T A (Dan. 2. 37, 4. 12, 6. 20) and one of an «-stem feminine OJ.

Ezra 5. 8).

Similarly the

¡ s written N»3H in M T and in some late MSS. of

In Dan. 4.34 and 5.23 the supralinear punctuation is nn~ii?

Some nouns put 1 for a in the inflected forms (Ha,

In O T A KEte, from TN, is unique (Dan. 7 . 1 1 ) ; in OJ N^K

(fem. absolute) is also used. 9 * . In OJ, although the stem vowel of the word

with pro-

nominal suffixes (§ 12, note 6) is always ii, the emphatic form is regularly

(Josh. 11. 19), pointed in Berliner's Onkelos some-

times with daghesh (Exod. 29. 24, Lev. 8. 27) and sometimes without (Gen. 6 . 1 9 , 20, 16. 12, Lev. 1. 9). prints

In Lev. 8. 27 Berliner

In O T A the MSS. of M T always have

(five

32

§ 10.

INFLEXION

OF

NOUNS

times), and the supralinear MSS. agree (Dan. 4. 25).

Holem in

this and similar words denotes a short vowel (§ 2. 1). The reading NDin ( = Nah) in Gen. 8. 22 (Dalman, p. 145) is an alternative to NBn ( c f. Berliner). 10*. In the later Yemenite MSS. of OJ Hebrew " b is represented by

and Hebrew ^3 by i'S. In Gen. 1 - 2 (Merx), Josh. 1 - 2 ,

and Judg. 1 - 2 (Praetorius) the only exceptions to this rule are in Gen. 1. 30 and Judg. 2. 15. generally the former.

In O T A , M T has both

and ^3,

Strack's supralinear MSS. (except G, once)

either insert no vowel or read ^>3. 1 1 . Plurals of the form p»»3? occur in OJ, P T M , and O T A (cf- § 35. note 4)1 2 . Erroneous dissimilation of the doubled consonant of the stem takes place in p3?n (Exod. 32. 19), from 3D (cf. § 26, note 9). The form pMK (Dan. 2. 46) is also a dissimilated form. D n o u n s . 13*. In this class the absolute form and the inflected stem are identical. The inflected forms of the word (Gen. 6. 9) seem, however, to be taken from a stem of the A class (PDbE>, &c.). E nouns. 14* .When a termination is added to words of the E class the stem of words like is either like or an A stem, with yodh as the third radical, and the inflected stem of words like ^p is either like ^D or a B stem (see particulars in table above). In forms like and from , the shewa following the middle radical is vocal (§ 30, note 3). In it may be treated as silent, on the analogy of the originally monosyllabic A stems. 15*. is contracted from and J?p from l^p. Adjectives ot the form have contracted plurals of the form (Deut. 6. n ) . The only case of such an adjective in O T A has an uncontracted plural (r:lK>, Dan. 3. 25). 1 6 . PTS (Hebrew ,|"]S) is used in the plural only. For plurals in

§ 10. avoan see note 21.

INFLEXION

OF NOUNS

33

Dalman (p. 192) regards the supralinear

punctuation of absolute plurals like

as incorrect.

17*. When E nouns employ an A stem (as in N^tt) the vowel of the stem is usually a, but sometimes i oxu ( O T A 0). Examples : NVn from "rn, m a from V®.

The supralinear pathah of W n in

OJ may be interpreted as seghol, in agreement with O T A NJTH (§2.6). 18. Forms like 1TH, Kjtn, with consonantal waw, are unusual. Most nouns ending in ^ are feminine (12"), W3) and are inflected according to the rules of § 11. F nouns.

19*. In the inflected forms of at stems the yodh of

the termination is consonantal and the preceding vowel (in OJ) is lengthened. Instead of yodh, aleph is often written (cp. § 23, note 9). The emphatic plural termination is contracted from aiya to e (',. or N..).

The inflected forms of stems terminating in /CP"il3, ^OT)

are treated like those of 'JD (E class). E P nouns.

2 0 . A few words from stems with final yodh are

treated like nouns of the F class in OJ (Dalman, p. 156 c) and O T A (1^5?, Dan. 4. 24, from

See also § 12, note 8.

21*. Some words of the E and F classes have plurals in awan or ewan, with or without retention of consonantal yodh. Examples : 1 ™ , HP?3, m , OTA.

i}?? ( cf - § 8 -

note

11 and § 30, note 2).

2 2 . The general rules for the inflexion of nouns given

in this section apply to O T A .

As the E class is very slightly

represented there it may be passed over by those who begin their Aramaic reading in O T A .

For these the most important notes in

this section are 1, 7, 8, 13, and 19, along with 3, 6, and 9 for some details.

2768

E

34 §ii.*

INFLEXION

OF

N O U N S (with feminine endings)

PLURAL.

Emphat.

Const.

SINGULAR.

Absol.

I^P ND T 55*33 T :•

neb?

xrntix

m 7e t: í •

«CT?? xrmn TT ••

r r1w•e :

Emphat.

Const.

Absol.

Nn?i>p

nabo

N3Í>p

nwa

NB»:?

A

¡"¡SK

wne«

rntsx

TISN : • B

pin?

Nn^a f: •

nk>

C

H'39

Nrr«D

nirjo

NTOD T • : D

J"1!'1?

Nvn T ••

Nnvn

wrbo

NO^B o j

rrbe

N^ta T: *• E

rr>3p

iWD

NJTÍN: pxM xrwp

rwp niba xnibs T T: -

niby

NnuD TIT:

nI uTo:

¡ibä

Nn^a

üb? NJ13D TT :

rrta

Z

nib?

Sbi

r oTo:

r oTo•

Njv-py

F

Nnnay rvjnt

Krpjnj

rvjni

T)1

NJYüí>» T T : : - ni5f>p

Nrnaijp

mabp

läbp

xiTjni

G

Aramaic of OJ and P T M 1 . T h e stem syllables of nouns to which the feminine ending a is attached are treated in accordance with the rules of § IO.

There

are, therefore, six classes of feminine nouns corresponding to the classes of § 9.

In the E class nouns having final consonantal waw

are numerous and several types of absolute singular are in use (see

§n*. Table).

INFLEXION

OF

NOUNS

35

Abstract feminine nouns having an ending in « or a are

treated as a separate class (G).

T h e rules of § 10 sufficiently

explain the forms of classes A~D and F, except those of the emphatic singular, which, therefore, receive special notice in what follows. A nouns. usually

2 . T h e emphatic singular ending of the A class is

joined to the monosyllabic stem.

, Nno!pi.

Examples: Knsj'P,

KPI is added to the stem

in the case of some

nouns havingstems originally disyllabic (parallel to Hebrew words like Examples (from Dalman): Nnpl?, Kfl-nn,

(absolute

, NR»!^, NFiniJf,

Berliner's Onkelos gives NFliag

(Deut. 2 1 . 4 , 6 ) for ' c a l f ' (from ^ V ) , as well as for (Num. 7. 3, from N^y).

'wagon'

T h e emphatic sing. fem. of r n n (

=

tiHn)

is i«?Tn. T h e absolute singular feminine of a stem originally disyllabic is distinguished in O T A from a stem originally monosyllabic by the vocal shewa following the middle radical

Dan. 2.9),

and this analogy m a y b e followed in reading OJ and P T M (cf, § 10, note 1).

In all feminine plurals of the A class the shewa following

the middle radical may be treated as vocal (§ 10, note 1). B nouns.

3. In this class the emphatic ending is NR and is

joined to the absolute stem of § 9 (M?"«?«,

,

—see

under D nouns, below).

But the emphatic form of N-}? 'daughter',

is Krna, and that of

' y e a r ' , is NRE'.

C nouns.

4 . In the C class

all the inflected forms.

is joined to the stem used by

like many feminine nouns, has plurals

of the masculine form. N W ' sleep', although not from an J?"y stem, is inflected like words of this group ("O??'. D nouns.

&c-)

5. With unchangeable stems the emphatic ending,

according to the supralinear punctuation, is usually xnjrf, x n r i ,

Nrnnii,

Nnjnnf,

Nns^n).

nfi

;s

few disyllabic stems whose final vowel is e or u iW^TO).

NR-p.^ and xna^n; belong rather to the B class. E 2

(Krm,

used only with a Nnaoa,

36

§ ii*.

INFLEXION

OF

NOUNS

Certain nouns, which might be expected to belong to the A class, have forms of the D type («V«?', Nnb^a;

W ;

Nf 1 ?.?, «CT?.?;

N l ^ ) , although not exclusively (cf. nbn?, Lev. 5. 2,

and pwij, Exod. 5. 7).

All have close parallels in Hebrew.

6 . There is considerable variety in the inflected

E nouns.

forms of feminine nouns of this declension.

In the N^D group

yodh is always consonantal in OJ and the stem resembles that of the A declension.

In P T M quiescence of the yodh takes place in

the emphatic sing, (see Table).

In the Mi? group, both in OJ and

P T M , yodh quiesces in the construct and emphatic of the singular. A few nouns have consonantal waw in the singular. W D (Gen. 4. 5) and

or N^i? ' city' (emphatic

Examples: plural |T)i?).

A larger number have consonantal waw in the plural only.

For

the various forms of the absolute singular and for their inflexions see table of nouns above.

Other examples of the group are ^ D ,

The rare absolute sing, of the word used in OJ for Hebrew nbijf seems to be N^J! (Isai. 40. 16).

The construct

is ni?5? (Lev. 9. 17, Merx), the emphatic N^J! (Josh. 22. 23, Judg. 6. 26) and the plural J}!?Jj (Mic. 6. 6, Merx). are erroneous.

Berliner's rby &c.

Cf. Syriac and O T A (note 11).

In all feminine plurals of the E class the shewa following the middle radical may be treated as vocal, according to the analogy of § 1 o, note 1. F nouns.

7 . After the diphthong ai the emphatic termination

is Nn, with mutated n , but without vocal shewa preceding. the vowel before

is e.

Usually

Supralinear plurals like KJrnnj) Dalman

(p. 79) treats as erroneous. ( = Hebrew PV) generally, and perhaps always, used in the plural

&c.), is a feminine noun similar to the O T A masculine

forms ^J! and 'fi? (§ 10, note 20). G nouns.

8 . T h e vowel terminations of the singular are

replaced by consonantal yodh or waw in the plural (see Table). The mutation of the third radical in the plural is a peculiar feature.

§ 1INFLEXION

OF

NOUNS

37

Old Testament Aramaic A , B, a n d C n o u n s . 9. The inflexion of feminine nouns in O T A is the same as in OJ, except in the emphatic singular ot nouns of the D class. There is only one O T A example of the ending NO in the A class, viz. NnTO; (Dan. 2.10). It appears in the supralinear punctuation of OJ as NPIB'?: (Gen. 1. 9) or mfSl (§ 2 . 6). Emphatic singulars of the B and C classes are NnnJN (Ezra 4. 11), «031 (Dan. 4. 27), and N n b (Dan. 2. 8). D nouns. 10. In M T all words having unchangeable disyllabic stems receive W? as their emphatic singular ending (XJjlTDJ), N f l W , xn-1135, N r n p y Nn-no, & c .). T h e two words having unchangeable monosyllabic stems, KljW (Dan. 4. 11) and Nn"i'3 (Ezra 6. 2), both receive the emphatic ending (for the reading NOT? see Ginsburg and Strack). M T NnjjS? (Dan. 3 . 6 , &c.), although supported by some supralinear MSS., should be corrected into NOJJE' and included in the D class. £ n o u n s . 11. There are very few inflected forms of the E class in O T A . (Ezra 4. 12) and nnjJ (Ezra 4.14) belong to the N^D group, (Dan. 7. 3) to the (¡lis) group, and Ijbjj (Ezra 6. 9) to the nJO group. H133, from rD3, occurs several times with pronominal suffixes. (Dan. 2. 25), from is also a noun of this declension. P nouns. 12. Before the emphatic singular ending, instead of di, as in NriWi? (Dan. 7. 4), ( D a n - 7- J9)> s o m e M S S read az'(cf. note 7). Shewa after ai is silent (note 7) in spite of metheg (NO^i?). i^lJJ (see note 7) occurs once in the plural with a pronominal suffix (Dan. 4. 24). G nouns. 13. N O ^ i ^ » (Dan. 3. 5) is an inflected form of the l group and NOiai?» (Dan. 2. 44) an example of the u group. 1

If reckoned a participle, this word comes under the rule of the B class.

38 § 12.

PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES (with singular nouns)

1*. For the usual forms of the suffixes in OJ and P T M see § 4 and for those of O T A see paradigm, p. 93. 2*. 3N, CIS, and QH with pronominal suffixes are treated as follows: snins pmns

[imnx

ipriK

*jvw

P?^*?

painx

sam

oj ptM

The suffixes VI, xn, p, nj, and sp are all unaccented. Regarding the first three see further § 13, note 2. ¡H is said to have been preferred by the school of Sura and (2 s. f.) by the school of Nehardea (Berliner, Massorah, p. 62 f.) The former is given by Merx (Gen. 2 4 . 2 3 ) and in Berliner's Onkelos{Gen. 2 0 . 1 6 , 3 8 . n ) , the latter in Praetorius (Judg. 14.15, Josh. 2.18) and Lagarde ( 2 S a m . 6. 2 1 ,

13.17).

3. For OJ uses N3N (Gen. 44. 32, Judg. 14. 16, 1 Kings 2. 32, cf. Rom. 8. 15, apps). NSN ' my mother ' is a similar form (Judg. 14. 16). Dalman explains the ending as originally a, from an older ai, and so as really the pronominal suffix for 'my'. In Dan. 5.13 "OK (MT) may originally have meant ^ (§ 2. 7), which is the reading of the supralinear MSS. l,ni3K is sometimes contracted into (Chrest. 1 8 . 1 2 ) . A nouns. 4*. The stems of masculine nouns with pronominal suffixes attached are generally formed according to the rules of § 1 o, with some slight modifications. In the A class the distinction between and is paralleled by the distinction between and Before heavy suffixes, words ending in a guttural or resh commonly use a stem of the i>op type. E.g. |inij!K (Josh. ro. 42), JiaiDa (Judg. 8. 7), but also }i3-iD3 (Judg. 9. 2).

§ 12.

PRONOMINAL

SUFFIXES

39

The statement of § 10, note 6, applies also to stems with suffixes attached (hence OJ BW?, O T A WV3). In Dan. 4.1 the MSS. are divided between W 3 and W 3 . For with suffixes see § 15, notes 2 and 3. B nouns. 5*. In the B class the stem vowel of the final syllable is retained before heavy suffixes and becomes vocal shewa before light suffixes. Examples: ^»"D, fin-ip1», H), firn: (OTA D'nT). C nouns. 6*. The supralinear orthography represented by H^iS is normal, although the vowel u is short (§ 2. 1). In O T A with suffixes has 0 as its stem vowel (Dan. 2. 38, 7.19), while all other words of this class have u. E n o u n s . 7*. In the E class words like use their emphatic stem before all suffixes. In the u sub-class the later Yemenite MSS. sometimes make the vowel of the inflected stem 0, as in M T (Dan. 4.9). Examples: jin^D, "bn (Judg. 9.11), ^ (Dan. 4. 9). Participle forms like MD and nouns like ' W O and or> more either employ their emphatic stem (=ni?> generally, are treated as plural nouns are (§ 13, note 7). participles see further § 30, note 4.

For

F nouns. 8. Words from stems final yodh that belong to the F class (§ 10, note 20) like T j (OJ) and TIB (OTA), have suffixed forms like ^J1) (Gen. 35. 18, Dalman) and WTiQ (Dan. 3.1). Nouns like 'p-jlS with suffixes are treated as plural nouns (§ 13, note 7). F e m i n i n e stems. 9*. Feminine nouns to which pronominal suffixes are attached may be arranged in three divisions, according as the termination of the emphatic singular is NJji, KTi. or NO. (1) Nouns that use the ending NFl join suffixes to the emphatic stem OrneN, ¡tonpnjr). (2) In the case of nouns whose emphatic ending is KH., light suffixes are united to the emphatic stem and heavy suffixes to the construct stem CriS^lp, p n i ^ p ; ; irn^y, pnriTnj; ; wbci, pnirbp).

40

§ 12.

PRONOMINAL

SUFFIXES

(3) Nouns of the E , F , and G classes, whose emphatic ending is Nn, add suffixes to the emphatic or construct stems, which are the same (¡W'i'j!, finnjD, Waij»).

For examples

of F nouns see § 29, note 9. 10.

(Dan. 6 . 1 9 ) may be regarded as a noun of the C class,

rather than as derived from an absolute form XJB' (cf. § 1 1 , note 4).

Feminine suffixes.

11. The supralinear MSS. of OJ generally

write the suffixes of the 2 plur. masc. and of the 3 plur. masc. instead of the corresponding feminine forms (Dalman).

T h e same

substitution is often made in P T M . § 13.

PRONOMINAL

S U F F I X E S (with masc. plur. stems).

Singular Suffixes.

Plural Suffixes. PTM

OJ

PTM

rr_

«3.

*

^

SJV.

1

1 com. 2 masc.

Wr

T.

fem.

•n.

/ni

pn\.

Ii'"1*..

OJ

3 masc. fem.

Suffix forms. variants for

1*.

T - , and

an alternative in O J for

T \ and For

are simply orthographical and

see § 2 . 1 4 .

is

(see § 29, note 8).

2 * . T h e 'connective v o w e l ' of these pronominal suffixes was originally the plural ending ai, which in a majority of cases has become e or a or a.

T h e connective 0 of 'iii is explained either as

a nominative plural ending = au (Barth) or as a dissimilation from

ai (Dalman).

T h e terminations ' 3 , Ti, and Nil were originally used

with singular as well as with plural stems (§ 4, note 2, § 1 2 , note 2). T h e contracted forms of 3 sing. masc. and 3 sing. fem. are charac-

§ i3.

PRONOMINAL

SUFFIXES

41

teristic of P T M . ?? is a reduplicated ending found also in Syriac. The suffix f_ is used by P T M in ¡331' our teachers \ 3. In O T A the K e thibh implies the earlier pronunciations !pr a ,, and , which the Q e re alters into ¡t., and respectively. See paradigm, p. 93. 11

4 * . It may be observed that several of the ai suffixes attached to plural stems are identical with the suffix forms attached to singular nouns (i]T, it., N-L). Unvocalized iT in P T M , when joined to a masc. plural stem means ' her and to a singular stem ' his \ P l u r a l stems. 5*. Most of the plural stems of § 10 are also used when pronominal suffixes are joined to plurals (e. g. N ^ P , ''"]!, Only the group of E nouns employs with suffixes as its plural stem a stem identical with that of the emphatic singular ( ^ B , ¡in^bn). In other E nouns ai suffixes are joined directly to the ordinary plural stem (^D, ¡iirjn, ¡ilTT^D). I n Dan. 2.32 this treatment is extended to the form ^ l i n , although presumably its uninflected singular is , as in OJ. 6. For ' they two' O J always uses firPVTTl (Gen. 2. 25), instead of pit^n, and P T M sometimes has the same form (cf. § 8, note 15). Singular stems like plurals. 7*. The direct combination of pronominal suffixes with the singular ending e of certain nouns of the E class, like ^E»» and , produces a set of ai suffixes, which are precisely the same as those attached to plural stems. This makes the singular and plural forms of such nouns frequently indistinguishable (finne»», 'nine). For the case of participles see § 30, note 4, and for infinitives § 29, note 8. Certain F nouns, like , are also combined with suffixes in the manner of plural stems. 8. yodh

'master', with suffixes employs a stem with consonantal Chrest., p. 23, note 1), or a contracted stem with the

suffixes of § 12 ( n n e , Exod. 21. 29, ^ o , Dan. 4. 16, 21) or a contracted stem with the suffixes of this section fni" 1 », Exod. 21. 34). 2765

F

42

§ 13-

PRONOMINAL

SUFFIXES

In the Kethibh form 'tOD (Dan. 4.16, 21) "'X might represent ai (§ 2.1) but probably X stands for consonantal yodh (§ 23, n. 9). 9*. Prepositions that originally ended in e, for that reason take ai suffixes &c.), and other prepositions do so by analogy (nna, ). The nominatives of other persons are also sometimes used in OJ (Deut. 1.9 b KJK JV.b). 4. In OTA the subject pronouns of VVX are expressed by means of suffixes of the «z'form (paWN, &c.). Usages. 5. 1VK and JV.b express ' there is' and ' there are' (there is not, there are not); e. g. ^ ¡ V in Nan rVN ' there is here a Jew' (20.9). They are regularly combined with &c., to express the verb 'have'; e.g. pB^f ¡vb px ' if you have no money' (15.9). Sometimes fVN may be rendered by 'it is', e. g. i ^ r a JVK ' it is not ill my power' (25. ii. 12). In OJ Tl\;> is used absolutely, like Hebrew P*< (Gen. 5, 24, 37. 30). 6. With a predicate, which may be a noun, adjective, or participle, these particles are equivalent to the English copula; e. g. ' I am not a king' (20. 10), 2nn.jHn NJT3 IV.b 'this house will not be destroyed ' (20.12). A subject noun or pronoun follows 1VN (IV.^), except in relative sentences or for the sake of emphasis. F 2

§ 15.

44

1VN, n ^ , ETC.

Before prepositional phrases, where IVN may also be translated ' is', it really has the sense of 'there i s ' or ' there exists', e.g. H3 f l W HD 'everything that is (there is) in i t ' ( 2 6 . 1 4 ; cf. Dan. 2. 30). § 16.

VERBAL

REFLEXIVE AND PASSIVE. yram

ithp c el

STEMS

ACTIVE. an3

ariaiTN

Ithpaal

^ro

3TDFIK

Ittaphal

3VDK

pe a i

Simple

Pael

Intensive

Aphel

Causative

1 * . T h e stems having preformative ith are reflexives, which serve also as passives. 2 * . T h e Pael, Aphel, and Ithpcel of verbs final n , n , and V take pathah for sere in the final syllable.

F o r other variations caused

by the influence of gutturals see § 23. Peal.

3 * . P e al perfects with e or it in the final syllable, princi-

pally intransitive, occur especially in O J .

E x a m p l e s : T P ? ' be

strong' (Gen. 1 . 2 8 ) or ' b e angry' (Gen. 4 . 5 ) , ^ n ^ (Gen. 3 . 1 0 ) , ANP (Gen. 1 2 . 1), 5>*KE> (Judg. 1 . 1), ^ b f (Gen. 1 5 . 1 6 ) , 3D3 and a'DJ (Gen. 2 . 2 1 ) ;

^KH and

(Gen. 2 . 2 1 ) .

o occurs for u

(lilip; Kahle, p. 2 1 9 ) and 1 for e, especially in pause (Dalman, pp. 54 f., 257).

In O T A e and i both occur, the latter generally in

pause (21.P, b x f ,

Where M T has I the

supralinear M S S .

sometimes have e (Dan. 6. 2 1 , P5?|). Haphel.

4 * . Haphels sometimes take the place of Aphels

in P T M and O J . yain (Dalman).

T h e only examples in O J are P ^ n , SHin, and F o r O T A Haphels see note 11.

5 . In pDVt, which is borrowed from Hebrew, the final vowel is i (Gen. 4 5 . 2 6 — B e r l i n e r ) or e (Gen. 1 5 . 6 — B e r l i n e r ) .

Supralinear

M S S . give both pi?''" (Dalman, p. 302, note 2) and pB'n (Merx). In Dan. 6. 24 the sublinear vowel is i and the supralinear is e.

§ 16. I t h forms.

VERBAL

STEMS

6 * . The Ithp e el and Ithpaal

45 of verbs initial

dental and sibilant are modified as follows (a) n of the prefix, is assimilated to a following n , D, or T (thus - G i n s becomes " i n « ) . (d) n changes places with a following sibilant and after X and t becomes D and t respectively. Examples : VISFIB'X, 7] jn^tK. Ittaphal forms are not affected

Exod. 21. 29).

7. In P T M assimilation of n to S, 3 , 0 , 3 and other consonants takes place occasionally.

Examples: P'DSX = p'DSnx t

(ar. 4), ^.¿»BN = T.Snnx, n a ^ N -

npefonN (28. 4).

pares ¿(¡>a.6d (Mark 7. 34) = nnsritf Chrest. 4 . 1 9 , r n p o =

— nans Dalman com-

(§ 19, note 5).

Cf. also

rnpnp.

8 . In the supralinear vocalization an intrusive vowel frequently appears after preformative n s , in the perfect and other tenses (wotin). Shaphel, & c .

9 * . Shaphel causative forms are found.

most frequent are i ^ B ' 'complete' (passive Tap*

'subdue' (Gen. 1 2 . 5 ) , n ' W

' finish' (Gen. 2. 2). 10. Less

common

The

Gen. 2. 1),

'rescue' (Gen. 3 7 . 2 1 ) , T « ?

See § 26, note 6. forms are the

Po'el and Pa'el (both =

Arabic iii), with their passives (e.g. pot, Gen. 2 4 . 1 4 ) . Palel, and Palpel are formed from stems

and

The Polel, (§ 32, note 7,

§ 34, note 2). OTA.

11. O T A instead of Ittaphals uses Hophals and a

perfect passive P e al of the form P e 'il, especially in the 3 person ( r o w . Dan. 5 . 2 8 ;

UW,

Ezra 5 . 1 4 ; cf. nTHK, Chrest.

1.8).

Haphels for Aphels and preformative nn for OS are both normal in OTA, though not universal.

With DOinE'K (Dan. 4 . 1 6 ) the Syriac

forms having preformative ¡"IK may be compared. 12. Where O J has e in the final syllable (Pael, Aphel, Ithpeel) O T A sometimes has e and sometimes z.

It is difficult to make

46

§ 16.

VERBAL

STEMS

a general statement on the subject, or to frame an accurate paradigm, because of the paucity of material.

T h e following review

includes all perfects, imperfects, imperatives, and participles of verbs other than those

(§ 27), which agree with OJ, and 1"1> and

V"V (§§ 32 and 34), which exhibit the vowels e and z in nearly equal proportion.

In the P A E L perfect, examples of 1 number four,

against one o f / (Dan. 6 . 1 ) ; in the imperf. and partic. there is one example of both on each side, of the imperat. no cases at all.

In

the H A P H E L the perfect (three examples) and the imperative (two examples) have e (excluding p)?M, note 5), in the imperfect there are two cases of i and two of e (viz. *ninri and nnri), in the participle two cases of 1.

In the H I T H P e E L there are no cases of the

perfect or imperative, in the imperfect there are four examples of l and one of e, and in the participle two examples of e.

T h e extent

of the influence exercised by pause on these forms is very uncertain.

For intransitive P e al perfects see note 3.

§ 17.

PERFECT

PEAL.

PAEL. P T M

TENSES

OJ

OJ

PTM

m-

rnvra

roim

n?na

rQTa

NPI- raiD^

m- nana

rove n^n? f«P13 J3T13

il^ria

OJ 3TI3

3^3

NTPS

Njnrn?

¡DID^

pans

nsid*1!

fan?

3 s. m. f. 2

s. m.

nans

f.

n^ni

1 sing. 3 pi. m,

Nans T :

f

finpiD^

pnan?

proim

pnans

f.

N33TI3

1 plur.

2 pi. m.

§ 17. Table.

PERFECT

TENSES

47

1*. T h e table represents the inflexion of all perfects, in

a, e, and u.

T h e analogy of O T A (note 6) suggests that the supra-

linear 3 s. f. should be.pronounced 0 3 0 3 rather than nana (§ 2 . 6). Endings.

2*. T h e distinctive ending NR is more common in

O J than in P T M (Dalman) and is predominant in O T A (W). 3 * . T h e P T M plural endings in and an are borrowed from the imperf. tense, to which they properly belong,

u and a also occur

in P T M . 4 . In P T M fJ\. occurs for |3 and FT., for fin, especially in Aphels.

T h e e may have been transferred from the final syllable

of the Aphel (Pael) stem. forms of § 2 1 , note 7.

Dalman suggests the influence of the

Examples: fri^H? ( 2 5 . 5 ) , l^i?*? (23. 9).

T h e form J3*pm (19. ii, 9) = Accent.

ppnK + }3.

5*. In O J only the 2 plur. terminations are accented;

in O T A the 2 plur., 3 s. f. (Syriac type—see note 6) and the x sing.; in P T M at least the 2 and 3 plur. terminations and possibly, like O T A , the 3 s. f. and 1 sing. OTA.

6. In O T A the 3 s. f. has two forms, one of the O J type

and the other resembling the Syriac form.

T h e former occurs in

two Peals (JTJOSi, nbtaa) and in the few cases there are of Hithp"el (nnwi^n) and Haphel

forms.

T h e latter occurs in three

P e als (rijibp) and in two of three Hophals (n3"in-). I n the P e al, Pael, and Hophal the 1 sing, has a form that resembles the Syriac ( n r i ! , ri3-]2).

In the Haphel, besides no-pn (§ 33), only nri3B>n

(Dan. 2. 25) occurs.

T h e form resembles that of O J and perhaps

its vocalization, which is also that of a 3 s. f. perfect, should be nn?E?n (as n e ^ n ) or n n s ^ n (as in supralinear MSS.).

T h e supra-

linear M S S . of O T A have a larger proportion of O J forms than M T in the 3 s. f. perfect, but they do not wholly eliminate the Syriac type.

T h e absence of vowels in the texts of P T M leaves it

uncertain how far they agree with the forms of OJ and how far with those of O T A .

48

§

PERFECT

TENSES

Syntax. 7. In P T M the 2 pi. masc. form is always used for the 2 pi. fem. and frequently the 3 pi. m. for the 3 pi. f. (Dalman). 8. In P T M and OTA perfect tenses alternate with participles in narratives regarding the past (cf. § 21), and the use of successive sentences unconnected by conjunctions (asyndeton) is characteristic, especially of P T M . OJ follows the Hebrew text in its use of conjunctions. The perfect is used to express unfulfilled conditions after pK (26. 18) and (21. 11, 2 4 . 1 , 2 7 . 1 2 ) and sometimes also as the tense of the following apodosis (21. 11), but not generally (see § 22, note 2 / ) . § 18. PAEL.—OJ AND P T M PLUR.

SING.

jaron

PEAL. PLUR.

arran

O J AND

PTM SING.

aína?

3 mase. fem.

paran

airan

2 masc.

?aran

paran

fem.

3ÍF1DJ

aínas

A-RAN

paran

TENSES

airan

¡>QFD:>

PAN??

¡ara?

IMPERFECT

1

m. and f.

e Stem vowels. 1*. The stem vowel of the im perf. P al is rarely e, except in the case of verbs final aleph or yodh ("l,?5|!, \W). Pathah is not usual in the imperff. P e al of intransitive verbs. For verbs final guttural see § 23. The occasional use of ii for 0 and of 2 for e may originally have been limited to pausal forms, where it is found with special frequency (Deut. 16. 29). 2*. The stem vowels of other imperff. than the P e al agree with the corresponding vowels of the perfect. Examples: -inajv, n a t r . Preformative vowels. 3*. Supralinear preformative pathah ( = seghol) in the 1 sing, imperf. P e al (as in Judg. 4. 7, 6.15), except

§ i8.

IMPERFECT TENSES

49

in the case of some verbs initial guttural (§ 23), is a usage of late Yemenite MSS. In OTA preformative seghol occurs twice in M T ( N T ? , W?*«)1 and hireq once ( J ™ ) . 4*. In the supralinear MSS. published by Kahle the preformative vowel of the 1 sing, imperf. Pael is regularly and i}< is commonly written in the unvocalized texts of PTM. This orthography is to be regarded as a representation of hateph seghol (§ 2.8). DTlipN in the M T of Zech. 7.14 may be compared. The only 1 sing, imperf. Pael form in O T A is Njnii (Dan. 2. 24). 5. After the final consonant of the preformative syllables of the imperff. P e al and Aphel an intrusive vowel (hireq) is sometimes indicated by the supralinear punctuation (e.g. = ntfe Deut. 15. 6—Kahle p. 222). So also in the Ithp e el (§ 16, note 8). Prefix b. 6. Forms of 3 s. m. imperf. with preformative b (Brockelmann, Grundriss, i. 565) are found in P T M (21. ii. 6). Examples: w b , mwb, ps, p>nb). They seem to occur generally in certain special types of sentence, e.g. in those expressing a purpose (after H ' and K ^ ) or a wish (see Dalman, p. 2 64 f.). In O T A the forms Kl.i^ , and H]^ occur. They may have been preferred in order to avoid the use of forms resembling the divine name mrP. OTA. 7. In O T A the stem vowels of the imperf. P e al are u (13D;), a and e and those of the impff. Pael and Haphel e or i (§ 16, note 12). In the Haphel imperf. uncontracted forms are nearly always used n), nae'n)). The plural ending u (or o), for un, occurs twice (§ 29, note 10; § 35, note 5). See also notes 3, 4 and 6. Syntax.

8. In PTM the uses of the imperfect tense are

very strictly limited: (1) It is a jussive (21. ii. 6, 26. 17, 27.6) or imperative (with negative, 16. ii. 4, 19.ii. 7 f., 22. ii. 5 ; as a polite imperat., 24. ii. 7) 1

3765

III the supralinear MSS. probably hireq, as Dan. 5 . 1 7 (Strack). G

50

§ i8.

IMPERFECT

TENSES

and expresses wishes, imprecations (26, last line, 28, second last line) and resolves (18. 9, 28. 6—see (4) below). (2) I t is used after

and

to express purpose ( 1 8 . 13,

18. ii. 4, 2 1 . 1 5 ) , after N?^ = lest (24. 3) and after T (or K h ) in dependence u p o n verbs of asking ( 2 1 . 2) and ordering (23. 5). (3) It is used modally (21. 3), especially in questions (19. ii. 9, 20. ii. 7, 24. ii. 2, 25. ii. 8).

Cf. note 9 (3).

(4) It is a future tense only when there is an implication of indefiniteness (19. iii. 3 ' t h a t I should g o o u t ' , 22. 1 ' s h o u l d be m a r r i e d ' , 28. 6, T3})K NEÓ "13 ^ n p " ^

'everything that any one

may lid me I will do '), in subordinate clauses. 9 . I n O J the imperfect tense is used more extensively than in PTM.

I t is employed :

(1) A s an imperative, jussive, and voluntative, expressing commands and exhortations (Gen. 6. 21, E x o d . 22. 24, Deut. 16. 18, Josh. 23. 8, 1 3 , 1 Sam. 24. 13), and resolves (Gen. 6. 7, Josh. 24.15, 1 Sam. 24. 11). (2) After

in purpose clauses (Gen. 12. 1 3 , 27. 25, Exod.

8. 6, 11. 7, Deut. 4.1, 5. 16, 8 . 1 , 11. 8). (3) A s the usual equivalent of most H e b r e w modal imperfects (to be rendered by may, might, would, should, must, &c.).

' Could'

is expressed by a n imperfect (2 Sam. 2. 22, 1 Kings 8. 5) or a participle (1 Kings 18. 10, Jer. 24. 2), or by H ' "lE'SK with a n imperf. (Gen. 1 3 . 1 6 ) .

' C a n ' may also be expressed by ^ "iK'EK (Isai.

49-15)(4) As the ordinary future tense, for which P T M uses the participle.

Examples : Gen. 2 . 1 7 , 3. 4, 4 9 . 1 , E x o d . 4. 1, 6. 1,

Deut. 1 6 . 1 8 , Josh. 1. 3, 18, 3. 5, 1 0 , 1 3 , 18. 8, 23. 5 , 1 Sam. 24. 2 1 . (5) In conditional sentences, following DN (Gen. 18. 26, E x o d . 22. 24, Josh. 23. 12) and

(Hebrew *!), Josh. 24. 20.

A parti-

ciple, however, is used to translate a H e b r e w participle (Gen. 43. 4 f.).

§ 18.

IMPERFECT

TENSES

5i

(6) As a future in the past (preterite future)—Gen. 2 . 1 9 , E x o d . 2 . 4 , 1 Sam. 22. 22, 2 Kings 13. 14—for which a participle (Gen. 4 3 . 25, 1 Kings 7. 7 ) or ^

with an imperf. (2 Kings 3. 2 7 ) are

possible alternatives. 1 0 . In O T A the imperfect is used as the ordinary future tense, as a jussive, and in the various modal senses.

It is also used in

conditional sentences, referring to the future (English indefinite present).

It seldom refers to the present or the past.

11. T n y (' ready', ' prepared') or b "Vny, with an infinitive, also expresses future time in O J and P T M (Gen. 4. 10, 41. 28, Exod. 16. 23 ; Dalman, Grammar,

p. 268 f.).

1 2 . Sometimes an imperfect tense

depends directly upon

a

governing verb, without "l (§ 7, note 7) being prefixed (29. 21, N")t31? nin«l: ^T?. r y ?

' Our teachers here ask (that) I should

pray, so that rain may fall').

Cf.

JO ^ piSJ

NBD

b

( 1 9 . iii. 3 ) ' the only remedy of the affair is that I should go out from h e r e F o r i^VJ and plSJ see note 13. 1 3 . In P T M the 1 plur. imperf. is often used for the 1 sing, impf. ( 1 9 . iii. 3, 2 1 . 1 , 24. ii. 7, 2 9 . 2 1 ;

Dalman, p. 2 6 5 ^ ) .

Cf.

Dan. 2. 36, and see § 21, note 14. § 19.

IMPERATIVES PEAL.

PAEL.

OJ s. m.

rrri?

2

nina

'Tajr

•aw?

KT3JJ T •

s aT i n s:

"I'1??

ain?

«ins

iwn KM?

f. 2

pi. m. f.

P T M

WD pans pan?

2

prints

pj!3 D ¡nay

J3T1? G 2

f. 2

J?nra

s. m. pi. m. f.

52

§ 19-

IMPERATIVES

1*. In P T M the terminations are accented, in OJ unaccented. 2*. The final stem vowel of an imperative form agrees generally •with that of the corresponding imperfect tense (cf. § 18, note i ) . 3*. The MSS. of P T M indicate only u as the stem vowel of the inflected forms of the P e al imperatives, i was probably in some cases the stem vowel, as well as a (see § 25, note 5, and § 36, note 9). J'l^y might have been given as the paradigm form. 4*. In OJ and P T M the plural imperative of the derived stems is the same as their 3 plur. perf. and in some verbs the plural imperat. P e al is also ambiguous (W?*?, pJWn). 5. ¿a6d is understood by Dalman (p. 278, note 1) to be 2 plur. fem. imperative Ethp e el, having n assimilated to B ( § 1 6 , note 7) and with the fem. plur. ending silent as in Syriac, the man's ears being addressed (in Dalman ' Augen' should be 'Ohren'). Accordingly NnnEJnx = nriBX = ¿cfafjaOd (n not being distinguished from N in Galilee—Dalman, p. 57 f.). OTA. 6. OTA imperatives agree in terminations and accentuation with the imperatives of OJ. The OTA forms corresponding to Siro and aTOK are 2ri| (one example) and 2R3H (two examples). § 20. BAB

PTM aria»

INFINITIVES OJ

OJ ariao

P e al

Pael

airpo Nanao •airs

iarop

niana

N3R3

•giro«

Karoo

rrarpK

xanax

Aphel

•Dinar)«

xanani?

nanam

sansm

Ithp e el

rvamriK

xansm

Ithpaal

narpm

Nariarix

Ittaphal

"aininx Narpru?

T T

T T :

-

-

§ 20. Orthography.

INFINITIVES

53

1*. The feminine ending of the infinitives

of the derived stems in P T M is often represented by n, and this orthography is usual in O T A . BAB.

2. The forms under BAB, which are of Babylonian

origin, occur occasionally in OJ (Judg. 3. 26) and P T M (23. 3). OJ.

3*. The OJ forms in uth are used in the construct and

with suffixes.

Penultimate a is unchangeable (rTnimp ) Gen.

14. 17). PTM.

4*. The infinn. of the derived stems in P T M are in-

flected like feminine nouns ((inn^ap, 16. ii. 8—infin. Aphel ot PS?). OTA.

5. In O T A the forms are generally those of OJ, but

with preformative n for N (see paradigm, p. 95).

HgWH (Ezra 4.22),

with construct ending as in P T M , is exceptional. Infin. P e al.

6*. In OJ and O T A infinn. Pal are inflected as

nouns of the B class "a"!?», ¡inanjo (§

I2,

note 5).

In P T M the

Peal

infinitive before

termination 3— (§ 36, note 8) is added to the suffixes Syntax.

7. The adverbial use of the Hebrew infin. absolute

(as in Deut. 15. 4, 5, 8) is exactly reproduced by OJ, and the P e al infinitive form is then generally written

in the supralinear

MSS. (but cf. JIM? in 2 Sam. 24. 24, Kahle, p. 28).

The idiom is

infrequent in P T M (Dalman, p. 280). 8. In OJ an infinitive dependent on a governing verb is nearly always preceded by b, even when there is no preposition in the Hebrew text (Exod. 2. 3, Deut. 1.19, 2.25, Num. 22.14, Ju^g. 8.3, Isai. 1. 14).

In O T A the use of b is invariable.

In P T M

both constructions occur, with b (19. ii. 11, 20. ii. 1 and 3, 22. ii. 6, 24. ii. 1 and 4, 26.10), and without b (19- ii. 10, 27. 2, 3, 6 and 8, 29. 7). 9. A Hebrew infinitive in the nominative case is generally replaced in OJ by "l with an imperfect (Gen. 2.18, 29.19, Exod.

54

§ SO.

INFINITIVES

14.12, Judg. 18.19), or a perfect (Gen. 30. 15), or a partic. (Isai. 7.13).

Examples of the retention of the infin. occur in 1 Sam.

15. 22, 29. 6, Isai. 10. 7. 1 0 . T h e Hebrew negative i>

is represented in OJ by 5»H3

(with an infin.), e.g. in Gen. 3.11, 4.15, Deut. 4. 21, 8.11,

Josh. 5. 6, Judg. 2. 23.

In O T A b

with an infin. means 'must

not b e ' . 11. A peculiarity of the syntax of O T A is that a single object noun, with no qualification, stands before a governing infin. (Dan. 3.16, 5.16, &c.). object follows.

Cf. Dan. 2.12, 3.19, 5.7, 7.25, where the

Objects such as generally follow a governing infin.

may also precede the infin. (Dan. 2.10, 3. 32, 5. 15, &c.) and do so freely in Ezra (4. 14, 5.13, &c.).

§ 21.

PARTICIPLES P E AL.

PAEL.

APHEL.

PTM

OJ

a*™»

Mat?

:rrot?

at'ri3

active

an?»

ana»

ania»

3*n3

passive

ITTAPHAL.

3TDP!» Forms.

ITHPAAL.

LTHPEEL.

anan»

avian»

1*. Since verbs final guttural and resh have a for e

in all final syllables

is the partic. P e al of IPX, and there is no

distinction between the active and passive forms of the Pael and Aphel participles of such verbs. 3. 3, Judg. 12. 5) and I W ?

On the other hand, 3»-fB'D (Deut.

(from

rescue) are passives as

well as actives. 2*. In OJ z sometimes appears for final e (so T a y in 1 Kings 1. 6, Kahle, p. 28, and B'lTiD in Deut. 28. 50, Kahle, p. 225).

§ 2i.

PARTICIPLES

55

P e al particc. used as nouns always have i in the supralinear punctuation (so PH3, "PHD, pnB). In OTA / is usual, but eight words have l for /, viz.: ar^D, bxo, b&yn, b b p , pij, pi>n, nnj, b ; . 3*. The particc. of intrans. verbs have the same forms as those of trans, verbs. Examples : (also 'sleeping'; J*n"i (also pn-)) 'trusting', 'hoping'; W t j (also itfrn) 'fearing'. 4*. Words of the form 3»na may have an active sense. Examples : "T3D ' thinking'; T'i'l < remembering ' ; ¡D^n (? also 'B^Pl) ' wondering'. 5. The form 3F11DD occurs occasionally in P T M and 3FI3B (especially with verbs medial guttural) in OJ (Gen. 2. 9). Inflexions. 6. Participles are inflected like nouns of the B class (§ 10, note 7). There is, therefore, no formal distinction between active and passive in the particc. Pael and Aphel when these are inflected («317)30, &c.). Forms like jvron (17. ii. 18), j^pO (23.8), ¡DW (27. 2), and NT3J? (28.17) o c c u r i n t h e u n " vocalized texts of P T M and are read by Dalman as N"^??, &c. They do not occur in MSS. having a supralinear vocalization (Dalman, p. 311). Possibly yodh in such cases signifies vocal shewa (§ 2. 8). 7*. Shortened forms of the personal pronouns of the first and second persons (W, J3, Jjl, and Jin) joined to particc. make a new tense form. Examples: WJiT (Gen. 4. 9), (Berliner) or POgi (Merx), in Num. 22. 30, (Deut. 11. 10, Kahle, p. 16), i3Y]J ( 2 5- ii- 8),1 I^yn; (Judg. 5.16). See also § 30, note 5. 8. Tense forms got by uniting particc. and perf. terminations § 28, note 1), meaning 'they also occur, e.g. I^SD (or prayed ' (Dalman, p. 284). 1

So Dalman (cf. Gram., p. 290); why not J3*JHJ?

§2i.

56

PARTICIPLES

Syntax, 9. In P T M participles take over much of the early usage of imperfect tenses. They serve as an ordinary future tense ( 1 5 . 9 , 1 6 . 5 — 3 W , 2 0 . 1 1 , 23. ii. 8, 26.3), and as the English indefinite present ( = future) in conditional sentences (16. ii. 13), and they express promises (15. 10, 20. ii. 1 1 ) and general truths (23. 8). With IP 'while' (14. ii. 4), and in an object sentence dependent on a past tense (16. ii. 1 1 ) they are used as past progressives and may sometimes be rendered by an English past tense (24. 2). The use of particc. in place of perfect tenses in narratives of past events is very characteristic (24. ii. 3, 25. ii. 2 if., 27. 9— rnDK). 1 0 . In OJ particc. often represent Hebrew imperff. (or consecutive perff.), but not to the same extent as in P T M and not in the same uses.

Acts customary in the present (Exod. 18. 1 5 , Num.

1 1 . 12, Deut. 1 . 31 and 44, Judg. 7. 5, 10. 4, 1 Sam. 5. 5, 16. 7, 2 Kings 9. 20) or in the past (Gen. 29. 2, Num. 9. 20, Judg. 2. 19, 6. 5, 1 4 . 1 0 , 1 Sam. 1. 3, 6, 7, 2 . 1 3 f. and 19) are expressed by particc.

For the different idiom employed by P T M , see § 22,

note 2 (c). In questions understood of present time, a Hebrew imperf. is rendered in OJ by a participle (Gen. 32. 29 = 3 2 . 3 0 , 37. 15, Exod. 2 1

l - 3 > 3-3. J u d g - 11-9, 1> 1 S a m - ' - 8 . 2 5 . 1 0 , 28.16). 1 So, also, when the Hebrew imperf. denotes continuance of a state through a period in the past (Gen. 2. 25, Exod. 1 3 . 22, 1 Sam. 1 . 1 3 , Isai. 10. 7) or the future (1 Sam. 1 . 1 4 ) . 1 1 . In O T A the partic. is the ordinary equivalent of a present tense (Dan. 2. 8) and a very frequent alternative to a perfect in narratives of past events (Dan. 4.4, Ezra 5. 3). It is also used as a progressive tense, descriptive of events in the present (Dan. 3. 25 —¡oSlö) or the past (Dan. 5. 5—nana), and in stating general 1 In O J an imperfect in questions is to be understood as a future (Gen. 16.8), or in a modal sense (Gen. 27. 45, 1 Sam. 1 7 . 8, 2 8 . 1 5 ) . Cf. § 1 8 , note 9.

§2I. truths (Dan. 2. 21).

PARTICIPLES

57

Occasionally it alternates with the imperfect

as a future tense (Dan. 4. 29). 12. When the pronoun subject of a partic. is in the third person, it is often left unexpressed (Chrest. 1 5 . n , 16. ii. 3, 20. 8, 2 4 . 1 0 , 27. 9 ; Dan. 4 . 4 , 4 . 3 2 ) . 13. A general statement with an indefinite subject is expressed by the plural of a partic. without an explicit subject.

Examples:

Chrest. 2 7 . 1 1 , ' m e n despise'; Ezra 6 . 3 , ' m e n sacrifice'; Dan. 4. 28, equivalent to a passive 'you are addressed'. 1 4 . T h e 1 pers. plur. of the participle tense (note 7) may be used for the 1 pers. sing. (Dalman, p. 266).

Cf. § 18, note 1 3 .

1 5 . Some verbs take as their complement a participle, instead of an infin.

Examples: Dip ( 1 4 . ii. 1), 'IB* (16. ii. 9, 2 0 . 1 0 ) , "l?Jj

(19. 13).

(' begin') is used with particc. in the Peshitta, but

with infinn. in O J (Gen. 6 . 1 , Deut. 2 . 3 1 , Judg. 1 0 . 1 8 , 1 3 . 5, 1 Sam. 14. 35) and in O T A (Ezra 5. 2).

§ 22.

COMPOUND

TENSES

1*. T h e tenses of the verb Hjn ' become' form compound tenses with the participles of other verbs.

These compound tenses occur

frequently in P T M and are also a characteristic feature of O T A . They are seldom used by O J . 2 . In P T M the perfect of Hjn joined to a present participle expresses : (a) A past progressive tense, in sentences introduced by 'who' or ' w h e n ' ( 1 4 . ii. 1, 15. ii. 1, 2 2 . 7 ) and in circumstantial clauses (15. 6, 16. ii. 5).

It describes a prolonged state or act in the past,

where in English a past tense is a possible (22. 3, 27. ii. 1) or a preferable ( 1 6 . ii. 5, 16. ii. 8) alternative.

T h e verbs employed are

very frequently intrans. verbs denoting state or condition.

Exam-

ples: "TIN Hin "13 'when he was coming', V1J niq Will 'now he 2T65

H

58

§ 2 2.

COMPOUND

TENSES

knew'. In the sentence ^ H^nxi ncntpDK 13 n\pa niqi (29. 6) the compound tense possibly expresses a past inchoative, ' when she began weeping in the street, I asked her what was the matter'. (b) A pluperfect progressive tense, in sentences dependent on a past tense (16. 6, ' he found that he had been selling'). (c) A habit or custom, in the present (21. 12) or the past (22. ii. 2, 23. ii. 7, 2 7 . 1 , 28. 6, 'he used to say'). (d) An act repeated in the past a number of times, by the same or by different persons ( 1 5 . 3 , 19, ii. 15—>1Jl1 jenj) in« mrn jko b £ 2 i . 1 3 , 22 .7). (e) A future in the past (preterite future), ' he lay down beside one of them in order to learn what they would say' (17. ii. 4 f.). ( f ) A past conditional, expressing ' would have ' ( 2 2 . 9 , after ?pn, 24. 2, 2 7 . 1 2 , both in apodoses of conditional sentences, after unfulfilled conditions). 3. The participle tense of njn (see § 21, note 7) may be used, instead of its perfect tense, in combination with the present participle of another verb. Examples: N^JO N^n ' I repeatedly uncovered' (22.7), ^ V ! l i ? 0 'T-.? ™ 1 How could I have diverted my attention ?' (29. 28). For the expression of ' could have ' by a compound tense see also note 5. 4. In O T A the uses of the perfect compound they occur, are the same as in P T M . Examples: 5. 19—PJW Tin 'trembled', describing a prolonged tion ; (c) Dan. 5. 1 9 — ^ mq 'he used to k i l l ' ;

tense, so far as (a) Dan. 2. 3 1 , state or condi(d) Dan. 6. 1 1 ,

three times in the day he knelt on his knees and prayed' (spa nWoi . . .) and Dan. 6. 5, ' they sought repeatedly to find an excuse' (J)5?3 iin). In Dan. 6 . 1 5 njn may be classed under (a) or id). 6*. In OJ a participle or an imperfect tense is generally used where P T M would use a compound perfect tense. A compound

§ 22.

COMPOUND

TENSES

59

perfect is, however, sometimes used to describe an act or state extending over a period o f time (Gen. 2. 6, 19, Josh. 4. 14,

'as

they had reverenced ') or repeated at intervals during a period of time (Gen. 3 1 . 18).

It is also used in the apodosis of condi-

tional sentences (Judg. 1 1 . 39, ' h e would have r e d e e m e d ' ) and to express ' c o u l d h a v e ' (Gen. 4 3 . 7 ) .

It is of course the regular

equivalent of the same compound tense in H e b r e w (Gen. 4. 17, 37. 2, &c.). 6*. T h e imperfect

joined to the present participle of another

verb is used (a) as a future progressive tense ( E x o d . 1 . 1 6 , after (¿) to express future custom or habit (Dan. 2. 43), and (c) after "=] and N^n to express result or effect (Chrest. 16. ii. 14, 18. 15, 20. 5 ; Dan. 6 . 3 , E z r a 6. 10, 7. 25 f.) or the substance of a

command

(22. ii. 3 f.). A s an alternative to a simple jussive this tense perhaps implies emphasis or menace (Chrest. 19. ii. 1 7 ;

cf. E z r a 6. 8f.).

F o r corresponding uses of the imperfect see § 1 8 , note 8 (2). 7. A relative sentence contains a compound tense when there is a c o m p o u n d tense in the associated principal clause (Dan. 5 . 1 9 — N3S Kin '"'I—Ezra 7 . 2 6 , Chrest. 19. ii. 15). 8*.

nin joined to a passive participle provides the equivalent of

a simple perfect passive (17. ii. 2, 25. ii. 1 0 ; D a n . 6 . 4 , Ezra 5 . 1 1 ) . Nf]? with a passive participle is used as a jussive passive (Dan. 3 . 1 8 , E z r a 4. 12, 6. 8 f.); cf. note 6. 9 . In P T M , as in Syriac, the perfect o f any verb m a y be slightly strengthened by prefixing to it the perfect of nin (Dalman, p. 257 f.). 1 0 . xnN in combination with an infinitive is sometimes equivalent to a compound tense (20. ii. 1 0 — f m n t p tin33D 'K •riK'TO 'after (he) had conquered the c i t y ' .

H 2

6o § 23.

I N F L U E N C E OF G U T T U R A L S VERBAL

UPON

FORMS

The influence of gutturals (n, n, v) and of "1 upon the vowels of verbal forms is not as extensive as in Hebrew, but, so far as it goes, is similar in character. 1*. P a t h a h holds the place of normal sere in the final syllable of all parts of verbs final guttural or resh (Pael, Aphel, partic. P e al, &c.). In the final syllable of imperff. and imperatives P e al pathah is usual, but 0 also occurs before final resh and final 'ayin, especially in P T M . In O T A pathah is used in all the cases covered by this section. The verbs of §§ 27, 32, and 34 are not included. 2*. In the imperf. P e al preformative p a t h a h is used in some verbs (e.g. ttfai^, piEty:, T3J>:), but hireq is more common (Dalman). In O T A jnnypl (twice), psbri: (once) and f n y ; or i n ? n (thrice), with the imperfect forms of 'lin (Xinri ; &c.), are the only P e al imperff. of verbs initial guttural that occur. Dalman (page 93) makes the supralinear pathah of "l*?^- equivalent to seghol (hence Chrest, 18.4, 19. ii. 9, 20. ii. 7). 3*. Apparently the only infin. w i t h p r e f o r m a t i v e p a t h a h is •OX». In O T A the form is (twice) and Dalman follows this analogy in his Dialekiproben (18. 14, 29. 7). 4*. P a t h a h f u r t i v e is used in the pass, partic. P e al of verbs final guttural (O^p). See also § 32, note r. 5*. An i n t r u s i v e p a t h a h separates the termination n from the stem of verbs final guttural. E . g. Jjinansyn (Dan. 5. 27). 6*. Vocal shewa following a guttural in the supralinear punctuation is to be pronounced as the sublinear h a t e p h would be. Supralinear pathah in perff. like signifies h a t e p h p a t h a h and sere in imperative forms like and ^ V signifies h a t e p h seghol. See § 2. 7, 8. 7*. An i n t r u s i v e h a t e p h (before vocal shewa an intrusive

§ 23- G U T T U R A L I N F L U E N C E O N V E R B A L F O R M S

61

pathah) is indicated in some M S S . of OJ after initial y and initial n in the imperf. and infin. forms of the P e al (Aphel, Shaphel). and *n$>P are most frequently so treated. and 16. 24 ( 3 n q p , Hebraism ?).

Cf. Judg. 12. 5

In some MSS. after y an

intrusive hireq is indicated, in harmony with the hireq of the preformative syllable (Dalman, p. 9 3 ; Kahle, p. 223).

For forms

with intrusive vowels in O T A see note 2. 8*. In the intensives of verbs medial resh, in which the medial radical is not doubled, the preceding pathah is regularly lengthened into compensation qames and, similarly, sometimes before medial Ji or N.

Examples :

^ h

In Dan. 5. 9 the sublinear

reading is ^nariD and the supralinear is i r a i r o (or

^ P ) .

9. N between two vowels was pronounced yodh (Dalman, p. 60), hence P T M in the inflected forms of the active partic. P e al of verbs medial aleph and in the intensive forms of ^Nf? and "1KB' writes for X.

PTM

and

p. 305) and "•N?'.

= OJ 5»«?' (Gen. 43. 7—Dalman,

See also § 33, note 2.

§ 24. nrn

VERBS

INITIAL

NUN

PP?

p|3

3EP

pis?

nin

PP? pp

2D

pia

vwn

}pD

»D

nrra

pBD

niivo

pi Dip

3ÌBO

rvna •• T

P^P

3'DJ

rrnx

P^BK

nw

P'PI

PIS pax

xnnx TT —

NpBK T T "

NpEK 'T T -

infin.

ivnio

p'BD

p'sp

partic.

nin«

irnx

Peal

perf. imperf. imperat.

ipia pap pis» P'B? P'QN

infin. PTM partic. Aphel perf. imperf. imperat.

62

§ 24.

VERBS INITIAL

NUN

Assimilation. 1*. Assimilation of nun to the medial radical takes place in the impff. and inff. P e al and in all the tenses of the Aphel and Ittaphal. Nun and its vowel (shewa) generally disappear in the imperat. P e al. 2*. In verbs medial n and medial V assimilation of nun does not take place (Gen. 1 . 1 7 , Unassimilated forms of other verbs also occur (22. ii. 9,

Gen. 2 6 . 1 1 , P'U!).

3*. The vocalization of verbs medial n , according to the supralinear punctuation, is shown above. Where pathah is written in the perfect Aphel (Gen. 2. 5, Merx), it may be understood to denote hateph pathah (§ 2. 7). P e a l imperatt. and inflnn. 4*. The stem vowels of the imperative P e al do not become vocal shewa in the inflected forms, as they do in Hebrew (see table above). Forms with nun preserved sometimes occur in P T M . 3'D ( 1 5 . 9 , 16. ii. 7) is an alternative to 3D. 5. Infinitives like P?i? are normal in OJ, and those like pISD in P T M . Ithp®el. 6. Ithpeel forms sometimes assimilate n of the prefix to the following nun (§ 16, note 7). P^D 7*. In p^D I assimilates regressively, so that forms like those of verbs initial nun are produced. The infin. Haphel n^COn (Dan. 6. 24) is a case of erroneous dissimilation (cf. § 10, note 12). OTA. 8 . So far as examples occur, notes 1—4 apply to O T A . The only verb medial guttural is nnji, whose nun is assimilated in the Haphel imperfect (nnn) ; imperative (Ezra 5 . 1 5 , nnK or nnK) and partic. (pnnnD), but not in the Hophal (nn:n). Other verbs with unassimilated forms are }n3 (imperf., inf.), pSJ (Aphel), and pT3 (Aphel). There are two e imperfects, (as Syriac; O J Ha?) and fPOj or JM?. For the imperat. Kb see § 27, note 10, and for P.c'D, note 7.

63 § 25.

VERBS

INITIAL

ALEPH

Aphel.

P^AL.

TOIK

"ION

br.

NNV

perf. imperf.

"lO'X

imperat.

PIDN

PTM

TLIK WATA

OJ

PNAIN

N-jnix

infin. - M

T3I»

•• T

partic.

1 * . I n the imperf. and infin. P«al and in the Aphel X coalesces with the preformative vowel into e and o respectively, and the orthography is generally the same as that of verbs initial yodh 2*. T h e imperfects P e a l , that have pathah as

P e a l imperf. their stem vowel, are

1 3 » , i h , and " i p " (but also

The

final stem vowel of the imperatives of these words is also pathah (in Hebrew

holem).

does not belong to the group (unlike

Hebrew i ^ ) . Imperat.

3*. T h e supralinear imperatives

&c.,

although pointed with sere, should probably be pronounced fog,

&c. (§ 2. 8), as in O T A pOK).

,

I n the supralinear M S S . of O J

(Exod. 3 3 . i , Deut. 1 0 . 1 1 — K a h l e , pp. 5 and 1 5 ) and (Judg. 1 8 . 1 9 — P r a e t o r i u s ) both occur, and the plural form is (Josh. 2 . 1 , 1 8 . 8 ) .

In the singular Berliner's Onkelos has both e

(Deut. 1 0 . 1 1 ) and t (Gen. 22. 2, E x o d . 3. 1 6 , 3 3 . 1).

I n all these

forms yodh presumably at first represented a hurried vowel (vocal shewa). 4*. Some verbs (e.g.

K n x ) use shortened imperatt. P«al as

alternatives to the full forms ( h , ^ ; F o r the ending 0 in to see § 29.

,

— i n Dalman bn).

64

§ 25.

VERBS INITIAL

ALEPH

5*. The stem vowel i of the imperat. plur. of P T M is indicated in the texts for some words and may have been the stem vowel of all words of this class. The analogy of the imperat. sing, with suffixes points to i or u (§ 36, note 9). Dalman's pointing flbiX and (23.1) seems unlikely. Aphel. 6*. Of the Aphels with preformative sere that occur in P T M only pt?"n and some verbs having both initial K and final N, such as NfiN, are recognized by Dalman (p. 298^) as correct. The salutation IK^K 'hail' (Chrest. 29. 19) is also supposed to be an Aphel form (imperative). In OJ and OTA pen (§ 16, note 5) and WN or WK (OTA Wn, Wn), from Km, are used. Contracted forms. 7. Contraction takes place in the imperf., infin., and partic. of f]i>K (T.k, Kata, = , &c.). Contracted Ithpeels and Ithpaals also occur (e.g. "ipm = "TONm and i n m = " i m m . There seems to be similar contraction of verbs initial yodh (in T^DX, Gen. 4.18, 26, 24.15, Merx). Unusual forms. 8. 13' and f)^ (18. ii. 2) are used as alternative forms of 13N and f^K (cf. § 23, note 9). NO?. ( — i s a Babylonian form, which occurs in P T M (16.5). i^'OS (17. ii. 7) seems to have no parallel and may be an error for (§21, note 7) or KJ^??. OTA. 9. The variations of OTA are as follows. Etymological aleph is generally written in the P e al imperf. and infin. "lpxp), except in the cases of NriD and NMD, from Nm and NTN (§ 27). In the P e al imperat. X is generally followed by hateph seghol and in "^TK (Ezra 5. 15) sere is its equivalent (cf. note 3 and ntN, Dan. 3. 22, = HIK, pass. ptc. Peal). In Dan. 7. 5, where M T has Strack's supralinear text reads \i>3N, ¡. e . "iox (§ 2 . 8, 9). The Hophal. perf. "I3in (Dan. 7. 11) has the same form as the Hophal of verbs initial yodh. See also note 6 and the table of verbs, p. 96.

65 § 26.

VERBS

INITIAL

APHEL.

AND

WAW

PeAL.

7YV 3,t2i'1 3'DiX tt'oiN

YODH

rvT dt.': ni mi "TO

3D! TIT 3W wn 3nn 3rpo

VT

^

perf.

W.

to* —

imperf. imperat.

bso

infin.

IV5! jno vi1»»

P e al prefixes. 1*. In the imperf. and infin. P e al yodh coalesces with the preformative vowel into ( i ) ¿"and (2) 2" followed by the middle radical doubled. In the imperf. tense e is unusual except before a medial guttural or resh ni\*) and the punctuation of the MSS. cannot always be relied on. Examples: BhVl (Ezek. 17.10—Kahle, p. 46), (Deut. 10. 13—Kahle, p. 15; Ezra 7. 18), ^3*3 (Josh. 9. 19, for toa? 'we are able'), t^^Pi (Josh. 24.19, for p^fl? 'you are able'). For OJ forms having shewa as their preformative vowel see note 2. Stem vowels. 2. Imperff. Peal with e as their stem vowel are 3W (OTA 2n>) and 3 W (PTM occasionally). In OJ imperf. forms like (Gen. 3. 16) and TP (Deut. 15. 6) are found occasionally. Imperat. 3*. The imperatt. P e al are treated like the imperatt. of verbs initial nun. In P T M the initial radical is sometimes preserved (3rP, p3rp). Aphel. 4*. The preformative vowel of the Aphel is generally 0 ptpiK, PV.iN). Where e occurs in the MSS. it is frequently due to textual error (Dalman, p. 307 f.). Dalman recognizes in OJ and 3 * ™ and "IJVX as possibly correct in P T M ^3'n occurs in OTA (Ezra 5. 14, 7. 15). 5*. In OJ SHiri is used for JHiK and the uncontracted forms Vlin| 276»

J

66

§ 26.

VERBS INITIAL YODH

AND WAW

and jninp more often, probably, than the contracted forms.

Cf.

§ 16, note 4. 6. The Shaphel 3 W ( O T A 3 W ) 'rescue' has no

Shaphel. P e al in use (? = causative of

^DiD (Ezra 6. 3) may be regarded as a with D as in some Syriac forms.

For 'SW (? from

NX*) see § 27, note 8. Ithpcel.

7. For elision of yodh in Ithp e el forms see § 25,

note 7. an) 8. In P T M forms with elided n are used (e.g. Chrest. 29. 8).

= nnn),

In OJ and O T A the imperf. and infin. of JflJ take

the place of the corresponding parts of an* and are the only parts of |nj in use (see § 24, note 8).

In P T M they are alternatives

to anv. or n-OV. and »VD. 9. For a synopsis of the forms of O T A see table, p. 96.

OTA.

In P e al perff. and imperii, the stem vowel i corresponds to OJ e (31V, occur

3)V). (i5?;,

In the imperf. P e al preformative 1 and e both

at?V.).

(seven times).

in; is always, erroneously, dissimilated to V W

The normal Haphel form is like arrin ( c f. note 4)

and a Hophal form (^DiH) occurs once. § 27.

VERBS FINAL Y O D H

Ittaphal. Ithpaal.

e

lTPH EL. Aphel.

'inns

•»•inriN

"innx

wnnx

wnnx

xinnx rtrr

'HDD? ni^nx

nnm

nxtnoN T T : ~ • nx?nnx tt- : • ««inno TT ~ • K"inriD TT- S • \innp unnp stnnp

''ins

See also notes 6 and 8. AND Pael. ID ijn;

ALEPH PeAL. Ntn

peri. imperf.

vns imperat. ID nx?n nNinx vnp nwnrix infin. TT* t T-: : • K^no trnnno PTM tt" : tt: : • TT l " iinp

n-

Kirns?

nni^x

n^riE'

thi^k

ri- ,n,|nE>

i^nnx ns'inx

Tine? —

pn'iriN xrins

¡wne>

OJ w n 3 s. m. ntn f. t-: n - tMTtn 2 s. m. f. n- w n

pfn [WW

jwtnK

PTM

inn

pni-rn I^nt?

1 s. com.

i'D 3 pl- m nxin f. iinnn 2 pl. m. f.

tm t n: 1 pl. com.

§ 28.

V E R B S FINAL YODH AND A L E P H

69

Endings. 1*. The OJ plural terminations i (3 masc.) and pn (2 masc.) are peculiar to this class of verbs and are used in the P e al only. Dalman makes the corresponding endings of P T M on and tun (?) and extends the use of on to all perfects, in accordance with the analogy of OJ imperfects. 2 * . The distinctive endings xn and 'n occur frequently in OJ and to a less extent in PTM. In O T A the endings of the 2 sing. masc. and 1 sing, are n and n respectively, and there is no example of 2 s. f. 3rd radical. 3*. Before all consonantal endings the third radical of these verbs coalesces with the preceding stem vowel into e or z, as shown in the table. In i perfects the reading e, for by Yemenite MSS. is due to late correctors (Diettrich, ZA TW., vol. xx, p. 151 f.). 4 * . In the 3 s. f. of I perfects and in the 3 pi. f. of all perfects, OJ retains consonantal aleph (pronounced as yodh) and P T M consonantal yodh (i">i?l, 18. 3 ; n^K', 21. ii. 7). There are two cases in OTA, both of which agree with P T M in writing yodh (nna^N, Dan. 7. 15, and J W n , Dan. 6. 18). In M T these two forms follow two different systems of punctuation. One of the MSS. used by Strack supplies the variant reading IVJVn. In P T M rvnnN and ¡"trw are unvocalized forms for nnnx (? nnnN or n ^ N ) and In OJ N appears also in the 3 pi. m. of all i perfects. 5. In P T M forms of the 3 s. f. and 3 pi. m. perf. Peal, with consonantal yodh retained, sometimes occur. Presumably they were pronounced like rnn and PjH respectively (§ 17). Dalman's pointing of iVDn (22.19) a n d ^iS?? (27.2) seems to follow the analogy of the OTA (Hophal) form nTiin (note 4). In OTA the Kethibh preserves one 3 s. f. perf. P e al with consonantal yodh (rpDD, Dan. 4. 21). OTA. 6. In OTA before consonantal terminations the final syllable of the stem becomes i in i perfects (0'1??), ai in the 2 s. m.

70

§ 28.

VERBS

o f ordinary perff. P e a l

FINAL YODH

AND

ALEPH

and in WV33 o r WV33 ' I have built it '

( D a n . 4. 2 7 ) , é in o t h e r forms (fi'ÎD, K^JJa).

S e e a l s o note 2.

7 . I n the 3 sing. f e m . perf. P e a l the f o r m s n m and W l are written by M T without discrimination.

S t r a c k uniformly prints ntn.

In

other respects the 3 s. f. o f perfect t e n s e s agrees with P T M

(see

n o t e s 4 and 5).

fem.

There

is n o e x a m p l e in O T A

of a

pi.

perf. 8. I n o n e 3 pl. m . form (WVn, § 31, note 6) c o n s o n a n t a l yodh is retained a n d the vocalization

is that o f the normal verb (§ 17).

W i t h this e x c e p t i o n the 3 pl. m. is like that o f O J (iV3), with a variation o f orthography in the z perfects ( P n i W , V W ) , which is also found in some M S S . o f O J ( B e r l i n e r , Massorah,

p. 92).

17 and 6. 25 S t r a c k ' s supralinear text reads W n .

I n D a n . 6.

T h e only c a s e

o f a 2 pl. m. is p n n n ( D a n . 2. 8), for which supralinear M S S . read îinnn. 9 . B a e r ' s reading of seghol for sere in the final syllable o f pausal imperff. P a e l and H a p h e l ( D a n . 2. 4, 7, 24 and 5 . 1 2 ) is not accepted by S t r a c k .

§ 29.

VERBS

FINAL

YODH

AND

ALEPH

(imperfects, imperatives and infinitives) PEAL. PLURAL.

SINGULAR. P T M

IMPERFECT.

O JT O

3 masc. nnn

W ! prnn

fem. 2 masc.

pnnn

¡inn

fem.

"inn 'WN

i com.

§ 29.

V E R B S F I N A L Y O D H AND A L E P H

PTM APHEL. OJ

PTM P e A L . OJ

'jnK

nn

nnx

sins

vn

xin

jitnx

iri^K

¡itn

irn

—

—

—

nwn

71

IMPERATIVE. 2

s. m. f.

2 pi. m. f.

Imperii". 1*. The imperfect plur 1 masc. termination on is known from the MSS. of O J and O T A and is extended by analogy to P T M . The 2. s. f. endings in P T M are read by Dalman (p. 339) as ain and ai respectively. |"inn might be understood to signify IMDH (§ 2. 1). 2 * . Consonantal yodh is retained by O J and P T M in the 2 and 3 plur. fem. of all imperfects (cf. OTA no!?, Dan. 5.17). For the 2 s. f. in P T M see note 1. 3. Forms like \tnN (given in Dalman's paradigm) sometimes occur for \tnN (Gen. 24.14, Merx),but are characteristic of the later Yemenite MSS. (§ 18, note 3). Imperat. 4 * . The P T M imperative ending on is got by analogy from the 0 of O J and OTA. The 2 s. f. ending ai is shortened from ain and is the only ending of which Dalman gives examples from P T M . In O J a — at (cf. § 27, note 1). The 2 plur. fem. form occurs in 2 Sam. 1. 24 (ntOl). 5. Shortened imperatives (2 s. m.) are found in OJ. Examples : PifX (Peal—Gen. 24. 14), V (Pael—Gen. 24. 2), ty* or (Aphel—Exod. 33. 5). 6*. The 2 s. m. imperat. of the derived stems is the same as the 3 s. m. perf. in OJ and P T M , the 2 pi. m. of all stems is the same as 3 pi. m. perf. in P T M and the P e al imperat. 2 plur. is the same as the 3 plur. perf. in OJ. Cf. § 19, note 4. Infirm. 7. Infinitives of the form NJH^p are found in P T M . Cf. Ezra 5. 9, rH3D. 8. P ^ l infinitives with suffixes are treated in OJ like plural

72

§ 29.

VERBS FINAL YODH AND

ALEPH

nouns (§ 13, note 7), except that X. is used for ai as the suffix of the 1 st singular and that Kino, vritno. note 6).

is employed for

Examples:

P T M has forms like ¡won» or ¡wono ( s e e § 37,

In O T A , stems with consonantal yodh are used (¡^f^O,

Dan. 4. 32). 9. Infinitives of the derived stems with suffixes retain the third radical in OJ (PlWij^K, Gen. 24. 9) and are treated like feminine nouns of the F class (§ 12, note 9) in P T M (e. g. nWaDD from the Pael infinitive KJJOO). OTA.

10. T h e inflexions of imperfects and imperatt. in O T A ,

so far as examples are found, are the same as in OJ (cf. notes i, 2, and 4).

There is no case of a feminine imperat. nor of a 2 s. f.

imperf.

The form

(Dan. 5. 10), with 0 for on, may be a Cf. § 38, note 3.

special jussive form (Strack).

For the infini-

tives see notes 7 and 8. § 30.

VERBS

FINAL

YODH AND

ALEPH

(inflexion of participles) PeAL.

PeAL.

Pass. ptc.

Act. ptc.

Pael.

Active ptc. iD 3D

"in

\t.D

pMD

,fEOO

Sing. m. f.

K^n ,11"

w

CP

Plur. m. f.

1*. In the feminine singular and plural of participles consonantal yodh is always retained and in the masc. plural the ending is ain in O T A and usually in P T M .

In OJ the masc. plural ending is

always an, and this form also occurs in P T M . 2*. Participles used as nouns employ the plural termination ewan

(§ 8, note 11).

Examples: iJJTI,

iJDK, from 'DK 'physician'.

from

'shepherd', and

§ 3 o.

VERBS FINAL YODH AND A L E P H

73

3*. In the inflected forms, when the middle radical is a guttural or a doubled consonant, the supralinear MSS. regularly indicate vocal shewa before consonantal yodh (N^iH, f'Enn). Except in these cases vocal shewa is seldom represented (Dalman, p. 340), but should be pronounced in reading in accordance with the general analogy of participle forms, except in the singular fem. of the P e al passive partic. (cf. § 10, note 14). 4*. Words like ^n with pronominal suffixes attached are inflected in three ways: (1) the suffixes may unite with the termination e as with a plural ending { ' • n i n o , Deut. 2 5 . 1 1 ) , or ( 2 ) the final radical yodh may be retained 25. ii. 8, from "O.a), or (3) instead of yodh, aleph may be used. In OJ Mp always retains N with suffixes (Gen. 1 4 . 2 0 , Exod. 2 0 . 5 , Deut. 5 . 9 , 7 . 1 5 , 3 0 . 7 , 2 Sam. 19. 7, 22. 18, Jer. 49. 7). So also Dan. 4. 16, which is the only example of a suffixed form of these participles in OTA. 5. Examples of tense forms like those of § 21, note 7, are NWH (26. 6), fem. Kipg (Dalman, p. 352), TV^'p (Deut. 11.10—Kahle, p. 16), fJ'1}?!' (29. 25). The 1 sing. masc. of this tense is always wrongly pointed like N^jn in the Yemenite MSS. §

PEAL.

APHEL.

31.1

n i n ,

P«AL.

ION

•NX

s n s ,

APHEL.

WN ,'JTK

n i n

T-:

t o n ,

- ^ n

PEAL. NFLX

perf.

INS

imperi.

WI finv.

FIN; «N

xn'N

'in

ÌÌVK

'ino

NANA T T -

AKIVK T T

xn'K in*«

imperat.

W »

infin. PTM partic.

T W O T T ••

1 2765

WD

"••NT

' T O

TIN *• T

To be passed over on a first reading of the grammar. K

74

§ 3i.

i-H>

n

nfcj

1. Several verbs, having stems with both initial aleph and final aleph or yodh, are treated like a m ( t a x , WX, NDK, NBK). these only

Of

has a shortened imperat. form (§ 25, note 4).

2 . T h e imperff. and imperatt. P e al and Aphel o f NJ1K are written alike, but are distinguished in pronunciation (see note 3).

W ? is

both infin. P a l and partic. Aphel. e

Imperat.

3 . I n the imperat. P e al the O J supralinear form

KJVK is equivalent to NnK (§25, note 3) and the final vowel represents an original at.

I n P T M ^ . ( 2 4 . ii. 13),

and NPl (§ 25, note 4) are all used. written in

ttl'K,

&c. (cf. ^ T « ) .

(NIVN, 22. ii. 8),

I n Berliner's

Onkelos

T h e final vowel o f

be corrected into a (similarly in the case of itfVS,

23

-

I is may

8

)-

4 . T h e 2 s. f. imperat. P e al o f XflX is NJTK ( 1 K i n g s 1. 1 2 — Kahle, p. 29) or TIN (Chresl.

29. 22).

Cf. § 29, note 4.

An alter-

native Aphel imper. 2 plur. masc. ^ I V N ( G e n . 42. 34) is given by Dalman (p. 356). 5 . ¡JM.pava.6a. (1 Cor. 16. 2 2) is explained by Dalman (p. 152, note 3) as being NO « J l ? ' Come, our L o r d ' . both divide the word into ¡¡.apav OTA.

W H and von Soden

a6a.

6 . F o r x n x see table at the end of this section.

The

O T A passive forms n v y n ( D a n . 6. 18) and W W ( D a n . 3.13) are explained as Hophal forms = o w n (3 s . f. perf.) and vriin (3 pi. m. perf.) respectively (Strack). mn.

7 . I n O J the longer forms of the imperf. P e a l of Hin are

used only in the plural and (as alternatives) along with W « or

^

in the 1 sing.

I n P T M short and long forms are used indifferently

and both

and

see § 18, note 6.

occur.

F o r P T M 'inb and O T A tojrfo, &c.,

T h e 3 sing. fem. impf. in O T A is N . ™ or mnn.

No shortened forms occur in O T A . 8 . I n the M S S . published by Kahle the shortened forms o f the P°al imperf. o f nji] are written VJJ and j t a j , with the original preformative vowel retained (cf. § 2. 9).

§3i-

S'Pi.

m g ,

rnn, t p q , n k j

75

9. In the verb Njn the medial radical yodh is generally

suppressed in O J and P T M in the imperfect (and infin.) P e al and in all parts of the Aphel.

The same forms are used in Syriac.

Cf. also W and Hebrew W . ^n.

For O T A see table below.

1 0 . In O J and O T A the impf. and infin. of ^

medial I and assume the forms Tj.T (plur. (cf. p'i'D, § 24, note 7).

and

elide the respectively

In the perfect and participle O J uses

only Pael forms (cf. O T A ^ n » ) .

T h e imperf. and infin. Pael

also sometimes occur in O J . HAPHEL.

P e AL.

P6AL.

Haphel.

P 6 AL.

OTA

mn «m

wn

NJnx ,nnt
(cf. § 16, note 11).

See also notes 2

and 4. § 33.

MONOSYLLABIC

S T E M S (inflected forms)

APHEL.

Imperat. D-p.t?

PEAL.

Perfect. D^X

Partie.

Perfect.

D ^ , ¡TN,?

lYO

NÇÎiJ NR. riD^x la^K KtfpK

id^k

pp^

0Ç

nn^ç

nop

NFi- rirrp

NR. npp

irrp

îdç

(? KJVp)

NÇjJ

78

§33P e a l perff.

MONOSYLLABIC

STEMS

1*. The forms of the table are those of the supra-

linear punctuation.

The stem vowel of the perf. P e al is a only in

the 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m.

In Syriac and O T A a is the stem vowel

throughout the perf. P e al, and this pointing is used by Dalman in his Dialektproben. The inflected forms of IVD are treated like those of perfects in sere. Particc.

2*. In OJ (and sometimes in P T M ) the uninflected

participle P e al has the form of verbs medial aleph.

In the inflected

forms yodh is written for aleph in both OJ and P T M . the inflected forms have N in the K e thibh and in NJlOKiJ (Dan. 7. 16).

11

In O T A

in the Q e re, except

T h e inflected participle forms of verbs

medial aleph retain K in OJ and sometimes in P T M (1 Sam. 8.10, 1 Kings 2. 20; Chresi., 20. 14).

P- 3°5OTA.

Cf. § 23, note 9, and Dalman,

3. In OTA the termination of the 1 s. pf. is eth (nDB',

Ezra 6 . 1 2 ; TlD^n, Dan. 3. 14).

For the form ^ r r (Ezra 4. 12)

see § 35, note 5.

§ 34.

PARTIALLY

MONOSYLLABIC

APHEL.

S T E M S (V"V)

PeAL.

(f?) »

perf.

ria?

imperf.

b'm

P3K

ria

imperat.

sójw

NÎ3K

13D

Wo

"

T

Î3D Disyllabic stems.

infin. partie, act.

H3

ptc. pass.

1*. Disyllabic stems are used in the P«al

participles, all intensive forms, Ithpeels, and Shaphels. See also § 35, note 4.

Examples :

§ 34-

P A R T I A L L Y MONOSYLLABIC

STEMS

79

2 * . The intensive forms are of the types b ^ V (especially P T M ) , b t y (OJ), and b^V is borrowed from the W stems (§ 32). The use of is a special feature of the supralinear vocalization. f S p ? (25. 4) is the passive participle of this form. Stem vowels. 3*. The stem vowel of the 3 s. m. perf. P e al, which is pathah in Syriac and OTA, is always a in the supralinear vocalization of OJ, following the analogy of the verbs of § 32. The stem vowel of the imperf. P e al is either 5 or a ¡3n\i). Preform, vowels. 4*. The imperf., imperat., and infin. P e al and all the tenses of the Aphel have the same forms as the corresponding parts of verbs initial nun (§ 24). In the imperf. and infin. P e al preformative i is lengthened to e before an initial stem guttural, but is retained before initial resh (pii?, Lev. 15. 8). This treatment is reversed in the only two cases that occur in O T A (10», Dan. 4. 24; jnn, Dan. 2. 40). Participles. 5. In P T M the participle form b»»S (§ 3 2 ) i s sometimes used in place of b t y . In OJ contracted plurals like pbj), for r ^ y , are a feature of supralinear texts. In O T A p ^ y (K e thibh) is replaced by t^V or i^V or p b (Dan. 4. 4, 5. 8). 6. Aphel participles like V »

and

in

are

viewed as

Hebraisms by Dalman. 7. n^yp (25. 5), from ity'», follows the ordinary rule for the inflexion of participles. For P^i?» (23- 8 ) s e e § 2 I > n o t e 6 Borrowed forms.

8*. The forms appropriate to W stems

( § 3 2 ) are transferred to verbs of this class in the cases named in notes 2, 3, and 5, and in others also (e.g. in Judg. 6. 26 ppn = ppn). Ittaphal. 9. The Ittaphal forms are like bynx and ?nnK. OTA. 10. For the P e A L perf. see note 3, and for the only examples of imperf. infin. and partic. see notes 4 and 5. There are three types of I N T E N S I V E S in O T A : (three verbs), (Dan. 2. 40), and apinB'N (Dan. 4. 16). In the H A P H E L , preformative

80

§ 34.

PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC

STEMS

pathah becomes seghol before V (nbj)n, Dan. 5. 7).

There are two

cases of erroneously dissimilated Haphel forms ($>}»ri, Dan. 2. 25, 6. 19, and ¡"l^D, Dan. 4. 3). Haphel forms see table p. 96.

Cf. § 26, note 9.

For normal

A H O P H A L form of one verb is

found ($>J?n). § 35.

PARTIALLY

MONOSYLLABIC

STEMS

(inflected forms) APHEL.

PEAL.

PERFECT.

Plur.

PERFECT.

Sing.

Plur.

N^YX

NK

JIN^YN

NN- O ^ Y X

;WI>Y

PNIJIYS

NW'N

R?J>Y

SO IVY«

N-^JJK

WHY

IMPERFECT.

Plur.

Sing.

(by) bv

^YX

I^YS

X N . NBY

3 mase. fem. 2 mase. fem.

N^Y

1 com.

IMPERFECT.

Sing.

Plur.

Sing. 3 mase.

I^YRI

I^YPI ^YX IMPERATIVE.

Plur.

Sing.

bwi

biwn

2 mase.

BIV«

1 com.

IMPERATIVE.

Plur.

Sing.

Í&IY

^ Y

ÍÍ^YK

BIY

2 mase. fem.

1*. Following Dalman's precedent, and in accordance with the analogy of O T A , the final radical has been doubled in the above table, before vocalic endings, in the P e al perfect and imperative, but not in the Aphel. cated in any tense.

In Berliner's Onkelos doubling is not indi-

§35-

PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS

81

2*. In the 3 pi. m. perf. P e al the stem vowel a. (appropriate to '"y stems) is sometimes written in supralinear MSS. for a.

The

only example of a 3 plur. masc. perf. Peal in OTA is treated in this way

Dan, 2. 35).

See also § 34, note 3.

3. Supralinear pathah in imperf. forms like

(Deut. 10.1 r —

Kahle, p. 15) may be regarded as representing hateph pathah (§ 3- 7)4 . Peal and Aphel forms like nppl (PTM), tbbv (Dan. 5. 10, IOthibh), and (Dan. 4. 9), with repetition of the final radical, occur in P T M and OTA. OTA. 5. The distinctive features of OTA are as follows : In the inflected forms of the imperative P e AL the stem vowel is o (nil, Dan. 4. 11, 20). In the perfect HOPHAL some MSS. double the final radical before the plural ending Dan. 5. 15), others do not. In HAPHEL forms, when the stem vowel (e) becomes vocal shewa, it is written hateph seghol in some MSS. (H^p, Dan. 7. 7, 19, ^ l i ? ^ , Dan. 7. 23—Baer, Ginsburg, Strack). Perhaps ^ I V (Ezra 4. 12) was originally intended for 'tan' (cf. § 2. 8, 9). But the tense, termination (§ 18, note 7) and possibly stem vowel (cf. § 34, note 8) are all abnormal. There is no other example of the 3 plur. imperf. Haphel of an TV verb in OTA. See also notes above, and for fljWn or nj^n (Dan. 2. 34, 45), § 17, note 6. § 36.

VERBAL

SUFFIXES

1*. For the various forms of the accusative suffixes see pp. 9091. In P T M the suffixes added to verbal stems ending in a consonant are those of § 4 and the suffixes added to stems ending in a vowel are presumably those of § 12, note 2, although the only possible vocalic stem is the 2 sing. fem. perf. (for the 2 s. m. and the 3 pi. see notes 3 and 5). In OJ the variations from the suffixes of §§ 4 and 12 are in the 1 singular, ^ or V. for t, and in the 3 plural, 2765

L

82

§ 36.

VERBAL

SUFFIXES

where the independent pronoun ¡^X is substituted for fin (¡i). For the forms of the suffixes added to the 3 s. f. perf. see note 6. In OJ, in agreement with the Hebrew text, the suffix of the 2 plural is rarely found. It seems never to occur with a 3 sing. masc. perf. stem. 2*. In OJ is joined in writing to the verbal stem with which it is associated, N being omitted when the stem ends in a consonant and the form being reduced to JW with the 3 s. f. perf. and to ¡53 in union with stems ending in a vowel (fWn!?ip, JWFinbip, jlSin!^). The forms of the verbal stems are not modified before ¡13K except in the 1 s. perf., in which J^ris, rn\Pi3 and n^FOK are used for &c. 3*. The difference between P T M and OJ in the endings of the 3 plur. perf. and 2 plur. imperat. involves a further difference in the suffixes attached to these forms. P T M uses the suffixes appropriate to the consonantal ending un, while OJ uses those required by the vocalic ending u. Examples: H'OipfiK (25. ii. 2), 'HIpBt? (Gen. 19. 16). Perfect 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. 4 . For the stem forms of the 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. perfects P e al and Aphel with suffixes see paradigm, p. 90. Pael perfects are treated like Aphels. In the suffixed forms of the perfects Pael and Aphel the final stem vowel generally becomes vocal shewa both in the 3 sing, and the 3 plural CnipBK, Gen. 19.16), although sometimes the orthography of P T M presumably indicates the retention of the full vowel (20. ii. 2, FMO^DK, 21. i, N ^ t ? « ) . OJ plural forms are sometimes found in P T M (26.8, ¡pnxJ). Sometimes the vowel points in Dalman's Dialektprolen are unnecessarily those of OJ, instead of being those of P T M . In 21. ii. 1 l o a n ; should be I ^ n ; and in 2 8. 5 JUteiK should be . 2 sing, and 1 sing. 5. In OJ and P T M the forms of the 1 sing. perf. with suffixes are like &c. The 2 sing. masc. and 1 sing. com. with suffixes of the 3 s. m. or 3 pi. (where

§ 36.

V E R B A L SUFFIXES

83

ambiguity arises) are distinguished in OJ by the use of the form i W ? for the 2 s. m. But ambiguous forms with suffixes of the 3 sing. fem. like ¡TOnst?« Non ' he saw that the buyer was standing behind him'). 13. Occasionally the object pronoun of the 3 plural is used indefinitely for 'some people' (28. 4, ¡inon ' he saw some men killing' (mice) ; for the verbal stem HOT see § 37, note 1). § 37. 1

VERBAL

SUFFIXES

WITH

N'6

STEMS

Perf. 3 s. m. 1. In P T M the termination of 3 s. m. of all perfects with suffixes is treated like the ending of a feminine noun 1

To be passed over on a first reading of the grammar.

§37-

VERBAL SUFFIXES WITH

STEMS

85

(cf. § 36, note 7). Examples: avion and ¡ W p n (or rWDfi), ^ i 1 ; ? ? , fiTlN^. In the derived stems these forms, when unvocalized, are the same as the 3 s. f. (note 4), and in the P e al ¡^riDn is always ambiguous, ' he saw him' or ' she saw him' (note 5). 2. In OJ the 3 s. m. perf. Peal with suffixes either retains (consonantal) k ( ^ J D , '"Win, &c.) or is treated as ending in a vowel Oljn, "njq). With pax the suffixed forms are like ffcm. 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. 3. In OJ the 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. perfects Pael and Aphel with suffixes generally preserve the third radical yodh. Examples : W.V')?^ (Gen. 2 . 1 5 ) , rWK (Gen. 2. 22), "rj>m (Gen. 3. 13), » W W (Judg. 1. 7). With P3N the ordinary stem is used (I^IOi*). In P T M the third radical yodh is sometimes retained both in P e al perfects (25. iii. 7, BWIID = ^ ^ D P ) , and in perfects of the derived stems (cf. notes 1 and 5). 3 s. f. 4. In OJ and PTM the ending of the 3 s. f. of z perfects (§ 27) is generally contracted to IV. before suffixes. Examples: rwrijjste, ¡WD3 (Judg. 4. 19), linWN (Chrest. 18. 13). In P T M these are also imperative forms (note 7). Perf. stems. 5. In the other parts of the perfect tenses suffixes are generally added to the unchanged verbal stem. Examples: ¡wiJD ( 3 s . f.), ^ o

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