Geschlechterordnung und Staat: Legitimationsfiguren der politischen Philosophie (1600-1850) 9783050056883, 9783050043586

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Geschlechterordnung und Staat /HJLWLPDWLRQV¿JXUHQGHUSROLWLVFKHQ3KLORVRSKLH (1600 –1850) Herausgegeben von Marion Heinz und Sabine Doyé

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Geschlechterordnung und Staat /HJLWLPDWLRQV¿JXUHQGHU SROLWLVFKHQ3KLORVRSKLH (1600 –1850) Herausgegeben von Marion Heinz und Sabine Doyé 8QWHU0LWZLUNXQJYRQ)ULHGHULNH.XVWHU

Akademie Verlag

Redaktionelle Bearbeitung: Eva Bockenheimer

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

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@ea Ik`anja rkn `ai Dejpancnqj` ]neopkpaheo_dan qj` o_dkh]opeo_dan Kn`jqjcorknopahhqjcaj

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AңҨҦҟңҮүҨҡ

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

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Okvek)lkhepeo_da Opnqgpqn^aopeiiqjcaj `an Ik`anja

@]o mq]hep]per Jaqa `ao `ea ^Üncanhe_da Caoahho_d]bp lnÄcaj`aj Gkjvalpo `an Chae_d) daep ^aopadp a^aj `]nej( `]oo `ea E`aa `an Chae_ddaep ]j `ea `an Bnaedaep ca^qj`aj eop6 Chae_ddaep ^aveadp oe_d ]qb `aj >anae_d ej`ere`qahhan D]j`hqjcobnaedaepaj( `anaj Pan) n]ej `ea ̦Caoahho_d]bp̤ ei ajcanaj Oejja `an rkj op]]phe_dan Danno_d]bp ^abnaepaj OldÄna `ao ¶gkjkieo_daj eop* @ea Lkh]neoeanqjc rkj Caoahho_d]bp qj` Op]]p( `ea Gkjopepqeanqjc `ao aecajopÄj`ecaj >anae_do senpo_d]bphe_daj D]j`ahjo ]ho OldÄna `ao Lner]paj( `an rkj lkhepeo_daj @enagperaj qj]^dÄjcecaj S]najlnk`qgpekj sen` vqn na]hdeopkneo_daj Cnqj`) h]ca bÜn `ea AnbÜhhqjc `an `qn_d `]o @ajgaj `an =qbghÄnqjc lnkgh]ieanpaj E`aaj rkj Bnaedaep qj` Chae_ddaep* @ea lanokj]heoeanpaj lkhepeo_daj Danno_d]bpo^aveadqjcaj san`aj anoapvp `qn_d =^dÄjcecgaeporandÄhpjeooa o]_dhe_dan J]pqn6 @]o oej` `ea dknevkjp]haj Ögk) jkieo_daj >aveadqjcaj( ej `ajaj `ea lner]paj S]najlnk`qvajpaj Ü^an `ea ]jkjuiaj Caoapva `ao I]ngpao ranjapvp oej` $o* D]^ani]o -55,(3-%* Iep `an =q}Öoqjc `ao j]_d `ai Iqopan `an l]pne]n_d]heo_daj D]qodanno_d]bp gkjveleanpaj Kn`jqjcocabÜcao `an Ca) oahho_d]bp ei C]jvaj ej `ea lkh]n ]qbaej]j`an ^avkcajaj OldÄnaj rkj Caoahho_d]bp qj`

AңҨҦҟңҮүҨҡ

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Op]]p san`aj `ea pdakhkceo_d bqj`eanpaj Sahp^eh`an k^okhap( sah_da `ea hacepeieanaj) `a Cnqj`h]ca bÜn `ea Ü^anheabanpaj Vsa_g) qj` Sanpakn`jqjcaj ^eh`apaj* @ea aj`he_d) iajo_dhe_da Ranjqjbp sen` vqn n]pekj]haj Hacepei]pekjocnqj`h]ca bÜn `ea Kn`jqjc chae) _dan( `* d* caoapvhe_dan Bnaedaep( ]hok bÜn `ea Kn`jqjcobkniaj `ao Na_dpo* =j `ea Opahha lanokj]han Danno_d]bp pnepp `ea ̦Danno_d]bp̤ `an Caoapva( `anaj Cahpqjco]jolnq_d `]nej ^aopadp( `]oo oea ]ho =qo`nq_g `ao ]hhcaiaejaj Sehhajo ranjÜjbpeca =hhcaiaejdaep bÜn oe_d nagh]ieanaj gÖjjaj* Saeh `an Caoapvaojkni ]qbcnqj` ednan @e{anajv rki enn]pek) j]h)`aveoekjeopeo_daj SehhgÜnca^kp N]pekj]hepÄp ejjaskdjp qj` ok `ea ̦`ea Ejpajpekj ]qb =q}Öoqjc rkj Danno_d]bp Ü^and]qlp̤( hÄoop oe_d `ea Dk^^ao̢o_da Bkniah $̦]q_pknep]o jkj ranep]o b]_ep hacai̤% qigadnaj6 `ea ̦]q_pknep]o̤( qjanhÄoohe_dao Ikiajp sehhajphe) _dan @qn_doapvqjc( sen` na`qveanp ]qb `]o Ejrkhhvqcoapvaj `ao ranjÜjbpec =hhcaiaejaj6 ̦ranep]o jkj ]q_pknep]o b]_ep hacai̤ $o* D]^ani]o -55,( -1.+--4%* @ea op]]phe_da Atagqpera sen` ]hok ]qb `ea Aejd]hpqjc qj` @qn_doapvqjc `ao ran) jÜjbpec =hhcaiaejaj aejcao_dnÄjgp( ]qb `]o oe_d `ea =`naoo]paj `ao Caoapvao oah^an ]ho `]o oea ran^ej`aj`a =hhcaiaeja( ]ho ednaj ]hhcaiaejaj Sehhaj caaejecp d]^aj* @]o @a) ikgn]pealnejvel qjpano_dae`ap `aj Na_dpoop]]p `an ajpse_gahpaj Ik`anja rkj `an oe_d bknieanaj`aj `ao ]qbcaghÄnpaj =^okhqpeoiqo* @an ̦Op]]p `an Ranjqjbp eop `aikgn]pe) o_dan Caoapvca^qjcoop]]p̤ $Ganopejc -55/( 004%( qj` `aicaiÄ¿ eop `]o Cnqj`iangi]h `an Ik`anja( `ea Pnajjqjc rkj Caoahho_d]bp qj` Op]]p ej ajpo_dae`aj`an Dejoe_dp vq `e{anajveanaj6 @ea Ej`ere`qaj oej` ]ho Iepchea`an `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp je_dp jqn Senpo_d]bpo^Üncan( ^kqncakeo qj` =`naoo]paj oksea Jqpvjea¿an `an Caoapva( okj) `anj ]ho Op]]po^Üncan( _epkuajo( `ea =qpknaj `an Caoapva( `ajaj oea ]ho Iepchea` `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp qjpansknbaj oej`* @eaoai ̦`aikgn]peo_daj Ca`]jgaj̤( rkj Nkqooa]q ajpb]hpap qj` rkj G]jp ej `an @ajg|cqn `an ̦Oah^opcaoapvca^qjc̤ ldehkok) ldeo_d atlheveanp( heacp a^aj `ea @e{anajveanqjc vseo_daj oq^fagperan D]j`hqjcobnaedaep qj` `an E`aa op]]po^Üncanhe_dan =qpkjkiea( ]hok vseo_daj lner]pan qj` Ö{ajphe_dan =qpk) jkiea vqcnqj`a6 @ea Vqiqpqjc( ̦]qo `an Nkhha lner]pan Na_dpooq^fagpa dan]qovqpnapaj̤ qj` iep `an ¼^anj]dia `an Op]]po^Üncannkhha `ea Aejopahhqjc n]pekj]han Ackeopaj ]qbvq) ca^aj( ^eh`ap bnaehe_d bÜn ^ae`a =qpknaj aeja Saco_dae`a( `ea bÜn `ea lkhepegpdaknapeo_daj @a^]ppaj ]q_d daqpa jk_d ^aopeiiaj` eop $D]^ani]o -55.( 1,b*%* >arkn `eaoa `aikgn]peapdaknapeo_d ajpo_dae`aj`a @e{anajv vseo_daj he^an]haj qj` nalq^heg]jeo_daj Gkjvalpaj ogevveanp sen`( eop `]o Bknpo_dneppoikiajp `an opnqgpqnahhaj Pnajjqjc vseo_daj Caoahho_d]bp qj` Op]]p jk_d aeji]h ei He_dpa `an bÜn `ea cnea_de) o_da =jpega _d]n]gpaneopeo_daj Iangi]ha vq gajjvae_djaj6 Ej caseooan Saeoa gadnp ej `an ik`anjaj Pnajjqjc `ea Gkjopahh]pekj rkj kegko qj` lkheo vqnÜ_g* S]o ej `an o_dkh]opeo_daj ok_eap]o ]ho qjpnajj^]n rkncaopahhp sqn`a( pnepp sea`an ]qoaej]j`an6 @ea OldÄna `ao ¶gkjkieo_daj cehp jqj bnaehe_d je_dp iadn ]ho `ea `an lduoeo_daj Jkp`qnbp qj` `ao ^hk¿aj ¼^anha^aj7 reahiadn eop `an >anae_d `an i]paneahhaj Lnk`qgpekj a^aj `]o PÄpecgaepobah` fajan olave|o_daj D]j`hqjcon]pekj]hepÄp( ej `an ao qi `aj vsa_gn]) pekj]haj Aejo]pv rkj Ieppahj bÜn oah^opcaoapvpa Vsa_ga cadp* @eaoan OldÄna ej`ere`qahhan D]j`hqjcobnaedaep ]ho >anae_d opn]paceo_daj( ei N]diaj caoapvhe_dan Bnaedaep `aj aeca) jaj Jqpvaj i]teieanaj`aj D]j`ahjo opadp `]o Lkhepeo_da ]ho Sengqjcobah` aejan Ln]teo cacajÜ^an( `ea ei =^oadaj rkj `aj fa aecajaj Ejpanaooaj `ea >eh`qjc `ao ]hhcaiaejaj Sehhajo vqi Veah d]p6 ei Qjpano_dea` vqn lkhepeo_daj Pdaknea `ao =neopkpahao je_dp ]qb) capaehp ]qb qjpano_dea`he_da PnÄcancnqllaj( >Üncan qj` Je_dp^Üncan( Bnaea qj` Ogh]raj(

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

okj`anj ̞ ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `an E`aa `an Chae_ddaep ̞ ]ho D]j`hqjcoklpekjaj qj` PÄ) pecgaepobah`an ]hhan Ej`ere`qaj qj]^dÄjcec rkj Op]j` qj` Cao_dha_dp* @]iep `qn_dveadp `ea Pnajjqjc rkj Caoahho_d]bp qj` Op]]p( rkj Ögkjkieo_dan qj` lkhepeo_dan OldÄna( rkj ackeopeo_daj qj` Caiaejskdhejpanaooaj `ea Ej`ere`qaj oah^an6 S]o `an cnea_deo_da Lkheo^Üncan ̞ `]jg oaejan Opahhqjc ]ho ¶gk`aolkp ̞ ]ho =qo`nq_g oaejan Saoajo]qovae_djqjc ranopadaj gkjjpa( jÄihe_d `ea Ln]teo `an op]]po^Üncanhe_daj @ahe^an]pekj( eop bÜn `aj >kqncakeo `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp ]j Oah^op`eop]jveanqjc ca^qj`aj( fajaj Aejopahhqjcosa_doah( kdja `aj `ea =qoÜ^qjc `an Op]]po^Üncanna_dpa je_dp rknopahh^]n eop* Dacah ranopadp `eaoa Pnajjqjc ]ho Ano_daejqjcobkni aejan Cnqj`) ranb]ooqjc( `ea an `an Ik`anja oah^an vqo_dnae^p qj` `anaj Lnejvel `ea Oah^oprancaseo) oanqjc `an Ranjqjbp eop6 Iep `an Oq^fagpereanqjc `an Ranjqjbp cadp `an `ea Ldehkokldea rkj ]hpanodan ]qovae_djaj`a =jolnq_d ]qb aeja S]dndaep ranhknaj( `ea oe_d je_dp `an Oah^opcaseoodaep `ao Oq^fagpo ran`]jgp( gkiiaj iep `ai Cacajo]pv rkj S]dndaep qj` Caseoodaep faja @q]heoiaj ]qb( bÜn `ea Dacah `]o `e]cjkopeo_da Cnqj`sknp ̦Ajpvsae) qjc̤ lnÄcp $Dacah -53,^( .,%* @ea =jkieaj qj` L]pdkhkceaj `an Ik`anja( `ea `eaoan >acne{ ]jvaecp( oej` bÜn Dacah bnaehe_d Mqahha oaejao aecajaj Lnkfagpo* @ea iep `aj Iep) pahj `an olagqh]peraj Ldehkokldea ejo Sang caoapvpa Ranaejecqjc rkj Caseoodaep qj` S]dndaep ranopadp oe_d ]ho =qbda^qjc fajan RangÜnvqjcaj( `ea ]qb `aj oq^fagperaj E`a]) heoiqo( O_dneppi]_dan `an =qbghÄnqjc( vqnÜ_gcadaj* @eaoao RanoÖdjqjcolnkfagp Dacaho eop ]ho Ik`ahh aejan =qbghÄnqjcognepeg cahaoaj skn`aj( `ea ]ho Nareoekj vq ranopadaj eop qj` `an Cacaj]qbghÄnqjc vq]n^aepap*

0*

He^an]heoiqo ranoqo Gkiiqjep]neoiqo

Jqj ranbÜcp `]o okvek)lkhepeo_da Ouopai rki Pul `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp Ü^an ae) ja Aejne_dpqjc( `ea ednai =jolnq_d j]_d `ea ^ao_dnea^aja opnqgpqnahha Ajpvsaeqjc vs]n je_dp ]qbda^p( ]^an `ea IÖche_dgaep aejan pailknÄnaj RanoÖdjqjc o_d]{p6 `ea B]iehea( `ea ]ho atghqoera Ajgh]ra vs]n ednaj Knp ejjand]h^ `an OldÄna `ao Lner]paj d]p( ok ]^an( `]oo oea ednan Opnqgpqn j]_d sa`an `ai Ik`qo `an ej`ere`q]heopeo_daj Caoahho_d]bp jk_d ]q_d `ai `ao Cacajik`ahho aejan `ea @aoejpacn]pekj `an Caoahho_d]bp ranoÖdjaj`aj Caiaejo_d]bp j]_dca^eh`ap eop( reahiadn `ea aecajopÄj`eca OldÄna aejao @neppaj ^a]j) olnq_dp( ej `ajaj `ea fasaehecaj RangÜnvqjcaj ]qbcadk^aj o_daejaj* Rkj sah_dan =np `ea AecajopÄj`ecgaep `eaoan OldÄna eop qj` sea oea iep `an Ajp`a) _gqjc `an Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc vqo]iiajdÄjcp( hÄoop oe_d ^acnee_d jqn anb]ooaj( sajj vqrkn `]o LdÄjkiaj `an Ajpvsaeqjc ]qo `an Lanolagpera `an Lkhepegpdaknea atlheveanp qj` ej `aj Dknevkjp `an qjo ranpn]qpaj @a^]ppa canÜ_gp sen`* @ea >acne{a ̦Caiaejo_d]bp̤ qj` ̦Caoahho_d]bp̤( rkj Ban`ej]j` PÖjjeao Aj`a `ao -5* F]dndqj`anpo ]ho okvekhkceo_da Cnqj`^acne{a aejcabÜdnp qj` ej `aj -54,an F]dnaj ej `an Gkjpnkranoa vseo_daj He^an]heoiqo qj` Gkiiqjep]neoiqo sea`an ]qbcajkiiaj( oej`( s]o `aj caoahho_d]bpolkhepeo_daj >a`aqpqjcocad]hp ]jh]jcp( `aj oea ]^opa_gaj( ^eo daqpa renqhajp7 oea h]ooaj oe_d vqnÜ_gbÜdnaj ]qb faja lkhepegpdaknapeo_daj Gkjvalpa( ej `ajaj `ea Gkkn`ej]paj ]^caopa_gp san`aj( ejjand]h^ `anan `ea Oah^opranopÄj`ecqjcolnkvaooa `an Ik`anja ]^h]qbaj6 `]o ̦he^an]ha̤ Ik`ahh( `]o ei NÜ_gc]jc ]qb `ea Cnqj`]jj]diaj rkj Dk^^ao qj` Hk_ga bkniqheanp sen` qj` `an ̦nalq^heg]jeo_da̤ Cacajajpsqnb( `an

AңҨҦҟңҮүҨҡ

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]qb `aj Aejolnq_d vqnÜ_gcadp( `aj Nkqooa]q cacaj `ea oe_d ajpse_gahj`a ^Üncanhe_da Caoahho_d]bp anda^p* ̞ Iep `an Gkjpn]opeanqjc ^ae`an Gkjvalpa ej `ai `ea =qoaej) ]j`anoapvqjc ranaejb]_daj`aj >acne{ol]]n ̦he^an]h̤ qj` ̦nalq^heg]jeo_d̤ opahhp oe_d D]^ani]o( `aooaj lkhepegpdaknapeo_da @aqpqjc dean vqi Haepb]`aj cai]_dp sen`( ej `ea lkhepeo_da Pn]`epekj( `ea `ea ]jchk)]ianeg]jeo_da @a^]ppa iep `an He^an]heoiqo) Gkiiqjep]neoiqo)Gkjpnkranoa ]jcaopk¿aj d]p $D]^ani]o -55.( -.5%* @eaoa Pn]) `epekjohejea o_dÜpvp rkn ]hhai `aj Nkqooa]qo_daj >acne{ `ao Nalq^heg]jeoiqo rkn aejoaepecaj Ejpanlnap]pekjaj ̞ `]rkn jÄihe_d( iep `ai ]jpe)he^an]haj >a`aqpqjcocad]hp rkj Caiaejo_d]bp e`ajpe|veanp vq san`aj qj` faja jak]neopkpaheo_da Ikperh]ca vq ^a`eajaj( `ea oe_d ]qo ]jpeik`anjaj ={agpaj olaeop qj` `ea peab ej `ea ̦pnÜ^aj Mqahhaj `an Cacaj]qbghÄnqjc qj` `ao B]o_deoiqo̤ nae_dp( sea Ganopejc ]jiangp $Ganopejc -553( 0,.%* @]oo `ea gkiiqjep]neopeo_daj Eilqhoa( `ajaj ]ianeg]jeo_da Pdaknapegan sea ?d]nhao P]uhkn q* ]* bkhcaj( oe_d reahiadn iep aejan ajpo_dea`aj ̦]jpepkp]hepÄnaj He^an]heoiqognepeg̤ ran^ej`aj( `ea oea ]q_d ]j `ea Oaepa rkj I]nt opahhp( ^apkjaj >nqiheg qj` >nqjgdknop ej ednai Rknsknp vq ̦Caiaejo_d]bp qj` Cana_dpecgaep̤ $>nqiheg+>nqjgdknop -55/( -.%* Ej lkejpeanpan Bkni qj` e`a]hpuleo_d ranaejb]_dp hÄoop oe_d `]o Cacajaej]j`an ^ae`an Gkjvalpa sea bkhcp _d]n]gpaneoeanaj6 SÄdnaj` `]o he^an]ha Ik`ahh `ea ai]jvel]pkne) o_da Oaepa `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp ej ednan Pnajjqjc rki Op]]p baopo_dnae^p qj` ok `ea bÜn `eaoa gkjopepqperaj Cnqj`na_dpa ej ednan LneknepÄp rkn `ai @aikgn]pealnejvel danrknda^p( lnerehaceanp `]o nalq^heg]jeo_da Ik`ahh `ea RkhgookqranÄjepÄp qj` ^acnÜj) `ap ok aejaj Ap]peoiqo( `an `ea AecajopÄj`ecgaep `an Caoahho_d]bp ]qbvqda^aj `nkdp* SÄdnaj` j]_d he^an]han =q{]ooqjc `ai Op]]p `ea Bqjgpekj `ao ̦DÜpano aejan Senp) o_d]bpocaoahho_d]bp̤ vqgkiip( gÄilbp `an Nalq^heg]jeoiqo cacaj `ea Ajplkhepeoeanqjc aejan Caoahho_d]bp( `anaj Aejdaep oe_d he^an]hai RanopÄj`jeo vqbkhca rknlkhepeo_d( ei Ran) gadn ejpanaooacahaepapan Lner]phaqpa ^eh`ap* @ea Naejpacn]pekj `an Ögkjkieo_daj OldÄna ej `ea lkhepeo_da( `ea =qbda^qjc `an Pnajjqjc rkj Senpo_d]bp qj` Op]]p bÜdnp `ajj ]q_d j]_d nalq^heg]jeo_dai RanopÄj`jeo vqn E`aa aejan ̦op]]phe_d ejopepqpekj]heoeanpaj oepphe) _daj Caiaejo_d]bp̤ $D]^ani]o -55.( /15%( ej `an `ea Op]]po^Üncano_d]bp apdeo_d( je_dp na_dphe_d ranop]j`aj sen`* Cacaj `]o nalq^heg]jeo_da Pqcaj`e`a]h caiaejskdhkneajpeanpan Op]]po^Üncan oapvp `an He^an]heoiqo `]o Ejpanaooa `an >Üncan ]i O_dqpv ednan rknlkhepeo_daj caoahho_d]bphe_daj =qpkjkiea( `ea `eaoa ]ho Lner]phaqpa ej `an Ap]^heanqjc aejan Senpo_d]bpocaoahho_d]bp ^anaepo anskn^aj d]^aj qj` `ea vq ^as]dnaj =qbc]^a `ao Op]]pao eop* @ea lkhepeo_daj Na_dpa( `ea vqn Gkjpnkhha `eaoan =qbc]^a `qn_d `ea >Üncan anbkn`anhe_d oej`( d]^aj j]_d he^an]hai RanopÄj`jeo je_dp jqn `eaoah^a Opnqgpqn( okj`anj ]q_d `ajoah^aj Oejj sea oq^fagpera Lner]pna_dpa6 Oea aniÖche_daj `ea =ccnaceanqjc `an Lner]pejpanaooaj vq aejai ]qb `aj Op]]po]ll]n]p aejsengaj`aj lkhepeo_daj Sehhaj $a^`*( /.4%* BÜn `aj He) ^an]heoiqo gkjopepqeanp oe_d Ej`ere`q]hepÄp ejjand]h^ `an Na_dpooldÄna( ei N]diaj `an Cnqj`gkjopahh]pekj Äq¿anaj D]j`ahjo ]hok( ej `an `ea Ej`ere`qaj edna D]j`hqjcooldÄnaj cacajaej]j`an ]^cnajvaj qj` `]o E_d oaeja Ej`ere`q]hepÄp ]ho `]o edi aecaja ei Oejja oaejan Aecajo_d]bp ]ho Lner]pna_dpooq^fagp ^acnaebp* @an Rand]hpajoik`qo `eaoan lkooao) oeraj Ej`ere`q]heopaj eop `an rkj Gkjgqnnajpaj( `ea oe_d sa_doahoaepec ]ho opn]paceo_d d]j`ahj`an Oq^fagpa s]dnjadiaj qj` ]qb `eaoai Saca edna D]j`hqjcaj gkkn`ejeanaj*

-4

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

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AңҨҦҟңҮүҨҡ

-5

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1*

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

ajpcacajopadaj`aj ̦Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan̤*- Ei Qjpano_dea` vqn Pdaoa rkj `an saoajp) he_daj Chae_ddaep `an Cao_dha_dpan ]ho iep Ranjqjbp ^ac]^pan Ha^asaoaj ^aopeiip `ea @e{anajvpdaknea Chae_ddaep ]ho Chae_dsanpecgaep gkilhaiajpÄn ]qbaej]j`an ^avkcajan Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpana qj` ̦an|j`ap̤ ]qb `eaoa Saeoa aeja =ncqiajp]pekjo|cqn( `anaj hacepeieanaj`a Bqjgpekj k{ajoe_dphe_d eop6 `ea Ranjqjbp( `ea ]ho RaniÖcaj( `]o ^hk¿ Ca) ca^aja qj` rkj J]pqn Oaeaj`a vq Ü^ano_dnaepaj( Saoajo]qovae_djqjc `ao Iajo_daj eop( sen` ]ho J]pqn]qoop]ppqjc `ao I]jjao baopcao_dnea^aj qj` ]ho ̦rangÖnlanp̤ ei iÄjj) he_daj Cao_dha_dp rkncaopahhp( sÄdnaj` `ea Bn]q gkilhaiajpÄn ]ho RangÖnlanqjc rkj Oejjhe_dgaep qj` NavalperepÄp( fajao Ouj`nkio `ao =j`anaj `an Ranjqjbp( `ao Rkn) ^vs* =jpen]pekj]haj rkncaopahhp sen`( `]o jk_d O* `a >a]qrken ej ednaj Opq`eaj vqi =j`anaj Cao_dha_dp ]ho ̦Eii]jajv̤ `an iÄjjhe_daj ̦Pn]jovaj`ajv̤( `an =qovae_djqjc oah^op) ^asqoopan Oq^fagperepÄp ajpcacajopahhp oeadp* S]o `ea Bn]qaj ]hok ]qo `an Nalq^heg ]qoo_dhea¿p( gkiip edjaj ]j ]j`anan Opahha ]ho lkoepera >aopeiiqjc vq* Nkqooa]q oeadp aej B]ieheajgkjvalp rkn( `]o `ea `ai sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dp vqcao_dnea^ajaj BÄdecgaepaj vqn Dan]j^eh`qjc `ao iÄjjhe_daj Pqcaj`^Üncano aejoapvp* Vq `eaoai Vsa_g ajpsenbp an aej >aveadqjcoik`ahh( `]o rkj a^aj `eaoaj ]ho olave|o_d sae^he_d gkjjkpeanpaj RaniÖcaj capn]caj sen`6 Ao cadÖnp ej `ea >ejjajsahp `ao CaiÜpo qj` ajpb]hpap `knp faja olave|o_da OajoeperepÄp( bÜn `ea `an Paniejqo ̦Ail|j`o]igaep̤ ]ho Ej^acne{ aejan ei Leapeoiqo ajpopadaj`aj Gqhpereanqjc `ao CabÜdhoha^ajo calnÄcp sqn`a* @ea ]qb `eaoan Cnqj`h]ca ln]gpeveanpaj ejpanoq^fagperaj >aveadqjcaj na]heoeanaj chae_do]i ej`ere`qahh qj` rkj ejjaj( s]o ei Op]]p ]ho Caiaejo_d]bp `an Sehhaj ]jcaopna^p sen`* @]o dae¿p ]hok6 @ea Caiaej) skdhkneajpeanqjc `ao Op]]po^Üncano ^eh`ap oe_d ej fajan atghqoeraj Aejdaep dan]j( `ea oe_d ei Ik`qo `an Ejjecgaep `an CabÜdho^aveadqjcaj ajpse_gahp qj` ]ho Rkncne{ ]qb `aj nki]jpeo_daj Hea^ao^acne{ ranop]j`aj san`aj g]jj* =ho Aejolnq_d cacaj `aj lkooaooeraj Ej`ere`q]heoiqo `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp ranop]j`aj( sqn`a `eaoao iep `ai sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan rangjÜlbpa >aveadqjcoiqopan ]ho Cacajik`ahh `ao gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_daj Ada^acne{o aejcabÜdnp6 Ej `an =^sadn aejan ]qb sa_doahoaepeca Ejpanaooajs]dnqjc na`qveanpaj Ejpanoq^fagperepÄp ^ne_dp oe_d ei nki]jpeo_daj Hea^ao^acne{ aeja Rknopahhqjc rkj EjpeiepÄp >]dj( ej `an ao qi `ea =qbda^qjc `an ei Äq¿anaj D]j`ahj |teanpaj Cnajvaj ej`ere`qahhan Oah^ope`ajpepÄp cadp* Ao eop k{ajoe_dphe_d( `]oo `]o caoq_dpa Gkjvalp `an ^Üncanhe_daj Ghaejb]iehea can]) `a je_dp ^ae Nkqooa]q qj` oaejai B]ieheaj^acne{ vq |j`aj eop6 Nkqooa]q ^n]q_dp `ea B]iehea sacaj ednan `ea ^Üncanhe_da Caoahho_d]bp qjpaniejeanaj`aj Bqjgpekj qj` can]`a je_dp ]ho op]^eheoeanaj`aj B]gpkn* Ao eop a^aj `ea caoahho_d]bpognepeo_d ejoleneanpa Betea) -

Ej ednan vq `aj Gh]ooeganj baiejeopeo_dan Bkno_dqjc vÄdhaj`aj Opq`ea Ü^an `ea Lkh]neoeanqjc `an ̦Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpana̤ d]p G]nej D]qoaj $-532( /2/̞/5/% `ea ̦An|j`qjc̤ `an Cao_dha_dpo_d]) n]gpana ]qb `ea @aokneajpeanqjc vqnÜ_gcabÜdnp( `ea iep `an =jsaj`qjc ranpn]cona_dphe_dan Lnejveleaj ]qb `ea B]iehea $/3-% aejdancadp7 sÄdnaj` jk_d ^ae ?dneope]j Skh{ =qoo]caj Ü^an I]jj qj` Bn]q ei >avqcoouopai rkj Op]j`ao`a|jepekjaj cai]_dp san`aj $/3,%( pnepp iep `an Lkh]neoeanqjc `an Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpana aej jaq]npecao Kneajpeanqjcoiqopan ej Gn]bp( `aooaj Bqjg) pekj ]ho Danno_d]bpoe`akhkcea $/33% ]qb `an E`aa `an AncÄjvqjco^a`Ünbpecgaep `an Cao_dha_dpan ^anqdp6 `ea Lkh]neoeanqjc sen` chae_do]i vqi Vsa_g `an Gkilhaiajp]neoeanqjc anbqj`aj( `eajp `an Ranrkhhgkiijqjc `an Iajo_ddaep ̞ aejan Ranrkhhgkiijqjc( ok `ea =qbghÄnqjcognepeg( `ea `an aejvahjaj LanoÖjhe_dgaep qjiÖche_d eop*

AңҨҦҟңҮүҨҡ

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nqjc ]qb `ea raniaejphe_da S]dnd]bpecgaep `an ejpanlanokj]haj >aveadqjcaj( `ea ej `an >ejjajoldÄna `ao CaiÜpo ednaj Knp d]^aj( `ea ao Nkqooa]q anh]q^p( ej `an B]iehea ]ho CaiÜpocaiaejo_d]bp `ea =jpevel]pekj `an Sehhajocaiaejo_d]bp `an Op]]po^Üncan vq oa) daj $ok ]q_d Gqopan .,,1( rkn ]hhai -3 q* .,,%* @ea Bqjgpekj `an ^Üncanhe_daj Ghaejb]iehea hÄoop oe_d cao_dha_dpanpdaknapeo_d anop anb]ooaj( sajj `ea ^ae Nkqooa]q atlheveanpa Gkilhaiajp]nepÄp `an Cao_dha_dpo_d]) n]gpana ei Oejja `an Lkh]nepÄp ]qobkniqheanp sen`6 Ao eop `eao aeja Lkh]nepÄp( `ea ]qb `]o Olave|gqi `an Ik`anja vqcao_djeppaj eop* S]o ̞ ej Dacaho_dan Lanolagpera ̞ `an oq^fagpera E`a]heoiqo ^asqoopoaejoldehkokldeo_d ]qo^q_dop]^eanp( sen` `an Ik`anja ej `an Anb]dnqjc `ao Ranhqopo qnolnÜjche_dan Aejdaep vqn ]jpdnklkhkceo_daj Cnqj`^aopeiiqjc6 Sajj ]jcaoe_dpo `ao Chae_ddaepolkopqh]po je_dp iadn cehp( s]o =neopkpahao vqn Cnqj`h]ca oaejan lkhepeo_daj Ldehkokldea i]_dpa( `]oo jÄihe_d jqn `ai Lkheo^Üncan `]o Iajo_doaej ei aiejajpaj Oejja `ao iep Ranjqjbp ^ac]^paj Ha^asaoajo vqgkiip( sajj reahiadn aej fa`an ^ae`aj Sahpaj vqcadÖnp( `an `ao Aj`he_daj qj` `ao Qjaj`he_daj( rkj Ranop]j` qj` Ranjqjbp( Jaecqjc qj` L}e_dp qos*( `]jj sen` `ea =qbol]hpqjc vseo_daj Aecajjqpv qj` =hhcaiaejskdh( vseo_daj lner]pan qj` Ö{ajphe_dan Ateopajv vqi lnÄcj]jpaopaj =qo`nq_g fajan ]ho Ajpvsaeqjc _d]n]gpaneoeanpaj Cnqj`ranb]ooqjc( `ea jqj ei iÄjjhe_daj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan vqchae_d lanokj]heoeanp qj` j]pqn]heoeanp sen`6 Olave|gqi `ao iÄjjhe_daj Cao_dha_dpo eop ao( `ea Ajpvsaeqjc vq rangÖnlanj( `aj Neoo vseo_daj ^Üncanhe_dan Caoahho_d]bp qj` Op]]p( vseo_daj `an Ateopajv ]ho ^kqncakeo qj` `an ]ho _epkuaj ]qovqpn]caj $o* iep aps]o ]j`anan =gvajpqeanqjc ?* Gq_ghe_g ej oaejaj Opq`eaj vqn Jac]peraj =j`nkhkcea $.,,4( -1,%( ej `ajaj `ea ̦Cnqj`gkjopepqpekj̤ iÄjjhe_dan Oq^fagperepÄp ej `an Ik`anja ]ho ̦bn]ciajeanp̤ qj` ̦oah^opajpbnai`ap̤ anb]oop sen`%* Ok casejjp `]o sae^he_da Cao_dha_dp iep `ai edi lkh]n vqcakn`japaj iÄjjhe_daj GkilhaiajpÄn_d]n]gpan anop aecajphe_d oaeja >aopeiiqjc ei >avqcon]diaj `an B]ie) hea* SÄdnaj` `an I]jj oaeja lnagÄna E`ajpepÄp `an Ajpvsaeqjc ]^vqnejcaj d]p( rangÖn) lanp `ea Bn]q faja Aejdaep( `ea `an Ajpvsaeqjc ajpsa`an rkn]qoheacp k`an ej `an `eaoa ]ho Ü^ansqj`aj rkncaopahhp sen`6 =qo `an Lanolagpera `ao I]jjao cnÜj`ap `eaoa Aej) daep ej `ai ]ho lkoepera Mq]hepÄp s]dncajkiiajaj Cnqj``a|vep( `ai Badhaj fajan `aj @q]heoiaj `ao Oah^op) qj` SahprandÄhpjeooao vqcnqj`a heacaj`aj Oah^opna}aterepÄp7 ao eop `eao aej I]jcah( `aj an vqchae_d ]ho Bqj`]iajp `an sae^he_daj nacajan]peraj Lkpajv( ednan je_dp Ü^ansqj`ajaj Dangqjbp ]qo `an J]pqn rknopahhp* Ei Ejopepqp `an Ada |j`ap an faja Aejne_dpqjc rkn( `ea edi `ea `]qand]bpa Ran^ej`qjc iep `eaoai ei sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan j]pqn]heoeanpaj RaniÖcaj aniÖche_dp ̞ aeja Ran^ej`qjc( ej `an an `ea aecaja Ajpvsaeqjc ei Dknevkjp iÖche_dan RanoÖdjqjc anha^p* @ea b]iehe]haj Ejpei) ^aveadqjcaj( `ea oui^ekpeo_da Aejdaep rkj Iqppan qj` Gej` qj` `ea Hea^ao^aveadqjcaj `an C]ppaj( san`aj `]iep vqi Rkno_daej je_dpajpbnai`apan Dqi]jepÄp( sea oea ej ]j`a) nan Saeoa( ]^an chae_db]hho cnqj`hacaj` rki sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan vadnaj`( ej `aj OldÄnaj rkj Gqjop qj` Nahecekj rkncaopahhp sen`* @an iep `eaoan B]ieheajopnqgpqn ano_dhkooaja >anae_d aejan fajoaepo `ao Cacaj) o]pvao rkj ^Üncanhe_dan Caoahho_d]bp qj` Op]]p ]jcaoea`ahpaj oah^opÄj`ecaj OldÄna d]p vqn Cnqj`h]ca `ea ]ho gkilhaiajpÄna J]pqn]heoeanqjc nagkjopnqeanpa Lkh]nepÄp

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`an Cao_dha_dpan_d]n]gpana*. @anaj e`akhkceapnÄ_dpecan ?d]n]gpan ^aopadp ej aejan qj`qn_do_d]qpaj Nad]^ehepeanqjc fajao RanopÄj`jeooao aejan ha^aj`ecaj( vsa_g^a) opeiipaj J]pqn( `]o Ü^ansqj`aj vq d]^aj `ea =qbghÄnqjc oe_d ]ho Annqjcajo_d]bp ]jna_djapa6 Ei E`akhkcai `ao Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpano sen` ]ho ̦j]pÜnhe_da >aopeiiqjc̤ baopcao_dnea^aj( s]o vq) k`an ]^vqolna_daj `an Ranjqjbp vqgkiip* @eaoa J]pqn]heoeanqjc eop ei N]diaj `an dean ]jcaopahhpaj ¼^anhacqjcaj bnaehe_d ]ho NÜ_goaepa aejao rangÜnvpaj RanjqjbpranopÄj`jeooao vq haoaj* @an e`akhkceo_da Cahpqjco]jolnq_d ajp`a_gp oe_d ej `an Lanolagpera `an =qbghÄnqjcognepeg Dacaho qj` oaejan Ajpvsaeqjco`e]cjkoa6 @]o @ajgaj ej qjranieppahpaj CacajoÄpvaj( ln]gpeo_d) lkhepeo_d ej `ai rkj Aejvahjai qj` =hhcaiaejai( Ackeoiqo qj` Caiaejskdh( `aooaj lkhepegpdaknapeo_dan =qo`nq_g `an rkj He^an]heoiqo qj` Nalq^heg]jeoiqo eop( ^anaepap fajan J]pqn]heoeanqjc `aj >k`aj( `ea ej `an Becqn `an Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpana aejaj cahqjcajaj =qo`nq_g |j`ap qj` ej Caop]hp `an B]iehea aeja Ateopajvbkni o_d]{p( sah_da `ea Ajpvsaeqjc pailknÄn ]qbda^p qj` `eaoan ok anop aecajphe_d ]ho okvek) lkhepeo_da Ha^ajobkni `ea @]qan c]n]jpeanp* @ea Raniqpqjc heacp j]da( `]oo aeja Pdaknea^eh`qjc( `ea oe_d ej `an Gnepeg `ao ran) gÜnvpaj Ranjqjbpgkjvalpo qj` `ao `eaoai ejdÄnajpaj Ajpvsaeqjcopdaknaio gkjopepq) eanp ̞ bnaehe_d ej ]j`anan Saeoa ]ho Dacah `eao ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca oaejan olagqh]peraj Cnqj`]jj]diaj vq ^asangopahhecaj oq_dp ̞( `aj Hacepei]pekjovsÄjcaj ajpcadp( `ea `ea gnepeo_da Oq_da j]_d RanjqjbpcnÜj`aj opehh opahhaj qj` oe_d ej fajaj J]pqn]heoeanqjcaj baopoapvaj( `ea `ai =qb^]q aejan op]^ehaj Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc `eajaj* Caiaejp eop `an L]n]`eciajsa_doah( `an iep `an j]_ddacaheo_daj Ldehkokldea `ea olagqh]peraj Cnqj`) ]jj]diaj Dacaho ]^hadjp( ]^an `qn_d `ea iapdk`eo_da Navalpekj oaejao `e]hagpeo_daj @ajg]jo]pvao vq aejai caoahho_d]bpopdaknapeo_d bqj`eanpaj Jaq]jo]pv `an Ldehkokldea |j`ap* Caskjjaj sen` ]qb `eaoai Saca aej Gkjvalp rkj Ejpanoq^fagperepÄp( `]o `ea ]j `]o ej`ere`qahha Oah^op ca^qj`aja Rknopahhqjc ]^opn]gpan Oah^ope`ajpepÄp a^ajok raniae) `ap sea `ea =q}Öoqjc `an ej`ere`qahhaj E`ajpepÄp ej `an Rknopahhqjc `ao =hhcaiaejaj* .

Aejaj ]j`anaj =gvajp oapvp ?knjahe] Ghejcan $.,,/% ej ednaj ]qb `an Bkhea `an ̦@e]hagpeg `an =qbghÄnqjc̤ atlheveanpaj ¼^anhacqjcaj vqn Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc* Oea bn]cp j]_d `an Bqjgpekj `an b]iehe]haj Lner]poldÄna ]ho `aifajecaj oe_d ]qo`e{anajveanaj`aj Paehouopai ja^aj Senpo_d]bp qj` Op]]p( ej `ai `an I]jj sa`an ^kqncakeo jk_d _epkuaj eop( okj`anj ̦dkiia( `* d* Iajo_d o_dha_dp) dej̤ $.,2% qj` ajp`a_gp `eaoa Bqjgpekj ̦ej ednan Bqjgpekjohkoecgaep( ej ednan =j`ano]npecgaep( Fajoaepecgaep qj` Cacajopna^ecgaep vqi Ik`anjeoeanqjcolnkva¿̤ $.-3%* @] jqj `eaoa =j`ano]n) pecgaep `ai sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan aejcao_dnea^aj eop ̞ `ea Bn]q ̦eop Lner]poldÄna( ]^an oea d]p gaeja Lner]poldÄna̤ $...% ̞ o_daepanp( ok Ghejcan( faja `an @e]hagpeg `an =qbghÄnqjc vq) cadÖneca Qpklea( ej `an Ik`anja oah^op ̦`]o =j`anaj `an Ik`anja̤ lnÄoajp vq d]hpaj $..4%( eop `k_d `eaoa Qpklea ca^qj`aj ]j aej Danno_d]bporandÄhpjeo( a^aj `ea ̦dean]n_deo_d opnqgpqneanpa Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc̤ $a^`*%* S]o oe_d ]ho ̦aejvecao Nabqceqi rkn `an ̣Sahpang]hpqjc̡ ei N]) pekj]heoeanqjcolnkva¿̤ ]j^eapap( ajplqllp oe_d ]ho ̦hapvpa >]opekj lanokj]han Danno_d]bp̤ $..3% ej `an Ik`anja* ̞ Ao bn]cp oe_d bnaehe_d( k^ `an >acne{ lanokj]han Danno_d]bp `an Hkceg `aooaj ca) na_dp sen`( s]o Ghejcan oah^an ej `an Oln]_da `an Ouopaipdaknea ]ho bqjgpekj]ha @e{anajveanqjc ^ao_dnae^p7 s]o ]ho Olave|gqi `ea l]pne]n_d]ha Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc `an Pn]`epekj ^aopeiip( `an Adai]jj ^vs* B]ieheajr]pan ]ho lanokj]hao Danno_d]bpooq^fagp( d]p ej `an Bqjgpekjohkceg `ao Paeh) ouopaio B]iehea can]`a gaejaj Knp iadn* Jqn ]qb `an Bkhea aejao Gkjvalpo opnqgpqnahhan Danno_d]bp hea¿a oe_d `ea ]q_d ^ae Ghejcan ]jcabÜdnpa =j]hkcea vseo_daj `aj Atghqoekjobkniaj rkj Gh]ooa qj` Cao_dha_dp $.,,% ranpnapaj*

AңҨҦҟңҮүҨҡ

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Ao cadp `]nqi( `ea Atpnaia `ao Aejvahjaj qj` =hhcaiaejaj ]ho ranieppahp vq `ajgaj( ej `an Ajpcacajoapvqjc rkj ej`ere`qahhai Oah^op qj` qib]ooaj`ai =hhcaiaejaj `ea ei) i]jajpa E`ajpepÄp qj` `eaoa sea`anqi ]ho `aj Cacajo]pv ajpd]hpaj` vq angajjaj* Ei >acne{ `an Ejpanoq^fagperepÄp eop Oah^ope`ajpepÄp ]j =hpanepÄp ca^qj`aj( angajjp oe_d `]o Oah^op ej oaejai =j`anaj vqchae_d ]ho C]ppqjco]hhcaiaejao( `]o oe_d ]ho Oah^op sea`an) qi ej fajai angajjp6 @]o eop `ea E`aa `an sa_doahoaepecaj =jangajjqjc ̞ sea ao ej Dacaho LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ao Caeopao dae¿p6 ̦Ao eop aej Oah^op^asq¿poaej bÜn aej Oah^op) ^asq¿poaej* Anop dean`qn_d eop ao ej `an P]p7 `ajj anop deanej sen` bÜn ao `ea Aejdaep oaejan oah^op ej oaejai =j`anooaej7̤ ̞ vqo]iiajcab]oop ej `an Saj`qjc6 ̦E_d( `]o Sen( qj` Sen( `]o E_d eop̤ $Dacah -53,]( -00b*%* >ag]jjphe_d sen` Dacaho Rknopahhqjc `an navelnkgaj =jangajjqjc ej C* D* Ia]`o Okve]hlou_dkhkcea ]qbcajkiiaj qj` ej `an Aejoe_dp( `]oo Ej`ere`qeanqjc qj` Okve]heoeanqjc ]ho `ea gkilhaiajpÄnaj Oaepaj aejao >eh`qjcolnkvaooao vq ^acnaebaj oej`( vqi ̦Haepb]`aj aejan jkni]per cad]hprkhhaj Ca) oahho_d]bpopdaknea̤ $Dkjjapd -55.( -04%* Rkn `eaoai Dejpancnqj` sen` `an Vaepej`at `ao bÜn `ea dean rkncaopahhpa Alk_da nagkj) opnqeanpaj Cao_dha_dpangkjvalpo `aqphe_d* Sea bÜn aeja caoahho_d]bpopdaknapeo_d bqj`eanpa e`akhkceagnepeo_d ]jcahacpa Ejpanoq^fagperepÄpopdaknea `ea Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv iepo]ip `aj Bqjgpekjaj rkj Ada qj` B]iehea bÜn `ea Op]^ehepÄp `ao okvek)lkhepeo_daj Ha^ajovq) o]iiajd]jco vqi Pdai] san`aj( okhh ]ho k{aja Bn]ca `eaoa aejhaepaj`aj ¼^anhacqj) caj ^aaj`aj* &&& Ej `an Lanolagpera `an lkhepeo_daj Pdaknea casejjp `ea Jaqvaep edna Oecj]pqn ej `an Had) na rkj `an ]^okhqpaj OkqranÄjepÄp `ao Op]]pao( `ea ej Fa]j >k`ej( sea ?* Klepv)>ah]gd]h ej ednai >aepn]c ]qobÜdnp( aejaj NalnÄoajp]jpaj d]p( `an i]¿ca^he_da O_dneppa ej Ne_d) pqjc `an aej d]h^ao F]dndqj`anp olÄpan rkj Pdki]o Dk^^ao sengiÄ_dpec ]qoca]n^aepap Gkjvalpekj rknjeiip* =j`ano ]ho `ea cÄjcecaj >aopeiiqjcaj oaejan Vaep( `ea `]o Iangi]h op]]phe_dan Okq) ranÄjepÄp iep Dejsaeo ]qb Äq¿ana B]gpknaj sea aps] `ea ^arkniqj`aj`a Nkhha `an g]) pdkheo_daj Gen_da k`an `ea Ü^anheabanpa Kn`jqjc `an opÄj`eo_daj Caoahho_d]bp i]ngeanaj( `a|jeanp >k`ej qjqio_dnÄjgpa OkqranÄjepÄp ]ho ejdÄnajpa Mq]hepÄp `ao Op]]pao oah^op7 ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `eaoan >aopeiiqjc qjpano_dae`ap an `ea `nae Op]]pobkniaj $@aikgn]pea( =neopkgn]pea( Ikj]n_dea% ]j`ano ]ho `ea ]neopkpaheo_da Pn]`epekj rÖhhec qj]^dÄjcec rkj Gnepaneaj `an lkhepeo_daj Apdeg j]_d `an =jv]dh `an Danno_d]bpopnÄcan* @ea Ajpo_dae`qjc bÜn `ea Ikj]n_dea qj` `]iep aejaj Danno_d]bpopnÄcan sen` ei Nagqno ]qb Kn`jqjco) caoe_dpolqjgpa ^acnÜj`ap6 `ea ^aopa Op]]pobkni eop `ea( `ea ]i a{agperopaj Nqda qj` Oe_dandaep casÄdnhaeopap* Ao eop jqj `ea AnhÄqpanqjc `eaoan bqjgpekj]haj OkqranÄjepÄpo^a) opeiiqjc `qn_d `ea Danno_d]bpoopnqgpqn ei D]qo( iep `an >k`ej `]o Pdai] rknvae_djap( `]o `ai rknheacaj`aj >]j` `aj Pepah ce^p* =qo `an ̦=j]hkcea̤ vseo_daj B]iehea qj` Op]]p( vseo_daj ̦Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc qj` op]]phe_dan Kn`jqjc̤( ok Klepv)>ah]gd]h( ajp) opadp aeja Hacepei]pekjo|cqn( `ea rkn ]hhai bÜn `ea =^gadn rki LkhepegranopÄj`jeo `ao =neopkpahao ajpo_dae`aj` eop( ̞ seao `ea OldÄna `ao Lkhepeo_daj `k_d can]`a `]nej Ü^an `ea Danno_d]bpo^aveadqjcaj( `ea bÜn `aj Kegko cahpaj( dej]qo( `]oo `eaoan( Ej^acne{ `ao Lner]paj( `aj Oah^opand]hpqjcoejpanaooaj oaejan >askdjan `eajp( `ea Lkheo ]^an `an Ran)

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

senghe_dqjc `an iajo_dhe_daj J]pqn* @ea Jerahheanqjc `an apdeo_daj @e{anajv vseo_daj Kegko qj` Lkheo eop bnaehe_d o_dkj `]o Olave|gqi `ao o_dkh]opeo_daj ok_eap]o)>acne{o ̞ dean eop `ea Aejdaep `an Caoahho_d]bp bnaehe_d ^acnÜj`ap qj` ]qbcadk^aj ej `an Aej) daep `an O_dÖlbqjcokn`jqjc Ckppao* @an pdakhkceo_da >avqcon]diaj eop ]q_d bÜn >k`ej ran^ej`he_d6 @ea Danno_d]bp `ao l]pan b]iehe]o eop Rkn^eh` `an Danno_d]bp `ao Ikj]n) _daj( `an oaejanoaepo ]ho =^^eh` qj` A^aj^eh` `ao O_dÖlbanckppao vq ranopadaj eop* @]o aejveca Gnepaneqi( `]o `ea Are`ajv `eaoao Ransaeoqjcovqo]iiajd]jco opÜpvp( eop bnae) he_d `an ]^okhqpa Danno_d]bpo]jolnq_d* @ea ]^okhqpeopeo_daj >abqcjeooa `ao Ikj]n_daj h]ooaj aeja sahphe_da Ejop]jv( rkn `an oea oe_d vq hacepeieanaj dÄppaj( oksajec vq sea `ea `ao cÖpphe_daj I]_dpd]^ano oah^op( qj` bÜn `aj >anae_d `ao D]qoao cehp `eao a^ajok bÜn `ea >abqcjeooa `ao B]ieheajk^and]qlpo* @ancaop]hp cadp `ea Op]]pookqranÄjepÄp ej `an Lanokj ednao PnÄcano( `ao Danno_dano ]qb6 @eaoan ranaejecp iep `an RanbÜcqjc Ü^an `]o Caoapvca^qjco) qj` Cas]hpikjklkh ]hha op]]phe_daj Cnqj`cas]hpaj ej oaejan D]j`* Ej `an AnhÄqpanqjc `an cÖpphe_daj qj` en`eo_daj OkqranÄjepÄp ]j `an Danno_d]bp `ao B]ie) heajk^and]qlpao( oksea qicagadnp `aooaj Bqj`eanqjc ej `an `ao cÖpphe_d hacepeieanpaj Ikj]n_daj bknieanp oe_d faja bÜn `ea bnÜda Jaqvaep _d]n]gpaneopeo_da =ncqiajp]pekjo|) cqn( `ea ej `an Gkllahqjc `an Danno_d]bpolkoepekj ]j aeja Lanokj `ea kn`jqjcoopebpaj`a Bqjgpekj `an Danno_d]bp |teanp* @ea Kneajpeanqjc ]j Kn`jqjcocaoe_dpolqjgpaj i]_dp >k`ej vqi RknhÄqban rkj Dk^) ^ao qj` ̦Rkn`ajgan `an Ik`anja̤7 `ea >acnÜj`qjc bÜn `ea @kiej]jv `an Kn`jqjc cacajÜ^an `aj pn]`epekj]haj Caoe_dpolqjgpaj cana_dpan Danno_d]bp heabanp ]^an anop Dk^) ^ao* SÄdnaj` >k`ej `]rkj ]qocadp( `]oo `ai Op]]p `ea D]qod]hpqjcaj vqcnqj`a heacaj qj` oe_d `ea Danno_d]bpobkni `an B]iehea ej `an OkqranÄjepÄp `ao Op]]pao vq dÖ_do) pan( aej cao_dhkooajao j]pekj]hao Pannepkneqi qicnaebaj`aj A{eveajv dan]j^eh`ap( eop ^ae Dk^^ao `ea Hacepei]pekjocnqj`h]ca op]]phe_dan OkqranÄjepÄp `an Ranpn]c7 ej`ai an `]o jaqvaephe_da Lnejvel `an Oq^fagperepÄp ei ]pkieopeo_daj Ej`ere`q]heoiqo oaejan J]pqn) vqop]j`o^askdjan ran]jganp( sen` `ea op]]phe_da OkqranÄjepÄp ]qb `anaj Vqopeiiqjc vqnÜ_gcabÜdnp( qj` `ea >acnÜj`qjco`eiajoekj `an pn]jovaj`ajpaj Kn`jqjc anÜ^necp oe_d* @eaoa pdakjkia @eiajoekj ^hae^p ]^an qjranve_dp^]n( sajj sea ^ae >k`ej `ea bÜn `ea Ik`anja gkjopepqpera Oah^opaniÄ_dpecqjc `ao Oq^fagpo oe_d ]hhaej ej `an Caop]hp `ao kijelkpajpaj Ikj]n_daj i]jebaopeanp qj` ]j Opahha `ao vq ^abnea`aj`aj J]pqnvqop]j`o `an op]pqo _ereheo ej `aj D]qod]hpqjcaj ^anaepo aeja Rknbkni d]p( `ea `aj Nagqno ]qb ranpn]che_da Aejecqjc ranve_dp^]n i]_dp* @]oo `ea pdakhkceo_da Bqj`eanqjc ^ae >k`ej bnaehe_d ^nÜ_dec sen`( vaecp `ea Gkj) valpekj qj` Nkhha `ao J]pqnna_dpo* S]o `ea Op]]pobkni `an ]^okhqpeopeo_daj Ikj]n_dea jÄihe_d rkj SehhgÜndanno_d]bp pnajjp( eop `an Kneajpeanqjcon]diaj `ao J]pqnna_dpo( `*€e* ^ae >k`ej `ao ckppcaca^ajaj( ]^an `an iajo_dhe_daj N]pek vqcÄjche_daj Na_dpo( `ao) oaj Cahpqjc ej `an qjpanopahhpaj Qn^eh`bqjgpekj `ao cÖpphe_daj OkqranÄjo heacp qj` `]o ]ho I]¿op]^ bÜn `]o lkoepera( caoapvpa Danno_danna_dp bqjceanp* Ao eop ]^an are`ajp( `]oo( `] `an gnepeo_d)n]pekj]ha Kneajpeanqjcon]diaj `ao J]pqnna_dpo `aj eilane]haj Cnqj`aha) iajpaj `ao OkqranÄjepÄpogkjvalpo se`anopnaepap( `ea rkhqjp]neopeo_da LnÄcqjc `ao J]pqn) na_dpo `qn_d `ea Bqj`eanqjc ej `an cÖpphe_daj =hhi]_dp rknn]jcec sen` qj` ]qb `eaoa Saeoa je_dp `an Aejcnajvqjc( okj`anj `an Hacepeieanqjc `an Caoapvca^qjcogkilapajv `ao Ikj]n_daj `eajp* Ok ano_daejp `ea Ik`anjepÄp >k`ejo ej fajai Ranhqop `an apdeo_d) na_dphe_daj @eiajoekj `an Lkhepeg( `ea iep `an Na`qgpekj `an Ranjqjbp ]qb edna ejopnq)

AңҨҦҟңҮүҨҡ

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iajpahha Bqjgpekj ^ae `an @qn_doapvqjc `an rkhqjp]neopeo_d caoapvpaj I]_dp]jolnÜ_da `ao OkqranÄjo aejdancadp* @ai n]pekj]heopeo_d)rkhqjp]neopeo_daj @kllah_d]n]gpan `ao J]pqnna_dpo ei Lnkvaoo `an Ik`anjeoeanqjc cadp O* @kuÉ ej ednai >aepn]c j]_d* @]o J]pqnna_dp `an Pn]`epekj qjpano_dae`ap oe_d rkj `ai `an Jaqvaep ej i]j_danhae Dejoe_dp( ajpo_dae`aj` bÜn `aj =ncqiajp]pekjoc]jc `ao >aepn]co eop vqi aejaj `an ^avÜche_d `ao Qib]jco cahpaj` cai]_dpa Jknieanqjco]jolnq_d qj` vqi ]j`anaj `ea ]qo `eaoai =jolnq_d bkhcaj`aj Gkjoamqajvaj iapdk`eo_dan =np* @]o pn]`epekjahha J]pqnna_dp ranopadp oe_d ]ho ldehkokldeo_da Na_dpohadna ei saepaj Ranop]j`a6 @ea Saoajo^aopeiiqjc `ao Cana_dpaj( `]o `ai vs]jco^asadnpaj( caoapvpaj Na_dp `ao Op]]pao `ea jkni]pera Cnqj`h]ca heabanj okhh( eop rkj `an `ao Oepphe_daj je_dp vq pnajjaj* @ea Lkhepeg ]ho Hadna rkj `aj hacepeiaj Danno_d]bpobkniaj `ao Caiaejsaoajo d]p edna Cnqj`h]caj ej Na_dp qj` Apdeg* Bn]caj `ao J]pqnna_dpo cnaebaj ]qb `ea OldÄna `ao Jkni]peraj ej `ai Qib]jc ]qo( `aj `ea Cnqj``eovelhejaj `an ln]gpeo_daj Ldehkokldea ]^opa_gaj* Vqchae_d sen` `]o Na_dp ei saepaj Oejja `an Aejdaep `ao Cana_dpaj qj` `ao oepphe_d Cqpaj sacaj oaejao dÖdanaj N]jco ]ho aejdaepoopebpaj`aj Cnqj`ao ]qb aeja Caca^ajdaeposaeoa vqnÜ_gcabÜdnp( `ea iep `ai >acne{ ̦J]pqn̤ ]jcavaecp sen`6 ]ho oae iep `eaoai Na_dp( ok Dacah( ̦aej ej qjieppah^]nan J]pqnsaeoa rknd]j`ajao̤ vq ranopadaj( `]o chae_do]i rkn^acnee_d rkj oe_d dan rknheacp ̞ qj` je_dp `]o( s]o qjpan ̦J]pqnna_dp̤ bÜn Dacah vq ranopadaj eop( jÄihe_d `]o Na_dp( sea ao `qn_d `ea ̦J]pqn `an O]_da( `*€e* `aj >acne{ ( oe_d ^aopeiia̤ $Dacah -53,`( /--%* @ea ¼^anvaqcqjc( `ea oe_d ej `eaoan @a|jepekj ]qoolne_dp( `]oo jÄihe_d `]o rkj J]pqn Na_dpa ej oaejai jknieanaj`aj =jolnq_d bÜn rknop]]phe_da qj` op]]phe_da Caiaejo_d]bpobkniaj oe_d `ai olagqh]peraj >acne{ ran`]jgp( `* d* a^aj ej oaejan k^fagperaj Saeoqjcobqjgpekj bÜn `ea iajo_dhe_da Ln]teo oe_d oq^fagperai Angajjaj ]q_d ano_dhea¿p( oapvp faja pn]`epekjahha Gknnaolkj`ajv vseo_daj k^fagperan sahpeii]jajpan qj` oq^fagper iajo_dhe_dan Ranjqjbp rkn]qo( `ea Dacah nad]^ehepeanaj sehh* @ea Pnajjqjc `an Cnqj``eovelhejaj ln]gpeo_dan Ldehkokldea qj` `]o dae¿p( `ea Ap]^heanqjc aejao J]pqnna_dpo ei Oejja `an @e{anajv rkj Na_dp qj` Apdeg( `ao Cana_dpaj qj` `ao oepphe_d Ca^kpajaj iep `an ajpolna_daj`aj Gkjoamqajv bÜn `ea Bn]ca j]_d `an HacepeiepÄp op]]phe_dan Danno_d]bp hÄoop oe_d ]ho =qbgÜj`ecqjc `eaoan Gknnaolkj`ajv( ]ho Oah^oprancaseooanqjc iajo_dhe_dan Ranjqjbp ranopadaj( `ea oe_d qjieppah^]n ]ho Ai]jvel]pekj `ao pdaknapeo_daj Seooajo ]qo `ai Cahpqjco^anae_d `an Iap]lduoeg rkhhveadp* =qb `ai Ca^eap `an ln]gpeo_daj Ldehkokldea sen` `an G]ilb qi `ea >aopeiiqjc rkj Cnajva qj` Nae_dsaepa iajo_dhe_dan Ranjqjbp ]qb `ai Ca^eap `ao J]pqnna_dpo qj` oaejan Na_dpoca^eapa ]qocapn]caj* Ao ^eh`ap jqj `an Opnaep qi `ea Jkniaj `ao Adana_dpo chae_do]i `ea rkn`anopa Hejea fajan G]il{ah`ao( qj` `an rkj Dacah ]jcaolnk_daja Se`anolnq_d vseo_daj J]pqn qj` Ranjqjbp( rkj ]j oe_d ]ho ne_dpec qj` cana_dp Caca^ajai qj` `ai gn]bp iajo_dhe_dan O]pvqjc ]ho Na_dp Caoapvpai opahhp oe_d ]qb `eaoai Ca^eap ej oaejan qnolnÜjche_dopaj Bkni `]n* @ea j]pÜnhe_da Kn`jqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan( ]ho Gaeivahha ]hhan gkilhatanaj Caiaejo_d]bpobkniaj ranop]j`aj( ano_daejp ]ho `]o cajapeo_d Anopa qj` `]iep vqchae_d ]ho Iqopan bÜn `ea dÖdanaj Kn`jqjcobkniaj6 Ejo^aokj`ana `ea dÖ_dopa `eaoan Bkniaj( `]o op]]phe_da Caiaejsaoaj( ej `ai oe_d ]hhan Jknieanqjco]jolnq_d ^Üj`ahp( `an oq^) fagper)iajo_dhe_da O]pvqjc vqn Cnqj`h]ca d]p( o_daejp `qn_d `ea qnolnÜjche_da jkni]) pera Kn`jqjc `an J]pqn ej `ea O_dn]jgaj caseaoaj*

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

Bnaehe_d eop `]o J]pqnna_dp `an BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc vqjÄ_dop iep aejan Kn`jqjcoi]_dp gkjbnkjpeanp( `ea ednanoaepo `aj =jolnq_d anda^p( `ea Cnajvaj oq^fagper)iajo_dhe_dan O]pvqjc ]^vqopa_gaj6 `ea `an Gen_da qj` `an `qn_d `ea Pdakhkcea ]qo^q_dop]^eanpaj _dneophe_daj Sahpkn`jqjc( `ea ej `an Hadna `an O_dkh]opeg `ea Ldehkokldea ]j ednan Oae) pa d]p* @]o @ajgaj `an O_dkh]opeg ^eh`ap ej `an Lanolagpera `an Gnepegan faja >]opekj( `an `ea Lnejveleaj aejao rkj pdakhkceo_daj LnÄieooaj bnaeaj Seooajo ]^vqnejcaj oej`7 `ea Oah^opcaseoodaep iajo_dhe_dan Ranjqjbp ]hhaej ^eh`ap `ea Cnqj`h]ca bÜn aeja ej k^) fagpereanaj`an Aejopahhqjc caskjjaja J]pqnangajjpjeo* Ej `an Kneajpeanqjc ]j `ai jaq caskjjajaj Seooajo_d]bpo^acne{ bkniqheanp Dk^^ao aeja ]jpe)o_dkh]opeo_da Ldehkokldea `ao Okve]haj( `ea ^ae `aj `aqpo_daj J]pqnna_dphanj vq ]i^er]hajpaj Na]gpekjaj bÜdnp* @eaoa =i^er]hajv eop =qo`nq_g aejao @ajgajo `ao ¼^anc]jco( ej `ai oe_d `ea Lnejve) leaj `an rkj G]jp ^ao_dsknajaj IÜj`ecgaep iep `ai NÜ_gcne{ ]qb `ea Pn]`epekj ]qb qjpano_dea`he_da Saeoa ieo_daj* Cnkpeqo( `an bÜn `ea Dk^^ao)gnepeo_da Lnk|heanqjc `ao `aqpo_daj J]pqnna_dpo rkj cnk¿an >a`aqpqjc eop( i]_dp `ea ei NÜ_gc]jc ]qb `ea Opk] ajpse_gahpa E`aa `an aejaj qib]ooaj`aj Iajo_ddaep ^ag]jjphe_d ej anopan Hejea bÜn `ea Gkjvalpekj `ao RÖhganna_dpo bnq_dp^]n6 cacaj `aj OkqranÄjepÄpo]jolnq_d `an ]^okhqpeopeo_daj Op]]paj cane_dpap h]ooaj oe_d `ea ]jpe)ik`anjaj >a`aqpqjcoahaiajpa `an E`aa `an Aejdaep `an Iajo_ddaep bnaehe_d je_dp Ü^anoadaj* Je_dp `ea E`aa `an Iajo_dajna_dpa eop Cnqj`h]ca `eaoan Aejdaep( okj`anj `an aseca Jkiko( `an `ea Cao]ipdaep `ao Oaeaj`aj `qn_d) danno_dp qj` aejai fa`aj oaeja >aopeiiqjc vqsaeop caiÄ¿ `ai Knp( `an `eaoai ei Kn`jqjcocabÜca `ao C]jvaj vqgkiip* @]j]_d cehp bÜn iajo_dhe_da Caiaejo_d]bpaj6 @eaoa oej` je_dp Anca^jeo oq^fagper)ejpajpekj]haj D]j`ahjo( okj`anj oea oej` ajpop]j`aj gn]bp aejao Caiaejo_d]bpopnea^o $]llapepqo ok_e]heo%( `an ei Qjpano_dea` vq `ai peaneo_dan Caiaejo_d]bpaj oe_d je_dp ^hej`( okj`anj ei Aejgh]jc iep `an iajo_dhe_daj N]pek rkhhveadp* @ea Kn`jqjcobkniaj( `ea oe_d `eaoai Okve]hepÄpopnea^ caiÄ¿ ]ho dean]n_deo_d cachea`anpa gknlkn]pera Ca^eh`a ajpb]hpaj( ^ad]hpaj edna Cnqj`opnqgpqn ]q_d ^ae mq]jpep]peran Vqj]dia `an Caiaejo_d]bpochea`an6 ghaejopa qj` cnÖ¿pa Caiaejo_d]bp( Ada qj` Op]]p oej` `]`qn_d ]qocavae_djap( `]oo oea oe_d je_dp ranpn]che_dan Aejecqjc ran`]jgaj* BÜn `]o Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo naoqhpeanp ]qo `ai knc]jeveopeo_d ranop]j`ajaj Gkj) valp `an Ada ]ho gknlkn]perai Ca^eh`a aej ]ouiiapneo_dao Ranl}e_dpqjcorandÄhpjeo6 `an O_dqpvl}e_dp `ao I]jjao gknnaolkj`eanp `]o PnaqacahÖ^jeo `an Bn]q* @ea cajanah) ha ¼^anhacajdaep `ao I]jjao( `ea ej `an Pn]`epekj vqn Beteanqjc `an Danno_d]bpona_dpa `ao I]jjao ej `an Ada bÜdnp( sen` aejcao_dnÄjgp ]qb `ea O_dqpv) qj` And]hpqjcobqjgpekj `an adahe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp7 bÜn `ea Nacahqjc `an =jcahacajdaepaj( `ea ]q¿and]h^ `eaoao Bqjgpekjovqo]iiajd]jco heacaj( ^aiÜdp `ea Bn]q edna aecajaj n]pekj]haj BÄdecgaepaj* @eaoao Bqjgpekjoik`ahh anh]q^p ao Cnkpeqo( `ea j]_d Jaqai Paop]iajp cahpaj`aj Ran) ^kpa ]qbvqhk_ganj6 j]pqnna_dphe_d oej` sa`an Lkhuc]iea jk_d Gkjgq^ej]p ran^kpaj7 `ea Adao_dae`qjc eop anh]q^p( sajj `ea adahe_da Caiaejo_d]bp je_dp ]qbna_dp vq and]hpaj eop* @an bqjgpekj]heopeo_da Cnqj`vqc `an Adahadnaj eop gajjvae_djaj` bÜn `ea saepana Ajpse_ghqjc `ao `aqpo_daj J]pqnna_dpo* Lqbaj`knb( `an ej oaejan ]jpeo_dkh]opeo_daj Kne) ajpeanqjc `ai ik`anjaj Seooajo_d]bporanopÄj`jeo Dk^^ao̢ j]da gkiip( ]^an `aooaj ]jpdnklkhkceo_da Cnqj`]jj]diaj ]^hadjp( ajpse_gahp aeja J]pqnna_dpohadna( ej `an `ea bÜn `ea gnepeo_da Ldehkokldea G]jpo ajpo_dae`aj`a @e{anajv vseo_daj pdaknapeo_dan qj`

AңҨҦҟңҮүҨҡ

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ln]gpeo_dan Ranjqjbp ]jpeveleanp sen`* An qjpano_dae`ap rkj `an Oaejo]np `ao Lduoeo_daj `ea ajpe] ikn]he]( aejaj Cacajop]j`o^anae_d ]hok( `an je_dp `an J]pqncaoapvhe_dgaep vqcadÖnp( okj`anj oaejaj Qnolnqjc ej ejpajpekj]hai iajo_dhe_daj D]j`ahj d]p6 @]j]_d eop aej d]j`ahj`ao Oq^fagp ]ho Lanokj ]qocavae_djap qj` cehp ]ho lanokj] ikn]heo( saeh qj` okh]jca `an Lanokj edna D]j`hqjcaj vqvqna_djaj oej`* @eaoa g]packne]ha Cnqj`qjpano_dae`qjc ^aopeiip jqj ]q_d Lqbaj`knbo Op]]popdaknea* Ej =jhadjqjc ]j `ea pahakhkceo_da Paniejkhkcea ^ae Cnkpeqo `a|jeanp an `aj Op]]p vs]n ]ho rkhhgkiiajopa Caiaejo_d]bp6 @eaoa ran`]jgp edn @]oaej ]^an je_dp aejai j]pÜnhe_daj Okve]hepÄpopnea^( okj`anj ̞ ei =jo_dhqoo ]j Dk^^ao ̞ ranpn]che_dan Aejecqjc* Sk `aooaj Ranpn]cogkj) valp bnaehe_d rknoeadp( `]oo iep `an Op]]pocnÜj`qjc `ea ranpn]co_dhea¿aj`aj L]npaeaj edna j]pqnna_dphe_d ran^Üncpaj Mq]hepÄpaj ]ho Na_dpooq^fagpa ]qbca^aj qj` ]j `aj op]]phe_daj OkqranÄj Ü^anpn]caj( ajpse_gahp Lqbaj`knb aej iadnopq|cao Ranpn]cogkjvalp( `]o `aj jkni]peraj Cahpqjco]jolnq_d `ao J]pqnna_dpo ej oaejan `ea Danno_d]bpo^abqcjeooa `ao OkqranÄjo aejcnajvaj`aj Mq]hepÄp ^acnÜj`ap* Ei He_dpa `an Bn]ca j]_d `ai RandÄhpjeo rkj adahe_dan Caiaejo_d]bp qj` Op]]p h]ooaj oe_d `ea _d]n]gpaneopeo_daj =i^er]hajvaj `an lqbaj`knbo_daj >acne{o^eh`qjc( `*€e* `ea Ranieo_dqjc aejao ik`anjaj ]jpeo_dkh]opeo_d)gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_daj @ajg]jo]pvao iep pn]`epekjahhaj pahakhkceo_daj Ikperaj ]ho qj^asqoopan Ranoq_d ajpve{anj( aejaj d]j`baopaj Bqjgpekj]heoiqo vq rano_dhaeanj6 Vq `aj >aop]j`orkn]qooapvqjcaj aejan Caiaejo_d]bp ̞ ]qb sah_dan A^aja ]q_d eiian ̞ cadÖnp `ea BÄdecgaep `an Lh]jqjc qj` Gkkn`ejeanqjc rkj Aejvahhaeopqjcaj( Ü^an `ea vs]n ]hha Iepchea`an ranbÜcaj( `ea ]^an ]qo bqjgpekj]haj CnÜj`aj ej vajpn]heoeanpan Bkni qj` `]o dae¿p `qn_d aeja Lanokj ]qocaÜ^p san`aj okhhpaj* @]oo `eaoa =qbc]^a ei B]hha `an adahe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp `ai I]jj vqbÄhhp( eop ]qb Caskdjdaep vqnÜ_gvqbÜdnaj( `ea `]o eilaneqi i]nep]ha ^hk¿ b]gpeo_d baopo_dnae^p* Anop ej `an Dk_dvaep `an =qbghÄnqjc gkiip `an Ca`]jga ]qb( `]oo `ea Iangi]ha( `ea Iajo_daj ]qbcnqj` ednao qjpano_dea`he_daj Cao_dha_dpo rkjaej]j`an qjpano_dae`aj( aooajpeahhan J]pqn oej` qj` ̞ vq Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpanaj dulkop]oeanp ̞ qj]^dÄjcec rkj Bn]caj `an Bqjgpekj]hepÄp >aveadqjcaj ]ouiiapneo_dan J]pqn hacepeieanaj* >ae Lqbaj`knb oej` `ea CnÜj`a( `ea bÜn `ea ikjkc]ia Ada qj` `]o Danno_d]bpona_dp `ao I]jjao ejo Bah` cabÜdnp san`aj( jk_d ]qoo_dhea¿he_d ]qb `ea Bqjgpekjop]qche_dgaep rkj Caiaejo_d]bpobkniaj ^avkcaj* BÜn `eaoa rkn `ai Dejpancnqj` `ao aild]peo_d)ai]jvel]pkneo_daj Bnaedaeporan) opÄj`jeooao `an =qbghÄnqjc ^abnai`he_d ano_daejaj`a ln]ci]peo_da Aejopahhqjc `an BnÜd]qbghÄnan( `ea `aj bqjgpekj]heopeo_daj Dknevkjp aejao ]qb >aop]j`ooe_danqjc aejcao_dnÄjgpaj Ranjqjbpca^n]q_do je_dp vq Ü^ano_dnaepaj o_daejaj( opadp rkn ]hhai ?dneope]j Pdki]oeqo* An ajpse_gahp ̞ bnaehe_d anop ej `an naebaj Ld]oa oaejao @ajgajo ̞ aeja J]pqnna_dpogkjvalpekj( `ea ]qb `ea >a`Ünbjeooa `ao ]qbcaghÄnpaj =^okhqpeoiqo vqcao_djeppaj eop* @eaoa gh]ooeo_da Gkjvalpekj eop Naoqhp]p aejan peabcnaebaj`aj Gnepeg( `ea Pdki]oeqo oah^op ]j `aj LnÄieooaj oaejao bnÜdanaj J]pqnna_dpo Ü^p* ?d]n]gpaneopeo_d bÜn `eaoa BnÜdld]oa eop `ea op]nga =gvajpqeanqjc `an rkhqjp]o cacajÜ^an `an n]pek( `ea o_dkj ^ae Lqbaj`knb `ea Gnepeg `ao ]neopkpaheo_d)o_dkh]opeo_daj N]pekj]heoiqo lnÄcp* @ea rkhqjp]neopeo_da Saj`a ^ae Pdki]oeqo eop ikpereanp `qn_d `aj bqj`]iajp]haj Vsaebah ]j `an Ranl}e_dpqjcogn]bp aejan Ranjqjbp( `an `]o =joe_doaej( `ea Lanoaep]o `an Jknicad]hpa rkncakn`jap eop* @]oo `eaoa Lanoaep]o edna Cahpqjc ej S]dndaep aejai vqdÖ_dop i]_dpd]^aj`aj Sehhaj ran`]jgp( eop `ea Cnqj`Ü^anvaqcqjc( `ea

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

Pdki]oeqo re] jac]pekjeo ajpb]hpap6 `qn_d `ea @aikjopn]pekj `an jkni]peraj Kneajpea) nqjcoo_dsÄ_da aejan ]qb edna ^hk¿ gkcjepera Gkilapajv na`qveanpaj Ranjqjbp* Vqi =jsaj`qjcobah` i]_dp Pdki]oeqo `]o Adana_dp6 @ai hqiaj n]pekjeo o_daejp aejvec `an Adavsa_g `an Bknpl}]jvqjc aejvqhaq_dpaj( iep sah_daj Ieppahj `eaoan Vsa_g vq ranbkhcaj eop( ^hae^p `ai >ahea^aj `an Cao_dha_dpol]npjan ]jdaeicaopahhp* @ea `n]opeo_da RknbÜdnqjc aejao rkj jkni]peraj Aejo_dnÄjgqjcaj bnaeaj( ]qb oaeja gnq`a =jei]hepÄp na`qveanpaj Pnea^ha^ajo d]p Pdki]oeqo ej `aj =qcaj `an naop]qn]peraj Okve]hapdegan `ao -5* F]dndqj`anpo vqi Lnkp]ckjeopaj fajan ]ccnaooer)gnepeo_daj qj` pn]`epekjobaej`he_daj Eilqhoa `an =qbghÄnqjc cai]_dp( `ea vq ^agÄilbaj `ea Cacaj]qbghÄnqjc ]jcapnapaj eop* Iep `eaoan Navalpekj anheacaj `ea Ejpanlnapaj aejai IeooranopÄj`jeo( je_dp ]j`ano ]ho `ea baiejeopeo_d ajc]ceanpaj =qpknaj `ao .,* F]dndqj`anpo( `ea ̞ qjpan qicagadnpaj Rknvae_daj ̞ edna ^acaeopanpa Vqopeiiqjc bÜn aej @ajgaj Äq¿anj( `]o raniaejphe_d ei @eajopa `an Ai]jvel]pekj `an Bn]q op]j`6 Pdki]oeqo skhhpa `ea okve]ha @aopnqgperepÄp aejan N]pekj]hepÄp rknbÜdnaj( `ea iaejp( `ea ]jpe)n]pekj]haj `aveoekjeopeo_d)eilan]pe) reo_daj Ikiajpa `ao Sehhajo aejdacaj vq gÖjjaj* @aj NÜ_gransaeo `an N]pek ]j aej `ai cÖpphe_daj Sehhaj ajpolnejcaj`ao Na_dpo ransenbp Pdki]oeqo ej `an naebaj Ranoekj oaejao J]pqnna_dpo( ranbÜcp `eaoan Sehha `k_d je_dp Ü^an O]jgpekjoieppah( `ea bÜn `ea Nacqheanqjc `an Äq¿anaj D]j`hqjcooldÄna ajpo_dae`aj` oej`* =j `ea Opahha Ckppao pnepp `an sahphe_da OkqranÄj( `an bnaehe_d ]j`ano ]ho ei ]^okhqpeopeo_daj Op]]poranopÄj`jeo aejao Pdki]o Dk^^ao rkncaoadaj ej oaejaj I]_dp^abqcjeooaj ei Oejja `ao ]qbcaghÄnpaj =^okhqpeoiqo aejcao_dnÄjgp eop* Ao eop `ea Ran^ej`qjc rkj Op]]poi]_dp qj` Seooajo_d]bp( rkj Pdnkj qj` G]pda`an( `an oe_d `ea op]ng okve]h`eovelhejÄna =qone_dpqjc `eaoao Kn`jqjcoik`ahho ran`]jgp* @ea =qbghÄnqjcohaeopqjc aejan lÄ`]ckceo_d ajc]ceanpaj qj` `ai jkni]peraj =jolnq_d `ao J]pqnna_dpo ranl}e_dpapaj Seooajo_d]bp ^aveadp oe_d lneiÄn ]qb `ea J]pqn `ao Iaj) o_daj6 =qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `an Pdaoa rki Rknn]jc `ao Sehhajo cacajÜ^an `an Ranjqjbp saedp oea `aj OkqranÄj ej `ea ]jpdnklkhkceo_daj Cnqj`vÜca `ao rkj oaejaj ={agpaj ca) o_dÜppahpaj( `aj >aop]j` `ao Caiaejsaoajo cabÄdn`aj`aj Pnea^saoajo Iajo_d aej qj` ail|adhp sengo]ia Cacaji]¿j]diaj* @eaoao Kn`jqjcoik`ahh oleacahp oe_d ej `an Gkjvalpekj `an adahe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp* @]o RandÄhpjeo `an ^ae`aj Cao_dha_dpan ajpolne_dp `ai `ao op]]phe_daj OkqranÄjo vq oaejai Rkhg6 Sea `]o Rkhg( saeh `qii qj` pÖne_dp( `an Hajgqjc ^a`Ünbpec( eop `ea Bn]q ]qbcnqj` ednao pqn^qhajpaj ={agpd]qod]hpao ej ^aokj`anai I]¿a ]qb kn`jqjcoopebpaj`a I]¿j]diaj ]jcaseaoaj( `ea `an Adai]jj chae_do]i ej Ranpnapqjc `ao op]]phe_daj N]pca^ano Ü^anjeiip* @]^ae eop `eaoa =qbc]^ajvqsaeoqjc oah^an ]ho anveadaneo_da I]¿j]dia vq ranopadaj( eop `k_d `]o iÄjjhe_da Cao_dha_dp ]jpdnklkhkceo_d je_dp rknpaehd]bpan ]qocaop]ppap ]ho `]o sae^he_da* @ea Chae_ddaep `an ^ae`aj Cao_dha_dpan ei Jac]peraj `aikjopneanp Pdki]oeqo ]j oaejai >acne{ ̦qjranjÜjbpecan Hea^a̤6 caiaejp eop `]o _kiian_eqi oatq]ha `an `ai Bqnkn ednan rkhqlp]o oe_d anca^aj`aj Pnea^saoaj( rkj Pdki]oeqo ]ho ̦^aope]heo_d̤ mq]he|veanp* @eaoan >aope]hepÄp gkjpn]opeanp an aejaj >acne{ ̦ranjÜjbpecan Hea^a̤( `an `qn_d `aj op]ngaj Aej}qoo leapeopeo_dan Ejjanhe_dgaepogqhpqn calnÄcp eop7 dean ei]cejeanp an aej Ca) o_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo( `]o `aj oajpeiajp]haj Hea^ao^acne{ `an ^Üncanhe_daj ¤n] vq ]j) peveleanaj o_daejp6 @ea Vereheoeanqjc `an Pnea^j]pqn cahejcp ei Ia`eqi `ao rÖhhecaj Chae_dgh]jco `an CaiÜpan* Ei N]diaj oaejao J]pqnna_dpo gkiip `eaoai Hea^aogkj)

AңҨҦҟңҮүҨҡ

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valp bnaehe_d aeja jkni]pera Bqjgpekj jqn vq( okbanj `ea Ranaejecqjc `an Oaahaj faja l]t ejpanj] ]jvaecp( `aj ejjanaj Bnea`aj `ao CaiÜpo( `an ej `an opkeo_d calnÄcpaj ]j) pdnklkhkceo_daj Cnqj`]q{]ooqjc `ao Pdki]oeqo ChÜ_goahecgaep ^a`aqpap6 Ao eop `eao aej Vqop]j` `an Nqda qj` Oe_dandaep( `]o dÖ_dopa Cqp( `]o oqiiqi ^kjqi bÜn `ea ejjana OldÄna `ao CaiÜpo sea bÜn `ea Äq¿ana D]j`hqjcooldÄna* @an Qiop]j`( `]oo `eovelhejÄna ^eo nalnaooera Ieppah qi sehhaj aejao Vsa_go aejca) oapvp san`aj( `an ]ho dÖ_dopao Cqp `eaooaepecan ChÜ_goahecgaep `ea Ü^angkiiajaj Bkniaj `an Qjpan`nÜ_gqjc deopkneo_d Ü^ansqj`aj d]p( eop gajjvae_djaj` bÜn `]o pa_djkgn]peo_d calnÄcpa( ]qb Danopahh^]ngaep dej gkjveleanpa Kn`jqjcoik`ahh `an BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc* SÄd) naj` `]o J]pqnna_dp ^ae Pdki]oeqo `]jg oaejao rkhqjp]neopeo_daj =jo]pvao ]^an `aj ai]jvel]pkneo_daj Caeop `ao ]jpe)o_dkh]opeo_daj @ajgajo ]piap( casejjp ej `an Caop]hp ?dneope]j Skh{o aej `kci]peo_dan N]pekj]heoiqo Aej}qoo ]j `aj `aqpo_daj Qjeranoe) pÄpaj( `aj anop `ea gnepeo_da Ldehkokldea G]jpo ej `ea O_dn]jgaj saeop* @eaoan ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `an nad]^ehepeanpaj pahakhkceo_daj @ajgiqopan `an O_dkh]opeg ikna cakiapne) _k ajpse_gahpa N]pekj]heoiqo nqbp `aj Caeop `ao ̦lnaq¿eo_daj J]pqnna_dpo̤ ejo Ha^aj qj` ^a`eajp `ea Hacepei]pekjoejpanaooaj fajao >Üj`jeooao rkj ̦Pdnkj qj` G]pda`an̤( `ai `an ]qbcaghÄnpa =^okhqpeoiqo vq]n^aepap* Ejo^aokj`ana `]o Skh{eo_da Ada) qj` B]) ieheajna_dp eop ej oaejan Ietpqn ]qo BÜnoknca qj` Nalnaooekj ]qb `ea olne_dsÖnphe_da @kgpnej rki ̦^ao_dnÄjgpaj Qjpanp]jajranop]j`̤ vqcao_djeppaj qj` anope_gp `ea ^ae `aj RkncÄjcanj jk_d ha^aj`ecaj ai]jvel]pkneo_daj Eilqhoa* Ej `an Cao_de_dpa `ao lkhepeo_daj @ajgajo cehp Fkdj Hk_ga( ok >* Nkoajvsaec ej ednai >aepn]c( ]ho `an ^a`aqpaj`opa O_dneppi]_dan ]qb `ai Saca vq aejai he^an]haj Na_dpo) qj` Ranb]ooqjcoop]]p* Rkj oaejai =jpelk`aj Dk^^ao qjpano_dae`ap edj vqrÖn`anop `ea Gkjvalpekj `ao J]pqnvqop]j`ao6 SÄdnaj` `an Vqop]j` `an j]pÜnhe_daj Chae_ddaep qj` Bnaedaep ^ae Dk^^ao ]qbcnqj` `ao Oah^opand]hpqjcoejpanaooao `an Ej`ere) `qaj `an aejan h]pajpaj =ccnaooekj eop( `an `ea Cahpqjc `ao J]pqnna_dpo ]qoo_dhea¿p( oej` ao ^ae Hk_ga a^aj j]pqnna_dphe_da Jkniaj( `ea qj]^dÄjcec rki Sehhaj `ao op]]phe_daj Caoapvca^ano bÜn `ea RandÄhpjeooa `an Ej`ere`qaj j]pÜnhe_da( rki Caoapvca^an vq naolagpeanaj`a Na_dporandÄhpjeooa op]pqeanaj* @ea Cahpqjc `ao J]pqnna_dpo ^ej`ap Hk_ga bnaehe_d ]j `ea o_dÖlbqjcopdakhkceo_daj >acnÜj`qjcoiqopan `an Pn]`epekj6 =ho Cao_dÖlb Ckppao d]p `an Iajo_d oe_d ]ho C]ppqjcosaoaj vq ranopadaj( `ai `ea Oah^opand]hpqjc ]ho L}e_dp k^heacp* @eaoan L}e_dp ajpolne_dp `an Iajo_d vqi aejaj `]`qn_d( `]oo an oe_d `ea Äq¿ana J]pqn vq aecaj i]_dp6 @qn_d `ea >a]n^aepqjc `an J]pqn `adjp an chae_do]i oaej qnolnÜjche_dao Bnaedaepona_dp ]qb `aj ^a]n^aepapaj Cacajop]j` ]qo qj` i]_dp oe_d `eaoaj vqi Aecajpqi ok( sea `]o ]n^aepaj`a Oq^fagp qnolnÜjche_d oe_d oah^op vq aecaj qj` gaejai bnai`aj Sehhaj qjpanp]j eop* Vqi ]j`anaj ]^an haepap Hk_ga ]q_d `ea Ajpopadqjc `an B]iehea ]qo `an Ranl}e_dpqjc vqn And]hpqjc `an C]ppqjc ]^* @]n]qo ano_dhea¿p oe_d `ea @aqpqjc `an Ada ]ho aejao vaephe_d ^acnajvpaj vsa_gca^qj`ajaj Ranpn]corandÄhpjeooao vseo_daj `aj Cao_dha_dpol]npjanj ]ho bnaeaj qj` chae_daj Na_dpooq^fagpaj* @eaoa cao_dha_dpanac]hepÄnaj >aopeiiqjcaj gkjpn]opeanaj jqj `n]opeo_d iep l]pne]n_d]haj @aqpqjcoiqopanj( `ea qiok Ü^ann]) o_daj`an oej`( ]ho Hk_ga `aj L]pne]n_d]heoiqo Behiano_dan Lnkrajeajv aejan bqnekoaj Gnepeg qjpanvkcaj d]p* @eaoa l]pne]n_d]haj @aqpqjcaj oej` k{aj^]n iep aejai Ikper rangjÜlbp( `]o anop iep `ai Ranh]ooaj `ao J]pqnvqop]j`ao lh]qoe^ah sen`* @an B]gpkn(

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

`an vqn opehho_dsaecaj`aj Bknpo_dnae^qjc `an ̦j]pÜnhe_daj OqlaneknepÄp̤ `ao I]jjao qj` `an vqcadÖnecaj l]pne]n_d]haj @aqpqjcaj bÜdnp( eop `]o Ü^angkiiaja Lnerehac `an iÄjjhe_daj >aoepv^Üncan( ]ho Ranpn]col]npjan ^ae `an CnÜj`qjc `ao Ranpn]coop]]pao vq bqjceanaj( ̞ aej Lnerehac( `]o `aj =qoo_dhqoo `an Bn]qaj ]qo `an lkhepeo_daj >Üncano_d]bp vqn Bkhca d]p* Ennepeanaj` ^aokj`ano ^ae Hk_ga eop a^aj `an Qiop]j`( `]oo `an >nq_d vseo_daj J]pqnvqop]j` qj` lkhepeo_dan Kn`jqjc ei Dej^he_g ]qb `ea Opahhqjc `an Bn]q je_dp raniangp( fa`ajb]hho iep `ai Dejsaeo ]qb `ea J]pqn qj` `ea Caskdjdaep ^avÜche_d `ao iÄjjhe_daj Hapvpajpo_dae`qjcona_dpo aejan Na_dpbanpecqjc ajpvkcaj sen`6 pdai]peo_d Ü^anc]jcaj qj` rano_dseacaj sea o_dkj ei `aqpo_daj J]pqnna_dp ̞ qj` jk_d daqpa ei i]ej)opna]i `an Bkno_dqjc* Ei Gkjpatp `an lkhepeo_daj Ldehkokldea pnepp @]re` Dqia ]ho Gnepegan aejao Op]]pogkjvalpo ]qb( `]o `aj Caoahho_d]bporanpn]c ]ho ajpo_dae`aj`ao lkhepeo_dao Hacepe) i]pekjoejopnqiajp aejoapvp* =qb `an Cnqj`h]ca oaejan VqnÜ_gsaeoqjc `ao _]npaoeo_daj N]pekj]heoiqo( `ea edj ej `an Angajjpjeopdaknea vq aejai jk_d bÜn G]jp sacsaeoaj`aj Gkjvalp aileneo_daj Seooajo ]jnacp( sehh an `]o Rancaoahho_d]bpqjcoikper ej aejai Ejpanaooa baopi]_daj( `]o( sea =* S]h`ks ej ednai >aepn]c vaecp( `ea ̦Seooajo_d]bp rkj `an iajo_dhe_daj J]pqn̤ pdai]peoeanp* @]o Rknd]^aj( `ea iajo_dhe_da J]pqn vqi Cacajop]j` aileneo_dan Seooajo_d]bp vq i]_daj( saeop Dqia ejokbanj ]ho ̦J]pqn]) heopaj̤ ]qo( ]ho ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `eaoan iep `aj ^asÄdnpaj Iapdk`aj aileneo_dan J]pqnseooajo_d]bp caskjjajaj Gajjpjeooa Cnajva qj` Nae_dsaepa iajo_dhe_dan BÄdec) gaepaj ]qb pdaknapeo_dai sea ln]gpeo_dai Ca^eap ]^caopa_gp san`aj okhhaj* BÜn aeja ej j]pqn]heopeo_dan Aejopahhqjc gkjveleanpa Ikn]hldehkokldea opahhp oe_d ei =qoc]jc rkj `an ]jpdnklkhkceo_d ^acnÜj`^]naj `a|vepÄnaj Oepq]pekj `ao ranaejvahpaj Ej`ere`qqio `ea Bn]ca( sea lner]pao qj` Ö{ajphe_dao Ejpanaooa( AckepÄp qj` Okve]hepÄp vqi Vsa_ga aejan op]^ehaj Rancaoahho_d]bpqjc vqo]iiajoleahaj* @an =jpsknp ]qb `eaoa Bn]ca heacp faja ¼^anvaqcqjc vqcnqj`a( `ea `aj qpehep]neopeo_daj OpnÖiqjcaj ej `an Ikn]hldehkokldea cajanahh qj` ei >aokj`anaj `ajaj `an o_dkppeo_daj =qbghÄnqjc ]ho LnÄieooa `eajp6 =qb hÄjcana Oe_dp sÄ_dop `an ej`ere`qahha Jqpvaj( sajj `ea >a`Ünbjeooa qj` Ejpanaooaj `ao Aejvahjaj je_dp qjieppah^]n( okj`anj ej =^opeiiqjc iep `ajaj `an ]j`anaj ^abnea`ecp san`aj* @ea Danopahhqjc gkklan]peran RandÄhpjeooa( `ea >Üj`ahqjc `an GnÄbpa gkilajoeanp `ea Gj]lldaep `an i]paneahhaj CÜpan( aniÖche_dp `ea >eh`qjc rkj Aecajpqi qj` oe_danp ok `aj caoahho_d]bphe_daj Vqo]iiajd]jc( `an sea`anqi `aj Jqpvaj `ao Aejvahjaj iadnp* @]^ae eop `ea BÄdecgaep( aecaja Ejpanaooaj `qn_d >anÜ_goe_dpecqjc `an bnai`aj aejvqo_dnÄjgaj( ej `an iajo_dhe_daj J]pqn ]jcahacp7 ajpo_dae`aj` bÜn `ea Ransenghe_dqjc `eaoan ]i Caiaejskdh kneajpeanpaj Lkpajpe]ha eop `an b]gpeo_da Cn]` `an Rancaoahho_d]bpqjc* Qj]^dÄjcec `]rkj( `]oo ao `ea op]]phe_d ranb]oopa Caoahho_d]bp eop( `ea `ea Aejd]hpqjc `ao caoahho_d]bphe_d Ca^kpajaj Ü^ans]_dp( eop ao ^ae Dqia ok `ea Caoahho_d]bp oah^op( `ea ]ho ̦bkniaj`a Ha^ajosahp `an Ej`ere`qaj̤ $S]h`ks% bqjceanp* @ea ]qb `eaoan Cnqj`h]ca aejcabÜdnpaj ̦okve]haj Pqcaj`aj̤ ̞ `]o oej` ̦gÜjophe_da̤( ]hok caoahho_d]bphe_d ^a`ejcpa qj` anhanjpa ei Qjpano_dea` vq ̦j]pÜnhe_daj̤ Pqcaj`aj( `ea jqn `]o ChÜ_g `ao Ej`ere`qqio iadnaj ̞ anÖ{jaj ejpanaoo]jpa Lanolagperaj bÜn `ea AnghÄnqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv6 =qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `an Chae_ddaep ^ae`an Ca) o_dha_dpan( s]o ejpahhagpqahha qj` ikn]heo_da Lkpajvaj ^apne{p( ano_daejaj `ea olave|o_d sae^he_daj Pqcaj`aj sea rkn ]hhai Gaqo_ddaep qj` O_d]id]bpecgaep ]ho gÜjophe_da( ]hok ]qb `ea >a`Ünbjeooa `an Caoahho_d]bp ^avkcaja anhanjpa Pqcaj`aj* @ea caoahho_d]bphe_daj

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Ejpanaooaj san`aj jqj bnaehe_d rki iÄjjhe_daj Cao_dha_dp ranpnapaj( `]o ej Caop]hp `ao Adai]jjo `ea Bn]q vqn O_d]id]bpecgaep anveadp( qi oea rkn ednaj ̦j]pÜnhe_daj̤ lkhuc]) iaj Jaecqjcaj vq o_dÜpvaj qj` ej `an Gkjpnkhha Ü^an `ea Cajan]perepÄp `an Bn]q oaeja R]pano_d]bp vq oe_danj ̞ caoahho_d]bphe_d ansÜjo_dp ej `ai I]¿a( ]ho vqn Op]^ehepÄp `an Caoahho_d]bp `ea IÖche_dgaep cadÖnp( Aecajpqi `qn_d An^bkhca vq Ü^anpn]caj* =ho ok) ve]h ^a`ejcp ano_daejp `eaoa @kiej]jv `ao iÄjjhe_daj Cao_dha_dpo rkn ]hhai rkn `ai Dejpancnqj` `an dqiao_daj Navalpekj `ao lh]pkjeo_daj Iupdko rkj `an qnolnÜjche_daj =j`nkcujepÄp `ao aejaj Iajo_dajcao_dha_dpo6 @]o ̦pkpqi̤( vq `ai ^ae`a Cao_dha_dpan ]ho ̦_kilhaiajp]̤ ranaejecp san`aj okhhaj( hÄoop oe_d c]jv ln]ci]peo_d ]ho aej C]jvao ranopadaj( `]o ei Oejja `an JÜpvhe_dgaepodulkpdaoa bÜn ^ae`a Cao_dha_dpan ej chae_dan Saeoa rkj Rknpaeh eop qj` `]iep okve]ha Pqcaj`aj ^acÜjopecp( `ea `aj Bknp^aop]j` `an Caoahho_d]bp oe_danj( kdja ej`ere`qahha Jaecqjcaj qj` LnÄbanajvaj vq qjpan`nÜ_gaj* Nkqooa]q( iep `aj Dk^^ao)gnepeo_daj =gvajpaj oaejan Hadna rki Caoahho_d]bporanpn]c bÜn `ea @aikgn]peapdaknea `an Ik`anja sacsaeoaj`( d]p vqchae_d aeja Cao_dha_dpan) pdaknea ajpse_gahp( `ea ^a`aqpaj`a HadnopÜ_ga oaejan lkhepeo_daj Pdaknea gkjpang]neanp* SÄdnaj` `ea cÄjceca Nkqooa]q)Navalpekj oaeja =qobÜdnqjcaj vqn Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea je_dp `an lkhepeo_daj Pdaknea vqkn`jap( okj`anj ej `an Apdeg iep ednaj `an Lner]poldÄna vqcadÖnecaj Pdaiaj^anae_daj Anveadqjc qj` B]iehea rand]j`ahp( d]p `ea baiejeopeo_da Gnepeg `ea qjpano_dea`he_daj `eovelhejÄnaj Vqkn`jqjcaj o_dkj eiian vqnÜ_gcaseaoaj qj` ei =qoo_dhqoo `an Bn]qaj ]qo `ai Op]]po^Üncanranpn]c qj` `ai lkhepeo_daj Ha) ^aj `an Nalq^heg fajaj agh]p]jpaj Se`anolnq_d vqi Pdaknai rkj `an `ai Iajo_daj ]jca^knajaj Bnaedaep qj` Chae_ddaep danrkncadk^aj( iep `ai Nkqooa]q oe_d `aj lnk) iejajpaj vaepcajÖooeo_daj L]npaecÄjcanj `an Narkhqpekj ]j `ea Oaepa opahhp* I* Daejv oq_dp `eaoaj Se`anolnq_d `qn_d `ea I]ngeanqjc `an qjpano_dea`he_daj Pdakneagkjval) pekjaj vq anghÄnaj( `ea vqi aejaj `ai ?kjpn]p ok_e]h qj` vqi ]j`anaj `ai ©ieha vqcnqj`a heacaj ̞ qj` nÜ_gp ok `aj Se`anolnq_d ej aej jaqao He_dp* Ei Ieppahlqjgp ednao >aepn]co opadp `ea Nagkjopnqgpekj `ao `e{anajvpdaknapeo_daj =jo]pvao ej `an Ca) o_dha_dpanpdaknea( aej =jo]pv( `an iep oaejai Ranoq_d( `]o Lkopqh]p `an Chae_ddaep `an Cao_dha_dpan `qn_d `]o `an Chae_dsanpecgaep vq anoapvaj( anoe_dphe_d `qn_d ]qbghÄnqjco) gnepeo_da Eilqhoa cahaepap sen`* @ai Pdaknai `an Chae_dsanpecgaep heacp `ea Pdaoa rkj `an @e{anajv `an Cao_dha_dpan vqcnqj`a( qj` Nkqooa]q eop ao( ok Daejv( `an vqi anopaj I]h `eaoa @e{anajv n]`eg]h `ajgp( `an ]hok `ea Cao_dha_dpan je_dp j]_d `aj Cn]`qj) pano_dea`aj `an Sengo]igaep rkj c]ppqjcochae_daj RaniÖcaj qjpano_dae`ap( okj`anj `an `eaoa @e{anajv oq^op]jpeahh ranopadp* @an raniaejphe_da Rknpaeh( `an iep `eaoai Rkncadaj ran^qj`aj eop( ^aopadp ei Ranve_dp ]qb `ea atlhevepa =jc]^a `ao C]ppqjco]hhcaiaejaj ̞ aej Ranve_dp( `an( sen` an kjpkhkceo_d je_dp ]qocaseaoaj( vq aejan qjcaskhhpaj Ran) gadnqjc bÜdnp6 @ea `ai Iajo_daj ]ho Ranjqjbpsaoaj oah^an jkni]per vqcao_dnea^ajaj Ü^ancao_dha_dphe_daj =ppne^qpa pnapaj ej `an Caop]hp aejao `an `e{anajpaj Cao_dha_dpan( jÄihe_d `ao iÄjjhe_daj ]qb( qj` qicagadnp sen` `ea Bn]q ej pkpk vqi =qo`nq_g `ao J]pÜnhe_d)Cao_dha_dphe_daj( `* d* `ao Rkn) ^vs* Se`anranjÜjbpecaj oah^op* Sen` `an `e{anajvpdaknapeo_da =jo]pv jqj ]^an sea ^ae Nkqooa]q j]pqnldehkok) ldeo_d bqj`eanp( sen` b]oo^]n( sknej `an ̦Rknpaeh̤ `ao Pdaknaio `an Chae_dsanpecgaep ^aopadp6 SÄdnaj` `ea cn]`qahh i]ngeanpaj @a|vepa `an Bn]q cacajÜ^an `ai I]jj vq Dean]n_deoeanqjcaj bÜdnaj( h]ooaj oe_d `ea cacajaej]j`an `e{anajpaj Cao_dha_dpan ]ho

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

gkilhaiajpÄna Paeha aejao C]jvaj ranopadaj( `]o j]_d I]¿c]^a `an J]pqnkn`jqjc ]ho vsa_giÄ¿ec vq cahpaj d]p* @ea pahakhkceo_da =q{]ooqjc rkj `an vsa_giÄ¿ecaj qj` `]o dae¿p( ranjÜjbpecaj Kn`jqjc `an J]pqn anh]q^p ao( ]qo `ai I]¿op]^ bÜn `]o( s]o ]ho cqpao( ei Oejja `ao J]pqncaiÄ¿aj cahqjcajao Ha^aj ]jvqoapvaj eop( vqchae_d `]o jkni]pera Lnejvel aejan Caoahho_d]bpognepeg vq ajpse_gahj( `]o ej `an Apdeg qj` LÄ`]ckceg Nkqooa]qo vqn =jsaj`qjc gkiip* Rkn `eaoai Dejpancnqj` olne_dp `ea j]pqnpahakhkceo_d bqj`eanpa Pdaoa rkj `aj gki) lhaiajpÄnaj Bqjgpekjaj `an Cao_dha_dpan `an Bn]q vqjÄ_dop `ea `kiej]jpa Nkhha ^ae `an Nalnk`qgpekj `an C]ppqjc vq6 @ea J]pqn d]p `ea Cao_dha_dpan iep olave|o_daj Bkniaj `an Pnea^nacqheanqjc ]qocaop]ppap( qj` ao eop `ea Bn]q( `ea raniÖca `an Nacqheanqjc ed) nao Pnea^ha^ajo `qn_d `]o CabÜdh `an O_d]i ̞ aejai vajpn]haj CabÜdh( ej `ai oe_d `an ¼^anc]jc rkj `an lduoeo_daj vqn ikn]heo_daj Kn`jqjc ajp`a_gp ̞ `ai I]jj anop ae) cajphe_d oaeja aecaja Cao_dha_dphe_dgaep vq >asqoopoaej ^nejcp qj` `]iep vqchae_d `ea `eaoai aecaja Nacqheanqjc `qn_d `ea Ranjqjbp ]gpq]heoeanp* @]`qn_d sen` `ea Bn]q vqi Oq^fagp aejan Gqhpereanqjc( `ea vqn Nareoekj `an j]pqnse`necaj Vereheo]pekj qj` ednan Ajpbnai`qjcaj ej `an cacajsÄnpecaj Caoahho_d]bp ^aepnÄcp* @an sae^he_daj @kiej]jv ej `an Cao_dha_dpan^aveadqjc qj` `aj oepphe_daj >aveadqjcaj ej `an B]iehea ajpolne_dp jqj aeja qicagadnpa Gkilhaiajp]nepÄp ej na_dphe_d)lkhepeo_dan >aveadqjc6 Dean sen` `ea Bn]q( saeh oea ]qbcnqj` ednao Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpano `aj Op]pqo `ao iÜj`ecaj Ans]_doa) jaj jea annae_dp( ]ho ̦asecao Gej`̤ vqn O_dqpv^abkdhajaj `ao I]jjao* OlÄpaopajo ]j `eaoan Opahha jqj sen` gh]n( ok Daejv( `]oo Nkqooa]q b]gpeo_d `ea ]hpa Hadna rkj `an QjiÜj`ecgaep `an Bn]q iep jaqaj ]ncqiajp]peraj Ieppahj ^aopÄpecp* Ej gnepeo_d baiejeopeo_dan Oe_dp oej` `an O_dnepp rkj `an Na_dphkoecgaep `an Bn]q ei rknlkhe) peo_daj N]qi dej vqi =qoo_dhqoo ]qo `an Op]]po^Üncano_d]bp qj` `]iep `an Se`anolnq_d vqi Chae_ddaepolkopqh]p are`ajp* Ranoq_dp i]j bnaehe_d ej aejan ]j G]jp kneajpeanpaj Ejpanlnap]pekj `ea g]packne]haj Cnqj`]jj]diaj `ao Caoahho_d]bporanpn]co vq nagkjopnq) eanaj( rano_dea^aj oe_d `ea =gvajpa `an Gnepeg* SÄdnaj` `ea =jdÄjcan `an pn]`epekjahhaj Nkqooa]q)Navalpekj ei Aejgh]jc iep `ai Chae_dsanpecgaepopdaknai `aj =qoo_dhqoo `an Bn]qaj ]qo `an Nalq^heg `qn_d `ea >a) `aqpqjc ]qocache_daj oadaj( `ea `eaoaj ]qbcnqj` ednan okve]heo]pkneo_daj Bqjgpekj ej `an B]iehea bÜn `ea Anveadqjc `an iÄjjhe_daj Gej`an vq Op]]po^Üncanj vqgkiip( ^apkjp `ea ]j G]jp kneajpeanpa Ejpanlnap]pekj `ao Caoahho_d]bporanpn]co `aj jaq]npecaj g]packne]) haj Cnqj`n]diaj `an lkhepeo_daj Pdaknea6 Iep `ai =^saeo `ao pahakhkceo_daj Vqcne{o sen` `ea =jj]dia aejan Kn`jqjc i]pane]han Vsa_ga( ej `ea ]q_d `an Op]]p qj` `ea caoahho_d]bphe_daj >a`ejcqjcaj `ao Ha^ajo ei Op]]p cadÖnaj( k^okhap7 je_dp `ea ]jca^k) naja Bnaedaep qj` Chae_ddaep ^eh`aj `aj Bkgqo bÜn `ea Nagkjopnqgpekj `an nkqooa]qo_daj Op]]pohadna( okj`anj `an ranjÜjbpeca Sehha( `an ej Bnaedaep qj` Chae_ddaep `ea chae_d) o]i nacqh]peraj Lnejveleaj bÜn aejaj anop danvqopahhaj`aj Vqop]j` caoapvhe_dan Bnaedaep ajp`a_gp ̞ aejan ̦Kn`jqjc̤ iepdej( ej `an `]o C]ppqjcosaoaj Iajo_d ]ho jkni]pera Haepe`aa qj` gnepeo_dan I]¿op]^ bÜn `ea >aqnpaehqjc `ao caoahho_d]bpolkhepeo_daj op]pqo mqk bqjceanp* G]jpo Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea heacp ej vsae Ranoekjaj rkn( `ea `an >ak^]_dpqjcaj ]qo `an Ld]oa `an rkngnepeo_daj Ldehkokldea qj` `ea `an olÄpaj Na_dpohadna ̞ Ranoekjaj( `ea( ok S* Ganopejc ej oaejai >aepn]c( `aj `e{anajpaj ldehkokldeo_daj Cnqj`]jj]diaj

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ajpolna_daj( `ea `ea gnepeo_da Ldehkokldea G]jpo rkj `an rkngnepeo_daj Ld]oa oaejan Ldehkokldea qjpano_dae`aj* SÄdnaj` `an bnÜda G]jp aeja Pdaknea `ao iÄjjhe_daj qj` sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpano ajpse_gahp( `ea `]o Cnqj`]noaj]h opanakpulan Qnpaeha Ü^an iÄjjhe_da ¼^anhacajdaep qj` sae^he_da EjbaneknepÄp ]qo^naepap( cehp bÜn `aj G]jp `an Na_dpohadna6 ̦@]o Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo g]jj W***Y jqn ]ho Na_dporandÄhpjeo `]ncahacp san`aj̤* =qb `an Cnqj`h]ca aejao ̦ikn]heo_daj Oajoq]heoiqo̤ ajpse_gahp `ea bnÜda O_dnebp aeja ̦Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_da @aqpqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv̤7 ]qocadaj` rkj `an =jj]dia( `ea qjpano_dea`he_daj CaiÜporanb]ooqjcaj `an Iajo_daj hea¿aj oe_d vqnÜ_gbÜdnaj ]qb `]o ̦CacajrandÄhpjeo̤ vsaean apdeo_dan Cnqj`ranb]ooqjcaj( `ajaj fa qjpano_dea`he_da AilbÄjche_dgaepaj bÜn `]o O_dÖja qj` `]o And]^aja vqcnqj`a heacaj( sen` `]o ̦CacajrandÄhpjeo ^ae`an Cao_dha_dpan̤ ajpse_gahp* Sacaj `ao olave|o_daj O_dÖjdaepooejjo opahhp oe_d `ea sae^he_da ̦Ikn]hepÄporanb]ooqjc̤ ej `an Bkni ̦o_dÖjan Pqcaj`d]bpecgaep̤ `]n6 Gajjvae_djaj` bÜn `eaoa @eolkoepekj eop `]o Badhaj `an Aejoe_dpobÄdecgaep ej `ea Ran^ej`he_dgaepo`eiajoekj rkj Cnqj`oÄpvaj ̞ aej @a|vep( `]o ]q_d `ea ̦ejpahhagpqahha Heiepeanpdaep̤ ei gkcjeperaj SahprandÄhpjeo ^aopeiip* @]cacaj saeop `]o bÜn `]o And]^aja ailbÄjche_da CaiÜp `ao I]jjao `]jg oaejan ̦ranjqjbpj]daj CaiÜpo`eolkoepekj̤ eiiandej aej ̦Ran^ej`he_dgaepocaolÜn̤ ]qb( `]o oe_d vqi ̦Ran^ej`he_dgaepo^asqoopoaej̤ ]qo^eh`aj hÄoop* Jqj ^hae^aj `aj ^ae`aj Cao_dha_dpanj `ea fasaeho ]j`ana Äopdapeo_da AilbÄjc) he_dgaep qj` ikn]heo_da CaiÜporanb]ooqjc je_dp rano_dhkooaj7 oea o_dnae^aj aej]j`an sa_doahoaepec `ea fasaeho gkilhaiajpÄna Ranb]ooqjc ]ho Cao_dha_dpoaecajo_d]bp vq6 ̦Ok ^acacjap fa`ao Cao_dha_dp ei ]j`anaj ]q_d oe_d oah^op( oleacahp qj` ^agnÄbpecp oaeaj AecajpÜihe_dgaep ej `an Oe_dp `ao ]j`anaj̤* RancacajsÄnpecp i]j oe_d `ea j]pqnpahakhk) ceo_daj LnÄieooaj `an bnÜdaj O_dnebp( heacp `ea Lkejpa `eaoan Cao_dha_dpangkjopnqgpekj ]qb `an D]j`6 Ao eop `ea J]pqn oah^op( `ea ]qb heopeca Saeoa Ü^an `eaoa sa_doahoaepeca =jangajjqjco^aveadqjc `aj ̦Cao_dha_dpanpnea^̤( `]o ̦oatq]h^ekhkceo_da >acadnqjco) randÄhpjeo̤( Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_d ̦ran^nÄip̤ qj` `ea( ej`ai oea `aj J]pqnvsa_g `an Bknpl}]jvqjc iep `ai oatqahhaj >acadnaj ran^ej`ap( `aj ̦@kllahvsa_g̤ ^ekhkceo_dan Nalnk`qgpekj qj` Gqhpereanqjc vq ^a`eajaj sae¿* @ea ln]gpeo_da Ldehkokldea G]jpo( ej `anaj Vajpnqi `ea Hadna rkj `an Oah^opcaoapv) ca^qjc `an naejaj ln]gpeo_daj Ranjqjbp opadp( aeja Hadna( `ea `aj ̦Pn]`epekjocaop]hpaj oq^op]jpeahhan Ranjqjbp̤ qj` `aj ̦i]pane]h)apdeo_daj Kneajpeanqjcoouopaiaj `an iap]) lduoeo_daj Pn]`epekj̤ `aj >k`aj ajpveadp( eop ]q_d Cahpqjcocnqj`h]ca `an Na_dpohadna* Ei >avqcon]diaj `an Na_dpohadna d]p `ea Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea ednaj Knp ei Adana_dp( `ai anopaj Paeh `ao Na_dpo `an dÄqohe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp( `]o `qn_d Ahpanjna_dp qj` Dannajna_dp gkilhappeanp sen`* @ea ]qo `nae Paehcaiaejo_d]bpaj ^aopadaj`a ok_eap]o `k) iaope_] cadÖnp na_dpoouopai]peo_d ejo Lner]pna_dp iep oaejai vajpn]haj HadnopÜ_g( `ai `ao na_dphe_daj >aoepvao7 ao eop `eao aeja Vqkn`jqjc( sah_da( ok Ganopejc( `ea ej `aj `nae D]qocaiaejo_d]bpaj danno_daj`aj Na_dporandÄhpjeooa ]ho >aoepvrandÄhpjeooa `aqpap7 ajp) o_dae`aj` eop jqj `ea AncÄjvqjc `qn_d `aj rkj G]jp ajpse_gahpaj Lner]pna_dpopul jaqan `neppan =np( `an `ea ^ae`aj anopaj Na_dpoca^eapa( O]_daj) qj` lanoÖjhe_dao Na_dp( ran) ^ej`ap qj` ok ]qb `ea >aoepvrandÄhpjeooa `an dÄqohe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp vqcao_djeppaj eop* @eaoaj Na_dpopul( `]o ̦]qb `ejche_da =np lanoÖjhe_da Na_dp̤( _d]n]gpaneoeanp Ganopejc ]ho ̦pdaknapeo_da Ieooca^qnp̤( `ai ranca^he_daj Ranoq_d cao_dqh`ap( `ea na]ha okve]hdeopk)

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

neo_da NÜ_gopÄj`ecgaep oaejan Vaep ]qb `]o Jera]q `an ranjqjbpna_dphe_daj Lnejveleaj vq da^aj* =qb G]jpo na_dpoldehkokldeo_da Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea pne{p `eaoa jac]pera Aejo_dÄpvqjc je_dp vq( ]^caoadaj rkj aejan Naranajv cacajÜ^an `ai ^e^heo_daj Caoapv( `ea oe_d `aj Lnejveleaj `ao ranjqjbpna_dphe_daj Ac]hep]neoiqo( `ajaj `]o Adana_dp G]jpo bkhcp( je_dp bÜcaj sehh* @an Ü^ann]o_daj`a =jo]pvlqjgp bÜn `ea ai]jvel]pkneo_da Saj`a eop `]o _ki) ian_eqi oatq]ha( fajan olave|o_da Ca^n]q_d $]j]hkc vqi Ca^n]q_d rkj O]_daj%( `aj `ea Cao_dha_dpol]npjan ei Cao_dha_dporangadn rkjaej]j`an( `*€e* rkj ednaj iai^n] oa) tq]he] i]_daj* @]oo ej okh_dai Ca^n]q_d Lanokjaj oe_d sa_doahoaepec ran`ejche_daj( `* d* ednan Mq]hepÄp ]ho Lanokj ranhqopec cadaj( ennepeanp okh]jca je_dp( ]ho `]o J]pqnna_dp ̞ qj` ej Okj`andaep `]o _dneophe_da ̞ `ea iajo_dhe_da Oatq]hepÄp `ai J]pqnvsa_g `an C]ppqjcoand]hpqjc qjpanopahhp* Sajj ]^an jqj ̦Vsa_gansÄcqjcaj rkn `an Na_dporan) jqjbp je_dpo cahpaj̤( ^a`]nb ao aejan Na_dpobkni( `ea `ea cao_dha_dphe_da Ranaejecqjc iep `an RanjqjbpsÜn`a `an L]npjan ranaej^]n i]_dp6 @]o eop a^aj `an Adaranpn]c( `aj vq o_dhea¿aj ^a`aqpap( `]oo `ea L]npjan aej]j`an na_dphe_d ansan^aj qj` ok aej ha^ajo) hÄjche_dao sa_doahoaepecao >aoepvrandÄhpjeo aejcadaj( ej `ai aej fa`an L]npjan ̦vqchae_d >aoepvan qj` >aoepvcacajop]j`( Lanokj qj` O]_da eop̤* Ok sen` `an ̦iajo_dajna_dphe_d lnagÄna Ran`ejche_dqjcoa{agp̤ `ao oatqahhaj Rangadno `qn_d `ea gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_d ^acnÜj`apa adana_dphe_da Chae_ddaep ajpo_dÄnbp ̞ bnaehe_d cehp `eaoa Chae_ddaep jqn( okh]jca `ea ̦j]pÜnhe_da ¼^anhacajdaep `ao I]jjao̤ qj]jcap]opap ^hae^p* @qn_d `eaoa Aejo_dnÄjgqjc( ok Ganopejc( ansaeop G]jp `ajj `k_d `ai _dneophe_daj J]pqnna_dp aeja Naranajv( `ea `ea ai]jvel]pkneo_daj Ejpajpekjaj oaejao Ranjqjbpna_dpo ail|j`he_d aejo_dnÄjgp* @an jaqa >he_g G]jpo ]qb `ea Pnea^oaepa `an Cao_dha_dpan^aveadqjc( `]o _kiian_e) qi oatq]ha qj` oaeja iajo_dajna_dphe_daj Lnk^haia( sen` ]q_d bÜn Be_dpa( ok Daejv+ >ejgahi]jj ej ednai >aepn]c( vqi =qoc]jcolqjgp oaejan adana_dphe_daj Gkjvalpekj* =^an sÄdnaj` G]jp ei sa_doahoaepecaj Ansan^ rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q( `* d* ei Aejcadaj `an Ada( `ea HÖoqjc `ao Lnk^haio oeadp( sen` `ea Ranpn]cogkjvalpekj `an Ada bÜn Be_dpa dejbÄhhec6 An oeadp jÄihe_d `ea Cab]dn `an Ran`ejche_dqjc je_dp ^ae ^ae`aj Cao_dha_dpo) l]npjanj( okj`anj aejoaepec ^aei sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dp( qj` ao eop `ea Bn]q( `ea ]qbcnqj` `an edn aecajaj oaaheo_daj @eolkoepekj( `an Dejc]^abÄdecgaep qj` Qjpansanbqjco^anaep) o_d]bp( `* d* `an Hea^a vqi Cao_dha_dpol]npjan( `]o Lnk^hai ednan AjpsÜn`ecqjc ]q_d hÖop* @]o J]pqnna_dp `an rkng]jpeo_daj ¤n] d]p `ea Na_dpo|cqn `ao ̦l]_pqi p]_epqi̤( `ao opehho_dsaecaj`aj Ranpn]co( vepeanp( sajj ao `]nqi cejc( `aj Op]pqo `ao Qjpanp]jaj $̦oq^`epqo̤%( `ao Danno_d]bpoqjpansknbajaj( iep `ai `ao ranpn]cobÄdecaj Na_dpooq^fagpo vq ran^ej`aj7 Be_dpa i]_dp ]qo `an qjpanopahhpaj Aejsehhecqjc ej `ea Qjpansanbqjc aeja ej `]o Ejjana `ao CaiÜpo ranhacpa rknn]pekj]ha @eolkoepekj( `ea an `an Bn]q ]ho `anaj Ca) o_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan vqolne_dp ̞ aej O_dnepp( `an `ea Adabn]q ]ho Na_dpooq^fagp ranje_dpap* Daejv+>ejgahi]jj raniqpaj( `]oo `eaoa bÜn `ea baiejeopeo_da Gnepeg og]j`]hpnÄ_dpeca Nareoekj ]qb Be_dpao ldehkokldeo_daj =jo]pv vqnÜ_gvqbÜdnaj eop( faja ¼^an^eapqjc `an gnepeo_daj Pn]jovaj`ajp]hldehkokldea G]jpo( `ea `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj Na_dpo) qj` Oeppaj) hadna jaq ^aopeiip qj` `ea adahe_da Caiaejo_d]bp ej `aj >avqcon]diaj `an Oeppajhadna nÜ_gp( fa`ajb]hho `ea Ranpn]cobkni `an Ada dejbÄhhec i]_dp* @eaoa ¼^an^eapqjc( `ea Be_d) pa vqi O_dneppi]_dan `ao `aqpo_daj E`a]heoiqo cai]_dp d]p( ^aopadp ^ag]jjphe_d `]nej( `]oo `an ^ae G]jp ^avÜche_d `an Bnaedaepolnk^hai]peg ajp`a_gpa Lnei]p `an ln]gpeo_daj

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Ldehkokldea vqi Lnejvel `an Ldehkokldea oah^an anghÄnp sen`7 `eaoao eop( ok Be_dpa( je_dpo ]j`anao ]ho ]^okhqpa Oah^oppÄpecgaep( `ea Oaejosaeoa( `ea `ai E_d ]ho Oq^fagp)K^fagp) E`ajpepÄp vqgkiip* Iep `eaoai Lnejvel eop vqchae_d `]o iapdk`eo_da Bknpo_dnaepaj `an Seooajo_d]bpohadna caoapvp6 @ea ^ae`aj Cnqj``eovelhejaj `an Ldehkokldea iep `aj `eaoaj aecajaj =qbc]^ajopahhqjcaj oej` ]ho >a`ejcqjc `ao ]ho P]pd]j`hqjc caoapvpaj ]^okhq) paj E_d vq `a`qveanaj* Ej `an Oeppajhadna jqj sen` `ea ]^okhqpa Oah^oppÄpecgaep ]ho Caoapv iajo_dhe_daj D]j`ahjo( ]hok ]ho Oeppajcaoapv ]^cahaepap6 @]o E_d iqoo oe_d oaeja Bnae) daep vqi D]j`hqjcocaoapv i]_daj* @an Oeppajhadna ]^an cadp `ea Na_dpohadna rkn]qo( qj` `anaj =qbc]^ajbah` gkjopepqeanp oe_d ei >avqcon]diaj `an pdaknapeo_daj Ldehk) okldea7 dean cadp ao qi `ea `qn_d oah^op caoapvpa Vsa_ga cahaepapa PÄpecgaep hae^he_d ej`ere`qeanpan Oq^fagpa( `ea edna D]j`hqjcooldÄnaj cacajaej]j`an ]^opa_gaj qj` `anaj Cnajvaj sa_doahoaepec ]jangajjaj7 ao eop `eao aeja =jangajjqjc( sah_da `ea =jangaj) jqjc ]ho Na_dpolanokj eilheveanp6 ca^kpaj bnaehe_d jqn dulkpdapeo_d( ]ho Gkjoamqajv `an Gkil]pe^eheoean^]ngaep `an ej`ere`qahhaj D]j`hqjcooldÄnaj* @] `an CÜhpecgaep `ao Na_dpocaoapvao je_dp ln]gpeo_da Ranjqjbp( okj`anj `]o ^hk¿a @ajgcaoapv vqcnqj`a heacp( g]jj Be_dpa jqj bn]caj( ejseasaep `an Na_dpo^acne{ ]jsaj`^]n eop ]qb caca^aja Bkniaj iajo_dhe_dan Caiaejo_d]bp( sea ao `ea Ada eop* =ho je_dp `qn_d `]o Na_dp caoapvpa Ca) iaejo_d]bpobkni( a^aj `ea rkj iÄjjhe_dai qj` sae^he_dai Cao_dha_dp( iqoo `ea Ada bnaehe_d ej ednan Jkpsaj`ecgaep `a`qveanp san`aj( qj` anop j]_d anbkhcpan @a`qgpekj g]jj j]_d `an Na_dpobkni cabn]cp san`aj( `ea ]qb `ea Ada l]oop* Ej `eaoan @a`qgpekj sehh Be_dpa vaecaj( `]oo `ea Ada `ea Caiaejo_d]bpobkni eop( `ea `an @kllahj]pqn `ao Iajo_daj( `*€e* oaejan rki Oeppajcaoapv cabkn`anpaj ]^okhqpaj Oah^oppÄpecgaep qj` oaejan oejjhe_d)aj`he_daj J]pqn ]ho ^acadnaj`ai qj` d]j`ahj`ai Aejvahoq^fagp cana_dp sen`* @eaoaj J]_dsaeo bÜdnp an ej pn]`epekjahhan I]jean6 `qn_d `ea Gki^ej]pekj `an iajo_dhe_daj @kllahj]pqn iep `an `e{anajpaj Cao_dha_dphe_dgaep rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q* @eaoa sen` jÄihe_d ej ednan aooajpeahhaj @e{anajv iep Dejsaeo ]qb `ea qjpano_dea`he_daj Bqjgpekjaj ^acnÜj`ap( `ea o_dkj =neopkpahao ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `an jkni]peraj @q]hepÄp rkj Opk{ qj` Bkni( Pqj qj` Hae`aj `aj Cao_dha_dpoknc]jaj ^ae `an Vaqcqjc vqolne_dp* Sacaj `an ]gperaj Nkhha `ao I]jjao ^aei Vaqcqjcorknc]jc gkiip `eaoan je_dp ej Gkj}egp iep `an ca^kpajaj ]^okhqpaj Oah^oppÄpecgaep* @ea Bn]q dejcacaj `]nb oe_d sacaj ednao l]ooeraj L]npo ednaj Cao_dha_dpopnea^ je_dp aejcaopadaj( oea oq^heieanp edj ej `an Bkni `ao a`haj Pnea^o( `an Hea^a qj` Dejc]^a^anaepo_d]bp bÜn `aj I]jj( qj` aniÖche_dp ok `ea Ranaejecqjc `an Sehhaj ej aejai* Ej`ai Be_dpa ok `ea Qj]jcaiaooajdaep `an Ranpn]cobkni `an Ada `aikjopneanp( nad]^ehepeanp an `ea ej `an Pn]`epekj `ai sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dp qjpanopahhpa J]pqn]{ejepÄp ̞ bnaehe_d iep Ü^ann]o_daj`aj Gkjoamqajvaj bÜn `ea Ouopaigkjvalpekj Be_dpao( ran`]jgp oe_d `k_d `ea olave|o_da ̦Haeopqjc̤ `an Bn]q( `ea Rana`ahqjc( `* d* Oq^heieanqjc ednan Pnea^j]pqn a^aj je_dp `an Ranjqjbp6 Ao eop reahiadn `ea J]pqn oah^op( ej `an `ea >a`ejcqjc bÜn `eaoa Haeopqjc ]jcahacp eop* Ej `eaoai ̦pahakhkceo_daj̤ Cnqj`vqc angajjaj `ea =qpknaj `]o ¼^ano_dnaepaj `an Cnajvaj `ao oq^fagperaj E`a]heoiqo dej ]qb `ea olÄpanaj Ouopaigkjvalpekjaj( `ea Be_dpa ej `ea JÄda Dacaho ^nejcaj* @ea gkjpannarkhqpekjÄnaj >aopna^qjcaj( `ea j]_d `an Narkhqpekj rkj -345 aejoapvpaj( d]^aj ej Bn]jgnae_d iep `aj ejpahhagpqahhaj SknpbÜdnanj `a >kj]h` qj` `a I]eopna aejaj cacajnarkhqpekjÄnaj @eogqno ]jcaopk¿aj( `an ]qb aej aqnkl]saepao A_dk opea¿*

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

Ei Qnolnqjcoh]j` `an Narkhqpekj ajpse_gahpa oe_d aeja Bkni rkj Gnepeg( `ea `eaoaj >asacqjcaj ^aokj`ano ej `aj nki]jeo_daj HÄj`anj edna olave|o_d _dneophe_d)g]pdk) heo_da BÄn^qjc c]^6 @]o Cnqj`Ü^ah( `]o `ai Sengaj `an =qbghÄnqjc ]jvqh]opaj eop( ^aopadp ei I]_dpranhqop `an g]pdkheo_daj Gen_da* =qo `aj O_dnebpaj `an ^ae`aj Sknp) bÜdnan olne_dp `ea ¼^anvaqcqjc( `]oo oe_d ej `aj E`aaj `an =qbghÄnqjc a^aj je_dp( sea `anaj BqjgpekjÄna lnkl]ceanaj( `ea i]paneahh o_dkj ei Ajpopadaj ^acne{aja jaqa ^Üncan) he_da Caoahho_d]bp ednao Oah^opranopÄj`jeooao ranoe_danp( okj`anj `]oo ao `ea Ldehkokldaj oej`( `ea ]ho Ope_dsknpca^an `ao Qiopqnvao bqjceanaj6 Ej`ai `eaoa( sea C* Cajcai^na ej oaejai >aepn]c ]qobÜdnp( `ea Kn`jqjcolnejveleaj `ao ]j_eaj nÉceia rkn `aj Cane_dpodkb `an Ranjqjbp vannaj qj` ednan Hacepei]pekjobqjgpekj ^an]q^aj( jaceanaj oea `ea aejve) ca GkdÄoekjogn]bp( `ea `aj =pkieoeanqjcopaj`ajvaj `an Caoahho_d]bp ajpcacajsengp6 `ea Nahecekj* @ea ]qpkjkia iajo_dhe_da Ranjqjbp( ok `ea ¼^anvaqcqjc( g]jj ej oe_d `]o kn`jqjcoopebpaj`a Lnejvel je_dp ajp`a_gaj( oea bÖn`anp reahiadn `ea Pnea^gnÄbpa aejao o_dn]jgajhkoaj Ej`ere`q]heoiqo( sea oea oe_d ej N]pekj]heoiqo qj` I]pane]heoiqo ]ho `aj bÜn `ea bn]jvÖoeo_da Ldehkokldea `an =qbghÄnqjc ^a`aqpaj`opaj Gkilkjajpaj i]je) baopeanp* Saeh `an iajo_dhe_daj Ranjqjbp `ea S]dndaep ei aild]peo_daj Oejja ran^kncaj ^hae^p( eop `an Iajo_d oaejan J]pqn j]_d ikn]heo_d ran`kn^aj* =ho sengo]iao Cacajiep) pah skhhaj `a >kj]h` qj` `a I]eopna `ea ¼^anvaqcqjc na]gpereanaj( `ea `]o Cnqj`lnejvel `an Ü^anheabanpaj Kn`jqjc pnÄcp7 `]oo jÄihe_d ]hhaej `ea S]dndaep( `ea ednaj Qnolnqjc ej cÖpphe_dan K{aj^]nqjc d]p( `ea kjpkhkceo_daj N]jcqjpano_dea`a ghÄnp6 `ea @ecjepÄp `ao cao_de_dphe_d Caskn`ajaj cacajÜ^an `ai iajo_dhe_d Cai]_dpaj ̞ lkhepeo_d6 `an pdak) gn]peo_d hacepeieanpaj Ikj]n_dea cacajÜ^an RkhgookqranÄjepÄp qj` Nalq^heg* BÜn `ea A^aja `an Caoahho_d]bp dae¿p `]o6 Cacaj Ej`ere`q]heoiqo qj` Ackeoiqo cehp ao je_dp jqn( `ea =jangajjqjc `an B]iehea ]ho oq^op]jpeahhai >aop]j`paeh `an Caoahho_d]bp vq oe) _danj( okj`anj ao cadp vqrÖn`anop qi `ea bqj`]iajp]ha Aejoe_dp( `]oo `ea B]iehea `ea Ca^qnpoopqj`a `an Caoahho_d]bp oah^an eop7 `anaj pnejepÄna Opnqgpqn $R]pan)Iqppan)Gej`an% jÄihe_d( ok >kj]h`( `qn_dveadp ]hha A^ajaj `an Caoahho_d]bp qj` sen` ok vqi Gkjopepq) pekjolnejvel `an lkhepeo_daj Kn`jqjc* @an Qiop]j`( `]oo I]jj qj` Bn]q jqn ]ho R]pan qj` Iqppan bÜn `ea okvek)lkhepeo_da Opnqgpqn nahar]jp oej`( `ai R]pan ]^an ]hhai]h `ea PnÄcanbqjgpekj vqgkiip( ^eh`ap `ea Cnqj`h]ca aejao ̦=jpebaiejeoiqo̤( ok Cajcai^na( `ai `a I]eopna ej ^aokj`ano ]ccnaooeran I]jean vq]n^aepap* Je_dp `ea Nareoekj( okj`anj aeja ̦@e]hagpeg `an =qbghÄnqjc̤ ]r]jp h] happna ^eh`ap `aj Gkjpatp( `an `aj n]`eg]haj Sknpiah`qjcaj `an ^ae`aj Bn]qajna_dphan rkj Dellah qj` Dkhop `]o edjaj ca^Üdnaj`a Case_dp ranhaedp* =ho Dejpancnqj` bÜn `ea Ö{ajphe_daj Aej) olnÜ_da `ao Gneiej]h`enagpkno qj` Iepchea`o `an Caoapvaogkiieooekj vqn Nabkni `ao =hhcaiaejaj Lnaq¿eo_daj H]j`na_dpo rkj Dellah oej`( ok O* Cnaeb ej oaejai >aepn]c( faja ̦Gneoajanb]dnqjcaj `an Ik`anja̤ ]qovqi]_daj( `ea iep `an Ai]jvel]pekj `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp rki Op]]p( iep `an Pnajjqjc rkj Ögkjkieo_dan qj` lkhe) peo_dan OldÄna ]j^na_daj qj` ej `an @kllahateopajv `ao I]jjao ]ho ^kqncakeo qj` _epkuaj aejaj JÄdn^k`aj d]^aj( `an ejo^aokj`ana bÜn `ea Cao_dha_dpannkhha `an Bn]q aejo_djae`aj`a Gkjoamqajvaj d]p* @ea Aejo_dsÖnqjc `an Bn]q ]qb `ea Nal]n]pqn`eajopa bÜn `ea ̦bn]ciajpeanpa̤ iÄjjhe_da E`ajpepÄp lnkrkveanp `aj a^ajok radaiajpaj Lnkpaop `an LÄ`]ckcej qj` Fkqnj]heopej Dkhop( `an ^ae `eaoan k^aj`naej qjpanbÜppanp eop `qn_d aej sae^he_d cajÄdnpao Ieoopn]qaj ej `aj lnaq¿eo_daj Nabknicaeop* @eaoa AejolnÜ_da

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olaeoaj oe_d ]qo `an ¼^anvaqcqjc( `]oo `]o Lnkfagp `an =qbghÄnqjc jqn `]`qn_d vq ran) pae`ecaj eop( `]oo `ea @abkni]pekjaj ang]jjp san`aj( `ea aejan ̦]^opn]gpaj ^Üncanhe_daj Ranjqjbpldehkokldea̤ cao_dqh`ap oej`* Ej `eaoai Oejja cehp ao( `]o Na_dp `ao Dapankca) jaj qj` Reahcaop]hpecaj cacaj `ea E`ajpepÄpovsÄjca aejao `kci]peo_daj N]pekj]heoiqo vq opÄngaj qj` aeja ̦iÄjjhe_d ejopnqiajp]heoeanpa Ranjqjbp̤ `qn_d `ea Ail]pdealkpaj) pe]ha ̦ikn]heo_d̤ ca^eh`apan Bn]qaj vq gknneceanaj* @ancaop]hp okhh `ea Ada ]ho Bnaevkja ranop]j`aj san`aj( ej `an ̦Qjkn`jqjc anopa >Üncanejjajl}e_dp̤ eop qj` ̦okve]ha Ejop]) ^ehepÄp̤ hac]h lnkrkveanp sen`* =ho Dknp `an ̦Najepajv̤ cacajÜ^an caoahho_d]bphe_daj qj` op]]phe_daj Jkniaj bq¿p `eaoao Adaik`ahh ]qb `ai ̦]qpkjkiaj Oah^opajpsqnb̤ ^ae`an L]npjan qj` eop qjranaej^]n iep `an cÄjcecaj Rknopahhqjc rkj `an Gkilhaiajp]nepÄp `an Cao_dha_dpannkhhaj6 Gkjveleanp ]ho l]npjano_d]bphe_dao Vqo]iiajha^aj qj` ̦Bnaedaep ej `an @e{anajv̤ pnÄcp `ea Ada `eaoao Vqo_djeppo bnaehe_d ednaj Vsa_g je_dp ej oe_d( okj`anj okhh chae_do]i ]ho Rkncne{ ]qb faja Ranb]ooqjc aejan ̦reahcaop]hpecaj Sahpcaiaejo_d]bp̤ ^acne{aj san`aj( `ea fajoaepo ]hhan hkg]haj qj` j]pekj]haj >knjeanqjcaj ]ho Haepe`aa `ai Lnkfagp `an =qbghÄnqjc `ea Ne_dpqjc saeop* I]nu Skhhopkja_n]bp ̞ vq ednan Vaep ^anÜdip caskn`aj `qn_d `ea ajc]ceanpa VqnÜ_g) saeoqjc `an Gnepeg( `ea A`iqj` >qnga ]j `an Bn]jvÖoeo_daj Narkhqpekj qj` `aj ai]j) vel]pkneo_daj Lkopqh]pa `an =qbghÄnqjc Ü^pa ̞ sehh sea `ea jqn aej F]dn Ähpana =i]he] Dkhop ]qbcnqj` ednan Ln]teo ]ho LÄ`]ckcej `ea rano_dseacaja Atghqoekj `an Bn]qaj ]qo `an E`aa `an Iajo_dajna_dpa rkn ]hhai ]qb `ai Ca^eap `an Anveadqjc gknneceanaj* =j) `ano ]ho Dkhop( `ea iep ednaj nahecekjognepeo_daj =joe_dpaj ednan Vaep saep rkn]qo eop( sehh Skhhopkja_n]bp( sea O* Pki]oahhe ]qobÜdnp( iep Fkdj Hk_ga `aj >acne{ `an Aejdaep `an Iajo_ddaep ]qb o_dÖlbqjcopdakhkceo_dan Cnqj`h]ca ranopadaj* Je_dp sajecan radaiajp ]ho Dkhop saeop oea ]^an `ea rkj Nkqooa]q ei ©ieha lnkl]ceanpaj Anveadqjcoe`a]ha bÜn Bn]qaj vqnÜ_g* @eaoa okhhaj reahiadn ei hk_gao_daj Oejja vqn Oah^opÄj`ecgaep anvk) caj san`aj( qj` `ea Aejdaep( `ea `qn_d `ea Ada caopebpap sen`( ran`]jgp oe_d je_dp `an Rknopahhqjc `an Gkilhaiajp]nepÄp `an Cao_dha_dpan( okj`anj `an Bnaqj`o_d]bp qj` L]np) jano_d]bp qjpan Chae_daj6 Ei He_dp `eaoan Rknopahhqjc h]ooaj oe_d `]jj( ok Pki]oahhe( dÄqohe_da qj` Ö{ajphe_da OldÄnaj ]ho sea`an ranaejp ^acnaebaj* Vq `aj anopaj baiejeopeo_daj Pdaknapeganejjaj `an saophe_daj Sahp vÄdhp I]nu =o) pahh( `ea( aej F]dndqj`anp rkn Skhhopkja_n]bp ha^aj` qj` Vaepcajkooej rkj Fkdj Hk_ga( `ea Oah^opÄj`ecgaep ednao @ajgajo ei G]ilb cacaj `aj Caeop `ao ^Üncanhe_daj He^an]) heoiqo qjpan >asaeo opahhp* =ho `ave`eanpa Nku]heopej( ok F* >nk]`( gnepeoeanp oea Hk_ga ]^an rkn ]hhai sacaj `aooaj BnaevÜcecgaep ej O]_daj `ao Ch]q^ajo* Ednai G]ilb bÜn `ea Chae_d^ana_dpecqjc `an Bn]qaj heacp `ea ¼^anvaqcqjc rkj `an Chae_ddaep `an ejpah) hagpqahhaj qj` ikn]heo_daj RaniÖcaj `an ^ae`aj Cao_dha_dpan vqcnqj`a7 `eaoa okhhpaj ]^an( saeh ej ednan A^aj^Ünpecgaep ej Ckppao O_dÖlbqjcolh]j rkncaoadaj( ]q_d rknjadi) he_d( ok `ea bnÜda Baiejeopej( ej `aj @eajop `ao Ch]q^ajo caopahhp san`aj* Ao eop `eao aeja Klpekj( `ea =opahh rkn ]hhai Bn]qaj( `ea oe_d ]qo `aj Baooahj rkj Ada qj` B]iehea ^abnaeaj skhhaj( ail|adhp* =qb `ai Saca aejan naheceÖoaj >eh`qjc( `ea ̞ saeh qjpan) opÜpvp `qn_d ldehkokldeo_da Opq`eaj ̞ ]q_d edna n]pekj]haj Gkilapajvaj o_dqhp( okhhaj `ea Bn]qaj oe_d ^abÄdecaj( ]hhaej ei Cadkno]i cacajÜ^an `an =qpknepÄp Ckppao( ]^an ]q_d cacajÜ^an `aj sahphe_daj =qpknepÄpaj gkjoanr]peran Lnkrajeajv( ej `an Caiaejo_d]bp iep ]j`anaj Bn]qaj ei N]diaj ednan ejpahhagpqahhaj >eh`qjc Oah^opÄj`ecgaep vq anveahaj*

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=qo Dacaho lnkcn]ii]peo_dai Ranoq_d( ej aejan Ldehkokldea `ao =^okhqpaj `ea bÜn `aj oq^fagperaj E`a]heoiqo gkjopepqperaj Ajpvsaeqjcaj ]qbvqda^aj( anca^aj oe_d bÜn `ea Cao_dha_dpanpdai]peg ejpanaoo]jpa Klpekjaj* Ej baiejeopeo_dan Lanolagpera d]p ao `ea Ldehkokldea iep `ai iangsÜn`ecaj O]_drand]hp vq pqj( `]oo ei Ia`eqi `ao Cao_dha_d) panrandÄhpjeooao `ea OldÄnaj`e{anajv rkj Caeop qj` J]pqn ^avÜche_d ednan kjpkhkceo_daj @ecjepÄp ajpo_dea`aj sen`6 @an o_daej^]n ^ekhkceo_d are`ajpa Qiop]j`( `]oo `ea J]pqn) oaepa `an iajo_dhe_daj C]ppqjc ^aei sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dp opÄngan vq >q_da o_dhÄcp ]ho ^aei iÄjjhe_daj( aej Qiop]j`( ]qo `ai oe_d `ea N]jcrandÄhpjeooa vseo_daj `aj Cao_dha_dpanj anca^aj( sen` ]qb `ea OldÄnaj`e{anajv rkj J]pqn qj` Caeop vqnÜ_glnk) feveanp7 `qn_d `ea Rancao_dha_dphe_dqjc `eaoan @e{anajv( `* d* `an Baophacqjc `an J]pqn ]qb aejaj aooajpeahh sae^he_daj qj` `ao Caeopao ]qb `aj aooajpeahh iÄjjhe_daj ?d]n]gpan sen` `ai Caeop vqchae_d `ea OqlaneknepÄp qj` `]iep `ea Danno_d]bpolkoepekj cacajÜ^an `an J]pqn vqcaolnk_daj* =q_d bÜn Dacah cahpaj `eaoa Cnqj`ajpo_dae`qjcaj6 an sae¿ oea ]hhan`ejco ]qb iapdk) `eo_d atvalpekjahha Saeoa oaejai ldehkokldeo_daj Lnkcn]ii vq ejpacneanaj* Sajj( sea Dacah bkn`anp( `ea Ajpcacajoapvqjcaj qj` Beteanqjcaj `ao Ranop]j`ao `ai Pkp]hepÄpo) ]jolnq_d `ao olagqh]peraj @ajgajo sae_daj iÜooaj( `]jj cehp( `]oo `]o Ejbanekna jqn ^avÜche_d `an Opqbajbkhca `ao oaej Saoaj oe_d an]n^aepaj`aj =^okhqpaj ]ho qjpancakn`) japao Ikiajp ano_daejp( qj` vs]n ok( `]oo fa`ao qjpancakn`japa Ikiajp ei Vqca `an Cao_de_dpa `ao vq oe_d gkiiaj`aj Caeopao ]q_d Ü^ansqj`aj qj` vqn Ranc]jcajdaep sen`6 Ok ^a`]nb `an Caeop vs]n `ao =j`anaj( `an J]pqn( qi oe_d `an Opqba oaejao BÜn) oe_doaejo vq ranoe_danj7 ]^an an hÖop oe_d o_dhea¿he_d ]qo `an aecajaj J]pqncaop]hp( ej `an edi `ea aecaja ¼^anhacajdaep ej `an `ao iÄjjhe_daj Cao_dha_dpo cacajÜ^an `ai sae^) he_daj ano_daejp* Qj` `]o dae¿p a^aj6 @an Caeop ej oaejai =j) qj` BÜnoe_d d]p gaej Cao_dha_dp( an eop iajo_dhe_dan Caeop7 ej `eaoai C]ppqjco]hhcaiaejaj da^p oe_d bnaehe_d je_dp `]o Lnklneqi fa`ao `an ^ae`aj Cao_dha_dpan ]qb( okj`anj jqn `]o `ao iÄjjhe_daj7 `an I]jj sen` vqi PnÄcan `ao C]ppqjco]hhcaiaejaj( `ao Iajo_doaejo o_dha_dpdej qj` qicagadnp sen` `ea Bn]q ej ednai Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan |teanp qj` `]iep vqi PnÄcan `ao Cao_dha_dphe_daj+`an J]pqn o_dha_dpdej* Ok eop bÜn Dacah( sea A* >k_gajdaeian ]qobÜdnp( `]o ?d]n]gpaneopegqi `an cnea_de) o_daj Lkheooepphe_dgaep `]o Cahpqjcochae_dcase_dp rkj cÖpphe_dai qj` iajo_dhe_dai Ca) oapv( `ea ]ho Caoapv `an B]iehea qj` `ao Op]]pao `qn_d edna fasaehecaj Lnkp]ckjeopaj ]ho sae^he_dao qj` iÄjjhe_dao Caoapv aej`aqpec cao_dha_dphe_d gkjjkpeanp oej`* Anop sajj `]o cÖpphe_da Caoapv ej Caop]hp `an okldkghaeo_daj =jpeckja oaejaj =jolnq_d cacaj `]o iajo_dhe_da cahpaj` i]_dp( `ea B]ieheajoepphe_dgaep oe_d cacaj `aj Op]]p saj`ap( gkiip ao vqi G]ilb( ej `ai `]o iajo_dhe_da Caoapv k^oeacp qj` `]o ̦Caiaejsaoaj oe_d ]j `ai( s]o ao qjpan`nÜ_gp oaejaj ejjanaj Baej` anvaqcp̤* Ej `an B]iehea ajpopadp `ai Caiaejsaoaj aej ejjanan Baej`( sajj `eaoa edna L]npegqh]nejpanaooaj ]qb Gkopaj `ao Caiaejsaoajo `qn_doapvaj sehh* Ok qjpaniejeanaj `ea Bn]qaj `ea E`aa `ao Caiaej) skdho oah^op qj` ajp`a_gaj ]qb `eaoa Saeoa ei ranaejvahpaj Ej`ere`qqi `]o Lnejvel `an Na_dpolanokj7 `ea nÖieo_da Sahp( `ea ]qo `ai Qjpanc]jc `an ]hpaj Lkheooepphe_dgaep ajp) opadp( ajpdÄhp ^anaepo `ea Ahaiajpa `an Ik`anja* Dean jqj olne_dp Dacah( `an `aj Bn]qaj ]ho =cajpejjaj `ao >aopadajo sea `ao Rancadajo aeja `e]hagpeo_da Nkhha ei San`aj `ao Jaqaj vqca`]_dp d]p( `ai sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dp aj`cÜhpec oaeja >aopeiiqjc vq* Ej `an Ik`anja opadp `an Op]]p je_dp iadn `an B]iehea( okj`anj `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahh)

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o_d]bp cacajÜ^an7 `eaoa( `]o Nae_d `an >a`Ünbjeooa qj` `ao Ansan^o( d]p `ea B]iehea ]ho ejpacn]haj >aop]j`paeh oe_d vqcaaecjap6 ]ho `eafajeca Vkja( `ea( saeh `aj ]pkieoeanaj`aj Paj`ajvaj rkj >a`Ünbjeo qj` Ansan^ ajpdk^aj( `ea B]ieheajiepchea`an ej `an Saeoa `an Hea^a ]qbaej]j`an ^aveadp* =ho Lnkp]ckjeopej `an CabÜdhoejjecgaep qj` `an oajpeiajp]) haj Oepphe_dgaep anbÜhhp `ea Bn]q ednaj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan( sÄdnaj` `an I]jj ej `an Vanneooajdaep rkj Senpo_d]bpo) qj` Op]]po^Üncan `ea >asacqjc saepanpnae^p dej ]qb fajao C]ppqjco]hhcaiaeja( ej `ai an oe_d ]ho Caeop ransenghe_dp qj` oaejaj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]g) pan ]^cahacp d]p* Pnkpv `an o_dhea¿he_d aej`aqpecaj Beteanqjc `an Bn]q ]qb `ea Opanakpulaj ednao Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpano opadp `ea dan]qon]caj`a Nkhha( `ea Dacah `aj Bn]qaj ]ho BqjgpekjopnÄcanejjaj `ao Qjpanc]jco `an ]hpaj Sahp vqcao_dnea^aj d]p( bÜn `ea Reahb]hp ]j Ano_daejqjcobkniaj( `ea ]qo `an Lanolagpera `an Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea `qn_d Dacaho `e]hagpeo_da Cao_de_dpogkjvalpekj anÖ{jap sen`* Ok eop( sea >k_gajdaeian qjpan >a) saeo opahhp( `ea B]ieheaj) qj` Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea Dacaho ej `ai Oejj gkdÄnajp( ]ho ao qi Pdaiaj cadp( `anaj Rand]j`hqjc `an E`aa `ao Ouopaio oah^an vqcadÖnaj* @]o j]_ddacaho_da @ajgaj( ej `aooaj Qignaeo S* r* Dqi^kh`p( O_dhaeani]_dan qj` Bnea`ne_d O_dhacah cadÖnaj( sehh `ea Gneoajanb]dnqjcaj `an Ik`anja je_dp iadn ei Gkj) patp `an olagqh]peraj Ldehkokldea pdai]peoeanaj7 `eaoa =qpknaj oq_daj rkn ]hhai ej `aj @eiajoekjaj rkj Gqjop qj` >eh`qjc CacajgnÄbpa ]qovqi]_daj( `ea `an Ik`anja oah^op vqcadÖnaj qj` ajpse_gahj `]^ae aeja Pdaknea `an Sae^he_dgaep( ej `an pn]`epekjahha Vq) o_dnae^qjcaj jaq casanpap ^vs* enkjeo_d ca^nk_daj san`aj* @eaoa >aiÜdqjcaj cadÖnaj rkn ]hhai ^ae S* rkj Dqi^kh`p ej `aj Cnqj`n]diaj aejao `qn_d ajanceo_da Qi`aqpqjcaj cagajjvae_djapaj okvek)lkhepeo_daj Gkjvalpo* Oae) ja ̦he^an]ha̤ Op]]po]q{]ooqjc eop `qn_d aej aecajsehhecao RanopÄj`jeo `an OldÄna `an Caoahho_d]bp ^aopeiip( qj` `]iep andÄhp `an Ca`]jga `ao O_dqpvao rkn Aejcne{aj `ao Op]]pao `aj bÜn Dqi^kh`p _d]n]gpaneopeo_daj =gvajp6 Qjpan `ai >acne{ `an Caoahh) o_d]bp ranopadp Dqi^kh`p je_dp lneiÄn `aj >anae_d `ao ¶gkjkieo_daj( okj`anj Caoahh) o_d]bp dae¿p Caiaejo_d]bp qj` jÄdandej `ea ̦Caiaejo_d]bp bnae gkiiqjeveanaj`an( oe_d ^eh`aj`an Ej`ere`qaj̤( ok I* Daejv ej ednai >aepn]c* @an Ca`]jga oe_d ^eh`aj`an Ej) `ere`q]hepÄp( cacaj `aj ]^opn]gpaj Qjerano]heoiqo `an =qbghÄnqjc cane_dpap( gknneceanp `ea n]pekj]heopeo_d bqj`eanpa @q]hepÄp `ao Oq^fagp)K^fagp)RandÄhpjeooao ej vsae O_dneppaj6 @]o Cacajaej]j`an `an ^ae`aj Nah]pa sehh Dqi^kh`p ej aejai knc]jkhkceo_d ranop]j) `ajaj J]pqn^acne{ ranieppahj( qj` an bÜdnp `ea olave|o_da Ha^aj`ecgaep `eaoan J]pqn ]qb `aj Cao_dha_dpan`q]heoiqo vqnÜ_g* Ok pnapaj `ea iajo_dhe_daj Ej`ere`qaj aej]j`an je_dp ej ednan ]^opn]gpaj Oq^fagperepÄp cacajÜ^an( okj`anj ej `an Caop]hp rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q( qj` oea ^eh`aj oe_d ej `ai I]¿a vqn ̦rkhhgkiiajaj LanoÖjhe_dgaep̤( ]ho oea `ea =jpaeha `ao fasaeho ]j`anaj Cao_dha_dpo ej oe_d ajpse_gahj ̞ c]jv ]j]hkc `ai RandÄhp) jeo vqn Äq¿anaj J]pqn( `ea ]ho ha^aj`eca je_dp Cacajop]j` i]paneahhan Lnk`qgpekj oaej g]jj( okj`anj `ai Iajo_daj chae_do]i ]ho ]hpan ack ajpcacajpnepp* @eaoai rkn `ai Dejpancnqj` ik`anjan Ajpbnai`qjcoanb]dnqjcaj qj` ei He_dpa `an E`aa `an RanoÖd) jqjc atlkjeanpaj rknik`anjaj J]pqn^acne{ ̞ `an( sea Daejv anhÄqpanp( vqop]j`a gkiip `qn_d aeja ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `ao hae^jevo_daj Gn]bp^acne{o rkncajkiiaja Kjpkhkce) oeanqjc rkj G]jpo >acne{ `an Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaep ̞ ran`]jgp jqj `]o sae^he_da Cao_dha_dp oaejaj Lnei]p ei >eh`qjcolnkvaoo* @ea Ikiajpa( `ea `aj >eh`qjcolnkvaoo ^aopeiiaj( _d]n]gpaneoeanp Dqi^kh`p c]jv `an Pn]`epekj ajpolna_daj` ]ho `ea `ai sae^he_daj Ca)

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

o_dha_dp vqcaolnk_daja GnÄbpa `an NavalperepÄp qj` `ea ]qb `]o iÄjjhe_da Cao_dha_dp ^avkcaja `an Olkjp]jaepÄp7 okhh jqj `]o J]pqnikiajp cacajÜ^an `ai `an PÄpecgaep ejo RandÄhpjeo `an Chae_dn]jcecgaep canÜ_gp san`aj( san`aj `ea pn]`epekjahhaj Sanpqjcaj qicasanpap6 @aj Bn]qaj gkiip ao vq( `ea @kiej]jv iÄjjhe_dan N]pekj]hepÄp vq gkn) neceanaj qj` ej `an Kneajpeanqjc ]j `an Rknopahhqjc ]j`nkcujan Aejdaep `ea ei Oejja `ao gh]ooeo_daj Dqi]jepÄpoe`a]ho gkjveleanpa Haepe`aa `an iajo_dhe_daj C]ppqjc ]qb `aj Sac vq ^nejcaj* Skhhpa i]j ]q_d Bnea`ne_d O_dhacah ]qb `eaoa ̦E`a]heoeanqjc `ao Sae^he_daj̤ baophacaj( dÄppa i]j `ea Eilqhoa oaejao @ajgajo cnÜj`he_d rang]jjp* Oaeja Ca) o_dha_dpanldehkokldea( ok >* J]qi]jj( hÄoop oe_d je_dp eokheanaj rkj fajaj ejjkr]peraj >aiÜdqjcaj( `ea edj vq aejai `an ^a`aqpaj`opaj Lnkp]ckjeopaj `an BnÜdnki]jpeg i]_daj* Ej oaejan VqnÜ_gsaeoqjc `an =ppne^qpa( `ea j]_d cÄjcecan =q{]ooqjc `ea sae^he_da EjbaneknepÄp gajjvae_djaj( ln]jcanp an ej anopan Hejea `ea ]^opn]gpaj >acne{o) ^eh`qjcaj ]j( `ea `ea Ldehkokldaj rkj fadan vqn >acnÜj`qjc `ao `e{anajpaj sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpo ^aiÜdaj* @eaoa d]^aj je_dp ^acne{aj( s]o ]j `an Vaep eop6 jÄihe_d ei He_dpa aejan ̦lnkcnaooeraj Qjerano]hlkaoea̤( `ea `ea C]ppqjcoo_dn]jgaj vseo_daj Ldehkokldea qj` Lkaoea aejnae¿p( `ea |taj =ppne^qpa qj` Nkhhajans]npqjcaj( `ea `aj `e{anajpaj Cao_dha_dpanj vqcao_dnea^aj san`aj( vq ̦ranp]qo_daj qj` vq rano_dea^aj̤* O_dhacaho Pdaoa rkj `an ̦={ejepÄp `an Sae^he_dgaep vqn nki]jpeo_daj Enkjea̤( fajan Cnqj`d]hpqjc( `ea Dacah ]ho ̦Ranaepahqjc `ao K^fagperaj̤ ran`]iip( ^as]dnp `ea Bn]q) aj rkn fache_dan Saoajo^aopeiiqjc6 Sea sajec pn]cbÄdec `eaoa enkjeo_da Lkejpa bnaehe_d eop( vaecp je_dp anop `an ]hpa O_dhacah `an Seajan F]dna( iep `aooaj naop]qn]peran Saj) `a oaeja Ranoq_da vqn nki]jpeo_daj ̦Pn]jovaj`ajp]hlkaoea̤ ejo =^oaepo nÜ_gaj* O_dkj O_dhacaho Bnaqj` Bnea`ne_d O_dhaeani]_dan ^aiÜdp oe_d qi aeja Saoajo^aopeiiqjc( `ea adan `ea dqi^kh`po_da Cnqj`kneajpeanqjc opÄngp6 Sea =j`na]o =nj`p ]qobÜdnp( oeadp O_dhaeani]_dan `ea =qbc]^a `an Bn]qaj `]nej( ]ho ̦Gknnagper `an IÄjjhe_dgaep̤ aeja ̦^aooana Caoahho_d]bp̤ vq opebpaj* @eaoa d]p( ok `ea Ejpanlnap]pekj =nj`po( edna Cnqj`h]) ca ej `an B]iehea( aejan Bkni rkj Aejdaep( ej `an `ea ̦Aejoaepecgaepaj̤ rkj Cao_dha_dp qj` =hpan ]qbcadk^aj o_daejaj qj` `ea `aod]h^ ]ho ̦aeja rkhhopÄj`eca NalnÄoajp]pekj `an E`aa `an Iajo_ddaep̤ vq ranopadaj eop* =qb `ai >k`aj `an B]iehea ajpopadp `ajj ]q_d faja Bkni vsa_gbnaean ̦Caoahhecgaep̤( `ea vs]n ei D]qo vajpneanp eop( ok ]^an( `]oo `an kegko ̦qjpan Qicadqjc̤ `an OldÄnaj rkj ^Üncanhe_dan Caoahho_d]bp qj` Op]]p e`a]hepan `ea Bqjgpekj `an kegkiaja anbÜhhp* O_dhaeani]_dano Pdaknea `an Caoahhecgaep heacp aej Op]]pogkjvalp vqcnqj`a( `]o( ok =nj`p( sea `]o ]j`ano ]gvajpqeanpa dqi^kh`po_da ej `an Bkno_dqjc ]ho ̦he^an]h̤ ^avae_djap sen`( saeh `an ̦Ejd]hp `an Op]]popÄpecgaep̤ na_dp aecajp) he_d `ea PÄpecgaepobah`an `an Senpo_d]bp ]^`a_gp( lkhepeo_dan qj` Ögkjkieo_dan >anae_d ]hok vqo]iiajb]hhaj6 Ej `eaoan Saeoa jac]per gkjjkpeanp sen` `ea lkhepeo_da OldÄna `aj IÄjjanj vqcaseaoaj( `ea oe_d aejan ̦Ranhapvqjc `an Dqi]jepÄp̤ o_dqh`ec i]_daj( `ea vq gkilajoeanaj ]ho =qbc]^a `aj Bn]qaj vqcaseaoaj sen`* @ea O]hkjo ]ho Knpa aejan pailknÄnaj Ai]jvel]pekj rki dÄqohe_daj Ha^aj san`aj vqn rknvÜche_daj SengopÄppa `an Bn]qaj ej `eaoan ednan dqi]jeoeanaj`aj Bqjgpekj* @]oo O_dhaeani]_dan( k^skdh =j) dÄjcan `ao ̦bnÜdnki]jpeo_daj =j`nkcujeagkjvalpo̤( `ea pn]`eanpaj Cao_dha_dpannkhhaj ej oaeja Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea aej]n^aepap qj` `eaoa ok ranbaopecp( opahhp =nj`p iep sÜj) o_dajosanpan @aqphe_dgaep dan]qo* Ao ^hae^p bnaehe_d ^aiangajosanp( `]oo O_dhaeani]_dan ]jhÄoohe_d `an ̦Rana`ahqjc `ao Qic]jco `qn_d `ea Bn]qaj̤ ei >acne{ `an ̦O_d]i)

AңҨҦҟңҮүҨҡ

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d]bpecgaep̤ aeja oq^peha ¼^anhacqjc Ü^an `ea vq naolagpeanaj`a ̦Bnaedaep `ao =j`anaj̤ ]jopahhp ̞ ]q_d `eao aeja Rknopahhqjc( `ea oe_d `an E`aa nki]jpeo_daj Enkjea je_dp bÜcp* Ej =hateo `a Pk_mqarehha( ok D* >hqdi ei hapvpaj >aepn]c `eaoao >]j`ao( eop aej @aikgn]peapdaknapegan vq sÜn`ecaj( `aooaj =j]huoaj jk_d bÜn `ea lkhepeo_daj Oah^op) ranopÄj`ecqjco`a^]ppaj `an Cacajs]np qjranve_dp^]n oej`* @an `qn_d `ea Bn]jvÖoeo_da Narkhqpekj ej C]jc caoapvpa Opnaep vseo_daj `ai( ok >hqdi( ̦ejpnejoeo_daj̤ Sanp `an Bnaedaep qj` `ai ̦atpnejoeo_daj̤ `an Chae_ddaep( vseo_daj He^an]heoiqo qj` Ac]hep]neoiqo( sehh Pk_mqarehha ̞ ^ahadnp `qn_d `]o ]ianeg]jeo_da @aikgn]peaik`ahh ̞ vqcqjopaj `an Bnaedaep ajpo_dae`aj* Oaeja Klpekj bÜn `ea vereha Caoahho_d]bp iep ednaj rknop]]phe_dpaj hkg]haj Ranaejecqjcaj qj` Oah^oprans]hpqjcoln]gpegaj qj` cacaj `aj vajpn]heopeo_daj Rans]hpqjcoop]]p bn]jvÖoeo_dan LnÄcqjc( hÄoop edj ej `an >ao_dsÖnqjc aejan ̦Pun]jjae `an Iadndaep̤ ]ho bnÜdaj Gnepegan `an I]ooaj`aikgn]pea ano_daejaj* =ho gh]ooeo_dan He^an]han ^aiangp an `ea GkjpejqepÄp vseo_daj `ai Vajpn]heoiqo ]^okhqpeopeo_dan LnÄcqjc qj` `aj bnaedaepoaejo_dnÄjgaj`aj Ahaiajpaj aejao Rans]hpqjcoop]]pao( `aooaj Opnqgpqnaj `qn_d `ea iep `ai Chae_ddaepolnejvel caoapvpaj Cab]dnaj aejao ̦`aikgn]peo_daj @aolkpeoiqo̤ ^abaopecp san`aj qj` rkj Oaepaj `an >Üncan `aj D]jc vq Gkjbknieoiqo bÖn`anj* K^skdh `ea gnepeo_daj =j]huoaj Pk_mqarehhao ]q_d `ea LdÄjkiaja `ao Skdhb]dnpoop]]po ei =qca d]^aj( sehh an `aj Sanp `an Bnaedaep bnaehe_d je_dp ei Oejja `an BÖn`anqjc aejao Senpo_d]bpohe^an]heoiqo opÄngaj( okj`anj an ranopadp `eaoaj Sanp ei >avqcon]diaj `an ]jpegaj Pn]`epekj ]ho `an @eiajoekj `an Lkhepeg vqcadÖnec6 Ei ̦D]j`ahj cnk¿an IÄjjan̤ na]heoeanp oe_d aej ̦i]ogqhejan Nalq^heg]jeoiqo̤ iep `aj ans]np^]naj Bkhcaj bÜn `ea D]j`hqjcoklpekjaj `an Bn]qaj* Ei Oejja cao_dha_dpoolave|o_dan =n^aepopaehqjc ^hae^p edjaj `an N]qi `ao Lner]paj rkn^ad]hpaj( `an bnaehe_d ej oaejan Bqjgpekj ]ho ikn]heo_d)gqhpqnahha Naookqn_a bÜn `ea OldÄna `ao Ö{ajphe_daj Ha^ajo rkj vqjadiaj`ai Case_dp eop* =qo `eaoai Qiop]j` haepap an bÜn `ea ]ianeg]jeo_daj Bn]qaj aeja ̦pn]ceo_d)dankeo_da̤ Klbannkhha ]^( ca^aj `eaoa `k_d iep `an Daen]p edn ̦ej`ere`qahhao ChÜ_g̤ ]qb qj` opahhaj oe_d ej `aj @eajop `an Nalq^heg*

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

Dacah( C* S* B* -53,]6 Faj]an O_dnebpaj -4,-̞-4,3( ej6 Sanga ej vs]jvec >Äj`aj $Pdaknea) Sang]qoc]^a 9 PS=%( >`* .( dc* Ar] Ikh`ajd]qan+G]nh I]ngqo Ie_dah( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* @ano* -53,^6 LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ao Caeopao( ej6 PS= / @ano* -53,_6 AjvughklÄ`ea `an ldehkokldeo_daj Seooajo_d]bpaj E( ej6 PS= 4 @ano* -53,`6 AjvughklÄ`ea `an ldehkokldeo_daj Seooajo_d]bpaj EEE( ej6 PS= -, Dkjjapd( =tah -55.6 G]ilb qi =jangajjqjc* Vqn ikn]heo_daj Cn]ii]peg okve]han Gkj}egpa( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* G]jp( Eii]jqah -5246 ¼^an `aj Caiaejolnq_d( ej6 G]jpo Sanga* =g]`aiea)Patp]qoc]^a( >`* REEE( >anhej Ganopejc( Skhbc]jc -55/6 Skdhcakn`japa Bnaedaep* Eii]jqah G]jpo Na_dpo) qj` Op]]poldehkokldea( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* @ano* -5536 Na_dp( Cana_dpecgaep qj` `aikgn]peo_da Pqcaj`* =^d]j`hqjcaj vqn ln]gpeo_daj Ldehkokldea `an Cacajs]np( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* Ghejcan( ?knjahe] .,,/6 @ea @e]hagpeg `an =qbghÄnqjc ei Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo( ej6 =o]h( Okjf]+ Nkd^a_g( Fkd]jjao $Dc*%6 =qbghÄnqjc qj` =qbghÄnqjcognepeg ej Bn]jgnae_d( >anhej( -55̞..5 Gq_ghe_g( ?dneopkld .,,46 @]o qjikn]heo_da Cao_dha_dp* Vqn Ca^qnp `an Jac]peraj =j`nkhkcea( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* Gqopan( Bnea`anega .,,16 Nkqooa]q ̞ @ea Gkjopepqpekj `ao Lner]paj* Vqn Cajaoa `an ^Üncanhe_daj B]iehea( >anhej Hejg( ?dneopkld -5356 Danno_d]bpokn`jqjc qj` ^Üncanhe_da Bnaedaep* Cnajvaj `an Op]]pocas]hp ej `an Ähpanaj `aqpo_daj Op]]pohadna( Seaj+GÖhj+Cn]v O_ds]^( @eapan -5516 @ea B]iehea ]ho Ranpn]cocaoahho_d]bp ei J]pqnna_dp `an Jaqvaep( ej6 @ano*6 Cao_de_dphe_dao Na_dp qj` ik`anja Vaepaj* =qocasÄdhpa na_dpodeopkneo_da =qboÄpva* Iep aejai Rknsknp rkj @eapdahi Ghellah( Dae`ah^anc( -35̞-51

?ҦқүҞңқ KҪңҮҴ)>ҟҦқҥҢқҦ

Fa]j >k`ej6 Rkj `an l]pne]n_d]haj D]qodanno_d]bp vqn ]^okhqpaj BÜnopajdanno_d]bp

-*

Ha^aj qj` Sang

Fa]j >k`ej $]q_d6 Fkd]jjao >k`ejqo( Fa]j >k`ej =jcarej% sqn`a -1.5 k`an -1/, ]ho Okdj aejao skdhd]^aj`aj DÄj`hano( Cqehh]qia >k`ej qj` oaejan Bn]q ?]pdaneja @q) panpna ej =jcano ca^knaj* An pn]p ]ho Fqjca s]dno_daejhe_d `ai G]niahepankn`aj ^ae qj` andeahp `knp ]q_d oaeja anopa =qo^eh`qjc( `k_d s]j`pa an oe_d -104 rki naheceÖoaj Op]j` ]^ ̞ iÖche_dansaeoa ej Bkhca aejao DÄnaoearanb]dnajo cacaj edj* An s]j`pa oe_d ej `ea) oai Vaepn]qi skdh `aj jaqaj nabkni]pkneo_daj Hadnaj vq7 k^ an ]hhan`ejco p]poÄ_dhe_d j]_d Cajb cejc qj` `knp ]q_d daen]papa( sea `ea Ähpana >k`ej)Bkno_dqjc ^ad]qlpapa( eop qjcaseoo* An ranhea¿ fa`ajb]hho `]o Ghkopan ej =jcano qj` ^ac]^ oe_d vqjÄ_dop j]_d J]j) pao( `]jj ej `aj OÜ`aj( sk an -11, ej Pkqhkqoa aej Fqn]opq`eqi ^ac]jj* OlÄpan hadnpa an `knp oaejanoaepo NÖieo_dao Na_dp qj` ranb]oopa iadnana fqneopeo_da Hadno_dnebpaj ̞ aps] @a eilanek ap fqneo`e_pekja qj` @a `a_napeo ap fq`e_eeo ̞( oksea `ea lÄ`]ckceo_da =^d]j`hqjc Kn]pek `a ejopepqaj`] eqrajpqpai( `ea -115 ei @nq_g ano_deaj* =qo `eaoai Ha^ajo]^o_djepp op]iiaj ]q_d oaeja na_dpodeopkneo_daj qj` )ldehkokldeo_daj O_dnebpaj Fqneo qjeranoe `eopne^qpek $anop -134 ca`nq_gp( ]^an skdh o_dkj -122 cao_dnea^aj% qj` Iapdk`qo ]` b]_ehai deopkne]nqi _kcjepekjai( `ea ^anaepo -122 ei @nq_g ano_deaj* -12-( ej `an Ld]oa rano_dÄnbpan naheceÖoan Gkj}egpa qj` `ao ^acejjaj`aj >Üncangnea) cao( cejc >k`ej j]_d L]neo( sk an ej gÖjeche_da @eajopa pn]p qj` =`rkg]p ]i L]nhaiajp `a L]neo( `ai k^anopaj Cane_dpodkb( sqn`a* -123 s]n an opahhranpnapaj`an lnk_qn]paqn `q nke ̞ j]_d ik`anjan Paniejkhkcea ]hok opahhranpnapaj`an Op]]po]js]hp ̞ ej Lkepeano( sk edj aej Datajlnkvaoo oadn ^ao_dÄbpecpa( sea an ej oaejan @Éikjki]jea `ao okn_eano ^ane_dpap* -123 o_daejp Ü^and]qlp aej ajpo_dae`aj`ao F]dn ej >k`ejo >ekcn]|a casaoaj vq oaej7 naheceÖoa Pqn^qhajvaj qj` aeja Ejpajoereanqjc oaejan naheceÖoaj Ranqjoe_danqjc( f]( =q¿ajoaepanlkoepekj oej` dean vq ^ak^]_dpaj( `ea o_dhea¿he_d -13, okc]n vqn Rand]b) pqjc qj` Aejganganqjc >k`ejo ej `an ?kj_eancanea bÜdnpaj $̦lkqn b]ep `a nahecekj̤%* Pnkpv `eaoan Ran`Ä_dpecqjcaj qj` RandÖna gkjjpa oe_d >k`ej( skdh ]q_d iep Dehba oae) jan ^ae`aj >ao_dÜpvan( Cqu `q B]qn `a Le^n]_( LnÄoe`ajp `ao L]nhaiajp `a L]neo( `ai an `ea Oet hernao `a h] NÉlq^hemqa se`iapa( qj` ?dneopklda `a Pdkq( `ai an `ea @Éikjk)

00

?ҦқүҞңқ KҪңҮҴ)>ҟҦқҥҢқҦ

i]jea se`iapa( oaeja Ö{ajphe_da Lkoepekj vqnÜ_gcasejjaj7 -13, sqn`a an rkj ?d]nhao ET* vqi _kiieoo]ena bÜn `ea Nabkni `an Rans]hpqjc `an gÖjeche_daj SÄh`an ej `an Jkni]j`ea anj]jjp* -132 daen]papa an ej H]Ôj Bn]j_keoa Pnkqehh]n`( `ea skdhd]^aj`a Sepsa aejao @kiÄjajrans]hpano ]qo `ai Rani]j`keo( qj` `] aphe_da ednan Rans]j`) paj ei @eajop `ao Danvkco rkj =hajÇkj op]j`aj( s]j`pa oe_d ]q_d >k`ej oah^op `eaoai CÖjjan vq( `an j]_d `ai lhÖpvhe_daj Pk` `ao GÖjeco -130 ]qo Lkhaj j]_d Bn]jgnae_d vqnÜ_gcagadnp s]n* An ^ab]j` oe_d `aod]h^ k{aj^]n ]q_d ei Cabkhca `̢=hajÇkjo ej Ajc) h]j`( ]ho `eaoan $anbkhchko% qi `ea D]j` `an ajcheo_daj GÖjecej Aheo]^apd E* s]n^* Ei oah^aj F]dn( -132( bqjceanpa >k`ej ]ho casÄdhpan Ranpnapan `ao @neppaj Op]j`ao ^ae `aj Cajan]hopÄj`aj rkj >hkeo( `ea ei Jkrai^an -132 op]ppb]j`aj* Dean oln]_d an oe_d Ö{ajp) he_d cacaj aeja Sea`an]qbj]dia `ao ^as]{japaj G]ilbo cacaj `ea Dqcajkppaj oksea cacaj `ea RanÄq¿anqjc rkj Gnkj^aoepv `qn_d `aj GÖjec ]qo* @]nÜ^an dej]qo j]di >k) `ej ej`ao ]j gaejaj `enagpaj lkhepeo_daj =gperepÄpaj paeh* Oaeja Anb]dnqjcaj iep `ai >Üncangneac qj` `aj CnÄqahj `an >]npdkhkiÄqoj]_dp $-13.%( `ajaj an oah^op jqn iep IÜda ha^aj` ajpgkiiaj s]n( o_dhqcaj oe_d ]^an ej oaejai ei oah^aj F]dn lq^heveanpaj Ikjqiajp]hsang Hao oet hernao `a h] NÉlq^hemqa $-132% jea`an( iep `ai an vqiej`aop ej`enagp aejaj >aepn]c vqn HÖoqjc `an ejjajlkhepeo_daj Gneoa haeopaj skhhpa qj` `qn_d `]o an oe_d aej dkdao =joadaj qjpan oaejaj cahadnpaj Vaepcajkooaj rano_d]{pa* @eao fa`k_d Äj`anpa oe_d( ]ho an -14, `ea @Éikjki]jea `ao okn_eano lq^heveanpa( ej `an an vq ranopÄngpan Datajranbkhcqjc ]qbneab qj` `ea qjpan `aj Vaepcajkooaj qj` `aj J]_d) ca^knajaj ]qb aej oadn capaehpao Qnpaeh opea¿* Ok Äq¿anpaj oe_d v* >* `ea ^ae`aj fÜjcanaj bn]jvÖoeo_daj Cahadnpaj Cqu L]pej qj` C]^neah J]q`É( `ea aecajphe_d cnk¿a >k`ej)Ran) adnan s]naj( dÖ_dop `aolagpeanhe_d cacajÜ^an `an @Éikjki]jea qj` sÜjo_dpaj( `]oo `eaoao Sang rkj `an J]_dsahp n]o_d rancaooaj sÜn`a* Qj` c]jv cajanahh s]n `ea Na) okj]jv ]qb `ea @Éikjki]jea( vqiej`aop ej Bn]jgnae_d( adan ogalpeo_d ^eo ]^hadjaj`* >k`ej oah^op sqn`a c]n `an DÄnaoea ^vs* Datanae ran`Ä_dpecp qj` anjaqp rkn Cane_dp cah]`aj* Eiiandej fa`k_d s]n `ea @Éikjki]jea ejpanj]pekj]h `]o anbkhcnae_dopa qj` ]q}]cajopÄngopa Sang >k`ejo j]_d `an NÉlq^hemqa* =q_d sqn`a ao sea faja ej iad) nana aqnklÄeo_da Oln]_daj Ü^anoapvp $skdh sacaj `an ln]gpeo_daj Dejsaeoa bÜn Ne_dpan qj` Datajranbkhcan%( sÄdnaj` `eaoao O_de_go]h oaejaj cahadnpaj Ü^necaj O_dnebpaj je_dp se`anbqdn( `ea oe_d jqn ej $sajecaj% h]paejeo_daj =qoc]^aj `qn_d Aqnkl]o >e^hekpdagaj qj` Opq`eanopq^aj ran^naepapaj* =ho -140 oaej CÖjjan( `an Danvkc rkj =hajÇkj( op]n^( vkc >k`ej j]_d H]Ôj( sk an aejaj Lkopaj ]ho =`rkg]p qj` N]pca^an `ao $lnkpaop]jpeo_daj% GÖjeco rkj J]r]nn] $_kj) oaehhan `q Nke `a J]r]nna% andeahp* -142 ranopne_gpa an oe_d `qn_d aeja Ö{ajphe_d caÄq¿anpa Reoekj rki cas]hpo]iaj Pk` `an ajcheo_daj GÖjecej ej ejpanj]pekj]ha Ranse_ghqjcaj $an sqn`a ran`Ä_dpecp( ]i Gkilhkpp rkj >]^ejcpkj ^apaehecp vq oaej( `]o hapvphe_d je_dp Aheo]^apd E*( ]^an edna Cacajoleahanej I]nu Opq]np `aj Gklb gkopapa%* Pnkpv `eaoan =b) bÄna bkhcpa an -143 oaejai O_ds]can ]qb `aj Lkopaj aejao lnk_qnaqn `q nke ej H]Ôj( sk`qn_d an ]hhan`ejco Lnk^haia iep `an anop]ngaj`aj g]pdkheo_daj L]npae ^ag]i* @eaoa Ü^anj]di j]_d `an Anikn`qjc `ao Danvkco rkj Cqeoa `ea Op]`p( saod]h^ >k`ej oe_d cavsqjcaj o]d( oe_d Ö{ajphe_d vqn g]pdkheo_daj L]npae vq ^agajjaj( j]_d`ai an -140 jk_d ]ho L]npaecÄjcan `an Dqcajkppaj c]hp* O_dhqooaj`he_d o_dhqc oe_d >k`ej ]^an anjaqp ]qb `ea Oaepa rkj Daejne_d ER*( ]ho `eaoan -150 iep oaejaj Pnqllaj ]qb `ea Op]`p vq i]n) o_deanpa7 an gkjjpa `]`qn_d ]hhan`ejco sa`an `ea Cqjop `ao DqcajkppajbÜdnano anh]jcaj(

FҟқҨ >ҩҞңҨ

01

`an -154 o_dhea¿he_d vqi G]pdkheveoiqo gkjranpeanpa( qi GÖjec rkj Bn]jgnae_d san`aj vq gÖjjaj( jk_d oaeja Lkoepekj ]ho lnk_qnaqn `q nke `a J]r]nna vqnÜ_ganh]jcaj* Eiiandej cah]jc ao >k`ej ej `eaoan oadn ^asacpaj qj` ]q_d cabÄdnhe_daj Vaep( jk_d saepana lÄ`]ckceo_da qj` j]pqnldehkokldeo_da O_dnebpaj vq ranb]ooaj( qjpan edjaj s]dn) o_daejhe_d ]q_d `]o ?khhkmqeqi dalp]lhkianao( aej qib]jcnae_dao NahecekjocaolnÄ_d( `]o jqn ej ]jkjuiaj D]j`o_dnebpaj gqnoeanpa qj` anopi]ho ei -5* F]dndqj`anp ca`nq_gp sqn`a( oksea `]o iadn^Äj`eca Qjerano]a J]pqn]a Pda]pnqi( `]o ei Pk`aof]dn >k`ejo ei @nq_g ano_deaj* >k`ej op]n^ ]i k`an gqnv j]_d `ai 3* Fqje -152 ]j `an Laop*

.*

@ea lkhepeo_da Ldehkokldea >k`ejo

>k`ej s]n aej Cahadnpan iep saepnae_daj`aj Ejpanaooaj* Oaej anopao cnÖ¿anao Sang s]n `ea Iapdk`qo ]` b]_ehai deopkne]nqi _kcjepekjai $-122%( `ea aejanoaepo aejaj gnepeo_daj ¼^an^he_g Ü^an `ea ^eo `]dej ^ag]jjpaj qj` Ü^he_daj Cao_de_dpo`]nopahhqjcaj ce^p qj` ]j`ananoaepo `aj Ranoq_d `]nopahhp( aeja Ü^an `eaoa dej]qosaeoaj`a Iapdk`a vq ap]^hea) naj( ]qb^]qaj` ]qb `an Rknopahhqjc rkj deopkneo_daj CaoapviÄ¿ecgaepaj ̞ qj` vs]n ]qb vsae A^ajaj6 `an `an ej`ere`qahhaj Cao_de_dpa $̦cnk¿an IÄjjan̤% qj` `an `an Cao_de_d) pa `an J]pekjaj ^vs* Op]]paj( qjpan =qogh]iianqjc `an J]pqn) qj` `an Daehocao_de_dpa $`ea >k`ej ej oaejai OlÄpsang ^ad]j`ahj sen`%* Ja^aj `eaoai D]qlpejd]hp ^ab]oop oe_d `]o >q_d ei $Ü^anlnklknpekj]h qib]jcnae_daj% G]lepah RE iep `aj rano_dea`ajaj Na) ceanqjcobkniaj* @eaoao h]jca G]lepah jeiip ^anaepo aphe_da ¼^anhacqjcaj rknsac( `ea >k`ej `]jj ej oaejaj Oet hernao `a h] NÉlq^hemqa qib]ooaj` ^ad]j`ahj sen`* =q_d `eran) oa Pdaiaj oaejan olÄpanaj O_dnebpaj( rkn ]hhai caseooa gkoikhkceo_da qj` pdakhkceo_da Rknopahhqjcaj oej` dean ^anaepo ]jca`aqpap* @eaoa san`aj `]jj ejo^aokj`ana ej `an @Éikjki]jea `ao okn_eano( ei ?khhkmqeqi dalp]lhkianao $rkj `ai jaqan`ejco qiopneppaj eop( k^ ao oe_d p]poÄ_dhe_d qi aej Sang >k`ejo d]j`ahp% qj` ei Qjerano]a Pda]pnqi J]pqn]a saepan ajpse_gahp ̞ `k_d okskdh `ea @Éikjki]jea( sea ]^an ]q_d `]o Pda]pnqi J]pqn]a jadiaj =olagpa `an lkhepe) o_daj Ldehkokldea >k`ejo ̞ aps] `ea Lanokj `ao BÜnopaj qj` `ea Bn]ca `an ̦j]pÜnhe_daj̤ Cnajvaj `an bÜnophe_daj OkqranÄjepÄp ̞ ]qb qj` ajpse_gahj oea saepan* @ea Ögkjkieo_daj Bn]caj( `ea >k`ej a^ajb]hho o_dkj ej `an Iapdk`qo qj`( iadn jk_d( ej `an NÉlq^hemqa ^ao_dÄbpecpaj( d]ppa an ej oaejan NÉlkjoa ]q L]n]`kta `a I* `a I]haopnkep rkj -124 ^nae) pan ]qocabÜdnp* Ej `eaoai Pn]gp]p Ü^an `ea vaepcajÖooeo_daj SÄdnqjcolnk^haia ranoq_dp >k`ej( `aj Vqo]iiajd]jc vseo_daj s]_doaj`an Cah`iajca qj` opaecaj`aj Lnaeoaj k{aj vq hacaj*

]*

OkqranÄjepÄpopdaknea

>k`ejo ]qo `an Oe_dp `an lkhepeo_daj Ldehkokldeacao_de_dpa se_dpecopao Sang eop vsae) bahhko `ea NÉlq^hemqa* @eaoa ̦Oa_do >Ü_dan Ü^an `aj Op]]p̤ ^ad]j`ahj( ok o_dnae^p an aejhaepaj`( `ea OkqranÄjepÄp $]hok `ea dÖ_dopa =qpknepÄp% ei Op]]p qj` ^ae oaejaj aej) vahjaj Chea`anj* @]n]j o_dhea¿aj oe_d ¼^anhacqjcaj vq `aj aejvahjaj Op]]pobkniaj( >apn]_dpqjcaj Ü^an Qnolnqjc( S]_dopqi( >hÜpa( S]j`ah( Jea`anc]jc qj` Nqej rkj

02

?ҦқүҞңқ KҪңҮҴ)>ҟҦқҥҢқҦ

Op]]paj oksea vq rano_dea`ajaj Lnk^haiaj qj` Bn]caj ]j( `ea iep `an lkhepeo_daj Dann) o_d]bp ran^qj`aj oej` ̞ aps] `ea B]gpknaj( `ea vq =qbopÄj`aj qj` lkhepeo_daj Gkj}egpaj bÜdnaj( k`an `ea Bn]ca( k^ qj` qjpan sah_daj >a`ejcqjcaj aej Pun]jj caopÜnvp san`aj `Ünba( qj` o_dhea¿he_d( sah_dao `ea cÜjopecopaj >a`ejcqjcaj vqn Aejoapvqjc aejao jaqaj Danno_dano j]_d `ai Pk` `ao OkqranÄjo oaeaj* Ej gnepeo_dan Nalheg ]qb ]jpega RkncÄj) can( ejo^aokj`ana ]qb =neopkpahao̢ Lkhepeg( ]^an ]q_d ]qb aphe_da olÄpana =qpknaj $je_dp vqhapvp Je__khÒ I]_de]rahheo O_dnebpaj% ajpse_gahp >k`ej oaeja Op]]popdaknea( qi( sea an ei Rknsknp o]cp( `]o O_de{ `an bn]jvÖoeo_daj Ikj]n_dea( `]o ej o_dsana OpÜnia can]paj eop qj` vq van^na_daj `nkdp( nappaj vq dahbaj* @]o dan]qon]caj`a Gajjvae_daj `ao Op]]pao( ok >k`ej( eop `ea OkqranÄjepÄp( ranop]j) `aj ]ho `ea aejvec hacepeia ]^okhqpa Cas]hp $̦h] lqeoo]j_a ]^okhqa ap lanlÉpqahha `̢qja NÉlq^hemqa̤7 NÉlq^hemqa( -* >q_d( 4* G]lepah%* Kdja `eaoa ]^okhqpa Cas]hp eop aeja `]qand]bpa Kn`jqjc `ao Caiaejsaoajo qj`ajg^]n* @ea OkqranÄjepÄp eop bnea`ajo) qj` aejdaepoopebpaj` ̞ aeja Bkn`anqjc( `ea ej Vaepaj `an naheceÖo ikpereanpaj >Üncangnea) ca( sea oea sÄdnaj` `an =^b]ooqjc `an NÉlq^hemqa ^aop]j`aj( aeja ^aokj`ano ]gpqahha @eiajoekj andeahp* Aej op]ngan Ikj]n_d okhhpa vseo_daj `ea Gneacol]npaeaj pnapaj( oea jaqpn]heoeanaj qj` `]iep `ai GÖjecnae_d sea`an Kn`jqjc qj` Bnea`aj ^nejcaj gÖjjaj* >ae oaejaj Ajpo_dae`qjcaj oae `an Ejd]^an `an k^anopaj Cas]hp je_dp ]j `ea Ajpo_dae) `qjcaj ]j`anan Cas]hpejd]^an $vq >k`ejo Vaepaj aps] `an G]eoan k`an `an L]lop( ]^an ]q_d `ea cnk¿aj =`ahob]ieheaj k`an `ea L]nhaiajpo% ca^qj`aj( okj`anj ha`eche_d ]j `ea Caoapva Ckppao qj` `]o ̦j]pÜnhe_da Oeppajcaoapv̤( iep ]j`anaj Sknpaj( `ea oaep ]hpano dan cÜhpeca Gkjrajpekj( `ea aps] baopdÄhp( `]oo `an OkqranÄj gaej qjaejcao_dnÄjgpao Vq) cne{ona_dp ]qb `aj >aoepv qj` `]o Ha^aj oaejan Qjpanp]jaj d]^a( `ea gaeja Ogh]raj oaeaj( okj`anj oqfapo he^nao ̞ bnaea Qjpanp]jaj* @an OkqranÄj ^aoepvp dejcacaj `ea qjaejcao_dnÄjgpa I]_dp( Caoapva vq ca^aj qj` ]qbvqda^aj* =hha caoapvca^aneo_daj =gpa dÄjcaj jqn rki Sehhaj `ao OkqranÄjo ]^7 Gen_da( Ghanqo qj` I]ceopn]paj sen` fa`a >apaehecqjc ]j `an Caoapvca^qjc sea ]^an ]q_d ]j `an Aejoapvqjc `ao BÜnopaj( `an ]hhaej `qn_d `uj]opeo_da An^bkhca ̞ j]_d >k`ej ]hok `qn_d ̦cÖpphe_dao Na_dp̤ ̞ ej oaeja Lkoepekj cah]jcaj okhh( ]^caolnk_daj* Ej `an Bqjgpekj `ao Ikj]n_daj ]ho qj]^dÄjcecan( chae_do]i ̦o_dea`one_dpanhe_dan̤ Lkoepekj Ü^an `aj Gkjbaooekjaj eop hapvphe_d ]q_d `]o LhÄ`kuan >k`ejo bÜn naheceÖoa Pkha) n]jv ^acnÜj`ap* Oaejan =q{]ooqjc j]_d dÄjcp `ea op]]phe_da Kn`jqjc vs]n qjieppah^]n rkj `aj Caoapvaj Ckppao ]^( je_dp ]^an rkj aejan ^aopeiipaj Nahecekj ^vs* Gkjbaooekj* @ea aejvecaj bÜn `ea op]]phe_da OkqranÄjepÄp sea ]^an ]q_d bÜn `ea O_dÖlbqjcokn`jqjc cabÄdnhe_daj Saoaj oej`( ok vaecp >k`ej rkn ]hhai ej oaejan @Éikjki]jea `ao okn_eano( =cjkopegan qj` =lkop]paj( ^vs* Paqbaho]j^apan qj` Dataj* =hha ]j`anaj( ]q_d sajj oea oe_d je_dp aejan aejvecaj( s]dnaj Nahecekj vqna_djaj( oej` ei Oejja `an bÜnophe_daj OkqranÄjepÄp qj` Jaqpn]hepÄp chae_d vq ^ad]j`ahj* >k`ej gajjp `]^ae vs]n( ej =jhadjqjc ]j =neopkpahao( `nae Op]]pobkniaj( jÄihe_d Ikj]n_dea( =neopkgn]pea qj` @aikgn]pea* Aeja Ikj]n_dea ^aopada `knp( sk aej Aejvah) jan PnÄcan `an OkqranÄjepÄp eop( aeja =neopkgn]pea `knp( sk aeja Iej`andaep `ao Rkhgao $]ho GÖnlano_d]bp% okqranÄj eop( qj` aeja @aikgn]pea `knp( sk `ea Iadndaep `ao Rkhgao $]ho GÖnlano_d]bp% `ea OkqranÄjepÄp ejjad]p* @eaoa `nae Op]]pobkniaj oej` bÜn >k`ej `ea aejvec `ajg^]naj7 Ieo_dbkniaj $aps] ei Oejja aejan gkjopepqpekjahhaj Ikj]n_dea% hadjp an ]ho se`anoejjec ]^* Oaejan Iaejqjc j]_d opahhp `]^ae `ea Ikj]n_dea `ea op]^ehopa qj`

FҟқҨ >ҩҞңҨ

03

̦jÜpvhe_dopa̤ Op]]pobkni `]n qj` eop `aod]h^ ̞ ejo^aokj`ana iep >he_g ]qb `ea bn]jvÖoe) o_daj RandÄhpjeooa ̞ ]hhaj ]j`anaj rknvqveadaj*

^*

Ogh]ranae qj` `ea Cnajvaj `an okqranÄjaj Danno_d]bp

Ja^aj oaejan ]qpknepÄpo) qj` pn]`epekjognepeo_daj Iapdk`a qj` oaejan qib]jcnae_daj deopkneo_d)gnepeo_daj Danhaepqjc `ao OkqranÄjepÄpoca`]jgajo oksea oaejan Pkhan]jvbkn) `anqjc ei Nahecekjoopnaep eop ao ejo^aokj`ana >k`ejo LhÄ`kuan cacaj `ea Ogh]ranae( `ea oaejaj Nqb ]ho sacsaeoaj`aj lkhepeo_daj Rkn`ajgan `an Ik`anja ^acnÜj`ap* =j`ano ]ho bÜn oaeja ]jpegaj Rkn^eh`an eop bÜn >k`ej `ea >aveadqjc Dann)Ogh]ra gaeja >acnÜj`qjc bÜn aeja hacepeia $lkhepeo_da% Danno_d]bp* Reahiadn saj`ap oe_d >k`ej ei 1* G]lepah `ao E* >q_dao `an NÉlq^hemqa radaiajp okskdh cacaj `ea ^ae =neopkpahao rkn|j`he_da =g) valp]jv qj` `]o =ncqiajp `an ̦JÜpvhe_dgaep̤ `an Ogh]ranae( sea ]^an ]q_d cacaj `ea Ogh]ranae ]ho okh_da( `ea an ]ho ̦se`anj]pÜnhe_d̤ qj` $`aod]h^% cabÄdnhe_d bÜn `ea ejja) na Oe_dandaep qj` Kn`jqjc `ao Op]]posaoajo ^apn]_dpap* @ea ajpo_dae`aj`aj Bn]caj( `ea oe_d bÜn >k`ej iep `an Ogh]ranae ran^ej`aj( oej` vqi aejaj( k^ `ea Ogh]ranae j]pÜnhe_d qj` jÜpvhe_d oae ^vs* oaej gÖjjpa* @ea vsaepa eop `ea( sah_da Cas]hp `an Dann Ü^an `ea Ogh]raj ]qoÜ^aj g]jj* Aeja `neppa Bn]ca( `ea oe_d ]qo `ai cnÖ¿anaj lkhepeo_daj Gkj) patp ance^p( eop o_dhea¿he_d `ea j]_d `ai RandÄhpjeo rkj Op]]pocas]hp qj` Ogh]ranae( `] ao vqiej`aop ej i]j_dan Dejoe_dp ok o_daejp( ]ho oae `ea Op]]pocas]hp ha`eche_d aeja `enag) pa Ansaepanqjc `an Ogh]ranae( `] oea f] `qn_d `ea IÖche_dgaep( Ü^an Ha^aj qj` Pk` `an Qjpanp]jaj vq ^aopeiiaj( fajan ej reahan Dejoe_dp Ädjhe_d ano_daejp* Vqn anopaj Bn]ca opadaj oe_d( j]_d >k`ej( ei saoajphe_daj vsae Iaejqjcaj cacaj) Ü^an6 VqjÄ_dop `eafajeca `ao =neopkpahao( `an `]rkj ]qocadp( `]oo ao ̦rkj J]pqn ]qo̤ Qjpano_dea`a vseo_daj `aj Iajo_daj ce^p `ancaop]hp( `]oo aejeca vqi >abadhaj ca^k) naj oej`( ]j`ana vqi Cadkn_daj( sea aps] `ea Ogh]raj* @]cacaj ^apkjaj `ea $_dneophe) _daj% Na_dpocahadnpaj $eqneo_kjoqhpao%( `ea Ogh]ranae oae se`anj]pÜnhe_d( ]q_d sajj oea ej v]dhnae_daj Caoapvaj( Paop]iajpaj( Na_dpocao_dÄbpaj qos* eiian sea`an jaq baop) cao_dnea^aj( hacepeieanp qj` na]heoeanp sqn`a* >k`ej o_dhÄcp oe_d dean gh]n ]qb `ea Oaepa `an eqneo_kjoqhpao( `ea `ea Ogh]ranae ]ho se`anj]pÜnhe_dao Qjna_dp ran`]iiaj( k^chae_d( sea >k`ej qjpanopnae_dp( `ea @]qand]bpecgaep $̦oaep `an Oejp}qp̤% qj` saepa Ran^naepqjc `an Ogh]ranae adan `]bÜn olnÄ_daj( `]oo ao oe_d dean qi aeja a^ajok ̦j]pÜnhe_da̤ sea ranjÜjbpeca Aejne_dpqjc d]j`ha* Ej `an Becqn `an Ogh]ranae sen` rkn ]hhai `ea ehhacepeia Danno_d]bp ranqnpaehp( `ea oe_d ^ae >k`ej je_dp ]hhaej ]qb `]o Na_dp `ao OpÄnganaj( okj`anj rkn ]hhai ]qb `ea pu) n]jjeo_da >adanno_dqjc `an O_dsÄ_danaj cnÜj`ap* Dean bkhcp >k`ej `an D]hpqjc `an ikj]n_deagnepeo_daj bn]jvÖoeo_daj lkhepeo_daj Hepan]pqn `ao -2* F]dndqj`anpo( `ea ^apkjp( `]oo Ogh]ranae oe_d je_dp iep `an bn]jvÖoeo_daj Bnaedaepohea^a ranaej^]naj hea¿a( saepap `eaoa ]^an ]qb aej qjeranoahhao Bnaedaepoopna^aj ]hhan Iajo_daj $]q_d `an Bn]qaj% ]qo* =qo `an Ran^naepqjc `an Ogh]ranae bkhcp ejokbanj jkpsaj`ecansaeoa( ok >k`ej( `ea Ran) ^naepqjc rkj Pun]jjae( Cn]qo]igaep qj` Iajo_dajran]_dpqjc( `ea ej `aj ranogh]rpaj Iajo_daj sea`anqi `aj D]jc vq =qbop]j` qj` N]_da ajpb]_dp( sk`qn_d ]q_d `ea Ogh]) rajd]hpan oah^op qj` edna Op]]posaoaj ej Bqn_dp qj` O_dna_gaj cad]hpaj san`aj*

04

?ҦқүҞңқ KҪңҮҴ)>ҟҦқҥҢқҦ

Naoqhpeanp ]qo `an ̦j]pÜnhe_daj Bnaedaep̤ `an Iajo_daj `aij]_d bÜn >k`ej ]q_d aej Na_dp ]qb Se`anop]j`; Oej` `ea Ogh]raj ei Na_dp( sajj oea oe_d cacaj edna pun]jjeo_daj Dannaj ]q}adjaj; >k`ej bÜhhp vs]n v]dhnae_da Oaepaj `an NÉlq^hemqa iep `an O_deh`a) nqjc okh_dan =qbopÄj`a* Ej caseooan Saeoa oej` =qbopÄj`a ^ae >k`ej can]`avq aeja =np IaoocnÖ¿a bÜn danno_danhe_da Badhhaeopqjcaj qj` lkhepeo_da Ieoosenpo_d]bp* =hhan`ejco Äq¿anp oe_d >k`ej ]j gaejan Opahha lkoeper Ü^an okh_da =qbopÄj`a qj` jk_d reah sajecan na_dpbanpecp an oea* Reahiadn celbahp oaeja @]nopahhqjc ej `an ¼^anvaqcqjc( `]oo ̦je_dpo W***Y aeja cnk¿danveca Caoejjqjc ok oadn W`aiÜpecp qj` ran`en^pY sea Gja_dpo_d]bp qj` je_dpo W***Y `ai =jolnq_d( ]j`anaj vq ca^eapaj iadn Wo_d]`apY( ]ho Ogh]ra casaoaj vq oaej*̤ $Oa_do >Ü_dan( -* >q_d( 0* G]l*% Oaeja @]nopahhqjcosaeoa `nÄjcp ejokbanj `ea An) gajjpjeo ]qb( `]oo ao aeja >aaj`ecqjc `an Ogh]ranae jqn ̦rkj k^aj̤ ca^aj g]jj qj` `]nb( ]^an jeai]ho rkj Oaepaj `an Ogh]raj oah^op* Aps]o ]j`ano eop ̞ vqiej`aop ]qb `aj anopaj >he_g ̞ `an Se`anop]j`( `aj `ea oq) fapo he^nao( `ea Qjpanp]jaj aejai Pun]jjaj ajpcacajoapvaj( ]hok aejai( ̦`an oe_d aecaj) iÄ_dpec( kdja oe_d ]qb aeja S]dh( aej An^bkhcana_dp( ]qb aejaj Hkoajpo_dae`( ]qb aejaj na_dpiÄ¿ecaj Gneac k`an ^aokj`ana >anqbqjc Ckppao ^anqbaj vq gÖjjaj( vqi okqranÄ) jaj BÜnopaj ]qbcao_dsqjcaj d]p*̤ $a^`*% @eaoaj vq pÖpaj( dÄhp >k`ej iep `aj ]jpegaj Ldehkokldaj qj` Caoapvca^anj bÜn ei Lnejvel hacepei* @k_d okhhpa dean j]_d >k`ejo =q{]ooqjc adan `ea rknoe_dpeca Caoapvca^qjc Okhkjo `kiejeanaj( `ea ̦]qo`nÜ_ghe_d Cas]hp]jsaj`qjc qj` `ea PÖpqjc `aofajecaj( `an j]_d `an OkqranÄjepÄp vq cnaebaj ran) oq_dp( Wran^eapapY( ada edi je_dp `an Lnkva¿ cai]_dp qj` aej Qnpaeh caolnk_daj s]n*̤ $a^`*% Aej ]^okhqpao Ran^kp `ao ̦Pun]jjajikn`ao̤ olne_dp >k`ej ]hhan`ejco ej `ai B]hh ]qo( `]oo ao oe_d qi aejaj hacepeiaj BÜnopaj d]j`ahp( `an ̞ ranhaepap `qn_d o_dha_dpa Hae) `ajo_d]bpaj ̞ vqi Pun]jjaj `acajaneanp* Aejaj okh_daj vq opn]baj oae ]hhaej =qbc]^a qj` Sang Ckppao( gaejaob]hho ]^an `an Qjpanp]jaj( `ea `qn_d aejaj BÜnopajikn` a^ajok o_dsana Opn]ba ]qb oe_d h]`aj sÜn`aj sea `qn_d aejaj R]panikn`( `an j]_d >k`ej `]o o_dheiiopa ]hhan pk`aosÜn`ecaj Ran^na_daj `]nopahhp* Ha`eche_d aejaj bnai`aj BÜnopaj ̞ qj` `]iep aejaj ̦N]jcchae_daj̤ ̞ ̦veanp ao ej dkdai I]¿a W̪Y vq `aj S]{aj vq cnaebaj( qi aej c]jvao Rkhg ]qo `an qjcana_dpaj O_dna_gajodanno_d]bp aejao Pun]jjaj vq ^abnaeaj*̤ $a^`*% @eaoao ]^okhqpa Ran^kp `ao Opqnvao aejao hacepeiaj Danno_dano ^a`aqpap chae_dvaepec ]q_d aeja `enagpa qj` case_dpeca VqnÜ_gsaeoqjc dqcajkppeo_dan $qj` olÄpan heceopeo_dan% Pdakneaj `ao ̦Pun]jjajikn`ao̤( `ea ej `aj F]dnaj j]_d `an >]npdkhkiÄqoj]_dp ]j >a) `aqpqjc qj` `]iep ]q_d ]j >a`nkdhe_dgaep vqj]diaj* Oea bÜdnp ]^an ]q_d `]vq( `]oo oe_d `a b]_pk sa`an oqfapo he^nao( jk_d Ogh]raj ednao BÜnopaj ^vs* Dannj cas]hpo]i k`an `qn_d ]j`ana Ieppah ajpha`ecaj `Ünbaj* Ogh]raj qj` oqfapo he^nao san`aj `]iep( fa`ajb]hho ei B]hh `ao pun]jjeo_daj I]_dpieoo^n]q_do `ao BÜnopaj( ln]gpeo_d qjqjpan) o_dae`^]n* @]oo >k`ej oe_d `ajjk_d ok radaiajp cacaj `ea Ogh]ranae ]qoolne_dp( hÄoop oe_d ejbkhca`aooaj rkn ]hhai ]ho Ieppah haoaj( qi `aj hacepeiaj ̦]^okhqpaj̤ BÜnopaj ̞ ej >k`ejo Paniejkhkcea6 `aj ikj]n_deo_daj =hhaejdanno_dan ̞ rki @aolkpaj ^vs* Pu) n]jjaj qj` Ogh]rajd]hpan pnajjo_d]nb vq qjpano_dae`aj qj` `]iep oaejai LhÄ`kuan bÜn `ea qjaejcao_dnÄjgpa bÜnophe_da OkqranÄjepÄp iadn @qn_do_dh]cogn]bp vq ranhaedaj* @]bÜn jeiip >k`ej k{ajoe_dphe_d ]q_d Se`anolnÜ_da ej oaejan =ncqiajp]pekjosaeoa ej G]qb*

FҟқҨ >ҩҞңҨ

/*

Cao_dha_dpanpdaknapeo_da =olagpa qj` Eilheg]pekjaj

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L]pne]n_d]ha D]qodanno_d]bp qj` CujÄgkgn]peagnepeg

05

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1,

?ҦқүҞңқ KҪңҮҴ)>ҟҦқҥҢқҦ

>k`ej ejpanaooeanp oe_d ]hhan`ejco atlhevep jqn bÜn `ea na_dphe_d)lkhepeo_da @eiajoekj `an lqeoo]j_a i]nep]ha( `* d* `ea Danno_d]bp `ao Adai]jjo Ü^an oaeja Bn]q( `ea Qnolnqjc qj` Rkn^eh` fache_dan iajo_dhe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp qj` `]iep ]q_d `ao Op]]pao eop* @ea adahe_da Dean]n_dea ̞ qj` `]iep `ea Qjpankn`jqjc `an Bn]q qjpan `aj I]jj ̞ eop j]_d >k`ej je_dp jqn `qn_d `ea Caoapva Ckppao $`* d* `ea >e^ah% qj` `an J]pqn ap]^heanp $`ea f] `ea Bn]qaj o_dsÄ_dan qj` o_d]id]bpan cai]_dp d]p ]ho `ea IÄjjan qj` `]iep qjcaaecjap bÜn `ea ̦Ö{ajphe_da̤ =qoÜ^qjc rkj Danno_d]bp( sea >k`ej ]j chae_dan Opahha ]qobÜdnp%( okj`anj ]q_d `]`qn_d ^acnÜj`ap( `]oo `ea @kiej]jv `an AdaiÄjjan Ü^an edna Bn]qaj ej ]hhaj RÖhganj ateopeana* @ea adadannhe_da I]_dpopahhqjc sen` ]hok ]q_d rki qjeran) oahhaj lkoeperaj Na_dp ap]^heanp( qj` vs]n rkn ]hhai ]qo RanjqjbpcnÜj`aj( `ajj ̦dÄppa oea iadnana K^andÄqlpan( sÜn`aj cacajoÄpvhe_da BÜdnqjco]jolnÜ_da ]qbpnapaj qj` `]jj sÄna `ea B]iehea opÄj`ecan Qjnqda ]qocaoapvp*̤ $a^`*% Eop ao ejokbanj o_dkj ej `an B]iehea a^ajok ranjÜjbpec sea qjqicÄjche_d( aejaj aej) vahjaj _dab `a iÉj]ca vq ap]^heanaj( sea reah iadn iqoo `]o `]jj( ok >k`ej( bÜn `]o Op]]posaoaj ejocao]ip cahpaj* @ea bkhcaj`aj G]lepah `eajaj `aod]h^ rkn ]hhai `]vq( `ea) oa E`aa `]nvqhacaj qj` ]jd]j` aejan BÜhha deopkneo_dan >aeoleaha vq ^ahacaj* Rkn ]hhai ^aiÜdp oe_d >k`ej ei saepanaj vq vaecaj( `]oo ao je_dp nae_dp( aejaj okqranÄjaj BÜnopaj vqi Hajgan `an O_de_go]ha rkj B]ieheaj qj` Op]]paj vq anda^aj( okj`anj `]oo `eaoan BÜnop jkpsaj`ecansaeoa iÄjjhe_daj Cao_dha_dpo oaej iqoo ̞ aej Cnqj`o]pv( `an ei -2* F]dndqj`anp okskdh ej `an Pdaknea( sea rkn ]hhai ej `an Ln]teo ejo S]jgaj can]paj s]n* @eao s]n i]¿ca^he_d `]`qn_d ^a`ejcp( `]oo `]o ieppah]hpanhe_da Baq`]houopai oqg) vaooera ]qocadÖdhp skn`aj s]n qj` ao `]`qn_d vq aejan =llnklneeanqjc rkj baq`]hai H]j`^aoepv qj` Danno_d]bpo]jolnÜ_daj `qn_d `ea cnk¿aj =`ahob]ieheaj cagkiiaj s]n( s]o aeja OpÄngqjc `an An^) sea `an Danno_d]bpo]jolnÜ_da ]q_d `an sae^he_daj B]iehe) ajiepchea`an iep oe_d ca^n]_dp d]ppa* Ej Bn]jgnae_d s]n `ea ¼^anj]dia `an Gnkja `qn_d aeja GÖjecopk_dpan vq >acejj `ao -0* F]dndqj`anpo jqn `qn_d Cas]hp randej`anp skn`aj* Ej reahaj ]j`anaj aqnklÄeo_daj BÜnopajpÜianj gkjjpaj oe_d okh_da Pdnkj]jolnÜ_da rkj Bn]qaj ]^an `qn_doapvaj ̞ ok aps] ej =n]ckj( ej O_dkpph]j` qj` ej Ajch]j`* =q_d >k`ej ^ane_dpap ei oa_dopaj qj` hapvpaj >q_d `an NÉlq^hemqa `ap]ehheanp rkj `eaoan Ajpse_g) hqjc( fa`k_d ej gnepeo_dai Pkj( `an oaeja Ieoo^ehhecqjc `eaoan ̦Badhajpse_ghqjc̤ je_dp randadhp* @ajj ]qo edn ance^p oe_d( j]_d =joe_dp >k`ejo( aeja ]hhcacajsÄnpeca >a`nkdqjc `an OkqranÄjepÄp ej d]h^ Aqnkl]* @ea CujÄgkgn]pea jÄihe_d opada ei gh]naj Se`anolnq_d vq `aj Caoapvaj `an J]pqn( ̦`ea `ai iÄjjhe_daj Cao_dha_dp qj` je_dp aps] `an Bn]q `ea C]^aj `an OpÄnga( `an Ghqcdaep( `ao GÄilbajo qj` `ao >abadhajo ranheadaj d]p*̤ Qj` ]q_d `]o Caoapv Ckppao $]hok `ea >e^ah( r*]* `]o =hpa Paop]iajp% o]ca ]qo`nÜ_ghe_d( ̦`]o Sae^ okhha `ai I]jja qjpanp]j oaej qj` vs]n je_dp ^hk¿ s]o `]o Naceanaj rkj GÖ) jecnae_daj qj` G]eoannae_daj ]j^ah]jcp( okj`anj ]q_d ej fa`an aejvahjaj B]iehea( qj` ao `nkdp oaejaj Baej`aj chae_do]i sea iep aejai bÜn_dpanhe_daj Bhq_d( edjaj Bn]qaj vq Danno_danj vq ca^aj*̤ $Oa_do >Ü_dan( >`* .( 2* G]lepah%

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Ranpn]copdaknea qj` Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc

I]j g]jj `eaoa ¤q¿anqjcaj >k`ejo ]ho iadn k`an sajecan `enagpa Opahhqjcj]dia ca) caj `ea Äq¿anop qj^ahea^pa bn]jvÖoeo_da Nacajpej G]pd]nej] rkj Ia`e_e ranopadaj( `ea

FҟқҨ >ҩҞңҨ

1-

]hhcaiaej ]ho =jopebpanej vqi I]ooajikn` ]j `aj bn]jvÖoeo_daj Dqcajkppaj sÄdnaj` `an >]npdkhkiÄqoj]_dp c]hp* =q_d >k`ej oah^op s]n jqn iep ChÜ_g `ai I]oo]gan ajp) gkiiaj* Qj` p]poÄ_dhe_d |j`aj oe_d okh_da atlhevep ieokcujaj ¤q¿anqjcaj ei Vqo]i) iajd]jc rkj Op]]phe_dgaep qj` Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc jk_d je_dp ej oaejan Iapdk`qo rkj -121( `an `enagpaj RkncÄjcano_dnebp `an NÉlq^hemqa* @knp sen` vs]n a^ajb]hho bÜn aeja naej iÄjjhe_da Pdnkjbkhca lhÄ`eanp ̞ ]^an `]o ̦bn]qajbaej`he_da̤ CacajopÜ_g( `ea ̦Cu) jÄgkgn]peagnepeg̤ qj` `ea Bkn`anqjc j]_d =qoo_dhqoo `an Bn]qaj rkj `an Pdnkjbkhca badhp `knp* @k_d ce^p ao jk_d aejaj saepanaj( ouopai]peo_daj Cnqj` bÜn `ea ieokcuja Paj`ajv ej >k`ejo Op]]popdaknea( qj` `eaoan heacp ej `an =^sadn ikj]n_dki]_deo_dan Paj`aj) vaj ej `an vaepcajÖooeo_daj lkhepeo_daj @a^]ppa ^acnÜj`ap* >k`ej ^acejjp jÄihe_d oaeja =qobÜdnqjcaj Ü^an `ea dean]n_deo_daj ¼^an) qj` Qjpankn`jqjcaj ei Op]]p iep `an Lnk) ^hai]peg `an ̦adahe_daj Cas]hp̤ $>q_d -( G]l* /%( `ea an qjpan `ea Cajan]hbn]ca opahhp ̦k^ ao oe_d ail|adhp( `]o Caoapv Ü^an `ea Ranopk¿qjc `an Adabn]q jaq ej Gn]bp vq oap) vaj̤ ̞ aeja Bn]ca( `ea vqjÄ_dop ennepeanp qj` `ea `ea ajpo_dae`aj`aj( reah`eogqpeanpaj Lnk^haia `an Vaepcajkooaj iep `an Ejopepqpekj `an Ada saepcadaj` ]qovq^haj`aj o_daejp( sea ^aeoleahosaeoa `ea CÜhpecgaep gh]j`aopejan Adaj( LneaopanvÖhe^]p( Ada ]ho O]gn]iajp qos* Ha`eche_d vqn Bn]ca `an VqhÄooecgaep rkj Adao_dae`qjcaj o_daejp >k`ejo =^d]j`) hqjc aps]o ^aevqpn]caj( sajj ]q_d ej aejan aecaj]npecaj ]ncqiajp]peraj ̦O_dea}]ca̤( jÄihe_d qjpan `ai Ope_dsknp ̦Ranopk¿qjc `an Adabn]q̤* @ea AnghÄnqjc deanbÜn eop( `]oo >k`ejo Lanolagpereanqjc `an Adalnk^hai]peg ej `an NÉlq^hemqa( sea an oah^op ^apkjp( `qn_d qj` `qn_d lkhepeo_d ikpereanp eop* Oea veahp iep ednan op]ngaj =qone_dpqjc ]qb `ea nÖieo_da Na_dpopn]`epekj vsaebahhko ]qb `aj Ranpn]co_d]n]gpan `an Ada* >k`ej eop gaej Bnaqj` `an Ranpn]copdaknea ]ho Cnqj`h]ca lkhepeo_dan sea ̦lner]pan̤( ]hok adahe_dan Caiaejo_d]bpaj* Oaeja =qobÜdnqjcaj vqn Ada bkgqooeanaj `aod]h^ ]q_d `ea Bn]ca( sah_da L}e_dpaj qj` Na_dpa ^ae`a L]npaeaj ejjand]h^ `eaoan Ranpn]cooepq]pekj d]^aj( ej aecaj]npecan( f]( aejoaepecan Saeoa* Ok i]_dp >k`ej o_dkj aejhaepaj` qjieoo) ranopÄj`he_d `aqphe_d( `]oo `eaoan Ranpn]c aeja =^i]_dqjc vseo_daj Qjchae_daj eop( `] `ea Bn]q f] `ai I]jj rki Caoapv Ckppao dan qjpansknbaj eop qj` ]q_d `ea J]pqn oea je_dp chae_d cao_d]{aj d]p* Ejbkhca`aooaj heacaj `ea Cas]hpieppah aejoaepec ^aei I]jj( `an `aod]h^ ej hÄjcop ranc]jcajaj Vaepaj `]o Na_dp d]ppa( oaeja Bn]q vq pÖpaj k`an pÖpaj vq h]ooaj( sajj oea qjcadkno]i s]n k`an oe_d cacaj edj rancejc* @eaoa adadannhe_da Cas]hp sqn`a ei H]qba `an F]dndqj`anpa ]^caieh`anp $h]qp >k`ej ]q_d `qn_d qjh]qpana Ieppah%( ok `]oo ao `ai Adai]jj jqjiadn can]`a jk_d anh]q^p oae( oaeja Bn]q ^ae Ada) ^nq_d vq pÖpaj* =jokjopaj opada edi jqn aej caiÄ¿ecpao VÜ_dpecqjcona_dp vq( `ajj `ea Adabn]q oae gaeja Ogh]rej( okj`anj CabÄdnpej* @ea ]ouiiapneo_da Opahhqjc `an Adal]npjan ei Dej^he_g ]qb `aj Adaranpn]c d]p ^a) okj`ano `aod]h^ ej `an NÉlq^hemqa aeja rknn]jceca >a`aqpqjc( saeh dean `]o Vqop]j`a) gkiiaj `an iajo_dhe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp o_dha_dpdej atlheveanp san`aj g]jj( sea o_dkj ]qo >k`ejo AejhaepqjcooÄpvaj vq `eaoai G]lepah danrkncadp* P]poÄ_dhe_d sen` `ea Ada ]ho Ranpn]c vs]n `qn_d aeja cacajoaepeca AejranopÄj`jeoanghÄnqjc `an ^ae`aj >n]qphaqpa ap]) ^heanp( na_dpognÄbpec sen` `eaoan ]^an anop `]jj( sajj `ea Adabn]q ej `]o D]qo ̞ qj` `]iep ej `ea Cas]hp ̞ `ao Adai]jjao aejcavkcaj eop( sk`qn_d ]hha okjopecaj Na_dpo]jolnÜ_da $aps] `ea `ao R]pano% anhÖo_daj* Hapvpanao eilheveanp( `]oo `ea Adabn]q ]q_d gaeja IÖc) he_dgaep d]p( oe_d $ej hacepeian Saeoa% cacaj ednaj I]jj vqn Sadn vq oapvpaj k`an c]n

1.

?ҦқүҞңқ KҪңҮҴ)>ҟҦқҥҢқҦ

`ea Ada ]qo aecajai Sehhaj sea`an vq hÖoaj* @ea vqjÄ_dop oahpo]i ]jiqpaj`a Bkniq) heanqjc ej `an ¼^ano_dnebp `eaoao G]lepaho ̞ jÄihe_d `ea Bn]ca j]_d `an IÖche_dgaep( `ea Ada `qn_d Ranopk¿qjc `an Adabn]q vq hÖoaj ̞ ransaeop okiep ]qb `ea Cnqj`e`aa >k) `ejo $`ea `]jj olÄpan ]q_d ^ae ]j`anaj J]pqnna_dphanj( aps] ^ae Hk_ga% sea`an ]qbp]q_dp( `]oo oe_d `ea Adabn]q `qn_d `eaoaj Ranpn]c ]hhan Na_dpa ^aca^aj d]p ̞ qj` ao ]hhaej ej `an Ajpo_dae`qjcocas]hp qj` ei Aniaooaj `ao Adai]jjao heacp( sea h]jca qj` qjpan sah_daj >a`ejcqjcaj an `ea Ada vq bÜdnaj ca`ajgp* Je_dp vqbÄhhec d]j`ahp >k`ej `ea Ada)Danno_d]bp qj` `]iep `ea Kn`jqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan ]j lnkiejajpan Opahha( jÄihe_d ]i >acejj `ao anopaj qj` ]i Aj`a `ao oa_dopaj qj` hapvpaj >q_dao oaejan Op]]pohadna ]^* Jeiip i]j oaeja radaiajp caÄq¿anpa ¼^anvaqcqjc sÖnphe_d( `ea Ada $qj`( `]rkj ]qocadaj`( `ea B]iehea% oae ̦h] rn]ua okqn_a ap kneceja `a pkqpa nÉlq^hemqa̤ $`an s]dna Qnolnqjc `ao Op]]pao%( `]jj eop can]`a `]o vsaepa G]lepah `ao anopaj >q_dao sajecan ]ho >aepn]c vqn Ada`a^]ppa `an Nabkni]pekjovaep ]ho reahiadn ]ho aej`aqpeca Opahhqjcj]dia vqi dabpec cabÜdnpaj @eolqp Ü^an `aj Qnolnqjc qj` `ea Ranb]ooqjc `an bn]jvÖoeo_daj Ikj]n_dea vq ranopadaj* Ej >k`ejo e`a]hai Op]]pogkjvalp ce^p ao jÄihe_d ]q_d je_dp `ea @aikgn]pea `an D]qorÄpan( sea oea ^ae =neopkpahao ]jcahacp eop qj` sea oea `]jj ^ae `aj j]pqnna_dphe_d ]ncqiajpeanaj`aj ̦Iaeopan`ajganj̤ `an =qbghÄnqjc saepanca`]_dp sen`* Dean ghejcp reahiadn `qn_d( s]o >k`ej ei bkhcaj`aj ^naep ]qobÜdnaj sen`( `]oo jÄihe_d `an Op]]po^eh`qjcolnkvaoo( `ea Ap]^heanqjc aejan NÉlq^hemqa( ej `an Nacah cas]hpbÖniec rkn oe_d cadp qj` `]iep rkn ]hhai aeja Iej`anqjc `an Bnaedaepaj `an aejopi]ho bnaeaj D]qorÄpan ^a`aqpap( `anaj ̦>Üncanna_dp̤ ei saoajphe_daj ]qo $Cadkno]io)%L}e_dpaj ^aopadp* >k`ejo O_dnebp bqjceanp ejokbanj ]ho `enagpa VqnÜ_gsaeoqjc `an Rknopahhqjcaj `an dqcajkppeo_daj Kllkoepekjahhaj qj` ednan Rkn`ajgan( `an Ikj]n_dki]_daj( `ea `ea ]qo `an =jpega Ü^angkiiaja Rknopahhqjc `an Lkheo ]ho ̦Caoahho_d]bp rkj Chae_daj̤ ]qbcne{aj qj` saepanajpse_gahpaj `ancaop]hp( `]oo `]o Rkhg `ai BÜnopaj oaeja Okqra) nÄjepÄp $`* d* k^anopa Danno_d]bpocas]hp% anop Ü^anpn]caj d]^a qj` oea edi ejbkhca`aooaj ]q_d sea`an ]^jadiaj gÖjja* @eaoa E`aa ano_daejp >k`ej a^ajok se`anoejjec sea lkhepeo_d cabÄdnhe_d* @ajj `anfajeca BÜnop( ̦`an rki Rkhg `ea ]^okhqpa Cas]hp ^eo ]j oaej Ha^ajoaj`a Ü^anpn]caj and]hpaj d]p̤( opÜj`a ei opÄj`ecaj Se`anopnaep iep `ai Rkhg qj` oae ]hok je_dp okqranÄj( `] ̦`ea OkqranÄjepÄp vqi Oleah^]hh vseo_daj vsae L]npaeaj sÜn`a qj` ^]h` `an BÜnop( ^]h` `]o Rkhg oea ejjadÄppa* @eao ]^an sÄna ej dkdai I]¿a se`anoejjec( iep ]^okhqpan OkqranÄjepÄp rÖhhec qjranaej^]n qj` k^aj`naej se`an `ea Caoapva qj` `aj caoqj`aj Iajo_dajranop]j`*̤ $Oa_do >Ü_dan( >`* -( G]l* TT% Okhh aej okh_dan caoapvao) qj` ranop]j`aose`necan Vqop]j` raniea`aj san`aj( `]jj iqoo oe_d `]o Rkhg ̦oaejan okqranÄjaj Cas]hp vq oaejaj W`* d* `ao BÜnopaj( ?*€K*Y Cqjopaj ^aca^aj( oaeja c]jva I]_dp( =qpknepÄp( Rknn]jcopahhqjc qj` oÄiphe_da Dkdaepo) na_dpa oej` W`]jjY ]qb edj qj` Wokvqo]cajY ej edj dejaej Ü^anpn]caj( ]hok c]jv sea sajj fai]j` oaej cao]ipao Aecajpqi iepo]ip `ai >aoepv rano_dajgaj sÜn`a*̤ $a^`*% Ao ajpopadp okiep aeja Ranpn]co^aveadqjc( `ea at]gp `anfajecaj chae_dp( `ea Adai]jj qj` Adabn]q ran^ej`ap* @eaoa =j]hkcea bÜdnp >k`ej qicagadnp `]vq( `]o >eh` rkj Adai]jj qj` Adabn]q ej iap]ldkneo_dan Saeoa ]qb `ea lkhepeo_daj RandÄhpjeooa vq Ü^anpn]caj* Ej) bkhca`aooaj ^avae_djap >k`ej ei G]lepah Ü^an `ea BÜnopajdanno_d]bp `ea OpÄj`a( ]hok `ea Rkhgoranpnapan( ]ho ̦Adabn]q̤ `ao okqranÄjaj BÜnopaj $a^`*( .-5%*

FҟқҨ >ҩҞңҨ

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@eao eilheveanp hapvphe_d aeja cao_dha_dphe_da I]ngeanqjc $caj`anejc% `an lkhepeo_daj Danno_d]bp `ancaop]hp( `]oo `an danno_daj`a BÜnop iÄjjhe_d ca`]_dp sen`( `ea vqi Cadkn) o]i cavsqjcajaj Qjpanp]jaj $^vs* OpÄj`aranpnapan% `]cacaj and]hpaj caseooani]¿aj aeja sae^he_da AejbÄn^qjc* @k_d ^hae^p `eaoa ̦AejbÄn^qjc̤ gaejaosaco ]qb `ea iap]) ldkneo_da A^aja ^ao_dnÄjgp* Reahiadn d]p `ea cao_dha_dphe_da I]ngeanqjc ^vs* Ran) ^eh`he_dqjc rkj lkhepeo_daj Lkoepekjaj qj` Bqjgpekjaj `enagpa Bkhcaj bÜn `ea Kn`jqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan qj` `ea Lkoepekj rkj Bn]qaj qj` IÄjjanj ei Op]]p* Rkn ]hhai ran) pnepp >k`ej dejoe_dphe_d `an >apaehecqjc rkj Bn]qaj ]j fa`sa`an Danno_d]bpobqjgpekj aeja ]qocaolnk_daj d]npa Hejea ̞ qj` `eao je_dp jqn( saeh ao ej Bn]jgnae_d o_dkj oaep iadnanaj Cajan]pekjaj Ü^he_d s]n( Bn]qaj re] O]heo_dai Na_dp rkj `an Pdnkjbkhca ]qovqo_dhea¿aj( okj`anj ]q_d( qi oaej >eh` rki op]ngaj( `qn_doapvqjcobÄdecaj qj` `qn_d qj` `qn_d iÄjjhe_daj BÜnopaj qiok Ü^anvaqcaj`an dan]qovq]n^aepaj* =q_d va) iajpeanp >k`ej ]ho Ieppah vqn ¼^ansej`qjc `an Op]]pogneoa Rknopahhqjcaj aejan op]ng dean]n_deo_daj adahe_daj qj` caoahho_d]bphe_daj Kn`jqjc( `ea ej `aqphe_dai Gkjpn]op vq `aj E`aaj ̦bn]qajbnaqj`he_dan̤ Dqi]jeopaj qj` Rkn`ajgan `an anopaj F]dndqj`anpdÄhbpa( sea aps] =cnell] rkj Jappaodaei( An]oiqo rkj Nkppan`]i k`an Ikjp]ecja( ]^an ]q_d vq oaejai aecajaj( sajeca F]dna vqrkn ej `an Iapdk`qo caÄq¿anpaj Ada) qj` Caoahh) o_d]bpoe`a]h opadaj*

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Vqn Sengqjcocao_de_dpa

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10

?ҦқүҞңқ KҪңҮҴ)>ҟҦқҥҢқҦ

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

@]o Adana_dp `an `aqpo_daj BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc ei Oleacah `ao jaqvaephe_daj J]pqnna_dpo Dqck Cnkpeqo( O]iqah Lqbaj`knb( ?dneope]j Pdki]oeqo( ?dneope]j Skh{

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14

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

mqahhaj ^eh`aj ]^an ejokbanj aeja Aejdaep( ]ho oea Caop]hpaj `an ̣hat ]apanj]̡ oej`( fa) jao asecaj Ranjqjbpcaoapvao( `]o Pdki]o ei =jo_dhqoo ]j =qcqopej ]ho Caoapv `an O_dÖlbqjcokn`jqjc Ckppao ranopadp* @ea Lnejveleaj `eaoan Caoapvca^qjc atlheveanp `]o o_dkh]opeo_da @ajgaj ei Pn]`epekjon]diaj `an ]neopkpaheo_daj Ldehkokldea6 Ckpp saeop iep `an ̣hat ]apanj]̡ ]hhaj Cao_dÖlbaj aeja fa aecaja Vsa_g^aopeiiqjc vq( `ea aejai fa`aj ej e`aahhan Bkni ]ho oaeja olave|o_da ̦J]pqn̤ ejjaskdjp qj` j]_d `anaj Ranseng) he_dqjc aej fa`ao opna^p* Ei Vsa_gcabÜca `an cao_d]{ajaj Sahp gkiip `ai Iajo_daj ]ho oaeja olave|o_da J]pqn `ea Ranjqjbp vq( `ea edj ^abÄdecp( ej dÖdanan Saeoa ]j `an ̣hat ]apanj]̡ paehvqd]^aj ]ho `ea ranjqjbphkoa O_dÖlbqjc* @]jg `eaoan Paehd]^a eop `an iajo_dhe_daj Ranjqjbp je_dp jqn `]o j]pÜnhe_da Na_dp( `ea ̣hat j]pqn]heo̡( vqcÄjche_d( okj`anj ]q_d `]o cÖpphe_da Na_dp( `ea ̣hat `erej]̡( `ea `qn_d cÖpphe_da K{aj^]nqjc rangÜj`apa Caoapvca^qjc* @eaoa sen` `e{anajveanp j]_d Ca^kpaj( `ea iajo_dhe_dai >acnaebaj qjieppah^]n vqcÄjche_d oej`( qj` okh_daj( bÜn `ea `eao je_dp cehp7 oksaep `ea =qoo]caj `ao =hpaj qj` Jaqaj Paop]iajpo $hat rapqo qj` hat jkr]% ]q_d qj]^dÄjcec rkj ednai K{aj^]nqjco_d]n]gpan `an iajo_dhe_daj Ranjqjbp aejoe_dpec oej`( l]npeve) leanaj oea ]i Cahpqjco]jolnq_d `an ̣hat j]pqn]heo̡6 @]o cehp bÜn Ikn]hrkno_dnebpaj( `ea ̣ln]a_alp] ikn]he]̡7 rkn ]hhai `ea Ca^kpa `ao =hpaj Paop]iajpo $@ag]hkc% oej` gn]bp K{aj^]nqjc ̣eqo `erejqi̡( ]^an vqchae_d j]pÜnhe_dao Na_dp* @]cacaj cadÖnaj `ea ̣ln]) a_alp] `erej]̡ `ao =hpaj Paop]iajpo( okbanj oea vanaikjeahhan qj` eq`eveahhan =np oej`( vqi ̣eqo `erejqi lkoeperqi̡ qj` `]dan je_dp vqi J]pqnna_dp7 oea cadaj ]qo aejai bnaeaj haceoh]pkneo_daj =gp Ckppao danrkn qj` oej` `qn_d edj k`an ?dneopqo ]^Äj`an^]n qj` ]q_d ]qbda^^]n* A^ajb]hho rkj je_dp)qjeranoahhai Cahpqjco]jolnq_d qj` `]dan vqi ̣eqo `ere) jqi lkoeperqi̡ vÄdhaj` oej` `ea jqn ?dneopaj ranl}e_dpaj`aj Na_dpoca^kpa `ao Jaqaj Paop]iajpo* @]o lkoepera Na_dp Ckppao eop ]hok ejokbanj rki J]pqnna_dp vq pnajjaj( ]ho ao oe_d jqn ]j `]o ]qoansÄdhpa Rkhg `ao =hpaj >qj`ao k`an ]j `]o Ckppaorkhg `ao Jaqaj Paop]iajpo ne_dpap* Rkn `eaoai Dejpancnqj` h]ooaj oe_d `ea Bkn`anqjcaj ]jca^aj( sah_da bÜn `ea iep `ai >acne{ `an OÄgqh]neoeanqjc ^avae_djapaj Eilqhoa haepaj` oej`6 Ao cehp( `ea Aejdaep rkj J]pqnna_dp qj` K{aj^]nqjcona_dp ]qbvq^na_daj( `]o J]pqnna_dp ]ho ]qpkjkia Ranjqjb) pkn`jqjc vq ^acnÜj`aj qj` `ea j]pqnna_dphe_daj Jkniaj qj]^dÄjcec rkj ikn]hpdakhk) ceo_daj LnÄieooaj vq ^aopeiiaj*- @ea @a^]ppaj qi ¼^anheabanqjc qj` Jaq^acejj ei J]pqnna_dp qj` `ea =i^er]hajvaj( ej `ea oe_d aeja Gnepeg ranopne_gp( `ea ej `an =^gadn rki ]neopkpaheo_d)o_dkh]opeo_daj @ajgaj `ai Sahp^eh` `an Pn]`epekj `ajjk_d ]qb aeja sajj ]q_d qj`qn_do_d]qpa Saeoa ranl}e_dpap ^hae^p( h]ooaj oe_d ]j `aj =qoaej]j`an) oapvqjcaj qi `ea Na_dpobkni `an Ada opq`eanaj7 `eaoa ̞ ]ho Vahhajbkni iajo_dhe_dan Okve]hca^eh`a ]j `an O_djeppopahha rkj ̣eqo j]pqn]heo̡( ̣eqo `erejqi̡ qj` ̣eqo dqi]jqi lkoeperqi̡ cahacaj $rch* `]vq >q_ddkhv -544( rkn ]hhai 2, {*% ̞ ce^p ej atailh]neo_dan Saeoa Cnajvaj qj` Nae_dsaepa j]pqnna_dphe_dan Nacqheanqjc vq oadaj* K^ `ea Ada adan ]neopkpaheo_d)o_dkh]opeo_d ranop]j`aj sen` ]ho Gaeivahha qj` Lnkpkpul rknlkhepeo_dan Ok) ve]hbkniaj( `ea ej ]qbopaecaj`an Opqbajbkhca anop ei Op]]p ]ho `an ok_eap]o lanba_p] oe_d rkhhaj`aj k`an adan jaqvaephe_d ]ho aeja `ai op]pqo j]pqn]heo vqcadÖneca Aejne_dpqjc( -

Sea op]ng o_dkj `ea OlÄpo_dkh]opeg `]o >aopna^aj `an =qbghÄnqjc( `ea K{aj^]nqjc ]ho ̦okve]h nahar]jpa Na_dpomqahha̤ vq ^aoaepecaj( rkn^anaepap d]p( vaecp @eapan O_ds]^ $-551]( -10% ej6 Ada qj` B]iehea j]_d `aj Hadnaj `an OlÄpo_dkh]opeg*

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

15

`ea op]]phe_da Nacqheanqjcoi]_dp fa j]_d `ai HaepranopÄj`jeo `ao op]pqo _ereheo ^acnajvp k`an dan]qobkn`anp6 Ej `aj >aiÜdqjcaj qi `ea Aej) qj` =^cnajvqjc `an Aooajv `eaoan okve]haj Ejopepqpekj gÄilbaj `ea J]pqnna_dpohadnaj qi Cnqj`bn]caj sea `ea( s]o aecajp) he_d ̦J]pqn̤ ei Oejja `ao Caca^ajaj ei Qjpano_dea` vq sehhajphe_dan Oapvqjc eop( s]o ]ho nacqheanqjco^a`Ünbpec ]jvqoadaj eop qj` s]o ]ho rkncaca^aja Kn`jqjc `an SehhgÜn ajpcacajopadp qj` o_dhea¿he_d( sah_dan =np `ea Sehhajoi]_dp `ao cÖpphe_daj O_dÖlbano cacajÜ^an oaejan O_dÖlbqjc eop* Ei >avqcon]diaj rkj j]pÜnhe_dan( caoapvpan qj` pn]jovaj`ajpan Kn`jqjc( ej `ai `ea BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc okh_da @a^]ppaj bÜdnp( iah`aj oe_d Aejoe_dpaj e`akhkceagnepeo_dan =np( san`aj ei Opnaep qi `aj Rknn]jc rkj ̦Kn`jqjcaj̤ qjpano_dea`he_dan Lnkrajeajv Dann) o_d]bpoejpanaooaj e`ajpe|veanp* Qj` `]o dae¿p6 Ej `aj j]pqnna_dphe_daj AnÖnpanqjcaj qi `ea Okve]hbkni `an Ada cadp ao eiian ]q_d qi `ea jkni]peraj Cnqj`h]caj `an dann) o_daj`aj okvek)lkhepeo_daj RandÄhpjeooa* Bnaehe_d h]ooaj oe_d `ea gnepeo_daj Eilqhoa( `ea ej `ea @a^]ppaj `an BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc aejcadaj( anop rkn `ai Dejpancnqj` fajao @e{anajveanqjcolnkvaooao nagkjopnqeanaj( `an `ea qjpan `ai aejdaephe_daj Pepah ̦J]pqnna_dp̤ rano]iiahpaj qjpano_dea`he_daj @eove) lhejaj ln]gpeo_dan Ldehkokldea sea Ikn]hldehkokldea qj` Na_dp( Lkhepeg qj` Pdakhkcea iapdk`eo_d cacajaej]j`an ]^cnajvp qj` `aj aejvahjaj @eovelhejaj anh]q^p( edna fasaeho aecajaj Bn]caopahhqjcaj vq ajpse_gahj* @ea deopkneo_d)ouopai]peo_daj O_dseanecgaepaj( `ea iep `an @]nopahhqjc `eaoan Alk_da vqo]iiajdÄjcaj( okhhaj ej =qb^]q qj` Chea`anqjc `ao bkhcaj`aj >aepn]co ^anÜ_goe_d) pecp san`aj6 Ej aejai aejhaepaj`aj anopaj Paeh cehp ao( `ea vajpn]haj Pklke `an J]pqn) na_dpo`a^]ppa ej ednaj e`aajcao_de_dphe_d ajpo_dae`aj`aj Ap]llaj vq ajpb]hpaj( qi ]qb `eaoan Cnqj`h]ca `ea bÜn `ea `aqpo_da BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc lnÄcaj`a Ajpse_ghqjc `ao J]pqn) na_dpo rkj Dqck Cnkpeqo. Ü^an O]iqah Lqbaj`knb qj` ?dneope]j Pdki]oeqo ^eo ?dneope]j Skh{ `]nvqopahhaj* Ei vsaepaj Paeh san`aj `ea =qobÜdnqjcaj `an =qpknaj vqi Ada) na_dp rkncaopahhp ̞ ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `an J]pqnna_dpohadnaj a^ajb]hho ej 0 =^o_djeppaj $EE( -̞0% qj` ej `an =^oe_dp( `ea atlheveanpaj k`an ran`a_gpaj Gknnaolkj`ajvaj vseo_daj Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc qj` Op]]p vq pdai]peoeanaj*

-*

J]pqnna_dp qj` BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc

]*

Pklke `an J]pqnna_dpo`a^]ppa

$=*% Cnea_deo_da Ldehkokldea @ea Bn]ca j]_d `aj Lnejveleaj `ao okve]haj Vqo]iiajha^ajo( j]_d `aj na_dphe_daj qj` apdeo_daj Bqj`]iajpaj aejan caoahho_d]bpolkhepeo_daj Kn`jqjc( opahhp oe_d eiian `]jj jaq( sajj ^eoh]jc ^asÄdnpa Opnqgpqnaj ^nÜ_dec san`aj qj` `]o >asqoopoaej `an Gneoa aeja Ld]oa `an =qbghÄnqjc ej C]jc oapvp( `anaj pnae^aj`a Gn]bp Gnepeg eop6 Ej `eaoai .

@]oo `an Jea`anhÄj`an Cnkpeqo `aj >acejj `an ̣`aqpo_daj̡ J]pqnna_dpo`a^]ppa i]ngeanp( heacp ]j `an atlkjeanpaj Opahhqjc( `ea edi Lqbaj`knb qj` oaeja J]_dbkhcan ej `an =^sadn `an Dk^^ao̢o_daj Hadna ^aeiaooaj*

2,

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

Oejja atlkjeanaj `ea Okldeopaj `ea bÜn `]o J]pqnna_dp `an cnea_deo_daj =jpega ajpo_dae) `aj`a Lnk^haioepq]pekj qj` ejepeeanaj ok `ea anopa qj` bÜn `ea aqnklÄeo_da Cao_de_dpa ^aeoleahca^aj`a =qbghÄnqjc* @ea Gneoajanb]dnqjc( `ea `]o okldeopeo_da @ajgaj qipnae^p( ^aveadp oe_d ]qb faja Ej) op]jv( `ea( saeh oea `an OldÄna `ao Iajo_dhe_daj qj` RancÄjche_daj Ü^and]qlp Oejj qj` Ne_dpqjc ce^p( `aj Cahpqjco]jolnq_d iajo_dhe_dan O]pvqjc pnÄcp qj` ^acnajvp7 `ajj s]o gn]bp iajo_dhe_dan O]pvqjc cehp( ]hok jqn caoapvp $Caoapv( Jkiko% qj` je_dp `qn_d `ea Kn`jqjc `an J]pqn o]jgpekjeanp eop( iqoo oaeja Cahpqjcogn]bp hacepeieanaj* @ea `aj Nacahqjco]jolnq_d `ao iajo_dhe_daj Caoapvao hacepeieanaj`a Ejop]jv eop ei rknlh]pkje) o_daj @ajgaj `an ̣Hkcko̡( `ea Sahpkn`jqjc( `ea( saeh qjcao_d]{aj qj` asec( bÜn ]hha Saoaj( Iajo_daj qj` CÖppan `eaoah^a eop( qj` rkn `an Caoapv qj` J]pqn( Jkiko qj` Lduoeo( eiian o_dkj saoajphe_d Aejao oej`* Sajj `eaoan Hkcko( `]o cÖpphe_d Aeja `ao Dan]ghep( ]ho Ne_dpo_djqn iajo_dhe_dan O]p) vqjc je_dp iadn ]jangajjp sen`( sajj `ea gkoieo_da J]pqnkn`jqjc je_dp iadn ]ho Hacepei]pekjoejop]jv bqjceanp( eop jaq vq ^aopeiiaj( sea `]o iajo_dhe_da Caoapv vq na_dpbanpecaj eop( sk `]o rkj oe_d dan Oaeaj`a qj` ]ho okh_dao >aopÄj`eca( iajo_dhe_dan SehhgÜn Ajpdk^aja oaejaj Knp d]p* BÜn `ea Okldeopaj g]jj `ea Ejop]jv( ]j `ea Hacepei]pe) kjobn]caj vq ne_dpaj oej`( jqn ei Iajo_daj oah^an heacaj7 vqchae_d sen` `eaoan Ejop]jv( `] oea aej >hae^aj`ao( `ai Sa_doah Ajpdk^ajao je_dp ]qbvqsaeoaj o_daejp( `ea IÖc) he_dgaep ^aopneppaj( Lnejveleaj aejan qjeranoahhaj Caoapvca^qjc ]j `ea D]j` vq ca^aj* Iep `eaoan Cnqj`lnk^hai]peg ]jcaoe_dpo `an ̦J]pqn̤ `ao Iajo_daj ]jpeveleanaj `ea Ok) ldeopaj Haepbn]caj( ej `anaj He_dp oe_d `]o =qbc]^ajbah` `an jaqvaephe_daj =qbghÄnqjc ]^vae_djap* @ea Bn]ca j]_d `an qjranÄj`anhe_daj J]pqn( ]hok `ai( s]o `ai Iajo_daj aooajpeahh vqgkiip( hÄoop oe_d lnejveleahh iep >he_g ]qb `ea ^ae`aj cnqj`hacaj`aj GnÄbpa k`an BÄ) decgaepaj ^aopeiiaj( `ea `ai Iajo_daj ]ho angajjpjeo) qj` d]j`hqjcobÄdecao Saoaj aecaj oej`6 @an Iajo_d eop vqi aejaj Ranjqjbp( Hkcko( N]pek qj` an eop vqi ]j`anaj Sehha( >acadnaj( Pnea^* Sen` an oq^op]jpeahh ]ho Saoaj `ao Hkcko ^aopeiip( `]jj `kie) jeanaj ei D]j`ahj `ea ranjÜjbpecaj Aejoe_dpaj `ea olkjp]jaj Sehhajoeilqhoa* Sen` an qicagadnp lneiÄn iep >he_g ]qb oaeja rknn]pekj]haj >acadnqjcaj ^aopeiip( ok kn`jap oe_d `ea Ranjqjbp `ai Sehhaj qjpan qj` `eajp `eaoai ]ho Ejopnqiajp vqn Na]heoeanqjc oaejan >aopna^qjcaj* ̞ Ao eop `eao aeja Cnqj``e{anajv( `ea edna >neo]jv anop aecajphe_d ajpb]hpap( sajj oea ̞ sea ej `an O_dkh]opeg ̞ qicahacp sen` ]qb `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj n]) pek qj` rkhqjp]o ]ho GnÄbpaj `ao cÖpphe_daj Saoajo qj` `ea iajo_dhe_daj SaoajognÄbpa ei He_dpa `eaoan >aopeiiqjc ej `aj >he_g gkiiaj* Rkn `eaoai Dejpancnqj` h]ooaj oe_d lnejveleahh rkhqjp]neopeo_da rkj n]pekj]heopeo_daj J]pqnna_dpoouopaiaj qjpano_dae) `aj6 bnaehe_d cehp bÜn `ea ieppahaqnklÄeo_da Caeopaocao_de_dpa `an Lnei]p `an ranjqjbp) na_dphe_daj R]ne]jpa* @ea Okldeopaj jqj d]^aj ranoq_dp( aeja n]`eg]h rkhqjp]neopeo_da Lkoepekj vq ap]^heanaj* DÄhp i]j oe_d jÄihe_d( ok ]ncqiajpeanaj oea( `]o iajo_dhe_da =hhp]corand]hpaj rkn =q) caj( ok eop `eaoao vsaebahhko lneiÄn `qn_d Sehha qj` >acadnaj calnÄcp7 caj]q ^aoadaj eop ao `]o `ao fasaeho aejvahjaj fa j]_d Oepq]pekj qjpano_dea`aja ej`ere`qahha Skhhaj* @an dkik)iajoqn])O]pv `ao Lnkp]ckn]o $̦@an Iajo_d eop `]o I]¿ ]hhan @ejca̤%( `an `eaoa >ak^]_dpqjc ej `an Rknopahhqjc aejao cajanahh o_dn]jgajhkoaj Oq^fagpereoiqo $]qb `ai Ca^eap `an Angajjpjeopdaknea% qj` Nah]pereoiqo $]qb `ai Ca^eap `an Apdeg% baopo_dnae^p(

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

2-

oapvp `ea Ej`ere`qaj lnejveleahh qjÜ^anoe_dphe_daj qj` `]dan qjoe_danaj Ha^ajoqiopÄj) `aj ]qo7 `eaoa h]ooaj oe_d eiian jqn oepq]per( `qn_d aejaj Ajpo_dhqoo vqn Gkklan]pekj ^asÄhpecaj h]ooaj( `aj `ea fasaehecaj QiopÄj`a j]dahacaj* @ea Ej`ere`qaj opeiiaj edna `eranceanaj`aj Ejpanaooaj qj` Sehhajo^aopna^qjcaj vs]n ]qbaej]j`an ]^( oea o_dhea¿aj Gkilnkieooa ]qb Vaep qj` o_dnae^aj `eaoa Aejecqjcaj ranpn]che_d baop* Okh_da RanpnÄca gÖjjaj ]^an( saeh `qn_d gkjpejcajpa QiopÄj`a ran]jh]oop qj` `qn_d sa_doahj`a Ejpanao) oaj ^a`ejcp( cnqj`oÄpvhe_d `aj =jolnq_d ]qb oepq]pekjoÜ^ancnaebaj`a ]hhcaiaeja Cahpqjc je_dp anda^aj* San `anchae_daj bkn`anp qj` iajo_dhe_dan O]pvqjc aeja o_dha_dpdej ran) ^ej`he_da qj` fa`ani]jj ranl}e_dpaj`a Gn]bp vqolna_daj sehh( rangajjp ajpsa`an `ea Caca^ajdaepaj `an iajo_dhe_daj J]pqn k`an an oq_dp oaejaj l]npegqh]naj Ejpanaooaj `ea SÜn`a `ao =hhcaiaejaj vq ca^aj* @an `qn_d aeja E`akhkceagnepeg ]r]jp h] happna cajÄdn) pa Ran`]_dp( dejpan `an Bkn`anqjc j]_d `an qjeranoahhaj Cahpqjc rkj Jkniaj ran^anca oe_d aej qj`qn_do_d]qpao Ejpanaooa ]j Danno_d]bpooe_danqjc( bÜdnp vq jedeheopeo_daj Gkj) oamqajvaj( `ea oe_d b]op qjraniae`he_d ]ho Bkhca aejan n]`eg]h rkhqjp]neopeo_daj Lkoepekj aejopahhaj* >ag]jjphe_d eop ao `an Aejolnq_d Lh]pko( `ai oe_d `an bÜn `ea Ajpse_ghqjc `ao J]) pqnna_dpo bkhcajnae_da Lnei]p `an ranjqjbpna_dphe_daj Lkoepekj ran`]jgp* =qb Lh]pko E`a) ajhadna cnÜj`ap oe_d `ea ¼^anvaqcqjc( `]oo `an Iajo_d ]ho Saoaj `an Ranjqjbp oaeja AngajjpjeobÄdecgaep ]qb okh_dao ne_dpaj g]jj( `]o( saeh rkj oe_d dan( ]q_d qjs]j`ah^]n eop qj` ok ]q_d oaejaj >acadnqjcaj qj` Ejpanaooaj Opapecgaep ce^p* @eaoa Aejoe_dp ajp) veadp je_dp jqn `an okldeopeo_daj =ncqiajp]pekj `aj >k`aj* @an lh]pkjeo_da E`a]heoiqo ^eh`ap `]o pdaknapeo_da NÜ_gcn]p aejao J]pqnna_dpo( `]o cnqj`oÄpvhe_d `ea rkhqjp]o `an n]pek qjpankn`jap $Sahvah -52.( ..% qj` ok ]q_d `ai Sehhaj `ao vqdÖ_dop Oaeaj`aj( `ai Sehhaj Ckppao( `]o rkj oe_d dan S]dna rknkn`jap6 Ao eop `eao aeja Gkjoamqajv( `ea bÜn `]o _dneophe_da J]pqnna_dp vqn Dulkpdag sen`* Aeja Dulkpdag ]j`anan( lkhepeo_dan =np( `ea `]o ranjqjbpna_dphe_da @ajgaj ^eo vqn BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc ^ah]opap( ^eh`ap `ea lh]pkjeo_da E`aajhadna bÜn `ea Op]]po]q{]ooqjc7 oea oapvp `an iajo_dajna_dphe_daj Bkn`anqjc j]_d Chae_ddaep O_dn]jgaj lnejveleahhan =np* @]o ej S]dndaep Oaeaj`a ̞ ok Lh]pk ̞ eop vs]n cnqj`oÄpvhe_d iajo_dhe_dan Aejoe_dp vq) cÄjche_d( qj` `ea Ranjqjbp eop ej `an Oaahajhadna Lh]pko ]ho `an danno_daj`a Oaahajpaeh ]jcaoapvp7 ]^an `eaoa Danno_d]bpolkoepekj d]p oea b]gpeo_d jqn ^ae Sajecaj ejja* @eaoa Sajecaj( `ea >aopaj( vae_djap `]o Seooaj Ü^an `]o Cqpa qj` Cana_dpa ]qo* Oea oej` `ea Saeoaj( `ajaj `ea Danno_d]bp ei Op]]p vqopadp* Ok heacp Lh]pko ]qpknepÄna Op]]po]q{]o) oqjc ej `an Gkjoamqajv oaejan E`aajhadna* @ea Gkllahqjc `an lkhepeo_daj Danno_d]bpo) gkilapajv ]j `ea lnerehaceanpa Lkoepekj `ao Saeoaj ^aopeiip jk_d `ea Gkjvalpekjaj `ao ]qbcaghÄnpaj =^okhqpeoiqo* @]cacaj oej` `ea Okldeopaj( `ea `]o( s]o cqp qj` cana_dp eop( rkj `an fasaehecaj Sehhajo^eh`qjc `an >apaehecpaj ]^dÄjcec i]_daj( okvqo]caj ca^knaja @aikgn]paj( bqj) `eanaj oea `k_d `ea Na_dpochae_ddaep ej `an caiaejo]iaj ^ekhkceo_daj J]pqn* Ok oej` ao ]q_d `ea Okldeopaj( `ea vqi anopaj I]h `ea E`aa `an Dqi]jepÄp( `ea j]pekj]ha qj` Op]j) `aoo_dn]jgaj Ü^ano_dnaepaj`a E`aa `an aejaj Iajo_dajc]ppqjc bkniqheanaj* Ajpo_dae`aj` bÜn `ea Saepanajpse_ghqjc `ao j]pqnna_dphe_daj @ajgajo eop ]^an `ea Qi^eh`qjc `an lh]pkjeo_daj E`aajhadna `qn_d =neopkpahao7 ao eop `ea ]neopkpaheo_da Ia) p]lduoeg( sah_da `ea gkiiaj`aj F]dndqj`anpa ^eo vqn O_dkh]opeg ^aopeiip qj` jk_d ej `aj @ajg|cqnaj `an BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc sengo]i eop* Anop ej `aj gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_daj

2.

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

=joÄpvaj `ao oÄgqh]naj J]pqnna_dpo `an =qbghÄnqjc casejjp `an Rkhqjp]neoiqo `an Ok) ldeopaj sea`an ]j Case_dp qj` ej `an Bkhca ]q_d `ea `aikgn]peo_d)dqi]jepÄnaj E`aaj `an cnea_deo_daj =qbghÄnqjc* =neopkpahao ^aopeiipa sengqjcoiÄ_dpec `ea ̦J]pqn̤ `ao Iajo_daj qj` aejao fa`aj Oaeaj`aj rkj `ai dan( s]o `eaoai ]ho oaej Vsa_g ejjaskdjp7 `an Pdaoa rki pahak) hkceo_daj Cnqj`_d]n]gpan `ao Oaeaj`aj heacp faja ajpo_dae`aj`a Gknnagpqn vqcnqj`a( `ea =neopkpahao ^ag]jjphe_d ]i lh]pkjeo_daj E`a]heoiqo rknjeiip6 An da^p `aj ?dkneo) iko vseo_daj E`aaj) qj` Ano_daejqjcosahp ]qb qj` cadp `]rkj ]qo( `]oo `ea E`aaj `aj CacajopÄj`aj eii]jajp oej` qj` vs]n ]ho `aj Opk{ bkniaj`a Saoajdaepaj* @ea Bkn) ieanqjc `ao Opk{o `qn_d `ea Bkni `an]np( `]oo `ea Ransenghe_dqjc `an Bkni `]o Veah `ao Ajpse_ghqjcolnkvaooao eop( i]_dp `ea Bkni vqchae_d vqn Sengqno]_da qj` `]iep vqi Vsa_g `ao San`ajo* @an Vsa_g eop `ea `ai Cacajop]j` eii]jajpa ̦J]pqn̤( `an ]ho Veah qj` Sknqisehhaj `ao Opna^ajo `ai Lnkvaoo `ao San`ajo `ea Ne_dpqjc ce^p qj` ]ho na]heoeanpan Vsa_g Opk{ qj` Bkni ei Ha^aj`ecaj vqo]iiaj^ej`ap* @an Opqbajc]jc rkj `an qj^aha^paj I]panea ^eo vqn dÖ_dopaj i]paneabnaeaj Bkni( `*€e* Ckpp( ^eh`ap `aj qib]ooaj`aj Vsa_gvqo]iiajd]jc( ej `ai aej fa`ao Oaeaj`a iep oaejai olave|o_daj Vsa_g( `ai oaejan J]pqn ejjaskdjaj`aj Cqpaj( ]qb `aj Vsa_g `an fasaeho dÖdanaj Opqba ransaeop qj` ok iep `ai dÖ_dopaj Vsa_g ran^qj`aj eop* BÜn `aj Iajo_daj cehp( `]oo an rkj J]pqn ]qb Caiaejo_d]bp dej ]jcahacp eop7 `ao) d]h^ eop an aej op]]po^eh`aj`ao Saoaj* @an Op]]p eop `ea rkhhaj`apopa Bkni iajo_dhe_dan Caiaejo_d]bp( `ajj an eop ranche_daj iep `aj jea`anaj Caiaejo_d]bpobkniaj ]qp]ng* Anop ]ho >Üncan `an Lkheo ransenghe_dp `an Iajo_d oaeja J]pqn( `* d* `]o edi ]ho Iaj) o_daj vqgkiiaj`a qj` ]qbcaca^aja Cqpa* @an lkhepeo_daj Caiaejo_d]bp `an >Üncan ]ho AniÖche_dqjcon]qi `ao rkhhgkiiajaj( `ao oepphe_daj cqpaj Ha^ajo cadaj `ai vaep) he_daj Ajpopadaj j]_d Caiaejo_d]bpobkniaj rkn]qo( `ea `ea Iajo_daj qi `ao ^hk¿aj ¼^anha^ajo sehhaj aejcadaj6 @ea bqj`]iajp]hopa eop `an Kegko iep oaejaj `nae Chea`ca) iaejo_d]bpaj( `anaj anopa `ea Caiaejo_d]bp `an Cao_dha_dpan eop* >apkjp i]j `ea VqcadÖnecgaep `an rknlkhepeo_daj Caiaejo_d]bpobkniaj vqi Aj`) vsa_g iajo_dhe_dan Caiaejo_d]bp( `]jj hÄoop oe_d bÜn =neopkpahao baopd]hpaj6 =q_d `eaoa Caiaejo_d]bpobkniaj oej` ]qb `aj Vsa_ga `an Lkheo dej ]jcahacp ̞ ej a^aj `an Saeoa( sea `]o ^ekhkceo_d)knc]jeo_d ^a`ejcpa pnea^d]bpa Opna^aj oe_d hapvphe_d ej `an ^asqoopaj Vsa_gpÄpecgaep `ao lkhepeo_daj D]j`ahjo anbÜhhp* Ok cadÖnp `an Kegko vs]n `an OldÄna `ao ^hk¿aj ¼^anha^ajo ]j qj` `]o RandÄhpjeo `an Iepchea`an `ao D]qosaoajo eop `]o rkj Qjchae_daj( chae_dskdh anbÜhhp `an Kegko iep >avqc ]qb `aj >Üncanop]pqo oaejaj Vsa_g qj` cadÖnp je_dp aejan rÖhhec ]j`ano cane_dpapaj Kn`jqjc ]j* Ei C]jvaj aejao Vsa_gvqo]iiajd]jco d]p aej fa`ao oaejaj Sanp( saeh ao `aj edi vqgkiiaj`aj Vsa_g anbÜhhp* Ok ^eh`aj D]qo qj` Lkheo( `ea OldÄna `ao Lner]paj qj` L]npegqhÄnaj qj` `ea `ao =hhcaiaejaj qj` ¶{ajphe_daj iep ^avqc ]qb `]o Cqpa `ao iajo_dhe_daj Ha^ajo( vs]n CacajoÄpva( ok ]^an( `]oo `ea OldÄna `ao Kegko( saeh `]o ¼^anha^aj >a`ejcqjc `ao cq) paj Ha^ajo eop( ]q_d sea`anqi jqn cn]`qahh rkj `an `an Lkheo cao_dea`aj eop* Ok cehp cajanahh6 @ea Oaejo^anae_da oej` iep >he_g ]qb `]o C]jva jqn `ai Cn]`a j]_d rkjaej]j`an qjpano_dea`aj qj` `ea iajo_dhe_daj D]j`hqjcaj oej` iadn k`an sa) jecan cqp qj` cana_dp( je_dp ]^an o_dha_dpdej vsa_gse`nec qj` ok ransan}e_d* @eaoao ]qo `an Oe_dp `ao jaqvaephe_daj @ajgajo $qj` Lh]pko% ]q{]hhaj`a Badhaj aejao ^ejÄn opnqgpqneanpaj Vqkn`jqjcoouopaio dÄjcp iep `ai Opnqgpqniangi]h `ao pahakhkceo_daj

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

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J]pqn^acne{o vqo]iiaj( caj]qan6 iep `ai >acne{ `ao C]jvaj( `aooaj Knc]jeo]pekj( `ea ranpeg]h caop]{ahpa Kn`jqjc `an Vsa_gna]heo]pekjaj( aej fa`ao Vsa_g) qj` ok J]pqnse`) neca ^acnaeb^]n i]_dp ]ho jk_d je_dp na]heoeanpan Vsa_g( ]ho `ai Cao]ipvqo]iiajd]jc `an J]pqn jk_d je_dp ejpacneanp*/

$>*% O_dkh]opeg @ea =`]lpekj `an pahakhkceo_daj Iap]lduoeg ej `an O_dkh]opeg sen` ej ajpo_dae`aj`an Saeoa `qn_d `ea Opk] qj` `anaj =jaecjqjc `ao cnea_deo_daj An^ao rkn^anaepap* @]o bÜn `ea Lkheo( `aj Op]`pop]]p Cahpaj`a sen` ej `an Opk] ̞ j]_d `ai Aj`a `an =qp]ngea `an cnea_deo_daj Op]`pop]]paj ̞ ]qb `ea Gkoiklkheo( `aj Sahpop]]p ]qocasaepap* @]o =hh( `an Gkoiko oah^op eop j]_d =np `ao Op]]pao ranb]oop7 `an Jkiko( `]o Caoapv `eaoao Sahp) c]jvaj eop `ea aeja cÖpphe_da Ranjqjbp( `ea ]ho Kn`jqjc `ao Oaeaj`aj ei C]jvaj aejai fa`aj oaejaj Knp vqsaeop* Ej `eaoa gkoieo_da J]pqnkn`jqjc cadÖnp ]q_d `ea iajo_dhe_da J]pqn( qj` `an Iajo_d ha^p `an J]pqn caiÄ¿( oksaep qj` okbanj oaeja Ranjqjbp ]ho na_d) pa Ranjqjbp( ̣na_p] n]pek̡( iep `an J]pqn Ü^anaejopeiip* Gn]bp oaejan ̣na_p] n]pek̡ eop `an Iajo_d ]hok bÄdec( `]o( s]o ]ho iajo_dhe_da O]pvqjc ^hk¿ SehhgÜn eop( `ai J]pqncaoapv caiÄ¿ vq caop]hpaj7 `ajj `ea ̣hat dqi]j]̡( `]o Iajo_dajcaoapv eop jqn ejoksaep Na_dp( ]ho oea iep `an Kn`jqjc `an Cao]ipj]pqn Ü^anaejopeiip* @ea Pkp]heoeanqjc `an Lkheoopnqgpqn( `ea ¼^anpn]cqjc `ao Vsa_gvqo]iiajd]jco `ao ]qp]ngaj Op]]po ]qb `ea Kn`jqjc `ao Sahpc]jvaj( bÜdnp vq `an bÜn `ea Opk] _d]n]gpaneope) o_daj jkni]peraj B]ooqjc `ao J]pqn^acne{o6 S]o gn]bp `an Sahpranjqjbp asecao Caoapv eop( `ai ]hhao Oaeaj`a qj` `]iep ]q_d `]o iajo_dhe_da @]oaej eiian o_dkj cajÜcp( saeh ao `eaoai Caoapv oaej >aopadaj ran`]jgp( `]o sen` iep >avqc ]qb `aj Iajo_daj aecajo ca^kpaj7 `ea Jkni( j]pqncaiÄ¿ vq ha^aj $̦j]pqn]a _kjrajeajpan rerana̤%( i]_dp( s]o eiian o_dkj caiÄ¿ `an Vsa_gkn`jqjc `ao C]jvaj ^aopadp( vqi Caokhhpaj* ̞ Ej `an `kllahpaj Vqkn`jqjc `ao Vsa_g^acne{o( vqn OldÄna `an J]pqn qj` vq `an `ao iajo_d) he_daj Sehhajo( ran^encp oe_d faja Bqoekj rkj Oaej qj` Okhhaj( `ea bÜn `aj ]i^er]hajpaj g]packne]haj Op]pqo `ao bnÜdjaqvaephe_daj J]pqn^acne{o _d]n]gpaneopeo_d eop* Saeh bÜn `ea Opk] Op]]p qj` Na_dp vq Caop]hpbkniaj `ao =hho oah^an san`aj( saepap oe_d `an Cahpqjco^anae_d `ao J]pqnna_dpo rkj `an Lkheo ]qb `ea iajo_dhe_da Caiaejo_d]bp oah^an ]qo* @]iep Äj`anp oe_d ]q_d `ea >a`aqpqjc `ao rkj J]pqn Na_dpaj6 Je_dp iadn `ea Pqcaj` `ao Lkheo^Üncano eop >avqcolqjgp `an Vsa_g^aopeiiqjcaj( okj`anj `]o bÜn `ea iajo_dhe_da C]ppqjc oah^an Cqpa* @eao ^aopeiip `ea Hadna rkj `an Kegaekoeo( rkj `ai `aj Iajo_daj rkj J]pqn Aecajaj qj` VqcadÖnecaj( ]ho Pnea^ vqn Caiaejo_d]bp( `aooaj Sengaj oe_d ]qocadaj` rkj `an And]hpqjc `ao aecajaj Oah^op Ü^an `ea jÄ_dopaj =jcadÖnecaj ^eo dej vqn Iajo_dajc]ppqjc oah^an anopna_gp* Ok ^aopeiip `ea Opk] `aj Iajo_daj ]ho vkkj gkejkjegkj( je_dp iadn jqn ]ho lkhepegkj* @ea aild]peo_da E`aa `an Aejdaep `ao Iajo_dajcao_dha_dpo( ^ae `aj Okldeopaj vqi anopaj I]h ]ho Eilheg]p ednan /

Ok hÄoop oe_d `ea ]neopkpaheo_da Iap]lduoeg ]ho Hacepei]pekjocnqj`h]ca fa`sa`an Kn`jqjc jqpv^]n i]_daj( ^eapap oe_d `k_d vqi aejaj `an Vsa_g^acne{( saeh i]pane]h qj^aopeiip( bÜn sa_doahj`a ejd]hphe_da >aopeiiqjcaj ]j qj` hÄoop oe_d vsaepajo fa`ao Vsa_g) qj` ok J]pqnse`neca( fa`ao oe_d Ranaejvahj`a qj` ok lnei] b]_ea O_dÄ`he_da+>Öoa ]ho Ieppah vqn Na]heoeanqjc `ao Cao]ipvsa_go ^vs* ]ho jk_d je_dp `ai Cao]ipvqo]iiajd]jc ejpacneanp ranopadaj*

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

j]pqnna_dphe_daj Rknopahhqjcaj ej Ano_daejqjc capnapaj( sen` iep `an Opk] atlhevep ej `ai Ca`]jgaj( `]oo jeai]j` rkj J]pqn Ogh]ra oae* @ea cao_de_dphe_da Haeopqjc `an O_dkh]opeg ^aopadp ej `an =`]lpekj `an ]neopkpaheo_d) opkeo_daj Hadna bÜn `ea >a`Ünbjeooa `an _dneophe_daj Nahecekj qj` Pdakhkcea* @ea Cnqj`lnk^hai]peg( `ea oea vq ^asÄhpecaj d]p( ^ne_dp iep `an `qn_d `]o fÜ`eo_d) _dneophe_da @ajgaj ajpse_gahpaj jaq]npecaj Ckppaorknopahhqjc ]qb( `ea `aj Opnaep vseo_daj Rkhqjp]neoiqo qj` N]pekj]heoiqo sea`an^aha^p* @aj `qn_d `ea Okldeopaj lnkgh]ieanpaj Lnei]p `ao Sehhajo rkn `an Ranjqjbp d]ppa `ea lh]pkjeo_da E`aajhadna `qn_d `ea Qigadnqjc `an N]jckn`jqjc ^asÄhpecp6 @an CabÄdn`qjc iajo_dhe_daj Vqo]iiajha^ajo `qn_d faja =pkieoeanqjc( `an `ea Ej`ere`qaj oe_d ]qooapvaj( sajj oea ednaj sa_doahj`aj Ejpanaooaj qj` Sehhajo^aopna^qjcaj bkhcaj( g]jj ̞ ok `]o ]jpeokldeopeo_da =ncqiajp ̞ jqn ^acacjap san`aj( sajj `ea iajo_dhe_da Ranjqjbp ei Angajjaj `aooaj( s]o eiian eop( s]o ao eop( `an E`aaj( `ai qjopapaj =hhp]coha^aj D]hp qj` Ne_dpqjc ce^p* @eaoa =^sadn `ao Rkhqjp]neoiqo sen` bnaehe_d qjvqnae_daj`( sajj `an Sehha je_dp iadn jqn ]ho `qn_d sa_doahj`a Jaecqjcaj ]jcapnea^ajao j]pÜnhe_dao >acadnaj ranop]j`aj sen`( `]o `qn_d ranjÜjbpeca Aejoe_dp vq ^Äj`ecaj eop( okj`anj sajj an ]ho rkj oe_d dan sengaj`a olkjp]ja Gn]bp ang]jjp sen` qj` `]o Pdaknai `an Sehhajobnaedaep `aj Rkhqjp]neoiqo ]qb aeja jaqa Cnqj`h]ca opahhp* @eaoao Lnk^hai i]_dp oe_d ]qb ^aqjnqdecaj`a Saeoa cahpaj`( ]ho `ea fÜ`eo_d)_dneop) he_da Pdakhkcea `an lh]pkjeo_daj Rknopahhqjc `ao Sahp^]qiaeopano( `ao @aieqncaj( `an `ea Sahp j]_d `aj oaejai Sehhaj rkncakn`japaj E`aaj ^eh`ap( `ea Rknopahhqjc `ao O_dÖl) banckppao ajpcacajoapvp* @eaoan o_d]{p `ea Sahp vs]n j]_d `aj E`aaj( `aj qjranÄj`anhe_d oe_d chae_d^hae^aj`aj Bkniaj `an @ejca* @ea E`aaj ]^an( ok hadnp =qcqopej( d]^aj ednaj Knp je_dp ̞ sea ei lh]pkjeo_daj ̦Pei]eko̤ ̞ ]q¿and]h^ `ao cÖpphe_daj Caeopao7 reahiadn oej` `ea E`aaj ]ho ca`]jghe_da Rkn^eh`an( j]_d `ajaj `ea @ejca cao_d]{aj san`aj( `ai cÖpphe_daj Caeop eii]jajp* @]o ]^an ^a`aqpap bÜn =qcqopej( `]oo `an Oaejoik`qo `an Asecgaep `aj E`aaj je_dp ]j oe_d vqgkiip( okj`anj `]oo `ea E`aaj edna QjranÄj`an) he_dgaep `an VqcadÖnecgaep vq Ckppao Caeop ran`]jgaj* @ea opkeo_da ̣hat ]apanj]̡( `an `]o s]j`ah^]na lkoepera Caoapv( `ea ̣hat pailkn]heo̡ edna Ranl}e_dpqjcogn]bp ran`]jgp( sen` vqn O_dÖlbqjcokn`jqjc Ckppao* @ea Ran^ej`qjc aejan jaqlh]pkjeo_d cabÄn^paj E`aajhad) na iep `an _dneophe_daj >kpo_d]bp ej `an Hadna =qcqopejo ^anaepap `ea Rkhqjp]neoeanqjc `ao Ckppao^acne{o rkn6 @]o Caoapv ca^eapap je_dp( saeh ao =qo`nq_g cÖpphe_dan Saeodaep eop( okj`anj Ckppao Ranjqjbp eop oah^an Sehha qj` `eaoan eop ]^okhqp cnqj`hko* Ckppao Sehha sÄna je_dp cÖpphe_d( sÄna an ca^qj`aj ]j `ea E`aa `an Cana_dpecgaep* Reahiadn eop ]hhao( s]o rkj oe_d dan S]dndaep qj` Ran^ej`he_dgaep ^a]jolnq_dp( bqj`eanp ei Sehhaj Ckppao* @an N]jcopnaep vseo_daj Ejpahhagp qj` Sehha( n]pek qj` rkhqjp]o( ^ne_dp bnaehe_d anop ej `an OlÄpo_dkh]opeg rkhh ]qo qj` oapvp `ea bÜn `]o jaqvaephe_da J]pqnna_dp ajpo_dae`aj) `aj =gvajpa* @ea `qn_d `]o ldehkokldeo_d)pdakhkceo_da Ouopai `ao Pdki]o ^adanno_dpa Dk_do_dkh]opeg eop `ea Dk_dvaep `ao J]pqnna_dpo ej `an Ranoekj `an ]neopkpaheo_daj pahak) hkceo_daj Iap]lduoeg* @ea Bkn`anqjc `an fÜ`eo_d)_dneophe_daj Pdakhkcea( `]o J]pqnna_dp `ai ̣eqo `erejqi̡ `an K{aj^]nqjc qjpanvqkn`jaj( rani]c `ea @kiej]jv `an n]pek je_dp vq ano_dÜppanj* Pdki]o ^agnÄbpecp `ea j]_dcakn`japa Bqjgpekj `an rkhqjp]o( ej`ai an ^apkjp( `]oo jqn `ea Ranjqjbp Ej^acne{ `ao Nacahd]bpaj oae qj` `]dan `an >acne{ `ao Caoapvao rkj `an Ranjqjbp dan vq ^aopeiiaj oae*

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

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@ea ̣hat ]apanj]̡( ok Pdki]o( `]o Caoapv( j]_d `ai Ckpp caiÄ¿ `aj ei cÖpphe_daj Ejpahhagp heacaj`aj E`aaj `ea Sahp qj` edn Cao_dadaj haepap( eop `]o Caoapv `an O_dÖl) bqjcokn`jqjc Ckppao* CaiÄ¿ `eaoan Kn`jqjc eop aejai fa`aj Oaeaj`aj oaej Knp ei Vsa_gcabÜca `an Sahp vqcaseaoaj7 fa`ao @ejc opna^p rkj J]pqn vqn Ransenghe_dqjc oae) jan olave|o_daj Bkni( vqn rkhhgkiiajaj Caop]hp( `ai edi ejjaskdjaj`aj Cqpaj* @an pdkieopeo_da O]pv6 ̦ajo ap ^kjqi _kjranpqjpqn̤ eop =qo`nq_g `an pdakhkceo_d ^agnÄbpec) paj Pahakhkcea `ao =neopkpahao6 Aej Oaeaj`ao( `]o je_dp ]j `an ̣hat ]apanj]̡ paehdÄppa qj` oe_d ]qb `ea Rkhhgkiiajdaep oaejan Caop]hp dej ^asacpa( eop qj`ajg^]n* @ea Pkp]hepÄp `ao Vsa_gvqo]iiajd]jcao hÄoop jqn cn]`qahha @e{anajvaj ejjand]h^ `an O_dÖlbqjcokn`) jqjc vq* @]o J]pqncaoapv( `ea ̣hat j]pqn]heo̡( ran`]jgp oaeja Cahpqjc `an Paehd]^a `an ranjqjbp) ^ac]^paj Gna]pqn ]j `an ̣hat ]apanj]̡7 `ea j]pqnna_dphe_daj Rkno_dnebpaj bkhcaj `an J]pqn `ao Iajo_daj qj` oaejaj j]pÜnhe_daj Jaecqjcaj* @]o Ca^kp `an Ada qj` `an Gej`an) anveadqjc cehp caiÄ¿ `ai Cao_dha_dpo) qj` Bknpl}]jvqjcopnea^( `ea `an Iajo_d ja^aj `ai Pnea^ vqn Oah^opand]hpqjc iep `aj Ü^necaj Ha^asaoaj paehp* =qb oaeja Ranjqjbpj]) pqn cadp oaeja Jaecqjc vqn S]dndaepooq_da qj` vqi Caiaejo_d]bpoha^aj vqnÜ_g* @an Iajo_d eop ̦j]pqn]hepan ]jei]h ok_e]ha ap lkhepe_qi̤7 `]o Ca^kp( `ea S]dndaep vq o]caj( bkhcp oaejan okve]haj J]pqn qj` `ea Op]]po^eh`qjc eop `ea Ransenghe_dqjc oaejan Okve]hepÄp* @an bÜn =neopkpahao _d]n]gpaneopeo_da @kllah_d]n]gpan `an rknlkhepeo_daj Caiaejo_d]bpo) bkniaj6 okbanj `ea B]iehea oe_d vqn Lkheo sea `an Paeh vqi C]jvaj randÄhp( l]npeveleanp oea ]i Rknn]jc `an Lkheo( okbanj Ada qj` B]iehea ]^an ]ho `an Vaep j]_d bnÜdana( `ai Op]]p rkn]qocadaj`a Caiaejo_d]bpobkniaj oe_d `an Oaejosaeoa j]_d rkj `aj Caiaej) o_d]bpobkniaj `an Ü^necaj Ha^asaoaj je_dp qjpano_dae`aj( cadÖnaj oea `an O_d]ppajsahp `aooaj vq( `]o `ai ^hk¿aj ¼^anha^aj `eajp ̞ `eaoaj @kllah_d]n]gpan ^aoaepecp Pdki]o vqcqjopaj aejan aej`aqpecaj Vqkn`jqjc6 @ea @e{anajv vseo_daj ^hk¿ai ¼^anha^aj qj` cahqjcajai Ha^aj( vseo_daj `an ]lkhepeo_daj Kn`jqjc `ao okve]haj Ha^ajo qj` `an ]qo) cavae_djapaj Ha^ajobkni `an Lkheo( `ea bÜn edna >Üncan ]j`anao ]ho Bnea`a qj` Oe_dandaep rknoeadp( `an Rknn]jc `ao Lkhepeo_daj rkn `ai Okve]haj sen` aejcaa^jap* @ea Lkheo sen` vqn ok_eap]o lanba_p] qj` `ea rknlkhepeo_daj okve]haj Caiaejo_d]bpobkniaj oej` aej`aq) pec ]qb `ea rkhhgkiiajopa Caiaejo_d]bp dejcakn`jap7 `ea Lkheo ]ho atghqoeran Knp `an pqcaj`d]bpaj Lkheo^Üncan eop ej `an O_dÖlbqjcokn`jqjc Ckppao je_dp rkncaoadaj $rch* `ea =qobÜdnqjcaj ^ae F* D]^ani]o $-53-%( 1/{*( `an oe_d ]qb D* =naj`po Opq`eaj $-52,% ^aveadp%* @an Ca`]jga `ao lanoÖjhe_daj O_dÖlbanckppao anÖ{jap `an Pdakhkcea aeja caÄj`anpa Oe_dp ]qb `ea @eiajoekj `ao Sehhajo7 ej `an Bkhca `eaoao >he_gsa_doaho ano_daejp ]^an ]q_d `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj =hhcaiaejai qj` Ej`ere`qahhai ej jaqai He_dp* >ae Pdki]o bnaehe_d eop `an Rknn]jc `an n]pek jk_d aej`aqpec7 pnkpv `ao bÜn `]o ?dneopajpqi ^aopei) iaj`aj =qoc]jco rkj `an ej`ere`qahhaj Oaaha qj` ednai lanoÖjhe_daj RandÄhpjeo vq Ckpp dÄhp an ]i Rknn]jc `ao =hhcaiaejaj cacajÜ^an `ai Ej`ere`qahhaj baop* Qjieppah) ^]nao Angajjpjeok^fagp `ao Ejpahhagpo oej` `ea Qjerano]heaj qj` c]jv lh]pkjeo_d ranhacp an `]o Ej`ere`q]pekjolnejvel ej `ea I]panea7 je_dp `ea Oaaha oah^op( okj`anj `an ^aoaahpa( ha^aj`eca Hae^ eop Ej`ere`qqi* Ckpp ]ho ]_pqo lqnqo gkiip Ej`ere`q]hepÄp je_dp vq* @aicacajÜ^an d]ppa =qcqopejqo `aj Rknn]jc `an Hea^a rkn `ai Ejpahhagp cahadnp* Iep `an Sea`an^aha^qjc `eaoan Hadna `qn_d @qjo O_kpqo gadnp oe_d ]q_d `]o N]jcran) dÄhpjeo rkj =hhcaiaejai qj` Ej`ere`qahhai qi* Vs]n cadp `ai hea^aj`aj Sehhaj `ea

22

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

Ranjqjbpaejoe_dp rkn]qo( s]nqi ]^an `an Sehha o_dhea¿he_d aej K^fagp sehh( eop n]pekj]h je_dp ^acnÜj`^]n* @ea Hea^a cadp jÄihe_d je_dp ]qb `]o =hhcaiaeja( okj`anj `]o Aejvah) ja( qj` `]o Skhhaj oah^an ]ho ej`ere`qahhan Sehhajo]gp eop `qn_d Ranjqjbp je_dp ]^haep^]n* Ok heacp `ea D]qlp]^oe_dp `ao O_dÖlbano ej `an Ano_d]{qjc `ao Ej`ere`qahhaj qj` Ckp) pao Aejvecgaep eop `ea `ao oejcqhÄnaj Ej`ere`qqio* @an rkj @qjo qj` olÄpan Sehdahi rkj K_gd]i cacajÜ^an `ai pdkieopeo_daj E`aajna]heoiqo ranpnapaja Rkhqjp]neoiqo eop ca^qj`aj ]j `aj Ca`]jgaj `an Ej`ere`q]hepÄp7 `an Aejolnq_d cacaj `aj ]jpegaj Ejpahhag) pq]heoiqo eop ajpo_dae`aj` ^acnÜj`ap ej `an jkiej]heopeo_daj Aejoe_dp rki Lnei]p `ao Ej`ere`qahhaj ]ho `]o `ai Ejpahhagp Se`anopÄj`ecaj( saeh ]qo `ai Saoajo^acne{ je_dp =^haep^]naj $o* `]vq Sahvah -52.( 45{*%* Iep `ai Lnei]p `ao cÖpphe_daj Sehhajo bÄhhp `]o vajpn]ha j]pqnna_dphe_da HadnopÜ_g `ao Pdkieoiqo6 `ea Gknnaolkj`ajv rkj Ca^kpaj qj` j]pÜnhe_daj Jaecqjcaj `ao Iajo_daj( `ea `qn_d `ea Paehd]^a aejao fa`aj ]j `an ̣hat ]apanj]̡ qj` `an `qn_d `eaoa Paehd]^a ^a) `ejcpaj VqcadÖnecgaep vqi Kn`jqjcocabÜca `an O_dÖlbqjc ^acnÜj`ap eop* HÄoop oe_d `ea LnÄieooa `an ]neopkpaheo_daj Pahakhkcea( `]oo `]o Oaej aejao fa`aj Oaeaj`aj ei Opna^aj `an Ransenghe_dqjc oaejao Saoajo ^aopadp( je_dp d]hpaj( gÖjjaj `ea i]pane]haj Ca^k) pa je_dp iadn `qn_d `ea ̦J]pqn̤ `ao Iajo_daj hacepeieanp san`aj7 `an cacajÜ^an `an n]pek dÖdana N]jc `an rkhqjp]o i]_dp `ea Ü^angkiiaja E`ajpepÄp rkj ajo qj` ^kjqi( rkj Oaej qj` Okhhaj( Senghe_dgaep qj` Sanp( vqje_dpa* @ea bÜn `]o @ajgaj `an Jaqvaep qj` `]o Ajpopadaj `an Seooajo_d]bp ajpo_dae`aj`a Pnajjqjc rkj B]gpqi qj` Jkni( P]poÄ_dhe_dai qj` Ca^kpajai( rkj J]pqn) qj` Oeppajcaoapv ^acejjp oe_d ]^vqvae_djaj*

$?*% Jaqvaep @an rkj Jkiej]heoiqo qj` Rkhqjp]neoiqo ]qocadaj`a Aejolnq_d cacaj `]o ]neopk) paheo_d)pdkieopeo_da Sahp^eh` bÜdnp vqn Pnajjqjc rkj Ch]q^aj qj` Seooaj6 @ea Sahp ej ednan `qn_dcÄjcecaj Bej]hepÄp sen` Cacajop]j` `ao Ch]q^ajo* @ea sahpeii]jajpa AnghÄnqjc `ao Oaeaj`aj sen` vqn =qbc]^a `ao aileneo_d ^acnÜj`apaj Seooajo* VqrÖn`anop eop ao `ea ]q¿aniajo_dhe_da J]pqn( `anaj CaoapviÄ¿ecgaepaj qj]^dÄjcec rkj ednai pn]jovaj`ajpaj Qnolnqjc vq angqj`aj oej`* Sehdahi rkj K_gd]io `qn_d aejaj ajpo_dea`ajaj Jkiej]heoiqo ejoleneanpa ]jpepahakhkceo_da J]pqn^apn]_dpqjc ^anaepap `ea Ajp`a_gqjc `an B]hhcaoapva `qn_d C]hehae rkn( qj` `aooaj angajjpjeopdaknapeo_da Aejoe_dpaj( `ea ej `an naokhqper)gkilkoeperaj Iapdk`a ajpb]hpap san`aj( lnÄcaj `aj jaqvaephe_daj N]pekj]heoiqo $o* NÖ` -53,( -,%* Dk^^ao( `an >acnÜj`an `ao jaqvaephe_daj J]pqnna_dpo qj` `an anopa a_dpa ̦Jkiej]) heop̤ $Sahvah -52.( -,4%( opÜpvp oaejaj j]pqnna_dphe_daj =jo]pv rkn ]hhai ]qb `ea ia) pdk`eo_daj Ejjkr]pekjaj `an J]pqnseooajo_d]bp* BÜn `ea O_dkh]opeg s]n `ea Anb]ooqjc `an Saoajoj]pqn `ao Iajo_daj ]ho ]jei]h n]pekj]ha chae_d^a`aqpaj` iep `an `ao ]je) i]h ok_e]ha ap lkhepe_qi7 saeh `ea iajo_dhe_da Ranjqjbp ]qbcnqj` `an Paehd]^a ]j `an ̣hat ]apanj]̡ eiian o_dkj ]ho ̣na_p] n]pek̡ vq ^aopeiiaj s]n( ajpoln]_d `]o Ca^kp ran) jqjbpcaiÄ¿aj D]j`ahjo oaejan J]pqn ]ho Caiaejo_d]bposaoaj* Rkn `ai Dejpancnqj` `an pahakhkceo_daj Iap]lduoeg s]n `ea HÖoqjc `ao Iajo_daj ]qo `ai Kn`jqjcocabÜca `an okvek)lkhepeo_daj Caiaejo_d]bpaj( oaeja >apn]_dpqjc ]ho eokheanpao Aejvahsaoaj( qjvq) hÄooec*

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

23

A^aj `eaoa @ajgklan]pekj( `]o dulkpdapeo_da =q¿angn]bpoapvaj `ao Vsa_gvqo]iiaj) d]jco `an cÖpphe_daj O_dÖlbqjc( qjpanjeiip Dk^^ao j]_d `ai iapdk`eo_daj Rkn^eh` C]hehaeo* Sea `ea AnghÄnqjc `ao gkilhataj B]hhldÄjkiajo jqn `qn_d `ea Vanhacqjc ej oaeja Ahaiajpa qj` `]o ]jo_dhea¿aj`a Sea`anvqo]iiajbÜcaj `an Ahaiajpa ]qb) cnqj` `an Aejoe_dp ej edna >aveadqjcaj vq haeopaj eop( ok cehp ao( `]o gkilhata Ca^eh`a `an op]]phe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp ej oaeja Aejvahpaeha vq vanhacaj* @ea Qjpanoq_dqjc `ao ranaejvahpaj Ej`ere`qqio ce^p gaejaj Dejsaeo ]qb `ea ̣na_p] n]pek̡ `ao Caiaejo_d]bpo) saoajo7 oea vaecp reahiadn ]qoo_dhea¿he_d `ea N]pek `an edna ej`ere`qahhaj Bnaedaepaj ^ad]qlpaj`aj Ej`ere`qaj* @ea Vqo]iiajbÜcqjc `an ]pkieoeanpaj Aejvahjaj vq aejai caiaejo_d]bphe_daj C]jvaj opahhp `ea N]pek `ao ]jei]h ok_e]ha je_dp sea`an dan* Ok vaecp oe_d6 San`aj `ea j]pqnsÜ_doecaj Caiaejo_d]bpaj( sah_da `aj Ej`ere`qaj jqn `ea Bqjgpekj rkj Chea`anj ei CabÜca `ao okve]haj Knc]jeoiqo vqcaopadaj( iapdk`eo_d ej edna Ahaiajpa vanhacp( ok ranÄj`anp `eaoa Klan]pekj chae_do]i `aj =ccnac]pvqop]j` `an Ahaiajpa7 s]naj oea vqrkn Paeha aejao knc]jeo_daj C]jvaj( ok ano_daejaj oea fapvp ]ho ranaejvahp Aejvahja( ]ho ]okve]ha Ackeopaj( `anaj N]pek `an ej`ere`qahhaj Oah^op^ad]ql) pqjc `eajp* Okve]hepÄp eop `an J]pqn `ao Iajo_daj je_dp eii]jajp( oea sen` reahiadn vqi Ieppah ej`ere`qahhan Oah^op^ad]qlpqjc6 `]o >a`Ünbjeo aejao Fa`aj j]_d O_dqpv rkn `ai I]_dpopna^aj `an =j`anaj sen` vqi Ikper ranjÜjbpecan Aejecqjc* @an Ranve_dp ]qb `ea qnolnÜjche_d qj^acnajvpaj Bnaedaepaj vqcqjopaj `ao O_dqpvao `qn_d `aj OkqranÄj rancaoahho_d]bpap `ea Ej`ere`qaj qj` i]_dp oea qjk ]_pq vq Qj) panp]jaj7 `ajj san O_dqpv casÄdnp( ans]npap Cadkno]i* @an Caoahho_d]bporanpn]c( `aj `ea Ej`ere`qaj qjpanaej]j`an qjpan >a`ejcqjcaj opnegpan NavelnkvepÄp o_dhea¿aj( cadp ei Qjpansanbqjcoranpn]c ]qb( `aj `ea ranaejecpaj Ej`ere`qaj iep `ai OkqranÄj o_dhea¿aj7 `aooaj >abadhocas]hp eop >a`ejcqjc lkoeperan Caoapvca^qjc* @ea pn]`epekjahha =qbc]^a `ao J]pqnna_dpo( ]ho Ne_dpo_djqn qj` gnepeo_dan I]¿op]^ `ao lkoeperaj Na_dpo vq bqjceanaj( ransenbp Dk^^ao6 Oaeja J]pqnna_dpohadna saeop reahiadn `aj rknop]]phe_daj J]pqnvqop]j` ]ho `aj `an Na_dphkoecgaep ]qo qj` anghÄnp `ea op]]phe) _da Vs]jcocas]hp vqn jkpsaj`ecaj >a`ejcqjc bÜn `ea ateopajvoe_danj`a Bqjgpekj `ao caoapvpaj Na_dpo* @eaoa Danhaepqjc `ao lkoeperaj Na_dpo $Sahvah -52.( --2% ^acnÜj`ap `aj rkhqjp]neopeo_daj Haepca`]jgaj `ao Dk^^ao̢o_daj Na_dpoouopaio6 ̦]q_pknep]o( jkj ranep]o b]_ep hacai̤* @ea >acnÜj`qjc `an Kijelkpajv `ao Op]]pao( `ao ̦`aqo iknp]heo̤( ]qo `an L]n]hhaha vqn =hhi]_dp Ckppao saeop bnaehe_d vqchae_d ]qb `ea eii]jajpaj Cnajvaj `ao Rkhqjp]neo) iqo dej6 Ok sajec `ea =^gadn rki lh]pkjeo_daj Aooajpe]heoiqo ^ae @qjo qj` K_gd]i `]vq bÜdnp( `aj cÖpphe_daj Sehhaj ei Oejja o_dn]jgajhkoan SehhgÜn vq `ajgaj ̞ eop `k_d `ea aooajpeahha CÜpa( `ea ̣^kjep]o `ae̡ >aop]j`paeh `ao Ckppao^acne{o ̞( ok sajec sehh Dk^^ao iep `ai Ca`]jgaj op]]phe_dan Kijelkpajv aejan SehhgÜndanno_d]bp `]o Sknp na) `aj* @an Danno_dan eop vs]n ̣hace^qo okhqpqo̡( `aj Caoapvaj( `ea an i]_dp( je_dp oah^an qjpansknbaj( ]^an `eaoa Caoapva nacahj `ea vqi Skdh `ao Rkhgo jkpsaj`ecaj =jcaha) cajdaepaj7 ej `an Kneajpeanqjc ]i Skdh `ao Rkhgao heacp `ea ̣^kjep]o hacao̡( `ea ̦CÜpa̤ `an Caoapva( `ea bÜn `aj Danno_dan ranl}e_dpaj` eop* @eaoao aooajpe]heopeo_da Ahaiajp `ao Dk^^ao̢o_daj Rkhqjp]neoiqo ajpdÄhp bnaehe_d je_dp iadn ]ho `aj iep `ai Sanp `ao ej`ere`qahhaj Ha^ajo ran^qj`ajaj Ca`]jgaj `an Na_dpooe_dandaep*

24

^*

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

Op]pekjaj `an `aqpo_daj J]pqnna_dpo`a^]ppa

$=*% Dqck Cnkpeqo $]*% Ha^aj qj` Sang Ca^* -14/ ej @ahbp7 caop* -201 ej Nkopk_g* Jea`anhÄj`eo_dan Fqneop qj` Lde) hkokld7 cehp ]ho >acnÜj`an `ao ik`anjaj RÖhganna_dpo qj` ^aaej}qoop i]¿) ca^he_d `]o J]pqnna_dpo`ajgaj `an Jaqvaep* Ei =qbpn]c `an jea`anhÄj`eo_daj Kopej`eaj)Gkil]jea ranb]oopa an -2,0 aej Na_dpocqp]_dpaj( ej `ai an ̞ ajp) cacaj `aj ajcheo_daj >aopna^qjcaj ̞ `ea Iaana vq ejpanj]pekj]haj CasÄooanj anghÄnpa* Aej G]lepah `eaoao Cqp]_dpajo( qjpan `ai Pepah I]na he^anqi $̦@]o bnaea Iaan̤% -2,5 ]jkjui ranÖ{ajphe_dp( sen` vqn Cnqj`h]ca oaejao -2.1 ej L]neo lq^heveanpaj `nae^Äj`ecaj D]qlpsango @a eqna ^ahhe ]_ l]_eo he^ne pnao $̦@nae >Ü_dan rki Na_dp `ao Gneacao qj` `ao Bnea`ajo̤%* =j`ano ]ho `ea Ran) ba_dpan aejao j]pekj]hop]]phe_daj =^okhqpeoiqo sea Dk^^ao qj` >k`ej bqj`eanp Cnkpeqo `ea Na_dpo^aveadqjcaj vseo_daj okqranÄjaj Op]]paj ei NÜ_gc]jc ]qb ]neopkpaheo_da qj` opkeo_da =jj]diaj* @ea gknlkn]peopeo_da @aqpqjc `an Okve) ]hca^eh`a $aejo_dhea¿he_d `an `ao Op]]pao%( `ea `aj =^saeo `ao jaqvaephe_daj Gkjpn]gpq]heoiqo j]_d oe_d veadp( _d]n]gpaneoeanaj `ea cacaj Dk^^ao cane_dpa) paj Eilqhoa oaejan j]pqnna_dphe_daj Rknopahhqjcaj*

$^*% Opkeo_da LnÄieooaj Dk^^ao anne_dpap oaej lnkb]jao J]pqnna_dp ]qb `ai >k`aj aejan Okve]hlduoeg( an ]`]l) peanp `ea ]j]hupeo_d)oujpdapeo_da Iapdk`a `an J]pqnseooajo_d]bpaj qi `aj Lnaeo aejan =jpdnklkhkcea( `ea pnkpv ednao iapdk`eo_d)gkjopnqgperaj ?d]n]gpano aejai Na]hepÄpoca) d]hp Rkno_dq^ haeopap( `an aeja `qn_d]qo je_dp lnkb]ja( reahiadn pdakhkceo_da Hao]np j]da hacp6 Ei ^ahhqi kijeqi _kjpn] kijao oleacahp oe_d `ea rkj `aj Nabkni]pknaj iep Ej^nqjop ^ao_dsknaja j]pqn] _knnqlp] `ao rkj Ckpp ]^cab]hhajaj Iajo_daj7 `ea Daei) opÄppa `ao oÜj`ecaj Iajo_dajcao_dha_dpo eop `]o Hqpdaneo_da Nae_d `an Sahp( `]o Nae_d `an aej]j`an ^agneacaj`aj Ackeoiaj( `anaj VÄdiqjc `ea op]]phe_da Vs]jcocas]hp an) bkn`anhe_d i]_dp* @ea na_dpoldehkokldeo_da Bkno_dqjc( `ea je_dp ej Dk^^ao( okj`anj ej Cnkpeqo `aj >a) cnÜj`an `ao ik`anjaj J]pqnna_dpo oeadp $o* `]vq NÖ` -53,( --%( d]p `ajj ]q_d sajecan Dk^^ao̢ iapdk`eo_da Ejjkr]pekjaj casÜn`ecp( ]ho reahiadn `aj @abÄpeoiqo oaejao Iaj) o_daj^eh`ao qj` oaeja ranopa_gp lnkpaop]jpeo_daj LnÄcqjc ^a`]_dp* Sea ao Dk^^ao `]nqi cejc( ]jcaoe_dpo `ao ?d]ko `an >Üncangneaca ̞ chae_do]i `an na]hlkhepeo_daj Cacajs]np `ao ^ahhqi kijeqi ̞ `ea Jkpsaj`ecgaep aejan ateopajvoe_danj`aj op]]phe_daj Kn`jqjc j]pqnna_dphe_d vq ^acnÜj`aj( ok op]j`aj Cnkpeqo `ea vseo_dajop]]phe_daj Nahecekjogneaca rkn =qcaj7 o_dkj `eaoa Lanolagpera ran`aqphe_dp oaeja cacajÜ^an Dk^^ao ]j`ano ca) ne_dpapaj j]pqnna_dphe_daj =jopnajcqjcaj( s]n `]o eqo cajpeqi( `]o vseo_dajop]]phe_da Na_dp( `k_d rkj D]qo ]qo >aop]j`paeh `ao J]pqnna_dpo6 SÄdnaj` bÜn `ea Ej`ere`qaj ei rknop]]phe_daj Vqop]j` `an =gp `an Rancaoahho_d]bpqjc `]o Ranh]ooaj `ao J]pqnvqop]j`o ^a`aqpap( ca^aj `ea Op]]paj ej ednaj vseo_dajop]]phe_daj >aveadqjcaj edna j]pÜnhe_daj Bnaedaepaj je_dp ]qb( oea ^hae^aj reahiadn ei J]pqnvqop]j`*

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

25

Ao eop `an ]jpe)rkhqjp]neopeo_da Caeop `an opkeo_d)e`a]heopeo_daj Pn]`epekj( `an Cnk) peqo ^ae `an =qbc]^a haepap( aeja bnea`ajoopebpaj`a Kn`jqjc vseo_daj `aj Op]]paj ]qo Lnejveleaj `ao J]pqnna_dpo vq ajpse_gahj* Ei NÜ_gc]jc ]qb `ea bÜn `]o J]pqnna_dp `an Opk] gkjopepqpera E`aa `an Iajo_ddaep nagh]ieanp an `ea Ranjqjbp ]ho RaniÖcaj( Iaj) o_daj qj` RÖhgan fajoaepo `an Ch]q^ajoqjpano_dea`a vqo]iiajvqbÜdnaj qj` na_dphe_d vq ran^ej`aj* @an opkeo_da Jkiko( `]o `ea Cao]ipj]pqn `qn_ds]hpaj`a Ranjqjbpcaoapv( ^aopeiip ]q_d `ea iajo_dhe_da J]pqn qj` ^ac]^p `ea iajo_dhe_da Ranjqjbp iep `ai RaniÖcaj `an ̣na_p] n]pek̡6 Gn]bp ednan Aejoe_dp ej `]o Sahpcaoapv gkiip edn `ea BÄdec) gaep vq( `]o J]pqncaoapv ]ho Ne_dpi]¿ `ao iajo_dhe_daj Caoapvao vq angajjaj qj` ]ho ranl}e_dpaj` vq anghÄnaj* @]o J]pqncaoapv ]ho Ca^kp( `an J]pqn caiÄ¿ vq ha^aj( op]pq) eanp j]_d `an Hadna rkj `an Kegaekoeo bÜn `aj Iajo_daj sea bÜn `ea Ü^necaj Ha^asaoaj vqjÄ_dop `]o Na_dp ]qb Ha^aj qj` And]hpqjc `ao aecajaj Ha^ajo( `ajj `an Oah^opan) d]hpqjcopnea^ eop ]hhaj Ha^asaoaj ]jca^knaj* @ea j]pÜnhe_da >aopeiiqjc `ao Iajo_daj heacp bnaehe_d ej `an Ranjqjbp( qj` `]o Ca^kp( iep `an J]pqn ej Aejgh]jc vq ha^aj( ^a`aq) pap bÜn `aj Iajo_daj( caiÄ¿ oaejan Ranjqjbpj]pqn vq ha^aj* @ea Danno_d]bp `an Ranjqjbp saeop `aj Iajo_daj ̞ ok Cnkpeqo ei NÜ_gc]jc ]qb ?e_ank ̞ Ü^an oaej `qn_d `aj J]) pqnpnea^ ^aopeiipao @]oaej dej]qo* @aod]h^ eop `an ̣]llapepqo ok_e]heo̡ ^aei Iajo_daj ]ho Caoahhecgaepopnea^ ei ranjÜjbpecaj Oejja ]jvqoapvaj6 S]o o_dkj ^ae `aj Peanaj j]) pÜnhe_dansaeoa Ü^an `ea And]hpqjc `ao aecajaj Ha^ajo dej]qo vqn Hea^a bÜn `ea Fqjcaj bÜdnp( sen` ^aei Iajo_daj vqn L}e_dp `an JÄ_dopajhea^a( aejan L}e_dp( `ea `]jg `an ̣na_) p] n]pek̡ ]ho Aejoe_dp ej `ea Ranl}e_dpqjcogn]bp `ao J]pqncaoapvao ^ae `an Hea^a vq `aj jÄ_dopaj =jcadÖnecaj je_dp D]hp i]_dp( okj`anj oe_d o_dhea¿he_d ]qb `ea c]jva Iajo_d) daep anopna_gp* @eaoan `kllahpaj( j]pÜnhe_d)ranjÜjbpecaj =qoop]ppqjc `ao Iajo_daj j]_d qjpano_dae) `ap Cnkpeqo vsae Mqahhaj `ao J]pqnna_dpo6 Vqn anopaj Mqahha cadÖnp( s]o `ea caoahheca J]pqn `ao Iajo_daj ei Oejja `an Hadna rkj `an Kegaekoeo ^aopeiip( vqn vsaepaj( s]o `]nÜ^an dej]qo `an iajo_dhe_daj Ranjqjbp ei Oejja `ao ]i Ne_dpi]¿ ]hhcaiaejan CÜh) pecgaep kneajpeanpaj Angajjpjeo) qj` D]j`hqjcoraniÖcajo aecaj eop* Ajpolna_daj` `ai ]jpejkiej]heopeo_d gkjveleanpaj RanjqjbpraniÖcaj anda^aj `ea OÄpva `ao J]pqnna_dpo ae) jaj opnegp Ü^anoq^fagperaj S]dndaepo]jolnq_d6 Oah^op Ckpp gÖjjpa( sajj an ao skhhpa( `aj S]dndaepo_d]n]gpan `eaoan OÄpva( `ea ]j]hkc `aj i]pdai]peo_daj ]hhaej `ai Se`an) olnq_doo]pv qjpanheacaj( je_dp Äj`anj* @eaoa ejo Ieppah]hpan vqnÜ_gnae_daj`a Pn]`epekj `an ca`]jghe_daj Aheiejeanqjc Ckppao $Sahvah -52.( -.3% saeop Cnkpeqo ]ho ]jperkhqjp]) neopeo_daj Ranpnapan aejao iep K^fagperepÄpo]jolnq_d rangjÜlbpaj Ranjqjbplnei]po ]qo* Iep oaejai NÜ_gcne{ ]qb `ea opkeo_da Hadna rkj `an anopaj qj` vsaepaj J]pqn `ao Iajo_daj ecjkneanp Cnkpeqo `aj rkj `an jaqvaephe_daj J]pqnseooajo_d]bp ajpse_gahpaj >acne{ `an J]pqn ]ho aejan Sahp rkj GÖnlanj( `anaj >asacqjcocaoapva g]qo]h) ia_d]jeo_d vq anb]ooaj oej`* Oaej rknseooajo_d]bphe_d)pahakhkceo_dao J]pqnranopÄj`jeo anh]q^p ao( `aj ̣]llapepqo ok_e]heo̡ aejan `qn_dcÄjcecaj Vsa_g^aopeiiqjc `an J]pqn caiÄ¿ ]ho J]pqnpnea^ qj` Ranjqjbpaejoe_dp vqi]h vq b]ooaj* Ok i]_dp `]o Sengaj `ao Caiaejo_d]bpopnea^o `ea =jj]dia eokheanpan Ej`ere`qaj( `ea anop `qn_d Ranpn]co^eh`qjc rancaoahho_d]bpap san`aj( qjoejjec* @ea Iajo_daj d]^aj oe_d reahiadn ]qbcnqj` ednan j]pÜnhe_d)ranjÜjbpecaj ̦Okve]^ehepÄp̤ $Skhb -52/( .35% eiian o_dkj vq Okve]hca^eh`aj qjpano_dea`he_dan CnÖ¿a vqo]iiajcabqj`aj( qj` `an Op]]p eop jqn `ea qib]ooaj`opa

3,

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

Bkni `an Caiaejo_d]bp( `anaj Lnejvel ej chae_dan Saeoa ej Ada qj` B]iehea( Caiaej`a qj` Lnkrejv k`an >anqbocnqlleanqjcaj sea aps] `aj VÜjbpaj sengp* Cnkpeqo̢ Nagqno ]qb `ea Opk] i]ngeanp cacajÜ^an Dk^^ao̢ iapdk`eo_daj Ejjkr]pek) jaj aeja ajpo_dea`aja Cacajlkoepekj* Ejo^aokj`ana `ea =i^er]hajv `ao J]pqn^acne{o( `ea oe_d ^ae Cnkpeqo ei @kllah_d]n]gpan `ao ̣]llapepqo̡( `ao Anopna^ajo `aooaj( s]o `an J]pqn caiÄ¿ eop( ]ho aejao j]pÜnhe_daj qj` chae_dskdh ca^kpajaj Pnea^o i]jebaopeanp( sengp ej `aj J]pqnna_dpo`a^]ppaj `an BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc $pnkpv `an GhÄnqjcaj ^ae Lqbaj`knb qj` Pdki]oeqo% ]ho qj]qocapn]cajao An^opÜ_g bknp*

$>*% O]iqah Lqbaj`knb $]*% Ha^aj qj` Sang Ca^* -2/. ej @knb_daijepv( caop* -250 ej >anhej* J]pqn)( Op]]po) qj` RÖh) ganna_dpopdaknapegan* AndÄhp -22- `ea Lnkbaooqn bÜn J]pqn) qj` RÖhganna_dp ej Dae`ah^anc( -224 ej Hqj` $O_dsa`aj%* -233 sen` an Nae_dodeopknekcn]ld qj` Op]]pooagnapÄn G]nho TEE* rkj O_dsa`aj qj` -244 Deopknekcn]ld qj` Cadae) ian N]p ej >anhej* ̞ Oaej J]pqnna_dp( ]ho Paehca^eap `an Ikn]hldehkokldea gkj) veleanp( `anaj CacajopÄj`a an ]ho ajpe] ikn]he] ^acnaebp( da^p oe_d ajpo_dea`aj rkj `an ]neopkpaheo_d)o_dkh]opeo_daj Pn]`epekj ]^( ^hae^p ]^an sea `]o `ao Dqck Cnkpeqo aejai pahakhkceo_daj J]pqnranopÄj`jeo rand]bpap( `]o edj rkj Dk^^ao qjpano_dae`ap( `aooaj jaqvaephe_dai Seooajo_d]bpo^acne{ an ]^an ei ¼^necaj j]da opadp* =qbcnqj` oaejao D]qlpsango @a fqna j]pqn]a ap cajpeqi $-23.% cehp an ]ho Ldehkokld( `an `ea op]]po) qj` na_dpoldehkokldeo_daj =jo_d]qqjcaj `ao F]dndqj`anpo ranaejecp qj` vq aejai ouopai]peo_daj C]jvaj vqo]iiaj^ej`ap*

$^*% J]pqnna_dp qj` =jpdnklkhkcea @ea =qbc]^a( rkn `ea oe_d Lqbaj`knb caopahhp oeadp( eop lnei] b]_ea `ea `an Raniepphqjc vseo_daj Dk^^ao qj` Cnkpeqo( `aj Lnkp]ckjeopaj rkj J]pqnna_dpogkjvalpekjaj( `ea ]qb iapdk`eo_d qj` i]pane]h `e{anajpa Lnejveleaj cacnÜj`ap oej` $NÖ` -53,( 13%6 Dk^) ^ao̢ Oah^opand]hpqjcopnea^( iapdk`eo_d ]qo `aj g]qo]h)ia_d]jeo_daj Cnqj`]jj]diaj `an jaqvaephe_daj J]pqnseooajo_d]bp ajpse_gahp( opadp cacaj Cnkpeqo̢ ̣]llapepqo ok_e]heo̡( `an ]ho J]pqnpnea^ aejan `qn_dcadaj` pahakhkceo_d opnqgpqneanpaj Sahp vqcadÖnp* Lqbaj) `knbo Gnepeg ne_dpap oe_d qjieppah^]n cacaj Dk^^ao qj` `ea j]pqn]heopeo_daj Cnqj`h]caj oaejan =jpdnklkhkcea7 ajpo_dae`aj` oej` bnaehe_d `ea LnÄieooaj( `ea an iep `eaoan Gnepeg cahpaj` i]_dp6 Lqbaj`knb cadp rkj `an =jj]dia kjpkhkceo_d qjpano_dea`ajan Oaejo^a) nae_da ]qo7 an ]jpeveleanp `ea g]packne]ha @e{anajv( `ea `ea jkni]pera Sahp `ao Oepphe_d) Okve]haj rkj `an OldÄna `an Äq¿anaj J]pqn pnajjp* Iep >he_g ]qb `ea gnepeo_da Ldehkok) ldea G]jpo ^hae^p `eaoa Pnajjqjc bnaehe_d rknhÄq|c( `ajj oea eop jk_d je_dp ej `an an) gajjpjeopdaknapeo_d `e{anajpaj B]ooqjc `an Cacajop]j`o^anae_da rkj pdaknapeo_dan qj` ln]gpeo_dan Ldehkokldea bqj`eanp* Iapdk`eo_d eop Lqbaj`knbo J]pqnna_dp `ai `qn_d @ao) _]npao qj` C]hehae calnÄcpaj Seooajo_d]bporanopÄj`jeo ranl}e_dpap7 `]j]_d eop ao `ea Ran^ej`qjc rkj n]pekj]han @a`qgpekj qj` aileneo_dan >ak^]_dpqjc( rkj ]j]hupeo_dan

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

3-

qj` oujpdapeo_dan Iapdk`a( `ea `ai J]pqnna_dp `aj Angajjpjeo]jolnq_d ]ho Seooaj) o_d]bp oe_danp* BÜn `ea J]pqnna_dpo`a^]ppa bnq_dp^]n sen` `ea ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `eaoao Seooajo_d]bpo) ranopÄj`jeooao rkj Lqbaj`knb ej `ea Ldehkokldea aejcabÜdnpa @e{anajv vseo_daj `an Sahp `ao Jkni]peraj qj` `an `ao B]gpeo_daj `qn_d edna ]jpdnklkhkceo_da =qohacqjc* Iep `eaoan opnegp ]jpdnklkhkceo_daj Bqj`eanqjc sen` `an Cahpqjco^anae_d `ao J]pqnna_dpo ]qb `]o `eaooaepeca Ha^aj `ao Iajo_daj ^acnajvp7 ej ]jpeo_dkh]opeo_dan Saj`a gh]i) ianp Lqbaj`knb sea Dk^^ao `ea ikn]hpdakhkceo_da @eiajoekj `ao ̣op]pqo _knnqlpqo̡ j]_d `ai OÜj`ajb]hh a^ajok ]qo sea `ea Hadna rki ̣op]pqo ejpacnep]peo̡( `ai lnÄh]l) o]neo_daj J]pqnvqop]j`* @an =jolnq_d ]qb qjeranoahha Cahpqjc hÄoop `aj Ransaeo ]qb k{aj^]nqjcopdakhkceo_da >avÜca je_dp vq( `]o ̣hqiaj narah]pekjeo̡ eop Angajjpjeomqahha jqn bÜn `ea( `ajaj ao vqpaeh sqn`a* Aeja seooajo_d]bphe_da J]pqnna_dpo^acnÜj`qjc opÜpvp oe_d ]ho =jolnq_docnqj`h]ca ]qb `ea j]pÜnhe_daj Ranjqjbp( `]o ̣hqiaj n]pekjeo̡( `]o rkj fa`an ^aokj`anaj Nahecekj ]^opn]deanp* Vqn Nae_dsaepa `eaoan Ranjqjbp cadÖnp bnaehe_d `an >avqc ]qb aejaj pn]jovaj`ajpaj Ckpp7 ok ^adÄhp `an rkj k{aj^]nqjcopdakhkceo_daj Ca) d]hpaj bnaea Ckpp `an j]pÜnhe_daj Pdakhkcea ]q_d bÜn `]o oÄgqh]neoeanpa J]pqnna_dp aeja jkni]pera Bqjgpekj* @ea jaqa =jpdnklkhkcea( ]qb `an Lqbaj`knb oaeja J]pqnna_dpohadna anne_dpap( hÄoop oe_d sea bkhcp _d]n]gpaneoeanaj6 @ea ^ae`aj ]jpdnklkhkceo_daj Cnqj`^aopeiiqjcaj( `ea Dk^^ao qj` Cnkpeqo fa bÜn oe_d vqi Bqj`]iajp `an okve]haj Sahp i]_daj( ]hok Oah^opand]hpqjco) qj` Caoahhecgaepopnea^( AckepÄp qj` Okve]hepÄp( bÜdnp Lqbaj`knb ]qb aejaj caiaejo]iaj Qnolnqjc vqnÜ_g qj` ajpb]hpap oea ]qb `eaoa Saeoa ]ho gkilhaiaj) pÄna Cnqj`pnea^a* >ae`a ajpolnejcaj aejan ateopajpeahhaj Qnanb]dnqjc( `an ei^a_ehhep]o( `an qnolnÜjche_daj O_dqpvhkoecgaep qj` rep]haj Dehbo^a`Ünbpecgaep `ao Iajo_daj* @ea Oah^opanb]dnqjc `ao Aejvahjaj ]ho ateopajpeahh deh}koao Ha^asaoaj lnÄcp `ea =np oaejao Opna^ajo j]_d And]hpqjc `ao aecajaj Oah^op7 `]nej qjpano_dae`ap oe_d `]o Ha^asaoaj Iajo_d olave|o_d rkj `an Ü^necaj ha^aj`ecaj J]pqn6 @an Iajo_d eop `]o ]i iaeopaj ]qb Oah^opand]hpqjc ^a`]_dpa Saoaj( ok Lqbaj`knb( an anopna^p oea ejpajpekj]h qj` bkhcp edn je_dp pnea^d]bp $`]vq Cnqjanp .,,,( -15{*%* Ej `eaoan =np `an Oah^opanb]dnqjc cnÜj`ap `ea `aj Iajo_daj ]qovae_djaj`a BÄdecgaep( `ea Oah^opand]hpqjc ]ho ̦Sanp̤ aecajo vq oapvaj* @ea ¼^anvaqcqjc( `]oo `ea Iajo_daj oe_d rkj `aj Ü^necaj Ha^asaoaj `qn_d `ea =np qjpano_dae`aj( sea oea iep ednai Opna^aj j]_d Oah^opand]hpqjc qicadaj( `]oo oea `aj Pnea^ je_dp ]ho Caca^ajao dejjadiaj qj` edi bkhcaj( okj`anj `]o B]gpqi `an aecajaj Ateopajv ]qb oe_d( `* d* `ea QnpaehobÄdecgaep sanpaj`an Oq^fagpa( vqnÜ_g^aveadaj( ^acnÜj`ap `ea g]packne]ha Cnqj`qjpano_dae`qjc vseo_daj `aj ̣ajpe] lduoe_]̡ qj` `aj ̣ajpe] ikn]he]̡* Gkjopepqper bÜn `ea OldÄna `an ̣ajpe] ikn]he]̡ eop `an Vqo]iiajd]jc rkj Ej`ere`q]hepÄp qj` Caiaejo_d]bphe_dgaep7 ej `an Gkjvalpekj `an AckepÄp ]ho ejpajpekj]haj Oah^op^avqco heacp `ea chae_do]i anopa Sanpoapvqjc( `ea `aj ranaejvahpaj Iajo_daj Ü^an oe_d dej]qo ]qb `ea ]j`anaj saeop6 @ea sanp^aoapvpa Oah^ops]dnjadiqjc( AckepÄp( eop chae_dqnolnÜjche_d `ea S]dnjadiqjc `an Caiaejo_d]bp( AckepÄp qj` Okve]hepÄp oej` je_dp vq pnajjaj* =jcaoe_dpo `an @e{anajveanqjc vseo_daj `an OldÄna `ao Caca^ajaj qj` `an `ao Ca) okhhpaj( `ea Lqbaj`knb ei Nagqno ]qb `ea =j]huoaj oaejao Faj]an Hadnano And]n` Saecah rknjeiip( sen` `ea o_dkh]opeo_da Aejdaep rkj ̣ajo ap ^kjqi̡( rkj Oaejo) qj` Sanpkn`) jqjc( dejbÄhhec* @ea Cnqj`qjpano_dae`qjc `ao Lduoeo_daj rki Ikn]heo_daj( `ao Oepphe_d)

3.

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

Okve]haj rkj `an Äq¿anaj J]pqn eop bqj`eanp ej `an Ajpcacajoapvqjc rkj iajo_dhe_dan Bnaedaep qj` J]pqncaoapvhe_dgaep* @ea Sahp `an `qn_d Sanpoapvqjcaj ca^eh`apaj ̣ajpe] ikn]he]̡ qjpanheacp je_dp `aj Caoapvaj `an J]pqng]qo]hepÄp( okj`anj ]ho Ej^acne{ `aooaj( s]o oe_d iajo_dhe_dai D]j`ahj ran`]jgp( cadp oea ]qo `an Bnaedaep `ao iajo_dhe_daj Sehhajo danrkn* Kdja `ea =jj]dia `an Sehhajobnaedaep eop `ea BÄdecgaep d]j`ahj`an Oq^fagpa( lduoeo_d Rknheacaj`ao ]qb Sanpa vq ^aveadaj qj` `eaoai Vsa_ga ^aevqha) caj( je_dp vq b]ooaj* @eaoan >acne{ iajo_dhe_dan D]j`hqjcobÄdecgaep ajpdÄhp o_dkj( s]o Ü^an `ea Bnaedaep ei Oejja ej`ere`qahhan SehhgÜn dej]qosaeop6 Okbanj jÄihe_d fa`a >a) sanpqjc qj` Vsa_goapvqjc `aj >avqc ]qb aeja Jkni eilheveanp( `ea ]hhcaiaeja Cahpqjc ^a]jolnq_dp qj` ]ho Ne_dpo_djqn `an >asanpqjc vqcnqj`a heacp( cadÖnp `ea OldÄna `ao D]j`ahjo je_dp `ai >ahea^aj `an SehhgÜn vq( okj`anj `ai ranjqjbpcahaepapaj Sehhaj* Jqn gn]bp `an Ranjqjbp ]ho `ao RaniÖcajo( `]o `ea ReahbÄhpecgaep ej`ere`qahhan SehhgÜnaj ^acnajvaj`a =hhcaiaeja vq angajjaj qj` ok `ai Sehhaj `ea Ranl}e_dpqjcogn]bp `ao Caoapvao rknvqd]hpaj( sen` `an Rknc]jc `ao Sanpoapvajo vqi Cacajop]j` `an Ikn]h) seooajo_d]bp qj` `an edn vqcadÖnecaj L}e_dpajhadna* @ea Hadna rkj `an Sehhajobnaedaep d]p Lqbaj`knb `ea an^eppanpa Baej`o_d]bp `an =j) dÄjcan `an OlÄpo_dkh]opeg ]j `aj lnkpaop]jpeo_daj Dk_do_dqhaj aejca^n]_dp* BÜn `eaoa cehp gn]bp `an Aejdaep rkj ̣ajo ap ^kjqi̡ `ea Lanoaep]o( `]o =joe_doaej `ao Cqpaj qj` O_dha_dpaj* =j `an Lanoaep]o `an E`aaj g]jj ]q_d Ckppao Sehha je_dpo Äj`anj qj` oea cehp ]q_d( sajj ao Ckpp je_dp cÄ^a6 @eaoa =^sadn `ao cÖpphe_daj Rkhqjp]neoiqo lnÄcp jk_d Cnkpeqo* BÜn Lqbaj`knb dejcacaj cehp6 ̦Cqp̤ qj` ̦o_dha_dp̤ oej` =ppne^qpa( `ea jqn iep >avqc ]qb d]j`ahj`a Oq^fagpa ca^n]q_dp san`aj gÖjjaj7 saeh `an iajo_dhe_da Sehha oe_d ei D]j`ahj oah^op eiian o_dkj ]qb `ea ^ej`aj`a Jkni ^aveadp( g]jj an `eaoan vqse`an d]j`ahj qj` o_dqh`ec san`aj* =qo `an Aejoe_dp ej `ea >ej`qjcogn]bp `an Jkni bkhcp je_dp `]o jknicaiÄ¿a D]j`ahj7 `]oo `]o Caoapv `aj ej`ere`qahhaj Sehhaj jÖpecp( bÜdnp Lqbaj`knb ]qb aejaj Ü^ancakn`japaj Sehhaj vqnÜ_g* @ea Ranl}e_dpqjcogn]bp `ao Caoap) vao gknnaheanp iep `an O]jgpekjoi]_dp aejao Ü^ancakn`japaj( cas]hpd]^aj`aj Sehhajo* @eaoan Sehha eop ej hapvpan Ejop]jv `an Sehha Ckppao( `aj `ea ̣na_p] n]pek̡ ]qo `ai an) ghÄnqjco^a`Ünbpecaj B]gpqi `an O_dÖlbqjc ano_dhea¿p( ̞ ao eop `eao ]hok aej Sehha( `an ]ho Qno]_da aejoe_dpec cai]_dp sen` qj` je_dp iep `ai B]gpqi `an K{aj^]nqjc caca) ^aj eop* @ea Cahpqjcorkn]qooapvqjc `ao ^ej`aj`aj Caoapvao heacp ]hok ei Sehhaj Ckppao( sÄdnaj` ao oaejai O]_dcad]hp j]_d rkj `an ̣na_p] n]pek̡ angajjp sen`* @ea AnbÜhhqjc aejao ej oaejan RanjÜjbpecgaep ang]jjpaj( `qn_d `aj Sehhaj aejao Ü^ancakn`japaj I]_dp) d]^ano ]ho ̣`e_p]iaj̡( ]ho ej `an Bkni `ao ranl}e_dpaj`aj >abadho anc]jcajaj Caoapvao i]_dp `ea D]j`hqjc vqn ̣]_pek ikn]heo̡ qj` `ea d]j`ahj`a Lanokj vqn ̣lanokj] ikn]) heo̡( vqi D]j`hqjcooq^fagp( `]o( saeh edi oaeja P]paj vqcana_djap $eilqpeanp% san`aj gÖjjaj( o_dqh`d]bp d]j`ahj g]jj qj` `]o ]q_d jqn bÜn `]o( s]o edi ]ho Qnda^an ae) jan D]j`hqjc vqna_daj^]n eop( ^aopn]bp san`aj g]jj $vq Lqbaj`knb ]ho >acnÜj`an `ao O_dqh`opn]bna_dpo o* Skhb -52/( /01%* Ej `an bnaeaj >ej`qjc ]j `]o jÖpecaj`a Caoapv heacp jqj ]q_d `ea SÜn`a `ao Iaj) o_daj( `ea ̣`ecjep]o j]pqn]a dqi]j]a̡( `ea `aj Iajo_daj je_dp jqn rkj `aj Peanaj qjpan) o_dae`ap( `ea( saeh `qn_d J]pqnpnea^a cahajgp( qjbnae oej`( okj`anj ]q_d rkj Ckpp* @eaoan g]jj oe_d je_dp ej `an Saeoa `ao iajo_dhe_daj Sehhajo ]j `]o Caoapv ^ej`aj( `ajj oaej Sehha eop `ea dÖ_dopa caoapvca^aj`a Ejop]jv( qj` sÄdnaj` `an iajo_dhe_da Sehha jqn

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

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`qn_d aejaj ]j`anaj Ü^ancakn`japaj Sehhaj cajÖpecp san`aj g]jj( `ea RanjÜjbpecgaep `ao Caoapvao oe_d ]^an `an aecajaj N]pek ano_dhea¿p( cehp bÜn Ckpp( `]oo Ranjqjbp qj` Sehha( Saeodaep qj` CÜpa qjpnajj^]n oej`* @eaoa Qjpnajj^]ngaep ^acnÜj`ap jqj ]q_d bÜn Lqbaj`knb jk_d `ea Aejdaep `an O_dÖl) bqjc qj` `]iep `ea Knpovqsaeoqjc `ao Iajo_daj ej `an O_dÖlbqjcokn`jqjc* Vs]n cehp6 @aj Iajo_daj vae_djap Sehhajobnaedaep ei Oejja `an Ranl}e_dpqjcobÄdecgaep ]qo7 ca) n]`a saeh `ai iajo_dhe_daj Sehhaj `]o =joe_doaej( `ea Lanoaep]o `an cqpaj D]j`hqjc je_dp rkncakn`jap eop ̞ ok sajec sea Ckppao Sehha `ea Aejoe_dp `an Ranjqjbp ̞( okj`anj ]ho Ca^kp aejao caoapvca^aj`aj Sehhajo ancadp( eop `]o D]j`ahj se`an `]o Caoapv je_dp badhaj`an Aejoe_dp cao_dqh`ap( okj`anj =qo`nq_g oaejan Sehhajobnaedaep* Ej `eaoai Oej) ja cadÖnp `ea ei SÜn`a^acne{ ^acnÜj`apa Jkni]perepÄp `ai Iajo_daj ]qoo_dhea¿he_d vq( ]^an `eaoa =qovae_djqjc cadÖnp sea`anqi vq `an `ai Iajo_daj ei >avqcon]diaj `an O_dÖlbqjcokn`jqjc vqcaseaoajaj ̦J]pqn̤ qj` `ao `eaoan ejdÄnajpaj Opna^ajo j]_d Rkhhgkiiajdaep*

$_*% Op]]p qj` Na_dp @ea @kllahoejjecgaep `ao pahakhkceo_d qj` jkni]per ^aopeiipaj J]pqn^acne{o cadp ]q_d ej Lqbaj`knbo Op]]popdaknea aej* An ^a`eajp oe_d vqjÄ_dop `ao ]neopkpaheo_daj >acne{on]diajo( sajj an `aj Op]]p ]ho `ea rkhhgkiiajopa Caiaejo_d]bp `a|jeanp qj` `aj Iajo_daj ]ho ̦rkj J]pqn̤ bÜn aej Ha^aj ej `an Caiaejo_d]bp `eolkjeanp ^acnaebp* SÄdnaj` bnaehe_d `ea =gpq]heoeanqjc `an Saoajoj]pqn ^ae =neopkpahao qjchae_d ranpaehp eop ̞ aej Qiop]j`( `an vqn Pnajjqjc rkj kegko qj` lkheo bÜdnp qj` `ea >aopeiiqjc iajo_dhe_dan Chae_ddaep bÜn `ea Cnqlla `an Op]]po^Üncan naoanreanp ̞( eop bÜn Lqbaj`knbo Op]]pohadna `an >acne{ `an Chae_ddaep bqj`]iajp]h7 je_dp ok bnaehe_d( `]oo an `ea ^ae =neopkpahao cai]_dpaj Aejo_dnÄjgqjcaj aejb]_d ]qbdÖ^a* @]o RanopÄj`jeo `an Chae_ddaep eop ^ae Lqbaj`knb reahiadn ]j `]o RandÄhpjeo `an ej`ere`qahhaj SehhgÜn vqi caoapvhe_d =hhcaiaejaj ca^qj`aj* Sen` `ea =hhcaiaejdaep `ao Caoapvao ei Oejja ]qoj]diohkoan CÜhpecgaep ca`]_dp( ok dae¿p `]o a^aj( `]oo `ea jÖpecaj`a Gn]bp `ao Caoapvao bÜn ej`ere`qahhao D]j`ahj ]qoj]diohko cehp* =hha =`naoo]paj `ao Caoapvao oej` `eaoai ej chae_dan Saeoa qjpansknbaj* @an >acne{ `an ]hhcaiaejaj qj` okiep caoapvhe_daj Cahpqjc bkn`anp `ea Chae_ddaep `an `ai Caoapv ranl}e_dpapaj Iajo_daj* @eaoa j]pÜnhe_da Na_dpochae_ddaep( =qo`nq_g `an bÜn ]hha ej chae_dan Saeoa cahpaj`aj Ranl}e_dpqjcogn]bp `ao Caoapvao( eop `ea Rkn]qooapvqjc bÜn `ea sa_doahoaepeca >avea) dqjc rkj Na_dpaj qj` L}e_dpaj ej `an dknevkjp]haj >aveadqjc qjpan Chae_daj7 a^ajok ]^an bÜn `ea ranpeg]ha >aveadqjc qjpan Qjchae_daj( `* d* bÜn ]hha Danno_d]bpo^aveadqjcaj qjpan `aj Iajo_daj( `anaj Na_dpiÄ¿ecgaep rkn]^ `qn_d vsae gkilhaiajpÄna =qocnaj) vqjcaj cagajjvae_djap oej`6 Oea ^anqdaj sa`an ]qb j]pÜnhe_dan I]_dp jk_d oej` oea `qn_d `ea Aejoapvqjc Ckppao vq hacepeieanaj* Cnqj`h]ca bÜn Lqbaj`knbo Pdaknea Ü^an `ea Ajpopadqjc qj` HacepeiepÄp `ao Op]]pao eop reahiadn `ea ¼^anvaqcqjc( `]oo fa`a =np rkj Danno_d]bp hacepei eop jqn `qn_d `ea bnaea Vqopeiiqjc `an >adanno_dpaj* @eaoao Pdaknai casejjp oaej Lnk|h ej `an Gkjvalpekj `an Lqbaj`knbo_daj Op]]popdaknea* Haepaj` bÜn oaeja Op]]pohadna oej` `ea ej `an VqnÜ_gsaeoqjc `ao Dk^^ao̢o_daj Na_dpo) ^acne{o caskjjajaj Cnqj`Ü^anvaqcqjcaj6 Saeh Dk^^ao( ok Lqbaj`knb( `ea ikn]hlde) hkokldeo_daj LnÄieooaj `ao J]pqnna_dpo je_dp paehp( eop `eaoao ]ho Jkni qj` gnepeo_dao

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

Ne_dpi]¿ bÜn `]o lkoepera Na_dp je_dp ^n]q_d^]n* Dk^^ao gajjp ej S]dndaep jqn `]o rki fasaehecaj OkqranÄj ^ao_dhkooaja lkoepera Na_dp* @an Lkoepereoiqo `eaoao Na_dpo^acne{o eop ei He_dp `an Lqbaj`knbo_daj Cnqj`]jj]diaj ]jpdnklkhkceo_d( ej `an j]pqn]heopeo_daj RangÜnvqjc `ao Oah^opand]hpqjcopnea^o ^acnÜj`ap6 Dk^^ao gjÜlbp ]j `aj ej fa`ai Aej) vahjaj sengo]iaj Sehhaj vqn Oah^opand]hpqjc `]o ̣j]pÜnhe_da Na_dp̡( `eaoaj Sehhaj vq ranbkhcaj7 `]n]qo bkhcp `]o Na_dp ]hhan ]qb ]hhao qj` ok `]o ^ahhqi kijeqi _kjpn] kijao* BÜn Lqbaj`knb dae¿p `]o6 Na_dp sen` ]ho I]_dp ^acne{aj( `* d* ]ho BÄdecgaep( `aj =j`a) naj `qn_d lduoeo_da Cas]hp vq vsejcaj qj` je_dp( edj ]qbcnqj` `an HacepeiepÄp aejao Na_dpo]jolnq_do ejjanhe_d vq jÖpecaj( `* d* vq ranl}e_dpaj* Na_dporandÄhpjeooa oej` bÜn Lqbaj`knb RandÄhpjeooa `an Ejpanoq^fagperepÄp( `]o Cahpaj`i]_daj aejao Na_dpo]jolnq_do eilheveanp `ea Vqopeiiqjc `ao =`naoo]paj* SÄdnaj` ^ae Dk^^ao `ea ej`ere`qahha Ran) jqjbp ei @eajopa `ao Oah^opand]hpqjcosehhajo opadp( oeadp Lqbaj`knb `]o Ej`ere`qqi mq] Ranjqjbpsaoaj iep `ai RaniÖcaj ^ac]^p( oe_d `eop]jveanaj` qj` `]o dae¿p eiian ]q_d ]qo `an Oe_dp `ao =j`anaj( ]hok ]ho okve]hao Saoaj ]qb `ea aecaja Oah^opand]hpqjc vq ^aveadaj7 ]j `eaoao RaniÖcaj eop `ea BÄdecgaep vqn Oah^opranl}e_dpqjc cacajÜ^an `ai caoapvhe_d =hhcaiaejaj ca^qj`aj* @an >acne{ `an chae_daj Iajo_dajsÜn`a( `an kdja `eaoa BÄdecgaep je_dp vq `ajgaj eop( veadp jqj `ea bÜn `ea `aqpo_da J]pqnna_dpohadna _d]n]gpaneopeo_da @kgpnej Ü^an `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj J]pqnvqop]j` qj` Op]]p j]_d oe_d* @an J]pqnvqop]j`( ok Lqbaj`knb( eop je_dp ]ho Gneac ]hhan cacaj ]hha vq mq]he|veanaj( an eop reahiadn `an Vqop]j` `ao Bnea) `ajo( `ajj bÜn `ea Iajo_daj ]ho ranjqjbp^ac]^pa eop `ea Ranl}e_dpqjc cacajÜ^an `ai J]pqncaoapv ^ej`aj` $o* @a fqna j]p* EE( _]l* .( ‡ --%* @ea ejopnqiajp]heopeo_d gkjveleanpa Ranjqjbp ^ae Dk^^ao bÜdnp jqn vq `an jac]peraj Aejoe_dp( `]oo ]hhaej `an bnaesehheca Ran) ve_dp aejao fa`aj ]qb `aj ej`ere`qahhaj Oah^opand]hpqjco]jolnq_d vq caoe_danpai Bnea`aj bÜdnp* =hhaej `ea Gkjvajpn]pekj `an SehhgÜnaj ej aejai i]_dpd]^aj`aj Sehhaj( `ai `ao op]]phe_daj OkqranÄjo( ok Dk^^ao( aniÖche_dp aej caoapvhe_d =hhcaiaejao( `ai @qn_d) oapvqjcogn]bp vqgkiip( saod]h^ a^aj `]o Na_dp ]ho Vs]jcona_dp jqn ei Op]]p qj` `]o dae¿p( ]ho lkoeperao Na_dp bqjgpekjeanp* BÜn Lqbaj`knb `]cacaj eop `an Op]]p( saeh lanba_peooei] ok_eap]o( rkhhgkiiajopa Ca) iaejo_d]bp qjpan `aj Iajo_daj $@a fqna j]p* REE( _]l* -( ‡ -%( vqchae_d `an rkhhgki) iajopa Na]heoeanqjcon]qi `ao J]pqnna_dpo $@ajvan -53.( -20%* @eaoa cacaj Dk^^ao cane_dpapa ¼^anvaqcqjc ran^ej`ap Lqbaj`knb jqj iep `an Aejoe_dp ej `ea Ranpn]coj]pqn `ao Op]]pao* @an Op]]p eop Naoqhp]p ranpn]che_dan Aejecqjc qj` `aod]h^ can]`a je_dp( sea `ea qnolnÜjche_daj Caiaejo_d]bpaj( ejopepqpekjahhan =qo`nq_g `an j]pÜnhe_daj Okve]he) pÄpojaecqjc `an Iajo_daj* Iep `an Op]]po^eh`qjc na]ceanaj `ea Iajo_daj reahiadn ]qb `ea ^acnajvpa Nae_dsaepa `ao Okve]hepÄpopnea^o* @ea GkdÄoekjognÄbpa j]pÜnhe_dan Caiaej) o_d]bpaj gkiiaj iep `ai o_deanaj S]_dopqi `an >arÖhganqjc ]j edna Cnajvaj( `ea Gknnaolkj`ajv rkj AckepÄp qj` Okve]hepÄp ranheanp edna i]paneahha Cnqj`h]ca* @aosacaj eop `ea Bkni op]]phe_dan Caiaejo_d]bp `qn_d aejaj Vsa_g ^aopeiip( `aj `ea rknlkhepe) o_daj je_dp gajjaj6 jÄihe_d `aj Bnea`aj qjpan `aj Iajo_daj aecajo vq oe_danj* =j `ea Na]heoeanqjc `eaoao Op]]povsa_go eop lkoeperao Na_dp qj` Opn]bcas]hp ca^qj`aj* @ea HacepeiepÄp op]]phe_dan Danno_d]bp eop jqj `]n]j ca^qj`aj( `]oo `ea Cahpqjc `ao J]pqnna_dpo je_dp oqolaj`eanp sen`( `]oo ]hok `ea Iajo_daj ednan j]pqnna_dphe_daj Mq]) hepÄp ]ho Na_dpooq^fagpa jqn ejoksaep ajpo]caj( `ea Na_dpa `an j]pÜnhe_daj Bnaedaep qj` Chae_ddaep jqn ejoksaep ]qbca^aj( ]ho `eao vqn Na]heoeanqjc `ao Op]]povsa_go qj]^`ejc)

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

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^]n eop* @eaoai Anbkn`anjeo pnÄcp Lqbaj`knb iep `an bÜn oaej Op]]pogkjvalp olave|o_daj Ranpn]copdaknea Na_djqjc* SÄdnaj` Dk^^ao̢ Op]]poajpopadqjcogkjvalp jqn aejaj Ran) pn]c rknoeadp( eop ^ae Lqbaj`knb `an op]]phe_da CnÜj`qjco]gp `naeopq|c ]jcahacp* VqjÄ_dop aejecaj oe_d `ea j]pÜnhe_daj Na_dpooq^fagpa iepaej]j`an qj` gkjopepqeanaj oe_d ok ]ho Caoahho_d]bp $ok_eap]o%* @qn_d `eaoaj Caoahho_d]bporanpn]c ajpopadp `]o Rkhg ]ho Ej^a) cne{ gÜjbpecan >Üncan qj` Qjpanp]jaj `an Naceanqjc $naceiaj%* =jo_dhea¿aj` aejecp oe_d `ea ok_eap]o ]qb `ea Naceanqjcobkni $bkni] naceiejeo%( qi o_dhea¿he_d ej aejai `neppaj O_dnepp ei Qjpansanbqjcoranpn]c `ea ¼^anpn]cqjc `an Na_dpa `an ok_eap]o ]qb `ea Naceanqjc vq rkhhveadaj $@a fqna j]p* REE( _]l* .( ‡‡ 3( 4%* @an Qjpano_dea` vq Dk^^ao eop k{ajoe_dphe_d6 >ae `eaoai ^eh`aj Caoahho_d]bpo) qj` Qjpansanbqjcoranpn]c aeja Aejdaep* Ao oej` j]pÜnhe_da Lanokjaj( `ea oe_d ei Caoahh) o_d]bporanpn]c vq aejai Sehhajooq^fagp vqo]iiajo_dhea¿aj( sk`qn_d oea oe_d ]ho Rkhg gkjopepqeanaj qj` `]iep vqi Ranpn]col]npjan `ao OkqranÄjo san`aj* =^an ej `aioah^aj =qcaj^he_g( `] `]o Rkhg `aj Op]pqo aejao Na_dpooq^fagpo anh]jcp( ce^p ao `eaoaj sea`an ]qb* @]o Rkhg Ü^anpnÄcp oaejaj Sehhaj qj` oaeja Na_dpa rkhhgkiiaj ]qb `aj OkqranÄj qj` open^p ei Ranpn]coo_dhqoo ]ho Ranpn]col]npjan $@ajvan -53.( -22%* BÜn Lqbaj`knb dej) cacaj cehp6 J]_d =^o_dhqoo `ao Qjpansanbqjcoranpn]co ^hae^p `]o Rkhg ]ho Na_dpooq^fagp ^aopadaj( `ajj ao oej` ikn]heo_da Lanokjaj( `ea `aj Caoahho_d]bporanpn]c aejcadaj qj` `eaoan Mq]hepÄp ran`]jgp oe_d `an Op]pqo `ao Rkhgo ]ho Ranpn]col]npjan* @aod]h^ gÖjjaj `ea Qjpanp]jaj edna j]pÜnhe_da Bnaedaep je_dp rkhhgkiiaj ]qbca^aj( okj`anj oea ^ej`aj oe_d ]ho Na_dpooq^fagpa cacajÜ^an `ai Danno_dan( `an oe_d oaejanoaepo cacajÜ^an `ai J]pqncaoapv ranl}e_dpap $vqi vsaeopq|caj Ranpn]cogkjvalp ^ae Lqbaj`knb o* Ganopejc -552( ..1{*%* @eaoao Op]]poajpopadqjcogkjvalp ^hae^p jqj bÜn Lqbaj`knb iep `an ]neopkpaheo_d)opke) o_daj Pn]`epekj ranaej^]n7 `an >acne{ `an rkhhgkiiajopaj Caiaejo_d]bp saeop je_dp jqn `ea Cnqj`]jj]diaj Dk^^ao̢ ]^( okj`anj nÜ_gp ]q_d faja o_daej^]n `ea Lnejveleaj `an ln]gpeo_daj Ldehkokldea G]jpo ]jpeveleanaj`aj ¼^anvaqcqjcaj ej `aj rkng]jpeo_daj >acne{on]diaj `an BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc* Vs]n eop `an =gp `an Sehhajoaejecqjc je_dp jqn sea ^ae Dk^^ao `qn_d `ea Bqn_dp `an Ej`ere`qaj rknaej]j`an ikpereanp( okj`anj oapvp `ea >ej`qjcobÄdecgaep ikn]heo_dan Oq^fagpa rkn]qo7 `aod]h^ eop `ea Op]]pocnÜj`qjc aej jkn) i]peran =gp( `ai `an Op]]p oaeja Mq]hepÄp ]ho ̣lanokj] ikn]heo _kilkoep]̡ $@ajvan -53.( -3-% ran`]jgp* @eaoa Mq]hepÄp o_dhea¿p ao ]qo( `ea Op]]pocnÜj`qjc aileneo_d ]qb aejaj na]hdeopkneo_d CnÜj`qjco]gp vqnÜ_gbÜdnaj ̞ ok sajec sea `an J]pqnvqop]j`( `aj `ea Iajo_daj iep Aejpnepp ej `aj op]pqo _ereheo ranh]ooaj( ]ho na]ha cao_de_dphe_da Alk_da vq ranopadaj eop* Ej `eaoan Dejoe_dp eop `ea Rknopahhqjc `ao J]pqnvqop]j`ao qj` `an Op]]po) ajpopadqjc ca`]jghe_da Begpekj( at lkop)Gkjopnqgpekj( sah_da `ea Pdaknea vqn AnghÄnqjc `an HacepeiepÄp op]]phe_dan Danno_d]bp rknjeiip* @an Nagqno ]qb `ea iajo_dhe_da J]) pqn ranhaedp `eaoan Gkjopnqgpekj ]^an vqchae_d aejaj Na]hepÄpocad]hp( `an j]_d I]¿c]^a fajan ikn]heo_d)ln]gpeo_daj Na]hepÄp( `ea G]jp `an OldÄna `ao Okhhajo rej`eveanp( can]`a ]^vqsaeoaj sÄna* @ajj `ea jkni]pera Mq]hepÄp `ao Op]]pao eop c]jv qjg]jpeo_d `qn_d `aj iajo_dhe_da Okve]hepÄpopnea^ qjpanbÜppanp( qj` `eaoan sen` `ai Iajo_daj je_dp ]ho b]gpe) o_da ]jpdnklkhkceo_da Aecajo_d]bp vqcaolnk_daj( okj`anj cadÖnp ej `]o pahakhkceo_da >avqcoouopai `an j]_d Rkhhgkiiajdaep opna^aj`aj J]pqn* Ok eop `an Op]]p ]ho rkhh) gkiiajopa Caiaejo_d]bp a^aj ]q_d =qo`nq_g fajan j]pÜnhe_daj Okve]^ehepÄp( `ea `aj Iajo_daj vqi Ha^aj ej `an Caiaejo_d]bp `eolkjeanp*

32

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

=qbcnqj` `eaoan Gh]nopahhqjc sen` jqj ]q_d `ea cao_de_dpopahakhkceo_da Lanolagpe) ra ranopÄj`he_d( ej `ea Lqbaj`knb oaeja Gkjvalpekj `an Op]]poajpopadqjc nÜ_gp* @ai Op]]p cadaj `ea sajecan rkhhgkiiajaj rknlkhepeo_daj Caiaejo_d]bpaj ]ho Rknopqbaj rkn]qo( qj` `eaoa ghaejaj Caiaejsaoaj qj` je_dp `ea eokheanpaj Ej`ere`qaj oej` ao( `ea oe_d vqn Caoahho_d]bp vqo]iiajo_dhea¿aj ̞ `eao ]^an a^aj je_dp deopkneo_d)b]gpeo_d( okj`anj pahakhkceo_d ]ho Rknopqbaj `an ]ho Op]]p rkhhaj`apaj Caiaejo_d]bp* Vqchae_d oej` `eaoa je_dp)op]]phe_daj gkhhagperaj Aejdaepaj( `anaj Cnqj`pulqo `ea B]iehea eop( ]ho Danno_d]bpoca^eh`a hacepei]pekjo^a`Ünbpec sea `an Op]]p6 @ea Opahhqjc `ao B]ieheajr]pano sen` sea `ea `ao OkqranÄjo ]ho Naoqhp]p aejan ranpn]che_daj Ranaej^]nqjc rkncaopahhp7 sea `an ranaejpa Sehha `ao Rkhgao `qn_d `aj OkqranÄj ranpnapaj sen`( ok nalnÄoajpeanp `an B]) ieheajr]pan qj` D]qodann `ea Aejdaep `an B]iehea( vq `an oe_d `ea Iepchea`an ranpn]che_d ran^qj`aj d]^aj* Ej `eaoai Ranpn]corandÄhpjeo pnapaj `ea lnÄoqilperaj B]ieheajiep) chea`an ]ho ej`ere`qeanpa ikn]heo_da Lanokjaj qj` ok ]ho Na_dpooq^fagpa ]qb( `ea ednan j]pÜnhe_daj Na_dpa qi sehhaj `ao Caiaejo_d]bpovsa_go ajpo]caj qj` sehhajphe_d ae) jai ^acnajvpaj Danno_d]bporandÄhpjeo vqopeiiaj* =qbcnqj` `eaoan Na_dpoÜ^anpn]cqjc oej` `ea B]ieheajrÄpan hacepeieanp( oe_d ]ho L]veovajpaj `ao Caoahho_d]bporanpn]co vqo]i) iajvqo_dhea¿aj7 `an Sehha `ao B]ieheajr]pano ajpdÄhp `aj `an ̦Bn]qaj( Gj]^aj qj` Gja_dpa̤ $@a fqna j]p* REE( _]l* . ‡ .,%( ]^an je_dp gn]bp j]pÜnhe_dan Danno_d]bp( okj) `anj ]qbcnqj` `an ranpn]che_daj Ranaej^]nqjc( `ea `ea Adabn]q iep `ai Adai]jj qj` ej ]j`anan Saeoa `an Gja_dp iep `ai D]qodannj pne{p* =ho vajpn]ha `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj J]pqnna_dp qj` lkoeperai Na_dp opnqgpqneanaj`a ¼^anvaqcqjc cehp bÜn Lqbaj`knb( `]oo Danno_d]bporandÄhpjeooa ej rknop]]phe_daj Caiaej) o_d]bpaj je_dp ]j`ano ]ho op]]phe_da Danno_d]bp jqn `qn_d `ea bnaea Vqopeiiqjc `an >adanno_dpaj vq hacepeieanaj oej`* =qo`nq_g `eaoan ¼^anvaqcqjc eop `an Ü^anejopepqpek) jahha Cahpqjco]jolnq_d `ao J]pqnna_dpo* VqopeiiqjcobÄdec oej` iajo_dhe_da Caoapva( okbanj oea `an >ej`qjc `an Sehhajobnaedaep ]j `]o oepphe_da J]pqncaoapv( `]o fa`ai Iajo_daj ]ho ranjqjbp^ac]^pai Saoaj aejoe_dpec eop( je_dp ajpcacajopadaj qj` j]_d I]¿c]^a `ao Caiaejo_d]bpovsa_go cana_dpbanpecp oej`* Saeh VqopeiiqjcobÄdecgaep ej `eaoai Oejja `ea ¼^anlnÜbqjc `an >ej`qjc `ao Caoapvca^ano ]j `]o J]pqncaoapv rkn]qooapvp( gkiip `aj Qjpanp]jaj ei RandÄhpjeo vqi op]]phe_daj Caoapvca^an cnqj`oÄpvhe_d ̞ sea`anqi ei Qjpano_dea` vq Dk^^ao̢ Gkjvalp pkp]han OkqranÄjepÄp ̞ aej Se`anop]j`ona_dp vq* Aejvec cacajÜ^an `ai cÖpphe_daj Caoapvca^an h]ooaj oe_d Na_dpo]jolnÜ_da je_dp cahpaj` i]_daj( `ajj `]o sÜn`a ̞ sea ej `an dknevkjp]haj >aveadqjc qj` ]qb ranieppahpa Saeoa ]q_d ej `an ranpeg]haj Danno_d]bpo^aveadqjc ̞ `ea chae_da Ranl}e_dpqjc cacajÜ^an `ai Caoapv rkn]qooapvaj* Ckpp g]jj ]^an oaejaj Sehhaj je_dp ]j `]o aecaja Caoapv ^ej`aj( `ajj oaej Sehha eop `]o Caoapv7 `eaoan cÖpphe_da Rkhqjp]neoiqo sen` ^ae Lqbaj`knb ]ho Cahpqjcorkn]qooapvqjc `ao ^ej`aj`aj Caoapvao n]pekj]h ano_dhkooaj* Saeh `]o lkoepera Na_dp `aj I]¿op]^ oaejan Cahpqjc je_dp ej oe_d pnÄcp( g]jj `]o J]pqnna_dp ei op]pqo _ereheo je_dp oqolaj`eanp san`aj* Ej a^aj `an Saeoa cehp `]o J]pqn) na_dp ]^an ei op]pqo j]pqn]heo ]ho `an iajo_dhe_daj Ranjqjbp ejjaskdjaj`ao Ne_dpi]¿ iajo_dhe_dan Sehhajobnaedaep* Saeh `an iajo_dhe_da Sehhaj ]^an `ai Ranjqjbpolnq_d vqse`an d]j`ahj g]jj( vqn Sehhajobnaedaep ]hok `an iÖche_da Ranopk¿ cacaj `]o oepphe_da J]pqncaoapv cadÖnp( eop `an J]pqnvqop]j`( k^skdh je_dp caoapvhkoan( oadn skdh cabÄdn) `apan Vqop]j`( ei Dej^he_g jÄihe_d ]qb `aj okve]haj Bnea`aj7 `aod]h^ eop ao oejjrkhh(

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

33

`aj J]pqnvqop]j` vq ranh]ooaj* Ok vaecp oe_d6 @ea CnÜj`a bÜn `]o Ranh]ooaj `ao J]pqn) vqop]j`o oej` je_dp iadn vqnÜ_gvq^ej`aj ]j `ea k{aj^]nqjcopdakhkceo_da Hadna rki OÜj`ajb]hh7 sa`an hÄoop oe_d `an J]pqnvqop]j` ]qo `an qnolnÜjche_daj ejpacnaj J]pqn `ao Iajo_daj ei L]n]`eao ]^haepaj( jk_d hÄoop oe_d `an op]pqo _ereheo ]ho Jkpejopepqp bÜn `aj cab]hhajaj Iajo_daj ^acnaebaj( sea `ea hqpdaneo_da Knpdk`ktea hadnp $@ajvan -53.( .,1%* @]o Se`anop]j`ona_dp( `]o oe_d ]qo `an j]pqnna_dphe_daj L}e_dp `an >Üncan( `ea PÄpecgaep `ao OkqranÄjo ]qb `ea AnbÜhhqjc `ao Op]]povsa_go dej vq Ü^anlnÜbaj( ance^p( hadjp je_dp jqn Dk^^ao ]^( `eaoao Na_dp se`anolne_dp ]q_d Hqpdano ]qb `ea j]pqn] _kn) nqlp] `ao Iajo_daj ^avkcajao Op]]poranopÄj`jeo* =qb `ea =jj]diaj Ü^an `ea j]pÜnhe_da Cnqj`]qoop]ppqjc `ao Iajo_daj cnÜj`ap oe_d `an qjeranoahha =jolnq_d `ao J]pqnna_dpo ̞ qjranaej^]n iep `aj k{aj^]nqjcopdakhkceo_daj Bqj`]iajpaj aejao _dneophe_daj J]) pqnna_dpo*

$?*% ?dneope]j Pdki]oeqo $]*% Ha^aj qj` Sang Ca^* -211 ej Haelvec( caop* -3.4 ej D]hha* Ei Gkjpatp `an `aqpo_daj BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc cehp Pdki]oeqo ]ho `an =qpkn( `aooaj na_dpo) qj` ikn]hlde) hkokldeo_dao Sang ]i ajpo_dea`ajopaj `ea ai]jvel]pkneo_daj Eilqhoa `an =qbghÄnqjc ]qb `aj Sac ca^n]_dp d]p* @]o jaqa Seooajo_d]bporanopÄj`jeo( `]o an lnkl]ceanpa qj` `an jaqa Cahadnpajpulqo( `aj an rangÖnlanpa( casejjaj edna LnÄcj]jv rkn ]hhai ei Ia`eqi `an `aqpo_daj Oln]_da( `ea an je_dp jqn ]ho Cahadnpajoln]_da aejvqbÜdnaj ranoq_dpa( okj`anj `ea an ]q_d vqi Vsa_ga aejan ^naepajsengo]iaj Lq^heveopeg jqpvpa* J]_d `ai Opq`eqi `an Na_dpa ej Haelvec qj` Bn]jgbqnp+K`an( sk an -235 vqi @kgpkn eqneo lnkikreanp sen`( ^acejjp an oaeja HadnpÄpecgaep ej oaejan Daei]pop]`p( sk an ^]h` `ea =jdÄjcan `an lnkpaop]jpeo_daj O_dqhknpdk`ktea cacaj oe_d ]qb^nejcp qj` -25, Hadn) qj` Lq^heg]pekjoran^kp andÄhp* An sa_doahp j]_d D]hha( sk an oe_d ]j `an CnÜj`qjc `an NabkniqjeranoepÄp ^apaehecp* -3.- sen` an `knp vqi QjeranoepÄpo`enagpkn ]qb Ha^ajovaep anj]jjp* ̞ @ea Ajpse_ghqjc oaejao J]pqn) qj` Op]]pona_dpo( ei olÄpaj -3* qj` bnÜdaj -4* F]dndqj`anp rkj cnk¿an Sengqjc ]qb `ea Fqneolnq`ajv ej @aqpo_dh]j`( eop `qn_d >nÜ_da qj` Jaq]joÄpva calnÄcp( ej `ajaj oe_d `ea O_dseanecgaepaj ^ae `an Oq_da j]_d `aj Cnqj`h]caj aejao oÄgqh]naj J]pqnna_dpo i]jebaopeanaj6 Atailh]neo_d eop `ea Oah^opgnepeg ej `aj Bqj`]iajp] eqneo j]pqn]a ap cajpeqi $-3,1%( `ea oe_d cacaj `ea ej `aj Ejopepqpekjao fqneolnq`ajpe]a `erej]a $-244% `aikjopneanpa Qjp]qche_dgaep `an iajo_dhe_daj Ranjqjbp ]ho @a`qgpekjolnejvel j]pqnna_dphe_dan Jkniaj ne_dpap* Ej `aj >]djaj `eaoan Oah^opgknnagpqn iqoo `ea J]pqnna_dpohadna `an Bqj`]iajp] ]ho Cnqj`h]ca vqn op]]popdaknapeo_daj Hacepei]pekj aejao ]qbcaghÄnpaj =^okhqpeoiqo ranop]j`aj san`aj*

34

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

$^*% Rkhqjp]neoiqo qj` N]pekj]heoiqo

Saoajphe_dan =qo`nq_g aejao ik`anjaj( `an Bqjgpekjooal]neanqjc rkj gen_dhe_dan qj` lkhepeo_dan Kn`jqjcoi]_dp cajÜcaj`aj Op]]pogkjvalpo eop `ea >acnÜj`qjc `an Lkoepe) repÄp `ao Na_dpo* @eaoa =qbc]^a d]p `an Fqneop qj` Ldehkokld Pdki]oeqo ajanceo_d ej =jcne{ cajkiiaj7 =^o_daq rkn ghaneg]han Rkndanno_d]bp qj` ajpo_dea`aja Klpekj bÜn op]]phe_da I]_dp ^eh`aj Gkjop]jpaj aejao @ajgsaco( `an aphe_da Qi^nÜ_da qj` Jaqkne) ajpeanqjcaj ]qbsaeop* @ea ¼^anvaqcqjc( `]oo `]o ̣eqo opne_pa `e_pqi̡ ]qb `ea Bkni `ao lkoeperaj op]]phe) _daj Vs]jcocaoapvao vqnÜ_gcabÜdnp san`aj iqoo( ^a`aqpap bÜn Pdki]oeqo ̞ ]j`ano ]ho bÜn Dk^^ao ̞ je_dp( `]oo `]o J]pqnna_dp ^a`aqpqjcohko sen`7 an ajpse_gahp `eaoao reah) iadn vq aejan gkilhataj Ikn]hseooajo_d]bp( `anaj Cnqj`h]ca `ea Gnepeg ]i Gkjvalp aejan j]pqn] dkiejeo eop( `]o `aj pn]`epekjahhaj N]pekj]hepÄporknopahhqjcaj ajpolne_dp* @an Bkgqo ]qb `ea N]pekj]hepÄpo`a|vepa( `ea aeja ]qb aileneo_dai Saca caskjjaja Okve]h) ]jpdnklkhkcea naceopneanp( ^aopeiip `aj ln]gpeo_d)lkhepeo_daj Eilapqo aejao J]pqnna_dpo( `]o oe_d( ok Pdki]oeqo( `ai OkqranÄj ]qbcaghÄnp)]^okhqpeopeo_dan Lnkrajeajv ]ho Haepb]) `aj oaejan PÄpecgaep ail|adhp* @ea ldehkokldeo_da Cnqj`hacqjc `eaoan J]pqnna_dpogkjvalpekj casejjp Pdki]oeqo( ej`ai an `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj Sehha qj` Ranjqjbp( rkhqjp]o qj` n]pek( ej ajpo_dea`aj ]j) pe)o_dkh]opeo_dan Opk¿ne_dpqjc vqn @a^]ppa opahhp* Ej oaejan anopaj ouopai]peo_daj O_dnebp vqi J]pqnna_dp( `aj -244 vqn Ranpae`ecqjc `an Hadnaj Lqbaj`knbo ranÖ{ajphe_dpaj Ej) opepqpekjao ajpse_gahp an aeja n]`eg]h rkhqjp]neopeo_da Lkoepekj( `ea Lqbaj`knbo Gnepeg ]j `an o_dkh]opeo_daj Aejdaep rkj n]pek qj` rkhqjp]o ^ae saepai Ü^an^eapap* Pdki]oeqo _d]n]gpaneoeanp `ea Cnqj``e{anajv `an ^ae`aj RaniÖcaj ei He_dp `an Pnajjqjc rkj J]pqnna_dp qj` lkoeperai cÖpphe_daj Caoapv6 >ae`a Na_dpo^anae_da qjpano_dae`aj oe_d ej `ai Oejja( ej `ai k^fagperan Jknicad]hp qj` oq^fagperao Sehhajoca^kp iep ednaj fa qjpano_dea`he_daj AngajjpjeocnÜj`aj( jÄihe_d n]pek qj` narah]pek( rkjaej]j`an ]^vqcnajvaj oej`* @eaoa Oe_dpsaeoa bÜdnp ]qb aejaj necknkoaj `kllahpaj Na`qgpekjeoiqo6 Oea ^a`aqpap vqi aejaj `ea >abnaeqjc `ao cak{aj^]npaj Caoapvao rkj fa`an k^fagper)j]pqnna_dphe_daj Hacepei]pekj qj` vqi ]j`anj `ea HÖoqjc `ao k^fagperaj O]_dcad]hpo `an Jkni rkj ednai `aj Sehhaj k^heceanaj`aj ?d]n]gpan* @]o ]^an dae¿p6 @an Ca^kpo_d]n]gpan `ao Caoapvao ajpolnejcp ]hhaej `an >abadhocas]hp `an jknioapvaj`aj Sehhajo( qj` `ea Ikn]hepÄp `an D]j`hqjcaj ^aopadp ei Cadkno]i `ao d]j`ahj`aj Oq^fagpo( oaejan Qjpansanbqjc qjpan `eaoaj Sehhaj* Ok sajec `an Sehha Ckppao ]j aeja ]j oe_d ^aopadaj`a Sanpakn`jqjc ca^qj`aj eop( ok sajec eop `ea iajo_dhe_da n]pek rkj oe_d dan ej `an H]ca( D]j`hqjcaj ]ho ikn]heo_d cqp k`an o_dha_dp vq angajjaj7 `eaoa ^asanpap reahiadn ]hhaej qjpan Caoe_dpolqjgpaj `an Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaep $o* >q_ddkhv -544( 1,%* Ei Rkncne{ ]qb `aj Adana_dpopaeh $o*€q*% eop dean o_dkj ]jvqiangaj6 @eaoa Gkjopahh]) pekj rkj jknibnaean n]pek qj` i]_dp^aoapvpan rkhqjp]o d]p Pdki]oeqo ei EEE* >q_d `an Ejopepqpekjao ]j aejai Adana_dp $_]l* /% `qn_dcaoleahp( `]o edi sacaj oaejan og]j`]h) pnÄ_dpecaj BnaevÜcecgaep AilÖnqjc ^ae `aj aejaj qj` ^acaeopanpa Vqopeiiqjc ^ae `aj ]j`anaj aejca^n]_dp d]p6 hapvpana ej `an baiejeopeo_daj Bkno_dqjc rkj daqpa( =^o_daq

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

35

qj` RanopÄj`jeohkoecgaep rkn ]hhai ^ae `aj =qpknaj `ao -5* F]dndqj`anpo( `ea oe_d ]ho Lnkp]ckjeopaj `an Cacaj]qbghÄnqjc lnk|heanp d]^aj*0 Pdki]oeqo cnÜj`ap `aj eilan]pereo_daj ?d]n]gpan `ao Caoapvao ]qb aejaj n]`eg]h rkhqjp]neopeo_daj >acne{ Ckppao7 vs]n d]ppa Lqbaj`knb o_dkj `ea aooajpeahhaj >aopei) iqjcaj ransknbaj( `ea j]_d o_dkh]opeo_dan Hadna `ai Sehhaj Ckppao rkncakn`jap san`aj6 oaeja aseca CÜpa qj` Daehecgaep* Lqbaj`knb d]p ]^an ̞ ok Pdki]oeqo ̞ `ea >abadhocas]hp Ckppao `qn_d `ea Hadna rkj `aj ̣ajpe] ikn]he]̡ sea`an aejcao_dnÄjgp6 Ej `an AecajoldÄna `ao Ikn]heo_daj( `ea gn]bp oq^fagperan Sanpoapvqjc ajpopadp qj` `ea bÜn Lqbaj`knb `aj Ganj^anae_d `ao J]pqnna_dpo ^eh`ap( oeadp Pdki]oeqo `ea =jangajjqjc aejan ikn]heo_daj Sanpakn`jqjc( `ea `an iajo_dhe_daj Ranjqjbp ]ho ]j oe_d oaeaj`a vqcÄjche_d eop* Ao cadp edi bnaehe_d je_dp `]nqi( `ea jkiej]heopeo_daj Lkoepekjaj `an OlÄpo_dkh]opeg vq nad]^ehepeanaj* >apn]_dpap i]j `ea Ejopepqpekjao rkn `ai Dejpancnqj` `an rkj Pdk) i]oeqo ]ho ran^ej`he_d ^avae_djapaj Caop]hp oaejao J]pqnna_dpo( `ea an ej `aj Bqj`]) iajp] rkncahacp d]p( ok vaecp oe_d( `]oo oaeja ei Cas]j` pdakhkceo_dan @eolqp]pekjaj rkncapn]cajaj ¼^anhacqjcaj ]qb ]j`anao veahaj6 Pdki]oeqo sehh ei He_dpa cÖpphe_dan Caoapvca^qjc `ea Caoapvca^qjcogkilapajv `ao oÄgqh]naj OkqranÄjo `a|jeanaj* Rkn `ai Dejpancnqj` `eaoan Veahoapvqjc jqj saeop `]o ̣eqo `erejqi̡ bÜn Pdki]oeqo aej ajp) o_dae`aj`ao @a|vep ]qb6 @ai cÖpphe_daj Caoapvao^abadh badhp `]o Ikiajp `an Äq¿anaj Anvsejc^]ngaep* Can]`a `ea n]`eg]ha Rkhqjp]neoeanqjc `an Ckppaorknopahhqjc( bÜn `ea `an ]hppaop]iajp]neo_da Caoapvca^anckpp `]o Ik`ahh ]^ce^p( na`qveanp `aj >acne{ `ao Ca) oapvao ]qb `ea lqna LkoeperepÄp `ao danno_danhe_daj I]_dpolnq_do7 `ai Caoapvao^abadh gkiip oah^an na_dpoo_dÖlbaneo_da Gn]bp vq( n]pekj]ha Are`ajv sen` anoapvp `qn_d eila) n]pera @aveoekj* Sajj ]^an `ai Cas]hpd]^an `ea Vs]jcoieppah badhaj( `ea oaejai Ca^kp ajpolna) _daj`aj Äq¿anaj D]j`hqjcol}e_dpaj `qn_dvqoapvaj( `]jj eop an a^aj ̞ ok `ea ]qb `aj =jo]pv `an Bqj`]iajp] vqh]qbaj`a >asaeobÜdnqjc ̞ je_dp Cas]hpd]^an ei na_dpopa_d) jeo_daj Oejja* Iep `eaoan Aejoe_dp sen` vqchae_d `ea ajpo_dae`aj`a @e{anajv ei >acne{ `an Ranl}e_dpqjc( `an k^hec]pek( ]qb `aj Sac ca^n]_dp6 `ea rkj Äq¿anan qj` ejjanan Ranl}e_dpqjc* @]o `qn_d cÖpphe_da K{aj^]nqjc caoapvpa Na_dp ranl}e_dpap ]qb ]j`ana Saeoa6 ao ran^ej`ap ejjanhe_d( Ckppao Opn]b]j`nkdqjcaj ne_dpaj oe_d ]j `]o Caseooaj*

$_*% =jpdnklkhkceo_da Cnqj`h]caj @ea Bqj`]iajp] ̞ -3,1( vsÖhb F]dna j]_d `aj Ejopepqpekjao ranÖ{ajphe_dp ̞ cahpaj ]ho `]o D]qlpsang `an pdki]oeo_daj J]pqnna_dpohadna7 oea gknneceanaj `aj rkhqjp]neopeo_d gkjveleanpaj Ckppao^acne{ `ao bnÜdanaj Sango* =j `ea Opahha `ao ]hppaop]iajp]neo_daj ̣`aqo `aolkpe_qo̡ pnepp `an N]pca^anckpp7 jqn `an PÖne_dpa( ok Pdki]oeqo fapvp( opahhp oe_d Ckpp ]ho Dannj qj` ]^okhqpaj Caoapvca^an rkn( ̦`an `aj Iajo_daj Äqooanhe_d vqn Opn]{a ran^ej`ap̤( `an saeoa I]jj ̦_kj_elenap W***Y Ckpp ]ho R]pan( N]pd k`an 0

O* `ea SÜn`ecqjc `an =q¿ajoaepanlkoepekj rkj Pdki]oeqo iep Dejsaeo ]qb `ea Ejopepqpekjao ^ae Qpa Cand]n` $-55,( /.% qj` O_ds]^ $-551^( -43%* >q_ddkhv $-544( -1{*% naceopneanp `ea ailÖnpaj Gkiiajp]na( `ea `aj Caeop `an ̦j]_diÄnvhe_daj Naop]qn]pekjoÄn]̤ se`anoleacahj* @ea ^a`aqpaj`a Opq`ea rkj >q_ddkhv anseao oe_d ]ho sacsaeoaj` je_dp jqn bÜn `ea Ajp`a_gqjc `an Haepbn]caj `ao Pdki]oeqo)Paeho `ao rknheacaj`aj >aepn]co*

4,

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

Hadnan̤ $Bqj`]iajp] E( 1( ‡‡ 0/( 1-( 1.%* @ea Bqj`]iajp] olna_daj `ai ̣eqo `erejqi̡ `ea Na_dpomq]hepÄp ei lkoeperaj Oejja ]^7 `ea Cacajopahhqjc vqi J]pqnna_dp sen` ]qbcaca^aj( cÖpphe_dao Na_dp qj` J]pqnna_dp oej` chae_dani]¿aj bnae rkj LkoeperepÄp* >ae`a Na_dpo^anae_da rano_diahvaj sea`an vqi J]pqnna_dp `an Pn]`epekj ranop]j`aj ]ho Ej^acne{ Ü^anlkoeperan Jkni^anae_da( `ea `an na_p] n]pek vqcÄjche_d oej`* Iep `an NÜ_ggadn vqn Jkni]perepÄp `an j]pÜnhe_daj Ranjqjbp Äj`anp oe_d jqj ]q_d `an Vqc]jc vq `ai Na_dpoca^eap( `]o ]ho aecajphe_da >avqcocnÖ¿a `ea =ncqiajp]pekjohejea haepap6 `]o lkoepera ̣eqo dqi]jqi̡* HÄoop oe_d `ea Sehhajo]hhi]_dp Ckppao je_dp iadn ]ho Qn^eh` `ao Rkhqjp]neoiqo sahphe_dan Lnkrajeajv ranopadaj( `]jj k{aj^]np ]q_d `]o ]qb `ea naeja CaoapvaolkoeperepÄp na`qveanpa ̣eqo dqi]jqi lkoeperqi̡ oaejaj I]jcah* Ao Ö{jap oe_d `an >he_g bÜn `ea Gkjpatpca^qj`ajdaep ejjansahphe_dan Ajpo_dae`qjc qj` `]iep ]q_d `]bÜn( sea `ea Ranjqjbp ]qb oepq]pekjonahar]jpa Ü^anlkoepera Jkni^anae_da ]qocnaebp qj` ok `aj Rkhqjp]neoiqo `an Caoapvca^qjc ^acnajvp* @]o ̣]n^epneqi̡( `ea Ajpo_dae`qjcogkilapajv `ao sahphe_daj Caoapvca^ano sen` ]j n]pekj]ha ¼^anvaqcqjc cagkllahp7 `an ranjÜjbpeca Caoapvca^an `ao ]qbcaghÄnpaj =^okhqpeoiqo g]jj oaeja Na_dpoajpo_dae`qjcaj ]j `ea Aejoe_dpaj ^ej`aj( `ea `ea Ikn]hldehkokldea ei saepaj Oejja `ao J]pqnna_dpo ^anaepopahhp $a^`* ‡ 14%* @ea Pnajjqjc rkj Na_dp qj` Ikn]h oe_danp Pdki]oeqo ei NÜ_gc]jc ]qb `ea ^ae`aj qjpano_dea`he_daj Ranl}e_dpqjcoik`e6 @ai Na_dp ei opnegpaj Oejja `ao ̣eqo lkoeperqi̡ gknnaolkj`eanp `an Äq¿ana Vs]jc( ao ranl}e_dpap jqn Äq¿anhe_d7 `ea OldÄna `ao Oepphe_daj sen` gkjopepqeanp `qn_d aeja JÖpecqjc ]j`anan =np( `ea ̣k^hec]pek ejpanj]̡* Iep `eaoan @e{anajveanqjc okhh Pdki]oeqo ̞ ok `ea Ldehkokldeacao_de_dpoo_dnae^qjc ̞ `ea =n_de) pagpkjeg `an ln]gpeo_daj Ldehkokldea G]jpo rkn^anaepap d]^aj7 k^ `eao ej aejai iadn ]ho Äq¿anhe_daj Oejja vqpne{p( eop can]`a ]jcaoe_dpo `ao Oah^opranopÄj`jeooao aejao @ajgajo vq ^avsaebahj( `]o Rkn]qooapvqjcaj qj` Cnajvaj `an Bqjgpekjop]qche_dgaep `ao ]qbca) ghÄnpaj =^okhqpeoiqo ]qohkpaj sehh* >avae_djaj` bÜn `ea =jh]ca `ao pdki]oeo_daj J]pqnna_dpo eop( `]oo Äq¿ana qj` ejja) na D]j`hqjcooldÄna( `ea Nabanajv^anae_da `an qjpano_dea`he_daj Ranl}e_dpqjco]npaj( ]ho Lnk^haibah`an anb]oop san`aj( `ea opnqgpqnahh chae_da Kn`jqjco]qbc]^aj opahhaj* Sea `]o Vs]jcona_dp `ea OpÖnqjcobnaedaep `ao okve]haj Rangadno bÜn `ea Äq¿ana D]j`hqjcooldÄna casÄdnhaeopap( ok oej` ajpolna_daj`a I]¿j]diaj bÜn `aj >anae_d `ao iajo_dhe_daj Ej) panjqi rkncaoadaj6 @an ejjana Pnea^d]qod]hp eop jÄihe_d ]q_d vqdÖ_dop opÖn]jbÄhhec( an ^a|j`ap oe_d ej aejai h]pajpaj ejjanaj Gneacovqop]j`( `an a^ajb]hho vq ^abnea`aj eop* @ea ejjana J]pqn ]ho O_d]qlh]pv oe_d ^agneacaj`an ={agpa eop Cacajop]j` aejan aileneo_daj =jpdnklkhkcea( `ea `an Ikn]hseooajo_d]bp `]o =jsaj`qjcobah` heabanp* G]jp ^avae_djap aeja Ikn]hseooajo_d]bp `eaoao Vqo_djeppo ]ho ̦ikn]heo_da =jpdnklkhkcea̤7 ]ho ̦Cacaj) opÜ_g `an Iap]lduoeg `an Oeppaj̤ cadÖnp oea vqi =jsaj`qjco^anae_d `an Ikn]h qj` d]p Hadnaj qj` Rkno_dnebpaj vqi Cacajop]j`( `ea oe_d ]qb Anb]dnqjc cnÜj`aj $I`O( == RE( .-3%* Ajpo_dae`aj` bÜn `aj aileneo_daj =jo]pv `eaoan =jpdnklkhkcea eop `ea Gkjvalpekj `an j]pqn] dkiejeo j]_d `ai Ik`ahh `an =q¿aj^aveadqjc d]j`ahj`an Oq^fagpa6 Anop `eaoa ^nejcp `aj vajpn]haj ]jpdnklkhkceo_daj >abqj`( `ea ={agp^aopeiipdaep `ao Sehhajo( ok rkn =qcaj( `]oo `]o Kn`jqjcoik`ahh `ao ]qbcaghÄnpaj =^okhqpeoiqo cnaebp* @ea Bqj`]iajp] oej` ]i Haepb]`aj aejan Oah^opgnepeg ranb]oop7 ]ho ̦D]qlp)Ennpqi̤ `an Ejopepqpekjao ̞ aej Ennpqi( ok Pdki]oeqo( `aj `an =qpkn `eaoan O_dnebp iep reahaj oae)

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

4-

jan RkncÄjcan paehp ̞ ^avae_djap `]o jaqa Sang `ea ¼^anvaqcqjc ̦rkj `an Danno_d]{p `ao Ranop]j`ao Ü^an `aj Sehhaj̤ $Bqj`]iajp]( Rknna`a ‡ 2%* Ao eop `eaoa enneca Rkn) opahhqjc Ü^an `]o Ranjqjbpsaoaj Iajo_d( `ea `aj =qpkn `an Bqj`]iajp] jÖpecp( ̦`]o c]jvpa Ca^Äq`a `an Ikn]h ]q{ aeja c]jpv ]j`ana =np qj` Saeoa ]q{vqbÜdnaj̤ $a^`*%* @ea ̦Cnqj`hadnaj `ao J]pqn) qj` RÖhganna_dpo̤( san`aj( ok dae¿p ao ei `aqpo_daj Pepah( j]_d ̦`ai oejjhe_daj >acne{ ]hhan Iajo_daj rkncaopahhap̤ $̦at oajoq _kiiqje `a) `q_p]̤%* Iep `ai ]ho aileneo_da Cnqj`h]ca oaejan Hadna ei Pepah ]jcabÜdnpaj ̣oajoqo _kiiqjeo̡ iaejp Pdki]oeqo `aj iapdk`eo_daj Rkno]pv( jqn ̦okh_da Iaejqjcaj ]q{o P]lap vq ^nejcaj( W***Y `anaj S]dndaep aej fa`an( `an jqn aej sajec }ae¿ecan ]_dp d]^aj sehh( ^au oe_d oah^op ail|j`ap̤( ]hok HadnoÄpva vq bkniqheanaj( `anaj Ejd]hp `an Oah^op) ^ak^]_dpqjc vqcÄjche_d oej`7 ej `eaoan Saeoa sehh `an =qpkn ̦]hhajpd]h^aj `an caiaejaj Oejjhecgaep̤ qj` je_dp ̦oq^pehaj ]^opn]_pekjaj̤ cahadnpan =qpknepÄpaj bkhcaj $a^`*( Rkn) na`a ‡ .2% qj` oaej @ajgaj ej ^asqoopan =^sadn `ao o_dkh]opeo_daj O_dqhouopaio `ai =jolnq_d ln]gpeo_dan JÜpvhe_dgaep ranl}e_dpaj* BÜn fa`aj ]qbiango]iaj Haoan j]_drkhhvead^]n qjpanoq_dp an jqj `ea ̦ikn]heo_da J]) pqn `ao Iajo_daj̤ $E* >q_d( -* D]qlpopÜ_g%7 `ea Haep^acne{a `an Qjpanoq_dqjc heabanp faja ={agpajhadna( `ea Pdki]oeqo ei ln]gpeo_daj Paeh oaejan Oeppajhadna ]ho Pdaknea `ao H]opano ajpb]hpap* @eaoa Oeppajhadna( `*€e* Pdki]oeqo̢ Apdeg( `ea an ]qb @aqpo_d ran) b]oop d]p qj` anop olÄpan ejo H]paejeo_da Ü^anoapvaj hea¿( ^aopadp ]qo vsae Paehaj( aejai pdaknapeo_daj qj` aejai ln]gpeo_daj Paeh( `anaj Pdai]peg ei >acne{ `ao Hea^aosehhajo vajpneanp eop7 sÄdnaj` `an pdaknapeo_da Paeh( `ea Aejhaepqjc vqn Oeppajhadna aeja Pqcaj`) hadna ajpb]hpap( `ea `ai >acne{ ranjÜjbpecan Hea^a( `* d* aejao `qn_d Ranjqjbp cahaepapaj Sahp^avqco `ao Sehhajo ajpolne_dp( eop `an `qn_d ={agpa `kiejeanpa >avqc ]qb `ea @ej) ca( `an ei ln]gpeo_daj Paeh `an Oeppajhadna( `an =qoÜ^qjc `an Oeppajhadna( pdai]peoeanp sen`( =qo`nq_g `ao Sehhajo ]ho qjranjÜjbpecan Hea^a $rch* O_djae`ano $-551% ei Rkn) sknp vqn ̦Aejhaepqjc vqn Oeppajhadna̤%* @ea ¼^anvaqcqjc( `ea bÜn `ea jaqa Hadna vqi Bqj`]iajp sen`( h]qpap jqj6 Ej `eaoan Rangadnqjc ranjÜjbpecan Hea^a( `*€e* `an Ej`eajopj]dia `an Ranjqjbp bÜn `ea >abnea`e) cqjc `an ]{agpcaopaqanpaj >acadnqjcaj( ^aopadp `ea ]jpdnklkhkceo_da Cnqj`ranb]ooqjc `ao Iajo_daj7 aeja ej aileneo_dan =^oe_dp ^apnea^aja Qjpanoq_dqjc Ü^an `ea j]pqn] dkiejeo d]p oe_d ]i Haepb]`aj `eaoan Rangadnqjc vq kneajpeanaj* @ea N]pekj]heopaj `an Pn]`epekj( `ea `eaoa Cnqj`ranb]ooqjc je_dp s]dnd]^aj skhhaj( qjpanheacaj `ai Ennpqi rkj `an Danno_d]bp `ao Ranop]j`ao Ü^an `aj Sehhaj* Pdki]oeqo ajpse_gahp oaeja Aejoe_dp jqj sea bkhcp6 Ieppaho `ao Sehhajo ^aveadp oe_d `an Iajo_d ]qb @ejca ]q¿an edi6 An eop >acean`a k`an Hea^a( `*€e* ̦`]o Ranh]jcaj oe_d iep `an cahea^paj O]_da vq ranaejecaj̤ $Bqj`]iajp] E( -( ‡ /0%* @eao Ranh]jcaj eop ]ho ̦Oadjoq_dp aps]o vq pdqj $_kj]pqo ]caj`e%̤ $a^`*% je_dp jqn =jpnea^ bÜn `ea ̦>a) sacqjco)Gn]{p `ao Hae^ao( okj`anj pnae^ap ]q_d `aj Ranop]j` oah^op ]j( `]oo an W***Y ]qb Ieppah `aj_ga( $`ea cahea^pa O]_da% vq anh]jcaj qj` `anoah^aj vq cajeaooaj̤ $a^`*( ‡ /1%* @aod]h^ eop `an Sehha ]ho ̦>acean`a `ao Danpvajo̤ vs]n iep `ai Ranop]j` ̦ran) caoahho_d]{pap̤ $a^`*%( ]^an ̦`an Ranop]j` eop jeai]dho `ea vqanop ^asacaj`a Gn]{p̤( okj`anj ̦`an Sehha eop `]o vqanop sen_gaj`a `an iajo_dhe_daj Oaaha( saeh oea `aj Ran) op]j` ^asacap̤ $a^`*( ‡ 10%* Sen` jqj `ea Hadna rki Ranop]j` ]ho `an `kiejeanaj`aj Gn]bp `an iajo_dhe_daj Oaa) ha ]ho Ennpqi `qn_do_d]qp( cehp reahiadn( `]oo `an Sehha ̦`ea rknjadiopa Gn]{p `an Oaahaj

4.

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

oaṳ $a^`*( ‡ --3%( `]jj ranopadp oe_d( `]oo ]q_d `ea Hadna vq gknneceanaj eop( j]_d `an ̦`ai c]jvpaj iajo_dhe_daj Cao_dha_dpa aejanhau J]pqn̤$a^`*( ‡ --4% ^aevqhacaj eop* @an Iajo_d eop reahiadn faja ̦c]n okj`an^]dna ola_eao W***Y( `aooaj ]hha qj` fa`a ?Önlan ej =joadqjc `an Sehhaj aeja qjpano_dea`he_da J]pqn d]^aj̤ $a^`*( ‡ --37 ]q_d Rknna`a ‡ 2%* Je_dp jqn vaecp `ea Anb]dnqjc( `]oo gaej Iajo_d vq |j`aj eop( ̦`aooaj Sehha ej ]h) haj OpÜ_gaj iep aejao ]j`anj oaejaj Sehhaj Ü^anaejopeiia̤ $a^`*( ‡ -,/%( reahiadn cehp `]nÜ^an dej]qo( `]oo `ea Iajo_daj ]q_d dÄq|c je_dp iep `ai aecajaj Sehhaj Ü^anaej) opeiiaj6 Oea ̦skhhaj `]ofajeca je_dp eiianbknp( s]o oea aeji]dh skhhaj̤( ok `]oo oea( ̦s]o oea fapvp skhhaj( ]q{ aeja ]j`ana Vaep je_dp skhhaj k`an oea skhhaj `]o Cacajpaeh( f] oea ail|j`aj W*** Y ^au oe_d aeja >]jcecgaep qj` =jcop `an opnaepaj`aj ={a_paj( `ea oea ^]h` dea( ^]h` `knp dejnaeooaj( ok `]oo oea h]jca Vaep je_dp seooaj( s]o oea skhhaj̤ $a^`*( ‡ -,1%* Ej `eaoan Cnqj`^a|j`he_dgaep `ao oaejaj ={agpaj ]qocaheabanpaj iajo_d) he_daj Cao_dha_dpo heacp `an Cnqj` `]bÜn( `]oo `eaoai ransadnp eop( skj]_d ao opna^p6 `]o ̣oqiiqi ^kjqi̡( `ea s]dna ChÜ_goahecgaep( `ea edna Cnqj`h]ca ej `an `qn_d ranjÜjb) peca Hea^a annae_dpaj Nqda `ao CaiÜpo d]p* O_d]qaj sen jÄihe_d iep ̦qjl]npaueo_daj =qcaj̤( ok oadaj sen( `]oo ̦b]op ]hha Iajo_daj `ea qjchÜ_goaahecopaj Haqpa rkj `an Sahp oauj̤ $=qoÜ^qjc E( /%6 @ea ej `an Aejhaepqjc vqn Oeppajhadna atlkjeanpa ranjÜjbpeca Hea^a p]qcp ]hok je_dp vqn Cnqj`h]ca aejan aileneo_d ]jcahacpaj =jpdnklkhkcea* Aeja Qjpanoq_dqjc `eaoan =np( `ea ei Oejja aejao `an ln]gpeo_daj JÜpvhe_dgaep ranl}e_dpapaj @ajgajo `ea anveadaneo_da Jqpv]jsaj`qjc ei =qca d]p( hÄoop ao ^ae ]hhcaiaejaj =qoo]caj Ü^an `ea Cnqj`ranb]ooqjc `an iajo_dhe_daj H]opand]bpecgaep je_dp ^asaj`aj6 Oea qjpanoq_dp `ea ={agpj]pqn `ao Iajo_daj ]qb `ea IÖche_dgaep `an Aej}qooj]dia dej qj` ajp`a_gp aej ̦Bqj`]iajp `an Ran^aooanqjc̤* Ok dae¿p ao ej `aj Bqj`]iajp]6 ̦i]j iq¿ je_dp `]rkn d]hpaj( `]oo `ea dano_daj`aj Hae`ajo_d]{paj o_dha_dpan`ejco qj` ej dÖ_dopai Cn]` ^Öoa oauj( ]ho sajj Woe_d je_dpY *** fai]j` `anoah^aj ^a`eajaj gÖjjpa( `ea s]dna Nqda qj` ChÜ_goaahecgaep vq ^abÖn`anj*̤ $E( /( ‡‡ 32( 33% Ej `an Qjpanoq_dqjc `an gkjgnapaj Pnea^`uj]ieg( sea oea oe_d ej `an Gkjgqnnajv `an ={agpa qi Rkndanno_d]bp ajpse_gahp( vaecp oe_d jqj `an Sac( `an ]qo `ai ̦]hhcaiaejaj qj` `qn_dcadaj`aj QjchÜ_g̤ $ok `an Pepah `ao -* D]qlpopÜ_go `an ̦=qoÜ^qjc̤% dej]qo) bÜdnp* @e{anajveanp i]j `ea ={agpa j]_d `aj qjpano_dea`he_daj Gh]ooaj `an ^acadnpaj @ejca( ok pne{p i]j ]qb `nae D]qlp^acean`aj( jÄihe_d Skhhqop $rkhqlp]o%( Adncaev $]i) ^epek% qj` D]^cean $]r]nepe]%( `ea iepaej]j`an ei Opnaep heacaj* @ea Anb]dnqjc hadnp jqj( ̦`]oo gaej Iajo_d oau( `an je_dp rkj `eaoaj `nauaj >acean`aj( ]^an ]q{ qjpano_dea`he) _da =np qj` Saeoa naceanp san`a( saeh gaej Iajo_d cabqj`aj sen`( ^ae sah_dai je_dp aeja qjpano_dea`aja Ranieo_dqjc `eaoan Sehhaj oau*̤ $Bqj`]iajp] E( /( ‡ -/,%* @* d*( `ea >acean`aj heacaj ednan J]pqn j]_d vs]n cnqj`oÄpvhe_d ei Opnaep( ]^an ]qb @]qan jaq) pn]heoeanaj oea oe_d sa_doahoaepec qj` cadaj reahbÄhpeca Ieo_dqjcaj aej* Aeja ^aokj`ano cÜjopeca( `*€e* `ai ̦J]_doejjaj̤ bÖn`anhe_da Ietpqn heacp jqj rkn( sajj oe_d ̣rkhqlp]o̡ qj` ̣]i^epek̡ ranieo_daj $rch* >q_ddkhv -544( -13%7 `eaoa ^ae`aj aej]j`an se`anopnaepaj`aj >acadnqjcaj( `]o Opna^aj j]_d gÖnlanhe_dan Dejc]^a qj` `]o ajpcacajcaoapvpa j]_d I]_dp]qoÜ^qjc( iÄ¿ecaj oe_d sa_doahoaepec ej `an Saeoa( ̦`]oo ]qo `eaoan ietpqn `ea cnÖooaopaj Pqcaj`aj danrkn gkiiaj( sah_dan `ea Iajo_daj rkj J]pqn bÄdec oauj̤ $Bqj`]iajp] E( 0( ‡ -/%7 rkn ]hhai bÖn`anp ̦`eaoa Ranieo_dqjc aeja Rknpnaecgaep `ao ejcajee qj` fq`e_ee̤ $a^`*%( ]hok Sepv( Aej^eh`qjcogn]bp( Ld]jp]oea $ej)

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cajeqi% qj` Qnpaehogn]bp $fq`e_eqi%( iepdej `ea RaniÖcaj( `ea j]_d Pdki]oeqo̢ Hkceg ja^aj `ai Ca`Ä_dpjeo `ea D]qlpgnÄbpa `ao iajo_dhe_daj Ranop]j`ao ^eh`aj* @]iep oej`( ok Pdki]oeqo( `ea iajp]haj qj` gkcjeperaj >a`ejcqjcaj bÜn `aj ̦=jb]jc `an Saeodaep̤ cahacp( `an ej `an Aejoe_dp ej `ea aecaja Pkndaep heacp6 ̦`an ]hhanghÜcaopa WeopY san `ea Pdkndaep `ao iajo_dhe_daj Danpvajo( rknjaihe_d ]^an oaeja aecaja W***Y angajjap̤ $a^`* E( /( ‡ 1%* S]o `an N]pekj]heoiqo `an O_dqha ]ho qj^a`ejcpa Rkndanno_d]bp `ao Ranop]j`ao Ü^an `aj Sehhaj ]joapvp( ^acnaebp aeja iep `aj Ieppahj aejan ={agpajhadna aileneo_d cnqj`) cahacpa =jpdnklkhkcea ]ho ^a`ejcp( ]ho ^]oeanaj` ]qb aejai Chae_dcase_dpovqop]j` ei Pnea^d]qod]hp( `an ]^oe_dpohko ajpop]j`aj fajaj CaiÜpovqop]j` ^acÜjopecp( `an ]ho mqeao ejpanj]( ]ho ejjanan Bnea`a `ao CaiÜpo `an Opeiia `an n]pek CadÖn rano_d]{aj g]jj*

$`*% Op]]pohadna @]iep eop `ea j]pqn] dkiejeo oksaep anb]oop( `]oo oe_d `ea PnÄcano_de_dpaj `an bÜn `]o Danno_d]bpoik`ahh `ao ]qbcaghÄnpaj =^okhqpeoiqo _d]n]gpaneopeo_daj Bqjgpekjaj ]^vae_djaj* @eafajecaj( `ea `ea J]pqn iep `an @eolkoepekj bÜn aeja cÜjopeca ={agp) gki^ej]pekj ]qocaop]ppap d]p( oej` lnÄ`aopejeanp bÜn `ea Nkhha `ao ̣o]leajo̡( `ao Saeoaj* @aooaj Bqjgpekj eop ao( ̦]j`ana vq naceanaj qj` `ajoah^aj aeja Jkni k`an Nacah rknvqo_dnae^aj̤ $Bqj`]iajp] E( 0( ‡ -/%* @eaoa ]j`anaj oej` j]pqncaiÄ¿ `eafajecaj( `ea `an Rkno_dnebp ^a`Ünbaj( saeh edn pqn^qhajpan ={agpd]qod]hp `ea aecaja Opeiia `an Ranjqjbp qjdÖn^]n i]_dp7 `]o oej` `ea ̣opqhpe̡( `ea reahaj J]nnaj qj` PÖne_dpaj( `ea( saeh edjaj `ea ̦ejjanhe_da Nqda̤ badhp( ]q_d je_dp cao_de_gp oej`( `ea ̦aqoanhe_da Nqda vq ^abÖn`anj̤ $a^`*( ‡ 3/%* @an Saeoa oq_dp `eaoaj I]jcah `]`qn_d vq ^ada^aj( `]oo an `ai J]nnaj `ea Bkhcaj oaejan pÖne_dpaj D]j`hqjcaj rkn =qcaj bÜdnp( `* d* `qn_d `]o Anpaehaj rkj N]po_dhÄcaj( `ea aeja ̦ejjanhe_da Ranl}e_dpqjc̤ $a^`*( ‡ 2-% anvaqcaj* @an Saeoa sehh Ü^anna`aj qj` d]p gaeja ̦Cas]hp vq vsejcaj̤* @anfajeca ]^an( `aooaj I]¿j]diaj qjieppah^]n ]qb `ea >abÖn`anqjc `an Äq¿anaj Nqda cadaj( sehh jeai]j`aj Ü^anna`aj( `ajj an d]p `ea Danno_d]bpocas]hp ejja qj` `aod]h^ ̦`ea Vs]j_go)Ieppah ^au `an D]j`̤ $a^`*( ‡ 11%* Ok qjpano_dae`ap oe_d `an Saeoa rki BÜnopaj `qn_d `ea Ranl}e_dpqjcogn]bp( `ea ̣reo k^hec]j`e̡ ednan fasaehecaj Jkniaj6 ̦`]o Gajjvae_daj aejao Hadnan eop N]pdaj( aejao BÜnopaj ]^an danno_daj̤ $a^`*( ‡ 4,%* @an N]po_dh]c( `]o ̣_kjoeheqi̡( ne_dpap oe_d ]qb `ea ejjana D]j`hqjcooldÄna `an >acadnqjcaj qj` veahp ]qb aeja ejjana JÖpecqjc( aeja ̣k^) hec]pek ejpanj]̡* @ea Danno_d]bp `ao BÜnopaj( `]o ̣eilaneqi̡( ne_dpap oe_d ]qb `ea OldÄna Äq¿anaj D]j`ahjo qj` veahp ]qb aeja anvsejc^]na Ranl}e_dpqjc( aeja ̣k^hec]pek atpanj]̡ $rch* a^`*( ‡ 2.%* Ej `an Saeoa `an ejjanaj Ranl}e_dpqjc k^heceanaj `ea ̣nacqh]a dkjaope ap `a_kne̡( `ea Nacahj `ao Adn^]naj $dkjaopqi% qj` O_de_ghe_daj $`a_knqi%* @]cacaj cadÖnaj `ea ̣ln]a_alp] fqope̡( `ea Jkniaj `ao Cana_dpaj ej `ai ajcanaj( rki ̣eqopqi̡ `ao j]pÜnhe_daj Na_dpo qjpano_dea`ajaj Oejja `ai cak{aj^]npaj $lq^heveanpaj% k`an lk) oeperaj Na_dp vq $a^`*( E( 1( ‡ .5% qj` oej` iep op]]phe_dan Vs]jcocas]hp ran^qj`aj* Ao vaecp oe_d6 @ea Pnajjqjc rkj J]pqnna_dp qj` lkoeperai Na_dp sen` ej `an Pnajjqjc rkj Ejjaj qj` =q¿aj ]ho >avengaj bqj`eanp( ]qb `ea ej `an bÜn Pdki]oeqo _d]n]gpaneope) o_daj Saeoa vs]n ]qb qjpano_dea`he_da =np( ]^an ej chae_dan =^oe_dp aejcasengp san`aj g]jj* Ej ^ae`aj >avengaj cadp ao qi `ea And]hpqjc ^vs* Danrkn^nejcqjc aejao Jkn)

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

i]hvqop]j`o( `an `qn_d `]o Chae_dcase_dp `an GnÄbpa ^aopeiip eop6 `ea l]t ejpanj] `ao CaiÜpo qj` bÜn `ea Äq¿ana D]j`hqjcooldÄna `ea l]t atpanj]( `ea OpÖnqjcobnaedaep `ao okve]haj Rangadno7 ao oej` `eao Bnea`ajovqopÄj`a( iep `ajaj `]o oqiiqi ^kjqi Äq¿anan qj` ejjanan ChÜ_goahecgaep annae_dp eop* Ej `eaoai Kn`jqjcoik`ahh bqjceanaj `ea Saeoaj( `ea ghqcaj N]pca^an( ]ho Raniepp) hqjcoejop]jv vseo_daj Rkhg qj` sahphe_dai OkqranÄj6 Oea sengaj `qn_d edna N]po_dhÄca je_dp jqn anveadaneo_d ]qb `ea Pknaj aej( okj`anj `ea N]po_dhÄca ne_dpaj oe_d ]q_d ]j `aj ̣lnej_alo̡7 oea ^ahadnaj `eaoaj Ü^an `]o j]pqnna_dphe_da ̣eqopqi̡ ]ho Ü^ancaoapvhe_da Ne_dpo_djqn bÜn `]o lkoepera Na_dp qj` ^an]paj edj ]qb `eaoa Saeoa ej oaejan Nkhha ]ho Caoapvca^an ̞ oea oej` ei Ü^necaj ]^an oaejan Danno_d]bp qjpansknbaj $Bqj`]iajp] E( 0( ‡ 4,%* @ea I]ooa `an Pknaj( `ea ̣opqhpe̡( oej`( ]^caoadaj rkj `an ={agp^aopeiipdaep ednao Sehhajo( ej `kllahpan Saeoa ]^dÄjcec6 ]ho =`naoo]paj rkj Anveadqjcoi]¿j]diaj( `ea `an IÄ¿ecqjc `eajaj qj` `ea oea `an ejjanaj ChÜ_goahecgaep jÄdan ^nejcaj okhhaj( qj` ]ho Qjpanp]jaj `ao BÜnopaj( `aooaj ̣eilaneqi̡ `aj Äq¿anaj Bnea`aj qj` `]iep `]o oqiiqi ^kjqi Äq¿anan ChÜ_goahecgaep oe_danp* @ea ^ejÄna =jh]ca `ao pdki]oeo_daj J]pqnna_dpo sen` jqj ]qb `an Oaepa `an L}e_dp) d]j`hqjcaj( `ajaj aeja ̣k^hec]pek ejpanj]̡ vqcnqj`aheacp( ]jcanae_danp `qn_d `ea Jkni) gh]ooa `ao ̣`a_knqi̡( `ao `qn_d caoahho_d]bphe_da Oeppaj Ca^kpajaj* @eaoa Ca^kpooldÄna oapvp Pdki]oeqo ]ho oah^opÄj`ecaj Jkni^anae_d ja^aj `]o ̣dkjaopqi̡* @an >anae_d `ao `qn_d >n]q_d qj` Caskdjdaep o]jgpekjeanpaj( `ao caoahho_d]bphe_d ]jang]jjpaj Cqpaj qj` >Öoaj( `ao =jopÄj`ecaj qj` Caveaiaj`aj eop ok sajec sea `]o ̣dkjaopqi̡ `ai Äq¿anaj Vs]jc vqcÄjche_d( ^eh`ap ]^an chae_dskdh aej Iepphanao( `]o vseo_daj Vs]jcona_dp qj` ̣k^hec]pek ejpanj]̡ heacp6 Ao cadÖnp ej `ea OldÄna `ao ca) o_de_dphe_d)caoahho_d]bphe_d Caskn`ajaj* Pdki]oeqo ano_dhea¿p oe_d `eaoa Sahp anop iep `an OÄgqh]neoeanqjc `ao lkoeperaj Na_dpo( `* d* iep `ai =qoo_dhqoo `ao ̣eqo `erejqi lkoeperqi̡ ]qo `ai Cahpqjco^anae_d `ao opnegpaj Na_dpo* @eaoan O_dnepp sen` ]jcanacp `qn_d aeja jaq]npeca( ldehkokldeo_d)gnepeo_da >e^ahseooajo_d]bp( `ea iep `an Pdaoa( `ea ]hppaop]iajp]neo_da Caoapvca^qjc oae je_dp `qn_dsac ]qb K{aj^]nqjc cacnÜj`ap $Hejg -535( .20b*%( a^aj `ea okvek)gqhpqnahha OldÄna `an `qn_d >n]q_d qj` Oeppa canacahpaj iajo_dhe_daj >aveadqjcaj anÖ{jap* Ok naebp ^ae Pdki]oeqo `ea ¼^anvaqcqjc( `ea bÜn `ea iko]eo_da Nahecekj ran^ej`he_daj cÖpphe_daj Saeoqjcaj oaeaj ]jvqoea`ahj ei >a) nae_d `an cao_de_dphe_d)gqhpqnahh anghÄn^]naj Oeppaj qj` Ca^nÄq_da( oea cadÖnpaj qjpan `ea ̣nacqh]a `a_kne̡* SÄdnaj` `aj Kn`jqjco^anae_daj `ao ̣eqopqi̡ qj` ̣dkjaopqi̡ `an =jolnq_d ]qb Ü^anvaephe_d)jkni]pera CÜhpecgaep vqcadÖnp( pn]caj `ea ̣nacqh]a `a_kne̡ `ai gkjpej) cajpaj >anae_d `ao cao_de_dphe_d Caskn`ajaj( `ai Sa_doah `ao caoahho_d]bphe_daj Gkjrajpekj Na_djqjc6 Dean d]^aj `ea =`e]ldkn]( `ea okc* ̣Ieppah`ejca̡( ednaj Knp( faja D]j`hqjcaj( `ea sa`an oepphe_d)na_dphe_d ca^kpaj( jk_d ran^kpaj( okj`anj bnaecaopahhp oej`* @eaoan Jkni^anae_d eop ̞ ei Qjpano_dea` vq `aj ]qb =^sadn rkj ejjanaj qj` Äq¿anaj OpÖnqjcaj vqcao_djeppajaj Ca^kpaj `ao ̣dkjaopqi̡ qj` ̣eqopqi̡ ̞ `an aejan lkoeper bkniqheanpaj Okve]hl}e_dpecgaep `ao D]j`ahjo* @]o ̣`a_knqi̡ ^eh`ap `aj >anae_d `an `qn_d ]gperao Pqj ]qocavae_djapaj Okve]hapdeg( `an L}e_dpaj cacaj ]j`ana( sÄdnaj` `]o ̣dkjaopqi̡ `aj >anae_d `an Ej`ere`q]hapdeg qib]oop( ]hok `an L}e_dpaj cacaj oe_d oah^op*

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

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@aj olave|o_daj L}e_dp_d]n]gpan `an D]j`hqjcaj( `ea caiÄ¿ `an ̦`naub]_daj ik) n]hepÄp( jaihe_d `an Adn^]ngaep( =jopÄj`ecgaep qj` Cana_dpecgaep̤ $Bqj`]iajp](Rknna`a ‡ .1% ca^kpaj oej`( anhÄqpanp Pdki]oeqo ei NÜ_gcne{ ]qb `ea okc* Ckh`aja Nacah6 Iep Dehba `an `naeb]_daj R]ne]jpa `ao g]packneo_daj Eilan]pero ej `an B]ooqjc `an nacqh] ]qna] `an >anclna`ecp $a^`*( E( 2( ‡‡ /, {*7 vqn AnhÄqpanqjc o* Hejg -535( -..b*( ]q_d >q_ddkhv -544( -05% ano_dhea¿aj oe_d `ea fasaehecaj ̣lnej_ele]̡ $ a^`*( ‡ /5% `ao ̦`nae) b]_d Cqpaj̤ $a^`*( E( 0( ‡ 45%* @aj Ca^kpaj ajpolne_dp aej Ouopai ]^caopqbpan O]jgpekjaj6 @ea Ranhapvqjc `ao ̣dk) jaopqi̡ veadp `aj Ranhqop `an ejjanaj CaiÜponqda( `an ̣l]t ejpanj]̡( j]_d oe_d7 ]qb `ea Ranhapvqjc `ao ̣`a_knqi̢ bkhcp vqoÄpvhe_d aeja Aej^q¿a ]j okve]haj Cn]pe|g]pekjaj qj` ]hhaej `aj Ranopk¿ cacaj `ea Ca^kpa `ao ̣eqopqi̡ ]dj`ap `ea op]]phe_da Vs]jcocas]hp* S]o ]qo `an Oe_dp `ao okc* ̦Neckneoiqo̤ `ao G]jpeo_daj L}e_dp^acne{o ̦ik`anj̤ ]i Pdki]oeo_daj J]pqnna_dp ]jiqpaj i]c( jÄihe_d `ea AncÄjvqjc `ao ̣dkjaopqi̡ `qn_d `]o ̣`a_knqi̡ qj` `]iep `ea Ansaepanqjc `an OldÄna `an ejjanaj ̣k^hec]pek̡ `an]np( `]oo `ea ikn]hldehkokldeo_da SÜn`ecqjc `an Sahp `ao cao_de_dphe_d)caoahho_d]bphe_daj Gkjpejcajpaj ej `aj >he_g gkiip( k{aj^]np ^ae jÄdanai Vqoadaj can]`a( skn]qb `]o Kn`jqjcoik`ahh `ao ]qbcaghÄnpaj =^okhqpeoiqo vqcao_djeppaj eop6 `ea Danopahh^]ngaep `ao oqiiqi ^kjqi( `ao ejjanaj qj` Äq¿anaj Bnea`ajo* @ea OldÄna `ao iajo_dhe_daj Ejpanjqi eop ej chae_dan Saeoa ]qb rkj ]q¿aj aejsengaj`a GnÄbpa dej ]jcahacp sea `ea Äq¿ana D]j`hqjcooldÄna7 can]`a ]i Cahpqjco^anae_d `ao ̣`a_knqi̡ vaecp oe_d( `]oo `ea ̣_kjoehe]̡ `ao ̣o]leajo̡ jqn cn]`qahh rkj `aj ̣eilane]̡ `ao ̣lnej_alo̡ qjpano_dea`aj oej`6 @ea Aejsengqjc ]qb `]o Ejpanjqi `qn_d `ea Anveadqjco]n^aep `ao N]pca^ano `eajp `ai chae_daj Vsa_g sea `an >abadh rkj Oaepaj `an Op]]pocas]hp6 @ea OpÖnqjcobnaedaep `ao Äq¿anaj Rangadno ^eh`ap `]o Gknnah]p `an l]t ejpanj]( ok sea qicagadnp `eaoa kdja `aj Äq¿anaj Bnea`aj je_dp rknopahh^]n eop* @ea ̦ikn]heo_da =jpdnklkhkcea̤ `ao Pdki]oeqo bq¿p ]qb `an o_dkjqjcohkoaj J]pq) n]heoeanqjc `an iajo_dhe_daj J]pqn7 `ea Pdaoa rkj `an ={agpca^qj`ajdaep `ao Sehhajo ]ho ]jpdnklkhkceo_dan Cnqj`gkjop]jpa i]_dp `ea Lqbaj`knbo_da =jj]dia rkj `an Ajp) cacajoapvqjc `an ̦ikn]heo_daj̤ qj` `an ̦j]pÜnhe_daWjY $lduoe_]% J]pqn `ao Iajo_daj̤ bn]csÜn`ec qj` bkn`anp `]vq ]qb( edna ̦caj]qa Ran^ej`qjc̤ $Bqj`]iajp]( Rknna`a ‡ .0% vq ^a]_dpaj qj` o_dhea¿he_d vq angajjaj( `]oo `ea ̦Bnaudaep `ao Sehhajo aej jkj ajo̤ oae $a^`* E( .( ‡ -,4%* @ea Qjbnaedaep `ao Sehhajo a^aj eop `ea Rkn]qooapvqjc bÜn `ea Chae_dcane_dpapdaep `an SengiÖche_dgaepaj `an Saeoaj qj` `ao op]]phe_daj OkqranÄjo* @ea ln]ci]peo_da @eiajoekj `ao I]_d^]naj ^eh`ap `aj Dknevkjp bÜn `ea Gkjvalpekj `ao dÖ_dopaj Cqpo6 Danopahhqjc qj` >as]dnqjc `ao ejjanaj qj` Äq¿anaj Bnea`ajo sen` vqn Kn`jqjco]qbc]^a `anan( `ea `]o Bqjgpekjoik`ahh `ao ]qbcaghÄnpaj =^okhqpeoiqo ]ho PnÄcano_de_dpaj ^ajÖpecp*

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42

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ `ea Hadn^ana_dpecqjc bÜn I]pdai]peg ej Haelvec qj` sen` ]qb Ailbadhqjc rkj Hae^jev -3,2 vqi Lnkbaookn bÜn I]pdai]peg ej D]hha anj]jjp* @knp se`) iap an oe_d vqjadiaj` `an Ldehkokldea qj` sen` ^]h` vqi aej}qoonae_dopaj Ldehkokldaj @aqpo_dh]j`o* Sacaj oaejao `ea D]hhajoan Leapeopaj ailÖnaj`aj Ranchae_do vseo_daj Gkjbqveqo qj` ?dneopqo $Na`a Ü^an `ea ln]gpeo_da Lde) hkokldea `an ?dejaoaj% sen` an -3./ qjpan =j`nkdqjc `an Pk`aoopn]ba `ao H]j`ao ranseaoaj* An andÄhp aejaj Hadnopqdh ej I]n^qnc( rkj sk an -30, rkj Bnea`ne_d EE* j]_d D]hha vqnÜ_g^anqbaj sen`* ̞ @ea cnk¿a vaepcajÖooeo_da Sengqjc `an Skh{eo_daj Ldehkokldea ̞ Ieppa `ao -4* F]dndqj`anpo s]naj b]op ]hha ldehkokldeo_daj HadnopÜdha ej @aqpo_dh]j` rkj Skh{e]janj ^aoapvp ̞ ran) `]jgp oe_d rkn ]hhai oaejai iapdk`eo_daj =jo]pv( `an ¼^anpn]cqjc `an bÜn `ea I]pdai]peg anbkhcnae_daj ]teki]peo_daj Iapdk`a ]qb `ea Ca^eapa `an Ü^ne) caj Seooajo_d]bpaj* @an ]qb hkceo_d)`a`qgperai Saca ]jcaopna^pa hÜ_gajhkoa >acnÜj`qjcovqo]iiajd]jc sen` ]q_d vqi iapdk`eo_daj Haepb]`aj `an @eo) velhejaj `an ln]gpeo_daj Ldehkokldea* Oaeja ei >acne{ `an Rkhhgkiiajdaep vajpneanpa J]pqnna_dpohadna( `ea an ej oaejaj se_dpecopaj na_dpoldehkokldeo_daj O_dnebpaj Cnqj`oÄpva `ao J]pqn) qj` RÖhganna_dpo $-310% qj` RanjÜjbpeca Ca) `]jgaj rkj `ai caoahho_d]bphe_daj Ha^aj `an Iajo_daj qj` ejokj`andaep `ai caiaejaj Saoaj $-3.-% rknhacp( ajpsanbaj ej ednaj op]]popdaknapeo_daj Paehaj `]o Ik`ahh aejao K^necgaepoop]]pao( `]o `aj Caeop `ao lnaq¿eo_daj J]pqnna_dpo j]_dd]hpec calnÄcp d]p*

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@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

43

Rkn ]hhai `eaoa Kneajpeanqjc qjpano_dae`ap edj rkj ?dneope]j Skh{( oaejai J]_d) bkhcan ]j `an QjeranoepÄp D]hha6 @eaoan sqn`a `qn_d `ea Nad]^ehepeanqjc `ao N]pekj]) heoiqo vqi Rkn`ajgan aejan Cahadnpajcajan]pekj( `ea `an Op]]po^Ünkgn]pea `aj Caeop `ao ̦lnaq¿eo_daj J]pqnna_dpo̤ ranieppahpa* Ej Lnaq¿aj qj` ¶opannae_d( `ea oe_d `qn_d Vajpn]heoeanqjc vq `aqpo_daj Cnk¿op]]paj ajpse_gahpaj( sqn`a `]o >Üj`jeo rkj ]qb) caghÄnpan Ranjqjbp qj` I]_dp( rkj qjeranoepÄnan Seooajo_d]bp qj` K^necgaepoop]]p vqn Rkn]qooapvqjc aejan Nabknilkhepeg rkj k^aj( `ea oe_d j]_d`nÜ_ghe_d rkj `an narkhq) pekjÄnaj Ajpse_ghqjc ej Bn]jgnae_d qjpano_dae`ap( sk `ea ai]jvel]pkneo_daj E`aaj `an =qbghÄnqjc ei Bnaedaepo^asqoopoaej `ao `neppaj Op]j`ao ln]gpeo_d)lkhepeo_da O_dq^gn]bp ajpb]hpapaj* Iep >he_g ]qb `ea qjpano_dea`he_daj Ajpse_ghqjcaj ej Bn]jgnae_d qj` @aqpo_dh]j` i]ngeanp Anjop >hk_d `ea @e{anajvaj ei lkhepeo_daj Cnqj`eilqho `an ^ae`aj J]pqn) na_dpogkjvalpekjaj ej lkejpeanpan Bkni6 Ej Pdki]oeqo( `aj an `]jg oaejan aileneo_d) ]jpdnklkhkceo_daj Gkjvalpekj `an iajo_dhe_daj J]pqn `ai Caeop `ao bn]jvÖoeo_daj I]) pane]heoiqo vqna_djaj iÖ_dpa( oeadp an `aj aejvecaj `aqpo_daj J]pqnna_dphan `eaoan Vaep( `an ̦]qo `an ^Üncanhe_daj Ranjqjbp iadn ]ho `aj rknd]j`ajaj Op]]p `a`qveanpa̤ $`ea L]npaej]dia bÜn Pdki]oeqo hÄoop >hk_d bnaehe_d `ea op]ng okve]h`eovelhejÄna LnÄcqjc oae) jao J]pqnna_dpo ecjkneanaj%* >ae Skh{ dejcacaj ̦ranoejgp `]o J]pqnna_dp rkhhaj`o vqn =lkhkcea `ao Op]]po( `ao iang]jpeheopeo_daj Skdhb]dnpo)( ]q_d `ao Lkhevaeop]]po̤ $>hk_d -53.( 22%* Oaeja Hadna( iapdk`eo_d ej aejai ikna cakiapne_k ranop]j`ajaj N]pekj]heo) iqo bqj`eanp( `eajp `]vq( ̦`]o >aopadaj`a vq anghÄnaj( ej ouopai]peo_da Bkni vq ^nejcaj ̞ qj` `]iep hapvphe_d vq na_dpbanpecaj̤( ok `]o `ea Aejo_dÄpvqjc >hk_do qjpanopnae_daj`a Qnpaeh ?dneopkld Hejgo $Hejg -535( 10%* @ea na_dpoop]]phe_da Senghe_dgaep `ao ]qbcaghÄn) paj =^okhqpeoiqo hÄoop `ea gnepeo_daj Eilqhoa j]pqnna_dphe_daj @ajgajo anh]diaj* @an ^a`aqpo]iopa O_dnepp ej Ne_dpqjc ]qb aejaj ^Üncanhe_daj Na_dpoop]]p( jÄihe_d `ea Pnajjqjc `an Äq¿anaj D]j`hqjcooldÄna rkj `an ejjanaj `ao CaiÜpo ]ho Cnqj`h]) ca `an @e{anajveanqjc rkj ejjanan qj` Äq¿anan ̣k^hec]pek̡( rkj Oah^op) qj` Vs]jco) ranl}e_dpqjc( sen` ei J]pqnna_dpoouopai Skh{o nÜ_gcÄjcec cai]_dp* @]iep bÄhhp `ea Qjpano_dae`qjc rkj Na_dp qj` Ikn]h( `ea Pdki]oeqo ej `an Klpeg >hk_do vqi ̦s]dnaj >acnajvan `an Op]]pocas]hp̤ cai]_dp d]ppa* Skh{o rkn `ai Dejpancnqj` `ao nad]^ehepean) paj N]pekj]heoiqo gkjveleanpan Caoapvao^acne{ hÄoop `ea ej rkhqjp]neopeo_dan Lanolagpera i]ngeanpaj @e{anajveanqjcaj je_dp iadn vq6 S]o `]o Caoapv ca^eapap( ajpolnejcp je_dp aejai jknica^aj`aj Sehhaj( okj`anj `an N]pek( `ea anb]oop( s]o ]j oe_d cqp eop* @]o ae) jai fa`aj( ]q_d `ai cÖpphe_daj Sehhaj rkncakn`japa =joe_doaej `an Sanpa $NÖ` -53,( -/,%( bÜn `ea O_dkh]opeg Cnqj`h]ca `an =^sadn rkhqjp]neopeo_dan CacajopnÖiqjcaj( ^a) an^p `ea Jaqvaep ej Caop]hp `ao Skh{eo_daj J]pqnna_dpo*

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44

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

oe_d vaecaj( ok Skh{( `]oo `an ̦gkjbqoa̤ o_dkh]opeo_da >acne{ `an ̦^kjep]o pn]jo_aj) `ajp]heo̤( seooajo_d]bphe_d `aikjopneanp( iep `ai >acne{ `an ̣lanba_pek̡( `an Rkhhgki) iajdaep vqo]iiajbÄhhp $NÖ` -53,( -/,%* S]o ej `an O_dkh]opeg jk_d je_dp gh]n ^acne{aj sqn`a( `]oo ao a^aj `ea n]pekj]ha J]pqn `ao Ranop]j`ao eop( ]ho PnÄcan hkceo_dan O_dhÜo) oecgaep C]n]jp s]dnan Angajjpjeo vq oaej( `]o ]gvajpqeanp Skh{ ei kjpkhkceo_daj >acne{ `an ̣lanba_pek̡* Qi `aj >acne{ `an Rkhhgkiiajdaep( `a|jeanp ]ho ̦Qa^anaejopeiiqjc `ao I]jjec) b]hpecaj ej aejai̤ $Cnqj`oÄpva E( -( ‡ 5%( eop ]q_d `]o j]pqnna_dphe_da =^haepqjcoouopai vajpneanp*1 Rkhhgkiiaj eop aps]o( sajj ao c]jv `]o anbÜhhp( `ai ajpolne_dp( s]o ao oae) jai Saoaj j]_d oaej okhh( `* d* s]o oaeja J]pqn edi ]ho Vsa_g ^aopeiip* @an I]¿op]^ bÜn `]o( s]o iep >avqc ]qb `aj Iajo_daj rkhhgkiiaj dae¿p qj` ]ho Cqp vq ^aopeiiaj eop( heacp ej `an J]pqn `ao Iajo_daj ]ho Ranjqjbpsaoaj* J]pqnna_dphe_da Jkniaj oej` ]hok ^acnÜj`ap( sajj oea ]qo `ai ̦Caoapv `an J]pqn̤ ]^haep^]n oej`7 aej ̦j]pÜnhe_dao Caoapv̤ eop `]ofajeca( ̦sah_dao oaejaj dejnae_daj`aj Cnqj` oah^op ej `an J]pqn `ao Iaj) o_daj qj` `an @ejca d]p̤ $a^`*( E( .( ‡ /5% qj` `aod]h^ ̦aeja j]pÜnhe_da Ran^ej`he_dgaep ej oe_d b]ooap̤ $a^`*( ‡ 0,%* @]o Caoapv `an J]pqn ran^ej`ap qjo ]hok( ̦`ea D]j`hqjcaj ]qovqÜ^aj( sah_da `ea Rkhhgkiiajdaep `ao Iajo_daj qj` oaejao Vqop]j`ao ^abÖn`anj̤ $a^`*( ‡ 0/%* @]o j]pÜnhe_da Caoapv ca^eapap Ranrkhhgkiijqjc( qj` ej oaejan >abkhcqjc heacp `]o dÖ_dopa Cqp( `]o ̣oqiiqi ^kjqi̡( `]o Skh{ ]ho qjcadej`anpaj Bknpo_dnepp vq eiian cnÖ¿anan Rkhhgkiiajdaep ^aopeiip* =qbcnqj` `an K^fagperepÄp `ao Sanp^acne{o g]jj Skh{ Aejvahlanokj k`an Caiaej) o_d]bpaj ej cnqj`oÄpvhe_d chae_dan Saeoa vqi =`naoo]paj `an Ranrkhhgkiijqjcol}e_dp i]_daj6 S]o ]j oe_d sanp ^vs* qjsanp( s]o cqp k`an ^Öoa eop( `* d* sah_da D]j`hqjcaj vq pqj qj` sah_da vq qjpanh]ooaj oej`( o_dnae^p `]o Saoaj k`an `ea J]pqn `ao Iaj) o_daj rkn7 `] `eaoa ]qb Ranrkhhgkiijqjc dej ]jcahacp eop( ca^eapap `]o ̦Caoapv `an J]pqn̤ `ea Qjpankn`jqjc ]hhan D]j`hqjcaj qjpan `]o dÖ_dopa Cqp `an oqgvaooeraj Ran) rkhhgkiijqjc6 bÜn `ea Aejvahlanokj je_dp ]j`ano ]ho bÜn `ea Caiaejo_d]bp `ao D]qoao qj` `]o caiaeja Saoaj( `ai Vqo]iiajo_dhqoo rkj DÄqoanj( `ai Op]]p7 jqn `ai Cn]`a iÖche_dan Ranrkhhgkiijqjc j]_d qjpano_dae`aj oe_d `ea ej`ere`qahhaj rkj `aj dÖdanaj Aejdaepaj $vqn Gkjvalpekj rkj Aejvahlanokj qj` Caiaejo_d]bpobkniaj aejo_dhea¿he_d `ao Op]]po ]ho eokiknlda Ca^eh`a ^ae Skh{ o* NÖ` -53,( -/3%* VqjÄ_dop eop `]o Opna^aj j]_d Ranrkhhgkiijqjc fa`ai Ej`ere`qqi `qn_d `]o j]pÜnhe_da Caoapv ]ho Ranl}e_dpqjc ]qbanhacp* @ea J]pqn( pahakhkceo_d ]ho chae_do]i ranl}e_dpaj`ao Oq^fagp rkncaopahhp( ca^eapap D]j`hqjcaj( `ea ]ho Ieppah `ai ej`ere) `qahhaj Ranrkhhgkiijqjcovsa_g vqvqkn`jaj oej`* @ea iajo_dhe_da Ranjqjbp jqj eop je_dp jqn cnqj`oÄpvhe_d bÄdec( ei >he_g ]qb `ea pahakhkceo_da Kn`jqjc `an J]pqn `]o ]j oe_d Cqpa vq angajjaj( iep okh_dai Angajjaj eop ̞ `ai Cnqj`]jo]pv `ao N]pekj]heoiqo ajpolna_daj` ̞ ]q_d `]o Ikper caca^aj( `ai Caoapv caiÄ¿ vq d]j`ahj* Qjpan ̦Ran^ej`he_dgaep̤ d]^aj sen qjo jÄihe_d( ok Skh{( `ea ̦Ran^ej`qjc aejao >a) sacqjcocnqj`ao iep aejan D]j`hqjc̤ rknvqopahhaj7 ̦aej >asacqjcocnqj` $ikperqi%̤ 1

Vqn Haandaep qj` Qj^aopeiipdaep `ao kjpkhkceo_daj >acne{o `an Rkhhgkiiajdaep o* G]jp6 Cnqj`) hacqjc 00/* Saeh `eaoa Qj^aopeiipdaep ]^an je_dp bkni]han J]pqn eop( vÄdhp G]jp `aj >acne{ `an Rkhhgkiiajdaep ̦j]_d Skh{ qj` `aj Opkeganj̤ vq `aj i]pane]haj >aopeiiqjcocnÜj`aj ei ̦Lnejvel `an Oepphe_dgaep̤ 6 GlR( == R( 25*

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

45

^aopadp ]^an ̦ej `an Rknopahhqjc `ao Cqpaj( sah_dao ]qo `an ]qovqÜ^aj`aj D]j`hqjc( qj` `ao >Öoaj( sah_dao ]qo `an vq qjpanh]ooaj`aj D]j`hqjc }ea¿p̤* Ok ̦ran^ej`ap̤ qjo `ea Rknopahhqjc `ao Cqpaj vq `an ajpolna_daj`aj D]j`hqjc $Cnqj`oÄpva E( .( ‡ /1%* =ho ej `eaoan Saeoa d]j`hqjco) qj` ok ranl}e_dpqjcobÄdecao Oq^fagp eop fa`ao Ej`ere`qqi ̦oepphe_da Lanokj̤ $lanokj] ikn]heo%̤ $a^`*( E( /( ‡ 52%( qj` ej `eaoan Dejoe_dp oej` `ea Ej`ere`qaj cnqj`oÄpvhe_d chae_d $a^`*( ‡ 25%* @eaoa Chae_ddaep eop ]ho Cnqj`h]ca `ao gkjpn]gpqahhaj Vqo]iiajo_dhqooao `an Ej`ere`qaj rkj ajpo_dae`aj`an >a`aqpqjc* Cnqj` `an Rancaoahho_d]bpqjc oej` `ea bÜn `]o eokheanpa Ej`ere`qqi jqn qjvqnae_daj` rknd]j`ajaj RanrkhhgkiijqjcoiÖche_dgaepaj* @]o I]jjecb]hpeca( qi `aooaj Vqo]i) iajopeiiqjc vq aejai C]jvaj ao ^aei Ej`ere`qqi cadp( eop ]qb `ea Reahb]hp `an fa aecajaj Jaecqjcaj qj` Ejpanaooaj qj` `ea Ieppah( `eaoa vq ^abnea`ecaj( ^ao_dnÄjgp6 @] `an Iajo_d ̦ej `an Aejo]igaep oaejaj aecajaj Vqop]j` je_dp ok rkhhgkiiaj i]_daj g]jj( ]ho sajj an qjpan ]j`anj Iajo_daj ha^ap W***Y ok oej` `ea Iajo_daj ran^qj`aj( ja^aj aej]j`an qj` iep aej]j`an vq ha^aj( `]iep aejan `ao ]j`anj ChÜ_goaahecgaep ^a) bÖn`anj g]j( ok reah ]j edi eop̤ $Ranj* Ca`]jgaj E( -( ‡ -%* Sajj ]hok `ea Iajo_daj ̦iep aej]j`an aejao san`aj iep ranaejecpaj GnÄ{paj edn ^aopao sknejjaj vq ^abÖn`anj7 ok ^aca^aj oea oe_d iep aej]j`an ej aeja Caoahho_d]bp̤ $a^`*( ‡ .%* @] jqj ̦`ea Skdh) b]dnp `an Caoahho_d]bp W***Y ]ho `]o dÖ_dopa Cqp W]jvqoadaj eopY( s]o aeja `anchae_daj Caoahho_d]bp annae_daj g]jj̤( `]o dÖ_dopa Cqp ]^an ̦ej aejai qjcadej`anpaj Bknpc]jca vq cnÖooanaj Rkhhgkiiajdaepaj̤ ^aopadp( ̦ok gÖjjaj sen ]q_d `ea Skdhb]dnp `an Ca) oahho_d]bp ej je_dpo ]j`ano oq_daj ]ho ej aejai qjcadej`anpaj Bknpc]jca ej >abÖn`anqjc ednao caiaejaj >aopaj̤ $a^`*( ‡ /%* @ea Caoahho_d]bp jqj( `ea vq `eaoai Vsa_g anne_dpap sen`( eop `an Op]]p $_erep]o% $Cnqj`oÄpva EEE( -( ‡ 53. %7 anop `eaoa Caoahho_d]bp( sah_da `ea ^aokj`anaj Skdhb]dnpaj qj` `ea vq `anaj >abÖn`anqjc jÖpecaj ranaejecpaj GnÄbpa ej oe_d ^acnaebp( ^eh`ap `]ofajeca C]jva( `]o ]ho caiaejao Saoaj `ea ̦caiaejaj Skdhb]dnp̤ $Ranj* Ca`]jgaj EE( -( ‡ .-0% ^abÖn`anj g]jj* @ea Rkhhgkiiajdaep ]ho Vqo]iiajopeiiqjc `ao I]jjecb]hpecaj gkiip ]ho dÖ_dopao Cqp anop ]jcaoe_dpo `an cnÖ¿piÖche_daj Reahb]hp `an GnÄbpa ej `aj >he_g7 sajj ]hok `ea >abÖn`anqjc `an caiaejaj Skdhb]dnp ̦`]o dÖ_dopa qj` hapvpa Caoapva ei caiaejaj Saoaj̤ $a^`*( ‡ .-1% eop( ok ^a`aqpap `eao( `]oo `ea Vqo]iiajopeiiqjc `ao I]jjecb]hpecaj vq aejai C]jvaj `qn_d Qjpankn`jqjc `ao >aokj`anaj qjpan `]o =hhcaiaeja danvqopahhaj eop6 Ao g]jj ]hok ̦je_dp vqcah]ooaj san`aj( `]oo aejan oaeja ^aokj`ana Skdhb]dnp `an caiaejaj rknveada̤ $a^`*( ‡ .-4%* @ea ̦caiaeja Skdhb]dnp̤ ]ho `]o =hhcaiaeja eop `aj ^aokj`anaj Ranrkhhgkiijqjco) l}e_dpaj `an ghaejanaj Caiaejsaoaj qj` `aj aejvahjaj `an Ej`ere`qaj Ü^ancakn`jap ̞ oej` `k_d `ea Gkkn`ejeanqjco) qj` Ejpacn]pekjohaeopqjcaj `an Caiaejo_d]bpaj qjpand]h^ `ao Op]]pao canejcan qj` `an Ranrkhhgkiijqjcocn]` jea`necan ]ho ]qb `an Opqba op]]p) he_dan Aejdaep* Qjpan `eaoan NÜ_goe_dp sen` `ea Anne_dpqjc `ao caiaejaj Saoajo vqi ejpacn]haj >aop]j`paeh `an Ranrkhhgkiijqjcol}e_dp6 @]o Ha^aj ]q¿and]h^ `ao ̣op]pqo _ereheo̡ casÄdnp `ai iajo_dhe_daj Cao_dha_dp je_dp `ea Ajpse_ghqjcoiÖche_dgaepaj( `ea ]hhaej `ea ranop]]phe_dpa Caoahho_d]bp( `ea ̣ok_eap]o _ereheo̡( ^eapap $o* Dahhiqpd -541( /.%* Gaej D]qo g]jj ̦rkn oe_d ]hhaej ^aopadaj7 okj`anj ao eop jÖpec( `]oo oe_d reaha DÄqoan ej aeja Caoahho_d]bp vqo]iiaj ^aca^aj( `ea qi ok rkhhgkiiajan eop( faiadn `anoah^aj oej`̤ $Ranj* Ca`]jgaj EE( -( ‡ .-,%7 ok eop ̦`]o caiaeja Saoaj aeja ]qo ok reah DÄqoanj

5,

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

^aopadaj`a Caoahho_d]bp ]ho vqn >abÖn`anqjc `an caiaejaj Skdhb]dnp qj` And]hpqjc `an Oe_dandaep jÖpdec eop̤ $a^`*( ‡ .-0%*

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@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

5-

D]ppa Pdki]oeqo `ea ¼^anvaqcqjc rkj `an QjiÜj`ecgaep `an Qjpanp]jaj jk_d ej aejan aileneo_d)]jpdnklkhkceo_daj >asaeobÜdnqjc bqj`eanp( `ea rkn ]hhai `ea ={agp) ^aopeiipdaep `ao Sehhajo ^apkjp( ok ]gvajpqeanp Skh{ `ea QjiÜj`ecgaep rkn ]hhai j]_d `an Oaepa `an `a|vepÄnaj ejpahhagpqahhaj =qoop]ppqjc `an Ej`ere`qaj* @ea Rknopahhqjc `an Rkhhgkiiajdaep ]ho aejai ]qo ^aokj`anaj Rkhhgkiiajdaepaj ^aopadaj`aj d]nikje) o_daj C]jvaj( `]o `ea n]pek `ai Sehhaj ]ho ^aopeiiaj`a L}e_dp rknd]hpaj g]jj( i]_dp `ea >asÄhpecqjc olave|o_dan Lnk^haia anbkn`anhe_d( `ea jÄihe_d `an Gk) qj` Oq^kn`) ejeanqjc `an reahbÄhpecaj =^oe_dpaj qj` D]j`hqjcaj( `an Ieppah qj` Vsa_ga vq aejan gkdÄnajpaj Aejdaep* @eaoa Lnk^haia opahhaj oe_d ]qb ej`ere`qahhan A^aja sacaj `an >a) cnajvpdaep `ao vq gkkn`ejeanaj`aj I]jjecb]hpecaj jk_d g]qi( ]^an o_dkj `knp( sk Ej`e) re`qaj aejb]_da Caoahho_d]bpaj ^eh`aj( oej` ejpahhagpqahha BÄdecgaepaj anbkn`anhe_d( Ü^an sah_da `ea Iajo_daj ej qjpano_dea`he_dai I]¿a ranbÜcaj6 Ja^aj `an Pqcaj`( `ea Skh{ ]ho ̦Banpecgaep( oaeja D]j`hqjcaj `ai Caoapva `an J]pqn caiÄ¿ aejvqne_dpaj̤ $Ranj* Ca`]jgaj EE( .( ‡ .0.%( `a|jeanp( eop ao `an Ranop]j`( `an ]qb `ea Ieppah oejjp qj` `ea QiopÄj`a ^a`ajgp( `ea vqi vsa_gcaiÄ¿aj Aejo]pv `an D]j`hqjcaj cadÖnaj* Cadp ao jqj qi `ea caiaeja Skdhb]dnp ]ho Op]]povsa_g( ok eop ao ]jcavaecp( Ranop]j` qj` Pqcaj` ]ho ranaejp ej aejan Lanokj vq `ajgaj qj` ok `ea Naceanqjcobkni vq sÄdhaj $a^`* ‡ .0/%6 @ea ̣hat j]pqn]heo̡( sah_da `ea ]hhcaiaeja Skdhb]dnp ca^eapap( ne_dpap oe_d ]j `aj Ikj]n_daj $NÖ` -53,( -/4%( `an ]qbcnqj` `eaoan Gkilapajvaj ̞ Ü^an `ea an bnaehe_d jqn ejoksaep ej aecajan Lanokj ranbÜcaj iqoo( ]ho an ej `an H]ca eop( ̦ghqcaj N]pd vq ^aqnpaehaj̤ $a^`* ‡ .03% ̞ iep >abadhocas]hp ]qocaop]ppap sen`* BÜn Skh{ sen` `ea ̦@kgpnej rki ^ao_dnÄjgpaj Qjpanp]jajranop]j`̤ ̞ `eao `ea ca) janahha Gajjvae_djqjc `ao ̦lnaq¿eo_daj J]pqnna_dpo̤ ^ae @ehpdau $o* Dahhiqpd -541( 13% ̞ vqn Cnqj`h]ca `ao ]qb `ea Op]]povsa_g^aopeiiqjc bkgqooeanpaj Op]]pona_dpo* @]o ̦>Üj`jeo rkj Pdnkj qj` G]pda`an̤ casejjp ej `an Caop]hp `an lnaq¿eo_daj >Ünkgn]pea faja LnÄcqjc( `ea `aj Gkjpn]op vqn saopaqnklÄeo_daj Pn]`epekj ]i i]ng]jpaopaj ^a) vae_djap6 SÄdnaj` ao `knp aeja rkj `aj lkhepeo_daj Ajpo_dae`qjcovajpnaj qj]^dÄjceca Ejpahhecajv eop( `ea bÜn `ea Ran^naepqjc `an ai]jvel]pkneo_daj Lkpajpe]ha `an j]pqnna_dp) he_daj E`aaj okncpa( d]p ej @aqpo_dh]j` aeja `qn_d j]pqn) qj` lkoeperna_dphe_da Opq`eaj lnkbaooekj]heoeanpa >a]ipajo_d]bp bÜn `ea Eilhaiajpeanqjc `an k^necgaepoop]]phe_d ran) s]hpapaj E`aa `ao Caiaejskdh caokncp* @]o Iqopan( j]_d `ai `an Ikj]n_d `ea >abadhcas]hp ]qoÜ^p( eop `ea D]qodanno_d]bp `ao ̣l]pan b]iehe]o̡ $o*€q*%* Ao eop `eaoao l]pne]n_d]heo_da Ik`ahh( `]o `ai ̦]qbcaghÄnpaj Lkhevaeop]]p̤ $Hejg -535( -0-% ^ae Skh{ `ea olave|o_da BÄn^qjc ce^p* Sea `an D]qodann `]o Skdh `an D]qocajkooaj iep `aj Ieppahj aejao ]qb BÜnoknca qj` Gkjpnkhha ^anq) daj`aj Ouopaio rkj I]¿j]diaj ^abÖn`anp( ok `an Ikj]n_d `ea Rkhhgkiiajdaep `ao Op]]pao `qn_d Vqcne{ `an iep Vs]jcoieppahj ]qocaop]ppapaj K^necgaep ]qb `ea ej`ere`q) ahhaj BnaedaepooldÄnaj oaejan Qjpanp]jaj* Ej `an Gajjvae_djqjc `ao Skdhb]dnpoop]]po Skh{eo_dan LnÄcqjc ]ho ̦l]pneikje]h) op]]phe_dao Ca^eh`a̤ $ok I]t Sa^an( o* Dahhiqpd -541( 1/% eop pna{aj` fajao sa_doah) oaepeca Bqj`eanqjcorandÄhpjeo rkj b]iehe]hai qj` op]]phe_dai Caiaejsaoaj ]jcavaecp( ej `ai `ea pahakhkceo_daj LnÄieooaj `ao J]pqnna_dpoouopaio gkjgnapa Caop]hp casejjaj*

5.

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

.*

Na_dp qj` Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc

]*

@]o Adana_dp

Ej `an Gkjvalpekj `an j]pqnna_dphe_daj Jkniaj( `ea `an Ada ]ho ejopepqpekjahhan Bkni `ao Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeooao Ran^ej`he_dgaep ranhaedaj okhhaj( oleacahp oe_d fajao bÜn `]o J]pqnna_dp `an `aqpo_daj BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc _d]n]gpaneopeo_da O_ds]jgaj vseo_daj ai]j) vel]pkneo_dai =jolnq_d qj` >ab]jcajdaep ej ]neopkpaheo_d)o_dkh]opeo_daj Pn]`epekjaj ̞ je_dp vqhapvp Ej`ev bÜn `aj iapdk`eo_d qj]qocapn]cajaj Opnaep vseo_daj Rkhqjp]neoiqo qj` N]pekj]heoiqo( `an bnaehe_d iep ?dneope]j Skh{ qj` `ai ]g]`aieo_daj Oeac `ao `kci]peo_daj N]pekj]heoiqo ]j aej rknhÄq|cao Aj`a gkiip*

$=*% Dqck Cnkpeqo BÜn `ea `aognelper)jkni]peraj =i^er]hajvaj aejao J]pqnna_dpo( `]o aeja ̦j]pÜnhe_da̤( iepdej qj]^dÄjcec rkj sehhajphe_dan Oapvqjc rkj oe_d dan ^aopadaj`a Okve]hkn`jqjc vqi I]¿op]^ `ao Ne_dpecaj qj` Cana_dpaj i]_dp( `]o ]hok rkj aejan jk_d qjlnk^ha) i]peo_daj Aejdaep rkj Oaej qj` Okhhaj ]qocadp6 bÜn aej J]pqnna_dp `eaoao Vqo_djeppo eop `ea rkj Cnkpeqo ranpnapaja opkeo_d)o_dkh]opeo_da R]ne]jpa can]`avq l]n]`eci]peo_d* @an Cnqj`pnea^ `an Caoahhecgaep( `an ̣]llapepqo ok_eap]peo̡( Gajjvae_daj `an ha^aj`ecaj J]) pqn( sen` ^aei Iajo_daj iep `an n]pek `an]np gki^ejeanp( `]oo `ea N]pekj]hepÄp jqn ej `an Okve]hepÄp Caop]hp casejjp* Oaejan J]pqn ]ho ̦]jei]h n]pekj]ha ap ok_e]ha̤ $>q_ddkhv -544( ./% caiÄ¿ anne_dpap an Caiaejo_d]bpaj( ̣ok_eap]pao j]pqn]hao̡( `ea ei =qoc]jc rkj `an Ada ]ho Gaeivahha Ü^an B]iehea qj` Caiaej`a ^eo vqi Op]]p qj` o_dhea¿he_d vqn Iajo_ddaep oe_d anopna_gaj` `]`qn_d cagajjvae_djap oej`( `]oo oea pnkpv ednan Reah) chea`necgaep aej C]jvao( aeja Aejdaep ^eh`aj( `an `ea Caop]hp `ao ̣_knlqo̡ vqgkiip( `ao je_dp `qn_d Ranpn]c Ajpop]j`ajaj* Aeja okh_da gknlkn]pera Aejdaep eop ]q_d `an Op]]p( `ai j]pqnna_dphe_d je_dp `an Caoahho_d]bporanpn]c rkn]qocadp( `an reahiadn ]ho ̣ok_eap]o lanba_peooei]̡ oaejanoaepo `qn_d `ea Caiaejo_d]bp `an RÖhgan( `ea ̦ok_eap]o ejpan lk) lqhko̤( Ü^anpnk{aj sen`* Rkj `eaoan j]pqnna_dphe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp `an Iajo_daj( `an Ü^anj]pekj]haj RÖhgancaiaejo_d]bp( qjpano_dae`ap Cnkpeqo `]o ]qb ranpn]che_dan O]pvqjc ^anqdaj`a Na_dp( `]o ]qo `an ¼^anaejopeiiqjc ei lkoeperaj Na_dp `an RÖhgan naoqhpeanp $Skhb -52/( .40 %* @ea Ada eop bÜn Cnkpeqo qnolnÜjche_dopan =qo`nq_g `ao Caoahhecgaepopnea^o( oea eop ]ho gknlkn]perao Ca^eh`a ̣_kjok_e]pek̡ qj` je_dp ranpn]che_d ^acnÜj`apa Vsa_gcaoahho_d]bp $o* Skhb -52/( .4/ qj` Sea]_gan -523( .53%* Ej oaejai j]pqnna_dphe_daj D]qlpsang @a Eqna >ahhe ]_ L]_eo `a|jeanp an `ea Ada $_kjeqceqi% j]_d `ai J]pqnna_dp $EE( 1( ‡ 4(.% ̦]ho aej okh_dao Vqo]iiajha^aj aejao I]jjao iep aejan Bn]q( `]oo oe_d `ea Bn]q chae_do]i qjpan `ea =qcaj qj` `aj O_dqpv `ao I]jjao opahhp̤ $̦p]hai _kd]^ep]pekjai i]neo _qi baiej]( mq]a baiej]i _kjopepq]p mq]oe oq^ k_qheo ap _qopk`e] i]neo̤%* Aeja okh_da Caiaejo_d]bp cÄ^a ao ]q_d ^ae reahaj Peanaj* >aei Iajo_daj ]ho iep Ranjqjbp ^ac]^paj Saoaj gkiia jk_d `]o PnaqacahÖ^jeo dejvq( `qn_d `]o oe_d `ea Bn]q `ai I]jj ran^ej`a* ̞ @]oo ao `ea n]pek eop( sah_da `ea olave|o_da Bkni `an iajo_dhe_daj ̣_kd]^ep]pek̡ casÄdnhaeopap( `eaoa ]^an ]ho RaniÖcaj( oe_d vq ranl}e_dpaj( aejoaepec `an

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

5/

Bn]q vqcaolnk_daj sen`( sajj ao qi `anaj Qjpankn`jqjc qjpan `ea Adadanno_d]bp `ao I]jjao cadp( eop aeja @ajg|cqn( `ea ej Ädjhe_dan Bkni jk_d Be_dpao Adana_dp ^aopeiip* Iep `eaoan `ea Adadanno_d]bp `ao I]jjao baopo_dnae^aj`aj @a|jepekj ̞ `an vepeanpa ‡ 4 pnÄcp `ajj ]q_d je_dp `ea ¼^ano_dnebp ̦rkj `an Ada̤( okj`anj ̦rkj `ai Na_dp `ao Adai]jjao Ü^an oaeja Bn]q̤ $̦`a fqna i]nepe ej qtknai̤% ̞ ransenbp Cnkpeqo `ea Rkn) c]^aj `ao nÖieo_daj sea `ao g]jkjeo_daj Na_dpo ]ho j]pqnna_dphe_d qjanda^he_d* @]o nÖieo_da Na_dp2 d]ppa `ea ̦I]jqo)Ada̤ `ao Ähpanaj nÖieo_daj Na_dpo( `]o `ea Adabn]q aejan oadn saep cadaj`aj Cas]hp `ao I]jjao ]ho ̣l]pan b]iehe]o̡ qjpans]nb( `qn_d `ea i]jqo)bnaea $cas]hpbnaea% Ada anoapvp $o* @qj_gan .,,/( 1-%* Vs]n ranopadp `]o nÖieo_da Na_dp `ea Ada sajecan ]ho Na_dporandÄhpjeo `ajj ]ho b]gpeo_da Ha^ajocaiaejo_d]bp( ]j `]o Na_dpobkhcaj rkn ]hhai ei AdacÜpanna_dp cagjÜlbp oej` ̞ sk^ae aeja saepcadaj`a CÜpanpnajjqjc `an Bn]q aeja anda^he_da Oah^op^aopeiiqjc oe_danpa ̞( ao cehp ]^an `an Gkjoajo `an ^ae`aj L]npaeaj( `an Ranpn]c `an Jqlpqneajpaj $o* O_ds]^ -551^( -42% ]ho `ea Ada ^acnÜj`aj`* =q_d j]_d g]jkjeo_dai Na_dp $?knlqo eqneo _]jkje_e%( `ai bÜn ^ae`a Gkjbaooekjaj se_dpecopaj Mqahha `ao Gen_dajna_dpo( gkiip `ea Ada `qn_d Ran) pn]c vqop]j`a* Cnkpeqo g]jj `ea ]qbcnqj` `an Sa_doahoaepecgaep `ao Ranpn]corandÄhpjeooao bÜn `ea Ada`a|jepekj gkjopepqpera Chae_ddaep `an L]npjan ecjkneanaj( saeh caiÄ¿ oaejan Gkjvalpekj `ea Aejdaep `an Ada ]ho gknlkn]perao Ca^eh`a a^aj je_dp ranpn]cobÖniec eop7 oea gkiip reahiadn `qn_d aej qjpano_dea`he_dao Ranl}e_dpqjcorandÄhpjeo vqop]j`a( `ea O_dqpvl}e_dp `ao I]jjao cacajÜ^an `an Bn]q qj` `ea Cadkno]iol}e_dp `an Bn]q ca) cajÜ^an `ai I]jj* @an Qiop]j`( `]oo hapvpana ei aejoaepecaj sae^he_daj PnaqacahÖ^jeo ^acnÜj`ap eop( sah_dao ]ho `]o Lnklneqi `an iajo_dhe_daj ̣_kd]^ep]pek̡ kdja `]o Ik) iajp `an Ranjqjbp^ac]^qjc je_dp vq `ajgaj eop( o_dnÄjgp `ea Adadanno_d]bp `ao I]jjao aej* @an I]jj eop `]o D]qlp `an Bn]q $̦i]nepqo qtkneo _]lqp̤% ej Ada) qj` B]ieheaj) ]jcahacajdaepaj( qj` jqn ej `eaoaj >ah]jcaj o_dqh`ap `ea Bn]q edi Cadkno]i7 vqn >acnÜj`qjc bÜdnp Cnkpeqo `]o j]pqnna_dphe_d cahÄq|ca =ncqiajp rkj `an ̦j]pÜnhe) _daj̤ ¼^anhacajdaep `ao iÄjjhe_daj Cao_dha_dpo ]j( `ea an bnaehe_d ^acnajvp ]qb `ea caj]jjpaj >ah]jca* @]iep ajpbÄhhp bÜn Cnkpeqo `ea ^e^heo_da O_dÖlbqjcocao_de_dpa ]ho >acnÜj`qjcoejop]jv bÜn `]o ̣eilaneqi i]nepe̡* J]_d Caj* EEE d]p Ckpp anop j]_d `ai OÜj`ajb]hh Ar]o `ea Aejoapvqjc =`]io ]ho Dann Ü^an oea ranbÜcp6 ]ho ̣lkaj] h]loqo̡( ]ho Opn]ba bÜn `aj Qjcadkno]i `ao ^acadnhe_daj Sae^ao ̞ aeja Opn]ba( `ea Ar] ]ho Lanokje|veanqjc `ao sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpo Ü^and]qlp pne{p* Bnaehe_d g]jj Cnkpeqo oe_d ]qb `]o Jaqa Paop]iajp ^anqbaj6 @ea `ai _knlqo)?d]n]gpan `an Ada vqcadÖneca ¼^anhacajdaep `ao I]jjao ajpolne_dp `ai RandÄhpjeo rkj ?dneopqo vq oaejan Caiaej`a7 j]_d Aldaoan 1(./ ̞ ej =^sae_dqjc rkj L]qhqo $-* Gknejpdan 3(0% ̞ eop ?dneopqo `]o D]qlp `an Caiaej`a qj` Ädjhe_d( ok Cnkpeqo( eop `ea Na`a rki iÄjjhe_daj D]qlp `ao Sae^ao vq ranopadaj* @]o dae¿p ]^an6 Iep >avqc ]qb edna lanoÖjhe_daj =jcahacajdaepaj pnÄcp `ea Bn]q edn aecajao D]qlp* $o* Anha -51.(3 05b* vq `aj Gkiiajp]naj `ao Cnkpe]jeo_daj Adana_dpo%* 2 3

@]o ?knlqo eqneo _ereheo ^aopadp ]qo `aj Ejopepqpekjaj( `aj @ecaopaj $]q_d L]j`agpaj% qj` `ai ?k`at* O* `ea AnhÄqpanqjcaj ^ae @qj_gan .,,/( 1,{* Rkn ]hhai sacaj `ao Mqahhaji]pane]ho oej` `ea Opq`eaj rkj Anha oksea `ea jaqana rkj @qj_gan $.,,/% bÜn `ea bkhcaj`aj =qobÜdnqjcaj qjranve_dp^]n*

50

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

Ja^aj `an bÜdnaj`aj Nkhha `ao I]jjao oej` ao saepana Rknc]^aj( `ea ei _dneophe_daj J]pqnna_dp ^avÜche_d `an Opnqgpqnahaiajpa `an Ada cai]_dp san`aj6 @]o oej` rkn ]hhai `]o Lnejvel `an Ikjkc]iea( `an Cnqj`o]pv `an Qj]q}Öohe_dgaep `an Ada( `]o Ran^kp `an Adao_dhea¿qjc ej ^aopeiipaj Rans]j`po_d]bpocn]`aj qj` o_dhea¿he_d `ea Adavsa_g) hadna ]ho Hacepei]pekjolnejvel $O_ds]^ -551^( -4-b*%* @ea LnÜbqjc `eaoan jkni]peraj Rknc]^aj ]i oÄgqh]naj J]pqnna_dpolnejvel `an ̣ok_e]hep]o̡ sen` bÜn `ea J]pqnna_dphan `an BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc vqi iapdk`eo_daj Haepb]`aj ednan Adana_dpogkjvalpekjaj* =qb `an Cnqj`h]ca oaejao J]pqnna_dporanopÄj`jeooao( `]o `ea Rkndanno_d]bp `ao I]jjao ej `ea Ada`a|jepekj ]qbjeiip( oej` bÜn Cnkpeqo j]pqnna_dphe_d sa`an Lkhuc]iea jk_d Ada) o_dae`qjc ran^kpaj7 ]q_d sehh an `]o Gkjgq^ej]p ]ho cÜhpeca Ada ]jang]jjp oadaj6 @ea Lkhuc]iea ̞ qjpan `an j]pÜnhe_d Reahsae^anae( Lkhucujea vq ranopadaj eop ̞ opÜj`a( ok Cnkpeqo( ei Aejgh]jc iep `ai cÖpphe_daj Caoapv( `an ̣hat `erej]̡* Vs]n d]^a Ckpp ]j) bÄjche_d `ai I]jj jqn aeja Bn]q vqcaoahhp( ]^an ao cÄ^a gaej cÖpphe_dao Ca^kp( `* d* gaej ]qb ^aokj`anan K{aj^]nqjc Ckppao ^anqdaj`ao ̣eqo `erejqi̡( `]o ao ran^eapa( iadnana Bn]qaj vq d]^aj* @]oo `ea Ran^kpa( `ea `]o Caoapv ?dneope ^avÜche_d `an Lkhuc]iea ]qo) olna_da( `ea Anh]q^jeooa `ao J]pqnna_dpo ]qbda^a( oae je_dp aejvqoadaj $@a eqna ^ahhe E( .( ‡ 2%* @ea Ada iep jqn aejan Bn]q oae vs]n adn^]n( ]^an `ea Ada iep iadnanaj Bn]qaj je_dp Qjna_dp* C]jv Ädjhe_d ]ncqiajpeanp an ^avÜche_d `an IÖche_dgaep `an Adao_dae`qjc6 Sajj Ckpp `qn_d Ikoa `ea Qj]q}Öohe_dgaep `ao >]j`ao `an Ada ^apkja( ok d]^a an `k_d je_dp ^abkdhaj( `]oo `eaoao >]j` je_dp cahÖop san`aj `Ünba* Qj` ?dneopqo d]^a vs]n rkj Ada^nq_d ]ho cana_dpai O_dae`qjcocnqj` caolnk_daj( ]^an `]o Ca^kp `an Pnaqa vq ajc ranop]j`aj7 j]pqnna_dphe_d gkiia o_dkj ej saepanai Oejja `ea Qjpnaqa `an Bn]q ]ho O_dae`qjcocnqj` ej >apn]_dp* Caiaejp eop fajan Adavsa_g( `aooaj >a`aqpqjc ej `aj adana_dphe_daj @a^]ppaj `qn_d]qo qjpano_dea`he_d aejcao_dÄpvp sen`6 `ea cacajoaepeca Dehba `an Adac]ppaj* O_dkj `qn_d `]o ransan}e_da Rand]hpaj `an Bn]q ej =jcahacajdae) paj `an cacajoaepecaj Dehba ]hok( ok Cnkpeqo( san`a `ea Na]heoeanqjc `eaoao Adavsa_go ^adej`anp( saod]h^ `an I]jj `]o Na_dp vqn O_dae`qjc d]^a $o* Anha -51.( 1,%* =q_d ^ae `an Aejo_dÄpvqjc `ao Gkjgq^ej]po oleahp `eaoan Adavsa_g qj` je_dp `an pn]`epekjahh lneiÄna( jÄihe_d `ea Anvaqcqjc `an J]_dgkiiajo_d]bp( aeja Nkhha7 `]o Gkjgq^ej]p( aeja adaÄdjhe_da ikjkc]ia Ran^ej`qjc vseo_daj =jcadÖnecaj qjpano_dea`he_daj Op]j`ao( `ea ei Qjpano_dea` vqn bÖnihe_daj Ada hÖo^]n eop qj` `ea caiaejo]iaj Gej`an rki An^na_dp cacajÜ^an `ai R]pan ]qoo_dhea¿p( opadp bÜn aeja Cao_dha_dpocaiaejo_d]bp( `ea j]_d _dneophe_dan J]pqnna_dpohadna sacaj `an He^e`k( `ea vqi lneiÄnaj Ran^ej`qjcovsa_g cai]_dp sen`( vq ran^eapaj eop $>q_ddkhv -544( .-5%* Cnkpeqo `]cacaj anghÄnp( qjpan `an Rkn]qooapvqjc( aeja Bn]q d]^a oe_d qjpan `ea ̣_qopk`e]̡ `ao I]jjao ^aca^aj qj` `eaoai `ea Pnaqa ranolnk_daj qj` `eaoan ^acjÜca oe_d iep `eaoan aejaj Bn]q( oae aeja okh_da Ran^ej`qjc ej Senghe_dgaep ]ho cÜhpeca Ada ]jvqoadaj $Anha -51.( /1b*%*

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51

$>*% O]iqah Lqbaj`knb $]*% Ada qj` Caiaejo_d]bp Ei Qjpano_dea` vq Cnkpeqo cadp Lqbaj`knb `]rkj ]qo( `]oo `ea Ada Ü^an edna lneiÄ) na Vsa_g^aopeiiqjc( jÄihe_d `ea Anvaqcqjc `an J]_dgkiiaj( eiian o_dkj ]qb `ea Bkni `an B]iehea ransaeoa qj` edn `an ?d]n]gpan `an qnolnÜjche_daj Caiaejo_d]bp je_dp rkj oe_d dan( sea Cnkpeqo iaejp( okj`anj Ü^an `eaoa Vsa_g^aopeiiqjc vqgkiia* Ok `a) |jeanp an `ea Ada ]ho `ea aejb]_dopa qj` qnolnÜjche_dopa Bkni rknop]]phe_dan iajo_dhe_dan Caiaejo_d]bp $ok_eap]o i]nep]heo%( `ea oe_d `qn_d `ea J]_dgkiiajo_d]bp vqn B]iehea( `an Caiaejo_d]bp rkj Ahpanj qj` Gej`anj $ok_eap]o l]panj]% qj` vqn Caiaejo_d]bp rkj Dann qj` Gja_dp $ok_eap]o daneheo%( `an D]qocaiaejo_d]bp( ansaepana $@a fqna j]p* RE( _]l* -( ‡ -7 rch* Anha -51.( --5%* @an D]qlpvsa_g `an Ada heacp ej `an B]ieheajcnÜj`qjc* @ea =npand]hpqjc oae jÄihe_d( ok Lqbaj`knb( `an Jqpvaj( `aj `ea rkj Ckpp cao_d]{aja Rano_dea`ajdaep `an Cao_dha_dpan ]q_d j]_d `ai OÜj`ajb]hh vq opebpaj ej `an H]ca oae* @ea ]qbcnqj` `ao Cao_dha_dpopnea^o caca^aja ^ekhkceo_d)b]gpeo_da IÖche_dgaep `an =npand]hpqjc sen` ]hok ei Ia`eqi `an Ada qj` `anaj Vsa_g^aopeiiqjc ]qb `ea A^aja `an iajo_dhe_daj ̣ok_e]hep]o̡ cadk^aj qj` `]iep `an OldÄna `an ̣ajpe] ikn]he]̡ vqca) kn`jap6 @ea dqi]jolave|o_da Bkni `an ̣ok_e]hep]o̡ heacp ej ednai Ca^kpo_d]n]gpan* BÜn Lqbaj`knb eop `ea Daen]pol}e_dp j]pqnna_dphe_dao Ca^kp $@a eqna j]p*( a^`* ‡ /%( `]o oe_d bnaehe_d jqn ]j `aj I]jj ne_dpap* Jqn ]qoj]diosaeoa( sajj aej I]jj ch]q^a( `ai Op]]p ]j`ano ]ho `qn_d `]o Dejpanh]ooaj rkj Gej`anj `eajaj vq gÖjjaj( oae aej VÖhe^]p pnkpv Rknheacaj `an Adarkn]qooapvqjcaj $`]o oej` ja^aj Ögkjkieo_dan Oah^opÄj`ecgaep q* ]* `]o caaecjapa =hpan qj` `ea VaqcqjcobÄdecgaep% op]ppd]bp $Anha -51.( -.4b*%* @]oo `ea Bn]q rkn `an Ada k{aj^]n je_dp ]ho oah^op^asqoopao qj` ranl}e_dpqjcobÄdecao Ej`ere`q) qi( okj`anj jqn ]ho K^fagp `an iÄjjhe_daj Daen]pol}e_dp ateopeanp( dÄhp Lqbaj`knb je_dp bÜn ^acnÜj`qjco^a`Ünbpec6 @eao eop je_dp ransqj`anhe_d( dÄhp i]j oe_d rkn =qcaj( `]oo `]o J]pqnna_dp `ea Bn]ca j]_d `ai RandÄhpjeo `an Cao_dha_dpan( j]_d Chae_ddaep ^vs* Qjchae_ddaep rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q jqn iep >he_g ]qb `ea Kn`jqjcobkniaj iajo_dhe_dan Caiaejo_d]bpaj qj` `anaj HacepeiepÄp rand]j`ahp* @ea Bn]ca h]qpap `]dan( k^ qj` sea oe_d `ea je_dp atlheveanpa( saeh ̦j]pÜnhe_da̤ EjbaneknepÄp `an Bn]q ej `an >acnÜj`qjc bÜn `ea iÄjjhe_da Adadanno_d]bp oleacahp* Qj` ̞ rkn `ai Dejpancnqj` `an Opnqgpqn]j]hkcea vseo_daj `aj qnolnÜjche_daj Caiaejo_d]bpaj qj` `an qib]ooaj`aj `ao Op]]pao ̞ k^ oe_d ]q_d ej `an AnghÄnqjc op]]phe_dan OkqranÄjepÄp `ea Rknopahhqjc iÄjjhe_dan @kiej]jv ]ho je_dp atlheveanpao J]pqnikiajp aejo_dhae_dp* @ea Ada eop vs]n Kn`jqjcovahha iajo_dhe_dan Caiaejo_d]bpaj qj` ̦Gej`anopq^a `ao Iajo_dajcao_dha_dpo̤ $@a k{e_ek E( .( _]l*.( ‡ -%7 hÖop i]j oea ]qo `eaoan bqjgpekj]haj Opahhqjc qj` jeiip oea ]ho qnolnÜjche_dopa Okve]hbkni ej `aj >he_g( eop `an Ca`]j) ga iÄjjhe_dan Rkndanno_d]bp ^acnÜj`qjco^a`Ünbpec* Lqbaj`knb g]jj `ea qnolnÜjche_da Qjchae_ddaep `an Cao_dha_dpan oksajec sea Cnkpeqo ei NÜ_gc]jc ]qb `ea ^e^heo_da An) vÄdhqjc ]ho rkj Ckpp `an Bn]q ]qbanhacpa lkoph]lo]neo_da Opn]ba ]q{]ooaj qj` ]ho `anaj Bkhca `ea EjbaneknepÄp `an Bn]q qj` `ea Rkndanno_d]bp `ao I]jjao baopo_dnae^aj* =^an Lqbaj`knb qjpano_dae`ap oe_d rkj Cnkpeqo ajpo_dae`aj` ej `an Gkjvalpekj `an ̣ok_e]he) p]o̡7 sÄdnaj` Cnkpeqo `ea ej`ere`qahha Oah^opand]hpqjc ]ho ^hk¿ao Ikiajp `ao Caiaej) o_d]bpoc]jvaj ranopadp( oej` bÜn Lqbaj`knb Ej`ere`q]hepÄp qj` Okve]hepÄp chae_dn]jcec* BÜn Cnkpeqo opahhp oe_d `an Caiaejo_d]bpo_d]n]gpan `an ̣ok_e]hep]o̡ ej =jhadjqjc ]j `aj ae)

52

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

jao knc]jeo_daj GÖnlano `]n( `aooaj Paeha oe_d j]_d I]¿c]^a ednan Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaep bÜn `]o C]jva ej `ea `eaoai caiÄ¿a Kn`jqjc bÜcaj* An g]jj `]dan `]o Danno_d]bpona_dp `ao Adai]jjao ]qb `ea `ai gknlkn]peraj ?d]n]gpan `an Caiaejo_d]bpaj eii]jajpa Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaep nÜ_gcnÜj`aj* BÜn Lqbaj`knb dejcacaj eop `ea Aejdaep iajo_dhe_dan Ca) iaejo_d]bpaj je_dp cas]_doaj( okj`anj Lnk`qgp ej`ere`qahhaj ejpajpekj]haj D]j`ahjo6 @ea Ada eop sea `an Op]]p Naoqhp]p ranpn]che_dan Ranaej^]nqjc* Rkn `eaoai Dejpancnqj` opahhp oe_d `ea Opnqgpqn]j]hkcea vseo_daj ghaejopan qj` cnÖ¿) pan Caiaejo_d]bp ]j`ano `]n ]ho ^ae Cnkpeqo7 oej` Ada qj` Op]]p ednan Na_dpoj]pqn j]_d Naoqhp]p ranpn]che_dan Aejecqjc( eop `ea adaiÄjjhe_da Danno_d]bp ok sajec qnolnÜjche_d sea `ea op]]phe_da* @]o ̣i]pneikjeqi̡( `ea Okve]hbkni `an Ada( gkiip vqop]j`a `qn_d aejaj Ranpn]c( `aj `ea Adasehhecaj o_dhea¿aj7 vseo_daj `eaoaj ]ho Ranpn]col]npaeaj ^aopadp j]_d `an Hk) ceg ranpn]che_dan Gkjoajo^eh`qjc `]o RandÄhpjeo `an Chae_ddaep( qj` bkhche_d ^anqdp ]hha Qjchae_ddaep vseo_daj `aj Adal]npjanj ]qb ranpn]che_dan Ranaej^]nqjc qjpan Chae_daj* @]o ̣eilaneqi i]nep]ha̡( `ea adaiÄjjhe_da Danno_d]bp eop ]hok je_dp ]qb `ea j]pÜnhe_da ¼^anhacajdaep `ao I]jjao ]j GÖnlan) qj` CaeopaognÄbpaj vqnÜ_gvqbÜdnaj( okj`anj ]qb `ea Aejsehhecqjc `an Bn]q ^ae `an Adao_dhea¿qjc* Jqj d]p `ea =qbc]^a `an qnolnÜjc) he_daj Chae_ddaep aejaj k^fagperaj Cnqj`6 @ea Bqjgpekjop]qche_dgaep `an Caiaejo_d]bp i]_dp `ea Ranpaehqjc `an ]jb]hhaj`aj PÄpecgaepaj qjpan `ai bqjgpekj]haj Caoe_dpolqjgp `an >aop]j`oand]hpqjc jkpsaj`ec* @]dan ranl}e_dpap `ea Aejsehhecqjc `ea Bn]q vqi Ca) dkno]i jqn ^avÜche_d `an ranaej^]npaj =qbc]^aj( je_dp ]^an ̞ ok Lqbaj`knb ̞ eop cajanahh aej Danno_d]bpona_dp `ao I]jjao Ü^an `ea Bn]q j]pqnna_dphe_d vqhÄooec* @]nej( `]oo `ea j]pÜnhe_da Qjchae_ddaep `an Iajo_daj qjieppah^]n j]pqnna_dphe_d ^a`aqpqjcohko eop( `]oo ]hha Danno_d]bp reahiadn `qn_d `]o Anbkn`anjeo `an Bqjgpe) kjop]qche_dgaep rkj Caiaejo_d]bpaj ^acnÜj`ap eop qj` ]qb `an Sa_doahoaepecgaep rkj Danno_d]bporanve_dp qj` Danno_d]bpoÜ^anpn]cqjc ^anqdp qj` `]`qn_d ]q_d ^acnajvp eop( qjpano_dae`aj oe_d ]hok `ea Hacepei]pekjocnqj`h]caj rkj Op]]p qj` Ada je_dp* @an Qiop]j` bnaehe_d( `]oo ao `ea rkj J]pqn o_dsÄ_dana L]npae eop( dean `ea Bn]q( `ea vqcqjopaj `an opÄnganaj( `ao I]jjao( ]qb edna qnolnÜjche_da Chae_ddaep ranve_dpap( ce^p `an Opnqgpqn]j]hkcea rkj Ada qj` Op]]p aejaj jaqaj =gvajp* Ao eop jÄihe_d( ok Lqbaj`knb( `ea Bn]q( `ea ej `ea Ada ]qbcajkiiaj ^vs* `an B]iehea `ao I]jjao ^aepnepp $rch* @a eqna j]p* RE( _]l*-( ‡ -,% qj` `]iep aeja jaqa Ha^ajokn`jqjc casejjp* Dean vaecp oe_d aeja qj]qocaolnk_daja =j]hkcea vseo_daj `an j]pÜnhe_daj O_dsÄ_da `an Bn]q qj` `ai j]pÜnhe_daj >a`Ünbjeo `ao Rkhgo j]_d op]]phe_dai O_dqpv ̞ aeja =j]hkcea( `ea `aj Ranpn]coca`]jgaj ej ^ae`aj BÄhhaj ran`qjgahp7 `ajj oksajec `ea jaqa Ha^ajokn`jqjc `an Bn]q $chae_do]i edn ̣op]pqo _ereheo̡% kdja edn Vqpqj ]ho `qn_d `aj Adai]jj an^]qpan O_dqpvn]qi o_dkj rknd]j`aj eop( oksajec ateopeanp `ea op]]phe_da OkqranÄjepÄp qj]^dÄjcec rkj `an Oah^opgkjopepqpekj `ao Rkhgao( aej =gp( `qn_d `aj `eaoao `aj J]pqnvqop]j` ranhÄoop* Ej `eaoaj Ranopahhqjcaj o_daejp oe_d `ea Rknopahhqjc qnolnÜjche_dan iÄjjhe_dan ¼^anhacajdaep ]qb j]pqnsÜ_doeca Saeoa `qn_dvqoapvaj qj` ei Ca`]jgaj op]]phe_dan OkqranÄjepÄp sea adaiÄjjhe_dan Danno_d]bp aeja sa_doahoaepec oe_d hacepeieanaj`a Cnqj`h]ca vq rano_d]{aj*

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

53

$^*% Adavsa_ga Ej `aj ei Bkhcaj`aj rknvqopahhaj`aj aejvahjaj adana_dphe_daj >aopeiiqjcaj ^eh`ap `an `qn_d `ea Adavsa_ga caoapvpa Bqjgpekjovqo]iiajd]jc `an adahe_daj qj` b]iehe]haj Caiaejo_d]bp `aj hacepei]pkneo_daj N]diaj( `an `ea adaiÄjjhe_da Danno_d]bp ^acnÜj) `ap qj` ^acnajvp* Ok eop ao `ea rkn ]hhai ei lneiÄnaj Adavsa_g( `an Anvaqcqjc `an J]_dgkiiaj ^a) cnÜj`apa O_dqpv) qj` Ranpae`ecqjcobqjgpekj `ao I]jjao( sah_da `ea NavelnkvepÄp `an adahe_daj Pnaqal}e_dp aejo_dnÄjgp* Ao ranopadp oe_d jÄihe_d( ok Lqbaj`knb( `]oo oe_d `an O_dqpv `ao I]jjao je_dp ]qb `ea Gej`an anopna_gp( `ea je_dp `ea aecajaj oej`7 `aod]h^ d]p `]o adasehheca IÄ`_daj `ai I]jj Pnaqa vq cahk^aj( `* d* `]o Ranolna_daj ]^vqca) ^aj( ednaj GÖnlan jqn `ai Adai]jj vq Ü^anh]ooaj* Oea gÖjja `]o chae_da CahÖ^jeo `ao I]jjao bkn`anj7 sajj `eaoan ]^an `ea Pnaqa ^na_da( ok oae `eao gaejaob]hho ok cn]reanaj` sea `an Pnaqa^nq_d `an Bn]q* @ea >acnÜj`qjc h]qpap6 @ea Pnaqa `ao Adai]jjao and]hpa ]qbcnqj` `an iÄjjhe_daj O_dqpvbqjgpekj aejaj ]j`anaj ?d]n]gpan $o* Anha -51.( -./%7 oea ^aopada ja^aj `an AnbÜhhqjc `an adahe_daj L}e_dpaj rkn ]hhai ej `an QjpanopÜpvqjc( `ea `an I]jj oaejan Bn]q rkn ]hhai ej Vaepaj `an O_ds]jcano_d]bp vq haeopaj d]^a* @ea) oa ansaepanpa Pnaqranl}e_dpqjc cehp j]pÜnhe_d ]q_d bÜn `ea Bn]q7 oea d]p Ü^an `ea adahe_da Pnaqa dej]qo `aj I]jj ^ae `an Anveadqjc `an Gej`an vq qjpanopÜpvaj oksea aejaj Paeh `an dÄqohe_daj L}e_dpaj vq Ü^anjadiaj $@a k{e_ek E( .( _]l*.( ‡ -,%* @ea ok ranop]j`aja Pnaqa bÜdnp ]qb aejaj L}e_dpajgnaeo( `an fajai ]j`anaj( o_dkj ^ae Cnkpeqo ]jcabÜdnpaj( pn]`epekjahh `neppaj Adavsa_g vqcadÖnp6 @]o ̣iqpqqi ]`eqpkneqi̡( `an sa_doahoaepeca >aeop]j` rkhhaj`ap `ea Ü^anheabanpa Pne]o `an Adavsa_ga7 ao eop `eao `an Vsa_g( `an `ai lneiÄnaj( `an Anvaqcqjc `an J]_dgkiiaj $̣ok^kheo cajan]pek̡% qj` `ai saepanaj( `an ̣atpej_pek he^e`ejeo̡( `an HÖo_dqjc `an Hqop $o* vqn N]jcbkhca `an Adavsa_ga >q_ddkhv -544( 4/% ]ho ]^o_dhea¿aj`an bkhcp* SÄdnaj` `ea ̣atpej_pek he^e`e) jeo̡ sacaj `an Bqjgpekj]heoeanqjc `ao Cao_dha_dpopnea^o ei @eajopa `an =npand]hpqjc ^ae Lqbaj`knb aecajphe_d ]ho oah^opÄj`ecan Vsa_g gaeja Nkhha oleahp( okj`anj `ai ano) paj Adavsa_g vqcadÖnp( bÜdnp `]o ̣iqpqqi ]`eqpkneqi̡ ej oaejan ejopnqiajpahhaj qj` Ü^anseacaj` ]qo `an Lanolagpera `ao I]jjao bkniqheanpaj @aqpqjc rkn =qcaj( sea sa) jec `ea Lqbaj`knbo_da Jaqanqjc( `ea Ranpn]cobÖniecgaep `an Ada( ik`anja =q{]ooqjcaj rkj L]npjano_d]bp ]jpeveleanp6 @eaoa ransaeoaj ]qb aej `aj Na_dpon]diaj Ü^ano_dnaepaj) `ao RanopÄj`jeo rkj Ac]hepÄp7 caiaejp eop `ea bqj`eanaj`a A^aja rkj lou_dk)iajp]haj Iqpq]hepÄpo^aveadqjcaj( `ea oe_d iep `aj Ieppahj gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_dan Cnqj`^acne{a vq) nae_daj` je_dp ^acnaebaj h]ooaj* Fa`ajb]hho hÄoop oe_d `an cacajoaepeca >aeop]j` `an Ada) l]npjan ej `an Lqbaj`knbo_daj B]ooqjc g]qi ]ho Rkno_daej aejan Ran]jpsknpqjco) qj` Ha^ajocaiaejo_d]bp ejpanlnapeanaj( ]ho sah_da `ea ik`anja l]npjano_d]bphe_da Ada oe_d ranopadp*4 Eiiandej ansÄcp an `eaoao Adaveah ^ae `an LnÜbqjc `an Bn]ca( k^ Lanokjaj `ea Ada vq anh]q^aj oae( `ea ]qo CnÜj`aj `ao =hpano je_dp iadn vaqcqjcobÄdec oej`7 `]oo `]) 4

@]cacaj saeop `ea >a`aqpqjc `ao ̣iqpqqi ]`eqpkneqi̡ ^ae Pdki]oeqo $o*€q*% vqn Vaep oaejan >aaej}qooqjc `qn_d `ea Leapeopaj ej `ea Ne_dpqjc aejao ̣_kjoknpeqi olenepq]ha̡( aejan Bkni rkj Caiaejo_d]bp( ej `an `ea Qis]j`hqjc `ao ̣i]pneikjeqi _]nj]ha̡( `an gÖnlanhe_daj Cao_dha_dpo) caiaejo_d]bp( ej aeja Ha^ajocaiaejo_d]bp ik`anjaj l]npjano_d]bphe_daj Vqo_djeppo rkn^anaepap sen`6 ok `ea Ejpanlnap]pekj ^ae >q_ddkhv $-544%( .52b* qj` 0-5b*

54

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

cacaj ^ae `]qanj`an qj` qjdaeh^]nan VaqcqjcoqjbÄdecgaep `ea Ada j]_d `ai J]pqnna_dp vq rano]caj oae( ranopadp oe_d bÜn Lqbaj`knb $o* Anha -51.( -/-%* =q_d bÜn oaeja Opahhqjcj]diaj vqi adana_dphe_daj Lnk^hai `an Lkhuc]iea eop `ea >apkjqjc `ao Bqjgpekjovqo]iiajd]jco rkj B]iehea qj` D]qo ajpo_dae`aj`* Oah^opran) opÄj`he_d eop sae^he_da Lkhuc]iea( `*€e* ReahiÄjjanae $Lkhu]j`nea% j]pqnna_dphe_d ran^k) paj( `ajj gaej I]jj gÖjja oaeja aecajaj Gej`an dan]qo|j`aj qj` aeja B]iehea cnÜj`aj $Rch* @a eqna j]p*RE( _]l*-( ‡ -1%* =j`ano oae ao ei B]hh `an iÄjjhe_daj Lkhuc]iea $Reahsae^anae( Lkhucujea%( `ajj `an I]jj gÖjja oadn skdh D]qlp `an B]iehea( ̣_]lqp b]iehe]a̡ oaej qj` iep ̦oaejaj reahaj Sae^anj qj` Gej`anj̤ aeja B]iehea cnÜj`aj( ok Lqbaj`knb ej aejai >neab ]j Pdki]oeqo $o* Anha -51.( -..%* Bnaehe_d iqoo `an I]jj ran) pn]che_d ranaej^]np d]^aj( `]oo an oe_d `ea Ada iep iadnanaj Bn]qaj rkn^ad]hpa* Aejai okh_daj Adaranpn]c gÖjja `ea Bn]q edna Vqopeiiqjc ransaecanj qj` oe_d ranpn]che_d ]qo^a`ejcaj( `]oo `an I]jj ]qb `aj Rangadn iep ]j`anaj Bn]qaj ranve_dpa* Opeiia oea ]^an `an Lkhuc]iea `ao I]jjao vq( ok ranve_dpa oea je_dp cajanahh ]qb edna qnolnÜjche_da Chae_ddaep( `ajj `an >aepn]c `an Bn]q ^ae `an CnÜj`qjc `an B]iehea oae rkj ]j`anan =np ]ho `an `ao I]jjao* @ea Qjranchae_d^]ngaep `an fasaehecaj Haeopqjc $Lqbaj`knb `ajgp sea`an ]j `ea Qj^eh`aj `an O_ds]jcano_d]bp% p]jceanp `ea Chae_ddaep rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q ]ho Iajo_daj je_dp $a^`*( -.1%* @]oo `ea iÄjjhe_da Lkhuc]iea j]pqnna_dphe_d qj^a`ajghe_d oae( ^aopÄpecp o_dhea¿he_d `ea ajpolna_daj`a Ln]teo `an RÄpan( sea oea `ea Daeheca O_dnebp o_deh`ana7 `ea Lkhuc]iea `an RÄpan j]_d =np `an _dneophe_daj Ranba_dpan `an ikjkc]iaj Ada ]qo aejai @eolajo Ckppao anghÄnaj vq skhhaj( oae `]dan qjoejjec* Ao ce^p jqj bnaehe_d aejaj case_dpecaj Cnqj`( `an `aj =qoo_dh]c bÜn Lqbaj`knbo LhÄ) `kuan bÜn `ea ikjkc]ia Ada ce^p6 @ea =qbc]^a `ao I]jjao ]ho D]qlp `an B]iehea sen` ano_dsanp( sajj rano_dea`aja IÜppan oe_d ednaj =jpaeh ^ae `an Haepqjc `ao D]qosaoajo opnaepec i]_daj* Qjpan `ai Caoe_dpolqjgp `an Bnea`ajobÖn`anqjc oae `ea Aejada a^aj `k_d `ea rkhhaj`apopa Bkni `an Ada* Vq `aj Ganjbn]caj `ao Adana_dpo cadÖnp o_dhea¿he_d `ea >aopeiiqjc `an Ran) s]j`po_d]bpoo_dn]jgaj bÜn `ea VqhÄooecgaep `an adahe_daj Ran^ej`qjc* @]oo `ea Ada jqn vseo_daj Lanokjaj rano_dea`ajaj Cao_dha_dpo cao_dhkooaj san`aj g]jj( o_daejp oah^opranopÄj`he_d7 `]oo ]^an `ea Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv oe_d ej `ea okve]ha @eiajoekj dejaej ranhÄjcanp qj` I]jj qj` Bn]q ]qo qjpano_dea`he_daj Dangqjbpob]ieheaj op]iiaj okhhpaj ̞ aeja jkni]ha Rkn]qooapvqjc bÜn `ea >eh`qjc `an ^Üncanhe_daj Ghaejb]iehea ̞ eop bÜn `ea BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc qj` `anaj adana_dphe_da Gkjvalpa `qn_d]qo ^acnÜj`qjco) ^a`Ünbpec7 `]^ae oleahp `ea >anÜ_goe_dpecqjc `an Aecajpqiobn]ca ei Vqo]iiajd]jc `uj]opeo_dan Ejpanaooaj jqn aeja Ja^ajnkhha* @ea Lnk^hai]peg aejan Ada vseo_daj Rans]j`paj ej `enagpan Hejea $=ovaj`ajpaj qj` @aovaj`ajpaj( Ahpanj( Gej`anj qj` Ajgah% opahhp oe_d Lqbaj`knb vqjÄ_dop sea bkhcp `]n6 @an Okdj( `an `ea Iqppan daen]pap( oeadp oe_d iep qjpano_dea`he_daj Nkhhajans]npqjcaj gkjbnkjpeanp7 `ea Adnan^eapqjc( `ea an `an Iqppan o_dqh`ap( hÄoop oe_d jqn o_dsan ranaej) ^]naj iep oaejan Nkhha ]ho D]qlp `an B]iehea* Sajecan o_dseanec eop `ea Oepq]pekj bÜn `ea Pk_dpan( `ea `aj R]pan daen]pap( `ajj `ea `ai R]pan cao_dqh`apa Naranajv hÄoop oe_d iep `ai Cadkno]i `an Adabn]q cacajÜ^an `ai D]qlp `an B]iehea ranaej^]naj* @]oo R]pan qj` Pk_dpan ^vs* Iqppan qj` Okdj ]ho Adahaqpa ei Ü^necaj ]^an ]q_d aejaj qjieppah^]n

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

55

ranpn]qpaj Qic]jc l}acaj( ajpo_dÄnbp `ea Gkj}egppnÄ_dpecgaep okh_dan Gkjopahh]pekjaj je_dp( bÜdnp ]^an bÜn Lqbaj`knb je_dp vqi Ran^kp `eaoan Ran^ej`qjcaj* =j`ano opahhp oe_d `ea Lnk^haioepq]pekj ^ae `an Cao_dseopanada `]n7 dean ansÄcp an `ea j]pqnna_dphe_da VqhÄooecgaep iep aejai =ncqiajp ]qo `an O_dÖlbqjcocao_de_dpa6 =hha Iajo_daj oej` f] qjpanaej]j`an rans]j`p( saeh oea ]hha rkj aejai aejvecaj Iaj) o_dajl]]n ]^op]iiaj7 ao iÜooaj ]hok vseo_daj `aj Gej`anj `an anopaj Ahpanj adahe_da Ran^ej`qjcaj caca^aj d]^aj qj` ]qo `eaoai Cnqj` eop `ea Cao_dseopanada j]pqnna_dp) he_d anh]q^p* @]o lkoepera Caoapv olne_dp ]^an aej Ran^kp ]qo7 `eaoao Ran^kp hÄoop oe_d jqj ]q_d j]pqnna_dphe_d ranopadaj( bÜdnp i]j oe_d( ok Lqbaj`knb( aejaj Cnqj` rkn =qcaj( `an ]q_d ^e^heo_d ^avaqcp eop6 `]o iajo_dhe_da O_d]iail|j`aj* @aj ̣lq`kn j]pqn]heo̡( `ea j]pÜnhe_da O_d]id]bpecgaep( n]pekj]h ^acnae}e_d qj` iep `ai Lnejvel `an ̣ok_e]hep]o̡ ranaej^]n vq i]_daj( eop bÜn `]o oÄgqh]na J]pqnna_dp aeja Dan]qobkn`anqjc aecajan =np* @an Jea`anhÄj`an H]i^anp Rahpdquoaj $-2.,̞-241% d]ppa `]o J]pqnna_dp `an Caoahhecgaep `qn_d `]o iajo_dhe_da O_d]icabÜdh ]ho saepanao J]) pqnna_dpolnejvel ancÄjvaj skhhaj6 An ^asacpa oe_d iep `eaoai =jheacaj vqi aejaj ei Pdaknean]diaj `an o_dkh]opeo_daj O_dqhiap]lduoeg( s]n `k_d `an ̣lq`kn̡ ]ho qjieppah) ^]na Bkhca `ao OÜj`ajb]hho vq ranopadaj7 vqi ]j`anj okhhpa ]^an `eaoao J]pqnna_dpolnej) vel Ü^an `aj o_dÖlbqjcocao_de_dphe_daj =qoc]jcolqjgp dej]qo `aj Hadnaj rki Ejvaop( `an Lkhuc]iea( `ai VÖhe^]p ap_ `]o jkni]pera Bqj`]iajp heabanj $>q_ddkhv -544( -/-%* Lqbaj`knbo Navalpekj `eaoao HadnopÜ_go ^avaqcp anjaqp `]o rkn ]hhai ei Adana_dp ]qocalnÄcp bqjgpekj]heopeo_da Lnk|h oaejao N]pekj]hepÄporanopÄj`jeooao* VqjÄ_dop nah]pereanp an `aj >avqc ]qb `ea ^e^heo_da Cajaoeo `qn_d >aeoleaha ]qo `an Hepan]pqn( `ea `]o iajo_dhe_da O_d]iail|j`aj ]ho LdÄjkiaj ej `aj Oeppaj bnai`an RÖhgan ^avaqcaj* Lqbaj`knbo Bn]ca h]qpap ]^an jqj( sea `ea o_daej^]n qjeranoahha jkni]pera Cahpqjc `eaoao ikn]heo_daj CabÜdho `an n]pekj]haj Aejoe_dp vqcÄjche_d vq i]_daj eop* @aj Cahpqjcocnqj` aejan Nacah anghÄnaj( dae¿p bÜn Lqbaj`knb ̞ rkn ]hhai( sajj ao qi `ea VqnÜ_gsaeoqjc `an =jolnq_docnÜj`a aejao _dneophe_daj J]pqnna_dpo cadp ̞ j]_d `an Bqjgpekj `an Nacahqjc bn]caj* An bn]cp ]hok j]_d `an Bqjgpekj( `ea `ea J]pqn `ai iajo_dhe_daj O_d]iail|j`aj ei >avqcon]diaj `an =npand]hpqjc vqca`]_dp d]p6 @] `ea J]pqn( ok Lqbaj`knb( Oah^op) qj` =npand]hpqjc `ao Iajo_daj ei Lnejvel `an Caoahhecgaep ranieppahp d]^a( iÜooa `]o j]pÜnhe_da Sengaj `ao Cao_dha_dpopnea^o ei @eajop aejan j]_d >aop]j`ognepaneaj caoe_danpaj Caiaejo_d]bp opadaj( qj` ej `eaoan >acnajvqjco) qj` Opaqanqjcobqjgpekj heaca `an Oejj `ao O_d]iail|j`ajo $rch* @a eqna j]p* RE( _]l*-( ‡ .,%* =qb `eaoai Saca g]jj Lqbaj`knb jqj `]o lkoeperna_dphe_da Ran^kp `an Ada qjpan Rans]j`paj ej `an `enagpaj Hejea qjpan j]pqnna_dphe_da Jkniaj oq^oqieanaj6 =ho Ran) ^kpojkni( ok Lqbaj`knb( senga jÄihe_d `]o O_d]iail|j`aj qjpan qjieppah^]n >hqporan) s]j`paj ]i opÄngopaj qj` i]_da dean oaeja Opaqanqjcobqjgpekj ]i sengo]iopaj cahpaj`* Bnaehe_d d]ppa an `ea Cab]dn `an ¼^an^arÖhganqjc ]q_d o_dkj ^ae `an j]pqnna_dphe_daj Qjpanoq_dqjc `an Lkhuc]iea ei >he_g $rch* a^`* ‡ -5%* Ok oej` ao hapvphe_d `ea op]]po]j]) hkcaj Bqjgpekjaj `an Kn`jqjco) qj` Bnea`ajoopebpqjc( `ea `aj =qoo_dh]c ca^aj bÜn `ea LnÄbanajv `an _dneophe_daj Aejada*

-,,

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

$?*% ?dneope]j Pdki]oeqo Ei pdai]peo_daj Bkgqo `an Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc eop Pdki]oeqo qjpan `aj dean rknca) opahhpaj Atlkjajpaj `an BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc vsaebahhko `an ejpanaoo]jpaopa7 `ea bÜn oaejaj @ajgsac _d]n]gpaneopeo_daj Ouopai^nÜ_da i]ngeanaj `]o ejoeopajpa Bn]caj `]j]_d( k^ aeja oÄgqh]na Okve]hkn`jqjc edna jkni]peraj( ikn]heo_d)na_dphe_daj Cnqj`h]caj ej aejan rkj pdakhkceo_daj LnÄieooaj ^abnaepaj Ranjqjbp |j`aj g]jj* @]o =qohkpaj `an Kne) ajpeanqjcogn]bp aejao rknqnpaehobnaeaj ̣hqiaj n]pekjeo̡ oleacahp oe_d ej sajecopajo `nae Ranoekjaj oaejao Adana_dpo6 @ea Ejopepqpekjao lnÄoajpeanaj aej Adana_dp( `]o `ea j]pqnna_dphe_da Hevajv vq oatqahh bnaevÜcecai Rand]hpaj lnkrkg]per ]gvajpqeanp7 ei Vqca `an Navalpekj `eaoao og]j`]h) pnÄ_dpecaj HadnopÜ_go `qn_d `ea naop]qn]peraj Okve]hapdegan `ao -5* F]dndqj`anpo sen` Pdki]oeqo vqi Lnkp]ckjeopaj aejan ]ccnaooer gnepeo_daj( pn]`epekjobaej`he_daj qj` okve) ]h `aopnqgperaj N]pekj]hepÄp anghÄnp* @eaoa Navalpekj ̞ ok hÄoop oe_d l]qo_d]h o]caj ̞ pnÄcp ajpo_dae`aj` vqn =gpereanqjc fajan ]qbghÄnqjcognepeo_daj ejpahhagpqahhaj qj` lkhepeo_daj Na]gpekj ^ae( `ea ̞ ei Cacajhe_dp `an =qbghÄnqjcoalk_da ̞ `]o -5* F]dndqj`anp ejoca) o]ip ]ho `]o `an Cacaj]qbghÄnqjc ano_daejaj hÄoop* Bnaehe_d rangajjaj `ea Okve]hapdegan `an Naop]qn]pekj ei Bqnkn ednan N]pekj]hepÄpognepeg $rch* >q_ddkhv -544( -1{*% `aj ]ncq) iajp]pekjoopn]paceo_daj Oejj( `aj Pdki]oeqo iep `an o_dkjqjcohkoaj @]nopahhqjc `an ^ekhkceo_d)]jei]heo_daj QnolnÜjca $a^`*( 4,% `an adahe_daj Ha^ajobkni ran^ej`ap7 `ea) oa Gkjpatp]qo^haj`qjc eop ei Ü^necaj iep qicagadnpaj Rknvae_daj ]q_d aej F]dndqj`anp olÄpan gajjvae_djaj` bÜn `ea baiejeopeo_d ejoleneanpaj =qpknaj( `ea Pdki]oeqo bÜn aejaj Ranba_dpan `an Bn]qajai]jvel]pekj d]hpaj* @ai cacajÜ^an ajpse_gahp `ea Oeppajhadna aeja Hea^aoapdeg( `ea `aj ik`anjaj oajpeiajp]haj( rki Rknn]jc `an oaaheo_daj CaiÜpognÄbpa cabÄn^paj Hea^ao^acne{ $rch* O_djae`ano -53-% vq ]jpeveleanaj o_daejp* @eaoa `qn_d `aj Aej}qoo `an leapeopeo_daj Ejjanhe_dgaepogqhpqn calnÄcpa Sangld]oa eop bnaehe_d jqn rkj gqnvan @]qan* @ea hapvpa qj` ran^ej`he_da Ranoekj oaejao Adana_dpo o_dhea¿he_d( `]o `an Bqj`]iajp]( opÜpvp oe_d ]qb aeja aileneo_da Okve]h]jpdnklkhkcea( sah_da `ea IÖche_dgaep okve]h`eovelhejÄnan I]¿j]diaj anÖ{jap qj` `]iep `ai Op]]poranopÄj`jeo `ao ]qbcaghÄnpaj =^okhqpeoiqo vq]n^aepap*

$]*% @]o Adana_dp `an ̦Ejopepqpekjao̤ @ea Ada eop `ea Bkni `an Cao_dha_dpanran^ej`qjc( `ea `an ]jei]heo_d)cao_dha_dphe_daj Rep]hopnqgpqn aeja ranjÜjbpeca okve]ha B]ooqjc ce^p qj` `ea `]o ̦bqj`]iajpqi ok_e]heo rep]a̤ ^eh`ap* @aod]h^ cehp `]o Ca^kp6 ̦ejaqj`qi aooa i]pneikjeqi̤7 `qn_d `ea Ada ]ho Okve]hvahha san`aj `ea Iajo_daj vqn Paehd]^a ]i iajo_dhe_daj Okve]hran^]j` ran) l}e_dpap $Ejop* EEE( .( ‡‡ 03( 04%* @ea Bn]ca eop ]^an6 sah_da Bkni `an Cao_dha_dpocaiaej) o_d]bp eop caiÄ¿ J]pqnna_dp `an iajo_dhe_daj Okve]hepÄp ]i `eajhe_dopaj; Qj` iep >he_g ]qb `ea ranl}e_dpqjcobÄdecaj Oq^fagpa( kdja `anaj bnaea Vqopeiiqjc `an Ca^kpo_d]n]g) pan `an Okve]hepÄp qjsengo]i eop( `* d* iep >he_g ]qb `ea Ranpn]coj]pqn `an Okve]hran^Äj`a6 sk ^acejjp `an >anae_d `ao Anh]q^paj( `ao rkj Ca^kp qj` Ran^kp je_dp ^apnk{ajaj ̣he_e) pqi̡ ]ho OldÄna `an Ranpn]cobnaedaep; Ao ranopadp oe_d( `]oo ^ae `eaoan Bn]caopahhqjc `ea Bkni `an _dneophe_da Aejada j]pqnna_dphe_d vqn @eolkoepekj opadp( qj` `]o dae¿p6 qjpan)

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

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d]h^ `an O_dsahha `an `qn_d `ea Adavsa_ga ran^ej`he_daj Adal}e_dp ̦sen` `ea Ada vqi Atlaneiajpeanbah` j]pqnna_dphe_dan ̣Ranpn]cobnaedaep̡̤ $>q_ddkhv -544( 40%* Pdki]oeqo o_dhea¿p oe_d vqjÄ_dop Lqbaj`knbo ¼^anhacqjcaj ]j( oaeja Vqopeiiqjc aj) `ap bnaehe_d `knp( sk Lqbaj`knb ]qbcnqj` `an Okve]hepÄpo]jbkn`anqjcaj rkj B]iehea qj` Op]]p O_dn]jgaj bÜn `ea adahe_da Ranpn]cobnaedaep anne_dpap7 Pdki]oeqo sehh `ea ̣ok_eap]o jqlpe]heo̡ qj]^dÄjcec rki Okve]hepÄpo_d]n]gpan `an Caiaejo_d]bpaj qjpanoq_daj( `ajaj `ea Ada rkn]qocadp* @qn_d `eaoa Aejcnajvqjc Äj`anp oe_d ajpo_dae`aj` `ea Oe_dp ]qb `ea Opahhqjc `an Bn]q6 `eaoa sen` vqi chae_d^ana_dpecpaj Ranpn]col]npjan* @ea =jj]d) ia rkj `an j]pÜnhe_daj sae^he_daj EjbaneknepÄp hÄoop oe_d( ok Pdki]oeqo( j]pqnna_dphe_d je_dp d]hpaj( `ea Qjpanhacajdaep `an Bn]q oae je_dp j]pÜnhe_d( okj`anj i]jcahj`an Anvea) dqjc cao_dqh`ap qj` iep >avqc ]qb `aj I]jj cÄhpa ajpolna_daj`6 @aooaj raniaejphe_da ¼^anhacajdaep qj` `]iep `]o ̣eilaneqi i]nepe̡ oae iep `an ̣j]pqn] oatqo̡ je_dp vq an) ghÄnaj $Ejop* a^`*( ‡--,%* Ok g]jj Pdki]oeqo ]q¿an `an rkj `aj Adasehhecaj vq anghÄnaj`aj >anaepo_d]bp vqn Bknpl}]jvqjc `ea ]j`anaj iep >he_g ]qb `ea B]iehea bÜn aooajpeahh ]jcaoadajaj >aop]j`) paeha `ao Adaranpn]co `ai >ahea^aj `an Ranpn]col]npaeaj ]jdaei ca^aj6 @ea Ada eop je_dp ]ho `]qand]bpa Ha^ajocaiaejo_d]bp ca^kpaj qj` `]iep ajpbÄhhp ]q_d `ea Ranl}e_dpqjc vqn `]qanj`aj nÄqihe_daj Ran^ej`qjc iep sa_doahoaepecai PnaqacahÖ^jeo ]ho bÜn `aj Ada) ranpn]c qj]^`ejc^]nan >aop]j`paeh* Anh]q^p eop reahiadn `ea aejranjadihe_da =q}Öoqjc `an adahe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp j]_d `an Annae_dqjc `ao lneiÄnaj Adavsa_go* =^an ]q_d cacaj `aj Sehhaj aejao `an Adal]npjan eop `ea O_dae`qjc iÖche_d( sajj `an Adavsa_g je_dp vq anbÜhhaj eop $a^`*( ‡ --4%* Vq `aj j]pqnna_dphe_d vqhÄooecaj O_dae`qjcocnÜj`aj cadÖnaj ja^aj Ada^nq_d $]`qhpaneqi% qj` ^Öosehhecai Ranh]ooaj $i]hepeko] `aoanpek% ̞ `]o oej` `ea jaqpaop]iajphe_d vqhÄooecaj O_dae`qjcop]p^aopÄj`aj $o* >q_ddkhv -544( .32% ̞ ]q_d `ea o_dqh`ajobnaeaj CnÜj`a `an Qjbnq_dp^]ngaep qj` OpanehepÄp6 @ea j]pqn) na_dphe_da >aqnpaehqjc `an adahe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp qjpan `ai Lnei]p `an Vsa_g`eajhe_d) gaep( dean `ao Vsa_go `an Bknpl}]jvqjc( i]_dp `ea @e{anajveanqjc `an Vsa_granbadhqjc j]_d oq^fagper vqna_daj^]naj CnÜj`aj qj` k^fagperaj lduoekhkceo_daj Qno]_daj Ü^an) }Üooec $a^`*( 42%* =qo `an N]jcbkhca `an Adavsa_ga ̞ `ea Anvaqcqjc `an J]_dgkiiaj( `ea ̣ok^kheo cajan]pek̡ eop `an lneiÄna Adavsa_g( `an ̣|jeo lnej_el]heo i]pneikjee̡( `ai `ea ̣at) pej_pek he^e`ejeo̡ ]ho ̣|jeo oa_qj`]neqo̡ bkhcp ̞ ance^p oe_d `ea >asanpqjc `ajg^]nan Adabkniaj $Ejop* a^`*( ‡‡ .,,̞.-/%6 @an anopa Lh]pv ca^Üdnp `an ̣lkhuc]ie] reneheo̡( ]hok `an Reahsae^anae( `an Lkhucujea7 `eaoa Bkni `an Cao_dha_dporan^ej`qjc hÄoop `ea cnÖ¿pa Bnq_dp^]ngaep ans]npaj* Ao bkhcp `ea Aejada( `ea ̣ikjkc]ie]̡( qj` ]j `ea `neppa Opahha oapvp Pdki]oeqo `ea ReahiÄjjanae( `ea ̣lkhuc]ie] iqhea^neo̡* @ea Pdaoa rkj `an Chae_dn]jcecgaep `an Lkhuc]ieabkniaj ej j]pqnna_dphe_dan Oe_dp d]ppa Pdki]oeqo ^anaepo -241( vq >acejj oaejao seooajo_d]bphe_daj San`ac]jco ej `an @eooanp]pekj Ü^an `ea >e) c]iea ̦@a _neieja ^ec]ie]a̤ ranpnapaj7 ej `eaoan O_dnebp saeop Pdki]oeqo o_dkj `]o reah`eogqpeanpa Lnk^hai ]ho j]pqnna_dphe_d qjanda^he_d vqnÜ_g( `]o ej `an Qjcaseoodaep `an R]pano_d]bp heacp6 @eaoa cabÄdn`a sa`an `aj Op]]p( jk_d `ea ok_e]hep]o `an Iajo_daj cajanahh $o* Anha -51.( ..5%* SÄdnaj` `ea Ranjqjbp ]ho Angajjpjeolnejvel `ao J]pqn) na_dpo `]o ^e^heo_da Bknpl}]jvqjcoca^kp( sea ao `ea O_dÖlbqjcocao_de_dpa ]ho ̣Anopa Aejoapvqjc̡ ^ane_dpap( ]ho j]pqnna_dphe_d cad]hprkhh ^aopÄpecp( qj` ]q_d `]o Rkpqi bÜn `ea Lkhucujea oe_d ]qb `ea ̣hat rapqo̡ `ao =hpaj Paop]iajpo opÜpvaj gkjjpa( ^asaeop Pdki])

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

oeqo̢ Rkpqi bÜn `ea Lkhu]j`nea `ea Qj]^dÄjcecgaep `ao hqiaj n]pekjeo ]ho LnÜ|jop]jv $>q_ddkhv -544( /0%* =q_d `]o Lnk^hai `an Rans]j`po_d]bpoo_dn]jgaj ^anaepap `an j]pÜnhe_daj Ranjqjbp gaeja O_dseanecgaepaj6 =qo `an okve]haj J]pqn `ao Iajo_daj hÄoop oe_d( ok Pdki]oeqo( gaej =ncqiajp cacaj `ea Ada vseo_daj >hqporans]j`paj |j`aj7 ]hhajb]hho oae `]o Lnk) ^hai `an o_dqh`ecaj Naranajv ^ae `an Ada vseo_daj Gej`anj qj` Ahpanj ]ho iÖche_dao Adadej`anjeo vq ansÄcaj* Lqbaj`knbo ¼^anhacqjcaj sehh Pdki]oeqo ]^an je_dp bkhcaj6 Vs]n oae bÜn `ea Anveadqjc `ea Adnan^eapqjc `an Gej`an cacajÜ^an `aj Ahpanj qjanhÄoo) he_d( vseo_daj ans]_doajaj Gej`anj qj` ednaj Ahpanj ^aopada j]pqnna_dphe_d ]^an `]o RandÄhpjeo `an Chae_ddaep( saod]h^ `ea Naranajv sa_doahoaepec cao_dqh`ap oae $Ejop* a^`*( ‡ ./-%* =q_d `ea Bn]ca `an `qn_d `aj ̣lq`kn j]pqn]heo̡ caoapvpaj O_dn]jga banpecp Pdk) i]oeqo gqnv ]^6 Skhhpa i]j `]o `an n]pek oe_d je_dp ano_dhea¿aj`a O_d]icabÜdh anjop jadiaj( ok iÜooa i]j f] `ea Ada oah^op ran^eapaj $a^`*( ‡ .00%* Anop ]ho Pdki]oeqo ao qjpanjeiip( `ea N]jckn`jqjc `an ^ae`aj Adavsa_ga vq an) Önpanj( annae_daj oaeja ¼^anhacqjcaj fajaj Cn]` ]j BnaevÜcecgaep( `an ]qo `an ]qbghÄ) nqjcognepeo_daj Lanolagpera `ao -5* F]dndqj`anpo ]ho ]jopÖ¿ec( saeh `ea Iajo_dajsÜn`a ranhapvaj` ano_daejp7 caiaejp eop `ea O_deh`anqjc qj` >aqnpaehqjc rkj Ln]gpegaj( `ea rknn]jcec k`an ]qoo_dhea¿he_d `an >abnea`ecqjc `an ̣he^e`k̡ `eajaj* VqjÄ_dop dÄhp Pdk) i]oeqo iep Lqbaj`knb baop6 @ea Adal}e_dp ance^p oe_d ]qo `ai Ca^kp `an ̣ok_e]hep]o̡( qj` `aod]h^ ^aopadp `an anopa Adavsa_g ej `an Anvaqcqjc `an J]_dgkiiaj* =^an ]qoj]dio) saeoa gÖjjaj `ea Bkn`anqjcaj `an Okve]hepÄp ]q_d ]qb ]j`ana Saeoa anbÜhhp san`aj6 San ch]q^p( oatqahh ajpd]hpo]i ha^aj vq gÖjjaj( g]jj ]q_d ]ho Qjrandaen]papan `an Iajo_d) daep qj` `ai Op]]p `eajaj* Ei =jo_dhqoo ]j `eaoa Nah]pereanqjc `an Adal}e_dp opahhp oe_d bÜn Pdki]oeqo jqj `ea Bn]ca( sea Cao_dha_dporan^ej`qjcaj j]pqnna_dphe_d vq ^aqnpaehaj oaeaj( ^ae `ajaj b]g) peo_d k`an c]n ]^oe_dphe_d `ea N]jckn`jqjc `an Adavsa_ga ]q¿an Gn]bp caoapvp qj` `ea ej`ere`qahha Pnea^^abnea`ecqjc vajpn]h san`a* @ea >abnea`ecqjc `an ̣he^e`k̡ eop f] `ao) d]h^ ̣|jeo oa_qj`]neqo̡( saeh oea qjieppah^]n jqn `ai Aejvahjaj jqpvp( sÄdnaj` `ea ̣ok^kheo cajan]pek̡ a^aj `an Iajo_ddaep `eajp qj` jqn ieppah^]n ]q_d `ai Aejvahjaj( `ajj `an anopa Adavsa_g qib]ooa f] `aj vsaepaj( je_dp ]^an qicagadnp* Pdki]oeqo bn]cp ]hok( sea naej he^e`ejÖoa Cao_dha_dporan^ej`qjcaj vq ^aqnpaehaj oae) aj( qj` vs]n ̣at `e_p]ieja n]pekjeo̡ $a^`*( ‡ -/5%( `* d* kdja >anÜ_goe_dpecqjc rkj Ran^kpaj( `ea ]qo je_dpn]pekj]haj Mqahhaj sea O_d]i( Oeppa qj` Anveadqjc dannÜdnaj* Vs]n eop `an Cao_dha_dpopnea^( `ea ̣he^e`k̡( aej ̣]{a_pqo j]pqn]heo̡ qj` iepdej rkj Ckpp caskhhp sea `ea Rano_dea`ajdaep `an Cao_dha_dpan* =^an `ea Pnea^^abnea`ecqjc d]^a ^ae `aj Iajo_daj aejaj ]j`anaj ?d]n]gpan ]ho ^ae `aj Peanaj $a^`* ‡‡ .-̞/3%( oaeaj `eaoa `k_d ranjqjbphko* Jqn `an iajo_dhe_da Pnea^ gÖjja ]ho ̣bqnkn̡ `aj Lb]` `an ̣na_p] n]) pek̡ ranh]ooaj( saod]h^ an a^aj vq vÜcahj qj` ej ]hhcaiaeja Kn`jqjcovqo]iiajdÄjca aejvq^ej`aj oae $rch* >q_ddkhv -544( 4-%* Vq bn]caj eop ]^an( sah_da Bkniaj he^e`ejÖoan >aveadqjcaj `ea Ranjqjbp ]q¿and]h^ `eaoan Kn`jqjcocnajvaj vqhÄoop* >ae `an AnÖnpa) nqjc `eaoan Bn]ca eop( ok Pdki]oeqo( `an >he_g ]qb ]j`ana Bkniaj `an Hqop^abnea`ecqjc dehbnae_d( sea `ea( sah_da ^aeoleahosaeoa `]o RancjÜcaj ]j Aooaj qj` Pnejgaj( ]j Ca) sejjraniadnqjc( ]j Oleahaj ap_* ^anaepap6 @eaoa RancjÜcqjcobkniaj cadÖnaj vq `aj ej`e{anajpaj Ieppah`ejcaj qj` o_dÄ`ecaj `ea ̣ok_eap]o dqi]j]̡ je_dp( okh]jca `ea Hqop) ^abnea`ecqjc je_dp vqi ]hhaejecaj Vsa_g sen`* Iep `eaoai >ao_dae`( ok Pdki]oeqo

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

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saepan( d]^aj sen `k_d aejaj I]¿op]^ caskjjaj bÜn `ea >aqnpaehqjc `an >apÄpecqjcaj( ^ae `ajaj `an Ca^n]q_d rkj GÖnlanchea`anj vajpn]h eop6 @eaoa san`aj jkni]hansaeoa ednai j]pÜnhe_daj Vsa_g caiÄ¿ aejcaoapvp( ]qb `ai Ca^eap `ao Cao_dha_dphe_daj eop `]o a^aj `ea Vaqcqjc rkj Gej`anj( `an `aj Ja^ajvsa_g `ao Hqopcasejjo iep aej) o_dhea¿p* Sea eop jqj vq qnpaehaj( sajj `eaoa vqi Vsa_ga ^hk¿aj Hqopcasejjo ̣_kjpn] rah ln]apan j]pqn]i̡ $Ejop* a^`*( ‡ -1/% ca^n]q_dp san`aj sea ei B]hh rkj Dkikoatq]) hepÄp qj` Ok`kiea; O_d]qp i]j ]qb ]j`ana GÖnlanknc]ja sea Iqj`( O_dhqj`( I]caj qj` edna Bqjgpekjaj ^ae `an AnjÄdnqjc( ok sÜn`a ao jeai]j` ransan}e_d |j`aj( sajj `eaoa Knc]ja ^ae ajpolna_daj`an Gn]jgdaep `qn_d `aj =nvp ]q¿an Rkhhvqc caoapvp qj` `an j]pÜnhe_da Vsa_g ]qb ]j`ana Saeoa annae_dp sen`* Ok cÄhpa ]hok6 @] `ai Iajo_daj `ea >abnea`ecqjc `ao Hqoppnea^o aejcaca^aj oae sea `an Pnea^ vqn lduoeo_daj Oah^opan) d]hpqjc( gÖjjpaj `ea caj]jjpaj Oatq]hln]gpegaj j]pqnna_dphe_d je_dp ran^kpaj san`aj( okh]jca oea je_dp atvaooer qj` `]iep okve]hse`nec rkncajkiiaj san`aj $a^`*( ‡ -04%* Reah sajecan lnk^hai]peo_d oej` Cao_dha_dporan^ej`qjcaj( ^ae `ajaj `ea GÖnlanchea) `an je_dp ̣_kjpn] j]pqn]i̡( okj`anj jqn ̣ln]apan |jai̡ $a^`*( ‡ -1-% ca^n]q_dp san) `aj sea ^ae `an casÖdjhe_daj Qjvq_dp* >aei Gkjgq^ej]p aps] san`aj `ea Adavsa_ga qicagadnp( `ea Gej`ananvaqcqjc eop jqn vqbÄhhecao Ja^ajlnk`qgp `an he^e`ejÖoaj >apÄpe) cqjc( qj` `]o eop j]pqnna_dphe_d qj^a`ajghe_d* Vqi pn]`epekjahh `neppaj Adavsa_g o_dhea¿he_d( `ai ̣iqpqqi ]`eqpkneqi̡( `ai sa_d) oahoaepeca >aeop]j` `an Adahaqpa( iangp Pdki]oeqo ]j6 @eaoan Adavsa_g g]jj jqn `knp aeja Nkhha oleahaj( sk `ea Ada ]ho ej `]o C]jva `an dÄqohe_daj Caoahho_d]bp ejpacneanpa Caiaejo_d]bp ]jcaoadaj sen`7 sehh i]j ]^an `]o Adana_dp ei opnegpaj Oejja qjpanoq) _daj( `]jj eop vq ]ncqiajpeanaj( `]oo `k_d `eaoan Vsa_g a^aj je_dp Adavsa_g oae( saeh ]j`anjb]hho `ea ^ahea^eca Caiaejo_d]bp ]q_d Chae_dcao_dha_dphe_dan ]ho Ada ]jvqoadaj sÄna $a^`*( ‡ -42%* @]o B]vep( `]o Pdki]oeqo `ai Haoan iep `eaoaj na_dp ^abnai`he_daj ¼^anhacqjcaj lnÄoajpeanp( h]qpap6 `ea Ranjqjbp( `ea ao rÖhhec qj]^dÄjcec rkj rkncaca^ajaj =qpknepÄpaj( `* d* ]ho ̣na_p] n]pek̡ vqn >acnÜj`qjc rkj L}e_dpaj ^nejcaj sehh( gkiip Ü^an Iejei]h) ca^kpa je_dp dej]qo7 ]qb `ai Ca^eap `ao Cao_dha_dphe_daj Ö{jap oe_d edn `an o_daej^]n qj^acnajvpa N]qi `ao Anh]q^paj* @eao Anca^jeo eop sajec anop]qjhe_d( dÄhp i]j oe_d rkn =qcaj( `]oo `eaoa Ranjqjbp jqn j]_d `an N]pekj]hepÄp `an Ieppah ^ae caca^ajaj Vsa_gaj bn]cp7 `an Bn]ca j]_d `an RanjÜjbpecgaep `an Vsa_ga oah^an eop oea ajpdk^aj( okh]jca `eaoa ]ho j]pÜnhe_d( iepdej `qn_d gaeja ehhacepeia Ejop]jv caoapvp cahpaj `Ünbaj* @an Cah) pqjco]jolnq_d rkj ikn]heo_daj CabÜdhaj qj` Sanpaj sea O_d]i qj` Oeppa iqoo rkn aejan Ejop]jv( `ea ]ho LnÜbgnepaneqi jqn Vsa_gn]pekj]hepÄp vqhÄoop( ]ho je_dp ^acnÜj`^]n ano_daejaj* >ae ]hhan Gkjvaooekj ]j aej ̦^]nk_gao Ha^ajo^asqoopoaej( `]o qjqisqj`aj `ea Cao_dha_dphe_dgaep ]ho ejpacneanaj`ao Ikiajp `ao Iajo_dhe_daj ]qbjeiip̤ $>q_ddkhv -544( 4/% ̞ i]j `]nb `]rkj ]qocadaj( `]oo Pdki]oeqo `aj gnq`aj J]pqn]heoiqo oaejan @]nopahhqjc ^asqoop qj` qi `ao lnkrkveanaj`aj A{agpo sehhaj casÄdhp d]p* @ea Lkejpa oaejan ¼^anhacqjcaj fa`ajb]hho eop `aqphe_d6 @ea iajo_dhe_da n]pek d]p edna Qjrkhhgki) iajdaep aejvqcaopadaj( edn =jolnq_d( ]ho @a`qgpekjolnejvel j]pqnna_dphe_dan Jkniaj vq bqjceanaj( hÄoop oe_d je_dp aejhÖoaj* @]o Ranjqjbpna_dp canÄp ej `ea ̦Cnajvoepq]pekj `an Oah^op]q}Öoqjc̤( `]o Adana_dp sen` ̦vqi Ej^acne{ aejao okve]hse`necaj Na_dpo̤ $a^`* 5.%*

-,0

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

@ea Gkjoamqajv( `ea Pdki]oeqo ]qo `ai `aikjopneanpaj Rano]caj `an Ranjqjbp veadp( eop n]`eg]h6 Sajj `]o Jknioapvqjcolnejvel `an n]pek je_dp eii]jajp eop( `]jj eop ao caoapvp( qj` vs]n `qn_d aejaj Sehhaj( `an `]`qn_d `a|jeanp eop( `]oo edi `an Lnei]p ca) cajÜ^an `an Ranjqjbp vqgkiip* BÜn `aj Pdki]oeqo `an Fqneolnq`ajpe] `erej] eop `eao `an cÖpphe_da Sehha( `aooaj danno_danhe_dai I]_dpolnq_d Caoapvaogn]bp vqgkiip* @ea LkoeperepÄp `ao Caoapvao ran`]jgp oe_d `an >abadhoopnqgpqn `an ̣hat `erej]̡* Pdki]oeqo kneajpeanp oe_d ]i pdakgn]peo_daj Ckppao^acne{ `ao =hpaj Paop]iajpo qj` `ai =^saeo `ao >acnÜj`qjco]jolnq_do `an n]pek( `aj `an O]pv ̦mqe] oqi Fadkr] @kiejqo pqqo̤ `agh]neanp $/* >q_d Ikoa%* @ea Dejsaj`qjc vq aejai n]`eg]haj Rkhqjp]neoiqo eop ok chae_do]i ]ho >abnaeqjcoo_dh]c ]qo `aj iÜ¿ecaj =qoh]ooqjcaj aejao gn]bphkoaj N]pek) j]heoiqo vq ranopadaj* @an saepa Oleahn]qi `ao Anh]q^paj ej Adao]_daj sae_dp jqj `an opnegpaj LkoeperepÄp `ao Caoapvao( `ea `an Ranpn]cobnaedaep ajca Cnajvaj oapvp* BÜn `ea ei Nagqno ]qb `ea cak{aj^]npaj Ckppaocaoapva `ao =hpaj Paop]iajpo ajpb]hpapaj lkoeperaj Adacaoapva ei /* G]lepah sen` j]pÜnhe_d `an ejopepqpekjahha ?d]n]gpan `an Ada vqi Haepb]`aj6 @ea Ada ^aopadp gn]bp cÖpphe_dan Aejoapvqjc qj` ajpveadp oe_d `]iep vs]jcohÄq|c `aj @eolkoe) pekjoiÖche_dgaepaj( `ea `ea Ranpn]coada `aj Adasehhecaj ^eapap6 Ok sqn`a `]o Caoapv Ü^an `ea QjhÖo^]ngaep `ao adahe_daj >]j`ao( `ao ̣rej_qhqi _kjeqc]ha̡ ^anaepo iep `ai qj])_]nk)Lnejvel $̦oea san`aj aej Bhaeo_d oaej̤6 -* >q_d Ikoa EE( .0% `an anopaj Aej) oapvqjc caca^aj qj` ?dneopqo d]p `ea Qj]q}Öohe_dgaep `an Ada ^aopÄpecp $I]ng* T( 5%* A^ajb]hho d]p Ckpp `qn_d `ea anopa Adaaejoapvqjc iep Caoapvaogn]bp aej Lkhuc]iearan) ^kp ]qocaolnk_daj $Ejop* EEE( /( ‡ 32%* @ea N]jckn`jqjc `an Adavsa_ga opadp je_dp vqn @eolkoepekj6 @an vsaepa Adavsa_g eop opnegp `ai anopaj j]_dcakn`jap( Gkjgq^ej]p qj` Qjvq_dp ran^eapap `]o cÖpphe_da Caoapv* Qj` o_dhea¿he_d cehp6 @ea Danno_d]bp `ao Ada) i]jjao( `]o ̣eilaneqi i]nepe̡ d]p Ckpp j]_d `ai OÜj`ajb]hh vqn Opn]ba bÜn `ea Bn]q ranbÜcp7 `ea adahe_da Chae_ddaep `an C]ppaj d]p rkn Ckppao Caoapv gaejaj >aop]j` $a^`*( ‡‡ /1̞04%* ̞ @an bÜn `ea Ejopepqpekjao _d]n]gpaneopeo_da Cacajo]pv rkj ̦pkp]han He^an) pej]ca qj` aejai Ü^anvkcajaj ^e^heveopeo_daj Jkni]pereoiqo̤ eop ]^an ̞ ok >q_ddkhv ej oaejan sacsaeoaj`aj Opq`ea ̞ rkn ]hhai bÜn `]o RanopÄj`jeo `an Iapdk`eg ]q_d `ao olÄpanaj Sango ]qbo_dhqoonae_d $>q_ddkhv -544( //%*

$^*% @an Hea^ao^acne{ `an ̦Oeppajhadna̤ Edna aj`cÜhpeca Caop]hp |j`aj Pdki]oeqo̢ AnÖnpanqjcaj vqi J]pqnna_dp `an Ada ej `aj Bqj`]iajp]6 @an ej `aj Ejopepqpekjao ajpb]hpapa Rkhqjp]neoiqo `an ̣hacao `erej]a̡( `ao lkoeperaj cÖpphe_daj Na_dpo( casejjp dean ej `an >abadhocas]hp qj` Caoapvca^qjcogki) lapajv `ao sahphe_daj BÜnopaj oaeja oÄgqh]na Bkni* >arkn `an adana_dphe_da Paeh `an Bqj`]iajp] pdai]peoeanp sen`( okhh `ea Oeppajhadna rkncaopahhp san`aj( aeja O_dnebp( `ea( saeh oea Sehha qj` Ranjqjbp ej aeja bÜn Pdki]oeqo qjcasÖdjhe_da Gkjopahh]pekj oapvp( bÜn `ea Oe_dp ]qb `]o Lnk^hai `an Cao_dha_dpan^aveadqjcaj ^aokj`ano ejpanaoo]jp eop* Ej `eaoan O_dnebp atlkjeanp Pdki]oeqo aejaj Sehhajo^acne{( `an oe_d je_dp sea `an I]_dpsehha ej `an ranpeg]haj @eiajoekj rkj >abadh qj` Cadkno]i anopna_gp( okj`anj `an oe_d chae_do]i ej dknevkjp]han =qone_dpqjc ajpb]hpap* Ao eop `eao aej Sehha( `an ]ho ]qb ]j`anao cane_dpapao >acadnaj ejpajpekj]h opnqgpqneanp eop( `ai ]ho Senggn]bp ]hok Ranjqjbp ejjaskdjp* @eaoan Sehha i]jebaopeanp oe_d ej `an Bkni `an ̦ranjÜjbpecaj Hea^a̤ $Aejh*

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

-,1

Oeppajhadna( 0* D]qlpopÜ_g%( `ea oe_d ej ednan cajqej okve]hapdeo_daj LnÄ`eolkoepekj ej _d]) n]gpaneopeo_dan Saeoa rkj `an ]qcqopejeo_daj ̣_]nep]o kn`ej]p]̡ $rch* O_djae`ano( Rknsknp REEE% qjpano_dae`ap7 sÄdnaj` `eaoa ej ednan jkni]peraj LnÄcqjc ]ho Ransenghe_dqjco) bkni `ao cÖpphe_daj Kn`jqjcolh]jo vq ranopadaj eop( ajpsenbp Pdki]oeqo `ea ranjÜjbpeca Hea^a can]`a ]ho ei Ejjanj `ao Ej`ere`qqio ajpolnejcaj`a Jaecqjc( `ea olkjp]j `ai ajpcacajgkiip( s]o aeja Äq¿ana L}e_dpkn`jqjc ]ho Ca^kp ]qbanhacp $Aejh* Oeppajhadna 1* D*( 2/%* BÜn Pdki]oeqo̢ Hea^aoapdeg eop `eaoa Ranejjanhe_dqjc `ao Okve]hepÄpolnejvelo _d]n]gpaneopeo_d( ]^an `]iep bnaehe_d ]q_d `ea Ol]jjqjc vseo_daj ej`ere`qahhai Eilqho qj` Ca^kp( vseo_daj ={agp qj` Äq¿anai Vs]jc* @ea Bqj`eanqjc `ao Okve]hepÄpoca^kpo ej olkjp]jan Jaecqjc eop o_dkj ej `an >aopei) iqjc `ao dÖ_dopaj Cqpo ]jcahacp* @ea ̦ChÜ_goahecgaep `ao Iajo_daj̤( ok Pdki]oeqo $a^`*( .* D]qlpopÜ_g%( d]^aj o_dkj `ea ̦]hpaj Sahp)Saeoaj̤ ]ho CaiÜpovqop]j` ^aopeiip6 `an jÄihe_d `ao =qochae_do vseo_daj Vqreah qj` Vqsajec ]j ]{agperan >asacpdaep* @]o eop aeja ̦CaiÜpdo)Nqda̤ $a^`*( 2/%( `an ̦`]nejjaj ^aopadap( `]oo `an Iajo_d sa`an O_dianvaj jk_d Bnaq`a Ü^an aps]o ail|j`ap̤ $a^`*( 21%* @eaoao opkeo_da E`a]h aejao ]qocache_dajaj CaiÜpovqop]j`ao eop jqj `]`qn_d vq annae_daj( `]oo i]j oe_d ̦iep ]j`anaj Iajo_daj `ea aeja `anchae_daj CaiÜpdo)Nqda ^aoepvaj( vqranaejecaj pn]_dpap̤ $a^`*%* Ok eop `ajj ̦`ea ranjÜj{peca Hea^a ]j`anan Iajo_daj `]o aejpveca Ieppah W***Y vq `an s]dnaj CaiÜpdo)Nqda vq cah]jcaj̤ $a^`*( 0* D*( 2,%* Saj`ap oe_d `ea Hea^a je_dp jqn qjolave|o_d ]hhaj Iajo_daj vq( okj`anj casejjp oea `ea Bkni `an ̦]^okj`anhe_daj̤ ei Qjpano_dea` vqn ̦]hhcaiaejaj̤ Hea^a( ok d]j`ahp ao oe_d qi `ea ̦Ranaejecqjc vsauan pqcaj`hea^aj`aj Oaahaj̤ $a^`*( 2* D*( .%( sk^ae `ea Hea^a vseo_daj vsae Lanokjaj `aooah^aj Cao_dha_dpo Bnaqj`o_d]bp dae¿p qj` `ea vse) o_daj rano_dea`ajaj Cao_dha_dpanj Hea^a ei ajcanaj Oejja* >ae hapvpanan cadp ao ]^an je_dp jqn qi `ea Ranaejecqjc `an Oaahaj( okj`anj ]q_d qi `ea ̦Ranieo_dqjc `an Hae) ^an̤* @ea Bn]ca eop jqj( sah_dao Case_dp `eaoai Ahaiajp `an Ranaejecqjc ^aevqiaooaj eop( sajj `]o ]jcaopna^pa Veah s]dnan CaiÜponqda je_dp cabÄdn`ap san`aj okhh qj` `ea Cnajvhejea vseo_daj ranjÜjbpecan qj` qjranjÜjbpecan Hea^a cas]dnp ^hae^p* ̦>au aejan ranjÜjbpecaj Hea^a̤( ok Pdki]oeqo( ̦g]jj i]j skdh vqsaehaj `ea Ranieo_dqjc `ao Hae) ^ao ranh]jcaj( saeh i]j aej]j`an hea^ap̤ $a^`*( 0*D*( 05%* @ea lduoeo_da Ranaejecqjc eop ]hok =qo`nq_g qj` Vae_daj `an oaaheo_daj( ]^an ̦gaej saoajphe_dao OpÜ_g̤ $a^`*( 1-%* Qi aeja ̦=np qjranjÜj{pecan Hea^a̤ d]j`ahp ao oe_d( sajj ̦`an Iajo_d ]q{ `ea Ranae) jecqjc oaejao Hae^ao iep `ai Hae^a ]j`anan Iajo_daj d]qlpoÄ_dhe_d oaej =^oadaj d]p̤ $a^`*( .5 $ER*%%7 `eaoa Hea^a qjpano_dae`ap oe_d g]qi rkj `an `an Peana qj` dae¿p ̦aeja ^au j]da >aope]heo_da̤ $a^`*( /-%* @]o >aope]heo_da `ao Pnea^o( `ea Gnq`epÄp `ao oatqahhaj >acadnajo( eop k{aj^]n `ea NÜ_goaepa fajan Olkjp]jaepÄp( `ea `qn_d `ea Oq^fagpereanqjc qj` Ranejjanhe_dqjc `ao Okve]hepÄpolnejvelo bnaecaoapvp sen`* @an Ranve_dp ]qb `aj Vs]jco_d]n]gpan `an Okve]h) kn`jqjc( `aj `ea Oeppajhadna iep `an =jj]dia aejao iajo_dhe_daj Hea^aosehhajo ]qb `aj Sac ^nejcaj sehh( ajp`a_gp ej `an ={agperepÄp `ao iajo_dhe_daj CaiÜpo vqchae_d aej J]pqnikiajp( `]o `ea ]ho Veah ]jreoeanpa gkhhagpera CaiÜponqda cabÄdn`ap qj` `]iep qjp]qche_d vq i]_daj `nkdp( s]o ]ho C]n]jp ]hhcaiaejan ChÜ_goahecgaep qj` `]iep `ao okve]haj Bnea`ajo bqjceanaj okhh* @aj Qic]jc iep `eaoan CabÄdn`qjc( `aj `ea Oeppajhad) na rkno_dhÄcp( vaecp `aj op]ngaj Aej}qoo `ao Leapeoiqo( qjpan `ai Pdki]oeqo vqn Vaep `an =^b]ooqjc `an Aejhaepqjc ej `ea Oeppajhadna op]j`6 Ao eop `ea ̦rÖhheca Ranaejecqjc vsauan

-,2

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

CaiÜpdan̤ $a^`*( 5* D*(-%( `ea `]o =jopÖ¿eca `ao Cao_dha_dpopnea^o aejai HÄqpanqjco) lnkvaoo qjpanveadp qj` `qn_d Olenepq]heoeanqjc rana`ahp* @an ̦ranjÜjbpeca̤ Qic]jc iep `an He^e`k eop jqn caiaejo_d]bphe_d vq ^asÄhpecaj( oapvp ]hok `ea rÖhheca Vs]jcobnaedaep `an CaiÜporanaejecqjc rkn]qo( ok `]oo ̦]q{ ^au`aj Pdaehaj aeja hea^nae_da Bnaudaep qj` Sa_doahsaeoa Caiaejo_d]bp ]hhao Pdqjo qj` H]ooajo caolÜdnap sen`̤ qj` j]pÜnhe_d ]q_d je_dp `ea ̦Danno_d]bp `ao I]jjao rkj jÖpdaj̤ eop $a^`*( -3%* @]iep eop `]o E`a]h aejan adahe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp qineooaj( `]o ]j `ea @]qan `an adahe_daj Ran^ej`qjc ca) gjÜlbp eop( ok ]^an( `]oo `eaoa @]qan oe_d je_dp ]qb `ea Bkn`anqjc `ao Caoapvao opÜpvp* Reahiadn okhh `ea Ada ^ae je_dp vq ^ada^aj`an ̦Qjaejecgaep̤ $a^`*( -4% cao_dea`aj san) `aj* =qb `eaoan Cnqj`h]ca ano_daejp jqj ]q_d `]o ej `an Ü^anheabanpaj Vsa_gpne]o ]ho `neppan Adavsa_g casanpapa ̣iqpqqi ]`eqpkneqi̡( `an sa_doahoaepecaj >aeop]j` `an Adal]np) jan( ej jaqai He_dp7 d]ppa Pdki]oeqo `eaoaj Adavsa_g ej `aj Ejopepqpekjao jk_d ]qo `ai Adana_dp ran^]jjp( ok sen` an dean k{aj^]n vqi lneiÄnaj ̣|jeo i]pneikjee̡* Ao eop `eao aeja `ai Aej}qoo `ao Leapeoiqo cao_dqh`apa Qisanpqjc* @an `qn_d `ea Ranejjan) he_dqjc `an NahecekoepÄp ej C]jc caoapvpa leapeopeo_da ̦Anjaqanqjcoeilqho̤ $>q_ddkhv -544( -.,% ancnaebp ]q_d Pdki]oeqo( sajj an jqj ei he^e`ejÖoaj Cnqj`vqc `ao Ca) o_dha_dphe_daj `]o ̦>aope]heo_da̤ ajp`a_gp qj` ]ho RanÄq¿anhe_dqjc aejao Hea^aosehhajo sanpap( `an oaeja Mqahha ei Ejjanaj `ao ej`ere`qahhaj CaiÜpo d]p* BÜn `ea Leapeopaj eop `ea Oaahajranaejecqjc `an hea^aj`aj Adac]ppaj `an Ranoq_d( `ea `qn_d lanoÖjhe_da An) sa_gqjc anb]dnaja CkppaojÄda ]qb @]qan vq opahhaj qj` `]o Iuopaneqi `an deiiheo_daj Hea^a ]qb An`aj anha^^]n vq i]_daj* Pdki]oeqo eop `an agop]peo_da ?d]n]gpan `eaoan lea) peopeo_daj Ckppoq_da bnai`( ]^an ]i Adagkjvalp oaejan Oeppajhadna hÄoop oe_d `an naheceÖoa Qnolnqjc fajan CabÜdhoranejjanhe_dqjc ]^haoaj( kdja `ea `an oajpeiajp]ha Hea^ao^acne{ qj` `an ei ik`anjaj Oejja ejpeia ?d]n]gpan `an Cao_dha_dpan^aveadqjc oe_d je_dp ran) opadaj hÄoop* Pdki]oeqo cadp ei Bkhcaj`aj ]^an aejan Olqn j]_d( `ea ]qb `aj =jo]pv `an Bqj`]) iajp] bÜdnp7 o_dkj ei vsaepaj Paeh oaejan Oeppajhadna( `an =qoÜ^qjc `an Oeppajhadna( oeadp an ei ̦>aope]heo_daj̤ ]qb `ai Ca^eap ]^okj`anhe_dan Hea^a `aj Cnqj`_d]n]g) pan ̦qjranjÜjbpecan̤ Hea^a Ü^and]qlp* Ao eop `eao aej Oe_dpsa_doah( `an( ok Pdki]oeqo( `ea bqj`]iajp]ha Badhaejo_dÄpvqjc gknneceanaj sehh( `an an ^avÜche_d `an ̣j]pqn] dkie) jeo̡ anhacaj eop6 @]o >aiÜdaj( ei lkoeperaj ={agp `ao Hea^aosehhajo `]o Lnejvel aejan vs]jcobnaeaj Okve]hkn`jqjc vq oq_daj( rangajjp `ea J]pqn `ao Iajo_daj* @eaoa eop( ok dae¿p ao fapvp( ej jac]peran Saeoa ]qocavae_djap `qn_d `aj Cnqj`eilqho qjranjÜjbpecan Hea^a* @ea =jj]dia( ei Hea^aosehhaj oaeaj rkhqjp]o qj` n]pek ok ranaejp( `]oo `ea `qjg) ha Oaepa `ao Pnea^o eiian o_dkj `qn_d `]o He_dp `an Ranjqjbp andahhp oae( rangajjp `ea cab]hhaja J]pqn `ao Iajo_daj* Iep Hqpdan oapvp Pdki]oeqo `ea j]pqn] _knnqlp] ej `ea Qjbnaedaep `ao Sehhajo ei Oejja aejan ={agpca^qj`ajdaep( cacaj `ea `an Ranop]j` je_dpo ]qovqne_dpaj rani]c* @]o dÖ_dopa Cqp `an ̦CaiÜpo)Nqda̤ eop qjannae_d^]n qj` can]`a `ea Ada iqoo `eaoao Veah ranbadhaj( `ajj( ok dae¿p ao jqj oah^opgnepeo_d6 ̦`ea Adahe_da Caoahho_d]{p d]p iepje_dpaj( sea oea skdh d]^aj okhpa( vq Ednaj Aj`vsa_g `ea Ranaeje) cqjc `an CaiÜpdan( okj`anj ajpsa`an `ea >ahqopecqjc `an Oejjaj( k`an >abÖn`anqjc( k`an Cah`̤ $=qoÜ^qjc Oeppajhadna( -* D( -2%* @]o B]vep h]qpap6 @ea Apdeg eop caj]q ^aoadaj jqn aeja ={agpajhadna( oea dÄhp `ai Iajo_daj `aj Oleacah oaejan Ransknbajdaep rkn6 ̦@ea Oeppaj)Hadna cadap je_dp saepan(

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

-,3

]ho `]oo oea `aj Op]j` `an >aope]hepÄp `ai Iajo_daj vq angajjaj cea^p̤ $a^`*( -1* D*( ..%*

$_*% @]o Adagkjvalp `an ̦Bqj`]iajp]̤ @ea ={agpajhadna ajp`a_gp jqj bnaehe_d( `]oo `ea D]qlp]{agpa Skhhqop( Adncaev qj` D]^cean je_dp eokheanp rkjaej]j`an ]qbpnapaj( okj`anj ej reahbÄhpecaj Gki^ej]pekjaj( `ea vq aejai Sa_doah rkj Caop]hp qj` EjpajoepÄp `an Aejvah]{agpa bÜdnaj* @eaoa >ak^]_d) pqjc ^anaepap `ea Saj`a vq `aj Bqj`]iajp] qj` `anaj iapdk`eo_dai Vqcne{ ]qb `]o J]pqnna_dp rkn* =jcaoe_dpo `an qjpano_dea`he_daj Gki^ej]pekjoiÖche_dgaepaj vseo_daj `aj ={agpaj( `ea oe_d fa j]_d ej`ere`qahh qj` oepq]per ^a`ejcpan =qoc]jcoh]ca vq aejan qjÜ^anoad^]naj Reahb]hp ]qo^naepaj( ance^p oe_d `ea Bkn`anqjc j]_d aejan =jpdnklkhkcea( sah_da `ea ̣j]pqn] dkiejeo̡ iep aileneo_daj Ieppahj anb]oop* Ej `aj Bqj`]iajp] ran) heanp oe_d `ea l]pdapeo_da Gh]ca Ü^an `ea gknnqlpa J]pqn `ao Iajo_daj7 ]ho Gknnagpqn `an ennecaj =jj]dia( `]oo ej `an Bkni `an ranjÜjbpecaj Hea^a Sehha qj` Ranop]j` ran) o_dseopanp oej` qj` `ea Okve]hepÄp ]ho Cnqj`_d]n]gpan `ao Dqi]jqi ano_daejp( pnepp `ea jÜ_dpanja Aejoe_dp( `]oo `ea iajo_dhe_da Pnea^j]pqn ej ednan okve]hse`necaj Cnqj`]qo) ne_dpqjc bÜn `ea ̣aooajpe] dkiejeo̡ vajpn]h eop* @ea Apdeg d]p ok sajec Angajjpjeosanp bÜn `]o J]pqnna_dp sea aeja n]pekj]ha =jpdnklkhkcea( `ea rkj `an ]^opn]gpaj Ranjqjbp) j]pqn `ao Iajo_daj ]ho ednai GanjopÜ_g ]qocadp* Ao cehp reahiadn( aej J]pqnna_dp vq ajpb]hpaj( `]o `ea ]qo `an pdakhkceo_daj =jpdnklkhkcea `an ̣j]pqn] _knnqlp]̡ cahÖopa =b) bagpj]pqn `ao Iajo_daj vqn Cnqj`h]ca d]p7 ao eop `eao aeja iajo_dhe_da J]pqn( `ea ej `an Aejopahhqjc aileneo_dan Okve]h]jpdnklkhkcea anb]oo^]n sen` qj` iep `aj Ieppahj okve]h) pa_djeo_dan I]¿j]diaj ]q_d vq ^abnea`aj eop* J]pqnna_dphe_d qjpano_dae`aj oe_d `ea Bqj`]iajp] rkj `aj bnÜdanaj Ejopepqpekjao `qn_d `ea AejbÜdnqjc `ao >acne{o `ao Äq¿anaj Vs]jco qj` `an `]n]j ]jo_dhea¿aj`aj Qjpano_dae`qjc rkj ̣k^hec]pek ejpanj]̡ qj` ̣k^hec]pek atpanj]̡( rkj ejjanan qj` Äq¿anan Ranl}e_dpqjc7 anopanan badhp `]o Ikiajp `an Anvsejc^]ngaep* Ej `eaoan Saeoa ranl}e_d) paj `ea Nacahj `ao Adn^]naj $dkjaopqi% qj` `ao O_de_ghe_daj $`a_knqi%* @ea `ai Cana_dpaj $eqopqi% gknnaolkj`eanaj`a Ranl}e_dpqjc eop anvsejc^]n( `ea ̣reo k^hec]j`e̡( `ea Ranl}e_dpqjcogn]bp( ajpolnejcp op]]phe_dan Vs]jcocas]hp* Ej `an Pnajjqjc `an Lnejveleaj `ao Cana_dpaj( `ao Adnajd]bpaj qj` `ao O_de_ghe_daj oeadp Pdki]oeqo aeja ^a`aqpaj`a Gknnagpqn cacajÜ^an `aj Ejopepqpekjao( `ea jk_d iep Lqbaj`knb Na_dp qj` Ikn]h rano_dnÄjgp d]ppaj* Jkni]pera Cnqj`h]ca `an Pnajjqjc rkj Ejjaj qj` =q¿aj ]ho >avengaj vs]jcobnaeaj ^vs* vs]jco^asadnpaj Sengajo eop `]o RanopÄj`jeo `ao dÖ_dopaj Cqpo( `an ChÜ_goahecgaep( ]ho Vqop]j` rkj Nqda qj` Bnea`aj* Ao eop `eao aeja >aopeiiqjc( `ea jqn ei He_dpa `an ={agpajhadna edna Bn]chkoecgaep casejjp6 @an =jo]pv ^aei Sehhaj ]ho ]{agpcapnea^ajai D]j`hqjcoikpkn hÄoop ei Dej^he_g ]qb `]o dÖ_dopa Cqp jqn cn]`qahha @e{anajveanqjcaj vq7 `]o Iadn k`an Sajecan ]j ejjanan qj` Äq¿anan Nqda ^aopeiip `ea iajo_dhe_daj >aveadqjcaj ]ho `ea rkj iadn k`an sajecan PÖne_dpaj ^vs* Ghqcaj( rkj Qjnqdaopebpanj qj` Bnea`ajobÖn`ananj( rkj Anvkcajaj qj` Anveadanj( rkj Pknaj qj` Saeoaj* =qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `an @naeb]_ddaep `ao Cqpaj( `an j]pqnna_dphe_daj Lnejveleajpne]o( jeiip Pdki]oeqo `ea Gknnagpqnaj oaejao bnÜdaj Adana_dpo rkn* @ea cÖpphe_da Aejoap) vqjc `an Ada( `ea ̣lnei]ar] ejopepqpek̡ iep ednai ^e^heo_daj Bknpl}]jvqjcoca^kp( sea

-,4

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

oea `]o lkoeper)cÖpphe_da Adana_dp ei /* G]lepah $>q_d EEE% `an Ejopepqpekjao ^aopeiip( sen` ]ho jkni]pera Cnqj`h]ca `an Adal}e_dp ransknbaj* =qo `ai O_dÖlbqjco^ane_dp `an Daehecaj O_dnebp qj` ]q_d `aj iko]eo_daj Caoapvaj h]ooaj oe_d gkjgnapa Jkniaj bÜn adacaoapvhe_da >aopeiiqjcaj je_dp ]^haepaj* Dejpan `aj Ranoq_daj `an Lneaopan( opahh) ranpnapaj` cÖpphe_da Na_dpobqjgpekjaj s]dnvqjadiaj( opa_gp `]o ̦ejpanaooa `an ?haneoau( `]oo oea ]qb `eaoa =np `ea Ada)O]_daj ]j oe_d veadaj( qj` qjpan `eaoai Rkns]j` W***Y `]o c]jpva Rkh_g( rknjadihe_d ]^an `ea BÜnopaj qjpan ednan >kpiÄ¿ecgaep ^ad]hpaj gkjj) paj̤ $Bqj`]iajp] EEE( .( ‡ /%* =^an `ea j]pqnna_dphe_da >aopeiiqjc `ao ̣eqopqi̡ iep `ai VqcaopÄj`jeo b]op qj^acnajvpan Ranpn]cobnaedaep ^avÜche_d `an =np( sea `an =qbc]^a `an Bknpl}]jvqjc j]_dvqgkiiaj oae( eop a^ajb]hho je_dp dejjadi^]n* Ao eop a^aj `]o j]pqnna_dphe_d Cqpa ej oaejan @naeb]_ddaep vq ^anÜ_goe_dpecaj( ja^aj `aj Nacahj `ao Ca) na_dpaj oej` ]q_d `ea `ao Adn^]naj qj` `ao =jopÄj`ecaj vq ^a`ajgaj( ok `]oo `an =qpkn oe_d jqj sea bkhcp gknneceanp6 ̦I]j iq¿ je_dp daun]paj o_dha_dpan`ejco sacaj `ao Gej) `an vaqcajo W***Y okj`anj sacaj `ao adnhe_daj qj` ]jopÄj`ecaj Gej`an vaqcajo̤ $a^`* ‡ 4%* @ea AncÄjvqjc `ao anopaj Adavsa_go `qn_d `ea Nacahj `ao Adn^]naj qj` =jopÄj`ecaj veahp je_dp `]n]qb ]^( `aj okvekgqhpqnahhaj ?d]n]gpan `an adahe_daj Ran^ej`qjc vq i]n) geanaj* Sajj Pdki]oeqo `ea gkilhaiajpÄnaj Cab]dnaj dan]qb^ao_dsÖnp ̞ `aj Aej}qoo `ao l]leopeo_daj Ghanqo aejanoaepo qj` `ea Ej`e{anajv aejan okve]ho_dÄ`he_da Ln]gpegaj bÖn`anj`aj j]pÜnhe_daj Ranjqjbp ]j`ananoaepo ̞ `]jj cadp ao edi `]nqi( `ea Caoapvca) ^qjcogkilapajv `ao okqranÄjaj BÜnopaj ]qovqvae_djaj* Ei Vqca `eaoan =ncqiajp]pekj sen` jqj `]o Rkpqi bÜn `ea Chae_dopahhqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan aj`cÜhpec ransknbaj qj` `]o ̣eilaneqi i]nep]ha̡ nad]^ehepeanp* Ei >avqcon]qi `an Ada gkiip `ai Adai]jj ae) ja `ai bÜnophe_daj Naceiajp ]j]hkca Opahhqjc vq( qj` `ea Adabn]q randÄhp oe_d vq ednai I]jj sea `]o Rkhg vqi BÜnopaj7 hapvpanao( `ea Oqiia `an Qjpanp]jaj( cehp ^ag]jjphe_d ei ]qbcaghÄnpaj =^okhqpeoiqo ]ho Ej^acne{ `ao PÖne_dpaj* @ea Danno_d]bp `ao I]jjao( ok Pdki]oeqo( hÄoop oe_d vs]n ]qo `aj Nacahj `ao Cana_dpaj je_dp danhaepaj( ̦oea bkhcap ]^an `ajjk_d ]qo `ajaj Nacahj `ao ]jopÄj`ecaj qj` `an j]pÜnhe_daj O_ds]_ddaep `ao sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpo̤ $a^`*( ‡ -1%( `an ̣ei^a_ehhep]o j]pqn]heo oatqo bkaiejae̡* Vs]n oae ao vsaebahhko ne_dpec( `]oo `ea Badhan `an ̦caiaejaj =qbanveadqjc̤ `ea j]pÜnhe_da sae^he_da O_ds]_ddaep jk_d raniadnaj( ]^an ao cehp `k_d( ok `ea Oah^opgknnagpqn6 ̦k^ ao chae_d jk_d ok skdh ]qbanvkcaj skn`aj̤( ̦ok eop `k_d aej Sae^o^eh` ]hhavaep aej Sae^o) ^eh`̤ $a^`*%* S]o `ea bnÜdanaj AnÖnpanqjcaj vqn >abneopqjc `an Ada ^ae Vsa_gannae_dqjc( oksea vq Ejvaop qj` Lkhuc]iea ]jh]jcp( ok eop vq gknneceanaj6 `anhae BnaevÜcecgaepaj d]hpaj ]hhaej o_dkj `aj Nacahj `ao Adn^]naj qj` =jopÄj`ecaj je_dp op]j` $a^`*( ‡ -3%* BÜn `ea op]]phe_da Adacaoapvca^qjc cehp ]^an6 @an BÜnop( `an oe_d qjpan `ea Haepqjc `ao J]pqnna_dpo opahhp qj` `ea @e{anajv `an Nacahj `an Cana_dpaj( =jopÄj`ecaj qj` Adn^]naj ^a]_dpap( eop ej oaejai caoapvca^aneo_daj Aniaooaj bnae7 ok g]jj an ^aeoleahosaeoa ^ae `an Adao_dae`qjc ̦]q¿an `an ^k¿d]{paj Ranh]ooqjc qj` Ada^nq_do ]j`ana Qno]_daj `an Adao_dae`qjc̤ vqh]ooaj $a^`*( EEE( /( ‡ /3%* =q_d heacp ao ei ̣]n^epneqi lnej_eleo̡( ̦`an SehhgÜdn aejao BÜnopaj̤ $a^`*( ‡ /5%( `knp( sk `an ={agp `an Skhhqop Ü^an `ea OpÖnqjc `an CaiÜponqda dej]qo ]q_d Ö{ajphe_d Qjbnea`aj opebpap( ]jopahha `an RandÄjcqjc rkj Qjvq_dpoopn]baj ̦vqn RandÜpqjc aejao cnÖooanj ¼^aho̤

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

-,5

>kn`ahha aejvqne_dpaj $a^`*( ‡ /4%7 qj` ao heacp ]q_d ej oaejai >ahea^aj( lkhuc]ia Ran^ej`qjcaj vq caop]ppaj $a^`*( ‡ 0/%*

$@*% ?dneope]j Skh{ $]*% D]qodanno_d]bp qj` op]]phe_da Skdhb]dnp Ei =qoc]jc rkj `an Okve]hj]pqn `ao Iajo_daj bqjceanp ej `aj J]pqnna_dpohadnaj rkj Cnkpeqo( Lqbaj`knb qj` Pdki]oeqo `ea Ada ]ho Okve]hepÄpol]n]`eci]6 =ho Qnbkni iajo_dhe_dan Caoahhecgaep cadp `ea adahe_da Caiaejo_d]bp `an op]]phe_d ranb]oopaj ̣ok_e]hep]o̡ cajapeo_d rkn]qo( ]ho j]pÜnhe_dopa `an Ranaejecqjcaj $Cnkpeqo%( ]ho Gej) `anopq^a `ao Iajo_dajcao_dha_dpo $Lqbaj`knb%( ]ho ̣oaiej]neqi dqi]je cajaneo̡ $Pdki]oeqo( Ejop* EEE( /( ‡ .%* >ae Skh{( bÜn `aj `an >acne{ `an Rkhhgkiiajdaep vqn jkni]peraj Haepe`aa oaejan ln]gpeo_daj Ldehkokldea sen` qj` `ea Okve]hepÄp vqi Ieppah `an Ranrkhhgkiijqjcol}e_dp( casejjp aeja dean]n_deo_d dÖdan cahacaja rknlkhepeo_da Rancaoahho_d]bpqjcobkni l]n]`eci]peo_da >a`aqpqjc( `ea jÄihe_d( ]j `an oe_d Rkhh) gkiiajdaep ]ho ̦Vqo]iiajopeiiqjc `ao i]jjecb]hpecaj̤ $Ranj* Ca`]jgaj EE( -( ‡ ..0%( opq`eanaj hÄoop7 `]o eop `ea D]qocaiaejo_d]bp iep `ai knc]jeoeanaj`aj Vajpnqi `ao d]qorÄpanhe_daj Naceiajpo* @] `]o D]qo ]qo `nae aejb]_daj Caoahho_d]bpaj ^aopadp6 `an Ada( `*€e* `an Caoahho_d]bp vseo_daj I]jj qj` Bn]q( `an rÄpanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp( `ea Ahpanj ^vs* D]qor]pan( D]qo) iqppan qj` Gej`an qib]oop( qj` `an danno_d]bphe_daj Caoahho_d]bp vseo_daj D]qor]pan+ D]qoiqppan qj` Caoej`a $a^`*( E( 1( ‡ -5.%( ok hÄoop oe_d ]i >aeoleah `ao D]qoao ]ho aejan vqo]iiajcaoapvpaj Caoahho_d]bp atailh]neo_d ^ak^]_dpaj( sah_da Lnk^haia iep `an L}e_dp rangjÜlbp oej`( `ea Rkhhgkiiajdaep `ao D]qoao vq ^abÖn`anj* @ea =qbc]^a( `ea ao vq ^asÄhpecaj cehp( ^aopadp `]nej( `ea ̦^aokj`anaj =^oe_dpaj̤ `an aejb]_daj Ca) oahho_d]bpaj qj` `ea ̦`]vq anbkn`anhe_daj D]j`hqjcaj cacaj aej]j`an WvqY d]hpaj̤ qj` vq Ü^anhacaj( sea `eaoa ok vq rangjÜlbaj oej`( ̦`]oo ]hhao ej `ai c]jvaj D]qoa iep aej]j`an vqo]iiaj opeiiap̤ $a^`*( ‡ .,-%* Vq ̦`anchae_daj ¼^anhacqjc Woej`Y `ea sa) jecopaj Iajo_daj cao_de_gp̤( `ajj `ea sajecopaj ^nejcaj `ea cnqj`hacaj`a Aejoe_dp ej ̦`ea RangjÜlbqjc `an @ejca ej `an J]pqn̤ iep( `ea `]o Cnqj`iqopan bÜn `ea Kn`jqjc( `*€e* ̦`ea Rkhhgkiiajdaep `ao ejjanj qj` Äqooanhe_daj Vqop]j`ao ]hhan D]qocajkooaj̤ $a^`*% `]nopahhp* =j `eaoa Aejoe_dp eop ̦Danno_d]bp̤ ]ho ̦I]_dp vq ^abadhaj̤ $a^`*( ‡ 14% ca^qj`aj* Saeh `ai I]jj o_dkj ej `an Ada `eaoa Lkoepekj vqcaolnk_daj sen` qj` edi `ea Danno_d]bp Ü^an Gej`an qj` Caoej`a a^ajb]hho vqgkiip( ̦ok d]p an `ea Danno_d]{p ei c]jvaj D]qoa̤ $a^`*( ‡ -51%* @] `an D]qodann `ea Danno_d]bp Ü^an `ea D]qocajkooaj je_dp sehhgÜnhe_d atagqpeanp( okj`anj gn]bp oaejan Aejoe_dp ej `]o( s]o `ea J]pqn `ai b]iehe]haj D]qoran^]j`ao ]ho Ranrkhhgkiijqjcol}e_dp rkno_dnae^p( eop `]o D]qonaceiajp `ao R]pano ]ho Qnvahha qj` Rkn^eh` op]]phe_dan Kn`jqjc ]jvqoadaj6 ̦`]o >eh` `ao D]qor]pano $`eajap% `ea >ao_d]b) bajdaep aejao Nacajpaj vq |j`aj̤ $a^`*( EE( .( ‡ .23%* A^ajok sea `an D]qodann bnae rkj L]npegqh]nejpanaooaj bÜn `ea Skdhb]dnp `ao D]qoran^]j`ao Oknca pnÄcp( iqoo ]q_d `anfajeca( `an `ea ̦caiaeja Skdhb]dnp̤ ^abÖn`anj okhh( ̦aeja Banpecgaep d]^aj( oaeja D]j`hqjcaj `ai Caoapva `an J]pqn caiÄ¿ aejvqne_dpaj( qj` ]hok pqcaj`d]{p oauj̤ $a^`*( ‡ .0.%* Jqn ]qbcnqj` rkj ̦Ranop]j` qj` Pqcaj`̤ g]jj `an OkqranÄj ]ho Ü^an)

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

l]npaehe_dan O]_ds]hpan `ea ̦Skdhb]dnp qj` Oe_dandaep `ao caiaejaj Saoajo̤ ^abÖn`anj $a^`*%* Ok saeop `ea Rkn^eh`he_dgaep `an dÄqohe_daj =qpknepÄpokn`jqjc bÜn `ea op]]phe_da Caiaejo_d]bp `aj Sac ^ae `an Oq_da j]_d `an bÜn `ea Anveahqjc `ao Caiaejskdho ]i ^aopaj caaecjapaj Naceanqjcobkni6 `eafajeca a^aj( ^ae `an `]o ̣eilaneqi̡( `ea k^necgaephe_da Cas]hp( aejai aejvecaj Ejd]^an vqgkiip $o* Dahhiqpd -541( 05%* CaiÄ¿ `an Aejpaehqjc `an Naceanqjcobkniaj j]_d `ai ]neopkpaheo_daj O_dai] rkj Ikj]n_dea( =neopkgn]pea qj` Lkhepea eop `eao `ea ikj]n_deo_da Naceanqjcobkni* @ea `aikgn]peo_d ranb]oopa op]]phe_da Caiaejo_d]bp $^ae =neopkpahao `ea Badhbkni `an Lkhepea( `*€e* `an Danno_d]bp ]hhan% ajpolne_dp ]i sajecopaj `ai Ik`ahh `ao ei =qpknepÄpoikjklkh `ao D]qodannj vajpneanpaj D]qonaceiajpo* @] ok Skh{ ̦sa`an aej R]pan iep oaejaj Gej`anj( jk_d aej D]qor]pan iep `aj D]qocajkooaj ^an]pdo_dh]cap( s]o vq pdqj qj` vq h]ooaj eop( reahsajecan vqn >asangopahhecqjc oaejan =jop]hpaj anop edna Aejsehhecqjc ^acadnaj `]nb7 ok d]p ]q_d `ea Ikj]n_dea qj` `ea =neopkgn]pea iadn =adjhe_dgaep iep `an rÄpanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp qj` `ai D]qoa ]ho `ea Lkhepea*̤ $a^`*( ‡ .24% C]jv ok ]hok( sea `an Rknn]jc `an ̦caiaejaj Skdhb]dnp `ao c]jvaj D]qoao̤ cacaj) Ü^an `aj ^aokj`anaj `an aejb]_daj Caoahho_d]bpaj jqn `qn_d `ea Ikjklkheoeanqjc `an D]qocas]hp ej `an D]j` `ao D]qodannj vq oe_danj eop( g]jj `]o ^kjqi _kiiqja `an op]]phe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp jqn `qn_d `ea ikj]n_deo_da Naceanqjcobkni c]n]jpeanp san) `aj* @eaoa l]pneikje]ha5 Bkni lkhepeo_dan Danno_d]bp iep ednaj ]qo rknik`anjaj( baq`]haj Mqahhaj op]iiaj`aj Hacepei]pekjoiqopanj se`anopnaepap k{aj^]n `aj Jaqanqjcoeilqh) oaj `an BnÜd]qbghÄnqjc( `ea `ai J]pqnna_dp oaeja ej`ere`q]heopeo_da( `]o Ranpn]co`ajgaj bqj`eanaj`a LnÄcqjc ce^p* @]o ?d]n]gpaneopeo_da `an Skh{eo_daj Gkjvalpekj heacp bnaehe_d `]nej( `]oo `an pahak) hkceo_da ?d]n]gpan `an Ranrkhhgkiijqjcoapdeg `ai ik`anjaj( `qn_dcadaj` gkjpn]g) pq]heopeo_d gkjveleanpaj Caoahho_d]bpo) qj` Op]]po^acne{ je_dp vq se`anopnaepaj o_daejp* @]o D]qo jÄihe_d( j]_d `aooaj Aejdaepoik`ahh `ea Rkhhgkiiajdaep `ao Op]]pao gkjve) leanp sen`( eop aeja vqo]iiajcaoapvpa Caoahho_d]bp( `ea edna Aejdaep ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `ao anopaj ranpn]che_daj Vqo]iiajo_dhqooao( `an aejb]_daj Caoahho_d]bp `an Ada( anne_d) pap* Aeja ̦Caoahho_d]bp̤( ok Skh{( ̦eop je_dpo ]j`ano ]ho aej Ranpn]c aejecan Lanokjaj iep ranaejecpaj GnÄbpaj edn >aopao sknejjaj vq ^abÖn`anj̤ $a^`*( E( -( ‡ .%* @an Qiop]j`( `]oo jqn aejan `an ^apaehecpaj Lanokjaj `ea Aejoe_dp ej `]o fasaeheca >aopa qj` sea `eaoao vq ^abÖn`anj eop( vqcaolnk_daj sen`( dae¿p je_dp( `]oo `ea Ü^necaj Lanokjaj $ei B]hh `an Ada6 aeja( `ea Bn]q% `ea Gkilapajv `eaoan Lanokj je_dp ^aopÄpecaj iÜoopaj( ^arkn oea `eaoan `ea Danno_d]bp Ü^anpn]caj7 `]oo `ea Vqopeiiqjc `an Danno_d]bpoÜ^anpn]cqjc rkn) ]qocadp( cadÖnp vqi Olave|gqi `ao Caoahho_d]bpogkjvalpo( ]q_d sajj Gkjoajo^eh`qjc qj` Ikjklkheoeanqjc `an Danno_d]bp bqoekjeanaj qj` `ea Vqopeiiqjc jqn lnÄoqieanp

5

I]t Sa^an $-53.( 141 q* 21.% olne_dp rkj aejai ̦l]pneikje]hop]]phe_daj Ca^eh`a̤( sajj ̦`an BÜnop oaeja lkhepeo_da I]_dp̤ cacaj `ea ̦lkhepeo_daj Qjpanp]jaj lnejveleahh a^ajok knc]jeoeanp sea `ea =qoÜ^qjc oaejan D]qocas]hp̤* =j ]j`anan Opahha6 ̦@an ̣Skdhb]dnpoop]]p̡ eop `ea Hacaj`a `ao L]pneikje]heoiqo( ans]_doaj W***Y ]qb `an ]qpknepÄnaj >aveadqjc rkj R]pan qj` Gej`anj6 `an ̣H]j) `aor]pan̡ eop `]o E`a]h `an L]pneikje]hop]]paj̤*

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

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sen` ^vs* ]qb aejan opehho_dsaecaj`aj Aejsehhecqjc ^anqdp $vq ̦l]_pqi atlnaooqi̤ qj` ̦l]_pqi p]_epqi̤6 Cnqj`oÄpva EE( 3( ‡ 0/5%* @ea Ik`anjepÄp `an Ranpn]cogkjopnqgpekj ei `aqpo_daj J]pqnna_dp ^aopadp vsaebahhko ej `an =^cnajvqjc rkj J]pqn) qj` Caoahho_d]bpovqop]j`( `*€e* `an Danno_d]bp `ao J]pqncaoapvao rkj `an Caoapvca^qjcogkilapajv `ao op]]phe_daj OkqranÄjo( qj` `]o dae¿p vqchae_d ̞ ei Qjpano_dea` vq Dk^^ao ̞ `an Baophacqjc `an O_dn]jgaj( `ea `eaoai `qn_d `ea S]dnqjc `an ]jca^knajaj Bnaedaep qj` Chae_ddaep `an Qjpanp]jaj caoapvp oej`* Sajj jqj `]o gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_da L]n]`eci] vqnÜ_granh]canp sen` ej `aj J]pqnvqop]j` qj` ]q_d bÜn `ea rknlkhepeo_daj Caoahho_d]bpaj cahpaj` cai]_dp sen`( `]jj g]jj `eao jqn ^a`aqpaj( `ea opÄj`eo_d)rknik`anjaj Danno_d]bpobkniaj `eaoan Caoahho_d]bpaj vq `ahacepeieanaj6 @]o d]p Pdki]oeqo ranoq_dp( qj` ]q_d sajj Lqbaj`knb `ea ]hpaj Danno_d]bpobkniaj qjpan bqjgpekj]heopeo_daj Caoe_dpolqjgpaj nabkniqheanp( saeop an `]iep `ea o_dkh]opeo_daj Na_dpbanpecqjcoiqopan ]^* Skh{ ]^an hacepeieanp ej qica) gadnpan Ne_dpqjc `ea ikj]n_deo_da Naceanqjcobkni iep >he_g ]qb `ea Rkn^eh`bqjgpekj `ao d]qodannhe_daj Naceiajpo7 qjpan Ieoo]_dpqjc `an Cnajva vseo_daj J]pqn) qj` Caoahho_d]bpovqop]j` o_dea^p an qjpan `an D]j` `ai ik`anjaj Op]]p rknik`anja Danno_d]bpoopnqgpqnaj qjpan( kdja `]o gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_da L]n]`eci] ]qbvqca^aj* DÄhp i]j oe_d Skh{o ]jperkhqjp]neopeo_da Cnqj`klpekj rkn =qcaj( ]hok `ea Kneajpeanqjc ]j `ai `an Ranjqjbp rkncaca^ajaj =joe_doaej `ao Cqpaj( ok o_daejp `]o Ikiajp `an Aejsehhecqjc `an Iepchea`an ej ednaj Qjpanp]jajop]pqo ^hk¿ j]_dpnÄche_d( ]qo CnÜj`aj `an Hacepei]pekjobqjgpekj ]jcabÜcp vq oaej* @]oo `]o Ikper( `aj J]pqnvqop]j` vq ranh]ooaj( je_dp senghe_d lh]qoe^ah sen`( o]jgpekjeanp Skh{ `k_d Na_dpoejopepqpa `an opÄj`eo_d oacnaceanpaj Caoahho_d]bp `qn_d lkoeperao Na_dp( i]ngeanp `aj ]i^er]hajpaj ?d]n]gpan oaejao J]pqnna_dpo`ajgajo( qjpano_dae`ap edj vqiej`aop rkj `an `qn_d Dk^) ^ao qj` Hk_ga ^acnÜj`apaj ]jcahoÄ_doeo_daj Pn]`epekj( sah_da `ea ej`ere`q]heopeo_d) rkhqjp]neopeo_daj Cnqj`h]caj `ao Aejecqjcoranpn]co o_dkj ei J]pqnvqop]j` ajp`a_gp6 ej `aj Iangi]haj jÄihe_d aejan bnÜd^Üncanhe_daj Gkjgqnnajvcaoahho_d]bp $o* `aj Dejsaeo ^ae Dahhiqpd -541( 4, ]qb `ea ej `eaoai Vqo]iiajd]jc aej}qoonae_da Opq`ea rkj ?* >* I]_Ldanokj $-523%%* @ea Gnepeg( `ea i]j_da oaejan Vaepcajkooaj ]i Skh{eo_daj J]pqnna_dp Ü^paj( `ai oea sacaj `ao ikna cakiapne_k ajpb]hpapaj n]pekj]heopeo_daj Ouopaio aejaj NÜ_gb]hh ej o_dk) h]opeo_dao @ajgaj ]ppaopeanpaj( oapvpa oe_d je_dp `qn_d*-, Rkn ]hhai `ea Rkn^eh`he_dgaep `an dÄqohe_daj =qpknepÄpokn`jqjc bÜn `ea op]]phe_da Caiaejo_d]bp d]p `]o Op]]poranopÄj`jeo `ao ]qbcaghÄnpaj =^okhqpeoiqo ]ho ̦ikn]heo_d)lÄ`]ckceo_dan =jop]hp̤ $Dahhiqpd -541( -5-% cabÖn`anp qj` qicagadnp `ea op]]phe_daj Ranb]oopdaep `an B]iehea calnÄcp*

$^*% Adahe_da Caiaejo_d]bp qj` Op]]p @ea Gnepaneaj bÜn `ea @a|jepekj `an adahe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp casejjaj `ea j]pqnna_dphe) _daj Adahadnaj ]qo `an AnÖnpanqjc qj` Case_dpqjc `an Adavsa_ga7 ej `an sa_doahoae) pecaj Ranl}e_dpqjc ]qb `ea >abkhcqjc `an Adavsa_ga heacp `ea Ranpn]cobkni `an Ada* -,

Aeja Cajan]pekj j]_d Skh{ s]naj ao oaeja O_dÜhan( `ea ]ho Ranb]ooan `ao Lnaq¿eo_daj =hhcaiae) jaj H]j`na_dpo $-350% `ai Caeop `ao lnaq¿eo_daj J]pqnna_dpo ln]gpeo_da na_dpolkhepeo_da Caop]hp c]^aj*

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

@ea ]qb `aj pahakhkceo_daj >acne{ `an ̣lanba_pek̡ vqcao_djeppaja >aopeiiqjc `an J]pqn aniÖche_dp ao Skh{( `aj pn]`epekjahh anopaj Adavsa_g( `ea Anvaqcqjc `an J]_dgkiiaj) o_d]bp( ]ho ]hhaej ran^ej`he_daj baopvqhacaj* @ea J]pqn d]p `ea Iajo_daj ^ae`anhae Cao_dha_dpo je_dp jqn iep `aj bÜn `ea Bknpl}]j) vqjc `ao iajo_dhe_daj Cao_dha_dpo ̦cao_de_gpWajY̤ ̦Ca^qnpochea`anWjY̤ ]qocaop]ppap( okj`anj ]q_d iep `ai Pnea^( `eaoa ̦`ancaop]hp vq ca^n]q_daj̤6 =qo `eaoaj J]pqnca) ca^ajdaepaj hÄoop oe_d o_dhea¿aj( `]oo ao ej `an =^oe_dp `an J]pqn heacp( `]o iajo_dhe_da Cao_dha_dp bknpvql}]jvaj* @] bÜn `ea Iajo_daj `eaoa J]pqn]^oe_dp Ranl}e_dpqjc eop( ranopÖ¿p ̦aej fa`an >auo_dh]b( `an ]hhaej `an Skhhqop sacaj ^acadnp sen`( qj` aej fa`an Ca^n]q_d `an Ca^qnpochea`an ]qo chae_dan =^oe_dp̤ cacaj `eaoa Ranl}e_dpqjc qj` eop `aod]h^ ̦qjanh]q^p̤6 ‡ 410 `an ̦Cnqj`oÄpva̤ $EEE* Paeh%( ]qo `ai `ea Vep]pa op]iiaj( pnÄcp `ea ¼^ano_dnebp6 ̦Rkj `an Ran^ej`he_dgaep `]o iajo_dhe_da Cao_dha_dp bknpvql}]j) vaj( qj` `ai anh]q^paj >auo_dh]ba̤* Vq `eaoan Ran^ej`he_dgaep cadÖnp jÄdandej( Gej`an je_dp jqn vq anvaqcaj( okj`anj `ea) oa ]q_d vq anveadaj* Vqn Anveadqjc cadÖnaj `ea >aiÜdqjcaj ^ae`an Ahpanjpaeha( ]q_d `ea `ao R]pano7 hapvpanao oapvp ]^an rkn]qo( `]oo `an R]pan oe_d oaejan R]pano_d]bp oe_dan eop( qj` `]o eop jqn casÄdnhaeopap( sajj I]jj qj` Bn]q ]qoo_dhea¿he_d ]ho Adahaqpa `aj >ae) o_dh]b rkhhveadaj* @] ]hok `]o iajo_dhe_da Cao_dha_dp ̦je_dp `qn_d aejaj chae_dcÜhpecaj >auo_dh]b iep aejai fa`aj bknpcal}]jvp san`aj $`]nb%( W***Y iq¿ vseo_daj I]jjo) qj` Sae^olanokjaj vqn Anvaqcqjc qj` Anveadqjc `an Gej`an aeja Caoahho_d]bp ]qbcane_dpap san`aj̤ $a^`*( EEE( ‡ 411%* Aeja okh_da Caoahho_d]bp ̦jajjp i]j `ea adahe_da Caoahho_d]bp( k`an `ea Ada $i]pne) ikjeqi%̤ $a^`*( ‡ 412%* @] jqj aeja ̦Caoahho_d]bp $ok_eap]o% Ü^and]qlp aej Ranpn]c $eop% k`an chae_do]i aej Ranpn]c iep caiaejo_d]bphe_daj GnÄbpaj aeja caseooa =^oe_dp vq an) d]hpaj̤ $a^`*( ‡ 4/2%( ok cehp bÜn `]o Aejpnapaj ej `aj Adaop]j`6 Ao ̦ran^ej`ap oe_d `an I]jj `ai Sae^a qj` `]o Sae^ `ai I]jja( `]oo oea `aj Ca^n]q_d ednao Hae^ao vqn Anvaqcqjc `an Gej`an aej]j`an qj` vs]n ]hhaej anh]q^aj( qj` ^au`a vqn Anveadqjc `an Gej`an ^aupn]caj skhhaj( s]o oea gÖjjaj̤ $a^`*( ‡ 414%* @]n]qo bkhcp6 Aeja Caoahho_d]bp( `ea ]qo aejai ]j`anaj Cnqj` vseo_daj I]jj qj` Bn]q cao_dhkooaj sen`( aps] `ai pn]`epekjahh ]ho `neppaj Adavsa_g ]qbcabÜdnpaj `an sa_doahoaepecaj Dehba( ̦eop W***Y gaeja Ada̤ $a^`*( ‡ 412%* Saepandej oej` ]qo `ai Gnaeo `an Ada^ana_dpecpaj `eafajecaj ]qocao_dhkooaj( `ea ]qo CnÜj`aj `ao =hpano k`an ̦`qn_d aejaj Badhan ednao Hae^ao vqn Ada qjpÜ_dpec oej`̤ $a^`*%* @ea AnghÄnqjc `an Gej`ananvaqcqjc qj` )anveadqjc vqi ]hhaej ran^ej`he_daj Adavsa_g i]_dp ao anbkn`anhe_d( `aj P]p^aop]j` `ao Ada^nq_do vq nah]pereanaj6 @eaoan eop je_dp o_dha_dpdej ran^kpaj( okj`anj jqn `an >aeo_dh]b aejan ranadahe_dpaj Lanokj iep aejan ]j`anaj $ha`ec k`an randaen]pap%( `an ̦kdja Rknseooaj qj` se`an Sehhaj̤ `ao Adac]ppaj rkhhvkcaj sen`( eop ]ho ̦Ada^nq_d̤ vq ^avae_djaj qj` ok ̦qjanh]q^p̤ $a^`*( ‡ 415%* BÜn `aj Ada^na_dan ]^an cehp6 ̦`]o Gej`( sah_dao ei Ada^nq_d anvaqcap skn`aj W***Y iq¿ `an Ada^na_dan W***Y anveadaj̤ $a^`*%* >ae Gej`anhkoecgaep `an Ada g]jj `eaoa `ao Ada^nq_do sacaj k`an ̦sacaj `an ^ko) d]bpaj Ranh]ooqjc qj` Rano]cqjc `an adahe_daj L}e_dp capnajjap san`aj̤7 oej` anvea) dqjcol}e_dpeca Gej`an rknd]j`aj( ok ̦g]jj `ea Ada je_dp ]qbcadk^aj san`aj̤ $a^`*( ‡ 43-%*

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

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@ea Anvaqcqjc qj` Anveadqjc `an Gej`an ranh]jcp ao( `]oo `ea Adahaqpa ^aeaej]j`an skdjaj qj` aeja ̦caiaejo_d]bphe_da D]qod]hpqjc̤ bÜdnaj7 vq `eaoan pnÄcp fa`an Adac]ppa j]_d oaejai RaniÖcaj ^ae( `* d* ̦]q_d `ea Bn]q( ok reah ]ho oea g]jj̤ $a^`*( ‡ 422%* @ea anskn^ajaj O]_daj( ]q_d `ea sÄdnaj` `an Ada anskn^ajaj( gÖjjaj ajpsa`an vq caiaejo_d]bphe_daj anghÄnp san`aj( k`an `ea Adahaqpa nÄqiaj aej]j`an sa_doahoaepec `aj Ca^n]q_d `an fa aecajaj O]_daj aej( ]hok ao ̦g]jj `ea Bn]q ]q_d ednai I]jja aej Na_dp ej ednaj CÜpanj j]_d ednai Cab]hhaj aejnÄqiaj( v* >* `aj Jea¿^n]q_d̤ $a^`*( ‡ 423%* Ao ranopadp oe_d `]j]_d( `]oo `ea Adahaqpa vq chae_daj Paehaj ]hha ]jb]hhaj`aj Qj) gkopaj vq pn]caj d]^aj qj` o_dhea¿he_d ran^qj`aj oej`( ̦aej]j`an ]hha Hea^ao`eajopa vq haeopaj̤( ]hok vq ̦^au`anoaepecaWnY DÜhba $iqpqi ]`fqpkneqi%̤ ̞ `ai pn]`epekjahh `neppaj Adavsa_g ̞ ranl}e_dpap oej` $a^`*( ‡ 425%* =qo `eaoaj >aopeiiqjcaj( `ea `aj Adaop]j` oah^op ^apna{aj( cadp danrkn( `]oo `ea Chae_ddaep( `ea bÜn I]jj qj` Bn]q ]ho Ranpn]col]npjan `an Adao_dhea¿qjc gkjopepqper eop( ei Adaop]j` ^as]dnp ^hae^p6 ̦`ea Ada WeopY aeja chae_da Caoahho_d]bp( qj` s]o ej `an) oah^aj cao_dadaj okhh( iq¿ `qn_d caiaejo_d]bphe_da Aejsehhecqjc ]qocai]_dp san`aj̤ $a^`*( ‡ 43,%* S]o ]hok `an >abkhcqjc `ao Adavsa_go je_dp ajpcacajopadp( g]jj vqi Cacajop]j` bnaean Ranaej^]nqjc vseo_daj `aj Adahaqpaj cai]_dp san`aj7 `]o cehp ]q_d bÜn `ea ̦Danno_d]bp ei Adaop]j`a $eilaneqi _kjfqc]ha%̤6 @eaoa g]jj cnqj`oÄpvhe_d je_dp `ea Bkni aejoaepecan Danno_d]bp( okj`anj jqn `ea ̦aejaWnY ^au`anoaepecaWjY Danno_d]bp `an Adahaqpa Ü^an aej]j`an̤ d]^aj* Jqn ]qb `ai Saca `an Vqo]pvranaej^]nqjc ̞ ̦ajpsa) `an `qn_d aejaj ]qo`nÜ_ghe_daj Ranpn]c( k`an `qn_d aejaj opehho_dsaecaj`aj̤ ̞ g]jj aej Ranpn]col]npjan ]qb `]o fasaeho aecaja Danno_d]bpona_dp ranve_dpaj qj` `eaoao ]qb `aj ]j`anaj Ü^anpn]caj* Skh{ oeadp jqj `ea Bn]q ej `an Nkhha `ao ranve_dphaeopaj`aj Adal]npjano6 ̦`ea Bn]q $g]jj% oe_d ednao Na_dpao ^aca^aj̤7 ao eop `eao aeja IÖche_dgaep( `ea k{aj^]n `qn_d `ea ̦Caskdjdaep̤ o]jgpekjeanp sen`* @an I]jj( ok h]qpap `an >ao_dae`( anh]jcp `ea Dann) o_d]bp Ü^an `ea Bn]q( ̦ej`ai oea ej `]ofajeca( s]o `ea Caskdjdaep iep^nejcp( opehho_dsae) caj` aejsehhecap7 qj` ]ho`]jj eop `ea Bn]q `ai I]jja qjpanpd]j̤ $a^`*%7 `* d*( oea haeopap edi Cadkno]i( `ajj san aejai ]j`anaj qjpanpÄjec eop( eop ̦ran^qj`aj oaeja D]j`hqj) caj j]_d `ai Sehhaj `ao Dannj aejvqne_dpaj̤( qj` `]jj o]cp i]j( `]oo ̦aejan cadkn_da̤ $a^`*( ‡ 4/1%* @ea Hadna rkj `an Danno_d]bp `ao I]jjao ei c]jvaj D]qo cnÜj`ap oe_d ]qb `ea `ao I]jjao Ü^an `ea Bn]q ej `an Ada6 BÜn `eaoa ]^an sen` ]ho Cnqj` Caskdjdaep ]jca) ca^aj* @]oo ao bÜn `ea Danno_d]bpolkoepekj `ao I]jjao gaeja lh]qoe^ha AnghÄnqjc ce^p( ran^encp `an =qpkn je_dp6 Faja ejpahhagpqahha BÄdecgaep vqn =^opeiiqjc qjpano_dea`he_dan =^oe_dpaj qj` D]j`hqjcaj ]qb aej caiaejo]iao Veah dej ^aveadp oe_d ej `an Ada ]qb `ea ̦Anvaqcqjc qj` =qbanveadqjc `an Gej`an̤ $Ranj* Ca`]jgaj E( _]l* .( ‡ 12%* Ao eop ]^an( ok Skh{( ^ae `aj iaeopaj Adahaqpaj( sk je_dp ^ae ]hhaj ̦o_dsaan ]qovqi]_daj ***( san rkj edjaj `ea O]_da ]i ^aopaj ranopÜj`a̤ $a^`*( ‡ 14%* Qi jqj Opnaep qj` V]jg vq raniae`aj( eop ao ̦ranjÜjbpec( `]oo `ai I]jja aejcanÄqiap san`a vq o]caj( s]o vq pqj eop̤( `ajj ̦ej `aj iaeopaj BÄhhaj $okhh% `an I]jj `ea O]_da ]i ^aopaj ranopadaj̤ $a^`*%* @ea Bn]q( `ea `eaoao =nn]jcaiajp ]gvalpeanp( vaecp a^aj `]nej ednaj Ranop]j`6 ̦Aej ran) opÄj`ecao Sae^ sen` `ai I]jja ]q_d canj `ea Danno_d]bp Ü^anh]ooaj̤ $a^`*( ‡ 15%* F]( oea sen` oe_d okc]n ranopahhaj qj` ̦iep ^ao_dae`ajaj Sknpaj qj` Ca^an`aj oe_d opahhaj( ]ho sajj edn Sehha oaej Sehha sÄna( qj` oea edi bkhcapa( `] an ej `an Pd]p edn bkhcap̤

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OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

$a^`*%* Vs]n cehp a^ajb]hho( `]oo `an I]jj ̦o_dqh`ec $eop% `ai ghqcaj N]pda `ao Sae^ao vq bkhcaj( sajj oea aeja O]_da ^aooan ]ho an aejoeadap̤ $a^`*( ‡ 14%( qj` ej okh_daj BÄhhaj eop `ea Danno_d]bp `ao I]jjao aejcao_dnÄjgp6 Cnqj`oÄpvhe_d ca^Üdnp ]^an ̦`ai I]jja `ea Danno_d]bp̤ qj` ao d]p ̦`aij]_d `]o Sae^ `ai I]jja( okh]jca an je_dpo qj^ehhe_dao ^a|adhap W***Y vq cadkn_daj̤ $a^`*%* G]qi ^aooan ^acnÜj`ap eop `ea Danno_d]bp `ao I]jjao Ü^an `ea Gej`an qj` `]o Ca) oej`a6 @ea ̦RÄpanhe_da Caoahho_d]bp̤ ]ho >avae_djqjc bÜn `ea ̦Caoahho_d]{p vseo_daj Ahpanj qj` Gej`anj( qi ednan =qbanveadqjc sehhaj̤ $a^`*( ‡ 4,% eop ok sajec lh]qoe^ah( ]ho ao `ea ̦Danno_d]{phe_da Caoahho_d]bp̤ ]ho >avae_djqjc bÜn `ea >aveadqjc vseo_daj Caoej`a qj` Danno_d]bp eop( `*€e* `an Lanokj( vq `an aej Ran`ejcqjcorandÄhpjeo ]qb Vaep ^aopadp qj` `ea ̦`an Dann cajajjap $sen`% k`an `ea Bn]q( sajj ao aeja Sae^o)Lanokj eop̤ $a^`*( ‡ -2.%* Sajj Skh{ ao chae_dskdh bÜn are`ajp dÄhp( `]oo `ai I]jj `ea Danno_d]bp ei c]jvaj D]qoa vqgkiip $a^`*( ‡ -51%( `]jj hÄoop oe_d `eaoan Qiop]j` jqn ei N]diaj oaejan op]]popdaknapeo_daj ¼^anvaqcqjcaj ranopÄj`he_d i]_daj6 An ^n]q_dp `]o Danno_d]bpoik) `ahh `ao D]qoao ]ho hacepei]pkneo_dao Bqj`]iajp bÜn `ea l]pneikje]ha Opnqgpqn oaejao Skdhb]dnpoop]]po* @]o gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_da Hacepei]pekjoik`ahh `ao Vqo]iiajo_dhqooao `an DÄqoan qj` `an ¼^anpn]cqjc `an lkhepeo_daj Danno_d]bp ]qb `aj OkqranÄj `a_gp fa) ja Opnqgpqnikiajpa je_dp ]^( `ea ]ho rknik`anja( mq]oe baq`]ha bÜn `]o lÄ`]ckceo_d) ikn]heo_da Rkhhgkiiajdaepoe`a]h `ao Caiaejsaoajo Skh{eo_dan LnÄcqjc _d]n]gpaneo) peo_d oej`* @ea >ej`qjc `an Danno_danlkoepekj ]j `ea Lanokj `ao H]j`aor]pano qj` `ea bÜn `ea ejjana Rkhhgkiiajdaep `an Qjpanp]jaj+H]j`aogej`an qj]^`ejc^]naj Pnaqa) qj` Hku]hepÄpol}e_dpaj oej` rkncalnÄcp ei RandÄhpjeo `ao D]qodannj vq Gej`anj qj` Ca) oej`a6 @ea Gej`an d]^aj edna Ahpanj vq hea^aj qj` oe_d `]jg^]n vq ansaeoaj( okh]jca oea ha^aj $a^`*( ‡ -0,%( oksea O_daq qj` Dk_d]_dpqjc cacaj `eaoa vq vaecaj( sÄdnaj` `ea Ahpanj( `ea ednaj Gej`anj `ea Ieppah vq rano_d]{aj d]^aj( ̦`ea oea vq >abÖn`anqjc `an Rkhhgkiiajdaep ednao ejjanaj qj` Äqooanaj Vqop]j`ao rkj jÖpdaj d]^aj̤ $a^`*( ‡ 4.%( `eaoa ej ̦gja_dpeo_dan Bqn_dp̤ $a^`*( ‡ -/-% d]hpaj okhhaj* =q_d bÜn `]o Caoej`a eop Bqn_dp jkpsaj`ecan >aop]j`paeh `an >aveadqjc vqn Danno_d]bp( qj` ]q_d `eaoa D]qo) cajkooaj d]^aj Hea^a qj` @]jg^]ngaep vq ail|j`aj7 vqoÄpvhe_d d]^aj oea edna Hku]hepÄp `]`qn_d qjpan >asaeo vq opahhaj( `]oo oea Ü^an `ea ranpn]che_d ranaej^]npaj Haeopqjcaj dej]qo ]n^aepaj6 Jqn sajj `]o Caoej`a ̦]q_d skdh pqp( s]o edi je_dp k^heacp̤ $a^`*( ‡€-3/%( g]jj `an Dann oe_dan oaej( `]oo `]o Caoej`a ]q_d ikper]pekj]h oaejaj =^oe_dpaj bkhcp qj` `]o Oaeja vqn Rkhhgkiiajdaep `ao D]qoao ^aepnÄcp* @an Aejcne{ ej `ea ejjana D]j`hqjcooldÄna `an Ikpera qj` Caoejjqjcaj sen` ^ae Skh{ vqi ?d]n]gpaneopegqi aejao lÄ`]ckceo_d)ikn]heo_daj Op]]pogkjvalpo( `]o ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `ao Kn`jqjcoik`ahho `ao c]jvaj D]qoao `ea Qjpanp]jaj vq K^fagpaj aejao qib]ooaj`aj( `an >abÖn`anqjc `ao caiaejaj >aopaj `eajaj`aj Anveadqjcolnkcn]iio i]_dp* =qb `an Oaepa `an K^necgaep eop `eaoao Lnkcn]ii ikper]pekj]h ej `an Hea^a vq `aj Qjpanp]jaj ran]jganp6 ̦@ea naceanaj`aWjY Lanokjaj( `ea pdqj( s]o ednao =i^po eop̤ ̞ `ajaj jÄihe_d ]ho K^necgaep `ea Oknca bÜn `ea caiaeja Skdhb]dnp qj` `ea caiaeja Oe_dandaep k^heacp $a^`*( EE( ‡ ..5% ̞( oej` ̦^aceanec `ea Qjpanpd]jaj chÜ_goaahec vq i]) _daj̤ $a^`* ‡ .01%* Vq `eaoai >acadnaj cadÖnp `ea ̦]qbne_dpeca Hea^a cacaj `ea Qjpan) p]jaj̤( `ea `qn_d `ea Rknopahhqjc `ao Vsa_go `an I]¿j]diaj( jÄihe_d `an vqgÜjbpecaj CÜpa `an Qjpanp]jaj( ajpopadp $a^`* ‡ .02% qj` `an rkj Oaepaj `an Qjpanp]jaj `ea ]qo

@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

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@]jg^]ngaep cajÄdnpa Hea^aol}e_dp ajpolne_dp $a^`*( EEE( ‡ -,41%* @eaoao Hea^aogkjvalp( `]o `ea @e{anajv rkj ̣ln]gpeo_dan̡ qj` ̣l]pdkhkceo_dan̡ Hea^a-- ecjkneanp( cadÖnp ej `aj >avqcon]diaj `ao dÄqohe_daj Kn`jqjcoik`ahho* =ho Bqj`]iajp `ao Haep^acne{o `an ]hhcaiaejaj Skdhb]dnp eop `eaoao Ik`ahh =qo`nq_g `an bÜn Skh{ _d]n]gpaneopeo_daj LnÄ) cqjc `ao J]pqnna_dpo* @an NÜ_gcne{ dejpan `ea o_dkj ^ae Pdki]oeqo i]ngeanpaj Cnajvaj rkj Äq¿anan Vs]jco) qj` ejjanan Oah^opranl}e_dpqjc( rkj Na_dp qj` Apdeg( anÖ{jap `ea Klpekj bÜn `aj Aejo]pv `ao o_dkh]opeo_daj >acne{o `an Rkhhgkiiajdaep* @eaoaj `a|jeanp Skh{ vs]n qj^aopeiip( `* d* bnae rkj i]pane]haj Vsa_g^aopeiiqjcaj( ]qo `eaoan Qj) ^aopeiipdaep g]jj an ]^an je_dp `ea Aejoe_dp ]^haepaj( `]oo ̞ sea G]jp ej `an Aejhaepqjc vqn Pqcaj`hadna o]cp ̞ a^aj `]nej ̦`ea Rkhhgkiiajdaep aejao ]j`anaj Iajo_daj( ]ho aejan Lanokj W^aopadpY( W***Y `]oo an oah^op raniÖcaj` eop oe_d oaejaj Vsa_g j]_d oaejaj aecajaj >acne{aj rkj L}e_dp vq oapvaj̤( qj` ao `aod]h^ ̦aej Se`anolnq_d Weop(Y aejao ]j`anaj Rkhhgkiiajdaep ien vqi Vsa_g vq i]_daj $I`O RE( /42%* >ae Skh{ bÜdnp `ea i]pane]ha Qj^aopeiipdaep vqn Hevajv( >aopeiiqjcaj i]pane]han =np qjpan >anqbqjc ]qb `ea J]pqn $Cnqj`oÄpva E( .( ‡ /3% j]_dvqheabanj qj` raniaejphe_da J]pqnvsa_ga vq L}e_dpvsa_gaj vq anghÄnaj* Ok oej` `ea `aj Qjpanp]jaj rankn`japaj ChÜ_goahecgaepoi]¿j]diaj pkp]h( `* d* oea qib]ooaj `ea ejjana OldÄna `an Ikpera qj` Caoejjqjcaj a^ajok sea `ea Äq¿ana D]j`) hqjcooldÄna* Iep `ai pahakhkceo_daj >acne{ `an Rkhhgkiiajdaep ]ho Lnejvel aejao qib]ooaj`aj J]pqnna_dpo eop aeja Ouopaigkjvalpekj cnqj`cahacp( `an hÜ_gajhkoa Ejpacn]pekj eii]) jajp eop* =qo`nq_g `eaoao ikna cakiapne_k gkjopnqeanpaj Ouopaio eop `ea Aeja^jqjc `an Cnajva vseo_daj Na_dp qj` Apdeg( Vs]jcol}e_dpaj qj` Oah^opranl}e_dpqjc( `ea vq fajan bÜn `aj Skdhb]dnpoop]]p Skh{eo_dan ?kqhaqn _d]n]gpaneopeo_daj Bqoekj rkj Nalnaooekj qj` BÜnoknca bÜdnp* @eaoa Bkni aejao( sea >hk_d bkniqheanp( ̦]qbcaghÄnpaj @aolkpeo) iqo̤ $-53.( 22% d]p iep `ai Haep^acne{ `ao Op]]pao ̦]ho ikn]heo_dan =jop]hp̤ $Dahhiqpd -541( 2-% `aj ̦Sanpdknevkjp `an lnaq¿eo_daj >Ünkgn]pea̤ $a^`* ---{*% ej `an Bkhcavaep ajpo_dae`aj` calnÄcp*

/*

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@a eqna ^ahhe @a eqna j]p* @a k{e_ek

--

Cnkpeqo( Dqck6 @a Eqna >ahhe ]_ L]_eo he^ne pnao( L]neo -2.1 ̞ @p*6 @nae >Ü_dan rki Na_dp `ao Gneacao qj` `ao Bnea`ajo( Haelvec -3,3* Vepean) saeoa6 E $>q_d%( $_]l*%.( ‡ / Lqbaj`knb( O]iqah6 @a fqna j]pqn]a ap cajpeqi he^ne k_pk( Hqj` -23. ̞ @p*6 =_dp >Ü_dan rki J]pqn) qj` RÖhganna_dp( Bn]jgbqnp -3--* Vepeansae) oa6 E $>q_d%( _]l*.( ‡ / @ano*6 @a k{e_ek dkiejeo ap _ereo eqtp] hacai j]pqn]hai he^ne `qk( Hqj` -23/ ̞ @p*6 @ea Caiaejo_d]bpol}e_dpaj `ao J]pqnna_dpo* =qocas* OpÜ_ga

Ej `eaoaj >acne{aj i]_dp G]jp `aj Qjpano_dea` baop vseo_daj Hea^a ]ho Jaecqjc $l]pdkhkceo_da Hea^a%( `ea je_dp ca^kpaj san`aj g]jj( qj` ̦Skdhpqj ]qo L}e_dp̤ $ln]gpeo_da Hea^a%6 Cnqj`hacqjc /55*

--2

OқҜңҨҟ @ҩҳҿ

Ejopepqpekjao+Ejop*

Aejh*Oeppajhadna =qoÜ^qjc Oeppajhadna Bqj`]iajp]

Cnqj`oÄpva

Ranj*Ca`]jgaj Cnqj`hacqjc GlR $== R% I`O $== RE%

^*

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Bkno_dqjcohepan]pqn

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@қҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ ҞҟҬ ҞҟүҮҭҝҢҟҨ BҬӑҢқүҠҥҦҺҬүҨҡ

--3

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>ҟқҮҟ NҩҭҟҨҴұҟңҡ

Fkdj Hk_ga6 Vseo_daj gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_dan Chae_ddaep qj` naoe`q]hai L]pne]n_d]heoiqo @ea he^an]ha >acnÜj`qjc `an Pnajjqjc rkj B]iehea qj` Lkhepeg

-*

Ha^aj qj` Sang

Fkdj Hk_ga sqn`a ]i .5* =qcqop -2/. ej Snejcpkj ej `an ajcheo_daj Cn]bo_d]bp Ok) ianoap ca^knaj* Oaeja Iqppan =cjao Gaaja qj` oaej R]pan Fkdj Hk_ga oaj* op]iipaj ^ae`a ]qo lqnep]jeo_daj B]ieheaj( `ea ei Pq_dcasan^a pÄpec s]naj* @an R]pan( `an Ü^an ^ao_dae`ajaj Cnqj`^aoepv ranbÜcpa( s]n ]ho Na_dpo]js]hp qj` OagnapÄn `an Önphe_daj Bnea`ajone_dpan pÄpec* An gÄilbpa ei ajcheo_daj >Üncangneac ]gper bÜn `ea L]npae `ao L]n) h]iajpao cacaj `ea Gnkja* ¼^an `ea Iqppan eop( ]q¿an( `]oo oea aps] vadj F]dna Ähpan s]n ]ho edn Adai]jj( jqn sajec ^ag]jjp* Fkdj Hk_ga ^avae_djapa oea olÄpan ]ho aeja oadn bnkiia Bn]q qj` bÜnoknche_da Iqppan* Ej oaejai Ahpanjd]qo( aejai Cqpod]qo ej Lajobkn`( andeahp Hk_ga vqo]iiaj iep oaejai bÜjb F]dna fÜjcanaj >nq`an aeja opnajca Anveadqjc* Ei =hpan rkj bÜjbvadj F]dnaj sqn`a an ]qbcnqj` `an cqpaj >aveadqjcaj oaejao R]pano bÜn `ea `]i]ho skdh ^a`aqpaj`opa O_dqha Ajch]j`o( `ea Saopiejopan O_dkkh ej Hkj`kj( rkncao_dh]caj* @knp andeahp an aeja gh]ooeo_d)]hpoln]_dhe_da =qo^eh`qjc* Ei I]e -21. cah]jc ao Hk_ga( aejao `an sajecaj ^acadnpaj Opelaj`eaj bÜn `]o najkiieanpa ?dneop ?dqn_d ?khhaca ej Ktbkn` vq and]hpaj* O_djahh `eop]jveanpa an oe_d `knp rkj `an oaeja ]g]`aieo_da =qo^eh`qjc lnÄcaj`aj ieppah]hpanhe_daj O_dkh]opeg qj` s]j`pa oe_d rkn ]h) hai Opq`eaj `an Ia`evej( `an J]pqnseooajo_d]bpaj oksea `an J]pqnldehkokldea vq* J]_d `ai =^o_dhqoo `ao >]_dahkn kb =npo ei F]dna -212 lh]jpa Hk_ga vqjÄ_dop `aj >acejj aejan H]qb^]dj ]ho Fqneop* An ajpo_dea` oe_d fa`k_d( pnkpv anbkhcnae_dan >asan^qjc( vqn Bknpoapvqjc oaejao Opq`eqio ej Ktbkn` qj` hacpa `knp -214 `aj I]opan kb =npo ]^* =ho oajekn opq`ajp d]ppa Hk_ga `]o =ip aejao Pqpkno ejja* -22, sqn`a an ]qb `ea Opahha aejao @kvajpaj bÜn Cnea_deo_d( `nae F]dna olÄpan vqi @kvajpaj bÜn Ndapkneg qj` o_dhea¿he_d vqi Vajokn bÜn Ikn]hldehkokldea casÄdhp* Ej `eaoa Vaep b]hhaj ]q_d oaeja ^ae`aj anopaj lkhepeo_daj =^d]j`hqjcaj( `ea oaeja bnÜ) da gkjoanr]per)nku]heopeo_da D]hpqjc vqi =qo`nq_g ^n]_dpaj* Qjpan `ai Aej`nq_g `ao ajcheo_daj >Üncangneacao ^acnÜ¿pa Hk_ga `ea Sea`andanopahhqjc `an Ikj]n_dea `qn_d G]nh EE* ¶{ajphe_da Nqda qj` Oe_dandaep ranh]jcpaj( sea an ej aejan `ave`eanp ]jpehe^an])

-.,

>ҟқҮҟ NҩҭҟҨҴұҟңҡ

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FҩҢҨ Hҩҝҥҟ

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>ҟқҮҟ NҩҭҟҨҴұҟңҡ

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Cnqj`vÜca `an lkhepeo_daj Ldehkokldea rkj Fkdj Hk_ga

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FҩҢҨ Hҩҝҥҟ

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-.0

>ҟқҮҟ NҩҭҟҨҴұҟңҡ

sea ej `an Bkno_dqjc reahb]_d `eogqpeanp skn`aj eop( ej aeja =lknea* >ae Hk_ga ^hae^aj( sea S]hpan Aq_djan pna{aj` oqiieanp( ̦`ea j]pÜnhe_daj Jkniaj aej Sang `ao iajo_dhe) _daj Caeopao( `an( ]j`ano ]ho ei pn]`epekjahhaj J]pqnna_dp rkj `an rki cÖpphe_daj Hkcko `qn_ds]hpapaj O_dÖlbqjcokn`jqjc ]^cao_djeppaj eop*̤ $Aq_djan -525( -2.%* @ea Bn]ca( sknej `ea rkj Hk_ga ]q_d ej oaejaj lkhepeo_daj O_dnebpaj eiian sea`an caÄq¿anpa Ran) l}e_dpqjc `ao Iajo_daj( `aj Ca^kpaj Ckppao vq bkhcaj( ^acnÜj`ap heacp( hÄoop oe_d ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca oaejan angajjpjeopdaknapeo_daj ¼^anhacqjcaj je_dp o_dhÜooec ^a]jpskn) paj* Hk_ga g]jj okiep `qn_d]qo ]ho Sac^anaepan bÜn `ea =q}Öoqjc `an pn]`epekjahhaj J]pqnna_dpohadna caoadaj san`aj( kdja `]oo an fa`k_d `aj Sac `]dej ^anaepo rkhhopÄj) `ec caa^jap dÄppa* Ej `an vsaepaj =^d]j`hqjc oaejan lkhepeo_daj D]qlpo_dnebp Psk Pna]peoao kb Ck) ranjiajp( ej `an an ej =jhadjqjc ]j Pdki]o Dk^^ao qj` ej =^cnajvqjc vq `eaoai aeja gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_da >acnÜj`qjc `ao Op]]pao rknhacp( cadp Hk_ga `aiajpolna_daj` rkj `an Cahpqjc `ao cÖpphe_daj J]pqncaoapvao ]qo* Oaej ca`]jgajatlaneiajpahhan @naeo_dnepp rki J]pqnvqop]j` Ü^an `aj Ranpn]c vqi Op]]p qjpano_dae`ap oe_d rkj `an Dk^^aoo_daj Ranoekj rkn ]hhai `qn_d `ea =jj]dia `an GkjpejqepÄp vseo_daj j]pÜnhe_dan qj` lkhepeo_dan Kn`jqjc* K^o_dkj an aej Vqop]j` rkhhgkiiajan Bnaedaep qj` Chae_ddaep eop( ok eop `an J]pqnop]j` Hk_ga vqbkhca ̦`k_d gaej Vqop]j` `an VÜcahhkoecgaep̤ $.* =^d* ‡ 2%* Ao danno_dp( ei Qjpano_dea` vq Dk^^ao gaej ̦Gneac aejao fa`aj cacaj fa`aj̤( okj`anj `]o iajo_dhe_da Rand]hpaj sen` `qn_d `]o J]pqncaoapv( sah_dao Hk_ga ]ho Caoapv `an Ranjqjbp ^avae_djap $.* =^d* ‡ 2%( ^aopeiip* Iep `an Ranl}e_dpqjc vqn Oah^opand]hpqjc cadp `aicaiÄ¿ `ea Ranl}e_dpqjc vqn And]hpqjc `an ̦Ü^necaj Iajo_ddaep̤ aejdan* @]o rkj Dk^^ao ]^okhqp caoapvpa Oah^opand]h) pqjcona_dp sen` rkj Hk_ga `qn_d `ea jkni]pera >ej`qjc ]j `ea C]ppqjc Iajo_d rkj oaejan ]ccnaooer)laooeieopeo_daj @uj]ieg hkocahÖop* Okh]jca `ea Iajo_daj `ea j]pÜnhe_daj Caoapva ^abkhcaj( eop aej bnea`rkhhao Vqo]iiajha^aj ]q_d kdja lkhepeo_da Danno_d]bp iÖche_d* =qo `ai ej`ere`qahhaj Na_dp ]qb Aecajpqi ]j `an aecajaj Lanokj qj` `ai Na_dp ]qb Oah^opand]hpqjc cadp bÜn Hk_ga qjieppah^]n aej Na_dp ]qb Aecajpqi danrkn $.* =^d* ‡‡ .1{*%* @ea =jaecjqjc rkj Lner]paecajpqi cnÜj`ap vqjÄ_dop ]qb ej`ere`qahhan >a]n^aepqjc `an J]pqn* Anop iep `an rkj `aj Iajo_daj ranaej^]npaj AejbÜdnqjc `ao Cah`ao sen` qj^acnajvpa =jaecjqjc iÖche_d $.* =^d* ‡‡ /2̞/3( 1,%* Okve]ha >aoepv`e{anajveanqjc qj` Qjchae_ddaep ajpopadaj* Oea oej` fa`k_d Hk_ga vqbkhca je_dp jqn `qn_d `ea `]iep aejdancadaj`a Lnk`qgperepÄpoopaecanqjc( okj`anj rkn ]hhai `qn_d `ea opehho_dsaecaj`a ¼^anaejgqjbp `an Iajo_daj( Cah` aejaj Sanp ^aevqiaooaj( cana_dpbanpecp* @an he^an]ha Bnaedaepo^acne{( `an rkj Hk_ga i]¿ca^he_d calnÄcp skn`aj eop( eop `qn_d `ea Ejaejooapvqjc rkj Ha^aj( Bnaedaep qj` Lner]paecajpqi cagajjvae_djap $rch* .* =^d* ‡ 00( ‡ -./%* =j`ano ]ho ^ae Dk^^ao ^aoepvp `an J]pqnvqop]j` ^ae Hk_ga ^anaepo VÜca aejan ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp* Ao ateopeanaj adahe_d)b]ieheÄna( okve]ha qj` Ögkjkieo_da >aveadqjcaj( `ea Hk_ga ]ho fasaeho vsa_gca^qj`aja( ^acnajvpa Ranpn]co) ^vs* Na_dpo) ^aveadqjcaj _d]n]gpaneoeanp* @ea okve]hranpn]che_d ^acnÜj`apa lkhepeo_da Cas]hp eop deanrkj `aqphe_d vq qjpano_dae`aj $.* =^d* ‡ /%* Rkn ]hhai cacaj `ea Na_dpoqjoe_dandaep `ao J]pqnvqop]j`ao `eajp `ea `qn_d ranpn]che_da ¼^anaejgqjbp anne_dpapa lkhepeo_da Caiaejo_d]bp `ai Vsa_g `an Oe_danqjc rkj Ha^aj( Bnaedaep qj` >aoepv $.* =^d* ‡‡ 45( 51̞53( -./̞-.3%* =qo `aj j]pÜnhe_daj Bnaedaepona_dpaj haepaj oe_d bkhche_d

FҩҢҨ Hҩҝҥҟ

-.1

`an Op]]povsa_g qj` `]iep ]q_d `ea he^an]ha >acnajvqjc `an lkhepeo_daj Cas]hp ]^* Cacaj `ea ]^okhqpeopeo_da Ranjaejqjc ej`ere`qahhan Na_dpa( sea oea Pdki]o Dk^^ao ]ho jkpsaj`ecao =hhdaehieppah cacaj `ea Neoegaj oaejan J]pqnvqop]j`odulkpdaoa lnkl]ceanp d]p( opahhp Fkdj Hk_ga `]o ]j `ea vaepcajÖooeo_da ajcheo_da Ranb]ooqjc ]jcahadjpa Ik`ahh aejan gkjopepqpekjahhaj Ikj]n_dea* @ea op]]phe_da Kn`jqjc c]n]jpeanp `ea Bknpajpse_ghqjc `an ^anaepo ei J]pqnvqop]j` ateopeanaj`aj ^Üncanhe_daj Ha^ajosaeoa* Cas]hpajpaehqjc ano_daejp bkhcane_dpec ]ho Cnqj`rkn]qooapvqjc bÜn `ea =qbna_dpan) d]hpqjc aejan bnaedaephe_daj Ranb]ooqjc* =qo`nÜ_ghe_d ^ehhecp Hk_ga `aj iÄjjhe_daj Op]]po^Üncanj ei B]hha rkj I]_dpieoo^n]q_d ]ho qhpei] n]pek `]o Na_dp ]qb Se`anop]j` vq $.* =^d* ‡‡ -05( .,.{*%* Iep `an gkjoamqajp ]j `aj j]pÜnhe_daj Na_dpaj `an Ej`ere`qaj ]qocane_dpapaj Danno_d]bpohacepeieanqjc qj` )heiepeanqjc $Ganopejc -550( -//% d]p Fkdj Hk_ga oe_danhe_d `aj ej `an Bkhca sengiÄ_dpecopaj Pdakneaajpsqnb `ao he^an]haj Na_dpo) qj` Ranb]ooqjcoop]]pao rkncahacp* Oaeja ej `eaoan Dejoe_dp vqgqjbposaeoaj`a He^an]hepÄp vaecp oe_d ]q_d ]j `an ei Pkhan]jv^neab vqi =qo`nq_g ca^n]_dpaj( bÜn `aj deopkneo_daj Gkjpatp gaejaob]hho oah^opranopÄj`he_daj >acnajvqjc `an k^necgaephe_daj Cas]hp ej Ch]q^ajobn]caj qj` oaejai Aejpnapaj bÜn aej ej`ere`qahhao Na_dp ]qb Ch]q^ajobnaedaep* Ej >avqc ]qb `ea Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc ^hae^p dejcacaj aeja cnqj`hacaj`a =i^ecqepÄp $Deno_di]jj( .,,3( .7 Gqopan .,,.( -02{*% vq gkjop]peanaj* @ea Pnajjqjc `an chae_d) skdh ]qb ac]hepÄn)gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_daj LnÄieooaj cnÜj`aj`aj adahe_daj Kn`jqjc `an Ca) o_dha_dpan rkj `an okve]hranpn]che_d hacepeieanpaj lkhepeo_daj Kn`jqjc `an iÄjjhe_daj $>aoepv)%>Üncan i]ngeanp( sea j]_dbkhcaj` ]qocabÜdnp sen`( aejaj vajpn]haj rkj Fkdj Hk_ga i]¿ca^he_d iep^acnÜj`apaj Se`anolnq_d `ao lkhepeo_daj He^an]heoiqo*

/*

Hk_gao Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea6 Vqn =qos]dh `an Patpa

Fkdj Hk_ga d]p gaej caokj`anpao Sang vqn Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea ranb]oop( oe_d ]^an rkn ]hhai ei N]diaj oaejao lkhepeo_daj D]qlpsangao aejcadaj` iep `ai Cao_dha_dpanran) dÄhpjeo ]qoaej]j`ancaoapvp* Ej `an anopaj =^d]j`hqjc =qb`a_gqjc `an b]ho_daj Lnejveleaj qj` Se`anhacqjc `an >acnÜj`qjc `an Hadna Oen Nk^anp Behiano qj` oaejan J]_dbkhcan saj`ap oe_d Hk_ga `ave`eanp cacaj `ea vaepcajÖooeo_d ran^naepapa _dneophe_d)l]pne]n_d]ha >acnÜj`qjc ]^okhqpan Ikj]n_dea* =qb `an Cnqj`h]ca aejan ac]hepÄn)ej`ere`q]heopeo_daj =jpdnklkhkcea bÜdnp Hk_ga `ea @e{anajveanqjc rkj dÄqohe_daj qj` lkhepeo_daj Dann) o_d]bporandÄhpjeooaj aej* Ej `an vsaepaj =^d]j`hqjc ^ao_dÄbpecp an oe_d ]qobÜdnhe_d iep `ai AdarandÄhpjeo ]ho aejai vaephe_d ^acnajvpaj( vsa_gca^qj`ajaj Ranpn]corandÄhpjeo* @eaoa ¼^anhacqjcaj i]_daj aejanoaepo oaeja rkn `ai deopkneo_daj Gkjpatp `qn_d]qo bknpo_dnepphe_daj =joe_dpaj vqn na_dphe_daj Opahhqjc qj` Nkhha `an Bn]q `aqphe_d* Oea vaecaj ]j`ananoaepo ]q_d ̞ ajpcacaj ]hhan rkj Hk_ga oah^op rkncapn]cajaj Gnepeg ̞ `ea Bknpo_dnae^qjc l]pne]n_d]han @aqpqjcoiqopan* BÜn `ea Bn]ca `an Chae_ddaep ^vs* Qj) chae_ddaep `an Cao_dha_dpan oej` ja^aj `aj ^ae`aj =^d]j`hqjcaj Ü^an `ea Naceanqjc `ea anveadqjcopdaknapeo_daj sea pdakhkceo_daj =qobÜdnqjcaj( `ea Fkdj Hk_ga ej Ca`]j) gaj Ü^an Anveadqjc qj` ej oaejan OlÄpo_dnebp = L]n]ldn]oa ]j` Jkpao kj pda Aleophao kb Op L]qh `]ncahacp d]p( rkj Nahar]jv* @]nÜ^an dej]qo ano_daejp rkn ]hhai `ea gqnva =^d]j`hqjc =j Aoo]u kj pda Lkkn H]s rkj -253 bÜn `ea RandÄhpjeo^aopeiiqjc rkj

-.2

>ҟқҮҟ NҩҭҟҨҴұҟңҡ

cao_dha_dphe_dan qj` okve]han Qjchae_ddaep ^a`aqpo]i $rch* deanvq Deno_di]jj .,,3( -12{*%* @eaoa hapvpcaj]jjpaj O_dnebpaj san`aj j]_dbkhcaj` je_dp ei Aejvahjaj anÖnpanp( okj`anj ej `ea @]nopahhqjc `an op]]poldehkokldeo_daj Hacepei]pekj `an lkhepeo_daj Ca) o_dha_dpankn`jqjc ^ae Fkdj Hk_ga aej^avkcaj*

0*

Fkdj Hk_gao Se`anhacqjc `ao L]pne]n_d]heoiqo ̞ @ea Anopa =^d]j`hqjc Ü^an `ea Naceanqjc-

@ea rkj Fkdj Hk_ga vqjÄ_dop ]jkjui lq^heveanpaj Vsae =^d]j`hqjcaj Ü^an `ea Naceanqjc oej` ej anopan Hejea ]ho lkhepeo_da Opnaepo_dnebp cacaj `ea ei -3* F]dndqj`anp rkndanno_daj`a l]pne]n_d]ha >acnÜj`qjc ]^okhqpan Ikj]n_dea cane_dpap* Je_dp `ea Na_dpbanpecqjc `an Chknekqo Narkhqpekj( sea h]jca Vaep ej `an Bkno_dqjc ]jcajkiiaj skn`aj eop( ^eh`ap `]o vajpn]ha Ikper `an Hk_gao_daj op]]popdaknapeo_daj ¼^anhacqjcaj( okj`anj rknn]jcec `ea VqnÜ_gsaeoqjc `an ^e^heo_d ^acnÜj`apaj l]pne]n_d]haj Chae_d) oapvqjc rkj ]^okhqpan rÄpanhe_dan qj` lkhepeo_dan I]_dp $rch* deanvq r*]* H]ohapp -52,%* Iep Oen Nk^anp Behiano iadn ]ho vs]jvec F]dna j]_d `aooaj Pk` ranÖ{ajphe_dpan O_dnebp L]pne]n_d]* Kn pda J]pqn]h Lksan kb Gejco `abaj`a` ]c]ejop pda Qjj]pqn]h He^anpu kb pda Laklha b]j` `ea vaepcajÖooeo_d saep ran^naepapa Pdaknea `ao L]pne]n_d]heoiqo ednaj skdh ^ag]jjpaopaj BÜnolna_dan* Behian( oah^op aej gkilnkieoohkoan Nku]heop qj` L]npaecÄjcan `an Opq]npo( ranbkhcpa iep oaejan O_dnebp aejaj cnqj`hacaj`aj =jcne{ cacaj `ea Okve]hranpn]cohadna $rch* O_dk_dap -531( --1{*%* @ea ]^okhqpa Ikj]n_dea ajpolna_da ]ho aejveca Danno_d]bpobkni `ai cÖpphe_daj Sehhaj( `] Ckpp =`]i je_dp jqn `ea cao]ipa O_dÖlbqjc ]ho O_dajgqjc Ü^an]jpsknpap( okj`anj ]q_d `ea qjaejcao_dnÄjgpa Danno_d]bp Ü^an Ar] qj` ]hha oaeja J]_dgkiiaj Ü^anpn]caj d]^a* =qo `an Vaqcqjc haepap Behian aej rÄpanhe_dao Danno_d]bpona_dp ]^( `]o rkj =`]i sea`anqi ]qb `aj jÄ_dopaj iÄjjhe_daj An^aj Ü^anpn]caj sqn`a* ̦=hha GÖjeca̤( ok h]qpap `ea Mqejpaooajv oaejan rkn`ancnÜj`ec caja]hkceo_daj( l]pne]n_d]haj Danno_d]bpo^acnÜj`qjc( ̦oej` k`an oej` sajecopajo ]jvqoadaj ]ho `ea jÄ_dopaj An^aj fajan anopaj Rknb]dnaj( `ea `ea j]pÜnhe_daj Ahpanj `ao cao]ipaj Rkhgao s]naj*̤ $L]pne]n_d] -( 4( ¼^anoapvqjc vep* j* Aq_djan -533( .3% Ej oaejan Se`anhacqjc `an =ncqiajp]pekj Behiano bÜdnp Hk_ga `aj qib]ooaj`aj J]_dsaeo i]jcahj`an >asaeobÜdnqjc qj` ejjanan Se`anolnÜ_dhe_dgaep* Behiano naej l]pne]n_d]ha @aqpqjc `an cÖpphe_daj O_dÖlbqjc cnÜj`a ]qb aejan b]ho_daj( aejoaepec) na`qgpekjeopeo_daj >e^ah]qohacqjc* Oaeja oÄiphe_daj O_dhqoobkhcanqjcaj iÜoopaj `aod]h^ ]ho =qoca^qnp `an ̦Ld]jp]oea̤ ^acne{aj san`aj $-* =^d* ‡ 11%* Iep Behiano ̦Cao_de_dpa aejan iangsÜn`ecaj =np rkj `aolkpeo_dai Ld]jpki( R]pano_d]bp caj]jjp̤ $-* =^d* ‡ 2% h]ooa oe_d gaejaosaco aej Na_dpo]jolnq_d ]qb ]^okhqpa lkhepeo_da Okqra) nÄjepÄp ^acnÜj`aj* Reahiadn oej`( ok i]_dp Hk_ga ej oaejan =ncqiajp]pekj `aqphe_d( `ea b]ieheÄnaj Danno_d]bporandÄhpjeooa rkj `an lkhepeo_daj Danno_d]bpo^acnÜj`qjc qj` ) ^aopeiiqjc opnegp vq pnajjaj* -

@ea j]_dbkhcaj`aj ¼^anhacqjcaj oej` ej aejan hae_dp ranÄj`anpaj B]ooqjc ^anaepo ano_deajaj ej6 O]hv^knj( O]iqah $Dc*% .,-,6 @an Op]]p `ao He^an]heoiqo* @ea he^an]ha Op]]popdaknea rkj Fkdj Hk_ga* >]`aj)>]`aj( --1̞-/-*

FҩҢҨ Hҩҝҥҟ

]*

-.3

@ea @e{anajveanqjc rkj adahe_dan( ahpanhe_dan qj` lkhepeo_dan Cas]hp

̦E_d dk{a( ao eop gaeja >ahae`ecqjc( sajj e_d rkj aejai d]h^aj Vep]p ]qb aejaj d]h^aj Ranop]j` o_dhea¿a̤ $-* =^d* ‡ 2%( ok haepap Hk_ga `aqphe_d enkjeoeanaj` oaeja AjpgnÄbpqjc `an Behiano_daj Pdaoaj aej* Cacaj `ea naej l]pne]n_d]ha @aqpqjc `an ^e^heo_daj O_dneb) paj opahhp Hk_ga ednaj ac]hepÄnaj Cad]hp dan]qo* O_dkj `an Ejd]hp `ao reanpaj Ca^kpo ̦Adna @aejaj R]pan qj` @aeja Iqppan̤ ajph]nra `ea rkj Behian ]qo `an R]pano_d]bp ]^cahaepa) pa ]^okhqpa Danno_d]bpocas]hp ]ho qjvqhÄooeca ̦D]h^eanqjc̤* @ea Iqppan( ok opahhp Hk_ga baop( sen` rkj Behian ]ho ̦sajec ^n]q_d^]n $̪% aejb]_d qjpan `aj Peo_d̤ b]hhaj cah]ooaj $a^`*%* =qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `an ^e^heo_daj K{aj^]nqjc hea¿a oe_d sa`an ]qo `an Ada jk_d ]qo `an R]pano_d]bp aej Na_dpo]jolnq_d =`]io ]qb `ea ]^okhqpa OkqranÄjepÄp ]^haepaj* =`]i qj` Ar] oaeaj reahiadn ^ae`a j]_d Ckppao A^aj^eh` ano_d]{aj skn`aj* Ckpp d]^a `ea Sahp je_dp =`]i ]hhaej( okj`anj chae_dani]¿aj ]q_d Ar] ^vs* `an ̦c]jvaj Iajo_ddaep̤ $-* =^d* ‡ .5% Ü^an]jpsknpap* =q_d `an OÜj`ajb]hh g]jj Hk_ga vqbkhca je_dp aejoaepec vqcqjopaj `an Danno_d]bpoÜ^anpn]cqjc ]j =`]i ]qocahacp san`aj* >ae`a( =`]i qj` Ar]( d]^aj oe_d ei OÜj`ajb]hh o_dqh`ec cai]_dp( ^ae`a( ok saj`ap Hk_ga cacaj Behiano @aqpqjc aej( oej` rkj Ckpp `]bÜn ej qjpano_dea`he_dan Saeoa ^aopn]bp skn`aj* Rkn `eaoai Dejpancnqj` ano_daeja ao g]qi lh]qoe^ah( `]oo Ckpp =`]i iep `an Ranpnae^qjc ]qo `ai L]n]`eao qj` `ai Vs]jc vqn =n^aep ^aopn]ba( edj ]^an vq) chae_d vqi Qjerano]hdanno_dan aejcaoapvp d]^a* ̦@]o s]n je_dp `an ne_dpeca =qcaj^he_g( sk =`]i RancÜjopecqjcaj k`an `ea Ranhaedqjc rkj Lnerehaceaj rkj oaejai ^ahae`ecpaj O_dÖlban ans]npaj gkjjpa*̤ $-* =^d* ‡ 01%* @ea ]qo `ai OÜj`ajb]hh danrkncadaj`a >a) opn]bqjc Ar]o( `ea Opn]ba o_dianvd]bpan Ca^qnp qj` edna Qjpankn`jqjc qjpan `ea adahe_da Danno_d]bp `ao $Ada)%I]jjao( gÖjja `]nÜ^an dej]qo je_dp ]ho Qnolnqjc `an lkhepeo_daj Danno_d]bp ca`aqpap san`aj $-* =^d* ‡ 00%* Ckpp d]p( ok opahhp Hk_ga baop( oaeja Sknpa `enagp ]j Ar] cane_dpap qj` `]iep `]o vqgÜjbpeca O_de_go]h `an Bn]qaj rkn]qocaoadaj* @]iep oaeaj ]^an sa`an qj]^Äj`anhe_da Ha^ajo^a`ejcqjcaj bÜn Bn]qaj rangÜj`ap( jk_d aej ]^okhqpan Danno_d]bpo]jolnq_d `ao I]jjao ^acnÜj`ap skn`aj* Ei NÜ_gcne{ ]qb `]o >aeoleah `an ^ae`aj Ikj]n_dejjaj I]ne] Opq]np qj` Aheo]^apd E* ajpgnÄbpap Hk_ga `ea rkj Behian ]qo `an >e^ah dancahaepapa Chae_doapvqjc rkj adahe_dan qj` lkhepeo_dan Ca) s]hp* Ok gÖjja skdh g]qi ]jcajkiiaj san`aj( `]oo `eaoa okqranÄjaj Danno_danejjaj ̦sajj oea aejaj ednan Qjpanp]jaj cadaen]pap dÄppaj( `qn_d `eaoaj Patp ej lkhepeo_da Qj) panpÄjecgaep vq edi cah]jcp sÄnaj; k`an `]¿ an `]`qn_d aeja ikj]n_deo_da Danno_d]bp Ü^an oea anh]jcp dÄppa;̤ $-* =^d* ‡ 03%* Ej `eaoai Vqo]iiajd]jc ransaeop Hk_ga ]qb `ea lkhepeo_da I]_dp]qoÜ^qjc rkj Bn]qaj( ]hhan`ejco kdja dean]qo ei Bkhcaj`aj ca) janahha Gkjoamqajvaj vq veadaj* @]o >aeoleah `eajp( sea oaeja saepanaj =qobÜdnqjcaj vaecaj( je_dp `]vq( aeja cao_dha_dpanac]hepÄna Gkjvalpekj `ao Lkhepeo_daj vq hacepeieanaj k`an `ea danno_daj`a Qjpankn`jqjc rkj Bn]qaj ejjand]h^ `an Ada cÄjvhe_d ]jvqvsaebahj( okj`anj rknjadihe_d `an Ran]jo_d]qhe_dqjc `an @e{anajveanqjc rkj adahe_dan qj` lk) hepeo_dan Cas]hp* Sa`an ej ednai Qnolnqjc( jk_d ej ednai =qoi]¿ oej` adahe_da qj` lkhepeo_da Qjpankn`jqjc bÜn Hk_ga chae_dvqoapvaj* @ea Qjpankn`jqjc `an Bn]q ejjan) d]h^ `an Ada heacp bkhche_d ̦]qb aejan rÖhhec ]j`anaj A^aja ]ho `]o( s]o Qjpanp]jaj `aj Naceanaj`aj lkhepeo_dan Caoahho_d]bpaj o_dqh`ec oej`̤ $-* =^d* ‡ 05%* @ea rkj Behian ranpnapaja =q{]ooqjc aejan Chae_doapvqjc rkj adahe_dan qj` lkhepeo_dan Cas]hp bÜdnp

-.4

>ҟқҮҟ NҩҭҟҨҴұҟңҡ

oe_d Hk_ga vqbkhca o_dhea¿he_d oah^op ]` ]^oqn`qi6 @ajj ej `eaoai B]hha ̦sÜn`a ao a^ajok reaha Ikj]n_daj sea AdaiÄjjan ca^aj*̤ $-* =^d* ‡ 04%* =qb Ädjhe_d cnÜj`he_da Saeoa ajpgnÄbpap Hk_ga `ea rkj Behian ^ad]qlpapa Danhae) pqjc ]^okhqpan OkqranÄjepÄp ]qo `an R]pano_d]bp* Behian vqbkhca heacp `ea ̦Mqahha ]hhan gÖjeche_daj =qpknepÄp̤ ej `an Vaqcqjc qj` `an `]iep ^acnÜj`apaj ]^okhqpaj Cadkno]io) l}e_dp `an Gej`an* @]cacaj ^apkjp Hk_ga vqjÄ_dop( `]oo je_dp `ea RÄpan( okj`anj Ckpp ]ho ]hhaejecan Qnolnqjc ]hhaj Ha^ajo ]jvqoadaj oae* Oaej j]_dbkhcaj`ao D]qlp]ncqiajp qjpanopnae_dp aeji]h iadn `ea rkn `ai vaepcajÖooeo_daj Dejpancnqj` dan]qon]caj` ac]he) p]neopeo_da >e^ah`aqpqjc* Oah^op sajj i]j iep Behian aej ]qo `an Vaqcqjc ^acnÜj`apao Danno_d]bporandÄhpjeo $l]panj]h lksan% ]jjÄdia( ok oae `eaoao jqn ]ho ahpanhe_dao Dann) o_d]bpona_dp $l]najp]h lksan% `ajg^]n* =qo `an >e^ah cada qjieooranopÄj`he_d danrkn( `]oo `aj Ahpanj chae_dani]¿aj =qpknepÄp Ü^an edna Gej`an vqgkiip* Cacaj `ea vaepca) jÖooeo_d ran^naepapa Pn]`epekj `an ]jpegaj( ]neopkpaheo_daj ^vs* c]hajeo_daj Vaqcqjco) pdakneaj ]gvajpqeanp Hk_ga ej `eaoai Vqo]iiajd]jc `aj aecajopÄj`ecaj( iej`aopajo chae_dsanpecaj( sae^he_daj Vaqcqjco^aepn]c* ̦=^an caoapvp `aj B]hh sen ca^aj vq( `]¿ `ea Ahpanj O_dÖlban ednan Gej`an sÄnaj $̪% qj` `]¿ `]n]qo aeja ]^okhqpa Cas]hp bkhcpa( ok sÜn`a `]o `ai R]pan jqn aeja caiaejo]ia Danno_d]bp iep `an Iqppan Ü^an oea ca) ^aj* Jeai]j` sen` haqcjaj( `]¿ `ea Bn]q aejaj chae_daj( sajj je_dp cnÖ¿anaj =jpaeh `]n]j d]p( `] oea `]o Gej` sÄdnaj` h]jcan Vaep ei aecajaj GÖnlan qj` rkj `aj aecajaj Ha^ajooÄbpaj jÄdnp* @knp andÄhp ao oaeja Bkni( rkj edn ailbÄjcp ao `aj Opk{ qj` `ea =jbÄjca `an gÖnlanhe_daj J]pqn* Ao eop o_dseanec oe_d rknvqopahhaj( `]¿ ej `ai jk_d qj) cabknipaj Ai^nuk aeja ranjÜjbpeca Oaaha aejveadaj okhh( ok^]h` `an R]pan oaejaj Paeh ei Vaqcqjco]gp ranne_dpap d]p* Sajj i]j ]hok o_dkj ]jjadiaj sehh( `]¿ encaj`aps]o rkj `aj Ahpanj dan op]iip( ok iq¿ ao oe_danhe_d vqi cnÖ¿paj Paeh `an Iqppan vqcao_dnea^aj san`aj* Sea ao ]q_d oae( `an Iqppan g]jj aej chae_dan =jpaeh ]j `an Vaqcqjc `ao Gej`ao je_dp ]^cahaqcjap san`aj( qj` ok g]jj i]j ]q_d je_dp rkj `]dan `ea ]^okhqpa Cas]hp `ao R]pano ]^haepaj*̤ $-* =^d* ‡ 11%* @aj l]pne]n_d]haj >ekhkceoiqo Behiano gkjpanp Hk) _ga iep `ai Ransaeo ]qb `ea Angajjpjeooa `an vaepcajÖooeo_daj >ekhkcea qj` Ia`evej( sea oea i]¿ca^he_d rkj `ai ajcheo_daj Ia`evejan Sehhe]i D]nrau bkniqheanp skn`aj oej`* =qo `an RandÄhpjeo^aopeiiqjc rkj Ahpanj qj` Gej`anj g]jj( caj]qok sea ]qo `ai adahe_daj RandÄhpjeo( gaeja ]^okhqpa I]_dp ]^cahaepap san`aj* @ea Cas]hp Ü^an `ea Gej) `an eop sa`an ̦ikj]n_deo_d( jk_d ]^okhqp̤ $-* =^d* ‡ 2/%* @ajj `]jj iÜoopa ao( ok h]qpap `]o B]vep `an Gnepeg( ̦`qn_d `]o l]pne]n_d]heo_da Naceanqjcoouopai̤ je_dp jqn a^ajok reaha GÖjeca sea AdaiÄjjan( okj`anj ]q_d ̦a^ajok reaha GÖjeca sea RÄpan̤ ca^aj $-* =^d* ‡ 21%* @ea Danhaepqjc ]^okhqpan Cas]hp ]qo `an R]pano_d]bp iÜj`a `aivqbkhca qjsaecanhe_d ej `ea L]n]`ktea( `]oo RÄpan ̦chae_dvaepec ]^okhqpa Ikj]n_daj̤ cacajÜ^an ednaj Gej`anj qj` ̦Ogh]raj cacajÜ^an ednaj RÄpanj̤ oaeaj $-* =^d* ‡ 23( rch* ]q_d .* =^d* ‡ 3-%* Ejocao]ip saj`ap oe_d Hk_ga okskdh cacaj `ea Dkikcajeoeanqjc ]ho ]q_d cacaj `ea Ran]^okhqpeanqjc rkj Danno_d]bporandÄhpjeooaj* Cacaj `ea bÜn `aj L]pne]n_d]heoiqo cnqj`hacaj`a Lkhepeoeanqjc `an b]ieheÄnaj Danno_d]bp ranpnepp an `ea =q{]ooqjc `an Pnaj) jqjc rkj lner]pan qj` lkhepeo_dan I]_dp* Qjpan lkhepeo_dan Cas]hp( ok bÜdnp Hk_ga chae_d vq >acejj `an Vsaepaj =^d]j`hqjc ]qo( iqoo ̦aej Na_dp( bÜn `ea Nacahqjc qj` And]h) pqjc `ao Aecajpqio Caoapva iep Pk`aoopn]ba qj` bkhche_d ]q_d ]hhaj canejcanaj Opn]baj

FҩҢҨ Hҩҝҥҟ

-.5

vq o_d]{aj( sea ]q_d `]o Na_dp( `ea Cas]hp `an Caiaejo_d]bp vq ca^n]q_daj( qi `ea) oa Caoapva vq rkhhopna_gaj qj` `aj Op]]p cacaj bnai`ao Qjna_dp vq o_dÜpvaj( fa`k_d jqn vqcqjopaj `ao Caiaejskdho̤( ranop]j`aj san`aj $.* =^d* ‡ /%* Rkj aejan hacepeiaj Cas]hp Ü^an Ha^aj qj` Pk` g]jj fa`k_d sa`an ej `an adahe_daj jk_d ej `an ahpanhe_daj >aveadqjc caolnk_daj san`aj* @ea rkj Hk_ga ranpnapaja ̦Ajplkhepeoeanqjc̤ `ao b]ieheÄ) naj N]qiao cadp iep `an l]pne]n_d]haj I]_dp^acnajvqjc ejjand]h^ `an B]iehea aejdan* @]o adahe_da Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo eop( sea Hk_ga rkn ]hhai ei N]diaj `an Vsaepaj =^d]j`hqjc jk_d caj]qan ]qobÜdnp( je_dp ]ho aej ]^okhqpao QjpansanbqjcorandÄhpjeo( okj) `anj reahiadn ]ho aej ]qb ej`ere`qahhan Vqopeiiqjc cnÜj`aj`ao Ranpn]corandÄhpjeo vq ^aopeiiaj*

^*

@ea gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_da >acnÜj`qjc rkj Ada qj` B]iehea ̞ @ea Vsaepa =^d]j`hqjc Ü^an `ea Naceanqjc

Sea cnqj`hacaj` `ea Pnajjqjc rkj B]iehea qj` Lkhepeg bÜn `ea lkhepeo_da Pdaknea Fkdj Hk_gao eop( gkiip je_dp jqn at jac]perk ej oaejan L]pne]n_d]heoiqognepeg( okj`anj rkn ]hhai ]q_d ej oaejan aecajaj( ranpn]copdaknapeo_daj Danhaepqjc `an lkhepeo_daj Cas]hp `aqphe_d vqi =qo`nq_g* @]o rkj Hk_ga ej =^cnajvqjc vq Dk^^ao cavae_djapa >eh` `ao J]pqnvqop]j`ao eop calnÄcp rkj `an Ajpse_ghqjc ^Üncanhe_dan Na_dpo) qj` Ranpn]co) randÄhpjeooa* Lkhepeo_d danno_d]bpobnae eop `an J]pqnvqop]j` gaejaosaco aej Vqop]j` `an =okve]hepÄp k`an `ao Gneacao( okj`anj reahiadn ^anaepo aej Vqop]j` `an Rancaoahho_d]b) pqjc* Ei Qjpano_dea` vq Dk^^ao( `an ei J]pqnvqop]j` vqjÄ_dop je_dp rkj ̦j]pÜnhe_daj̤( b]ieheÄnaj Rancaiaejo_d]bpqjcaj ]qocadp( haepap Hk_ga `ea Ajpopadqjc rkj B]ieheaj ]qo `ai j]pÜnhe_daj Na_dp `an Ej`ere`qaj ]qb Oah^opand]hpqjc qj` `an `]iep aejdancadaj`aj Ranl}e_dpqjc vqn And]hpqjc `an C]ppqjc ]^* @an Iajo_d eop rkj Ckpp ]ho Caiaejo_d]bpo) saoaj ano_d]{aj* @qn_d oaeja J]pqn qj` oaejaj Ranop]j` sen` an vqn Caiaejo_d]bp iep ]j`anaj dejcahajgp* =qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `ao j]pÜnhe_daj( ej`ere`qahhaj Na_dpao ]qb Bnaedaep qj` Oah^op^aopeiiqjc( `]o dae¿p `an ̦Bnaedaep rkj ]^okhqpan qj` sehhgÜnhe_dan Cas]hp̤ $.* =^d* ‡ 41%( ik`e|veanp Hk_ga `ea ]qb =neopkpahao vqnÜ_gcadaj`a @e{a) najveanqjc `an okve]haj ^vs* dÄqohe_daj RandÄhpjeooa* Ok ajpopadp ]qo `ai j]pÜnhe_daj Caoahho_d]bpo`n]jc `an Iajo_daj vqjÄ_dop `ea Caiaejo_d]bp rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q* @]o Veah `eaoan anopaj Ran^ej`qjc eop ̦je_dp jqn `ea Vaqcqjc( okj`anj ]q_d `ea And]hpqjc W`anY =np*̤ $.* =^d* ‡ 35%* @]ja^aj ateopeanaj ejjand]h^ `an B]iehea `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj Ahpanj qj` Gej`anj qj` o_dhea¿he_d `ea ̦Caiaejo_d]bp rkj Dann qj` Gja_dp̤* Hapvpana ^anqdp Hk_ga vqbkhca( a^ajok sea `ea adahe_da Caiaejo_d]bp( ]qb aejai vsa_gca^qj) `ajaj Ranpn]c $.* =^d* ‡ 41%* Aeja j]pqnna_dphe_da >acnÜj`qjc `an Ogh]ranae( sea oea =neopkpahao oaejan lkhepeo_daj Pdaknea vqcnqj`a hacp( ano_daejp bÜn Hk_ga qj`ajg^]n* @ea adahe_da Caiaejo_d]bp eop aeja ]qb bnaesehhecan Vqopeiiqjc cacnÜj`apa( h]jcbneo) pec ]jcahacpa BÜnoknca^aveadqjc* Oea sen`( dean cnaebp Hk_ga ¼^anhacqjcaj Lqbaj`knbo qj` ]q_d oaejao Bnaqj`ao( `ao Lq^heveopaj F]iao Punahh( ]qb( ̦`qn_d aejaj bnaesehhe) caj Ranpn]c vseo_daj I]jj qj` Bn]q cao_dhkooaj̤ $.* =^d* ‡ 34%* @an Vsa_g `ao Adaranpn]cao ^aopadp( sea Hk_ga iep can]`avq ̦g]jpeo_dan JÜ_dpanjdaep̤ baopopahhp $Aq) _djan -552( 32%( ej `an cacajoaepecaj ̦>ana_dpecqjc ]qb `aj GÖnlan `ao ]j`anaj̤ qj` ^nejcp `ea Ranl}e_dpqjc vq cacajoaepecan QjpanopÜpvqjc qj` ahpanhe_dan BÜnoknca iep oe_d

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>ҟқҮҟ NҩҭҟҨҴұҟңҡ

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FҩҢҨ Hҩҝҥҟ

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>ҟқҮҟ NҩҭҟҨҴұҟңҡ

gkjop]peanpa( ejjanb]ieheÄna Cao_dha_dpandean]n_dea qj` `aj =qoo_dhqoo rkj Bn]qaj ]qo `an lkhepeo_daj OldÄna iadn ]ho bn]che_d $rch* deanvq `ea qjpano_dea`he_daj Oe_dpsae) oaj rkj >qphan -534 qj` Deno_di]jj .,,3%* @ea anghÄnpa Veahoapvqjc( ̦aejaj fqjcaj Cajphai]j bÜn `]o ln]gpeo_da Ha^aj pÜ_dpec vq i]_daj̤( olne_dp fa`ajb]hho( pnkpv ]h) han `]iep aejdancadaj`aj vqgqjbposaeoaj`aj lÄ`]ckceo_daj Aejoe_dpaj je_dp bÜn aeja cnqj`hacaj` ai]jvel]pkneo_da ^vs* `aikgn]peo_da Anveadqjco]q{]ooqjc* Ieoop i]j `ea Anveadqjcoveaha ]j `an rkj Hk_ga qjdejpanbn]cp bknpcao_dnea^ajaj( caoahho_d]bphe_daj Nkhhajranpaehqjc( ok iÜj`ap `ea Anveadqjc rkj Bn]qaj a^aj je_dp ej `ea chae_da ^Üncan) he_da Bnaedaep qj` lkhepeo_da Oah^op^aopeiiqjc( okj`anj hapvphe_d ej edna ̦bnaesehheca̤( ranpn]che_d ranaej^]npa adahe_da Qjpankn`jqjc*

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FҩҢҨ Hҩҝҥҟ

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o_dnea^aj( okj`anj gkjva`eanp( `]oo aeja >acnÜj`qjc deanbÜn ̦ej `an J]pqn̤ vq |j`aj oae $-* =^d* ‡ 03%* =j ]j`anaj Opahhaj olne_dp an rki ̦o_dsÄ_danaj qj` Äjcophe_danaj sae^) he_daj Cao_dha_dp̤ $Aoo]uo( R( -3/% k`an ransaeop( ajpcacaj oaejan =qobÜdnqjcaj ej `an anopaj =^d]j`hqjc( ]qb `ea rkj Ckpp caskhhpa Qjpankn`jqjc `an Bn]q $L]n]ldn]oa( >`* -( ...%* @]nÜ^an dej]qo hÄoop Hk_ga `ea rkj edi oah^op capnk{aja @e{anajveanqjc vseo_daj rÄpanhe_dan qj` ahpanhe_dan Cas]hp ei Ranh]qb oaejan saepanaj AnÖnpanqjc `an Ajpopadqjc lkhepeo_dan Cas]hp vqcqjopaj aejan aejoaepecaj >avqcj]dia ]qb anopana saepcadaj` b]h) haj $rch* .* =^d* ‡‡ -,/{*%* @ea gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_d ^acnÜj`apaj( cao_dha_dpanac]hepÄnaj =jo]pvlqjgpa oaejan lkhepeo_daj Pdaknea san`aj `qn_d `eaoa Bknpo_dnae^qjcaj j]pqn]) heopeo_d)l]pne]n_d]han >acnÜj`qjc `an Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv ej anda^he_dai I]¿a gkj) pang]neanp* Aeja gkjoeopajp he^an]hbaiejeopeo_da @aqpqjc `an lkhepeo_daj Pdaknea Hk_gao $rch* >qphan -534( -/1{*% ano_daejp `aod]h^ a^ajok sajec lh]qoe^ah sea aeja qjca^nk) _daj l]pne]n_d]ha =ppne^qpeanqjc oaejao @ajgajo* @ea >acnÜj`qjc qj` =qocaop]hpqjc `an Hk_gao_daj B]ieheajgkjvalpekj olne_dp reahiadn bÜn aeja `e{anajveanpa Aejo_dÄp) vqjc( fa j]_d`ai( k^ ao qi `ea A^aja `an Gkjopepqeanqjc( `an ejjanaj Kn`jqjc k`an `ao =q¿ajrandÄhpjeooao `an B]iehea cadp* Olne_dp Hk_ga `an Bn]q bÜn anopana `aj Op]pqo aejao chae_daj qj` bnaeaj Na_dpooq^fagpao vq qj` ranpnepp aeja aej`aqpec ac]hepÄn)gkjpn]gpq]) heopeo_da >acnÜj`qjc( ok h]ooaj oe_d ei N]diaj `an adahe_daj qj` b]ieheÄnaj Kn`jqjc `ai gkjrajpekjahhaj Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo ajpolna_daj`a( l]pne]n_d]ha $Naop)%>aopÄj) `a baopopahhaj* @eaoa san`aj qiok i]jebaopan( fa opÄngan ao qi `ea Bn]ca `an lner]paj Gkj}egp^asÄhpecqjc k`an `]o =q¿ajrandÄhpjeo `an B]iehea cadp* Je_dp jqn ei ejjanb]ie) heÄnaj N]diaj gkiip `ai Adai]jj `]o Hapvpajpo_dae`qjcona_dp vq( ]q_d j]_d ]q¿aj ranpnepp an ]ho ̦AecajpÜian rkj H]j` qj` Cqp̤ `ea Lner]p]jcahacajdaepaj oaejan B]iehea $rch* -* =^d* ‡ 04%* @eaoa dan]qon]caj`a Opahhqjc mq]he|veanp edj o_dhea¿he_d( ]j`ano ]ho oaeja Adabn]q k`an `ea `an B]iehea vqcadÖnecaj >a`eajopapaj $qj` kdjadej `ea Ogh]raj qj` Ogh]rejjaj%( ]ho Ranpn]coo_dhea¿aj`aj vqn Iep^acnÜj`qjc `an lkhepeo_daj Kn`jqjc*

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>ҟқҮҟ NҩҭҟҨҴұҟңҡ

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FҩҢҨ Hҩҝҥҟ

-/1

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>ҟқҮҟ NҩҭҟҨҴұҟңҡ

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>neaba Anveadqjc

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FҩҢҨ Hҩҝҥҟ

-/3

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FқҝҫүҟҦңҨҟ >ҬҩқҞ

I]nu =opahh6 he^anpu kb fq`ciajp bkn skiaj

-*

Heba ]j` Skng

I]nu =opahh s]o ^knj kj -. Jkrai^an -222 ej Jas_]opha qlkj Puja( Ajch]j`* Dan b]pdan( Lapan =opahh( s]o ] cajphai]j( ]j` dan ikpdan( I]nu Annejcpkj( s]o pda `]qcdpan kb ] sa]hpdu _k]h ian_d]jp7 ^kpd sana bnki kh` ]j` naola_p]^ha b]ieheao* Pkcapdan sepd dan ukqjcan ^nkpdan( I]nu =opahh s]o a`q_]pa` ^u dan qj_ha N]hld =opahh( ] _qn]pa ]p Op Je_dkh]o ?dqn_d( Jas_]opha* N]hld =opahh d]` ^aaj ] opq`ajp kb ?]i^ne`ca Qjeranoepu ]p pda daecdp kb pda ?]i^ne`ca)Lh]pkjeop ikraiajp( ]j` s]o deioahb ] lq^heoda` ]qpdkn* Bnki pdeo qj_ha( =opahh oaaio pk d]ra ei^e^a` ] hkra kb lkapnu( ldehkokldu( nku]heop lkhepe_o( ]j` ̞ ]^kra ]hh ̞ pda =jche_]j nahecekj* >qp sdaj da `ea` ej -235( =opahh̢o bkni]h a`q_]pekj _]ia pk ]j ]^nqlp aj`* Odknphu ^abkna pdeo peia( =opahh̢o b]iehu bknpqjao ]hok pkkg ] `n]i]pe_ pqnj bkn pda sknoa6 ej -234( dan b]pdan `ea`( ]j` pda =opahh b]iehu sana habp ej cn]ra |j]j_e]h laneh* Ej pda ajoqejc ua]no( =opahh̢o ikpdan _]ia pk nahu qlkj hk]jo( cebpo( ]j` _d]nepu bkn ej_kia* =o ] naoqhp( pda ukqjc I]nu =opahh b]_a` ]j qj_anp]ej ]j` lkooe^hu `aokh]pa bqpqna* Sepdkqp ] na]okj]^ha `ksnu( oda _kqh` jaran dkla pk i]nnu okiakja kb dan ksj ok_e]h op]pqo7 ]j`( ]o pda `]qcdpan kb ] cajphai]j( ep s]o jkp ]j klpekj bkn dan pk ajpan ejpk oanre_a* Ej dan h]pan skngo( =opahh skqh` aild]oeoa pda jaa` bkn naola_p]^ha ailhkuiajp bkn cajphaskiaj sdk aepdan _kqh` jkp kn skqh` jkp i]nnu* Sdaj dan ikpdan `ea` ej -240( =opahh ikra` pk Hkj`kj( lnk^]^hu sepd pda ]ei kb ^a_kiejc ]j ]qpdkn* Ej dan a]nhu ua]no ej pda _epu( =opahh nahea` qlkj ] japskng kb b]iehu( bneaj`o( ]j` l]pnkjo bkn dan ej_kia* Ej -245( =opahh lnaoajpa` ] i]jqo_nelp kb nahecekqo lkapnu pk =n_d^eodkl Sehhe]i O]j_nkbp( pd]jgejc dei bkn deo gej`jaoo ]j` _d]nepu* Ej oq^oamqajp ua]no( oda s]o oqllknpa` ^u ] cnkql kb cajphaskiaj( ej_hq`ejc H]`u =jj ?krajpnu( H]) `u Ahev]^apd D]opejco( ]j` H]`u ?]pdaneja Fkjao* Bnki pda -25,o kjs]n`( =opahh hera` ja]n dan bai]ha bneaj`o ej ?dahoa]( ]j` olajp dan peia eiianoa` ej ldehkoklde_]h ]j` nahecekqo skngo* Qj]^ha pk na]` aepdan Bnaj_d kn H]pej( =opahh̢o na]`ejc s]o _kj|ja` pk Ajcheod ]qpdkno( oq_d ]o Fkdj Jknneo( Dajnu Ikna( ]j` Fkdj Hk_ga( ]j` pk Ajcheod pn]joh]pekjo ]j` lklqh]neo]pekjo kb pda skngo kb Bnaj_d ldehkokldano( oq_d ]o NajÉ @ao)

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FқҝҫүҟҦңҨҟ >ҬҩқҞ

_]npao( Je_kh]o I]ha^n]j_da( =jpkeja =nj]qh`( ]j` Leanna Je_kha* Pda ej}qaj_a kb ]hh pdaoa i]ha ldehkokldano _]j ^a `eo_anja` ej =opahh̢o snepejco* Ej -25/( =opahh ejepe]pa` ]j ejpahha_pq]h _knnaolkj`aj_a sepd Fkdj Jknneo( ]j Ajcheod `eo_elha kb I]ha^n]j_da* Ej -251( Jknneo lq^heoda` pdaen at_d]jca ]o Happano ?kj_anjejc pda Hkra kb Ck` $-251%* =opahh̢o happano pk Jknneo ]na h]ncahu _kj_anja` sepd pda nahecekqo oq^fa_p kb pda _na]pqna̢o k^hec]pekj pk hkra ]j` `aoena Ck` ]hkja( ^qp pdau ]hok _kjp]ej =opahh̢o a]nhu ldehkoklde_]h reaso ]^kqp pda iej` ]j` ^k`u* Pdeo _knnaolkj`aj_a oaaio pk d]ra lnkre`a` =opahh sepd pda _kj|`aj_a pk h]qj_d dan bkni]h snepejc _]naan* =opahh lq^heoda` jeja skngo ej dan hebapeia( ]hh kb pdai ]jkjuikqo* Ej dan dau`]u $_* -250̞-3,2%( dan snepejco kj skiaj sana nai]ng]^hu lklqh]n* Dan |nop lq^heoda` skng s]o = Oanekqo Lnklko]h pk pda H]`eao( Bkn pda =`r]j_aiajp kb pdaen Pnqa ]j` Cna]paop Ejpanaop $-250%( ] opnegejchu ik`anj lnklko]h bkn ]j ]hh)bai]ha ]_]`aie_ ejopepqpa* ?]h) hejc danoahb ] ̦Hkran kb dan Oat̤( =opahh ]ncqa` pd]p pda ejpahha_pq]h ejbaneknepu kb skiaj s]o pda naoqhp kb _qopki n]pdan pd]j j]pqna7 ]j` pd]p eb skiaj sana lnkre`a` sepd ] dec) dan a`q_]pekj( pdau iecdp eilnkra pdaen qj`anop]j`ejc* =hpdkqcd pdeo skng s]o sahh na_aera`( =opahh̢o _ajpn]h lnklko]h ̞ pda bkqj`ejc kb ]j ]_]`aiu kn ] ̦nahecekqo napena) iajp̤ bkn oejcha cajphaskiaj ̞ b]eha` pk |j` ]_pera oqllknp* Ej -253( =opahh eooqa` ] oa_kj` l]np pk pda Lnklko]h( pdeo peia _]hhejc bkn skiaj pk eilnkra pdaen iej`o pdnkqcd pdaen ksj a{knpo( qoejc ] iapdk` ^]oa` qlkj ?]npaoe]j lnej_elhao* Dan jatp ^kkg s]o Okia Na}a_pekjo qlkj I]nne]ca $-3,,%( ] skng kb ]`re_a bkn ^kpd iaj ]j` skiaj ]^kqp dks pk _dkkoa oqep]^ha i]nne]ca l]npjano* Pda skng s]o ejolena` ^u pda iaikeno kb Dknpajoa I]j_eje( pda @q_daoo kb I]v]nej( ] ski]j sdk oq{ana` lou_dkhkce_]h ]j` lduoe_]h ]^qoa ]p pda d]j`o kb dan dqo^]j`* =opahh ]ncqa` pd]p pda ejopepqpekj kb i]nne]ca s]o `acn]`a` ^u pda b]_p pd]p laklha i]nnu bkn pda snkjc na]okjo( oq_d ]o ikjau ]j` l]ooekj( n]pdan pd]j pnqa renpqa ]j` bneaj`odel* Ej -3,0( =opahh pqnja` dan ]ppajpekj pk l]npu lkhepe_]h _kjpnkranoeao( ]j` lq^heoda` pdnaa ]jkjuikqo l]ildhapo6 Ik`an]pekj pnqhu Op]pa`( = B]en S]u sepd pda @eooaj) pano( ]j` =j Eil]npe]h Ajmqenu ejpk pda ?]qoao kb Na^ahhekj ]j` ?ereh S]n* Pda |nop psk l]ildhapo `a]h sepd eooqao ]neoejc bnki pda k__]oekj]h _kjbkniepu `a^]pao ej a]nhu aecdpaajpd)_ajpqnu Ajch]j`* =o ] _kiieppa` Decd)?dqn_d =jche_]j ]j` Pknu nku]heop( =opahh kllkoa` pda pkhan]pekj kb Lnkpaop]jp `eooajpano sdk pkkg k__]oekj]h _kiiqjekj ej pda ?dqn_d kb Ajch]j` bkn pda lqnlkoa kb nap]ejejc ckranjiajp lkopo* Pda pden` l]i) ldhap( =j Eil]npe]h Ajmqenu( _kjp]ejo =opahh̢o reaso ]^kqp arajpo ha]`ejc pk pda `a]pd kb ?d]nhao E ej -205( ]j` s]o ejpaj`a` pk lnkre`a ] haookj ]^kqp pda pkhan]pekj kb `eooajpano ej =opahh̢o ksj peia* Pdaoa lkhepe_]h l]ildhapo _kjpejqa pda ikn]h)pdakhkce_]h pdaiao kb =opahh̢o lnarekqo skngo( ^qp `k jkp `ena_phu pkq_d kj pda oepq]pekj kb skiaj* Ej -3,1( =opahh lq^heoda` pda ikop i]pqna atlnaooekj kb dan ldehkoklde_]h pdkqcdp( Pda ?dneope]j Nahecekj ]o Lnkbaoo̢` ^u = @]qcdpan kb pda ?dqn_d kb Ajch]j`* Pdeo skng _kjp]ejo =opahh̢o reaso ]^kqp pda qhpei]pa j]pqna kb na]hepu( pda pnqa okqn_a kb gjksha`ca( ]^kqp kqn `qpeao ]j` k^hec]pekjo pk Ck` ]j` kqn okranaecj( ]j` cajan]h cqe`ahejao kj dks ^aop pk hera( ]j` dks pk pna]p kpdan laklha* Ep ]hok nalnaoajpo ] _kjpejq]pekj kb =opahh̢o baiejeop lnkfa_p6 ej pdeo ^kkg( kj_a ]c]ej( =opahh̢o lqnlkoa eo pk pa]_d skiaj dks pk ha]` qoabqh herao kb renpqa ]j` seo`ki* =opahh̢o |j]h skng s]o >]np̢haiu B]en6 Kn( =j Ajmqenu =bpan Sep $-3,5%( ] naolkjoa pk ] Happan ?kj_anjejc Ajpdqoe]oi $-3,4% ^u =jpdkju =odhau ?kklan( pda pden` A]nh kb Od]bpao^qnu* Ej pdeo ^kkg( =opahh opnkjchu

IқҬҳ =ҭҮҟҦҦ

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kllkoao Od]bpao^qnu̢o _]hh bkn pda bnaa`ki pk _nepe_eoa( kn araj ne`e_qha( oej_anahu)dah` nahecekqo ^aheabo* Odknphu ]bpan pdeo lq^he_]pekj( =opahh ^a_]ia pda knc]jeoan kb ] cenho̢ _d]nepu o_dkkh ej ?dahoa]( ]j` dan snepejc _]naan _]ia pk ]j aj`* =opahh nai]eja` oejcha ]hh dan heba( ]j` `ea` kb ^na]op _]j_an kj 5 I]u -3/-*

.*

Ejpnk`q_pekj pk =opahh̢o Skng

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=opahh̢o ?]npaoe]j Ldehkokldu

=opahh̢o ldehkoklde_]h ]llnk]_d eo aooajpe]hhu pd]p kb ] ?]npaoe]j( ^qp ]o ] `arkqp ?dneo) pe]j( dan ?]npaoe]j ldehkokldu eo `aalhu ejbknia` ^u dan ikn]h)pdakhkce_]h reaso* Ej ]hh kb =opahh̢o snepejco( pda i]ej k^fa_pera eo pk pqnj pda na]`an̢o ]ppajpekj ]s]u bnki pda _knnqlpe^ha ^k`u pk pda eiiknp]h iej`7 ]j` pk lnkikpa pda e`a] pd]p pnqa d]llejaoo _kj) oeopo ej pda hkra kb Ck` ]j` _kjbkniepu pk deo sehh( jkp pda iqp]^ha pdejco kb pdeo sknh`* Sdeha =opahh ]``naooao mqaopekjo ]^kqp gjksha`ca( iap]lduoe_o( ]j` lkhepe_o( oda eo |nop ]j` bknaikop ] ikn]h ldehkokldan6 pda qhpei]pa ]ei kb dan ldehkoklde_]h lnkfa_p eo pk _qhper]pa dqi]j d]llejaoo( ]j` pk lnkre`a cqe`]j_a kj pda ]pp]ejiajp kb renpqa* Ej panio kb dan aleopaikhkcu( =opahh oqllknpo pda ?]npaoe]j reas pd]p pda pnqa l]pd pk gjksha`ca eo pdnkqcd na]okj( ]j` pd]p pda oajoao( l]ooekjo( ]j` ei]cej]pekj paj` pk ha]` qo ]opn]u* Oda o]uo pd]p ̦Gjksha`ca ej ] lnklan ]j` naopne_pa` Oajoa W̪Y oecje|ao pd]p _ha]n Lan_alpekj sde_d eo bkhhks̢` ^u ] |ni ]ooajp pk ?kj_hqoekjo necdphu `n]sj bnki Lnaieoao kb sde_d sa d]ra _ha]n ]j` `eopej_p e`a]o̤ $Lnklko]h EE( -,.%* Hega @ao_]npao( =opahh i]ejp]ejo pd]p pda i]ej _nepane] kb pnqpd ]j` _anp]ejpu ]na _h]nepu ]j` `eopej_pjaoo* =j e`a] eo _ha]n sdaj ep eo eiia`e]pahu lnaoajp pk pda iej`7 ]j` ep eo `eopej_p sdaj ep eo ^kpd _ha]n ]j` ̦_kjp]ejo jkp ]ju pdejc ej ep oahb sde_d ]lla]no jkp i]jebaophu pk dei sdk _kjoe`ano ep ]o da kqcdp̤ $Lnklko]h EE( -./%* Qjhega @ao_]npao( =opahh jaran ]`rk_]pao ]j ejepe]h ̦iapdk` kb `kq^p̤( kn pda qoa kb ]j at]ccan]pa` o_alpe_eoi ej kn`an pk `eo_kran _anp]ej ]j` ej`q^ep]^ha pnqpdo* Sdaj =opahh na_kiiaj`o ?]npaoe]j iapdk`( oda na_kiiaj`o @ao_]npao̢ iapdk` kb ]rke`ejc annkn6 deo pdaknu kb fq`ciajp* Ej =opahh̢o reas( ]ju^k`u _]j ]pp]ej _ha]n ]j` _anp]ej gjksha`ca lnkre`a` pd]p pdau ]rke` i]gejc annkjakqo fq`ciajpo* Sa _]j ]rke` annkn ^u nacqh]pejc pda sehh ]__kn`ejc pk pda ejpahha_p( ]j` ^u ]{eniejc kjhu pdkoa e`a]o pd]p ]na _ha]n ]j` `eopej_p* =^kra ]hh( =opahh decdhecdpo pda eilknp]j_a kb qoejc kqn b]_qhpu kb fq`ciajp ej kn`an pk ]rke` re_a ]j` oej* Ej =opahh̢o iap]lduoe_]h ouopai( pdana ]na psk _na]pa` oq^op]j_ao6 ]j aooajpe]hhu pdej) gejc pdejc _]hha` pda iej` $kn okqh ̞ oda qoao pda panio ejpan_d]jca]^hu%7 ]j` ]j ao) oajpe]hhu atpaj`a` pdejc gjksj ]o i]ppan kn i]pane]h ^k`u* Dan ]ncqiajp bkn pda iej`) ^k`u `eopej_pekj lnk_aa`o ej iq_d pda o]ia s]u ]o @ao_]npao̢ ]ncqiajp bkn pda na]h `eo) pej_pekj ej pda Oetpd Ia`ep]pekj kb deo Ia`ep]pekjo kj Benop Ldehkokldu $-20-%* Ej pdeo skng( @ao_]npao ikrao bnki pda lnklkoepekj pd]p da _]j _ha]nhu ]j` `eopej_phu _kj_aera kb pda iej` ateopejc ]l]np bnki pda ^k`u( pk pda _kj_hqoekj pd]p da eo na]hhu `eopej_p bnki deo ^k`u ]j` _]j ateop sepdkqp ep* =hkjc oeieh]n hejao( =opahh ^acejo sepd pda lnklkoepekj pd]p sa d]ra psk ̦_kilhapa̤ e`a]o kb pdkqcdp ]j` atpajoekj* >u _kilhapa( oda ia]jo pd]p sa `k jkp c]ej aepdan e`a] bnki ]^opn]_pekj kn bnki ] l]npe]h _kjoe`an]pekj kb pda e`a]o pdaioahrao* Ikna eilknp]jphu( kqn e`a]o kb ] pdejgejc ^aejc $] iej`% ]j` ]j at)

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FқҝҫүҟҦңҨҟ >ҬҩқҞ

paj`a` ^aejc $] i]pane]h ^k`u% _]j ^a _kjpailh]pa` ^u qo sepdkqp ̦]ju Nah]pekj pk( kn @alaj`]j_a qlkj kja ]jkpdan( ok pd]p sa _]j ^a oqna kb pda Ateopaj_a kb kja( araj ]p pda o]ia peia sa _]j oqllkoa pd]p pda kpdan `kao jkp Ateop̤ $?dneope]j Nahecekj( .1,%* Sa _]j d]ra ] _kilhapa e`a] kb pda iej` pd]p `kao jkp ej_hq`a pda e`a] kb ^k`u7 ]j` sa _]j d]ra ] _kilhapa e`a] kb ^k`u pd]p `kao jkp `alaj` qlkj kqn e`a] kb pda iej`* Bnki pdaoa n]pekj]heop lnaieoao( =opahh _kj_hq`ao pd]p pda iej` ]j` ^k`u ]na ̦pnqhu @eopej_p ]j` kb @e{anajp J]pqnao̤ $?dneope]j Nahecekj( .1,%* Bkn =opahh( pdeo ]ncqiajp nara]ho eilknp]jp pnqpdo ]^kqp pda j]pqna kb pda oahb* Oda ]ooanpo pd]p ̦^a_]qoa E ]j` ]hh kpdan Na]okj]^ha ?na]pqnao Pdejg( pdanabkna sa ]na okiapdejc pd]p eo jkp >k`ṳ $?dneope]j Nahecekj( .1-%* Pda oahb eo ] jkj)^k`ehu kn eii]pane]h oq^op]j_a( ]j` ̦bkn pdeo na]okj( ep eo jkp he]^ha pk Oal]n]pekj kb L]npo kn ?knnqlpekj̤ ̞ ep eo( ej b]_p( eiiknp]h $?dneope]j Nahecekj( .1-%* =o eii]pane]h ]j` eiiknp]h ^aejco( ]__kn`ejc pk =opahh( pda pnqa okqn_a kb kqn d]l) lejaoo iqop ^a olenepq]h ]j` eiiqp]^ha n]pdan pd]j pailkn]h* Kqn qhpei]pa d]llejaoo( ej kpdan skn`o( iqop hea sepd Ck` ]j` pda olenepq]h heba pk _kia* =opahh lnaoajpo ]j kjpkhk) ce_]h ]ncqiajp bkn pda ateopaj_a kb Ck`( ^]oa` qlkj _ha]n ]j` `eopej_p e`a]o $Lnklko]h EE( -.5%* Oda jkpao pd]p( ej kqn iej`o( sa d]ra ]j e`a] kb ]j ej|jepahu lanba_p ^aejc7 ]j` sa ]hok d]ra pda e`a] kb ateopaj_a ]o ] lanba_pekj $^a_]qoa pda e`a] kb lanba_pekj ja_aoo]nehu ej_hq`ao pd]p kb ateopaj_a%* Bnki pdaoa lnaieoao( sa _]j `a`q_a pd]p eb ]ju ^aejc eo ej|jepa ej ]hh lanba_pekjo( pdaj sa _]jjkp `aju pd]p pd]p ^aejc ateopo7 uap Ck` eo ] ^aejc sdk eo ej|jepa ej ]hh lanba_pekjo7 pdanabkna Ck` ateopo* =opahh i]ejp]ejo pd]p( ej kn`an pk ]pp]ej d]llejaoo sepd Ck`( sa iqop p]ga ejpk ]__kqjp pda b]_p pd]p( ej pdeo heba( dqi]j ^aejco ]na ja_aoo]nehu ]j` ejoal]n]^hu qjepa` sepd ] ^k`u* Hega @ao_]npao( =opahh _h]eio pd]p a]_d dqi]j iej` eo _kilkoa` jkp kjhu kb pda lqna qj`anop]j`ejc ]j` pda sehh( ^qp ]hok pda oajoao( pda ei]cej]pekj( ]j` pda l]ooekjo $^u)lnk`q_po kb pda iej`̢o qjekj sepd ^k`u%* Pk ]pp]ej aranh]opejc d]llejaoo( ej kqn ln]_pe_]h `ahe^an]pekjo sa iqop |j` pda ^aop iapdk` kb kran_kiejc pda ej}qaj_a kb pda ^k`u kj pda iej`*

^*

=opahh ]o ] Baiejeop Snepan

=opahh̢o pdnaa i]fkn skngo ̞ = Oanekqo Lnklko]h pk pda H]`eao $l]npo E ]j` EE%( dan Na) }a_pekjo qlkj I]nne]ca( ]j` Pda ?dneope]j Nahecekj ̞ ]na _dea}u ]``naooa` pk skiaj( ]j` ]na `aoecja` pk nara]h pk skiaj pda pnqa j]pqna kb pda oahb ]j` pda pnqa okqn_a kb dqi]j d]llejaoo* =^kra ]hh( =opahh ]eio pk qj`anieja pda _qhpqn]h ]ook_e]pekj ^apsaaj skiaj ]j` pda i]pane]h ^k`u* Ej h]pa oarajpaajpd)_ajpqnu ok_eapu( oda k^oanrao( skiaj ]na ieop]gajhu pna]pa` ]o eb pdau ]na iana ia_d]jeoio( kn lqnahu i]pane]h pdejco sepdkqp n]pekj]h iej`o* ?qopki lanlapq]pao pda ]ook_e]pekj ^apsaaj skiaj ]j` pda ^k`u ej oa) ran]h s]uo* Benop( skiaj ]na p]qcdp pd]p pdaen _deab _kj_anj eo pk lnaoanra pdaen lduoe_]h ^a]qpu ej kn`an pk ]ppn]_p pda hkra ]j` ]`ien]pekj kb iaj* Pdau lne`a pdaioahrao kj pda h]paop b]odekjo( pdaen nki]jpe_ ejpnecqao( ]j` kj i]gejc pdaioahrao ]cnaa]^ha ]j` ajpan) p]ejejc pk kpdano* Ej odknp( skiaj ]na aj_kqn]ca` pk _qhper]pa ] ieop]gaj oahb)hkra6 ] hkra kb pda ^k`u n]pdan pd]j pda iej`* Oa_kj`( skiaj ]na `ajea` ] qjeranoepu a`q_]pekj( ]j` pdkoa skiaj sdk `k lqnoqa decdan ha]njejc ]na lq^he_hu ik_ga` ]j` ne`e_qha`* Sepdkqp

IқҬҳ =ҭҮҟҦҦ

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pda ^aja|po kb ejpahha_pq]h pn]ejejc( pda ^qhg kb skiaj ]lla]n pk ^a dklahaoohu ecjkn]jp ]j` h]_gejc ej pda _]l]_epu bkn pnqa renpqa* =j` h]ophu( ikop acnacekqo kb ]hh( skiaj ]na p]qcdp pk ^]oa pdaen b]epd kj pnqop n]pdan pd]j na]okj( ]j` pna]pa` ]o eb pdau `k jkp d]ra bnaa sehh kn pda _]l]_epu pk fq`ca bkn pdaioahrao* Bnki ] ?]npaoe]j op]j`lkejp( pdeo eo pk pna]p skiaj ]o eb pdau ]na iana ]jei]ho n]pdan pd]j dqi]j ^aejco( ]j` ej_]l]^ha kb rkhqjp]nu ]_pekj* =opahh i]ejp]ejo pd]p iaj iqop ^a ^h]ia` bkn pda bai]ha _kj`epekj( ^a_]qoa iaj `aju skiaj pda ln]_pe_]h ia]jo pk eilnkra pdaen iej`o* >qp sdeha i]ju skiaj hera ql pk pda _qhpqn]h opanakpula( aranu ski]j d]o ] j]pqn]h _]l]_epu pk eilnkra danoahb* =o dqi]j ^aejco( =opahh o]uo( ]hh skiaj d]ra n]pekj]h iej`o* Skiaj ]na _]l]^ha kb ]pp]ejejc _ha]n ]j` _anp]ej gjksha`ca lnkre`a` pd]p pdau bkhhks pda ]llnklne]pa nqhao* Pk ]rke` annkn ]j` oej( pdau oeilhu jaa` pk ^a odksj dks pk qoa pdaen iej`o pk pdaen ^aop _]l]_epu* Pdau iqop ]hok ha]nj pd]p oahb)hkra eo hkra kb pda iej` kn okqh( ]j` jkp pda iknp]h ]j` i]pane]h ^k`u* Ej odknp( =opahh lkejpo kqp pd]p pda ]ook_e]pekj ^apsaaj skiaj ]j` pdaen ^k`eao eo ] _qhpqn]h _kjopnq_pekj( ]j` oq^fa_p pk _d]jca* Sdeha skiaj iecdp ]lla]n ]o pdkqcd pdau lkooaoo ] haooan n]pekj]hepu pd]j iaj( ej na]hepu pdau ]na j]pqn]hhu aj`ksa` sepd ]j amq]h _]l]_epu bkn n]pekj]h pdkqcdp ̞ pdau ]na kj ]j amq]h ejpahha_pq]h bkkpejc sepd iaj* =opahh `kao jkp `arahkl pdaoa ]ncqiajpo ]^kqp pda ejpahha_pq]h amq]hepu kb skiaj ejpk ] bqhh)^hksj _d]hhajca pk skiaj̢o oq^kn`ej]pekj pk iaj ej _ereh ok_eapu* Ej dan h]pan skng kj i]nne]ca( b]n bnki ]`rk_]pejc na^ahhekj ]c]ejop iaj( =opahh aild]oeoao pd]p skiaj d]ra ] `qpu kb l]ooera k^a`eaj_a pk ]^qoera ]j` pun]jje_]h dqo^]j`o* Bkn =opahh( he^anpu eo ] olenepq]h n]pdan pd]j ] lkhepe_]h _kj_alp6 ep _kjoeopo ej pda oq^fa_p̢o _dke_a pk lqnoqa kn jkp pk lqnoqa pd]p sde_d eo ckk` bkn pda okqh( jkp ej ] he^an]h bnaa`ki bnki ejpanbanaj_a( kn pda bnaa`ki pk `k sd]p sa sehh* =opahh̢o _kjoanr]pera jkpekj kb bnaa`ki knecej]pao sepd dan nahecekqo reaso( ^qp ep eo ]hok _kjoeopajp sepd dan se`an iap]lduoe_]h ^aheabo ]^kqp pda pnqa j]pqna kb pda oahb( ]j` pda eilknp]jp nkha kb bnaa sehh ej ]rke`ejc annkjakqo fq`ciajpo* Skiaj d]ra aranupdejc pdau jaa` sepdej pdaioahrao pk ^nejc ]^kqp pdaen ai]j_el]pekj bnki iaj ̞ ]p ha]op( ej panio kb pda ai]j_el]pekj kb pdaen iej`o7 pdau `k jkp jaa` pk _d]hhajca pdaen atpanj]h _en_qiop]j_ao ej kn`an pk ]pp]ej seo`ki ]j` renpqa* @aolepa =opahh̢o _kjoanr]peoi( dksaran( ej h]pan skngo oq_d ]o pda pden` a`epekj kb pda Na}a_pekjo( oda nala]pa`hu aild]oeoao pd]p skiaj̢o lkhepe_]h oq^kn`ej]pekj pk iaj eo ]j deopkne_]h ]j` _kjpejcajp op]pa kb ]{]eno( jkp ] ja_aoo]nu kja* ̦Pd]p pda ?qopki kb pda Sknh` d]o lqp Skiaj( cajan]hhu ola]gejc( ejpk ] Op]pa kb Oq^fa_pekj( eo jkp `aju̢`(̤ oda o]uo( ̦^qp pda Necdp _]j jk ikna ^a lnkr̢` bnki pda B]_p( pd]j pda Lna`kiej]j_u kb Re_a _]j fqope|a ep̤ $Na}a_pekjo( -,%* Oda lkejpo pk pda at]ilha kb skiaj nqhano ej l]op ]j` lnaoajp peiao( ]j` oda aild]oeoao pd]p skiaj d]ra ]hh pda iajp]h mq]hepeao ja_aoo]nu pk ^a opnkjc lkhepe_]h ha]`ano* Ej bknian peiao( oda ]ooanpo( skiaj d]ra ^aaj ranu `e{anajp ̦bnki sd]p pdau ]lla]n ej pda _kiikj Lnafq`e_ao kb I]jgej`̤ $Na}a_pekjo( ./%* Sdeha =opahh `kao jkp _d]hhajca pda oqlnai]_u kb iaj ej pda lq^he_ ]j` lner]pa oldanao( oda `kao ej`e_]pa pd]p pdana eo jk j]pqn]h na]okj sdu skiaj _kqh` jkp ^a pda lkhepe_]h amq]ho ̞ kn araj pda oqlanekno ̞ kb iaj( ej ]j ]hpanj]pera lkhepe_]h ok_eapu*

-00

FқҝҫүҟҦңҨҟ >ҬҩқҞ

/*

=opahh̢o Pdnaa I]fkn Skngo

]*

= Oanekqo Lnklko]h pk pda H]`eao $L]np E ]j` EE%

Ej dan |nop Lnklko]h( =opahh lqpo bkns]n` ] oqccaopekj pk dahl kn`ej]nu skiaj kran_kia k^op]_hao kj pda l]pd pk seo`ki ]j` renpqa* Becqn]perahu ola]gejc( oda opuhao dan pna]peoa ]o ] ia`e_]h i]jq]h6 oda lnklkoao pk `ao_ne^a ] ̦`eoa]oa̤( pk aop]^heod pda _]qoa kb pd]p `eoa]oa( ]j` pdaj pk k{an ] naia`u( ^abkna |j]hhu _kjoe`anejc ] bas lkooe^ha k^fa_pekjo* Bkn =opahh( pda i]ej i]h]`u bkn skiaj eo pd]p pdau oq{an bnki ] lnkbkqj` ecjkn]j_a( ]j` pdeo ecjkn]j_a pule_]hhu ha]`o pdai ejpk annkn ]j` re_a* >qp =opahh _d]hhajcao pda _ki) ikj lan_alpekj pd]p skiaj ]na ̦j]pqn]hhu ej_]l]^ha kb ]_pejc Lnq`ajphu( kn pd]p pdau ]na ja_aoo]nehu `apanieja` pk bkhhṳ $Lnklko]h E( 5%* =__kn`ejc pk =opahh( skiaj̢o ej_]l]_e) pu pk `eo_anj ^apsaaj renpqa ]j` re_a eo ̦]_mqena` jkp j]pqn]h7 ]j` jkja kb pdaen Bkhheao ]na ok ja_aoo]nu( ^qp W***Y pdau iecdp ]rke` pdai eb pdau lha]o̢` pdaioahrao̤ $Lnklko]h E( -,%* Bkn dan( ep eo ej`eolqp]^ha pd]p skiaj d]ra n]pekj]h( ejpahhecajp iej`o6 pdkqcd ikop skiaj iecdp `ena_p pdaen pdkqcdpo pk pnere]h i]ppano( oq_d ]o pda i]j]caiajp kb ]j ej) pnecqa kn ]j aop]pa( pdau jaranpdahaoo `eolh]u ] _]l]_epu bkn na]okj* Pda i]ej _]qoa kb bai]ha ecjkn]j_a ]j` re_a eo pd]p skiaj ]na `alnera` kb ] qoabqh a`q_]pekj( ̦pda ikop a{a_pq]h ia]jo pk `ena_p pdai ejpk W***Y pda s]uo kb Ranpqa̤ $Lnklko]h E( --%* =opahh̢o naia`u eo bkn skiaj pk d]ra ] lh]_a kb napenaiajp( ]s]u bnki pda jkeoa ]j` dqnnu kb pda sknh`( sdana pdau iecdp opq`u pda aooajpe]h lnej_elhao kb ldehkokldu ]j` nahecekj ej la]_a ]j` mqeap* Kj_a pdau d]ra k^p]eja` ] decdan a`q_]pekj ]p pdeo ejopepqpekj( ]j` eilnkra` pdaen j]pqn]h na]okjejc ]^ehepu( skiaj iecdp pdaj ^a ej ] lkoepekj pk ^a_kia qoabqh ]j` renpqkqo iai^ano kb ok_eapu* Ej -253( =opahh lq^heoda` ] oa_kj` l]np pk pda Lnklko]h kqphejejc ] iapdk` bkn pda eilnkraiajp kb skiaj̢o iej`o* Oda snkpa pdeo oa_kj` skng ej kn`an pk lanoq]`a skiaj pk a`q_]pa pdaioahrao pdnkqcd pdaen ksj a{knpo( n]pdan pd]j s]ep bkn pda aop]^heodiajp kb ] skiaj̢o ]_]`aiu* =opahh ola_e|_]hhu p]ncapo dan skng ]p pdkoa skiaj sdk ]na ok qoa` pk ] heba kb ecjkn]j_a ]j` h]vejaoo pd]p pdau ]na nahq_p]jp pk ^acej ] i]gakran* Oda k{ano ] iapdk` pd]p sehh aj]^ha oq_d skiaj pk kran_kia ] lqnahu oajoqkqo ]j` ]jei]h heba( ]j` pk ]pp]ej d]llejaoo nac]n`haoo kb pdaen atpanj]h _en_qiop]j_ao* Bkn =opahh( kja kb pda cna]paop k^op]_hao pk k^p]ejejc pnqa renpqa eo pda ej}qaj_a kb ̦?qopki̤ kj kja̢o ikn]h fq`ciajpo* ?qopki ej_hejao qo pk fq`ca ]j ]_pekj ]o necdp kn snkjc bkn jk kpdan na]okj pd]j pd]p oq_d ]j ]_pekj d]o ^aaj `aaia` necdp kn snkjc ^u hkjc qoa ]j` ^u pda o]j_pekj kb kqn bkna^a]no* ?qopki pdqo _kjopepqpao ] lksanbqh ^qp lk) pajpe]hhu enn]pekj]h ej}qaj_a kj kqn fq`ciajpo ]^kqp dks sa odkqh` kn odkqh` jkp ]_p* Ej l]npe_qh]n( =opahh ^ahearao pd]p _qopki naranoao pda lnklan lksan nah]pekjo ^apsaaj psk _deab b]_qhpeao kb pda iej`6 pda qj`anop]j`ejc ]j` pda sehh* Pda qj`anop]j`ejc eo pd]p b]_qhpu kb ̦Na_aerejc ]j` ?kil]nejc E`a]o̤( ]j` pda sehh eo ̦pda Lksan kb Lnabannejc ]ju Pdkqcdp kn Ikpekj( kb @ena_pejc pdai pk Pdeo kn Pd]p pdejc n]pdan pd]j pk ]jkpdan̤ $Lnklko]h EE( -1/%* =hpdkqcd pda qj`anop]j`ejc kqcdp pk ckranj pda sehh( qj`an pda ej) }qaj_a kb _qopki pda sehh ^a_kiao ] ̦da]`)opnkjc ]j` Na^ahhekqo Oq^fa_p̤ $Lnklko]h EE( 40%* Ikn]h fq`ciajpo ]na i]`a sdaj pda sehh aepdan ]__alpo kn nafa_po pda qj`anop]j) `ejc̢o jkpekj kb ̦sd]p eo |p̤* Oq_d fq`ciajpo _]j ck snkjc sdaj pda qj`anop]j`ejc d]o kjhu k^o_qna ]j` _kjbqoa` e`a]o( ]j` pda sehh eo _kilahha` pk ]__alp pdai ]jus]u*

IқҬҳ =ҭҮҟҦҦ

-01

=opahh k^oanrao pd]p ej kqn a]nhu heba( ^abkna kqn na]okj d]o i]pqna`( pda l]ooekjo ej_epa pda sehh pk i]ga _anp]ej _dke_ao $Lnklko]h EE( 5,̞-%* Pda sehh |tao kqn pdkqcdpo kj ] lnaoajp okqn_a kb qja]oejaoo( ]j` sa b]eh pk _kjoe`an kqn bqpqna d]llejaoo* Ej h]pan heba( sa ^a_kia d]^epq]pa` pk pdeo s]u kb pdejgejc( ]j` pdqo ̦sa cajan]hhu p]ga pd]p _kqnoa ej kqn oa]n_d ]bpan D]llejaoo( sde_d A`q_]pekj( At]ilha( ]j` ?qopki lqpo qo ej̤ $Lnk) lko]h EE( 4/%* Pda gau lnk^hai bkn =opahh eo pk atlh]ej dks ecjkn]jp( qja`q_]pa` skiaj _]j kran_kia pdkoa a]nhu ej}qaj_ao pd]p oap pdaen ej_hej]pekjo kj pda snkjc l]pd* Benop( =opahh aild]oevao pd]p pda sehh eo bnaa* ?qopki( oda o]uo( i]gao ep oaai ]o pdkqcd sa ]na jkp ]p he^anpu pk naoeop kqn ej_hej]pekjo( uap pdeo eo oeilhu ]j ehhqoekj6 dqi]j ^aejco( qjhega ]jei]ho( d]ra pda bnaa _]l]_epu pk nacqh]pa pdaen sehh ]__kn`ejc pk pdaen qj`anop]j`ejc $Lnklko]h EE( 4.%* =opahh qncao skiaj pk ai^n]_a pdaen aooajpe]h dqi]jepu ]j` pk na_kcjeva pd]p ̦J]pqn]h He^anpu sepdej̤ pdai $Lnklko]h EE( -04%* =_) _kn`ejc pk =opahh( annkjakqo fq`ciajpo _]j ^a ]rke`a` eb sa _]nabqhhu bkhhks ] nahe]^ha iapdk` bkn pdejgejc* =opahh ^knnkso dan nqhao bnki @ao_]npao̢ bkhhksano( =jpkeja =nj) ]qh` ]j` Leanna Je_kha( pda ]qpdkno kb Hkce_( kn pda =np kb Pdejgejc $|nop lq^heoda` ej -22.%* Pdeo skng eo ] ln]_pe_]h cqe`a pk n]pekj]h pdkqcdp( ^]oa` kj pda i]jqo_nelp kb @ao) _]npao̢o Nqhao bkn pda @ena_pekj kb pda Iej` $|nop sneppaj ej -2.4%( ]j` deo @eo_kqnoa kj pda Iapdk` kb Necdphu ?kj`q_pejc Kja̢o Na]okj $-2/3%* Hega =nj]qh` ]j` Je_kha( =o) pahh ^acejo sepd pda na_kiiaj`]pekj pd]p sa ]_mqena ] _ha]n qj`anop]j`ejc kb ]ju panio kn _kj_alpo pk ^a qoa` ej kqn fq`ciajpo* Sa odkqh` na]okj kjhu ]^kqp pdkoa pdejco kb sde_d sa d]ra _ha]n ]j` `eopej_p e`a]o* Eilhe_ephu( pdeo namqenao pd]p sa ̦@eoajc]ca kqn oahrao bnki ]hh kqn bknian Lnafq`e_ao( bnki kqn Klejekj kb J]iao( =qpdknepeao( ?qopkio ]j` pda hega( jkp cera ?na`ep pk ]ju pdejc ]ju hkjcan ^a_]qoa sa d]ra kj_a ^aheara` ep( ^qp ^a_]qoa ep _]nneao _ha]n ]j` qj_kjpaopa` Are`aj_a ]hkjc sepd ep̤ $Lnklko]h EE( 45%* Kqn pn]ej kb pdkqcdp odkqh` lnk_aa` ej ] j]pqn]h ]j` hkce_]h kn`an( ^acejjejc sepd pda oeilhaop e`a]o ]j` ikrejc ^u `acnaao pk pda ikna _kilhat* Sa iqop ]ooqna kqnoahrao pd]p sa d]ra jkp habp ]ju l]np kb kqn oq^fa_p qjat]ieja`( ]j` `ere`a kqn oq^fa_p ejpk ]o i]ju l]npo ]o sa _]j ej kn`an pk qj`anop]j` ep* Sa iqop ]hok gaal pda oq^fa_p i]ppan _hkoa ej iej`( ]rke`ejc ] d]opu ]j` l]npe]h at]iej]pekj* Pdaj |j]hhu sa iqop ̦fq`ca jk bqnpdan pd]j sa Lan_aera( ]j` jkp W***Y p]ga ]ju pdejc bkn Pnqpd( sde_d sa `k jkp are`ajp) hu Gjks pk ^a ok̤ $Lnklko]h€EE( -.4%* Okiapeiao pdeo sehh ia]j pd]p sa _]jjkp na]`ehu i]ga ] fq`ciajp ]^kqp ] l]npe_qh]n oq^fa_p* Ej pdeo _]oa( na]okj `e_p]pao pd]p sa iqop oqolaj` kqn ]ooajp ]j` ]rke` i]gejc fq`ciajpo ]^kqp pdejco pd]p sa `k jkp qj`anop]j`* Sdeha pda iapdk` kb pda a]nhu _d]lpano lnkre`ao skiaj sepd ] ia]jo kb na_kcjeoejc pda ckk`( ej pda |j]h _d]lpan kb pda oa_kj` Lnklko]h =opahh lnklkoao ] s]u kb kran_ki) ejc pda ej}qaj_a kb _qopki kj pda l]ooekjo( ok pd]p skiaj iecdp `k sd]p eo ckk`* ̦Ep eo pk heppha lqnlkoa pk cq]n` kqn oahrao ]c]ejop pda Okldeoio kb pda Da]`(̤ =opahh o]uo( ̦eb sa hea klaj pk pdkoa kb pda Da]np* Kja ennacqh]n L]ooekj sehh lqp ] cna]pan K^op]_ha ^apsaaj qo ]j` Pnqpd( pdaj pda ^necdpWaopY Qj`anop]j`ejc ]j` _ha]naop Na]okjejc _]j a]oehu naikra̤ $Lnklko]h EE( -//%* =opahh pdanabkna na_kiiaj`o ] iapdk` kb ckranjejc ]j` i]opanejc pda l]ooekjo* Hega @ao_]npao( =opahh `kao jkp nac]n` pda l]ooekjo ]o ejpnejoe_]hhu ^]` ej pdaioahrao* Oda o]uo pd]p ̦ep ]lla]no pd]p ep eo jkp ] b]qhp pk d]ra L]ooekjo( oej_a pdau ]na j]pqn]h ]j` qj]rke`]^ha( ]j` qoabqh pkk̤ $Lnklko]h EE( -2.%* Sa _]jjkp na_aera ]ju ejfqnu bnki pda l]ooekjo eb sa nacqh]pa pdai ]__kn`ejchu* Ck` d]o i]`a pda l]ooekjo l]np kb dqi]j

-02

FқҝҫүҟҦңҨҟ >ҬҩқҞ

j]pqna( ]j` oq_d ] seoa ]j` ^ajarkhajp Ck` skqh` jkp d]ra ceraj qo l]ooekjo eb da `e` jkp ejpaj` bkn pdai pk _kjpne^qpa pks]n` kqn ckk`* Hega @ao_]npao( =opahh ]{enio pd]p ̦Dqi]ja J]pqna _kjoeopo ej pda Qjekj kb ] N]pekj]h Okqh sepd ] Iknp]h >k`ṳ $Lnklko]h EE( -14%* Bkn pdeo na]okj( sa iqop ]``naoo pda mqaopekj kb dks sa ]na pk ]pp]ej renpqa ]o ai^k`ea` _na]pqnao( ]j` jkp fqop ]o eii]pane]h iej`o* Ej lnklkoejc ] naia`u bkn e`hajaoo ]j` eilanpejaj_a( sa _]jjkp fqop oqllkoa pd]p skiaj _]j qoa pdaen na]okj pk `ena_p pdaen ej_hej]pekjo ]o ] `eoejpanaopa` lehkp iecdp `ena_p ] odel* Oq_d skiaj ]na ejpei]pahu ]ook_e]pa` ]j` ejpaniejcha` sepd pdaen ^k`eao ̞ ]o ]hh dqi]j ^aejco iqop ^a* >qp sdeha sa _]jjkp lnarajp pda l]ooekjo bnki d]rejc ]j eil]_p kj pda iej`( sa _]j `ena_p kn `eranp pdai pk k^fa_po kb cna]pan sknpd ^u ] lnk_aoo kb pn]jobanaj_a kn _d]jjahhejc* Ej dan ikn]h pdaknu( =opahh `kao jkp ]ppailp pk oqllnaoo kn `aju pda l]ooekjo( ^qp cerao pdai ] rep]h nkha ej pda ]pp]ejiajp kb renpqa* Renpqa _kjoeopo ej ckranjejc pda ]jei]h eilnaooekjo ]j` na)`ena_pejc pda l]ooekjo( jkp ej k^hepan]pejc pdai* Qjhega @ao_]npao( =opahh na`q_ao ]hh pda l]ooekjo pk `e{anajp ik`e|_]pekjo kb hkra* Hkra( oda o]uo( eo ̦]p pda ^kppki kb ]hh pda L]ooekjo( kja skq̢` pdejg pdau̢na jkpdejc ahoa ^qp `e{anajp Ik`e|_]pekjo kb ep( k__]oekj̢` ^u okia ?en_qiop]j_a ej pda Oq^fa_p kn K^fa_p kb pdeo L]ooekj̤ $Lnklko]h EE( -22%* Bkn =opahh( `aoena eo oeilhu ] hkra kb bqpqna ckk`( fku eo pda lha]oqna na_aera` bnki hkra( oknnks eo k__]oekja` ^u pda ]^oaj_a kb sd]p sa hkra( ]j` ̦araj D]pna` pdk ep ]lla]n `ena_phu kllkoepa pk Hkra( i]u ^a nabann̢` pk ep( pda ranu o]ia ikpekj pd]p _]nnuo pda Okqh pks]n`o Ckk`( _]nnuejc dan ]hok bnki pdkoa pdejco pd]p skq̢` `alnera dan kb ep̤ $Lnklko]h EE( -22%* Pda qlodkp kb =opahh̢o aild]oeo kj hkra eo pk _h]ei pd]p ̦eb pdanabkna kqn Hkra ^a Necdp( pda naop kb kqn L]ooekjo sehh kb _kqnoa ^a ok̤ $Lnklko]h EE( -22%* Bkn =opahh( hkra eo pda gau pk skiaj ha]`ejc renpqkqo herao ]j` ]pp]ejejc o]hr]pekj bkn pdaen okqho* Pda l]ooekjo ]na ckk` sdaj pdau ]na pdkoa pd]p necdp na]okj `eolkoao qo pk( kn sdaj pdau ]na ej_heja` pks]n`o pdaen lnklan k^fa_po* Pda l]ooekj kb hkra eo sahh nacqh]pa` sdaj sa d]ra o]ra` ep bkn pdejco kb pda cna]paop sknpd7 ]j` pda sknpdeaop k^fa_p kb ]hh iqop ^a ]j ej|jepahu lanba_p ^aejc ̞ pd]p eo( Ck`* Skiaj odkqh`( pdanabkna( d]ra ̦jk L]ooekj ^qp bkn Ck`̢o oanre_a̤ $Lnklko]h EE( -3-%* Pda l]ooekjo kb aopaai( rajan]pekj( hkra( `aoena( ]j` ok kj( jaa` jkp `eopqn^ skiaj eb pdau ]na `ena_pa` pks]n` pdaen kja pnqa aj`6 pda chknu kb pdaen i]gan*

^*

Okia Na}a_pekjo qlkj I]nne]ca

Ej Okia Na}a_pekjo qlkj I]nne]ca $-3,,%( =opahh lnkre`ao ] cajan]h ]ooaooiajp kb i]n) ne]ca( ]j` k{ano ]`re_a pk ^kpd oejcha ]j` i]nnea` skiaj* Ej pdeo skng( =opahh _kjpejqao pda i]ej pdaiao kb pda Lnklko]h6 oda nafa_po pda e`a] pd]p skiaj ]na j]pqn]hhu iajp]hhu ejbanekn pk iaj7 ]j` oda kj_a ]c]ej aild]oeoao pda eilknp]j_a kb skiaj eilnkrejc pdaen iej`o ̞ pdeo peia( ej kn`an pk ]pp]ej d]llejaoo sepdej i]nne]ca* Ej pda lnab]_a pk pda pden` a`epekj kb dan Na}a_pekjo( =opahh olahho kqp dan atlhe_ep lk) oepekj kj pda oq^fa_p kb skiaj̢o lkhepe_]h oq^kn`ej]pekj pk iaj* Ej pdeo lnab]_a( ]o ej pda i]ej skng( =opahh eo ouil]pdape_ pks]n` qjd]llehu i]nnea` skiaj( ]j` aola_e]hhu pdkoa skiaj sdk iqop _kla sepd ]^qoera kn pun]jje_]h dqo^]j`o* >qp oda `kao jkp ]`) rk_]pa `erkn_a( kn na_kiiaj` pd]p serao ̦Naoeop̤ kn ̦=^`e_]pa̤ pdaen olkqoao ej kn`an pk napneara pdaen he^anpu $Na}a_pekjo( 5%* B]n ^a ep bnki dan( oda o]uo( ̦pk open ql Oa`e)

IқҬҳ =ҭҮҟҦҦ

-03

pekj kb ]ju oknp( jkja _]j ]^dkn ep ikna̤ $Na}a_pekjo( 4%* Ej cajan]h( =opahh i]ejp]ejo pd]p oq^fa_po ksa ]j qjmqaopekjejc k^a`eaj_a pk ]qpdknepu ej ^kpd pda lq^he_ ]j` lne) r]pa oldanao* =o ] _kiieppa` Pknu( =opahh _h]eio pd]p jk)kja d]o ] necdp kb naoeop]j_a ]c]ejop h]sbqh lkhepe_]h ]qpdknepu7 oda `ajeao pd]p lkhepe_]h ok_eapu knecej]pao ej ] rkhqj) p]nu ]cnaaiajp ^apsaaj dqi]j ^aejco7 ]j` oda nafa_po pda Hk_ga]j _kjpn]_p]ne]j reas pd]p pda lnej_a c]ejo deo ]qpdknepu bnki pda _kjoajp kb pda laklha* Ej dan reas( sa ksa kqn qjmqaopekjejc ]hhace]j_a pk lkhepe_]h ]qpdknepu ^a_]qoa pda >e^ha ajfkejo qo pk ln]_) pe_a k^a`eaj_a pks]n` pda h]sbqh lksano pd]p Ck` d]o oap kran qo* >qp pdana ]na ]hok ln]ci]pe_ na]okjo sdu l]ooera k^a`eaj_a eo pda ikop `aoen]^ha _kqnoa kb ]_pekj* =opahh o]uo pd]p ej aranu ok_eapu( ]o ] i]ppan kb ln]_pe_]h ja_aooepu( pdana iqop ^a ̦] h]op naoknp̤ kn ] oqlnaia ]qpdknepu sepd pda lksan ̦pk `apanieja pda ={]eno kb pd]p Ok_eapu ^u ]j ennaoeope^ha oajpaj_a̤ $Na}a_pekjo( -1%* Eb pdana sana jk oq_d ]qpdknepu( pdaj pdana skqh` ^a ] lanlapq]h _kjpajpekj ]^kqp sdk d]o pda |j]h o]u ej i]ppano kb ln]_pe_]h op]pa_n]bp* =j` fqop ]o pdana iqop ^a ] ̦h]op naoknp̤ ej lkhepe_]h ok_eapu( pdana iqop ^a ] h]op ]lla]h ej lner]pa b]ieheao* =opahh _kj_a`ao pd]p( d]rejc pda ̦ha]op >k`ehu opnajcpd̤( skiaj ]na k^heca` pk k^au iaj bkn pda o]ga kb pdaen ̦Mqeap ]j` Oa_qnepṳ $Na}a_pekjo( -1%* Ej deo Psk Pna]peoao $-245%( Fkdj Hk_ga ]hok pkq_dao qlkj pda ln]_pe_]h ja_aooepu kb sebahu oq^ieooekj* >qp da eilheao pd]p ] ski]j ksao oq^fa_pekj pk dan dqo^]j` ^a_]qoa kb pda i]j̢o oqlanekn qj`anop]j`ejc ]o sahh ]o deo cna]pan ^k`ehu opnajcpd* =opahh opnkjchu nafa_po Hk_ga̢o reas6 bkn dan( pda cna]pan ^k`ehu opnajcpd kb iaj `kao jkp eilhu pd]p pdau ]na j]pqn]hhu oqlanekn pk skiaj ej panio kb pdaen qj`anop]j`ejc* Bqnpdanikna( oda o]uo( eb ep sana ] h]s kb j]pqna pd]p aranu i]j eo oqlanekn pk aranu ski]j( pdaj ̦pda cna]paop Mqaaj kqcdp jkp pk _kii]j` ^qp pk k^au dan Bkkpi]j̤ $Na}a_pekjo( 5%* >qp _ha]nhu ep eo pda _]oa pd]p okia skiaj ]na oqlanekn pk okia iaj7 ]j` k__]oekj]hhu ̞ ]o ej pda naecj kb Mqaaj =jja $pda lanek` `qnejc sde_d =opahh snkpa% ̞ kja ski]j eo ]hhksa` pk ^a oqlanekn pk ]hh iaj* Pdkqcd pda ^qhg kb skiaj iecdp d]llaj pk ^a ej ] lkoepekj kb lkhepe_]h oq^fa_pekj pk iaj( ej panio kb pdaen j]pqn]h ejpahha_p( pdau ]na ]hs]uo kj ]j amq]h bkkpejc* Skiaj lkooaoo ]hh pda he^anpu pdau jaa` ej kn`an pk oanra Ck` ]j` ]pp]ej d]llejaoo7 ]j`( bkn =opahh( pdeo eo ]hh pd]p i]ppano* Ej dan Na}a_pekjo( pdanabkna( =opahh kj_a ]c]ej aild]oeoao pda eilknp]j_a kb skiaj _qhper]pejc pdaen iej`o( na_kcjeoejc pdaen pnqa oahrao( ]j` ai^n]_ejc pda pnqa okqn_a kb pdaen d]llejaoo* =opahh o]uo pd]p oda ]eio pk napneara pda ̦J]pera He^anpu( pda Necdpo ]j` Lnerehacao kb pda Oq^fa_p̤ $Na}a_pekjo( 4%* Pda ̦Oq^fa_p̤ kb dan `eo_kqnoa eo ] ski]j sdk eo aepdan i]nnea` kn _kjpailh]pejc i]nne]ca7 dan ̦He^anpṳ eo pda he^anpu kb ]hh dq) i]j ^aejco ̞ pda bnaa`ki pk lqnoqa kn jkp pk lqnoqa pda ckk` kb dan okqh7 ]j` dan ̦Necdp̤ eo pda ̦J]pqn]h Necdp kb Fq`cejc bkn dan oahb̤ $Na}a_pekjo( -,%( aola_e]hhu ]^kqp nahecekqo i]ppano* =opahh̢o i]ej lkejp eo pd]p( lnekn pk i]nne]ca( skiaj kqcdp pk eilnk) ra pdaen _]l]_epu bkn fq`caiajp ej kn`an pk i]ga pda ^aop `a_eoekj lkooe^ha* He^anpu kb fq`ciajp bkn skiaj eo ]^okhqpahu aooajpe]h bkn pdaen d]llejaoo ej pda i]nne]ca op]pa* = ski]j sdk i]nneao( oda o]uo( ̦Aha_po ] Ikj]n_d bkn Heba̤ $Na}a_pekjo( 04% ]j` _]jjkp na_]hh deo Ck`)ceraj lksan( araj eb dan dqo^]j` ]^qoao ep* Eb ] ski]j iqop i]nnu ]p ]hh( pdaj oda odkqh` i]ga ] lnq`ajp `a_eoekj ^]oa` qlkj na]okj n]pdan pd]j l]ooekj*

-04

_*

FқҝҫүҟҦңҨҟ >ҬҩқҞ

Pda ?dneope]j Nahecekj ]o Lnkbaoo̢` ^u ] @]qcdpan kb pda ?dqn_d

Ej dan h]ncaop skng( pda ?dneope]j Nahecekj( =opahh ]hok _kjpejqao dan lnkfa_p kb bai]) ha ai]j_el]pekj* Pdeo skng ]eio pk _kjrej_a skiaj $]o sahh ]o iaj% pd]p pdau iqop opq`u pda _kjpajp kb pda O_nelpqnao bkn pdaioahrao ]j` b]iehe]neoa pdaioahrao sepd pda bkqj`]pekjo kb pdaen nahecekqo ^aheabo( n]pdan pd]j oeilhu ^aheara sepdkqp gjksejc sdu* =opahh aild]oeoao pd]p ̦eb Ck` d]` jkp ejpaj`a` pd]p Skiaj odkq̢` qoa pdaen Na]okj( Da skq̢` jkp d]ra ceraj pdai ]jṳ $?dneope]j Nahecekj( 2%* Kj_a ]c]ej( oda ]`rk_]pao ] sepd`n]sejc bnki pdkoa sdk d]ra ̦qoqnl̢` ]j ailena kran kqn Qj`anop]j`ejco̤ ]j` pda atan_eoejc ejopa]` kb ̦pd]p ikop r]hq]^ha Lnerehaca( ]j` ej`aba]oe^ha Necdp( kb fq`cejc bkn kqn oahrao sdana Ck` d]o habp qo bnaa pk `k ok̤ $?dneope]j Nahecekj( .45%* Dan i]ej aild]oeo eo pd]p ] ^hej` b]epd ̞ kn ] ^hej` oq^ieooekj pk pda nahecekqo fq`ciajp kb iaj ̞ eo kja kb pda cna]paop pdna]po pk ] ski]j̢o h]opejc d]llejaoo* Pdkqcd =opahh `kao jkp ejpnk`q_a ]ju n]`e_]hhu jas e`a]o ej pdeo skng( oda `kao kb) ban okia kb dan ikop `ap]eha` ldehkoklde_]h ]ncqiajpo ]^kqp pda ateopaj_a kb Ck`( pda _knna_p l]pd pk gjksha`ca( pda pnqa j]pqna kb pda oahb ]j` he^anpu( ]j` pda pnqa okqn_a kb dqi]j d]llejaoo* Oda aild]oeoao pd]p Ck` d]o i]`a ]hh dqi]j ^aejco bnaa ]cajpo( ]j` pd]p ] ski]j̢o oahb)`aopnq_pekj kn oahb)lnaoanr]pekj eo ajpenahu ej dan ksj d]j`o( jk i]ppan sd]p dan ok_e]h _kj`epekj iecdp ^a* >qp bnaa`ki _kjoeopo ej ]j ejpanj]h lksan kb oahb)`apaniej]pekj( jkp ej ] ̦^]na lksan pk `k sd]p sa Sehh̤ $?dneope]j Nahecekj( .34%* =opahh o]uo pd]p ̦pda `e{anaj_a ^apsaaj ] Bnaa ]j` ] Ja_aoo]nu =cajp _kjoeopo ej pdeo( Pd]p pda =_pekjo kb pda bknian( kn ikna lnklanhu pda Ikpekjo kb deo Iej`( ]na ej deo ksj lksan̤ $?dneope]j Nahecekj( 42%* Ck` ̦d]o jkp lqp pda He^anpu kb deo ?na]pqnao ej ]ju kjao lksan ^qp ej pdaen ksj̤ $?dneope]j Nahecekj( .35%* Ej kn`an pk k^p]ej o]hr]pe) kj( pdanabkna( skiaj iqop jkp ^hej`hu bkhhks pda nahecekqo `e_p]pao kb iaj ̞ pdau iqop atan_eoa pdaen ksj _]l]_epu bkn fq`ciajp*

0*

>e^hekcn]ldu

]*

Lnei]nu Skngo

?dneope]j Nahecekj Na}a_pekjo Lnklko]h E( EE

^*

=opahh( I]nu6 Pda ?dneope]j Nahecekj( =o Lnkbaoo̢` ^u ] @]qcdpan Kb Pda ?dqn_d kb Ajch]j`( Hkj`kj -3,1 =opahh( I]nu6 Na}a_pekjo Qlkj I]nne]ca* Ej =opahh6 Lkhepe_]h Snepejco( a`* L]pne_e] Olnejc^knc( ?]i^ne`ca -552( 3̞4, =opahh( I]nu6 = Oanekqo Lnklko]h pk pda H]`eao( L]npo E ]j` EE( a`* L]pne_e] Olnejc^knc( Hkj`kj -553

Oa_kj`]nu Skngo

=pdanpkj( I]nc]nap -55/6 ?]npaoe]j Na]okj ]j` Caj`ana` Na]okj( ej6 =jpkju( Hkqeoa I*+Sepp( ?d]nhkppa $a`o*%6 = Iej` kb Kja̢o Ksj6 Baiejeop Aoo]uo kj Na]okj ]j` K^fa_perepu( >kqh`an ]j` Ktbkn`( -5̞/0 >nk]`( F]_mqaheja .,,36 =opahh( ?]npaoe]j Apde_o( ]j` pda ?nepemqa kb ?qopki( ej6 Gkh^najan( Sehhe]i+Ie_dahokj( Ie_d]h $a`o*%6 I]nu =opahh6 Na]okj( Caj`an( B]epd( =h`anodkp( -21̞-35

IқҬҳ =ҭҮҟҦҦ

-05

Ckh`ea( I]ng .,,36 I]nu =opahh ]j` Fkdj Hk_ga( ej6 Gkh^najan( Sehhe]i+Ie_dahokj( Ie_d]h $a`o*%6 I]nu =opahh6 Na]okj( Caj`an( B]epd( =h`anodkp( 21̞41 Gejj]en`( Fk]j G* -5356 I]nu =opahh ]j` pda ?kjoanr]pera ?kjpne^qpekj pk Ajcheod Baiejeoi( Pda Fkqnj]h kb >nepeod Opq`eao -5 $-535%( 1/̞31 Gkh^najan( Sehhe]i+Ie_dahokj( Ie_d]h $a`o*% .,,36 I]nu =opahh6 Na]okj( Caj`an( B]epd( =h`anodkp K̢Jaehh( Aehaaj .,,36 I]nu =opahh kj pda ?]qo]pekj kb Oajo]pekj( ej6 Gkh^najan( Sehhe]i+Ie_dahokj( Ie_d]h $a`o*%6 I]nu =opahh6 Na]okj( Caj`an( B]epd( =h`anodkp( -01̞-20 Lannu( Nqpd -5426 Pda ?aha^n]pa` I]nu =opahh6 =j A]nhu Ajcheod Baiejeop( ?de_]ck Oks]]h( =he_a .,,36 I]nu =opahh̢o Oanekqo Lnklko]h6 Iej`( Iapdk`( ]j` ?qopki( Ldehkokldu ?kil]oo . $.,,3%( ..3̞0/ Olnejc^knc( L]pne_e] .,,16 I]nu =opahh6 Pdakneop kb Bnaa`ki bnki @kiej]pekj( ?]i^ne`ca P]uhkn( A* @anag .,,-6 I]nu =opahh̢o Enkje_ =oo]qhp kj Fkdj Hk_ga̢o Pdaknu kb I]ppan( Fkqnj]h kb pda Deopknu kb E`a]o 2. $.,,-%( 1,1̞.. Saeh( N]_dah -5556 I]nu =opahh6 Pda I]nne]ca kb Pknueoi ]j` Baiejeoi( ej6 Saeh( N]_dah6 Lkhepe_]h L]ooekjo6 Caj`an( pda B]iehu( ]j` Lkhepe_]h =ncqiajp ej Ajch]j`( -24,̞-3-0( I]j_daopan ]j` Jas Ukng( -0.̞15

=Ҩңҥ SқҦҞҩұ

@]re` Dqia6 Cao_dha_dpannkhhaj qjpan `ai Aej}qoo rkj J]pqn qj` Anveadqjc

-*

Ha^aj qj` Sang

Dqia sqn`a -3-- ej A`ej^qncd ca^knaj* >anaepo ei =hpan rkj vadj F]dnaj ^aoq_dpa an vqo]iiaj iep oaejai Ähpanaj >nq`an `ea `knpeca QjeranoepÄp* J]_d >aaj`ecqjc oae) jao Opq`eqio se`anoapvpa an oe_d `ai Sqjo_d oaejan B]iehea( aeja fqneopeo_da H]qb^]dj aejvqo_dh]caj( qj` se`iapa oe_d `an Ldehkokldea* Ei =hpan rkj ./ F]dnaj vkc Dqia j]_d >neopkh( olÄpan ei oah^aj F]dn j]_d Naeio qj` o_dhea¿he_d j]_d H] BhÈ_da ej Bn]jg) nae_d( sk an vsae F]dna ]j oaejai D]qlpsang Aej Pn]gp]p Ü^an `ea iajo_dhe_da J]pqn $= Pna]peoa _kj_anjejc Dqi]j J]pqna% ]n^aepapa* >q_d E qj` EE `ao Pn]gp]po sqn`aj -3/5 j]_d oaejan NÜ_ggadn j]_d Hkj`kj ranÖ{ajphe_dp* Ej Dqiao olÄpanan( aejeca Ikj]pa rkn oaejai Pk`a ranb]oopaj =qpk^ekcn]|a Iaej Ha^aj $Iu Ksj Heba% $-332% jajjp an `aj Pn]gp]p aeja ̦Pkpca^qnp̤* Dqia ^nejcp `]iep vqi =qo`nq_g( `]oo oaej anopao Sang vq) jÄ_dop sa`an aeja cnk¿a Haoano_d]bp b]j`( jk_d ej `aj Gnepegaj ^aolnk_daj sqn`a* Dqia ranoq_dp oah^op `ea San^apnkiiah vq nÜdnaj( ej`ai an ]jkjui aeja Gqnv^ao_dnae^qjc $=^neoo aejao jaqaj >q_dao( ^apepahp6 Aej Pn]gp]p Ü^an `ea iajo_dhe_da J]pqn + =j =^) opn]_p kb ] >kkg h]pahu lq^heoda`( ajpepaha` = Pna]peoa kb Dqi]j J]pqna% ranb]oop( oa_do Ikj]pa ^arkn >q_d EEE `ao Pn]gp]po -30, ranÖ{ajphe_d sen`* @an Anbkhc oaejan Aoo]uo Ikn]h ]j` Lkhepe_]h -30-̞0. ajpo_dÄ`ecp edj fa`k_d bÜn `ea vÖcanhe_da =jangajjqjc oaejan ldehkokldeo_daj P]hajpa* -300 ^asen^p oe_d Dqia qi `aj Hadnopqdh bÜn Apdeg ]j `an QjeranoepÄp rkj A`ej) ^qncd* Oaeja G]j`e`]pqn o_daepanp( `] ej oaejan =^saoajdaep rkj Oaepaj `an QjeranoepÄpo) haepqjc cacaj Dqiao Pn]gp]p qj` `aooaj qjd]hp^]na naheceÖoa qj` ikn]heo_da Iaejqjcaj ik^eh cai]_dp sqn`a* Oah^op Dqiao Ranoq_d( -301 `qn_d aejaj >neab $>neab aejao A`ah) i]jjao ]j oaejaj Bnaqj` ej A`ej^qncd + = Happan bnki = Cajpahi]j pk deo Bneaj` ej A`ej^qncd% aeja Ne_dpecopahhqjc vq ansengaj( g]jj `eao je_dp Äj`anj* Dqia ]n^aepap j]_d `eaoai Ieooanbkhc saepan ]j `aj Ldehkokldeo_daWjY Aoo]uo Ü^an `aj iajo_dhe_daj Ranop]j` $Ldehkoklde_]h Aoo]uo ?kj_anjejc Dqi]j Qj`anop]j`ejc%( `ea olÄpan ej Aeja Qjpanoq_dqjc Ü^an `aj iajo_dhe_daj Ranop]j` $=j Ajmqenu ?kj_anjejc Dqi]j Qj`an) op]j`ejc% qi^aj]jjp qj` -304 ranÖ{ajphe_dp san`aj* Dqia bkhcp ei F]dn -302 aejan

-1.

=Ҩңҥ SқҦҞҩұ

Aejh]`qjc rkj Cajan]h Op* ?h]ena qj` naeop ]ho `aooaj =`fqp]jp j]_d Seaj qj` Pqnej* -31- ano_daejp Aeja Qjpanoq_dqjc Ü^an `ea Lnejveleaj `an Ikn]h $Ajmqeneao ?kj_anjejc pda Lnej_elhao kb Ikn]h%* >ae`a Qjpanoq_dqjcaj san`aj rkj Dqia ]ho aeja jaqa( ran^ao) oanpa =qoc]^a `ao Pn]gp]po ]jcalneaoaj* Ei F]dn -31. o_daepanp Dqia anjaqp iep oaejan >asan^qjc qi `ea Hkceglnkbaooqn ]j `an QjeranoepÄp rkj Ch]ocks* Qjca]_dpap `eaoan Jea`anh]ca ranÖ{ajphe_dp Dqia ei oah^aj F]dn `ea Lkhepe_]h @eo_kqnoao qj` ^acejjp iep oaejan =n^aep ]j `an Cao_de_dpa rkj Ajch]j` $Deopknu kb Ajch]j`%( `ea vseo_daj -310 qj` -32- ej oa_do >Äj`aj ranÖ{ajphe_dp sen`* Dqiao Bkqn @eooanp]pekjo( `ea ja^aj `an J]pqncao_de_dpa `an Nahecekj $J]pqn]h Deopknu kb Nahecekj% ]q_d `aj Aoo]u ¼^an Oah^op) ikn` $Kb Oqe_e`a% ajpd]hpaj( ano_daejaj -313( vq aejai Vaeplqjgp( ]ho oe_d Dqia ]ho Deopknegan `an Pq`kno qj` Opq]npo baeanj hÄoop* -32/ ^ace^p oe_d Dqia ej `aj `elhki]) peo_daj @eajop( `an edj j]_d L]neo qj` olÄpan j]_d Hkj`kj bÜdnp( ^arkn an oe_d -325 ej oaeja Daei]pop]`p A`ej^qncd vqnÜ_gveadp( sk an ei F]dn -332 open^p* -335 ano_daejaj lkopdqi `ea @e]hkca Ü^an j]pÜnhe_da Nahecekj $@e]hkcqao _kj_anjejc J]pqn]h Nahecekj%( `ea Dqia iadn ]ho vs]jvec F]dna rkn oaejai Pk` ^ackjjaj d]ppa qj` ej `ajaj an `ea Qj^acnÜj`^]ngaep `an Ateopajv Ckppao ej `e]hkceo_dan Opnqgpqn rkn =qcaj bÜdnp*

.*

Dqiao J]pqn]heoiqo

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@қҰңҞ Dүҧҟ

-1/

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-10

=Ҩңҥ SқҦҞҩұ

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@қҰңҞ Dүҧҟ

-11

Caca^ajdaepaj6 IÄjjan gÖjjaj oe_d ednan R]pano_d]bp je_dp oe_dan oaej qj` ranoq_daj `]dan `qn_d Gqhpereanqjc sae^he_dan Gaqo_ddaep( Gkjpnkhha Ü^an `ea Cajan]perepÄp `an Bn]q vq casejjaj* @]o >aopna^aj( Caseoodaep ^vch* `an R]pano_d]bp vq d]^aj( ^acnÜj) `ap Dqia `qn_d n]pekj]hao Aecajejpanaooa6 sacaj `an O_dsÄ_da `ao Iajo_daj ^a`]nb ao aejan okncbÄhpecaj qj` h]jca `]qanj`aj Anveadqjc oaejan J]_dgkiiaj( ]j `an ^ae`a Cao_dha_dpan iepvqsengaj d]^aj* @ea IÄjjan sÜn`aj oe_d sa`an aejai okh_daj h]jc sÄdnaj`aj ̦Vs]jc̤ qjpansanbaj( jk_d IÜdaj qj` Gkopaj ]qb oe_d jadiaj( sajj oea oe_d je_dp oe_dan sÄnaj( `]oo ao oe_d qi edna aecajaj J]_dgkiiaj d]j`ahp* Ao cadp ]hok vqi aejaj `]nqi( `]oo `an =qbs]j` bÜn `ea Gej`ananveadqjc rkjoaepaj `ao I]j) jao jqn qjpan `eaoan >a`ejcqjc vq na_dpbanpecaj eop* Vqi ]j`anaj oleahp k{aj^]n ]j]hkc vqn Cao_dha_dpanhea^a vseo_daj I]jj qj` Bn]q ]q_d dean `ea Rknopahhqjc aeja Nkhha( `]oo ao aejaj j]pÜnhe_daj Cacajop]j` `an Hea^a ce^p6 `]o fasaeho ]j`ana Cao_dha_dp k`an dean `]o hae^he_da Gej`* =j`ano eop `ea Baopopahhqjc fa`ajb]hho g]qi vq ranopadaj( `]oo oe_d ei B]hha `an >apnaqqjc aejao bnai`aj Gej`ao `ea ={agpa `ao I]jjao( Hea^a qj` VÄnphe_dgaep ]qb aejaj ̦b]ho_daj̤ Cacajop]j` ne_dpaj sÜn`aj* Veadp i]j jqj Dqiao Cnqj`o]pv ej >apn]_dp( `]oo oe_d `ea ikn]heo_da Ranl}e_dpqjc aejao Ej`ere`qqio lnklknpekj]h vqi caoahho_d]bphe_daj Ejpanaooa ]j `an Aejd]hpqjc `an nahar]jpaj Jkni ance^p( opahhp oe_d `ea >a`aqpqjc `an caj]jjpaj sae^he_daj Pqcaj`aj ej aejan saepanaj Lanolagpera `]n* Sajj cehp6 ̦¶{ajphe_dao Hk^ qj` P]`ah andÖdp qjoana =_dpqjc rkn `an Na_dpokn`jqjc̤ $P /*.*/*.27 .00%( hÄoop oe_d `]n]qo bkhcanj( `]oo ej ae) jan Caoahho_d]bp( ej `an `ea Anveadqjc `ao J]_dsq_doao Ö{ajphe_da =jangajjqjc bÄj`a( qj]^dÄjcec `]rkj( k^ IÄjjan rkj ednan R]pano_d]bp Ü^anvaqcp oej`( aej canejcanao Ejpan) aooa ]j `an Gqhpereanqjc `an Pqcaj`aj rkj Gaqo_d) qj` O_d]id]bpecgaep ^aopadp* @eao eop rkn ]hhai `]jj ]jvqjadiaj( sajj `ea Gej`ananveadqjc kdja Lnk^haia cad]j`d]^p sÜn`a qj` `ai Caiaejskdh vqpnÄche_d sÄna* @ajj bÜn Dqia ran]jh]ooaj `ea =jjadi) he_dgaepaj( `ea ]qo `ai Jqpvaj ^aopeiipan Ejopepqpekjaj naoqhpeanaj( Ej`ere`qaj `]vq( `eaoa Ejopepqpekjaj ]jvqangajjaj* @ea S]dnjadiqjc rkj Jqpvaj nqbp Dqia vqbkhca lk) oepera CabÜdha danrkn( `ea oe_d ]qb `ea ej Na`a opadaj`a Ejopepqpekj $k`an Pqcaj`aj% Ü^anpn]caj( ok `]oo sen oea lkoeper ^asanpaj $rch* ALI 1*0%* @ea Sanpo_dÄpvqjc `an Pqcaj`aj Gaqo_ddaep qj` O_d]id]bpecgaep sen` `]dan hapvphe_d anop `]jj ranopÄj`he_d( sajj aej caoahho_d]bphe_dao( qj` je_dp jqn aej ej`ere`qahhao Ejpanaooa ]j `an Baopopahhqjc aej`aqpecan Rans]j`po_d]bporandÄhpjeooa ^aopadp*- Jqj eop `ea caoahho_d]bphe_da Na_dpo) kn`jqjc bÜn Dqia ]ho Aecajpqiokn`jqjc gkjopepqeanp* ̦@ea Nacah( `]oo ao Oe_dandaep `ao >aoepvao ca^aj iÜooa( eop je_dp jqn jÜpvhe_d( okj`anj okc]n ]^okhqp jÖpec bÜn `ea iajo_dhe_da Caoahho_d]bp*̤ $.01 b*% Aecajpqi oapvp ]^an j]_d Dqia aejaj caoe_danpaj caja]hkceo_daj Vqo]iiajd]jc `an Cajan]pekjaj aejan B]iehea rkn]qo* @ajj An^bkhca eop ]ho aej ̦j]pÜnhe_dao Na_dp̤ aejao `an Lnejveleaj vqn >acnÜj`qjc `ao Aecajpqio qj` vqn =qbna_dpand]hpqjc `an Aecajpqiokn`jqjc qj` `]iep `an Caoahho_d]bp $rch* P /*.*/1̞ 27 .05b* qj` ejo^aokj`ana P /*.*/*--7 .11 {*%* Vqn >acnÜj`qjc `eaoan Nacah oah^op bÜdnp Dqia vsaeanhae ]j6 -* aejaj g]qo]haj Vqo]iiajd]jc vseo_daj `ai Ca`]jgaj ]j `ea hae^he_daj Gej) `an qj` `ai Ansan^ rkj Aecajpqi `qn_d `ea Ahpanj* @]n]qo anghÄnp oe_d `]o Na_dp -

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-12

=Ҩңҥ SқҦҞҩұ

]qb AecajpqioÜ^anpn]cqjc `qn_d An^bkhca6 Sajj ao `an Ca`]jga ]j `ea Gej`an eop( `an `aj Iajo_daj ̦}ae¿ecan qj` cajÜco]ian i]_dp̤( opadp `aj Gej`anj ]q_d `]o raniep) pahop `eaoao Ca`]jgajo( `an oaejanoaepo jqn `qn_d oea ]ho ateopeanaj`a Saoaj ajpopadaj g]jj( Anskn^aja vq* =j`ano cao]cp6 Saeh `ea Gej`an ej`enagp `ea Qno]_da `ao Aecaj) pqio oej`( bÄhhp ao j]_d `ai Pk` `ao R]pano edjaj j]pÜnhe_dansaeoa vq* .* RandÄhpjeooa rkj Sengqjc qj` Qno]_da opahhaj oe_d ]qb `an A^aja `an Rknopahhqjcaj re] =ookve]pekj `ao aejaj `qn_d `]o ]j`ana `]n* Dqia anhÄqpanp ]j `eaoan Opahha `eaoaj Vqo]iiajd]jc ej _kj_napk jqn ]jd]j` `an >aveadqjc rkj R]pan qj` Okdj6 ̦Reahhae_dp san`aj `eaoa Qno]_daj `qn_d `aj Aej}q¿ `an >aveadqjc k`an `an =ookve]pekj `an Rknopahhqjcaj qj) panopÜpvp( `ea j]pqncaiÄ¿ j]_d `ao R]pano Pk` qjoanaj >he_g ]qb `aj Okdj ne_dpaj qj` `]`qn_d `aj Ca`]jgaj( `eaoan d]^a aej Na_dp ]qb `ao R]pano >aoepvpÜian( ej qjo ajp) opadaj h]ooaj*̤ $P /*.*/*--7 .14b*%* @ea `qn_d Aej`nÜ_ga $eilnaooekjo% danrkncanqbaja Nah]pekj rkj Qno]_da qj` Sengqjc $Dqia ^apn]_dpap Rans]j`po_d]bporandÄhpjeooa ]ho g]qo]ha RandÄhpjeooa7 rch* P .*.*0*5̞--7 44̞5,% ^eh`ap oe_d ejjand]h^ `an rkj Dqia ej =qcajo_daej cajkiiajaj Caoahho_d]bp ]qb `an A^aja `an Rknopahhqjcaj ok ]^( `]oo `ea Gej`an ̦`qn_d ednaj ranopkn^ajaj R]pan iep `eaoaj >aoepvpÜianj vqo]iiajdÄjcaj̤( qj` `]n]qo naoqhpeanp qjoana Jaecqjc( oea `qn_d `aj Ca`]jgaj `ao Aecajpqiona_dpo jk_d aj) can iep `ajoah^aj vq ran^ej`aj*̤ $P /*.*/*--7 .15% Caiaejp eop skdh Bkhcaj`ao6 ejokbanj `ea Gej`an ej`enagp( ranieppahop `ao Bhae¿ao qj` `an CajÜco]igaep `ao R]pano( ]ho Ikpera ^apn]_dpap san`aj( `ea `]o Aecajpqi `ao R]pano iadnaj( san`aj oea s]dncajkiiaj( ]ho opÜj`aj oea je_dp jqn iep `ai R]pan `qn_d edna >hqporans]j`po_d]bp ej aejan g]qo]haj Ran^ej`qjc( okj`anj ]q_d iep `aooaj Aecajpqi* Sajj `an R]pan open^p( eop `]o ia`e]peoeanaj`a Chea` ajpb]hhaj( sk`qn_d oe_d `]o Na_dp ]qb `]o Aecajpqi `ao R]pano ]qb `]o Gej` Ü^anpnÄcp* @eaoao Na_dp ^anqdp ]hok ei Cnqj`a `]n]qb( `]oo Gej`an caiaejdej ]ho Ikpera bÜn `]o Ansan^opna^aj `an RÄpan cahpaj* @ea na]haj caoahho_d]bphe_daj RandÄhpjeooa( ejjand]h^ `anan ^aopeiipa =ookve]pekjoln]gpegaj rkndanno_daj( i]_daj ok `]o Na_dp ]qb Aecajpqi atlhevep qj` ranopÄngaj ao( ej`ai `ea Gej`an aejaj Pepah `]n]qb d]^aj( ok `]oo oea ao cacaj ]j`ana ranpae`ecaj gÖjjaj* @] oe_d caoahho_d]bphe_da RandÄhpjeooa ei Lnejvel Äj`anj gÖjjaj( oej` pdaknapeo_d j]) pÜnhe_d ]q_d Gkjopahh]pekjaj `ajg^]n( `ea ao jkpsaj`ec i]_daj( `]o Na_dp `an Gej`an ]qb `aj >aoepv ednan RÄpan ]j`ano vq ^acnÜj`aj* @eao sÄna v* >* `an B]hh( sajj Gej`anj ]qbcnqj` rkj ^aopeiipaj caoahho_d]bphe_daj Ln]gpegaj gaeja vajpn]ha Nkhha dejoe_dphe_d `an Ikper]pekj bÜn `]o Ansan^oopna^aj `an RÄpan vqcao_dnea^aj sÜn`a* Dqia cadp ]qb `eaoa IÖche_dgaep je_dp atlhevep aej( fa`k_d bkhcp aeja okh_da Ejpanlnap]pekj ei Cnqj`a ]qo `ai Dqiao_daj Cnqj`o]pv( `aivqbkhca Gkjrajpekjaj baophacaj( sea Ü^an Aecajpqi j]_dca`]_dp sen`* @]oo ao ej Dqiao aecajan Caoahho_d]bp `ea hae^he_daj Gej`an oej`( `ea ]ho Ikpera bÜn `aj Bhae¿( `ea CajÜco]igaep qj` `]o Ansan^oopna^aj `an Ahpanj ran]jo_dh]cp san`aj( opadp bÜn Dqia ]q¿an Bn]ca* Sea Dqia ej >avqc ]qb `ea =qbvq_dp rkj Gej`anj ei B]hha rkj qjpancao_dk^ajaj Gej`anj rkj aejai b]ho_daj Cacajop]j` `an VÄnphe_dgaep `ao R]pano caolnk_daj d]p( ok sÄna ]q_d ej >avqc ]qb `ea Aecajpqiobn]ca rkj aejan ̦b]ho_daj̤ Qno]_da `ao rÄpanhe_daj Ansan^oopna^ajo vq na`aj( `ea gaej Na_dp ^acnÜj`aj g]jj* @ea Caoahho_d]bp qj` ejo^aokj`ana `an R]pan d]^aj `aod]h^ aej Ejpanaooa `]n]j( Caseoodaep `]nÜ^an vq d]^aj( k^ ao oe_d ^ae oaejaj An^aj qi `ea aecajaj( hae^he_daj Gej`an d]j`ahp*

@қҰңҞ Dүҧҟ

-13

@]oo `ao Saepanaj vqn =qbna_dpand]hpqjc `an Na_dpokn`jqjc `ea Oe_danqjc `an Ejope) pqpekj Ada( `anaj Vsa_g j]_d Dqia ej `an Bknpl}]jvqjc ^aopadp $rch* Lkhuc]iu( -43%( cadÖnp( eop ]qb `ai >k`aj `an rkn]jcac]jcajaj ¼^anhacqjcaj are`ajp* Vq bn]caj eop( k^ ao jk_d ]j`anan Mqahhaj `an OpÜpvqjc `eaoan Aejne_dpqjc cacaj `ea j]pÜnhe_da vqn Lnk) ieogqepÄp paj`eanaj`a Cao_dha_dpanjaecqjc ^a`]nb ]ho `an Gqhpereanqjc rkj Gaqo_ddaep qj` O_d]i* VqjÄ_dop ]hok aeja gqnva >apn]_dpqjc vq Dqiao =q{]ooqjc rkj `an j]) pÜnhe_daj Cao_dha_dpanjaecqjc6 Dqia ]ppaopeanp ^ae`aj Cao_dha_dpanj aeja Jaecqjc vqn Qjpnaqa* Vs]n oaeaj Bn]qaj ^aokj`ano ]jbÄhhec bÜn `eaoa O_dsÄ_da6 ̦=hha iajo_dhe_daj Saoaj( ^aokj`ano `ea sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpao( oej` cajaecp( banjheacaj`a Ikpera vq Ü^anoadaj vq cqjopaj aejan cacajsÄnpecaj Ranoq_dqjc*̤ $P /*.*-.*17 /.0% Fa`k_d cahpa bÜn ^ae`a Cao_dha_dpan chae_dani]¿aj( `]oo oea oe_d jqn o_dsanhe_d rkj ednaj ikiajp]) jaj CahÜopaj ^abnaeaj gÖjjaj* Ei Vqca `an @]nhacqjc oaejan Pdaknea `ao Aecajpqiona_dpo opahhp Dqia baop( `]oo ao ej oaejan Caoahho_d]bp Ü^he_d oae( Gej`anj ̦rkj bnÜdopan Fqcaj` ]j `ea Cnqj`oÄpva `an Na_dpo_d]{ajdaep aejvqlnÄcaj( qj` oea `qn_d >ahadnqjc `]dejvq^nejcaj( `]oo oea `ea >a]_dpqjc fajan Nacahj( `qn_d sah_da `ea Caoahho_d]bp and]hpaj sen`( ]ho aps]o SÜn) `ecao qj` Adnajd]bpao( edna ¼^anpnapqjc ]ho aps]o Jea`necao qj` Adnajhkoao ]joadaj̤ $P /*.*.*.27 .00̞1%* >apn]_dpap i]j rkn `eaoai Dejpancnqj` `ea Ada ]ho aeja Ranpn]co) bkni( `ea baophacp( san oe_d na_dpiÄ¿ec iep Lanokjaj `ao ]j`anaj Cao_dha_dpo aejh]ooaj `]nb( ance^p oe_d `]n]qo Bkhcaj`ao* @an Sqjo_d( ej cqpai He_dp vq ano_daejaj( bÜdnp vqn Gqhpereanqjc `an Pqcaj` `an Na_dpo_d]{ajdaep( sah_da sea`anqi Naolagp bÜn ca) oahho_d]bphe_da RanpnÄca sea `ai Adaranpn]c aejbkn`anp( sk`qn_d oatqahha ¼^ancne{a ]qb Randaen]papa qjpan^qj`aj san`aj* Ei Lnejvel Ü^p ]hok `ea Pqcaj` `an Na_dpo_d]{ajdaep `eaoah^a Bqjgpekj ]qo sea `ea Pqcaj` `an O_d]id]bpecgaep* >ae`a `eajaj `ai caoahh) o_d]bphe_daj Bnea`aj qj` Caiaejskdh( ej`ai oea vsae L]npjan ]qbaej]j`an baophacaj* >ae`a ^abaopecaj ok `ea =np rkj Bnea`aj qj` Cana_dpecgaep( `ea `ai ei]cejeanpaj Dqia) o_daj J]pqnvqop]j` bnai` oej` $rch* P /*.*.*.47 .01%* Vq ^a]_dpaj eop dean( `]oo O_d]i) qj` Adnajd]bpecgaep ejjand]h^ rkj Dqiao Pdak) nea^eh`qjc je_dp `aod]h^ ]ho pqcaj`d]bp ^apn]_dpap san`aj( saeh oea aej Gknnagper vq cao_dha_dpanolave|o_daj qj` caoahho_d]bpoo_dÄ`he_daj @eolkoepekjaj `]nopahhaj( okj`anj saeh oe_d ejjand]h^ `an rkj Dqia ^apn]_dpapaj Caoahho_d]bp `ea JÜpvhe_dgaep `eaoan Pq) caj`aj baopopahhaj hÄoop* @eao eilheveanp ]q_d dean sea`an ei Cnqj`a `ea IÖche_dgaep( `]oo qjpan ranÄj`anpaj caoahho_d]bphe_daj >a`ejcqjcaj( `ea `aj Jqpvaj rkj sae^he_daj qj` iÄjjhe_daj ?d]n]gpanaecajo_d]bpaj ]j`ano baophacaj( O_d]i) qj` Adnajd]bpecgaep je_dp hÄjcan ]ho cao_dha_dpanolave|o_da Pqcaj`aj cahpaj iÜooaj*

^*

@ea Ada ]ho Ranpn]cobkni

Sea ^anaepo ]jca`aqpap ^apn]_dpap Dqia `ea Ada ]ho aejaj vqi Vsa_g `an Bknpl}]j) vqjc cao_dhkooajaj Ranpn]c( `an `ai Caiaejskdh `eajhe_d oaej okhh* =hhcaiaej cehp( `]oo op]]phe_da Caoapva `ea Bqjgpekj d]^aj( `ea j]pÜnhe_da Bnaedaep `ao Iajo_daj vq ^acnajvaj qj` ̦`]o lner]pa Ejpanaooa `ai =hhcaiaejejpanaooa qjpanvqkn`jaj*̤ $Lkhuc]) iu( -43% Qjpan `eaoan I]¿c]^a eop ao iÖche_d( `ea Ejopepqpekj `an Ada `qn_d Caoapva

-14

=Ҩңҥ SқҦҞҩұ

reahbÄhpec ]qovqcaop]hpaj* =q_d Lkhuc]iea eop ]ho aeja iÖche_da( `qn_d lkoepera Caoapva hacepeiean^]na Bkni rkj Ada rknopahh^]n* Lkhuc]iea sen` rkj Dqia vqjÄ_dop ]ho aeja Bkni `ao Adaranpn]cao lnÄoajpeanp( `ea `ai iÄjjhe_daj >a`Ünbjeo j]_d Danno_d]bp j]_dgkiip* @an lkhuc]ia I]jj gÖjja oe_d `]`qn_d rkj `an Ranogh]rqjc `qn_d `ea Hea^a vqi sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dp ^abnaeaj qj` oaejan J]pqn ajpolna_daj` oaeja Na_dp ]qb OkqranÄjepÄp sea`ananh]jcaj( oaeja Pnea^a ]qoha^aj( oaeja Ranjqjbp sea`an danopahhaj qj` iep ca^Üdnaj`an =qpknepÄp Ü^an oaeja B]iehea danno_daj* Lnk^hai]peo_d oae ]j aejai lkhuc]iaj Ha^ajoajpsqnb fa`k_d( `]oo `eaoan `an ̦N]jcjÄda( qi je_dp vq o]caj( Chae_ddaep( sah_da rkj J]pqn ]qo ^ae`aj Ca) o_dha_dpanj caca^aj eop̤ $Lkhuc]iu( -44% vqse`an h]qba* Dqia bn]cp `]dan dejoe_dphe_d `ao RandÄhpjeooao rkj IÄjjanj qj` Bn]qaj6 ̦Sen oej` rkj J]pqn ]qo edna Hea^d]^an( ed) na Bnaqj`a( edna BÖn`anan6 SÜn`aj sen bnaesehhec `eaoa o_diae_dahd]bpaj >avae_djqjcaj cacaj `aj ^]n^]neo_daj Pepah `ao Dannaj k`an Pun]jjaj aejp]qo_daj skhhaj;̤ $Lkhu) c]iu( -44% Dqia olne_dp oe_d lnejveleahh cacaj Pun]jjae qj` Ogh]ranae ]qo7 qj` `] Lkhuc]iea je_dp jqn Bn]qaj( okj`anj ]q_d `anaj Gej`an vq aejai Ha^aj ej `an]npecaj RandÄhpjeooaj vsejcp ̞ RandÄhpjeooa( `ea `ai Caiaejskdh ]qb h]jca Oe_dp je_dp bÖn`an) he_d oej` ̞ hadjp Dqia `eaoa R]ne]jpa `ao Adaranpn]cao ]ho ^]n^]neo_d ]^* >]n^]neo_d eop `eaoa Bkni `an adahe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp ]^an hapvphe_d( saeh oea `]o Lnejvel `an j]pÜn) he_daj Chae_ddaep rkj Iajo_daj ranhapvp qj` ej `]o dean]n_deo_da RandÄhpjeo vseo_daj Pun]jj qj` Ogh]raj lanranpeanp $rch* Lkhuc]iu( -45%* Vs]n ce^p Dqia ej ¼^an `ea Hea^a vq Rans]j`paj $Kb pda Hkra kb Nah]pekjo% vq( `]oo `an I]jj `a b]_pk ej oaejan Nkhha ]ho B]ieheajk^and]qlp ]ho Ü^anhacaj s]dncajkiiaj sen` $rch* P .*.*0*--7 5,%7 fa`k_d ^ane_dpap Dqia ej oaejan Ejpanlnap]pekj rkj Lh]pko Iupdko rkj ]j`nkcujaj Ha^ajobkniaj( `ea okskdh sae^he_da ]ho ]q_d iÄjjhe_da Sa) oajo]jpaeha ej oe_d ranaejaj( qj` ^apkjp `]iep anjaqp `ea j]pÜnhe_da Chae_dn]jcecgaep `an Cao_dha_dpan6 ̦@ea Iajo_ddaep( ok `eaoan ld]jp]oearkhha Ldehkokld( s]n ednai Qnolnqjc j]_d je_dp ej IÄjjan qj` Bn]qaj ]qbcapaehp( ok sea ao cacajsÄnpec `an B]hh eop7 okj`anj fa`a aejvahja Lanokj s]n aej Ca^eh`a ]qo ^ae`aj Cao_dha_dpanj vqo]iiajcaoapvp( qj` rano_dikhv ej aejai aejvecaj Ha^asaoaj6 Okskdh Adai]jj ]ho ]q_d Adabn]q* @eaoa Ranaejecqjc s]n kdja Vsaebah oadn rkhhgkiiaj qj` edna Paeha oadn cqp ]jaej]j`an ]j) cal]oop( `]n]qo anc]^ oe_d aeja lanbagpa D]nikjea vseo_daj I]jj qj` Bn]q( k^skdh edna Ranaejecqjc aeja anvsqjcaja s]n*̤ $I]nne]ca( 111% I]jj qj` Bn]q san`aj dean ]ho `ea Knc]ja `aooah^aj GÖnlano ranop]j`aj( `ea qjpan) o_dea`he_da Bqjgpekjaj ^aoepvaj* @] fa`k_d bÜn `]o ¼^anha^aj `ao cao]ipaj Knc]jeoiqo ^ae`a Bqjgpekjaj qjajp^adnhe_d oej`( gÖjjaj ^ae`a Cao_dha_dpan ]ho chae_dn]jcec ^a) pn]_dpap san`aj* @qn_d `ea Ajpvsaeqjc `ao sae^he_daj qj` iÄjjhe_daj Saoajo]jpaeho( sen` ao jkpsaj`ec( ok Dqia( `ea qnolnÜjche_da Aejdaep `an Cao_dha_dpan sea`andanvq) opahhaj* =j `eaoan Opahha ransaeop Dqia anjaqp ]qb `]o Lnk^hai( `]oo gqnvha^eca Bnaq`aj dÄq|c qjoanaj h]jcbneopecaj Ejpanaooaj ajpcacajopadaj( ej `eaoai B]hha( `an Sea`anran) aejecqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan* Dqia ^apkjp( `]oo jqn `anfajeca( `an oaeja ikiajp]jaj CabÜdha ejo na_dpa RandÄhpjeo vq oaejaj h]jcbneopecaj Veahaj qj` `qn_d Na}atekj iep) capn]caja SÜjo_da oapvpaj g]jj( cqpa ?d]j_aj d]p( `ea gÜjophe_da Pnajjqjc ^ae`an Cao_dha_dpan `]qand]bp vq Ü^ansej`aj* @]o Lnk^hai( oe_d je_dp ]jcaiaooaj `aj h]jcbneopecaj( ]ho cqp an]_dpapaj Veahaj se`) iaj vq gÖjjaj( `] j]pÜnhe_da Jaecqjcaj qjoana =qbiango]igaep opapo ]qb ikiajp]ja

@қҰңҞ Dүҧҟ

-15

SÜjo_da qj` ej qjieppah^]nan JÄda heacaj`a K^fagpa hajgaj( oleacahp oe_d ]q_d ej Dq) iao Pdaknea `an Cana_dpecgaep sea`an* @] ao h]qp Dqia qjiÖche_d eop( `ea iajo_dhe_da J]pqn oq^op]jveahh vq ranÄj`anj( gÖjja `ai @n]jc vqn Qjcana_dpecgaep( sah_dan oe_d ]qo ^ao]cpaj ikiajp]jaj SÜjo_daj olaeop( jqn ^acacjap san`aj( ej`ai oe_d Ej`ere`qaj ej bÜn oea adan qjj]pÜnhe_da Äq¿ana QiopÄj`a ^aca^aj $rch* P /*.*3*27 .43%* Gkjgnap dae¿p `eao( `]oo `ea ̦Aejd]hpqjc `an Na_dpojkniaj vqi qjieppah^]naj( edna Ranhapvqjc vqi ajpbanjpanaj Ejpanaooa ^aopeiipan Lanokjaj̤ $P /*.*3*27 .437 Danrknda^qjc dejvqcabÜcp% cai]_dp san`aj iqoo* @eaoa ]qocasÄdhpaj Lanokjaj oej` `]jj je_dp jqn `]n]qb ^a`]_dp( edn aecajao Rand]hpaj iep ]hhcaiaejaj Caoapvaj ej Aejgh]jc vq ^nejcaj( okj`anj Ü^an) s]_daj ]q_d `]o Rand]hpaj rkj ]j`anaj Lanokjaj* Naceanqjcaj( `ea oe_d ]qo Lanokjaj iep aejai okh_daj ]qb `ea Aejd]hpqjc `an Caoapva cane_dpapaj Ejpanaooa vqo]iiajoap) vaj( san`aj ok ejo Ha^aj canqbaj* Edna =qbc]^a eop ao( `aj j]pÜnhe_daj Jaecqjcaj `ao Ej`ere`qqio ajpcacajvqsengaj( sk`qn_d chae_dani]¿aj lanoÖjhe_da qj` caoahho_d]bphe) _da Op]^ehepÄp cao_d]{aj sen`* Adaj ano_daejaj rkn `eaoai Dejpancnqj` je_dp jqn `aod]h^ ]ho hacepei( saeh oea `aj caoahho_d]bphe_daj Bnea`aj s]dnaj( ej`ai oea vsae L]npjan ]qbaej]j`an baophacaj qj` op]) ^eha >aoepvrandÄhpjeooa o_d]{aj* Dejvq gkiip( `]oo Caoapva qj` RanpnÄca aeja lkoepera Sengqjc ]qb `]o Ej`ere`qqi ]qoÜ^aj( saeh oea ao edi anh]q^aj( oe_d ]qb h]jcbneopeca Veaha vq gkjvajpneanaj( qj` ok ejjana Op]^ehepÄp anvaqcaj( sah_dao `an `]qand]bpaj Sea) `anranaejecqjc ^ae`an Cao_dha_dpan oe_danhe_d vqcqpa gkiip*

_*

Caoahho_d]bp ]ho bkniaj`a Ha^ajosahp `ao Ej`ere`qqio

=^o_dhea¿aj` iÖ_dpa e_d aejeca Ca`]jgaj vqi RandÄhpjeo vseo_daj sae^he_dan J]pqn qj` Caoahho_d]bp ]jbÜcaj* Ao sen` oe_d dean vaecaj( `]oo Dqia iajo_dhe_da J]pqnaj ]ho cnqj`oÄpvhe_d bkni^]n ^apn]_dpap( s]o `ea >a`aqpqjc rkj Anveadqjc qj` Caskdj) daepo^eh`qjc ejjand]h^ aejao Gkhhagpero ^apkjp* Aecajo_d]bpaj( `ea `qn_d `ea J]pqn `ao aecajaj Cao_dha_dpo baopcahacp san`aj( gÖjjaj `aod]h^ ha`eche_d ]ho iejei]ha @apanie) j]jpaj k`an @eolkoepekjaj ranop]j`aj san`aj( `ea ej qjpano_dea`he_daj Caoahho_d]bpaj qjpano_dea`he_da =qobkniqjcaj anb]dnaj* Sajj Dqia ei Aoo]u ¼^an Oah^opikn` $Kb Oqe_e`a% ]jbÜdnp( `]oo `]o sae^he_da Ca) o_dha_dp iadn ]ho `]o iÄjjhe_da vq =^anch]q^a qj` Ennpqi jaeca( qj` baopopahhp( `]oo ao `ai Cacajieppah( jÄihe_d `an Ldehkokldea( sajecan vqcÄjche_d oae( o_daejp ao vqjÄ_dop ok( ]ho opahha Dqia o_dhe_dpsac baop( `]oo Bn]qaj sajecan ranjqjbp^ac]^p oaeaj ]ho IÄj) jan( `] Bn]qaj adan ednai CabÜdh ]ho ednai Ranop]j` bkhcpaj $rch* Oqe_e`a( 141%* @eaoan Aej`nq_g pÄqo_dp fa`k_d* Vqi aejaj iqoo `]n]j anejjanp san`aj( `]oo ao j]_d Dqia sÜjo_dajosanp eop( n]pekj]ha qj` aikpekj]ha Ahaiajpa chae_dani]¿aj vq ^anÜ_goe_dpe) caj( sajj ao `]nqi cadp( na}agpeanaj` qj` d]j`ahj ]qb `]o Ha^aj >avqc vq jadiaj* Ei Aoo]u Kb Ikn]h Lnafq`e_ao sea`andkhp Dqia( sea o_dkj ej oaejan Ejpanlnap]pekj `ao lh]pkjeo_daj Iupdko( oaej LhÄ`kuan bÜn `ea Ranaejecqjc rkj Ranjqjbp qj` CabÜdh* Opke) gan( ok Dqia( oaeaj ̦rkncapÄqo_dpa Saeoa̤( `ea vq sajec Naolagp bÜn ̦`ea o_dÖjopaj CabÜdha `ao Danvajo( qj` ]hh `ea dÖ_dop jÜpvhe_daj Jaecqjcaj qj` Ejopejgpa( `ea `]o iajo_dhe_da Saoaj vq ^adanno_daj raniÖcaj̤ $Lnafq`e_ao( 13/̞30%* =qo `eaoan Gnepeg bkhcp( `]oo bÜn Dqia CabÜdh qj` Ejopejgp ei Cnqj`a je_dp rkj aejai ejpahhagpqahh an)

-2,

=Ҩңҥ SқҦҞҩұ

opna^ajosanpaj Ha^aj oq^pn]deanp san`aj g]jj* @an Qiop]j`( `]oo Bn]qaj oe_d ednai CabÜdh rano_dnae^aj( g]jj `aod]h^ ]hok ]q_d je_dp cacaj oea ransaj`ap san`aj( qi edna ejpahhagpqahha HaeopqjcobÄdecgaep vq o_diÄhanj* Saepandej i]_dp Dqia `aqphe_d( `]oo IÄjjan qj` Bn]qaj rkj J]pqn ]qo iep BÄdec) gaepaj ]qocaop]ppap oej`( `ea oea vqn >asÄhpecqjc ednao ]hhpÄche_daj Ha^ajo ^n]q_daj6 ̦Qi `]o Peannae_d vq nacahj( d]p Ckpp ]hhaj ha^aj`ecaj Saoaj gÖnlanhe_da qj` caeo) peca BÄdecgaepaj caca^aj7 `ea Oejja( Hae`ajo_d]bpaj( >acean`aj( Anejjanqjc( qj` `]o QnpaehoraniÖcaj( `qn_d `ea oea ej `ai edjaj caca^ajaj Ha^aj capnea^aj k`an nacqheanp san`aj*̤ $Oqe_e`a( 143% @an Vqo]iiajd]jc vseo_daj Ha^ajosahp qj` gkcjeperan BÄdecgaepaj sen` dean ^apkjp qj` ransaeop ^anaepo ]qb `ea Bhate^ehepÄp( iep `an oe_d @ajgaj qj` BÜdhaj ]j `ea fasaeheca Ha^ajoh]ca ]jl]ooaj* >aokj`ano `aqphe_d sen` `eao ei Vqo]iiajd]jc iep `ai Aoo]u ¼^an `ea Qjopan^) he_dgaep `an Oaaha $Kb pda Eiiknp]hepu kb pda Okqh%( ej `ai Dqia ^aiÄjcahp( `]oo Bn]qaj ednaj n]pekj]haj BÄdecgaepaj ejjand]h^ ednao dÄqohe_daj Qibah`ao je_dp cajqc =qbiang) o]igaep ]jca`aedaj h]ooaj* >a]_dpajosanp eop dean( `]oo Dqia `ea BÄdecgaep rkj Bn]qaj( ]j ldehkokldeo_daj Na}atekjaj paehd]^aj vq gÖjjaj( je_dp `aod]h^ ej Bn]ca opahhp( saeh oea rknseacaj` ]qb edna CabÜdhaj dÖnaj* Adan o_daejp ao ok vq oaej( `]oo Dqia `ea jkpk) neo_da Qjpanbkn`anqjc `an sae^he_daj Ranjqjbp ^aiÄjcahp qj` `eao vqi Cnqj` anghÄnp( saod]h^ Ranjqjbp je_dp ]ho Daehieppah cacaj =^anch]q^aj qj` Ennpqi aejcaoapvp sen`6 ̦Ei Dej^he_g ]qb `ea Pdaknea rkj `an Qjopan^he_dgaep `an Oaaha( eop `ea Qjpanhacajdaep `ao sae^he_daj WRanjqjbp)Y RaniÖcajo hae_dp anghÄnp* Edn dÄqohe_dao Ha^aj ranh]jcp j]_d gaejaj dÖdanaj BÄdecgaepaj( sa`an `aj `ao GÖlano jk_d `aj `ao Caeopao*̤ $Eiiknp]hepu( 2,,% =j`ano ]qoca`nÜ_gp dae¿p `eao( `]oo oe_d j]_d Dqia sae^he_da Ranjqjbp( sea ]q_d `ea iÄjjhe_da Ranjqjbp( ajpse_gahj qj` o_dqhaj hÄoop( rkn]qocaoapvp `]o okve]ha Qibah` qj` `ea `]iep aejdancadaj`aj Dan]qobkn`anqjcaj ranÄj`anj oe_d* BÜn Dqia eop saepandej gh]n( `]oo ao bÜn fa`a gqhpereanpa Caoahho_d]bp qjanhÄoohe_d eop( Bn]qaj ej `aj Cajqoo rkj >eh`qjc vq ^nejcaj( qi ok `ea Ranjqjbp bÜn dÖdana =qbc]^aj vq pn]ejeanaj* Dqia aniqpecp `]o sae^he_da Cao_dha_dp ^aeoleahosaeoa vqn Gqhpereanqjc oaejan >ac]^qjcaj `qn_d `]o Opq`eqi `an Cao_de_dpa6 ̦E_d san`a `ea reahaj RknvÜca( `ea oe_d ]qo `ai Opq`eqi `an Cao_de_dpa anca^aj( `]nhacaj qj` vaecaj( sea rknpnae_d ao oe_d bÜn fa`ani]jj aecjap( ]^an ^aokj`ano bÜn `eafajecaj( `ea ]qbcnqj` `an ednai Saoaj ]jd]bpaj`aj O]jbpiÜpecgaep qj` ednan i]jcahd]bpaj >eh`qjc gaejaj Vqc]jc vq anjopd]bpaj Opq`eaj d]^aj* @ea RknvÜca( `ea `an Cao_de_dpa vqcao_dnea^aj san`aj( oej` rkj `naeanhae =np( `] oea qjoana Ld]jp]oeaj ^a}Ücahp( qjoanaj Ranop]j` ran^aooanp qj` qjoana Pqcaj`aj opÄngp̤ $Deopknu( 12,%* Ej Kb Aoo]u Snepejc lnÄoajpeanp Dqia Bn]qaj ]ho `ea ̦BÜnopejjaj `ao Nae_do `an Gkj) rano]pekj̤ $Snepejc( 13,% qj` ^apkjp( `]oo oea aejan fa`aj Caoahho_d]bp vqpnÄche_d oaeaj( `] oea rkn `an Rannkdqjc `an ^ahhao happnao o_dÜpvaj gÖjjaj* AniÖche_dp i]j Bn]qaj ]hok `aj Vqc]jc vq ejpahhagpqahhaj Gnaeoaj( gÖjjaj oea aejaj lkoeperaj >aepn]c vqn Pn]jo) bkni]pekj `an Caoahho_d]bp haeopaj( ej`ai oea ^]n^]neo_da qj` gkjrano]pekjobaej`he_da Ln]gpegaj qjpaniejeanaj $>]ean( .,,,%* Bn]jgnae_d( ok Dqia( cada `eao^avÜche_d iep haq_dpaj`ai >aeoleah rkn]j* Sae^he_dao QnpaehoraniÖcaj san`a dean oadn cao_dÄpvp qj` cahpa ]ho qjranve_dp^]n( sajj ao `]nqi cada( `ea ^aopaj Naoqhp]pa ej Hepan]pqn qj` Ldehk) okldea vq anveahaj6 ̦Gaej dÖ}e_dan O_dnebpopahhan s]cp oe_d rkn `ea ¶{ajphe_dgaep( kdja

@қҰңҞ Dүҧҟ

-2-

vqrkn `ea Vqopeiiqjc rkj aejecaj cabaeanpaj Ne_dpanj `ao sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpo aej) cadkhp vq d]^aj*̤ $Snepejc( 13-% =q_d ej `eaoai Vqo]iiajd]jc cadp ao Dqia `]nqi( `ea Se_dpecgaep `an >]h]j_a vseo_daj `aj rano_dea`ajaj( pn]`epekjahh ]ho sae^he_d qj` iÄjjhe_d ranop]j`ajaj Sa) oajo]jpaehaj( `* d* Ranjqjbp qj` CabÜdh( dan]qovqopahhaj* Dqia ^ane_dpap ej Kb Ikn]h Lnafq`e_ao rkj aejan Ldehkokldej( `ea oe_d c]jv ednaj Opq`eaj rano_dnea^ qj` oe_d `ai @egp]p `an Ada je_dp ^aqcaj skhhpa $rch* Lnafq`e_ao( 132̞34%* @an AnvÄdhqjc aj`ap `]) iep( `]oo `ea Ldehkokldej( an`nÜ_gp rkj `an ]hhvq hae`ajo_d]bphe_daj Hea^a( `aj R]pan ednao Okdjao ranopÖ¿p* Dqia ^apn]_dpap `eaoa Cao_de_dpa ]ho aej >aeoleah `]bÜn( `]oo `ea Ldehkokldea ̞ `qn_d `ea Randae¿qjc dÖdanan Bkniaj rkj ChÜ_g qj` Lanbagpekj ̞ `ea Paj`ajv ^aoepvp( `aj Iajo_daj rki pqcaj`d]bpaj Ha^aj vq ajpbanjaj* @ea aps]o ]hhca) iaejana >kpo_d]bp o_daejp `]iep vq oaej( `]oo `ea =^gadn rki CabÜdh vqcqjopaj rkj ^]nan Ranjqjbp `ai =hhcaiaejskdh `ao Ej`ere`qqio qj`( lan Atpajoekj( `an Caoahh) o_d]bp je_dp `eajhe_d eop qj` raniea`aj san`aj iqoo* Ok g]jj ]^o_dhea¿aj` Bkhcaj`ao baopcaopahhp san`aj6 S]o oe_d ]qb `an ej`ere`qahhaj A^aja ]ho `ea Ranaejecqjc rkj Ranop]j` qj` CabÜdh `]nopahhp( ranh]jcp ]qb `an caoahh) o_d]bphe_daj A^aja j]_d aejan BÖn`anqjc qj` >eh`qjc rkj Bn]qaj( qi edn ejpahhagpqahhao Lkpajve]h `an saepanaj Caoahho_d]bp vqcÄjche_d vq i]_daj( sk`qn_d aeja Pn]jobkni]pekj aejcahaepap sen`( `ea ]q_d `ea hapvpaj ^]n^]neo_daj caoahho_d]bphe_daj VqopÄj`a vq aheie) jeanaj rani]c* Lou_deo_da Op]^ehepÄp( caoahho_d]bphe_da D]nikjea qj` `ea >]h]j_a aej) ]j`an ajpcacajopadaj`an GnÄbpa opahhaj oe_d okiep je_dp ]ho Dej`anjeooa rkj Bknpo_dnepp qj` Pn]jobkni]pekj `]n( okj`anj `eajaj ]ho edna BÖn`anan* @ea caoahho_d]bphe_da qj` ej) `ere`qahha A^aja oej` dean ajc iepaej]j`an ransk^aj6 Caoahho_d]bp sen` vqn Ha^ajosahp( `ea `ea Dan]qo^eh`qjc ^aopeiipan ej`ere`qahhan BÄdecgaepaj qj` P]hajpa lkoeper ^aaej) }qooaj g]jj( sk^ae fa`ao Ej`ere`qqi `qn_d oaeja Paehj]dia ]j gkhhagperaj Lnkvaooaj `eaoa Ha^ajosahp iepcaop]hpaj qj` pn]jobknieanaj g]jj* @]^ae cehp( `]oo ^ae`a Cao_dha_dpan( `ea fasaeho j]pÜnhe_da( fa`k_d bkni^]na @eolkoe) pekjaj iep oe_d ^nejcaj( chae_dani]¿aj `]vq ]jcad]hpaj oej`( oe_d `qn_d Opq`eqi qj` Ansaepanqjc ednao casÖdjhe_daj Anb]dnqjcoqibah`ao ej `ea Pn]jobkni]pekj `an Caoahh) o_d]bp aejvq^nejcaj* @eaoai caiaejo]iaj Lnkfagp ranl}e_dpap( gÖjjaj oea anjaqp ]ho rano_dea`aja Knc]ja aej qj` `aooah^aj GÖnlano ranop]j`aj san`aj k`an ̞ ]qb `ea ca) oahho_d]bphe_da A^aja Ü^anpn]caj ̞ ]ho `ea >Üncan aej qj` `anoah^aj Nalq^heg( ej `an ̦`ea rano_dea`ajaj Chea`an `qn_d sa_doahoaepeca >]j`a iepaej]j`an ran^qj`aj oej`̤ $P -*0*3*-57 //3̞/4%* Dqiao Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea ansaeop oe_d rkn `eaoai Dejpancnqj` ]ho aej Rano]pvopÜ_g oaejan lkhepeo_daj Pdaknea*

0*

Hepan]pqn

]*

Mqahhaj

P

Dqia( @]re`6 = Pna]peoa kb Dqi]j J]pqna( dc* r* Haseo =idanop Oah^u)>ecca q* Lapan D]nkh` Je``ep_d( Ktbkn` -534* Patpopahhaj ]qo `eaoai Sang san`aj `an Gkjrajpekj ajpolna_daj` iep P( >q_d( Paeh( G]lepah qj` =^o_djepp ]jcaca^aj* @ea Oaepajv]dhaj `an `aqpo_daj Op]j`]n`]qoc]^a $Aej Pn]gp]p Ü^an `ea iajo_dhe_da J]pqn( ¼^anoapvqjc Pdak`kn Hell( Iaejan Ranh]c( D]i^qnc -545% san`aj j]_dcaopahhp*

-2.

=Ҩңҥ SқҦҞҩұ

A

Deopknu Eiiknp]hepu I]nne]ca Lkhuc]iu Lnafq`e_ao Oqe_e`a Snepejc

^*

@ano*6 Ajmqeneao ?kj_anjejc Dqi]j Qj`anop]j`ejc ]j` ?kj_anjejc pda Lnej_elhao kb Ikn]h( dc* R* Haseo =idanop Oah^u)>ecca q* Lapan D]nkh` Je``ep_d( Ktbkn` .,,,* Ransaeoa ]qb G]lepah `eaoao Sangao san`aj iep ADQ k`an ALI( G]lepah) qj` =^) o_djeppojqiian ]jcaca^aj $`aqpo_da Op]j`]n`]qoc]^a6 Aeja Qjpanoq_dqjc Ü^an `aj iajo_dhe_daj Ranop]j`( Ü^anoapvp rkj N]kqh Ne_dpan( D]i^qnc( -55/% @ano*6 Kb pda Opq`u kb Deopknu( ej6 @ano*6 Aoo]uo Ikn]h( Lkhepe_]h ]j` Hepan]nu( ?koeik ?h]ooe_o( Jas Ukng .,,3 W¼^anoapvqjcaj rkj Patpopahhaj ]qo `aj Aoo]uo Ikn]h( Lkhepe_]h ]j` Hepan]nu op]iiaj rkj =SY @ano*6 Kb pda Eiiknp]hepu kb pda Okqh( ej6 @ano*6 Aoo]uo Ikn]h( Lkhepe_]h ]j` Hepan]nu( ?koeik ?h]ooe_o( Jas Ukng .,,3 @ano*6 Kb Hkra ]j` I]nne]ca( ej6 @ano*6 Aoo]uo Ikn]h( Lkhepe_]h ]j` Hepan]nu( ?koeik ?h]ooe_o( Jas Ukng .,,3 @ano*6 Kb Lkhuc]iu ]j` @erkn_ao( ej6 @ano*6 Aoo]uo Ikn]h( Lkhepe_]h ]j` Hepan]nu( ?koeik ?h]ooe_o( Jas Ukng .,,3 @ano*6 Kb Ikn]h Lnafq`e_ao( ej6 @ano*6 Aoo]uo Ikn]h( Lkhepe_]h ]j` Hepan]nu( ?koeik ?h]ooe_o( Jas Ukng .,,3 @ano*6 Kb Oqe_e`a( ej6 @ano*6 Aoo]uo Ikn]h( Lkhepe_]h ]j` Hepan]nu( ?koeik ?h]ooe_o( Jas Ukng .,,3 @ano*6 Kb Aoo]u Snepejc( ej6 @ano*6 Aoo]uo Ikn]h( Lkhepe_]h ]j` Hepan]nu( ?koeik ?h]ooe_o( Jas Ukng .,,3

Bkno_dqjcohepan]pqn

>]ean( =jjappa -55-6 = Lnkcnaoo kb Oajpeiajpo* Na}a_pekjo kb Dqia̢o (Pna]peoa̡( ?]i^ne`ca+Hkj`kj @eao* .,,,6 = na}a_pera Skiaj̢o Aleopaikhkceop;( ej6 F]_k^oaj( =jja F]]l $Dc*% .,,,6 Baiejeop Ejpanlnap]pekjo kb @]re` Dqia( Lajjouhr]je] ?n]ec( A`s]n` -5436 Pda Iej` kb Ck` ]j` pda Skngo kb I]j( Ktbkn` C]nnapp( @kj -5536 ?kcjepekj ]j` ?kiiepiajp ej Dqia̢o Ldehkokldu( Jas Ukng+Ktbkn` Gail Oiepd( Jkni]j -5,16 Pda J]pqn]heoi kb @]re` Dqia $-%( Iej` -0 $-5,1%( -05̞-3/ @ano* -50-6 Pda Ldehkokldu kb @]re` Dqia6 = ?nepe_]h Opq`u kb epo Knecejo ]j` ?ajpn]h @k_pnejao( Hkj`kj Hhku`( Cajareara .,,,6 Dqia kj pda L]ooekj kb Pnqpd( ej6 =jja F]]l F]_k^oaj6 Baiejeop Ejpanlnap]pekjo kb @]re` Dqia( Lajjouhr]je] S]h`ks( =jeg .,,56 @]re` Dqia ]j` pda Lnk^hai kb Kpdan Iej`o( Hkj`kj

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

Vqn Gkjopepqpekj rancao_dha_dphe_dpan Oq^fagpa ^ae Nkqooa]q

-*

>ekcn]ldea

Fa]j)F]_mqao Nkqooa]q sen` ]i .4*2*-3-. ej Cajb ]ho Okdj aejan skdhd]^aj`aj Cajban Qdni]_danb]iehea ca^knaj* ̦E_d gkopapa iaejan Iqppan `]o Ha^aj( qj` iaeja Ca^qnp s]n iaej anopao QjchÜ_g̤ ̞ ok gkiiajpeanp Nkqooa]q `aj Pk` oaejan Iqppan sajeca P]ca j]_d oaejan Ca^qnp ej oaejaj >agajjpjeooaj $-34.%* >eo vq oaejai -2* Ha^ajof]dn ^hae^p Nkqooa]q ej Cajb7 ]jcanacp `qn_d oaejaj R]pan ^acejjp o_dkj `]o Gej` iep ejpajoe) ran HagpÜna rkj vaepcajÖooeo_daj Nki]jaj( Cao_de_dposangaj qj` gh]ooeo_dan Hepan]pqn* Ei D]qo rkj Iia* @a S]najo( oaejan Iajpknej qj` olÄpanaj Cahea^paj( sen` Nkqo) oa]q ran]jh]oop( vqi G]pdkheveoiqo vq gkjranpeanaj( qj` dean g]jj an oe_d anopi]ho cnÜj`he_d iep Iqoeg ^ao_dÄbpecaj* Ei F]dn -30, cadp Nkqooa]q ]ho D]qohadnan j]_d Hukj7 sÄdnaj` `eaoan Vaep ranb]oop an aeja O_dnebp vqn LÄ`]ckceg $Lnkfap lkqn h ©`q) _]pekj% qj` ajpse_gahp aej jaqao iqoeg]heo_dao Jkp]pekjoouopai* Qjpan^nk_daj `qn_d oaejaj =qbajpd]hp ej Raja`ec ̞ ]ho OagnapÄn `ao bn]jvÖoeo_daj >kpo_d]bpano $-30/+00% ̞ ha^p Nkqooa]q oaep -30. ej L]neo( sk an ej Gkjp]gp iep `aj iqoeg]heo_daj $N]ia]q% qj` ldehkokldeo_daj CnÖ¿aj `an Vaep( ejo^aokj`ana iep @e`ankp qj` `”=hai^anp( olÄpan ]q_d iep @̢Dkh^]_d( Iah_dekn Cneii qj` ?kj`ehh]_ pnepp* @ea lnaeocagnÖjpa =g]`aiea) O_dnebp Oqn hao o_eaj_ao ap hao ]npo rkj -31, i]_dp Nkqooa]q iep aejai O_dh]c ^a) nÜdip* Ej `aj bkhcaj`aj F]dnaj ranb]oop Nkqooa]q oaeja ldehkokldeo_daj D]qlpo_dnebpaj( `aj okc* vsaepaj @eo_kqno oqn h”ejÉc]hepÉ l]nie hao dkiiao qj` ei oah^aj F]dn -311 `aj bÜn `ea lkhepeo_da Ldehkokldea qj` ¶gkjkiea `ao -4* F]dndqj`anpo bkhcajnae_daj =npegah ©_kjkiea kq Ka_kjkiea $ikn]ha ap lkhepemqa%7 j]_d `ai ]q_d bÜn `ea ldehkok) ldeo_da Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea ^a`aqpo]iaj Happna À `̢=hai^anp oqn hao ola_p]_hao $-314% qj` `ai Nki]j Fqhea kq h] jkqrahha DÉhkÏoa $-32-% ano_daejaj oaeja Alk_da i]_daj) `aj( `ea lkhepeo_da Ldehkokldea qj` `ea LÄ`]ckceg chae_dani]¿aj ]qb jaqa Bqj`]iajpa opahhaj`aj =n^aepaj @q _kjpn]p ok_e]h qj` `an okcaj]jjpa Anveadqjconki]j ©ieha kq `a h”É`q_]pekj chae_dvaepec ei F]dn -32.* @ea n]`eg]ha Nahecekjo) qj` Caoahho_d]bpogne) peg `eaoan O_dnebpaj bÜdnp vqn =jgh]ca `ao L]neoan L]nh]iajpo qj` vqi >ao_dhqoo `an

-20

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

Rand]bpqjc* Bhq_dp qj` Ateh h]ooaj Nkqooa]q ^eo vq oaejai Pk` ]i .*3*-334 je_dp iadn vqn Nqda gkiiaj*

.*

Gqnva >aiangqjc vqn Navalpekj rkj Nkqooa]qo Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea

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FҟқҨ)Fқҝҫүҟҭ Nҩүҭҭҟқү

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ej `ai oe_d `ea ]hpa Bn]ca j]_d `an Aejdaep rkj Nkqooa]qo `eol]n]paj Sangaj jaq ]npe) gqheanp*

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IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

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FҟқҨ)Fқҝҫүҟҭ Nҩүҭҭҟқү

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a^`*( /41b*%* Ok dae¿p ao ej >avqc ]qb `ea Lnkp]ckjeopaj oaejao Anveadqjconki]jo6 ̦Ok) ldea iq¿ aeja Bn]q oaej( sea Aieh aej I]jj eop( `* d* oea iq¿ ]hhao ^aoepvaj( s]o vq ednan =np WaolÈ_aY qj` vq ednai Cao_dha_dp WoataY cadÖnp( qi ednaj Lh]pv ej `an lduoeo_daj qj` ikn]heo_daj Kn`jqjc `an @ejca ]qovqbÜhhaj*̤ $a^`*( /41+K?L ER( 25/% Ej`ai rkj ̦ednai̤ qj` ̦qjoanai̤ Cao_dha_dp `ea Na`a eop( sen` eilhevep `ea Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv `ao IÄjjhe_daj qj` Sae^he_daj ]ho `e_dkpkieo_dan Qjpano_dea` ]qbcanqbaj $rch* a^`*( /42%* Vseo_daj `aj Caoe_dpolqjgpaj =np qj` Cao_dha_dp eop `]iep ej`enagp aej Qjpan) o_dea` ej hkceo_dan Dejoe_dp cai]_dp skn`aj6 `ea =np ^apne{p ]hha `qn_d =npiangi]ha ca`]_dpaj Ej`ere`qaj7 qjpan `ai Caoe_dpolqjgp `ao Cao_dha_dpo gkiiaj ajpcacajca) oapvpa Iangi]ha ej `aj >he_g( rkj `ajaj oe_d fa`ao jqn ]qb aejaj Paeh `an `qn_d `aj =np^acne{ `ajg^]naj @ejca ^aveadaj g]jj( `qn_d `ea ]hok aeja ̞ sea ]q_d eiian ej) d]hphe_d ^aopeiipa ̞ =np ej Qjpan]npaj paeh^]n sen`* @ea ajpo_dae`aj`aj ]ncqiajp]peraj Sae_dajopahhqjcaj ^aopadp jqj anopajo `]nej( `]oo gaeja ejd]hphe_da Baophacqjc `an =np) ^aopeiiqjcaj ej aejan @a|jepekj anbkhcp qj` `]oo vsaepajo qjpan `aj `]o Cao_dha_dp ^apna{aj`aj Iangi]haj `ea cao]ipa Gh]ooa `an `e{anajpaj Aecajo_d]bpaj qj` jqn `ea) oa ranop]j`aj sen`* @* d* ao ce^p sa`an e`ajpeo_da Cao_dha_dpoiangi]ha jk_d je_dp iep `ai Cao_dha_dp vqo]iiajdÄjcaj`a @e{anajvaj* ̦Ej ]hhai( s]o iep `ai Cao_dha_dp vqo]iiajdÄjcp( ce^p ao ^ae `an Bn]q qj` ^ae `ai I]jj ]^an chae_d reaha ¤djhe_dgae) paj sea Rano_dea`ajdaepaj* @ea O_dseanecgaep( oea vq ranchae_daj( gkiip `]dan( `]oo o_dsan baopvqopahhaj eop( s]o ^ae `an Gkjopepqpekj cao_dha_dpoca^qj`aj eop qj` s]o je_dp* Iep Dehba `an ranchae_daj`aj =j]pkiea( ]^an o_dkj ^ae ^hk¿an >apn]_dpqjc |j`ap i]j ]hhcaiaeja Qjpano_dea`a( `ea je_dpo iep `ai Cao_dha_dp vq pqj vq d]^aj o_daejaj* Pnkpv) `ai dÄjcaj oea `]iep vqo]iiaj( ]^an ej Ran^ej`qjcaj( `ea sen je_dp s]dnjadiaj gÖjjaj6 sen seooaj je_dp( sea saep oea oe_d anopna_gaj* @]o aejveca( s]o sen oe_dan seooaj( eop( `]oo ]hhao( s]o oea caiaejo]i d]^aj( vqn =np( ]hhao( s]o oea qjpano_dae`ap( vqi Cao_dha_dp cadÖnp*̤ $A^`*( /41b*% >ahea^eca ^ak^]_dp^]na Aecajo_d]bpaj rkj IÄj) janj qj` Bn]qaj san`aj rkj Nkqooa]q vqjÄ_dop iep =np k`an Cao_dha_dp ]ho iÖche_daj CnÜj`aj ej Ran^ej`qjc ca^n]_dp* Qjpan `an Rkn]qooapvqjc( `]oo `ea Qno]_daj s]dnca) jkiiajan Aecajo_d]bpaj je_dp kdja saepanao angajj^]n oej`( eop `]o S]dncajkiiaja gkjoamqajp caiÄ¿ `aj ]ho caseoo cahpaj`aj ^acnee_d dancaopahhpaj Nah]pekjaj vq an) b]ooaj* @]iep ]^an sen` je_dp jqn aeja Qjpankn`jqjc na]han( g]qo]han RandÄhpjeooa qjpan ^acnee_da Rknc]^aj rkncajkiiaj( okj`anj qjieooranopÄj`he_d anghÄnp6 @qn_d `]o Ca) o_dha_dp sen` je_dp jqn aps]o rkj `aj =npiangi]haj Rano_dea`ajao ca`]_dp( okj`anj ]hhao( s]o rano_dea`aj eop( eop cao_dha_dpo^a`ejcp( ]q_d sajj ao lnei] b]_ea je_dpo iep `an Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv vq pqj d]p* Ok iqoo aeja Aecajo_d]bp( sea v* >* aeja ^aopeiipa Ranb]ooqjc `ao Caeopao( oe_d ]ho hapvphe_d cao_dha_dpo^a`ejcp ansaeoaj( sajj oea ^ae IÄj) janj qj` Bn]qaj qjpano_dea`he_d eop* =hhai ldÄjkiaj]haj =jo_daej k`an ]hhaj pn]`eanpaj Oah^opranopÄj`he_dgaepaj ajpcacaj eop `]o Cao_dha_dp ]ho Cnqj` bÜn fa`a =np baopopahh^]nan @e{anajv vseo_daj IÄjjanj qj` Bn]qaj ej =jo]pv vq ^nejcaj* @]iep oej` ]hha Ranoq) _da( ̞ aps] rkj Oaepaj `an ?]npaoe]jan ̞ b]gpeo_d baopopahh^]na Qjpano_dea`a vseo_daj `aj Cao_dha_dpanj ]ho ^hk¿ vqbÄhhec Caskn`ajao qj` `]iep ]q_d ]ho RanÄj`an^]nao ]qb) vqb]ooaj( dejbÄhhec* Ej`ai `ea =npiangi]ha ejd]hphe_d rÖhhec qj^aopeiip ^hae^aj( oapvp Nkqooa]q opehh) o_dsaecaj` `ea jkni]pera Nahar]jv `an =np) k`an Saoajo^aopeiiqjc( ej >avqc ]qb `ea anop `an Opahhajsanp ]j`anan >aopeiiqjcaj bÜn aej Oaeaj`ao qj` `aooaj Rand]hpaj k`an

-24

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

D]j`ahj vq aniaooaj eop( ]q¿an Gn]bp qj` a^jap ]hha `aj ]jpegaj Cao_dha_dpanpdakneaj vqcnqj`a heacaj`aj dean]n_deo_d caopqbpaj( kjpkhkceo_daj qj` g]packne]haj Qjpano_dea) `a( sea `ea vseo_daj GÖnlan qj` Oaaha( Aooajv qj` =gve`ajv k`an rkj rano_dea`ajaj Gh]ooaj rkj =gve`ajveaj. aej* @eaoa jkiej]heopeo_da Aeja^jqjc `an Aooajv i]_dp ao iÖche_d( `]oo `]o Cao_dha_dp ]ho Cnqj` bÜn @e{anajv o_dha_dpdej ]hha ̞ ]q_d `ea vq) rkn ]ho aooajpeahh cahpaj`aj ̞ >aopeiiqjcaj `ao Iajo_daj ^apna{aj g]jj7 qj` anop `qn_d `eaoa aleopaieo_daj Rano_dea^qjcaj sen` ao iÖche_d qj` jkpsaj`ec( aps] rkj aejai iÄjjhe_daj qj` sae^he_daj @ajgaj vq olna_daj* Ej`ai `ea Cao_dha_dpan`e{a) najv ok vqi Lnejvel ]hhan iÖche_daj @e{anajv qj` `]iep vq aejan bknieanaj`aj Gn]bp `ao Iajo_doaejo ]ho okh_daj andk^aj sen`( san`aj `ea ]j edna ^ekhkceo_da J]pqn nÜ_g) ca^qj`ajaj qj` `]`qn_d ej ednan lner]paj qj` Ö{ajphe_daj Nkhha i]¿ca^he_d `a|jeanpaj ^Üncanhe_daj Oq^fagpa mq] I]jj qj` Bn]q gkjopepqeanp* Sea oe_d `eaoa ^acnee_daj Sae_dajopahhqjcaj bÜn `ea kjpkcajapeo_d ranb]dnaj`a =j) pdnklkhkcea `ao ©ieha ]qosengaj qj` `]nej edna seooajo_d]bphe_da R]he`epÄp ^asÄdnaj( eop ei Bkhcaj`aj caj]qan ]qovqbÜdnaj* Ei Rkncne{ ]qb `ea >aopÄpecqjcaj `qn_d `ea gkjgna) paj Naoqhp]pa `an Cao_dha_dpan]jpdnklkhkcea `ao bÜjbpaj >q_dao okhh ]^an vqjÄ_dop `aj Bkhcanqjcaj ]qo `aj ^acnee_daj Jaqraniaooqjcaj ej ]^opn]_pk j]_dcac]jcaj san`aj* Iep `ai ^acnee_daj Ejopnqiajp]neqi rkj vsae je_dp dean]n_deo_d caopqbpaj( lnejve) leahh ]hok chae_dsanpecaj Iangi]hogh]ooaj ̞ =np qj` Cao_dha_dp ̞ eop aej jaqan =jo]pv vqn >aopeiiqjc `ao Qjpano_dea`ao rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q caskjjaj6 Ao sen` anopi]ho iÖche_d( ranieppahop `an Case_dpqjc rkj C]ppqjco) qj` Cao_dha_dpoaecajo_d]bpaj `ea @e{anajv `an Cao_dha_dpan vq `a|jeanaj* SÄdnaj` `an I]jj ̦jqn ej caseooaj =qcaj) ^he_gaj̤ I]jj eop( eop `ea Bn]q ej ednai c]jvaj Ha^aj Bn]q $a^`*( /45%* @ea ejd]hphe_da Qj^aopeiipdaep `an C]ppqjcoaecajo_d]bpaj aejanoaepo qj` `ea Qj^aopeiipdaep `ao kjpk) hkceo_daj Op]pqo ^ae`an Gh]ooaj rkj >aopeiiqjcaj ]j`ananoaepo oej` `ea Rkn]qooapvqjc bÜn `eaoa Ejjkr]pekj( `ea `]o gh]ooeo_da >eh` `ao I]jjao ^aopÄpecp( bÜn `ea Gkjvalpekj `an Bn]q ]^an aeja jea `] casaoaja `qn_dcnaebaj`a Oatq]heoeanqjc ednan cao]ipaj Lan) okj ^a`aqpap* @an I]jj eop je_dp aej L]npegqh]nao( okj`anj `]o =hhcaiaeja* @ajj `]o >aopeiipoaej `qn_d `]o iÄjjhe_da Cao_dha_dp eop rkj ]j`anai Case_dp ]ho `]o `qn_d `]o sae^he_da Cao_dha_dp* Fajao eop aeja ]gve`ajpahha qj` laneldana( `eaoao ]^an aeja sa) oajphe_da qj` vajpn]ha >aopeiiqjc* Kjpkcajapeo_d ^apn]_dpap6 @ea Cao_dha_dponaeba `ao iÄjjhe_daj Fqcaj`he_daj hÄoop edj vq aejai je_dp oecje|g]jp `qn_d oaej Cao_dha_dp ^a) opeiipaj Ans]_doajaj san`aj7 `]o sae^he_da Cao_dha_dp ]^an `apaniejeanp `ea cao]ipa Ateopajv `an Bn]q* Nkqooa]q bkhcaj` eop `eaoa Angajjpjeo Ü^an `ea @e{anajv `an Cao_dha_dpan vqchae_d jkni]per vq ranopadaj6 @ea >aopeiiqjc `ao Iajo_daj eop bÜn IÄjjan ]j`ano ]ho bÜn Bn]qaj vq b]ooaj qj` Chae_dao cehp bÜn `]o E`a]h k`an Iqopan^eh` `an Rkhhgkiiajdaep* Fa`ao `an ^ae`aj Cao_dha_dpan sen` rkhhgkiiajan( sajj ao `aj rkj `an J]pqn rkncaoa) dajaj Lh]j anbÜhhp $rch* a^`*( /42%( `e{anajpa ?d]n]gpana qj` Nkhhaj ]qovq^eh`aj6 ̦=ho k^ je_dp fa`ao rkj ^ae`aj WCao_dha_dpanjY( sajj ao j]_d oaejan Okj`anran]jh]cqjc W`a) opej]pekj l]npe_qheÈnaY `ea j]pqn^a`ejcpaj Veaha ]jopna^p( rkhhgkiiajan sÄna( ]ho sajj ao `ai ]j`anaj Ädjhe_dan vq oaej pn]_dpapa̤ $A^`*% ̦Aeja rkhhgkiiaja Bn]q qj` aej .

Ok ^aopeiip =neopkpahao aps] `ea Cao_dha_dpoaecajo_d]bp ]ho ]__e`ajo lan oa* Rch* Iap]lduoeg( >q_d T( 5( -,14 ] .5{*

FҟқҨ)Fқҝҫүҟҭ Nҩүҭҭҟқү

-25

rkhhgkiiajan I]jj `Ünbaj oe_d ei Caeop a^ajokWsajecY chae_daj sea ei Caoe_dp7 ]q_d ej `an Rkhhgkiiajdaep ce^p ao gaej Iadn k`an Sajecan*̤ $A^`*( /42% @]n]qo ance^p oe_d bÜn `ea Lnejveleaj vqn >asanpqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan6 @]o Opna^aj j]_d Chae_ddaep `an Bn]q aps] ej Dejoe_dp ]qb seooajo_d]bphe_da Gkilapajv sen` ]ho Ranhqop `an rkj `an J]pqn ^a]^oe_dpecpaj qj` `]dan jkni]per cabkn`anpaj @e{anajveanqjc qj` ]ho Raniej`anqjc ednan cajqej sae^he_daj Rkhhgkiiajdaep vqchae_d gnepeoean^]n* Aej okh_dao Opna^aj ajp^adnp je_dp vqhapvp `aod]h^ fa`an n]pekj]haj Cnqj`h]ca( saeh `an Opnaep Ü^an `aj Rknn]jc aejao Cao_dha_dpo ] lnekne ]ho oejjhko vq ansaeoaj eop* @an Ran) ve_dp ]qb aeja Saoajo]jc]^a `ao Iajo_daj eop `ea ajpo_dae`aj`a Rkn]qooapvqjc( qi Chae_ddaep mq] Chae_dsanpecgaep `an Cao_dha_dpan ^ad]qlpaj vq gÖjjaj* Ej >avqc ]qb `ea gh]ooeo_daj Pulaj rkj Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea( `ea `]o Iajo_doaej ]hhcaiaej `a|jeanaj`a RaniÖcaj ]jca^aj( ^aopadaj dejcacaj hkceo_d jqn `ea ^ae`aj rkj Lh]pkj qj` =neopkpahao ranpnapajaj IÖche_dgaepaj6 Ajpsa`an `an Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea` eop bÜn `ea =qo^eh`qjc `eaoan RaniÖcaj rkhhgkiiaj ennahar]jp( qj` ]hok oej` I]jj qj` Bn]q ej saoajphe_daj >aopeiiqjcaj chae_d qj` chae_dsanpec ̞ sea Lh]pkj hadnp7 k`an `eaoan Qjpano_dea` eop nahar]jp( `]jj ]^an g]jj ao oe_d qjpan `an Rkn]qooapvqjc mq]hep]peran Chae_ddaep ]ho Iajo_d jqn qi aejaj mq]jpep]peraj Qjpano_dea` vseo_daj I]jj qj` Bn]q( `* d* qi `ea Baopopahhqjc iej`anan Rkhhgkiiajdaep `ao aejaj( sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpo d]j`ahj* Nkqooa]qo jaqa B]ooqjc `ao Qjpano_dea`o rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q ranieppahop `an Case_d) pqjc rkj Cao_dha_dpo) qj` C]ppqjcoaecajo_d]bpaj ^eh`ap `ea Cnqj`h]ca bÜn aeja jaqa I]pnet `ao Sanpajo6 Qjca]_dpap `aooaj( `]oo `an I]jj `ea C]ppqjc nalnÄoajpeanp( eop `ea lneiÄn ]ho Cao_dha_dposaoaj `a|jeanpa Bn]q edi chae_dsanpec* J]_d`ai ei anopaj O_dnepp `ao 1* >q_dao `ea ^acnee_daj Rkn]qooapvqjcaj bÜn `aj Ca`]jgaj i]¿ca^he_d `qn_d `]o Cao_dha_dp ^aopeiipan Oq^fagpa cao_d]{aj oej`( cadp ao `]nqi( ]qb `ai Saca aejan cajapeo_daj Nagkjopnqgpekj `ea gqhpqnahhaj Ca) o_dha_dpo_d]n]gpana qj` Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeooa dan]qovq]n^aepaj( qi `ea ]^opn]gpaj ^acnee_daj RknghÄnqjcaj vq gkjgnapeoeanaj qj` aileneo_d vq rane|veanaj* =qovqcadaj eop rkj `an lduoeo_daj Kn`jqjc qj` ednai bÜn `]o Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo vqjÄ_dop i]¿ca^he_daj ̦Caoapv `an J]pqn̤* $©ieha( /42%* Sajj `]o Veah `an J]pqn ^avÜche_d `an Cao_dha_dpan ej `an Anvaqcqjc rkj J]_dgkiiaj qj` `* d* ej `an And]hpqjc `an C]ppqjc ^aopadp $rch* a^`*( //4%( eop `]o rkj `an J]pqn ^anaepcaopahhpa Ieppah vqn Annae_dqjc `eaoao Veaho( `ea Oatq]hj]pqn rkj Bn]qaj qj` IÄjjanj( vq ^a]_dpaj( qi edna ̦j]pÜnhe_da̤ Nkhha ej `ai vqn Annae_dqjc `ao Vsa_go jkpsaj`ecaj =gp vq ^aopeiiaj* ̦Ej `an Ranaejecqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan pn]caj ^ae`a chae_diÄ¿ec vqi caiaejo]iaj Vsa_g W`an Bknpl}]jvqjc ̞ I*€D*Y ^ae( ]^an je_dp ]qb `ea chae_da Saeoa* @]n]qo ance^p oe_d `an anopa ^aopeii^]na Qjpano_dea` ej ednaj cacajoaepecaj ikn]heo_daj >aveadqjcaj* @an aeja iq¿ ]gper qj` op]ng oaej( `an ]j`ana l]ooer qj` o_ds]_d6 jkpsaj`ecansaeoa iq¿ `an aeja skhhaj qj` gÖjjaj7 ao cajÜcp( sajj `an ]j`ana sajec Se`anop]j` haeopap*̤ $A^`*( /42% @eaoan ̦Cnqj`o]pv̤ $a^`*%( `an `]o rkj `an J]pqn rkncaca^aja Lnejvel vqn >aopeiiqjc ]hhan I]jj qj` Bn]q ^apna{aj`aj ?d]n]gpana qj` vqn >aopeiiqjc ednao RandÄhpjeooao bkniqheanp( sen` a _kjpn]nek ^aseaoaj* Rkn]qocaoapvp( `]oo ao vqn Annae) _dqjc `ao j]pÜnhe_daj Vsa_go `an lnk_na]pek dkiejeo iej`aopajo aej ]gperao Cao_dha_dp ca^aj iqoo( ^a`]nb ao jqn jk_d `ao J]_dsaeoao( `]oo vsae ̦iep `an chae_daj GÜdjdaep̤ ]ceanaj`a L]npjan ̦qj`ajg^]n̤ oej` $a^`*%* Ej `an P]p eop ao qjpan `an =jj]dia aejan ranjÜjbpec cakn`japaj J]pqn qj`ajg^]n( `]oo ̦`]o Iajo_dajcao_dha_dp `qn_d `ea vq

-3,

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

oaejan And]hpqjc ^aopeiipaj Ieppah ranje_dpap sÜn`a*̤ $©ieha( /43% @eaoa Gkjoamqajv `an Ranje_dpqjc `ao I]jjao qj` o_dhea¿he_d `an Iajo_ddaep ancÄ^a oe_d ]^an ]qo `aj qjpano_dea`he_daj Pnea^j]pqnaj rkj Bn]q qj` I]jj ̞ ansÄcp i]j oea jÄihe_d ^hk¿ j]_d ednan o_deanaj j]pÜnhe_daj Lkpajv* =j`ano ]ho `]o Peansae^_daj( eop `ea Bn]q `qn_d jac]peraj Ejopejgp cagajjvae_djap qj` ]j`ano ]ho `an I]jj eop oea vqchae_d o_dn]jgajhkoaj >acean`aj ]qocaheabanp $rch* a^`*( /43%* SÜn`a jqj `an Bn]q aeja ]gpera Nkhha vqcaop]j`aj( ok `]oo oea edn cnajvajhkoao Hea^aoranh]jcaj( `]o iep qj^acnajvpan Lkpajv aejdancadp( ]qoha^aj gÖjjpa( ̦sÜn`aj `ea IÄjjan rkj `aj Bn]qaj pun]jjeoeanp qj` o_dhea¿he_d edna Klban san`aj7 oea oÄdaj oe_d `ai Pk` Ü^anheabanp( kdja oe_d fai]ho ranpae`ecaj vq gÖjjaj*̤ $a^`*% @]o ]^an dae¿p6 `ea J]pqn opÜj`a ei Se`anolnq_d iep oe_d oah^op( ej`ai oea Ieppah danrkn^nejcp( `ea `]o Cacajpaeh rkj `ai ^asengaj( s]o ^a]^oe_dpecp eop* Qi `eaoan b]p]haj H]ca vq ajpgkiiaj ̞ ok bkhcanp Nkqooa]q ̞ iqoo `ea Bn]q oe_d oah^op `qn_d VqnÜ_gd]hpqjc `eafajeca IÄ¿ecqjc ]qbanhacaj( `ea `ai I]jj `ea J]pqn ^a|adhp $rch* a^`*%* Oatq]hepÄp qj` Cajan]perepÄp `ao Iajo_daj gÖjjaj ]hok jqn ej oq^heieanpan Bkni Paeh aejan vsa_giÄ¿ecaj J]pqn oaej* Ao eop `]o v]npa CabÜdh sae^he_dan O_d]i( `ai `ea =qbda^qjc `ao `ao]opnÖoaj j]pÜnhe_daj Se`anopnaepo vseo_daj sae^he_dai qj` iÄjjhe_dai Oatq]hpnea^( qj` ]hok `ai vseo_daj Ieppah qj` Vsa_g `an Bknpl}]jvqjc( vqcapn]qp qj` vqcaiqpap sen`6 Ej`ai `ea Bn]q ednaj rkn `an iÄjjhe_daj >acean`a ajpopadaj`aj Pnea^sÜjo_daj se`anopadp( oapvp oea `an J]pqn O_dn]jgaj qj` g]jj edna Pnea^lkpajpe]ha oq^heieanaj* @ea O_d]i eop ok ]ho `ea anopa qj` bÜn ]hhao saepana cnqj`hacaj`a `qn_d `ea Bn]q an^n]_dpa Gqhpqnhaeopqjc ]jcaoapvp( `ea ednaj ei Ranchae_d vqi Peansae^_daj jac]peraj Ejopejgp/ gkilajoeanaj g]jj qj` `ea vqn ajpo_dae`aj`aj Rkn]qooapvqjc `]bÜn sen`( `]oo `]o iÄjjhe_da Cao_dha_dp and]hpaj ^hae^p qj` `an C]ppqjcovsa_g `an Bknpl}]jvqjc na]heoeanp sen`* Ei Bkgqo `an saepanaj ¼^anhacqjcaj vqn O_d]i opadp `ea aiejajpa >a`aqpqjc `ea) oao sae^he_daj CabÜdho bÜn `ea ikn]heo_da Ajpse_ghqjc `ao iÄjjhe_daj Gej`ao vqi Ans]_doajaj( skiep vqchae_d `]o Pdai]( sea `ea >eh`qjc `an Iajo_ddaep vq aejai ikn]heo_daj C]jvaj iÖche_d san`aj g]jj $rch* ]q_d Gqopan .,,1( -4,{*%( ]jcaolnk_daj eop* @]o CabÜdh `an O_d]i ^]djp aejaj ¼^anc]jc rkj `an lduoeo_daj vqn caeopecaj( `* d* ikn]heo_daj Kn`jqjc( ej`ai ao `ea @uj]ieg `ao >acadnajo je_dp jqn ejepeeanp( okj`anj vqchae_d gkj|cqneanp( ok `]oo `ea Nkhha qj` `an okve]ha Op]pqo rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q `]nej rkncavae_djap oej`* Ej`ai `ea Bn]q edna aecaja >acean`a `qn_d O_d]i ran`a_gp( ansa_gp oea anop `ea >acean`a qj` `ea Gn]bp `ao I]jjao* @ea O_d]i ano_daejp ok ]ho kdja Cnqj` cavaecpan k`an ^hk¿ ]jpeveleanpan Se`anop]j`( `an oaejaj Cacajl]np( `aj ]gperaj =jcne{( ]ho `aooaj >a]jpsknpqjc oea oe_d ce^p( l]n]`ktansaeoa `k_d anop lnkrkveanp* =j`ano ca) o]cp6 @an I]jj ajpopadp ]ho Cao_dha_dposaoaj( ej`ai an `ea ei sae^he_daj Se`anop]j` heacaj`a Lnkfagpekj oaejan Nkhha ]jjeiip* @ea k{ajoe_dphe_da OpÄnga `ao I]jjao an) saeop oe_d ok ]ho Bkhca `an ]j`ano]npecaj qj` ran^kncajaj OpÄnga `an Bn]q( `ea ej Bkhca /

=hhcaiaej cehp bÜn Nkqooa]q( `]oo `an Iajo_d rki Pean jqn jac]per( jÄihe_d `qn_d Ejopejgpbnaedaep qjpano_dea`aj eop* Lanba_pe^ehepÉ ]ho `]o i]¿ca^he_da Gkjvalp rkj Nkqooa]qo =jpdnklkhkcea eop ajpolna_daj` je_dp ]ho Opna^aj j]_d Ranrkhhgkiijqjc k`an Na]heoeanqjc aejao lkoeper ^aopeiipaj Saoajo ]qbvqb]ooaj( okj`anj ]ho ̦aeja naeja ¼^ano_dnaepqjcolkpajv( `ea jac]per ]ho IÖche_dgaep( `aj J]pqnvqop]j` vq ranh]ooaj ano_daejp( ]^an je_dp lkoeper ]qb aej dqi]jao Pahko ]qocane_dpap eop*̤ $Gqopan .,,1( 00b*%

FҟқҨ)Fқҝҫүҟҭ Nҩүҭҭҟқү

-3-

`an Oq^heieanqjc ednan Pnea^a Ü^an `ea Ejepe]pera vqn Bnaeoapvqjc iÄjjhe_daj >acadnajo oksea Ü^an `ea I]_dp vqn @a|jepekj `ao iÄjjhe_daj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpano ranbÜcp qj` ok `]o ]ikqnÖoa Ha^aj Ü^an edna Naeva ]ho Ieppah `an I]jelqh]pekj iÄjjhe_dan >acean) `aj hajgaj g]jj* @ea pÖ`he_da Pun]jjae `qn_d `aj sae^he_daj Oatq]hpnea^ rans]j`ahp oe_d `qn_d Gqhpqn ej aeja iep `ai J]pqnvsa_g gkil]pe^ha Bkni `an Qjpansanbqjc `ao I]jjao `qn_d `ea edna aecaja Pnea^j]pqn okqranÄj ^adanno_daj`a Bn]q( `ea oe_d ej`ao) oaj iep `an edna l]npeahha OkqranÄjepÄp ^acnÜj`aj`aj Ajpse_ghqjc rkj O_d]i ednanoaepo qjpansenbp $rch* a^`*% Okbanj `ea >acean`a `ao I]jjao ^a`ejcp eop( anop ranieppahop sae^) he_dan Naeva ejo Oleah gkiip( qj` `ea Bn]q edna aecajaj Pnea^veaha jqn ranieppahop `an iÄjjhe_daj >acean`a na]heoeanaj g]jj( iqoo `ea Bn]q `]j]_d pn]_dpaj vq cab]hhaj ̞ `]o eop edna j]pÜnhe_da >aopeiiqjc $rch* ©ieha( /42%* @an I]jj eop ]i CÄjcah^]j` ejova) jeanpan sae^he_dan Naeva( `]o Fk_d `an Bn]q eop `an Vs]jc vq cab]hhaj* @qn_d edna j]pÜnhe_da Nkhha ]ho Cao_dha_dposaoaj oej` IÄjjan qj` Bn]qaj iepdej ej mq]hep]per rano_dea`aja( sa_doahoaepeca =^dÄjcecgaepo) ^vs* Danno_d]bporandÄhpjeooa ca) opahhp( `qn_d `ea vqchae_d edn Lh]pv ej `an okve]haj qj` ̞ sea oe_d olÄpan vaecaj sen` ̞ ]q_d ej `an lkhepeo_daj Kn`jqjc `a|jeanp eop* Ao eop aeja Gkjoamqajv ]qo Nkqooa) ]qo Lkopqheanqjc qjaejcao_dnÄjgpan Chae_dsanpecgaep rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q( `]oo oea je_dp iadn ej aeja dean]n_deo_da Kn`jqjc rkj Danno_d]bpo^aveadqjcaj sea ej =neopkpahao̢ Kegko lh]pveanp san`aj gÖjjaj( okj`anj ej aejai Ca}a_dp gkilhaiajpÄnan Danno_d]bpo) ^aveadqjcaj( `]o `qn_d `ea J]pqn ^acnÜj`ap sen`( ]qbaej]j`an ^avkcaj oej`6 ̦Aieh sqn`a ]ho edn C]ppa ]q_d edn WOkldeaoY Dann* Oea iÜooaj cadkn_daj( ok d]p ao `ea J]pqn caskhhp* Chae_dp `ea Bn]q Okldea( ok eop ao fa`k_d cqp( sajj `an I]jj rkj edn ca) hajgp sen`* =q_d `]o eop `]o Caoapv `an J]pqn* Qi oea vqn Dannej Ü^an oaej WAiehoY Danv vq i]_daj( sea oaej Cao_dha_dp edj vqi Dannj Ü^an Edna Lanokj i]_dp( d]^a e_d Oea vqi O_dea`one_dpan Ü^an oaeja HÜopa cai]_dp*̤ $©ieha( 1.5% Ei Dej^he_g ]qb `ea @e{anajv rkj C]ppqjco) qj` Cao_dha_dpoaecajo_d]bpaj( `anaj Case_dpqjc `aj fasaehe) caj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan ]qoi]_dp( san`aj `ea gkjopepqperaj =^dÄjcecgaeporandÄhpjeooa vseo_daj I]jj qj` Bn]q ej ednan Aecaj]np qj` ej ednan Gkilhaiajp]nepÄp `a|jeanp6 SÄdnaj` `an I]jj ]ho Cao_dha_dposaoaj `qn_d `ea Bn]q ^adanno_dp sen`( eop an ]ho Na_dpo) qj` `* d* ]ho Sehhajooq^fagp bnae7 qicagadnp opahhp ao oe_d ^ae `an Bn]q `]n7 oea eop ]ho Cao_dha_dposaoaj ̦okqranÄj̤ qj` ]ho Lanokj qjbnae* Saj`ap i]j `aj >he_g rkj `aj Äq¿anaj Nah]pekjaj vseo_daj IÄjjanj qj` Bn]q) aj vq `ai( s]o oe_d ]qo `ai >avqc ]qb `]o ]j`ana Cao_dha_dp bÜn `]o aeja ance^p( sen` Nkqooa]qo E`aa aejan `e]hagpeo_daj >eh`qjcocao_de_dpa `ao Ej`ere`qqio ]ho Ca) o_dha_dposaoaj b]oo^]n6 Ej oaejan =^dÄjcecgaep ]ho Cao_dha_dposaoaj anbÄdnp `an I]jj aeja =np rkj >abnaeqjc can]`a ej `eaoan Dejoe_dp( ej`ai an jÄihe_d `qn_d `ea Ejepe]pera qj` `ea opaqanj`a Nkhha `an Bn]q rkj aecajaj Pnea^ia_d]jeoiaj ajph]opap qj` vqchae_d ]ho ]gperao qj` `* d* ranjÜjbpecao Saoaj ejo Oleah ca^n]_dp sen`( ok `]oo an o_dhea¿he_d vqn >adanno_dqjc oaejan Hae`ajo_d]bpaj `qn_d aecaja Ranjqjbp ^abÄdecp sen` $rch* a^`*( /43%* GkilhaiajpÄn randÄhp ao oe_d ^ae `an Bn]q6 Edna BÄdecgaep vqn >adanno_dqjc ed) nan aecajaj Pnea^a qj` `ea `]n]qo ans]_doaj`a Nkhha `an Dannej Ü^an iÄjjhe_da Hqop i]_daj `ea Bn]q vqi Cao_dha_dposaoaj l]n at_ahhaj_a qj` d]hpaj oea ]ho Iajo_d ej gej`he_dan QjiÜj`ecgaep* =ho ankpeo_dao Saoaj eop `ea Bn]q `ai Vs]jc vq cab]hhaj ]qocaheabanp qj` ]ho ikn]heo_dao Saoaj sen` oea `]`qn_d rkj `an Iaejqjc ]j`anan ]^) dÄjcec6 Qi `aj I]jj ]ho Cao_dha_dposaoaj ̦]gpereanaj̤ vq gÖjjaj( iqoo oea oe_d oah^op

-3.

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

ej aeja l]ooera Nkhha ^aca^aj6 oea iqoo cab]hhaj ̞ `]o eop `an l]n]`kta =gp aejan Qjpan) sanbqjc ranieppahop `an >adanno_dqjc ednan Pnea^a*0 @ea Bn]q i]_dp oe_d ]^an je_dp jqn ]^dÄjcec ej `an Saeoa( `]oo oea aejai gkjgnapaj I]jj cab]hhaj iqoo( oe_d ]hok vqi K^) fagp oaejao >acadnajo i]_daj iqoo7 `ao Saepanaj gkiip ao ̦je_dp jqn `]n]qb ]j( `]¿ `ea Bn]q pnaq eop( okj`anj `]¿ oea ]q_d rkj ednai I]jj( ednaj JÄ_dopaj qj` rkj fa`an) i]jj `]bÜn cad]hpaj sen`*̤ $A^`*( /5,% O_dhea¿he_d eop `ea Bn]q ]ho Iqppan ]jcaseaoaj ]qb `ea Dehba qj` Hea^a `ao I]jjao( qj` vqchae_d eop oea edi cacajÜ^an ̦ran]jpsknp) he_d̤ ̞ rkn ]hhai j]pÜnhe_d ei Oejja `an CasÄdnhaeopqjc oaejan R]pano_d]bp $rch* a^`*( /45b*%* @qn_d ednaj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan eop iepdej `ea `kllahpa =^dÄjcecgaep `an Bn]q ̞ edna =^dÄjcecgaep ]ho ikn]heo_dao Saoaj rki Qnpaeh ]j`anan qj` edna Ögkjkieo_da =^dÄjcecgaep ]ho lduoeo_dao Saoaj ̞ ^acnÜj`ap( skn]qo bkhcp( `]oo edn `an Op]pqo `ao Dannj Ü^an oe_d vq ransaecanj eop*1 L]n]`kt qj` vqcaolepvp bkniqheanp6 `ea Bn]q eop ]ho Cao_dha_dposaoaj Gej`7 `an I]jj ]ho Ans]_doajan ^abnaep rki Cao_dha_dp* J]_d Nkqooa]qo canj sea`andkhpai @egpqi oej` Bn]qaj ha^ajoh]jc cnk¿a Gej`an $rch* ©ieha( .-,%* Sea `eaoa ?d]n]gpaneoeanqjc `ao olave|o_daj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpano `an Bn]q `qn_d `aj >acne{ Gej` iep `ai Ca) ^n]q_d `eaoao >acne{o vqn >avae_djqjc `ao Op]pqo rkj Iajo_daj( ej `ai oea oe_d ]ho Iajo_daj rkn `an Cao_dha_dponaeba chae_d oej`( vq ranaej^]naj eop( andahhp sea bkhcp6 @an >acne{ rki Iajo_daj ]ho aejao bnaeaj qj` `]nqi vqchae_d cabÄdn`apaj Saoajo( `]o vseo_daj Pean qj` Ajcah opadaj` sa`an `qn_d Ejopejgp jk_d `qn_d Ranjqjbp `apaniejeanp oaej g]jj qj` ]ho `eaoao Vseo_dajsaoaj `]nej oaeja =qovae_djqjc d]p( oe_d Pqcaj` ]ho Ran`eajop vqolna_daj vq gÖjjaj $rch* a^`*( /,4( /43%( i]_dp `ea Pn]csaepa `an `qn_d `ea Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv rkncavae_djapaj qjpano_dea`he_daj Bkniaj `an Pnea^nacqhea) nqjc bÜn `ea =qolnÄcqjcaj `ao Iajo_doaejo ]ho bnaeaj Saoajo ranopÄj`he_d* @ea `ai I]jj iÖche_da ranjÜjbpeca >adanno_dqjc oaejao Pnea^ha^ajo eop vs]n ]ho `]o chae_d) sanpeca Laj`]jp vqn cabÜdhoiÄ¿ecaj Nacqheanqjc ednan Pnea^a `qn_d O_d]i ]qb Oaepaj `an Bn]q ej =jo]pv ca^n]_dp* =qb `]o CabÜdh ]ho Opaqanqjcoejop]jv mq] Cao_dha_dposa) oaj baopcahacp vq oaej( ^a`aqpap fa`k_d vqchae_d ej aejan Rknbkni iajo_dhe_dan Bnaedaep( `ea ej `an sehhajphe_daj qj` ranjÜjbpecaj >aopeiiqjc rkj Veahaj qj` Ieppahj `ao D]j) `ahjo heacp( rand]nnaj vq iÜooaj* @ea Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv bqjceanp bÜn Nkqooa]q iepdej ]ho Lnejvel( `]o `ea N]`eaj `ao iÖche_daj Bnaedaepoca^n]q_do ans]_doajan Iajo_daj o_dkj ej ]jpdnklkhkceo_dan >aqnpaehqjc qjpano_dea`he_d ]^opa_gp* ̦Sen san`aj okvqo]) caj vsaei]h ca^knaj6 aeji]h( qi vq ateopeanaj( `]o vsaepa I]h( qi vq ha^aj7 aeji]h bÜn `ea C]ppqjc qj` aeji]h bÜn `]o Cao_dha_dp* San `ea Bn]q ]ho aejaj qjrkhhgkiia) 0

1

@an Qiop]j`( `]oo `ea Bn]q je_dp vq aejan ranjÜjbpecaj( `* d* ]gperaj qj` sehhajphe_daj Opaqanqjc ednan Pnea^j]pqn cah]jcaj g]jj( hÄoop `ea Jkpsaj`ecgaep aejan Äq¿anaj Hajgqjc `an Bn]qaj `qn_d Ö{ajphe_da Iaejqjc lh]qoe^ah ano_daejaj* Qj` `eaoa caoahho_d]bphe_da =^dÄjcecgaep `an Bn]q eop bÜn edna Ranknpqjc ei lkhepeo_daj N]qi j]pÜnhe_d je_dp bkhcajhko* J]_d `aj ¼^anhacqjcaj vqn Gqhpqn `an Ö{ajphe_daj Iaejqjc ei >neab ]j @̢=hai^anp g]jj `ea Bn]q v* >* je_dp ]j >an]pqjcaj Ü^an `]o Caiaejskdh paehjadiaj* Oea eop gaej ]gperao( qj]^dÄjcecao Oq^fagp `an Iaejqjco^eh`qjc* Rch* `]vq Gqopan .,,1( -53{* Sacaj oaejao Cao_dha_dpo eop `an sae^he_da Ans]_doaja o_ds]_d sea `]o Gej`( ]^an oaeja O_dsÄ) _da ^apne{p je_dp oaeja aecaja gÖnlanhe_da qj` caeopeca G]l]vepÄp7 ao d]j`ahp oe_d qi aeja O_dsÄ_da ej Nah]pekj vq ]j`anaj Iajo_daj k`an i]j gÖjjpa ]q_d o]caj6 qi aeja caoahho_d]bphe_da O_dsÄ) _da* Rch* ©ieha( 2-{*7 /42{*( 0,.*

FҟқҨ)Fқҝҫүҟҭ Nҩүҭҭҟқү

-3/

jaj Iajo_daj ^apn]_dpap( d]p vsaebahokdja qjna_dp7 `k_d olne_dp `an Äq¿ana O_daej bÜn `ea Gnepegan* >eo vqi Daen]po]hpan d]^aj `ea Gej`an ^ae`anhae Cao_dha_dpo je_dpo( s]o oea qjpano_dae`ap6 @ea IÄ`_daj oej` Gej`an( `ea Gj]^aj oej` Gej`an7 aej J]ia cajÜcp bÜn ok Ädjhe_da Saoaj* Gj]^aj( ^ae `ajaj i]j `ea Saepanajpse_ghqjc `ao Cao_dha_dpo randej`anp( ^ad]hpaj `eaoa Chae_ddaep edn c]jvao Ha^aj dej`qn_d* Oea oej` eiian cnk¿a Gej`an* @ea Bn]qaj( `ea `eaoa Chae_ddaep jea ranheanaj( o_daejaj ej reahan Dejoe_dp jea aps]o ]j`anao vq oaej* @an I]jj ]^an eop je_dp cao_d]{aj( qi ej `an Gej`daep opadaj) vq^hae^aj* Vq caca^ajan Vaep hÄ¿p an oea dejpan oe_d*̤ $A^`*( .-,7 vqi ̦s]dnaj I]jj̤ rch* a^`*( 2-{*( -04( -1/% Vqbkhca ednan ejjanaj @eolkoepekj ]ho Cao_dha_dposaoaj gÖj) jaj Bn]qaj `]o Gej`daepoop]`eqi jea dejpan oe_d h]ooaj( `* d* edjaj ^hae^p `an Op]pqo `ao ranjqjbp^aopeiipaj Ans]_doajaj ]q_d qj]^dÄjcec rkj gkjgnapaj QiopÄj`aj( sea v* >* O_ds]jcan) k`an Iqppano_d]bp( ransadnp $rch* a^`*( /5-%* @ea =j]huoa rkj Nkqooa]qo Opn]paceaj vqn >acnÜj`qjc `an Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc d]p `]iep bkhcaj`ao Naoqhp]p an^n]_dp6 @ea Anoapvqjc `an ej `an @a|jepekj anb]oopaj Saoajo^aopeiiqjc `ao Iajo_daj qj` dejvqgkiiaj`an gkjpejcajpan >aopeiiqjcaj `qn_d vsae chae_dn]jceca Iangi]hogh]ooaj( `ea ejd]hphe_da Qj^aopeiipdaep `an =npaecajo_d]bpaj ej Ran^ej`qjc iep `an =jc]^a rkj Cao_dha_dpoaecajo_d]bpaj( oej` `ea jaq aejcabÜdnpaj ^acnee_daj Ieppah vqn >aopeiiqjc `ao Lh]pvao rkj IÄjjanj qj` Bn]qaj ej `an j]pÜnhe_daj qj` caeopecaj Kn`jqjc( `ea oe_d iep aejan ]qb >ak^]_dpqjcaj qj` P]po]_daj caopÜpvpaj cajapeo_daj =ncqiajp]pekj ran^ej`aj* Kdja `eaoa Iapdk`aj qj` Ejopnqiajpa sÄnaj `ea jaqaj Ejd]hpa rkj Nkqooa]qo Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea je_dp vq casejjaj casaoaj6 sa`an `ea >ad]qlpqjc `an saoajphe_daj @e{anajv rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q jk_d `ea `]n]qb ]qb^]qaj`a >acnÜj`qjc ednan Qjranchae_dhe_dgaep qj` Chae_dsanpecgaep jk_d `ea E`aa ednan sa_doahoaepecaj( navelnkgaj Danno_d]bpo) ^vs* =^dÄjcecgaeporandÄhpjeooa ej `an j]pÜnhe_daj qj` okve]haj Kn`jqjc* @eaoao Jkrqi dapankcajan Qjpan) qj` ¼^ankn`jqjcorandÄhpjeooa vseo_daj `aj Cao_dha_dpanj ^a`aqpap ej`aooaj bÜn `ea Bn]q( `]oo edna pn]`epekjahha na_dphe_da Lkoepekj `an QjiÜj`ecgaep ranieppahop `eaoan jaqaj >acnÜj`qjco|cqnaj ]qb F]dndqj`anpa vaiajpeanp san`aj g]jj( qj` vs]n can]`a saeh oea `ai rkj Nkqooa]q oah^op aild]peo_d vqn Cahpqjc ca^n]_dpaj Lnejvel jaqvaephe_dan lkhepeo_dan Ldehkokldea ̦`an Iajo_d eop bnae ca^knaj̤ je_dp se`anolne_dp* K^ k`an ej sah_dan Saeoa `ea Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv ]q_d bÜn `aj Rkhhvqc `an Äq¿anaj Bnaedaep nahar]jp eop ̞ `]o eop `ea Pn]jobkni]pekj `an gh]ooeo_daj Bn]caopahhqjc( j]_d `ai Knp `an Bn]q ei CabÜca okve]han Kn`jqjc( `ea Nkqooa]q rkncajkiiaj qj` ]qb `an DÖda `ao rkj edi oah^op rkn]jcapnea^ajaj Lnk^haiop]j`o `an Na_dpo) qj` Okve]hldehkokldea a^ajok jÜ_dpanj sea gkjoamqajp `qn_dcabÜdnp d]p* Ok ansaeop oe_d Nkqooa]qo Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea ]ho aeja ̞ `]o >Üncanpqi aejo_dhea¿he_d oaejan Vanb]hholnk`qgpa `an Jakoatq]hepÄpaj $rch* Oecqo_d .,,1% ^eo ejo Ejjanopa lnÄcaj`a ̞ ca`]jghe_da Gkilkoepekj( `an ao cahejcp( `]o ej `an aqnklÄeo_daj Pn]`epekj rkj Ldehkokldea qj` Nahecekj o_dha_dpan`ejco qjranaej^]n Ano_daejaj`a vq ran^ej`aj6 `ea Chae_dsanpecgaep `an Bn]q vq ^acnÜj`aj qj` `ai Lkopqh]p `an Chae_ddaep ]hhan Iajo_daj oaeja Cahpqjc vq oe_danj( ej`ai `ea Bn]q ]ho `]o o_dha_dpdej oatq]heoeanpa Saoaj anbqj`aj sen`* =ho qj` jqn ]ho oatq]heoeanpao Saoaj chae_d qj` chae_dsanpec oaej vq gÖjjaj( eop aeja `kllahpa L]n]`ktea6 `an n]pekj]h `aikjopneanpa Se`anolnq_d aejan =qbsanpqjc `qn_d Dan]^oapvqjc( qj` `eaoa O_devkldnajea ei RanopÄj`jeo qj` Oah^opranopÄj`jeo `an Bn]q eop gaejaosaco Ranc]jcajdaep*

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0*

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea( Apdeg qj` Op]]pona_dp

Ej aejan `ea ^ae`aj Bkniaj okve]han Kn`jqjc( B]iehea qj` Op]]p( ^anÜ_goe_dpecaj`aj( baiejeopeo_d eilnÄcjeanpaj Lanolagpera ]qb `]o Sang Nkqooa]qo eop je_dp jqn `ea Bn]) ca j]_d `aj Gkjoamqajvaj rkj Nkqooa]qo Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea bÜn `aj >Üncanop]pqo `an Bn]q vq pdai]peoeanaj* Ei daqneopeo_daj Rkncne{ ]qb aeja sea ]q_d eiian vq `ajgaj) `a ouopai]peo_da Aejdaep vqiej`aop `an D]qlpsanga ]qo `aj 2,an F]dnaj eop ]q_d vq qjpanoq_daj( sea `]o RandÄhpjeo `an ei ©ieha ajpse_gahpaj Gkjvalpekj rkj Cao_dha_d) pankn`jqjc vq `an ei ?kjpn]p Ok_e]h lnÄoajpeanpaj E`aa `ao Op]]pao vq ^aopeiiaj eop* Ao ail|adhp oe_d( rkn^anaepaj` vqiej`aop ogevvajd]bp ]qb `aj Vqo]iiajd]jc rkj Ca) o_dha_dpanpdaknea qj` Apdeg aejvqcadaj* @ea Cnqj`^acne{a `an Apdeg( cqp qj` ^Öoa( oej` >acne{a( `ea Nah]pekjaj vseo_daj `ai Ej`ere`qqi qj` `ai C]jvaj `an Iajo_ddaep ejjand]h^ aejan caeopecaj Kn`jqjc gajjvae_djaj* Cqp eop aeja okh_da >aveadqjc( ej `an oe_d `an Aejvahja `an rkncaca^ajaj Kn`jqjc caiÄ¿ ]ho Paeh `ao C]jvaj ranopadp qj` ajpolna_daj` randÄhp* @ea qicagadn) pa Nah]pekj( ej `an `an Aejvahja oe_d vqi Ieppahlqjgp `ao C]jvaj i]_dp( hÄqbp `an vsa_giÄ¿ecaj Kn`jqjc `an J]pqn( ej `an `an Aejvahja jqn ]ho Paeh ej sa_doahoaepecan =^dÄjcecgaep iep ]j`anaj Paehaj ateopeanaj g]jj( vqse`an qj` cehp ]ho ^Öoa $rch* ©ieha( /,3b*%* @eaoa >acne{a rkj cqp qj` ^Öoa san`aj ]ho ikn]heo_da Lnejveleaj sa`an `qn_d `ea Ranjqjbp ang]jjp( jk_d san`aj oea `qn_d Ranjqjbp sengo]i7 oea oej` `ai Iajo_daj ei ikn]heo_daj CabÜdh caca^aj qj` san`aj ajpolna_daj` ]ho CabÜdh `an vqi Iephae` ansaepanpaj Oah^ophea^a $]ikqn `a oke% ^vs* ]ho CabÜdh `an Aecajhea^a $]ikqn lnklna% anb]dnaj qj` oej` `qn_d `eaoa CabÜdha d]j`hqjcohaepaj`* Aeja iap]lduoeg)ogalpeo_da Ldehkokldea sea `ea Nkqooa]qo d]p oe_d ]j `ea Nagkjopnqgpekj `eaoan CabÜdha vq d]h) paj( qi ]j Opahha o_deiÄneo_dan Rknopahhqjcaj naahha( ]qb ={agpekjaj `ao Ej`ere`qqio cacnÜj`apa >acne{a `ao Cqpaj qj` Cana_dpaj vq casejjaj* Je_dp vqbÄhhec eop ]hok `an Anveadqjconki]j ©ieha ]q_d `an ajpo_dae`aj`a Patp vqn Apdeg* Ej kjpkcajapeo_dan >apn]_dpqjc `an Ikn]hajpse_ghqjc ansaeop oe_d `ea Lq^anpÄp( ej `an j]_d Nkqooa]q iep `an oatqahhaj Naebqjc vqchae_d `ea anopaj okve]haj >aveadqj) caj qj` CabÜdha ajpopadaj( ]ho aeja Vaep `an Gneoa $rch* Gqopan .,,1( -20{*%* Ao eop `ea aejveca H]ca ei Ha^aj `ao Iajo_daj( `ea `ea Aecajhea^a $]ikqn lnklna% kdja Rkno]pv qj` Rano_dqh`aj ajpopadaj hÄoop* @ea `ai Pnea^ `an J]pqn bkhcaj`a( chae_dskdh n]pekj]ha S]dh aejan Cahea^paj ^asanpap qj` ranchae_dp( qi vq ^arknvqcaj qj` oah^op ^arknvqcp vq san`aj* Ner]hepÄp qj` Aebanoq_dp( o_dhea¿he_d Baej`o_d]bp qj` D]oo ̞ CabÜdha( `ea ednanoaepo aeja @avajpneanqjc `ao Oah^op qj` aeja `qn_d Gkjgqnnajv calnÄcpa Okve]hepÄp ^asengaj ̞ oej` `ea mq]oe j]pqnsÜ_doecaj Bkhcaj `eaoan anopaj( qjgqhpereanpaj Nacqjcaj `an Cao_dha_dpanjaecqjc $rch* ©ieha( .-/b*%* Vseo_daj `aj j]pÜnhe_d oe_d ajpse_gahj`aj okve]haj >aveadqjcaj qj` `an ikn]heo_daj Kn`jqjc `an J]pqn pqp oe_d aej Se`anolnq_d ]qb( `aooaj o_dÄ`he_da Bkhcaj bÜn Ej`ere`qaj qj` Caoahho_d]bp jqn ]^vqsaj`aj oej`( sajj `aj cao_dha_dpanpdaknapeo_daj Rknc]^aj ajpolna_daj`a anveadaneo_da qj` ejopepq) pekjahha Cacaji]¿j]diaj ancne{aj san`aj* Ej aejan =np L]n]hhahbÜdnqjc vqn Kjpkcajaoa `ao ©ieha ranknpap Nkqooa]q ]q_d ej `an lduhkcajapeo_daj Lanolagpera `ao vsaepaj @eo_kqno `]o Ajpopadaj `an B]iehea ]j `ai Lqjgp `ao ¼^anc]jco rkj `an eokheanpaj Ateopajvbkni `ao Iajo_daj ej `ea ikn]heo_da Kn`jqjc $rch* Gqopan .,,1( -24%* @ea B]iehea eop ej ^ae`aj Dejoe_dpaj ]ho CabÜdhoca)

FҟқҨ)Fқҝҫүҟҭ Nҩүҭҭҟқү

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iaejo_d]bp ca`]_dp( `* d* ]ho Ejopepqpekj( `ea ednaj Qnolnqjc ei CabÜdh `an =^dÄjcecgaep qj` =jcaseaoajdaep `ao Iajo_daj ]qb oaejaochae_daj d]p( `]o oe_d j]_d `ai ©ieha vqanop ej `an Cao_dha_dpanjaecqjc Äq¿anp( ]qo `an j]_d `ai .* @eo_kqno `]o sa_d) oahoaepeca Skdhskhhaj ajpopadp( `]o `ea B]iehea ]ho anopa Bkni `an Rancaoahho_d]bpqjc rkj Iajo_daj gkjopepqeanp $rch* a^`*%* Sen` `eaoa cajapeo_da >aopeiiqjc `an B]ie) hea jkni]per casaj`ap( ano_daejp `ea B]iehea ]ho Lkpajpe]h( `]o cacaj `ea Cab]dnaj `an Ej`ere`q]hajpse_ghqjc qj` `ea =^ann]pekjaj qj` Lanranoekjaj `an ^Üncanhe_daj Gkjgqn) najvcaoahho_d]bp aejvqoapvaj eop* @eaoa >a`aqpqjc `an Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc bÜn `ea Oepphe_dgaep rkj Ej`ere`qaj qj` ok) ve]haj >aveadqjcaj oapvp rkn]qo( `]oo `ea Pqcaj` oah^op ]ho J]pqnvsa_g vq ^acnaebaj eop( `an `qn_d Ieppah `an J]pqn vq ^abÖn`anj eop* @ea =q{]ooqjc( `]oo ChÜ_g qj` Pqcaj` ]ho rkj `an J]pqn ^a]^oe_dpecpan Vsa_g ]jvqoadaj oej`( ran^ej`ap Nkqooa]q iep aejai gujeo_daj Iajo_daj^eh`6 >a`Ünbjeo]niqp eop `ea j]pÜnhe_da =qoop]ppqjc `ao Iajo_daj( `ea `an Na]heoeanqjc `eaoao Vsa_go vqpnÄche_d eop7 anop `qn_d Vereheoeanqjc qj` `]iep aejdancadaj`a Hqtqneanqjc `an >a`Ünbjeooa d]p an oe_d oah^op rkj `eaoai Sac aejao cajÜco]iaj( chÜ_ghe_daj qj` pqcaj`d]bpaj Ha^ajo ]^ca^n]_dp S]nqi `an Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc p]poÄ_dhe_d `ea >a`aqpqjc aejao qjranve_dp^]naj Ieppaho `an Ikn]heoeanqjc vqvqsaeoaj eop( andahhp ]qo `ai gujeo_daj Iajo_daj^eh`* @]n]qo naoqhpeanp `ea =^gadn Nkqooa]qo rkj `ai okc* Gqhpqnikn]heoiqo oaejan Vaepca) jkooaj ̞ aps] Od]bpao^qnuo $rch* Nae_d .,,-]%* Je_dp ]qb `ea =qo^eh`qjc ejpahhagpqahhan Rkhhgkiiajdaepaj eop vq oapvaj( qi `]o Veah `an Ikn]heoeanqjc vq ^abÖn`anj7 ao oej` `ea j]_d `an J]pqn anvkcajaj Ej`ere`qaj qj` `ea `an J]pqnkn`jqjc caiÄ¿ ranb]oopa Ejopepqpekj `an B]iehea( `ea ]ho O_dqpv cacaj `ea ej `an Ej`ere`q]hajpse_ghqjc heacaj`aj Cab]dnaj ikn]heo_dan Rangadnqjc qj` chae_dani]¿aj ]ho Gknnagper aejan `qn_d Vereheo]pekj dan^aecabÜdnpaj caoahho_d]bphe_daj Badhajpse_ghqjc ej =jo]pv vq ^nejcaj oej`* Nkqooa]qo Op]]pona_dp eop ]j`ano ]ho `ea Apdeg rkj pahakhkceo_daj Angajjpjeooaj cÄjv) he_d( qj` rkj ]jpdnklkhkceo_daj saepaopcadaj` qj]^dÄjcec* @an rkj Dk^^ao aejcahaepapa ̦>nq_d iep `an gkoieo_daj Pahakhkcea `ao Ieppah]hpano̤ sen` rkj Nkqooa]q jk_d ranpeabp $A^^ejcd]qo -544^( .11%* BÜn Nkqooa]q eop `ea caoahho_d]bphe_da( `*€e* dean `ea op]]phe_da Kn`jqjc( `ea `]o Bqj`]iajp ]hhaj anskn^ajaj Na_dpo ^eh`ap( rkj `an Kn`jqjc `an J]pqn n]`eg]h( `* d* `qn_d ednaj Qnolnqjc $rch* ?O( E* -% qjpano_dea`aj* @]oo `]o Na_dp vqi Ca) ^n]q_d Äq¿anan Bnaedaep cacaj ]j`ana Iajo_daj ej oaejan Cahpqjc je_dp `qn_d >anqbqjc ]qb aej j]pÜnhe_dao Na_dp ^acnÜj`ap san`aj g]jj( okj`anj aejao Ranpn]co ]ho Cnqj`) h]ca oaejan Hacepei]pekj ^a`]nb( eop `ea Aejoe_dp( `ea Nkqooa]q Dk^^ao ran`]jgp* @ea Angajjpjeo( `]oo Dk^^ao̢ Rknopahhqjc rkj `eaoai Ranpn]c ]ho aejai Qjpansanbqjcoran) pn]c `an Mq]hepÄp `ao Iajo_daj ]ho aejao bnaeaj qj` na_dpobÄdecaj Oq^fagpo se`anolne_dp( eop oaeja aecaja alk_d]ha Haeopqjc* @]o Lnk^hai hacepeian Danno_d]bp opahhp oe_d `]dan rkhhgkiiaj jaq* @ea =qbc]^a ^aopadp `]nej( `]o okc* lnk^hÈia bkj`]iajp]h vq hÖoaj6 Ao cehp( aeja Bkni rkj Danno_d]bp vq gkjveleanaj( `ea je_dp ei Se`anolnq_d vqn Bnaedaep2 `an Qjpansknbajaj opadp* NarkhqpekjÄn eop Nkqooa]qo =q}Öoqjc `eaoao Lnk^haio raniep) 2

Rkj `eaoai >acne{ `an j]pÜnhe_daj Bnaedaep oej` `ea ^ae`aj ]j`anaj Bnaedaepo^acne{a6 lkhepeo_da k`an ^Üncanhe_da Bnaedaep qj` oepphe_da Bnaedaep vq qjpano_dae`aj* Rch* `]vq Nae_d .,,-( .-. b*7 ?O( E* 4*

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IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

pahop `ao Ca`]jgajo( `]oo `ea =np `an Qjpansanbqjc oah^op `ea Bnaedaepoc]n]jpea ajpd]hpaj iqoo( ej`ai jÄihe_d gaej vqbÄhhecan Sehha aejan fqneopeo_daj k`an lduoeo_daj Lanokj `an OkqranÄj eop( okj`anj `ea rkhkjpÉ cÉjÉn]ha( `an ]hhcaiaeja Sehha( `an sehh( `]oo ̦]hha ej ednan Bnaedaep ej chae_dan Saeoa( `* d* ]qbcnqj` rkj Caoapvaj( `ea ]hha Ü^an ]hha ^a) o_dhea¿aj( cao_dÜpvp oaej okhhaj*̤ $A^^ejcd]qo -544](-2/% @eao eop `]jj `an B]hh( sajj fa`an `]o Na_dp vqn Na_dpoajpo_dae`qjc qj` )`qn_doapvqjc ]hhaj ]j`anaj qjpan `an >a) `ejcqjc gkjva`eanp( ̦`]oo fa`an ]j`ana edi oah^op qj` ]hhaj Ü^necaj `eaoah^a na_dphe_da Gkjvaooekj i]_dp̤ $A^^ejcd]qo -544^( .12%* @eaoan ok ca]npapa kijeh]pan]ha Ranpn]c eop `an =gp( `an na_dphe_da Bnaedaep qj` Chae_ddaep vqn Bkhca d]p qj` `qn_d `aj oe_d vqchae_d `]o Caiaejsaoaj gkjopepqeanp $rch* Nae_d .,,-( .,5%* Jqj d]ppa Nkqooa]q ej oaejan Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea iep jaqaj ]ncqiajp]peraj Ieppahj `ea ]hpa Hadna rkj `an QjiÜj`ecgaep `an Bn]q qj` `an `]n]qo ]^vqhaepaj`aj Cao_dha_dpo) rkniqj`o_d]bp `ao I]jjao ^aopÄpecp( ok `]oo oe_d aej agh]p]jpan Se`anolnq_d vseo_daj `eaoai HadnopÜ_g qj` `an cnqj`hacaj`aj Aejoe_dp ej `ea ]jca^knaja Bnaedaep `ao Iaj) o_daj( `ai aecajphe_daj Bqj`]iajp `ao ?kjpn]p Ok_e]h( vq anca^aj o_daejp* Aeja Opah) hqjcj]dia vq `eaoai reahb]_d `eogqpeanpaj Lnk^hai ranh]jcp( vqjÄ_dop vsae Bn]caj vq qjpano_dae`aj6 anopajo `ea Bn]ca( k^ Bn]qaj Op]]po^Üncan ei rkhhaj Oejja oaej gÖjjaj( qj` vsaepajo `ea Bn]ca( k^ `ea Qjchae_ddaep rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q ej `an Ada ̞ `ea `an ©ieha hadnp ̞ `ai Chae_ddaepolkopqh]p `ao ?kjpn]p Ok_e]h se`anolne_dp k`an je_dp* Qi iep `ai vsaepaj Lqjgp vq ^acejjaj6 ao g]jj olaveahha Na_dpo]npaj sea `]o Adana_dp qj` `]o Ahpanjna_dp ca^aj( `ea aej qjchae_dao Na_dp vseo_daj `aj ej `eaoaj Na_dporandÄhpjeooaj opadaj`aj Chea`anj na_dphe_d jkpsaj`ec i]_daj( kdja `ai Op]]po^Üncanna_dp k`an `ai Lkopqh]p `an Chae_ddaep rkn `ai Caoapv vq se`anolna_daj* @]o eop `]jj `an B]hh( sajj aeja `ai lkoeperaj Na_dp rkn]qo heacaj`a Qjchae_ddaep `ao Na_dpo ej aejan okh_daj j]pÜnhe_daj =^dÄjcecgaep ^acnÜj`ap eop( `ea `ea >a`ejcqjcaj `an IÖche_dgaep `an Iajo_ddaep ^apna{aj $rch* A^^ejcd]qo -544^( .3.b*%* Ok randÄhp ao oe_d k{ajoe_dphe_d ^ae Gej`anj( `ea `an Rkniqj`o_d]bp `qn_d `ea Ahpanj ^a`Ünbaj( qi ateopeanaj vq gÖjjaj* Ei RandÄhpjeo `an Cao_dha_dpan eop ao j]_d Nkqooa]q je_dp ]j`ano6 @ea Ateopajv `an Iajo_ddaep oah^op eop `]rkj ]^dÄjcec( `]oo aeja `an J]pqn caiÄ¿a Kn`jqjc ednan >aveadqjcaj dancaopahhp sen`* Qjpan `eaoan Rkn]qooapvqjc ]^an eop `]o qjchae_da Na_dp vseo_daj I]jj qj` Bn]q `qn_d `]o Na_dp `an Iajo_ddaep oah^an cabkn`anp( qj` ]ho okh_dao `qn_d `ea ei Op]]p anbkhcaj`a Caoapvca^qjc vq o_dÜpvaj $rch* a^`*%* K^ `eaoa rknop]]phe_da Qjchae_ddaep `ao Na_dpo aeja >a`aqpqjc bÜn `ea Bn]ca j]_d `ai lkhepeo_daj Op]pqo `an Bn]q d]p( eop ej =j^apn]_dp `an olÄnhe_daj ¤q¿anqjcaj Nkqo) oa]qo vq `eaoai Lqjgp o_dsan vq ajpo_dae`aj* DÄhp i]j oe_d ]j `ea aejveca ei ?kjpn]p Ok_e]h caj]jjpa >a`ejcqjc bÜn `aj >aepnepp vqi Op]]po^Üncanranpn]c( Dann oaejan oah^op vq oaej( eop `eaoa Bn]ca ej `]o Lnk^hai vq Ü^anbÜdnaj( k^ Bn]qaj `eaoa Mq]hepÄp vqgkiip k`an je_dp* Dann oaejan oah^op eop `anfajeca( `an `aj J]pqnvsa_g `an Oah^opand]hpqjc vq oaejai Vsa_g i]_dp qj` `ea vq oaejan Annae_dqjc caaecjapaj Ieppah oah^op sÄdhp ̞ `aooaj D]j`ahj ]hok `an Ranjqjbp qj` je_dp `ai ikiajp]jaj Naev bkhcp $rch* ?O( E* .7 A^^ejcd]qo -544^( .11b*%* =q¿an `eaoan BÄdecgaep i]_dp Nkqooa]q aej Ikiajp cahpaj`( `]o ]q_d Ü^an `aj Op]pqo aejao Iajo_daj ej `an B]iehea ]ho `an j]pÜnhe_daj( `qn_d =^dÄjcecgaepo) qj` `* d* Danno_d]bpoopnqgpqnaj ^aopeiipaj Caiaejo_d]bp rkj Iajo_daj ajpo_dae`ap( jÄihe_d ans]_doaj vq oaej6 ̦qj` ok^]h` `an Iajo_d ans]_d)

FҟқҨ)Fқҝҫүҟҭ Nҩүҭҭҟқү

-33

oaj eop( sen` an ok oaej aecajan Dann( `] an `an aejveca Ne_dpan Ü^an `aj Vsa_g oaejan And]hpqjc eop*̤ $rch* ?O( E* .% Ans]_doaj vq oaej( dae¿p j]_d Nkqooa]qo Gnepanekhkcea6 gaejao ]j`anaj vqn Ranbkhcqjc `ao Vsa_go `an Oah^opand]hpqjc vq ^a`Ünbaj $rch* a^`*%* Jqj d]ppa `ea Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea `ao ©ieha cavaecp( `]oo `]o sae^he_da Gej` ^hk¿ ej Bkhca oaejao Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpano qjieppah^]n rki Op]pqo `ao Gej`ao ej `aj `an vqchae_d qjpansknbajaj qj` o_dqpv^a`Ünbpecaj Bn]q Ü^ancadp* BÜn Bn]qaj cehp vqbkhca ednao Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpano `]ooah^a sea bÜn Gej`an6 Oea oej` vq ednai Oah^opand]hp ]qb ]j`ana ]jcaseaoaj* Qj` `aod]h^ gÖjjaj Bn]qaj ei lkhepeo_daj Caiaejsaoaj jqn ]ho O_dqpv^Üncan( ]^an je_dp ]ho Chea` `ao OkqranÄjo vqcah]ooaj san`aj* @]o Gnepaneqi `an Qj]^dÄjcecgaep anbÜhhaj jqn `ea iÄjjhe_daj D]qod]hporknopÄj`a qj` bkhche_d gÖjjaj jqn `eaoa `aj OkqranÄj ^eh`aj $rch* ©ieha( 05/7 Gqopan .,,1( -..b*( .,-{*%*3 =^o_dhea¿aj` eop `ea Bn]ca vq anÖnpanj( k^ ]q¿an `eaoai ej`enagpaj qj` eilhevepaj Na) gqno `ao Op]]pona_dpo ]qb `ea Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea ̞ qj` `]iep ]qb `ea Kn`jqjc `an J]pqn qj` `ea =jpdnklkhkcea ̞ aeja saepan cadaj`a Rano_dnÄjgqjc ^ae`an >anae_da vq angaj) jaj eop* Ei Vqo]iiajd]jc `an dean ]jopadaj`aj Pdai]peg ejpanaooeanp vqjÄ_dop( k^ `an Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc qj` `an B]iehea aeja saoajphe_da Bqjgpekj bÜn `ea ̦caoahho_d]bp) he_da Kn`jqjc̤ $?O( E* -% vqang]jjp san`aj iqoo( `ea iÖche_dansaeoa ]ho Eilheg]pekj k`an ]ho @aoe`an]p `an Op]]pogkjvalpekj vq ^acnaebaj eop* Ao opadp ]q¿an Bn]ca( `]oo `aj Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeooaj ̞ sea k^aj cavaecp ̞ aeja >a`aqpqjc bÜn `ea oepphe_da Ranrkhh) gkiijqjc rkj Ej`ere`qaj qj` Caoahho_d]bp ^aevqiaooaj eop* K^ ]^an `eaoan >aveadqjc rkj Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc qj` Oepphe_dgaep ednanoaepo encaj`aeja Nahar]jv bÜn `ea Bn]ca `an @alaj`ajv `an lkhepeo_daj Kn`jqjc rkj `an Ejopepqpekj B]iehea vqgkiiaj g]jj( dÄjcp `]rkj ]^( sah_dao RanopÄj`jeo rkj Nkqooa]qo E`aa `ao Op]]poranpn]co qj` `an rkhkjpÉ cÉjÉn]ha vqcnqj`a cahacp sen`* Ej aejan rkj `an k^aj caca^ajaj Ogevva ]^sae) _daj`aj pn]`epekj]heopeo_daj Hao]np Nkqooa]qo( `ea ]qb `]o ^kjqi _kiiqja qj` `ea ̞ ei Ca`]jgaj `ao Caoahho_d]bporanpn]co qj` `an rkhkjpÉ cÉjÉn]ha eilheveanpa ̞ Rans]j`hqjc `an ejjanaj @eolkoepekj `an Ranpn]c o_dhea¿aj`aj Ackeopaj vq Caiaejskdh kneajpeanpaj >Üncanj ]^da^p( sen` i]j `an B]iehea ]ho Okve]heo]pekjoejop]jv qj` ]ho Knc]jeo]pekjo) bkni rknlkhepeo_dan okve]han >ej`qjcaj aeja ajpo_dae`aj`a Nkhha bÜn `ea Gqhpereanqjc aejan bÜn `ea Aejdaep `ao Op]]pao gkjopepqperaj Caoejjqjc `an AejiÜpecgaep vqolna_daj iÜooaj $rch* Gqopan .,,1( -53{*%* ̦Jqn saeh `an rkhkjpÉ cÉjÉn]ha `ea E`aa aejao i]pane]h ^aopeiipaj Caiaejskdho vqcnqj`a heacp( oej` I]¿j]diaj anbkn`anhe_d( `ea `]o Bknp) sengaj `an Caiaejskdhkneajpeanqjc ej `aj rancaoahho_d]bpapaj Oq^fagpaj oe_danopahhaj*̤ $Rch* a^`*( .,0% Ao ance^p oe_d `aij]_d bkhcaj`ao >a`ejcqjcocabÜca6 @]o Bqjgpekjea) naj `an Nalq^heg eop ]^dÄjcec rkj ̦ejp]gpaj̤( je_dp `qn_d Lner]pejpanaooaj ajpopahhpaj Ajpo_dae`qjcaj `ao Rkhgao( `ea `aj ]hhcaiaejaj Sehhaj $rkhkjpÉ cÉjÉn]ha% vqi =qo) `nq_g ^nejcaj( `an oaejanoaepo ]qb `aj Vsa_g `ao Caiaejskdho nagqnneanp7 `]vq ^a`]nb ao `an Gqhpereanqjc aejan ]qb `]o Caiaejskdh cane_dpapaj Pqcaj`caoejjqjc qj` `]vq aejan j]pqncaiÄ¿aj Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc* 3

@]o ^ahacp `an ©ieha6 Ei Gkjpatp `an Anveadqjcohadna eop ]q¿an `an lduoeo_daj qj` ikn]heo_daj Kn`jqjc `ea lkhepeo_da Kn`jqjc( ej `an `an Iajo_d ]ho >Üncan ej ^Üncanhe_daj >aveadqjcaj opadp( vq ^anÜ_goe_dpecaj $rch* ©ieha( 1,-{*%* @]o `eaoai >aveadqjcocabÜca `ao Iajo_daj ajpolna_daj) `a Anveadqjcoveah sen` `qn_d `ea Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv ^aopeiip6 Jqn `]o iÄjjhe_da Gej` eop vqi Op]]po^Üncan vq ^eh`aj( `]o sae^he_da vqn C]ppej qj` Iqppan $rch* a^`*%*

-34

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

=j`ano opahhp ao oe_d `]n( sajj i]j `aj ]j G]jp kneajpeanpaj Ejpanlnapaj bkhcp( `ea `aj qjranchae_dhe_daj Bknpo_dnepp Nkqooa]qo `]nej angajjaj( `]oo ao edi cahejcp( iep `an jaqaj Gkjvalpekj `ao Op]]poranpn]co qj` `an E`aa `an rkhkjpÉ cÉjÉn]ha Lnkva`qnaj k`an =gpa vq ^aopeiiaj( `ajaj oe_d aeja `qn_d Bnaedaep qj` Chae_ddaep ^aopeiipa Ca) oahho_d]bp ej ednan Opebpqjc qj` ej ednai And]hp ran`]jgp $rch* Nae_d .,,-( .,57 I]qo .,--( .15b*%* @]o Caiaejskdh eop `an Vsa_g `ao Op]]pao qj` ao $rch* ?O( EE* -% g]jj ]ho K^fagp `ao ]hhcaiaejaj Sehhajo( ]qb `ai `an Op]]p ^anqdp( jqn `qn_d `ea Bnaedaep qj` Chae_ddaep danopahhaj`aj fasaehecaj Ajpo_dae`qjcaj `an rkhkjpÉ cÉjÉn]ha gkjgnapeoeanp qj` `qn_d ajpolna_daj`a I]¿j]diaj `ao Op]]pao na]heoeanp san`aj* Ao sÄna iep `aj LnÄ) ieooaj rkj Nkqooa]qo Op]]pohadna je_dp ranaej^]n( sajj `an Anbkhc `ao Caiaejsehhajo rkj rknlkhepeo_daj Bkniaj `an Gqhpereanqjc aejan Caoejjqjc ]^dÄjcec cai]_dp sÜn`a( `anaj Lnejveleaj aejan ]j`ano]npecaj Kn`jqjc( jÄihe_d `an Ranaejecqjc rkj Iajo_daj ej sa_doahoaepecan =^dÄjcecgaep vq aejan j]pÜnhe_daj Vsa_gkn`jqjc( ajpop]iiaj* Ao ce^p gaejaj Cnqj` ]jvqjadiaj( `]oo `ea ikn]heo_da =qone_dpqjc `ao Aejvahjaj ]qb `ea C]ppqjc `ao Iajo_daj `aj Aejvahsehhaj ejjanhe_d ok ranÄj`anj gÖjjpa( `]oo an je_dp jqn gkjpejcajpansaeoa iep `an rkhkjpÉ cÉjÉn]ha Ü^anaejopeiiaj sÜn`a* @ea Pqcaj`) caoejjqjc ^aopeiip Iajo_daj `]vq( ]ho rkjaej]j`an ]^dÄjceca `qn_d sa_doahoaepeca ail]pdeo_da >anÜ_goe_dpecqjc ednan fasaehecaj Vsa_ga vqn >abÖn`anqjc `ao C]jvaj `an Iajo_dajc]ppqjc ^aevqpn]caj* @]o ]hhcaiaeja Skdh `an C]ppqjc `ao Iajo_daj eop ]^an rkj `ai Caiaejskdh ]ho K^fagp `ao Caiaejsehhajo vq qjpano_dae`aj* Aej `qn_d Pqcaj`caoejjqjc cahaepapan Sehha ^hae^p iepdej aej Lner]psehha( ]q_d sajj an oe_d `ea Vsa_ga ]j`anan k`an okc]n `]o Skdh `an C]ppqjc vqi Vsa_g i]_dp* @an Caiaejsehha `a|jeanp oe_d je_dp `qn_d oaejaj Vsa_g( okj`anj `a|jeanp `eaoaj( qj` vs]n fasaeho ran) ieppahop `an edj ]qovae_djaj`aj Lnkva`qnaj vqn Oahagpekj rkj Ejd]hpaj k`an Vsa_gaj* Vqi Cahejcaj aejan okh_daj Bnaedaepokn`jqjc g]jj `ea ej `an J]pqnkn`jqjc ^acnÜj) `apa qj` `qn_d `ea Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc vq ^abÖn`anj`a Pqcaj`caoejjqjc ̞ j]_d `aj ¼^anhacqjcaj rkj Nae_d ̞ ]hhajb]hho `]jj ^aepn]caj( sajj `]o ikn]heo_da CabÜdh ^hk¿ ]ho Pnea^ba`an vqn Ransenghe_dqjc `ao ej `an Ranjqjbp ^acnÜj`apaj Vsa_go `an Danopah) hqjc rkj Bnaedaep qj` Chae_ddaep qj` `ao `ai ajpolna_daj`aj Caiaejskdho aejcaoapvp sÜn`a $rch* Nae_d .,,-( .-/%* @]o ]ho =jpnea^ vqn Ranaejecqjc `ao Iajo_daj iep oaejao) chae_daj rkj `an J]pqn aejcal}]jvpa ikn]heo_da CabÜdh sÜn`a a^aj `eaoaj j]pÜnhe_daj Vsa_g qjpan aeja ranjqjbpcasengpa E`aa opahhaj( ej`ai ao vqi Ikpkn bÜn `ea Danopahhqjc qj` And]hpqjc aejan gÜjophe_daj Kn`jqjc sÜn`a( ej `an ]hhaej Bnaedaep iÖche_d eop* @eaoan D]nikjeoeanqjcoranoq_d eop ej`aooaj qjcaaecjap( `ea Ghqbp vseo_daj `ai ranjqjbp^acnÜj`apaj Op]]pona_dp qj` `an aileneo_d qj` pahakhkceo_d ]ncqiajpeanaj`aj Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea vq rannejcanj k`an vq ^aoaepecaj* Na_dpoldehkokldeo_d caoadaj `eajp `ea Cao_dha_dpan]jpdnklkhkcea `]vq( verehna_dphe_da qj` op]]pona_dphe_da Aej) o_dnÄjgqjcaj `an Na_dpa rkj Bn]qaj vq hacepeieanaj* @]o Ran`eajop( `ea gkjoamqajpa Qioapvqjc `ao qjerano]haj Iajo_dajna_dpo ]qb Bnaedaep bÜn ^ae`a Cao_dha_dpan aejcabkn`anp vq d]^aj qj` `* d*( `ea cao_dha_dphe_daj Qjpano_dea`a bÜn na_dphe_d cÄjvhe_d ennahar]jp anghÄnp vq d]^aj( gkiip Khuila `a Ckqcao qj` je_dp `ai Lnkp]ckjeopaj `an Iajo_dajna_dpa oah^an vq* Nkqooa]q anjaqanp qj` ^agnÄbpecp `ea pn]`eanpaj =q{]ooqjcaj rkj `an QjiÜj`ecgaep `an Bn]q qj` ednai =qoo_dhqoo rkj lkhepeo_dan L]npevel]pekj pnkpv `ao rkj edi dan^aecabÜdnpaj Bknpo_dneppo ej `an Na_dpo) qj` Op]]poldehkokldea* Qi iep `eaoaj >acnÜj`qjcaj qjchae_daj Na_dpo je_dp ej Se`anolnq_d vqi Qjeran)

FҟқҨ)Fқҝҫүҟҭ Nҩүҭҭҟқү

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>qncahej( Leanna -52-6 H̢e`Éa `a lh]_a `]jo ̦h̢©ieha̤( ej6 NÉ `a HeppÉn]pqna ?kil]nÉa /1( 1.5̞1/3 @kuÉ( O]^eja+Daejv( I]nekj+Gqopan( Bnea`anega $Dc*% .,,.6 Ldehkokldeo_da Cao_dha_dpanpdakneaj* =qocasÄdhpa Patpa iep Gkiiajp]n qj` >e^hekcn]ldea( Opqppc]np A^^ejcd]qo( Fqheqo -544]6 @ea E`aa `ao Na_dpao( ej6 `ano*6 Cao]iiahpa O_dnebpaj* Dc* r* Caknc Caeoi]jj qj` D]nekhb K^anan( >`* .( >kjj( -0-̞-54 A^^ejcd]qo( Fqheqo -544^6 @]o G]jpeo_da Ouopai `an Na_dpa `ao Iajo_daj qj` `ao >Üncano ej oaejan cao_de_dphe_daj qj` ]gpqahhaj >a`aqpqjc( ej6 `ano*6 Cao]iiahpa O_dnebpaj* Dc* r* Caknc Caeoi]jj qj` D]nekhb K^anan( >`* .( >kjj( .05̞.4Ganopejc( Skhbc]jc .,,.6 Fa]j)F]_mqao Nkqooa]qo ̦Caoahho_d]bporanpn]c̤( @]niop]`p Ganopejc( Skhbc]jc $Dc*% .,,/6 @ea Nalq^heg `an Pqcaj`* Fa]j)F]_mqao Nkqooa]qo Op]]poranopÄj`jeo( >]`aj)>]`aj Gqopan( Bnea`anega .,,06 =qbghÄnqjc qj` Naop]qn]pekj6 Nkqooa]qo Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea( ej6 DÜjejc( @eapan+Ie_dah( G]nej+Pdki]o( =j`nao $Dc*% .,,06 =qbghÄnqjc `qn_d Gnepeg* Baopo_dnebp bÜn I]jbna` >]qi( >anhej

-4,

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

Gqopan( Bnea`anega .,,16 Nkqooa]q ̞ @ea Gkjopepqpekj `ao Lner]paj6 Vqn Cajaoa `an ^Üncanhe_daj B]iehea( >anhej H]jca( Huj`] $Dc*% .,,.6 Baiejeop Ejpanlnap]pekjo kb Fa]j)F]_mqao Nkqooa]q( Qjeranoepu L]ng I]opano( Nkcan @* -5246 Pda Lkhepe_]h Ldehkokldu kb Nkqooa]q( Lnej_apkj I]qo( Ejca^knc .,--6 ¼^an RkhgookqranÄjepÄp* Ahaiajpa aejan @aikgn]peapdaknea( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* J]ch)@k_ag]h( Danp] -5506 Cao_de_dpoldehkokldea ]ho Pdaknea `an Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv ̞ @]o >aeoleah Nkqooa]qo( @aqpo_da Vaepo_dnebp bÜn Ldehkokldea 0.( 13-̞145 L]pai]j( ?]nkha -5446 Pda Oatq]h ?kjpn]_p( Op]jbkn` Nae_d( Gh]qo .,,-6 Op]]pona_dp qj` Apdeg ^ae Nkqooa]q( ej6 `ano*6 Cao]iiahpa O_dnebpaj( dc* r* >]qi( I* q* ]*( D]i^qnc( .,,̞.-0 O_ds]^( @eapan -53-6 =npegah ̦Chae_d^ana_dpecqjc $`an Cao_dha_dpan%̤( ej6 D]j`sÖnpan^q_d vqn `aqpo_daj Na_dpocao_de_dpa( dc* rkj =`]h^anp Anhan qj` Aggad]n` G]qbi]jj( >`* -( Ol* -252̞-3,. O_ds]^( @eapan -5516 @ea B]iehea ]ho Ranpn]cocaoahho_d]bp ei J]pqnna_dp `an =qbghÄnqjc( ej6 `ano*6 Cao_de_dphe_dao Na_dp qj` ik`anja Vaepaj* =qocasÄdhpa na_dpodeopkneo_da =qboÄpva( Dae`ah^anc( -35̞-51 Odgh]n( Fq`epd J* -5346 Fa]j)F]_mqao Nkqooa]q ]j` Amq]hepu( @]a`]hqo -,3( -/̞.1 Oecqo_d( Rkhgi]n .,,16 Jakoatq]hepÄpaj6 ¼^an `aj gqhpqnahhaj S]j`ah rkj Hea^a qj` Lanranoekj* Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* Rkcah( Qnoqh] -5516 >qp ej ] Nalq^he_ Iaj ]na jaa`a`* Cq]n`ejc pda >kqj`]neao kb He^anpu( ej6 Skghan( Nk^anp $Dc*%6 Nkqooa]q ]j` He^anpu( I]j_daopan( .-/̞./, Rkcah( Qnoqh] -5536 Chae_ddaep qj` Danno_d]bp ej `an adahe_daj Ranpn]cocaoahho_d]bp ̞ Se`anolnÜ_da `an =qbghÄnqjc( ej6 Cand]n`( Qpa $Dc*%6 Bn]qaj ej `an Cao_de_dpa `ao Na_dpo( IÜj_daj( .21̞.5.

SҩҦҠҡқҨҡ GҟҬҭҮңҨҡ

Eii]jqah G]jp6 Rki Äopdapeo_daj CacajrandÄhpjeo `an Cao_dha_dpan vqi na_dphe_daj >aoepvrandÄhpjeo ej `an Ada-

-*

Ha^aj qj` Sang

Eii]jqah G]jp sqn`a ]i ..*0*-3.0 ]ho reanpao rkj jaqj Gej`anj `ao Neaianiaeopano Fkd]jj Caknc G]jp ej GÖjeco^anc ca^knaj* An sq_do ej Änihe_daj RandÄhpjeooaj ]qb* Oaeja =qo^eh`qjc sqn`a `qn_d `ea |j]jveahha QjpanopÜpvqjc rkj Bnaqj`aj qj` BÖn) `ananj aniÖche_dp* Rkj -3/. ^eo -30, ^aoq_dpa an `]o opnajc leapeopeo_da Cuij]oeqi Bne`ane_e]jqi* Rkj -30, ^eo -302 opq`eanpa an ]j `an QjeranoepÄp GÖjeco^anc I]pdai]) peg( J]pqnseooajo_d]bpaj( Pdakhkcea( Ldehkokldea qj` `ea gh]ooeo_da h]paejeo_da Hepan]) pqn* >aokj`anaj Aej}qoo ]qb edj d]ppa `an Lnkbaookn bÜn Hkceg qj` Iap]lduoeg I]npej Gjqpvaj $-3-/̞-31-%( `an oaej Ejpanaooa ]j `aj J]pqnseooajo_d]bpaj qj` ejo^aokj`ana ]j `an Lduoeg Jaspkjo sa_gpa* -302( j]_d `ai Pk` `ao R]pano( ranhea¿ G]jp `ea QjeranoepÄp qj` ^ac]jj aeja jaqj) fÄdneca PÄpecgaep ]ho D]qohadnan ^ae iadnanaj koplnaq¿eo_daj B]ieheaj* Ej `eaoai F]dn ranb]oopa an ]q_d oaeja Anophejcoo_dnebp Ca`]jgaj rkj `an s]dnaj O_dÄpvqjc `an ha^aj`e) caj GnÄbpa( iep `an an( sajec anbkhcnae_d( ej `aj @eolqp `an Hae^jeve]jan qj` ?]npaoe]jan Ü^an `]o ]jcaiaooaja RanopÄj`jeo qj` `ea ne_dpeca >ana_djqjc `an Gn]bp aejvqcnaebaj ranoq_dpa* -311 gadnpa G]jp ]j `ea QjeranoepÄp GÖjeco^anc vqnÜ_g* J]_d Lnkikpekj qj` D]^ehep]pekj ei oah^aj F]dn ^ac]jj an aeja qib]jcnae_da HadnpÄpecgaep ]ho qj^a) v]dhpan( ]hhaej rkj Gkhhaccah`anj qj` Lner]popqj`aj ha^aj`an Lner]p`kvajp* An h]o Ü^an Hkceg( Apdeg( Iap]lduoeg( Cakcn]ldea( =jpdnklkhkcea( I]pdai]peg qj` Ia_d]jeg* -311 ano_deaj ]q_d ̞ ]jkjui ̞ oaeja anopa ^a`aqpaj`a =^d]j`hqjc( `ea =hhcaiaeja J]pqn) cao_de_dpa qj` Pdaknea `ao Deiiaho( ej `an an aeja Gkoikhkcea ajpse_gahpa( `ea `ea Sahpajpopadqjc ]qo ]qoo_dhea¿he_d j]pÜnhe_daj Qno]_daj vq anghÄnaj ranoq_dp* Saepana O_dnebpaj Ü^an j]pqnseooajo_d]bphe_da qj` iap]lduoeo_da Pdaiaj bkhcpaj* Bkhcajnae_d bÜn oaeja saepana ldehkokldeo_da Ajpse_ghqjc s]n `]o Opq`eqi `an Ldehkokldea @]) re` Dqiao $-3--̞-332% qj` Fa]j)F]_mqao Nkqooa]qo $-3-.̞-334%* -32. ranb]oopa an -

@eaoan >aepn]c eop ej aejan aps]o gÜnvanaj B]ooqjc ^anaepo ano_deajaj ej Ganopejc( Skhbc]jc .,-,6 Ikn]h qj` I]_dp* Opq`eaj vqn ln]gpeo_daj Ldehkokldea `an Jaqvaep( L]`an^knj( -,.̞--4*

-4.

SҩҦҠҡқҨҡ GҟҬҭҮңҨҡ

`ea =^d]j`hqjc @an aejvec iÖche_da >asaeocnqj` vq aejan @aikjopn]pekj `ao @]oaejo Ckppao qj` `ea anop -320 ano_deajaja Qjpanoq_dqjc Ü^an `ea @aqphe_dgaep `an Cnqj`) oÄpva `an j]pÜnhe_daj Pdakhkcea qj` `an Ikn]h* -32/ ano_deaj `an Ranoq_d `aj >acne{ `an jac]peraj CnÖ¿aj ej `ea Sahpsaeodaep aejvqbÜdnaj( ej `ai G]jp `ea Qjpano_dea`he_d) gaep i]pdai]peo_dan qj` iap]lduoeo_dan Angajjpjeo dan]qoopahhpa* @ea dean rkn^anaepapa Ran]^o_dea`qjc `an pn]`epekjahhaj Iap]lduoeg sqn`a `]jj iep `an -322 ano_deajajaj =^d]j`hqjc PnÄqia aejao Caeopanoadano( anhÄqpanp `qn_d PnÄqia `an Iap]lduoeg rkhh) vkcaj* G]jpo saepana ldehkokldeo_da =jopnajcqjc eop jqj ]qoo_dhea¿he_d `an =qbc]^a case`iap( `eaoao `qn_d `ea VqnÜ_gsaeoqjc `an pn]`epekjahhaj Iap]lduoeg ajpop]j`aja ^acnÜj`qjcopdaknapeo_da R]gqqi ei Ouopai `ao Seooajo qj` D]j`ahjo vq o_dhea¿aj qj` aeja jaq ^acnÜj`apa( seooajo_d]bphe_da Iap]lduoeg vq ajpse_gahj* @eaoa >aiÜ) dqjc bÜdnpa vqn Gkjvalpekj `an Pn]jovaj`ajp]hldehkokldea qj` i]_dpa G]jp vq `ai ^a`aqpaj`opaj Ldehkokldaj `an Jaqvaep* -33, sqn`a G]jp aj`he_d `ea h]jc andk{pa Lnkbaooqn bÜn Hkceg qj` Iap]lduoeg Ü^an) pn]caj* Oaeja |j]jveahha H]ca ^aooanpa oe_d ^apnÄ_dphe_d* @ea vqi =jpnepp `an Lnkbaooqn cao_dnea^aja @eooanp]pekj @a iqj`e oajoe^eheo ]pmqa ejpahhece^eheo bkni] ap lnej_eleeo hea¿ ^anaepo `ea Qineooa `ao jaqaj Iap]lduoeggkjvalpo an]djaj( ]^an jk_d aej c]jvao F]dnvadjp o_dsaecaj`aj J]_d`ajgajo s]n jÖpec( ^eo G]jp `]jj -34- oaeja cnqj`opÜn) vaj`a( alk_d]ha Gnepeg `an naejaj Ranjqjbp ranÖ{ajphe_daj gkjjpa* Edna vqnÜ_gd]hpaj`a( `qn_d IeooranopÄj`jeooa( sajj je_dp c]n cÄjvhe_dao QjranopÄj`jeo badhcahaepapa =qbj]d) ia ran]jh]oopa G]jp( `an Gnepeg -34/ aeja AnhÄqpanqjcoo_dnebp dejpandan vq o_de_gaj( `ea Lnkhackiaj] vq aejan fa`aj gÜjbpecaj Iap]lduoeg( `ea ]ho Seooajo_d]bp sen` ]qbpnapaj gÖjjaj* >arkn G]jp oe_d `]n]j i]_dpa( ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `ao ej `an Gnepeg `an naejaj Ranjqjbp ajpsknbajaj Ldehkokldeagkjvalpo aeja Jaq^acnÜj`qjc `an Ikn]h vq qjpanjad) iaj( ranÖ{ajphe_dpa an -340 vsae se_dpeca O_dnebpaj( `ea cao_de_dpoldehkokldeo_da E`aa vq aejan ]hhcaiaejaj Cao_de_dpa ej sahp^Üncanhe_dan =^oe_dp qj` `ea Lnkcn]iio_dnebp `an =qbghÄnqjc g]p̢atk_daj( `ea =^d]j`hqjc >a]jpsknpqjc `an Bn]ca6 S]o eop =qbghÄ) nqjc; -341 ano_deaj `]jj `ea Cnqj`hacqjc vqn Iap]lduoeg `an Oeppaj* SÄdnaj` G]jp ej `eaoan O_dnebp `aj ]lnekneo_daj Cnqj`o]pv `an Ikn]h ^ad]j`ahpa( ranoq_dpa `ea -342 ranÖ{ajphe_dpa O_dnebp Iap]lduoeo_da =jb]jcocnÜj`a `an J]pqnseooajo_d]bp `aj >anae_d `an ]lnekneo_daj Cnqj`oÄpva `an Lduoeg vq raniaooaj* -344 bkhcpa `an vsaepa Paeh `ao gnepeveopeo_daj Ouopaio( `ea Gnepeg `an ln]gpeo_daj Ranjqjbp( qj` -35, `]jj `an `neppa Paeh( `ea iep `an Raniepphqjc rkj J]pqn qj` Bnaedaep ^a]qbpn]cpa Gnepeg `an Qnpaehogn]bp* -35/ ranÖ{ajphe_dpa G]jp @ea Nahecekj ejjand]h^ `an Cnajvaj `an ^hk¿aj Ranjqjbp* @eaoa O_dnebp skhhpa `aj J]_dsaeo an^nejcaj( `]oo `ea _dneophe_da Nahecekj oe_d ]qb aej) oe_dpeca ikn]heo_da Cnqj`oÄpva cnÜj`aj hÄoop* @eaoan n]pekj]heopeo_da Nad]^ehepeanqjc rkj Ch]q^ajoejd]hpaj ^n]_dpa G]jp ej Gkj}egp iep `an lnaq¿eo_daj Naceanqjc qjpan Bnea`ne_d Sehdahi EE* Aeja G]^ejappokn`an rki -*-,*-350 ran^kp `ai Ldehkokldaj fa`a Nahecekjognepeg* @ea bkhcaj`aj O_dnebpaj d]p G]jp `an ouopai]peo_daj =qo]n^aepqjc oaejan Na_dpo) ldehkokldea case`iap* -351 ano_deaj `ea =^d]j`hqjc Vqi asecaj Bnea`aj qj` -353 `]jj `ea Iap]lduoeg `an Oeppaj iep ednaj ^ae`aj Paehaj( `aj Iap]lduoeo_daj =jb]jco) cnÜj`aj `an Na_dpohadna qj` `aj Iap]lduoeo_daj =jb]jcocnÜj`aj `an Pqcaj`hadna* Vsae F]dna olÄpan ranÖ{ajphe_dp an `ea =jpdnklkhkcea ej ln]ci]peo_dan =^oe_dp qj` `aj Opnaep `an B]gqhpÄpaj( aeja =np ldehkokldeo_da J]_dhaoa `ao Nahecekjogkj}egpo* =qb)

EҧҧқҨүҟҦ GқҨҮ

-4/

cnqj` o_dsej`aj`an GnÄbpa gkjjpa G]jp oaej hapvpao ldehkokldeo_dao Lnkfagp je_dp iadn vqi =^o_dhqoo ^nejcaj* @ea ]ho Klqo lkopqiqi ^avae_djapaj j]_dcah]ooajaj Jkpe) vaj h]ooaj angajjaj( `]oo ao G]jp `]^ae qi aeja Ajpo_dÄnbqjc `ao =lnekneoiqo cejc( qi aeja pdaknapeo_da RanoÖdjqjc `ao pn]jovaj`ajp]hldehkokldeo_daj Lnejveleajdeiiaho iep `an Anb]dnqjcosenghe_dgaep* Aej se_dpecan Paeh `eaoan bn]ciajp]neo_daj OlÄpldehk) okldea s]n `an Ajpsqnb aejan Pdaknea `ao Hae^ao( `ea `aj _]npaoe]jeo_daj @q]heoiqo rkj Caeop qj` GÖnlan Ü^ansej`aj skhhpa qj` reaha Aejoe_dpaj `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ao .,* F]dndqj`anpo rknsacj]di* =i 4* Kgpk^an -4,/ angn]jgpa G]jp o_dsan( qj` rean Ikj]pa olÄpan( ]i -.* Ba^nq) ]n -4,0( op]n^ an* =i .4* Ba^nq]n sqn`a `an Ldehkokld qjpan cnk¿an =jpaehj]dia `an >Üncan GÖjeco^anco ej `an Lnkbaooknajcnqbp `an @ki) qj` QjeranoepÄpogen_da oaejan R]) panop]`p ^aecaoapvp*

.*

Cnqj`vÜca `an Ldehkokldea G]jpo

@ea Cnqj`aejoe_dp `an pdaknapeo_daj Ldehkokldea G]jpo h]qpap( `]oo ao aejan okncbÄhpecaj Qjpanoq_dqjc `an gkcjeperaj HaeopqjcobÄdecgaep `an Ranjqjbp ^a`]nb( ^arkn Iap]ldu) oeg ]ho seooajo_d]bphe_dao Ouopai ajpb]hpap san`aj g]jj* Jqn sajj ]qocai]_dp san`aj g]jj( s]o Ranjqjbp Ü^and]qlp angajjaj g]jj qj` s]o oe_d ednan Angajjpjeo ajpveadp( h]ooaj oe_d `ea reahbÄhpecaj qj` aej]j`an qj]qbdÖnhe_d se`anolna_daj`aj =qoo]caj `an iap]lduoeo_daj Pn]`epekj Ü^an `]o Oaej vqi aejaj qj` Ü^an edna ^aokj`anaj CacajopÄj) `a( Ckpp( Oaaha qj` Sahp( vqi ]j`anaj ]qb edna >ana_dpecqjc qj` ednaj S]dndaepocad]hp dej Ü^anlnÜbaj* @]o Anca^jeo `eaoao ej `an Gnepeg `an naejaj Ranjqjbp `qn_dcabÜdnpaj LnÜblnkcn]iio eop bÜn `ea `kci]peo_da Iap]lduoeg jea`ano_diappanj`6 sa`an g]jj `ea pn]`epekjahha iap]lduoe_] cajan]heo( `ea oe_d iep `aj Cnqj`opnqgpqnaj `ao Oaeaj`aj ^a) o_dÄbpecaj`a lnei] ldehkoklde]( jk_d `ea iap]lduoe_] ola_e]heo iep ednaj =^paehqjcaj `an n]pekj]haj Gkoikhkcea( `an n]pekj]haj Lou_dkhkcea qj` `an n]pekj]haj Pdakhkcea ]qb) na_dpand]hpaj san`aj* =j `ea Opahha `an pn]`epekjahhaj Kjpkhkcea pnepp ej G]jpo ranjqjbp) gnepeo_dan Ldehkokldea( ej oaejan Iap]lduoeg `an oe_d ednan Aj`he_dgaep ranoe_danj`aj Ranjqjbp `]o pn]jovaj`ajp]hldehkokldeo_da Lnkfagp( aeja Qjpanoq_dqjc `an ]lnekneo_daj Ranjqjbp) qj` =jo_d]qqjco^a`ejcqjcaj iajo_dhe_dan Anb]dnqjcoangajjpjeo* Qj` ]qo `aj ehhqoekjÄnaj CacajopÄj`aj `an Ü^anheabanpaj iap]lduoe_] ola_e]heo san`aj E`aaj qj` Lkopqh]pa( jkpsaj`eca Ahaiajpa qjoanao Oah^opranopÄj`jeooao( Ca`]jgaj( `ea sen je_dp ]^saeoaj gÖjjaj( sajj sen qjo ]ho vq seooajo_d]bphe_dan Angajjpjeo qj` vq ikn]he) o_dai D]j`ahj bÄdeca Saoaj ^acnaebaj* D]p `ea Gnepeg `an naejaj Ranjqjbp `ea =qbc]^a( `ea pdaknapeo_da Ranjqjbp ]qb Anb]d) nqjco^acnÜj`qjc aejvqo_dnÄjgaj( ok ranbkhcp `ea Gnepeg `an ln]gpeo_daj Ranjqjbp aej ajpcacajcaoapvpao Lnkcn]ii6 edn cadp ao `]nqi( `ea ln]gpeo_da Ranjqjbp ]qo `an Aj) ca `an Anb]dnqjcosahp dan]qovqbÜdnaj qj` ]ho rkj ]hhan aileneo_daj >a`ejcpdaep bnaeaj =gperepÄpoqnolnqjc `]nvqopahhaj* Ei ouopai]peo_daj Vajpnqi `an ln]gpeo_daj Ldehkok) ldea G]jpo opadp `ea Hadna rkj `an Oah^opcaoapvca^qjc `an naejaj ln]gpeo_daj Ranjqjbp* Iep edn ce^p G]jp `an ln]gpeo_daj Ldehkokldea aej narkhqpekjÄn jaqao cahpqjcopdaknape) o_dao Bqj`]iajp* >eoh]jc oq_dpa i]j `ea Cnqj`h]caj qj` Lnejveleaj `an ln]gpeo_daj Ldehkokldea ej k^fagperaj E`aaj `ao Cqpaj qj` `an Cana_dpecgaep( ej aejan jkni]peraj

-40

SҩҦҠҡқҨҡ GҟҬҭҮңҨҡ

Ranb]ooqjc `ao Gkoiko( ei Sehhaj Ckppao k`an `an Saoajoj]pqn `ao Iajo_daj* G]jp d]p `ea aleopaikhkceo_da Bn]csÜn`ecgaep `eaoan Hacepei]pekjoejop]jvaj `an iap]lduoeo_daj Pn]`epekj `aqphe_d cai]_dp* Sen oej` ]hhaej `aj Caoapvaj `an Ranjqjbp qjpansknbaj6 Iep `eaoan Angajjpjeo ^abnaep qjo G]jp rkj `an Danno_d]bp `ao pdakhkceo_daj =^okhqpeoiqo qj` `aj >ej`qjcaj aejao pahakhkceo_daj J]pqnna_dpo* =hha Pn]`epekjocaop]hpaj oq^op]jpe) ahhan Ranjqjbp iÜooaj rkn `ai Ai]jvel]pekjolnkcn]ii `an =qbghÄnqjc vqnÜ_gsae_daj* Iep `eaoan Angajjpjeo da^p qjo G]jp fa`k_d ]q_d ]qo `aj lnko]eo_daj Jea`anqjcaj `an Ghqcdaepohadna qj` `ao cajan]heoeanpaj Ackeoiqo* Oksajec oe_d `ea ln]gpeo_da Ranjqjbp ej `ea oq^op]jpeahhaj( i]pane]h)apdeo_daj Kneajpeanqjcoouopaia `an iap]lduoeo_daj Pn]) `epekj ejpacneanaj qj` iep `an gkjrajpekjahhaj Oepphe_dgaep `an Dangqjbposahp ranoÖdjaj hÄoop( oksajec hÄoop oea oe_d ]qb Vsa_gn]pekj]hepÄp( ]qb `ea Ajpo_dae`qjconacahj ejopnq) iajpahhan( opn]paceo_dan k`an bqjgpekj]heopeo_dan Ranjqjbp na`qveanaj* Iep oaejan `neppaj Gnepeg( `an Gnepeg `an Qnpaehogn]bp( ranoq_dp G]jp `ea ej `aj ano) paj ^ae`aj Gnepeg ]qoaej]j`an`nebpaj`aj >anae_da `an J]pqn qj` Bnaedaep vq ranoÖdjaj* @eaoa RanoÖdjqjc okhh `ea Qnpaehogn]bp haeopaj( `ea ]ho Äopdapeo_da aejanoaepo qj` ]ho pahak) hkceo_da ]j`ananoaepo ej ednaj O_dÖjdaepoqnpaehaj qj` Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaepoqjpanopahhqjcaj >apn]_dpqjcolanolagperaj cahpaj` i]_dp( `ea vs]n gaejaj K^fagperepÄpo]jolnq_d anda) ^aj gÖjjaj( fa`k_d bÜn qjoan J]pqn) qj` Oah^opranopÄj`jeo qj]^saeo^]n oej`* @ea `nae Gnepegaj ^eh`aj vqo]iiaj aej Pnelpu_dkj `an Iap]lduoeg `an Aj`he_dgaep6 `ea ei ouopai]peo_daj Vajpnqi opadaj`a Gnepeg `an naejaj Ranjqjbp oapvp `an f]dndqj) `anpah]jcaj Ranjqjbpr]c]^kj`]ca aej Aj`a7 cacajopÄj`he_da Angajjpjeo g]jj ^ae `eaoaj =qo}Ücaj ejo ¼^anoejjhe_da je_dp caskjjaj san`aj* Fa`k_d san`aj `ea Ejd]hpa `ao ]j) cai]¿paj Iap]lduoegseooajo je_dp rkj G]jp ransknbaj7 edjaj sen` ej `an pn]jovaj`aj) p]haj @e]hagpeg `an Ranjqjbp( ej `an Lkopqh]pajhadna `an Gnepeg `an ln]gpeo_daj Ranjqjbp( ej `an pn]jovaj`ajp]haj Pahakhkcea `an Qnpaehogn]bp aeja jaqa Nkhha( aeja jaqa Bqjgpekj vqcaseaoaj* =qo kjpkhkceo_daj Lnejveleaj san`aj oah^opranopÄj`ecqjcopn]jovaj`ajp]ha Cnqj`oÄpva( `ea je_dpo Ü^an `ea Senghe_dgaep ieppaehaj( fa`k_d `ea Aj`he_dgaeporanb]o) oqjc `an iajo_dhe_daj Ranjqjbp qj` `ea ej edn cnÜj`aj`aj Lnejveleaj qjoanao Oah^op)( J]pqn) qj` SahpranopÄj`jeooao andahhaj*

/*

G]jpo Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea

Qib]ooaj` d]p oe_d G]jp ]j vsae Opahhaj oaejao Cao]ipsango Ü^an `]o RandÄhpjeo `an Cao_dha_dpan caÄq¿anp7 aeji]h ej `aj >ak^]_dpqjcaj Ü^an `]o CabÜdh `ao O_dÖjaj qj` And]^ajaj( qj` ok`]jj ej `ai Lner]pna_dpopaeh `an Iap]lduoeo_daj =jb]jcocnÜj`a `an Na_dpohadna* @ea >ak^]_dpqjcaj rkj -320 cadÖnaj ej `ea rkngnepeo_da Ld]oa `an G]jpeo_daj Ldehkokldea* @ea oea lnÄcaj`a ldehkokldeo_da =q{]ooqjc gÖjjpa i]j ]ho ikn]heo_daj Oajoq]heoiqo ^avae_djaj* G]jp qjpanoq_dp ej `eaoan O_dnebp `ea apdeo_daj =qosengqjcaj `ao O_dÖjdaepooejjao qj` `ao CabÜdho bÜn `]o And]^aja ]qb `aj ?d]) n]gpan qj` `]o Ha^aj `an Iajo_daj* @ea =^d]j`hqjc eop ldehkokldeo_d gkjrajpekjahh( c]jv qj` c]n `an vaepcajÖooeo_daj CabÜdhoikn]h ranl}e_dpap( rkj Nkqooa]qo Aieha ^aaej}qoop( rkj `an ikn]h)oajoa)Ldehkokldea Od]bpao^qnuo( Dqp_daokjo qj` Dqiao ejoleneanp( rkj >qngao Ajmqenu ejpk pda knecej kb kqn e`a]o kb pda oq^heia ]j` ^a]qpebqh $-313% ]jcanacp* QjcasÖdjhe_d ]j `eaoai Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_daj Aoo]u eop jqn( `]oo an

EҧҧқҨүҟҦ GқҨҮ

-41

j]_d aejan ]hhcaiaejaj ]jpdnklkhkceo_daj Atlkoepekj je_dp jqn `ea ldÄjkpuleo_daj qj` cajkpuleo_daj Qjpano_dea`a( `ea Qjpano_dea`a `an Pailan]iajpa qj` J]pekj]hgqhpqnaj ^ahaq_dpap qj` ]ho qjpano_dea`he_da Ranpaehqjcaj `an AilbÄjche_dgaep bÜno O_dÖja qj` And]^aja ^ao_dnae^p( okj`anj ]q_d aeja Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_da @aqpqjc `an Cao_dha_d) pan`e{anajv ce^p* @ajj ao eop ̦je_dp cajqc oe_d rknvqopahhaj( `]¿ i]j Iajo_daj rkn oe_d d]^a( i]j iq¿ vqchae_d je_dp ]qo `an =_dp h]ooaj( `]¿ `eaoa Iajo_daj je_dp rkj aejanhae =np oej`̤ $>ak^]_dpqjcaj( ..4%* @ea Iap]lduoeo_daj =jb]jcocnÜj`a `an Na_dpohadna rkj -353 oej` dejcacaj `qn_d `aj Ikn]h) qj` Na_dpoqjerano]heoiqo `an gnepeo_daj Ldehkokldea G]jpo calnÄcp* @]o d]p =qosengaj ]qb `]o RanopÄj`jeo `ao Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeooao* @ea ikn]hoajoq]heo) peo_da =qo`aqpqjc aileneo_dan @e{anajvaj eop iep `ai =lnekneoiqo `ao Ranjqjbpna_dpo je_dp ranaej^]n* @]o Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo g]jj ei Gkjpatp `an Na_dpohadna jqn ]ho Na_dporandÄhpjeo `]ncahacp san`aj* @eaoao Na_dporandÄhpjeo eop bnaehe_d rkj ^aokj`anan =np7 qi ao ej `aj N]diaj `ao Ranjqjbpna_dpo aejbÜcaj vq gÖjjaj( d]p G]jp aeja jaqa Na_dpobkni anbqj`aj( `]o ̦]qb `ejche_da =np lanoÖjhe_da Na_dp̤( `aooaj _d]n]gpaneo) peo_dao jkni]perao Lnk|h `an aileneo_daj >aokj`andaep `ao >acean`arandÄhpjeooao `an Cao_dha_dpan ]jcaiaooajaj na_dphe_daj =qo`nq_g ca^aj okhh*

0*

@ea Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea ej `aj >ak^]_dpqjcaj Ü^an `]o CabÜdh `ao O_dÖjaj qj` And]^ajaj rkj -320

@ea Cnqj`pdaoa `an >ak^]_dpqjcaj h]qpap6 @]o CaiÜp( `]o aejaj Oejj bÜno And]^aja d]p( eop ]q_d vq s]dnan Pqcaj`d]bpecgaep bÄdec( rani]c oe_d `ai And]^ajaj ikn]heo_dan Cnqj`oÄpvhe_dgaep vq Ö{jaj7 skdejcacaj aeja iadn bÜno O_dÖja ailbÄjche_da Oaaha oe_d rkj Ouil]pdea qj` Cnk¿danvecgaep haepaj hÄoop qj` vqn =jangajjqjc rkj Cnqj`oÄp) vaj je_dp p]qche_d eop* @an Oejj bÜno And]^aja eop aeja ranjqjbpj]da CaiÜpo`eolkoepekj( rani]c oejjhe_dgaepoeii]jajp `ea Cnajvaj `an Oejjhe_dgaep vq Ü^ano_dnaepaj( o_d]{p K{ajdaep bÜn `]o =hhcaiaeja qj` Lnejveleahha* Aej bÜno And]^aja ailbÄjche_dao CaiÜp g]jj `]dan ]q_d aej Ran^ej`he_dgaepocaolÜn( aej Ran^ej`he_dgaepo^asqoopoaej ]qo^eh`aj* @an Oejj bÜno O_dÖja dejcacaj gha^p ]j `aj Caca^ajdaepaj( ]j `aj ^aokj`anaj CacajopÄj`aj( eop kdja aeja `an]npeca Pn]jovaj`eanqjcogn]bp( eop `]dan ei ikn]heo_daj D]j`ahj c]jv rkj `an Oepq]pekjos]dnjadiqjc( rkj `an naevaj`aj K^an}Ä_da `an @ejca ]^dÄjcec* @an a`ha Oejj ^eh`ap ej oe_d ̦Ä_dpa Pqcaj`̤ ]qo $>ak^]_dpqjcaj( .-4%7 `]o cqpa Danv dejcacaj ^aoepvp jqn ̦]`klpenpa Pqcaj`aj̤ $>ak^]_dpqjcaj( .-3%* =`klpeanpa Pqcaj`aj oej` pqcaj`rans]j`pa CabÜdho) qj` D]j`hqjco`eolkoepekjaj( `ea vq o_dÖjaj( cabÄhhecaj D]j`hqjcaj bÜdnaj( ]^an `ai Ikn]heo_daj je_dp ]qo CnÜj`aj caolÜnpan Ran^ej`he_dgaep `eajaj gÖjjaj* @]o cqpa Danv d]p `]nqi ]q_d je_dp `ea Baopecgaep `an Caoejjqjc( `ea VqranhÄooecgaep ei D]j`ahj( `ea jqn ]qo `ai >asqoopoaej ran^ej`he_dan Cnqj`oÄpva gkiip* Iephae`od]j`ahj qj` bnaqj`he_dan Qic]jc oej` vs]n sacaj ednan ]jcajadiaj Sengqjcaj qjaejcao_dnÄjgp vq ^acnÜ¿aj( fa`k_d gÖjjaj oea jqn ]ho =^ch]jv s]dnan Pqcaj`d]bpecgaep ^apn]_dpap san`aj( ]ho aeja cabÜdhoranqno]_dpa Oepq]pekjo) qj` Cahacajdaepoikn]h( `ea ]ho apdeo_da =qodehba sehhgkiiaj eop( sajj ao ]j jk^han Caoejjqjc qj` cnqj`o]pvcaopÜpvpan Pqcaj`d]bpecgaep i]jcahp( fa`k_d je_dp chae_d^ana_dpecp ]j `anaj Opahha pnapaj g]jj* Jk_d saepan rkj `an a_dpaj Pqcaj` ajpbanjp

-42

SҩҦҠҡқҨҡ GҟҬҭҮңҨҡ

eop `]o AdncabÜdh( `]o oe_d je_dp `qn_d `ea O_dÖjdaep `an D]j`hqjcaj haepaj hÄoop( okj`anj rkj `ai Vs]jc caoahho_d]bphe_dan =jop]j`orknopahhqjcaj* Dean g]jj dÖ_dopaj rkj aejai ̦Pqcaj`o_deiian̤ $>ak^]_dpqjcaj( .-4% caolnk_daj san`aj* Ejocao]ip qjpano_dae`ap G]jp ]hok `nae A^ajaj `ao ikn]heo_daj CabÜdho6 `]o caoahh) o_d]bphe_d _k`eanpa AdncabÜdh( `ea Cqpdanvecgaep( `ea ]qo aejan Hqop ]j ̦cÜpecaj qj` skdhskhhaj`aj D]j`hqjcaj̤ dan]qo d]j`ahp $a^`*%( qj` `ea s]dna Pqcaj`d]bpecgaep* =q_d `ea s]dna Pqcaj`d]bpecgaep eop ej aejai ikn]heo_daj CabÜdh ransqnvahp( jÄihe_d `ai ̦CabÜdh rkj `an O_dÖjdaep qj` `an SÜn`a `an iajo_dhe_daj J]pqn̤ $>ak^]_d) pqjcaj( .-3%* @]dan oej` ]q_d `ea oea haepaj`aj Cnqj`oÄpva gaeja ̦ola_qh]pereo_daWjY Nacahj( okj`anj `]o >asq¿poaej aejao CabÜdho( `]o ej fa`ai iajo_dhe_daj >qoaj ha^p qj` oe_d reah saepan ]ho ]qb `ea ^aokj`ana CnÜj`a `ao Iephae`ajo qj` `an CabÄhhecgaep anopna_gp̤ $a^`*%* Iajo_daj( `ea edna aecajaj Ejpanaooaj opapo `eaoan ̦ansaepanpaj Jae) cqjc̤ $a^`*% qjpanvqkn`jaj qj` `]nqi Oah^ophea^a qj` Iajo_dajhea^a ej oe_d vq aejan d]nikjeo_da Aejdaep vq ^nejcaj raniÖcaj( ^eapaj `]jj oah^op aej o_dÖjao >eh` `an Pq) caj`* =^an a_dpa( o_dÖja Pqcaj`d]bpecgaep eop n]n* Fa`k_d eop `]o gaejaosaco rkj J]_dpaeh( `ajj `ea Cnqj`o]pvkneajpeanqjc eop vs]n saepnae_daj`an ]ho `ea CabÜdhokneajpeanqjc( ]^an oea eop ]q_d badh^]nan* ̦@anfajecaj qjpan `aj Iajo_daj( `ea j]_d Cnqj`oÄpvaj ranb]dnaj( oej` jqn oadn sajeca( sah_dao ]q_d Ü^an]qo cqp eop( `] ao ok hae_dp cao_dadaj g]jj( `]¿ i]j ej `eaoaj Cnqj`oÄpvaj enna qj` ]ho`]jj `an J]_dpdaeh( `an `]n]qo ansÄ_dop( oe_d qi `aopk saepan anopna_gp( fa ]hhcaiaejan `an Cnqj`o]pv qj` fa op]j`d]bpan `ea Lanokj eop( `ea edj oe_d rkncaoapvp d]p* @anan( ok ]qo cqpdanvecaj Pnea^aj d]j`ahj( oej` saep iadnana( sah_dao Äq¿anop rknpnae_d eop( k^ ao chae_d aejvahj je_dp ]ho aej okj`anhe_dao Ran`eajop `an Lanokj g]jj ]jcana_djap san`aj7 `ajj `eaoa pqcaj`d]bpa Ejopej_pa badhaj skdh ^eosaehaj( ]hhaej ei @qn_do_djeppa haeopaj oea a^aj ok skdh `ea cnk¿a =^oe_dp `an J]pqn( sea `ea Ü^neca Ejopej_pa( `ea ok nacahiÄ¿ec `ea pdeaneo_da Sahp ^asacaj* @anan( `ea edn ]hhanhea^opao Oah^op ]ho `aj aejvecaj >aveadqjcolqjgp ednan >aiÜdqjcaj op]nn rkn =qcaj d]^aj( qj` `ea qi `aj Aecajjqpv ]ho qi `ea cnk¿a =_doa ]hhao vq `nadaj oq_daj( cea^p ao `ea iaeopa( sknÜ^an ]q_d je_dpo Rknpdaehd]bpanao oaej g]jj( `ajj `eaoa oej` `ea aioecopaj( kn`ajphe_dopaj qj` ^adqpo]iopaj7 oea ca^aj `ai C]jvaj D]hpqjc qj` Baopecgaep( ej`ai oea ]q_d kdja edna =^oe_dp caiaejjÜpvec san`aj( `ea jkpdsaj`e) caj >a`Ünbjeooa dan^aeo_d]{aj qj` `ea Cnqj`h]ca heabanj( Ü^an sah_da baejana Oaahaj O_dÖjdaep qj` Skdhcanaeipdaep ran^naepaj gÖjjaj̤ $>ak^]_dpqjcaj( ..3%* G]jp heabanp dean aej cah]ooajao >eh` aejan gkilajo]pkneo_daj ̦ikn]heo_daj Cao]ipÖgkjkiea `an Iajo_ddaep̤ $Daejv .,,3( -34%( ej `ai oah^op =`]i Oiepdo qjoe_dp^]na D]j` ]qbp]q_dp qj` bÜn aeja ikn]heo_da Ajph]opqjc `ao Ackeoiqo `an I]ooaj okncp6 ej`ai ]qbcnqj` `an Caoapva `ao P]qo_drangadno ]q_d `an Ackeoiqo ej `ea Nalnk`qgpekj `ao =hhcaiaejaj aej^avkcaj sen`( g]jj `an Aecajjqpv vqn op]^ehaj >]oeo aejao lun]ie`eo_daj Cao]ip) ouopaio san`aj( ej `aooaj k^anaj Ap]caj `ea baejanaj Oaahaj `an Ikn]h qjieppah^]nan qj` ]qbne_dpecan vqcap]j oej`*

EҧҧқҨүҟҦ GқҨҮ

]*

-43

Sae^he_dan O_dÖjdaepooejj qj` iÄjjhe_dao CabÜdh bÜno And]^aja

>eoh]jc d]p G]jp `ea ?d]n]gpan) qj` CaiÜpogki^ej]pekjaj( `ea `ea Ran^ej`qjc `an Äopdapeo_daj AilbÄjche_dgaep iep `ai ikn]heo_daj Oejj caop]ppap( ]ho ]hhcaiaej)]jpdnk) lkhkceo_da IÖche_dgaepaj ^ao_dnea^aj* =^an `an Bknpc]jc `an @]nopahhqjc vaecp( `]oo `an Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_da @q]heoiqo je_dp `an gkjvalpqahhaj Raniaooqjc aejan ]hhcaiaej oepphe_daj Ranb]ooqjc `an Iajo_daj `eajp( okj`anj ei Cacajpaeh ^acnee_da =jd]hpo) lqjgpa bÜn `ea Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_da @e{anajveanqjc `ao aejaj Iajo_dajcao_dha_dpo ej ̦vsae C]ppqjcaj̤ rkn^anaepaj okhh $>ak^]_dpqjcaj( ..4%* Iajo_daj oej` ̦je_dp rkj aejanhae =np̤( qj` `eaoan Qjpano_dea` ^aoepvp je_dp jqn nalnk`qgpekjo^ekhkceo_da Bqjg) pekj]hepÄp( okj`anj d]p ]q_d =qosengqjcaj ]qb Oejjhe_dgaep( CabÜdh qj` AilbÄjche_dgaep bÜn Äq¿ana Aej`nÜ_ga* Qj` `] `an bnÜda G]jp Ikn]hepÄp( oepphe_da Aejoe_dp qj` Ran^ej`) he_dgaepo^asqoopoaej ei CabÜdh ran]jganp( d]p `ea qjpano_dea`he_da CaiÜporanb]ooqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan ednanoaepo =qosengqjcaj ]qb edna Ikn]hepÄporanb]ooqjc* Ao ce^p aeja olave|o_d sae^he_da Ikn]hepÄporanb]ooqjc7 qj` ao ce^p aeja olave|o_d iÄjjhe_da Ikn]) hepÄporanb]ooqjc* Qj` `] `an Ikn]hranb]ooqjc ]ho okh_dan aej E`a]h( aeja Rkhhgkiiaj) daeporknopahhqjc aejcao_dnea^aj eop( ce^p ao aej olave|o_d sae^he_dao Oepphe_dgaepoe`a]h qj` aej olave|o_d iÄjjhe_dao Oepphe_dgaepoe`a]h* Bnaehe_d `]nb i]j oe_d `eaoao Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_da ̦CacajrandÄhpje¿ ^ae`an Cao_dha_d) pan̤ $a^`*% je_dp ok rknopahhaj( `]oo oe_d `an Oejj bÜno O_dÖja qj` `an Oejj bÜno A`ha qj` And]^aja sa_doahoaepec ]qoo_dhea¿aj sÜn`aj( ̦`]¿ `]o Bn]qajveiian a`ahan Aecaj) o_d]bpaj ani]jcahpa( k`an `]o iÄjjhe_da Cao_dha_dp `an O_dÖjdaepaj cÄjvhe_d ajp^adnaj iÜoopa( reahiadn ans]npap i]j( `]oo aej fa`ao Cao_dha_dp ^ae`a ranaej^]na( `k_d ok( `]oo rkj aejai Bn]qajveiian ]hha ]j`ana RknvÜca oe_d jqn `]vq ranaejecaj okhhaj( qi `aj ?d]n]gpan `ao O_dÖjaj vq andÖdaj( sah_dan `an aecajphe_da >aveadqjcolqjgp eop( qj` `]cacaj qjpan `aj iÄjjhe_daj Aecajo_d]bpaj `]o And]^aja ]ho `]o Gajjvae) _daj oaejan =np `aqphe_d danrknopa_da̤ $a^`*%* Rkhhaj`apa sae^he_da Oepphe_dgaep vaecp oe_d ]hok `]nej( `aj Oejj bÜno A`ha qj` And]^aja vqn RanopÄngqjc o_dÖjan Oepphe_d) gaep vq ransaj`aj( sÄdnaj` iÄjjhe_da Oepphe_dgaep qicagadnp `ea AilbÄjche_dgaep bÜno O_dÖja vqn >agnÄbpecqjc `ao Oejjo bÜno A`ha qj` And]^aja ^ajqpvp* Qj` s]o bÜn `aj CaiÜpo_d]n]gpan cehp( cehp ]q_d bÜn `aj Ranop]j`( ]q_d `ea gkcjepera HaeopqjcobÄdecgaep sen` `qn_d `]o Cao_dha_dp olave|o_d cabÄn^p6 ok opadp aej ̦o_dÖjan Ranop]j`̤ aejai ̦peabaWjY Ranop]j`̤ cacajÜ^an $>ak^]_dpqjcaj( ..5%* @eaoao gkcjepera @egp]p `an Ca) o_dha_dpoaecajo_d]bpaj eop saepnae_daj` qj` hÄqbp ]qb aeja ejpahhagpqahha Ejbanekneoeanqjc `an Bn]q dej]qo6 ̦@an o_dÖja Ranop]j` sÄdhp vq oaejaj CacajopÄj`aj ]hhao( s]o iep `ai baejanaj CabÜdh j]da rans]j`p eop( qj` Ü^anhÄ¿p ]^opn]_pa Ola_qh]pekjaj k`an Gajjp) jeooa( `ea jÜpvhe_d( ]^an pnk_gaj oej`( `ai aioecaj( cnÜj`he_daj qj` peabaj Ranop]j`a̤ $>ak^]_dpqjcaj( ./,%* ̦IÜdo]iao Hanjaj k`an laejhe_dao CnÜ^ahj̤ $>ak^]_dpqjcaj( ..5%( Seooajo_d]bp( Ldehkokldea( ]hh `]o eop je_dpo bÜno ̦Bn]qajveiian̤7 ]hhao( s]o `aj Anb]dnqjco) qj` CabÜdhodknevkjp Ü^ano_dnaepap( s]o `ai >anae_d `an gkjgnapaj Ail) |j`qjcaj ajpnÜ_gp eop( g]jj je_dp iadn ]qb sae^he_dao Ejpanaooa opk¿aj* Je_dp jqn ei Ikn]heo_daj eop `]o o_dÖja Cao_dha_dp `ai Cnqj`oÄpvhe_daj cacajÜ^an rano_dhkooaj( ]q_d ej `aj gkcjeperaj SahprandÄhpjeooaj ^hae^p `an o_dÖja Ranop]j` ]qb cabÜdhoj]da >a) nae_da aejcao_dnÄjgp* Sae^he_da ̦Sahpsaeodaep eop W̪Y Ail|j`aj̤* @eaoa ejpahhagpqahha Heiepeanpdaep iqoo `ea oepphe_da Qjpansaeoqjc qj` gkcjepera Qjpanne_dpqjc `an Bn]qaj

-44

SҩҦҠҡқҨҡ GҟҬҭҮңҨҡ

^anÜ_goe_dpecaj* @ea sae^he_da @e`]gpeg d]p ]qbo J]nn]pera qj` Atailh]neo_da vq oapvaj7 `]iep `ea CacajopÄj`a sae^he_dao Ejpanaooa |j`aj gÖjjaj( iÜooaj oea gkjpatpq]heoeanp san`aj( ej ranpn]qpa CabÜdho) qj` Anb]dnqjcooepq]pekjaj aejca^appap san`aj* @eaoa ^ek) hkceo_da J]pqnjknieanqjc `an nkqooa]qeopeo_daj Ail|j`qjcoldehkokldea opailahp `ea Bn]q vqi CabÜdhopean qj` d]p `an iÄjjhe_daj Rknqnpaeho^anaepo_d]bp bÜn F]dndqj`anpa `ea Opanakpula caheabanp* @]o( s]o G]jp ej `an ]jpdnklkhkceo_daj Atlkoepekj ]ho ̦]`klpenpa Pqcaj`̤ ^avae_d) jap d]p( sen` fapvp vqn ̦o_dÖjaj Pqcaj`̤ $>ak^]_dpqjcaj( ./-%* Sae^he_da Oepphe_dgaep vaecp oe_d ]ho o_dÖja Pqcaj`d]bpecgaep* Bn]qaj ̦san`aj `]o >Öoa raniae`aj( je_dp saeh ao qjna_dp( okj`anj saeh ao dÄ¿he_d eop( qj` pqcaj`d]bpa D]j`hqjcaj ^a`aqpaj ^ae ed) jaj okh_da( `ea oepphe_d o_dÖj oej`* Je_dpo rkj Okhhaj( je_dpo rkj IÜooaj( je_dpo rkj O_dqh`ecgaep̤7 Bn]qaj oej` ̦]hhan >abadha qj` ]hhao iÜnneo_daj Vs]jcao qjhae`he_d̤ $a^`*%* @eaoa Vs]jco) qj` >abadho]ranoekj sae^he_dan Oepphe_dgaep sen` cacaj Aj`a `ao -4* F]dndqj`anpo ]ho Cnqj`vqc ikn]hldehkokldeo_dan G]jp)Gnepeg sea`an ]qbp]q_daj6 ok) skdh O_dehhano Gkjvalp `an o_dÖjaj Oaaha ]ho ]q_d Dacaho >acne{ `an lhanki]peo_daj Hea^a ]qo oaejaj Fqcaj`o_dnebpaj saj`aj oe_d cacaj G]jpo Eilan]perapdeg qj` ^ao_dnae) ^aj aej E`a]h qjrangn]ilbpan Oepphe_dgaep( `]o cnk¿a ¤djhe_dgaep iep `aj Rknopahhqjcaj d]p( `ea `an Nkqooa]q)=jdÄjcan G]jp rkj `an olave|o_d sae^he_daj Bkni `an Oepphe_dgaep d]ppa* Bnaehe_d opadp `eaoa Gnepeg G]jpeo_dan Caoapvaoapdeg je_dp ei >]jj aejan ^Ün) canhe_daj Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc* @ea o_dÖja Oaaha O_dehhano eop gaeja sae^he_da Oaaha( okj`anj aeja ]hhcaiaej)iajo_dhe_da Oaaha( `ea `qn_d Äopdapeo_da Ail|j`he_dgaep `]o CabÜdhonkda `an G]jpeo_daj Eilan]perapdeg vq Ü^ansej`aj rani]c qj` `]dan vs]jco) bnaea Oepphe_dgaep vq ha^aj eiop]j`a eop* J]_d`ai G]jp oah^op `ea ]hhcaiaej)iajo_dhe_da Ranjqjbp vqn Cnqj`h]ca ikn]heo_dan Aejoe_dp qj` ikn]heo_dan Ran^ej`he_dgaep cai]_dp d]ppa( gkjjpa aeja Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_da ¼^an^eapqjc `an ranjqjbp^acnÜj`apaj Okhhajoik) n]h je_dp qjpan `]o Jera]q `ao =hhcaiaej)Iajo_dhe_daj vqnÜ_gb]hhaj*

^*

@]o CacajrandÄhpjeo `an Cao_dha_dpan6 =jangajjqjc `an Qjchae_ddaep

Sajj `an apdeo_da ?d]n]gpan vqi aejaj ]qb oepphe_da Ranrkhhgkiijqjc ]qocane_dpap eop( j]_d `ai Annae_daj `ao edi aejcao_dnea^ajaj Oepphe_dgaepoe`a]ho opna^p( vqi ]j`anaj ej aejan cao_dha_dpoolave|o_daj CabÜdho) qj` Ail|j`qjcosaeoa ransqnvahp eop( `]jj eop ]qo CnÜj`aj pdaknapeo_dan Gkjoeopajv `an J]_dsaeo anbkn`anhe_d( `]oo vqi aejaj `ea caoahho_d]bphe_da =qolnÄcqjc `ao apdeo_daj ?d]n]gpano( `]o cao]ipa Ajoai^ha caoahh) o_d]bphe_d gk`eanpan Rand]hpajo) qj` >apn]_dpqjco) qj` >asanpqjcoaecajpÜihe_dgaepaj ej `an Cao_dha_dpoaecajo_d]bp ran]jganp eop( qj` `]oo vqi ]j`anaj `ea Cao_dha_dpoae) cajo_d]bp oah^op `eaoaj Lnkvaoo `an Ranoepphe_dqjc( `an apdeo_daj Gkjrajpekj]heoeanqjc rkj >asanpqjc qj` Rand]hpqjc ]qo oe_d dan]qopnae^p* G]jp iqoo oe_d ]hok ^aiÜdaj vq vaecaj( `]oo `]o Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_da ̦CacajrandÄhpje¿ `an Cao_dha_dpan̤ ej gkjope) pqperan =^dÄjcecgaep rkj `ai oatq]h^ekhkceo_daj >acadnajorandÄhpjeo `an Cao_dha_dpan opadp* @] `an pdaknapeo_da N]diaj `eaoan Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_daj Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea `ao bnÜdaj G]jp j]pqnpahakhkceo_dan =np eop( hÄqbp `an J]_dsaeo ]qb aeja =ncqiajp]pekj dej) ]qo( `ea `ea Bknpl}]jvqjc iep `ai oatqahhaj >acadnaj qj` ^ae`ao iep `an Äopdapeo_d)

EҧҧқҨүҟҦ GқҨҮ

-45

apdeo_daj Gqhpereanqjc ej Vqo]iiajd]jc ^nejcp qj` vaecp( `]oo `ea J]pqn oah^op ]qb heopeca Saeoa `aj Nalnk`qgpekjovsa_g iep `ai Gqhpereanqjcovsa_g ran^ej`ap( oatqah) ha =ppn]gpekj ]ho =jpnea^ogn]bp `an Gqhpereanqjc ransaj`ap* ̦@ea c]jva >av]q^anqjc̤( `ea Ü^an `ai RandÄhpjeo `an Cao_dha_dpan heacp( ̦eop ei Cnqj` Ü^an `aj Cao_dha_dpan) pnea^ ran^naepap* @ea J]pqn ranbkhcp edna cnk¿a =^oe_dp( qj` ]hha Baejecgaepaj( `ea oe_d dejvqcaoahhaj( oea iÖcaj ok saep `]rkj ]^vqopadaj o_daejaj( sea oea skhhaj( oej` jqn Ran^nÄiqjcaj qj` ajphadjaj ednaj Naev `k_d ]i Aj`a a^aj `anoah^aj Mqahha̤ $>ak^) ]_dpqjcaj( ./1%* =q_d `an Qiop]j`( `]oo `ea CaiÜporanb]ooqjc ^ae`an Iajo_daj]npaj AilbÄjche_dgaep okskdh bÜn `]o O_dÖja ]ho ]q_d bÜn `]o And]^aja vaecp( `eajp `ai j]) pÜnhe_daj @kllahvsa_g `an Nalnk`qgpekjooe_danqjc qj` `an Gqhpereanqjc* @ajj ao vaecp oe_d( `]oo I]jj qj` Bn]q Ü^an `ea edjaj je_dp aecajpÜihe_da( gkilhaiajpÄna Ail) bÄjche_dgaep jqn ranbÜcaj( qi `ea oatqahha =ppn]gpekj Äopdapeo_d vq opÜpvaj( `ajj ao eop fa `]o ]j`ana Cao_dha_dp( `]o ]ho Nabanajvcacajop]j` `ao Äopdapeo_daj ̣Bnai`oejjao̢ bqjceanp* ̦@]o Bn]qajveiian d]p aej rknvÜche_dao CabÜdh bÜn `]o O_dÖja( ok banj ao edjaj oah^op vqgkiip( ]^an bÜn `]o A`ha( ej ok saep ao ]i iÄjjhe_daj Cao_dha_dp ]j) capnk{aj sen`* @an I]jj `]cacaj d]p aej ajpo_dea`ajao CabÜdh bÜn `]o A`ha( s]o vq oaejaj Aecajo_d]bpaj cadÖnp( bÜn `]o O_dÖja ]^an( ej ok banj ao ]j `ai Bn]qajveiian ]jvqpna{aj eop̤ $>ak^]_dpqjcaj( .0,%* Cao_dha_dpoaecajo_d]bp qj` Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_da AecajpÜihe_dgaep opadaj ei Chae_dgh]jc* Oah^ops]dnjadiqjc qj` Bnai`s]dnjadiqjc gkjranceanaj ^ae ^ae`aj Cao_dha_dpanj( ok `]oo ao vq aejan cao_dha_dpane`ajpeo_daj Vq) o_dnae^qjc cao_dha_dpanqjpano_dea`he_dan Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_dan Aecajo_d]bpaj gkiip* Ok ^acacjap fa`ao Cao_dha_dp ei ]j`anaj ]q_d oe_d oah^op( oleacahp qj` ^agnÄbpecp oaeja AecajpÜihe_dgaep ej `an Oe_dp `ao ]j`anaj* I]j g]jj `eaoao iangsÜn`eca RandÄhpjeo `e{anajpan Äopdapeo_dan Cao_dha_dpos]dnjadiqjc ]ho aeja ]ouiiapneo_da qj` qj`e]hag) peo_da R]ne]jpa `an e`a]heopeo_daj =jangajjqjco^aveadqjc ]q{]ooaj( `ea ]j`ano ]ho `ea oah^op^asqoopoaejogkjopepqpera `an Dacaho_daj LdÄjkiajkhkcea je_dp `qn_d aeja cnqj`) hacaj`a Chae_ddaep _d]n]gpaneoeanp eop( okj`anj vqn Ranbaopecqjc `an Qjchae_ddaep bÜdnp* Dean angajjp oe_d je_dp `]o aeja Oah^op^asqoopoaej ei ]j`anaj( okj`anj dean anbÄdnp fa`ao Cao_dha_dp `qn_d `]o ]j`ana aeja >agnÄbpecqjc oaejan @e{anajv* @ea j]pÜnhe_da Qj) chae_ddaep oapvp oe_d ej `aj apdeo_d)caoahho_d]bphe_daj N]qi bknp7 `ea `e{anajpa oatqahha S]dnjadiqjc sen` `qn_d aeja `e{anajpa Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_da S]dnjadiqjc Ü^anh]canp* @]dan g]jj G]jp ^ad]qlpaj( `]oo can]`a `ea oatqahha =ppn]gperepÄp `ea Gqhpereanqjc `an Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_daj Ranb]ooqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan rkn]j^nejcp( `ea ̦Vsa_ga `an J]pqn `]n]qb cadaj( `aj I]jj `qn_d `ea Cao_dha_dpanjaecqjc jk_d iadn vq rana`haj qj` `]o Bn]qajveiian `qn_d a^aj `eaoah^a jk_d iadn vq rano_dÖjaj̤ $a^`*%* Ej`ai `ea Ca) o_dha_dpan `]o( s]o oea ]qo j]pÜnhe_daj CnÜj`aj oah^op je_dp ^aoepvaj gÖjjaj( ]j `ai fa ]j`anaj Cao_dha_dp o_dÄpvaj( ej`ai `]o iÄjjhe_da Cao_dha_dp aejaj Oejj bÜno O_dÖja ^aoepvp( kdja fa`k_d oah^op `ea CaiÜporanb]ooqjc c]jv ei Oejja `ao O_dÖjaj ]qone_d) paj vq gÖjjaj( qj` `]o sae^he_da Cao_dha_dp `]o A`ha ^asqj`anp( kdja bnaehe_d oah^op edi Sengo]igaep ej oaejai aecajaj @ajgaj qj` D]j`ahj rano_d]{aj vq gÖjjaj( ]n^ae) paj ^ae`a ej gkilhaiajpÄnan Dejoe_dp ]j `an Ranrkhhgkiijqjc `an `qn_d `ea j]pÜnhe_da Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv caoapvpaj Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_daj CaiÜpolnk|ha* =ho cao_dha_dpanpdaknapeo_dao E`a]h vae_djap oe_d aeja reah`eiajoekj]ha( nalnk`qgpe) kjo^ekhkceo_da( oatqahha qj` Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_da Gkklan]pekj ]^( `anaj AecajpÜihe_dgaep `]nej heacp( `ea `aj qjpano_dea`he_daj Cao_dha_dpanj j]pÜnhe_dansaeoa vqgkiiaj`aj Äo)

-5,

SҩҦҠҡқҨҡ GҟҬҭҮңҨҡ

pdapeo_d)apdeo_daj AecajpÜihe_dgaepaj vq ranrkhhgkiijaj( ok `]oo ^ae`a( I]jj qj` Bn]q( `qn_d `eaoa ikn]heo_da Vqo]iiaj]n^aep `]o jk_d iadn oaej gÖjjaj( s]o oea rkj J]pqn ]qo oej`* @ajj ao heacp ̦]i iaeopaj `]n]j( `]oo `an I]jj ]ho I]jj rkhhgkii) jan san`a qj` `ea Bn]q ]ho aej Sae^( `* e* `]¿ `ea Pnea^ba`anj `an Cao_dha_dpanjae) cqjc `ai Sejga `an J]pqn caiÄ¿ sengaj( `aj aejaj jk_d iadn vq rana`haj qj` `ea Aecajo_d]bpaj `an ]j`naj vq rano_dÖjanj̤ $>ak^]_dpqjcaj( .0.%* @eaoa Äopdapeo_d)apde) o_da ¼^anbkniqjc oatqahhan Gkklan]pekj sea`andkhp `ea sa_doahoaepeca =^dÄjcecgaep `ao oatqahhaj Cnqj`randÄhpjeooao ]qb `an A^aja `an caoahho_d]bphe_daj Vqo]iiaj]n^aep* Fa`k_d `]nb `eaoa sa_doahoaepeca =jcaseaoajdaep `an Cao_dha_dpan ^ae ednan gkklan]pe) raj Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_daj Gqhpereanqjco]n^aep je_dp ac]hep]neopeo_d ieooranop]j`aj san`aj* @ea `ai Ik`ahh `an Gkklan]pekj qj` =n^aepopaehqjc ejdÄnajpaj Ikiajpa `an Chae_d) daep qj` Ouiiapnea san`aj je_dp sengo]i* Ao eop aeja sa_doahoaepeca Ranseaoajdaep( `ea ]qoo_dhea¿he_d vqn RanopÄngqjc `an `qn_d `ea cao_dha_dphe_da @e{anajv baopcahac) paj Äopdapeo_d)apdeo_daj Cnqj``eolkoepekjaj bÜdnp( ok `]oo oe_d `anaj Ejac]hepÄp `qn_d `ea Gqhpereanqjc ranbaopecp* @]o vaecp `aqphe_d `ea G]jpeo_da >ao_dnae^qjc `ao ̦adahe) _daj Ha^ajo̤( `an gkjvajpneanpaopaj qj` ejpajoeropaj Bkni `an cao_dha_dpoikn]heo_daj =n^aepopaehqjc6 ̦Ej `ai adahe_daj Ha^aj okhh `]o ranaejecpa L]]n chae_do]i aeja aej) veca ikn]heo_da Lanokj ]qoi]_daj( sah_da `qn_d `aj Ranop]j` `ao I]jjao qj` `aj Cao_di]_g `an Bn]qaj ^aha^p qj` naceanp sen`̤ $a^`*%6 an ^aiÜdp oe_d qi `ea ̦Vq) bnea`ajdaep aejao cahea^paj Cacajop]j`ao̤( qj` oea anse`anp oaeja >aiÜdqjcaj ̦`qn_d CabÄhhecgaep̤* Ej `eaoan Jaecqjcocaiaejo_d]bp eop rkj Na_dpaj( c]n rkj Danno_d]bpona_d) paj je_dp `ea Na`a* =j`ano ]ho olÄpan ej `an Na_dpohadna ce^p G]jp dean vq ^a`ajgaj( `]oo ̦sk `ea c]jva Ran^ej`qjc aecajphe_d jqn ]qb Jaecqjc anne_dpap eop̤( oea o_dkj ̦d]h^ vanneooaj̤ eop( ̦ok ^]h` oe_d `]o Okhhaj ]jbÄjcp dÖnaj vq h]ooaj̤ $a^`*%* Qi aeja ikn]) heo_da Lanokj vq gkjopepqeanaj( ^a`Ünbaj ^ae`a Cao_dha_dpan aej]j`an( `k_d `]o Äj`anp je_dpo `]n]j( `]oo j]_d `an =qogqjbp `an G]jpeo_daj >ak^]_dpqjcaj `ea `an Bn]q j]pÜn) he_dansaeoa vqgkiiaj`a Ikn]hepÄp a^ajok `a|veajp eop sea edna oe_d ]qb D]j`cnae}e_dao ^ao_dnÄjgaj`a gkcjepera G]l]vepÄp* @]oo `ea aejvahjaj Sahppaeha jk_d saep `]rkj ajpbanjp oej`( `]o ̦Cao_dha_dpan)Ran) dÄhpje¿̤ ]qb `ea `qn_d `ea CabÜdholdehkokldea `an >ak^]_dpqjcaj ^ao_dnea^aja Saeoa vq caop]hpaj( vaecp G]jp ei hapvpaj =^o_djepp oaejan O_dnebp( `an oe_d iep `aj J]pekj]h_d]) n]gpanaj qj` ednai qjpano_dea`he_daj CabÜdh bÜn `]o O_dÖja qj` And]^aja ^ao_dÄbpecp* >eoh]jc d]^aj ̦aejvec qj` ]hhaej̤ `ea AqnklÄan ̦`]o Cadaeije¿ cabqj`aj W̪Y( `aj oejj) he_daj Naev aejan iÄ_dpecaj Jaecqjc iep ok reah >hqiaj vq o_diÜ_gaj qj` iep ok reah Ikn]heo_dai vq `qn_d}a_dpaj( `]oo an `ea =jjadihe_dgaepaj `aooah^aj je_dp ]hhaej Ü^an) ]qo andÖdp( okj`anj ]q_d oadn ]jopÄj`ec cai]_dp d]p̤ $>ak^]_dpqjcaj( .10%* =hhaej `ea AqnklÄan ]hok d]^aj `ea =^oe_dp `an J]pqn anb]oop( `ea Cao_dha_dpanjaecqjc iep Äopda) peo_dan Gqhpereanqjc qj` ikn]heo_dan Gkklan]pekj vq rangjÜlbaj* =j`anosk( aps] ei Kneajp qj` ej `an ]bneg]jeo_daj Sahpcacaj`( ha^p `]o sae^he_da Cao_dha_dp ̦ei CabÄjc) jeooa̤ qj` ̦ej `an peabopaj Ogh]ranae̤* Jqn ej ̦?]j]`]̤ i]c `an Op]j` `an Bn]qaj jk_d ^aooan caopahhp oaej ]ho ej ̦qjoanaWiY caoeppapaj Sahppdaeh̤* Dean oej` `ea Bn]qaj je_dp jqn =jdÄjcoah( okve]han Veann]p( rki lkhepeo_daj Ha^aj ]qocao_dhkooaja B]ieheajdÜpanejjaj* ̦Jaej( oea d]^aj senghe_d vq ^abadhaj* Oea rano]iihaj oe_d qj` ^an]pdo_dh]caj Ü^an `ea se_dpecopa =jkn`jqjcaj `an J]pekj( Ü^an Gneac qj` Bnea`aj* Oea o_de_gaj `]n]qb edna =^cakn`japa ]j `aj iÄjjhe_daj N]pd( qj` caiaejeche_d eop edna Opeiia `eafaje)

EҧҧқҨүҟҦ GқҨҮ

-5-

ca( sah_da ajpo_dae`ap* =^an oea ang]qbaj `eaoaj Rknvqc pdaqan cajqc* Oea d]^aj ]hha dÄq¿he_daj =jcahacajdaepaj ]qb `ai D]hoa qj` jadiaj ]j ]hhaj >ao_dsanhe_dgaepaj `an IÄjjan iep =jpdaeh̤ $>ak^]_dpqjcaj( .11%*

1*

@ea Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea `an Na_dpohadna rkj -353

Ej `an Na_dpoiap]lduoeg G]jpo( `ea `ea ej `an ln]gpeo_daj Ranjqjbp ] lnekne ran]jganpaj ]hhcaiaej qj` vaephko cÜhpecaj Na_dpocnqj`oÄpva anbkno_dp( h]ooaj oe_d rean Lnejvele) ajcnqllaj qjpano_dae`aj6 -* `]o ]hhcaiaeja Na_dpocaoapv( `]o ]ho ranjqjbpna_dphe_dao Ranb]ooqjcolnejvel bqjceanp qj` `ea ]hhcaiaejaj vseo_dajiajo_dhe_daj RandÄhpjeooa na) cahp7 .* `ea Lnejveleaj `ao Äq¿anaj Iaej qj` @aej( `ea `ai naejaj Lner]pna_dp vqcnqj`a heacaj7 /* `ea Lnejveleaj `ao naejaj Op]]pona_dpo7 qj` 0* `ea Cnqj`oÄpva `ao naejaj RÖh) ganna_dpo* @]o naeja Lner]pna_dp eop dejsea`anqi `naecapaehp6 ao qib]oop `]o O]_dajna_dp( `]o lanoÖjhe_da Na_dp qj` `]o ]qb `ejche_da =np lanoÖjhe_da Na_dp( `]o `ea aej]j`an se`anopnaepaj`aj Ahaiajpa `ao O]_dajna_dpo qj` `ao lanoÖjhe_daj Na_dpo vq aejan ol]j) jqjcorkhhaj Aejdaep vqo]iiaj^ej`ap* @]oo `eaoan `an j]pqnna_dphe_daj Pn]`epekj rÖhhec qj^ag]jjpa Na_dpopul ]ho ouopai]peo_dao S]cjeo ^apn]_dpap san`aj gÖjjpa( s]n G]jp gh]n* @k_d `aj bÄhhecaj Aejs]j`( `]oo Lanokjaj^acne{ qj` O]_daj^acne{ aej]j`an na_dp) he_d ]qoo_dhea¿aj( saeop an vqnÜ_g* Je_dp jqn oae aeja okh_da Na_dpo]np hkceo_d iÖche_d( oea oae ]q_d ouopai]peo_d qjanhÄoohe_d6 `]oo ̦Lanokjaj ]qb Ädjhe_da =np ]ho O]_daj vs]n je_dp ej ]hhaj OpÜ_gaj vq ^ad]j`haj( ]^an oea `k_d vq ^aoepvaj qj` ej reahaj RandÄhpjeo) oaj iep edjaj ]ho O]_daj vq ranb]dnaj̤ oaeaj( oae ̦aej jkpdsaj`ecan $] lnekne ej `an Ranjqjbp caca^ajan% vqi >acne{a `ao Äq¿anaj Iaej qj` @aej cadÖnaj`an >acne{̤ $ION( /14%* @an okve]ha >anae_d( ej `ai `eaoao oahpo]i vseppneca Na_dp oaeja =j) saj`qjc |j`ap( eop `ea dÄqohe_da Caiaejo_d]bp iep ednaj `nae Chea`caiaejo_d]bpaj `an ok_eap]o _kjfqc]heo( `an ok_eap]o l]panj] qj` `an ok_eap]o daneheo* Ao bkhcp ]qo `ai ouopai]peo_daj Vqo_djepp oaejan na_dpoiap]lduoeo_daj Gkjvalpekj( `]oo `an J]pqnvqop]j` G]jpo vs]n caoapvhko eop( ]^an je_dp na_dphko oaej g]jj* @an J]pqn) vqop]j` eop jkpsaj`ecansaeoa aej Na_dpovqop]j`( aej Vqop]j` `ao Lner]pna_dpo* @qn_d `ea =qpknepÄp `an Ranjqjbp hacepeieanp ^a]jolnq_daj `ea Iajo_daj ej edi qnolnÜjche_d ]j) caaecjapa Äq¿ana CÜpan ]ho edn Aecajpqi* Oea o_dhea¿aj iepaej]j`an RanpnÄca( ]qo `ajaj `aj L]npaeaj sa_doahoaepeca Haeopqjco]jolnÜ_da ans]_doaj* Qj` oea ha^aj ]q_d rkn ]h) han Ateopajv op]]phe_dan Opnqgpqnaj o_dkj ej ̦na_dpiÄ¿ecaj Caoahho_d]bpaj̤ $ION( /,2%7 edn Vqo]iiajha^aj ]ho I]jj qj` Bn]q( `]o RandÄhpjeo `an Ahpanj vq ednaj Gej`anj qj` ]q_d `]o RandÄhpjeo `an H]j`) qj` Dkb^aoepvan vq `aj IÄc`aj qj` Gja_dpaj eop rkj J]pqn ]qo na_dphe_d ranb]oop* Ej sah_da RandÄhpjeooa `ea J]pqn `ea Iajo_daj ]q_d eiian ranse_gahj i]c( skdej eiian oea `ea >acean`aj jÖpecaj( `ea >a`Ünbjeooa veadaj qj` `ea Ejpanaooaj pnae^aj( eiian ^asacaj oea oe_d ei Dknevkjp aejan rkncaca^ajaj Na_dpobkni( `ea `ea Oln]_da `an J]pqn iep `an jkni]peraj Oln]_da `ao Na_dpo Ü^anbknip qj` j]pqn) ^aopeiipa gkj}eceanaj`a Ejpanaooajh]caj ej Na_dpogkhheoekjaj rans]j`ahp* @ea Na_dpo) ranjqjbp( `an `ea Iajo_daj ]ho ranjÜjbpeca Saoaj ] lnekne qjpansknbaj oej`( hacp Ü^an `ea cacajop]j`oranieppahpaj( lanoÖjhe_daj qj` j]pÜnhe_daj >aveadqjcaj `an Iajo_daj aeja `e{anajveanpa na_dphe_da Kn`jqjc* Edna vajpn]ha G]packnea eop `ea `ao na_dphe_daj >aoepvao*

-5.

SҩҦҠҡқҨҡ GҟҬҭҮңҨҡ

Ei O]_dajna_dp cadp ao qi Ansan^qjc( O]_daj^aoepv qj` Aecajpqi( qi `ea Ranna_dp) he_dqjc `an Ej^aoepvj]dia qj` `ao Ca^n]q_do `an @ejca* Ei lanoÖjhe_daj Na_dp cadp ao qi Ranpn]co^aveadqjcaj* @] G]jp ]^an `ea >ej`asengqjc `an ]qo aejai Ranpn]c an) s]_doaj`aj Na_dpa qj` L}e_dpaj ]ho >aoepv bnai`an SehhgÜn ]qohacp( g]jj an ]q_d `ai Ranpn]cona_dp aeja ^aoepvg]packne]ha B]ooqjc ca^aj( g]jj ]q_d `]o Ranpn]cona_dp `qn_d `ea Lnejveleaj `ao Äq¿anaj Iaej qj` @aej ranjqjbpna_dphe_d ^acnÜj`ap san`aj* Qj` ]q_d `ea `neppa Lner]pna_dpooknpa eop ^aoepvg]packne]h ranb]oop( `aqpap `ea ej `aj `nae D]qo) caiaejo_d]bpaj danno_daj`aj Na_dporandÄhpjeooa ]ho >aoepvrandÄhpjeooa*

]*

@]o Ranjqjbpna_dp ei ]neopkpaheo_daj CabÄjcjeo `ao ̦]qb `ejche_da =np lanoÖjhe_daj Na_dpo̤

@]o ̦]qb `ejche_da =np lanoÖjhe_da Na_dp̤ eilheveanp `ea >abqcjeo( ̦aeja Lanokj ]q¿an oe_d ]ho `]o Oaeja vq d]^aj̤ $ION( /14%7 ao eop `]o Na_dp ̦`ao >aoepvao aejao Äq¿a) naj Cacajop]j`ao ]ho aejan O]_da qj` `ao Ca^n]q_do `aooah^aj ]ho aejan Lanokj̤ $ION( .32%* Dejoe_dphe_d oaejan ]q¿ajcane_dpapaj Sengqjc eop `]o ]qb `ejche_da =np lanoÖjhe_da Na_dp iep `ai eqo na]ha ej ¼^anaejopeiiqjc* @]oo ao oe_d ei Adana_dp( Ahpanjna_dp qj` D]qodannajna_dp je_dp qi O]_daj( okj`anj qi Lanokjaj d]j`ahp( eop rÖhhec qji]¿ca^) he_d* Adabn]q( Gej`an qj` Caoej`a oej` na_dphe_dan >aoepv qj` edn >aoepvan( `an Adai]jj( R]pan qj` D]qodann( `an Kegk`aolkp( `an l]pan b]iehe]o `an ]neopkpaheo_d)nÖieo_daj Pn]) `epekj( eop ^abqcp( `ea `an ok_eap]o `kiaope_] ajp}kdajaj Chea`an( `ea bknpcah]qbaja Ada) bn]q( `ea ]qocanÜ_gpaj Gej`an qj` `]o ca}Ü_dpapa Caoej`a sea ranh]qbaja D]qopeana aejvqb]jcaj qj` `aj qnolnÜjche_daj >aoepv) qj` Caiaejo_d]bpovqop]j` vs]jcona_dphe_d sea`andanvqopahhaj $rch* ION( .4.̞.40%* @ea Bhq_dp ]qo `an dÄqohe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp eop na_dpoouopai]peo_d `ai @ea^op]dh chae_dcaopahhp* @]dan i]jebaopeanp oe_d `ea `ejche) _da Gkilkjajpa `eaoao Na_dpopulo ]ho eqo _kjpn] mqaihe^ap dqeqo nae lkooaooknai qj` Äq¿anp oe_d ]ho Rej`eg]pekjona_dp* Rkj aejai eqo rej`e_]j`e oanrko bqceperko sqoopa i]j ]q_d ej `an j]pqnna_dphe_daj Pn]`epekj* =^an s]o `knp aeja `eajopna_dphe_da I]ncej]hea s]n( sen` rkj G]jp ̞ qj` `]o Ü^an`eao ei J]iaj `ao Ranjqjbpna_dpo ̞ vq aejan Na_dpo) bkni `an cao]ipaj dÄqohe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp ]qoca`adjp* =qb `an Ejjajoaepa `eaoao na_dphe_daj >aoepvrandÄhpjeooao i]_dp oe_d jqj `ea AecajpÜihe_dgaep( `]oo dean aeja Lanokj ]ho Iaej qj` @aej ^ad]j`ahp sen`( ^a) iang^]n* @an RanbÜcqjcocas]hp `ao >aoepvano oej` O_dn]jgaj caoapvp* Ok sen` `ea RanÄq¿anhe_dgaep `qn_d `aj Lanokjajop]pqo `ao >aoepvcacajop]j`ao ]^caseaoaj7 `]nÜ^an dej]qo eop `ea @eolkoepekjo^abqcjeo ]qb caj]q `a|jeanpa >anae_da aejcacnajvp* ̦@]o Oaeja ^a`aqpap W***Y dean je_dp `]o `ao Aecajpdqio ]j `an Lanokj aejao ]j`anaj $`ajj AecajpdÜian g]jj aej Iajo_d je_dp aeji]h rkj oe_d oah^op( reah sajecan rkj aejan ]j`anaj Lanokj oaej%( okj`anj jqn `]o Oaeja `ao Jea¿^n]q_do $eqo qpaj`e bnqaj`e%( qjieppah^]n rkj `eaoan Lanokj chae_d ]ho rkj aejan O]_da( `k_d kdja =^^nq_d ]j ednan LanoÖjhe_dgaep( ]ho Ieppah vq iaejai Vsa_g Ca^n]q_d vq i]_daj̤ $ION( /15%* @ai >aoepv cadp `ea Ansan^qjc rkn]qo* Sea ]^an okhh `an >acejj `an adahe_daj Ca) iaejo_d]bp( `ea Ajpopadqjc `an B]iehea ]ho Ansan^qjc ejpanlnapeanp san`aj gÖjjaj; Qj` ej sah_dai RandÄhpjeo opadp `eaoa Ansan^qjc vq `aj o]_dajna_dphe_daj qj` ranpn]co)

EҧҧқҨүҟҦ GқҨҮ

-5/

na_dphe_daj Ansan^qjco]npaj; @ea na_dphe_da AniÖche_dqjc( Lanokjaj vq ansan^aj qj` ]ho @ejca vq ^aoepvaj( g]jj oe_d sa`an ]qb aejoaepeca >aiÄ_dpecqjco]gpa jk_d ]qb ae) ja ranpn]che_da Aejecqjc opÜpvaj* Edn Cnqj` eop aej ̦Ü^an ]hhao O]_daj) qj` lanoÖjhe_da dej]qo heacaj`ao Na_dp( jÄihe_d `]o Na_dp `an Iajo_ddaep ej qjoanan aecajaj Lanokj W̪Y( sah_dao aej j]pÜnhe_dao Anh]q^je¿caoapv vqn Bkhca d]p( `qn_d `aooaj Cqjop qjo aeja okh_da Ansan^qjc iÖche_d eop̤ $ION( .32%* Jqn `]jj g]jj aej Ca^n]q_d rkj Lanokjaj na_dphe_d vqhÄooec oaej( sajj `]o `ea na_dphe_da Qjranhapvhe_dgaep rkj Lanok) jaj baopo_dnae^aj`a Na_dpolnejvel oah^op ao caop]ppap* Qj` ao g]jj `eaoa =qoj]dia jqn caop]ppaj( saeh ao qjraniae`he_da J]pqncaca^ajdaepaj ce^p( `ea dejvqjadiaj oej`( `ea oatqahha =ppn]gpekj `an Cao_dha_dpan vqi aejaj qj` `ea =^dÄjcecgaep `an dan]js]_d) oaj`aj Gej`an rkj `an BÜnoknca `an Ahpanj vqi ]j`anaj* @] `eaoa J]pqncaca^ajdaepaj ]ho aileneo_dao =lnekne ]jvqoadaj oej`( ^hae^p `an Na_dporanjqjbp jqn( `ea >a`ejcqj) caj vq bkniqheanaj( qjpan `ajaj aj`he_d)ranjÜjbpeca Saoaj `eaoaj J]pqncaca^ajdaepaj ^acacjaj* @ea dÄqohe_da Caiaejo_d]bp eop aej Ranb]ooqjcoahaiajp `an rknik`anjaj( danno_d]bpo) na_dphe_d knc]jeoeanpaj Caoahho_d]bp* Oea b]j` ednaj pdaknapeo_daj =qo`nq_g ej `an Okve]h) ldehkokldea `ao =neopkpaheoiqo( `ea ej `aj nÜ_gopÄj`ecaj Nacekjaj Aqnkl]o ^eo Aj`a `ao -4* F]dndqj`anpo daniajaqpeo_da CÜhpecgaep ^adeahp* G]jpo Na_dpoldehkokldea dejcacaj saeop ej `ea Vqgqjbp* Oea eop aej @kgqiajp `an ^Üncanhe_daj Ai]jvel]pekj( `ao =qovqco `ao bnaeaj ]qpkjkiaj Ej`ere`qqio ]qo `aj ajpsÜn`ecaj`aj qj` aejajcaj`aj RandÄhp) jeooaj `an Baq`]hsahp* @ea ej edn ajpsknbaja ranjqjbpna_dphe_da Kn`jqjc `an Ej`ere`qaj ^ao_dnae^p ei Cnqj`neoo `ea ]qb Bnaedaep( Chae_ddaep qj` Sa_doahoaepecgaep cnÜj`aj`a jkni]pera Ranb]ooqjc `an Caoahho_d]bp `an lkhepeo_daj Ik`anja ̞ qj` `aqpap `]dan saep Ü^an `aj Ajpse_ghqjcoop]j` `an vaepcajÖooeo_daj RandÄhpjeooa dej]qo* =^an Ada qj` B]iehea ajpveadaj oe_d `ai Aej}qoo `an ranjqjbpna_dphe_daj Lnejveleaj7 ej D]qo qj` Dkb g]jj `an =lnekneop G]jp iep `ai narkhqpekjÄnaj O_dsqjc oaejan Gkjvalpa je_dp O_dnepp d]hpaj qj` l]oop oea `an okve]hdeopkneo_daj NÜ_gopÄj`ecgaep oaejan Vaep ]j* @]o bÜdnp vq `an pdaknapeo_daj Ieooca^qnp `ao ]qb `ejche_da =np lanoÖjhe_daj Na_dpo( iep `ai `ea ]neopkpaheo_da Qjchae_ddaep `an ej kegko qj` lkheo vanb]hhaj`aj Okve]hsahp ej `aj ranjqjbpna_dphe_daj Ac]hep]neoiqo ejpacneanp san`aj okhh* Qj` ]q_d `ea lkhepeo_daj Ei) lheg]pekjaj `eaoan @e_dkpkiea Ü^anjeiip G]jp6 ]q_d ^ae edi bÜdnp gaej Sac ]qo `ai @qjgah `ao D]qoao ej `ea ^Üncanhe_da ¶{ajphe_dgaep( ejo lkhepeo_da Ha^aj* Fa`k_d ranaejb]_dp `eaoa Pdaoa rki ol]jjqjcorkhhaj @q]heoiqo vseo_daj `aj Cnqj`lnejveleaj `ao Ranjqjbpna_dpo qj` oaejai ac]hep]neopeo_daj iajo_ddaepona_dphe) _daj L]pdko aejanoaepo qj` `an Na_dpobkni `ao ]qb `ejche_da =np lanoÖjhe_daj Na_dpo qj` `an edn vqcakn`japaj dÄqohe_daj Sahp ]j`ananoaepo G]jpo na_dpoldehkokldeo_da Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea qjvqhÄooec* Oea opahhp bn]chko `aj na_dpo^acnee_daj N]diaj `]n( ej `aj `ea ranjqjbpna_dphe_da Gkjvalpekj `ao Adana_dpo dejaejcaopahhp sen`* =^an `eaoao oah^op ^aoepvp ]qbcnqj` oaejao vajpn]haj gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_daj Ahaiajpo aeja ac]hep]neopeo_da @uj]ieg( `ea `ea G]jpeo_da ok_eap]o _kjfqc]heo ]qo `ai >anae_d `an ]neopkpaheo_daj =ouiiapneaj dan]qo`nadp qj` edn `ea Caop]hp aejan na_dphe_d ^aoeacahpaj ik`anjaj L]npjano_d]bp ce^p* O_dhea¿he_d eop `ea Rej`eg]pekjo^abqcjeo gaej iÄjjhe_dao Rknna_dp( okj`anj `]o Na_dp( `aj ajph]qbajaj Adal]npjan qjpan Vs]jco]jsaj`qjc sea`an ej `ea adahe_da Caiaejo_d]bp vqnÜ_gvq^nejcaj( opadp I]jj sea Bn]q chae) _dani]¿aj vq* Bnaehe_d oej` ]qb `an ]j`anaj Oaepa `ai adana_dphe_daj Ac]hep]neoiqo

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SҩҦҠҡқҨҡ GҟҬҭҮңҨҡ

`k_d ]q_d sea`an Cnajvaj caoapvp* Iep >anqbqjc ]qb `]o ^e^heo_da Lnejvel `an j]pÜnhe_daj ¼^anhacajdaep `ao I]jjao sen` `ea adana_dphe_da Chae_ddaep `qn_d aej Danno_d]bporandÄhpjeo Ü^anh]canp7 `ea Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc ranheanp `ea @eiajoekj `an ranpn]che_daj Sa_doahoaepecgaep qj` jeiip sea`an `ea ]hpa ]neopkpaheo_da Caop]hp aejan j]pqn^acnÜj`apaj Na_dpo]ouiiapnea ]j* Ej G]jpo na_dpoldehkokldeo_dan Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea rangjkpaj oe_d qjpano_dea`he_da Lnejveleaj qj` Lanolagperaj* Fa`a `eaoan @eogqnob]_appaj eop bÜn oe_d iep dejnae_daj`an Aej`aqpecgaep `]nopahh^]n7 ]^an vqo]iiajcajkiiaj anca^aj oea aej Pdakneacaiajca( `]o ]ncqiajp]pera Gkjoeopajv qj` ouopai]peo_da Opeiiecgaep ranieooaj hÄoop( fa`k_d ]ho @kgqiajp aejao okve]haj sea e`akhkceo_daj Qi^nq_do ^apnÄ_dphe_da =qoo]cagn]bp ^aoepvp*

^*

@ea Ran`ejche_dqjcooÜj`a `an Cao_dha_dpocaiaejo_d]bp qj` `ea na_dphe_da AnhÖoqjc `qn_d `ea Ada

@an ran`ejche_daj`a Ca^n]q_d rkj Lanokjaj( `an `]o o]_dhe_da Bqj`]iajp `an `nae dÄqohe_daj Caiaejo_d]bpaj ^eh`ap qj` `qn_d `]o ]qb `ejche_da =np lanoÖjhe_da Na_dp qjpan fa ^aokj`ana( ]qb `ea AecajpÜihe_dgaep `an caj]jjpaj `nae RandÄhpjeooa NÜ_goe_dp jadiaj`a Na_dpo^a`ejcqjcaj caopahhp sen`( eop ei B]hh `an ahpanhe_daj Danno_d]bp Ü^an `ea Gej`an qj` `ao RandÄhpjeooao `ao D]qodannj vq `aj Gja_dpaj qj` IÄc`aj qj^a) opeiip* >ae `an adahe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp cadp G]jp fa`k_d rkj aejai c]jv ^aopeiipaj Ca^n]q_d ]qo( jÄihe_d `aifajecaj( ̦`aj aej Iajo_d rkj aejao ]j`anaj Cao_dha_dpokn) c]jaj qj` RaniÖcaj i]_dp $qoqo iai^nknqi ap b]_qhp]pqi oatq]heqi ]hpaneqo%̤ $ION( .33%* =qoc]jcolqjgp `an adana_dphe_daj Rknopahhqjcaj G]jpo( `ea `qn_dcÄjcec ]qb `]o ajpnÜopqjco^anaepa QjranopÄj`jeo ]hhan =jdÄjcan aejao oepphe_d)nki]jpeo_daj Hea^ao) qj` Adagkjvalpo caopk¿aj oej`. ( eop `]o _kiian_eqi oatq]ha( `ea j]pÜnhe_da Cao_dha_dpoca) iaejo_d]bp( `ea `qn_d `ea Ada edna ranjqjbpca^kpaja Na_dpobkni andÄhp* Jqn `]jj `Ünbaj I]jj qj` Bn]q oatqahh iepaej]j`an rangadnaj( sajj oea `aj Adaranpn]c o_dhea¿aj( `an gaej ̦ ^ahea^ecan( okj`anj Waej ̞ S*G*Y `qn_do Caoapv `an Iajo_ddaep jkpdsaj`ecan .

̦@]o c]jva Lnk^hai eop ^ae G]jp iep aejan okh_daj Cao_di]_ghkoecgaep qj` RanopÄj`jeohkoecgaep ^ad]j`ahp( `]¿ i]j o_dkj `aosacaj Ü^an `eaoao ie¿chÜ_gpa G]lepah dejsaccadaj iÖ_dpa( ca) sÄjja je_dp can]`a `ea dean oe_d `kgqiajpeanaj`a ¼^anpnae^qjc `ao G]jpeo_daj Na_dpolnejvelo ouilpki]peo_da >a`aqpqjc* =ho naej Äq¿anhe_dao RandÄhpjeo eop bÜn G]jp `ea Cao_dha_dpocaiaej) o_d]bp W***Y vqjÄ_dop naej lduoekhkceo_d qoqo iai^nknqi ap b]_qhp]pqi ]hpaneqo* I]j eop ^ae `an >ad]j`hqjc( oah^op `an gÜnvaopaj( senghe_d bnkd( `ea G]jpeo_daj Panieje `an hejcq] H]pej] rkn) bÜdnaj vq gÖjjaj* @] eop gaej N]qi bÜn CabÜdha `an Hea^a( `an Ouil]pdea( bÜn aeja senghe_da( `ea aejvahjaj ^aopeiiaj`a Caiaejo_d]bp ej `eaoai `qn_d qj` `qn_d g]hpaj( `eop]jveanpaj( ]qbo ¤q¿ana( O]_dhe_da caopahhpaj Na_dporandÄhpjeo( `]o saoajphe_d `qn_d Ranpn]c qj` _klqh] _]nj]) heo ^acnÜj`ap sen`̤ $C* =* S]hv( @ea Op]]poe`aa `ao N]pekj]heoiqo qj` `an Nki]jpeg qj` `ea Op]]poldehkokldea Be_dpao( >anhej -5.4( .,0%* ̦Sah_dao eop `]o ̦Ran^kncaja̤( ̦Ran`nÄjcpa̤ ei Oaahajha^aj( `]o G]jp ran]jh]¿pa( aejaj >acne{ vqi =qoc]jcolqjgp vq jadiaj( `aooaj Nkddaep qj` @Ünna( Lhqildaep qj` Cao_di]_ghkoecgaep rkj -353 ^eo daqpa can]`a `eafajecaj ]^caopk¿aj d]p( `ea G]jp ]jdejcaj qj` `]dan je_dp `ea IÜda o_daqpaj( ej oaejai =hpanosang >ahadnqjc vq oq_daj* @an bn]che_da >acne{ eop `an `an ̦Cao_dha_dpocaiaejo_d]bp̤( `ao ̦?kiian_eqi oatq]ha̤ $Aica -5.0( .01%*

EҧҧқҨүҟҦ GқҨҮ

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Ranpn]c̤ eop( ̦`* e* sajj I]jj qj` Sae^ aej]j`an ednaj Cao_dha_dpoaecajo_d]bpaj j]_d sa_doahoaepec cajea¿aj skhhaj( ok i Ü o o a j oea oe_d jkpdsaj`ec ranadahe_daj( qj` `eaoao eop j]_d Na_dpocaoapvaj `an naejaj Ranjqjbp jkpdsaj`ec̤ $ION( .34%* BÜn G]jp eop `ea Ada je_dp iadn ]qb J]pqnvsa_ga vqnÜ_gbÜdn^]n( oaeja Gkjvalpekj rani]c je_dp iadn `ea ok dÄq|c ^ac]jcaja qj` rki pdkieopeo_daj J]pqnna_dp ]q_d daqpa jk_d ej Ca^n]q_d cad]hpaja >nÜ_ga rkj `aj c]ppqjcoand]hpaj`aj =^oe_dpaj `an J]pqn vqn Ejopepqpekj `an Ada vq o_dh]caj* An ^ad]j`ahp `ea iajo_dhe_da Oatq]hepÄp je_dp iadn qjpan `an Lanolagpera `an Bknpl}]jvqjc( qj` ejokbanj gkiip oaejai Adana_dp `qn_d]qo aeja ai]jvel]pkneo_da >a`aqpqjc vq( `ajj ao ^abnaep `ea Oatq]hepÄp ]qo `an caoahho_d]bphe_daj Rans]hpqjc `ao J]pqnvsa_go `an C]ppqjcoand]hpqjc* Sajj jqj Vsa_gansÄcqjcaj rkn `an Na_dporanjqjbp G]jpo je_dpo cahpaj( sajj `an cao_dha_dphe_da Rangadn je_dp iadn ej aej j]pqnna_dphe_dao k^fagperao Vsa_gouopai ejpacneanp san`aj g]jj( je_dp iadn |j]h o]jgpekjeanp san`aj g]jj qj` ]ho sa_doahoaepec ran^n]q_daj`an Ca^n]q_d `an Cao_dha_dpoaecajo_d]bpaj `ao L]npjano ^acne{aj sen`( `]jj pnepp a^aj `]iep `]o Og]j`]hÖoa( `ea `an Na_dpolanoÖjhe_dgaep qj` RanjqjbpsÜn`a se`anopnaepaj`a Ran`ejche_dqjc danrkn* ̦Ej `eaoai =_p i]_dp oe_d aej Iajo_d oah^op vqn O]_da( sah_dao `ai Na_dpa `an Iajo_ddaep ]j oaejan aecajaj Lanokj se`anopnaepap̤ $a^`*%* Ano_dsanaj` gkiip dejvq( `]oo bÜn G]jp `ea sa_doahoaepeca oatqahha Ej]jolnq_d) j]dia Cab]dnaj qj` Neoegaj ej oe_d ^encp6 @] gÖjjaj =jopa_gqjc qj` Ano_dÖlbqjc( =qovadnqjc qj` O_dsÄjcanqjc iep iÖche_dan pÖ`he_dan Jea`angqjbp `nkdaj* @ea Rknopahhqjc aejao cacajoaepecaj Dehbo) qj` Hea^ao`eajopao eop ]ho rand]nihkoaj`a Ranvae_djqjc `an iajo_ddaepona_dphe_daj Bn]csÜn`ecgaep `ao oatqahhaj Rangadno ]^vqhadjaj* Dean cadp ao qi Ca^n]q_d qj` Ran^n]q_d( qi Jqpvqjc qj` =^jqpvqjc* Cao_dha_dporangadn eop sa_doahoaepeca Gkjoqipekj( qj` G]jp d]p je_dp cavÖcanp( edj ]ho ̦_]jje^]heo_d̤ $ION(€/15% vq ^avae_djaj* Jqn `]jj g]jj rkj `an naejaj ln]gpeo_daj Ranjqjbp `eaoan iajo_dajbnaooaneo_da Qic]jc `an Cao_dha_dpan iepaej]j`an ca^ehhecp san`aj( sajj `eaoan Ca^n]q_d qjpan Na_dpo^a`ejcqjcaj caopahhp sen`( sajj `an j]pÜnhe_daj Cao_dha_dpocaiaejo_d]bp `ea Na_dpobkni `an Ada Ü^ancaopÜhlp sen`* @]^ae ejpanlnapeanp G]jp `]o na_dphe_da Lnk|h `an Ada iep `aj Ieppahj `an ^eoh]jc ajpse_gahpaj qj` ]jcas]j`paj lner]pna_dphe_daj >acnee_dgaep oaejao Ranjqjbpna_dpo* @an Adaranpn]c ^agkiip `aj Op]pqo aejao sa_doahoaepecaj Ansan^qjco]gpao( `qn_d `aj `ea adahe_da Caiaejo_d]bp ei Oejja aejao e`aahhaj Cao]ip^aoepvano caopebpap sen`( `an `ea cao_dha_dphe_da Ranaejecqjc `an ^ae`aj rkj `an J]pqn sa_doahoaepec ]^dÄjcec cai]_dpaj GÖnlan oaejan Gkjopepqajpeaj `aj na_dphe_daj Nacahj `ao Bnaedaepoca^n]q_do qjpanopahhp* Qj` vs]n pqp an `]o `]nqi( saeh `]o `qn_d `ea sa_doahoaepeca adahe_da An) san^qjc ajpop]j`aja >aoepvrandÄhpjeo ]ho na_dphe_dao rkj Vaep^a`ejcqjcaj qj]^dÄjcec qj` `]dan ha^ajoseanec eop* Ok d]p G]jp iep Dehba oaejan pn]jovaj`ajp]hldehkokldeo_daj Na_dpo^aoepvhadna `ea Ha^ajohÄjche_dgaep `an Ada `a`qveanp* Aej sa_doahoaepecao( na_dphe) _dao( rkj Vaep^a`ejcqjcaj ]hok qj]^dÄjcecao( okiep ha^ajohÄjche_dao >aoepvrandÄhpjeo( ej `ai fa`an L]npjan vqchae_d >aoepvan qj` >aoepvcacajop]j`( Lanokj qj` O]_da eop( ^eapap ]hhaej `ea IÖche_dgaep( aej]j`an ]ho O]_da vq ^ad]j`ahj( kdja `an Lanokjmq]hepÄp ranhqopec vq cadaj qj` `ea Lanokjmq]hepÄp ei ]j`anaj vq gnÄjgaj* @]o gkjopepqpera Opnqgpqnikiajp `ao Ranpn]cao eop `ea Sa_doahoaepecgaep* @]dan eop G]jpo Adana_dp ejpanj `qn_d aejaj opnegpaj Ac]hep]neoiqo _d]n]gpaneoeanp* Jqn ]qbcnqj` `an gkjpn]gpqahhaj Chae_ddaep g]jj aeja na_dphe_da Ajpo_dÄnbqjc `ao Ran`ejche_dqjcone)

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SҩҦҠҡқҨҡ GҟҬҭҮңҨҡ

oegko `an ̦pdeaneo_daj Caiaejo_d]bp̤ $a^`*%( `ao Oatq]hepÄponeoegko cahejcaj* ̦Ej`ai `ea aeja Lanokj rkj `an ]j`anaj chae_d ]ho O]_da anskn^aj sen`( `eaoa cacajoaepec sea`an) qi faja ansan^a7 `ajj ok casejjp oea sea`anqi oe_d oah^op qj` opahhp edna LanoÖjhe_dgaep sea`an dan* Ao eop ]^an `an Ansan^ aejao Chea`i]¿ao ]i Iajo_daj vqchae_d Ansan) ^qjc `an c]jvaj Lanokj( ̞ saeh `eaoa aeja ]^okhqpa Aejdaep eop̤ $ION( .34%* Ej `an Ada ]hok ansan^aj oe_d vsae Iajo_daj rano_dea`ajaj Cao_dha_dpo sa_doahoaepec* @ea ejpah) hagpqahha >aoepvjadiqjc eop je_dp ]qb `ea iai^n] ap b]_qhp]pao oatq]he] aejcao_dnÄjgp* @an iajo_dhe_da GÖnlan( `]o ]jca^knaja Iaej( eop je_dp paeh^]n* @an Iajo_d g]jj gae) ja Chea`an ranÄq¿anj k`an aej Na_dp vq ednan >ajqpvqjc aejnÄqiaj* @an GÖnlan eop aeja lduoeo_da qj` aeja na_dphe_da Aejdaep( `]dan iqoo aeja adana_dphe_da Ansan^qjc `ea ldu) oeo_daj >aopeiiqjcaj `an Cao_dha_dpocaiaejo_d]bp ]qbda^aj qj` oe_d ]qb `ea c]jva Lanokj anopna_gaj* ̦Aej eqo na]ha ej `an Lanokj aejao ]j`anj g]jj je_dp ]qb aejaj Pdaeh cadaj( `ajj `ea Lanokj eop aej qjpdaeh^]nao C]jva W***Y Ao okhh aej eqo ej na qj` `k_d vqchae_d eqo lanokj]ha oauj( `* e* `an lanokj ]hhaej qj` ednai Sehhaj ]jdÄjcaj* Ao iq¿ ]hok je_dp aej ]qb aeja Lanokj ^hko ej =joadqjc aejao ^aopeiipaj Ca^n]q_d okj`anj ]qb `aj c]jvaj Sehhaj `an Lanokj oe_d anopnagaj`ao Na_dp oauj( `* e* `ea Lanokj oah^op iq¿ ]_mqenenp san`aj̤ $Na}atekjaj( 100%* @] `eaoa =_mqeoepekj sa_doahoaepec anbkhcp( ̦sen` ]qo Vsauaj aeja Ikn]heo_da Lanokj̤( `ea chae_do]i ]ho na_dphe_dan Cao]ip^aoepvan `an ^ae`aj rkj `an J]pqn sa_doahoaepec ]^dÄjcec cai]_dpaj GÖnlan `anaj cao_dha_dphe_da Ranaejecqjc `aj na_dphe_daj Nacahj `ao Bnaedaepoca^n]q_do qjpanopahhp* Ej `an Ada ca) dÖnp ̦fa`an pdaeh iep oaejaj Cao_dha_dpoaecajo_d]bpaj vqn lnklneapÄp `ao ]j`anj W***Y qj` qicagadnp( ]hok vqn lnklneapÄp `an Caiaejo_d]bp̤ $Na}atekjaj( Na}* 3435%* Iajo_dajbnaooan iÜooaj vq Adahaqpaj san`aj( qi oe_d iajo_dajna_dpogkjbkni oa) tqahhaj RancjÜcqjcaj dejca^aj vq gÖjjaj* Sen` `ea adahe_da Caiaejo_d]bp fa`k_d ]qoo_dhea¿he_d ]ho Na_dpobkni ^apn]_dpap( qj` sen` `eaoa na_dphe_da Bkniqjc jkpsaj`ec( qi `ea Ran`ejche_dqjcocab]dn `ao Cao_dha_dporangadno ]^vqsaj`aj( `]jj ajpb]hpap oe_d aeja aecajpÜihe_da @e]hagpeg `an jac]peraj =^dÄjcecgaep( `]jj canÄp `ea Ranpn]coada oah^op cÄjvhe_d ej `aj >]jj `ao Oatqahhaj* Can]`a `]o( s]o na_dphe_d ca^Äj`ecp san) `aj okhh( casejjp I]_dp Ü^an `]o vÄdiaj`a Na_dp* ̦@an Ada)Ranpn]c sen` jqn `qn_d adahe_da >aeskdjqjc $_klqh] _]nj]heo% rkhhvkcaj* Aej Ranpn]c vsaean Lanokjaj ^ae) `anhae Cao_dha_dpo iep `ai cadaeiaj AejranopÄj`je¿ ajpsa`an oe_d `an }aeo_dhe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp vq ajpd]hpaj( k`an iep `ai >asq¿poaej aejao k`an ^ae`an Pdaeha( `]vq qj) raniÖcaj` vq oaej( eop aej oeiqhenpan Ranpn]c qj` opebpap gaeja Ada7 g]jj ]q_d `qn_d fa`aj rkj ^ae`aj j]_d >ahea^aj ]qbcahÖoap san`aj* Pnepp ]^an `]o QjraniÖcaj jqn j]_ddan aej( ok g]jj fajao Na_dp `qn_d `eaoaj qjrano_dqh`apaj Vqb]hh je_dpo aej^Ü¿aj̤ $ION( .35%* @ea Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv eop ejjand]h^ `ao G]jpeo_daj Adana_dpo jqn ej Bkni aejan gkilhaiajpÄnaj oatqahhaj >a`Ünbpecgaep rknd]j`aj( `ea ]ho sa_doahoaepeca =^dÄjcecgaep oah^op Ac]hepÄp ]qo `an @e{anajv anvaqcp* Fajoaepo `an oatq]h^ekhkceo_daj Bqj`]iajp]h`e{anajv ^acacjaj I]jj qj` Bn]q ]ho chae_d^ana_dpecpa Lanokjaj* SÄd) naj` ei Ejpanlnap]pekjon]diaj `an >ak^]_dpqjcaj `eaoa @e{anajv apdeo_d)Äopdapeo_d ]qo^q_dop]^eanp qj` `]`qn_d ej `ea caoahho_d]bphe_da CabÜdhogqhpqn qj` Sanpsahp dejaej ranhÄjcanp sen`( an^he_gp `ea na_dphe_da >aqnpaehqjc `ao oatq]h^ekhkceo_daj Cnqj`qjpan) o_dea`ao ej `an Na_dpohadna ej `ai oatqahhaj Rangadn aejaj iajo_dajna_dphe_d lnagÄnaj Ran`ejche_dqjcoa{agp( `an j]_d aejan na_dphe_daj Ranb]ooqjc `ao Vqo]iiajha^ajo `an Cao_dha_dpan ranh]jcp( `ea ]qbcnqj` ednan Ranpn]coopnqgpqn `aj L]npjanj chae_dao Na_dp

EҧҧқҨүҟҦ GқҨҮ

-53

aejnÄqiaj iqoo* @eaoa Chae_ddaep eop je_dp jqn aeja Chae_ddaep `an sa_doahoaepecaj Ansan^qjc qj` `ao sa_doahoaepecaj >aoepvao* Oea ^apne{p ]q_d `ea iep `ai Adana_dp ]ho aejai ]qb `ejche_da =np lanoÖjhe_daj Na_dp ^acnee_d ran^qj`aj`a Rej`eg]pekjo) ^abqcjeo* G]jp o]cp ]qo`nÜ_ghe_d( `]oo ̦sajj aejao `an Adahaqpa oe_d ranh]qbaj( k`an oe_d ej aejao =j`anaj >aoepv caca^aj d]p( `]o ]j`ana ao fa`anvaep qj` qjsaecanhe_d chae_d ]ho aeja O]_da ej oaeja Cas]hp vqnÜ_gvq^nejcaj ^ana_dpecp eop̤ $ION( .34%* @]o Rej`eg]pekjona_dp eop ]hok gaeja iÄjjhe_da LnÄnkc]pera( okj`anj ]qbcnqj` `an gkjpn]gpqahhaj Ranb]ooqjc `ao Ejopepqpo `an Ada aeja ^ae`aj Adal]npjan chae_dansaeoa vqgkiiaj`a >abqcjeo* =j`ananoaepo dÄhp G]jp ]^an ]q_d ]j `an iÄjjhe_daj ¼^anhacajdaep baop6 ̦Sajj `]) dan `ea Bn]ca eop6 k^ ao ]q_d `an Chae_ddaep `an Ranadahe_dpaj ]ho okh_dan se`anopnaepa( sajj `]o Caoapv rkj `ai I]jja ej RandÄhpje¿ ]qb `]o Sae^ o]cp6 an okhh `aej Dann $an `an ^abadhaj`a( oea `an cadkn_daj`a Pdaeh% oaej( ok g]jj `eaoao je_dp ]ho `an j]pÜn) he_daj Chae_ddaep aejao Iajo_dajl]]nao se`anopnaepaj` ]jcaoadaj san`aj( sajj `eaoan Danno_d]bp jqn `ea j]pÜnhe_da ¼^anhacajdaep `ao RaniÖcajo `ao I]jjao Ü^an `]o sae^) he_da ej >asengqjc `ao caiaejo_d]bphe_daj Ejpanaooao `ao D]qosaoajo qj` `ao `]n]qb cacnÜj`apaj Na_dpo vqi >abadh vqi Cnqj`a heacp( sah_dao `]dan oah^op ]qo `an L}e_dp `an Aejdaep qj` Chae_ddaep ej =joadqjc `ao Vsa_go ]^cahaepap san`aj g]jj̤ $ION( .35%* @]o Caoapv( rkj `ai G]jp dean olne_dp( eop k{aj^]n `]o ^e^heo_da*/ Iep edi sen` aej rki Ranjqjbpna_dp atlhevep ]q¿an Gn]bp caoapvpao Hacepei]pekjolnejvel `an _dneop) he_d)j]pqnna_dphe_daj Pn]`epekj ]qbca^kpaj( qi `ea caoahho_d]bphe_da Qjchae_ddaep `an Cao_dha_dpan vq na_dpbanpecaj qj` vqchae_d `ea Ac]hepÄpogkjoamqajvaj `ao gkjpn]gpq]heo) peo_d ]qocahacpaj ranjqjbpna_dphe_daj Adana_dpo vq jaqpn]heoeanaj* @]iep eop chae_dvaepec ]q_d randej`anp( `]oo `]o Adnana_dp ]qbcnqj` oaejan ac]hep]neopeo_daj Eilheg]pekjaj `ea ]neopkpaheo_da Gh]iian ]qbolnajcp( `ea `]o ]qb `ejche_da =np lanoÖjhe_da Na_dp qi `ea D]qocaiaejo_d]bp hacp* @ea ]neopkpaheo_daj =ouiiapneaj `an Chea`caiaejo_d]bpaj `an ok_eap]o `kiaope_] san`aj ]q_d ei B]hh `an ok_eap]o _kjfqcq]heo `qn_d `]o Ranjqjbpna_dp je_dp ]q¿an Gn]bp caoapvp( `] `ea gkjpn]gpq]heopeo_d ^acnÜj`apa adana_dphe_da Chae_ddaep jqn ok h]jca sengo]i ^hae^aj g]jj( sea oea je_dp iep `an ̦j]pÜnhe_daj ¼^anhacajdaep `ao RaniÖcajo `ao I]jjao̤ $a^`*% gkhhe`eanp*

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Rch*6 ̦>h]oldai eopo( `]¿ i]j okc]n `ea o_dÖja ?dneopqoNahecekj( `eaoa op]j`d]bpa Ranpae`ecanej `ao J]pqnNa_dpo( vqn ?kilhe_a `eaoan Pun]jjae cai]_dp d]p( qj` eiian jk_d ]qo i]j_daj Hepqn) ceaj `]o qjiajo_dhe_da ̦An okhh `aej Dann oauj̤( ^nÜhhp̤ $=* H* O_dhÖvan( =hhcaiaejao Op]poNa_dp qj` Op]poRanb]ooqjcoHana( CÖppejcaj -35/( Iap]lkhepeg( ‡ -0%*

-54

SҩҦҠҡқҨҡ GҟҬҭҮңҨҡ

ION Na}atekjaj >aiangqjcaj

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OҮҟҠқҨ CҬҟңҠ

Pdak`kn Ckpphea^ rkj Dellah qj` =i]he] Dkhop Gnepeo_d)ai]jvel]pera CacajajpsÜnba vqn ^Üncanhe_daj Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc

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OҮҟҠқҨ CҬҟңҠ

@qn_doapvqjcoraniÖcaj qj` NÜ_goe_dpohkoecgaep ranh]jcp* Ej `eaoan Qi^nq_dld]oa( ]j `anaj Aj`a `ea Ajpaikpekj]heoeanqjc `an >anqbopÄpecaj opadaj sen`( canÄp ]hok je_dp jqn aeja Ähpana Cao_dha_dpanpulkhkcea ejo S]jgaj( okj`anj `]o ^Üncanhe_da Oah^opranopÄj`jeo Ü^and]qlp* @]n]qb ransaeoaj ]q_d `ea ^ae`aj Bn]qajna_dphan Pdak`kn Ckpphea^ rkj Dellah qj` =i]he] Dkhop ej ednaj Qjpanoq_dqjcaj vqi RandÄhpjeo rkj Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc( Ada qj` Caoahho_d]bp* Ei Qjpano_dea` ]^an vq HÖoqjcorkn) o_dhÄcaj( ej `ajaj `ea Ada vq aejai nagna]peraj( `ea iÄjjhe_da Oaaha op]^eheoeanaj`aj NÜ_gvqcoknp ]r]j_eanp( ^ao_dnae^aj oea `ea ejopepqpekj]heoeanpa L]npjancaiaejo_d]bp ]ho Bnaevkja( `ea aeja jk_d eiian je_dp rkhhopÄj`ec ]qbcaghÄnpa Caoahho_d]bp oksea `anaj c]n vq oanreha Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc `aop]^eheoeanp* @anaj Oejj^eh` eop bÜn Dellah qj` Dkhop `]o D]qo( ej sah_dao oe_d I]jj qj` Bn]q rkn Ankoekjaj vqnÜ_gveadaj( `ea `qn_d aeja gknnqlpa ¶{ajphe_dgaep `nkdaj* @an CasÄdnoi]jj okh_d aejan Kn`jqjcoi]_dp eop ei ]qocadaj`aj -4* F]dndqj`anp jk_d eiian Nkqooa]q* Qi edn Cao_dha_dpan) qj` Adaik`ahh rkj `aooaj LhÄ`kuan bÜn `]o adahe_da D]qo ]ho ̣rkncaoahho_d]bphe_daj̡ ̦Ajpb]hpqjcon]qi ]qpdajpeo_daj Oah^opoaejo̤ $rch* Gqopan .,,1( -4/% ]^cnajvaj vq gÖjjaj( sen` `ai Cajban =qbghÄnan rkncad]hpaj( iep Okldea d]^a an aeja qjch]q^sÜn`eca ̣D]qobn]q̡ ajpsknbaj( `ea skdh g]qi `ea caoahho_d]bpolkhepeo_da Nahar]jv ednan Hea^aopdan]lea ^acnaebaj `Ünbpa* Vqn >acnÜj`qjc i]_daj Dellah qj` Dkhop vqi aejaj cahpaj`( aej sahp]^cas]j`pao B]ieheajha^aj Ü^anh]ooa `]o Op]]posaoaj ]qb cabÄdnhe_da Saeoa oe_d oah^op* Vqi ]j`anaj n]`eg]heoeanaj ^ae`a Bn]qajna_dphan `ea iajo_ddaepocao_de_dphe_da Lanolagpera `an =qbghÄnqjc qj` na}agpeanaj oea ei Gkjpatp aejan `eooe`ajpaj Ik`anja6 ?d]n]gpaneoeanp `eaoa oe_d `qn_d gkjgqnneanaj`a Ha^ajoajpsÜnba qj` aeja Ejbn]caopahhqjc ]^opn]gpan Sanpa( `]jj oae je_dp aejvqoadaj( s]nqi aej iÄjjhe_d _k`eanpan Bnaedaepo^acne{ saepandej vqn Ai]j) vel]pekj `an Bn]qaj ^aepn]caj okhh* O_dhea¿he_d dÄppaj oe_d `ea IÄjjan ei Vaep]hpan `ao He_dpo jqn ]qb edna oah^oprano_dqh`apa QjiÜj`ecgaep ranopÄj`ecp( ]^an ]j`ana Bkniaj `an Qjpan`nÜ_gqjc ca}eooajphe_d Ü^anoadaj* =qbcnqj` okh_dan Oah^op^avÜche_dgaepaj oadaj Dellah qj` Dkhop `ea =qbghÄnqjc ]j aejan vsa_gn]pekj]heopeo_daj k`an a^aj ̣seh`aj̡ Hkceg gn]jgaj* @ea n]`eg]h ik`anja Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea ranopadp oe_d `aicacajÜ^an ]ho =qbghÄnqjc aejan ^ab]jcajaj Ranjqjbpldehkokldea* Vq haeopaj d]p oea `naeanhae6 Vqi aejaj sen` `ea ^ejÄna Hkceg `ao N]pekj]heoiqo `qn_d aejaj se`anopÄj`ecaj qj` ikn]heo_daj Ranjqjbp) ^acne{ anoapvp* Kdja edj sÜn`aj qjpano_dea`he_da Bnaedaeporknopahhqjcaj ]q_d ej `an Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc je_dp dejnae_daj` ^anÜ_goe_dpecp* Vqi ]j`anaj nabkniqheanaj Del) lah qj` Dkhop `ea lkhepeo_daj Veaha `an =qbghÄnqjc ej sahp^Üncanhe_dan =^oe_dp* >arkn je_dp ]hha Iajo_daj ai]jveleanp qj` chae_d^ana_dpecp oej`( `nkdp `an Lnkvaoo `an =qbghÄ) nqjc eiian sea`an ej aejoaepecaj Oah^op^aopeiiqjcolnerehaceaj vq anop]nnaj* Qi okh_da iÄjjhe_daj( Ögkjkieo_daj k`an j]pekj]haj Iupdeoeanqjcaj vq qjpanh]qbaj( na}agpeanaj Dellah qj` Dkhop `ea Ada vqi `neppaj ]qb `an >]oeo Äopdapeo_dan qj` fqneopeo_dan E`aj) pepÄp* Jqn sk oea ]qocaha^p san`aj g]jj( na]heoeanp oe_d aeja reahcaop]hpeca( cnajvajhkoa Iajo_ddaep* @ajj L]npjan( `ea edn Vqo]iiajha^aj ]qb ikn]heo_dan Ranjqjbp qj` bnaean E`ajpepÄp cnÜj`aj( h]ooaj `]o ̦ghaeja R]panh]j` `an B]iehea̤( rkj `ai jk_d Nkqooa]q caolnk_daj d]ppa( aj`cÜhpec dejpan oe_d $Nkqooa]q( /5.%* S]o dean rkj Dellah qj` Dkhop ]ho l]pne]_d]heo_da Cao_dha_dpandean]n_dea ransknbaj sen`( `]nÜ^an d]ppa `an Iajpkn `ea fqjca Okldea c]jv ]i Aj`a `ao Aieha vq ^ahadnaj

PҢҟҩҞҩҬ CҩҮҮҦңҟҜ ҰҩҨ DңҪҪҟҦ үҨҞ =ҧқҦңқ DҩҦҭҮ

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ranoq_dp* Ej aejai ranpn]qpaj VseacaolnÄ_d anbÄdnp `ea bneo_d RaniÄdhpa( `]iep Aieha ̦vq D]qoa chÜ_ghe_d̤ oae( iÜooa ao `ea Adabn]q Ü^an edna cao_de_gpa Oatq]h`koeanqjc dej]qo ranopadaj( `]o B]ieheajha^aj ok vq caop]hpaj( ]ho danno_dpaj dean `ea ̦>]j`a `an J]pqn̤* Iep `eaoaj Sknpaj cnaebp Nkqooa]q jk_d aeji]h aejaj Ca`]jgaj ]qb( `aj an ^anaepo vq >acejj `ao bÜjbpaj >q_dao `ao Aieha ]jca`aqpap d]ppa* @ea qib]ooaj` cao_deh`anpaj Rkn^anaepqjcaj ]qb `ea Daen]p oaejao VÖchejco san`aj `]iep rkj aejan D]qo)Iap]ldkneg can]dip( `an vqbkhca `ea Ada faja ^Üncanhe_da E`ajpepÄp opebpap( `ea oe_d j]_d =qogqjbp `ao Iajpkno ej `aj Ö{ajphe_daj Aejne_dpqjcaj jeai]ho `qn_doapvaj sen`* ̦Danno_d]bp qj` Bnaedaep̤ oaeaj jÄihe_d ̦vsae qjranaej^]na >acne{a̤( `aod]h^ okhhpaj `ea ̦Cqpaj̤ vqiej`aop ej `aj aecajaj rean SÄj`aj `an Caoahho_d]bp aej ̦>aeoleah `ao l]pne]_d]heo_daj H]j`ha^ajo̤ ca^aj( iepdej ̦`]o Qnha^aj `ao Iajo_daj( `]o bnea`he_do) pa( j]pÜnhe_dopa qj` oÜ¿aopa bÜn `aj( `an gaej ran`kn^ajao Danv d]p*̤ $a^`*( 1..b*% @]oo an Okldea aeja `kllah^Ö`eca Adaikn]h ]qbanhacp( `aooaj eop oe_d `an Iajpkn a^ajok ^a) sqoop sea `an =ppn]gperepÄp( `ea aeja ran`kn^aja Vereheo]pekj oah^op ]qb `aj pqcaj`d]bpaj Aieha ]qoÜ^p* >avae_djaj`ansaeoa cnaebp Nkqooa]q vqn Ran]jo_d]qhe_dqjc oaejao L}e_d) pajg]p]hkco ]qb Äopdapeo_da G]packneaj vqnÜ_g* Ok okhhpa Okldea ednai I]jj `ea ̦Naeva `ao dÄqohe_daj Ha^ajo̤ ok o_di]_gd]bp i]_daj( `]oo `eaoan oaeja jkpsaj`ecaj Cao_dÄb) pa iep `an =q¿ajsahp ]ho qjo_dÖj anbÄdnp* Oah^op Aiehao ̦=qo^nÜ_da `an Hae`ajo_d]bp̤ iqoo Okldea ]ho ̣gkop^]naj̡( f] ̣j]pÜnhe_daj Hea^aocajqoo̡ ejovajeanaj* =jokjopaj b]hha ao Aieha o_dsan( oe_d chae_d ei =jo_dhqoo sea`an ]qb `aj ̦Naev `an Ranpn]qpdaep̤ vq ^aoejjaj $a^`*( 1.5%* =jcaoe_dpo aejan oe_d lhqn]heoeanaj`aj Caoahho_d]bp d]p oe_d `eaoa gÜjophe_da Qjpan) o_dae`qjc vseo_daj J]pqn qj` Gqhpqn bÜn Dellah qj` Dkhop aj`cÜhpec Ü^andkhp* Gkjveo ]n^aepaj ^ae`a dan]qo( ]qbcnqj` okh_d e`uhheoeanaj`an Naiejeovajvaj oae `an Bknpo_dnepp `an iÄjjhe_daj qj` sae^he_daj Gqhpqnsan`qjc ejo Opk_gaj can]paj* Chae_dvaepec paehaj Dellah qj` Dkhop `ea ¼^anvaqcqjc( ]ho ai]jvel]pera O_de_dp d]^a vqiej`aop `]o >Ün) canpqi `aj J]pqnvqop]j` ranh]ooaj* @]i]ho( ok dae¿p ao ej Dkhopo -4,. ano_daejaj`an =^d]j`hqjc ¼^an `ea >aopeiiqjc `ao Sae^ao vqn dÖdanj Caeopao^eh`qjc( d]^a jÄihe_d jk_d `]o ̦na_dp `ao opÄnganaj̤ cackhpaj* Ejvseo_daj ]^an oaeaj I]jj qj` Bn]q ̦Ü^an `]o Pean̤ andk^aj $Dkhop( .0b*%( s]o j]_d Dkhop je_dpo ]j`anao ^ao]cp( ]ho `]oo ^ae`a ednaj Aecajjqpv ransknbaj qj` oe_d ]qb `ea Ranjqjbp ^aokjjaj d]^aj* =j`anoh]qpaj`a J]pqn]heoeanqjcaj( `ea Bn]qaj ]ho ̣oah^ophko̡ ^ao_dnae^aj qj` `]iep ei J]pqnvqop]j` ^a) h]ooaj( saeop `ea gÄilbaneo_da Fkqnj]heopej o_dkj `aod]h^ vqnÜ_g( saeh `ea qib]ooaj`ana ̣Oah^opsan`qjc̡ `an Bn]q jqn kdja okh_da Pulkhkceaj ej Aejgh]jc iep `aj ^Üncanhe_daj >eh`qjcoveahaj ca^n]_dp san`aj g]jj* Aeja >aopeiiqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan iep Dehba `e_dkpkian G]packneaj hadjp ]q_d Dellah iep `aj Sknpaj ]^( oea ^hk_geanpaj `aj Ca) o_dha_dpan`e]hkc qj` `ea Ran^Üncanhe_dqjc `an Caoahho_d]bp* Ej `an -35. ano_daejaj`aj =^d]j`hqjc Qa^an `ea ^Üncanhe_da Ran^aooanqjc `an Sae^an i]_dp an oaejaj n]`eg]h ik`anjaj Op]j`lqjgp `aicaiÄ¿ bÜn `ea fqneopeo_da Chae_dopahhqjc `an Bn]q bnq_dp^]n* Vqchae_d dejpanbn]cp an `ea ̦Dannj qj` Iaeopan `an S]dndaep̤( s]nqi edn lner]pao D]qo) ha^aj jk_d eiian aejai ]n_d]eo_daj ̦N]q^o_dhk¿ k`an N]q^jaop̤ chae_dp* Qjpan okh_daj =qoleveaj bÜdnaj Dellah qj` Dkhop `aj J]_dsaeo( `ea ^Üncanhe_da Ran) ^aooanqjc ranh]jca ca^eh`apa Sae^an( `ea edna IÄjjan qj` Gej`an sahp^Üncanhe_d anvea) daj gÖjjaj* @]oo ao `]bÜn qjpan `aj okve]h ]r]j_eanpaj >Üncanejjaj jqn jk_d `an aej k`an ]j`anaj fqneopeo_daj =^oe_danqjc ^a`Ünbaj okhh( d]p `ea fÜjcana Bkno_dqjc iep Ran)

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OҮҟҠқҨ CҬҟңҠ

sqj`anqjc ]qbcajkiiaj qj` ^ae`aj Bn]qajna_dphanj `]dan rkncad]hpaj( oea dÄppaj vs]n Se`anolnÜ_da ej Nkqooa]qo Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea ]qbcaseaoaj( oaeaj ]^an hapvphe_d je_dp Ü^an `ea =qbsanpqjc `an Iqppan ]ho ejpahhagpqahh dÖdan mq]he|veanpan D]qobn]q dej]qoca) h]jcp $rch* Olepvan .,,.%* Dejoe_dphe_d `an ^eodanecaj lkhepeo_daj qj` caoahho_d]bphe_daj Anbkhca `an Ranjqjbpldehkokldea oej` oe_d Dellah qj` Dkhop fa`k_d aejec( `]oo ^Üncanhe) _da Bn]qaj edna E`ajpepÄp hÄjcop oadn caj]q vq ^ajajjaj seooaj6 ̦S]nqi okhh `]o Sae^ je_dp E_d ]qoolna_daj gÖjjaj; W***Y Eop ao je_dp `an cnÖ¿pa Iajo_dajrknvqc( oe_d oah^op vq gajjaj; W***Y S]nqi okhhaj `ea Sae^an gaeja Lanokj oauj; s]nqi je_dp seooaj6 `]o eop ien cqp( qj` `]o eop cqp( k`an `]o eop rknpdaehd]bp( qj` `]o eop na_dp;̤ $Dellah 2( --5% Vqn daqpvqp]ca ^abnai`he_daj HagpÜna i]c ]^an ]q_d faja baeja Enkjea ^aepn]caj( iep `an Dellah qj` Dkhop ej `an Pn]`epekj `an Opnaepo_dnebp qj` `an Cahadnpajo]pena ]ncqiaj) peanaj* S]o `]dan j]_d aejan =qoaej]j`anoapvqjc iep `ai I]jj ̣]j oe_d̡ ghejcaj i]c( Dkhopo Dejsaeo ^aeoleahosaeoa( oea ̦d]hpa fa`a ^ao_dÄbpecqjc( fa`aj cajqoo( oae an ]j qj` bÜn oe_d jk_d ok anh]q^p qj` a`ah( `an qjo `ea ran^ej`he_dgaepaj qjoanan aecajpÜihe) _daj h]ca ran]^oÄqiaj hÄoop( jqn bÜn aeja bkhca fajan d]h^gqhpqn( fajan ]bpan]qbghÄnqjc( `ea o_dÄ`he_dan eop ]ho je_dpo seooaj̤ $Dkhop( -4%( ]ppaopeanp `aj ca^eh`apaj ^Üncanhe_daj IÄjjanj aejanoaepo( oea dÄppaj oe_d vsaebahokdja rkj fajai Bn]qaj^eh` ran]^o_dea`ap( `]o Sae^he_dgaep iep ^ekhkceo_dan qj` Äopdapeo_dan AilbÄjche_dgaep ransa_doahp* =j`a) nanoaepo jeiip `eaoa Jkj_d]h]j_a ]hha raniaejphe_d ]qbcaghÄnpaj C]ppaj ej `ea L}e_dp( oe_d aj`he_d Ü^an `aj ̦`naeb]_daj ^anqb̤ vq ranopÄj`ecaj( `an Bn]qaj jqj aeji]h k^) heacp* =q_d ej `an ik`anjaj Caoahho_d]bp cadÖnp `]vq j]_d sea rkn `ea Gej`ananveadqjc( banjan `ea Ran^naepqjc ^Üncanhe_dan Gqhpqnop]j`]n`o* Okhhpa `eao ei aecajaj B]ieheaj) gnaeo jk_d anbkn`anhe_d oaej( ok bÜcaj Dellah qj` Dkhop olÖppeo_d dejvq( `]jj dÄppa `ea =qbghÄnqjc `]o Oah^opranopÄj`jeo `ao Adai]jjao je_dp dejnae_daj` ca^eh`ap* Ednaj ca) oahho_d]bpolkhepeo_d sacsaeoaj`aj >aepn]c haeopaj ca^eh`apa >Üncanejjaj ]hhan`ejco `knp( sk oea edna ikn]heo_da Ranjqjbp bÜn `ea @qn_doapvqjc aejan iajo_ddaephe_daj( reahcaop]h) pecaj Iajo_ddaep aejoapvaj* @]oo `eao je_dp jqn ejjand]h^ `ao aecajaj D]qoao( okj`anj ]q_d ei >anqboha^aj cao_dadaj okhhpa( opadp bÜn Dellah qj` Dkhop ]q¿an Bn]ca* Sa) oajphe_dan ]ho `ea Bn]ca( sk oe_d Bn]qaj ej `ea Caoahho_d]bp aej^nejcaj( ^hae^p ^ae`aj fa`k_d `ea fqneopeo_da qj` ldehkokldeo_da >aopeiiqjc sae^he_dan Ranjqjbp* @anaj n]) `eg]ha Bnaedaepokneajpeanqjc ancÄjvp jÄihe_d `aj iÄjjhe_d ]qbcaghÄnpaj Ranjqjbp^acne{ qi aejaj chae_do]i o_dn]jgajhkoaj Sehhaj vqn @e{anajv* Qj` `ea Ikn]hepÄp sae^he_dan Ranjqjbp pnÄcp `]bÜn Oknca( `]oo Na_dpa ej aejai gkoiklkhepeo_daj Gkjpatp na}agpeanp san`aj* Caiaooaj ]j `eaoan =qbc]^a( d]^a Nkqooa]q ̦je_dp Ü^anhacp( `]oo `ea anbÜh) hqjc `an sahpqib]ooaj`aj l}e_dpaj `ao sae^ao sacaj( `qn_d aeja dÖdana ^eh`qjc anop ]qbcadkhbaj san`aj iÜooa*̤ $rch* a^`*( ./% Anop sajj ]hok IÄjjan qj` Bn]qaj chae_dani]¿aj Ü^an sahp^Üncanhe_da >eh`qjc ran) bÜcaj( anop sajj banjan ]hha Iajo_daj rkj oah^oprano_dqh`apaj QjiÜj`ecgaepaj ^abnaep oej`( d]p `ea =qbghÄnqjc edn lkhepeo_dao =jheacaj anbÜhhp* @eaoa N]`eg]heoeanqjc `ao >a) `ejcqjcocnqj`ao ]hhan ^Üncanhe_daj Ranjqjbpldehkokldea eop vq ^anÜ_goe_dpecaj( sajj oe_d Dellah iep `aj op]]pona_dphe_daj Gkjoamqajvaj ^ab]oop( `ea ]qo `an =jj]dia bkh) caj( `ea iÄjjhe_da Ranop]j`ao^abÄdecqjc oae rkj `an >eh`qjc `an Bn]q vq ̦ikn]heo_dan Ranjqjbp̤ ]^dÄjcec $rch* Dellah 3( -0b* q* 15%* =qb `eaoa LnÄieooa ^anqbp oe_d ]q_d Dkhop atlhevep( se`iap oe_d fa`k_d raniadnp `an Bn]ca( sea oe_d `eaoa >eh`qjcoranl}e_dpqjc ej ln]gpeo_dao D]j`ahj qioapvaj hÄoop* Dellaho qj` Dkhopo Qjpanoq_dqjcaj gÖjjaj `ai)

PҢҟҩҞҩҬ CҩҮҮҦңҟҜ ҰҩҨ DңҪҪҟҦ үҨҞ =ҧқҦңқ DҩҦҭҮ

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caiÄ¿ gkilhaiajpÄn cahaoaj san`aj( s]o ]q_d bÜn `ea chae_dh]qpaj`a Aejo_dÄpvqjc `ao deopkneo_daj Gkjpatpao cehp( rkj `ai oe_d ^ae`a `eop]jveanaj* Chae_dani]¿aj ajppÄqo_dp Ü^an `ea ]i .2* =qcqop -345 ej L]neo lnkgh]ieanpaj Iajo_daj) qj` >Üncanna_dpa( saj) `aj oe_d Dellah qj` Dkhop rkj aejan ̦?kjopepqpekj̤ ]^( `ea ao bÜn cqp ^abqj`aj d]^a( ̦aejan c]jvaj DÄhbpa `an J]pekj je_dp vq ca`ajgaj( k^ oea chae_d aejai ghaejanaj Pdaeha `anoah^aj W***Y `ea Na_dpa ]gperan >Üncan vqcaop]j`* =hha Iajo_daj d]^aj chae_da Na_d) pa*̤ Bkhcane_dpec sen` jqj vq bn]caj oaej( sea `ea ̦^Üncanhe_da Ran^aooanqjc `ao o_dÖjaj Cao_dha_dpao̤ fqneopeo_d ]^caoe_danp qj` caoahho_d]bphe_d ran^naepap san`aj g]jj $Dellah 2( 4 q* -.,%* Aeja iÖche_da =jpsknp heabanj `ea daeieo_daj VqopÄj`a( `ajj @aqpo_dh]j`( ok dae¿p ao( oae vs]n iajo_dajna_dphe_d jk_d je_dp Ü^an pdaknapeo_da =^oe_dpoanghÄ) nqjcaj dej]qocah]jcp* Anopa Anbkhca ranvae_dja ej`ao `]o jk_d ej =n^aep ^a|j`he_da =hhcaiaeja Lnaq¿eo_da H]j`na_dp $-350%* =ho aej}qoonae_dan Iep]n^aepan ]j `eaoan Ca) oapvaoo]iihqjc saeop Dellah `]n]qb dej( eiiandej sÜn`aj `ea IÄjjan qj` H]j`aorÄpan fapvp vqn Oah^op^ao_dnÄjgqjc ]qbcabkn`anp( banjan san`a edjaj fa`a sehhgÜnhe_da Na_dpo) ranhapvqjc ]j Bn]qaj qjpano]cp* Chae_dskdh oej` oe_d Dellah qj` Dkhop ^asqoop( `]oo `ea Cnqj`na_dpa `an Bn]q ei H]j`na_dp gaejaosaco c]n]jpeanp san`aj* Skhhaj >Üncanejjaj `]dan iep ednaj Ranjqjbp) qj` Bnaedaeporknopahhqjcaj vqn Ik`anjeoeanqjc rkj Caoahho_d]bp qj` Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc ^aepn]caj( ok ^hae^p edjaj ]q_d `an Sac Ü^an `ea lnaq¿eo_daj Nabkni^aiÜdqjcaj rano]cp* Ej `eaoan lkopnarkhqpekjÄn qj` ranb]ooqjcona_dphe_d ]jcaol]jjpaj Oepq]pekj saj`aj oe_d Dellah qj` Dkhop `aj Cnqj`h]caj `ao ^Üncanhe_daj qj` ldehkokldeo_daj Ranjqjbpch]q^ajo vq* Edna ]qo `an fqneopeo_daj qj` lÄ`]ckceo_daj Anb]dnqjc o_dÖlbaj`a Gnepeg `ao >aopeiipdaepo`ajgajo qj` `an g]packne]haj Hkceg okhh ^ae`a ]ho ej]`Ämq]pa Ieppah bÜn `ea O_d]{qjc aejan bnaeaj qj` chae_d^ana_dpecpaj Caoahho_d]bp ]qosaeoaj* @]bÜn ^eapap oe_d aeja sahp^Üncanhe_da Lanolagpera ]j( `ea `an ]^opn]gpaj Ranjqjbp edna hkg]haj >ao_dnÄjgqjcaj qj` okiep `ea Qj]jsaj`^]ngaep ]qb `]o aileneo_da k`an c]n bnai`a @]oaej j]_dsaeop* Vqchae_d gkjbnkjpeanaj Dellah qj` Dkhop `ea ikn]heo_daj I]teiaj `an =qbghÄnqjc iep `aj Gkjpejcajvanb]dnqjcaj `ao ik`anjaj Iajo_daj qj` saeoaj `]iep ednaj Haoanejjaj gkjgnapa IÖche_dgaepaj ]j( hkceo_da qj` ikn]heo_da( iÄjjhe_da qj` j]pekj]ha ̣S]dndaepaj̡ ]ho sehhgÜnhe_da Oapvqjcaj vq `a_kqrneanaj* Gkjpang]neanaj Bn]qaj `]jj jk_d `ea ]qbcaghÄnpa Bnae) daepoaild]oa iep Dehba aejao `e{anajveanpanaj Ai]jvel]pekjo^acne{o( ok pn]caj oea vqn N]`eg]heoeanqjc `ao ik`anjaj @ajgajo qj` vqn Ikn]hepÄp aejao iajo_ddaeporan^qj`a) jaj D]j`ahjo ^ae* Rkn `eaoan Se`anopÄj`ecgaep iqoo oe_d `ea oah^opcabÄhheca =^gadn rkj jqn aecajaj QjiÜj`ecgaepaj bknp]j hacepeieanaj* Aej Ädjhe_d ]qbghÄnqjcognepeo_dao >eh` `an Ik`anja d]ppa vqrkn ^anaepo Fkd]jj Ckppbnea` Dan`an ]qbcaneooaj qj` vqchae_d ]qb ]jpdnklkhkceo_dan sea oq^fagppdaknape) o_dan A^aja `]ncahacp( `ea =q}Öoqjc `an g]packne]haj Hkceg h]ooa oe_d iep Dehba aejan Ranjqjbp `ao Qj^aopeiipaj na]heoeanaj* Ej`ai fa`an Iajo_d oe_d aej aecajao( edi aecajpÜihe_dao Sahp^eh` ajpsenbp( bkniqheanp an j]_d Dan`an ]q_d oq^fagpera =jolnÜ_da ]j `]o Ha^aj( `ea Caoahho_d]bp k`an `]o ChÜ_g $rch* Cnaeb .,,4( .,-,%* @eaoa Äopdapeo_da E`ajpepÄpohadna Ü^anpn]caj Dellah qj` Dkhop oqgvaooera ]qb edna Rknopahhqjc rkj Caoahh) o_d]bp qj` Ada* Rkj `an Bn]ca ]qocadaj`( ̦cnÜj`aj `ea Oejja je_dp `ea Ranjqjbp;̤( sen` dejoe_dphe_d fa`ao vseo_dajiajo_dhe_daj RandÄhpjeooao baopcaopahhp( `]oo qnaecaja Anb]dnqjcaj qj` aej ej`ere`qahhao ChÜ_goahecgaepoopna^aj jkpsaj`ecansaeoa iep qjeran)

.,0

OҮҟҠқҨ CҬҟңҠ

o]haj Ikn]hrkno_dnebpaj gkhhe`eanaj $Dellah 2( .-1%* ¤djhe_dao cehp bÜn `ea Adal]npjan* =q_d vseo_daj edjaj gÖjjaj lanoÖjhe_da Sqjo_drknopahhqjcaj ^ao_djeppaj san`aj( banjan randej`anj cao_dha_dpanolave|o_da Nacqh]pera `ea =qo^eh`qjc l]npjano_d]bphe_dan E`ajpepÄp* Okskdh `ea Cao_dha_dpan) ]ho ]q_d `ea Caoahho_d]bpokn`jqjc okhhpa `]dan `ea rkj Dellah rkncao_dh]caja ̦ckh`aja Nacah̤ ^anÜ_goe_dpecaj6 ̦Ejpqo aop mqk` lapeo*̤ $vepeanp j]_d r* >anc .,,0( 0.% E`ajpepÄp ^aieoop oe_d bkhche_d ]j `an P]po]_da( `]oo fa`an Iajo_d rkj J]pqn ]qo ej oe_d ]ho =jh]ca ^aoepvp( skj]_d an olÄpan ei Ha^aj opna^p* C]jv Ädjhe_d d]ppa ^anaepo Nkqooa]q ]ncqiajpeanp( iep `ai Dejsaeo ]qb `]o J]pqnna_dp ]^an ancÄjvaj` dejvqca) bÜcp( `] ao jqj aeji]h Op]nga qj` O_ds]_da ca^a( oae ]q_d `]o Adaha^aj dean]n_deo_d vq `ajgaj* Vqiej`aop j]pqnna_dphe_d ca^Üdnp `aij]_d `ai I]jj aeja op]nga E`ajpepÄp( `ea edi I]_dp ranhaedp( skdejcacaj oe_d `ea Bn]q qjpanvqkn`jaj d]p* Ej `an Ranjqjbpgqh) pqn ^aieoop oe_d OpÄnga ej`ao ]j ejpahhagpqahhaj Mq]hepÄpaj( saod]h^ Dellah qj` Dkhop `aj pn]`eanpaj Danno_d]bpo]jolnq_d ]ho QjraniÖcaj lanoe}eanaj( oe_d ]qb aeja bnaea qj` ik) n]heo_da Ranjqjbp vq ^aoejjaj* @an Lnaeo bÜn okreah Caeopaoo_dsÄ_da o_daejp bnaehe_d dk_d ^aiaooaj* Eiiandej hÄoop oe_d ]jcaoe_dpo s]_doaj`an Gkjpejcajvanb]dnqjcaj `]o ada) `ai Cqpa k`an O_dha_dpa( `]o S]dna k`an B]ho_da je_dp iadn vsaebahobnae ^aopeiiaj* @an NÜ_gvqc ejo Lner]pa k`an Adae`a]ha( `ea L]npjano_d]bp saepandej iep aejan ^ekhkce) o_daj k`an aikpekj]haj Vsa_gcaiaejo_d]bp ransa_doahj( rannÄp bÜn Dellah qj` Dkhop ^hk¿( vq sah_daj =qosÜ_doaj oe_d aeja =qbghÄnqjc ranopeacaj d]p( `ea Ranjqjbp qj` Danno_d]bp ]j lduoeo_dan ¼^anhacajdaep baop i]_dp* Bnaea qj` ranjÜjbpeca( sahpk{aja qj` ikn]heo_da E`ajpepÄp ^aieoop oe_d ednaj Sknpaj vqbkhca fa`k_d ]i RaniÖcaj( oe_d je_dp vqhapvp ]ho I]jj rkj =n_d]eoiaj hkovqo]caj qj` oe_d aejan gkilhataj Senghe_d) gaep je_dp iep `aj Lnerehaceaj renehan Oah^op^aopeiiqjc vq opahhaj* Sae^he_da E`ajpepÄp ano_dÖlbp oe_d `aicacajÜ^an je_dp ej gkiÖ`eajnaebaj Ejovajeanqjcaj( iep `ajaj `ea ̣cadaeia̡ Danno_d]bp Ü^an `aj iÄjjhe_daj L]npjan annqjcaj sen`* Oea oapvp reahiadn `aj Sehhaj rkn]qo( L]npjano_d]bp ]ho Bnaedaep ej `an @e{anajv ]qovqha^aj* =ho pnere]hao =jca^kp( oe_d ]ho ^adqpo]i ^eh`aj`ao Gkilhaiajp vqi I]jj vq ranopadaj( eop `ea) oan sae^he_da E`ajpepÄpoajpsqnb ]hhan`ejco je_dp vq ranopadaj* Ikn]heo_da Ranjqjbp ]ho Cnqj`h]ca sae^he_dan E`ajpepÄp sÜn`a oe_d `]jj ednan OpÄnga ^an]q^aj( oe_d ]q_d Ü^an ]j`ana Bkniaj ]ho `ea `an iÄjjhe_daj O_dsÄ_da ]qbvqghÄnaj* Dejoe_dphe_d `eaoan E`ajpepÄpo^eh`qjc( `]nej oej` oe_d Dellah qj` Dkhop aejec( ^aopadp bnaehe_d ]q_d ei ^Üncanhe_daj H]can jk_d J]_ddkh^a`]nb* Qi L]npjano_d]bp ]ho Bnaedaep ej `an @e{anajv rknopahhaj vq gÖjjaj( ^a`]nb ao je_dp jqn `an Äopdapeo_daj E`ajpepÄp qj` aejan =^gadn rkj Ü^angkiiajaj J]pqnna_dpohadnaj* Dejvqgkiiaj iÜooaj Ail]pdea) bÄdecgaep qj` aeja sae^he_da =qpknepÄpoogaloeo* Caiaejo]i o_d]{aj oea ^ae Dellah qj` Dkhop `ea Rkn]qooapvqjcaj ikn]heo_dan Ranjqjbp* Qjpan ednan Haepqjc gÖjjaj oe_d ej `an ]qp]ngaj Ada ]hha ej`ere`qahhaj GnÄbpa( RaniÖcaj qj` >aokj`andaepaj `an L]npjan ajp) b]hpaj* Chae_dvaepec na]heoeanaj vsae Adahaqpa( `ea aej CaolÜn bÜn `ea e`ajpepÄna Reahb]hp `ao CacajÜ^ano ^aoepvaj( ]q_d faja Se`anopÄj`ecgaep( `ea fa`ai Oah^opajpsqnb vqcnqj) `a heacp* @ajj E`ajpepÄp ranh]jcp `ea Bnaedaep rkj sehhgÜnhe_dan >arkniqj`qjc* =^an oea iqoo ]q_d rkn op]]phe_daj ¼^ancne{aj k`an aejai _d]qrejeopeo_daj ¼^anhacajdaepoca) bÜdh ^as]dnp san`aj* Ej `eaoan Dejoe_dp gkiip edn ej `an Ada j]_d Dellah qj` Dkhop aeja bnaedaephe_da qj` ]qbghÄnqjcognepeo_da Ranjqjbp vq Dehba* @]iep oe_d ^ae`a jÄihe_d ]ho najepajpa Ejop]jv ej aejan paehsaeoa jk_d qj]qbcaghÄnpaj qj` vq`ai ej Qjkn`jqjc ca)

PҢҟҩҞҩҬ CҩҮҮҦңҟҜ ҰҩҨ DңҪҪҟҦ үҨҞ =ҧқҦңқ DҩҦҭҮ

.,1

n]pajaj Caoahho_d]bp ^asÄdnaj( oadaj oe_d ^ae`a L]npjan ei Dknevkjp aejan cnajvajhkoaj Iajo_ddaep( `ea oe_d anop ei Reahcaop]hpecaj rkhhaj`ap* @eaoao banja Veah o_daejp oadn reah Klpeieoiqo rkn]qovqoapvaj( `k_d ^asÄdnp an oe_d bÜn Dellah qj` Dkhop ]q_d ei =hhp]c `an Adal]npjan* >eh`aj oe_d ^ae`a fa`ajb]hho vq `an sahpvqcas]j`paj Angajjpjeo dan]j( `]oo IÄjjan`kiÄjaj( Gqhpqnaj k`an J]pekjaj jqn @qn_dc]jcoop]`eaj ]qb `ai Sac vq aejan caaejpaj Iajo_ddaep oej`( ok d]^aj ^ae`a cahanjp( ̣E_d vq o]caj̡ kdja NÜ_goe_dp ]qb pailknÄna S]dndaepaj* @]nej qjpano_dae`ap oe_d `eaoa n]`eg]h ik`anja Cao_dha_d) panpdaknea ]q_d rkj Ranoq_daj( `ea =jcop rkn `ai ̣seh`aj I]jj̡ `qn_d `ea ̣oah^ophkoa̡ Bn]q aej`Äiiaj vq h]ooaj* =j ednan vqi Se`anop]j` ran^aooanpaj >eh`qjc( `ea oea ej `ea Ada iep aej^nejcp( qj` ]i I]jj( `an Bnaedaep bknp]j ikn]heo_d `ajgp( iÜooaj oe_d fapvp Op]]p qj` Caoahho_d]bp iaooaj h]ooaj*

.*

Pdak`kn Ckpphea^ Dellah6 ¼^an ̣Sae^an)Ran^aooanqjc̡ qj` ̣sahp^Üncanhe_da Ranb]ooqjc̡

]*

Ha^aj qj` Sang

Pdak`kn Ckpphea^ Dellah sen` ]i /-* F]jq]n -30- ei koplnaq¿eo_daj Can`]qaj ]ho Okdj `ao Rkhgoo_dqhhadnano Iah_dekn Dellah qj` `aooaj Bn]q Ahakjkna ca^knaj* ¼^an `ea ano) paj Gej`anf]dna eop sajec ^ag]jjp* Jqn Dellaho ^ekcn]ldeo_daj Vaqcjeooaj hÄoop oe_d ajpjadiaj( `an R]pan d]^a oe_d o_dkj bnÜd qi Pdak`kno Vqgqjbp ]ho Pdakhkca ^aiÜdp* Rkj `an Iqppan sen` Ü^anheabanp( oea d]^a edj ej `an leapeopeo_daj L}e_dp anvkcaj( oe_d opÄj`ec oah^op vq ^ak^]_dpaj qj` `]o Ha^aj ]qo `an Lanolagpera `ao anhÖoaj`aj Pk`ao vq ^apn]_dpaj* >ae`a Aecajo_d]bpaj _d]n]gpaneoeanaj olÄpan saepa Paeha oaejan Huneg( iep `an Dellah ]ho >acnÜj`an aejan rknnki]jpeo_daj Gen_ddkbo) qj` Pk`aolkaoea ej `ea `aqp) o_da Hepan]pqncao_de_dpa aejcadaj sen`* Vq `eaoai Nqb bÜcp oe_d `]o >eh` `ao ieokcujaj O]penegano( `aooaj GkiÖ`eaj qj` Nki]ja ^ae ]hhai Dqikn aej dkdao I]¿ ]j Sahpran) ]_dpqjc angajjaj h]ooaj* Sajecan pk`aobÜn_dpec caop]hpap oe_d Dellaho Ha^ajoh]qb* Can]`a reanvadjfÄdnec jeiip an oaej Pdakhkceaopq`eqi ]j `an GÖjeco^ancan =h^anpej] ]qb* Ej `aooaj Ranh]qb dÖnp an ]q_d Rknhaoqjcaj ^ae I]ceopan G]jp( ]j `aooaj D]qop]bah an olÄpan bÜn reaha F]dna aejaj Adnajlh]pv andÄhp* -32- sa_doahp Dellah vq `aj Na_dposeooajo_d]bpaj* Ei chae_daj F]dn sen` an ej `ea Hkca Vq `aj `nae Gnkjaj ]qbcajkiiaj( ej `an Dellah ]ho^]h` ]q_d oaeja anopaj Bnaei]qnanna`aj dÄhp* Gnepeo_da Na}ata `eaoan F]dna cadaj olÄpan ej oaeja Nki]ja Ha^ajohÄqba j]_d ]qbopaecaj`an Hejea $-334{*% qj` Gnaqv) qj` MqanvÜca `ao Neppano = ^eo V $-35/b*% aej* SÄdnaj` ej anopanai aeja qjchÜ_ghe_da Hea^aocao_de_dpa rand]j`ahp sen`( na_djap Dellah ej `aj Gnaqv) qj` MqanvÜcaj iep `ai ei Jea`anc]jc ^acne{ajaj Hkcajsaoaj ]^* =ho Dellaho Opnaepo_dnebp Qa^an `ea Ada ano_daejp( eop an o_dkj oaep -33- ]i GÖjeco^an) can Dkbcane_dp ]ho =`rkg]p vqcah]ooaj qj` ejvseo_daj vqi Gneiej]hn]p anj]jjp skn`aj* -34, sen` an ej `ea oa_dogÖl|ca koplnaq¿eo_da Caoapvaogkiieooekj vqn Nabkni `ao =hhcaiaejaj Lnaq¿eo_daj H]j`na_dpo ^anqbaj* Ei chae_daj F]dn andÄhp an `]o =ip `ao @e) nagpkno ]i Gneiej]hcane_dp qj` o_dhea¿he_d rki lnaq¿eo_daj GÖjec `ea Anjajjqjc vqi @eneceanaj`aj >Üncaniaeopan GÖjeco^anco* Aej saoajphe_dan Cnqj` bÜn `eaoa opaeha lkhepe)

.,2

OҮҟҠқҨ CҬҟңҠ

o_da G]nneana heacp ej Dellaho fqneopeo_dai B]_dseooaj( iep `ai an o_dkj ej `aj F]dnaj vqrkn ]qb oe_d ]qbiango]i cai]_dp d]ppa* Reah^a]_dpap sqn`a ^aeoleahosaeoa `an ^a) naepo -325 qjpan^naepapa Rkno_dh]c( Caeophe_da( `ea vqn >apnaqqjc vqi Pk`a Ranqnpaehpan aejcaoapvp sqn`aj( iep `an =qbc]^a vq ^apnaqaj( lou_dkhkceo_da ̣PÄpanlnk|ha̡ vq anopah) haj* =qo edjaj sehh Dellah NÜ_go_dhÜooa ]qb fqneopeo_da qj` op]]pona_dphe_da IeooopÄj`a veadaj* A^aj `eaoao =ncqiajp i]_dp an `]jj ]q_d rkj -34, ]j bÜn faja Cacajop]j`o) ^anae_da bnq_dp^]n( `ea edi ej `an Caoapvaogkiieooekj qjpanopadaj6 `]o Gneiej]h) qj` `]o Lanokjajna_dp* Ej oaejaj ̣Ikjep]̡ ransaj`ap an oe_d bÜn `ea ranb]ooqjcona_dphe_da Chae_dopahhqjc `an Bn]q qj` bÜdnp vqn >acnÜj`qjc `ea lou_dkhkceo_daj( Ögkjkieo_daj qj` op]]polkhepeo_daj O_dÄ`aj ]j( `ea aejan Caoahho_d]bp ajpopadaj( `ea iadn ]ho `ea DÄhb) pa `an >arÖhganqjc ej QjiÜj`ecgaep qj` Na_dpoqjoe_dandaep dÄhp* Okh_da =ncqiajpa |j`aj ej `aj j]_dnarkhqpekjÄnaj F]dnaj ]i lnaq¿eo_daj Dkb iadn ]ho jqn aej cajaec) pao CadÖn( vqi]h Dellah lh]qoe^ah `]nvqhacaj ranopadp( `]oo na_dphkoa Bn]qaj oe_d g]qi ]gper iep aejan Lkhepeg e`ajpe|veanaj `Ünbpaj( `ea bÜn edna >ah]jca gaej Kdn d]p* Dellaho anbkhcnae_daj Nabkniaj ei GÖjeco^ancan Caiaejsaoaj qj` oaejan Gki) ieooekjo]n^aep o_dhea¿aj oe_d saepana =ipo^anqbqjcaj ]j( aps] `ea vqi Cadaeiaj Gneacon]pd* Ej `eaoan Aecajo_d]bp sen` an -35/+50 j]_d @]jvec ]^cakn`jap( qi `knp `]o opÄ`peo_da Na_dpo) qj` Rans]hpqjcosaoaj jaq vq kn`jaj* Chae_dvaepec ano_daejaj `ea `neppa qj` reanpa( rÖhhec Ü^an]n^aepapa =qoc]^a `ao Adapn]gp]po* -35. sen` oaeja =^d]j`hqjc Qa^an `ea ^Üncanhe_da Ran^aooanqjc `an Sae^an ranÖ{ajphe_dp( `ea `aqphe_da L]n]hhahaj vq Dellaho Iep]n^aep ]j `an H]j`na_dponabkni ]qbsaeop* =qcaj) qj` hqjcajgn]jg veadp oe_d Dellah ej `aj jÄ_dopaj F]dnaj rki O_dnebpopahhanha^aj vqnÜ_g qj` ranopen^p ]i ./* =lneh -352 ej GÖjeco^anc*

^*

Ar] okhhpa `ea Ranjqjbp dae¿aj

=ho Fqneop qj` ik`anjan =qbghÄnqjcognepegan hadjp Dellah `aj `kci]peo_daj N]pekj]heo) iqo ]ho Cnqj`h]ca aejan Op]]pohadna ]^* Vqchae_d ^aopnaepap an `ea =jj]dia `an o_dkp) peo_daj Aileneopaj( lanokj]ha E`ajpepÄp oae ej hapvpan Gkjoamqajv jqn `]o Anca^jeo aejan Ehhqoekj* @]nej G]jp bkhcaj` ^apn]_dpap an `aj Iajo_d ]ho ejpahhece^hao Saoaj( `ai gn]bp `an BÄdecgaep( oaeja Oejjaoaej`nÜ_ga vq pn]jovaj`eanaj( Sehha qj` Ranjqjbp ]ho bnaea RaniÖcaj vqgkiiaj* ¼^anpn]caj ]qb `]o Op]]pona_dp o_dhea¿aj oe_d `ea Iajo_daj ]qo bnaeaj OpÜ_gaj vq aejan Caoahho_d]bp vqo]iiaj qj` `Ünbaj `]dan rkj edn ans]npaj( `]oo `aj okh_dani]¿aj ̦Ran^qj`ajaj aeja Chae_ddaep̤ casÄdnp sen` $Dellah 2( -2%* @eaoan gj]llaj @]nhacqjc vqi Caoahho_d]bporanpn]c o_dhea¿p oe_d ej Dellaho O_dnebpaj gaeja caj]qana ?d]n]gpaneopeg `ao lkhepeo_daj OkqranÄjo ]j( op]pp `aooaj se`iaj oea oe_d `ai Se`anop]j`ona_dp qj` Ü^anjadiaj `]bÜn `aj ]q_d rkj Nkqooa]q bkniqheanpaj Ca`]jgaj( `an Sehha qj` `ea Ranjqjbp ^ae`an Cao_dha_dpan oaeaj e`ajpeo_d* Olave|o_d iÄjjhe_da k`an sae^he_da Rand]hpajo) qj` @ajgcaskdjdaepaj opahhaj `]cacaj `]o Anca^jeo aejan cao_dha_dpanpuleo_daj qj` `aod]h^ opapo `a|vepÄnaj Anveadqjc `]n* Ajpolna_daj` dÄq|c |j`aj oe_d ej Qa^an `ea ^Üncanhe_da Ran^aooanqjc `an Sae^an Dejsaeoa ]qb `]o Na_dp `an Bn]qaj( edna fqneopeo_da( lkhepeo_da qj` okve]ha Chae_dopahhqjc caca^ajajb]hho ]q_d ajanceo_d vqnÜ_gvqbkn`anj* Sea `an Pepah oaejan aej}qoonae_dopaj =^d]j`hqjc j]dahacp( `nÄjcp Dellah fa`k_d `]n]qb( `ea qib]ooaj`a Na_dpochae_ddaep

PҢҟҩҞҩҬ CҩҮҮҦңҟҜ ҰҩҨ DңҪҪҟҦ үҨҞ =ҧқҦңқ DҩҦҭҮ

.,3

]qb ^Üncanhe_dai( iepdej ranjÜjbpecai Saca danvqopahhaj* S]nqi aeja Ran^aooanqjc h]jcbneopec `]qand]bpana Bknpo_dneppa vaepecp ]ho cas]hpo]iao =qb^acadnaj( sen` iep >he_g ]qb `ea Bn]jvÖoeo_da Narkhqpekj cana_dpbanpecp* Ejo^aokj`ana `ea f]gk^ejeo_daj Atvaooa `aikjopneanaj Dellah( sea aej lnejveleahh vqopadaj`ao Se`anop]j`ona_dp ej aejaj NÜ_gb]hh ej `aj J]pqnvqop]j` ]qo]npaj g]jj* Oaejaj caoahho_d]bphe_daj =qbpn]c jaqanhe_d Ü^an`ajgaj` ranopadp oe_d Dellah bknp]j ]ho Okve]hnabknian( `an `ea ]^opn]gpaj Haepca`]jgaj `an =qbghÄnqjc qib]ooaj`an nabkniqheanp qj` oea ej ̣ln]gpeo_da Ranjqjbp̡ qioapvp* >ana`pao Vaqcjeo `]bÜn hacp Dellaho =n^aep ]ho GÖjeco^ancan Gneiej]h`enagpkn qj` >Üncaniaeopan ]^* Eiian sea`an haeopap an ieood]j`ahpaj( ran]nipaj k`an opn]{Ähhec caskn`ajaj Bn]qaj fqneopeo_daj >aeop]j` qj` oapvp oe_d bÜn aeja Hk_ganqjc `an kbp `n]gkjeo_daj Opn]bi]¿j]diaj aej $rch* F]_k^e -545%* Atailh]neo_d oae ]qb oaej Ajc]caiajp bÜn Gej`oiÖn`anejjaj dejcaseaoaj* Op]pp oea sea g]hp^hÜpeca Ran^na_dan dejvqne_dpaj $]ho Gneiej]h`enagpkn iqoo an ajpolna_daj`a Qnpaeha qjpanvae_djaj%( lhÄ`eanp Dellah bÜn aeja ̦Lduoekcjkiea `an Qjo_dqh`̤* Edn vqbkhca hae`aj qjrandaen]papa IÜppan ok oadn qjpan ednan Adnhkoecgaep( `]oo oea edna Gej`an ]qo o_deanan Ranvsae}qjc Ü^an aeja pnkophkoa Vqgqjbp pÖpaj* ¼^anvaqcp rkj `eaoaj iajo_dajna_dphe_daj qj` ln]teonahar]jpaj =jpnea^aj( ^nejcp oe_d Dellah ]q_d ]ho Iep]n^aepan ]i =hhcaiaejaj Lnaq¿eo_daj H]j`na_dp aej* @eaoa adnajrkhha Gkiieooekjo]n^aep i]_dp edj ]hhan`ejco je_dp ^hej` bÜn `aj Ü^an saepa Opna_gaj opÄj`eo_d)gkjoanr]peraj @qgpqo `an Caoap) vaoo]iihqjc* QjaniÜ`he_d saeop Dellah `]dan ej lner]paj =qbvae_djqjcaj `]n]qb dej( Qa^an `ea ^Üncanhe_da Ran^aooanqjc `an Sae^an qj` `an J]_dh]¿ Ü^an sae^he_da >eh`qjc oaeaj ]ho fqneopeo_d vqgqjbposaeoaj`a Gkiiajp]na vqi H]j`na_dp vq haoaj* Ei Ieppahlqjgp ^ae`an Qjpanoq_dqjcaj opadp `ea >ao_dÄbpecqjc iep `an Ran^aooanqjc `an Caoahho_d]bpo) qj` Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc ei He_dpa `an ikn]heo_daj Ranjqjbp* =ho Gkilhaiajp vqn ]qbcaghÄnp)iÄjjhe_daj =qbghÄnqjcoldehkokldea ca`]_dp iqoo oea ej `aj ]qo ^Üncanhe_dan Oe_dp annae_dpaj Gqhpqnvqop]j` ejpacneanp san`aj( sea Dellah ]i >aeoleah rkj Nkqooa]qo D]qo)Iap]ldkneg ran`aqphe_dp6 D]p oe_d `]o >Üncanpqi ]ho ran) jqjbpcahaepapa O_de_dp ap]^heanp( `]jj eop j]_d Dellah ]q_d je_dp aejvqoadaj( s]nqi `ea Bn]qaj sea`an ̦vqn J]pqn WvqY ^agadnaj̤ oej` $Dellah 2( 1 q* -.%* Ei Cacajpaeh6 ca) n]`a saeh i]j ^eoh]jc `qn_d]qo anbkhcnae_d `ea Qicaop]hpqjc `ao ]hpaj OpÄj`aouopaio rkn]jcapnea^aj d]p( iÜooaj jqj `ea Chae_dopahhqjc ]hhan Bn]qaj ^abÖn`anp( `ea lkhepeo_d ]gpera Iep]n^aep ca^eh`apan Bn]qaj aejcagh]cp qj` `ea >a`ejcqjcaj( qjpan `ajaj je_dp) ^Üncanhe_da Bn]qaj jk_d eiian ha^aj( ran^aooanp san`aj* =hhaj rkn]j cadÖnp `]vq `ea ̦VanopÖnqjc `an c]h]jpaj >]opehhaj( `an dÄqohe_daj Vsejcan qj` ^Üncanhe_daj Ranhea¿a̤ $a^`*( -.%* Edna =^o_d]{qjc hÄoop oe_d j]_d Dellah annae_daj( ej`ai Bn]qaj qj]^dÄjcec rkj ednan Dangqjbp ^abÄdecp san`aj( `ea edjaj kdjadej vqopadaj`aj >Üncanna_dpa s]dn) vqjadiaj qj` ^ae ajpolna_daj`an Aecjqjc Ö{ajphe_da ¤ipan vq ^aghae`aj* Qi `eaoaj O_dnepp rkj `an D]qobn]q vqn bnaeaj >Üncanej vq anhae_dpanj( opadp `an Op]]p ej `an L}e_dp( `ea ^eoh]jc Ü^and]qlp jk_d je_dp k`an jqn i]jcahd]bp gk`e|veanpa Chae_d^ad]j`hqjc `an Bn]qaj vq casÄdnhaeopaj* Dellah b]oop oaeja =ncqiajp]pekj iep `aj Sknpaj vqo]iiaj6 ̦Eop ao je_dp qjranvaedhe_d( `ea DÄhbpa `an iajo_dhe_daj GnÄbpa qjcag]jjp( qjcao_dÄpvp qj` qjca^n]q_dp o_dhqiianj vq h]ooaj ̞ ; W***Y Ej ]hhaj Caoahho_d]bpaj( skn]j Sae^an Pdaeh jadiaj( ra^naepap oe_d =jop]j`7 qj` okhhpa `eao je_dp ]q_d `an B]hh ^aei Op]]pa oauj( ej `aooaj Cao_dÄbpa aej ]j`nao He_dp qj` Ha^aj gkiiaj sÜn`a( sajj Sae^an Vqpnepp dÄppaj W***Y;̤ $a^`*( -2%

.,4

OҮҟҠқҨ CҬҟңҠ

=qo daqpecan Oe_dp i]c `eaoa O_dhqoobkhcanqjc `aj Aej`nq_g lnkrkveanaj( Dellah lhÄ`eana ajpsa`an bÜn aeja ¤opdapeoeanqjc okve]han RandÄhpjeooa( sea oea `an rkngnepeo_da G]jp rkncao_dh]caj d]ppa( k`an an ]ncqiajpeana ]qo aejai op]]pog]lep]heopeo_daj Ransanpqjcoejpanaooa* Dellaho @]nhacqjcaj ^]oeanaj ej`ao ]qb `an J]pqnna_dpohadna ?e_anko qj` Ikjp]ecjao* BÜn ^ae`a iqoopa ]hha >eh`qjc ^aei Ej`ere`qqi ]jb]jcaj qj` `ea BÖn`anqjc `an fasaehecaj =jh]caj qib]ooaj* @]oo `]iep `ea Cab]dn aejdancadp( ]q_d o_dha_dpa Aecajo_d]bpaj vq bÖn`anj( ^acnÜj`ap Dellah n]`eg]h ik`anj6 Aej reahcaop]hpecao( ]qbcaghÄnpao Iajo_dajcao_dha_dp( sah_dao oe_d rkj ]hhaj iajo_dhe_daj >acnajvqjcaj ai]jveleanaj sehh( g]jj sa`an `ea ikn]heo_daj E`a]ha aejan ^aopeiipaj O_de_dp jk_d aejan lnerehaceanpaj Gqhpqn vqi ]qoo_dhea¿he_daj I]¿op]^ anda^aj* @aicaiÄ¿ iqoo oe_d `ea ik`anja Caoahho_d]bp iep gkjgqnneanaj`aj Rknopahhqjcaj `ao Cqpaj k`an Ransan}e_daj ]qoaej]j`anoapvaj( ]^an ]q_d rkj aejan aejoaepecaj >aopeiiqjc `ao Rkhhgkiiajaj ran]^o_dea`aj* Fqneopeo_d ^apn]_dpap g]jj ]hok Ü^an `ea P]po]_da `an Chae_ddaep ]hhan Iajo_daj qj` `an Cao_dha_dpan dej]qo gaej `eopejgpao >eh`qjcogkjvalp baopcao_dnea^aj san`aj( okj`anj jqn `]o Na_dp ]qb >eh`qjc ej`ere) `qahhan =jh]caj* CaiÄ¿ oaejao saepancab]oopaj Bnaedaepo^acne{o h]qpap `]dan Dellaho fqneopeo_dan Eilan]per6 ̦@an ]hhcaiaejopa Cnqj`o]pv `ao J]pqnna_dpao W***Y eop `]o Caoapv6 ̣randej`ana( `]¿ `ea Rkhhgkiiajdaep ]hhan Iajo_daj je_dp caiej`anp san`a̡̤ $a^`*( .,,%* @an Vqo]pv( `ea ̦=qoÜ^qjc̤ `eaoao Caoapvao gÖjja ̦qjse`anolna_dhe_d̤ iep ̦Vs]jc̤ ran^qj`aj san`aj( eop ]ho Gkjvaooekj ]j `aj Caoahho_d]bporanpn]c vq haoaj( `ajj fa`a Gqhpqn iqoo oe_d j]_d Dellah fqneopeo_da I]¿nacahj ]qbanhacaj( `ea aej bnea`banpecao =qo) gkiiaj oe_danj* BÜn `ea =qo^eh`qjc ikn]heo_dan Ranjqjbp]jh]caj cehp `eao ]hhan`ejco je_dp( sea Dellah qjpan >anqbqjc ]qb `aj O_dÖlbqjco^ane_dp ancÄjvp* Sah_dan J]_d^ao) oanqjco^a`]nb ej `eaoan Dejoe_dp ^aopadp( ran`aqphe_dp oaeja enkjeo_da @aqpqjc rkj Ar]o RanbÜdnqjcogÜjopaj* Ej`ai an `aj OÜj`ajb]hho ]ho bnÜdaopao @kgqiajp gqhpqnopebpaj`an Ranjqjbp ejpanlnapeanp( oeadp Dellah `aj anopaj I]jj ej aejan Klbannkhha6 Rkj `aj ̦Gappaj `ao Ejopejgpo̤ cabaooahp( gkiip ao edi c]n je_dp ej `aj Oejj( Ü^an oaej Na_dp ]qb gqh) pqnopebpaj`aj Se`anop]j` j]_dvq`ajgaj* Iep `eaoai Oaepajdea^ ]qb `ea pnea^caopaqanpaj IÄjjan( `ea oe_d ei olÄpaj -4* F]dndqj`anp qi ednaj >aopeiipdaeporanhqop okncaj( bÜdnp Dellah `aj ^e^heo_daj =`]i ]ho sehhajhkoao qj` cadkno]iao Saoaj rkn( `]o rkj oaejan >achaepanej vqn Ranjqjbp ca^eh`ap san`aj iqoo ̞ qj` `eao( sea Dellah ]qcajvsejganj` ancÄjvp( saeh Ar] `qn_do_d]qp( `]oo Ckpp `ea Iajo_daj vq aejai ]hhiÄ_dpecaj( ei =j) o]pv ^anaepo rkhhgkiiajaj A^aj^eh` oaejan oah^op ^aopeiip d]p6 ̦Ar] s]n `]o Lqlehhaj) =ip( sah_dao `ea I]fknajjepÄpoanghÄnqjc Ü^an `aj qjiÜj`ecaj =`]i ]qooln]_d W***Y* Ar] okhhpa `ea Ranjqjbp( edn vqi =j`ajgaj( dae¿aj*̤ $a^`*( -5% Jk_d aeji]h j]pqnna_dphe_d casaj`ap se`anhacp Dellah `]iep `ea =jj]dia Dk^^ao̢( fa`an Iajo_d san`a oe_d ei J]pqnop]j` vqi ]hhaejecaj I]¿op]^* Qjpan >anÜ_goe_dpe) cqjc `ao nare`eanpaj OÜj`ajb]hho cadÖnp ao reahiadn vqi Iajo_doaej `]vq( Ranjqjbp( E_d qj` Bnaedaep aejvqbkn`anj* @eao cehp ]q_d qjpan `ai raniaejphe_d o_dÄ`he_daj Aej) }qoo `an Vereheo]pekj* Sajj `ea =^gadn rkj aejan Ü^aniÄ_dpecaj K^an]qboe_dp vqi >a) `ejcqjcocnqj` fa`an Gqhpqn cadÖnp( `]jj vaecp Ar]o Ajpo_dhkooajdaep j]_d Dellah ]qb( s]nqi oe_d `an Iajo_d ^eosaehaj ]qb oaej J]pqnna_dp ^aoejjaj iqoo* Sehh an aejai b]h) o_daj L]n]`eao ajpgkiiaj( ok iqoo an oe_d `an edi vqopadaj`aj Na_dpa ^a`eajaj* @]oo Dellah iep `eaoan Danhaepqjc jk_d aeji]h `ea Bn]jvÖoeo_da Narkhqpekj ]ho Se`anop]j`

PҢҟҩҞҩҬ CҩҮҮҦңҟҜ ҰҩҨ DңҪҪҟҦ үҨҞ =ҧқҦңқ DҩҦҭҮ

.,5

cacaj danno_d]bphe_dao Qjna_dp hacepeieanp( heacp ]qb `an D]j`* Iep >he_g ]qb `]o Ca) o_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo sen` ]^an chae_dvaepec cahpaj` cai]_dp( aeja jqn iÄjjhe_d `a|jeanpa =q}adjqjc ejopnqiajp]heoeana `ea Bnaedaep qj` b]hha ejokbanj fqneopeo_d qj` ejpahhagpqahh dejpan `ea ^e^heo_d ^avaqcpa Jkpsaj`ecgaep aejao =qoc]jco ]qo `ai J]pqnvqop]j` vq) nÜ_g* Aeja okh_dani]¿aj l]n]`eaoeo_d ca`]_dpa Bnaedaep i]_dp `aj Iajo_daj ]ho^]h` ]ni*

_*

Sae^he_da Chae_dopahhqjc qj` ^Üncanhe_da Ada

=qo `aj ]jca`aqpapaj O_dseanecgaepaj( ej `ea oe_d IÄjjan iep ednan Hao]np `an O_dÖl) bqjcocao_de_dpa ranse_gahj( anghÄnp oe_d bÜn Dellah ]q_d( s]nqi `an Ü^an Cajan]pekjaj cahaqcjapa Ranjqjbp]gp Ar]o vq ]hh `aj SejgahvÜcaj bÜdnp( `ea `aj I]jj n]pekj]heopeo_d qj` oepphe_d ran`an^aj* Fa ajanceo_dan an ]hok Ar]o gqhpqnopebpaj`ao =qb^acadnaj ran) gajjp( `aopk ajpo_dea`ajan i]jÖrneanp oe_d `an I]jj ej aeja apdeo_da O_dea}]ca* S]nqi `ea `]n]qo ]^cahaepapaj Qjpan`nÜ_gqjcoia_d]jeoiaj gaejaj Aej}qoo ]qb `ea sae^he_da Qj]^dÄjcecgaep d]^aj( ran]jo_d]qhe_dp Dellah iep aejan ]jpdnklkhkceo_daj Rkhpa6 Saeh oe_d Bn]qaj edna ̣ar]aoga̡ Se`anopÄj`ecgaep je_dp ]^anveadaj h]ooaj( oaeaj oea ]q_d ̦sa) jecan ]ho sen iep fajaj O_dh]jcajsej`qjcaj `an Vsae`aqpecgaep( iep fajan lkhepeo_daj B]ho_ddaep ]qocanÜopap( `ea j]_d `aj Nacahj `an fapvecaj Gqjop ei Bejopanj o_dhae_dp7 qj` ao eop rkj ednai Ranop]j`a qj` rkj ednai Danvaj vq ans]npaj( `]¿ oea `ea Lkhe) peg oÄq^anj( qj` edn vqi >aopaj `an Iajo_ddaep iadn J]pqn qj` S]dndaep ^aekn`jaj san`aj*̤ $Dellah 2( -45% K^ `ea }]jgeanaj` bkniqheanpa =jj]dia( ]qb oaaheo_da qj` caeopeca Kggql]pekj na]ceana `ea Bn]q iep raniadnpai =qb^acadnaj( rkhhaj`o Ü^anvaqcp( oae `]dejcaopahhp* Ej Dellaho =qcaj anghÄnp oea fa`ajb]hho( saod]h^ oe_d `ea =qbghÄnqjc e`aajcao_de_dphe_d qj` op]]pona_dphe_d Ü^and]qlp d]p `qn_doapvaj gÖjjaj ̞ iep ednai sae^he_daj Aejolnq_d d]^aj `ea Bn]qaj iadn bÜn `ea Jaqkn`jqjc `an Caoahho_d]bp ^ae) capn]caj( ]ho edjaj rkj IÄjjanj vqcapn]qp sen`* Vqchae_d g]jj ]qo `aj cnqj`oÄpvhe_d ̣qjcaoqj`aj̡ I]_dprandÄhpjeooaj vqcqjopaj `an IÄjjan cabkhcanp san`aj( s]nqi `an oe_d ]qbghÄnaj`a Op]]p( caj]qan6 ̦oaej Saoaj qj` oaej Janrajouopai̤ okh]jca ̦ej Qj) kn`jqjc̤ ^hae^aj( sea Bn]qaj `]n]j cadej`anp san`aj( edna ̣^abnaeaj`a̡ Ranjqjbp ]q_d Ö{ajphe_d ej ejpacnao D]j`ahj qivqoapvaj $vepeanp j]_d r* >anc .,,0( 32%* Okhhaj `]) dan RanopahhqjcogÜjopa qj` Oah^oppÄqo_dqjcaj aj`cÜhpec Ü^ansqj`aj san`aj( ok oej` `ea ̦Sae^an vq ?khkjjeopaj ei Op]]p̤ ]qbvqjadiaj $Dellah 2( -,5%* Ej`ai oea iep `an Nk`qjc `ao iÄjjhe_daj Seh`sq_doao ^acejjaj( gjÜlbaj oea `knp ]j( sk Ar] iep ed) nan ̣Bhq_dp ej `ea Ranjqjbpgqhpqn̡ ^ac]jj ̞ ]j `an ̦Raniajo_dhe_dqjc `an cÖpphe_daj O_dÖlbqjc̤ $a^`*( ..%* @eaoan =llahh ]j `ea ikn]heo_da Ranjqjbp `qn_dveadp ]q_d Dellaho ¼^anhacqjcaj vqn ^Üncanhe_daj Ada* Ei -4,- lkopdqi dan]qocaca^ajaj J]_dh]oo Ü^an sae^he_da >eh) `qjc senbp an `aj IÄjjanj chae_d aejhaepaj` rkn( iep ednai qjgqhpereanpaj Ln]ci]peoiqo dÄppaj oea ao oe_d ]jcasÖdjp( ̦@ejca ]qb =qpknepÄp ]jvqjadiaj̤ $Dellah 3( 2/%* Jqn `aod]h^ oae ]q_d `ea Ada vqn daehecaj Ejopepqpekj andk^aj qj` `ea Bn]q `]vq ranl}e_d) pap skn`aj( oe_d edn `arkp qjpanvqkn`jaj* =j `eaoai saepanaj Ranve_dp ]qb sae^he_da Ranjqjbpmq]hepÄpaj heaop Dellah ej sea`anqi n]`eg]h ik`anjan Lanolagpera `ea Bkhcaj ]^( `ea aej randej`anpao Iepoln]_dana_dp bÜn `ea Ajpse_ghqjc `an Caoahho_d]bpokn`jqjc

.-,

OҮҟҠқҨ CҬҟңҠ

j]_d oe_d veadp6 Ej rÖhhecan Oah^opÜ^ano_dÄpvqjc dej`anj iÄjjhe_d naopnejceanpa Bnaedaepo) e`a]ha `ea Bn]qaj `]n]j( qjo aecajphe_d ̦can]`aj Sacao vq sahp^Üncanhe_dan Ranb]ooqjc̤ vq saeoaj* @eaoan Dejsaeo cehp oah^opna`aj` G]jp( `an `ea ̣K^an]qboe_dp̡ Ü^an jk_d ̣QjiÜj`eca̡ `aj IÄjjanj ]jcapn]caj qj` `]iep j]_d Dellah `anaj ̣l]n]`eaoeo_da̡ Qjajpo_dhkooajdaep lnkhkjceanp d]ppa* Qjpan `ai L]pnkj]p `ao C]ppaj iÜooaj Adabn]qaj `]dan saepandej ]qb aeja Bnaedaep qj` Ranjqjbp dk{aj( `ea edna H]ca je_dp ran^aooanj sen`* Ei Cacajvqc ajpsenbp Dellah aej Adagkjvalp( `]o `ea ikn]heo_da Ranjqjbp o_dkj `aod]h^ rkn]qooapvp( saeh kdja oea gaeja sahp^Üncanhe_da Vqgqjbp ]reoeanp san`aj g]jj* Ei Qjpano_dea` jÄihe_d vqn ejopnqiajpahhaj Hkceg aecjap edn `an ̦D]jc vqn LnÜbqjc qj` vqi Se`anolnq_d̤ $a^`* q* -2%* @]n]j ^aopeiip oe_d bknp]j ]q_d `ea HacepeiepÄp `an Ada* Dejoe_dphe_d `an dean ailbkdhajaj LnÜbqjc o_dae`ap bÜn Dellah `ea ^Üncanhe_da Hea) ^aodaen]p a^ajok ]qo sea `ea opÄj`eo_da Ln]teo( Gej`an vqi Vsa_g `ao I]_dpand]hpo k`an Ögkjkieo_dan Rknpaeha vq raniÄdhaj* O_dkj ej Qa^an `ea Ada d]ppa Dellah `aod]h^ rki Caoapvca^an ranh]jcp( ]hha okve]haj Nacqh]pera ]^vqo_d]{aj( `ea aeja bnaea L]npjan) s]dh randej`anj6 ̦Aeja Ie¿daen]p eop bÜn ie_d aej qj]qoopadhe_dan >acne{* RanjÜjbpeca Caoapva okhhpaj `eaoaj Pkndaepaj aej Aj`a i]_daj*̤ $Ada( ..%- Qi oaeja Ranjqjbpada aejhÄoohe_dan vq ^acnÜj`aj( ajpse_gahp Dellah ej Qa^an `ea ^Üncanhe_da Ran^aooanqjc `an Sae^an ]qobÜdnhe_d `aj Vqo]iiajd]jc vseo_daj oaejan E`ajpepÄpohadna qj` `an ej sahp^Üncanhe_dan =^oe_dp ^acne{ajaj Ada* SÄdnaj` `an Caoahho_d]bporanpn]c `ea Ö{ajphe) _da >acnajvqjc `ao aejvahjaj Oq^fagpo anbkn`anhe_d i]_da( ^eapap `ea Ada oaejaj Sknpaj vqbkhca aejaj Bnaen]qi( ej `ai oe_d `ea ]{agperaj qj` caeopecaj ̦Gaeia̤ ^ae`an L]npjan e`a]hepan ajpb]hpaj* Saeh dean gaeja Dean]n_dea k`an fqneopeo_d vsejcaj`a NÜ_goe_dpj]d) ia ]qb `neppa rkndanno_da( oae oea iep aejan =naj] ranchae_d^]n( ej `an oe_d ̦^ae`a Ca) o_dha_dpan̤ iep ̦Sappaeban̤ ]j `ea =qo^eh`qjc ej`ere`qahhan Mq]hepÄpaj vqcqjopaj aejan reahcaop]hpecaj Sahpcaiaejo_d]bp ^aca^aj $rch* Dellah 2( --- q* -03%* @eaoao knc]jkhkceo_da Adaik`ahh anejjanp ]j bnÜde`a]heopeo_da E`ajpepÄpoajpsÜnba( ]j `anaj Lhqn]hepÄp oe_d `an Sahpcaeop oaejan O_d]{ajogn]bp ranoe_danp $rch* Cnaeb .,,1%* Qj` p]poÄ_dhe_d cnaebp Dellah vqn Ran`aqphe_dqjc oaejan Pdaoaj ]qb Bkniqheanqjcaj Ckapdao qj` `ao fqjcaj O_dahhejc vqnÜ_g( ej `ajaj ]i >aeoleah rkj =jveadqjc qj` =^opk¿qjc `]o RandÄhpjeo `an Cao_dha_dpan qj` edna `]n]j cagjÜlbpa =qo^eh`qjc ]ho E_d ^ao_dnea) ^aj sen`* BÜn Dellah qjpanopnae_daj okh_da lduoeg]heo_daj AnghÄnqjcaj vqchae_d ]q_d `ea Jkpsaj`ecgaep aejan sa_doahoaepecaj LnÜbqjc rkn `an Daen]p* L]npjan( `ea oe_d je_dp cacajoaepec ]ho E_d vq ^abnq_dpaj raniÖcaj( okhhpaj `aicaiÄ¿ gaeja Ada aejcadaj* Iep `eaoan Bkn`anqjc `a_gp oe_d Dellaho vsaepa Rkn]qooapvqjc bÜn aeja ranjÜjbpeca Daen]p6 `an Se`anolnq_d* Iep oaejan Dehba san`aj `ea =jolnÜ_da `eogqpeanp( sah_da aej Adal]]n ]j `aj Op]]p vq opahhaj ^ana_dpecp eop* @ansaeh jÄihe_d hea^ao^hej`a L]npjan j]_d Dellah Ü^anoadaj( sah_da VsÄjca `an Op]]p aejan Ada ]qbanhacp( iÜooaj oe_d ik`anj na}agpean) pa Adahaqpa `]nÜ^an ^asqoop san`aj( `]oo `an Op]]p eiian nece`an fa j]_d Ögkjkieo_daj k`an vsa_gn]pekj]haj Ejpanaooaj ej `ea L]npjano_d]bp aejvqcnaebaj ranoq_dp* Iep o]ng]ope) o_dai Qjpanpkj ran]jo_d]qhe_dp Dellah `eaoa Na_dporanhapvqjc ]j `an ̣sahp^Üncanhe_daj̡ Ada ]i >aeoleah `an Gej`ananveadqjc6 ̦Aej Gej`( sajj ao ]qb `ea Sahp gkiip( eop jk_d -

@ea ]jokjopaj vepeanpa Cao]ip]qoc]^a bkhcp `an op]ng Ü^an]n^aepaj bÜjbpaj =q}]ca7 `a >nquj ^eapap( sajj ]q_d hae_dp cagÜnvp( `ea ej ednan lkhaieo_daj O_dÄnba gkjveoana Anop]qoc]^a*

PҢҟҩҞҩҬ CҩҮҮҦңҟҜ ҰҩҨ DңҪҪҟҦ үҨҞ =ҧқҦңқ DҩҦҭҮ

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gaej Iajo_d( ao sen` anop aejan* Qj` `q( daehecan GÖnlan `ao Op]]po( ^n]q_dop `q aejaj Na`jan( aejaj Dah`aj( aejaj O_d]nbne_dpan( aejaj J]_dpsÄ_dpan( aejaj Lkopehhkj6 je_dpo sen` `en ca^knaj( ]hhao anvkcaj* W***Y Haca `ao Gqpo_dano ghaejaj F]gk^ ej `ea dk_d]`heca Seaca qj` jeii Fqjgan =hat]j`an qj` haca edj ej `aj Op]hh* San sen` oea gajjaj;̤ $Ada( /.% Iep `eaoai eilhevepaj =llahh ]j `aj ̦G]ilb `an Bnaedaep iep `an =hhaejcas]hp̤ ^a]jpsknpap Dellah jk_d aeji]h `ea Bn]ca( sknej oe_d `ea >eh`qjc ^Üncanhe_dan Bn]q) aj ej Vaepaj ]hhcaiaejan Ranqjoe_danqjc ran`eajp i]_dp* Ok^]h` oea `]vq ^ana_dpecp san`aj( edna ̦Oejja̤ bÜn `eaoa ̦Adnajo]_da `an Iajo_ddaep̤ vq o_dÄnbaj qj` edna ik) n]heo_da Ranjqjbp ej `ea Caoahho_d]bpokn`jqjc aejvq^nejcaj( oapvaj oea `ea ]^opn]gpaj Veaha ej okve]hao qj` lkhepeo_dao D]j`ahj qi $Dellah 2( -.-%* @an Aejs]j`( Dellah l]nk`eana iep `eaoai =jolnq_d ]j ca^eh`apa Bn]qaj ha`eche_d iÄjjhe_da ¤jcopa rkn Ü^an]gperaj Bn]qaj( ^aopÄpecp oe_d rkn `eaoai sahp^Üncanhe_daj Dknevkjp je_dp* IÄjjan( ok dae¿p ao ei J]_dh]¿ Ü^an sae^he_da >eh`qjc( oaeaj je_dp cnqj`oÄpvhe_d l]ooeran( skdh ]^an ej `an Pn]`epekj aejan ejopnqiajp]heoeanpaj =qbghÄnqjc saep]qo ̦bqn_dpo]ian ]ho `ea Sae^an̤ $Dellah 3( 4,%* @]iep ajph]nrp oe_d `ea Oknca Ü^an `aj C]ppaj( `an ej oaejan IÄjjansahp ]i >aopeiipdaepo`ajgaj enna sen`( ]ho oah^oprano_dqh`apa QjiÜj`ecgaep* @ea Ran]jpsknpqjc bÜn okh_d aejaj Ieooop]j` g]jj bkhcane_dpec je_dp `aj Bn]qaj ]j) capn]caj san`aj* Oea sqn`aj j]_d Dellah ^hk¿ iep Cas]hp vqn ̦seh`aj Ada iep aejan dulanlduoeo_daj Iap]lduoeg̤ cavsqjcaj $a^`*( ./%* =j`ananoaepo ^eapap aeja ^Üncanhe_d ran^aooanpa( ik`anja Ada ^ae`aj L]npjanj `ea Cahacajdaep( edna bnaea E`ajpepÄp ]qovq) ^eh`aj* Ej `an Bkhca anda^p oea oe_d vqi I]¿op]^ aejan Caoahho_d]bp( `ea ^ae opnajcan >apn]_dpqjc je_dp `aj sae^he_daj ̦Caeop ]i CÄjcah^]j`a̤ dÄhp qj` oe_d je_dp ̦caop]p) pap( ]hhaej vq cadaj̤ $rch* a^`*( -./%* Sk `ea adahe_da Nalnk`qgpekj caoahho_d]bphe_dan I]_dpia_d]jeoiaj ans]npap sen`( `knp ^ao_djae`ap reahiadn aeja seh` caskn`aja =q) pknepÄp fa`a ikn]heo_d ranjÜjbpeca E`ajpepÄp* Ej okh_d aejan Qjkn`jqjc cadÖnp ao vqn anopaj >Üncanl}e_dp( sajec `e{anajveanpa Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjcaj vq qjpanh]qbaj qj` `an Ran) o_dea`aj]npecgaep e`ajpepÄnan Oah^opajpsÜnba rknvq]n^aepaj* @ea Ada( `]n]j ^aopadp bÜn Dellah gaej Vsaebah( eop `]^ae jqn aeja rkj ]j`anaj `ajg^]naj Bnaevkjaj ̞ ]^an oea eop ej `an ik`anjaj Caoahho_d]bp `ea ^eo ]qb saepanao fqneopeo_d ^aooan cao_dÜpvpa qj` dej) oe_dphe_d `an Lkpajveanqjc rkj ouopaieo_daj Ejop]^ehepÄpaj `ea chae_do]i lnk`qgperopa*

/*

=i]he] Dkhop6 E_d iÖ_dpa je_dp canj aeja Narkhqpekjolna`ecanej oaej

]*

Ha^aj qj` Sang

=qo `aj sajecaj @]paj( `ea `an Bkno_dqjc vq =i]he] Dkhop rknheacaj( hÄoop oe_d edn Ha) ^aj jqn ogevvajd]bp qinae¿aj* Ca^knaj sen` oea ]i -,* Ba^nq]n -314 ej Ia_ghaj^qnc* Edn R]pan( `an lnaq¿eo_da Op]]po^a]ipa Fkd]jj Daejne_d Ckpphea^ rkj Fqope( hÄoop oe_d gqnv j]_d `an Ca^qnp =i]he]o o_dae`aj( saod]h^ `ea Pk_dpan vqjÄ_dop ^ae edi ]hhaej ]qbsÄ_dop* =ho ̣Mqan`ajgan̡ rano_dneaj ransengp an gqnva Vaep olÄpan oaeja Lnkbaooqn bÜn Op]]poÖgkjkiea ej CÖppejcaj* Ieppa `an -32,an F]dna dÄqbaj oe_d `]jj `ea Dejsaeoa( Fqope d]^a Ö{ajphe_da Cah`an ranqjpnaqp* Iepo]ip oaejan B]iehea sen` an ]ho^]h` qjpan

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OҮҟҠқҨ CҬҟңҠ

=nnaop caopahhp( ok `]oo `ea B]iehea ]qoaej]j`an^ne_dp* Sea ao =i]he] ej `aj jÄ_dopaj F]dnaj ancadp( eop je_dp ^ag]jjp* Anop -35- p]q_dp edn J]ia sea`an ej D]i^qnc ]qb* @knp daen]pap oea `aj Fqneopaj Hq`khb Dkhop qj` anÖ{jap iep edi aej Anveadqjcoejopepqp* Ei chae_daj F]dn ano_daejp edna Opq`ea >aiangqjcaj Ü^an `ea Badhan qjoanan ik`anjaj Anveadqjc rkj aejan ln]gpeo_daj Anveadanej* Ej edn oapvp oe_d Dkhop iep Nkqooa]qo( Fk) d]jj Fk]_dei >]oa`kso qj` Fkd]jj Daejne_d ?]ilao LÄ`]ckceg ]qoaej]j`an( cah]jcp fa`k_d vq `ai Anca^jeo( `]o Anveadqjcosaoaj qj` `]o O_dqhouopai dÄppaj `ea Nabkni) ^aiÜdqjcaj `an caj]jjpaj =qpknaj vq d]h^danvec qicaoapvp qj` deahpaj `ea Gej`an jk_d eiian vq aejai qjoÄche_daj Ca`Ä_dpjeopn]ejejc ]j* =ho Bn]qajna_dphanej pnepp Dkhop `]jj -355+-4,, iep ednaj >neabaj Ü^an Aheo] ej Ano_daejqjc ̞ aejan O]iihqjc rkj Vaep) o_dnebpaj^aepnÄcaj( ej `ajaj oea oe_d iep `ai anbkhcnae_daj Nki]j Aheo] k`an @]o Sae^( sea ao oauj okhhpa $-351% rkj G]nkheja rkj Sk^aoan ]qoaej]j`anoapvp* Ajanceo_d saeop Dkhop `]o hepan]neoeanpa E`a]h vqnÜ_g( `ea Bn]q d]^a oe_d ]qoo_dhea¿he_d ej `aj @eajop `an B]iehea vq opahhaj* Qib]ooaj`an ^acnÜj`ap san`aj `eaoa Rkn^ad]hpa ej ednan =^d]j`hqjc ¼^an `ea >aopeiiqjc `ao Sae^ao vqn dÖdanj Caeopao^eh`qjc* >eo vq `anaj Ano_daejqjcopaniej ei F]dna -4,. ranheanaj oe_d sea`an ]hha Olqnaj( `ea =qbo_dhÜooa Ü^an Dkhopo San`ac]jc ca^aj gÖjjpaj* K{ajoe_dphe_d pnajjp oea oe_d ej `an Vseo_dajvaep rkj ednai I]jj( `ajj sÄdnaj` Dkhop saepandej ej D]i^qnc ha^p( eop =i]he] -4,3 ej Seppaj^anc caiah`ap* K^ oea j]_d `an Lq^heg]pekj `an `nae ^ag]jjpaj O_dnebpaj saepana ranÖ{ajphe_dp d]p( hÄoop oe_d je_dp j]_dsaeoaj* =q_d bÜn `aj Dejsaeo ei @]iaj)?kjrano]pekjo)Hategkj `ao F]dnao -402( Dkhop oae ej Geah lnkikreanp skn`aj( badhaj >ahaca* -4./ Ü^anoea`ahp Dkhop vq ednai Okdj ej `ea JÄda rkj >kevaj^qnc( sk oea oa_do F]dna olÄpan ranopen^p*

^*

Oah^opcabÜdh ]ho Rkhhgkiiajdaep

Vq `aj Gneoajanb]dnqjcaj `an Ik`anja caoahhp oe_d qi -4,, `ea Anb]dnqjc( `]oo `ea ]n^aepopaeheca Caoahho_d]bp eiian nece`an `ea IÖche_dgaepaj ^ao_djae`ap( oe_d ei >a) nqboha^aj oah^op vq ransenghe_daj* =qbcnqj` bqjgpekj]heoeanpan =n^aepo^a`ejcqjcaj sen` `ea ]qocaÜ^pa PÄpecgaep ]ho ejpahhagpqahha >acnajvqjc qj` Eokh]pekj anb]dnaj( f] okc]n ]ho CabÄdn`qjc okve]han Gkilapajvaj* Ajpolna_daj` jkpeanp `an lnkpaop]jpeo_da Pdak) hkca Bnea`ne_d O_dhaeani]_dan6 ̦@an >anqb ^]jjp `ea PdÄpecgaep `ao Caeopao ej aejaj ajcaj Gnaeo6 sea a`ah qj` ]_dpqjcosanpd an ]q_d oau( eiian dÄhp an Sengqjc ]qb `ea Sahp qj` >ao_d]qqjc `an Sahp ]qb aejai Op]j`lqjgp baop( qj` ok ^nejcp `an dÖ_do) pa qj` ranse_gahopa sea `an aejb]_dopa qj` jea`necopa( Aejoaepecgaep qj` >ao_dnÄjgqjc danrkn*̤ $vepeanp j]_d Gq_ghe_g .,,4( -3-% =jcaoe_dpo `eaoan Gknnqileanqjc `ao ^Ün) canhe_daj Iajo_daj^eh`ao qj` `an ]qbcaghÄnpaj Caoahho_d]bpopdaknea sen` `ea Nkhha `an D]qobn]q ]ho Gkilajo]pekjomqahha ]q_d ]qboaepaj n]`eg]h ik`anjan =qbghÄnqjcognepegan Ü^an`]_dp* Ejseasaep `an Bn]ciajp]neoeanqjc `ao I]jjao vqiej`aop ei Lner]pha^aj rkn) vq^aqcaj oae $rch* a^`* q* Pnall -552%( `eaoa Bn]ca saeop Dkhop ej`ao vqnÜ_g* =hpanj]per ^ao_dÄbpecp oea oe_d iep `an ran^aooanpaj >eh`qjc sae^he_dan Ail]pdea( banjan oapvp oe_d Dkhop iep `an rkj Dellah ]qbcaopahhpaj Pdaoa ]qoaej]j`an( sae^he_da Ranjqjbp ansaeoa oe_d ]ho se`anop]j`obÄdecan* Caj]q `eaoao =ncqiajp sen` ei Saepanaj cahpaj` cai]_dp( qi `ea >a`nkdqjc `an ^Üncanhe_daj Okve]hkn`jqjc ]qbvq]n^aepaj* =ho ^aokj`ano cabÄdn)

PҢҟҩҞҩҬ CҩҮҮҦңҟҜ ҰҩҨ DңҪҪҟҦ үҨҞ =ҧқҦңқ DҩҦҭҮ

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`ap oeadp Dkhop ]hhan`ejco jqn `aj I]jj* @]oo an oka^aj ̦vq aejan jea`necaj opqba `an gqhpqn̤ dan]^oejgp( `]bÜn vae_djap ]q_d bÜn Dkhop je_dp `ea I]ngpsenpo_d]bp( okj`anj aeja badhcahaepapa =qbghÄnqjc ran]jpsknphe_d* ¤djhe_d sea vqrkn Dellah bkn`anp Dkhop `]dan edna Cao_dha_dpocajkooejjaj ]qb( `]o raniaejphe_d op]nga Cao_dha_dp sea`an ̦vq o_dÖjan a`han oepphe_dgaep̤ qj` aejan ̦bnaeaj a`haj ^eh`qjc̤ vq anveadaj* O_dhea¿he_d sengpaj `ea Cao_dha_dpan ̦vq iÄ_dpec ]qb aej]j`an̤( ]ho `]oo ao oe_d `ea ^Üncanhe_da Gqhpqn haeopaj gÖjjpa( ]qb `ea vqgÜjbpeca >eh`qjc `ao I]jjao ̦vqi dqi]jaj iajo_daj̤ vq ranve_dpaj $Dkhop( // q* 0-%* @]oo Dkhop ]qo `eaoan Pdaoa bkhcanp( `an Aej}qoo^anae_d `an Bn]q ]ho Iqppan( D]qobn]q qj` Anveadanej iÜooa ansaepanp san`aj( eop ej `an baiejeopeo_daj Hepan]pqn `ao .,* F]dndqj`anpo iep QjranopÄj`jeo ]qbcajkiiaj skn`aj* Ejo^aokj`ana cehp `eao bÜn edna >ad]qlpqjc( Bn]qaj iep dkdaj Op]]poÄipanj vq ^apn]qaj( sÜn`a ̦ej `aj ^Üncanhe_daj randÄhpjeooaj reah ransennqjc danrkn^nejcaj W***Y* Ü^an`ai iÖ_dpa e_d je_dp canj aeja narkhqpekjolna`ecanej oaej*̤ $a^`*( -5% Sen` Dkhop fa`k_d vqcaop]j`aj( oea ]ncqiajpeana ]qo aejan ]qbghÄnqjcognepeo_daj Lanolagpera( `an vqbkhca oe_d vq >acejj `ao -5* F]dndqj`anpo `ea Sahpbanja ]^opn]gpan Eilan]pera qj` g]packneo_dan Ikn]hrkno_dnebpaj eiian `n]i]peo_dan k{aj^]np( ok i]c ]q_d j]_drkhhvead^]n san`aj( s]nqi oea `ea ^Üncanhe_da Bn]q ok oah^opranopÄj`he_d ej edna Na_dpa aejoapvp qj` `aj Lh]j bÜn `ea Nappqjc aejan Caoahho_d]bpokn`jqjc ajpsenbp( `an ao vqjadiaj` ]j iajo_ddaephe_dan Saepoe_dp i]jcahp* Op]pp oe_d ]hok iep H]iajpko Ü^an i]jcahj`a >eh`qjco) qj` =qbopeaco_d]j_aj bÜn Bn]qaj ]qbvqd]hpaj( ^apn]_dpap Dkhop `ea ^Üncanhe_da O_de_dp ]ho ]qbcaghÄnpao ̦i]o_dejajsang̤ $a^`*( 0-%* Ej edi ai]jveleanpaj oe_d `ea IÄjjan ei Ranh]qb `an hapvpaj aejdqj`anp F]dna je_dp rkj ]hpaj VÖlbaj( kdja `]oo edna Bn]qaj je_dp `]n]j l]npeveleanp dÄppaj* Bkhche_d iÜooaj jqj( `] oe_d ]qbcaghÄnpa >Üncan `qn_d `aj >anqbo]hhp]c ej Bn]ca caopahhp oadaj( edna ca^eh`apaj C]ppejjaj bÜn `ea Sea`andanopahhqjc `ao lnejveleahh annae_dpaj Cao_dha_dpanchae_dcase_dpo okncaj* =hhan`ejco cehp `eaoan >abqj` jqn bÜn `]o >eh`qjco^Üncanpqi( `ai Dkhop iep >he_g ]qb ]hha ]j`anaj OpÄj`a aeja Rkn^eh`bqjgpekj aejnÄqip* Sea o_dkj `ea Aejhaepqjc vq ednan Opnaepo_dnebp baopdÄhp( cadÖnp `]vq ejo^aokj`ana `]o Oah^opranopÄj`jeo( aejan caaejpaj Iajo_ddaep rknvq]n^aepaj* D]ppa oe_d Dkhop ej ednaj bn]qajna_dphe_daj =^d]j`hqjcaj ^eoh]jc iep Nkqooa]qo Fqhea ]qo `an Jaqaj Dahkeoa e`ajpe|veanp( ok hadjp oea `eaoa ̣and]^aja Oaaha̡ fapvp ]ho ̣gej`eo_dao̡ Sae^he_dgaepoe`a]h ]^ qj` cnaebp `aj bn]jvÖoeo_daj Oajoq]heopaj ]ho ̦o_dsÄnian̤ ]j( `an `ea ̦sahpqib]ooaj`aj l}e_dpaj `ao sae^ao̤ Ü^anoadaj d]^a $rch* ]q_d r* Bah`aj -551( 00%* =jcaoe_dpo `an Lklqh]nepÄp( `ea Nkqooa]qo Cao_dha_dpanik`ahh jk_d eiian cajea¿a( oae ao `]dan jkpsaj`ec( `ea jÄ_dopaj Cajan]pekjaj rkj okh_daj ̦rknqnpaehaj( rkj ]^anch]q^aj qj` bqn_dp̤ banjvqd]hpaj* Ei =jo_dhqoo ]j `eaoa gj]ll bkniqheanpaj LnÄheiej]neaj ail|adhp Dkhop ednaj Haoanj j]_d`nÜ_ghe_d `ea O_dnebpaj Dellaho qj` saj`ap oe_d `]jj `an Bn]ca vq( s]nqi ao `an ^eoh]jc rkj IÄjjanj ajpse_gahpaj Ranjqjbphadna ]j Gajjpjeooaj `ao aileneo_daj =hhp]co i]jcahp* Vqcaolepvp bkniqheanp( oej` ao lkhepeo_da Rknoe_dp qj` `ea `]n]qo naoqhpeanaj`a Bhq_dp ej ]^opn]gpa Pdakneaj( `ea j]_d Dkhop `ea Ejln]gpeg]^ehepÄp `an =qbghÄnqjcoldehkokldea rano_dqh`aj* =qbcnqj` ednao Seooajo qi `ea JÖpa `ao D]qolanokj]ho k`an o_dha_dp caopahhpan D]j`sangan( sah_dao oea ei pÄche_daj Qic]jc iep jea`anaj OpÄj`aj ansan^aj( gÖjjpaj `ea Bn]qaj ]q_d dean =^dehba o_d]{aj* Gkjoamqajp qi `ea gnepeo_da Saepanajpse_ghqjc ]qbghÄnaneo_daj Ca`]jgajcqpo ^aiÜdp(

.-0

OҮҟҠқҨ CҬҟңҠ

b]oop Dkhop edna =qobÜdnqjcaj ej `an Haeppdaoa vqo]iiaj6 ̦rkj `aj sae^anj ]hhaej g]jj s]dna( a_dpa ]qbghÄnqjc W***Y ei ln]gpeo_daj ha^aj ran^naepap qj` caiaejjÜpvec cai]_dp san`aj* `ea o_dnebpaj `an ]qbcaghÄnpaj iÄjjan( `qn_d sah_da oea ]^anch]q^aj qj` s]dj vq ^agÄilbaj opna^aj( gÖjjaj `eaoaj ]qoca^naepapaj jqpvaj je_dp d]^aj W***Y( qj` ]qb `ea jea`ana rkhgogh]ooa gÖjjaj `eaoa o_dnebpaj c]n je_dp iepsengaj̤ $a^`*( -,.%*

_*

L}e_dp^asqoopa Se`anopÄj`ecgaep

Qi `eaoa Bkn`anqjc ]jsaj`qjcoln]gpeo_d vq qjpani]qanj( sÄdhp Dkhop je_dp qj^a`]_dp `ea Lanolagpera aejan Anveadanej* =j gkjgnapaj BÄhhaj ]qo `an pÄche_daj lÄ`]ckceo_daj =n^aep `eogqpeanp oea `ea Bkhcaj( `ea `]o ]gpqahha Qjchae_dcase_dp `an Cao_dha_dpan bÜn `ea vq ran^naepaj`a ^Üncanhe_da Gqhpqn vaepecp* Vq `aj ^aokj`ano `n]opeo_daj >aeoleahaj cadÖnp `ea pdakhkceo_da Qjpansaeoqjc iÄjjhe_dan VÖchejca* Saeh oe_d Op]]p qj` B]iehea chae_dani]¿aj ej `eaoa =qbc]^a paehaj qj` Dkhop vqchae_d `ai I]_dpaej}qoo `an Gen) _daj ieoopn]qp( ajpse_gahp oea ej `aj G]lepahj @]o ca^eh`apa Sae^ ]ho Iqppan qj` @]o ca^eh`apa Sae^ ]ho D]qobn]q aeja nahecekjognepeo_da Vereheo]pekjopdaknea( iep `an oea ^a) cnÜj`ap( s]nqi Bn]qaj oe_d qi `aj O_dqpv ednan Gej`an rkn Ch]q^ajoopnajca ran`eajp i]_daj okhhpaj* Sah_da pdakhkceo_daj Lkoepekjaj dean c]jv gkjgnap ]pp]_geanp san`aj( hÄoop oe_d je_dp iep Oe_dandaep o]caj* =hhaej edna =^jaecqjc cacaj `ea Nki]jpeg an) h]q^p `aj O_dhqoo( Dkhop cnajva oe_d Ü^an g]pdkheo_daj Iuopeveoiqo qj` lnkpaop]jpeo_da BnÖiiecgaep dejsac rkj aejan ̣lkoeperaj NahecekoepÄp̡ ]^( sea oea ^aeoleahosaeoa O_dhae) ani]_dan ej oaejaj Na`aj ¼^an `ea Nahecekj iep `aj Sknpaj _d]n]gpaneoeanp6 ̦Opna^p `]nj]_d o_dkj dean( Aqna Ej`ere`q]hepÄp vq ranje_dpaj qj` ei Aejaj qj` =hhaj vq ha^aj( opna^p `]nj]_d( iadn vq oaej ]ho Edn oah^op̤ $Aj`a .pa Na`a%* Ei NÜ_gcne{ ]qb Dellaho Qi`aqpqjc `an L]n]`eaoaocao_de_dpa bÜdnp Dkhop ej `aj ^ae) `aj caj]jjpaj G]lepahj ]qo( ]qbcnqj` ednan i]jcahd]bpaj Oah^opgnepeg oaeaj IÄjjan rkj Fqcaj` ]qb ^aokj`ano ailbÄjche_d bÜn pdakhkceo_da SahpanghÄnqjcaj* @]vq cadÖna ]q_d faja ̦gej`eo_da ikncajhÄj`eo_da b]^ah̤( `ea rkj `an Ajpopadqjc Ar]o ^ane_dpap* Rkj Caeophe_daj `]vq ]jcad]hpaj paehpaj IÄjjan qjdejpanbn]cp `ea >ad]qlpqjc( Ckpp d]^a `ea Sahp ̦]qo je_dpo̤ ano_d]{aj qj` =`]i aeja Bn]q ]j `ea Oaepa caopahhp( `ea an oe_d a^aj) ok qjpanp]j vq i]_daj d]^a sea `ea J]pqn* J]_d`ai oea `eaoa ̦ghaejhe_daj e`aaj̤ gqnv qineooaj d]p( haepap Dkhop vq `aj oaejanvaep bkhcajo_dsanaj =qosÜ_doaj `eaoao Ch]q) ^ajo Ü^an6 `aj iÄjjhe_daj Naolagp rkn K^necgaepaj( aeja raniaejphe_d ckppskdhcabÄhheca Sahpran]_dpqjc oksea `aj oe_d eiian h]qpan ]jgÜj`ecaj`aj J]pekj]heoiqo* S]nqi oe_d IÄjjan ej okh_daj Ähpanaj qj` jaqaopaj Iupdaj cab]hhaj( anghÄnp oe_d bÜn Dkhop ]qo fa) jan qjcaoqj`aj He]eokj( `ea ^anaepo ei ^e^heo_daj @qgpqo bÜn `ea Ran^ej`qjc vseo_daj aejai jk_d nkdaj Ranop]j` qj` `an gnq`aj Bknpo_dneppolnkldapea rkncao_dh]caj sen`* Iep `eaoan Hao]np( ok `aqpap Dkhop ]j( hea¿ oe_d je_dp jqn Ar]o Ai]jvel]pekj rkj ]hhaj =hhiÄ_dpecaj haqcjaj* Sk ao `ai Ranop]j` ]j Bnaedaep badhpa( sqn`a `ea Qjpansanbqjc `an $sae^he_daj% J]pqn vqn Ch]q^ajoo]_da* Vq aejan okh_d n]`eg]haj Gnepeg ]i Ch]q^aj dÄppa oe_d Dellah skdh g]qi ajpo_dhea¿aj gÖjjaj* @ea jk_d aejdqj`anp F]dna j]_d `ai Ano_daejaj `an Opnaepo_dnebp caÄq¿anpaj >a) `ajgaj Ü^an Dkhopo Nahecekjognepeg h]ooaj ej`ao an]djaj( sea pna{oe_dan dean aejao `an vajpn]haj Lnk^haia `an =qbghÄnqjc qj` `ao ^Üncanhe_daj Cao_dha_dpanik`ahho qineooaj

PҢҟҩҞҩҬ CҩҮҮҦңҟҜ ҰҩҨ DңҪҪҟҦ үҨҞ =ҧқҦңқ DҩҦҭҮ

.-1

sen`*. @]n]j Äj`anp ]q_d Dkhop qi =qochae_d ^aiÜdpan Rkno_dh]c sajec( `ea naheceÖ) oa =qbghÄnqjc sea`an ]hhaej `aj IÜppanj ]jvqranpn]qaj* Vs]n nqbp Dkhop ha`eche_d `]vq ]qb( Gej`anj `ea CnÜj`a `]nvqhacaj( s]nqi oe_d ̦cao]iiahpa ^nq_dopÜ_ga `an `qjghaj o]caj `ao gej`eo_daj iajo_dajranop]j`ao̤ bÜn aeja bknpcao_dneppaja Gqhpqn je_dp iadn veaiaj $a^`*( 15{*%* @k_d `ea P]po]_da( `]oo oea `ea dÄqohe_da Ch]q^ajoqjpansaeoqjc at) lhevep ]j sae^he_da =qpknepÄpoogaloeo ^ej`ap( ranhaedp Dkhopo =qobÜdnqjcaj aeja ]naheceÖoa Jkpa* @]bÜn olne_dp ]q_d edn Ieoopn]qaj ej `aj lnaq¿eo_daj Nabknicaeop* AilÖnp Ü^an pdakhkceo_da >aiÜdqjcaj( ej`ere`qahha BnÖiiecgaep bÜn Cadkno]i qj` r]panhÄj`eo_da L}e_dpaj `eajop^]n vq i]_daj( bÜdnp Dkhop Ü^an `aj ]qo ednan Oe_dp e`a]haj Qjpanne_dp bÜn dan]js]_doaj`a Fqjcaj ]qo( ei @eajopa `an iajo_ddaephe_daj Bnaedaep okhhpaj `ea IÜp) pan ]ho Hadnanejjaj ]qoca^eh`ap qj` iep `an >eh`qjc ̦`ao fqjcaj sahp^Üncano̤ ^a]qbpn]cp san`aj( vqiej`aop ̦^eo vq `ai lqjgp( sk an ]ho iepsengaj`ao iepchea` `an iajo_ddaep qj` `an ^Üncanhe_daj caoahho_d]bp ]qbpnepp*̤ $rch* a^`*( 44% Sen` >eh`qjc ]ho se`anop]j`opebpaj`ao qj` n]`eg]h ]qbghÄnaneo_dao Gknnagper ca`]_dp( iep `ai oe_d op]]phe_da qj` naheceÖoa Ejpanaooaj ej chae_dai I]¿a qjpanh]qbaj h]ooaj sea `ea ]^opn]gpaj Pdaknaia `an Ranjqjbpldehkokldea( ok ghÄnp oe_d ]q_d `an Se`anolnq_d( Dkhop d]^a aejanoaepo `ea qib]ooaj`a >eh`qjc `an Bn]qaj ej ]hhaj o_dqheo_d nahar]jpaj @eovelhejaj aejcabkn`anp( pn]ca `ea Nacqheanqjc `ao ej Qjkn`jqjc can]pajaj >Üncanpqio ]^an ]j`ananoaepo sea`an `ai pn]`epekjahhaj D]qosaoaj ]j* Sk ]j`ano ]^an ]ho dean( ok bn]cp Dkhop ei Cacajvqc( d]p `ea ik`anja =qbghÄnqjc aeja ?d]j_a( ]q_d CadÖn vq |j) `aj; Okhhaj oe_d Iajo_dhe_dgaep qj` Iajo_ddaep cacajÜ^an aejan rkj g]lep]heopeo_daj VsÄjcaj naceanpaj Caoahho_d]bp ^ad]qlpaj( ok iqoo `ea ^Üncanhe_da Adacaiaejo_d]bp ]ho Gaeivahha ^acne{aj san`aj( ej `an vqjÄ_dop ̦`an aejveca naolagp̤ anlnk^p san`aj g]jj( ̦`aj ^ae`a cao_dha_dpan cacajoaepec W***Y dacaj iÜooaj̤* Ej `an Bkhca ans]_d) oaj ]qo `eaoai >qj` ̦and]^aja qj` ]qbcaghÄnpa caoejjqjcaj̤ oksea ̦a`ha qj` dqi]ja d]j`hqjcaj̤* Ej`ai ]hok `ea Ada ]qb aejai n]`eg]heoeanpaj RanopÄj`jeo rkj =qbghÄnqjc qj` Bnaedaep cnÜj`ap( o_d]{p oea bÜn I]jj qj` Bn]q `ea Rkn]qooapvqjcaj( ]j ednai sahp) ^Üncanhe_daj =qbpn]c baopvqd]hpaj* Chae_dvaepec |j`aj oea `aj Iqp( ]q_d ]q¿and]h^ `ao D]qoao Vae_daj bÜn aeja vqgqjbposaeoaj`a Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc vq oapvaj $rch* a^`*( 15{*%* =j `eaoan >anaepo_d]bp ^aieoop oe_d bÜn Dkhop `ea Se`anopÄj`ecgaep `an Ada ej) ieppaj `ao gkjoqieopeo_daj Ouopaivs]jco* Iep edn ranche_daj jeiip oe_d `ea Oknca rkn `ai ̣seh`aj I]jj̡ a^ajok hÄ_danhe_d ]qo sea Ähpana bn]qajbaej`he_da Ranjqjbphadnaj* >ae`a ranheanaj oe_d ej Naiejeovajvaj qj` san`aj ]ho^]h` vqi Iupdko* ¼^an saepa Opna_gaj o_daejp Dkhopo Opnaepo_dnebp j]_d daqpecai Cao_di]_g vq oadn `aj Caeop lnaq¿eo_dan V]_gecgaep vq ]piaj* Qj` je_dp eiian i]c i]j edn ch]q^aj( ca^eh`apa >Üncanejjaj dÄppaj ednaj IÄjjanj jqn jk_d Oejj qj` Vsa_g `an sahp^Ün) canhe_daj AdabÜdnqjc vq `kveanaj* =i O_dhqoo ednan Qjpanoq_dqjc gkiip Dkhop `]jj ]hhan`ejco `k_d jk_d ]qb Nalnaoo]heaj vq olna_daj( ]j `ajaj edn bÜn `ea Ik`anja bnq_dp) ^]n cai]_dpao =qbghÄnqjcolnkfagp vq o_daepanj `nkdp* Caiaejp eop fajao ̦ca^eh`apa ca) bÜdh̤( `]o Bn]qaj caj]qan dejo_d]qaj hÄoop ]qb okve]hao Qjna_dp( Qjpan`nÜ_gqjc k`an ca`]jghe_da Se`anolnÜ_da ei Ö{ajphe_daj @eogqno* @]oo Bn]qaj `eaoa Ail]pdea oadn skdh ]^anvkcaj( `]oo oea n]pekj]h k`an j]pekj]h rannkdaj gÖjjaj( opadp bÜn Dkhop ]q¿an Bn]ca* Banjan ^hae^p aeja chae_do]i j]pÜnhe_da =qpknepÄpoogaloeo ei ik`anjaj =hhp]c qj) .

Rch* `ea Navajoekjaj( `ea N]di ej Dkhop -540 vqo]iiajcapn]caj d]p*

.-2

OҮҟҠқҨ CҬҟңҠ

cadÖnp( okh]jca Bn]qaj je_dp `]vq ^abÄdecp san`aj( IeooopÄj`a iepvqpaehaj $rch* a^`*( -,4%* Okh_da Qjpan`nÜ_gqjcoia_d]jeoiaj gÖjjpaj rkj Bn]qaj ^aoaepecp san`aj( `ea oe_d ej ]g]`aieo_daj >anqbaj k`an Ö{ajphe_daj ¤ipanj ajc]ceanaj* Dkhop fa`k_d lkpaj) veanp `ea Qjkn`jqjc `an Caoahho_d]bp ]qo `an Oe_dp ]hh fajan( `ea ^eo ]qb saepanao daen]paj qj` oe_d `]dan `an Anveadqjc ednan IÄjjan qj` Gej`an vq ]qbiango]iaj( naolagpera qj) cadkno]iaj >Üncanj se`iaj* =hhan`ejco iÜooaj oea oe_d ej `an oea qica^aj`aj Na]hepÄp ^asÄdnaj* Kdja `anaj reahbÄhpecao =jo_d]qqjcoi]pane]h o_dÄnbaj oe_d sa`an Oejja jk_d Ranop]j`* ¼^an`eao opahhp oe_d j]_d Dkhop jqn ei ik`anjaj Ha^aj `ea Caseoodaep aej( `ea aecaja J]pekj qj` `an Op]]p oaeaj jqn aeja @qn_dc]jcoop]pekj vq aejan oe_d ej `an Reah) b]hp rkhhaj`aj`aj Iajo_ddaep* BÜn `eaoa okqranÄja >apn]_dpqjcosaeoa ^a`]nb ao bnaehe_d ajc]ceanpan Anveadanejjaj( `ea oe_d `aj Gkjpejcajvanb]dnqjcaj `an Cacajs]np opahhaj qj` edna VÖchejca iep fajan baejoejjecaj Angajjpjeo ^ac]^aj( `]oo fai]j`( `an ̦iaj) o_daj ^eh`aj sehh̤( vqrkn `eaoa ̦sÜn`a bÜdhaj qj` ^aoepvaj̤ iÜooaj6 ̦s]o i]j je_dp d]p( g]jj i]j je_dp ieppaehaj̤ $a^`*( 43%*

0*

Hepan]pqn

]*

Mqahhaj

Dellah Ada Dkhop Nkqooa]q

^*

Pdak`kn Ckpphea^ rkj Dellah̢o oÄiiphe_da Sanga( -0 >`a*( >anhej -4.4̞/5 Pdak`kn Ckpphea^ rkj Dellah6 ¼^an `ea Ada( dc* qj` iep aejan Ü^haj J]_dna`a ej Gki) iajp]naj ranoadaj rkj CÜjpan `a >nquj( >anhej -535 Dkhop( =i]he]6 ¼^an `ea >aopeiiqjc `ao Sae^ao vqn dÖdanj Caeopao^eh`qjc( dc* r* >anp] N]di* .* ans* =q}]ca( VÜne_d -540 Nkqooa]q( Fa]j)F]_mqao6 Aieh k`an ¼^an `ea Anveadqjc( L]`an^knj q* ]* -54-

Bkno_dqjcohepan]pqn

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PҢҟҩҞҩҬ CҩҮҮҦңҟҜ ҰҩҨ DңҪҪҟҦ үҨҞ =ҧқҦңқ DҩҦҭҮ

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CҿҬқҬҞ CҟҨҡҟҧҜҬҟ

Hkqeo `a >kj]h` qj` Fkoald `a I]eopna6 Pdaknapegan `an Naop]qn]pekj-

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-*

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CҿҬқҬҞ CҟҨҡҟҧҜҬҟ

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Hҩүңҭ Ҟҟ >ҩҨқҦҞ үҨҞ FҩҭҟҪҢ Ҟҟ IқңҭҮҬҟ

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CҿҬқҬҞ CҟҨҡҟҧҜҬҟ

aeja ]jpedeopkneo_da Ne_dpqjc aejo_dhÄcp qj` ok ̞ ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca aejan b]ho_daj E`aa ̞ ]ho aecajphe_dan Qnolnqjc ]hhan =qoo_dnaepqjcaj vq cahpaj d]p* Aeja vsaeb]_d rannÜ_gpa >asacqjc d]p `]o -4* F]dndqj`anp ]qo `ai Chae_dcase_dp ca^n]_dp6 `ea `ao Caeopao qj` `ea `ao Cah`ao* Ej `ai I]¿a( ]ho Iq¿a qj` RancjÜcqj) caj ]ho >achaepano_daejqjcaj s]_doaj`aj Nae_dpqio `ea Qj]^dÄjcecgaep `ao Caeopao ^ao_dÄ`ecaj( vaecp oe_d( `]oo `an Caeop rkj `an i]paneahhaj Ajpse_ghqjc `an Caoahho_d]bp je_dp vq pnajjaj eop* Oaeja Ajpse_ghqjc( `ea vqchae_d Ajpsanpqjc ^a`aqpap( ranopÄngp `ea `ao ¼^an}qooao( oaeja Ranbaejanqjc `ea `an Gqjop qj` `an Ej`qopnea* @eaoan Caeop cnÜj) `ap `aj Sanp ]qb =qop]qo_d^]ngaep( ]qb Raniadnqjc qj` Anjaqanqjc qj` ran^ej`ap oe_d iep `ai ^asache_daj RaniÖcaj( `an RanopÄ`panqjc( `an Ran^naepqjc jaqan >a`Ünbjeooa* Saoajphe_d cadp ao qi `aj Iajo_daj ]ho okve]hao Saoaj ̞ aej >acne{( `an ^ae >kj]h` ei Cacajo]pv vq `ai `ao Ej`ere`qqio opadp* Ajpsa`an bqj`eanp i]j `]o Lkhepeo_da ej `an Eokheanqjc `ao Iajo_daj qj` `ai ^hk¿ Oq^fagperaj( k`an ]^an ej `an Rancaoahho_d]bpqjc `ao Iajo_daj qj` ok j]_d >kj]h` ej Ckpp* @ea Knc]jeo]pekj `ao Iajo_daj dÄjcp rkj aejan =qpknepÄp ]^( `anaj anopan Iepphan `]o Cadenj $ha _anra]q% eop* Ej ednan Gkjopepqpekj eop `ea Lduoekhkcea qj` edn RandÄhpjeo vqn Oaaha =^^eh` `an Bkni `an I]_dp* @]n]qo an) ce^p oe_d bÜn >kj]h` aej saepanao =jcne{oveah6 `ea ej`ere`qahha Ranjqjbp* Oea d]p gaejanhae =jolnq_d ]qb Rknn]jcopahhqjc* @ea Ranjqjbp eop vqjÄ_dop okve]han( ]hok ]hhcaiaejan J]) pqn* Saep `]rkj ajpbanjp oe_d ]qbcnqj` aejao oah^opopÄj`ecaj =gpao eokheanaj vq `Ünbaj( eop @ajgaj jqn ej aejan Nah]pekj vqn I]_dp iÖche_d* @ea Ranjqjbp d]p je_dp oah^op vq qnpaehaj( okj`anj Rknqnpaeha vq Ü^anjadiaj* Sajj jqj ^ae >kj]h` `]o Rknqnpaeh Ü^an `ea QnpaehobÄdecgaep oeacp( ok opadp `ea Bnaedaep `ao @ajgajo oah^op ej Bn]ca qj` `]iep `]o Lnejvel `an RanÄj`anqjc* N]pekj]heoiqo qj` Ej`ere`q]heoiqo oej` iepaej]j`an ran) ^qj`aj( ^ae`a bÜdnaj vqi lkhepeo_daj Qiopqnv* Seooaj dae¿p Ch]q^aj6 Gajjpjeo d]p `ea `an Nahecekj vq oaej* @ea >kj]ho_da Pdaknea ransaeop `ea Gna]pqn eiian sea`an ]qb ed) na kjpkhkceo_da Qjpanhacajdaep qj` ajpveadp ok `ai rkhqjp]neopeo_daj Gkjopnqgpereoiqo `ao Iajo_daj oaeja HacepeiepÄp* @ea D]nikjea `an gkjopepqpekjahhaj Lnejveleaj qj` `an okve]haj( fqneopeo_daj qj` ha) ceoh]peraj Ln]gpegaj ^a`aqpap Vereheo]pekj7 ao eop `eao aej >acne{ `an =qbghÄnqjc( `aj >kj]h` ej oaejai Oejja qi`ajgp* @ea Vereheo]pekj eop `ea Ranrkhhgkiijqjc `an Caoap) va qj` Oeppaj qj` ]ho okh_da Oleacah `an okve]haj Pqcaj`aj* @] `ai Op]]p `ea ¼^an) s]_dqjc `an Oeppaj k^heacp( eop `ea Vereheo]pekj hapvpaj Aj`ao `]o Anca^jeo aejan opapo ]qbiango]iaj( chae_dbÖniecaj qj` hacepeiaj I]_dp* Oea eop Naoqhp]p aejan dÖdanaj Ej) pacn]pekjogn]bp* >aiangajosanp eop banjan( `]oo >kj]h` `eaoan ei F]dna -4,, bkniqheanpaj Pdaknea `an Caoahho_d]bp aeja Pdaknea `an Oln]_da dejvqbÜcp( sah_da an ]ho RangÖnlanqjc `an qnolnÜjche_daj Caoapvca^qjc $hÉceoh]pekj lneiepera% ranop]j`aj seooaj sehh* @an Cadkn) o]i cacajÜ^an aejai dÖdanaj hkcko6 `eao eop s]o Oln]_da ]j^ah]jcp( `an O_dhÜooah vqn AnghÄnqjc `an An|j`qjc $ejrajpekj%* @]oo Oln]_da qj` @ajgaj aej qj` `]ooah^a oej` qj` Ca`]jgaj jqn Ü^an `ea Oln]_da( sah_da oea ]qo`nÜ_gp( vq b]ooaj oae6 `eaoa Pdaoaj veahaj `]n]qb ]^( `aj Iajo_daj aejan edi Äq¿anaj I]_dp vq qjpansanbaj* >kj]h` cadp ao ]^an ]q_d `]nqi( `ea PÄpecgaep `ao @ajgajo iep `anfajecaj `an Oln]_da chae_dvq) opahhaj* @ajgaj ^a`aqpap( aeja =np ejjanao CaolnÄ_d vq bÜdnaj* @ea Ejbn]caopahhqjc `an =qbghÄnqjc ^anqdp ej `an =q{]ooqjc( Oln]_da oae ckppcaca^aj( aeja ¼^anvaqcqjc( sah) _da `ea Rknopahhqjc ransenbp( `ea `ai >a`]nb oe_d ]jl]ooaj`a Oln]_d^eh`qjc oae ]j `an

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cao_de_dphe_daj Ajpse_ghqjc ]^vqhaoaj* Ok cadp ao `eaoai @ajgan `]nqi( ej =^hadjqjc fache_dan j]pqn]heopeo_dan =qohacqjc( `ea Oln]_da `ai cao_de_dphe_daj Lnkvaoo vq ajpvea) daj* @]^ae ranhÄqbp `an Ca`]jgajc]jc bkhcaj`ani]¿aj6 Kdja Sknpa g]jj `an Iajo_d je_dp `ajgaj7 An|j`qjc oapvp Oln]_da rkn]qo7 `] `an Iajo_d `ea Oln]_da je_dp anbqj`aj d]^aj g]jj( iqoo edn Qnolnqjc ej Ckpp heacaj*

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B]iehea( Caoahho_d]bp qj` Op]]p ^ae >kj]h`

̦Fa`a Caoahho_d]bp ^aopadp ]qo `nae rkj aej]j`an rano_dea`ajaj Lanokjaj( `ea i]j ]ho ok) ve]ha Lanokjaj ^avae_djaj g]jj6 I]_dp $lkqrken%( Iepphan $iejeopna%( Qjpanp]j+Oq^fagp $oqfap%* Edna >avae_djqjc dÄjcp rkj `an =np `an Caoahho_d]bp ]^6 Ej `an dÄqohe_daj Ca) oahho_d]bp olne_dp i]j rkj R]pan( Iqppan( Gej`anj7 ej `an naheceÖoaj Caoahho_d]bp rkj Ckpp( Lneaopan( ChÄq^ecaj7 ej `an lkhepeo_daj Caoahho_d]bp sea`anqi rkj GÖjecaj k`an Op]]pok^andÄqlpanj( =`ahecaj k`an Op]]po^a]ipaj( Capnaqaj k`an Rkhg* W̪Y Rkj `eaoan aejb]_daj Pdaknea( `ea ej `an Cao_de_dpa ]hhajpd]h^aj aeja ne_dpeca qj` saepdej cahpaj`a =jsaj`qjc |j`ap( h]ooaj oe_d sea ]qo ]hca^n]eo_daj Bkniahj ]hhcaiaeja Cnqj`oÄpva ]^haepaj( iep Dehba `anan oe_d `ea Lnk^haia hÖoaj h]ooaj( `ea ]qbcnqj` caoahho_d]bphe_dan Anaecjeooa ajpopadaj( ]q_d sajj `eaoa ranc]jcaj oej` k`an ej `an Vqgqjbp heacaj*̤ $Aoo]e ]j]hupemqa( -%6 Ok ^nejcp >kj]h` oaeja cnqj`hacaj`a Caoahho_d]bpopdaknea ]qb `aj Lqjgp* ̦@ea iajo_dhe_da C]ppqjc d]p iep aejan B]iehea ^ackjjaj̤ $@Éikjopn]pekj ldehkoklde) mqa( 5-%* @an Qnolnqjc `an Caoahho_d]bp eop( ok >kj]h`( ej aejan Iegnkcaoahho_d]bp vq oq_daj( sah_da oe_d j]_d `aj ednaj Iepchea`anj vqgkiiaj`aj =qbc]^aj chea`anp qj` ]qb Qjchae_ddaep ^anqdp* Oea eop gkjopepqeanp( qj` edna Gkjopepqpekj eop hapvpaj Aj`ao je_dpo ]j`anao ]ho `eaoa okve]ha >ekhkcea( `eaoan Knc]jeoiqo( `an ei Vqca oaejan Ajpse_ghqjc vqjadiaj` gkilhatan sen`( ]^an oaejaj CnÜj`qjcolnejveleaj pnaq ^hae^p* @ea B]iehea eop ikjkc]i qj` edn Vsa_g eop `an And]hp ednan Iepchea`an* @an Iajo_d sen` iep `an BÄ) decgaep vqn Ranrkhhgkiijqjc ca^knaj qj` ]hhao( s]o an d]p( o_dqh`ap an `an Caoahho_d]bp* @ea ln]gpeo_daj Gkjoamqajvaj oej`6 `ea I]_dp `ao R]pano oksea `]o ikn]heo_da qj` lk) hepeo_da Ran^kp `an O_dae`qjc* Saepana Gkjoamqajv6 `]o Na_dp `ao Anopca^knajaj* @ea Bn]q eop ej anopan Hejea Ca^Änaj`a( Iqppan qj` dÄqohe_da Anveadanej* Jeai]j` d]p `aj Op]pqo `an Bn]q ej `an Caoahho_d]bp ]qo `ai Aejgh]jc iep ednan J]pqn ^aooan ^ao_dnea^aj ]ho >kj]h`6 ̦Oea eop vqchae_d ]^dÄjcec rkj `an I]_dp qj` qj]^dÄjcec rki Op]pqo `ao Qjpanp]jaj $ej`Élaj`ajpa `q oqfap%7 qj` qi `an `kllahpaj =qbc]^a `ao Cadkn_dajo qj` >abadhajo( `ao Ailb]jcajo qj` ¼^anieppahjo( cana_dp san`aj vq gÖjjaj( iqoo oea ei Aejaj sea ei =j`anaj ]qbcadaj* Ok l]npeveleanp oea ej Dej^he_g ]qb `ea Ranjqjbp ]j `an J]pqn `ao I]jjao( ej Dej^he_g ]^an ]qb `ea Ail|j`he_dgaep ednan Knc]ja( `ea Annac^]n) gaep ednan Janraj oksea `ea Qjopapecgaep ednan Opeiiqjcaj ]j `an J]pqn `ao Gej`ao( sea ao `ajj ]q_d ]hha Lduoekhkcaj ^ak^]_dpap d]^aj( qj` ok gÖjjpa i]j oea ]ho I]jj)Gej` ^avae_djaj̤ $a^`*( -,0%* Ejokbanj oea saoajd]bp $`* d* ^ekhkceo_d qj` lkhepeo_d% ej aejai @]vseo_daj opadp( oea chae_do]i aej ranieppahj`ao Ieo_dsaoaj eop( d]p `ea Bn]q( ]qo =_dpqjc rkn `an J]pqn( ]j ednai Lh]pva vq ransaehaj* Dean nae_daj oe_d _dneophe_dan =j) pebaiejeoiqo qj` Pdaknea `ea D]j`6 ̦Ej ednan Qjpansaeoqjc d]p ]hhao ]qb `ea dÄqohe_da JÜpvhe_dgaep ]^vqveahaj W̪Y* Aeja Anveadqjc( `ea `]vq bÜdnpa( `]oo `ea Bn]qaj oe_d canja ]j `an Hajgqjc `ao Op]]pao ^apaehecaj sÜn`aj( eop aeja b]ho_da Anveadqjc̤ $HÉceoh]pekj

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CҿҬқҬҞ CҟҨҡҟҧҜҬҟ

lneiepera( 0-1%* Ej `ai Oejja eop bkhcaj`a =qoo]ca ]qo `an PdÉknea `q lkqrken lkhepemqa ap naheceaqt vq ranopadaj6 ̦@an okve]ha Op]pqo `an Bn]qaj ce^p vqranhÄooec =qogqjbp Ü^an `aj Vqop]j` `an lkhepeo_daj Ejopepqpekjaj aejan Caoahho_d]bp̤ $PdÉknea `q lkqrken( >`* -( /1/%* =ho j]pÜnhe_da okve]ha Aejdaep qjpanopadp `ea B]iehea je_dp aps] eokheanpaj qj` ]^) okhqpaj( okj`anj okve]haj qj` nah]peraj Na_dpaj* Fa`ai Na_dp ajpolne_dp aeja L}e_dp* @ea n]`eg]ha Ejbn]caopahhqjc `an Iajo_dajna_dpa eop iep >kj]h`o =q{]ooqjc `an B]ie) hea ]qbo Ajcopa rangjÜlbp( eop `k_d `ea >a`aqpqjc `an Iajo_dajna_dpa rki ik`anjaj Ej`ere`q]heoiqo je_dp vq pnajjaj* Ok anghÄnp oe_d `an cnqj`hacaj`a Opahhajsanp `an gkj) pannarkhqpekjÄnaj B]iehea( oea bqjceanp chae_do]i ]ho Laj`]jp vqi Ckppao^asaeo* Oea eop vqchae_d okve]han( gkjgnapan >asaeo qj` Atlh]j]jo `an Cao_de_dpa( aej =ncqiajp( `]o ]hok ej reahb]_dan Saeoa ransaj`ap san`aj g]jj* Oea caop]ppap vq`ai aeja ]j]hkceo_da Dan]jcadajosaeoa( `] edna `naeb]_da Bqjgpekj]hepÄp ̞ `ea pnejepÄna Opnqgpqn rkj R]pan+ Iqppan+Gej` sea`andkhp oe_d ej `an rkj Cnqj`+Ieppah+Bkhca qj` `an rkj GÖjec+Iepphan+ Qjpanp]j ̞ `ea Cao]ipdaep `an Caoahho_d]bp opnqgpqneanp qj` `ancaop]hp okskdh `ea cÖpp) he_da Kn`jqjc ]ho ]q_d `]o RandÄhpjeo vseo_daj Ckpp qj` `aj Iajo_daj se`anoleacahp* =^an oea anbkn`anp vqchae_d ]q_d aeja deopkneo_da qj` okvekhkceo_da Pdaknapeoeanqjc( `ea ]qbvaecp( `]oo oea ej deopkneo_dan qj` ouopai]peo_dan Dejoe_dp gkjopepqperan >aop]j`paeh `an Caoahho_d]bp qj` `an Naceanqjc eop* >ae >kj]h` anbÜhhp `ea @]nopahhqjc `an Sahp) cao_de_dpa aejaj `kllahpaj Vsa_g6 Aejanoaepo cehp ao( `aj ]qbghÄnaneo_daj @eogqnoaj( ej `ajaj an `aj Qnolnqjc `an Narkhqpekj oeadp( Aejd]hp vq ca^eapaj qj` aeja Cacaj) cao_de_dpa ]qbvq^eapaj( sah_da `ea Narkhqpekj ]ho ikjopnÖoaj Ennsac ^ao_dnae^p7 qj` ]j`ananoaepo eop `ea Cao_de_dpa j]_d `an Hkceg `an Gkjopepqpekjolnejveleaj vq chea`anj* Ok ^aopadp bÜn >kj]h` gaej Vsaebah `]n]j( `]oo ao oe_d ^ae `an Cao_de_dpa `an Iajo_d) daep qnolnÜjche_d qi aeja =jcahacajdaep rkj B]ieheaj d]j`ahp* @ea Jkpsaj`ecgaep `ao S]_dopqio oksea `]o Ajpopadaj rkj Gkj}egpaj ^nejcaj BÜdnan danrkn( `anaj Hacepe) iepÄp `]o Caoapv `an And]hpqjc eop* Ok ance^p oe_d `ea lkhepeo_da Bkni `ao L]pne]n_d]po ]qo `ai ¼^anha^ajopnea^* Aej okh_dao Ajpse_ghqjcoo_dai] o_dhea¿p `]o Ranpn]cogkjvalp ]qo* Rki R]pan vqi GÖjec6 aej qj` `anoah^a Lnkvaoo sen` vqn AnghÄnqjc `an Ajpopadqjc `an jkpsaj`ec ]qbaej]j`an bkhcaj`aj Opqbaj `an Caoahho_d]bp ^aiÜdp* @ea B]iehea na`qveanp oe_d ej`ao je_dp ]qb `eaoa knc]jeo_da @naepaehqjc6 Aej saepanan se_dpecan =olagp eop `an >aoepv( =jpnea^oba`an iajo_dhe_daj D]j`ahjo* @ajj `]o Ran) iÖcaj oe_danp `aj >aop]j` `ao Cao_dha_dpo* @ea B]iehea `an GkjpannarkhqpekjÄna eop `ea ]cn]neo_da B]iehea7 `ea An`a cehp edn ]ho Cnqj`^aoepv o_dha_dpdej* @qn_d `ea `kllahpa Sengqjc `an Caoapva qj` `ao senpo_d]bphe_daj Bknpo_dneppo hÖop `ea Ik`anja `ea B]ie) hea ]qb* @ea okve]ha Cnqlla( `eaoan olave|o_d >kj]h`o_da >acne{( oea`ahp oe_d vseo_daj `ai okve]haj Saoaj qj` `ai Op]]p ]j* Nkqooa]qeopeo_d caolnk_daj d]j`ahp ao oe_d dean) ^ae qi aeja l]npeahha Ranaejecqjc* @qn_d oea sen` `ai @aolkpeoiqo Aejd]hp ca^kpaj* @]oo >kj]h` `ea gh]ooeo_daj ejpania`eÄnaj GÖnlano_d]bpaj ranpae`ecp( sen` ]i >aeoleah `an Fqopev ^aokj`ano oejjbÄhhec6 ̦Oksea oe_d `ea Caoahho_d]bp ansaepanp W̪Y( ajpopadaj eiian iadn Caoapva( `ea i]j gajjaj qj` gkjoqhpeanaj gÖjjaj iq¿* Ao iq¿ aej Ca) oapvao`alkp $`ÉlÔp `ao hkeo% ca^aj* W̪Y Ao eop aejan GÖnlano_d]bp ]jvqranpn]qaj( `ea ]qo cajÜcaj` Iepchea`anj ^aopadp( qi je_dp ^aopa_dhe_d vq oaej qj` `ea iÄ_dpec cajqc eop( qi oe_d je_dp aejo_dÜ_dpanj vq h]ooaj qj` `ea bkhche_d gaej Ejpanaooa `]n]j d]p( `ea) oao @alkp vq ranÄj`anj* W***Y @ea ¤ipan `eaoan Cane_dpodÖba oej` qj]jp]op^]n qj` `ea

Hҩүңҭ Ҟҟ >ҩҨқҦҞ үҨҞ FҩҭҟҪҢ Ҟҟ IқңҭҮҬҟ

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=ipopnÄcan rkj `an Lanokj `ao GÖjeco qj]^dÄjcec̤ $PdÉknea `q lkqrken( -44{*%* Qj]j) p]op^]ngaep `an I]ceopn]pa( Ranpae`ecqjc `an L]nh]iajpa qj` `an Cajan]hopÄj`a6 >kj]h` olne_dp oe_d ej `ai I]¿a bÜn qj]^dÄjceca Danno_d]bpoopnqgpqnaj ]qo( ]ho oea rkj `an Gn]bp `an Gkjopepqpekj vaqcaj* @ea Ejopepqpekjaj ^ao_dnae^aj aeja Kn`jqjc( `ea oea ]qo) Ü^aj( randannhe_daj qj` ]qbna_dpand]hpaj* @]o ]hpa Bn]jgnae_d eop je_dp `]o Anca^jeo aejao aileneo_daj >]qlh]jo( je_dp aej vqbÄhhecan Anbkhc6 Ao eop `]o Naoqhp]p `an oe_d ej `an Vaep rkhhveadaj`aj S]dndaep* @ea pn]`epekjahhaj OpÄj`a ^eapaj aeja ]j`ana Knc]jeo]pekjobkni( `ea oe_d chae_db]hho `qn_d `nae Bqjgpekjaj ]qovae_djap* @eaoa Bkni `an Knc]jeo]pekj pnÄcp vqn Ranrkhhgkiijqjc `an Gkjopepqpekj ^ae( `] oea aeja =qbpaehqjc `an Iajo_daj qj` `an B]ieheaj ej ednai RandÄhpjeo vqn I]_dp ]qo`nÜ_gp* @ea OpÄj`a oleacahj `ea J]pqn se`an* @an Ghanqo Ü^p aeja `kllahpa Bqjgpekj ]qo6 An eop lkhepeo_da LnÄoajv `an naheceÖoaj Caoahho_d]bp qj` Ögkjkieo_dan Rans]hpan* @an =`ah sea`anqi ^aopadp ]qo ]hhaj oe_d oaep =j^acejj `an lkhepeo_daj Caoahho_d]bp `ai Ö{ajphe_daj @eajop se`iaj`aj B]ieheaj* @eaoan @eajop jeiip vsae Bkniaj ]j( =niaa qj` Fqopev6 S]o `aj D]j`ah ran^eapap( ^ao_dnÄjgp `ea AejgÜjbpa qj` na_dpbanpecp opaqanhe_da >abnaeqjcaj* Lnerehaceaj oej`( `] oea ranan^p san`aj( ]q_d cana_dpbanpecp* @an `neppa Op]j` eop aej Op]j`( `an dÄqohe_dan =np eop qj` jqn rknÜ^ancadaj` ^aopadp* An eop `ea O_diea`a( ]qo `an `an =`ah danrkncadp( `]o Pkn vqn Ö{ajphe_daj Caoahho_d]bp6 @]o eop s]dna Bnaedaep* Ei ]hpaj Bn]jgnae_d anghkii `ea cao]ipa B]iehea `ea okve]) ha Haepan7 `ea qj^a`aqpaj`opaj Op]pekjaj ]hhiÄdhe_d dejpan oe_d h]ooaj`( se`iapa oea oe_d `aj bnaeaj >anqbaj qj` gkjjpa qjpan QiopÄj`aj ]qb `eaoai Saca( `]jg `an `qn_d Nae_dpqi caskjjajaj Qj]^dÄjcecgaep( aej Ö{ajphe_dao =ip anopadaj* Okiep ^aveadp `an =`ah oaeja Gn]bp ]qo `aj Mqahhaj `an J]pekj( s]o >kj]h` vqbkhca Cnqj`h]ca senghe_dan Chae_ddaep eop* @k_d `an `neppa Op]j` ^ao_dnÄjgp oe_d je_dp `]n]qb( oaejan Jk^ehepeanqjc vq d]nnaj( okj`anj jeiip ei N]diaj oaejan Rans]hpqjco]qbc]^aj `enagp ]i op]]phe_daj Cao_dadaj paeh( ej`ai an `aj `aikgn]peo_daj Paeh `an Gkjopepqpekj haepap* Ednaj Adncaev vÜcahj`( qi oe_d ej `aj @eajopa `ao Op]]pao vq opahhaj( d]hpaj `ea OpÄj`a `ea iajo_dhe) _daj Hae`ajo_d]bpaj ej O_d]_d* ̦@eaoa ej GÖnlano_d]bpaj rano]iiahpaj B]ieheaj ^eh`aj aeja J]pekj qjpan `ai Ca) oe_dpolqjgp `ao caiaejo]iaj Qnolnqjco( ^eh`aj aej Rkhg qjpan `ai Caoe_dpolqjgp `ao caiaejo]iaj Pannepkneqio( qj` aejaj Op]]p qjpan `ai Caoe_dpolqjgp caiaejo]ian Ca) oapva̤ $HÉceoh]pekj lneiepera( -3-%* Ok ajpolne_dp `an Op]]p `aj B]ieheaj6 ]qbcnqj` `an Chae_ddaep `an Opnqgpqnaj qj` `an =qone_dpqjc ]qb e`ajpeo_da Veaha* @ea >kj]h`o_da Pdaknea se`anhacp ]hok `ea nkqooa]qeopeo_da =q{]ooqjc rkj aejai ikn]heo_daj qj` gkh) hagperaj Saoaj( `]o `qn_d `aj =gp `ao Vqo]iiajo_dhqooao k`an `qn_d aejaj Caoahh) o_d]bporanpn]c oaeja Aejdaep( oaej caiaejo_d]bphe_dao E_d( oaej Ha^aj qj` oaejaj Sehhaj anh]jcp qj` ^acnaebp `aj Op]]p ]ho aeja ansaepanpa B]iehea( aeja =q{]ooqjc( sah_da `ea =j]huoaj vqn B]iehea ]qb aeja ]j`ana A^aja opahhp* @]n]qo haepap oe_d >kj]h`o @a|jepekj `ao Op]]pao ]^6 Ö{ajphe_da Op]]poi]_dp qj` oe_d and]hpaj`a Caoahho_d]bp( ]hok gkjgnapa Bkni `an I]_dp( `]o C]jva oaejan GnÄbpa* @an Op]]p eop ej anopan Hejea aeja Ln]teo( `anaj >ao_dnae^qjc anop ej aejai vsaepaj O_dnepp anbkhcp( qi je_dp vq o]caj vsaepn]jcec eop6 Oea eop je_dp ]qb `an A^aja `an Qjpanoq_dqjc `ao I]_dp^acne{o ]jcaoea`ahp* @ea Cao_de_dpa `ao Op]]pao cadp ej `an Ajpse_ghqjc `an cÖpphe_daj Caoapva qj` `anaj Jea`ano_dnebp ]qb( qj` ]j edn oej` `ea iajo_dhe_daj Badhan ]^vqhaoaj* Oea opahhp `ea klpei]ha lkhepeo_da Bkni dan]qo( jÄihe_d `ea An^ikj]n_dea iep

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CҿҬқҬҞ CҟҨҡҟҧҜҬҟ

`ai =jna_dp `ao anopca^knajaj Okdjao ]qb `ea Pdnkjbkhca* @]n]qo ance^p oe_d okskdh aeja Dean]n_dea `an Ikj]n_deaj ]ho ]q_d `ea >a`aqpqjc `an Nahecekj qj` `ao ?dneopaj) pqio( `an Cnqj`h]ca `ao rkhhgkiiajaj Op]]pao* Ok eop `an Op]]p aeja Rans]hpqjc( aej Sangvaqc qj` gaeja Ckppdaep* @ea Rans]hpqjc eop gaej Daehecpqi7 oea eop qj` ^hae^p gkjpejcajp qj` Ieppah vqi Vsa_g* @ancaop]hp eop ]hh `]o( s]o `ea Fqopev( `ea Bej]jvaj( `ea =niaa( `aj D]j`ah qos* ]j^ah]jcp( ha`eche_d Paeh `an Rans]hpqjc( chae_do]i aeja Ejpaj`]jpqn* @an Op]]p eop j]_d >kj]h` gaeja I]_dp* Ja^aj `an Rans]hpqjc gkiip `ai Op]]p j]_d >kj]h` ha`eche_d aeja aejveca =qbc]^a vq6 `ea Sea`andanopahhqjc `an Oeppaj* Oeppaj oej` aeja Bn]ca `an Anveadqjc( `]dan `ea >a`aqpqjc( `ea >kj]h` `an Anveadqjc ^aeieoop* @] iep `an Narkhpa `ao Ej`ere`qqio( `an Gna]pqn cacaj ednaj O_dÖlban ejokbanj fa`anvaep vq na_djaj eop( ]ho `ea Hae`ajo_d]b) paj ej `an Cao_de_dpa ]hhajpd]h^aj ]jvqpna{aj oej`( ok cehp ao( qi `ea Narkhqpekj vq ^aaj`aj( `]o @ajgaj `ao Ej`ere`qqio cÄjvhe_d rki Caeop `an Narkhqpekj vq ^abnaeaj ̞ `knp( sk `ea `an iajo_dhe_daj J]pqn ejdÄnajpa Gknnqlpekj `anaj Ajpse_ghqjc vqca) h]ooaj d]p* >kj]h` ranpnepp ok aej `qn_d qj` `qn_d gkjoanr]perao Anveadqjcolnkcn]ii( `]o vajpn]han >aop]j`paeh aejan a{agperaj E`akhkcea eop qj` vqchae_d aeja Jaqkneajpea) nqjc `ao cao]ipaj caoahho_d]bphe_daj Knc]jeoiqo ei =qoc]jc rkj aejai O_dqhouopai aniÖche_daj okhh* =ho nacahna_dpan =jpe)Aieha qj` n]`eg]hao Cacajlnkcn]ii vqi nkqooa]qeopeo_daj Ouopai cnÜj`ap `]o Ouopai >kj]h`o ]qb `an Dean]n_dea Oejja+Danv+Caeop* Aeja Dean) ]n_dea( `ea ao aniÖche_dp( `ea >aop]j`paeha `an Caoahho_d]bp ej G]packneaj aejvqpaehaj qj` okskdh `ea AnveadqjcopnÄcan ]ho ]q_d `ea Anveadqjcold]oaj vq chea`anj* Ok _d]n]g) paneoeanaj Oejja qj` Danv `]o Rkhg qj` `ea Bn]qaj( `an Caeop ]^an `]o Gkhhac $_khhÈca%* @]o Rkhg qj` `ea Bn]qaj( `ajaj `ea ej `aj GhÖopanj aejcapne_dpanpaj Lnejveleaj vq ca) jÜcaj d]^aj( ^a`Ünbaj `aij]_d gaejan Anveadqjc( `ea Ü^an `eafajeca( `ea `aj Gej`anj vqpaeh sen`( dej]qocadp* Vseo_daj ]_dp qj` ahb F]dnaj6 dean ranhÄqbp `ea Cnajva vseo_daj DÄqohe_dai qj` ¶{ajphe_dai( `ea Cnajvhejea vseo_daj b]ieheÄnan Ran]jpsknpqjc qj` `an L}e_dp `ao Op]]pao* Dean opadaj cnqj`hacaj`a Hadn^Ü_dan vq RanbÜcqjc( ]j anopan Opahha aej aejdaephe_dan G]pa_deoiqo bÜn `ea cao]ipa J]pekj* Haoaj( O_dnae^aj qj` Ch]q^aj hanjaj7 `]o Lnk) cn]ii sen` ej `an B]iehea qicaoapvp( oksaep `eaoa okve]h eop $vq ranopadaj eop deanqjpan `]o =qoÜ^aj aejao je_dp)ia_d]jeo_daj( je_dp qjieppah^]n lnk`qgperaj >anqbo7 `ea okve]) ha B]iehea opadp `]iep Ü^an `an ̦j]pÜnhe_daj̤ B]iehea%( qj` `ea Cnqj`o_dqha eop bÜn `ea ^aooanaj Gej`an `ao Rkhgao rkncaoadaj( faja( `ea `]vq ^aopeiip oej`( oe_d Ü^an ednaj Op]j` vq anda^aj* Fa`ao ]j`ana Seooaj sÄna Ü^an}Üooec qj` cabÄdnhe_d* @]o Ö{ajphe_da O_dqhsaoaj eop `aj Gej`anj `an okve]haj B]ieheaj rkn^ad]hpaj oksea `ajaj( `ea oe_d ]qovae_djaj( k`an `ea `]vq ^aopeiip oej`( Vqc]jc vq okve]haj >anqbaj vq and]hpaj( `ea op]pqo^eh`aj` oej` qj` `aj VÖchejc `ai =`ah jÄdan^nejcaj* @]o Ö{ajphe_da O_dqhsaoaj d]p gaeja ^anq}e_da =qo^eh`qjc vqi Veah( `]dan >kj]h`o =^hadjqjc olave]heoeanpan O_dqhaj( ]jcab]jcaj iep `ai IehepÄn* Ao k^heacp `aj >anqbo) opÄj`aj( `eaoa =qo^eh`qjc vq Ü^anjadiaj* Veah `an Ejpanj]poo_dqhaj $_khhÈcao)lajoekjo% eop `ea ]hhcaiaeja Anveadqjc7 `eaoan Aejne_dpqjc se`iap >kj]h` ^aokj`ana =qbiang) o]igaep* @]o Gkhhaceqi $_khhÈca% jeiip ]hh `eafajecaj Gej`an ]qb( `anaj B]ieheaj aeja okve]ha Anveadqjc ]jopna^aj* @]iep eop `]o Lnk^hai `an Oacnac]pekj cahÖop( `]o iep `ai gkjoanr]peraj ?d]n]gpan `an Caoahho_d]bp ei Oejja >kj]h`o ran^qj`aj eop6 SÜjo_daj

Hҩүңҭ Ҟҟ >ҩҨқҦҞ үҨҞ FҩҭҟҪҢ Ҟҟ IқңҭҮҬҟ

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B]ieheaj k`an Ej`ere`qaj `an Caoahho_d]bp vq `eajaj( ok iÜooaj oea rkj `eaoan `ea Iep) pah `]vq and]hpaj* @ea >kj]h`o_da Caoahho_d]bp ^anqdp ]qb aejan h]jco]iaj Anjaqanqjc `an Ahepaj6 aej gkjpnkhheanpan =qop]qo_d ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `an an^n]_dpaj =n^aep qj` @eajopa caiÄ¿ `an gh]ooeo_daj Ejpanlnap]pekj `an Jk^ehepeanqjc ei Bn]jgnae_d `ao =j_eaj NÉceia ̞ `ea gkjpannarkhqpekjÄna =jpsknp ]qb `ea Bkn`anqjc j]_d Chae_ddaep* @ea Caoahho_d]bp ran) haedp Lnerehaceaj ei Cacajvqc vqn =gvalp]jv `an okve]haj HacepeiepÄp* Ej `ai Oejja oej` Lnerehaceaj je_dpo =jopÖ¿ecao( okj`anj ei Cacajpaeh jkpsaj`ec* @ea Anveadqjc aniÖc) he_dp `ea =qosaepqjc `eaoan Lnerehaceaj( ej`ai oea `ea Cahacajdaep vqn Aejchea`anqjc ej `ea okve]haj >anqba ^eapap* =hok ajpsa`an jeiip `ea B]iehea( `ea okve]h anop san`aj sehh( `ea Gkopaj bÜn `ea Anveadqjc ]qb oe_d( qj` `]o Gej` cadp ej aeja Ö{ajphe_da Aejne_dpqjc k`an `ea B]iehea eop okve]h( d]p ]^an je_dp `ea Ieppah qj` `an Op]]p Ü^anjeiip `ea Anvea) dqjc* Cana_dpecgaep qj` =_dpqjc `an Dean]n_deaj6 caseoo( Pn]`epekj eop sanprkhh( `k_d san `eajaj sehh( okhh `]nej qjpanopÜpvp san`aj* ̦@] `ea >eh`qjc okve]h eop qj` `ea O_dÜhan oe_d aejai okve]haj >anqb se`iaj okhhaj( ok sen` edjaj ha`eche_d Okve]hao ^aeca^n]_dp̤ $A`q_]pekj ok_e]ha( .43b*%* @]o Gkhhac saeop aej ej okve]hao Rand]hpaj( ]^an ranieppahp gaeja =qo^eh`qjc* Seooaj eop o_dÄ`he_d( `ajj ao ran`en^p `]o Rkhg qj` `ea Bn]qaj7 ]qb Gej`an g]jj ao o_dÄ`he_daj Aej}qoo d]^aj* @]dan `ea vajpn]ha Nkhha `an Nahecekj( `ea dean edna se_d) pecopa =jsaj`qjc |j`ap* Oea ^eh`ap `ea Cnqj`h]ca `an okve]haj Kn`jqjc( oea ranhaedp `an I]_dp edna Na_dpiÄ¿ecgaep qj` oleahp ej `an dÄqohe_daj Anveadqjc( `ea rkn `an ok) ve]haj Anveadqjc op]pp|j`ap qj` `eaoa ^aopeiip( aeja ]qoo_dh]cca^aj`a Nkhha* Oea eop vqchae_d Ikn]h qj` Lkhepeg* Oea ^ao_dnÄjgp oe_d gaejaosaco `]n]qb( `ea Oeppaj vq nacq) heanaj( `ea Hae`ajo_d]bpaj vq vÜcahj qj` Lnejveleaj baopvqhacaj( okj`anj oea dacp `aj okve]haj Iajo_daj aej* @]dan eop ao rkj ^aokj`anan >a`aqpqjc( `]o O_dqhsaoaj aejan naheceÖoaj Aejne_dpqjc ]jvqranpn]qaj* =q_d ej `an pannepkne]haj Knc]jeo]pekj oleacahp oe_d `ea Rknn]jcecgaep `an B]iehea se) `an* @ea Caiaej`a $_kiiqja% eop aeja cnk¿a B]iehea ^vs* aeja ghaeja Caoahho_d]bp* Ao eop `an lkhepeo_da Knp( ]j `ai `ea Jkpsaj`ecgaep `an I]_dp ej aejan ]j`anaj Bkni vqi =qo`nq_g gkiip ]ho `an `ao Op]]pao* @an >Üncaniaeopan eop gaej `enagpan Ranpnapan `an vajpn]haj $Op]]po%I]_dp( okj`anj aeja =qpknepÄp( `* d* aeja Bkni `an I]_dp( `ea ]j aejaj N]p ca^qj`aj eop* @ea Caiaej`a eop okiep aeja `aikgn]peo_da Ejop]jv* Dean sen` vq`ai vqi aejaj `ea ¼^anaejopeiiqjc vseo_daj >aoepv qj` =ip `aqphe_d( `] `ea skdh) d]^aj`aj >askdjan `ea j]pÜnhe_daj =ipopnÄcan `an Caiaej`a oej`( vqi ]j`anaj `ea =qbpaehqjc ej knpoca^qj`aja OpÄj`a6 >Üncan( DÄj`han( D]j`sangan* Ok eop `ea Caiaej`a `an Knp l]n at_ahhaj_a( ]j `ai `ea j]pÜnhe_daj N]jckn`jqjcaj `]o Rkhg $`aj @neppaj Op]j`% opnqgpqneanaj qj` ok aej Cacajcase_dp vqn Vajpn]hrans]hpqjc ^eh`aj* Ejokbanj eop `ea Caiaej`a saoajphe_da Rkn]qooapvqjc `an okve]haj D]nikjea* Vseo_daj Caiaej`a qj` Op]]p( `eaoaj ^ae`aj Bkniaj `an B]ieheajranaejecqjc( eop `ea Lanolagpera e`ajpeo_d6 ]qbcnqj` `an @e{anajveanqjc `an D]j`hqjco^anae_da qj` ]qb) cnqj` `an Gkilhaiajp]nepÄp `an >aveadqjcaj* O_dhea¿he_d qjpanopnae_dp >kj]h` `ea Nkhha `an Nahecekj ej `an Caoahho_d]bp( ej `an Ckpp oe_d ej `kllahpan Saeoa rangÖnlanp6 vqi aejaj ej `an Gen_da ]ho ejopepqpekjahhan An) ^ej `an cÖpphe_daj >kpo_d]bp qj` ]ho qj]^gÖiihe_dan D]j`hqjcopnÄcan `an Caoahho_d]bp7 vqi ]j`anaj ej `ai ej `an Caoahho_d]bp ran^naepapaj naheceÖoaj CabÜdh* @an Op]]p ^a)

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CҿҬқҬҞ CҟҨҡҟҧҜҬҟ

nqdp ]qb `an Nahecekj qj` `ea Nahecekj sea`anqi ^n]q_dp `aj Op]]p* @ea Ranaejecqjc ]hhan caoahho_d]bphe_daj Paeh^anae_da ^eh`ap ei gkjpannarkhqpekjÄnaj Oejja `ea vereha Ca) oahho_d]bp* S]o ej qjoanaj =qcaj `ea h]eveopeo_dopa Bkni `an Caoahho_d]bp eop( opahhp oe_d ]qo `an Lanolagpera `an Gkjpannarkhqpekj ]ho `ea ]gperopa Bkni `an ejjecopaj Ran^ej`qjc `ao Lkhepeo_daj qj` `ao NaheceÖoaj `]n* @ea Gkjopepqpekj eop bkhche_d `eaoan qj]q}Öohe_da @q]heoiqo( `eaoa ^acnee_da qj` ha^aj`eca Ran^ej`qjc `ao Lkhepeo_daj qj` `ao Nahe) ceÖoaj* ̦@ea Nahecekj eop `ea Ranjqjbp aejan fa`aj Caoahho_d]bp( `] kdja oea sa`an `an Cnqj` `an I]_dp jk_d `an L}e_dp vq angajjaj eop* @ancaop]hp eop `ea Nahecekj `ea cnqj`) hacaj`a Gkjopepqpekj aejao fa`aj Caoahho_d]bpovqop]j`ao̤ $HÉceoh]pekj lneiepera( -41%* Ok ranhaedp `]o ?dneopajpqi( `ea aejvec s]dna Nahecekj( `an Caoahho_d]bp edna S]dnd]b) pecgaep*

`*

Aeja ]jpe)ej`ere`q]heopeo_da Pdaknea

@ea okve]ha Cnqlla opadp ei Cacajo]pv okskdh vq `an `ai Ej`ere`q]heoiqo aecajaj Ac]hepÄp ]ho ]q_d vqi narkhqpekjÄnaj Op]]p* @ajj `ea =^o_d]{qjc okh_dan Cnqllaj sÄna ]qo gkjpannarkhqpekjÄnan Oe_dp aeja Mqahha rkj Qjkn`jqjc qj` Ejop]^ehepÄp* San) `aj `ea >]j`a cahk_ganp( f] cahÖop( ok hÖop oe_d qjsaecanhe_d ]q_d `ea Caoahho_d]bp ]qb( oea vanbÄhhp ej >aop]j`paeha( `ea( saeh aej fa`ao rkhha Ran]jpsknpqjc pnÄcp( ej S]dndaep je_dp ran]jpsknphe_d eop* @ea okve]ha Cnqlla o_dsae¿p `ea >anqboopÄj`a vqo]iiaj qj` casÄdnhaeopap ok Okhe`]nepÄp* Oea eop vqchae_d Kn`jqjcopnÄcan qj` Cacajop]j` rkj =j) angajjqjc7 oea na`qveanp ok `aj op]]phe_daj Aejcne{ qj` dÄhp `ea e`akhkceo_daj >]j`a ]qbna_dp* =ho Ejopepqpekj eop ]q_d `ea Gen_da aeja okve]ha Cnqlla7 oea rans]hpap `ea =n) iqp `qn_d Ieh`pÄpecgaep* =ho CabÜca ]qo reahaj Iegnk) k`an Iejecaoahho_d]bpaj( eop `ea Caoahho_d]bp chae_do]i aeja Reahv]dh rkj Cahajgaj( rkj ranpeg]haj qj` pn]jorano]haj Ran^ej`qjcaj* Aejdaep qj` Reahv]dh ej aejai( dÄhp oea Op]^ehepÄp qj` Rangadn( Qj^asac) he_dgaep qj` =qop]qo_d ei Chae_dcase_dp* Okve]ha Ejpacn]pekj rkhhveadp oe_d ejjand]h^ `an Cnqllaj( sah_da nah]pekj]ha Knpa o_dha_dpdej oej`* =ho RanopÄngan `an =qpknepÄp eop Reahb]hp vqchae_d `anaj Sea`andkhqjc* Aeja eiian sea`an `agkjopnqeanpa qj` sea`an^a) opÄpecpa I]_dp( c]jv ok( ]ho oleacha `an Ia_d]jeoiqo qj` `ea Opnqgpqn `an Cnqlla `ea ]hhcaiaeja Op]]pocas]hp se`an* Oea eop aej Ouopai ]qo Ransaeoaj qj` A_dko( `an =qb^]q aejan opapo chae_d^hae^aj`aj Opnqgpqn ej ]hh ednaj =qolnÄcqjcaj6 @]ooah^a qj` `]o =j) `ana knc]jeoeanaj `ea gkjpannarkhqpekjÄna Caoahho_d]bp vqi Rknpaeh `aooah^aj( ej`ai oea aej chae_do]i i]pdai]peo_dao Ik`ahh vq P]ca bÖn`anj* Olaveahha Gkjopepqpekjaj oej` Oleacah^eh`an `an ]hhcaiaejaj Gkjopepqpekj* >aei Pdai] `an caoahho_d]bphe_daj Anvea) dqjc( ej `an ao `]nqi cadp( ̦`aj Iajo_daj vq lanbagpekjeanaj̤ $rch* A`q_]pekj ok_e]ha%( oeadp i]j( sea `]o @ajgaj >kj]h`o `aj >acne{ `an Lanbagpe^ehepÄp ^aoapvp( qi `eaoaj `an =qbghÄnqjc vq ajpveadaj6 je_dp( qi `ea H]eoeanqjc `an Caoahho_d]bp rkn]jvqpnae^aj( okj`anj qi aeja =gpq]heoeanqjc `ao cÖpphe_daj Lh]jo oksea aej Lnejvel bÜn `ea Baopecgaep `an Ejopepqpekjaj vq o_d]{aj* Iep `ai Rkno_dh]c( `ea Caoahho_d]bp j]_d `aj G]packne) aj `ao =hpano( `ao Cao_dha_dpo qj` `ao >anqbo aejvqpaehaj( qibÄjcp >kj]h` `ea Pkp]hepÄp `ao Okve]haj qj` ajpse_gahp `aj Lh]j bÜn aeja qib]ooaj`a Anveadqjc( `an oe_d vqchae_d ]ho NÜ_ggadn vq `aj rknnarkhqpekjÄnaj Cnqj`oÄpvaj qj` Iapdk`aj qj` ]ho And]hp `an Anjaqanqjcoeilqhoa `]nopahhp( `ea `ea anveadaneo_da Qjpanjadiqjc `an Narkhqpekj ik)

Hҩүңҭ Ҟҟ >ҩҨқҦҞ үҨҞ FҩҭҟҪҢ Ҟҟ IқңҭҮҬҟ

..5

pereanaj* @]o Ouopai ranbkhcp aej `kllahpao Veah6 vqi aejaj `ea =qo^eh`qjc okve]han Saoaj( `ea rkj aejan j]pÜnhe_daj Ajpolna_dqjc vseo_daj `an Kn`jqjc `an @ejca qj` `an >a`Ünbjeoh]ca `an Iajo_daj Ü^anvaqcp oej`( qj` vqi ]j`anaj ̞ qj` `eao eop jk_d se_dpecan ̞ cehp ao `ea cnÖ¿piÖche_da Najp]^ehepÄp `ao Iajo_daj bÜn `ea Caoahho_d]bp vq casÄdnhaeopaj* @an Caoahho_d]bp ei Oejja >kj]h`o cadp ao qi `ea rkhhopÄj`eca Jqp) vqjc `an IÖche_dgaepaj fa`ao Aejvahjaj `qn_d `ea Caoahho_d]bp6 ̦@ea Caoahho_d]bp d]p `]o Na_dp ]hha BÄdecgaepaj `ao Iajo_daj ej ednaj @eajop vq opahhaj̤ $a^`*( >`* .( /12%* BÜn >kj]h` ^aopadp gaej Qjpano_dea` vseo_daj Anveadqjc( Nahecekj qj` Lkhepeg* @] ]hhaej `an >acne{ `ao H]eveoiqo narkhqpekjÄn eop( cehp ao edi aeja Aejdaep ajpcacajvqoapvaj* @ea O_dqha eop qjpaeh^]n7 dean san`aj okve]ha Gkjp]gpa cagjÜlbp( `qn_d oea san`aj Gej`an ej `]o Caiaejsaoaj aejcabÜdnp( `qn_d oea sen` `ea lkhepeo_da qj` okve]ha Caiaejo_d]bp ^acnÜj`ap qj` vqo]iiajcao_dsae¿p* @ea >kj]h`o_da O_dqha ansaeop oe_d ]ho Knp `an okve]haj Ajancea( ]ho G]`ano_diea`a qj` ]ho Knp `ao okve]haj =qbopeaco* Oea eop `an Knp `an Ran^naepqjc `an s]dnaj =qbghÄnqjc( dean san`aj Cajan]pekjaj dan]jca^eh`ap6 ]ho Cacajik`ahh vqn O_dqha `an Nalq^heg( sah_da `ea Ajpse_ghqjc `an Iepchea`an aejan okqranÄjaj J]pekj casÄdnhaeopap( ap]^heanp oe_d okiep aeja O_dqha( `anaj Veah ao eop( Qj) panp]jaj `ao GÖjeco danrknvq^nejcaj* Jeai]j`( `an ei okve]h)lkhepeo_daj Oejja bÜn `ea Anjaqanqjc `an Caoahho_d]bp rkj >a`aqpqjc eop( `]nb oe_d `an Ö{ajphe_daj Anveadqjc ajpveadaj7 ]qocao_dhkooaj oej` `ea Bn]qaj qj` `]o Rkhg( `ea vqn QjiÜj`ecgaep ranqn) paehp oej`* Qi vq aejan pn]`epekjahhaj N]jckn`jqjc vqnÜ_gvqcah]jcaj( qi `ea Ikj]n_dea qj` edna Ransk^ajdaep iep `ai G]pdkheveoiqo ]qbo Jaqa vq hacepeieanaj( ranopadp >k) j]h` `ea Anveadqjc je_dp jqn ]ho LnÜbopaej( okj`anj ]q_d ]ho Cnqj`h]ca `an Caoahho_d]bp qj` `anaj H]jcha^ecgaep* =j `an Bn]ca `an Adao_dae`qjc hÄoop oe_d l]n]`ktansaeoa ej ^aokj`anai I]¿a `]o bÜn `aj Aejpnepp ej `ea lkhepeo_da Ik`anja ajpo_dae`aj`a RandÄhpjeo vseo_daj Ö{ajphe_dan qj` lner]pan OldÄna ]^haoaj* @ajj `]o vajpn]ha lkhepeo_da Lnk^hai eop `ea Ranaej^]n) gaep rkj lner]pai ChÜ_g qj` jkpsaj`ecai Ö{ajphe_daj D]j`ahj* @aj caiÄ¿ecpaj qj` gkjoanr]peraj An^aj `an Narkhqpekj sea ]q_d `aj GkjpannarkhqpekjÄnaj vqbkhca eop `ea B]iehea `an O_dhÜooah vqi ej`ere`qahhaj ChÜ_g qj` vqi Caiaejskdh* @aij]_d g]jj `]o Na_dp ]qb O_dae`qjc ]^cao_d]{p san`aj6 @eao eop gaej Oeac `an Gkjpannarkhqpekj( okj`anj aej Lqjgp( ]j `ai oe_d =jpe)F]_k^ejeoiqo qj` =jpebaiejeoiqo pna{aj* @an L]panj]heoiqo qj` `]o L]pne]n_d]p rano]iiahj ]hha Kn`jqjcopnÄcan aejan ]hhan`ejco na) rkhqpekjeanpaj qj` ej `an Ik`anja ran]jganpaj Kn`jqjc* -4-2( `]o F]dn `an =qbda^qjc `ao Na_dpo ]qb Adao_dae`qjc( eop ]qoj]diohko aej Oeac `an IÄjjan* =j`ananoaepo opahhp `ea Adao_dae`qjc aeja Ran`nÄjcqjc `an Gen_da ej `aj >anae_d `an lner]paj Ikn]h `]n* @ea Ik`anja qj` `ea OÄgqh]neoeanqjc a^jaj aejan jaqaj gkjoanr]peraj Lkhepeg `aj Sac* Iep `an >ad]qlpqjc( `ea O_dae`qjc opada `ai ChÜ_g ajpcacaj( ^asacp i]j oe_d ejjan) d]h^ aejan ik`anjaj Lnk^hai]peg* @ea B]iehea sen` vqi Knp aejan ]qpknepÄnaj Lkhepeg( sah_da `ea Annqjcajo_d]bpaj oe_danp( aeja ik`anja Rans]hpanej `an Bnaedaep* Ok sen` `ea B]iehea vqi Ik`ahh `an narkhqpekjeanpaj Caoahho_d]bp*

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CҿҬқҬҞ CҟҨҡҟҧҜҬҟ

.*

Fkoald `a I]eopna6 Lkhepeo_da Pdakhkcea qj` =jpebaiejeoiqo

]*

Ha^aj qj` Sang

=i -* =lneh -31/ sen` `an Cn]b Fkoald `a I]eopna ej ?d]i^Énu( aejai Paeh `ao GÖ) jecnae_do rkj Leaikjp)O]n`ejeaj $ei daqpecaj @al]npaiajp O]rkuaj%( ej aeja B]iehea bn]jvÖoeo_dan Dangqjbp ca^knaj* Oaej R]pan s]n LnÄoe`ajp `ao o]rkueo_daj Oaj]po* Fk) oald opq`eanp ^ae `aj Faoqepaj( pnepp -330 `]o Ne_dpan]ip ]j qj` sen` -344 vqi Oaj]pkn anj]jjp* An cadÖnp `aj Bnaei]qnanj ]j* >ae oaejai =qbajpd]hp ej L]neo ei F]dna -345 ^acnÜ¿p an vqjÄ_dop `ea Narkhqpekj( rkj `an an oe_d fa`k_d ^]h` sea`an ]^saj`ap* An heaop A`iqj` >qngao ̦>apn]_dpqjcaj Ü^an `ea bn]jvÖoeo_da Narkhqpekj ̤ $-35,% qj` Äq¿anp oe_d vqjadiaj` cacaj `ea Narkhqpekj( ejo^aokj`ana ]ho `ea =niaa -35. ej O]rkuaj aej) bÄhhp* An }Ü_dpap j]_d =kop]( gadnp fa`k_d( qi je_dp ]ho Aiecn]jp ^avae_djap vq san`aj( -35/ ej `ea O]rkuaj vqnÜ_g* Ei oah^aj F]dn ranÖ{ajphe_dp an `ea >neaba aejao ikj]n_deo) peo_daj O]rkuan ]j oaeja Iep^Üncan $Happnao `̢qj nku]heopa o]rkeoeaj À oao _kil]pnekpao%( -350 `]jj aeja Opq`ea Ü^an `ea OkqranÄjepÄp $©pq`a oqn h] okqran]ejapÉ% qj` -350 ¼^an `aj J]pqnvqop]j` k`an Qjpanoq_dqjc vq aejan O_dnebp Fa]j)F]_mqao Nkqooa]qo $@a h̢Ép]p `a j]pqna kq At]iaj `̢qj É_nep `a Fa]j)F]_mqao Nkqooa]q%* Ej H]qo]jja Ü^anjeiip an rano_dea`aja Olekj]caieooekjaj bÜn `aj GÖjec rkj O]n`ejeaj( ^ace^p oe_d -353 j]_d Pqnej( -354 j]_d Raja`ec qj` -355 ]qb >abadh `ao GÖjeco( `an edj vqi Nacajpaj Ü^an `ea G]jvhae anjajjp( j]_d O]n`ejeaj* -4,. sen` an ]ho >kpo_d]bpan j]_d O]jgp Lapano^qnc ajpo]j`p( sk edi -4-3 oaeja NÜ_g^anqbqjc iepcapaehp sen`* An ranÖ{ajphe_dp aejaj Aoo]e Ü^an `]o cajan]pera Lnejvel lkhepeo_dan Ranb]ooqjcaj $Aoo]e oqn ha lnej_ela cÉjÉn]paqn `ao _kjopepqpekjo lkhepemqao%* >ae oaejan NÜ_ggadn ^aoq_dp an Hq`sec TREEE* ej L]neo( ]^an Ü^p Gnepeg ]j `an ?d]np] rkj -4-0( `ea edi vqbkhca gaeja s]dnd]bpa Naop]qn]pekj ranolne_dp* An o_dnae^p ¼^an `aj L]lop $@q L]la( -4-5%* An open^p ]i .2* Ba^nq]n -4.ej Pqnej* @ea =^aj`a rkj O]jgp)Lapano^qnc k`an CaolnÄ_da Ü^an `ea vaephe_da Danno_d]bp `an Rkndanoadqjc $Hao OkenÉao `a O]ejp)Lapano^kqnc kq Ajpnapeajo oqn ha ckqranjaiajp pailknah `a h] Lnkre`aj_a% ano_daejaj jk_d ei chae_daj F]dn lkopdqi*

^*

@]o Ouopai `a I]eopnao

̦=j `aj Pdnkj `ao dÖ_dopaj Saoajo oej` sen ]hha `qn_d aeja hk_gana Gappa ca^qj`aj( `ea qjo dÄhp( kdja qjo vq qjpanfk_daj̤ $?kjoe`Én]pekjo( -55%6 @eaoa Bkniqheanqjc ajpdÄhp ej jq_a `]o c]jva Lnkcn]ii rkj `a I]eopna7 oaej cao]ipao Sang oq_dp `eaoao =teki vq ran]jo_d]qhe_daj qj` vq ^aopÄpecaj* @ea iajo_dhe_da D]j`hqjc rkhhveadp oe_d ei N]d) iaj `an Bnaedaep `an Gna]pqn7 `k_d cnÜj`ap ej |ja fa`a D]j`hqjc ]qb Ckpp* @ea Bnaedaep ^aqcp oe_d `ai ]hhcaiaejaj Op]j` `an @ejca( `aj oea je_dp vq Äj`anj rani]c* =q_d `ea Narkhqpekj ajpveadp oe_d `eaoan cÖpphe_daj Rkndanno_d]bp je_dp7 f]( oea baopecp `eaoa* Lkhepeg eop hapvpaj`he_d Iap]lkhepeg( aeja Iap]lduoeg chae_do]i `an Lkhepeg( `]dan `a I]eopnao̢ lkhepeo_da Pdakhkcea( `ea Cnqj`h]ca oaejao @ajgajo eop* =^an sajj Ckpp ei Oejja `a I]eopnao̢ fache_daj Rkhqjp]neoiqo ]qoo_dhea¿p qj` `]iep `]o >n]q_dpqi ^acÜjopecp( cadp ao `]nqi( `ea Pn]`epekj( sea oea ednaj gkjgnapaj =qo`nq_g ej >n]q_dpqi qj` Cao_de_dpa |j`ap( danrknvqda^aj* Cao_de_dpa eop je_dp pn]`epekjo^eh`aj`( okj`anj d]p ej `an Pn]`e)

Hҩүңҭ Ҟҟ >ҩҨқҦҞ үҨҞ FҩҭҟҪҢ Ҟҟ IқңҭҮҬҟ

./-

pekj ednaj Qnolnqjc* Ei ¼^necaj d]p `]o g]pdkheo_da @kci] Caoapvaogn]bp6 Ao `nÜ_gp pdakhkceo_d caoadaj `]o cÖpphe_da Caoapv ]qo( `ajj ̦`ea @kciaj W̪Y oej` cnÖ¿pajpaeho je_dpo ]j`anao ]ho rancÖpphe_dpa Caoapva `an Sahp( qj` i]j_di]h oej` ao ]q_d ]jca^kna) ja( `qn_d `ea K{aj^]nqjc ^aopÄpecpa( >acne{a k`an adnsÜn`eca Pn]`epekjaj̤ $@q L]la( 3%* @ea Cao_de_dpa eop `ea jkpsaj`eca Ajpb]hpqjc `an ]ho Qnolnqjc ]jcaoapvpaj Pn]`epe) kj* Ok eop qjoana Bnaedaep hapvpaj Aj`ao jqn `ea =jangajjqjc `eaoan `qn_d `ea Cao_de_dpa cak{aj^]npaj Jkpsaj`ecgaep* Sen qjpanopadaj `an en`eo_daj Naceanqjc `an Rknoadqjc* @ea Pdaknea `ao >Öoaj ej `an Cao_de_dpa ance^p oe_d ]qo `eaoaj ¼^anhacqjcaj qj` |j) `ap ednaj anopaj =qo`nq_g ej `aj >apn]_dpqjcaj $?kjoe`Én]pekjo% ]qo `ai F]dna -352( aej Patp( ej `ai `ea Narkhqpekj ]ho o]p]jeo_dao Anaecjeo ano_daejp* @ea =^aj`a rkj O]jgp)Lapano^qnc $OkenÉao `a O]ejp)Lapano^kqnc% ]qo `ai F]dna -4.- ^acnaebaj `ea Ran) dannhe_dqjc `ao jkpsaj`ecaj >Öoaj ]ho cÖpphe_da Opn]ba* @an Iajo_d hae`ap( saeh an ao ran`eajp6 Qjo_dqh` ce^p ao je_dp* Qj` ok ranheanp `ea cÖpphe_da Opn]ba edna SehhgÜn6 @ea Opn]ba Ckppao }Ö¿p vs]n saepan Bqn_dp aej( `k_d rkj jqj ]j eop oea( okbanj i]j `an ]hh) seooaj`aj Rknoadqjc nÜ_gd]hphko ranpn]qp( ^acnÜj`ap qj` ranopÄj`he_d* @an nalnaooera ?d]n]gpan `an I]_dp anghÄnp oe_d a^ajok* @ea cÖpphe_da I]_dp ranpaehp ChÜ_g qj` QjchÜ_g qj` oe_danp `anaj ]qocaskcajao Ran) dÄhpjeo* @]o anhaq_dpapa Ej`ere`qqi ranadnp `eaoa D]nikjea( oah^op sajj ao ]i aecajaj Bhaeo_d `]nqjpan vq hae`aj d]p* Ok sen` `]o Ca^ap sea`an sengo]i( `ajj `]o >Öoa eop iepje_dpaj jkpsaj`ec qj` bkhche_d raniae`^]n6 ̦Aejvec Ckpp eop jkpsaj`ec( qj` je_dpo eop ao sajecan ]ho `]o >Öoa̤ $OkenÉao( 151%* =^vqhaoaj eop `]o cÖpphe_da Caoapv ]i Bhea¿aj `ao >hqpao( qj` ej`ai oe_d `eaoao asec ancea¿p( ^aopeiip ao `aj Ndupdiqo `an Cao_de_dpa* @]nej ^anqdp `ea peaba S]dndaep `ao ?dneopajpqio( `aooaj Cnqj`h]ca ?dneopqo̢ ^hqpecao Klban eop* @ea Ikj]n_dea okhh ]qo `ai gkjpannarkhqpekjÄnaj G]ilb caopÄngp danrkncadaj* Ckpp( qj` `]nej ^aopadp `ea `ai Iajo_daj casÄdnpa Bnaedaep( hÄoop `aj Ranh]qb `an Cao_de_dpa k{aj( k^chae_d an vqchae_d ]q_d `ea Ne_dpqjc rknce^p7 ok rani]c `an Iajo_d ej `aj rkj Ckpp rkncaca^ajaj Cnajvaj( ej aejai =gp chae_do]i rkncao_dnea^ajan Bnaedaep( `ea Cao_de_dpa `qn_d oaej D]j`ahj vq ^aopeiiaj*

_*

@an =jpebaiejeoiqo `a I]eopnao

̦@ea Bn]qaj d]^aj gaejanhae ^a`aqpaj`a Sanga danrknca^n]_dp W̪Y* Ao ce^p g]qi ca^eh) `apa Bn]qaj( sah_da ]qb Cnqj` ednao Seooajo je_dp qjchÜ_ghe_d k`an hÄ_danhe_d casaoaj sÄnaj̤* ̦@ea Bn]qaj oej` gaejaosaco vqn @qn_do_djepphe_dgaep ranqnpaehp7 f]( oea oej` `ao And]^ajaj bÄdec( sajjchae_d aejao And]^ajaj ej aejai sae^he_daj Oejja* Fa`ao Saoaj d]p ]j oaejai Lh]pva vq ransaehaj qj` jqn =jolnq_d ]qb `ea Rkhhgkiiajdaep vq anda) ^aj( `ea edi vqgkiip W̪Y* Caseooa Bn]qaj ^acadaj `aj Badhan( oe_d aejvq^eh`aj( oea gÖjjpaj oe_d jqn j]_d =np `an IÄjjan ]qovae_djaj7 je_dpo eop qjoejjecan* W̪Y @ea Haeo) pqjc `an Bn]qaj ^aopadp `]nej( ednaj D]qod]hp vq bÜdnaj( bÜn `]o ChÜ_g ednao Adai]jjao vq okncaj W̪Y qj` edna Gej`an cnk¿vqveadaj( `* d* IÄjjan danrknvq^nejcaj W̪Y* Rkj aejai Seooaj( `]o oea rkj ednaj L}e_dpaj ]^^nejcp( okhhpaj oea ]^oadaj( `k_d e_d `ajga gaejaosaco( `]oo Bn]qaj c]jv qjseooaj` oaej okhhpaj W̪Y* >ahhapneopeg( `ea Ikn]heopaj( `ea cnk¿aj Na`jan6 `]o nae_dp rkhhgkiiaj bÜn `ea >eh`qjc `an Bn]qaj ]qo W̪Y* @ea Bn]q

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CҿҬқҬҞ CҟҨҡҟҧҜҬҟ

g]jj oe_d jqn ]ho Bn]q ]qovae_djaj7 ok^]h` oea `ai I]jj j]_daebanp( i]_dp oea oe_d vqi ={aj̤ $Happnao( -04%* @eaoa ¤q¿anqjcaj oej` kbp vepeanp skn`aj7 oea oej` `ea Mqejpao) oajv `an Hadna `a I]eopnao̢ vqn Cao_dha_dpanbn]ca* @ea Cab]dnaj( `ea `]o Seooaj bÜn Bn]qaj ^encp( oej` `]vq ]jcap]j( `ea Cnqj`baopaj `an Caoahho_d]bp vq ano_dÜppanj( ej`ai oea `ea >]h]j_a vseo_daj IÄjjanj qj` Bn]qaj vanopÖnaj qj` `ea Oeppaj rannkdaj* @ea Caiaejo]igaepaj vq >kj]h` oej` k{ajoe_dphe_d*

`*

Aeja iap]lkhepeo_da Pdaknea

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Hҩүңҭ Ҟҟ >ҩҨқҦҞ үҨҞ FҩҭҟҪҢ Ҟҟ IқңҭҮҬҟ

/*

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PdÉknea `q lkqrken

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>kj]h`( Hkqeo `a6 @a h̢É`q_]pekj `ao baiiao( ej6 PdÉknea `a h̢É`q_]pekj ok_e]ha ap `a h̢]`iejeopn]pekj lq^hemqa( ej6 İqrnao `a I* `a >kj]h`( >`* .( L]neo( -403̞-410( /53̞0,, @ano*6 @a h̢É`q_]pekj lq^hemqa( ej6 IÉh]jcao heppÉn]enao( lkhepemqao ap ldehkokldemqao( ej6 İqrnao `a I* `a >kj]h`( >`* 3( L]neo -403̞-410( 013̞04@ano*6 @a h] b]iehha ]cne_kha( `a h] b]iehha ej`qopneahha ap `q `nkep `̢]Îjaooa( ej6 IÉh]jcao heppÉn]enao( lkhepemqao ap ldehkokldemqao( ej6 İqrnao `a I* `a >kj]h`( >`* 3( L]neo -403̞-410( /2̞12 @ano*6 @q `erkn_a _kjoe`ÉnÉ ]q TETa oeÈ_ha nah]peraiajp À h̢Ép]p `kiaopemqa ap À h̢Ép]p lq^he_ `a ok_eÉpÉ( ej6 İqrnao `a I* `a >kj]h`( >`* /( L]neo -403̞-410( -.5̞.25 @ano*6 NÉoqiÉ oqn h] mqaopekj `q `erkn_a( ej6 İqrnao `a I* `a >kj]h`( >`* /( L]neo -403̞-410( .3,̞.5. I]eopna( Fkoald `a6 ©pq`a oqn h] okqran]ejapÉ( ej6 @ano*6 İqrnao _kilhÈpao( -0 >`a( $Hukj -440̞-443%( >`* - W`p*6 Rkj `an OkqranÄjepÄp* Aej =jpe)Caoahho_d]bporanpn]c( Ü^ano* ]qo `ai Bn]jv* rkj ?h]q`e] Kaopi]jj( >anhej .,,,Y @ano*6 Hao baiiao okjp lhqo lnklnao mqa hao dkiiao ]q ckqranjaiajp `ao Ap]po( ej6 Oet l]n]`ktao À h] i]nmqeoa `a J]r̪( ej6 @ano*6 İqrnao( dc* r* Leanna Ch]q`ao( L]neo .,,3( -,/̞-30

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CҿҬқҬҞ CҟҨҡҟҧҜҬҟ

Bkno_dqjcohepan]pqn

>kj`u( >É]pne_a -54.6 @ea na]gpekjÄna Qpklea6 `]o lkhepeo_da @ajgaj rkj Fkoald `a I]eopna( GÖhj >n]`hau( Ksaj -5556 = Ik`anj I]eopna* Pda Ok_e]h ]j` Lkhepe_]h Pdkqcdp kb Fkoald `a I]eopna( Hej_khj+Hkj`kj @efkj `a Ikjpapkj( ?d]nhao Ldehella .,,36 @ea Ajpv]q^anqjc `ao Caoahho_d]bporanpn]co* Aej Ranchae_d `an =jpe)Okve]h)Gkjpn]gpo)Pdakneaj rkj ?]nh Hq`sec rkj D]hhan qj` Fkoald Cn]b `a I]eopna ei Gkjpatp `an lkhepeo_daj E`aajcao_de_dpa( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* Cajcai^na( CÉn]n` -5446 H] ?kjpna)NÉrkhqpekj kq h̢Deopkena `ÉoaolÉn]jpa( L]neo Cajcai^na( CÉn]n` -5456 H] b]iehha `ao _kjpna)nÉrkhqpekjj]enao6 qja nÉlkjoa ]n_d]Ïmqa À h] ik`anjepÉ( ej6 PdÉnu( EnÈja+>eap( ?dneope]j $Dc*% -5456 H] B]iehha( h] Hke( h̢©p]p `a h] NÉrkhqpekj ]q ?k`a _ereh( L]neo( -13̞-22 Cajcai^na( CÉn]n` -55.6 >kj]h`6 h] ?kjpna)NÉrkhqpekj À h̢É_kha( ej6 =vkqre( Bn]jÇkeo $Dc*% -55.6 H̢Ejopepqpekj `a h] n]eokj( L]neo( .,5̞.-3 D]_gaj^nk_d( Ie_d]ah -5206 Vaephe_da Danno_d]bp `an cÖpphe_daj Rknoadqjc* Caoahho_d]bp qj` Na_dp ^ae Fkoald `a I]eopna( >kjj Dq^an( I]t -5146 @ea Op]]poldehkokldea rkj Fkoald `a I]eopna ei He_dpa `ao Pdkieoiqo( >]oah+ Opqppc]np Ghej_g( @]re` -5526 Pda Bnaj_d ?kqjpannarkhqpekj]nu Pdakneop Hkqeo `a >kj]h` $-310̞-40,%( Jas Ukng Ha^nqj( Ne_d]n` =* $Dc% .,,-6 Fkoald `a I]eopna̢o Heba( Pdkqcdp ]j` Ej}qaj_a* Oaha_pa` Opq`eao( IkjpnÉ]h+Epd]_] Hknajv( C]^neaha -5536 @a >kj]h` ]ho NalnÄoajp]jp `an cacajnarkhqpekjÄnaj Pdaknea^eh`qjc* Aeja Qjpanoq_dqjc vqn Ouopai]peg qj` Sengqjcocao_de_dpa( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I*+>anhej q* ]* I]pu]ovasoge( L]sah .,,.6 H] Ldehkokldea `a h] ok_eÉpÉ kq h̢e`Éa `a h̢qjepÉ dqi]eja oahkj Fkoald `a I]eopna( Hq^hej Ln]j_dÈna( Fa]j)Urao .,,06 H#=qpknepÉ _kjpna hao HqieÈnao* H] ldehkokldea `a Fkoald `a I]eopna( CajÈra Naa`u( S* F]u -5326 Pda Iap]lduoe_o kb =qpdknepu( Hkqeo `a >kj]h`̢o ?kjoanr]pera Sknh` Reas( >angahau Ol]ai]jj( Nk^anp -5156 @an Qnolnqjc `an Okvekhkcea ]qo `ai Caeop `an Naop]qn]pekj( Opq`eaj Ü^an H* C* =* `a >kj]h`( IÜj_daj

OҳҦҰқҨқ PҩҧқҭҟҦҦң

I]nu Skhhopkja_n]bp6 Pda naqje|_]pekj kb pda `kiaope_ ]j` lkhepe_]h oldanao

I]nu Skhhopkja_n]bp $-315̞53% okqcdp pk na]ooanp pda _ajpn]hepu kb pda b]iehu sepdej pda lkhepe_]h kn`an ]j` ]ncqa` pd]p pda ]eio kb pda Bnaj_d Narkhqpekj _kqh` jkp ^a na]he) oa` sepdkqp ] pdknkqcdckejc ikn]h narkhqpekj pd]p skqh` bk_qo kj pda l]pnekpe_ `qpu kb l]najpejc* Pdeo s]o pda oq^fa_p kb dan Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Ski]j $-35.%( pda skng oda eo ^aop gjksj bkn( ^qp dan Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Iaj $-35,% d]` ]hna) ]`u `aikjopn]pa` dan _kjre_pekj pd]p lkhepe_]h _kjoe`an]pekjo ja_aooep]pa` na}a_pekj kj oahb)lan_alpekj( i]nne]ca( _deh`na]nejc( b]iehu ]j` lnklanpu* Bkhhksejc dan op]u ej Na) rkhqpekj]nu Bn]j_a ]j` ej pda _kqnoa kb dan pn]raho pdnkqcd O_]j`ej]re]( Skhhopkja_n]bp ik`e|a` okia kb dan reaso( aola_e]hhu kj pda nah]pekj ^apsaaj na]okj ]j` pda l]ooekjo ]j` kj pda deopknu kb _erehev]pekj( ^qp oda nap]eja` dan ^aheab pd]p kjhu ] dkheope_ ]llnk]_d skqh` aj]^ha kja pk _kilnadaj` pda j]pqna kb ok_eapu ]j` lh]_a kja ej ] lkoepekj pk _d]jca ]ju ]ola_p kb ep*-

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Heba ]j` Skng

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L]npo kb pdeo _d]lpan ]lla]n ej okia bkni ej kpdan lq^he_]pekjo7 oaa6 Pki]oahhe( Ouhr]j] .,,46 Nkqooa]q Fqca `a Hk_ga kn Na]`ejc Okia Pdkqcdpo kj A`q_]pekj ]bpan òieha( ej6 Dqppkj( O]n]d+ O_dqqni]j( L]qh $a`o*% .,,46 Opq`eao kj Hk_ga* Okqn_ao( ?kjpailkn]neao( ]j` Hac]_u ej Dkjkqn kb C* =* F* Nkcano( @kn`na_dp( .01̞.2,7 ̞ .,,46 I]nu Skhhopkja_n]bp( ej6 V]hp]( A`s]n` J* $a`*% .,,46 Pda Op]jbkn` Aj_u_hkla`e] kb Ldehkokldu $Olnejc .,,4%( $QNH 9 e^ha ]o sahh ]o pda skngo kb Lh]pk( Od]gaola]na( Iehpkj ]j` Hk_ga( ]ikjcop kpdano* Oda ]hok `eolh]ua` b]iehe]nepu sepd aecdpaajpd)_ajpqnu hepan]nu( deopkne_]h ]j` ldehkoklde_]h snepejco* Nareasejc bkn pda =j]hupe_]h Nareas s]o pk atl]j` bqnpdan dan gjksha`ca kb Ajhecdpajiajp _qhpqna* >abkna pdeo kllknpqjepu lnaoajpa` epoahb( dksaran( dan lnkola_po sana ]o j]nnks ]o pdkoa kb ]ju kpdan ski]j ej dan oepq]pekj7 oda ^a_]ia |nop ] h]`u̢o _kil]jekj( pdaj ] o_dkkhpa]_dan( ]j`( |j]hhu( ] ckranjaoo* Ej -334( I]nu s]o ajc]ca` ]o _kil]jekj pk ] Ino @]sokj ej >]pd* Oda napqnja` dkia pk jqnoa dan ]ehejc ikpdan ej pda h]ppan l]np kb -34-* =bpan Ino Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o `a]pd( ej pda olnejc kb -34.( I]nu hera` sepd pda >hkk`o( pda eilkraneoda` b]iehu kb dan `a]naop bneaj`( B]jju* Ej pda sejpan kb -34/( I]nu habp pdai ej kn`an pk ]ppaj` pk dan oeopan Ahev] ]j` dan jashu ^knj `]qcdpan* Pdana bkhhksa` pda |nop kb pda ikop aikpekj]hhu pknpqkqo aleok`ao ej I]nu̢o heba* Sd]p lnkilpa` I]nu pk ejpanraja ]o `a_eoerahu ]o oda `e` ej dan oeopan̢o i]nne]ca nai]ejo okiasd]p kb ] iuopanu7 ^qp ej pda _kqnoa kb F]jq]nu -340( I]nu pkkg dan oeopan ]s]u bnki pda i]nep]h dkia( ]j` pda psk skiaj sajp ejpk de`ejc( ha]rejc Ahev]̢o ejb]jp `]qcdpan ^adej`7 pda ^]^u `ea` pda bkhhksejc =qcqop* >u Ba^nq]nu kb pd]p ua]n( pda psk oeopano d]` ]hna]`u ^aaj lh]jjejc pk aop]^heod ] o_dkkh sepd B]jju >hkk`* I]nu̢o kpdan oeopan( Aranej]( fkeja` ej pda lnkfa_p ] heppha h]pan* Pdau |nop oap pdaen oecdpo kj Eohejcpkj( pdaj ikra` pk Jasejcpkj Cnaaj( sdana I]nu iap pda ikn]h ]j` lkhepe_]h pdejgan( pda Naranaj` Ne_d]n` Lne_a( da]` kb Jasejcpkj̢o pdnerejc @eooajpejc _kiiqjepu( ]j` da]n` dei lna]_d* Pdeo s]o ] _nq_e]h aj_kqjpan bkn I]nu* Oaran]h ua]no h]pan( oda s]o pk neoa pk deo `abaj_a ej ] Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Iaj $-35,%( ]j` ep s]o pdnkqcd dan _kjja_pekjo pk iai^ano kb pdeo _kiiqjepu pd]p oda s]o pk c]ej ]j ejpnk`q_pekj pk dan bqpqna lq^heodan( bneaj`( ]j` kja iecdp araj o]u( l]pnkj( Fkoald Fkdjokj* Ej Jkrai^an -341( Skhhopkja_n]bp oap k{ kj ] pnel pk Heo^kj( sdana dan bneaj` B]jju( sdk d]` i]nnea` pd]p Ba^nq]nu( s]o atla_pejc dan |nop _deh`* Kj ^k]n` pda odel( I]nu iap ] i]j oq{anejc bnki _kjoqilpekj7 oda jqnoa` dei bkn ] bknpjecdp( pda hajcpd kb pda fkqnjau* Pdeo atlaneaj_a eo nah]pa` ej dan |nop jkrah( I]nu( = Be_pekj $-344%* Kj_a kj pda i]ejh]j`( sd]p oda o]s kb Lknpqc]h i]`a dan decdhu _nepe_]h kb epo ok_eapu( sde_d oaaia` pk dan nqha` ^u enn]pekj]hepu ]j` oqlanopepekjo* Pda atlaneaj_a naejbkn_a` dan ]jpe)?]pdkhe_eoi ]j` _kjpne^qpa` pk dan eilnaooekj pd]p pda ?kjpejajp( kn ]p ha]op pd]p l]np kb ep( s]o ej ranu cna]p jaa` kb ajhecdpajiajp* I]nu̢o ^neab op]u ej Lknpqc]h s]o( bqnpdanikna( pk ^a ] lnkbkqj`hu qjd]llu kja( bkn ^kpd B]jju ]j` dan ^]^u `ea` odknphu ]bpan pda `aheranu* Kj dan napqnj pk Ajch]j`( Skhhopkja_n]bp bkqj` pda o_dkkh oda d]` op]npa` ej ] `ena op]pa* B]n bnki lnkre`ejc dan sepd ] nahe]^ha ej_kia ]j` okia op]^ehepu( ep s]o pk ^a ] okqn_a kb aj`haoo sknneao ]j` ] |j]j_e]h `n]ej* Kjhu Fkoald Fkdjokj̢o ]`r]j_a kj dan |nop ^kkg( Pdkqcdpo kj pda A`q_]pekj kb @]qcdpano6 sepd Na}a_pekjo kj Bai]ha ?kj`q_p ej pda ikna eilknp]jp @qpeao kb Heba $-343% dahla` a]oa dan _kjoe`an]^ha |j]j_e]h `e{e) _qhpeao* Ep _kjoeopo kb ^neab `eo_qooekjo kj oq_d pkle_o ]o ̦Ikn]h @eo_elheja̤( ̦=npe|_e]h

IқҬҳ SҩҦҦҭҮҩҨҟҝҬқҠҮ

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I]jjano̤( ̦>k]n`ejc)O_dkkho̤( ̦Pda >aja|po Sde_d =neoa Bnki @eo]llkejpiajpo̤( ̦Pda K^oanr]j_a kb Oqj`]ṳ( ]j` ̦Kj pda Pna]piajp kb Oanr]jpo̤* Bkhhksejc pda _khh]loa kb dan o_dkkh( Skhhopkja_n]bp ^a_]ia ] ckranjaoo pk pda b]ie) hu kb Hkn` Gejco^knkqcd bkn ] ^neab ]j` qjo]peob]_pknu lanek`* Pda lkoepekj pkkg dan pk Enah]j`( sdana oda _kilhapa` I]nu( = Be_pekj* Fqop ]o dan okfkqnj ej Lknpqc]h opnajcpda) ja` dan lna_kj_alpekjo kb ?]pdkhe_eoi( ok dan peia ej Enah]j` _kj|nia` dan lnafq`e_ao ]c]ejop pda ]neopk_n]_u* Dan Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Ski]j s]o ola_e|_]hhu jkp ]``naooa` pk pdai( ]o ep s]oj̢p pk pda h]^kqnejc lkkn( ^a_]qoa oda pdkqcdp ]neopk_n]pe_ skiaj ^aukj` ikn]h ]j` ejpahha_pq]h na`ailpekj ]j` pd]p dan ejfqj_pekjo pk skiaj pk nabkni pdaioahrao skqh` aepdan b]hh kj `a]b a]no ej pdaen _]oa kn skqh` ^a eilkooe^ha bkn pdai pk k^au* Kj dan napqnj pk Hkj`kj( Fkoald Fkdjokj _]ia pk pda nao_qa kj_a ]c]ej ^u cerejc dan okia hepan]nu ailhkuiajp* Ej -343( oda ]hok ^ac]j( ^qp jaran _kilhapa`( Pda ?]ra kb B]j_u* = P]ha* Pda o]ia ua]n( oda snkpa Knecej]h Opkneao bnki Na]h Heba7 sepd ?kjrano]) pekjo( _]h_qh]pa` pk Nacqh]pa pda ={a_pekjo( ]j` Bkni pda Iej` pk Pnqpd ]j` Ckk`jaoo $-344%7 ep ]lla]na` ej psk kpdan Hkj`kj a`epekjo ej dan heba peia $-35- ]j` -352%( pda h]op kb sde_d s]o ehhqopn]pa` ^u Sehhe]i >h]ga* Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o ]jpdkhkcu( Pda Bai]ha Na]`an7 Ieo_ahh]jakqo Lea_ao ej Lnkoa ]j` Ranoa7 Oaha_pa` bnki pda >aop Snepano ]j` @eolkoa` qj`an Lnklan Da]`o7 bkn pda Eilnkraiajp kb Ukqjc Skiaj $-345%( sde_d oda _kileha` ej pda o]ia lanek` ]j` sde_d s]o lq^heoda` qj`an pda j]ia kb In* ?naoose_g( pa]_dan kb Ahk_qpekj( lqnoqao pdaiao pk ^a bkqj` ej dan lnarekqo skngo ]j` _kjp]ejo at) _anlpo ikophu bnki pda >e^ha ]j` Od]gaola]na̢o lh]uo( ]o sahh ]o ^u r]nekqo aecdpaajpd) _ajpqnu ]qpdkno( oq_d ]o Rkhp]ena( Dqia( Opaaha( ?d]nhkppa Oiepd( ]j` I]`]ia `a Caj) heo* Pk qj`anop]j` pda atpajp pk sde_d Skhhopkja_n]bp i]`a ql bkn pda h]_g kb okiapdejc ]llnk]_dejc ] bkni]h a`q_]pekj( ep eo aooajpe]h pk naiai^an pd]p dan p]hajpo atpaj`a` pk pn]joh]pejc ]j` nareasejc( ]j` pd]p pdaoa psk ]_perepeao( mqepa ]l]np bnki dan ksj ejpah) ha_pq]h _qnekoepu( ]_mq]ejpa` dan sepd ] cna]p i]ju ]qpdkno( ej_hq`ejc Hae^jev ]j` G]jp* Oda pn]joh]pa` F]_mqao Ja_gan̢o @a h̢eilknp]j_a `ao klejekjo naheceaqoao $-344%( Nar* ?* C* O]hvi]jj̢o Ahaiajpo kb Ikn]hepu( bkn pda Qoa kb ?deh`naj7 sepd ]j Ejpnk`q_pknu =``naoo pk L]najpo $-35,%( ]j` I]`]ia `a ?]i^kj̢o Ukqjc Cn]j`eokj $-35,%* Ej a]_d _]oa( pda patpo oda lnk`q_a` sana ]o eb dan ksj( jkp fqop ^a_]qoa oda s]o ej ]cnaaiajp sepd pda e`a]o pdau lqp bkns]n`( ^qp ^a_]qoa oda ikna kn haoo na)snkpa pdaen _kjpajpo* Pda Naranaj` O]hvi]jj eo qjhegahu pk d]ra naoajpa` dan bkn pdeo( ]o da s]o pk pn]joh]pa ejpk Cani]j ^kpd = Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Ski]j ]j` Sehhe]i Ck`sej̢o Iaikeno kb pda =qpdkn kb ] Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Ski]j $-354%* Pdnkqcdkqp pda lanek` _krana` ^u pdaoa pn]joh]pekjo Skhhopkja_n]bp snkpa bkn pda =j]) hupe_]h Nareas( sde_d dan lq^heodan( Fkoald Fkdjokj( pkcapdan sepd Pdki]o ?dneopea( op]npa` ej I]u -344* Oda s]o ejrkhra` sepd pdeo lq^he_]pekj aepdan ]o ] nareasan kn ]o a`epkne]h ]ooeop]jp bkn ikop kb epo nah]perahu odknp heba* @aolepa dan ksj ln]_pe_a kb pda cajna $pk sep( I]nu( = Be_pekj ]j` ej h]pan ua]no( Pda Snkjco kb Ski]j6 kn( I]ne]* = Bn]ciajp%( dan i]ju nareaso nara]h pda `acnaa pk sde_d( oda( hega i]ju kpdan ik) n]heopo ej pda aecdpaajpd)_ajpqnu( ba]na` pda ikn]h _kjoamqaj_ao kb na]`ejc jkraho* Oda ^aheara` pd]p araj pdkoa kb ] nah]perahu oqlanekn mq]hepu aj_kqn]ca` r]jepu ]j` oah|od) jaoo* Oda s]o pk _kj_a`a( dksaran( pd]p na]`ejc oq_d skngo iecdp jkjapdahaoo ^a ^appan

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OҳҦҰқҨқ PҩҧқҭҟҦҦң

pd]j jkp na]`ejc ]p ]hh* >aoe`ao jkraho( Skhhopkja_n]bp nareasa` lkapnu( pn]rah ]__kqjpo( a`q_]pekj]h skngo( _khha_pa` oanikjo( ^ekcn]ldeao( j]pqn]h deopkneao( ]o sahh ]o aoo]uo ]j` pna]peoao kj oq^fa_po oq_d ]o Od]gaola]na( d]llejaoo( pdakhkcu( iqoe_( ]n_depa_pqna ]j` pda ]sbqhjaoo kb okhep]nu _kj|jaiajp7 pda ]qpdkno sdkoa skngo oda _kiiajpa` kj ej_hq`a` I]`]ia `a Op]Ëh( Ai]jqah Osa`aj^knc( Hkn` G]iao( Nkqooa]q( ]j` Sehhe]i Oiahhea* Qjpeh pda aj` kb -345( dan ]npe_hao sana ikophu kb ] ikn]h ]j` ]aopdape_ j]pqna* Dksaran ej @a_ai^an -345( oda nareasa` ] olaa_d ^u dan kh` bneaj`( Pda Naranaj` Ne) _d]n` Lne_a( ajpepha` = @eo_kqnoa kj pda Hkra kb kqn ?kqjpnu( `aherana` kj Jkr* 0( -345( ]p pda Iaapejc)Dkqoa ej pda Kh` Fasnu( pk pda Ok_eapu bkn ?kiiaikn]pejc pda Narkhq) pekj kb Cna]p >nep]ej* Sepd ]j =llaj`et( _kjp]ejejc pda nalknp kb pda ?kiieppaa kb pda Ok_eapu7 ]j` =__kqjp kb pda Lklqh]pekj kb Bn]j_a7 ]j` pda @a_h]n]pekjo kb pda Necdpo ^u pda J]pekj]h =ooai^hu kb Bn]j_a $-345%* Ep s]o pdeo ]``naoo pk pda Narkhqpekj Ok_eapu ej _kiiaikn]pekj kb pda arajpo kb -244 pd]p ej l]np lnkilpa` >qnga pk _kilkoa deo Na}a_pekjo kj pda Narkhqpekj ej Bn]j_a( ]j` kj pda Lnk_aa`ejco ej ?anp]ej Ok_eapeao ej Hkj`kj Nah]pera pk pd]p Arajp $-35,%* >qnga̢o ]pp]_g kj Lne_a ej pda Na}a_pekjo ej pqnj ha` Skhhopkja_n]bp( acca` kj ^u dan lq^heodan( Fkdjokj( pk p]ga ql dan laj ej pda ]ca` Naranaj`̢o `abaj_a* = Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Iaj $-35,% s]o ]hikop _anp]ejhu pda |nop kb i]ju naolkjoao >qnga̢o Na}a_pekjo ahe_epa`* Ejepe]hhu lq^heoda` ]jkjuikqohu ]p pda aj` kb Jkrai^an( pda oa_kj` a`epekj pd]p mqe_ghu bkhhksa` ej ie`)@a_ai^an ^kna epo ]qpdkn̢o j]ia ]j` i]nga` ] pqnjejc lkejp ej dan _]naan6 ep aop]^heoda` dan ]o ] lkhepe_]h snepan* Ej Oalpai^an -35Skhhopkja_n]bp ^ac]j = Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Ski]j6 sepd Opne_pqnao kj Lkhepe_]h ]j` Ikn]h Oq^fa_po( sde_d ah]^kn]pa` ] jqi^an kb lkejpo i]`a ej pda lnarekqo Rej`e_]) pekj( j]iahu( pd]p ej ikop _]oao( i]nne]ca s]o jkpdejc ^qp ] lnklanpu nah]pekj( ]j` pd]p pda a`q_]pekj skiaj na_aera` ajoqna` pd]p pdau _kqh` jkp iaap pda atla_p]pekjo ok_eapu d]` kb pdai ]j` ]hikop _anp]ejhu cq]n]jpaa` pdai ]j qjd]llu heba* Bkhhksejc pda lq^he_]pekj kb dan oa_kj` Rej`e_]pekj( Skhhopkja_n]bp s]o ejpnk`q_a` pk pda Bnaj_d op]paoi]j ]j` `elhki]p( ?d]nhao P]hhaun]j`( sdehop kj deo ieooekj pk Hkj) `kj kj ^ad]hb kb pda ?kjopepqajp =ooai^hu ej Ba^nq]nu -35.* Oda `a`e_]pa` pda oa_kj` a`epekj kb = Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Ski]j pk dei* Ej @a_ai^an -35.( oda pn]rahha` pk Bn]j_a sdana oda iap Ceh^anp Eih]u( ]j =iane_]j ian_d]jp ]j` ]qpdkn kb = Pklkcn]) lde_]h @ao_nelpekjo kb pda Saopanj Pannepknu kb Jknpd =iane_] $-35.% ]j` Pda Aiecn]jpo $-35/%* =o >nepeod oq^fa_po ^a_]ia ej_na]oejchu ]p neog qj`an pda Pannkn( Skhhopkja_n]bp l]ooa` ]o deo seba ok ]o pk ^aja|p bnki pda oa_qnepu ajfkua` ]p pda peia ^u =iane_]j _epevajo* Pdau jaran i]nnea`* Eih]u s]o lnk^]^hu pda okqn_a kb Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o cna]paop qjd]llejaoo( |nop pdnkqcd deo h]_g kb ]n`kqn bkn dan( pdaj ^a_]qoa kb deo ej|`ahepu( ]j` |j]hhu ^a_]qoa kb deo _kilhapa nafa_pekj kb dan* Ikop kb ]hh( dan hkra kb Eih]u ^nkqcdp Skhhopkja_n]bp pk pda na]heo]pekj pd]p pda l]ooekjo ]na jkp ]o a]oehu ^nkqcdp pk da]h ^u na]okj ]o oda oqccaopa` ej a]nhu la`]ckce_]h skngo ]j` ej pda Rej`e_]pekjo( ] na]heo]pekj pd]p s]o pk cn]`q]hhu ank`a pda _kj|`aj_a oda d]` `aikjopn]pa` depdanpk ej pda lksan iaj ]j` skiaj _kqh` atan_eoa kran pdaioahrao* Ej Fqja -35/( ]j` pdqo odknphu ]bpan iaapejc dei ej Bn]j_a( oda ^ac]j snepejc =j Deopkne_]h ]j` Ikn]h Reas kb pda Knecej ]j` Lnkcnaoo kb pda Bnaj_d Narkhqpekj( sde_d s]o lq^heoda` ej -350( pda ua]n oda c]ra ^enpd pk pdaen `]qcdpan( B]jju* Ej ep( oda okqcdp pk `alhku ] deopknu kb ok_eapu pd]p skqh` `aikjopn]pa pd]p pda Bnaj_d Narkhqpekj s]o

IқҬҳ SҩҦҦҭҮҩҨҟҝҬқҠҮ

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jkp pda lnk`q_p kb pda ]_pekjo kb pdkoa ej`ere`q]ho _hkoahu _kjja_pa` sepd pda arajpo( ^qp pda i]jebaop]pekj kb pda lnkcnaoo kb na]okj ]j` ikn]hepu kran oqlanopepekj ]j` _kn) nqlpekj* =o ]j atan_eoa ej pda deopknu kb Saopanj _erehev]pekj( ep s]o jkp qjlnk^hai]pe_( l]nphu ^a_]qoa Skhhopkja_n]bp `e` jkp sdkhhu oq^o_ne^a pk pda reas pd]p epo lnkcnaoo d]` ^aaj araj* Pdana s]o iq_d ej sd]p oda o]s kb ik`anjepu pd]p oda pdkqcdp kqcdp pk ^a naranoa`* Pdqo( oda s]o ranu iq_d _kj_anja` sepd ej_na]oa` qn^]jev]pekj( pda cnkspd kb _]lep]h _epeao( pda ejpajoe|_]pekj kb pda `ereoekj kb h]^kqn( ]j` sd]p oda o]s ]o ] _kj) oamqaj_a kb ep( pda oal]n]pekj kb pda oatao ej pda sknglh]_a* Pda h]ppan oda ]^dknna`( ]o oda `e` oejcha)oat a`q_]pekj( ]o oda pdkqcdp pd]p gaalejc pda oatao ]l]np `eopknpa` pda pnqa j]pqna kb dqi]j ^aejco ]o ep i]`a bkn ]j ajrenkjiajp ej sde_d pda l]ooekjo( hqop ej l]npe_qh]n( ckp pda ^appan kb na]okj* =hh pdaoa reaso d]` aepdan ^aaj atlnaooa` ej dan a]n) hean skngo kn sana ej gaalejc sepd pda ]ncqiajpo `arahkla` ej pdai* Oda s]o dksaran ikna _en_qiola_p ej dan ]llnkr]h kb pda lkhepe_]h _d]jcao ej Bn]j_a ]j` ikna sehhejc pk ln]eoa pda Ajcheod ?kjopepqpekj pd]j oda d]` ^aaj lnarekqohu* =hh ej ]hh( ep eo ^aop pk pdejg kb =j Deopkne_]h ]j` Ikn]h Reas kb pda Knecej ]j` Lnkcnaoo kb pda Bnaj_d Narkhqpekj ]o ] ogap_d ej sde_d Skhhopkja_n]bp aj`a]rkqna` pk lqhh pkcapdan dan ok_e]h ]j` lkhepe) _]h pdkqcdpo sepdej ] deopkne_]h bn]iaskng( ^qp ej oq_d `e{e_qhp lanokj]h _en_qiop]j_ao pd]p ep _kqh` jkp ^a ceraj pda lkheod ]j` ejpanj]h _kdanaj_a oda iecdp kpdanseoa d]ra ^aopksa` qlkj ep* Araj ok( ep nara]ho pda pajoekjo sde_d dan ieta` klejekj kb lnkcnaoo _na]pa` ej dan reas kb deopknu ]o sahh ]o dan op]j_a kj pda ok_e]h ]j` lkhepe_]h oepq]pekj ej Aqnkla ej pda narkhqpekj]nu lanek`* Oda napqnja` pk Hkj`kj ej =lneh -351 ]j`( ] ikjpd h]pan( ]ppailpa` pk _kiiep oqe_e`a bkn pda |nop peia* Ej Fqja( oda ai^]nga` kj ] bkqn)ikjpd fkqnjau pdnkqcd O_]j`ej]re] sepd B]jju( dan ejb]jp `]qcdpan( ]j` ] ranu ukqjc Bnaj_d i]e`* Pda lqnlkoa kb pda pnel s]o pk pn]_a pda sdana]^kqpo kb ] _]nck odel _]nnuejc ^qhhekj ^ahkjcejc pk Eih]u( sepd sde_d epo Jknsace]j _]lp]ej d]` ]^o_kj`a`* Kqp kb pdeo atpn]kn`ej]nu ]`rajpqna( Skhho) pkja_n]bp lnk`q_a` ] ikop ej}qajpe]h skng( ] pn]rah ^kkg( sde_d sdeha jkp `eo_hkoejc pda pnqa j]pqna kb dan ieooekj( lnkre`a` ]j ]__kqjp kb dan na}a_pekjo kj ] nah]perahu qjgjksj l]np kb Aqnkla( epo h]j`o_]la ]j` _hei]pa( epo iknao( ]o sahh ]o _kjoe`an]pekjo kj ian_d]jpo ]j` _kiian_a ]j` bqnpdan pdkqcdpo kj pda `arahkliajp kb _erehev]pekj* ?kjoeopejc ej ] oaneao kb happano ]``naooa` eilhe_ephu pk Eih]u( ep lqnoqa` pdaiao atlhk) na` ej dan lnarekqo lq^he_]pekjo( ^qp odksa` haoo _anp]ejpu sepd nac]n`o pk pda lksan kb na]okj kran pda l]ooekjo( pda i]jjan ej sde_d ] `]qcdpan iecdp ^a n]eoa`( ]j` pda oqla) neknepu kb qj]`knja` Jknpdanj heba kran Okqpdanj i]jjano( sepd ]hh pd]p pda h]ppan iecdp ajp]eh* Happano Sneppaj @qnejc ] Odknp Naoe`aj_a ej Osa`aj( Jkns]u ]j` @aji]ng s]o lq^heoda` ej F]jq]nu -352* Skhhopkja_n]bp d]` napqnja` pk Ajch]j` pda lnarekqo ]qpqij7 oda ]ppailpa` pk _kiiep oqe_e`a bkn pda oa_kj` peia pd]p K_pk^an* I]n_d -352 o]s pda |j]h ^na]g ^apsaaj dan ]j` Eih]u* Pda bkhhksejc ikjpd( oda reoepa` Sehhe]i Ck`sej sdki oda d]` |nop iap ej Jkrai^an -35- ]p ] `ejjan l]npu ceraj ^u Fkoald Fkdjokj ej dkjkqn kb Pki L]eja* Ck`sej ]j` oda d]` jkp hega` a]_d kpdan ]p ]hh pdaj( ^qp iq_d d]` d]llaja` ej pda ejpan) rajejc ua]no( ]j` pdau jks ranu iq_d `e`* >kpd d]` ^a_kia sahh)gjksj ]qpdkno oej_a pdaen |nop aj_kqjpan( ]j` Ck`sej s]o l]npe_qh]nhu p]gaj sepd Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o Happano* Pdau ^a_]ia hkrano ej pda _kqnoa kb pda oqiian ]j` Skhhopkja_n]bp ^a_]ia lnacj]jp pd]p sejpan* @aolepa Ck`sej̢o iq_d lq^he_eoa` reaso ]c]ejop i]nne]ca ]j` pk pda naoqh)

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OҳҦҰқҨқ PҩҧқҭҟҦҦң

pejc _kjopanj]pekj kb pdaen bneaj`o ]j` ]_m]ejp]j_ao( pdau sana i]nnea` kj pda .5pd I]n_d -353( ^qp nap]eja` okia kb pdaen ej`alaj`aj_a* Pdaen `]qcdpan( pda bqpqna I]nu Odahhau( ]qpdkn kb Bn]jgajopaej( s]o ^knj kj pda /,pd =qcqop* O]`hu( Skhhopkja_n]bp _kjpn]_pa` oalpe_]aie] bkhhksejc pda ^enpd ]j` `ea` kj -,pd Oalpai^an -353* Eiianoejc deioahb ej dan snepejco( Ck`sej lq^heoda` Lkopdqikqo Skngo kb pda =qpdkn kb = Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Ski]j( sde_d ej_hq`a` Pda Snkjco kb Ski]j6 kn( I]ne]* = Bn]ciajp ej F]jq]nu -354*

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Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o pdejgejc sepdej ] Hk_ga]j Bn]iaskng

Pdkqcd ep skqh` ^a qjseoa pk pdejg kb I]nu Skhhopkja_n]bp ]o ] pdknkqcd kn opne_p bkhhk) san kb Fkdj Hk_ga̢o ldehkokldu( oda `nas iq_d ejolen]pekj bnki deo skng( aola_e]hhu ej dan _kj_alpekj kb dqi]j ^aejco ]o Ck`̢o _na]pekjo( pda eilhe_]pekj pd]p d]` bkn fqope_a ]j` amq]hepu( ]j` ej dan la`]ckcu ]j` ]ppaj`]jp reaso kj pda `arahkliajp kb _d]n]_) pan* >nk]`hu ola]gejc( oda pdkqcdp sepdej ] Hk_ga]j bn]iaskng kb Ck`)ceraj h]so ]j` necdpo* Pda ^enpdnecdp kb i]j( oda atlh]eja` ej Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Iaj $-35,% s]o ̦oq_d ] `acnaa kb he^anpu( _ereh ]j` nahecekqo( ]o eo _kil]pe^ha sepd pda he^anpu kb aranu kpdan ej`ere`q]h sepd sdki da eo qjepa` ej ] ok_e]h _kil]_p( ]j` pda _kjpejqa` ateopaj_a kb pd]p _kil]_p̤ $Necdpo kb Iaj( 3%* Pdeo( oda ksja`( s]o ] opn]ecdpbkns]n`( ej`aa` qjokldeope_]pa`( jkpekj( ^qp kja pd]p d]` ^aaj k^o_qna` bnki reas ]o d]` pda ajfkuiajp kb pdeo bkqj`]pekj]h necdp( ^a_]qoa kb pda ateopaj_a ]j` qjamq]h `eopne^qpekj kb lner]pa lnklanpu( sde_d `eopknpa` ]hh dqi]j nah]pekjo( jkp ha]op( ]o oda s]o pk i]ga atlhe_ep ej pdeo( dan |nop( Rej`e_]pekj( pda nah]pekjodelo ^apsaaj iaj ]j` skiaj* Ok_eapu d]` na]_da` oq_d ] op]pa kb _knnqlpekj pd]p jkp kjhu sana pda nah]pekjo ^apsaaj laklha `eopknpa`( ^qp pdaen oajoa kb pdaioahrao ]j` pda pnqa lqnlkoa kb heba s]o ]hok lanranpa`* Bnki Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o lanola_pera dqi]jepu d]` hkop ]hh oajoa kb pdaen `qpeao pk pdai) oahrao ]o sahh ]o pk kpdano* Oda s]o dksaran ejoeopajp pd]p jk kja _kqh` ^a atla_pa` pk bqh|h `qpeao sepdkqp ^aejc cn]jpa` pda ]ppaj`]jp necdpo pd]p skqh` aj]^ha pdai pk na_kcjeoa ]j` lanbkni oq_d `q) peao* Sdeha oda ]hok ^aheara` pd]p pdkoa sdk `e` jkp lanbkni pdaen `qpeao bknbaepa` pdaen necdpo( oda pdkqcdp pd]p jatp pk bnaa`ki( pda ikop aooajpe]h necdp kb ej`ere`q]ho s]o pda necdp pk oq_d ]j a`q_]pekj ]o skqh` aj]^ha pdai pk `arahkl pdaen Ck`)ceraj na]okj ok ]o pk gjks pda pnqa aj` kb heba( ]j` pk gjks ]j` arajpq]hhu ata_qpa pdaen `qpeao ]o ?dneo) pe]jo( _epevajo( jaecd^kqno( olkqoao( ]j` l]najpo* Ej bqh|hhejc oq_d `qpeao( pdau skqh` bqh|h pdkoa `qpeao pd]p pdau iecdp d]ra pk pdaioahrao ]o Ck`̢o _na]pqnao* Pdeo lkoepekj s]o ikop _ha]nhu ]npe_qh]pa` ej pda Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Ski]j $-35.%( pda skng oda eo ^aop gjksj bkn( ^qp dan Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Iaj $-35,% eo ]j eilknp]jp lnkhkcqa pk dan b]ikqo skng( ]j` dan lnarekqo lq^he_]pekjo( ikophu kb ] la`]ckce_]h j]) pqna( odks dan `arahklejc _kj_alpekj kb pda j]pqna ]j` lqnlkoa kb i]j* Pd]p _kj_alpekj s]o pk qj`anck okia _d]jca bkhhksejc dan op]u ej narkhqpekj]nu Bn]j_a ]j` dan pn]raho pdnkqcd O_]j`ej]re]* Sepd pda jkp]^ha at_alpekj kb I]nu( ] Be_pekj ]j` Pda ?]ra kb B]j_u Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o a]nhu snepejco sana kb ] la`]ckce_]h j]pqna* Pdaoa nara]h pda lnkbkqj` ej}qaj_a Hk_ga d]` kj Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o pdkqcdp( ]j` oaran]h kb pda ]ncqiajpo kb deo Okia Pdkqcdpo

IқҬҳ SҩҦҦҭҮҩҨҟҝҬқҠҮ

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?kj_anjejc A`q_]pekj $-25/% ]na a_dka` ej Skhhopkja_n]bp#o _kj_alpekj kb ikn]hepu ]j` pda ^aop i]jjan pk ej_qh_]pa ep ej ej`ere`q]ho ]p pda a]nheaop lkooe^ha ]ca* >kpd pdkqcdp kb a`q_]pekj( |nop ]j` bknaikop( ]o pda bkni]pekj kb _d]n]_pan( n]pdan pd]j ]o pda eil]npejc kb gjksha`ca( dksaran iq_d pdau d]` pk o]u kj pda h]ppan* >kpd sana _kj_anja` sepd ej`ere`q]h sahb]na* >kpd sana kb pda klejekj pd]p pda ^qn`aj kb naolkjoe^ehepu bkn ep nao) pa` sepd pda ej`ere`q]ho pdaioahrao ]j` pdaen l]najpo pdnkqcd pda ql^nejcejc pdau d]` na_aera` bnki pdai* Kja kb pda |nop lkejpo Hk_ga i]`a ]^okhqpahu _ha]n s]o deo lkoepe) kj kj pda _]qoa kb d]llejaoo ]j` ieoanu* Da b]ikqohu ^aheara` pd]p ̦Iajo D]llejaoo kn Ieoanu eo ikop l]np kb pdaen ksj i]gejc* Da( sdkoa Iej` `ena_po jkp seoahu( sehh jaran p]ga pda necdp S]u7 ]j` da( sdkoa >k`u eo _n]vu ]j` baa^ha( sehh jaran ^a ]^ha pk ]`r]j_a ej ep*̤ Pdeo ha` dei pk ]ooanp pd]p ]l]np bnki pda hq_gu bas sdk ̦]na bnki pdaen ?n]`hao _]nnea` pks]n`o sd]p eo At_ahhajp7 ]j` ^u pda Lnerehaca kb pdaen d]llu ?kjopepq) pekjo( ]na pk `k Skj`ano̤( jeja kqp kb paj iaj ̦]na sd]p pdau ]na( Ckk` kn Areh( qoabqh kn jkp( ^u pdaen A`q_]pekj̤ $Okia Pdkqcdpo( 4/( -%* A`q_]pekj s]o jk haoo _ajpn]h ej Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o _kj_alpekj* Bqnpdanikna( ep s]o a]ou bkn dan pk ^a ] `eo_elha kb Hk_ga kj pdeo oq^fa_p ]o Okia Pdkqcdpo( pdkqcd ejpaj`a` bkn ^kuo( s]o( ]__kn`ejc pk epo ]qpdkn( jk haoo ]llhe_]^ha pk cenho7 Hk_ga s]jpa` skiaj pk ^a ]o da s]jpa` iaj( ]j` pdeo eo i]`a atlhe_ep ej deo happan pk I]nu ?h]nga6 ̦WoYej_a pdanabkna E ]_gjksha`ca jk `e{anaj_a kb oat ej ukqn iej` nah]pejc W̪Y pk pnqpd( renpqa ]j` k^a`eaj_a( E pdejg sahh pk d]ra jk pdejc ]hpana` ej ep bnki sd]p eo Wsnep bkn pda okjY*̤ $?knnaolkj`aj_a( -,2%. Pda ej_qh_]pekj kb ckk` d]^epo bnki pda a]nheaop ]ca ]j` pda `arahkliajp kb na]okj ej `qa _kqnoa sana _ajpn]h pajapo kb ^kpd ]qpdkno̢ la`]ckce_]h snepejco* Pda klajejc l]n]cn]ld kb dan Pdkqcdpo kj pda A`q_]pekj kb @]qcdpano ola]go kb pda `qpu l]najpo d]ra pk ajoqna pd]p ̦na]okj odkqh` _qhper]pa ]j` ckranj pdkoa ejopej_po sde_d ]na eilh]jpa` ej qo pk naj`an pda l]pd kb `qpu lha]o]jp ̞ bkn eb pdau ]na jkp ck) ranja` pdau sehh nqj seh`7 ]j` opnajcpdaj pda l]ooekjo sde_d ]na aran aj`a]rkqnejc pk k^p]ej `kiejekj ) E ia]j r]jepu ]j` oahb)hkra*̤ Oeieh]nhu( pda ^acejjejc kb Knecej]h Opk) neao bnki Na]h Heba op]pa` Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o ejpajp( j]iahu pk oaag ̦pk _qna pdkoa b]qhpo ^u na]okj( sde_d kqcdp jaran pk d]ra p]gaj nkkp ej pda ejb]jp iej`* Ckk` d]^epo( eilan) _alpe^hu |ta`( ]na b]n lnaban]^ha pk pda lna_alpo kb na]okj7 ^qp ]o pdeo p]og namqenao ikna fq`caiajp pd]j cajan]hhu b]hho pk pda hkp kb l]najpo( oq^opepqpao iqop ^a okqcdp bkn( ]j` ia`e_ejao ceraj( sdaj naceiaj skqh` d]ra ]josana` pda lqnlkoa ^appan̤* Skhhopkja) _n]bp̢o lnao_nelpekjo pk _kqjpan pda `alhkn]^ha a`q_]pekj oda pdkqcdp dan _kjpailkn]neao sana ej}e_pejc kj pdaen _deh`naj p]gao pda bkni kb ] p]ha ]^kqp psk cenho( I]nu ]j` ?]) nkheja* =p pda ^acejjejc kb pda opknu( pda na]`an |j`o pda cenho habp pk pda i]j]caiajp kb ecjkn]jp oanr]jpo $kja kb Hk_ga̢o cna]p ^qc^a]no%( ^qp pdau ]na arajpq]hhu lh]_a` qj) `an pda pqepekj kb ] ski]j kb paj`anjaoo ]j` `eo_anjiajp* Pda ^kkg odkso dks pdeo jas ]j` oajoepera pa]_dan oq__aa`o ej pa]_dejc _kjpailpqkqo I]nu ]j` r]ej ?]nkheja pk ]rke` ]jcan( atan_eoa _kil]ooekj( hkra pnqpd ]j` renpqa( ]j` naola_p pda sdkha kb Ck`#o _na]pekj*

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Pda `e{anaj_ao Hk_ga ]hhksa` bkn cenho̢ ql^nejcejc sana bas ]j` ranu iejkn( a*€c* pd]p pdau iecdp ^a galp kqp kb pda dkppaop oqj bkn pda o]ga kb pdaen _kilhatekj*

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OҳҦҰқҨқ PҩҧқҭҟҦҦң

Pd]p na]okj iqop nqha oqlnaia eo ] nqjjejc pdaia kb Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o skngo sneppaj lnekn pk dan okfkqnj ej narkhqpekj]nu Bn]j_a ]j`( ]hh pda ikna( lnekn pk dan pn]raho pdnkqcd O_]j`ej]re]* Ep eo opnaooa` ej dan Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Ski]j $-35.%* Pda l]o) oekjo iqop ^a oq^`qa`( eb kjhu bkn pda o]ga kb ej`ere`q]h d]llejaoo* Kpdan _kjpejqepeao ^apsaaj dan Pdkqcdpo kj pda A`q_]pekj kb @]qcdpano ]j` pda Rej`e_]pekj ej_hq`a dan lnabanaj_a bkn ]j a`q_]pekj _kj`q_pa` ]p dkia( sde_d s]o ]hok Hk_ga̢o reas ej nah]pekj pk ^kuo* Ej`aa`( da ]ncqa` bkn pda ianepo kb dkia a`q_]pekj ^u lkejpejc pk pda lkoepera a{a_p ep d]` kj cenho* Sd]p sehh ]hok ^a ]ll]najp ^u jks eo pda _ajpn]hepu kb `qpu ej Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o pdkqcdp* Pdkqcd oda eo b]ikqo bkn rej`e_]pejc necdpo( ep eo ]o ] snepan kj `qpu pd]p oda odkqh` ^a naiai^ana`* Eilknp]jphu( Skhhopkja_n]bp s]o amq]hhu _kj_anja` ]^kqp pda `qpeao kja ksa` pk kjaoahb ]o sahh ]o pdkoa ksa` pk kpdano* Pk `arahkl kjaoahb lduoe_]hhu ]j` iajp]hhu s]o ] i]ppan kb `qpu bkn Skhhopkja_n]bp( ]o sahh ]o kja kb lnq`aj_a* Pdqo( oda ejoeopa` pd]p cenho ]j` ukqjc skiaj ^a i]`a pk ]_mqena (ejjan naokqn_ao̡ ]j` lduoe_]h nk^qopjaoo pdnkqcd atan_eoa* Pdeo s]o pk opnajcpdaj pdai bkn pda ejarep]^ha re_eooepq`ao kb heba* Pda ]_mqeoepekj kb ] opnkjc ejjan oajoa kb kjaoahb ]j` kb ejpahha_pq]h ejpanaopo sana aooajpe]h iknakran ]o pdeo skqh` i]ga pda bai]ha oat ]o lou_dkhkce_]hhu ej`alaj`ajp ]o lkooe^ha* Pk k^hepan]pa `alaj`aj_u s]o ] _nq_e]h k^fa_pera kb dano* Ej pda oa_kj` Rej`e_]pekj( oda s]o pk i]ga ] _]oa bkn i]pane]h ej`alaj`aj_a( ^qp pda _]oa oda ]hok i]`a bkn ikn]h ]qpkjkiu s]o ]hna]`u ah]^kn]pa` ej dan a]nhean na}a_pekjo kj pda a`q_]pekj kb cenho* Pk ^a bnaa bnki ^]` d]^epo( pda pun]jju kb sdeio( ^]` pailan( ]j`( _nq_e]hhu( bnki c]qcejc kja̢o oajoa kb oahb bnki pda klejekjo kb kpdano s]o pda s]pani]ng kb ] oq__aoobqh ql^nejcejc* Pda Pdkqcdpo bqnpdan nara]ho Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o _kjre_pekj pd]p qjerano]h ^ajarkhaj_a eo pda |nop renpqa7 ep ]hok ]ppaopo pk dan b]epd ej ] lnkre`ajpe]hhu kn`]eja` qjeranoa* Oda ajfkeja` dan na]`ano pk lnal]na pdaen _deh`naj bkn (pda i]ej ^qoejaoo kb kqn herao̡( j]) iahu( pda ]_mqeoepekj kb renpqa( h]ncahu qj`anopkk` ]o pda na]`ejaoo pk lanbkni `qpeao7 qjoqnlneoejchu ceraj dan lner]pa deopknu( oda qnca` l]najpo pk opnajcpdaj pdaen _deh`naj̢o _d]n]_pano ok ]o pk ajd]j_a pdaen _]l]_epu pk oqnrera lanokj]h pn]ca`eao* Bkn Skhhopkja) _n]bp( ]o bkn Hk_ga( pda sknh` ejpk sde_d _deh`naj sana ^nkqcdp s]o ] d]nod kja( sd]paran kja̢o ok_e]h lkoepekj ej ep* Naoeheaj_a s]o pdanabkna aooajpe]h* Ep s]o ]hok ] sknh` |hha` sepd ]hhqnejc pailp]pekjo* Oahb)i]opanu s]o pdqo pda ]ei kb a`q_]pekj ]j` ep s]o pda `qpu kb l]najpo pk ajoqna pd]p pdaen _deh`naj na_aera ep*

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Psk Oatao ̞ Kja Pula kb Dqi]j >aejc

Ej Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o reas( Ck` _na]pa` kjhu kja pula kb dqi]j ^aejc* Pdkqcd ep ]ooq) ia` psk `e{anajp lduoe_]h bknio sde_d iecdp atde^ep r]nuejc `acnaao kb opnajcpd ]j` sa]gjaoo( pdana s]o ^qp kja ^aejc* Pdeo ^aejc s]o aj`ksa` sepd na]okj( sde_d _kqh` ^a i]`a pk `arahkl kn _kqh` ^a pds]npa`( ]j` l]ooekjo( ]o sahh ]o ejopej_po( sde_d _kqh` ^a p]ia` kn ]hhksa` pk nqj seh`* Epo ^k`u _kqh` hegaseoa ^a pkqcdaja` kn sa]gaja`* Atan_eoa s]o namqena` kb ^kpd pda iej`( ]j` na]okj ej l]npe_qh]n( ]j` pda ^k`u* Sepd pda necdp a`q_]pekj ]j` pn]ejejc( pda iej`o ]j` ^k`eao kb `e{anajp ej`ere`q]ho iecdp ^a_kia ikna kn haoo opnkjc( ikna kn haoo ]ceha( `alaj`ejc kj _en_qiop]j_ao ]j` j]pqn]h _d]n]_)

IқҬҳ SҩҦҦҭҮҩҨҟҝҬқҠҮ

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paneope_o( ^qp pdau skqh` jkp `e{an ej gej`* Pdana s]o kjhu kja n]pekj]hepu( kja renpqa kn oap kb renpqao( kja bkni kb at_ahhaj_a ej iej` ]j` ^k`u bkn ^kpd pda oatao* Skhhopkja_n]bp `e` jkp ]ncqa pd]p pda oatao sana amq]h ej pda oajoa kb ^aejc e`ajpe_]h kn d]rejc pda o]ia harah kb _]l]^ehepu* Pdeo eo jkp ^a_]qoa oda pdkqcdp kja oat ejbanekn pk pda kpdan( ^qp ^a_]qoa oda `e` jkp jaa` pk naop dan _]oa kj sd]p skqh` d]ra ^aaj ] _kjpajpekqo ]ncqiajp ]^kqp pdaen amq]hepu* Oda ]lla]na` pk ^a a]can jkp pk ajc]ca ej ] narer]h kb pda oarajpaajpd _ajpqnu̢o mqanahha `ao baiiao* =rke`ejc pda eooqa kb pda `acnaa kb at_ahhaj_a skiaj _kqh` ]_deara ej _kil]neokj sepd iaj( Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o ]ei s]o pk aop]^heod pd]p pda j]pqna kb pda at_ahhaj_a epoahb s]o jkp oat ola_e|_* ?kjpn]nu pk =neopkpha̢o reas( pdana s]o kja renpqa _kiikj pk ]hh* Oda ]ncqa` pd]p( dksaran haoo ]^ha iajp]hhu kn lduoe_]hhu kn ^kpd skiaj iecdp ^a kn ^a `aaia` pk ^a( pdau sana jkp mq]hep]perahu `e{anajp ^aejco7 pdau d]` jkp ^aaj i]`a ]o psk `e{anajp gej`o kb _na]pqnao* Pda h]s kb j]pqna( Ck`̢o h]s( lanp]eja` pk ^kpd iaj ]j` skiaj* >kpd pda oatao d]` pk hera ^u ep( ]j` pk `k pdeo( pdau ^kpd d]` pk ^a _]l]^ha kb ]llnadaj`ejc ep ]j` i]gejc pdaioahrao _kjbkni pk ep* Sd]paran opkk` ej pda s]u kb pdeo s]o areh ]j` d]` pk ^a qlnkkpa`* Sd]p b]rkqna` pdeo s]o ckk` ]j` d]` pk ^a jqnpqna`* Skhhopkja_n]bp `e` jkp i]ga pdeo _]oa ouopai]pe_]hhu( eb ^u pdeo( kja ia]jo ]ncqejc ej pda _heje_]h ]j` ]^opn]_p i]jjan kb ]j]hupe_]h ldehkokldu* Oda `e` jkp qoa kja lde) hkoklde_]h h]jcq]ca( ^qp oaran]h* Jkn `e` oda oaag pk ]npe_qh]pa dan reaso ej ] jaqpn]h e`eki* Oda qoa` aranu ndapkne_]h ogehh oda _kqh` iqopan( dahla` danoahb pk aranu aik) perahu _d]nca` opn]pacu ]r]eh]^ha pk dan( ]j` okqcdp pk pkq_d ]hh pd]p skqh` naokj]pa sepd dan ]q`eaj_a* Dan la`]ckce_]h snepejco bknaod]`ks okia kb dan h]pan lnkjkqj_aiajpo( ^qp pdaoa iecdp d]ra jaran oaaj pda hecdp kb `]u( d]` ep jkp ^aaj bkn pda Bnaj_d Narkhq) pekj( ]j` ikna l]npe_qh]nhu( d]` ep jkp ^aaj bkn dan a`epkn Fkoald Fkdjokj s]jpejc dan pk nalhu pk A`iqj` >qnga̢o Na}a_pekjo kj pda Narkhqpekj ej Bn]j_a $-35,% ]j` epo ]pp]_g kj pdaen _kiikj ah`anhu bneaj`( pda b]ikqo @eooajpan( pda Nar* Ne_d]n` Lne_a*

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Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o Ikn]h ]j` Lkhepe_]h Snepejco

Sdaj Skhhopkja_n]bp ^ac]j pk ajc]ca ej lkhepe_]h _kiiajp]nu ej nareasejc Lne_a̢o = @eo_kqnoa kj pda Hkra kb kqn ?kqjpnu( oda ln]eoa` dei bkn deo ]__kqjp kb pnqa l]) pnekpeoi ]o (pda naoqhp kb na]okj( jkp pda qj`ena_pa` eilqhoa kb j]pqna( aran paj`ejc pk oah|od atpnaiao̡ ]o sahh ]o deo `abaj_a kb ?dneope]jepu̢o lnao_nelpekj kb qjerano]h ^aja) rkhaj_a ]c]ejop pdkoa sdk ]ncqa` oq_d oajpeiajp pk ^a ej_kil]pe^ha sepd pda hkra kb kja̢o _kqjpnu* Oda aj`knoa` deo reas kb he^anpu kb _kjo_eaj_a ]o ] o]_na` necdp ]j` snk) pa ouil]pdape_]hhu ]^kqp deo lha] bkn pda nala]h kb pda Paop ]j` ?knlkn]pekj =_po( sde_d eilkoa` _ereh `eo]^ehepeao kj @eooajpano* Oda ]hok oaaia` pk oqllknp deo _h]ei pd]p pda lkhepe_]h Oapphaiajp kb -245 s]o s]jpejc ej pd]p ep `e` jkp i]ga bkn bqhh nalnaoajp]pekj kb pda laklha ]j` daj_a i]`a kjhu bkn l]npe]h he^anpu* Bej]hhu( Skhhopkja_n]bp nalnk`q_a` pda l]oo]ca ej sde_d Lne_a hejga` pda =iane_]j ]j` Bnaj_d Narkhqpekjo ]j` _h]ikqna` bkn pda aj` kb `aolkpeoi pdnkqcdkqp Aqnkla* Sdaj jkp ok hkjc pdana]bpan oda _]ia pk snepa dan Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Iaj $-35,%( Skhhopkja_n]bp ]pp]_ga` A`iqj` >qnga bkn d]rejc oap qlkj ] d]nihaoo ah`anhu lna]_dan ej deo Na}a_pekjo7 uap dan ksj nareas fqope|ao >qnga̢o `ale_pekj kb Lne_a̢o oan)

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OҳҦҰқҨқ PҩҧқҭҟҦҦң

ikj ]o ej}]ii]pknu* B]n bnki cerejc cnkqj` bkn nafke_ejc( >qnga ba]na` pda _kjoamqaj) _ao kb pda arajpo p]gejc lh]_a ej Bn]j_a bnki pda ranu op]np* Pda J]pekj]h =ooai^hu̢o _kj|o_]pekj kb pda ?dqn_d̢o lnklanpu( da lna`e_pa`( skqh` ha]` pk bqnpdan _kj|o_]pekjo( qj`anieja pda bqj`]iajp]h necdp pk lnklanpu( ]j` naoqhp ej ]j]n_du( sde_d kjhu pda neoa kb ] _d]neoi]pe_ |cqna _kqh` ^nejc pk ]j aj`* Kb pda i]ju `eo]cnaaiajpo ^apsaaj Lne_a ]j` Skhhopkja_n]bp( kj pda kja d]j`( ]j` >qnga( kj pda kpdan( kja kb pda `aalaop s]o kran pdaen naola_pera reas kb pda j]pqna kb _ereh ok_eapu ]j` kb lkhepe_]h lksan ej cajan]h* Lne_a ]j` Skhhopkja_n]bp ^aheara` pd]p ckranjiajp( pda nqha kb h]s( ]j` ]hh dqi]j nah]pekjo _kqh` ^a oeilhe|a`( atlhe_]pa`( ]j` naj`ana` pn]jol]najp( ]j` ^kpd sana _kjrej_a` pd]p pdeo s]o pda p]og ]da]` bkn ]hh hkrano kb he^anpu* Bkn >qnga( kj pda _kjpn]nu( _ereh ok_eapu _kjoeopa` kb _kqjphaoo eja{]^ha hejgo ^apsaaj ej`ere`q]ho kn cnkqlo kb pdai( sdkoa nah]pekjodel pk ckranjiajp s]o bkn pda ikop l]np jk haoo eja{]^ha( ]o( ikop eilknp]jphu( s]o pda pnqa j]pqna kb lkhepe_]h fq`caiajp* Pk osaal ]s]u aop]^heoda` ln]_pe_ao ]j` ejopepqpekjo ]j` pdejg kb lkhepe_o ]o ] iana i]ppan kb ]`iejeopn]pekj ej ]__kn`]j_a sepd ] oap kb ]^opn]_p nqhao kn necdpo qjejbknia` ^u pda _qopkio ]j` _qhpqna( ]j`( _nq_e]hhu( pda j]pekj]h _d]n]_pan kb ] laklha( s]o( ej deo reas( pk `aikjopn]pa ] _n]oo `eonac]n` bkn pda ikop k^rekqo b]_po kb dqi]j j]pqna ]j` deopknu* >qnga̢o ]ncqiajp ha` dei pk `sahh kj Bn]j_a̢o |j]j_e]h lkoepekj ej okia `ap]eh( ]j` da `abaj`a` epo nku]h b]iehu ]j` epo ?dqn_d7 da ejoeopa`( iknakran( pd]p pda _kqjpnu s]o ]hna]`u ^aja|pejc bnki ] lkhe_u kb cn]`q]h nabkni* Pda kran]hh a{a_p da okqcdp pk ]_deara s]o pk `ale_p deo kllkjajp ]o pdaknape_]hhu _kjbqoa`( lkhepe_]hhu j]Ïra ]j` cajan]hhu ieoejbknia`( ]j`( ikop `]ij]^ha kb ]hh( Lne_a̢o oanikj kj pda Hkra kb kqn ?kqjpnu sepd ]hh epo ]{eni]pekj kb baahejco bkn dqi]jepu lnkra` epo ]qpdkn pk ^a qjl]pnekpe_* Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o Rej`e_]pekj s]o pda |nop kb i]ju nalheao* Ep eo ]j ejpanaopejc ]j` ndapkne_]hhu lksanbqh skng ej epo ksj necdp ]o sahh ]o ] ja_aoo]nu ejpnk`q_pekj pk pda Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Ski]j* Ep _kjoeopo ikophu kb ] oqop]eja` ]pp]_g kj >qnga n]pdan pd]j ] `abaj_a kb pda necdpo kb i]j* Pdeo eo l]nphu ^a_]qoa Skhhopkja_n]bp pkkg bkn cn]jpa` ] Hk_ga]j _kj_alpekj kb Ck`)ceraj necdpo pd]p sana `eo_kran]^ha ^u na]okj( at_alp sdaj pda h]ppan b]_qhpu s]o s]nla` ^u oahb)hkra* Skhhopkja_n]bp bqnpdan ^aheara` pd]p Ck` i]`a ]hh pdejco necdp ]j` pd]p pda _]qoa kb ]hh areh s]o dqi]j* Ej dan reas( >qnga̢o Na}a_pekjo nara]ha` pk pda sknh` dks qppanhu ^hej` da s]o pk i]j)i]`a lkran) pu ]j` ejfqope_a7 pdeo oda ]ppne^qpa` pk deo oanreha b]o_ej]pekj sepd n]jg( pkp]h ejb]pq]pekj sepd Mqaaj I]nea)=jpkejappa( ]j` qj_nepe_]h ]`ien]pekj bkn pda Ajcheod ?kjopepqpekj* @aikjopn]pejc dan b]iehe]nepu sepd >qnga̢o kpdan skngo ]j` olaa_dao( aola_e]hhu = Lde) hkoklde_]h Ajmqenu ejpk pda Knecej kb kqn E`a]o kb pda Oq^heia ]j` >a]qpebqh $-313% ]j` pda Olaa_d kj ?kj_ehe]pekj sepd =iane_] $-331%( oda ]hok ]ncqa` pd]p da s]o ej_kjoeo) pajp( eb kjhu ^a_]qoa kb pda eilkooe^ehepu( ]o oda o]s ep( kb na_kj_ehejc pda ouil]pdu da d]` odksj bkn pda =iane_]jo̢ lnkpaop]pekjo ]p pdaen pna]piajp ^u pda ?nksj sepd deo na]_pekj pk arajpo ej Bn]j_a* Ej pdeo( Skhhopkja_n]bp s]o b]n bnki ]hkja7 i]ju sdk d]` bkhhksa` >qnga̢o l]nhe]iajp]nu _]naan ]j` da]n` deo Olaa_dao pk pda Dkqoa kb ?kiikjo `abaj`ejc pda =iane_]jo ]j` na_kiiaj`ejc _kj_ehe]pekj sepd pdai sana ]opkjeoda` ^u sd]p pdau pdkqcdp s]o ] n]`e_]h ]j` ejatlhe_]^ha _d]jca kb lkoepekj* =o oda s]o pk `k ej dan jatp ]j` ikna b]ikqo Rej`e_]pekj( Skhhopkja_n]bp `e` jkp oeilhu _h]ikqn bkn necdpo( ^qp aild]oeoa` pd]p pdaoa ajp]eha` `qpeao7 ]o iajpekja` ]hna])

IқҬҳ SҩҦҦҭҮҩҨҟҝҬқҠҮ

.01

`u( oda ]hok ejoeopa` pd]p jkja _kqh` ^a atla_pa` pk lanbkni `qpeao sdkoa j]pqn]h necdpo sana jkp naola_pa`* Bqnpdanikna oda qoa` @]re` Dqia̢o Deopknu kb Ajch]j` $-310̞2.% pk _kjpaj` pd]p Ajch]j`̢o h]so sana pda lnk`q_p kb deopkne_]h _kjpejcaj_u ]j` ejoeopa` pd]p kjhu pdkoa ejopepqpekjo pd]p _kqh` sepdop]j` pda o_nqpeju kb na]okj ]j` ^a odksj pk ^a ej _kjbkniepu sepd j]pqn]h necdpo ]j` Ck`̢o fqope_a ianepa` naola_p ]j` k^a`eaj_a* Pdana s]o jk mqaopekj kb ^h]jgap naranaj_a bkn pda l]op ]j` epo fqne`e_]h hac]_u* =o bkn _erehev]pekj( oda pdkqcdp epo lnkcnaoo s]o ranu eilanba_p ]j` `eoieooa` pda _qhpqna kb lk) hepajaoo ]j` lkheod ]o jkpdejc ^qp ] o_naaj ^adej` sde_d dulk_neou( ackpeoi ]j` cnaa` baopana` qj_da_ga`* Bej]hhu( kllkoejc j]pqna ]j` na]okj pk ]npe|_a ]j` lkhepajaoo( oda i]`a danoahb pda pnqa l]pnekp ]j` >qnga pda |_gha baiejeja Bn]j_kldeha* Oda s]o pda _ha]n)da]`a` ej`alaj`ajp pdejgan( da pda aikpera _na]pqna kb ] ouopai kb l]pnkj]ca* Ej pda ie`op kb dan pen]`a oda pqnja`( n]pdan qjatla_pa`hu( pk pda oq^fa_p kb b]iehu heba ]j` pda heiepo kb l]najp]h ]qpdknepu( aola_e]hhu ej nah]pekj pk ]nn]jca` i]nne]cao* Oda _kj`aija` i]nne]cao kb _kjrajeaj_a pkcapdan sepd h]pa i]nne]cao6 ^kpd bkopana` eiik) n]hepu ej dan reas* Ej`aa`( bnki dan lanola_pera( ja]nhu aranu ]ola_p kb pda lnar]ehejc _qhpqna d]` pd]p _kjoamqaj_a( bkn( ej ^nejcejc cenho ql pk ^a jkpdejc ^qp ailpu da]`a` lh]u)pdejco( l]najpo i]`a bkn ] ikn]hhu ^]jgnqlp ok_eapu* Oq_d ^aejco _kqh` jaran i]ga `qpebqh ikpdano( ]o pdau pkkg pdaen dknevkj pk ^a pda auao kb pda iaj pdau }enpa` sepd* Pda ikn]h `aln]repu kb ] ok_eapu `arkpa` pk pda ]_mqeoepekj kb lner]pa lnklanpu ]j` pda _kjole_qkqo `eolh]u kb ne_dao n]pdan pd]j pk pda lqnoqep kb na]okj ]j` pda lnkpa_pekj kb j]pqn]h necdpo bkqj` pda ia]jo kb epo nalnk`q_pekj ej pda b]iehu( oda _kjpaj`a`* Dana dan `eolqpa s]o jkp fqop sepd >qnga( ^qp eilhe_ephu ]hok sepd Lne_a* Ej deo oanikj( da d]` `alhkna` pda oatq]h `aln]repu kb pda peiao pd]p( da o]s( aj_kil]ooa` araj pdkoa da _kj) oe`ana` l]pnekpo* >qp pk oaag kjhu pk rej`e_]pa pda necdpo kb iaj( ]o Lne_a d]` `kja( s]o ejoq{e_eajp ]j` ieo_kj_aera`( ]__kn`ejc pk Skhhopkja_n]bp* Eb kja okqcdp ] pnqhu ikn]h ok_eapu( pda b]iehu d]` pk ^a _d]jca` ]j` pdeo( ej pqnj( namqena` ] _kilhapa _d]jca ej pda j]pqna kb pda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj iaj ]j` skiaj ^abkna( ]j` sepdej( i]nne]ca* Iaj ]j` skiaj d]` pk ^a n]eoa` pk ^a _]l]^ha kb iqpq]h naola_p ]j` pdqo kb pnqa bneaj`odel* Pdau d]` pk ^a a`q_]pa` pk ^a ]^ha pk ajfku bneaj`odel ]ikjcop amq]ho( jkp ]o =neopkp) ha o]s ep kjhu sepdej kja oat( ^qp ^apsaaj pda oatao* Kjhu ] okqj` ]j`( ej dan reas( pdanabkna ]hok fkejp ql^nejcejc kb ^kpd pda oatao _kqh` oa_qna pd]p* Pdeo s]o pda jq^ kb dan ]pp]_g kj lkhepe_]h pdakneopo ]j` a`q_]pekj]heopo ]hega bkn b]ehejc pk _kilnadaj` pdeo ^h]p]jp pnqpd* Sdaj Skhhopkja_n]bp _]ia pk snepa Pda Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Ski]j( sde_d oda `e` sepdej ] i]ppan kb ikjpdo bkhhksejc pda lq^he_]pekj kb dan |nop kranphu lkhepe_]h skng( pda ikn]h nafqraj]pekj kb ok_eapu ]j` pda d]llejaoo kb ej`ere`q]h skiaj sana skraj pkcapdan* Skiaj sana ehh)lnal]na` bkn pdaen `qpeao ]o ok_e]h ^aejco ]j` eilne) okja` ej ] sa^ kb b]hoa atla_p]pekjo pd]p skqh` ejarep]^hu i]ga pdai ieoan]^ha ]p okia op]ca ej pdaen herao* Oda s]jpa` skiaj pk ^a pn]jobknia` ejpk n]pekj]h ]j` ej`alaj`ajp ^aejco sdkoa oajoa kb sknpdejaoo _]ia( jkp bnki pdaen ]lla]n]j_a( ^qp bnki pdaen ejjan lan_alpekj kb oahb)_kii]j` ]j` )gjksha`ca* Skiaj d]` pk ^a a`q_]pa`7 pdaen iej`o ]j` ^k`eao d]` pk ^a pn]eja`* Pdeo skqh` i]ga pdai ckk` _kil]jekjo( serao( ikpdano ]j` _epevajo* =^kra ]hh ep skqh` i]ga pdai bqhhu dqi]j* >aoe`ao _nepe_eoio kb ateopejc la`]ckce_]h ln]_pe_ao ]j` pdakneao( ikop jkp]^hu Nkqo) oa]q̢o Aieha $-32.%( pda Rej`e_]pekj _kjp]ejo i]ju ok_e]h ]j` lkhepe_]h lnklko]ho sde_d

.02

OҳҦҰқҨқ PҩҧқҭҟҦҦң

n]jca bnki ] `ap]eha` kqpheja kb ja_aoo]nu _d]jcao ej o_dkkh _qnne_qh] pk pda oqccaopekj pd]p skiaj jkp kjhu ^a cn]jpa` _ereh ]j` lkhepe_]h necdpo( ^qp d]ra aha_pa` nalnaoajp]pe) rao kb pdaen ksj* Ep ]ncqao pd]p skiaj odkqh` ^a p]qcdp ogehho ok ]o pk ^a ]^ha pk oqllknp pdaioahrao ]j` pdaen _deh`naj ej pda arajp kb se`ksdkk`( ]j` jaran d]ra pk i]nnu kn nai]nnu kqp kb |j]j_e]h ja_aooepu* Ep oaago pk na_h]ei ie`sebanu bkn skiaj( ]c]ejop pda aj_nk]_diajp kb iaj ejpk pdeo lnkbaooekj( ]j` _kjpaj`o pd]p skiaj _kqh` ^a lduoe_e]jo fqop ]o sahh ]o jqnoao* Ep qncao skiaj pk atpaj` pdaen ejpanaopo pk aj_kil]oo lkhepe_o ]j` pda _kj_anjo kb pda sdkha kb dqi]jepu* Ep ]hok _kjp]ejo ln]_pe_]h ]`re_a kj dks pk i]ga i]nne]cao h]op* Ej Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o reas( i]nne]cao kqcdp pk d]ra bneaj`odel n]pdan pd]j lduoe_]h ]ppn]_pekj ]o pdaen ^]oeo* Dqo^]j`o ]j` serao kqcdp jkp( iknakran( pk ^a kranhu ejpei]pa( ^qp kqcdp ejopa]` pk i]ejp]ej ] `acnaa kb naoanra pks]n`o a]_d kpdan* Skhhopkja_n]bp s]jpa` skiaj pk ]olena pk bqhh _epevajodel ]j` pdeo ja_aooep]pa` pda `arahkliajp kb na]okj* N]pekj]h skiaj skqh` lan_aera pdaen na]h `qpeao* Pdau skqh` bknck pda sknh` kb iana ]lla]n]j_ao( pda sknh` kb ejo]pe]^ha jaa`o kj sde_d aecdpaajpd) _ajpqnu ok_eapu s]o ^]oa` ]o =`]i Oiepd d]` atlh]eja` ikna hq_e`hu pd]j ]jukja( ]j` kb sde_d Bn]j_a s]o pda ai^k`eiajp( ej Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o _kj_alpekj* Pd]p oda ai^n]_a` pda ok_e]h ]j` a_kjkie_ _kjoamqaj_ao kb dan reoekj kb d]llu i]nne]cao( ^]oa` kj bneaj`odel ]j` lnk`q_ejc pda jatp ikn]h cajan]pekj( s]o olahha` kqp bqnpdan ej dan oq^oamqajp skng( =j Deopkne_]h ]j` Ikn]h Reas kb pda Knecej ]j` Lnkcnaoo kb pda Bnaj_d Narkhqpekj7 ]j` pda A{a_p Ep D]o Lnk`q_a` ej Aqnkla $-350%* Ej pd]p skng( oda aj`a]rkqna`( ]ikjcop kpdan pdejco( pk ]ooaoo pda ianepo ]j` `aianepo kb pda lnkcnaoo kb dqi]jepu ]j` aop]^heod pda _]qoao kb Bnaj_d `aolkpeoi* Pda le_pqna oda `nas kb ]j_eaj nÉceia Bn]j_a s]o kb ] _kqjpnu nqha` ^u oqlanopepekj( ]j` ikn]hhu ]j` lkhepe_]hhu `acajan]pa* >knnksejc bnki Oiepd( sdkoa Pdaknu kb Ikn]h Oajpeiajpo $-315% ]j` Ejmqenu ejpk pda J]pqna ]j` ?]qoao kb pda Sa]hpd kb J]pekjo $-332% oda d]` `n]sj kj lnarekqohu( oda ogap_da` ] lkooe^ha bqpqna ok_eapu ej sde_d pda `ereoekj kb h]^kqn skqh` ^a galp pk ] iejeiqi ]j` pda oatao ^a jkp kjhu a`q_]pa` pkcapdan ^qp aj_kqn]ca` pk skng ej b]iehu qjepo ̞ ]o d]o ^aaj dejpa` ]^kra( oejcha ̞ oat ejopepqpekjo ]j`( bkn ejop]j_a( ]hh)i]ha skngodklo aj_kqn]ca` h]o_erekqojaoo ej dan reas* Oda pdqo hkkga` bkns]n` pk ] ok_eapu ej sde_d oi]hh ^qoejaooao ]j` b]nio skqh` lnkre`a ^]oe_( ejopa]` kb oqlan}qkqo( jaa`o* Kjhu pda _ki^ej]pekj kb dan atlaneaj_a kb dan qjnamqepa` hkra bkn Eih]u( pda `e_p]) pao kb dan ksj aikpekjo( ]j` pda pne^qh]pekjo kb ] fkqnjau pdnkqcd Jknpdanj Aqnkla ha` dan pk na_kjoe`an dan reaso kb na]okj( Bn]j_a( lkhepa _qhpqna ]j` i]jjano( ]j` araj pda ?]pdkhe_eoi sde_d oda d]` ]^dknna`( ] hk]pdejc dan pnel pk Lknpqc]h d]` `kja iq_d pk opnajcpdaj Pda Happano Sneppaj @qnejc = Odknp Naoe`aj_a ej Osa`aj( Jkns]u ]j` @aj) i]ng $-352%( sdkoa ej}qaj_a kj pn]rah hepan]pqna ]o sahh ]o pda Nki]jpe_ ikraiajp s]o ^u jk ia]jo jachece^ha( odks Skhhopkja_n]bp pk d]ra ^acqj pk aolkqoa ] ikna jq]j_a` reas kb pda sknh`( ]j` pk d]ra okqcdp pk `arahkl ] ikna }qe` ]__kqjp kb pda nah]pekjodel ^apsaaj na]okj ]j` l]ooekj( ]o sahh ]o kb ik`anjepu* Pdqo oda cnas ] heppha _hkoan pk >qn) ga ej pd]p oda _]ia pk pdejg pd]p pda pun]jju kb _kiian_e]h sa]hpd iecdp ^a sknoa pd]j pd]p kb n]jg ]j` lnerehaca* Sdehop ej Bn]j_a( oda d]` ]hna]`u ^acqj pk snepa haoo _nepe) _]hhu kb pda Ajcheod ouopai kb ckranjiajp* Oda d]` sepjaooa` pda Pannkn( b]hhaj ej hkra( ^knj ] _deh` kqp kb sa`hk_g( ^aaj nafa_pa`( ]j` ]ppailpa` oqe_e`a* = oa_kj` oqe_e`a ]p) pailp h]u ]da]`* Ok `e` pda lnkola_p kb d]llejaoo sepd Sehhe]i Ck`sej( ] lnkola_p _qp

IқҬҳ SҩҦҦҭҮҩҨҟҝҬқҠҮ

.03

odknp ^u dan `a]pd ej _deh`^enpd* Lkopdqikqo jkpkneapu s]o pk bkhhks ]o Skhhopkja_n]bp ^a_]ia e`ajpe|a` kjhu sepd pda Rej`e_]pekj kb pda Necdpo kb Ski]j ]j` pd]p skng s]o enkje_]hhu( ej pqnj( amq]pa` sepd ] }]qjpejc kb ok_e]h _kjrajpekjo( lnej_el]hhu ej nah]pekj pk i]nne]ca*

1*

Skhhopkja_n]bp̢o H]op Ua]no

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.04

OҳҦҰқҨқ PҩҧқҭҟҦҦң

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IқҬҳ SҩҦҦҭҮҩҨҟҝҬқҠҮ

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.05

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Oa_kj`]nu Skngo

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IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ+?ҢҬңҭҮҩҪҢ >ңҨҥҟҦҧқҨҨ

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.1.

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ+?ҢҬңҭҮҩҪҢ >ңҨҥҟҦҧқҨҨ

BÜnopaj Aqnklajo( `ea oea ^eodan qjpan`nÜ_gpaj oksea `aj >aepnÄcaj vqn >ane_dpecqjc `an Qnpdaeha `ao Lq^he_qio Ü^an `ea bn]jvÖoeo_da Narkhqpekj* =q_d sajj Be_dpa sknpsÖnphe_d sea G]jp aejeca Ikj]pa olÄpan ej ¼^an `aj Caiaejolnq_d `]o ̦L]hh]`eqi `an @ajgbnaedaep̤ ]ho vajpn]ha Annqjcajo_d]bp oaejan Vaep ]jlnaeop( cadp an ej oaejaj Bkn`anqjcaj qj` Bkhcanqjcaj saep Ü^an `ea G]jpo dej]qo* Be_dpa ^abÜnsknpap `ea N]`eg]hepÄp `an Bn]jvÖoeo_daj Narkhqpekj qj` sae¿ oea ]q_d ikn]hldehkokldeo_d vq qjpani]qanj* @]o ikn]heo_da Caseooaj ^a`aqpap bÜn edj ej `eaoan BnÜdld]oa rkn ]hhai aeja fa`ai Iajo_daj ejjaskdjaj`a Ejop]jv vqn >aqnpaehqjc `an c]jvaj( ejo^aokj`ana `an okveklkhepeo_daj Senghe_dgaep* Ei Kgpk^an -35/ daen]pap Be_dpa Fkd]jja N]dj( `ea Pk_dpan `ao skdhd]^aj`aj S]) cajiaeopano Fkd]jj D]npi]jj N]dj( ^ae `ai Be_dpa aeja okncajbnaea qj` o_dnebpopah) haneo_d lnk`qgpera Vaep ran^nejcp* =jcanacp `qn_d `ea @eogqooekj Ü^an `ea G]jpeo_da Ldehkokldea( `ea `an Faj]an Ldehkokldealnkbaookn G]nh Hakjd]n` Naejdkh` iep oaejaj oaep -343 ano_daejaj`aj ̦>neabaj Ü^an `ea G]jpeo_da Ldehkokldea̪̤ ejepeeanp d]ppa( ]n^aepapa Be_dpa sea Naejdkh` oah^op `]n]j( `aj raniaejphe_d jk_d ]qoopadaj`aj anopaj Cnqj`o]pv `eaoan Ldehkokldea ]qbvqsaeoaj* Be_dpa( `an rkj =jb]jc ]j b]ovejeanp s]n rki Bnaedaepo) l]pdko `an ln]gpeo_daj Ldehkokldea G]jpo( eop -350 Ü^anvaqcp( aejaj Cnqj`o]pv cabqj`aj vq d]^aj( `an `ea G]jpeo_da Bnaedaepoldehkokldea ej aej ̦Ouopai `an Bnaedaep̤ vq Ü^an) oapvaj rani]c* Oaeja ikjkhepdeo_da Bkni casejjp `eaoan Ajpsqnb ]^an anop( ]ho Be_dpa ei F]dna -350 `aj Hadnopqdh Naejdkh`o ej Faj] Ü^anjeiip qj` vqn >achaepqjc oaejan Rknhaoqjcaj `ea Cnqj`h]ca `an cao]iipaj Seooajo_d]bpohadna dan]qoce^p* Iep `ai =jolnq_d ]qb aeja ^eoh]jc je_dp `] casaoaja ouopai]peo_da Opnajca ̦`a`qveanp̤ Be_dpa ]qo `ai dÖ_dopaj Cnqj`o]pv oÄiphe_da Naoqhp]pa `an G]jpeo_daj Ldehkokldea* J]_d `ai nqdinae_daj >acejj oaejan ]g]`aieo_daj H]qb^]dj bÜdnp `an okc* =pdaeo) iqorknsqnb ̞ Be_dpa e`ajpe|veana Ckpp iep `an ikn]heo_daj Sahpkn`jqjc qj` ranje_dpa ok `aj lanokj]haj Ckppao^acne{ ̞ ei F]dna -355 vq oaejan Ajph]ooqjc rkj `an Qjeranoe) pÄp Faj]* =j oaejai jaqaj S]dhskdjknp >anhej ranoq_dp Be_dpa( ]ho Lner]pcahadnpan `qn_d Rkn) haoqjcaj saepandej Aej}qoo ]qb `ea ldehkokldeo_d ejpanaooeanpa ¶{ajphe_dgaep ]qovqÜ^aj* =ho `]o aej`nq_gorkhhopa @kgqiajp `eaoan Vaep cehp `ea Seooajo_d]bpohadna rkj -4,0 $Vsaepan Rknpn]c%* -4,1 Ü^anjeiip Be_dpa bÜn gqnva Vaep aeja Lnkbaooqn ej Anh]jcaj( `aj Sejpan ran) ^nejcp an ]hhan`ejco ej >anhej* Be_dpao Lkoepekjeanqjc ej `aj okc* Gk]hepekjogneacaj vse) o_daj Bn]jgnae_d qj` `aj aqnklÄeo_daj Ikj]n_deaj ]ho radaiajpan Cacjan J]lkhakjo qj` ]ho chÜdaj`an Ranpae`ecan `an `aqpo_daj J]pekj bÜdnaj `]vq( `]oo Be_dpa ]q_d ej >anhej je_dp ^hae^aj g]jj* An ranhÄoop iep `an lnaq¿eo_daj Naceanqjc `ea ank^anpa Op]`p ej Ne_dpqjc GÖjeco^anc( qi gqnv `]n]qb sea`an j]_d >anhej qivqoea`ahj* Ei F]dn -4,3 dÄhp an `knp oaeja ^ag]jjpaopa lkhepeo_da Rknhaoqjc( `ea Na`aj ]j `ea `aqpo_da J]pekj* @ea Na`aj opahhaj aeja vqdÖ_dop qiopneppaja =lkpdakoa `ao @aqpo_dpqio qj` aeja n]`e) g]ha Gnepeg ]hhao Bn]jvÖoeo_daj `]n6 SÄdnaj` `ea `aqpo_da J]pekj vqn Bnaedaep ^anqbaj oae( ^ad]qlpap Be_dpa( `ea QjbÄdecgaep `an bn]jvÖoeo_daj `]vq ldehkokldeo_d `aikjopnea) naj vq gÖjjaj* -4-, Ü^anjeiip Be_dpa `ea Ldehkokldealnkbaooqn ]j `an jaq anne_dpapaj >anhejan Qje) ranoepÄp $`an olÄpanaj Dqi^kh`p)QjeranoepÄp%( ]j `an an aej F]dn olÄpan ]q_d vqi anopaj

BңҝҢҮҟҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ

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Nagpkn anj]jjp sen`* =qbcnqj` rkj Ransanbqjcaj iep `ai Oaj]p qj` `an Opq`ajpaj) o_d]bp pnepp an ]^an ^anaepo aej d]h^ao F]dn olÄpan rkj `eaoai =ip vqnÜ_g* =i .5* F]jq]n -4-0 open^p Be_dpa ei =hpan rkj jqn 1- F]dnaj ]j `an cn]ooeanaj`aj Puldqoale`aiea*

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Ldehkokldeo_dan =jo]pv qj` ldehkokldeacao_de_dphe_da Lkoepekj Be_dpao

@aj =jpnea^ bÜn Be_dpao ldehkokldeo_daj O_d]{ajolnkvaoo rkj =jb]jc ^eo Aj`a ^eh`ap `]o Lnkfagp aejan ̦Seooajo_d]bpohadna̤* Ei opÄj`ecaj Jaqaejo]pv ^ace^p oe_d Be_dpa ]qb `ea Oq_da j]_d `an lanbagpaj Na]heoeanqjc `eaoan E`aa7 Ü^an aej @qpvaj` `eaoan Ran) oq_da rkj `an anopaj Ranoekj ei F]dna -350 ^eo vqn hapvpaj gqnv rkn Be_dpao Pk` oej` Ü^anheabanp* @ajjk_d s]n qj` eop `ea anopa B]ooqjc iep `ai Pepah Cnqj`h]ca `an ca) o]ipaj Seooajo_d]bpohadna bÜn Be_dpao aecaja Vaep qj` bÜn `ea J]_dsahp `]o D]qlpsang* Aej Cnqj` `]bÜn heacp vsaebahhko ej `an Jaq]npecgaep qj` GÜdjdaep `eaoao Qjpanjadiajo oah^op7 ]^an ]q_d Be_dpao `]i]heca Opahhqjc ]ho Ldehkokldealnkbaookn ej Faj] ̞ ej `an J]_dbkhca Naejdkh`o ̞ rand]hb oaejai @ajgaj ^ejjaj Gqnvai vq cnk¿an Ö{ajphe_dan Naokj]jv* @ea Seooajo_d]bpohadnaj j]_d `an F]dndqj`anpsaj`a vae_djaj oe_d `qn_d aej dÖdanao Na}atekjojera]q qj` ^aokj`ana ca`]jghe_da N]{ejaooa ]qo( ok `]oo oe_d pnkpv ednao daniapeo_daj Opeho `]o Ejpanaooa `an jaqanaj Be_dpa)Bkno_dqjc `aj Sangaj rkj Be_dpao okcaj]jjpan OlÄpld]oa vqcas]j`p d]p $rch* F]jga -553%* Sea ^anaepo ansÄdjp( cnaebp Be_dpao Cnqj`h]ca `an cao]iipaj Seooajo_d]bpohadna iep `qn_do_dh]caj`ai Anbkhc ej `ea `]i]heca Cnqj`o]pvlnk^hai]peg ei =qoc]jc rkj G]jpo Ldehkokldea aej* Sea G]nh Hakjd]n` Naejdkh`o ̦Ahaiajp]nldehkokldea̤ ^a]jolnq_dp Be_dpao Seooajo_d]bpohadna( oÄiphe_dao Anb]dnqjcoseooaj a^ajok sea `]o ldehkokldeo_da Seooaj ]qo `aj rano_dea`ajaj @eovelhejaj $sea Angajjpjeopdaknea( Kjpkhkcea( Apdeg ap_*% ej aejan ̦Seooajo_d]bp `ao Seooajo̤ ^acnÜj`aj vq gÖjjaj* @eaoan ]^opn]gpaj =qbc]^ajopahhqjc `an pdaknapeo_daj Ldehkokldea heacaj ej`aooaj `qn_d]qo ]q_d ]jpdnklkhkceo_d)ln]gpeo_da Ikpera vqcnqj`a $rch* Saeo_da`ah -53/%( `ea oe_d ]qo `aj raniaejphe_daj @a|vepaj `an G]jpeo_daj Ldehkokldea anca^aj* G]jp oae ao ̞ oah^op ej `an `]vq rkncaoadajaj Gnepeg `an Qnpaehogn]bp ̞ je_dp cahqjcaj( qj` ao gÖjja edi lnejveleahh je_dp cahejcaj( `aj Se`anolnq_d vseo_daj $ikn]heo_dan% Bnaedaep qj` J]pqn^aopeiipdaep `ao Iajo_daj vq Ü^ansej`aj( `an `qn_d `ea ^ae`aj anopaj Gnepegaj ]qbcaopahhp skn`aj oae* @]dan cahpa ao jqj( `aj Iajo_daj ]ho c]jvaj ldehkokldeo_d vq ^acnaebaj( k`an iadn jk_d6 vq anghÄnaj( sea oe_d `an Iajo_d oah^op ej oaejaj se`anolnÜ_dhe_daj >aopeiiqjcaj ̞ ]ho bnaeao Ranjqjbpsaoaj ]q¿an `an J]pqn vq opadaj qj` ]ho Oejjajsaoaj `qn_d `ea J]pqn ^aopeiip qj` ^ao_dnÄjgp vq oaej ̞ ]ho c]jvan ranopadaj g]jj* G]jp ca^Üdna vs]n `]o Ran`eajop( `qn_d `ea Gnepeg `an ln]gpeo_daj Ranjqjbp `ea IÖche_dgaep iajo_dhe_dan Bnaedaep cacaj `aj @apaniejeoiqo `an J]pqng]qo]hepÄp ranpae`ecp qj` aej`nq_gorkhh canappap vq d]^aj* @]o Lnk^hai vq hÖoaj( sea `an Iajo_d vqchae_d Oq^fagp oaejan Bnaedaep qj` K^fagp `an J]pqn vq oaej rani]c( ranh]jcp j]_d Be_dpa ]hhan`ejco aejaj Ü^an G]jp dej]qocadaj`aj O_dnepp( `aj Nagqno `an Ldehkokldea ]qb `ea qnolnÜjche_da Oq^fagp)K^fagp)E`ajpepÄp `ao E_d( `ea ei anopaj Cnqj`o]pv `an Seooajo_d]bpohadna ]ho P]pd]j`hqjc $]j ]j`anan Opahha ]q_d ]ho ejpahhagpqahha =jo_d]qqjc% atlheveanp sen`( qj` ]ho Lnejvel `an pdaknapeo_daj

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IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ+?ҢҬңҭҮҩҪҢ >ңҨҥҟҦҧқҨҨ

qj` ln]gpeo_daj Ldehkokldea op]pqeanp sen`* =ho Cnqj`o]pv bkniqheanp6 ̦@]o E_d oavp qnolnÜjche_d o_dha_dpdej oaej aecajao Oauj*̤ $CSH( .2-% =ho Oq^fagp ej oaejan qj` `qn_d oaeja PÄpecgaep oaeaj` vq oaej qj` ]ho Oaeaj`ao `qn_d naeja PÄpecgaep ^aopeiip vq oaej( dae¿p( aeja qnolnÜjche_da Aejdaep rkj Oapvaj`ai qj` Caoapvpai( iepdej Oq^fagp)K^fagp)E`ajpepÄp vq oaej* @k_d a^ajok vaecp oe_d `an Iajo_d vqchae_d `qn_d `]o edi ajpcacajopadaj`a oejjhe_da Oaeaj`a ^ao_dnÄjgp* Oah^opoapvqjc oaejao E_d qj` Ajpcacajoapvqjc `ao Je_dp)E_d oej` `ea qnolnÜjche_daj ej `aj anopaj ^ae`aj Cnqj`oÄpvaj cab]oopaj >aopeiiqjcaj `ao aj`he_daj Ranjqjbpsaoajo( `anaj Cacajo]pv ej aejai `neppaj( `ea Cahpqjc `an anopaj ^ae`aj Cnqj`oÄpva ^acnajvaj`aj Cnqj`o]pv ]qbcadk^aj sen`* Sea fa`ao Seooaj eiian vqchae_d Seooaj rkj oe_d oah^op $]ho Seooaj% qj` Seooaj rkj aps]o $]ho Je_dp)Seooaj% eop( ok eop ]q_d ei iajo_dhe_daj Ha^aj fa`a Anb]dnqjc rkj Bnaedaep iep `an Anb]dnqjc `an >ao_dnÄjgpdaep ran^qj`aj* @ea `nae Cnqj`oÄpva b]oop Be_dpa ej aejai O]pv vqo]iiaj6 ̦E_d oapva ei E_d `ai pdaeh^]naj E_d aej pdaeh^]nao Je_dp)E_d ajpcacaj*̤ $CSH( .3.% @eaoa anopa Cnqj`oujpdaoeo ajpdÄhp jaqa CacajoÄpva( `ea ranaejecp san`aj iÜooaj qj` ej `anaj Ranaejecqjc sea`anqi jaqa CacajoÄpva ]qbcabqj`aj san`aj( ^eo aj`he_d ]hha Se`anolnÜ_da cahÖop oej`* @an anopa Bkhcao]pv ]qo `ai `neppaj Cnqj`o]pv eop `an ^aokj) `ana Cnqj`o]pv `an pdaknapeo_daj Seooajo_d]bpohadna6 @]o E_d oapvp oe_d ]ho rknopahhaj`ao k`an pdaknapeo_dao E_d* @ea =q}Öoqjc `ao Se`anolnq_do( `ea `eaoan Cnqj`o]pv ajpdÄhp( jÄihe_d PÄpecgaep qj` Hae`aj( eop Pdai] `an pdaknapeo_daj Seooajo_d]bpohadna* @eaoa aj`ap iep aejai Lnk^hai( `aooaj HÖoqjc `ea ln]gpeo_da Seooajo_d]bpohadna ajpdÄhp6 BÜn `]o pdaknapeo_da E_d jÄihe_d eop oaeja >acnajvqjc `qn_d `]o Je_dp)E_d aeja dejvqjad) iaj`a Rkn]qooapvqjc( je_dp `qn_d aecaja PÄpecgaep anvaqcp* =hha >aopeiiqjcaj `ao Je_dp)E_d oej` `qn_d `ea Ejpahhecajv caoapvp( ]^an `]o Je_dp)E_d oah^op eop bÜn `ea Ejpah) hecajv je_dp `qn_d `eaoa oah^op caoapvp* Ao eop aps]o( sk`qn_d `]o E_d cajÖpecp eop( oaeja PÄpecgaep vq daiiaj6 ao eop =jopk¿* @eaoan eop je_dp ]qo `ai pdaknapeo_daj E_d( okj`anj jqn ]qo `ai ln]gpeo_daj ]^vqhaepaj* @an ajpop]j`aja Se`anopnaep eop `an vseo_daj ]^) okhqpai E_d qj` Ejpahhecajv( ]hok vseo_daj naejan( qjaj`he_dan ej oe_d vqnÜ_gcadaj`an PÄpecgaep qj` aj`he_dan( `qn_d aejaj Se`anop]j` ^ao_dnÄjgpan( ]hok k^fagperan PÄpecgaep* >ae`a PÄpecgaepaj okhhaj ranaejecp san`aj dae¿p6 `eaoa PÄpecgaep( `ea ^ae`ao vqchae_d eop( eop qjaj`he_dao Opna^aj( oea opahhp oe_d ]qo fa`an Daiiqjc sea`an dan( `ea Qjaj`he_d) gaep eop je_dp edn Vqop]j`( okj`anj edn Veah* Sajj `]o E_d ej `eaoai qjaj`he_daj Opna^aj oaej Saoaj d]p( `]jj eop `]o ]^okhqpa E_d bÜn `]o E_d E`aa( `* d* je_dp Oaeaj`ao( okj`anj Caokhhpao* @eaoao E_d iep `ai qjaj`he_daj k`an e`a]haj K^fagp eop sa`an ]^okhqpao jk_d pdaknapeo_dao( okj`anj ln]gpeo_dao E_d* @]o pdaknapeo_da E_d eop ]hok Ieppah `ao ln]gpe) o_daj* Ej`ai Be_dpa `aj Lnei]p `ao Ln]gpeo_daj cacajÜ^an G]jp n]`eg]heoeanp( cah]jcp an vq aejan =q{]ooqjc( skj]_d `ea cao]ipa Sahp Ü^and]qlp jqn `qn_d ednaj >avqc ]qb `ea iajo_dhe_da Ln]teo ateopeanp( jÄihe_d ]ho Cacaj) k`an ^aooan6 Se`anop]j` `anoah) ^aj6 ̦@ea J]pqn d]p ej oe_d `qn_d]qo gaej aecajpÜihe_dao Lnejvel( okj`anj oea eop ^hk¿ `an oe_d oah^op anca^aj`a qj` ]q{]hhaj`a Se`ano_daej `an ]^okhqpaj Bnaedaep ej aejai Fa`aj*̤ $Aejhaepqjcorknhaoqjc( ..% @ea Sahp sen` vqi I]pane]h ikn]heo_dan L}e_dpanbÜh) hqjc* ̦Qjona Sahp eop `]o ranoejjhe_dpa I]pane]ha qjoanan L}e_dp7 `eao eop `]o aecajphe_da Naahha ej `aj @ejcaj( `an s]dna Cnqj`opk{ ]hhan Ano_daejqjc* @an Vs]jc( iep sah_dai

BңҝҢҮҟҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ

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`an Ch]q^a ]j `ea Na]hepÄp `anoah^aj oe_d qjo ]qb`nejcp( eop aej ikn]heo_dan Vs]jc7 `an aejveca( sah_dan bÜn `]o bnaea Saoaj iÖche_d eop*̤ $Sahpnaceanqjc( /1/% Be_dpa ]n^aepap oaeja Bnaedaepoldehkokldea ej `aj F]dnaj j]_d Ano_daejaj `an Cnqj`) h]ca `an cao]iipaj Seooajo_d]bpohadna ej `aj ^ae`aj vajpn]haj >anae_daj `an ln]gpe) o_daj Ldehkokldea( `an Na_dpo) qj` `an Oeppajhadna( saepan ]qo* -352 ranÖ{ajphe_dp an `ea Cnqj`h]ca `ao J]pqnna_dpo j]_d Lnejveleaj `an Seooajo_d]bpohadna( vsae F]dna olÄpan bkhcp `]o Ouopai `an Oeppajhadna j]_d Lnejveleaj `an Seooajo_d]bpohadna* Sea `an Vqo]pv ]j`aqpap( ajpse_gahj oe_d ^ae`a @eovelhejaj j]_d opnajc `a`qgperan Iapdk`a ]qo `aj HadnoÄpvaj `an Seooajo_d]bpohadna* Ao eop ]q{Ähhec( `]oo `]o RandÄhpjeo `an Na_dpo) vqn Oeppajhadna ]j]hkc ^aopeiip sen` vq `ai rkj pdaknapeo_dan qj` ln]gpeo_dan Ldehkokldea* Vs]n sen` `ea Na_dpohadna `qn_d cÄjvhe_da =^opn]gpekj rkj ikn]heo_daj =olagpaj `qn_dcabÜdnp( skiep Be_dpa `ai G]jpe) o_daj @egpqi caiÄ¿( `]oo aej Na_dpoouopai ]q_d bÜn aej Rkhg rkj Paqbahj `qn_doapv^]n oaej iqoo( ranbÄdnp qj` sea G]jp `ea AejbÜdnqjc qj` >abkhcqjc rkj Na_dpocaoapvaj bÜn qj]^dÄjcec rkj `an >aopeiiqjc `ao Sehhajo `qn_d `]o Oeppajcaoapv anghÄnp* Be_dpa eop ]^an vq`ai `an =q{]ooqjc( `]oo ei Vqca `an Na]heoeanqjc `an ikn]heo_daj Bnae) daep ]q_d `ea Na_dporandÄhpjeooa qj` fqne`eo_daj Ejopepqpekjaj( ejo^aokj`ana `an Op]]p( ej ikn]heo_da RandÄhpjeooa qj` Caiaejo_d]bpaj pn]jobknieanp san`aj $iÜooaj%* @eaoa =qb) b]ooqjc d]p i]j dÄq|c vq Na_dp ]ho Pun]jjae `ao Ikn]heo_daj ej Be_dpao Ldehkokldea ]jcaoadaj7 Dacah eop Be_dpao anopan qj` sengiÄ_dpecopan Gnepegan ej `eaoan Dejoe_dp $rch* >ejgahi]jj -553( /..{*%* Be_dpao Ejoeopeanaj ]qb `an Ikn]heoeanqjc iajo_dhe_dan Ln]teo g]jj ]^an ]q_d lkoeper ]ho Gnepeg ]j `aj ^aopadaj`aj okveklkhepeo_daj RandÄhpjeooaj ca) `aqpap san`aj( ej `an oe_d `ea narkhqpekjÄna qj` ]qbghÄnaneo_da Bkn`anqjc i]jebaopeanp( `ea rkj ]q¿aj $J]pqn( Op]]p( Pn]`epekj ap_*% ^aopeiipaj Iajo_daj okhhpaj vq oah^op^a) opeiipaj Oq^fagpaj san`aj*

/*

Knp qj` >ad]j`hqjco]np `an Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea

̦Ao eop ien aej Ca`]jga cagkiiaj( rkj sah_dai e_d ]^an je_dp sae¿( k^ e_d Iq¿a d]^aj san`a( edj `eaoaj Okiian ]qovqbÜdnaj( qj` `aj e_d Edjaj ]qb fa`aj B]hh ei ajcopaj Ranpn]qaj ieppdaeha( sea Oea `ajj senghe_d `an Aejeca oej`( cacaj `aj e_d edj Äq¿ana* Aej case¿ao =qbopna^aj `an Sae^an( aeja Qjvqbnea`ajdaep `anoah^aj iep ednan lkhepeo_daj H]ca cadÖnp qjpan `ea Aecajdaepaj qjoano Vaep]hpano* @eaoan D]jc eop rkj O_dnebpopahhanj o_dkj ^ajqpvp skn`aj7 `ea aejaj d]^aj edj ^acÜjopecp $Qa^an `ea ^Üncanh* Ran^a¿anqjc `an Sae^an( v* >*%( `ea ]j`anj jea`anca`nÜ_gp( cap]`ahp( lanoe}enp* =j aejan cnÜj`he_daj Qjpanoq_dqjc badhp ao* E_d ch]q^a( ao sÄna `]nÜ^an( aps] ei Pkja aejao case¿aj >aepn]co( aej dÖ_dopejpana¿]jpao >q_d vq o_dnae^aj*̤ $>neaba( .50b*% @eaoan >neab rkj -351 ]j oaejaj Ranhacan ?kpp] ^asaeop( `]oo Be_dpa oe_d ej `ea qi `ea Ieppa `ao -4* F]dndqj`anpo ejo^aokj`ana `qn_d Nkqooa]q ajpb]_dpa( Äq¿anop gkjpnk) rano cabÜdnpa @eogqooekj qi `ea ne_dpeca Kn`jqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan iep aejai aecajaj ldehkokldeo_daj >aepn]c aej^nejcaj skhhpa* Hae`an eop `eaoao Lnkfagp je_dp na]heoeanp skn) `aj( ]^an eiiandej d]p Be_dpa oaeja ej =qoaej]j`anoapvqjc iep `an vaepcajÖooeo_daj Cao_dha_dpan`a^]ppa ajpse_gahpa Lkoepekj ej `aj Faj]an O_dnebpaj Cnqj`h]ca `ao J]pqn) na_dpo $-352% qj` Ouopai `an Oeppajhadna $-354% ej Cnqj`vÜcaj `]ncaopahhp*

.12

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ+?ҢҬңҭҮҩҪҢ >ңҨҥҟҦҧқҨҨ

Ao oej` je_dp vqbÄhhec `ea i]¿ca^he_daj =n^aepaj `ao bnÜdaj Be_dpa vqn ln]gpeo_daj Ldehkokldea( `ea `eaoao Pdai] ^ad]j`ahj* @ajj `ai ]qb Bnaedaep cnÜj`aj`aj qj` ]qb Bnaedaep veahaj`aj =jo]pv `an Ldehkokldea Be_dpao ajpolna_daj` g]jj ]q_d `]o Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo je_dp ej oaejan j]pÜnhe_daj >aopeiipdaep ]j oe_d( okj`anj ha`eche_d( sea ao bÜn `aj Iajo_daj oaej okhh( vqi Pdai] `an Ldehkokldea san`aj* Ej `eaoan Lanolagpera gkiip `an Ada ]ho na_dphe_dan Ejopepqpekj iep ednaj Lkpajpe]haj `an Ranoepphe_dqjc ^aokj`ana >a`aqpqjc vq* @ea =qobÜdnqjcaj vqn Ada oej` ei Cao]ipsang chae_dskdh n]n* =q¿an ]qb `ea ^anaepo caj]jjpaj Faj]an O_dnebpaj eop ]qb `ea Op]]pohadna rkj -4-/ vq ransaeoaj* @]o hapvpcaj]jjpa Sang ^eapap ja^aj aejan L]oo]ca ei D]qlppatp saepana ¼^anhacqjcaj ei =jd]jc( `an Ü^ano_dnea^aj eop6 ̦At_qnoa vqn Op]]pohadna $-4-/%̤* @]nej |j`ap oe_d `]o G]lepah EEE ̦Qa^an Ada( `aj Cacajo]pv rkj ]hpai qj` jaqai Op]]p qj` Nahecekj q*o*s* =hpa qj` jaqa Sahp̤( `]o `an Ada aejaj gqnvaj =^o_djepp se`iap* @ea Op]]pohadna ]ho C]jva sea ]q_d `ea At_qnoa qjpanopadaj `an D]qlp]^oe_dp( cao_de_dpoldehkokldeo_da qj` lkhepeo_da >apn]_dpqjcaj Ü^an `ea Ranc]jcajdaep qj` `aj ]gpqahhaj Vqop]j` ei Dej^he_g ]qb `]o vqgÜjbpeca $e`a]ha% Ranjqjbpnae_d ]jvqopahhaj* Vajpn]ha I]¿j]dia( `ea ]qb `ai Sac vqi Ranjqjbpnae_d dahbaj okhh( eop `ea Anveadqjc `ao Iajo_dajcao_dha_dpo( `ea oe_d ej qjpano_dea`he_daj Ejop]jvaj $Ada( Nahecekj( Op]]p% na]heoeanp* Ok ^apkjp Be_dpa ]q_d rknseacaj` `ea cao_de_dphe_da Ajpse_ghqjc qj` `ea oepphe_da >a`aqpqjc `an Ada bÜn `]o Ranjqjbpnae_d* @ea qib]jc) qj` lanolagperajnae_dopa @]nopahhqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan) qj` Adapdaknea |j`ap oe_d ej `an Cnqj`h]ca `ao J]pqnna_dpo( `ea `ea na_dpoldehkokldeo_daj Bn]caj vqn Kn`jqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan( qjpan >anÜ_goe_dpecqjc `ao j]pÜnhe_daj Op]j`lqjgpo qj` qj) pan Aej^aveadqjc `an ikn]heo_daj Lanolagpera( rand]j`ahp* @]o Ouopai `an Oeppajhadna o_dhea¿p ejd]hphe_d ajc ]j `ea ei Bkhcaj`aj caj]qan vq qjpanoq_daj`a Cnqj`h]ca `ao J]pqnna_dpo ]j7 ao haeopap gaeja SaepanbÜdnqjc( dÖ_dopajo aeja canejcbÜceca Ranpeabqjc `ao ikn]heo_daj Op]j`lqjgpao ^avÜche_d `ao Pdai]o*-

0*

@ea Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea ej `an Cnqj`h]ca `ao J]pqnna_dpo

]*

Be_dpao Na_dpo) qj` Op]]pohadna

Cacaj Ranoq_da oaejan Vaepcajkooaj( `]o Na_dp ]qo `ai Oeppajcaoapv ]^vqhaepaj( ^a) d]nnp Be_dpa ]qb `an Pnajjqjc rkj Na_dp qj` Ikn]h( `ea an `qn_d `ea Qjpano_dae`qjc rkj bkni]han qj` i]pane]han Bnaedaep( rkj SehhgÜn qj` oepphe_dai Skhhaj( ^acnÜj`ap* @an Cnqj`^acne{ `an Na_dpoldehkokldea( `an `ao Na_dpo( iqoo ej Be_dpao Ouopai `qn_d @a`qgpekj ]qo `ai Lnejvel `ao E_d caskjjaj san`aj( `* d* ao eop vq ansaeoaj( `]oo `an >acne{ `ao Na_dpo jkpsaj`eca >a`ejcqjc `ao Oah^op^asqoopoaejo eop* Qi `aj C]jc `an @a`qgpekj ]jo]pvsaeoa j]_drkhhveadaj vq gÖjjaj( cajÜcp bkhcaj`ao6 @]o E_d `ajgp oe_d jkpsaj`ec ]ho skhhaj`( `* d* ]ho bnaea Oah^op^aopeiiqjc vqn Sengo]igaep* Sajj `]o E_d oe_d ]^an vqchae_d jkpsaj`ec eiian o_dkj ]ho `qn_d K^fagpa ^aopeiipao anbÄdnp( o_daejp ao `ai E_d qjiÖche_d vq oaej( oe_d ]ho qnolnÜjche_dan Oah^op]jb]jc anb]ooaj vq gÖj) -

Ei Ouopai `an Oeppajhadna d]j`ahp Be_dpa ej `ai =^o_djepp ̦¼^an `ea L}e_dpaj `ao Iajo_daj j]_d oaejai ^aokj`anaj j]pÜnhe_daj Op]j`a̤ rkj `an Ada* $Rch* OH( .43̞.55%

BңҝҢҮҟҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ

.13

jaj* Be_dpao knecejahha( `ea Ldehkokldea `an Ejpanoq^fagperepÄp ^acnÜj`aj`a HÖoqjc `ao Lnk^haio heacp ei Ca`]jgaj `an =q{kn`anqjc6 Sajj `]o ^aopeiiaj`a K^fagp je_dpo ]j`anao eop ]ho ]j `]o E_d ancadaj`a =q{kn`anqjc vqn bnaeaj Oah^op^aopeiiqjc( g]jj `]o E_d ]ho ej `an Vaep `qn_d aej K^fagp ^aopeiipao oe_d ei Ik`qo `ao qnolnÜjche_daj Oah^op]jb]jco vqn Anb]dnqjc ^nejcaj* >a`ejcqjc `an IÖche_dgaep `eaoan =q{kn`anqjc eop `ea sa_doahoaepeca =jangajjqjc `an Oq^fagpa ]ho Ranjqjbpsaoaj( `* d* ]ho Vsa_ga oapvaj`a Saoaj*. Ej `an Na_dpoldehkokldea sen` gh]n( `]oo `an Iajo_d je_dp jqn Ej) `ere`qqi( okj`anj jkpsaj`ecansaeoa C]ppqjcosaoaj eop6 ̦@an Iajo_d W̪Y sen` jqn qjpan Iajo_daj aej Iajo_d7 W̪Y okhhaj Ü^and]qlp Iajo_daj oauj( ok iÜooaj iadnana oauj* W***Y @an >acne{ `ao Iajo_daj eop okj]_d c]n je_dp >acne{ aejao Aejvahjaj( `ajj aej okh_dan eop qj`ajg^]n( okj`anj `an aejan C]ppqjc*̤ $CJN E( /03% =qo `an P]po]_da( `]oo Ejpanlanokj]hepÄp( ranop]j`aj ]ho sa_doahoaepeca CasÄdnqjc rkj qj` Anveadqjc vqn Bnaedaep( jkpsaj`eca >a`ejcqjc aejao ranjÜjbpecaj Saoajo eop( haepap Be_dpa `]o Na_dpo) randÄhpjeo ]^6 ̦E_d iq¿ `]o bnaea Saoaj ]qooan ien ej ]hhaj BÄhhaj ]jangajjaj ]ho aej okh_dao( `* d* iaeja Bnaedaep `qn_d `aj >acne{ `an IÖche_dgaep oaejan Bnaedaep ^ao_dnÄj) gaj*̤ $CJN E( /14% @]iep eop aeja saoajphe_da Bkn`anqjc `ao Na_dpo anbÜhhp( jÄihe_d `an cacajoaepeca Ranve_dp ]qb `eafajecaj D]j`hqjcaj( `ea `ea Bnaedaep `ao =j`anaj ^a) aejpnÄ_dpecaj gÖjjaj* =j`ano ]ho bÜn G]jp ajpdÄhp `an Ca`]jga `ao Na_dpo bÜn Be_dpa gaej g]packneo_dao Okhhaj7 oaeja aecaja BnaedaepooldÄna vq ^ao_dnÄjgaj( eop jqn dulkpdapeo_d cabkn`anp( qjpan `an >a`ejcqjc jÄihe_d( `]oo `an ]j`ana `ea oaejeca aejo_dnÄjgp* @ea Cahpqjc `ao Na_dpo ance^p oe_d bÜn Be_dpa ]hok je_dp ]qo ikn]heo_daj Bkn`anqjcaj( okj`anj ha`eche_d ̦`qn_d `aj sehhgÜdnhe_daj Ajpo_dhq¿ Waejao fa`ajY( iep ]j`anaj ej Caoahho_d]bp vq ha^aj̤ $CJN E( /..%* @eaoan =gp `an sehhgÜnhe_daj Gkjopepqpekj aejan `qn_d `]o Na_dp ^aopeiipaj Ca) oahho_d]bp i]jebaopeanp oe_d j]_d Be_dpa ej aejai $Caoahho_d]bpo)%Ranpn]c ̞ aej >acne{( `an bÜn Be_dpa K^an^acne{ rkj iadnanaj RanpnÄcaj $aps] Aecajpqio)( Qjpansanbqjco)( Ranaejecqjcoranpn]c% eop* Sajj `]o Na_dp `an Nacahqjc Äq¿anan( lkpajpeahh gkhhe`eanaj`an D]j`hqjcaj qj` `ai O_dqpv `an Bnaedaep `an Caoahho_d]bpoiepchea`an iep =j`nkdqjc rkj Vs]jc ^ae Je_dp)>abkhcqjc `eajaj okhh( ^a`]nb ao `ao Op]]pao ]ho Ejopepqpekj `an S]dnqjc qj` @qn_doapvqjc `ao Na_dpo* @ajj `an aeji]heca =gp `an =jangajjqjc vse) o_daj vsae Ej`ere`qaj g]jj sa`an `ea vqgÜjbpeca =jangajjqjc ^ae`an c]n]jpeanaj( jk_d ]ho Mqahha ]hhcaiaejan =jangajjqjc ]hhan ej aejan Caiaejo_d]bp ha^aj`aj Iajo_daj ej =jolnq_d cajkiiaj san`aj* Aeja `]qand]bpa qj` ]hhcaiaeja Oe_danqjc `an Bnae)

.

Vqi Qjpano_dea` vseo_daj Dacaho qj` Be_dpao =jangajjqjcohadna rch* Oeal -55.( -3.̞-4.* Oeal opahhp ]ho olave|o_da HÖoqjc `an Be_dpao_daj Hadna bkhcaj`ao dan]qo6 @ea =q{kn`anqjc `ao ae) jaj vqn bnaeaj Oah^op^aopeiiqjc ^a`aqpap( `]oo `an aeja `ai ]j`anaj `qn_d Oah^op^ao_dnÄjgqjc `aooaj D]j`hqjcooleahn]qi ̦bnaece^p̤ $Oeal -55.( -32%( ok `]oo `eaoan oaejanoaepo oe_d ^ao_dnÄjgp qj` `]`qn_d `ea bnaea D]j`hqjcooldÄna `ao ]j`anaj aniÖche_dp* >aopeiiaj` bÜn Be_dpao =jan) gajjqjcohadna eop ]hok `an Ca`]jga( `]oo `ea =q{kn`anqjc rkj fai]j`aj `ea Oah^op^ao_dnÄjgqjc `ao =q{kn`anj`aj o_dkj eilheveanp qj` re_a rano]7 `eaoai aejb]_daj Eilheg]pekjorandÄhpjeo eop `an Ca`]jga aejan `e]hagpeo_daj >asacqjc( ej `an `ea Oq^fagpa anop ei sa_doahoaepecaj G]ilb ei qj` ]qo `ai RandÄhpjeo vqi ]j`anaj oah^op ajpopadaj( bnai`* @ea @a`qgpekj `ao Hae^ao eop bÜn Be_dpa ouopai]peo_d jkpsaj`ec( qi `ea Äq¿anaj >a`ejcqjcaj vq ghÄnaj( `ea aej =jangajjqjcorandÄhpjeo ej `an Oejjajsahp aniÖche_daj*

.14

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ+?ҢҬңҭҮҩҪҢ >ңҨҥҟҦҧқҨҨ

daepooldÄna aejao fa`aj `qn_d =jangajjqjc sa_doahoaepecan >ao_dnÄjgqjc sen` ]hhananop `qn_d ranpn]che_da ¼^anaejgÜjbpa `an Ej`ere`qaj aniÖche_dp* @nae @a`qgpekjonaedaj bÜdnaj vq aejan Olave|veanqjc `ao ]hhcaiaejaj Na_dpolnejvelo $rch* >ejgahi]jj .,,3( -,3̞-/,%6 =qo `an cacajoaepecaj =jangajjqjc bkhcanp Be_d) pa `]o ok caj]jjpa Qnna_dp( skj]_d fa`a Lanokj ieppaho hae^he_dan D]j`hqjcaj bnae ej `ea Oejjajsahp aejcnaebaj `]nb( k`an gqnv6 `]o ̦]^okhqpa Na_dp `an Lanokj( ej `an Oej) jajsahp jqn Qno]_da vq oauj* $o_dha_dpdej jea >asengpao*%̤ $CJN E( 0,0% Ja^aj `an Qjranoadnpdaep `ao Hae^ao o_dhea¿p `eaoao Na_dp `]o Na_dp ]qb aeja gkjop]jpa Iajca ]j CacajopÄj`aj aej( Ü^an `ea aeja Lanokj qj` jqn oea ranbÜcaj `]nb6 `]o Aecajpqi* Iepdej bkhcaj ]qo `ai Qnna_dp `]o Na_dp ]qb Aecajpqi qj` `an vq `aooaj Oe_danqjc jkpsaj`eca Aecajpqioranpn]c* @an >a`nkdqjc `ao Na_dpo `qn_d `aj opapo iÖche_daj >nq_d `ao =jangajjqjcoran) dÄhpjeooao ^acacjap Be_dpa iep `an E`aa `ao Vs]jcona_dpo oksea `ao O_dqpvranpn]co* @]j]_d eop ei B]hha aejao Qjna_dpo `an Anhae`aj`a ^ana_dpecp( Vs]jc Ü^an `aj =j`a) naj ]qovqÜ^aj* Vqn Oe_danqjc `ao Vs]jcona_dpo ^a`]nb ao ej`ao aejan jaqpn]haj Ejop]jv `an Vs]jco]qoÜ^qjc( `ea `qn_d `aj O_dqpvranpn]c aejcaoapvp sen`* @ea `neppa Naeda hea) banp o_dhea¿he_d anop `ea rkhha >acnÜj`qjc `eaoan jaqpn]haj Ejop]jv( jÄihe_d `ao Op]]pao* =qb `eaoan A^aja san`aj `ea rkndanecaj Na_dpa qj` RanpnÄca ]hhananop rkhhopÄj`ec ej Gn]bp caoapvp* @]o Op]]pona_dp okhh `qn_d aejaj Ranaejecqjco) qj` Qjpansanbqjcoranpn]c c]n]jpeanp san`aj* @ea ^ag]jjpaj Becqnaj `an Caoahho_d]bporanpn]copdaknea jeiip Be_dpa ]qb( bÜdnp oea fa`k_d `qn_d @e{anajveanqjc ej vsae Ranpn]co]npaj saepan( skj]_d oe_d `ea Ej`ere`qaj vqi aejaj vq aejan ej OpÄj`aj knc]jeoeanpaj Caoahho_d]bp ranl}e_dpaj( vqi ]j`anaj oe_d ]hha Ej`ere`qaj caiaejo]i aejan Op]]pocas]hp bÜcaj* =qcajo_daej) he_d d]j`ahp ao oe_d `]^ae qi aeja LnÄ|cqn]pekj `an olÄpanaj Dacaho_daj Pnajjqjc rkj ^Üncanhe_dan Caoahho_d]bp qj` Op]]p $rch* O_dn]`an -532%* Be_dpa ^acnÜj`ap `ea Op]]popdaknea rkhhopÄj`ec ej `an Na_dpoldehkokldea( ]q_d sajj an cajqej lkhepeo_da Ajpo_dae`qjcooldÄnaj k{aj hÄoop $sea v* >* `ea >aopeiiqjc `an Op]]pobkni%* @ea Na_dporandÄhpjeooa ran`]jgaj oe_d `an SehhgÜn $bkni]ha Bnaedaep%( ]ho Lnejvel `an ranpn]che_daj ¼^anaejgqjbp( qj` oej` vqchae_d `]vq `]( `ea SehhgÜn ]hhan Na_dpooq^fagpa vq oe_danj* Ikn]heo_da $i]pane]ha% Bnaedaep oleahp ej `eaoan ¼^anhacqjc gaeja Nkhha6 Sa`an bÜdnaj ikn]heo_da Ikpera `an Oq^fagpa vqn Na_dpoopebpqjc( jk_d `]nb oe_d `]o Na_dp ej ikn]heo_da >ah]jca aejieo_daj* @k_d oapvp ikn]heo_da Bnaedaep `aj bnaeaj Rkhhvqc `an S]dhbnaedaep rkn]qo6 San Ü^and]qlp gaeja bnaeaj Vsa_ga ej `an Oej) jajsahp ransenghe_daj g]jj( g]jj ]q_d je_dp ikn]heo_d d]j`ahj* Ejokbanj eop `]o Na_dp >a`ejcqjc `an IÖche_dgaep rkj Ikn]hepÄp qj` `]dan ikn]heo_d cabkn`anp* Ei Ouopai `an Oeppajhadna $-354% heabanp Be_dpa `ai ajpolna_daj` aeja ikn]heo_da >acnÜj`qjc `an na_dphe_daj RandÄhpjeooa sea Aecajpqi( Caoahho_d]bp qj` Op]]p*

^*

Ada( Hea^a qj` Na_dp

@]o Adana_dp eop iep `ai Ahpanjna_dp >aop]j`paeh `ao B]ieheajna_dpo( `]o rkj Be_dpa ja^aj `ai RÖhganna_dp ei =jd]jc vqn Cnqj`h]ca `ao J]pqnna_dpo ]^cad]j`ahp sen` $rch* CJN EE( 51{*%* @ea vqrkn an]n^aepapaj HadnopÜ_ga( `an >acne{ `ao Na_dpo qj` `ea

BңҝҢҮҟҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ

.15

Hadna rki Op]]p( oej` rkn]qocaoapvp qj` san`aj ei Adana_dp ]qb aej ^aokj`anao Ca^eap ]jcasaj`ap* Ajpo_dae`aj` bÜn `ea Opahhqjc `ao Adana_dpo ei C]jvaj `an Be_dpao_daj Na_dpolde) hkokldea eop( `]oo `ea ^eodan cahaeopapa @a`qgpekj `an Caiaejo_d]bp ranjÜjbpecan( ej `an Oejjajsahp sengaj`an Saoaj ej `eaoai B]hh gaeja vqnae_daj`a >]oeo bÜn `ea =jsaj`qjc `ao Na_dpo^acne{ao `]nopahhp* Ao ^a`]nb reahiadn aejao saepanaj `a`qgperaj O_dneppo( jÄihe_d `an @a`qgpekj `an Ada oah^op( ̦qi `aj Na_dpo^acne{ `]n]qb iep Ranop]j` ]j) saj`aj vq gÖjjaj̤ $CJN EE( 51%* @qn_d `eaoa @a`qgpekj sen` anop `]o Adana_dp ]ho ^aokj`ana Na_dpo]np ^acnÜj`ap* Qj` `* d* vqchae_d( `]oo `ea adahe_daj >aveadqjcaj vseo_daj Iajo_daj je_dp ]hhaej `qn_d Ranpn]co) qj` Opn]bna_dp vq nacahj oej`* @ajj ei Adana_dp cadp ao je_dp `]nqi( `]o RandÄhpjeo `an Ej`ere`qaj ei Oejja `an Oe_danqjc ednan BnaedaepooldÄnaj cacajaej]j`an `qn_d Ranpn]c vq nacahj qj` `qn_d `aj Op]]p vq oe_danj* Ei Cacajpaeh6 `]o Adana_dp `eajp ̞ okreah hÄoop oe_d rkncnaebaj` o]caj ̞ `an An) iÖche_dqjc qj` `ai O_dqpv aejan rkhhgkiiajaj Ranaejecqjc rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q( `ea jqn `qn_d `ea Lnaeoc]^a rkj Na_dpaj aejao Ej`ere`qqio cacaj `]o ]j`ana iÖche_d sen`* @ea Ada eop bÜn Be_dpa je_dp sea aps] `an Op]]p ]ho aeja `qn_d Ranpn]c ^acnÜj`apa fqne`eo_da Caiaejo_d]bp vq `ajgaj( okj`anj ]ho aeja ̦j]pÜnhe_da qj` ikn]heo_da Ca) oahho_d]bp̤( `ea `an Na_dpo^acne{ rkn]qooapvp7 `aod]h^ eop ]q_d `ea @a`qgpekj `an Ada gaeja fqne`eo_da7 ̦]^an oea eop ej aejan Na_dpohadna jkpdsaj`ec( qi aeja Aejoe_dp ej `ea dejpandan ]qbvqopahhaj`aj fqne`eo_daj OÄpva vq and]hpaj̤ $CJN EE( 51%* @qn_d `ea @a) `qgpekj `an Ada sen` `ea ei B]gpqi `an =q{kn`anqjc eilheveanpa Angajjpjeo( `]oo `an >acne{ `ao Iajo_daj je_dp >acne{ aejao Aejvahsaoajo( okj`anj >acne{ `an C]ppqjc eop( saepanranbkhcp qj` caghÄnp $rch* CJN E( /35%* Vq ansaeoaj( `]oo oe_d `]o aj`he) _da Ranjqjbpsaoaj ranieppahop `an adahe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp aooajpeahh ]ho C]ppqjcosaoaj ^acnaebaj qj` ansengaj g]jj qj` okhh( i]_dp ao anbkn`anhe_d( `ea OldÄna `ao Na_dporan) dÄhpjeooao rkj Ej`ere`qaj vq ranh]ooaj( qi `ea Ada ]ho j]pÜnhe_da( ]hok rknna_dphe_da( qj` ikn]heo_da( ]hok Ü^anna_dphe_da( Caoahho_d]bp $rch* CJN EE( 51% vq `a`qveanaj6 >eo ‡ 0 d]j`ahp Be_dpa rkj `an Ada ]ho j]pÜnhe_dan Caiaejo_d]bp( rkj ‡ 1 ^eo ‡ 5 cadp ao qi `ea Ada ]ho ikn]heo_da Caiaejo_d]bp* =qoc]jcolqjgp bÜn `ea @a`qgpekj `an Ada eop aeja j]pqnpahakhkceo_da >apn]_dpqjc6/ Vsa_g `an knc]jeo_daj J]pqn( vq `an `an Iajo_d ]ho Hae^saoaj cadÖnp( eop `ea Bknpl}]j) vqjc( Ieppah vqn Annae_dqjc `eaoao Vsa_go eop aej J]pqnpnea^( `an ej vsae ]^caokj`anpaj Cao_dha_dpanj ano_daejp* BÜn `aj Iajo_daj eop ha`eche_d `ea >abnea`ecqjc `ao Pnea^ao Vsa_g( `qn_d `anaj Bkhcaj `an J]pqnvsa_g kdja Vqpqj `ao Iajo_daj na]heoeanp sen`* Ajpo_dae`aj` bÜn `ea bkhcaj`a AnÖnpanqjc `ao ikn]heo_daj =olagpo eop bÜn Be_dpa ̦`ea ^a) /

Ej `an Na_dpohadna d]j`ahp Be_dpa rkj `an knc]jeo_daj J]pqn( qi `aj iajo_dhe_daj Hae^ ]ho aeja okh_da Ano_daejqjc ej `an Oejjajsahp vq `a`qveanaj( `ea vqn sa_doahoaepecaj =jangajjqjc ]ho Ranjqjbpsaoaj jkpsaj`ec eop* @]^ae ^a`eajp oe_d Be_dpa vajpn]h `an ej `an Gnepeg `an Qnpaehogn]bp anopi]ho ajpse_gahpaj G]jpeo_daj Hadna rki J]pqnlnk`qgp ^vs* rki J]pqnvsa_g $Rch* CJN EE( ‡ 2%* =j`ano ]ho bÜn G]jp eop `ea pahakhkceo_da Kn`jqjc `an J]pqn bÜn Be_dpa je_dp ^hk¿ Lnkfag) pekj `an Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaep ]ho aejao ^hk¿ oq^fagperaj Lnejvelo `an Qnpaehogn]bp ]qb `aj Cacajop]j` ̦J]pqn̤* Be_dpa eop `an =q{]ooqjc( ao oae iÖche_d( `ea ̦L]ooqjc̤ rkj `an `qn_d `ea Haeopqjcaj `an Oq^fagperepÄp pn]jovaj`ajp]h aniÖche_dpaj J]pqn ej ednaj k^fagperaj( pdaknapeo_d baopopahh^]naj Vsa_gaj vq `ajaj `an Vsa_goapvqjcaj `ao Oq^fagpo ] lnekne vq angajjaj7 `eao sen` ej Be_dpao Oeppajhadna rkj -354 saepan ]qocabÜdnp $rch* Nkdo -55-%*

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IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ+?ҢҬңҭҮҩҪҢ >ңҨҥҟҦҧқҨҨ

okj`ana >aopeiiqjc `eaoan J]pqnaejne_dpqjc W***Y( `]¿ ^ae `an >abnea`ecqjc `ao Pnea^ao( k`an >abÖn`anqjc `ao J]pqnvsa_go( s]o `aj aecajphe_daj =gp `an Vaqcqjc ]j^ah]jcp( `]o aeja Cao_dha_dp oe_d jqn pdÄpec( `]o ]j`ana oe_d jqn hae`aj` rand]hpa̤ $CJN EE( 53%* @ea Jkpsaj`ecgaep `an Vsaecao_dha_dphe_dgaep qj` `ea `an L]ooerepÄp `ao aejaj( j]) pÜnhe_d sae^he_daj( ^acnÜj`ap Be_dpa jqj sea bkhcp6 Vsaecao_dha_dphe_dgaep eop aeja jkp) saj`eca >a`ejcqjc `ao Oaejo `an knc]jeo_d ranb]oopaj J]pqn ]ho okh_dan qj` je_dp jqn `an Bknpl}]jvqjc* @eao eop ej aejan ]l]ckceo_daj =ncqiajp]pekjo|cqn vq ^acnÜj`aj6 CÄ^a ao jqn aej Cao_dha_dp ej `an J]pqn( iÜoopaj `ea >a`ejcqjcaj `an Sengo]igaep `ao >eh`qjcopnea^o( `ao Lnejvelo `an Knc]jeo]pekj( vqi Anvaqcaj rkj J]_dgkiiaj ]hha ej `eaoai aejaj Cao_dha_dp caca^aj oaej7 bkhche_d iÜoopa `eaoan Pnea^ qj]qbdÖnhe_d seng) o]i oaej qj` `eao sea`anqi dÄppa vqn Bkhca( `]oo ao c]n gaeja ^hae^aj`a Caop]hp( gaej Oaej( bkhche_d ]q_d gaej San`aj cÄ^a( `]oo ]hok J]pqn qjiÖche_d sÄna $rch* CJN EE( 51b*%* Lkoeper bkhcanp Be_dpa6 @]iep J]pqn iÖche_d eop( ̦iqoopa `ea C]ppqjc jk_d aeja ]j`ana knc]jeo_da Ateopajv d]^aj( ]qooan `an ]ho C]ppqjc7 `k_d ]^an ]q_d ]ho C]ppqjc `] oauj( qi oe_d bknpl}]jvaj vq gÖjjaj* @eao s]n jqn `]`qn_d iÖche_d( `]oo `ea `ea C]ppqjc ^eh`aj`a Gn]bp ranpdaehp( chae_do]i ej vsae ]^okhqp vqo]iiaj cadÖnaj`a( qj` jqn ej ed) nan Ranaejecqjc aej oe_d bknpl}]jvaj`ao C]jvao ]qoi]_daj`a DÄhbpaj vanneooaj sÜn`a̤ $CJN EE( 52%* @ea C]ppqjc sen` dean oah^op ]ho knc]jeo_dao C]jvao( `* d* ]ho aej oe_d and]hpaj`ao qj` danrkn^nejcaj`ao C]jvao rkj Paehaj ca`]_dp( qj` vs]n ok( `]oo `an C]ppqjc vsae rano_dea`aja Saeoaj `an Ateopajv vqcaolnk_daj san`aj6 Oea ateopeanp anopajo ]ho C]jvao( `aooaj Paeha `ea Ej`ere`qaj oej`( qj` oea ateopeanp vsaepajo ]ho C]jvao( `aooaj DÄhbpaj fa bÜn oe_d `ea capaehpa( ranaejecp `ea c]jva >eh`qjcogn]bp `an C]ppqjc nalnÄoajpeanaj* Ei anopaj B]hh oej` `ea Lnk`qgpa `an >eh`qjcogn]bp ]ho Paeha `an C]ppqjc ca`]_dp( ei vsaepaj B]hh eop `]o Lnejvel `an Knc]jeo]pekj oah^op capaehp qj` `eaoa DÄhbpaj oej` ]ho Paeha `an C]jvdaep ]jcaoapvp* >ae caj]qanai Vqoadaj ansaeop oe_d `]o RandÄhpjeo ^ae`an Ateopajvsaeoaj `an C]p) pqjc ]ho Sa_doah^aopeiiqjc6 @ea C]ppqjc ateopeanp ej vsaeb]_dan Saeoa ^ao_dnÄjgp( anopajo ]ho vanopnaqp ej `ea mq]hep]per `e{anajpaj Ej`ere`qaj( vsaepajo ]ho capaehpa >eh) `qjcogn]bp* Okbanj `ea >eh`qjcogn]bp ej `aj Ej`ere`qaj ]ho ^ao_dnÄjgpa ano_daejp( oej` oea cao_dha_dphe_d `e{anajveanp qj` jqn ej `eaoan >ao_dnÄjgqjc gÖjjaj oea ]ho Ej`ere`q) aj ^aopadaj* Okbanj ej edjaj ]^an `ea ^ao_dnÄjgpa >eh`qjcogn]bp ano_daejp( opna^aj `ea Ej`ere`qaj Ü^an edna Oah^opand]hpqjc dej]qo j]_d And]hpqjc k`an >eh`qjc `an C]ppqjc* @ea >ao_dnÄjgqjc `an >eh`qjcogn]bp eop `]o Ieppah `an And]hpqjc `an Ej`ere`qaj( `]o Oaej `an Ej`ere`qaj eop `]o Ieppah `ao Oaejo qj` Sengajo `an >eh`qjcogn]bp* @ea Bkniqheanqjc( ̦`]o Ej`ere`qqi eop ]ho Paj`ajv( `ea C]ppqjc vq ^eh`aj̤( ajpdÄhp aeja oq^peha qj` bkhcajnae_da Vsae`aqpecgaep6 Ao eop anopajo ]ho Paj`ajv( `ea knc]jeo_da Ateopajv `an C]ppqjc ei Oejja `ao qjcapaehpaj >eh`qjcopnea^ao vq ^eh`aj( qj` ao eop vsaepajo ]ho Paj`ajv( `ea C]ppqjc ]ho ^aopadaj` ]qo `an I]jjecb]hpecgaep `an Ej`ere) `qaj vq ^eh`aj* O_dkj ej`ai oe_d `ea cao_dha_dphe_d `e{anajpaj Ej`ere`qaj ranaejaj( ^eh`aj oea `ea C]ppqjc ei Oejja `ao qjcapaehpaj >eh`qjcopnea^o qj` `qn_d `ea ok ej `an Aejdaep rkj vsae Ej`ere`qaj ateopeanaj`a C]ppqjc ^eh`ap oe_d `ea C]ppqjc ei Oejja `an Anvaqcqjc rkj J]_dgkiiaj* O_dkj `ea Ranaejecqjc cao_dha_dphe_d `e{anajpan Ej`ere)

BңҝҢҮҟҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ

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`qaj nalnÄoajpeanp `ea C]ppqjc ̦Iajo_d̤ qj` `ea C]ppqjc ej `eaoai Oejja ^eh`ap oe_d kdja saepanao Vqpqj `ao Iajo_daj bknp ej `an Anvaqcqjc jaqan Ej`ere`qaj* S]nqi oe_d `ea C]ppqjc jqn `qn_d `ea ^aopeiipa mq]hep]pera @e{anajv `ao iÄjjhe_daj qj` sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpo ^eh`aj qj` and]hpaj g]jj( ^acnÜj`ap Be_dpa bkhcaj`ani]¿aj6 @]o ol]no]iopa Ieppah vqn Annae_dqjc `ao Vsa_go( ^aopadaj`a Caop]hpaj vq aniÖche_daj( eop ao( sajj rkj `ai cao]ipaj Ouopai `an >a`ejcqjcaj vqn Anvaqcqjc aejao GÖnlano `an chae_daj =np jqn `]o anopa ^asacaj`a Lnejvel ]^caokj`anp sen` $rch* CJN EE( 53%* @eaoa ?d]n]gpaneoeanqjc `ao Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`ao ieppaho `an >acne{a ̦Opk{̤ qj` ̦^asacaj`ao Lnejvel̤ `aikjopneanp( je_dp ]j`ano ]ho Dqi^kh`po Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea( `ea qjca^nk_daja Sengqjcoi]_dp `an ]neopkpaheo_daj >ekhkcea $rch* `]vq Haogu -51,%* @an ]ho naeja L]ooerepÄp( AilbÄjche_dgaep( ca`]_dpa Opk{ sen` ]q_d ^ae Be_dpa ]qb `an >]oeo aejan rkj =neopkpahao cnqj`rano_dea`ajaj Kjpkhkcea ei Ranchae_d vqn =gperepÄp `an Bkni ]ho iej`ansanpec ^aqnpaehp* Ej Be_dpao Paniejkhkcea eop `an Opk{ ^hk¿ao ̦K^fagp aejan Gn]bp̤ $CJN EE( 55%* San`aj `ea j]pÜnhe_daj >aopeiiqjcaj `an Cao_dha_dpan ]qb `ea Ranjqjbpj]pqn `ao Iajo_daj ^avkcaj( ance^p oe_d aeja gn]ooa @e{anajv vseo_daj I]jj qj` Bn]q6 Opeiip `ea J]pqnoaepa `ao iÄjjhe_daj Cao_dha_dpo mq] oah^oppÄpecao Lnejvel iep `an Ranjqjbp) j]pqn `ao Iajo_daj Ü^anaej( ok opadp `ea L]ooerepÄp `an sae^he_daj J]pqn ei opnegpaj Se`anolnq_d vqn Ranjqjbp $rch* CJN EE( 53b*%*Sajj `]o Oapvaj rkj Vsa_gaj =qo`nq_g rkj Bnaedaep qj` Ieppah `an Na]heoeanqjc rkj Bnaedaep ej `an Oejjajsahp eop( `]jj da^p `an Vsa_g vq hae`aj Ranjqjbp cÄjvhe_d ]qb* Kdja >acnÜj`qjc rkn]qocaoapvp eop `]^ae( `]oo oe_d `ea ]ho Vsa_g `an J]pqn ]jvqoadaj`a L]ooerepÄp `ao sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpo ei qjsehhajphe_daj Vaqcqjcocao_dadaj kdja saepanao ]qb `ea vqi Vsa_g `ao Ej`ere`qqio vq i]_daj`a =np `an >abnea`ecqjc `ao Cao_dha_dpopnea^o Ü^anpnÄcp*0 =j`anjb]hho ancÄ^a oe_d jÄihe_d aej Se`anolnq_d vseo_daj `aj Vsa_gaj `an J]pqn Ü^and]qlp qj` `aj Vsa) _gaj `an `qn_d J]pqnpnea^a cahaepapaj Ej`ere`qaj* @eaoaj Se`anolnq_d vq raniae`aj( eop ej`aooaj je_dp iÖche_d( kdja aejaj jaqaj Se`anolnq_d( `aj vseo_daj J]pqn qj` Ran) jqjbp( vq anÖ{jaj* @eaoan ̞ `aj sae^he_daj Iajo_daj qj` jqn `eaoaj ^apna{aj`a ̞ Se`anolnq_d ^aopadp caj]q `]nej( `]oo `ea Bn]q ei Oapvaj aejao Vsa_go oe_d bkni]h ]ho Ranjqjbpsaoaj ^asaeop qj` ei oah^aj =gp ̞ oe_d `qn_d `ea I]panea `eaoao Vsa_go vqi ̦K^fagp aejan Gn]bp̤ aejao ]j`anaj Ej`ere`qqio i]_daj` ̞ edna Ranjqjbpj]pqn ]qbda^p* Caj]q `eaoa `ea Bn]q gajjvae_djaj`a Lnk^hai]peg i]_dp ao jkpsaj`ec( `ea Ada ]ho aeja Caoahho_d]bpobkni oqe cajaneo vq ^acnÜj`aj* SÄna `ea Bn]q ei Vaqcqjco]gp ]gper sea `an I]jj( ^a`Ünbpa ao gaejan @a`qgpekj `an Ada7 `ea Ada sÄna kdja saepanao ]ho Ranpn]cocaiaejo_d]bp vq b]ooaj $rch* OH( .44%* Saeh `ea Bn]q ]^an `qn_d ednaj J]pqn) pnea^ ej ednan Ranjqjbpj]pqn jaceanp sen`( o_dae`ap oea rkj rknjdanaej ]ho chae_dsanpecan Ranpn]col]npjan `ao I]jjao ]qo* Ao ajpopadp `]dan `]o Lnk^hai( sea aeja Caiaejo_d]bp rkj Iajo_daj vq ^acnÜj`aj eop( `ea oah^op `qn_d se`anolnÜ_dhe_da Nah]pekjaj `a|jeanp san`aj iqoo( jÄihe_d aejanoaepo `qn_d aej `an J]pqn cao_dqh`apao Oq^kn`ej]pekjoran) dÄhpjeo ̞ `ea Bn]q eop K^fagp iÄjjhe_dan Gn]bp ̞ qj` ]j`ananoaepo `qn_d aej `an Ranjqjbp ran`]jgpao RandÄhpjeo `an Chae_ddaep ej ikn]heo_dan Dejoe_dp $rch* CJN EE( 54b*%* @ea

0

Qj` `]n]qo ance^p oe_d a^aj bÜn Be_dpa( ]j`ano ]ho bÜn G]jp( `]oo `qn_d `]o _kiian_eqi oatq]ha jqn `ea Bn]q vqn O]_da cai]_dp sen`*

.2.

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ+?ҢҬңҭҮҩҪҢ >ңҨҥҟҦҧқҨҨ

anop]qjhe_da HÖoqjc Be_dpao ^aopadp ̞ l]qo_d]h cao]cp ̞ `]nej( `ea >aveadqjc rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q ei >ejjajrandÄhpjeo `an Ada ]ho na_dpobnae vq `ajgaj* =j `ea Opahha na_dphe_d canacahpan >aveadqjcaj rkj Ej`ere`qaj pnepp `ea Hea^a( `ea vq) anop ]ho cao_dha_dphe_da Hea^a `an Bn]q ano_daejp6 ̦@]o Sae^ g]jj Ü^and]qlp oe_d je_dp dejca^aj `an Cao_dha_dpohqop( qi ednaj aecajaj Pnea^ vq ^abnea`ecaj7 qj` `] ao oe_d `ajj `k_d vqbkhca aejao Pnea^ao dejca^aj iq¿( g]jj `eaoan Pnea^ gaej ]j`anan oauj( ]ho `an( `aj I]jj vq ^abnea`ecaj*̤ $CJN EE( -,,% Ao g]jj gaej Vsaebah `]n]j ^aopa) daj( `]oo `eaoa >anaepo_d]bp vqn Na]heoeanqjc iÄjjhe_dan Pnea^veaha `qn_d `ea Bn]q rkj Be_dpa ]ho =gp `an Qjpansanbqjc qj` vqbkhca oaejan ]hpnqeopeo_daj Gkilkjajpa vqchae_d ]ho Rknbkni rkj Ikn]heoeanqjc ca`]_dp eop* Fa`ajb]hho ranolne_dp aeja okh_da ]hpnqeopeo_da QjpansÜn|cgaep k`an Oah^op]qbc]^a `ea >as]dnqjc `an aecajaj Ranjqjbpj]pqn* ̦Oea W`ea Bn]qY ^ad]qlpap edna SÜn`a( kdjan]_dpap oea Ieppah sen`( `]`qn_d `]¿ oea oe_d bnaesehhec( vqbkhca aejao a`haj J]pqnpnea^ao( `ao `an Hea^a( vqi Ieppah i]_dp*̤ $CJN EE( -,,% @]oo `eao `ea aejveca IÖche_dgaep eop( sea `ea J]pqnoaepa iep `ai Ranjqjbp_d]n]gpan `an Bn]q vq ranaej^]naj eop( ranoq_dp Be_dpa `qn_d `aj ouopai]peo_daj =qoo_dhqoo ]hhan =hpanj]peraj vq `aikjopneanaj* Bkhcp `ea Bn]q `ai nkdaj Cao_dha_dpopnea^( ieoo]_dpap oea edna Ranjqjbpj]pqn( oea anjea`necp oe_d* Be_dpa olne_dp vs]n `an Bn]q `ea IÖche_d) gaep( oe_d `qn_d Bnaedaep Ü^an `ea J]pqn vq anda^aj( je_dp ]^( ]^an `eaoa Anda^qjc eop `k_d ̦je_dp reah ^aooan W***Y ]ho aej Dan]^oejgaj̤ $CJN EE( 54%* @ajj ajpsa`an ^ajqpvp oea `eaoaj Pnea^( qi Vsa_ga `an Ranokncqjc( caoahho_d]bphe_daj >aooanopahhqjc ap_* vq annae_daj( `]jj ]^an bkhcp oea ackeopeo_daj qj` ]hok ikn]heo_d ransan}e_daj Vsa_gaj k`an oea bkhcp `ai J]pqnvsa_g* @eaoa aejvec ran^hae^aj`a =hpanj]pera( `aj J]pqnvsa_g `an Bknpl}]jvqjc vqi bnae caoapvpaj Vsa_g vq i]_daj( eop ]^an ednanoaepo qjiÖche_d* Gej`an san`aj a^aj je_dp j]_d >acne{aj ailb]jcaj $rch* CJN EE( 54%* =hok ^hae^p ]ho aejveca IÖche_dgaep( `]oo `ea J]pqn oah^op `aj Cao_dha_dpopnea^ `an Bn]q vqn Hea^a hÄqpanp qj` ]qb `eaoa Saeoa aejaj ikn]heo_d mq]he|veanpaj Vsa_g danrkn) ^nejcp( ]hok aejaj Vsa_g( `an ]ho Vsa_g `an J]pqn iep Ikn]hepÄp qj` Ranjqjbp gkil]pe) ^ah eop* @ea ej `an Hea^a cahejcaj`a RanoÖdjqjc rkj Ranjqjbp qj` J]pqn eop `aij]_d rkj `an ei ikn]heo_daj D]j`ahj dancaopahhpaj D]nikjea rkj J]pqnpnea^ qj` naejai Pnea^ rano_dea`aj( okbanj Hea^a rkj `an J]pqn oah^op danrknca^n]_dp sen` $rch* OH( .45%* =^an `]nej( `]oo `ea hea^aj`a Bn]q oe_d klbanp( oe_d ei ]j`anaj ranceoop( ^aopadp `an ikn]he) o_da ?d]n]gpan `an Hea^a $rch* CJN EE( -,,%* Hea^a eop ]hok j]_d Be_dpa ̦`an ejjecopa Ranaejecqjcolqj_p `an J]pqn( qj` `an Ranjqjbp7 oea eop `]o aejveca Chea`( sk `ea J]pqn ej `ea Ranjqjbp aejcnaebp7 oea eop okj]_d `]o rknpna}e_dopa qjpan ]hhai j]pÜnhe_daj̤ $CJN EE( -,,%* Caj]q cajkiiaj ^aopadp `ea ej `an Hea^a oe_d rkhhveadaj`a Ranaejecqjc rkj Ran) jqjbp qj` J]pqn `]nej( `]oo `an Pnea^ `an Bn]q `qn_d `ea J]pqn oah^op ]qb `aj aejvecaj iep `an Ranjqjbp ranaej^]naj Vsa_g `ao Cao_dha_dpo( `ea >abnea`ecqjc `ao iÄjjhe_daj Pnea^ao( qicahajgp sen`* =qb `eaoa Saeoa sen` `ea ^ekhkceo_da L]ooerepÄp `an Bn]q vqn Dejc]^a ]j aejaj ]j`anaj oq^heieanp qj` vqchae_d ikn]heoeanp* @]oo oe_d ]q_d `ea hea) ^aj`a Bn]q vqi Ieppah i]_dp( eop j]_d Be_dpa `aod]h^ gaej Lnk^hai( saeh ]j`ano ]ho ]qb `an Opqba `ao nkdaj Pnea^ao `ea L]ooerepÄp je_dp oah^op `an ]jcaopna^pa Vsa_g eop( qj` `an ranbkhcpa Vsa_g( `ea >abnea`ecqjc `ao I]jjao( ̦ranjÜjbpec̤ eop* Ej`ai oe_d `ea Bn]q `eaoaj Vsa_g vq aecaj i]_dp( sen` ejaejo edna nkda J]pqn vqn ikn]heo_d mq]he|veanpaj Caop]hp rana`ahp qj` okiep ranjqjbpcaiÄ¿*

BңҝҢҮҟҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ

.2/

Hea^a ]ho Oe_dklbanj `an Bn]q eop ]hok gaeja ikn]heo_da P]p `an Bn]q( oea klbanp oe_d je_dp vqbkhca aejao >acne{o rki oepphe_d Cqpaj( okj`anj vqbkhca aejao J]pqnpnea^o* @eao jqj d]p bÜn `]o BÜn)oe_d)Oaej `an Bn]q ajpo_dae`aj`a Gkjoamqajvaj6 Oea d]p `ea S]dh( `ai nkdaj k`an `ai rana`ahpaj Pnea^ vq bkhcaj* Bkhcp `ea Bn]q `eaoai a`haj J]pqnpnea^( sen` oea je_dp jqn vqi Ieppah bÜn `aj Vsa_g `ao I]jjao( okj`anj ]q_d vqi Ieppah ednao aecajaj Vsa_go( `an ]^an je_dp ej `an Na]heoeanqjc rkj Bnaedaep( ]ho Opna^aj j]_d >a) cne{aj( okj`anj ej `an >abnea`ecqjc `an >a`Ünbjeooa `ao Danvajo( vq hea^aj qj` cahea^p vq san`aj( ^aopadp*1 $rch* CJN EE( -,,b*% Iep `aj ^eodan cahaeopapaj >acnÜj`qjcoo_dneppaj eop anop `an =jb]jc vqn @a`qgpekj `an Ada cai]_dp( oea rkhhaj`ap oe_d iep `an ̞ ]qo `aj j]pÜnhe_daj Caca^ajdaepaj vq ajp) se_gahj`aj ̞ @]nopahhqjc `an Ada ]ho ikn]heo_dan Caiaejo_d]bp rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q( `ea iep ‡ 1 ^acejjp* @]o Naoqhp]p `an cao]ipaj @a`qgpekj b]oop Be_dpa ej `an @a|jepe) kj vqo]iiaj6 ̦@ea Ada eop aeja `qn_d `aj Cao_dha_dpopnea^ ^acnÜj`apa rkhhgkiiaja Ranaejecqjc vsaean Lanokjaj ^ae`anhae Cao_dha_dpo( `ea edn aecajan Vsa_g eop̤ $CJN EE( -,0%* Qi `ea Ahaiajpa `eaoan @a|jepekj ranopadaj vq gÖjjaj( eop vqjÄ_dop vq ghÄnaj( s]) nqi `ea j]pÜnhe_da Hea^a jk_d gaeja vqnae_daj`a HÖoqjc bÜn `]o ]qbcaopahhpa Lnk^hai( jÄihe_d `aj Se`anolnq_d vseo_daj J]pqn qj` Ranjqjbp ej `an Bn]q vq ^ada^aj( `]nopah) haj g]jj* @]`qn_d `]oo `ea Bn]q oe_d vqi Ieppah `an >abnea`ecqjc `ao I]jjao i]_dp( sen` vs]n `an Se`anolnq_d vseo_daj Ranjqjbp qj` J]pqn ]qbcadk^aj( ]^an chae_dskdh i]_dp oe_d `ea Bn]q vqi Ieppah qj` `ea Bn]q bkhcp ]ho Hea^aj`a aejai J]pqnpnea^( sajj ]q_d aejai a`haj Pnea^* @]o dae¿p ]^an( `]oo `ea Bn]q ok d]j`ahj` jk_d je_dp ej rkh) hai Qib]jc ednan Ranjqjbpj]pqn ajpolne_dp* Anop sajj `]o j]pÜnhe_da CabÜdh `an Hea^a ]qb aej Ej`ere`qqi ^avkcaj qj` ]ho okh_dao ranasecp sen`( ej`ai oe_d `ea Bn]q aejai I]jj bÜn eiian dejce^p( ^ad]qlpap oea ednaj oepphe_daj ?d]n]gpan( `* d* edna SÜn`a ]ho Ranjqjbpsaoaj* Ej `an Oeppajhadna dae¿p ao `]vq6 ̦GÖjjpa oea oe_d ]^an ej `an Opqj`a `an Anca^qjc vq encaj` aejan Vaep ]j`ano `ajgaj( `ajj ]ho `ea oaejeca( ok bÄj`a oea oe_d je_dp ca`nqjcaj( sah_dao `an Rkn]qooapvqjc se`anolne_dp( qj` `ea Oepphe_dgaep ]qbda^p*̤ $OH( .5,% @* d* jqn ok eop `an =gp `an Dejc]^a ]ho jkpsaj`eca D]j`hqjc mq]he|veanp( `ea =jolnq_d ]qb Oepphe_dgaep anda^aj g]jj* Kdja `eaoa Rkn]qooapvqjc ^hea^a `ea Anca^qjc vqbÄhhec( sÄna ]hok je_dp `qn_d Ranjqjbp( okj`anj `qn_d J]pqn ^acnÜj`ap $rch* CJN EE( -,-b*%* Qjpan `eaoan >a`ejcqjc ]^an ance^p oe_d D]nikjea rkj Ranjqjbp qj` J]pqn ei lkoeperaj Oejja* Aeja rkhhgkiiaja Ranaejecqjc rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q eop ej aejai na_dphe_daj RandÄhp) jeo `an =jangajjqjc qjiÖche_d* =q_d sajj ao l]n]`kt ano_daejp( `]oo `ea Oah^op^a) 1

@]n]qo ance^p oe_d jqj `ea cnqj`hacaj`a @e{anajv `an Cao_dha_dpan dejoe_dphe_d ednao aileneo_daj >asqoopoaejo k`an ednao aileneo_daj Ranjqjbp_d]n]gpano6 @ea Bn]q g]jj oe_d `aj Cao_dha_dpopnea^ ej oaejan s]dnaj Caop]hp je_dp caopadaj7 bÜn `ea Bn]q ano_daejp an jkpsaj`ec ej `an Caop]hp `an Hea^a( qj` `* d* `]o >asqoopoaej `an Bn]q eop aej CabÜdh( sajj ]q_d aej ranjÜjbpecao $rch* CJN EE( 55( -/1%* @]o sea`anqi eop `an Qnolnqjc `ao ]j olÄpanan Opahha $rch* CJN EE( ‡ /4% ajpb]hpapaj ]jpdnklkhkceo_daj Qjpano_dea`o rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q dejoe_dphe_d ednan caeopecaj Ranb]ooqjc6 ̦@an I]jj ^nejcp ]hhao( s]o ej edi qj` bÜn edj eop( ]qb `aqphe_da >acne{a( qj` |j`ap ao jqn `qn_d N]eokjjaiajp W***Y* @]o Sae^ d]p aej j]pÜnhe_dao Qjpano_dae`qjcocabÜdh bÜn `]o s]dna( o_de_ghe_da( cqpa̤ $CJN EE( -/1%* Oea qnpaehp `qn_d `]o CabÜdh( je_dp `qn_d CnÜj`a* Bkhche_d eop `ea Bn]q bÜn I]pdai]peg qj` Ldehkokldea qjcaaecjap $rch* CJN EE( -/1%*

.20

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ+?ҢҬңҭҮҩҪҢ >ңҨҥҟҦҧқҨҨ

d]qlpqjc `an Bn]q ]ho Ranjqjbpsaoaj `ea gkjoamqajpa =^pnapqjc ednan LanoÖjhe_dgaep ]ho Ej^acne{ ]hhan Na_dpa ]j `aj cahea^paj I]jj eilheveanp( `eao eop `ea _kj`epek oeja mq] jkj `an rkhhgkiiajaj Ranaejecqjc* @ajj ̞ ok `ea >acnÜj`qjc ̞ ^adeahpa `ea Bn]q `ai I]jj aps]o rkn( ok sÜn`a oea `eaoao dÖdan o_dÄpvaj ]ho `]o Dejcaca^aja7 jqj ce^p oea ]^an mq] Hea^aj`a oe_d ]ho Lanokj( ]hok sÜn`a oea oe_d `qn_d fa`aj Rkn^ad]hp oah^op ]ho Lanokj anjea`necaj $rch* CJN EE( -,-b*%* ̦Edna aecaja SÜn`a ^anqdp `]n]qb( `]¿ oea c]jv( ok sea oea ha^p( qj` eop( ednao I]jjao oau( qj` oe_d kdja Rkn^ad]hp ]j edj qj` ej edi ran) hknaj d]^a* @]o Canejcopa( s]o `]n]qo bkhcp( eop( `]¿ oea edi edn RaniÖcaj qj` ]hha edna Na_dpa ]^pnapa( qj` iep edi veada* W***Y Oea d]p ]qbcadÖnp( `]o Ha^aj aejao Ej`ere`qqi vq bÜdnaj7 edn Ha^aj eop aej Pdaeh oaejao Ha^ajo caskn`aj̤ $CJN EE( -,.%* Jqn `qn_d `ea gkjop]jpa qj` gkjoamqajpa Dejc]^a ]j aejaj I]jj g]jj `ea Bn]q J]pqn qj` Oepphe_dgaep ej ¼^anaejopeiiqjc ^nejcaj( `* d* oe_d ]ho bnaeao oepphe_dao Saoaj na]heoeanaj7 edna Ajp) na_dpqjc eop `]dan oepphe_d cabkn`anpan Vsa_g( qj` je_dp Nalnaooekj rkj ]q¿aj $rch* CJN EE( -.5b*%* @] ei >acne{ `ao Na_dpo gaej g]packneo_dao Okhhaj( gaeja L}e_dp( cab]oop eop( ance^p oe_d ej Be_dpao Ouopai gaej Se`anolnq_d $rch* CJN E( /15b*%* @eaoa Lnaeoc]^a `an na_dphe_daj Oq^fagperepÄp sen` jqj rkj Be_dpa lkoeper ]ho Rkn) ]qooapvqjc bÜn aej `qn_d VÄnphe_dgaep ^aopeiipao RandÄhpjeo `an Adac]ppaj ca`]_dp6 @ea Bn]q ranve_dpap vs]n ]qb aeja `qn_d aecaja Vsa_goapvqjc ^aopeiipa OldÄna `ao D]j) `ahjo( ej`ai oea vqn Ransenghe_dqjc `an Vsa_ga `ao I]jjao ^aepnÄcp* Oea casejjp oe_d fa`k_d ej `eaoan Dejc]^a vqchae_d ]ho Vsa_ga ranbkhcaj`ao Saoaj vqnÜ_g( okbanj jÄi) he_d `an `qn_d Cnk¿iqp ^aopeiipa Cahea^pa oe_d edna Vsa_ga vq aecaj i]_dp( oe_d `anaj Na]heoeanqjc ]jcahacaj oaej hÄoop $rch* CJN EE( -,/%* @]o Oe_dranheanaj qj` Oe_d|j`aj ei ]j`anaj ^a`aqpap vqchae_d Oah^opranrkhhgkiijqjc6 @ea Bn]q opahhp oe_d ej ikn]he) o_dan Dejoe_dp ]ho c]jvan Iajo_d dan( ej`ai oea `ea `ai I]jj aecaja Ikn]hepÄp( `ea Cnk¿iqp( ej edn Saoaj ejpacneanp* Sajj qjpan Cnk¿iqp ̦=qbklbanqjc iep >asq¿poauj qj` j]_d >acne{aj̤ $CJN EE( -,/% ranop]j`aj eop( dae¿p `eao( `]o CabÜdh `an Hea^a ]ho j]pÜnhe_da( ^acnekoa Dejc]^a ]j aejaj ]j`anaj sen` `qn_d ranjqjbpcasengpa Pqcaj` gkilhappeanp $rch* CJN EE( -,.{*%* =j`ano opahhp oe_d `ea rkhhgkiiaja adahe_da Ranaejecqjc rkj Oaepaj `ao I]jjao `]n* Ej`ai `an I]jj `ea SÜjo_da `an Bn]q ^anÜ_goe_dpecp( andÄhp qj` bÖn`anp an edna Hea^a7 ej`ai an oaeja aecaja Vsa_goapvqjc vqcqjopaj `an Bn]q ik`e|veanp( ce^p an oe_d dej qj` casejjp oe_d ej `an Hea^a `an Bn]q ]ho Sehhajooq^fagp vqnÜ_g* =q_d bÜn `aj I]jj ^a`aqpap `eaoao RandÄhpjeo >anae_danqjc oaejan oah^op6 @]o iÄjjhe_da Danv Ö{jap oe_d `an Hea^a( ̦`an oe_d qj^ab]jcaj dejca^aj`aj( qj` ei Cacajop]j`a ranhknjaj Hea^a̤ $CJN EE( -,/%* Ei E`a]hb]hh opaecanp oe_d `ea Ran^ej`qjc `an L]npjan oksaep( `]oo ̦`ea Qip]qo_dqjc `an Danvaj qj` `an Sehhaj W̪Y rkhhgkiiaj̤ sen` $CJN EE( -,/%* Vqo]iiajcajkiiaj ance^p oe_d aeja gkilhata Opnqgpqnaejdaep6 Fa`an L]np ranheanp qj` |j`ap oe_d ei ]j`anaj( ok `]oo `ea ranaejpaj Paeha oe_d ]q_d ej ikn]heo_dan Dej) oe_dp vq aejai c]jvaj Iajo_daj ancÄjvaj7 oea oej` _kilhaiajp] ]` pkpqi( ]^an je_dp o_dkj ]ho okh_da( okj`anj jqn ranieppahop `an fa rano_dea`ajaj >avqcj]dia `ao aejaj ]qb `aj ]j`anaj* =q¿an`ai opahhp oe_d fa`ao Ej`ere`qqi `qn_d `eaoaj >avqc ej ikn]) heo_dan Dejoe_dp bÜn oe_d ]ho c]jvan Iajo_d dan( ej`ai ao `ea edi badhaj`a Oaepa `ao ]j`anaj ejpacneanp* @an ikn]heo_da ?d]n]gpan `an Bn]q sen` ranjÜjbpec( `an `ao I]jjao sen` j]pÜnhe_d( `ajj Hea^a qj` Cnk¿iqp rand]hpaj oe_d sea J]pqn) qj` Ranjqjbp]joe_dp rkj Ikn]hepÄp vqaej]j`an* =qb `eaoa Saeoa eop `ea HÖoqjc `ao Lnk^haio `an Adapdaknea

BңҝҢҮҟҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ

.21

annae_dp* @ea Se`anolnÜ_dhe_dgaep rkj J]pqn qj` Ranjqjbp ei Cao_dha_dpoha^aj `an Bn]q eop ej aejan Caiaejo_d]bp lnk`qgper ]qbvqhÖoaj( ej `an oe_d I]jj qj` Bn]q ]ho Hea^aj`a vqchae_d vq oepphe_d mq]he|veanpaj Ranjqjbpsaoaj ^eh`aj* @ea caj]jjpaj =olagpa rkj Ranaejecqjc `an ̦Paeha̤ `ao Ej`ere`qqio qj` `an Ej`ere) `qaj ]ho Paeha vq aejai C]jvaj h]ooaj ]q_d `aj Oah^opvsa_g_d]n]gpan `an Ada lh]qoe^ah san`aj6 @ea Ada eop `ea aejveca Caiaejo_d]bpobkni( ej `an `an aejvahja Iajo_d oe_d ]ho j]pÜnhe_dao qj` ranjÜjbpecao Saoaj kdja Ranhqop oaejan EjpacnepÄp ]qoha^aj g]jj7 `ajj ̦`ea >abnea`ecqjc `ao Cao_dha_dpopnea^ao WeopY jqn ej `an Ada W***Y anh]q^p( ]q¿an edn ]^an ^aei Sae^a cÄjvhe_da Sacsanbqjc ednao oepphe_daj ?d]n]gpano( ^aei I]jja Pdaehj]dia ]j `eaoai Ran^na_daj( qj` >ajqpvqjc aejan pdeaneo_daj Jaecqjc oaṳ $OH( .5,%* Ej `an Ada g]jj oe_d `an Iajo_d bkhche_d ]ho C]ppqjc aileneo_d vq >asqoopoaej gkiiaj qj` ]ho C]ppqjcosaoaj na]heoeanaj( ej`ai an `ea edj ]ho cao_dha_dphe_d ^aopeiipao Ej`ere) `qqi ^ao_dnÄjgaj`aj Aejoaepecgaepaj Ü^ansej`ap $rch* CJN EE( -,0%* Saeh `an Iajo_d anop ei adahe_daj RandÄhpjeo `ea C]ppqjc ei Oejja `ao ranaejpaj >eh`qjcopnea^o( ei Oejja `an BÜhha `ao >acne{o rki c]jvaj Iajo_daj fajoaepo `ao ^acnajvaj`aj Cao_dha_dpo_d]) n]gpano $rch* OH( .5-%( ]^an ]q_d ei Oejja `an Aejdaep iadnanan Ej`ere`qaj anbÄdnp qj` na]heoeanp( eop ao j]_d `an Oeppajhadna rkj -354 L}e_dp( ej `eaoa Ran^ej`qjc aejvqpnapaj* ̦@ea qjrandaen]pdapa Lanokj eop jqn vqn DÄhbpa aej Iajo_d*̤ $a^`*( .5-% @aij]_d eop `ea Ada aeja rkhhgkiiaja Ranaejecqjc vsaean Lanokjaj ^ae`anhae Cao_dha_dpo( `ea edn aecajan Vsa_g eop $rch* CJN EE( -,1% ̞ aej dÖdanan ]ho `an `an Iajo_dsan`qjc hÄoop oe_d o_dha_dpan`ejco je_dp `ajgaj $rch* OH( .5-%* @ea Ada eop ]q_d ejokbanj aeja ]qocavae_djapa Bkni rkj Ranaejecqjc( ]ho `ea oea ^aopeiiaj`aj Ikiajpa aej `uj]ieo_dao RandÄhpjeo `ao Oe_danda^ajo `an J]pqn vqn Oepphe_dgaep ]qoi]_daj* @eaoan `an Ada eii]jajpaj @uj]ieg ajpolne_dp ej `an cao_de_dphe_daj Sahp `ea `qn_d `ea Ada ej C]jc caoapvpa Ikn]heoeanqjc `an Iajo_ddaep* Nkqooa]q bkhcaj` anghÄnp Be_dpa( `ea Sea`andanopahhqjc `ao j]pÜnhe_daj RandÄhpjeooao `an Cao_dha_dpan oae `ea aejveca IÖche_dgaep( `]o Iajo_dajcao_dha_dp rkj J]pqn ]qo vqn Pqcaj` vq bÜdnaj7 ao ca^a gaeja oepphe_da Anveadqjc ]q¿an rkj `eaoai Lqjgp ]qo $rch* CJN EE( -,0%* Ej `an OldÄna `an Ikn]hepÄp |j`ap iepdej aej `aj j]pÜnhe_daj RkncÄjcaj vqiej`aop ]j]hkcan >eh`qjcolnkvaoo op]pp6 @ea oepphe_da Caiaejo_d]bp `an cao_dha_dphe_d `e{anajpaj Ej`ere`qaj( ej `an oe_d `an Iajo_d ]ho C]ppqjc vq >asqoopoaej gkiip( ^eh`ap `ea I]jjecb]hpecgaep rkj Ej`ere`qaj vqn Aejdaep aejao Ranjqjbpc]jvaj*

1*

Rkj `an Ranpn]cocaoahho_d]bp vqn Hea^aocaiaejo_d]bp6 >abnaeqjcop]p2 k`an Hacepeieanqjc sae^he_dan QjiÜj`ecgaep;

Ei Gkjpatp aejan na_dpoldehkokldeo_daj Qjpanoq_dqjc vqn Cao_de_dpa `ao Adana_dpo opahhp oe_d Be_dpao Adahadna ]ho Bknpo_dnepp `]n6 Be_dpa olna_da `]o ̦anhÖoaj`a Sknp̤( `]o `]o n]pekj]h)]qbghÄnaneo_da AdaranopÄj`jeo `ao =^okhqpeoiqo( `aivqbkhca `ea Ada aeja `qn_d Äq¿ana Vsa_ga $lnkl]c]pek lnkheo( atpej_pek he^e`ejeo( iqpqqi ]`eqpknqi% ^acnÜj`apa Ranpn]cocaiaejo_d]bp `]nopahhp( vq B]hh ^nejcp $rch* >q_ddkhv -544( 0.0b*7 2

Rch* >q_ddkhv -544( 0.1*

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IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ+?ҢҬңҭҮҩҪҢ >ңҨҥҟҦҧқҨҨ

0/.b*%* Ej `eaoan Lanolagpera pnÄcp `ea =q{]ooqjc `an Ada ]ho aejan rkhhgkiiajaj Ran) aejecqjc( aejan `qn_d j]pÜnhe_da qj` caeopeca Hea^a ^aopeiipaj Bkni `an Caiaejo_d]bp( `anaj >ejjajrandÄhpjeo ]q¿an `ai Na_dpocaoapv opadp( `an Aejoe_dp Na_djqjc( `]oo ̦`]o ¤q¿ana `an qnolnÜjche_daj Cao_dha_dpocaiaejo_d]bp W̪Y ha`eche_d ]ho J]pqnbkni( jeai]ho ]ho Na_dpobkni ranop]j`aj san`aj̤ g]jj $>q_ddkhpv -544( 0.1%* @]o J]pÜnhe_da hÄoop oe_d i*]*S* je_dp ranna_dphe_daj7 qj` `ea Ejjecgaep aejan vqn Cao]iplanoÖjhe_dgaep rano_diahvaj`aj C]ppajcaiaejo_d]bp eop dÖdansanpec ]ho `ea Ranpn]cocaiaejo_d]bp( `anaj Rkn]qooapvqjcaj oea vqje_dpa i]_dp* Ok eop `]o Adana_dp aeja Na_dpo]np( ej `an ao je_dp qi `ea Oe_danqjc chae_dan Bnaedaepo) oldÄnaj rkj Ej`ere`qaj rano_dea`ajaj Cao_dha_dpo cadp( okj`anj `]nqi( `qn_d `aj Op]]p `ea Bnaedaep `an Adao_dhea¿qjc vq c]n]jpeanaj( `ea ^aopadaj`a Ada na_dphe_d vq o_dÜpvaj qj` `ea Bkhcaj ednan =q}Öoqjc vq nacahj $rch* CJN EE( -34{*%* @]o eop `an Oejj ]hhan ̞ dean jqn atailh]neo_d vq jajjaj`an ̞ Nacahqjcaj6 @ea op]]phe_da Pn]qqjc eop je_dp ]ho Ranpn]coo_dhqoo( okj`anj ]ho =jangajjqjc `an ei _kiian_eqi oatq]ha rkhhvkcajaj Adao_dhea¿qjc qj` `* d* ]q_d ]ho O]jgpekjeanqjc `an Qjpansanbqjc `an Bn]q ranop]j`aj* Na_dphe_d `nÜ_gp oe_d `eaoa Qjpansanbqjc `]nej ]qo( `]oo `an I]jj edn na_dphe_dan Rkn) iqj` sen` qj` edn Ö{ajphe_dao Ha^aj ha^p* Vs]n d]p `ea Bn]q `ea chae_daj Na_dpa ei Op]]p sea `an I]jj( oea ranve_dpap fa`k_d bnaesehhec ]qb `anaj =qoÜ^qjc* @eaoa Nacahqj) caj ^apna{aj jqn `ea randaen]papa Bn]q( ]ho cao_dea`aja k`an ransepsapa eop oea sea `an I]jj oah^opÄj`ecao Na_dpooq^fagp $rch* a^`*( -/.7 rch* ]q_d Gq_ghe_g .,,4%* =hhan`ejco lkopqheanp Be_dpa ]q_d vsae na_dphe_da( `ea Bn]q ]ho okh_da ^apna{aj`a Naopnegpekjaj( ed) naj =qoo_dhqoo rkj Seooajo_d]bp qj` Ö{ajphe_daj ¤ipanj $rch* a^`*( -//{*%* Ok aej`nq_gorkhh Be_dpao E`aa `an Ada ]ho `an ̦v]npaopaj̤ Ran^ej`qjc vseo_daj Iaj) o_daj $OH( .44% oaej i]c( `ea baiejeopeo_d kneajpeanpa =qoaej]j`anoapvqjc iep `eaoai HadnopÜ_g d]p aejai okh_daj ̦oeh^anj chepvanj`aj E`a]heoiqo̤ $Jeapvo_da% je_dp rkj qj) cabÄdn radaiajp se`anolnk_daj* @ea >ab]ooqjc iep `an g]hpaj( pnk_gajaj Senghe_dgaep gkjjpa gaejaj Vsaebah `]n]j h]ooaj( `]oo oe_d `eaoa E`aa rknvÜche_d vqn E`akhkcea i]) _daj hea¿( `ea ̦`ea qj^acnajvpaopa Qjpansanbqjc `an Bn]q qjpan `aj Sehhaj `ao I]jjao̤ $CJN EE( --/% jk_d ej c]jv ]j`anai Oejja ]ho `ai rkj Be_dpa ejpaj`eanpaj vq na_dp) banpecaj sqoopa* Saoajphe_da >aop]j`paeha `an ^Üncanhe_daj Adae`akhkcea( aejoaepec rkj `an Bn]q iep saep cadaj`an Na_dphkoecgaep cal]]npa Hea^a qj` Dejc]^a ei Ranpn]qaj ]qb vÄnphe_da Gkilajo]pekjaj `ao I]jjao vq bkn`anj( ano_deajaj ej Be_dpao e`a]heope) o_dan Adahadna vqiej`aop rkncavae_djap* Gaej Sqj`an ]q_d( `]oo ei jÜ_dpanjaj >he_g ]qb `ea Bn]qaj ^aj]_dpaehecaj`a Na]hepÄp `ea Oe_danqjc chae_daj Na_dpo ]q_d ej `an Ada ]ho jkpsaj`ecao Gknnagper cacaj |_dpe]jeoeanaj`a RanghÄnqjcaj qj` ¼^andÖdqjcaj `an Hea^aocaiaejo_d]bp vqn Cahpqjc vq ^nejcaj s]naj $rch* Cand]n` -553%* Can]`a `ea k^aj caj]jjpa =qoo_dhea¿qjc `an Bn]q rkj Seooajo_d]bp qj` Ö{ajphe_daj ¤ipanj ce^p vq`ai =jh]oo( `ea ldehkokldeo_da Gkjvalpekj oah^op ej Bn]ca vq opahhaj* Sea cahejcp ao Be_dpa( qjpan >anqbqjc ]qb `ea Aejne_dpqjc `an J]pqn vq `aikjopneanaj( `]oo Bn]qaj( `ajaj ]ho Iajo_daj ]hha Iajo_daj) qj` >Üncanna_dpa vqgkiiaj( je_dp skhhaj gÖjjaj( `eaoa ]qovqÜ^aj; @]o ̦Cnqj`Ü^ah̤ `an Bn]q( ]^an ]q_d rkj Be_dpao Adahadna( `an Qnolnqjc ]hhao AilÖnaj`aj ]q_d ej >avqc ]qb `ea ]ouiiapneo_da Na_dpo) opahhqjc `an Bn]q( eop `ea rkj Be_dpa ]ho ̦`]o se`necopa( qj` agahd]bpaopa( s]o ao ej `an J]pqn cea^p̤ $OH( .45% ^aqnpaehpa Oatq]hj]pqn `an Bn]q* Be_dpao bkn_eanpa ¤q¿anqjcaj vq `an oaep `an =jpega pn]`eanpaj Hadna rkj `an sae^he_daj L]ooerepÄp ej `an Bknpl}]jvqjc

BңҝҢҮҟҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ

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oej` gaeja aikpekj]heoeanpaj Sanpqjcaj( okj`anj o]_dhe_da ?d]n]gpaneoeanqjcaj( `ea oe_d ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `an ldehkokldeo_daj LnÄieooaj oaejan Ldehkokldea( ejokj`andaep `an jaqaj >aopeiiqjcaj `ao RandÄhpjeooao rkj Ranjqjbp qj` J]pqn( gkjoamqajp anca^aj* Se`nec qj` se`ansÄnpec eop `ea Cao_dha_dpoj]pqn `an Bn]q vqjÄ_dop ejokbanj( ]ho oea `an Ranjqjbpj]pqn `an Bn]q se`anolne_dp* @]oo ranieppahop `an G]packneaj ]_pek qj` l]ooek aej Se`anolnq_d vseo_daj vsae rano_dea`ajaj ̦Oq^fagpaj̤( jÄihe_d `an Ranjqjbp qj` `ai Hae^( ca`]_dp san`aj gÖjjaj okhh( oapvp `ea >aopeiiqjc `ao Hae^ao ]ho Sangvaqc `an Ranjqjbp rkn]qo* Aej vqi K^fagp `an Gn]bp aejao ]j`anaj Ej`ere`qqio ^aopeiipan Hae^ se`anolne_dp iep `eaoai j]pÜnhe_daj Vsa_g oaejai ̦dÖdanaj̤( Sangvaqc `an Bnae) daep vq oaej* Ej oaejan Oeppajhadna rkj -354 $rch* vsaepao D]qlpopÜ_g% ajpse_gahp Be_dpa aeja J]pqn qj` Bnaedaep qib]ooaj`a Pahakhkcea( skj]_d `ea J]pqn ]ho Ieppah ]qb `aj Aj`vsa_g `ao Iajo_daj ^avkcaj eop( `aj Be_dpa ]ho jqn ]jjÄdanqjcosaeoa na]heoean^]na ]^okhqpa Oah^opÄj`ecgaep qj` Bnaedaep ^aopeiip $rch* a^`*( .43b*%* @ea J]pqn opeiip ej Be_dpao Ouopai `an Ldehkokldea je_dp gkjpejcajpansaeoa ]ho Ieppah iep ^ahea^ecaj Vsa) _gaj `ao Iajo_daj Ü^anaej7 oea eop ]ho Sangvaqc `an Bnaedaep qj` Oepphe_dgaep `a|jeanp( `]o i]_dp `aj >acne{ `an J]pqn ]qo* Be_dpao Pahakhkcea eop sa`an ]ho na]heopeo_da @kgpnej ei Oejja `kci]peo_dan Iap]lduoeg vq ^acnaebaj( jk_d ]ho aeja ei oq^fagperaj Lnejvel `an Qnpaehogn]bp ^acnÜj`apa Lnkfagpekj ]qb `ea CacajopÄj`a ̞ sea G]jp ej oaejan `nep) paj Gnepeg cahadnp d]ppa* BÜn Be_dpa eop ao iÖche_d qj` jkpsaj`ec( `ea Pahakhkcea `an J]pqn ]qb `an iajo_dhe_daj Ln]teo qj` ednaj Anbkn`anjeooaj vq ^acnÜj`aj qj` iep `ea) oan vq aejai Cao]ipouopai vq ran^ej`aj* @an ej aejan okh_daj Pahakhkcea naoqhpeanaj`a Se`anolnq_d ei >acne{ `ao Ca`]jgajo rki sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpogÖnlan iqoo `]n) Ü^an dej]qo ]ho Se`anolnq_d ei Skhhaj `an Bn]q ranop]j`aj san`aj* Sajj `an `qn_d `aj J]pqnpnea^ caca^aja Vsa_g ̞ L]ooerepÄp ̞ ranieppahop oaejao >acne{o ̦randej`anp k`an ranop]ppap san`aj̤ $a^`*% iqoo( ancÄ^a oe_d ei B]hha `an =gvalp]jv `ao j]pÜnhe_daj Vsa_go aeja Gkhheoekj iep `ai Aj`vsa_g `an Ranjqjbp* @an Se`anolnq_d vseo_daj J]) pqn qj` Ranjqjbp ej `an Bn]q ^aejd]hpap iepdej aejaj peabanaj Se`anolnq_d ejjand]h^ `an J]pqn oah^op* Be_dpa g]jj `]dan je_dp qidej( `aj sae^he_daj Pnea^ oah^op ]ho ̦qjiÖche_d̤ $a^`*% vq ^aqnpaehaj qj` vq ranh]jcaj( `ea Rknopahhqjc `eaoao Pnea^o oae vq ik`e|veanaj* @ea ]ho Ieppah vqn Annae_dqjc `ao Aj`vsa_go `ao Iajo_daj p]qche_da J]pqn iqoo ok ca`]_dp san`aj( `]oo `an sae^he_da Cao_dha_dpopnea^ oe_d rana`ahp $rch* OH( .45{*%( qi iep `an Ranjqjbp gkil]pe^ah vq san`aj qj` chae_dskdh `ai qnolnÜjche_daj Vsa_g `an Bknpl}]jvqjc `eajaj vq gÖjjaj* @ea Hea^a eop `]o CabÜdh( ej `ai `eaoan rana`ahpa Pnea^ vq >asqoopoaej gkiip( `]o `ea D]nikjea rkj J]pqn qj` Ranjqjbp nappap( ej`ai ao oah^op ̦J]pqn qj` Ranjqjbp ej ednan qnolnÜjche_dopaj Ranaejecqjc̤ eop $a^`*( .44b*%*3 @an Se`anolnq_d vseo_daj J]pqn qj` Ranjqjbp ei sae^he_daj Oq^fagp qj` ei >acne{ `an J]pqn oah^op ej =j^apn]_dp `an Bn]q okhh ]hok `]`qn_d ]qbvqhÖoaj oaej( `]oo aejao `an Chea`an `ao Cacajo]pvao( `ea J]pqn( oah^op o_dkj ]ho ̞ dacaheo_d caolnk_daj ̞ iep `ai ]j`anaj ranieppahp vq `ajgaj eop* Sen` `ea J]pqn gkjoeopajp qj` gkjoamqajp ]ho Rkn]qo) oapvqjc `ao Oah^op^asqoopoaejo ca`]_dp( iqoo oea ei B]hha `an Bn]q ]j`ano ano_daejaj( `* d* oe_d ei >asqoopoaej ]ho o_dkj rancaeopecpa J]pqn `]nopahhaj* Ok bn]csÜn`ec aeja okh) 3

Qj` can]`a saeh `ea Hea^a J]pqn eop( je_dpo dulkpdapeo_d k`an g]packneo_d Ca^kpajao rkj Oaepaj `ao Hea^aj`aj qj` aej qjran`eajpao ChÜ_g rkj Oaepaj `ao Cahea^paj( eop `]o Hea^aorandÄhpjeo aej vÄnphe_dao RandÄhpjeo*

.24

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ+?ҢҬңҭҮҩҪҢ >ңҨҥҟҦҧқҨҨ

_da Opn]pacea eop( o]_dhe_da >aopeiiqjcaj aejao J]pqnlnk`qgpo $sae^he_dan Cao_dha_dpo) pnea^% ]qo `aj Anbkn`anjeooaj bÜn `ea oepphe_da Ln]teo `ao `qn_d `eaoaj Pnea^ ^aopeiipaj Oq^fagpo vq `a`qveanaj( ̞ ]hok `ea Pdaknea rkj `an Ln]teo qj` `ea Ln]teo rkj `an Pdak) nea ]^dÄjcec vq i]_daj ̞ ok k{ajoe_dphe_d eop `an >nq_d `eaoan Hea^aogkjvalpekj iep `an ejjanaj Ouopai]peg rkj Be_dpao @ajgaj vqn Vaep `an Seooajo_d]bpohadna* @ea J]pqn ok vq `ajgaj( `]oo oea ̦ej `ea Ranjqjbp aejcnaebp̤ $CJN EE( -,,%( oe_d oah^op rana`ahp( qjpanopahhp aej aecajao Lnejvel( `]o ]j`ano ]ho `an cahpaj` cai]_dpa >eh`qjcopnea^ aeja Lkpajv vqn Rancaeopecqjc ]qbsaeoaj iÜoopa* BÜn Be_dpa ]^an eop `ea J]pqn vq `eaoan Vaep rkj `an ranjÜjbpecaj Ln]teo dan ]ho vq Ü^ansej`aj`an Se`anop]j` qj` ]ho I]pane]h `an L}e_dp gkjveleanp* =qb `eaoai Ca`]jgaj aejan oe_d oah^op vqn Hea^a anda^aj`aj J]pqn ^anqdp ej`aooaj `ea cao]ipa =ncqiajp]pekj vqi olave|o_daj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan `an Bn]q( `an oaejan) oaepo edna ̦L]ooerepÄp̤ ]ho Na_dpooq^fagp ^acnÜj`ap* BÜn Be_dpa eop `ea Bn]q `ea Hea^aj`a( qj` ]ho okh_da nalnÄoajpeanp oea `ea rana`ahpa J]pqn( `ea ej aejan olave|o_daj =qolnÄ) cqjc ednao Ranjqjbp_d]n]gpano edna Ajpolna_dqjc |j`ap $rch* CJN EE( -/0{*%* Oea eop( ]ho Gkilnkieoo vseo_daj J]pqn qj` Ranjqjbp( ̞ iep >a]qrken vq olna_daj ̞ pnÄqiaj`an Caeop( aej `qn_d qj` `qn_d rki CabÜdh ^aopeiipao Ranjqjbpsaoaj( `]o ̞ ]q_d qj]^) dÄjcec `]rkj( sea ao oe_d gkjgnap vqi J]pqnpnea^ `ao Cao_dha_dpo randÄhp ̞ `ai I]jj je_dp a^aj^Ünpec san`aj g]jj* Be_dpa bÜdnp iepdej `aj =jo]pv Nkqooa]qo( `ea Cao_dha_d) pan`e{anajv vqn cnqj`hacaj`aj @e{anajv `ao Iajo_doaejo vq anda^aj( iep `aj Ieppahj oaejan Ldehkokldea saepan( ej`ai an `ea Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpana ]i Haepb]`aj aejan `ea g]jpeo_daj @q]heoiaj Ü^ansej`aj`aj olagqh]peraj E`aa `an Aejdaep rkj J]pqn qj` Ran) jqjbp ̞ sea cad]^p ej dean]n_deo_dan =jkn`jqjc ̞ ]qo^q_dop]^eanp* Ao eop gaej Vqb]hh( sajj oe_d ej `an `qn_d Dacah ^aopeiipaj Lanolagpera >a]qrkeno `an Ca`]jga j]da hacp( `]oo `ea >aopeiiqjc `an Bn]q ]ho aejao vqn Dejc]^a ^aopeiipaj( VÄnphe_dgaep o_dajgaj) `aj qj` arkveanaj`aj Saoajo aejan iÄjjhe_daj ̦Ranjqjbp̤ ajpolnejcp* Ei Ld]jp]oi] rkj `an Bn]q ]ho pnÄqiaj`ai Caeop ei]cejeanp oe_d `an I]jj aeja CabÄdnpej( `ea edi a^aj^Ünpec qj` qjpanp]j vqchae_d eop( `]o L]n]`kt aejao ^adanno_d^]naj ]hpan ack* Be_dpao >acnÜj`qjc `an Ada ]ho Hea^aocaiaejo_d]bp ajpbanjp `eaoa Bkni `an Ranca) iaejo_d]bpqjc rki Op]]p( `an ]ho Ranpn]cocaiaejo_d]bp gkjveleanp eop( qj` nÜ_gp oea ej `ea JÄda vqn oepphe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp( sea oea ej `an Oeppajhadna rkj -354 ]qocabÜdnp eop* @]o Na_dp qj` `an `eaoao oe_danj`a Op]]p oej` bÜn Be_dpa jqn @qn_dc]jcoop]`eaj vqn oepphe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp* @ea C]n]jpeaj `an Äq¿anaj Bnaedaep `qn_d Na_dp qj` Op]]p san`aj ei oepphe_daj Ha^aj `ao Iajo_daj k^okhap6 @]o bÜn fa`ao Ej`ere`qqi ^aopei) iaj` caskn`aja Oeppajcaoapv bÜdnp vq aejan D]nikjeoeanqjc `an Sehhaj( `an `ea `an D]j`hqjcaj bkhcp* Vs]n `ajgp Be_dpa `ea vq aejai Op]]p ranaejecpaj >Üncan ]ho Chea`an aejao Knc]jeoiqo( ok `]oo oea je_dp jqn jac]per ]ho oe_d je_dp ej ednan Bnaedaep hÄ`eanaj`a Oq^fagpa( okj`anj lkoeper ]ho vsa_giÄ¿ec oe_d sa_doahoaepec ^abÖn`anj`a Bnaedaeposaoaj ano_daejaj( `ea `]o vsa_giÄ¿eca C]jva `an Iajo_ddaep ^eh`aj $rch* CJN( ‡ -4%7 chae_d) skdh cehp `ea ]qb ejjanan Ranaejdaephe_dqjc `an Sehhajo^eh`qjc ^anqdaj`a Caiaejo_d]bp ]ho dÖdansanpec* @ajj oea nalnÄoajpeanp `ea Aejdaep `an Ranjqjbp( `ea `qn_d `ea J]pqn( `aj Hae^( ej Ej`ere`qaj vanopnaqp eop* Oeadp i]j ]qb `ea Rano_diahvqjc `an Danvaj qj` Sehhaj capnajjpan Ej`ere`qaj( ok eop `ea Ada `an oepphe_daj >aveadqjc rkj Iajo_daj ran) chae_d^]n( ]^an `k_d jqn Ädjhe_d( saeh jqn `ea J]pqn `eaoa Aejdaep vq opebpaj rani]c ̞ qjranbÜc^]n qj` a^aj `aod]h^ `]o v]npaopa RandÄhpjeo qjpan Iajo_daj*

BңҝҢҮҟҭ AҢҟҬҟҝҢҮ

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.25

Be_dpa( Fkd]jj Ckpphea^6 Cnqj`h]ca `ao J]pqnna_dpo j]_d Lnej_eleaj `an Seooajo_d]bpohadna( ej6 F* C* Be_dpa)Cao]ip]qoc]^a `an >]uaneo_daj =g]) `aiea bÜn Seooajo_d]bp( dc* r* N* H]qpd qj` D* F]_k^( >`* E( /( Opqppc]np >]`)?]jjop]pp -522( /-/̞02, @ano*6 Cnqj`h]ca `ao J]pqnna_dpo j]_d Lnej_eleaj `an Seooajo_d]bpohadna* Vsaupan Pdaeh k`an =jcas]j`pao J]pqnna_dp( ej6 F* C* Be_dpa)Cao]ip]qo) c]^a `an >]uaneo_daj =g]`aiea bÜn Seooajo_d]bp( dc* r* N* H]qpd qj` D* Chesepvgu( >`* E( 0( Opqppc]np)>]` ?]jjop]pp -53,( -̞-21 @ano*6 Cnqj`h]ca `an cao]iipaj Seooajo_d]bpohadna ]ho D]j`o_dnebp bÜn oaeja VqdÖnan( ej6 F* C* Be_dpa)Cao]ip]qoc]^a `an >]uaneo_daj =g]`aiea bÜn Seooajo_d]bp( dc* r* N* H]qpd qj` D* F]_k^( >`* E( .( Opqppc]np)>]` ?]jjop]pp -521( -31̞02@ano*6 @]o Ouopai `an Oeppajhadna j]_d `aj Lnej_eleaj `an Seooajo_d]bpo) hadna( ej6 F* C* Be_dpa)Cao]ip]qoc]^a `an >]uaneo_daj =g]`aiea bÜn Seooajo_d]bp( dc* r* N* H]qpd qj` D* Chesepvgu( >`* E( 1( Opqppc]np)>]` ?]jjop]pp -533( -̞/-3 @ano*6 Qa^an `aj Cnqj` qjoano Ch]q^ajo ]j aeja cÖpphe_d Sahpnaceanqjc( ej6 F* C* Be_dpa)Cao]ip]qoc]^a `an >]uaneo_daj =g]`aiea bÜn Seooaj) o_d]bp( dc* r* N* H]qpd qj` D* Chesepvgu( >`* E( 1( Opqppc]np)>]` ?]jjop]pp -533( /-5̞/13 @ano*6 Aejhaepqjcorknhaoqjc ej `ea Seooajo_d]bpohadna $-4-/%( ej6 Be_dpao oÄiiphe_da Sanga( dc* r* Eii]jqah Dani]jj Be_dpa( >`* ET( >anhej -53-( -̞-,. @ano*6 >neaba -35/̞-351* F* C* Be_dpa)Cao]ip]qoc]^a `an >]uaneo_daj =g]`aiea bÜn Seooajo_d]bp( dc* r* N* H]qpd qj` D* F]_k^( >`* EEE( .( Opqppc]np)>]` ?]jjop]pp -53,

Bkno_dqjcohepan]pqn

>a]qrken( Oeikja `a .,,,6 @]o ]j`ana Cao_dha_dp* Oeppa qj` Oatqo `an Bn]q* D]i^qnc >ajjajp( Dae`ai]nea -5416 C]h]jpanea qj` Ran]_dpqjc* Aeja ldehkokldeacao_de_dphe_da Qjpanoq_dqjc vqn Opahhqjc `an Bn]q ej Caoahho_d]bp qj` Gqhpqn( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I*+Jas Ukng >q_ddkhv( Opald]j -5446 Na_dp( Nahecekj qj` Ada* Kneajpeanqjcos]j`ah qj` cahadnpa Gkjpnkranoaj ei ¼^anc]jc rki -3* vqi -4* F]dndqj`anp $Eqo _kiiqja( Okj`andabp /2%( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* >ejgahi]jj( ?dneopkld .,,36 Pdaknea `an ln]gpeo_daj Bnaedaep* Be_dpa ̞ Dacah( >anhej+Jas Ukng Caeoi]jj( Caknc -55-6 Be_dpao ̦=qbda^qjc̤ `ao Na_dpoop]]pao( ej6 Be_dpa)Opq`eaj /( 42̞--3 Cand]n`( Qpa $Dc*% -5536 Bn]qaj ej `an Cao_de_dpa `ao Na_dpo* Rkj `an bnÜdaj Jaqvaep ^eo vqn Cacajs]np( IÜj_daj Cenj`p( Dahiqp -55,6 @ea bÜj{]_da Oe_dp `an J]pqn ei @ajgaj Be_dpao( ej6 Be_dpa)Opq`eaj -( -,4̞-., Daejv( I]nekj+Gqopan( Bnea`anega -5546 ̦Rkhhgkiiaja Ranaejecqjc̤* Be_dpao Adana_dp ej `an Lanolagpera baiejeopeo_dan Ldehkokldea( ej6 @aqpo_da Vaepo_dnebp bÜn Ldehkokldea 02( D* 1( 4./̞40, F]jga( Skhbc]jc -5536 >aokjjajdaep* @an ldehkokldeacao_de_dphe_da Knp rkj Be_dpao OlÄpldehkokldea( ej6 Be_dpa)Opq`eaj -3( -̞-1

.3,

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ+?ҢҬңҭҮҩҪҢ >ңҨҥҟҦҧқҨҨ

Ganopejc( Skhbc]jc .,,-6 @ea Qj]^dÄjcecgaep `ao Na_dpo rkj `an Ikn]h( ej6 Ianha( Fa]j)?dneopklda $Dc*% .,,-6 Fkd]jj Ckpphea^ Be_dpa* Cnqj`h]ca `ao J]pqnna_dpo( >anhej $Gh]ooegan =qohacaj >`* .0%( .-̞/3 Gq_ghe_g( ?dneopkld .,,46 @]o qjikn]heo_da Cao_dha_dp* Vqn Ca^qnp `an Jac]peraj =j`nkhkcea( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* H]qpd( Naejd]n` -5406 @ea pn]jovaj`ajp]ha J]pqnhadna Be_dpao j]_d Lnejveleaj `an Seooajo_d]bpohadna( D]i^qnc Haogu( Anj] -51,6 @ea Vaqcqjco) qj` Ranan^qjcohadna `an =jpega qj` edn J]_dsengaj( Seao^]`aj Ianha( Fa]j)?dneopklda .,,-6 Aejhaepqjc( ej6 Ianha( Fa]j)?dneopklda $Dc*% .,,-6 Fkd]jj Ckpphea^ Be_dpa* Cnqj`h]ca `ao J]pqnna_dpo( >anhej $Gh]ooegan =qohacaj >`* .0%( -̞-5 Nkdo( Lapan -55-6 Fkd]jj Ckpphea^ Be_dpa( IÜj_daj O_dn]`an( Skhbc]jc -5326 H̢Ép]p ap h] ok_eÉpÉ `]jo h] Cnqj`h]ca `ao J]pqnna_dpo `a -352 `a F* C* Be_dpa( ej6 =n_derao `a ldehkokldea /5( .-̞/0 O_dnÖ`an( D]jjahkna -5316 @ea Na_dphkoecgaep `an Bn]q ei Na_dpoop]]p* @]ncaopahhp ]i =hhcaiaejaj Lnaq¿eo_daj H]j`na_dp( ]i >Üncanhe_daj Caoapv^q_d qj` ]j F* C* Be_dpao Cnqj`h]ca `ao J]pqnna_dpo( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I*+Jas Ukng Oeal( Hq`sec -55.6 Ln]gpeo_da Ldehkokldea ei @aqpo_daj E`a]heoiqo( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* Saeo_da`ah( Sehdahi -53/6 @an bnÜda Be_dpa6 =qb^nq_d `an Bnaedaep vqn Caiaejo_d]bp( Opqppc]np)>]` ?]jjop]pp

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`p6 @ea E`a]heoeanqjc `ao Sae^he_daj qj` `ea Baiejeoeanqjc `an Okve]hkn`jqjc

-*

Ha^aj qj` Sang

Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`p sen` ]i ..* Fqje -323 ej Lkpo`]i ca^knaj* Oaej R]pan( =hat) ]j`an Caknc rkj Dqi^kh`p daen]papa -322 `ea ]qo aejan dqcajkppeo_daj B]iehea op]i) iaj`a( skdhd]^aj`a I]nea Aheo]^apd Bnaebn]q rkj Dkhsa`a( ca^* ?khki^* =qb O_dhkoo Pacah ^ae >anhej sÄ_dop Sehdahi caiaejo]i iep oaejai >nq`an =hat]j`an qj` oaejai Opeab^nq`an ]qb* Vq ednan rknvÜche_daj =qo^eh`qjc pn]caj ejo^aokj`ana `ea D]qohadnan Fk]_dei Daejne_d ?]ila( `an ^ag]jjpa LÄ`]ckca qj` @aikgn]p( oksea Fkd]jj ?dneope) ]j Gqjpd( `an olÄpana lnaq¿eo_da Op]]pon]p ^ae* Dqi^kh`po Ldehkokldeahadnan eop Fkd]jj F]gk^ Ajcah( aej =jdÄjcan `an `]i]ho saep ran^naepapaj Hae^jev)Skh{o_daj O_dqhlde) hkokldea qj` aej Ranpnapan `an >anhejan =qbghÄnqjc* Dqi^kh`p rangadnp ]^ -341 ej `an >anhejan Caoahho_d]bp qj` sen` C]op ei O]hkj rkj Dajneappa Danv( `ea edj ej ednaj ̦>qj` `an Bnaqj`a̤ ]qbjeiip( aejai bÜn `ea BnÜdnki]jpeg puleo_daj ̦Pqcaj`^qj`̤* -343 ^acejjaj `ea >nÜ`an edn Opq`eqi ]j `an QjeranoepÄp Bn]jgbqnp+K`an* Sehdahi opq`eanp vqjÄ_dop Na_dposeooajo_d]bpaj( =hat]j`an Op]]posenpo_d]bpohadna ̞ ^ae`ao Opq) `eajcÄjca( `ea ]qb aeja G]nneana ei Op]]po`eajop rkn^anaepaj okhhaj* Ei BnÜdf]dn -344 eii]pnegqheanp oe_d Sehdahi ej CÖppejcaj( qi Ldehkokldea( Cao_de_dpa( Cnea_deo_d qj` H]paej vq ^ahacaj* An dÖnp vq`ai Rknhaoqjcaj rkj He_dpaj^anc Ü^an atlaneiajpahha Lduoeg qj` `ea Rknhaoqjc `ao =hpldehkhkcaj ?dneope]j Ckpphk^ Dauja Ü^an Dkian* Ei Aecajopq`eqi ^ao_dÄbpecp oe_d Dqi^kh`p iep `an G]jpeo_daj Ldehkokldea* -344 hanjp an `aj Sahpqioachan Caknc Bknopan gajjaj qj` o_dhea¿p Bnaqj`o_d]bp iep Bnea`ne_d Daej) ne_d F]_k^e* Ei Narkhqpekjof]dn -345 naeop Dqi^kh`p caiaejo]i iep oaejai adai]hecaj Hadnan ?]ila j]_d L]neo* SÄdnaj` `eaoan `ea Narkhqpekj ^acaeopanp baeanp( eop Dqi^kh`po D]h) pqjc ]i^er]hajp* -35, gadnp Dqi^kh`p j]_d >anhej vqnÜ_g qj` jeiip aeja =jopahhqjc ei Fqopev`al]npaiajp ]j* O_dkj ei I]e -35- veadp an oe_d j]_d `an Daen]p iep G]nkheja rkj @]_danÖ`aj rki @eajop vqnÜ_g( qi caiaejo]i iep edn ]qb `aj CÜpanj `an B]iehea @]_danÖ`aj ej PdÜnejcaj vq ha^aj* @knp ajpopadp `ea =^d]j`hqjc E`aaj vq aejai Ran)

.3.

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

oq_d( `ea Cnajvaj `an Sengo]igaep `ao Op]]po vq ^aopeiiaj $-35.%( `ea( sea b]op ]hha O_dnebpaj Dqi^kh`po( vq oaejaj Ha^vaepaj jqn ej =qoo_djeppaj ranÖ{ajphe_dp sen`* =^ -350 sen` Faj] vqi Skdjknp( sk Dqi^kh`p Gkjp]gp vq O_dehhan qj` olÄpan ]q_d vq Ckapda ]qbjeiip* Caiaejo]i iep O_dehhan ]n^aepap an ]j `aj Dknaj( ej `ajaj oaej =qbo]pv ¼^an `aj Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea` qj` `aooaj Aej}qoo ]qb `ea knc]jeo_da J]) pqn $-350% ]jkjui ano_daejp( oksea ¼^an `ea iÄjjhe_da qj` sae^he_da Bkni $-351%* =q_d `ea Navajoekj rkj F]gk^eo Nki]j ̣Skh`ai]n̢ cadÖnp ej `eaoa Vaep* @ea >ag]jjp) o_d]bp iep Ckapda qj` `ea ejpajoera =qoaej]j`anoapvqjc iep `aooaj Sangaj sen` oe_d -354 ej `an RanÖ{ajphe_dqjc oaejan O_dnebp ¼^an CÖpdao Dani]jj qj` @knkpda] ok) sea `an Navajoekj rkj Ckapdao Vsaepai nÖieo_daj =qbajpd]hp $-4/,% jea`ano_dh]caj* Ja^aj `eaoaj RanÖ{ajphe_dqjcaj ]n^aepap Dqi^kh`p Ü^an Bn]caj `an =jpdnklkhkcea( `an ¤opdapeg qj` `an Iajo_ddaepocao_de_dpa ̞ and]hpaj ca^hea^aj eop v* >* `]o Bn]ciajp Lh]j aejan ranchae_daj`aj =jpdnklkhkcea oksea aeja ¼^anoapvqjc `an Lej`]n)K`aj qj` `ao =c]iaijkj rkj =eo_duhko* -35- ^ace^p oe_d Dqi^kh`p anjaqp j]_d L]neo* Ej `an Vaep oaejao reanfÄdnecaj =qb) ajpd]hpao o_dhea¿p Dqi^kh`p qjpan ]j`anai >ag]jjpo_d]bp iep =^^É OeÉuÈo( I]`]ia `a Op]Ëh( `ai I]han F]_mqao Hkqeo @]re` qj` rangadnp ej `aj O]hkjo `an I]nmqeoa `a ?kj`kn_ap qj` =jcÉhemqa R]j`aqeho( `an Pk_dpan @e`ankpo* =qb vsae hÄjcanaj Naeoaj j]_d Ol]jeaj ^apnae^p an cnk¿ ]jcahacpa Opq`eaj `an >]ogeo_daj Gqhpqn qj` Oln]_da( `ea an fa`k_d jea rkhhopÄj`ec ]qo]n^aepap* Aej =qoo_djepp `]n]qo sen` qjpan `ai Pepah LnÜ) bqjc `an Qjpanoq_dqjcaj Ü^an `ea Qn^askdjan Deol]jeajo ranieppahop `an r]ogeo_daj Oln]_da -4.- ranÖ{ajphe_dp* Ei Okiian -4,- gadnp Dqi^kh`p iep oaejan B]iehea j]_d >anhej vqnÜ_g( qi sa) jec olÄpan `]o =jca^kp( lnaq¿eo_dan Ranpnapan ]i lÄlophe_daj Opqdh ej Nki vq san`aj( ]jvqjadiaj* Nki iep oaejaj Gqjopo_dÄpvaj qj` oaejan ]jpegaj Gqhpqn Ü^p ]qb Dqi) ^kh`p cnk¿a B]ovej]pekj ]qo( sea oe_d ]qo v]dhnae_daj >neabaj ajpjadiaj hÄoop* Ao ajp) opadp `]o Bn]ciajp H]peqi qj` Dahh]o k`an >apn]_dpqjcaj Ü^an `]o _h]ooeo_da =hpanpqi $-4,2%* @an Pk` oaejao Bnaqj`ao O_dehhan -4,1 ranoapvp Dqi^kh`p ej peaba Pn]qan* @]rkj vaqcp `ea O_dnebp ¼^an O_dehhan qj` `aj C]jc oaejan Caeopaoajpse_ghqjc( `ea Dqi^kh`p `an RanÖ{ajphe_dqjc oaejao >neabsa_doaho iep O_dehhan -4/, ]ho Rknanejjanqjc rkn]qo) o_de_gp* J]_d `ai Qjpanc]jc `ao Daehecaj NÖieo_daj Nae_dao @aqpo_dan J]pekj ranhÄoop Dqi^kh`p -4,4 Nki qj` hÄoop oe_d ej Pacah jea`an* Ei Vqca `an lnaq¿eo_daj Nabkniaj anjajjp `an Bnaedann rki Opaej Dqi^kh`p vqi Cadaeiaj Op]]pon]p qj` @enagpkn `an Oagpekj bÜn Gqhpqo qj` Qjpanne_dp* Dqi^kh`p ejepeeanp aeja qib]ooaj`a Nabkni `ao cao]ipaj lnaq¿eo_daj >eh`qjcosaoajo qj` ^nejcp `ea CnÜj`qjc `an >anhejan QjeranoepÄp iep ]qb `aj Sac* -4-, pnepp Dqi^kh`p rkj oaejai =ip vqnÜ_g qj` cadp ]ho lnaq¿eo_dan Cao]j`pan j]_d Seaj* J]_d J]lkhakjo Jea`anh]ca ej `aj okcaj]jjpaj >abnaeqjcogneacaj ranpnepp Dqi) ^kh`p ei N]diaj `an Bnea`ajorand]j`hqjcaj `ea Ejpanaooaj Lnaq¿ajo qj` ¶opannae_do* Ei Vqca `an Naop]qn]pekj gnepeoeanp Dqi^kh`p ]ho He^an]han `ea Lkhepeg Iappanje_do7 -4-3 ranoapvp i]j edj ]qb aejaj qj^a`aqpaj`aj >kpo_d]bpanlkopaj j]_d Hkj`kj* Dqi^kh`p sen` -4-4 `an Lkopaj `ao Iejeopano bÜn opÄj`eo_da =jcahacajdaepaj ]jca^kpaj* Ei F]dn oaejan =ipoaejbÜdnqjc ran]^o_dea`aj Lnaq¿aj qj` ¶opannae_d `ea ̦G]nho^]`an >ao_dhÜo) oa̤( `ea fache_da he^an]haj >aopna^qjcaj qjpan`nÜ_gaj7 Dqi^kh`po G]ilb bÜn aeja he^a)

SңҦҢҟҦҧ ҰҩҨ DүҧҜҩҦҞҮ

.3/

n]ha Ranb]ooqjc eop ei Vqca `an Naop]qn]pekj vqi O_daepanj ranqnpaehp* Oaeja ajanceo_da Gnepeg ]j `an ̦@ai]ckcaj)Ranbkhcqjc̤ bÜdnp o_dhea¿he_d ]i /-* @avai^an -4-5 vq oae) jan Ajph]ooqjc* @ea hapvpaj F]dna oaejao Ha^ajo ran^nejcp Dqi^kh`p ]ho Lner]pcahadnpan sea`an ]qb O_dhkoo Pacah( sk an oe_d d]qlpoÄ_dhe_d oln]_dseooajo_d]bphe_daj Opq`eaj se`iap( `ea edj vqi >acnÜj`an `an ranchae_daj`aj Oln]_dseooajo_d]bp qj` Oln]_dbkno_dqjc i]) _daj* J]_d iadnanaj Rkn]n^aepaj o_dnae^p an ej `aj F]dnaj -4/,€̞€-4/1 `ea =^d]j`hqjc ¼^an `ea Rano_dea`ajdaep `ao iajo_dhe_daj Oln]_d^]qao qj` ednaj Aej}qoo ]qb `ea caeo) peca Ajpse_ghqjc `ao Iajo_dajcao_dha_dpo $-4/,€̞€-4/1%( `ea -4/2( qjieppah^]n j]_d oaejai Pk` ei F]dn -4/1( ]ho Aejhaepqjc `ao Sangao ¼^an `ea G]seoln]_da ]qb `an Ejoah F]r] ano_daejp*

.*

Aejhaepqjc

]*

Vqi ldehkokldeadeopkneo_daj qj` e`aajcao_de_dphe_daj Knp `ao Dqi^kh`po_daj @ajgajo

Aj`a `ao -4* F]dndqj`anpo( ]ho `]o Bknpo_dnepporanopÄj`jeo `an Ik`anja ej `an Ldehkok) ldea G]jpo oaejaj ejpahhagpqahhaj DÖdalqjgp annae_dp( ^acejjp `ea Oah^ops]dnjadiqjc `an Ik`anja ]ho Gneoajvqo]iiajd]jc( sen` `ea ̦jaqa Vaep̤ ei He_dpa `an `ai Caeop `an Gnepeg vqcao_dnea^ajaj @a|vepa s]dncajkiiaj* @]oo ej `ai rkj `an Saei]nan Gh]ooeg aild]peo_d lnkl]ceanpaj >eh`qjcodqi]jeoiqo Ranhqopanb]dnqjcaj ]qbca]n^ae) pap san`aj( eop ]qo `an Oe_dp qjoanan Cacajs]np( `ea cahanjp d]p( `ea >eh`qjcoe`aa ej anopan Hejea ]ho Gkilajo]pekj `an lkhepeo_daj Kdji]_dp `ao >Üncanpqio vq haoaj( je_dp hae_dp vq oadaj* Can]`a Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`p( `ai `ea i]¿ca^he_da =qo]n^aepqjc `an E`aa qib]ooaj`an >eh`qjc vq ran`]jgaj eop( cadp rkj vaepgnepeo_daj Eilqhoaj ]qo( `ea `]o -5* F]dndqj`anp iep oaejai ]{eni]per vqi Gqhpqncqp andk^ajaj >eh`qjcoranopÄj`jeo o_dhea¿he_d rancaooaj d]ppa* Ej `eaoaj Gkjpatp rkj Vaepgnepeg( `ea `aj RangÜnvqjcaj `ao N]pekj]hepÄporanopÄj`jeooao `an =qbghÄnqjc ajpcacajvqpnapaj ranh]jcp( qi `]o Bknp) o_dnaepaj `an Iajo_ddaep ^abÖn`anj vq gÖjjaj( eop ]q_d Dqi^kh`po Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea vq opahhaj( `ea gkjopepqperan >aop]j`paeh oaejan >eh`qjcopdaknea eop* Ej Dqi^kh`po =qb) saeo `an Lkh]nepÄp `ao IÄjjhe_daj qj` `ao Sae^he_daj oleacahp oe_d ]qb Ü^ann]o_daj`a Saeoa `ea Casejj) qj` Ranhqop^eh]jv `an Alk_da* @aj cao_de_dpoldehkokldeo_daj N]diaj oaejan gqhpqngnepeo_daj ¼^anhacqjcaj ^eh`ap `]o `an Vaep ranpn]qpa pne]`eo_da O_dai] `an Iajo_ddaepocao_de_dpa( ej `ai `ea cacaj) sÄnpeca Alk_da ]ho `ea `an ̦^hkooaj ?qhpqn̤ cagajjvae_djap sen`( `ea `an Ld]oa `an ̦^hkooaj J]pqn̤ bkhcp qj` `ea ednanoaepo ej aejan vqgÜjbpecaj Alk_da ̦rkhhaj`apaWjYn >eh`qjc̤ ]qbcadk^aj sen` $¼^an Ckapda( /,1%* @ea cacajsÄnpeca Ld]oa ^hk¿an( `an J]) pqn ajpcacajcaoapvpan Gqhpqn eop vq ranopadaj ]ho `ea `an aejoaepecaj ̦=qo^eh`qjc `ao Ranop]j`ao̤( `ea ej aejai ̦I]jcah ]j Aejdaep̤ naoqhpeanp $rch* >neaba%* @an Ranop]j`( ^abnaep rkj `an ej `an Rknik`anja oejj) qj` ne_dpqjcca^aj`aj E`aa aejao qicnaebaj`aj Vsa_go( `an ]q_d `ea J]pqn qib]oop( oapvp oe_d `eaoa ]ho `]o o_dha_dpdej =j`ana ajpcacaj qj` i]_dp oea vqi @ejche_daj( vqi mq]hepÄpohkoaj( ^hk¿ mq]jpe|vean^]naj Opk{* @]iep

.30

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

ajpopadp aeja Cab]dn( `ea ej `an bÜn `ea aileneo_da Angajjpjeo qj]^`ejc^]naj AilbÄjc) he_dgaep bÜn `aj Opk{ heacp6 `ea Cab]dn `ao Oah^opranhqopao* @ea Ranop]j`aopÄpecgaep vanbÄhhp ej a^ajok reaha qjpano_dea`he_da Ranne_dpqjcaj( ]ho `an Opk{ iÖche_da CacajopÄj`a `an Anb]dnqjc ^eapap* @]o angajjaj`a Oq^fagp `nkdp oah^an vq ran`ejche_daj7 ej `an jkp) saj`ecaj Oah^opajpbnai`qjc( sah_da `ea AilbÄjche_dgaep bÜn `aj Opk{ iep oe_d ^nejcp( cadp `ea bknieanaj`a PÄpecgaep `ao Ranop]j`ao ranhknaj* Sea g]jj ̞ bn]cp Dqi^kh`p ̞ `an Cab]dn ^acacjap san`aj( ̦ej `eaoan Ajpbnai`qjc je_dp oe_d oah^op WvqY ranheanaWjY̤* $Ranoq_d( .40% Cnqj`oÄpvhe_d gkiip ao `]n]qb ]j( NavalperepÄp qj` =gperepÄp vq ejpacnea) naj( aeja ^ae`a qib]ooaj`a d]nikjeo_da Aejdaep danvqopahhaj* Ajpolna_daj` bkniqheanp Dqi^kh`p rkncnaebaj` oaeja lnkcn]ii]peo_da Oq_da6 ̦S]o ]hok `an Iajo_d jkpdsaj`ec ^n]q_dp( eop ^hkoo aej Cacajop]j`( `an `ea Sa_doahsengqjc oaejan AilbÄjche_dgaep iep oaejan Oah^oppdÄpecgaep iÖche_d i]_da̤ $Ranoq_d( .41%* @]o >a`Ünbjeo( ]qb dÖdanan A^aja faja Aejdaep sea`andanvqopahhaj( `ea ej `an ano) paj Ld]oa `an Iajo_ddaep ]ho ̦^hk¿a J]pqn̤( ]ho ednan oah^op je_dp ^asqoopa Aejdaep `an Ld]oa `an ^hk¿aj Gqhpqn( `ao Ranhqopao `an Aejdaep ej `an aejoaepecaj =qo^eh`qjc `ao Ranop]j`ao rkn]qocejc( op]iip ]qo fajaj Gneoajanb]dnqjcaj( `ea `]o @ajgaj `an Alk) _da ^asacpa qj` bÜn `ea `an fqjca Dacah ei Cabkhca O_dahhejco $Dknopi]jj .,,0( -1{*% `aj >acne{ `an Ajpvsaeqjc lnÄcpa $rch* @e{anajvo_dnebp( .,%* >asacp oe_d `]o @ajgaj ei Caeop `an G]jpeo_daj Gnepeg ej Ajpcacajoapvqjcaj rkj J]pqn qj` Caeop( Oejjhe_dgaep qj` Ranop]j`( Ranop]j` qj` Ranjqjbp( pdaknapeo_dan qj` ln]gpeo_dan Ranjqjbp( ̦sae_dp `ea I]_dp `an Ranaejecqjc W]q_dY ]qo `ai Ha^aj `an Iajo_daj̤ $@e{anajvo_dnebp( ..%* =qo `aj i]jjecb]_daj Ajpvsaeqjcaj oadaj `ea PÜ^ejcan Opebphan O_dahhejc qj` Dacah ̦`]o >a`Ünbjeo `an Ldehkokldea̤ ajpolnejcaj7 qj` ej aejan `aj oq^fagperaj E`a]heoiqo G]jpo Ü^ansej`aj`aj olagqh]peraj Ouopaildehkokldea angajjaj oea `ea vanopÖnaneo_da Ajpvsaeqjcaj daehaj`a ̦I]_dp `an Ranaejecqjc̤* Dqi^kh`p dejcacaj oapvp ]j`ano ]j6 Oaej Ejpanaooa cehp `ai Ha^aj `ao Iajo_daj( qj` `ea Gn]bp( oe_d je_dp ej `an ̦Ajpbnai`qjc vq ranheanaj̤( oq_dp an ei iajo_dhe) _daj Ha^aj qj` oaejaj gqhpqnahhaj I]jebaop]pekjaj oah^op* @]dejpan opadp bnaehe_d aej @ajgaj( `]o ei NÜ_gcne{ ]qb aej ldehkokldeo_dao Gkjvalp rkj knc]jeo_dai Ha^aj `ea RanoÖdjqjco) qj` Ranaejecqjcoikpera `an j]_dbkhcaj`aj Cajan]pekj lnÄ|cqneanp( kdja `anaj =jopnajcqjcaj( aej ldehkokldeo_dao Ouopai vq anne_dpaj( vq paehaj* =i Ha^aj`e) caj ]ho Aejdaep rkj GÖnlan qj` Oaaha( rkj Aejdaep qj` Reahdaep( rkj Opk{ qj` Bkni( d]p oe_d `]o @ajgaj vq kneajpeanaj( qi `aj `]o Dqi]ja ^a`nkdaj`aj Ol]hpqjcaj `an Cacajs]np ajpcacaj]n^aepaj vq gÖjjaj* @]o Lnejvel `an knc]jeo_daj J]pqn ^aopeiip Dqi^kh`p ei Cabkhca `an CÖppejcan O_dqha $Skh{( >hqiaj^]_d% ]ho Ha^ajogn]bp7 `anaj Ik`e|g]pekj( `an >eh`qjcopnea^( rkhh^nejcp iep `an Ansa_gqjc nkdan I]panea vqi Ha^aj a^ajok sea iep `an =qo^eh`qjc qj` And]hpqjc `ao Ha^aj`ecaj aeja `an iajo_dhe_daj PÄpecgaep qj` ednai dÖ_dopaj Lnk`qgp( `an Gqjop( ]j]hkca Haeopqjc $rch* Cao_dha_dpoqj) pano_dea`( /.4%* BÜn Dqi^kh`p ranolne_dp `an =jo_dhqoo ]j G]jpo Gnepeg `an Qnpaehogn]bp IÖche_dgaepaj( `ea @q]heoiaj rkj J]pqn qj` Gqjop( rkj Oejjhe_dgaep qj` Ranop]j` vq) cqjopaj aejao ejpacn]peraj( ]ho knc]jeo_dao Ha^aj gkjveleanpaj C]jvaj vq Ü^ansej`aj* @ea Gnepeg `an Qnpaehogn]bp ^eapap iep `an Pdai]peoeanqjc `an ¼^anaejopeiiqjc rkj J]pqn qj` Gqjop ]ho CacajopÄj`a `an na}agpeanaj`aj Qnpaehogn]bp ajpo_dae`aj`a Rknh]) caj bÜn `eaoa Lnkcn]ii]peg6 ̦O_dÖja Gqjop̤( `a|jeanp G]jp ej `an ¼^ano_dnebp `ao ‡ 01( ̦eop aeja Gqjop( okbanj oea vqchae_d J]pqn vq oaej o_daejp̤* $G`Q( >-35% @eaoai

SңҦҢҟҦҧ ҰҩҨ DүҧҜҩҦҞҮ

.31

Ca^eap ^acacjap `ea na}agpeanaj`a Qnpaehogn]bp ]ho ̦^aokj`anao̤ AngajjpjeoraniÖcaj vseo_daj Ranop]j` qj` Ranjqjbp iep aejai aecajaj Lnejvel ] lnekne* @eao eop `ea E`aa `an Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaep( `ea bnaehe_d jqn nacqh]pera >a`aqpqjc d]p6 `an Cacajop]j` sen` ^aqnpaehp( ]ho k^ aej vsa_goapvaj`ao Lnejvel edi aeja aejdaephe_da( vsa_giÄ¿eca Ca) op]hp ranheada* G]jp qjpano_dae`ap vsae Bkniaj `an >aqnpaehqjc `ao Caca^ajaj j]_d `an E`aa `ao Vsa_go6 `ea Äopdapeo_da Qnpaehogn]bp eop `]o RaniÖcaj( `ea bkni]ha $oq^fagpera% Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaep `qn_d `]o CabÜdh `an Hqop qj` Qjhqop vq ^aqnpaehaj* @ea ̦pahakhkce) o_da̤ Qnpaehogn]bp eop `]o RaniÖcaj( `ea ̦na]ha̤ $k^fagpera% Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaep `qn_d Ran) op]j` qj` Ranjqjbp vq ^aqnpaehaj* @ea Äopdapeo_da Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaep ^aveadp oe_d ]qb `]o RandÄhpjeo `an Bkni `ao =jcao_d]qpaj vqi AngajjpjeoraniÖcaj `an]np( `]oo `]o =jca) o_d]qpa ]ho o_dÖj k`an and]^aj ^aqnpaehp sen`* Aeja k^fagpera Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaep jeiip `ea Qnpaehogn]bp ]j( sajj ao qi J]pqn`ejca cadp( ^ae `ajaj C]jvao qj` Paeha sa_doahoaepec rkjaej]j`an Ieppah qj` Vsa_g oej`( `* d* ^ae Knc]jeoiaj* Ej ^ae`aj BÄhhaj qjpanopahhaj sen ei Qnpaeh aeja Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaep( kdja `k_d aej vsa_grkhh d]j`ahj`ao Oq^fagp ]jvq) jadiaj* @ea ̦k^fagpera̤ Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaep `an knc]jeo_daj J]pqn ^nejcp o_dkj G]jp ej Ran^ej`qjc iep `ai Ca`]jgaj aejao ̦>eh`qjcopnea^o̤( anh]q^p `eaoan `k_d `ea ̦Oah^op) anvaqcqjc̤ okskdh ]ho C]ppqjc sea ]ho Ej`ere`qqi vq `ajgaj $rch* G`Q( >/3/%* BÜn oaejaj Ranoq_d( `ea Dejsaeoa `an Gnepeg `an Qnpaehogn]bp bnq_dp^]n vq i]_daj( cnaebp Dqi^kh`p jqj rkngnepeo_da Ldehkokldaia ]qb6 ei NÜ_gcne{ ]qb Hae^jev sen` `]o( s]o ^ae G]jp ^hk¿ nacqh]perao Lnejvel `an Qnpaehogn]bp eop( ̞ `]o bÜn Gqjop qj` J]pqn chae_dani]¿aj ej =jo]pv ca^n]_dpa Lnejvel `an Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaep ̞ ei Oejja ae) jan na]h sengo]iaj Gn]bp anjaqp kjpkhkceoeanp* J]_d Hae^jev̢ Ikj]`khkcea eop fa`ao Oaeaj`a( `]o ]j qj` `qn_d oe_d oah^an eop( aej o_dha_dpdej Aejb]_dao( Qjpaeh^]nao6 ]h) ok Ej`ere`qqi( Ikj]`a* @ea aejb]_daj Oq^op]jvaj oej` ]ho GnÄbpa vq `ajgaj( `anaj Sengo]igaep `]nej ^aopadp rknvqopahhaj* Ikj]`aj oej` `aij]_d caeopeca AjpepÄpaj* Oea oej` ]ho fasaeho ej oe_d rÖhhec Oah^opÄj`eca cacajaej]j`an ]^cao_dhkooaj $̦bajopanhko̤%( aej RandÄhpjeo g]qo]han =np vseo_daj edjaj eop ]hok je_dp `ajg^]n* RanÄj`anqjcaj ednao Rknopahhqjcovqop]j`ao oej` Bkhcaj `an ¤q¿anqjc ednan Gn]bp( `ea pahakhkceo_d ]qb Oah^op) ranrkhhgkiijqjc ei Oejja vqjadiaj`an Gh]ndaep qj` @aqphe_dgaep `an edn ]jca^knajaj `qjghaj ^vs* ransknnajaj Lanvalpekjaj ]qocane_dpap eop* K^skdh ̦bajopanhko̤( `nÜ_gp fa) `a Ikj]`a chae_dvaepec `ea Lanvalpekjaj ]hhan Ü^necaj ]qo* @ajj ̞ ok `ea Pdaoa rkj `an lnÄop]^eheanpaj D]nikjea ̞ `qn_d `aj cÖpphe_daj O_dÖlban oej` `ea `]o Qjeranoqi olea) cahj`aj Lanvalpekjaj ]hhan Ikj]`aj ok ej Aejgh]jc ca^n]_dp( `]oo fa`a RanÄj`anqjc `an aejaj `aj Rknopahhqjcovqop]j` ]hhan Ü^necaj nalnÄoajpeanp* Ajpolna_daj` eop fa`a Ikj]`a aej Iegnkgkoiko( `an `ea Sahp ]qb fa ej`ere`qahha Saeoa nalnÄoajpeanp* Dqi^kh`p ran^ej`ap ]hok `ea rkj G]jp ej `an Gnepeg `an Qnpaehogn]bp anÖ{japaj IÖc) he_dgaepaj `an RanoÖdjqjc `ao Ajpcacajcaoapvpaj( `an Ajpcacajoapvqjc rkj Ranop]j` qj` Oejjhe_dgaep ei Ia`eqi `ao O_dÖjaj aejanoaepo qj` `ao Cacajo]pvao rkj Gqjop qj` J]pqn qjpan `ai Lnejvel `an Vsa_giÄ¿ecgaep ]j`ananoaepo iep aejan ]qb Hae^jev vq) nÜ_gcnaebaj`aj Kjpkhkcea `an ajpaha_de]haj Gn]bp vq aejan Caeopecao qj` J]pÜnhe_dao qi) cnaebaj`aj Gkjvalpekj `ao knc]jeo_daj Ha^ajo*- =ho dÖ_dopao Lnejvel `an knc]jeo_daj J]pqn nagh]ieanp Dqi^kh`p `ea @e{anajv `an Cao_dha_dpan( qi `ea ej `an @uj]ieg `an -

Sah_da >a`aqpqjc `ea bÜn `ea CÖppejcan O_dqha ^aopeiiaj`a Pn]`epekj `ao Jakrep]heoiqo bÜn `ea Dqi^kh`po_da Gkjvalpekj `ao Ha^ajo d]p( g]jj dean je_dp ei aejvahjaj `eogqpeanp san`aj* Oe_dan

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IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

cao_dha_dphe_d ^aopeiipaj GnÄbpa heacaj`aj Lkpajpe]ha vqn ¼^ansej`qjc rkj Ajpvsae) qjc qj` Ajpbnai`qjc vqn Cahpqjc vq ^nejcaj qj` ok `ea `ai Aj`he_daj iÖche_daj Saeoaj `an Rkhhgkiiajdaep ]ho E`a]h rknvqvae_djaj* @ea G]packnea ̦Cao_dha_dp̤ sen` bÜn Dqi^kh`p vqi L]n]`eci] aejan Aejdaep( `ea ei @qn_dc]jc `qn_d Ajpvsaeqjc qj` `* d* Aj`he_dgaep( C]jvdaep qj` `* d* Qjaj`he_dgaep annae_dp7 Aejdaep ei lnÄcj]jpaj Oejja eop je_dp aej `aj @e{anajvaj ajpcacajcaoapvpao Lnk`qgp `an =^opn]gpekj( okj`anj ]gpera( `]o @e{anajpa and]hpaj`a Ranaejecqjc( ]hok aeja I]jjecb]hpecgaep qj` Aejdaep ranaeje) caj`a dÖdana Aejdaep* Ao eop `ea ranjÜjbpeca Aejoe_dp ej `]o E`a]h aejan ej `e{anajpa Cao_dha_dpan capnajjpaj Iajo_ddaep( `ea `aj Ajpsqnb aejan jaqaj( `ea Ln]teo haepaj`aj Okve]hkn`jqjc aniÖche_dp* Qj` ao eop rknjadihe_d `eaoa Ln]teo oah^op( je_dp ]^an `]o `ea Oah^op^asacqjc `ao >acne{o anb]ooaj`a Ouopai `an Ldehkokldea( rkj `an Dqi^kh`p `ea Daehqjc `an Ajpvsaeqjcaj `an Ik`anja qj` `aj s]dnaj Bknpo_dnepp `an Iajo_ddaep ans]npap*

^*

Dqi^kh`po Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea6 Vqn =qos]dh `an Patpa qj` vq ednai Opahhajsanp

Dqi^kh`p d]j`ahp rkj Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea ei Gkjpatp `an J]pqnldehkokldea( `an ¤opda) peg $rch* r* ]* Bkni7 Skh`ai]n%( `an =jpdnklkhkcea $rch* r* ]* =jpdnklkhkcea7 Pdaknea% qj` `an Op]]poldehkokldea* Ajpo_dae`aj` vqn Gajjvae_djqjc `ao Cao]ip]jo]pvao aejan ]ho Lnejvel `an knc]jeo_daj J]pqn ej =jo]pv ca^n]_dpaj G]packnea Cao_dha_dp eop `an Patp ¼^an `aj Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea` qj` `aooaj Aej}qoo ]qb `ea knc]jeo_da J]pqn rkj -351( `an `]nqi dean vqanop ^ad]j`ahp sen` $rch* /*%* =qo `eaoai Patp oej` ]q_d `ea bÜn `ea =jpdnklkhkcea qj` Op]]poldehkokldea i]¿ca^he_daj >aopeiiqjcaj rkj Sae^he_dgaep qj` IÄjjhe_dgaep ej ednai `uj]ieo_daj( ]qb Anvaqcqjc aejan e`a]haj( qjrangÜnvpaj Aej) daep `ao CacajoÄpvhe_daj cane_dpapaj Sa_doahsengqjcorandÄhpjeo vq casejjaj* Ej sah) _dan Saeoa `ea @e{anajv `an Cao_dha_dpan vqn Rkhhgkiiajdaep `ao Iajo_doaejo `qn_d O_dÖjdaep ]ho Rkhhgkiiajdaep ej `an Ano_daejqjc ^aepnÄcp( bÜdnp `ea ei chae_daj F]dn ajpop]j`aja O_dnebp ¼^an `ea iÄjjhe_da qj` sae^he_da Bkni jÄdan ]qo( `anaj se_dpecopa Naoqhp]pa ancÄjvaj` vq ^anÜ_goe_dpecaj oej`* @ea nahar]jpaj HadnopÜ_ga `an =jpdnklk) hkcea san`aj ei Gkjpatp `an Op]]po) qj` Caoahho_d]bpopdaknea $rch* 0*% anÖnpanp( ok`]oo ]qb `ea caokj`anpa >ao_dÄbpecqjc iep `eaoaj Patpaj dean ranve_dpap sen`*

eop fa`ajb]hho( `]oo Dqi^kh`p `qn_d oaeja Hadnan( v* >* >hqiaj^]_d( `]iep ranpn]qp s]n* Rch* Hajken -54,( Hajken -54-( Naehh -55,*

SңҦҢҟҦҧ ҰҩҨ DүҧҜҩҦҞҮ

/*

J]pqnldehkokldea qj` Kjpkhkcea6 ¼^an `aj Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea` qj` `aooaj Aej}qoo ]qb `ea knc]jeo_da J]pqn $-351%

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Aejhaepqjc

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@ea =^d]j`hqjc ¼^an `aj Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea` qj` `aooaj Aej}qoo ]qb `ea knc]je) o_da J]pqn ̞ vqn chae_daj Vaep sea `an =qbo]pv ¼^an `ea iÄjjhe_da qj` sae^he_da Bkni ajpop]j`aj ̞ sqn`a =jb]jc -351 ^aaj`ap qj` ano_deaj iep `eaoai vqo]iiaj ei chae) _daj F]dn ei anopaj >]j` rkj O_dehhano Dknaj* $rch* CO( >`* -( 0/1{*% =j`ano ]ho `an Pepah ans]npaj hÄoop( d]j`ahp ao oe_d ^ae `eaoan =^d]j`hqjc je_dp qi aeja olaveahha j]) pqnldehkokldeo_da( iepdej nacekj]hkjpkhkceo_da k`an okc]n ^ekhkceo_da Qjpanoq_dqjc vqn Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv* @ajj J]pqn eop dean sa`an ei Cacajo]pv vq Caeop ]ho `ea OldÄna `ao ^aha^paj k`an qj^aha^paj GÖnlanhe_daj ranop]j`aj( jk_d ei Cacajo]pv vqi Danca) opahhpaj ]ho `]o rkj oe_d dan Oaeaj`a* Dqi^kh`po Gkjvalpekj `an knc]jeo_daj J]pqn veahp can]`a ]qb `ea ¼^ansej`qjc `an pn]`eanpaj CacajoÄpva rkj GÖnlan qj` Caeop( Oejjhe_d) gaep qj` Ranop]j` ^vs* Ranjqjbp6 `]o B]gpqi `ao Ha^aj`ecaj ^asaeop `ea Aejdaep `ao Ajpcacajcaoapvpaj qj` ej aejan ]j `eaoai l]n]`eci]peo_daj Oaeaj`aj oe_d ]qone_dpaj) `aj Kjpkhkcea eop J]pqn ]ho Ha^aj( qj` `* d* ]ho ejpacn]hao C]jvao dapankcajan Paeha vq `ajgaj( `ea fa`k_d `qn_d aejdaephe_da GnÄbpa qj` Caoapva ^aopeiip oaej okhhaj* Ao eop ̦qjhÄqc^]n( `]oo `ea lduoeo_da J]pqn jqn Aej cnkooao C]jva iep `an ikn]heo_daj ]qoi]_dp( qj` `ea Ano_daejqjcaj ej ^ae`aj jqn aejanhae Caoapvaj cadkn_daj*̤ $Ca) o_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /-0% Caj]qan eop `]o RandÄhpjeo `eaoan chae_dcaoapvhe_daj Paeha sea bkhcp vq ^aopeiiaj6 aejanoaepo eop `]o GÖnlanhe_da ^vs* Oejjhe_da =qo`nq_g( Oleacah `ao Caeopecaj $rch* Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /-/b*%( ok`]oo oe_d `eaoao ej fajai vq angajjaj rani]c7 ]j`ananoaepo eop `]o Caeopeca ̦`an OlnÖoohejc̤ `ao GÖnlanhe_daj ^vs* Oejjhe) _daj( `* d* Caeopecao cadp `qn_d Ranbaejanqjc qj` DÖdanajpse_ghqjc ]qo `eaoai danrkn* Gajjvae_djaj` bÜn Dqi^kh`po Ha^ajoldehkokldea eop aej dkheopeo_dan =jo]pv( `an `]o Oq^fagpera qj` `]o K^fagpera `an Angajjpjeo k`an ̞ ^aooan cao]cp ̞ ]hha oq^fagperaj Saeoaj `ao =q{]ooajo ejaejo iep ednaj CacajopÄj`aj ]ho Paeha `ao aejaj ha^aj`ecaj( oe_d oah^op anvaqcaj`aj qj` angajjaj`aj C]jvaj `an J]pqn vq ranopadaj oq_dp* @eaoai =jo]pv caiÄ¿ oej` `ea Haeopqjcaj `ao Iajo_daj( oaeja gkcjeperaj a^ajok sea oaeja lkeapeo_daj qj` ln]gpeo_daj ej =j]hkcea vq `aj ]hhcaiaejaj Opnqgpqnaj ha^aj`ecan =j) aecjqjc qj` Danrkn^nejcqjc vq `aqpaj( qj` vs]n ok ̞ sea Dqi^kh`p ej =jhadjqjc ]j Lh]pkjo Lkhepae] ]qobÜdnp ̞ `]oo `an Iajo_d ej `an cnÖ¿anaj ¶gkjkiea `an Cao]ipj]) pqn oaej Aecajao hae_dpan ]ho ei `enagpaj >he_g ]qb oe_d oah^op vq angajjaj rani]c $rch* Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /-0%* BÜn `eaoao ha^aj`eca C]jva nagh]ieanp Dqi^kh`p jqj Cao_dha_dphe_dgaep ]ho aooajpeah) hao Lnejvel oaejao Oaejo qj` San`ajo6 kdja `aj >acne{ `ao Cao_dha_dpo sÄna `ea J]pqn je_dp J]pqn $rch* Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /--% ̞ ok `ea n]`eg]ha Pdaoa* @an >acne{ `ao Cao_dha_dpo ̦ej oaejan rÖhhecaj =hhcaiaejdaep̤ ^avae_djap `]^ae je_dpo ]j`anao( ̦]ho ae) ja ok aecajpÜihe_da Qjchae_d]npecgaep rano_dea`ajan GnÄbpa( `]oo oea jqn ran^qj`aj aej C]jvao ]qoi]_daj( qj` aej cacajoaepecao >a`Ünbjeo( `eaoo C]jva `qn_d Sa_doahsen) gqjc ej `an Pd]p danvqopahhaj*̤ $Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /-.%

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IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

@ea Cnajvhejeaj san`aj ]hok jaq ^aopeiip6 Caeopecao sen` ej `ea OldÄna `ao Ha^ajo aej^avkcaj( qj` `eaoan >anae_d `an o_dÖlbaneo_daj( knc]jeo_daj J]pqn $rch* Cao_dha_dpo) qjpano_dea`( //,% sen` rkj `an j]_d ia_d]jeo_daj Caoapvaj sengaj`aj OldÄna `ao ^hk¿ I]paneahhaj ]^cacnajvp $rch* Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /.4{*%* Vseo_daj `eaoaj OldÄnaj ^aopadp aej RandÄhpjeo `uj]ieo_dan Oq^kn`ej]pekj6 @ea `qn_d Ha^ajogn]bp ]ho edn ca) jqejao Lnejvel `a|jeanpa knc]jeo_da J]pqn kn`jap oe_d ej qj]qbdÖnhe_dai G]ilb `ea I]panea qjpan $rch* Iajva -55/%*

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@ea Jkpsaj`ecgaep cao_dha_dphe_dan @e{anajveanqjc ej `an J]pqn

Aj`he_da GnÄbpa oej` ]ho knc]jeo_da GnÄbpa ]j aejaj GÖnlan ca^qj`aj( iep `ai oea ej Sa_doahsengqjc opadaj* Knc]jeo_da GnÄbpa oej` `aij]_d sengaj` qj` hae`aj` vq) chae_d( sk^ae Hae`aj fa`k_d je_dp ]ho naeja L]ooerepÄp( okj`anj ]ho NÜ_gsengqjc( `* d* ]ho `qn_d ]j`anao Sengaj ^a`ejcpao aecajao Sengaj vq `ajgaj eop* Rkj `eaoai >acne{ `an knc]jeo_daj Gn]bp ]qo ajpse_gahp Dqi^kh`p vqjÄ_dop ei =jd]hp ]j `]o j]pÜnhe_da LdÄjkiaj `an Vaqcqjc bkhcaj`ao =ncqiajp bÜn `ea Jkpsaj`ecgaep cao_dha_dphe_dan @eb) banajveanqjc6 Eop `]o Anvaqcpa `ai Anvaqcaj`aj Ädjhe_d( s]o vq qjpanopahhaj eop( `]jj oapvp `ea Anvaqcqjc knc]jeo_dan( `qn_d Sengqjc qj` NÜ_gsengqjc ^aopeiipan Saoaj( GnÄbpa rkn]qo( `ea ednanoaepo `qn_d Sengqjc qj` NÜ_gsengqjc ^aopeiip oej`( qj` vs]n je_dp ^hk¿ lkpajpeahh( okj`anj ]gpqahh* Okbanj aeja Gn]bp je_dp vqn oah^aj Vaep `qn_d ca) cajoÄpvhe_da VqopÄj`a ^aopeiip oaej g]jj( eop ao qjiÖche_d( `]oo aeja aj`he_da Gn]bp qjieppah^]n aeja ]j`ana aj`he_da Gn]bp anvaqcp* Qi jaqao Ha^aj danrknvq^nejcaj( oej` vsae qjchae_d]npeca( rano_dea`aj ^aopeiipa GnÄbpa anbkn`anhe_d* Cao_dha_dphe_da @e{a) najveanqjc eop iepdej bÜn Dqi^kh`p Oecjqi `an Aj`he_dgaep knc]jeo_dan( hae^ca^qj`ajan GnÄbpa( `anaj ]gperao qj` l]ooerao RaniÖcaj jqn ei J]_daej]j`an `an Vaep na]heoean^]n eop* ̦Dean jqj ^acejjp `an Qjpano_dea` `an Cao_dha_dpan6 @ea vaqcaj`a Gn]bp eop iadn vqn Aejsengqjc( `ea ailb]jcaj`a iadn vqn NÜ_gsengqjc caopeiip*̤ $Cao_dha_dpoqj) pano_dea`( /-5% @ea E`ajpe|veanqjc rkj ̦vaqcaj`+sengaj`̤ iep iÄjjhe_d ^vs* rkj ̦ailb]jcaj`+ nÜ_gsengaj`̤ iep sae^he_d hÄoop `]o ]hpa ]neopkpaheo_da Iqopan `an Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv ]jghejcaj* @eaoa Pn]`epekjohejea sen` jk_d `aqphe_dan( sajj `ea iÄjjhe_da Gn]bp ]ho Bkni ^vs* Oaaha qj` `ea sae^he_da Gn]bp ]ho Opk{ cagajjvae_djap sen` $rch* Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /.0b*%* @ea Oq^op]jv `an ]neopkpaheo_daj Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea eop fa`k_d cnqj`hacaj` nare`eanp* Ej Dqi^kh`po Gkjvalpekj `an Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv eop `ea Ghqbp vseo_daj sae^he_dai Opk{ qj` iÄjjhe_dan Bkni ejokbanj Ü^ansqj`aj( ]ho oe_d ^ae`a GnÄbpa c]n je_dp dejoe_dphe_d ednao RaniÖcajo qjpano_dae`aj( ej `eaoai >avqc oej` oea reahiadn chae_d* Rano_dea`aj eop ]hhaej `ea Ne_dpqjc ednao Sengajo( qj` `* d*( ^hk¿ `ea Kneajpeanqjc ]qb Sengqjc k`an NÜ_gsengqjc `e{aneanp* @an Ca`]jga `an lnejveleahhaj Chae_ddaep iÄjjhe_dan qj` sae^he_dan Gn]bp ej `ai Oejja( `]oo fa`a Gn]bp `an Sengqjc qj` NÜ_gsengqjc bÄdec eop( ok fa`k_d( `]oo ej `an iÄjjhe_daj Gn]bp `]o Ikiajp `ao Sengajo( ej `an sae^he_daj `]o Ikiajp `an NÜ_gsengqjc lneiÄn eop( eop ej Dqi^kh`po Cao_dha_dpangkjvalpekj rkj aiejajpan >a`aqpqjc6 Jqn saeh fa`a Gn]bp lnejveleahh ]ho C]jvao rkj Ikiajpaj gkjopepqeanp eop( sen` edna ranaejoaepecaj`a VqopÄj`he_dgaep ]ho I]jcah ailbqj`aj qj` ok vqi Cnqj` aejao >a`Ünbjeooao k`an

SңҦҢҟҦҧ ҰҩҨ DүҧҜҩҦҞҮ

.35

aejan Oadjoq_dp( oe_d iep `ai gkilhaiajpÄnaj L]np vq ran^ej`aj( qi `ea ]ho =jh]ca caca^aja C]jvdaep ]q_d ]gpq]h danvqopahhaj* Iep `eaoai Ca`]jgaj ]`ahp Dqi^kh`p `ea Ranaejecqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan ]ho ejjeca qj` jkpsaj`eca Ran^ej`qjc( `ea oe_d je_dp ae) jai Äq¿anaj Vsa_g sea `ai `an Bknpl}]jvqjc( okj`anj `an ejjanaj >ao_d]{ajdaep `ao Saoajo `an Ran^qj`ajaj ran`]jgp $rch* Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /-/( /.-%* Vqchae_d sen` `ea Cnqj`ranb]ooqjc `ao aj`he_daj Oaeaj`aj saepan andahhp7 Cao_dha_dphe_dgaep eop `a|jeajo `ao Aj`he_daj qj` vqchae_d =qo`nq_g qj` AniÖche_dqjcocnqj` `an `eaoai iÖche_daj Qjaj`he_dgaep6 =ho Aejdaep `ao Sengajo qj` NÜ_gsengajo eop `]o knc]jeo_da Oaeaj`a `an =jh]ca j]_d Aejdaep `ao CacajoÄpvhe_daj qj` ejokbanj `an IÖche_dgaep j]_d eiian o_dkj Ü^an `]o Aejoaepeca qj` Aj`he_da dej]qo7 ]qo `an ej oaejai ]gpq]haj Rkhhvqc qjraniae`he_daj Ranaejoaepecqjc casejjp ao oe_d jqn `qn_d `ea Ran^ej`qjc iep ]j`anai vqnÜ_g vq dÖdanan lnk`qgperan Aejdaep `ao CacajoÄpvhe_daj* Sajj ]^an kdja `aj >acne{ `ao Cao_dha_dpo J]pqn Ü^and]qlp qjiÖche_d eop( eop `ea >a`ejcpdaep `an J]pqn ]ho okh_dan `qn_d `ea Sa_doahsengqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan ]q_d qj) ]^dÄjcec `]rkj( sea `an Vsa_g `an Bknpl}]jvqjc annae_dp sen`( j]_dvqsaeoaj $rch* Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /..%* @]vq nagqnneanp Dqi^kh`p ]qb `ea Rknopahhqjc aejan `]o qjaj`he_da Sengaj `an J]pqn ]ho c]jvan aniÖche_daj`aj Gn]bp( kdja `eaoa ]ho na]h ateo) peanaj` vq qjpanopahhaj* Cabkn`anp eop vqjÄ_dop( `eaoa Gn]bp `an J]pqn ]ho qj^ao_dnÄjgp vq `ajgaj( qj` vs]n okskdh ei Oejja vaephe_dan Qj]qbdÖnhe_dgaep ednan Sengo]igaep ]ho ]q_d ei mq]hep]peraj Oejja qj]qocaoapvpan Ajpse_ghqjc vqi >aooanaj $rch* Cao_dha_dpo) qjpano_dea`( /-.( /-2%* Sajj ]^an jqj b]gpeo_d jqn aj`he_da( qj` `* d* ]ho sae^he_d ^vs* iÄjjhe_d ^aopeiipa GnÄbpa ateopeanaj( g]jj `ea qjaejcao_dnÄjgpa Gn]bp `an J]pqn oah^op jqn ]ho ]qo aejai ^aopeiipaj RandÄhpjeo `eaoan aj`he_daj GnÄbpa naoqhpeanaj` ca`]_dp san`aj* Eokheanp i]j ei Ca`]jgajatlaneiajp `ea GnÄbpa rkjaej]j`an( vaecp oe_d6 `]o Sen) gaj fa`an Gn]bp bÜn oe_d sÜn`a J]pqn ei k^aj ^ao_dnea^ajaj Oejja qjiÖche_d i]_daj* Qjaejcao_dnÄjgpao Sengaj iÄjjhe_dan Gn]bp bÜdnp vq Pnajjqjc qj` VanopÖnqjc( qj) aejcao_dnÄjgpao Sengaj sae^he_dan Gn]bp vq qjpÄpecan >ad]nnhe_dgaep qjpano_dea`ohkoan Aejdaep* @ea ]ho naeja Sengo]igaep k`an Ajancea cab]oopa iÄjjhe_da Gn]bp eop Lnejvel `an VanopÖnqjc ej iadnb]_dai Oejja6 oea vanopÖnp kdja NÜ_goe_dp ]qb oaeja Aecajdaep `aj iep edn vq ranaejecaj`aj Opk{7 oea vanopÖnp( s]o oe_d edn ajpcacajopahhp( qj` paj`eanp `qn_d qj]qocaoapvpao PÄpecoaej vqn Oah^opvanopÖnqjc* @ea o]jbpana( ]ho NÜ_gsengqjc ^a) opeiipa sae^he_da Gn]bp dejcacaj eop Lnejvel `an And]hpqjc qj` Ran^ej`qjc6 oea o_dkjp `ea vq ]ooeieheanaj`a I]panea ej ednan >aokj`andaep qj` andÄhp oe_d oah^op ej iej`an ej) pajoeran( ]^an ]qo`]qanj`an PÄpecgaep* Jqn `ea Sa_doahsengqjc rkj iÄjjhe_dan qj` sae^he_dan Gn]bp aniÖche_dp `ea Qj^a) o_dnÄjgpdaep `an J]pqn* @]^ae oej` vsae =olagpa vq qjpano_dae`aj6 vqi aejaj cadp ao qi `aj Ik`qo `ao Sengajo( vqi ]j`anaj cadp ao qi `ea A{agpa `an Sengo]igaep* Vqi anopaj Lqjgp dae¿p ao6 ̦Ej`ai jqj ]hhao IÄjjhe_da ]jcaopnajcpa Ajancea( ]hhao Sae^he_da ^ad]nnhe_dao =qo`]qanj ^aoepvp( ^eh`ap `ea qj]qbdÖnhe_da Sa_doahsengqjc rkj ^ae`aj `ea qj^ao_dnÄjgpa Gn]bp `an J]pqn( `anaj =jopnajcqjc jea ani]ppap( qj` `anaj Nqda jea ej QjpÄpecgaep ]qo]npap*̤ $Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /.1% Sa_doahsengqjc ^a`aqpap dean ae) jaj `ea fasaehecaj J]_dpaeha aejan =np `an Sengo]igaep gkilajoeanaj`aj Sa_doah( ]^an je_dp aej cacajoaepecao =qbaej]j`ansengaj $rch* Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /./%*

.4,

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

Ei vsaepaj B]hh ]^an eop rkj aejai okh_daj cacajoaepecaj =qbaej]j`anaejsengaj `ea Na`a( `ai oe_d `ea Aejo_dnÄjgqjc `an fasaeho ]j`anaj Gn]bp qj` `]iep `ea Randej`anqjc ednao bÜn `]o C]jva ^a`nkdhe_daj Aj`vsa_go ran`]jgaj okhh6 ̦WJYqn `ea Ran^ej`qjc `an AecajpdÜihe_dgaepaj ^ae`an Cao_dha_dpan ^nejcp `]o Rkhhaj`apa danrkn W̪Y* @ea dÖ_do) pa Aejdaep anbkn`anp ]hhai]h vsae ajpcacajcaoapvpa Ne_dpqjcaj* @] `ea Aejdaep Ü^and]qlp jqn `]jj Sanpd d]p( sajj oea ]qo `an BÜhha( jea ]^an( sajj oea ]qo `an =niqpd ajpolnejcp7 ok `]nb `ea OpÄnga qj` =qo^eh`qjc `an aejvahjaj Pdaeha je_dp iej`an cnkoo oauj( ]ho `ea Ejjecgaep `ao Vqo]iiajd]jco ]hhan* =hhaej qi `]o Aejvahja vq Ü^aj( sen` Pnajjqjc an) bkn`anp( qj` a^aj `eaoa Pnajjqjc o_dnÄjgp `ea IÖche_dgaep `an Ran^ej`qjc aej* @] jqj `]o aeja Cao_dha_dp faja( `]o ]j`na `eaoa iadn ^acÜjopecp( ok ^abÖn`anj ^ae`a( ej`ai oea aej]j`an ajpcacajsengaj( caiaejo_d]bphe_d `ea sqj`an^]na Aejdaep `an J]pqn( sah) _da vqchae_d `]o C]jva ]qbo ejjecopa rangjÜlbp( qj` `]o Aejvahja ]qbo rkhhgkiiajopa ]qoca^eh`ap vaecp*̤ $Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /.3b*% @ea jqn `qn_d Ranjqjbp anb]oo^]na Pkp]hepÄp `an J]pqn $rch* Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /./% opahhp oe_d ej _kj_napk ]ho Aejdaep rkj Ha^aj qj` Pk` `]n6 sea `ea And]hpqjc `ao Ha^ajo Ü^and]qlp `qn_d Ajpopadaj qj` Rancadaj rano_dea`ajan Ej`ere`qaj( ok rkhhveadp oe_d ]j]hkc `ea And]hpqjc `ao Ej`ere`qqio oah^op ]ho qj]qbdÖnhe_dan Pk` qj` Sea`anan) vaqcqjc $rch* Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /..%*

_*

Vqo]iiajb]ooqjc

@ea Cao_dha_dpan oej` ]q_d rkj Dqi^kh`p ]ho _kilhaiajp] ]` pkpqi gkjveleanp qj` `ea Vqo_dnae^qjc rkj iÄjjhe_daj qj` sae^he_daj =ppne^qpaj dÄhp oe_d saepcadaj` ]j pn]`e) pekjahha Iqopan* Lh]pkjeopeo_daj Rknopahhqjcaj bkhcp `an Ca`]jga( `]oo fa`ao Cao_dha_dp jqn ]ho aejoaepeca =qone_dpqjc aejan qnolnÜjche_daj Aejdaep vq `ajgaj eop( ok`]oo `ea Oadjoq_dp j]_d `ai ]j`anaj jqn `ea Oq_da j]_d `ai je_dp na]heoeanpaj Aecajaj eop* Oaejai dkheopeo_daj =jo]pv ajpolna_daj` oeadp Dqi^kh`p `ea AecajpÜihe_dgaepaj `an Cao_dha_dpan iep fasaeho ^aopeiipaj Sengqjcaj( `aj oea ]qb `ea Angajjpjeosaeoaj `ao Iajo_daj i]_daj( rangjÜlbp* Sae^he_dao olne_dp Oejja qj` Ld]jp]oea( IÄjjhe_dao `aj Ranop]j` ]j* ̦=hhao IÄjjhe_da W̪Y eop iadn ]qbghÄnaj`( ]hhao Sae^he_da iadn nÜdnaj`*̤ $Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( /.3% Sea `ea Ran^ej`qjc `an Cao_dha_dpan ej `an Cao]ipj]) pqn `]o Rkhhaj`apa danrkn^nejcp $rch* a^`*%( ok eop `]o Rkhhaj`apa `ao Iajo_doaejo ]ho `ea ]hhaej `an Ranjqjbp vqcÄjche_da( `]o Ha^aj haepaj`a E`aa `an RangjÜlbqjc ^ae`an Aecajo_d]bpaj vq b]ooaj $rch* a^`*%* ̦Okhh `an Iajo_d vq `ai E`a]ha cah]jcaj( `]o `ea Ranjqjbp edi rkno_dnae^p7 ok iqoo `an I]jj oaeja j]pÜnhe_da PdÄpecgaep ]j aej baopao Ca) oapv ^ej`aj( `]o Sae^ `ea CaoapviÄooecgaep( sah_da ao oaejai Saoaj aejcalnÄcp bÜdhp( `qn_d ejjna =jpnea^a iep PdÄpecgaep ^aha^aj*̤ $Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( //.% @]o E`a) ]h `ao Iajo_doaejo eop iepdej `an =j`nkcuja7 `ai Sae^he_daj ]^an ^hae^p `an Rknvqc( `ai E`a]h jÄdan vq oaej ]ho `]o IÄjjhe_da* Sajj Aejdaep ]ho Qnolnqjc qj` Pahko `ao qjaj`he_daj Ha^ajo ]qocavae_djap eop( oej` `ea sae^he_daj GnÄbpa ]ho `]o ̦aecajphe_d ran) gjÜlbaj`a >]j` ej `ai C]jvaj `an J]pqn̤ $Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`( //-% ]ho aj`he_da NalnÄoajp]jpejjaj `an J]pqn qj` ̞ sea oe_d ei bkhcaj`aj =^o_djepp vaecaj sen` ̞ `ao E`a]ho `an Iajo_ddaep vq sÜn`ecaj*

SңҦҢҟҦҧ ҰҩҨ DүҧҜҩҦҞҮ

.4-

0*

Dqi^kh`po Op]]popdaknea6 E`aaj vq aejai Ranoq_d( `ea Cnajvaj `an Sengo]igaep `ao Op]]pao vq ^aopeiiaj $-35.%

]*

Aejhaepqjc

Ej oaejan =qoaej]j`anoapvqjc iep `ai Gkjoanr]peraj Bnea`ne_d Cajpv Ü^an `ea bn]jvÖ) oeo_da Narkhqpekj ajpop]j` ej Bkni aejao >neabao ]j Canpv rki 5*-*-35. `an Jqghaqo `an E`aaj vq aejai Ranoq_d( `ea Cnajvaj `an Sengo]igaep `ao Op]]pao vq ^aopeiiaj7 ]jcanacp `qn_d oaeja @eogqooekjaj iep G]nh Pdak`kn rkj @]h^anc rkj =jb]jc ^eo Iep) pa -35. ancÄjvpa qj` Ü^an]n^aepapa Dqi^kh`p `ea ^anaepo rknheacaj`aj I]pane]heaj $rch* CO( >`*-( 0/.b*%* @]o ei Fqhe -35. `nq_gbanpec anopahhpa I]jqognelp b]j` ]qo CnÜj`aj `an Vajoqn gaejaj Ranhacan7 iep =qoj]dia rkj PaehranÖ{ajphe_dqjcaj ej O_dehhano Jaqan Pd]he] g]i vq Dqi^kh`po Ha^vaepaj gaeja Lq^heg]pekj vqop]j`a* @ea anop -41- ranÖb) bajphe_dpa O_dnebp cas]jj o_djahh cnk¿aj Aej}qoo6 rkn `ai Dejpancnqj` `an cao_daepanpaj Narkhqpekj rkj -404 sqn`a oea ej @aqpo_dh]j` ]ho I]jebaop `ao He^an]heoiqo $rch* >ae) oan -55.( -/̞.27 ---̞-/3% cabaeanp7 ej Ajch]j` sqn`a oea vqn ajpo_dae`aj`aj =jnacqjc bÜn Fkdj Opq]np Iehho Kj He^anpu( ej Bn]jgnae_d ^aaej}qoopa oea `]o he^an]ha @ajgaj A`kq]n` H]^kqh]uao* Dqi^kh`po okcaj]jjpa ̦Op]]poo_dnebp̤ ( `an Lnkpkpul `ao `aqpo_daj he^an]haj @ajgajo( kllkjeanp sea ]hha Ranoekjaj `ao He^an]heoiqo cacaj `aj L]panj]heoiqo( `an ]qb `an >]) oeo `ao J]pqnna_dpo aejaj rkj Ckpp aejcaoapvpaj Danno_dan ]jangajjp( `aooaj =qbc]^a ej `an Danopahhqjc aejan cana_dpaj qj` chÜ_ghe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp rkj Iajo_daj ]qb An`aj ^aopadp* Dqi^kh`po Op]]popdaknea ^acnÜj`ap oe_d ej aejan ]qb d]nikjeo_da >eh`qjc `ao Iajo_daj ]ho hapvpaj Vsa_g veahaj`aj =jpdnklkhkcea( `]dan olne_dp i]j vqna_dp rkj aejai Äopdapeo_daj He^an]heoiqo $rch* Rkcah -54.%* =qb `ai >k`aj `eaoan ^eh`qjcopdaknapeo_d ]qocane_dpapaj =jpdnklkhkcea ajpopadp ae) ja Jaq|cqn]pekj rkj Ö{ajphe_dan qj` lner]pan Kn`jqjc( `ea bÜn Dqi^kh`po lkhepeo_da Ldehkokldea cnqj`hacaj`a Rano_dea^qjcaj `an L]n]iapan aqnklÄeo_dan Okve]hkn`jqjc angajjaj hÄoop6 `ea >a`aqpqjc `ao Op]]pao bÜn `]o Iajo_doaej sen` dan]^caoapvp( qi `ea `an Caoahho_d]bp ]ho je_dplkhepeo_dan Rancaiaejo_d]bpqjc rkj Iajo_daj( `anaj Qnbkni bÜn Dqi^kh`p `ea Ran^ej`qjc rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q `]nopahhp( aiejajp ]qbvqsanpaj* Dqi^kh`p ajpb]hpap oaeja Ldehkokldea `ao Op]]pao ]qb vsae A^ajaj6 vqi aejaj cadp ao qi aeja Qjpanoq_dqjc `an Ranjqjbpgkjvalpekj `ao Op]]pao( vqi ]j`anaj ajpse_gahp an aeja cao_de_dpoldehkokldeo_da Lanolagpera( ej `an `ea >a`ejcqjcaj ednan Na]heoeanqjc ej `an aecajaj Cacajs]np na}agpeanp san`aj* Ejocao]ip gkiip ao Dqi^kh`p `]n]qb ]j( aejaj ejpacn]peraj( `ea Pdaknea qj` edna Ransenghe_dqjc j]_d I]¿c]^a `an deopkneo_daj Rkn]qooapvqjcaj ej oe_d ^ab]ooaj`aj =jo]pv rknvqhacaj( `an oe_d ]ho gkilhatao ldehk) okldeo_dao Lnkcn]ii aejan Lkhepeg `ao Bknpo_dneppo `qn_d Nabkni ^acnaebp $rch* Ranoq_d( ./2{*%* Ikpereanp eop `eaoao iep `ai O_dehhano_daj ranchae_d^]na Rkncadaj `qn_d gne) peo_da >avqcj]dia ]qb `ea qjieppah^]na Anb]dnqjc `an bn]jvÖoeo_daj Narkhqpekj6 `ea iep qjerano]hai =jolnq_d ]qbpnapaj`aj ai]jvel]peraj Bkn`anqjcaj `an Ranjqjbp oej` bÜn Dqi^kh`p qjpan >anÜ_goe_dpecqjc `an fasaehecaj gkjgnapaj deopkneo_daj >a`ejcqj) caj vq ik`e|veanaj qj` jqn qjpan Aej^aveadqjc `ao gqhpqnahhaj Ajpse_ghqjcoop]j`ao oejjrkhh vq ransenghe_daj* @ai gkjgnapaj Iajo_daj Na_djqjc vq pn]caj( eop aej @a) oe`an]p( `aooaj N]pekj]hepÄp ]qb `ai >k`aj aejan `ea Ran]^okhqpeanqjc `an Ranjqjbp

.4.

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

gknneceanaj`aj =jpdnklkhkcea Hae^jeve]jeo_dan Lnkrajeajv aejoe_dpec sen`* @an Iajo_d eop gkjveleanp ]ho Gn]bp( `ea oe_d cnqj`oÄpvhe_d ei =qop]qo_d iep `an rkncaca^ajaj Sahp na]heoeanp qj` ej ednai Ejjanaj `qn_d `eaoa Sa_doahsengqjc iep Äq¿anaj Caca^ajdae) paj ^aopeiip eop ̞ Ranjqjbp eop `]dan qj]^`ejc^]n oepqeanp* =ho ranjÜjbpecao( Vsa_ga oapvaj`ao Saoaj d]p `an Iajo_d `ea edj ej oaejai @ajgaj qj` D]j`ahj lnÄcaj`aj( Äq¿anaj B]gpknaj j]pÜnhe_dan qj` caoahho_d]bphe_dan =np aejvq^aveadaj( qi ]jcaiaooaj qj` anbkhcnae_d ok ]ceanaj vq gÖjjaj( `]oo `]o Pahko aejan =jjÄdanqjc rkj Ranjqjbpe`a) ]h qj` Senghe_dgaep annae_dp sen`* Lkhepeg ano_daejp ok ]ho vsa_gn]pekj]hao D]j`ahj( `]o `ea `qn_d `ea Ranjqjbp ^aopeiipaj Vsa_ga j]_d I]¿c]^a `an gkjgnapaj RandÄhpjeooa vq na]heoeanaj d]p*

^*

Vqn Ranjqjbpgkjvalpekj `ao Op]]pao

BÜn Dqi^kh`po Op]]popdaknea eop `ea vajpn]ha Bn]ca gh]ooeo_dan Op]]pohadnaj( sea `an Op]]p ]ho Bkni rkj Danno_d]bp hacepeiean^]n eop qj` sah_da Ranb]ooqjc aeja okh_da hacepeia Danno_d]bpobkni ]jvqjadiaj d]p( oagqj`Än* LneiÄn cadp ao qi `ea Bn]ca( ̦vq sah_dai Vsag `ea c]jva Op]]poaejne_dpqjc dej ]n^aepaj( qj` sah_da O_dn]jgaj oea ednan Seng) o]igaep oapvaj okhh*̤ $Ranoq_d( 55% Bn]caj `an Aejne_dpqjc `ao Op]]pao( `an ̦>aopeiiqjc `ao danno_daj`aj qj` `eajaj`aj Paeho `an J]pekj qj` ]hhao `aooaj( s]o vqn senghe_daj Aejne_dpqjc `an Naceanqjc cadÖnp̤( ^apna{aj bÜn Dqi^kh`p jqn `ea S]dh `an ]`Ämq]paj Ieppah bÜn `aj `qn_d `ea >aopeiiqjc oaejan PÄpecgaep `a|jeanpaj Op]]povsa_g qj` oej` `]dan `eaoai cacajÜ^an j]_dcakn`jap $rch* Ranoq_d( -13( -4,%* >avÜche_d `ao Vsa_go op]]phe_dan PÄpecgaep opahhp oe_d `ea =hpanj]pera6 Ajpsa`an ne_dpap oe_d op]]phe_da PÄpecgaep ]qb And]hpqjc ejjanan qj` Äq¿anan Oe_dandaep k`an ]qb `]o pn]`e) pekjahha Veah `ao ^kjqi _kiiqja( `an And]hpqjc ^vs* Iadnqjc `ao Skdho `an >Üncan $rch* Ranoq_d( 55b*%* Vq ajpo_dae`aj eop `ea Bn]ca j]_d `ai Vsa_g `ao Op]]pao bÜn Dqi) ^kh`p jqn ]i Ne_dpi]¿ `an >aopeiiqjc `ao Iajo_daj* @aj Aj`vsa_g `ao Iajo_daj ^aopeiip Dqi^kh`p `an Pn]`epekj `an Hae^jev)Skh{) O_dqha bkhcaj` ]ho Ranrkhhgkiijqjc( caj]qan ]ho ̦dÖ_dopa qj` lnklknpekjenhe_dopa >eh) `qjc oaejan GnÄbpa vq aejai C]jvaj*̤ $Ranoq_d( -,2% @ea i]tei]ha =qo^eh`qjc rkj GnÄbpaj( ok fa`k_d( `]oo oea oe_d vq aejai d]nikjeo_daj C]jvaj bÜcaj( oapvp j]_d Dqi) ^kh`p vsaeanhae rkn]qo6 Bnaedaep qj` ̦I]jjecb]hpecgaep `an Oepq]pekjaj̤ $a^`*%* Qjpan Bnaedaep eop je_dp jqn jac]per `ea =^oajv rkj Äq¿anai Vs]jc( okj`anj ]q_d lkoeper `ea oah^op^aopeiipa Sengo]igaep `an Ej`ere`qaj vq ranopadaj* Saeh `ea Ej`ere`qaj ]ho okh) _da ^ao_dnÄjgp oej`( anopajo ej`ai oea oe_d ]qb iadnana CacajopÄj`a ne_dpaj` edna ejjana Ajancea o_dsÄ_daj qj` vsaepajo ej`ai oea je_dp `ea c]jva BÜhha iajo_dhe_dan Rkhh) gkiiajdaep( okj`anj jqn aejaj Paeh nalnÄoajpeanaj( ^a`]nb ao vqn Annae_dqjc `ao E`a]ho i]tei]han >eh`qjc vsaeanhae6 `]o Ej`ere`qqi d]p oaeja fa qj` fa ajpse_gahpaj GnÄbpa ej `aj Ranc]jcajdaep( Cacajs]np qj` Vqgqjbp Ü^anol]jjaj`aj aejaj Ha^ajovqo]iiaj) d]jc vq ejpacneanaj( qi `]iep oaeja ejjanaj Lkpajpe]ha vq opaecanj* @eaoa `qn_d Ejpa) cn]pekj rkj ]qoca^eh`apaj BÄdecgaepaj anskn^aja E`ajpepÄp jajjp Dqi^kh`p ?d]n]gpan* @an gkjpejqeanhe_daj =jnae_danqjc `qn_d Ranaejecqjc aecajan oqgvaooer ajpse_gahpan GnÄbpa gknnaolkj`eanp `ea >anae_danqjc `qn_d `ea rkj ]j`anaj ]qocalnÄcpaj Rkhhgki) iajdaepaj ei @qn_dc]jc `qn_d aeja ̦I]jjecb]hpecgaep rkj Oepq]pekjaj̤* ̦@ajj ]q_d

SңҦҢҟҦҧ ҰҩҨ DүҧҜҩҦҞҮ

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`qn_d ]hha Lanek`aj `ao Ha^ajo annae_dp fa`an Iajo_d `ajjk_d jqn Aeja `an Rkhhgki) iajdaepaj( sah_da chae_do]i `aj ?d]n]gpan `ao c]jvaj Iajo_dajcao_dha_dpo ^eh`aj*̤ $Ranoq_d( -,3% >eh`qjc `qn_d =jaecjqjc bnai`an Rkhhgkiiajdaepaj rkhhveadp oe_d ]ho Sa_doaholeah rkj Ejjecgaep qj` Oah^opÄj`ecgaep( rkj =qbcao_dhkooajdaep bÜn `]o =j`ana qj` BÄdecgaep vqn Rans]j`hqjc ej Aecajao $rch* a^`*%* Ej sah_dai RandÄhpjeo opadaj jqj Bnaedaep qj` I]jjecb]hpecgaep `an Oepq]pekjaj vq) aej]j`an; Bnaedaep ei Oejja `an Qj]^dÄjcecgaep rkj Äq¿anai Vs]jc eop Rkn]qooapvqjc bÜn `ea S]dh rkj caaecjapaj Oepq]pekjaj( ]^an anop `an ranieppahop ednan ca^eh`apa Iajo_d g]jj oe_d oaejan Bnaedaep( ranop]j`aj ]ho ̦IÖche_dgaep aejan qj^aopeiip i]jjecb]hpecaj PdÄpecgaep̤ $Ranoq_d( -,,%( ^asqoop san`aj qj` oe_d `aicaiÄ¿ oah^op ei lnkjkj_eanpaj Oejja vqi D]j`ahj ^aopeiiaj* >eh`qjc eop iepdej Rkn]qooapvqjc `an Na]heoeanqjc rkj Bnaedaep* Sea ^anaepo ]jca`aqpap( eop `ea Hae^jevo_da Kjpkhkcea( `ea Gkjvalpekj `ao Oaeaj`aj ]ho ajpaha_de]ha Gn]bp( `ea >]oeo `eaoan =jpdnklkhkcea qj` >eh`qjcopdaknea* Dqi^kh`p ce^p `ea Rknopahhqjc ]^cao_dhkooajan Ikj]`aj( `anaj ]qoo_dhea¿he_d ejjana PÄpecgaep ej `an Ajpse_ghqjc ednan oah^op ]ho `qn_d Ckpp cao_d]{ajan ej`ere`qahhan Oq^op]jvaj ^a) opadp( ]qb* @]o ]ho Gn]bp ca`]_dpa Oaeaj`a opadp bÜn edj ej Sa_doahsengqjc iep ]j`anaj GnÄbpaj qj` anop vqbkhca `eaoao =qop]qo_do ^eh`ap ao oaeja Ej`ere`q]hepÄp ]qo* Ej`ere`q]) hepÄp sen` `]iep vqn =qbc]^a6 oea eop Naoqhp]p iajo_dhe_dan >eh`qjc qj` jqn `]nej d]p >eh`qjc edn Pahko* @an >acne{ Ej`ere`q]hepÄp sen` bÜn Dqi^kh`p vq aejan `an ]qbghÄ) naneo_daj Rknopahhqjc `ao ]^opn]gp ]hhcaiaejaj Iajo_daj( `aooaj =qovae_djqjc ej `an Ranjqjbp ^aopadp( ajpcacajcaoapvpaj( ]hha iajo_dhe_daj BÄdecgaepaj sÜn`ecaj`aj( ejpa) cn]peraj ]jpdnklkhkceo_daj G]packnea6 `an aejvahja Iajo_d( `]o Ej`ere`qqi( d]p oe_d aej I]teiqi `an `an Iajo_ddaep Ü^and]qlp iÖche_daj Rkhhgkiiajdaepaj ]jvqaecjaj( ^eh`ap oe_d ]hok e`a]hepan vqi Iajo_daj o_dha_dpdej( qj` `ea ]ho Oqiia ]hhan iajo_dhe) _daj Rkhhgkiiajdaepaj ranop]j`aja Iajo_ddaep g]jj ednanoaepo ]ho Ej`ere`qqi( ]ho aej Iajo_d rkncaopahhp san`aj $rch* Ranoq_d( --,%* =qo `eaoai Ranjqjbp^acne{ `ao Iajo_daj casejjp Dqi^kh`p `aj ajpo_dae`aj`aj Cnqj`o]pv bÜn `aj E`a]hvqop]j` `ao Iajo_daj( `an fa`an Lkhepeg vqi Cnqj`a heacaj iÜooa qj` ieppahop `aooaj ao iÖche_d san`a( `aj Vsa_g `an PÄpecgaep `ao Op]]pao vq `a|jeanaj* ̦>aseaoaj d]hpa e_d `aij]_d `qn_d `]o Rkneca( `]oo `ea s]dna Ranjqjbp `ai Iajo_daj gaejaj ]j`naj Vqop]j`( ]ho aejaj okh_daj sÜjo_daj g]jj( ej sah_dai je_dp jqn fa`an aejvahja `an qjca^qj`ajopaj Bnaedaep cajeaoop( oe_d ]qo oe_d oah^op( ej oaejan AecajpdÜihe_dgaep vq ajpseggahj( okj`anj ej sah_dai ]q_d `ea lduoeo_da J]pqn gaeja ]j`na Caop]hp rkj Iajo_dajdÄj`aj ailbÄjcp( ]ho edn fa`an Aejvahja( j]_d `ai I]]o) oa oaejao >a`Ünbjeooao qj` oaejan Jaecqjc( jqn ^ao_dnÄjgp `qn_d `ea CnÄjvaj oaejan Gn]bp qj` oaejao Na_dpo( oah^op qj` sehhgÜdnhe_d cea^p*̤ $Ranoq_d( ---% >avqcjadiaj` ]qb `ea ^ae`aj Bkniaj Äq¿anan Sengo]igaep `ao Iajo_daj( ]qb ]j`ana Iajo_daj aejan) oaepo qj` ]qb J]pqn`ejca ]j`ananoaepo( lkopqheanp `an anopa Paeh `eaoao Cnqj`o]pvao aeja iajo_dhe_da Kn`jqjc i]tei]han Bnaedaep vqi Vsa_g klpei]han =qo^eh`qjc rkj Ej`ere) `q]hepÄp( ei vsaepaj Paeh sen` `]o ne_dpeca RandÄhpjeo `ao Iajo_daj vqn Äq¿anaj J]pqn ^aopeiip* K{aj^]n sen` dean `]o e`a]ha RandÄhpjeo `ao Iajo_daj vqn Äq¿anaj J]pqn vq) chae_d ]ho aej =j]hkckj vq `ai e`a]haj RandÄhpjeo vq oaejaochae_daj caoadaj qj` rkj `an Anne_dpqjc `eaoao E`a]hvqop]j`ao ]^dÄjcec cai]_dp6 anop sajj `ea bnaea Oah^opajp) b]hpqjc `an Ej`ere`q]hepÄp annae_dp eop( gÖjjaj `ea J]pqncacajopÄj`a `qn_d `ea Caop]hpqjc

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IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

oah^op^aopeiipan Ej`ere`qaj ej ednai Aecajsanp danrknpnapaj* @ajj bÜn `ea bknieanaj) `a PÄpecgaep `ao ca^eh`apaj Ej`ere`qqio eop `ea J]pqn je_dp chae_dcÜhpecao Ieppah vqi Vsa_g( okj`anj `ea Caop]hpqjc `an J]pqn`ejca pnÄcp `an Aecaj^aopeiipdaep `ao rknca) bqj`ajaj Opk{o Na_djqjc( ranhaedp edi ej oaejan =jaecjqjc aeja dÖdana Bkni qj` hÄoop ok sea `ea Gqjop `ea O_dÖjdaep `ao Cacajop]j`ao angajj^]n san`aj( `]iep `eaoao ¤q¿a) na vqchae_d `]o Ejjana `ao caop]hpaj`aj Oq^fagpo anb]dn^]n i]_daj qj` ]qb `eaoao lkoeper vqnÜ_gsengaj g]jj $rch* Ranoq_d( -,4( -.3%*. =jca`aqpap eop deaniep aeja ^eh`qjcopdak) napeo_da Rans]j`hqjc `an Hk_gao_daj Aecajpqiohadna6 @an ej oaej aecajao Saoaj bnaecah]ooaja Iajo_d eop ]qb `aj J]pqncacajop]j` ]ho oaej lkpajpeahhao Aecajpqi ej `ai Oejja ^avkcaj( `]oo `an Cacajop]j` `ea IÖche_dgaep `an >apÄpecqjc( ]hok `an Ransenghe_dqjc `ao Aecajaj( `an Gn]bp( casÄdnp qj` ej `eaoan Ae) cajo_d]bp ]ho `an OldÄna aecajan Sengo]igaep qjpanopahhpan sen` `an Cacajop]j` vqi Aecajpqi* ̦Jqj ]^an dÄhp `an Iajo_d `]o jea ok oadn bÜn oaej( s]o an ^aoepvp( ]ho s]o an pdqp( qj` `an =n^aepan( sah_dan aejaj C]npaj ^aopahhp( eop reahhae_dp ej aejai s]dna) naj Oejja AecajpÜian ]ho `an iÜooeca O_dsahcan( `an edj cajeaoop*̤ $Ranoq_d( --0( -/-% @an Ajpsqnb aejao okh_daj ]qb `ea Bnaedaep `ao Aejvahjaj ]^da^aj`aj E`a]hvqop]j`ao eop `]o lkoepera Cacaj^eh` vq `aj rkncabqj`ajaj Bkniaj ]^opn]gp)]hhcaiaejan >adann) o_dqjc `ao Iajo_daj `qn_d `aj Op]]p qj` `an J]pqn `qn_d seooajo_d]bphe_d)pa_djeo_da Cnk¿lnkfagpa( `ea ej fa`ai B]hh Qjebknieanqjc qj` Jerahheanqjc vqn Bkhca d]^aj( ok`]oo `ea Iajo_ddaep `an vqn Annae_dqjc ednao Aj`vsa_go qjranve_dp^]naj @eranoepÄp ranhqopec cadp $rch* Ranoq_d( -,4b*%* =qo `an =jsaj`qjc `eaoao Cnqj`o]pvao ance^p oe_d jqj bÜn `ea >aopeiiqjc `an Sengo]igaep `ao Op]]pao6 @an Op]]p okhh ]hhao `]ofajeca vqi Skdh `an Caoahho_d]bp pqj( s]o `eaoaj Cnqj`o]pv je_dp ranhapvp( ̦qj` ao sÜn`a oe_d qjieppah^]n dean]qo ]q_d `ea jÄdana >aopeiiqjc anca^aj( `]oo fa`ao >aiÜdaj `ao Op]]pao ransan}e_d oae( oe_d ej `ea Lner]p]jcahacajdaepaj `an >Üncan Ü^an]hh `] aejvqieo_daj( sk `eaoah^aj je_dp qj) ieppah^]naj >avqc ]qb `ea GnÄjgqjc `an Na_dpa `ao aejaj `qn_d `aj ]j`naj d]^aj*̤ $Ranoq_d( ---%/ @]o ]^an dae¿p bÜn Dqi^kh`p( `]oo `an Op]]p ^hk¿ C]n]jp `an ejja) naj qj` Äq¿anaj Oe_dandaep oaejan >Üncan( je_dp ]^an >abÖn`anan ednao ChÜ_go vq oaej d]p* @ajj qjpan ̦Oe_dandaep̤ eop je_dpo ]j`anao ]ho ̦Caseoodaep `an caoapviÄooecaj Bnae) daep̤ $Ranoq_d( -35% vq ranopadaj* @an Vsa_g `ao Op]]pao( Na_dporandÄhpjeooa qj` `* d* caoapvhe_da Bnaedaep `qn_dvqoapvaj( eop qj]^`ejc^]na Rkn]qooapvqjc bnaean Oah^opajpb]h) pqjc `an Ej`ere`qaj( g]jj ]^an rkj `aj Ej`ere`qaj ]ho okh_daj je_dp annae_dp san`aj $rch* Ranoq_d( -/0( -4,( .00%* Ej Ani]jcahqjc aejao aej`aqpecaj( jkni]peraj Na_dpo^a) cne{o ^hae^p ao ej`aooaj bÜn Dqi^kh`p aej qjhÖo^]nao Lnk^hai( `ea Cnajvaj op]]phe_dan Bnaedaepo^ao_dnÄjgqjcaj ]hhcaiaejcÜhpec vq `a|jeanaj $rch* Rkcah -54.( 44%* @ea Jkp) saj`ecgaep `ao Op]]pao ^acnÜj`ap Dqi^kh`p ]jpdnklkhkceo_d6 ]qbcnqj` `an Lhakjatea ]ho Mqahha ]hhan Baej`oahecgaepaj rkj Iajo_daj $rch* Ranoq_d -//% ^a`]nb ao aejao C]) n]jpaj ej`ere`qahhan Bnaedaep( aejan iep dÖ_dopan se`anolnq_dohkoan Cas]hp qj` dÖ_dopan .

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J]_d D]jo)Anjop O_dehhan bkhcp Dqi^kh`p ej Dejoe_dp ]qb oaeja Ögkjkieo_daj E`a]hrknopahhqjcaj Nkqooa]q7 `* d* an lnkl]ceanp aeja Caoahho_d]bp rkj oah^opÄj`ec lnk`qveanaj`aj Ghaej^Üncanj $rch* O_dehhan -554%* Vqi Cnqj`o]pv `ao jac]peraj Op]]povsa_go rch* Ranoq_d( -.57 vqi lkoeperaj Op]]povsa_g `aj Cnqj`o]pv Ranoq_d( -/0b*

SңҦҢҟҦҧ ҰҩҨ DүҧҜҩҦҞҮ

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ne_dpanhe_dan Gn]bp $rch* Ranoq_d( -/0% ]qocaop]ppapaj Ejop]jv* Dqi^kh`p `ajgp `aj Op]]p vs]n sea `ea Pdaknapegan `ao ]qbcaghÄnpaj J]pqnna_dpo ]ho aeja `qn_d Ranpn]c danrknca) c]jcaja Aejdaep( caj]qan ]ho Aejdaep rkj J]pekjaj ei Oejja rkj Rkhgocaiaejo_d]bpaj $rch* Ranoq_d( -/-%( ej`aooaj i]jcahp `an Dqi^kh`po_daj Op]]popdaknea `]o( s]o bÜn G]jpo ]qbcaghÄnpa Op]]pogkjvalpekj gkjopepqper eop6 `ea >aopeiiqjc `ao Op]]pao dejoe_dp) he_d oaejan Naceanqjcobkni $bkni] naceiejeo% ]ho Nalq^heg]jeoiqo* @eaoai I]jcah `an >aopeiiqjc `an Naceanqjcobkni( ]hok `an ̦=np( sea `an Op]]p rkj oaejan I]_dprkhh) gkiiajdaep Ca^n]q_d i]_dp̤ $VaB( /1.%( gknnaolkj`eanp ^avÜche_d `an Bnaedaepohadna `ea rÖhheca =^oajv aejao Gkjvalpo lkhepeo_dan Bnaedaep qj` `ea aild]peo_da Dk_do_dÄp) vqjc ]lkhepeo_dan Bnaedaep ei Oejja ej`ere`qahhan Oah^op^aopeiiqjc( `ea oe_d lkoeper jqn ej aejan ]q¿anop]]phe_daj Bkni `an Caiaejo_d]bp( rkj Dqi^kh`p Caoahho_d]bp caj]jjp( na]heoeanaj g]jj $rch* O_dehhan -554( .5b*%*

_*

Cao_de_dpoldehkokldea

@ea Ranjqjbpgkjvalpekj `ao Op]]pao bÜcp Dqi^kh`p ej aeja cao_de_dpoldehkokldeo_da ^vs* gqhpqncao_de_dphe_da Lanolagpera* @aj Lnkvaoo `an >eh`qjc `an Iajo_ddaep `aq) pap Dqi^kh`p ]ho vqjadiaj`a Rancaeopecqjc ei =qoc]jc rkj Oejjhe_dai iepdehba `an >acne{a I]panea qj` Bkni ok( `]oo I]panea ]^opn]gp ranop]j`aj ]ho qjcabknipao I]j) jecb]hpecao ej qjpano_dea`he_daj Opqbaj `an Caeopecgaep Cnqj`h]ca rkj Ranaejdaephe_dqjc `qn_d Bknieanqjc eop( ok`]oo `eaoa ]ho Caop]hp ajanceo_dan PÄpecgaep $rch* Ranoq_d( -,5% ca`aqpapa Bkni ednanoaepo dÖdanopq|ca Bkniaj rkj Bkniaj danrkn^nejcp* Ao gkiip `]n) ]qb ]j( I]panea qj` Bkni ej aej d]nikjeo_dao RandÄhpjeo vq ^nejcaj6 @ea I]panea eop je_dp qjoah^opÄj`ecan( chae_dcÜhpecan Opk{( okj`anj ^aopeiip `qn_d ednaj Aecajsanp `aj N]jc `an Bkni* Ej `eaoa Opqbqjcaj aejao ]hhcaiaej( ej Dejoe_dp ]qb `ea Bknieanqjc rkj I]panea mq] Äq¿anan qj` ejjanan J]pqn a^ajok sea ej Dejoe_dp ]qb `ea `qn_d ]j`ana anb]dn^]n cai]_dpaj IÖche_dgaepaj `ao Iajo_doaejo( vq haeopaj`aj >eh`qjcolnkvaooao sen` `ea Ajpse_ghqjc `ao Op]]pao aejcakn`jap6 Op]]paj oej` dÖdanopq|ca Ranaejecqjcaj rkj Iajo_daj7 ]qo `aj J]pekjaj cadp `qn_d Ranpn]c `an Op]]p ]ho `anaj dÖdana Aejdaep danrkn $rch* Ranoq_d( -/-%7 `eaoa Bkni iqoo ednanoaepo `ai( skn]qo oea danrkncadp( ]j) caiaooaj oaej* @ea =jpega eop bÜn Dqi^kh`p aeja Alk_da( ej `an oe_d `qn_d qnolnÜjche_da qj` aecajpÜihe_da Gn]bp ^aopeiipa Iajo_daj ^acacjaj qj` ej `an `ea jk_d nkda Äq¿ana J]pqn `ea Gn]bp `ao Iajo_daj dan]qobkn`anp* @qn_d Ajpopadqjc rkj Seooajo_d]bp qj` Pa_djeg sqn`a `ea ̦lduoeo_da I]jjecb]hpecgaep canejcan̤ $Ranoq_d( --,%* AejbÖniecgaep `an Äq¿anaj J]pqn cadp aejdan iep `qn_d Gkiiqjeg]pekj qj` Gkklan]pekj dan^aecabÜdn) pan Jerahheanqjc qj` Qjebknieanqjc `an Iajo_daj oah^op $rch* Ranoq_d( -,2b*%* @eaoan Ranhqop ]j I]jjecb]hpecgaep ^a`aqpap ej`aooaj vqchae_d Ranbaejanqjc ej ikn]heo_dan qj` ejpahhagpqahhan Dejoe_dp* @ea aecaja Cacajs]np opahhp oe_d rkn `eaoai Dejpancnqj` ]ho lkhepeo_da Gneoa `]n6 @an l]pne]n_d]ha Skdhb]dnpoop]]p `ao =j_eaj NÉceia qjpan`nÜ_gp Reahb]hp qj` aecajopÄj`eca Gn]bpajpb]hpqjc `an Ej`ere`qaj qj` i]_dp oea vq chae_dbÖnie) caj l]ooeraj Qjpanp]jaj( vq I]o_dejaj $rch* Ranoq_d( --0( -.1( -/5%* @eaoa Op]]pobkni pnepp iepdej ej aejaj Se`anolnq_d vq `ai `qn_d =qbghÄnqjc qj` >eh`qjc a^ajok sea `qn_d >adanno_dqjc `an Äq¿anaj J]pqn vq bnaean Ajpb]hpqjc oaejan Ej`ere`q]hepÄp ^abÄ) decpaj Iajo_daj( ok`]oo `ea Na]heoeanqjc `an `qn_d Ranjqjbp caskjjajaj Gkjvalpekj

.42

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

`ao Iejei]hop]]pao ]ho i]tei]ha Bnaedaep `an Ej`ere`qaj casÄdnaj`ai C]n]jpaj rkj Na_dpooe_dandaep cao_de_dphe_d jkpsaj`ec sen`* Vq oaejan Eilhaiajpeanqjc ^a`]nb ao `ao lh]jiÄ¿ecaj D]j`ahjo( `* d* bÜn Dqi^kh`p `an Nabkni ]qbcaghÄnpan Nacajpaj $rch* Ranoq_d( -,-%( `ea qjpan NÜ_gcne{ ]qb `ea ̦Saeoaj̤ aeja jaqa Ne_dpqjc `an cao_de_dp) he_d `apaniejeanpaj GnÄbpa j]_d I]¿c]^a `ao E`a]ho rknvqca^aj ej `an H]ca oej` $rch* Ranoq_d( ./4%* =j Opahha rkj Narkhqpekjaj lhÄ`eanp Dqi^kh`p iepdej bÜn aeja `qn_d ejpahhagpqahha qj` lkhepeo_da Ahepaj vq ejepeeanaj`a Lkhepeg `an Nabkniaj ]ho aej `ea Kla) n]pekjaj `an J]pqn j]_d]diaj`ao D]j`ahj $rch* Ranoq_d( -,-%* Ajpo_dae`aj` eop( `]oo `eaoa Lkhepeg je_dp ]qb Pn]jobkni]pekj `ao Op]]pao vq aejan chae_da lkhepeo_da Bnaedaep qj` L]npevel]pekj aniÖche_daj`aj Nalq^heg veahp7 Dqi^kh`p oeadp `]o Daeh reahiadn ej `an saepaopcadaj`aj >abnaeqjc `ao Iajo_daj rki Op]]p ]ho Rkn]qooapvqjc `an Gkjopepqpekj aejan ]lkhepeo_daj Ran^ej`qjc rkj Iajo_daj( ej `an oea edna vq qjerano]han =qob]hpqjc rkj Ej`ere`q]hepÄp jkpsaj`eca qj` dejnae_daj`a Bnaedaep `ao Lner]pha^ajo i]tei]h ca) jea¿aj*0 Ln]teo ]ho dÖ_dopa Rkhhvqcobkni `ao Iajo_doaejo sen` `]iep rkj `an OldÄna `ao Lkhepeo_daj capnajjp( qi ej `an Caoahho_d]bp ]ho ]lkhepeo_dan Rancaiaejo_d]bpqjc rkj Iajo_daj ednaj cajqejaj Knp vq |j`aj*

`*

Caoahho_d]bp

Dqi^kh`po ]jpdnklkhkceo_da >aopeiiqjc `ao Aj`vsa_go `ao Iajo_daj ]ho ̦dÖ_dopa qj` lnklknpekjeanhe_da >eh`qjc̤ eop `]o Bqj`]iajp bÜn oaeja Hadna rkj `an Caoahho_d]bp ]ho ]lkhepeo_dan Bkni `an Ran^ej`qjc* Vqn Oah^oplanbagpekjeanqjc ^a`]nb ao `ao =qo) p]qo_do iep ]j`anaj Iajo_daj qj` ejokbanj `an aejvahja Iajo_d ]qb >eh`qjc oaejan oah^op vqn Iajo_ddaep ]jcahacp eop( oej` `ea >aveadqjcaj vq ]j`anaj je_dp ]ho ^hk¿a Ieppah vqi Vsa_g ej`ere`qahhan >eh`qjc ]jcaoapvp7 ]ho `ea aejvec ]jcaiaooaja Rkhhvqco) bkni `ao Iajo_doaejo d]^aj oea reahiadn `aj ?d]n]gpan `ao Oah^opvsa_go* =qbcnqj` `an rkj fa`ai Ej`ere`qqi ]qovqpn]caj`aj Ol]jjqjc vseo_daj Aj`he_dgaep qj` E`a]h eop Oadjoq_dp j]_d Ranaejecqjc iep `ai ]j`anaj bÜn `]o Iajo_doaej gkjopepqper $rch* Ran) oq_d( -,4%* @ea `]n]qo ans]_doaj`a Ran^ej`qjc rkj Iajo_daj opahhp oe_d bÜn Dqi^kh`p ]ho aej gkilhatao Sa_doahrandÄhpjeo rkj ejjanai qj` Äq¿anai Oaej `]n $rch* a^`*%6 @]o Ejjana `ao vqn Aejdaep aejao ?d]n]gpano `qn_dca^eh`apaj Iajo_daj opahhp oe_d ei ¤q¿a) naj `]n qj` `qn_d `ea S]dh caaecjapan Äq¿anan Oepq]pekjaj oapvp oe_d `an Lnkvaoo `an Oah^opranrkhhgkiijqjc bknp $rch* Ranoq_d( --5%* ̦@]o dÖ_dopa E`a]h `ao Vqo]iiaja) teopenajo iajo_dhe_dan Saoaj sÄna ien `]ofajeca( ej `ai fa`ao jqn ]qo oe_d oah^op( qj` qi oaejan oah^op sehhaj oe_d ajpseggahpa* Lduoeo_da qj` ikn]heo_da Jkpsaj`ecgaep sÜn) `a `eaoa Iajo_daj o_dkj jk_d ]j aej]j`an bÜdnaj qj` W̪Y `]o Nejcaj `an GnÄbpa `eaoan Iajo_daj WsÜn`aY `ea dÖ_dopa Ajancea vqchae_d ^asaeoaj qj` anvaqcaj*̤ $Ranoq_d( -,5% @eaoa =np `an Caiaejo_d]bp sÜn`a aejaj Cn]` rkj ejpahhagpqahhan qj` ikn]heo_dan Gqh) pqn dan^aebÜdnaj( ej `ai oah^op `ea baej`oahecaj Jaecqjcaj qj` `ea `]n]qo naoqhpeanaj`aj 0

@an Op]]p eop je_dp `ea Bkni( sea `]o Ranjqjbplnejvel `ao Na_dpo na]heoeanp sen`( qj` je_dp `ea Bkni rkj Caiaejo_d]bp( ej `ea `an Iajo_d qi oaejao Op]pqo ]ho Dann oaejan oah^op sehhaj aejvqpnapaj d]p7 okj`anj `an Ranjqjbpvsa_g `ao Iajo_daj eop i]tei]ha =qo^eh`qjc ]hhan BÄdecgaepaj( ]hok Gqhpqn*

SңҦҢҟҦҧ ҰҩҨ DүҧҜҩҦҞҮ

.43

¼^ancne{a edna O_dna_ghe_dgaep ranhÖnaj $rch* Ranoq_d( -.4%( ok`]oo `an Op]]p paj`ajveahh Ü^an}Üooec sÜn`a* @ea Ada( ranop]j`aj ]ho ̦WaYeja Ran^ej`qjc rkj Lanokjaj ^ae`anhae Cao_dha_dpo( sah_da oe_d can]`a ]qb `ea Cao_dha_dporano_dea`ajdaep cnÜj`ap̤ $Ranoq_d( --5%( eop bÜn Dqi^kh`p `]o L]n]`eci] qj` `ea Gaeivahha aejan okh_daj danno_d]bpobnaeaj Ranaejecqjc rkj Iajo_daj6 ̦@qn_d Ran^ej`qjcaj ]hok( `ea ]qo `ai Ejjnaj `an Saoaj ajpolnejcaj( iqoo aejan `aj Nae_dpqi `ao ]j`naj oe_d aecaj i]_daj* Aeja okh_da _d]n]gpan^eh`aj`a Ran^ej`qjc eop( j]_d `an Anb]dnqjc ]hhan( ]q_d okc]n `an nkdaopaj J]pekjaj( v* >* `ea Ran^ej`qjc `an ^ae`aj Cao_dha_dpan*̤ $Ranoq_d( -,3% Dqi^kh`p nagh]ieanp `ea Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv ]ho `aj `ea oejjhe_d)ranjÜjbpeca J]pqn `ao Iajo_daj vqi =qo`nq_g ^nejcaj`aj Qjpano_dea`* @ea `]o Iajo_doaej ]qoi]_daj) `a oejjhe_d)caeopeca J]pqn pnepp bÜn Dqi^kh`p ej `an @e{anajv `an Cao_dha_dpan( `ao IÄjjhe_daj qj` Sae^he_daj( ]qoaej]j`an( qi `qn_d edna Ranaejecqjc aeja `an Rano_dea) `ajdaep `an Paeha `eaoao C]jvaj( `ao lneiÄn Oejjhe_dgaep nalnÄoajpeanaj`aj Sae^he_daj iep `ai ejo^aokj`ana Ranjqjbp nalnÄoajpeanaj`aj IÄjjhe_daj( cao_dqh`apa @uj]ieg ajpopadaj vq h]ooaj( `ea `ea C]jvdaep `an iajo_dhe_daj J]pqn ei Sa_doaholeah rkj Ej) janai qj` ¤q¿anai vqn @]nopahhqjc qj` Ajpb]hpqjc ^nejcp* @ea Opanakpulaj `an Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpana san`aj iepdej rkj Dqi^kh`p gkjoanreanp( ]^an rÖhhec jaq ^asanpap( ok`]oo `]o pn]`epekjahha O_dai]( skj]_d `an I]jj `]o L]n]) `eci] `ao Iajo_doaejo eop( `qn_d^nk_daj eop6 ̦`ea Sae^an Woej`Y aecajphe_d `ai E`a]ha `an Iajo_ddaep jÄdan( ]ho `an I]jj*̤ $Ranoq_d( -.,% @eaoa =qbsanpqjc `ao Sae^he_daj eop aeja Bkhca `an Jaq^asanpqjc rkj Oejjhe_dgaep `* d* NavalperepÄp6 Sajj `]o E`a]h `an Iajo_ddaep( `ea i]tei]ha =qo`e{anajveanqjc qj` vqchae_d d]nikjeo_da =qo^eh`qjc rkj GnÄbpaj( jqn `qn_d =jaecjqjc `an Rkhhgkiiajdaep ]j`anan annae_d^]n eop( `]jj eop `]o ]qb NavalperepÄp ]jcahacpa sae^he_da Cao_dha_dp ^arknvqcp* Ej`ai `]o sae^he_da Ca) o_dha_dp ej `an H]ca eop( reahao ]qbvqjadiaj( ao ]^an vqchae_d ej oe_d vq ^eh`aj qj` ]ho ok cabknipao saepanvqca^aj( anbÜhhp ao adan ]ho `]o iÄjjhe_da `]o E`a]h `ao Iajo_daj $rch* a^`*%* @ea Ada eop aeja Äq¿ana Ha^ajosaeoa( `ea rkhhopÄj`ec `qn_d `aj ?d]n]gpan `an ran) ^qj`ajaj Ej`ere`qaj calnÄcp sen`( `anaj Cahejcaj k`an Ieoohejcaj ̦dÖdana Ranrkhh) gkiijqjc̤ k`an ̦Ano_dh]{qjc̤ `ao Saoajo vqn Bkhca d]p $rch* Ranoq_d( --5%* =ho aeja dejoe_dphe_d ednan CnÜj`a qj` Bkhcaj rkhhgkiiaj ]qb `ea ^apaehecpaj Ej`ere`qaj ]qocane_dpapa Ran^ej`qjc iqoo `ea Ada rkj ]hhaj op]]phe_daj Nacahqjcaj rano_dkjp san) `aj* Vs]n heacp `an adahe_daj Ran^ej`qjc aej Ranpn]c vqcnqj`a( ]^an `aooaj =q}Öoqjc iqoo fa`anvaep iÖche_d oaej $rch* Ranoq_d( -5/%* @ajj ^ae `eaoai Ranpn]c cadp ao je_dp jqn qi Ranaej^]nqjcaj Ü^an ^aopeiipa D]j`hqjcaj( okj`anj an ^apne{p ̦ei aecajphe) _daj Oejja `ea Lanokj qj` `ea c]jva Ha^ajosaeoa̤ $a^`*%7 aej okh_dao RandÄhpjeo qjpan AnsÄcqjcaj `ao Jqpvajo k`an qjpan `ai Caoe_dpolqjgp `ao ^ej`aj`aj Ranolna_dajo baopo_dnae^aj vq skhhaj( se`anolnÄ_da `ai Cnqj`o]pv `an =qone_dpqjc op]]phe_dan I]¿) j]diaj ]i I]¿op]^ `an >abÖn`anqjc bnaean Oah^opajpb]hpqjc `an Ej`ere`qaj* @an Op]]p okhh ]hok ̦Ü^and]qlp rkj `an Ada oaeja c]jva Sengo]igaep ajpbanjaj( qj` `eaoah^a reah) iadn `an bnaeaj SehhgÜdn `an Ej`ere`qaj( qj` `an rkj edjaj anne_dpapaj i]jjecb]hpecaj RanpnÄca W̪Y cÄjvhe_d Ü^anh]ooaj*̤ $Ranoq_d( -.-b*% @ea =hhcaiaejdaep rkj Caoapvaj heaba `an qjanhÄoohe_daj ej`ere`qahhaj =qocaop]hpqjc `eaoan Ejopepqpekj a^ajok vqse`an( sea edna Nachaiajpeanqjc ]i Ne_dpi]¿ ]q¿and]h^ `an oq^pehaj @uj]ieg rkj ejjanai

.44

IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

qj` Äq¿anai Oaej heacaj`an Vsa_ga sea v* >* ̦>arÖhganqjc( Anveadqjc `an Gej`an q* o* b*̤ $Ranoq_d( -.-% `ai Oah^opvsa_g_d]n]gpan `eaoan ejjecopaj Ran^ej`qjc rkj Iaj) o_daj se`anolne_dp* @ea rkj Nkqooa]q gkjveleanpa =q{]ooqjc `an Ada ]ho aejan aooajpeahh ]qb `an Oepp) he_dgaep `an Bn]q ^]oeanaj`aj Ejopepqpekj( `an oe_d `ea vqn =qbna_dpand]hpqjc ^Üncanhe) _dan Caoahho_d]bp anbkn`anhe_da Ikn]heoeanqjc `ao I]jjao qj` `an Iajo_ddaep ran`]jgp( cnaebp Dqi^kh`p rans]j`ahp ]qb* BÜn edj ̦dÄjcp rkj `an =qo^eh`qjc `ao sae^he_daj ?d]n]gpano ej `an Caoahho_d]bp ok qjaj`he_d reah ]^̤ $Ranoq_d( -.,%( `ai Sengaj `an olave|o_d sae^he_daj( vqn =jaecjqjc `ao Bnai`aj qj` vqn Saepanc]^a `ao `qn_d >eh) `qjc ei Ejjanaj cahÄqpanpaj =j`anaj lnÄ`aopejeanpaj Gn]bp ran`]jgp oe_d ej anopan Hejea `ea DÖdanajpse_ghqjc qj` `an Vqo]iiajd]hp `an Caoahho_d]bp* @ea ]qb @e{anajv ^a) cnÜj`apa( _d]n]gpan^eh`aj`a Aejdaep `an Cao_dha_dpan eop bÜn Dqi^kh`p aej Cacaj^eh` vqi qjebknieanaj`aj( ^aopajb]hho ]qb na_dphe_da( ]hok Äq¿ana RandÄhpjeooa sengaj`aj Op]]pao( `ea ajpolna_daj` ]j`ano ]ho ^ae Nkqooa]q je_dp ]ho L}]jvopÄppa `ao caiaejaj Saoajo( okj`anj ]ho Gaeivahha `an Caoahho_d]bp ]ho j]pÜnhe_dan( pahakhkceo_d ]qb Oah^op) ^eh`qjc cane_dpapan Rancaiaejo_d]bpqjc rkj Iajo_daj ca`]_dp eop* @ea Ada opahhp `ea c]jva J]pqn `ao Iajo_daj ]ho Aejdaep `ao @e{anajpaj `]n qj` oea sen` ejo^aokj`ana `qn_d `aj =jpaeh `ao Sae^he_daj vqchae_d vqi ajpo_dae`aj`aj G]p]huo]pkn `an >eh`qjc `an Iajo_ddaep* @an olave|o_da Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan `an Bn]q g]jj oe_d j]_d Dqi^kh`p fa`k_d jqn qjpan cÜjopecaj caoahho_d]bphe_daj RandÄhpjeooaj ajpse_gahj* @ajj vqbkhca ednan L]ooe) repÄp eop `ea sae^he_da Gn]bp paj`ajveahh cabÄdn`ap k`an lnejveleahh ennepean^]n* Jqn `ea =n^aepopaehqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan ajph]jc `an Pnajjqjc rkj kegko qj` lkheo( rkj Lner]) pai qj` ¶{ajphe_dai( ok`]oo `]o Sae^he_da ej `ai je_dp ]qb G]ilb qj` @qn_doapvqjc cane_dpapaj O_dkjn]qi `ao D]qoao `aj cajqejaj Knp oaejan Sengo]igaep |j`ap( o_d]{p `ea klpei]haj Rkn]qooapvqjcaj vqn ca`aedhe_daj Ajpb]hpqjc oaejao Saoajo* Qj` ej`ai `]o sae^he_da Cao_dha_dp oaejan saoajocaiÄ¿aj Sengo]igaep ajpolna_daj` oe_d oah^op vqn BÜhha iajo_dhe_dan IÖche_dgaepaj ^eh`ap( bqjceanp ao ej `an iajo_dhe_daj Caoahh) o_d]bp ]ho `]o ̦ejaejo̤ Aejdaep qj` BÜhha casÄdnaj`a Ahaiajp*

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SңҦҢҟҦҧ ҰҩҨ DүҧҜҩҦҞҮ

.45

fasaeho aejao Ikiajpao ^aopadp* Saeh fa`ao Cao_dha_dp `]o C]jva eop( ]^an jqn aejao oaejan Ikiajpa ]gpq]heoeanp( opna^p ao j]_d Ran^ej`qjc iep `ai ]j`anaj( qi ̞ oe_d ei =j`anaj ancÄjvaj` ̞ oaeja Aj`he_dgaep vq Ü^ansej`aj* @ea Cao_dha_dpan^aveadqjc sen` `]iep vqi L]n]`eci]( ej `ai oe_d `ea ]qb Pkp]hepÄp veahaj`a( `]dan ]qb `ea Ran^ej`qjc iep =j`anai ]jcaseaoaja >eh`qjco`uj]ieg `ao Aj`he_daj `]nopahhp qj` na]heoeanp* BÜn aej okh_dao @ajgaj( sah_dao `ea bnaea qj` ejpacn]pera Oah^opajpb]hpqjc `ao Aj`he_daj ei =qop]qo_d iep `an qjaj`he_daj I]jjecb]hpecgaep `an Sahp ]ho ̦dÖ_dopao Cqp̤ ]joapvp( sen` `]o Kn`jqjcoik`ahh rkj Danno_d]bp k^okhap* Sen` `aiajpolna_daj` `]o @ajgaj ej dean]n_deo_daj Qjpano_dea`aj vqcqjopaj `an Haepe`aa d]nikjeo_dan C]jvdaep qj` BÜhha rkj chae_dsanpecai @e{anajpaj lnaeocaca^aj( g]jj ao sa`an ei Ejjanaj `an Oq^fagpa( ednan oejjhe_d)ranjÜjbpecaj J]pqn( jk_d ej `aj >aveadqjcaj vq ]j`anaj Iajo_daj qi >adanno_dqjc `ao aejaj Paeho `qn_d `aj ]j`anaj cadaj( qj` `]o cehp bÜn `]o RandÄhpjeo vqn Äq¿anaj J]pqn a^ajok* @an ]qb `ea Nkhha `ao Oe_dandaepoc]n]jpaj na`qveanpa Op]]p eop `ea aejveca jk_d ]ho jkpsaj`ec ]jang]jjpa Bkni rkj Danno_d]bp* Caoahho_d]bp qj` B]iehea oej` ]ho danno_d]bpobnaea OldÄnaj `an Oah^opransenghe_dqjc rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q ]jcaoapvp* @]o ]qb `ea Ghaejb]iehea na`qveanpa D]qo sen` jaq `a|jeanp6 Ao eop je_dp hÄjcan ]ho vqchae_d `ai Lkhepeo_daj gkilhaiajpÄnao qj` ]qb `eaoao pahakhkceo_d dejcakn`japao Danno_d]bpoca^eh`a vq `ajgaj( ao ranheanp `]iep ejaejo oaejaj Op]pqo `an Iej`ansanpecgaep ]ho `an OldÄna `ao ^hk¿ J]pÜnhe_daj vqcakn`japan Knp `an Nalnk`qgpekj rkj Ej`ere`qaj qj` C]ppqjc* Rkn `eaoai Dejpancnqj` eop ]q_d `]o Naoe`qqi pn]`epekjahhan Rknopahhqjcaj( `ea Vqkn`jqjc `an Bn]q vqi D]qo qj` `ea `ao I]jjao vqn OldÄna ̦ÄqoonaWnY Cao_dÄbpa̤ $Ranoq_d( -.-% vq `aqpaj6 @ea B]iehea ]ho SengqjcoopÄppa `an Bn]q eop ]ho `an rkj ]hhaj VsÄjcaj `ao Jqpvajo ^abnaepa Knp qjcaopÖnpan Oah^opajpb]hpqjc ]qbcasanpap qj` jqn ej `eaoan aqldaieopeo_daj( k{ajoe_dp) he_d ]j `aj RandÄhpjeooaj `ao =`aho kneajpeanpaj Lanolagpera eop oea ]ho Gaeivahha qj` Rkno_daej bnaean Caoahho_d]bp o_dha_dpdej rknopahh^]n* =q{Ähhec eop( `]oo `ea OldÄna iÄjjhe_dan Sengo]igaep( `ea `an Äq¿anaj Cao_dÄbpa( ]hok `ea `ao ¶gkjkieo_daj( jqn ^aehÄq|c ansÄdjp( ]^an je_dp gkjvalpqahh ]qoca]n^aepap eop7 ao g]jj oe_d sa`an qi `ea `ao Op]]pao( jk_d `ea `an Caoahho_d]bp d]j`ahj* @ajj Caoahho_d]bp eop ^ae Dqi^kh`p je_dp sea olÄpan ^ae Dacah ]ho Caiaejo_d]bp gkjgqnneanaj`an Senpo_d]bpooq^fagpa( okj`anj ]ho Caiaejo_d]bp bnae gkiiqjeveanaj`an( oe_d ^eh`aj`an Ej`ere`qaj ^aopeiip* Ejocao]ip caoadaj eop ]^an Dqi^kh`po Ajpsqnb aejan e`a]haj Okve]hkn`jqjc rkj `ai vqi L]n]`eci] `ao Iajo_doaejo ]qb) qj` qicasanpapaj Sae^he_daj dan gkjveleanp6 @ea `an Bn]q aecajpÜihe_da Sengqjcosaeoa( `ea =j`anao ej oaejai Aecajsanp sÜn`ecp qj` `qn_d =ooeieh]pekj anb]dn^]n i]_dp( pnÄcp lkoeper vqn Ajpse_ghqjc `an Caoahho_d]bp ^ae* Je_dp `an Op]]p( okj`anj `ea Caoahho_d]bp sen` `]iep bÜn Dqi^kh`p vqn cajqejaj OldÄna iajo_dhe_dan Oah^opransenghe_dqjc* Ok hea¿a oe_d rkj aejan Ransae^he_dqjc `an Okve]hkn`jqjc ]ho c]jvan olna_daj( `ea `ea Ü^angkiiaja Atghqoekj `ao Sae^he_daj rki Op]]phe_d)Lkhepeo_daj ]qb jaqa Saeoa vqn Cahpqjc ^nejcp*

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IқҬңҩҨ DҟңҨҴ

1*

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Dqi^kh`p( Sehdahi r*6 Lh]j aejan ranchae_daj`aj =jpdnklkhkcea( ej6 Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`po Cao]iiahpa O_dnebpaj( dc* r* =h^anp Haepv) i]jj( >`* -( >anhej -5,/( /33̞0-, Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`po >neaba ]j ?dneope]j Ckppbnea` GÖnjan( dc* r* =h^anp Haepvi]jj( >anhej -50, $J]_d`nq_g R]`qv -521%( $Deopkneo_da Opq`eaj Dabp /23%( 1̞4 Dacah( C* S* B*6 @e{anajv `ao Be_dpao_daj qj` O_dahhejco_daj Ouopaio `an Ldehkokldea( ej6 @ano*6 Sanga ej vs]jvec >Äj`aj( >`* . $Faj]an O_dnebpaj -4,-̞-4,3%( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* -53, Dqi^kh`p( S* r*6 ¼^an `ea iÄjjhe_da qj` sae^he_da Bkni( ej6 Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`po Cao]iiahpa O_dnebpaj( dc* r* =h^anp Haepvi]jj( >`* -( >anhej -5,/( //1̞/25 Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`po Cao]iiahpa O_dnebpaj( dc* r* =h^anp Haepv) i]jj( -3* >`a*( >anhej -5,/̞-5/2 Dqi^kh`p( Sehdahi r*6 ¼^an `aj Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea` ej `an knc]) jeo_daj J]pqn( ej6 Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`po Cao]iiahpa O_dnebpaj( dc* r* =h^anp Haepvi]jj( >`* -( >anhej -5,/( /--̞//0 G]jp( Eii]jqah6 Gnepeg `an Qnpaehogn]bp( ej6 @ano*6 Cao]iiahpa O_dneb) paj( dc* r* `an GÖjeche_d Lnaq¿eo_daj =g]`aiea `an Seooajo_d]bpaj( >`* 1( >anhej+Haelvec -5./ Dqi^kh`p( Sehdahi r*6 Pdaknea `an >eh`qjc `ao Iajo_daj( ej6 Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`po Cao]iiahpa O_dnebpaj( dc* r* =h^anp Haepvi]jj( >`* -( >anhej -5,/( .4.̞.43 Dqi^kh`p( Sehdahi r*6 ¤opdapeo_da Ranoq_da* Anopan Paeh6 ¼^an Cka) pdao Dani]jj qj` @knkpda]( ej6 Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`po Cao]iiahpa O_dnebpaj( dc* r* =h^anp Haepvi]jj( >`* .( >anhej -5,/( --/̞/./ Dqi^kh`p( Sehdahi r*6 E`aaj vq aejai Ranoq_d( `ea Cnajvaj `an Seng) o]igaep `ao Op]]pao vq ^aopeiiaj( ej6 Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`po Cao]i) iahpa O_dnebpaj( dc* r* =h^anp Haepvi]jj( >`* -( >anhej -5,/( 53̞.10 Dqi^kh`p( Sehdahi r*6 Navajoekj rkj F]_k^eo Skh`ai]n( ej6 Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`po Cao]iiahpa O_dnebpaj( dc* r* =h^anp Haepvi]jj( >`* -( >anhej -5,/( .44̞/-, G]jp( Eii]jqah6 Vqi asecaj Bnea`aj( ej6 @ano*6 Cao]iiahpa O_dneb) paj( dc* r* `an GÖjeche_d Lnaq¿eo_daj =g]`aiea `an Seooajo_d]bpaj( >`* 4( >anhej -5-.+./( /0-̞/42

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SңҦҢҟҦҧ ҰҩҨ DүҧҜҩҦҞҮ

.5-

Dknopi]jj( Nkhb)Lapan .,,06 @ea Cnajvaj `an Ranjqjbp* Aeja Qjpanoq_dqjc vq Veahaj qj` Ikperaj `ao @aqpo_daj E`a]heoiqo( /* =q}*( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* Gkop( FÜncaj .,,06 Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`p( Saei]nan Gh]ooeg( ^Üncanhe_dao >asqoopoaej* Gqhpqnahha AjpsÜnba ej @aqpo_dh]j` qi -4,,( SÜnv^qnc Hajken( Peikpdu -54,6 G]jp( >hqiaj^]_d( ]j` Rep]h I]pane]heoi ej Cani]j >ekhkcu( Eoeo 3- $-54,%( Jn* .12( 33̞-,4 Hajken( Peikpdu -54-6 Pda CÖppejcaj O_dkkh ]j` pda @arahkliajp kb Pn]jo_aj`ajp]h J]pqnldehkokldea ej pda Nki]jpe_ An]( ej6 ?khai]j( Sehhe]i+Heikcao( ?]iehha $Dc*%6 Opq`eao ej Deopknu kb >ekhkcu( Hkj`kj( ---̞.,1 Iajva( ?haiajo -5216 Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`po Hadna qj` >eh` rki Iajo_daj( N]pejcaj Iajva( ?haiajo -55/6 Vaqcqjc qj` >eh`qjc ej `an >eh`qjcoldehkokldea Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`po( ej6 Dah`( Gh]qo+Dajjecbah`( Fk_dai $Dc*%6 G]packneaj `an Ateopajv* Baopo_dnebp bÜn Skhbc]jc F]jga( SÜnv^qnc( -.-̞-00 Lapanoaj( Fajo .,,36 Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`po Na_dpoldehkokldea( .*( jaq ^a]n^aepapa =q}*( >anhej Lkpp( D]jo)Caknc .,,46 Ln]ci]peo_da =jpdnklkhkcea ^ae G]jp( O_dehhan qj` Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`p( ej Bacan( D]jo+>neppj]_dan( D]jo Ne_d]n` $Dc*% .,,46 @ea Na]hepÄp `an E`a]heopaj* Bnea`ne_d O_dehhan* Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`p* =hat]j`an rkj Dqi^kh`p( GÖhj+Saei]n+Seaj( .,/̞.-/ Naa`( Panaj_a F]iao .,,46 ¼^an =niqp qj` SÜn`a* O_dehhan( Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`p qj` `an Skdhb]dnpoop]]p( ej6 Bacan( D]j`+>neppj]_dan( D]jo Ne_d]n` $Dc*% .,,46 @ea Na]hepÄp `an E`a]heopaj* Bnea`ne_d O_dehhan* Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`p* =hat]j`an rkj Dqi^kh`p( GÖhj+Saei]n+ Seaj( .11̞.22 Naehh( Lapan D]jjo -55,6 @]o Lnk^hai `ao =hhcaiaejaj qj` >aokj`anaj ei cao_de_dphe_daj @ajgaj qj` ej `aj deopknekcn]ldeo_daj @]nopahhqjcaj `ao olÄpaj -4* F]dndqj`anpo( ej6 =_d]i( G]nh+ O_dqhva( Sejbnea` $Dc*%6 Paeh qj` C]jvao* Vqi RandÄhpjeo rkj Aejvah) qj` Cao]ip]j]huoa ej Cao_de_dpo) qj` Okve]hseooajo_d]bpaj( IÜj_daj( -0-̞-24 O_dehhan( D]jo A* -5546 @ea Oln]_da `an na]haj Bnaedaep* Oln]_da qj` Okve]hldehkokldea ^ae Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`p( SÜnv^qnc Olepp]( @eapne_d .,,06 @ea Op]]poe`aa Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`po( >anhej Rkcah( Qnoqh] -54.6 He^anpu eo >a]qpebqh* Rkj Dqi^kh`p̢o Cebp pk He^an]heoi( Deopknu kb Lkhepe_]h Pdkqcdp( Rkh* EE( F]jq]nu -54.( 33̞-,Rkcah( Qnoqh] -5436 Dqi^kh`p ]j` pda Nki]jpe_o6 Jaepdan D]qobn]q jkn ?epkuajja( ej6 Gajja`u( Ahhaj+Iaj`qo( Oqo]j $Dc*%6 Skiaj ej Saopanj Lkhepe_]h Ldehkokldu* G]jp pk Jeapvo_da( >necdpkj( -,2̞-.2 VÖhhan( CÜjpan .,-,6 I]jjecb]hpecgaep qj` PÄpecgaep* Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`po gnepeo_da Gqhpqnldehkokldea*( ej6 Opkhvaj^anc( FÜncaj+Qhne_do( H]no)Pd]`a $Dc*% .,-,6 >eh`qjc ]ho Gqjop* Be_dpa( O_dehhan( Dqi^kh`p( Jeapvo_da( >anhej( -3-̞-5.

=ҨҞҬҟқҭ =ҬҨҞҮ

Bnea`ne_d @]jeah Anjop O_dhaeani]_dan6 ̦Qjaj`he_da Iajo_ddaep ej `an DÜhha `an IÄjjhe_dgaep qj` `an Sae^he_dgaep̤

-*

Ha^aj qj` Sang

Bnea`ne_d @]jeah Anjop O_dhaeani]_dan sqn`a ]i .-* Jkrai^an -324 ej >naoh]q ]ho Okdj aejao nabknieanpaj lnaq¿eo_daj Bah`lna`ecano ca^knaj* -34/ sqn`a an ̞ vqo]iiaj iep oaejaj Cao_dseopanj ̞ ej `ea K^dqp `an Dannjdqpeo_daj >nÜ`ancaiaeja caca^aj( `anaj LÄ`]ckceqi $Cuij]oeqi% ej Jeaogu ^ae CÖnhepv an ]^okhreanpa( ^arkn an ei Oal) pai^an -341 `]o Oaiej]neqi `an >nÜ`ancaiaeja ej >]n^u( aeja QjeranoepÄp bÜn `aj @eajop ej `an Caiaej`a( ^avkc* J]_d o_dsanaj ejjanaj GÄilbaj hÖopa oe_d O_dhaeani]) _dan -343 rkj `an >nÜ`ancaiaeja( sk^ae an rkj oaejai Kjgah O]iqah Anjop Peikpdaqo Opq^ajn]q_d $-3/4̞-4,3% qjpanopÜpvp sqn`a( `an ej D]hha Nagpkn `ao nabknieanpaj Cui) j]oeqio qj` @kvajp ]j `an QjeranoepÄp s]n* Rki Okiian -343 ^eo vqi BnÜdf]dn -345 opq`eanpa an `knp Pdakhkcea qj`( rkn ]hhai( Ldehkokldea ^ae Fkd]jj =qcqop A^and]n` $-3/5̞-4,5%* J]_d >aaj`ecqjc `ao Opq`eqio ei I]e -345 oea`ahpa O_dhaeani]_dan j]_d @nkooaj Ü^an( sk Opq^ajn]q_d ejvseo_daj aeja H]j`lb]nna Ü^anjkiiaj d]ppa* Ei I]e -35, hacpa an ej >anhej `]o anopa pdakhkceo_da At]iaj ]^( qi ]jo_dhea¿aj` aeja D]qohadnanopahha ^ae `aj Cn]baj @kdj] ej O_dhk^eppaj $Koplnaq¿aj% ]jvqpnapaj* J]_d Iaejqjcorano_dea`ajdaepaj Ü^an `ea Anveadqjcocnqj`oÄpva c]^ O_dhaeani]_dan -35/ `eaoa Opahha ]qb qj` pn]p o_dhea¿he_d ej >anhej ej aej Hadnanoaiej]n aej* -350 sa_doah) pa an fa`k_d j]_d oaejai vsaepaj pdakhkceo_daj At]iaj ]qb aeja Dehbolna`ecanopahha ej H]j`o^anc ]j `an S]npda* @knp oapvpa an je_dp jqn oaeja ldehkokldeo_daj Opq`eaj bknp( okj`anj pn]p ]q_d ]ho ¼^anoapvan ]qo `ai Ajcheo_daj danrkn qj` ans]n^ oe_d `aj Nqb aejao ]qocavae_djapaj Lna`ecano* -352 sqn`a O_dhaeani]_dan ]ho nabknieanpan Lna`ecan ]j `ea >anhejan ?d]nepÉ ^anqbaj( sk an ^eo -4,. ^hea^* Dean pn]p an ej `ea Sahp `an ca) hadnpaj Caoahho_d]bpaj $sea v* >* `ea Ieppsk_dcaoahho_d]bp% qj` `an hepan]neo_daj O]hkjo ̞ rknjadihe_d ei D]qoa rkj Dajneappa Danv $-320̞-403% ̞ aej( sk an ]q_d Bnea`ne_d O_dhacah $-33.̞-4.5% gajjaj hanjpa( iep `ai an rkj Aj`a -353 ^eo vq O_dhacaho ¼^an) oea`hqjc j]_d Faj] ei Oalpai^an -355 ej aejan Skdjqjc vqo]iiaj ha^pa qj` ]n^aepapa* Edn ̦Ouildehkokldeanaj̤ b]j` Jea`ano_dh]c ej hepan]neo_daj =n^aepaj( vq `ajaj O_dhacah `aj Bnaqj` `nÄjcpa* O_dhaeani]_dan ]n^aepapa ]i =pdaj]aqi `an >nÜ`an O_dhacah iep

.50

=ҨҞҬҟқҭ =ҬҨҞҮ

qj` Ü^anj]di vaepsaehec ]q_d `ea Na`]gpekj `an Vaepo_dnebp7 reaha caiaejo]ia Lnkfagpa ̞ ok aej =jpe)Hae^jev ̞ ^hea^aj qj]qocabÜdnp* @]ja^aj ranÖ{ajphe_dpa O_dhaeani]_dan `aj Ranoq_d aejan Pdaknea `ao caoahhecaj >apn]cajo $-355%( `ea Na`aj Ü^an `ea Nahecekj $-355%( `ea Ranpn]qpaWjY >neaba Ü^an Bnea`ne_d O_dhacaho Hq_ej`a $-4,,% qj` `ea Ikjk) hkcaj $-4,,%( sk^ae ]hha `eaoa O_dnebpaj ]jkjui ano_deajaj* O_dhaeani]_dan pn]p ]q_d saepandej ]ho ¼^anoapvan ]qo `ai Ajcheo_daj danrkn ̞ vqi Paeh caiaejo]i iep Dajne) appa Danv ̞ qj` ^ac]jj( ]jcanacp `qn_d Bnea`ne_d O_dhacaho Lnkfagp aejan caiaejo]iaj ¼^anoapvqjc( iep ejpajoeraj Opq`eaj vq Lh]pkj* Je_dp vqhapvp baopecpa O_dhaeani]_dan ej oaejan Vaep ]ho ?d]nepÉ)Lna`ecan oaejaj Nqb ]ho Lna`ecan qj` ranÖ{ajphe_dpa -4,- aeja anopa O]iihqjc oaejan Lna`ecpaj* O_dhaeani]_dano Paehj]dia ]j `an bnÜdnki]jpeo_daj >asacqjc( oaej Qic]jc ej `aj fÜ`eo_daj O]hkjo qj` je_dp vqhapvp oaej RandÄhpjeo vq Ahakjkna Cnqjks $-33,̞-4/5%( `an Bn]q aejao =ipo^nq`ano( `ea an vqn O_dae`qjc Ü^anna`aj skhhpa( ansa_gpaj `]o Ieoob]h) haj `an gen_dhe_daj Rkncaoapvpaj qj` bÜdnpaj vq oaejan Ranoapvqjc ]qb aeja Dkblna`e) canopahha ejo Lkiiano_da Opkhl* Dean rkhhaj`apa an oaeja Cnqj`hejeaj aejan Gnepeg `an ^eodanecaj Oeppajhadna $-4,/7 GC= E+0% qj` ^ac]jj iep `an Lq^heg]pekj oaejan Lh]pkj) ¼^anoapvqjc( j]_d`ai Bnea`ne_d O_dhacah oe_d rkj `ai Qjpanjadiaj vqnÜ_gcavkcaj d]ppa* =jb]jc -4,0 andeahp O_dhaeani]_dan aejaj Nqb ]j `ea SÜnv^qncan QjeranoepÄp( ^hea^ fa`k_d ej Lnaq¿aj qj` sqn`a vqi Sejpanoaiaopan -4,0+,1 ]ho Lnkbaookn `an Pdak) hkcea qj` Ldehkokldea oksea QjeranoepÄpolna`ecan j]_d D]hha ^anqbaj* Dean hacpa an ej oaejaj Rknhaoqjcaj `aj Cnqj` vq oaejai pdakhkceo_daj qj` ldehkokldeo_daj Ouopai( ^arkn `ea QjeranoepÄp ejbkhca `an Jea`anh]ca Lnaq¿ajo cacaj J]lkhakj -4,2 cao_dhkooaj sqn`a* O_dhaeani]_dan cejc o_dhea¿he_d j]_d >anhej( sk an vqjÄ_dop Lner]prknhaoqjcaj deahp( ^arkn an -4,5 vqi Lna`ecan ]j `ea >anhejan @naeb]hpecgaepogen_da qj` -4-, vq) chae_d vqi Lnkbaookn `an Pdakhkcea ]j `ea jaq cacnÜj`apa >anhejan QjeranoepÄp ^anqbaj sqn`a( `ea an iep oaejan O_dnebp Cahacajphe_da Ca`]jgaj Ü^an QjeranoepÄpaj ej `aqp) o_dai Oejj $-4,4% gkjvalpekjahh i]¿ca^he_d ^aaej}qoop d]ppa* A^ajb]hho -4-, sqn`a O_dhaeani]_dan ej `ea Ldehkokldeo_da Gh]ooa `an >anhejan =g]`aiea `an Seooajo_d]bpaj ]qbcajkiiaj( s]o edi `]o Na_dp c]^( ]j `an QjeranoepÄp ldehkokldeo_da Rknhaoqjcaj vq d]hpaj( skrkj an ^eo vq oaejai Pk` ]q_d nacahiÄ¿ec Ca^n]q_d i]_dpa* Lkhepeo_d op]j` O_dhaeani]_dan `an lnaq¿eo_daj Nabknil]npae j]da( bÜn `ea an sÄdnaj` `an j]) lkhakjeo_daj >aoapvqjc ]q_d gkjolen]per sengpa qj` oe_d rkn ]hhai ej `an Nabkni `ao Qjpanne_dposaoajo ajc]ceanpa* J]_d `ai Oeac cacaj J]lkhakj caneap an ej `aj Ran`]_dp `ai]ckceo_dan Qipnea^a7 oaeja Rknhaoqjcaj qj` Lna`ecpaj sqn`aj Ü^ans]_dp qj` an o]d oe_d iep aejan `nkdaj`aj =ipoajpda^qjc gkjbnkjpeanp7 `ea Ranbkhcqjcaj sqn`aj anop -4.0 aejcaopahhp* Gen_dajlkhepeo_d pn]p O_dhaeani]_dan bÜn `ea Qj]^dÄjcecgaep `an Gen_da rki Op]]p aej qj` sengpa bÜn `ea -4-3 rkhhvkcaja Qjekj `an hqpdaneo_daj qj` nabknieanpaj Gen_da* =ho Ldehkokld sengpa O_dhaeani]_dan rkn ]hhai `qn_d oaeja Rknhaoqjcaj( `ea anop j]_d oaejai Pk`a lq^heveanp sqn`aj* Aejvahja Paeha oaejao ldehkokldeo_daj Seooajo_d]bpoajp) sqnbo sqn`aj ]q_d ej `aj =^d]j`hqjcaj `an =g]`aiea lq^heveanp* Ej `an Daniajaqpeg qj` LÄ`]ckceg cehp O_dhaeani]_dan daqpa ]ho Gh]ooegan* =ho Pdakhkca ranÖ{ajphe_dpa O_dhaeani]_dan `aj Cnqj`neoo oaejao Ouopaio $Gqnva @]nopahhqjc `ao pdakhkceo_daj Opq`eqio( -4--7 GC= E+2% oksea( ja^aj v]dhnae_daj =^d]j`hqjcaj qj` Gnepegaj( oaej `kci]peo_dao D]qlpsang @an _dneophe_da Ch]q^a( `]o ej vsae rÖhhec rkjaej]j`an ]^sae)

BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ @қҨңҟҦ AҬҨҭҮ OҝҢҦҟңҟҬҧқҝҢҟҬ

.51

_daj`aj =q}]caj $-4.-+.. qj` -4/-+/.7 GC= E+3 qj` GC= E+-/% ano_deaj qj` `ea pdakhkceo_daj @eogqooekjaj ^eo daqpa j]_dd]hpec ^aaej}qoop d]p* ̞ O_dhaeani]_dan( `an oaep -4,5 randaen]pap qj` R]pan iadnanan Gej`an s]n ̞ op]n^ ]i -.* Ba^nq]n -4/0 qj` sqn`a ]qb `ai Bnea`dkb oaejan @naeb]hpecgaepogen_da ^aop]ppap*

.*

O_dhaeani]_dano Ldehkokldea

]*

Seooaj ei San`aj

O_dhaeani]_dan d]p gaej D]qlpsang dejpanh]ooaj( ]qo `ai i]j oaeja Ldehkokldea ei C]jvaj nagkjopnqeanaj gÖjjpa7 oaej D]qlpejpanaooa c]hp `an Apdeg( fa`k_d d]p an `eaoa ̞ sea ]q_d `ea ]j`anaj @eovelhejaj ̞ je_dp ]^o_dhea¿aj` ^a]n^aepap( okj`anj ej eiian jaqaj =jhÄqbaj ej oaejaj Rknhaoqjcaj qj` =g]`aiea]^d]j`hqjcaj ogevveanp* O_dhaean) i]_dan ranopadp Ldehkokldea ]ho Cnqj`hacqjc aejao san`aj`aj( je_dp ]^cao_dhkooajaj qj` lnejveleahh ]q_d je_dp ]^o_dhea¿^]naj Seooajo* Oaeja aecaja Ldehkokldea eop `]dan ]q_d saoajphe_d aej Lnkfagp( `]o eiian ei San`aj eop* O_dhaeani]_dano ldehkokldeo_da Ajpse_ghqjc eop vqjÄ_dop ^aopeiip `qn_d `ea =qoaej) ]j`anoapvqjc iep G]jp( qj` vs]n rkn ]hhai ei >he_g ]qb `ea ln]gpeo_da Ldehkokldea qj` rkn ]hhai `ea Bnaedaepolnk^hai]peg $rch* Ia_gajopk_g -544%* @qn_d Bnea`ne_d Daejne_d F]_k^e ranieppahp ̞ `aj an vaepha^ajo ]ho aejaj edi ^aokj`ano j]daopadaj`aj Ldehkokldaj ranadnp $an skhhpa edi oaeja Ch]q^ajohadna se`iaj% ̞ pnepp Olejkv] ]ho aej saepanan( ajp) o_dae`aj`an >avqcolqjgp dejvq* Ej oaejaj =qbvae_djqjcaj gkjbnkjpeanp O_dhaeani]_dan G]jp qj` Olejkv] qj` |j`ap `]^ae aecajopÄj`ec vq Lkoepekjaj( `ea iep `ajaj `an BnÜd) nki]jpeg gkjranceanaj( s]o ej `an >acacjqjc iep Bnea`ne_d O_dhacah okbknp danrknpnepp $rch* =nj`p .,,4%* O_dhacah Ü^anpnÄcp `]^ae je_dp jqn oaejaj Ajpdqoe]oiqo bÜn Lh]pkj ]qb O_dhaeani]_dan( an ^aaej}qoopa edj ]q_d iep oaejaj AjpsÜnbaj vqn Daniajaqpeg qj` @e]hagpeg $rch* L]po_d -522( =nj`p -55-( Cnkra .,,0%( `ea `eaoan olÄpan ej oaejaj Rknhaoqjcaj aecajopÄj`ec ajpse_gahp qj` ]qocaop]hpap* O_dhacah oaejanoaepo ^aveadp oe_d bÜn `ea Pdaiaj ̦Apdeg̤ qj` ̦Nahecekj̤ rknseacaj` ]qb O_dhaeani]_dan* >ae`a ranaejp `ea Cnqj`Ü^anvaqcqjc( `]oo vs]n aej ]^okhqpan Cnqj` `an Aejdaep qjoanao Seooajo qj` D]j`ahjo ]jcajkiiaj san`aj iÜooa( `eaoan Cnqj` oah^op ]^an je_dp casqoop san`aj gÖjja7 ejbkhca`aooaj oae `]o Seooaj ]ho Seooaj eiian ei San`aj qj` `]iep aj`he_d qj` jeai]ho ]^okhqp* @eaoa ¼^anvaqcqjc bkniqheanp O_dhaeani]_dan vqjÄ_dop rkn ]hhai ej oaejan Gnepeg ]j `ai rkhhaj`apaj E`a]heoiqo Be_dpao( `an `aj Ca`]jgaj `an Bnaedaep je_dp iadn iep `ai caha^paj Ha^aj ranieppahj gÖjja $rch* GC= R+/( /-/b*% qj` `ai `]dan aeja k^fagpera Cnqj`h]ca badha* @eaoa Gnepeg veahp `]n]qb( `]oo `ea Ldehkokldea je_dp ]^opn]deanp rki Ha^aj ^acnÜj`ap qj` ej oe_d rkhhaj`ap san`aj gÖjja* @an Be_dpao_da E`a]heoiqo oae a^ajok aeja =^opn]gpekj sea `an Na]heoiqo7 ^ae`a oaeaj ei Ha^aj ranaejecp qj` rkj edi dan ej ednan Aejdaep vq `ajgaj $Be_dpa)Navajoekj( .0.b*%* Sea `]o Bnaedaepo^asqoopoaej oe_d ei Ha^aj ]ho ̦Opeiia `ao Caseooajo̤ cahpaj` i]_dp( ok `ea K^fagperepÄp Ü^and]qlp ]ho ̦dÖdanan Na]heoiqo̤ ei naheceÖoaj >asqoopoaej $Na`aj( .-/%* >ae`ao oej` Ik`e ae) jao ej`ere`qahhaj( ^acnee_d vq lnÄveoeanaj`aj( ]^an oah^op je_dp ^acnee_d ranb]oopaj( lnÄna}ateraj >asqoopoaejo* @eao ajpolne_dp `an jk_d ej `an Apdegrknhaoqjc rkj -4,1+,2

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=ҨҞҬҟқҭ =ҬҨҞҮ

rkncapn]cajaj =q{]ooqjc( an skhha gaej ̦]hhcaiaejao k^fagperao Seooaj ]^opn]deanp rkj ]hhan Ej`ere`q]hepÄp̤ oapvaj $OH( -31%* @ea Bkgqooeanqjc ]qb `ea ha^aj`eca Ej`ere`q]hepÄp ^aopeiip O_dhaeani]_dano Pdaiaj qj` Na}atekjaj ej `aj >aepnÄcaj vqi =pdaj]aqi qj` ej `aj anopaj Lq^heg]pekjaj* Oae) ja Bn]ciajpa $-354% oej` vqiaeop ghaeja apdeo_da =^d]j`hqjcaj( `ea Na`aj Ü^an `ea Nahecekj $-355% skhhaj aeja aecaja ̦Lnkrejv̤ ei iajo_dhe_daj CaiÜp ano_dhea¿aj( `ea fajoaepo rkj Iap]lduoeg $Pdaknea% qj` Ikn]h $Ln]teo% heacp( qj` `an Ranoq_d aejan Pdak) nea `ao caoahhecaj >apn]cajo $-355% pdaknapeoeanp ei >he_g ]qb `]o O]hkjha^aj `an Vaep qi -4,, aeja OldÄna fajoaepo `ao Cao_dÄbphe_daj qj` ^hk¿ Lner]paj* Ei Ieppahlqjgp `an Ran) pn]qpaj >neaba Ü^an Bnea`ne_d O_dhacaho Hq_ej`a $-4,,%( aejan Ranpae`ecqjcoo_dnebp bÜn `aj reahb]_d ]ho og]j`]hÖo ]jcaoadajaj Nki]j `ao Bnaqj`ao( opadp aej apdeo_d ]ncqiaj) peanaj`an ̦Ranoq_d Ü^an `ea O_d]id]bpecgaep̤( ej `ai `eaoa ]ho O_dkjqjc `an Bnaedaep `ao =j`anaj ranop]j`aj sen` $rch* GC= E+/( -3.%* @]o RandÄhpjeo `ao Ej`ere`qqio vq oe_d qj` vqn Sahp eop `]o vajpn]ha Pdai] `an Ikjkhkcaj $-4,,%( sah_da E`a]heoiqo qj` ̦Ha^aj̤ vq ranaejecaj oq_daj* @an Sahp^acne{ `an Ikjkhkcaj ^avae_djap aeja cacaj) oÄpvhe_da Aejdaep( ej `an `ea Bnaedaep `ao aejaj iep `an Bnaedaep `ao ]j`anaj Ej`ere`qqio gkhhe`eanp7 ej`ai oe_d ]^an `]o Ej`ere`qqi `qn_d oaej D]j`ahj vqi >asqoopoaej `an Iajo_ddaep ej edi anda^p( san`aj `eaoa Ajpcacajoapvqjcaj ]qb `ea Aejdaep `an ̦Sahp̤ ^avkcaj qj` `]nej ranoÖdjp* @ea Ej`ere`q]heoeanqjc `ao =hhcaiaejaj qj` `]o Vqo]iiaj^aopadaj rkj =hhcaiaej) daep qj` Ej`ere`q]hepÄp oej` `ea vajpn]haj Pdaiaj `ao apdeo_daj @ajgajo O_dhaeani]) _dano* Ej oaejaj Cnqj`hejeaj aejan Gnepeg `an ^eodanecaj Oeppajhadna $-4,/% gnepeoeanp an ]hha ^eodanecaj Apdegaj ]ho qjvqnae_daj`( `] oea `eaoan =qbc]^a je_dp cana_dp san`aj* =hhaej Lh]pkj qj` Olejkv] dÄppaj k^fagper ldehkokldeanp qj` Lduoeg $J]pqnldehkokldea% qj` Apdeg ]ho ranaejecp qjpan aejan k^anopaj Seooajo_d]bp vqo]iiajca`]_dp* @ea Apdeg ̞ sehh oea `aj =jolnq_d ]qb K^fagperepÄp qj` =hhcaiaejdaep aejhÖoaj ̞ iqoo `]dan ei >he_g ]qb `ea Aejdaep ]hhao Seooajo qj` D]j`ahjo bqj`eanp san`aj* K^ `eao( sea olÄpan( ej aejan caokj`anpaj ̦k^anopaj Seooajo_d]bp̤( `an @e]hagpeg( cao_deadp( k`an ej `an sa_d) oahoaepecaj @qn_d`nejcqjc rkj Lduoeg qj` Apdeg $rch* =nj`p -540%( ^hae^p dean ]hhan`ejco jk_d k{aj* @ea Aejdaep `an cacajhÄq|caj >asacqjcaj `an Ej`ere`q]heoeanqjc `ao =hhcaiaejaj qj` `an Aej^eh`qjc `ao Ej`ere`qahhaj ejo =hhcaiaeja ej ednan Sa_doahsengqjc $rch* O_die`p .,,1% ranh]jcp aeja Aej^aveadqjc ]hhan OldÄnaj `ao oepphe_daj Ha^ajo ej `ea Apdeg* O_dhaeani]_dan haeopap `eao ej oaejan ̦CÜpanhadna̤( `ea i]pane]h `an olÄpanaj Da) caho_daj Pdaknea `ao k^fagperaj Caeopao ajpolne_dp* @ea Apdeg eop bÜn O_dhaeani]_dan `ea ̦Seooajo_d]bp `an Cao_de_dpa̤ k`an `an ̦Ejpahhecajv ]ho Ano_daejqjc̤ $OH 4,%7 edn Cacajop]j` oej` $ej ^asqoopan Saj`qjc cacaj G]jpo Pnajjqjc rkj J]pqn) qj` Oeppaj) caoapv% `ea ̦J]pqncaoapva̤ $a^`*% `ao iajo_dhe_daj D]j`ahjo* @ea Apdeg chea`anp oe_d ej `ea CÜpan)( Pqcaj`) qj` L}e_dpajhadna( sk^ae `ea hapvpanaj `ea D]j`hqjcaj aejvahjan Ej`ere`qaj vqi Cacajop]j`a d]^aj( `ea CÜpanhadna ]^an `ea Bqjgpekjaj( Bkniaj qj` Ca^eapa `an RanjqjbppÄpecgaep ej `an Cao_de_dpa ]ho >eh`qjc `an Ranjqjbp ej qj` `qn_d `ea J]pqn ^ad]j`ahp* Oea i]ngeanp( sea O_dhaeani]_dan o]cp( aej ̦B]_dsang̤ $OH( 5,% `an RanjqjbppÄpecgaepaj( ej `ai D]j`hqjconÄqia ̞ rki aejvahjaj Iajo_daj ^eo vqn Ej`e) re`q]hepÄp `ao Op]]pao qj` `an ̦Sahp̤ ]ho D]j`hqjcon]qi `an C]ppqjc ̞ qjpano_dea`aj san`aj( `ea j]_d `ai Qib]jc `an RanjqjbppÄpecgaep dean]n_deoeanp oej`* @]^ae cahpaj `ea

BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ @қҨңҟҦ AҬҨҭҮ OҝҢҦҟңҟҬҧқҝҢҟҬ

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rean cnqj`hacaj`aj D]j`hqjconÄqia $¶gkjkiea( Lner]paecajpqi( Seooajo_d]bp( Gqjop qj` Nahecekj% a^ajok sea `ea edjaj ajpolna_daj`aj Caiaejo_d]bpooldÄnaj Op]]p( =g]`a) iea( bnaea Caoahhecgaep qj` Gen_da ]ho Ej`ere`q]hepÄpaj( `ea oe_d sea `ea caoahho_d]bphe_daj Ej`ere`qaj ]ho bnaea vqaej]j`an rand]hpaj iÜooaj* Dean]qo naoqhpeanp `ea Bkn`anqjc j]_d aejan Pnajjqjc rkj Op]]p( Gen_da qj` =g]`aiea( `ea O_dhaeani]_dan ^eh`qjco) qj` gen_dajlkhepeo_d ]gper ranpnapaj d]p qj` `ea edj ej `ea JÄda he^an]han ¼^anvaqcqjcaj ^n]_dpa* =j `ea Apdeg o_dhea¿aj oe_d aeja Naeda gnepeo_dan qj` pa_djeo_dan @eovelhejaj ]j( `ea `]`qn_d qjpano_dea`aj oej`( `]oo oea rki Aileneo_daj vqi Olagqh]peraj raniep) pahj $Gnepeg% ^vs* rki Olagqh]peraj ]qo pa_djeo_da Nacahj vqn >ad]j`hqjc aileneo_dan O]_drand]hpa ca^aj* Deanvq cadÖnaj v* >* `ea $rkj O_dhaeani]_dan je_dp ^a]n^aepapa% Cn]ii]peg oksea `ea ¤opdapeg ]ho gnepeo_da qj` `ea Daniajaqpeg qj` Lkhepeg ]ho pa_d) jeo_da @eovelhejaj7 `ea Vqkn`jqjcaj oej` ej `aj rano_dea`ajaj AjpsÜnbaj ei aejvahjaj ^eosaehaj o_ds]jgaj`* Qjpand]h^ `eaoan @eovelhejaj opadp `ea aileneo_da Cao_de_dpo) gqj`a( `an ]qb Oaepaj `an Lduoeg `ea J]pqngqj`a ajpolne_dp* Vseo_daj Lduoeg qj` Apdeg ranieppahj Hkceg qj` =jpdnklkhkcea( sk^ae O_dhaeani]_dan rkj hapvpanan jqn aej >nq_d) opÜ_g( `ea Lou_dkhkcea ^a]n^aepap d]p( `ea sea`anqi vqi Olagqh]peraj ̞ `an k^anopaj Seooajo_d]bp ̞ ranieppahp* Edna Opahhqjc ei Ouopai eop qiopneppaj7 oea sen` okskdh ]ho >]oeoseooajo_d]bp ]jopahha `an @e]hagpeg $Danio -55-% ]ho ]q_d ]ho Cacajlkh vqn @e]) hagpeg $=nj`p -554% ejpanlnapeanp* Anop ej ^asqoopan Gkjgqnnajv vq Be_dpa d]p O_dhaeani]_dan oe_d -4-- ajpo_dhkooaj( `ea vqrkn iadnb]_d lkopqheanpa k^anopa Seooajo_d]bp qjpan `ai Pepah `an @e]hagpeg rkn) vqpn]caj $rch* `ea Aejhaepqjc vq GC= EE+-,%* Oea eop aeja ldehkokldeo_da ̦Gqjophadna̤( `ea `]o Ranb]dnaj `ao san`aj`aj Seooajo pdai]peoeanp* Edn =qoc]jcolqjgp eop `]o opnae) peca @ajgaj( `]o vqn Aejdaep `ao Seooajo ca^n]_dp san`aj okhh* Deanvq oej` Nacahj vqn >ad]j`hqjc `ao Opnaepo ]jvqca^aj( `ea j]_d =q{]ooqjc O_dhaeani]_dano ej pn]jovaj) `ajp]haj Rkn]qooapvqjcaj cnÜj`aj( kdja `ea ]q_d aej bn]ciajp]neo_dao Seooaj oe_d c]n je_dp ^acnÜj`aj hea¿a( okj`anj `ea Ogaloeo `ea K^and]j` ^adeahpa* Pn]jovaj`ajp]han Cnqj` qj` paniejqo ] mqk ]hhao Seooajo eop `ea ̞ oah^op je_dp ej `]o Seooaj b]hhaj`a qj` ejokbanj pn]jovaj`ajpa ̞ E`aa Ckppao k`an `an ]^okhqpaj Aejdaep( paniejqo ]` mqai `ea chae_db]hho pn]jovaj`ajp]ha E`aa `an Sahp ]ho aejan Aejdaep rkj CacajoÄpvaj* @eaoa cnqj`oÄpvhe_da Qjajpo_dea`ajdaep ei Lnejvel sea ]q_d `ea Qj]^o_dhea¿^]ngaep `ao Seooajo Ü^and]qlp bÜdnaj `]vq( `]oo `an ouopai]peo_da Vqo]iiajd]jc `an ^aokj) `anaj Seooajo_d]bpaj ]qo `an @e]hagpeg oe_d je_dp aejb]_d `a`qveanaj hÄoop( okj`anj aej aecajao Lnk^hai `]nopahhp( `]o rkj `aj aejvahjaj Seooajo_d]bpaj dan ^ahaq_dpap san`aj iqoo* O_dhaeani]_dano aecajsehheca Gkjopnqgpekj aejao Vqo]iiajd]jco `an ldehkoklde) o_daj @eovelhejaj ce^p `]o ^eo ej `ea Cacajs]npoldehkokldea renqhajpa Lnk^hai ]qb( sea aej ouopai]peo_d cane_dpapan Vqo]iiajd]jc vq `ajgaj oae( `an je_dp rkj aejai Vaj) pnqi ]qo knc]jeoeanp eop( okj`anj chae_do]i iep iadnanaj Vajpnaj klaneanp* =q_d `eao eop aeja Gkjoamqajv `an Ej`ere`q]heoeanqjc `ao =hhcaiaejaj( `ea O_dhaeani]_dano @ajgaj ^adanno_dp*

.54

^*

=ҨҞҬҟқҭ =ҬҨҞҮ

@an Knp `an Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv ej O_dhaeani]_dano Ldehkokldea

Ej `an Hepan]pqn san`aj O_dhaeani]_dano =qoo]caj vqn Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv vqiaeop ]qb oaejaj lanoÖjhe_daj Anb]dnqjcodknevkjp ^avkcaj( sk^ae ]j `ea oaep @ehpdau $-53,( 15% cahÄq|caj E`a]heoeanqjcaj `ao RandÄhpjeooao vqn CnÄ|j Bnea`anega vq @kdj] sÄdnaj` `an D]qohadnanvaep ]jcagjÜlbp sen`* Anop fÜjcop d]p Skhbc]jc Renikj` $.,,4% `eaoaj Iupdko cnÜj`he_d se`anhacp qj` cavaecp( `]oo O_dhaeani]_dan gaejai e`a]heoeanpaj Bn]q) aj^eh` bkhcpa( okj`anj ̞ ei vaeppuleo_daj( `qn_d opÄj`eo_da Qjpano_dea`a ^aopeiipaj N]diaj ̞ ̦jkni]ha̤ >aveadqjcaj ei ^Üncanhe_daj Qibah` l}acpa* Sea ]qb ]hhaj ]j) `anaj Ca^eapaj cadaj dejoe_dphe_d `ao Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeooao aecaja Anha^jeooa qj` >ak^]_dpqjcaj ej O_dhaeani]_dano Pdaknea iep aej( `ea f] `aj =jolnq_d anda^p( iep `ai ̦Ha^aj̤ ran^qj`aj vq oaej( fa`k_d ^hae^p an ]q_d dean^ae oaejai Na]heoiqo pnaq* @ea Pdai]peoeanqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv anbkhcp ^ae O_dhaeani]_dan ei N]diaj `an Apdeg ^vs* `an ]qb `ea Apdeg ^avkcajaj ¼^anhacqjcaj qj` AjpsÜnba* Sea fa`a @e{a) najv( ok eop ]q_d `eaoa bÜn O_dhaeani]_dan qjpan `ai Caoe_dpolqjgp aejan qnolnÜjche_daj Aejdaep vq ^asanpaj qj` ^avae_djap gaejaosaco aejaj ]qoo_dhea¿aj`aj Cacajo]pv* @]o Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo opadp `]dan ej aejan Ol]jjqjc rkj Aejdaep qj` @e{anajv( `anaj >]h]j_a ei >he_g ]qb `ea fasaehecaj D]j`hqjconÄqia qj` apdeo_daj Bkniaj gkjgnap vq ^aopeiiaj eop* Cnqj`oÄpvhe_d qjpanopahhp O_dhaeani]_dan `ai sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dp ei =qbjadiaj qj` D]j`ahj aejaj canejcanaj Vqc vqn =hhcaiaejdaep ]ho `ai iÄjjhe) _daj7 can]`a ]qbcnqj` `eaoan opÄnganaj Ej`ere`q]heoeanqjc( `ea iep `an =qo^eh`qjc `ao CaiÜpo aejdancadp( san`aj `ea Bn]qaj fa`k_d `ea Opebpanejjaj aejan Caoahhecgaep faj) oaepo `an cao_dÄbphe_daj OldÄnaj `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp qj` `ao Op]]pao* Ej `eaoan bnaeaj Caoahhecgaep( `anaj Rkn^eh` `ea O]hkjo oej`( na]heoeanp oe_d aej vsa_gbnaeao Vqo]i) iaj^aopadaj `an Ej`ere`qaj ]ho Gqhpqn `an Dqi]jepÄp* Ja^aj `an Apdeg oleahp `ea Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv rkn ]hhai ej `an LÄ`]ckceg qj` ej `an Lou_dkhkcea aeja Nkhha7 ej `an LÄ`]ckceg ]ho aejan pa_djeo_daj @eovelhej cadp ao qi `ea ln]gpeo_da >ad]j`hqjc `ao Cao_dha_dpanqjpano_dea`o ej Anveadqjc qj` >eh`qjc( ej `an Lou_dkhkcea qi `ea AnghÄnqjc `eaoan Qjpano_dea`a ]qo j]pÜnhe_daj Gkjop]jpaj*

/*

O_dhaeani]_dano Pdaknea `an Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv

]*

Hea^a( >eh`qjc qj` Caoahhecgaep6 @ea bnÜdnki]jpeo_daj Patpa

Ej oaejai =pdaj]aqi)Bn]ciajp E`aa vq aejai G]pa_deoiqo `an Ranjqjbp bÜn a`ha Bn]qaj $`]o vadj ̦Ca^kpa̤ qj` `nae Ch]q^ajo]npegah qib]oop% d]p O_dhaeani]_dan -354 `]o bnÜd) nki]jpeo_da Bn]qaj^eh` lnÄcj]jp ogevveanp $GC= E+.( -1/b*%* =`naoo]p oej` `ea ̦a`haj Bn]qaj̤ `an ca^eh`apaj OpÄj`a $sea f] ]q_d -355 `ea Na`aj Ü^an `ea Nahecekj ]qo`nÜ_g) he_d ]j `ea ca^eh`apaj RanÄ_dpan cane_dpap oej`%* @ea enkjeo_d ej Ghqcdaeponacahj casaj) `apaj Ca^kpa bkn`anj ei saoajphe_daj `]vq ]qb( Hea^a $]ho ]qoo_dhea¿he_da >ej`qjc% qj` Bnaqj`o_d]bp vq pnajjaj qj` vqchae_d vq l}acaj( `]o CabÜdh `an Hea^a rkj O_dsÄnianae qj` Äq¿anhe_daj Gkilnkieooaj bnaevqd]hpaj qj` ]qb Cacajoaepecgaep vq cnÜj`aj* Aeja Ada( `ea je_dp ]qb `eaoan Cnqj`h]ca aejcac]jcaj sen` qj` `]dan ̦ca^nk_daj san`aj iÜ¿pa̤( okhh je_dp cao_dhkooaj san`aj* @ea Ranl}e_dpqjc ]qb aeja Hea^aodaen]p |j`ap

BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ @қҨңҟҦ AҬҨҭҮ OҝҢҦҟңҟҬҧқҝҢҟҬ

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edna Ajpolna_dqjc ej `ai RandÄhpjeo vq `aj Gej`anj( `anaj ̦AecajpdÜihe_dgaep qj` SehhgÜdn̤ vq adnaj oae( saod]h^ ao ]q_d dae¿p6 ̦@q okhhop je_dp ]^oe_dphe_d ha^aj`ec i]_daj̤* @ea Bn]q |j`ap je_dp ej b]ieheÄnan DÄqohe_dgaep edna AnbÜhhqjc( `ajj oepphe_da =qbc]^a `an Bn]qaj eop ao( Gknnagper `an IÄjjhe_dgaep vq oaej qj` `]iep aeja ^aooana Caoahho_d]bp vq opebpaj7 `eao o_dhÄcp oe_d ej `aj Ca^kpaj jea`an( `ea ̦>]n^]nau `an IÄj) jan̤ je_dp vq ^ao_dÖjecaj qj` ̦j]_d `an IÄjjan >eh`qjc( Gqjop Saeodaep qj` Adna̤ vq ̦cahÜopaj̤* @eaoa Ca^kpa veahaj ]qb aej Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo( `]o oe_d ]ho Gki) lhaiajp]nepÄp ej `an @e{anajv ^ao_dnae^aj hea¿a6 je_dp ]^opn]gpa Chae_ddaep( okj`anj Gqhpereanqjc `an Dqi]jepÄp ]qo `an @e{anajv dan]qo eop `]o Veah* @ai ajpolne_dp `an anopa( cnqj`hacaj`a Ch]q^ajo]npegah( `aj O_dhaeani]_dan ]qb `an >]oeo `ao bnÜdnki]jpe) o_daj =j`nkcujeagkjvalpo bkniqheanp6 ̦E_d ch]q^a ]j `ea qjaj`he_da Iajo_ddaep( `ea `] s]n( ada oea `ea DÜhha `an IÄjjhe_dgaep qj` `an Sae^he_dgaep ]jj]di̤* Oe_d ̦rkj `aj O_dn]jgaj `ao Cao_dha_dpo qj]^dÄjcec vq i]_daj̤ qj` oe_d oah^op `qn_d ̦Sehhaj qj` >eh`qjc̤ `ai Qjaj`he_daj ̞ `an Iajo_ddaep ̞ ]jvqjÄdanj( cadÖnp `]dan a^ajok vqi Ch]q^aj sea `an Ch]q^a ]j aeja `qn_d `eaoa oah^opÄj`eca PÄpecgaep `an Bn]qaj rana`ah) pa Iajo_ddaep6 ̦E_d ch]q^a ]j >acaeopanqjc qj` Pqcaj`( ]j `ea SÜn`a `an Gqjop qj` `aj Naev `an Seooajo_d]bp( ]j Bnaqj`o_d]bp `an IÄjjan qj` Hea^a vqi R]panh]j`a( ]j ranc]jcaja CnÖ¿a qj` gÜjbpeca Rana`hqjc*̤ @ea ^aooana Caoahho_d]bp d]p O_dhaeani]_dan ]ho bnaea( `* d* je_dp `qn_d Äq¿ana Vsa_ga ^aopeiipa Caoahhecgaep ej oaejai Ranoq_d aejan Pdaknea `ao caoahhecaj >apn]cajo `]nvq) opahhaj ranoq_dp* =ho Ejopepqpekj opadp `ea bnaea Caoahhecgaep ej `an JÄda vqi dÄqohe_daj Ha^aj7 edn Vajpnqi eop `]o D]qo( ]^an oea Ü^ano_dnaepap `aj dÄqohe_daj Vengah( ej`ai oea `aj kegko qjpan Qicadqjc `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp qj` `ao Op]]pao ansaepanp qj` e`a]hepan vqn kegkiaja opaecanp* @ea bnaea Caoahhecgaep eop Caoahho_d]bp ei aecajphe) _daj Oejja6 ̦Ao okhh gaeja ^aopeiipa D]j`hqjc caiaejo_d]bphe_d ranne_dpap( gaej Sang ranaejecp vq Op]j`a ca^n]_dp( gaeja Aejoe_dp iapdk`eo_d anskn^aj san`aj* @an Vsa_g `an Caoahho_d]bp sen` c]n je_dp ]ho ]q¿an edn heacaj` ca`]_dp7 `ea Sengqjc aejao Fa`aj okhh cadaj ]qb `ea PdÄpecgaep `an Ü^necaj( qj` `ea PdÄpecgaep aejao Fa`aj okhh oauj oae) ja Aejsengqjc ]qb `ea ]j`anj*̤ $GC= E+.( -3,b*% Oea eop oujkqoe] ei Qjpano_dea` vqn Caiaejo_d]bp $gkejkje]( rch* GC= E+.( -25%* SÄdnaj` `ea Caiaejo_d]bp ̞ `]o cao_dÄbp) he_da qj` lkhepeo_da Ha^aj ̞ @kiÄja `an IÄjjan eop( ^eh`ap oe_d `ea Caoahhecgaep ̦^ae qjo vqanop qjpan `aj =qcaj qj` ]qb >apnea^ `an Bn]qaj̤7 `eao oae aej ̦Sang `an Jkpd̤( `an >ej`qjc `an Bn]qaj ]j `]o dÄqohe_da Ha^aj6 ̦@eao pnae^p oea `]jj sac qjpan `ea IÄj) jan( ^ae `ajaj oea `ajj( saeh oea iep `ai ^Üncanhe_daj Ha^aj je_dpo vq pdqj d]^aj( qj` `ea RandÄhpjeooa `an Op]]paj oea je_dp ejpanaooeanaj( W***Y a^aj `]`qn_d( `]¿ oea iep edjaj gaejaj Op]j` caiaej d]^aj( ]ho `aj `an ca^eh`apaj Iajo_daj( `ea Opebpan `an ^aooanaj Caoahho_d]bp san`aj*̤ $GC= E+.( -34% @ea Ai]jvel]pekj rki dÄqohe_daj Ha^aj( sea ao `ea O]hkjeÈna rangÖnlanp( opahhp je_dp `ea ^aopadaj`a Nkhhajranpaehqjc ejbn]ca( okj`anj ap]^heanp aeja ^aokj`ana OldÄna( ej sah_dan `an Cacajo]pv `an Cao_dha_dpan vqchae_d iep `aj Jkpsaj`ecgaepaj `ao dÄqohe_daj qj` Ö{ajphe_daj Ha^ajo pailknÄn ]qbcadk^aj eop* @ea Ranbaejanqjc qj` Rana`ahqjc `ao Qic]jco `qn_d `ea Bn]qaj eop ]q_d Pdai] `ao Ranoq_do Ü^an `ea O_d]id]bpecgaep( `an ei Ieppahlqjgp `an Ranpn]qpaj >neaba Ü^an Bnea`ne_d O_dhacaho Hq_ej`a $-4,,% opadp* O_d]id]bpecgaep ̦eop aecajphe_d =_dpqjc bÜn `aj CaiÜpdovqop]j` aejao =j`anj̤( `ea `ea Bnaedaep `ao =j`anaj naolagpeanp $GC= E+/( -3.%* @ea ̦Äjcophe_da qj` ^ao_dnÄjgpa O_d]]id]bpecgaep( `ea favp `an ?d]n]gpan `an Ca)

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=ҨҞҬҟқҭ =ҬҨҞҮ

oahho_d]bp eop̤ $a^`*( -32%( gÖjja jqn ̦iep DÜhba `an Bn]qaj̤ Ü^ansqj`aj san`aj( ̦je_dp jqn saeh =hhao( skrkj oea oe_d ajpbanjaj( nkd san`aj iq¿( okj`anj ]q_d W***Y saeh rkj edjaj W***Y `an >asaeo ]qocadaj iq¿( `]¿ ao iep `eaoai ran^kpajaj Rangadn `an Rknopah) hqjcaj qj` `an Oejja ok ]nc je_dp eop( ]ho `ea Iaeopaj ^abÜn_dpaj7 oea oej` ao( `ea `qn_d `ea Pd]p ]hhao `]ofajeca daehecaj iÜooaj( s]o ^eo fapvp `qn_d b]ho_daj S]dj caÄ_dpap s]n*̤ $a^`*( -33%

^*

Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan qj` Qjerano]hepÄp6 Apdeg( Lou_dkhkcea( LÄ`]ckceg

Ej oaejaj =qbvae_djqjcaj vqn Apdeg)Rknhaoqjc -4,1+,2 cadp O_dhaeani]_dan anopi]ho ]qb `aj ̦Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan̤ $OH -/,% ]ho ̦Vanol]hpqjc̤ `an Ej`ere`q]heoeanqjc `an Ranjqjbp ej `an J]pqn aej* An nagqnneanp dean^ae ]qb aeja ̦]hhcaiaeja =j]hkcea̤( `] Ü^an `ea lduoeo_daj qj` lou_deo_daj Rkn]qooapvqjcaj ̦jk_d ok sajec seooajo_d]bphe_d ca) o]cp eop̤6 @ai ̦Vaqcaj qj` Ailb]jcaj̤ ajpolna_da aej ̦Qa^ancase_dp `an Iqogahgn]bp qj` `an Oajoe^ehepÄp* @eaoai lou_deo_d ei S]dnjadiaj Qa^ancase_dp `an =jo_d]qqjc qj` `ao CabÜdho̤ $OH -/-%* Ajpo_dae`aj` eop( `]oo ]j`ano ]ho ej `an Ej`ere`q]hepÄp ]ho okh_dan( `ea ̦NalnÄoajp]pekj `ao Qjeranoqio eop̤( `ea aeja Ranjqjbp ei Cao_dha_dpo_d]) n]gpan jqn ]ho ̦]^okhqpa Aejoaepecgaep̤ ano_daejp( ok`]oo `ea apdeo_da =qbc]^a ajpolna) _daj` `]nej ^aopadp(( `eaoa Aejoaepecgaep ]qbvqda^aj* @eao cao_deadp ej `ai ̦=_p `an Cao_dha_dporanaejecqjc̤ $OH -/.%( `an `qn_d `ea Ada qj]q}Öohe_d cai]_dp sen` qj` ok `aj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan ]qohÖo_dp* @ea B]iehea eop ̦Pkp]hepÄp ]hhao `aooaj( s]o okjop jqn vanol]hpaj rknd]j`aj eop( `an Cao_dha_dpan okskh ]ho `an =hpan̤( qj` `]iep ̦aeja rkhhopÄj`eca NalnÄoajp]pekj `an E`aa `an Iajo_ddaep̤ $OH -/0%* =qo `an B]iehea dan]qo ajpopadp ]q_d `ea bnaea Caoahhecgaep( `ea ̞ sea ^anaepo ej `ai =qbo]pv rkj -355 ̞ rkj `aj Bn]qaj caopebpap sen`* =hhao Aecajpqi( `]o Rkn]qooapvqjc `an B]iehea eop( eop Ieppah bÜn `]o oepphe_da >eh`aj( `ea Qjerano]heoeanqjc `an Dqi]jepÄp ej `an qj` `qn_d `ea B]iehea* @ea Ranoepphe_dqjc ]^an bÄhhp `aj Bn]qaj ]ho `aj ̦Renpqkoejjaj ej `ai Gqjopca^eap `an bnaeaj Caoahhecgaep̤ $OH -/1% vq6 ̦=hok oej` `ea Bn]qaj `ea oepphe_daj >aoevanejjaj( `ea IÄjjan jqn `ea na_dphe_daj ]ho NalnÄoajp]jpaj `an B]iehea ^aei Op]]p*̤ $OH -/2% @ea olÄpanaj apdeo_daj AjpsÜnba ^ad]hpaj `eaoa Gkjopnqgpekj ei saoajphe_daj ^ae $rch* OH /.-̞///%( ]hhan`ejco sen` `ea B]iehea je_dp iadn ]ho NalnÄoajp]pekj `ao Qje) ranoqio ]jcaoadaj( okj`anj ]ho Aejdaep qjpan `ai ̦B]ieheaj_d]n]gpan̤ $OH /.3b*%( `* d* `ea Ej`ere`q]hepÄp `an B]ieheaj cacajaej]j`an sen` opÄngan ^apkjp* Ajc ]j `ea Apdeg ]jcao_dhkooaj eop `ea LÄ`]ckceg ]ho pa_djeo_da @eovelhej $rch* OH //.%( sah_da `ea `knp ajpse_gahpa >ad]j`hqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv rkn]qooapvp6 ̦@ea c]jva Ateopajv `ao sae^he_daj Cao_dha_dpo eop iadn ej `ea B]iehea aejcao_dhko) oaj( `ea `ao iÄjjhe_daj ei Ö{ajphe_daj Ha^aj iadn danrknpnapaj`̤ $L 5.%7 bkhche_d d]p `an Op]]p aej cnÖ¿anao Ejpanaooa ]j `an Anveadqjc `an iÄjjhe_daj ]ho `an sae^he_daj Fqcaj`* Vs]n okhhaj Fqjcaj qj` IÄ`_daj rkn `ai Ans]_daj `ao >asqoopoaejo `an Ca) o_dha_dpo`e{anajv ̦chae_diÄ¿ec̤ anvkcaj san`aj( `]j]_d ]^an bÄhhp `ea Anveadqjc `an Fqjcaj `ai Op]]p vq( sÄdnaj` `ea IÄ`_daj lner]p qjpanne_dpap san`aj $L 50%* =qo `an DÄqohe_dgaep dan]qo( `qn_d `ea bnaea Caoahhecgaep( jadiaj ]^an `ea Bn]qaj ej`enagp Aej) }qoo ]qb `]o Ö{ajphe_da Ha^aj $L --5%*

BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ @қҨңҟҦ AҬҨҭҮ OҝҢҦҟңҟҬҧқҝҢҟҬ

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@ea Lou_dkhkcea ^agnÄbpecp `ea ej `an Apdeg rkn]qocaoapvpaj Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea) `a( ^apkjp ]^an( `]oo ̦gaej Cao_dha_dp ^aooan k`an o_dha_dpan ]ho `]o ]j`na̤ oae7 `ea Canejco_dÄpvqjc `an Bn]qaj ej `an Cacajs]np gkiia ̦`]dan( saeh sen ej cnk¿ai >a) `Ünbjeo j]_d Ö{ajphe_dai Ha^aj `]o dÄqohe_da vqnÜ_gopahhaj( ]^an `]rkn eop vq s]njaj*̤ $O_dnebpaj( 5/1% Qjpan `an Rkn]qooapvqjc `an aejaj( qjcapaehpaj Iajo_ddaep eop ]q_d `ea aejoaepeca Kneajpeanqjc ]qb `]o ¶{ajphe_da ̞ `]o Lkhepeo_da qj` Cao_dÄbphe_da ̞ aeja Ranhapvqjc `an Dqi]jepÄp*

0*

O_dhaeani]_dano Op]]popdaknea

O_dhaeani]_dan d]p `ea Lkhepeg ]ho pa_djeo_da @eovelhej ]qb `an >]oeo `an Apdeg gkjveleanp7 sk `an Op]]p ̞ ja^aj B]iehea( =g]`aiea qj` Gen_da ̞ aeja Caiaejo_d]bpooldÄna `ao ̦e`ajpeo_daj Knc]jeoeanajo̤ ^eh`ap* @an Op]]p eop `eaoaj >anae_daj ja^aj)( je_dp Ü^anca) kn`jap( qj` `]dan( sea ao ej `an Apdeg -4,1+,2 dae¿p( je_dp ̦`ea dÖ_dopa E`aa̤( okj`anj jqn `ea ̦vqn dÖ_dopaj Lkpajv andk^aja Gqhpqn̤ $OH --,%( skiep `ea Gqhpereanqjc `an J]pqn `qn_d `ea Ranjqjbp caiaejp eop* Ej `eaoan Dejoe_dp nalnÄoajpeanp an `ea oaeja >]oeo ^eh`aj`aj B]ieheajran^ej`qjcaj( ej `ajaj oe_d ̦aeja ej`ere`qahha E`aa `an Gqhpqn̤ dan) ]qogneop]hheoeanp $OH -0,%* Nahecekj( Seooajo_d]bp qj` bnaea Caoahhecgaep nae_daj fa`k_d saepan ]ho `ea ^ao_dnÄjgpa OldÄna `ao Op]]pao( saeh oea ei Qjpano_dea` vq `eaoai aeja qjerano]heopeo_da Paj`ajv d]^aj* @an aecajpÜihe_da Ejd]hp `an Op]]popÄpecgaep eop `]o caiaejo_d]bphe_da Lnk`qveanaj ei RandÄhpjeo vqn J]pqn( `* d* `ea OldÄna `an ¶gkjkiea* Ranb]ooqjc qj` Na_dp oej` `]dan bÜn O_dhaeani]_dan ]q_d je_dp gkjopepqper bÜn `ea Op]]popdaknea6 ̦@ea ?kjopepqpekj i]_dp je_dp `aj Op]]p7 saep sajecan edna Äq¿ana Bkni( k^ ikj]n_deo_d q* o* s* W***Y Sajj `ea ?kjopepqpekj `aj Op]]p i]_dpa( ok sÄna Ajch]j` aej ^hk¿ jac]peran Op]]p* @an Op]]p eop ]^an saep Ähpan ]ho `ea ?kjopepqpekj7 an ha^p ej `ai =ook_e]pekjo)?knlkn]pekjosaoaj( `aj eilnkrejc Ok_eapeao( `an kopej`eo_daj ?kil]cjea( >]jg q* o* s* qj` ej `an Caoavca) ^qjc̤ $OH -01%* @ai se`anolne_dp ]q_d je_dp( `]oo O_dhaeani]_dan oaeja Rknhaoqjcaj vqn Hadna rki Op]]p $GC= EE+4% ej Op]]poranb]ooqjc( Op]]porans]hpqjc qj` Op]]poran) pae`ecqjc chea`anp* Qjpan Ranb]ooqjc ranopadp O_dhaeani]_dan `aj mq]oe j]pqnsÜ_doecaj Lnkvaoo `an Op]]poajpopadqjc ]jd]j` `an Ranbaopecqjc qj` Ranna_dphe_dqjc `an Oeppa ei Gqhpqn^eh`qjcolnkvaoo* Dean^ae oae aej RandÄhpjeo rkj K^necgaep qj` Qjpanp]jaj qjdej) pancad^]n* @an Op]]p eop j]_d ]q¿aj pannepkne]h ^acnajvp qj` d]p ej `ai >k`aj `ea >]oeo `ao J]pqn^eh`qjcolnkvaooao( `ea oaejaj saoajphe_daj Ejd]hp ]qoi]_dp* J]_d ejjaj eop `an Op]]p `]`qn_d ^acnajvp( `]oo ]j`ana Caiaejo_d]bpooldÄnaj oe_d oaejan Aej}qooj]d) ia ]qb ednaj fasaehecaj Ca^eapaj ajpveadaj* Rkn ]hhai `ea Qj]^dÄjcecgaep `an Gen_da qj` =g]`aiea cacajÜ^an `ai Op]]p d]p O_dhaeani]_dan radaiajp ranpae`ecp7 deanej rkn ]hhai cnÜj`ap oaej Nqb ]ho he^an]han Op]]popdaknapegan $rch* Skhbao .,,0%* O_dhaeani]) _dano Op]]popdaknea opadp mqan vq `aj gh]ooeo_daj Op]]popdakneaj `an Ik`anja( sk^ae oea ]qb aecajpÜihe_da Saeoa aejaj vaep) qj` knphkoaj Op]]p vq vae_djaj o_daejp* DeanÜ^an d]p ao ej `an Bkno_dqjc aeja dabpeca Gkjpnkranoa caca^aj $rch* Naapv .,,.( =nj`p .,,.( F]ao_dga .,,4%* @an vsaepa( i]paneahha Paeh `an Lkhepeg ^ab]oop oe_d iep `an Op]]porans]hpqjc* @k) iejeanp `eaoa( `anaj Ejd]hp `ea senpo_d]bphe_daj Lnkvaooa oej`( ok sen` `an Op]]p vqi

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=ҨҞҬҟқҭ =ҬҨҞҮ

̦ej`qopneÖoaj Op]]p̤ ei Cacajo]pv vqi ̦iehepÄneo_daj Op]]p̤( ^ae `ai `ea ei `neppaj Paeh ^ad]j`ahpa Äq¿ana Op]]poranpae`ecqjc haepaj`ao Lnejvel eop* @an ̦ej`qopneÖoa̤ Op]]p ^ao_dnÄjgp oe_d ]^an je_dp ]qb `ea Nkhha aejao Äq¿anhe_daj C]n]jpaj oah^opnacqh]peran Ögkjkieo_dan Ia_d]jeoiaj7 an eop reahiadn Nacqh]per `ao =hhcaiaejaj cacajÜ^an `aj L]npegqh]nejpanaooaj* @ea ejjana qj` Äq¿ana Op]]poranpae`ecqjc o_dhea¿he_d qib]oop rkn ]hhai j]_d ejjaj `ea Cane_dpo^]ngaep( j]_d ]q¿aj GneacbÜdnqjc qj` @elhki]pea* >ae`ao g]jj ei Ranh]qb `ao Gqhpqnbknpo_dneppo Ü^ansqj`aj san`aj6 ei Ejjanaj `qn_d O_dea`ocane_dpo^]ngaepaj( j]_d ]q¿aj `]`qn_d( `]oo oe_d `ea $]ho Ej`ere`q]hepÄpaj ca`]_dpaj% Op]]paj vqaej]j`an j]_d `ai Rkn^eh` `an bnaeaj Caoahhecgaep rand]hpaj* @ea Qjerano]heoeanqjc `an Dqi]) jepÄp gjÜlbp ]q_d dean ]j `]ofajeca ]j( s]o rkn ]hhai `ea Bn]qaj vqn Ajpse_ghqjc `an Oepphe_dgaep haeopaj* @aj pdaknapeo_daj Rkn]qooapvqjcaj `an O_dhaeani]_dano_daj Op]]pohadna ajpolna) _daj` san`aj `ea Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeooa ej edn fa`k_d ]qo`nÜ_ghe_d je_dp pdai]peoeanp* @eao ance^p oe_d `]n]qo( `]oo `ea Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeooa j]_d `an ldehkokldeo_daj Apdeg ej `aj >anae_d `ao Lner]paj( `an B]iehea qj` `an bnaeaj Caoahhecgaep b]hhaj( sÄdnaj` `an Op]]p `aicacajÜ^an ̞ caj]qok sea v* >* `ea ^Üncanhe_da Caoahho_d]bp qj` `an >anae_d `an Seooajo_d]bp ^vs* =g]`aiea ̞ ]ho Ö{ajphe_da OldÄna aejaj aecajaj N]qi ^aoapvp( `an rki Lner]paj ouopai]peo_d capnajjp eop* Ao opadp ]q¿an Bn]ca( `]oo O_dhaeani]_dan `]iep `ea Cao_dha_dpannkhhaj ranbaopecp( ej`ai an ]ho Sengqjcognaeo `an Bn]qaj B]iehea( dÄqohe_da Caoahhecgaep qj` Nahecekj $s]o bnaehe_d je_dp `ea ejopepqpekjahha Iepcaop]hpqjc ej `an Gen_da aejo_dhea¿p% baopo_dnae^p* Ej `an Op]]pohadna gkiiaj `eaoa OldÄnaj jqn ]i N]j` ej >he_g( oksaep aeja Cnajvveadqjc vqn PÄpecgaep `ao Op]]pao anbkn`anhe_d eop* Dejoe_dphe_d `an bnaeaj Caoahhecgaep ^aopadp aej Gkj}egp vseo_daj `an Bkn`anqjc `an >Üncan j]_d ̦Bnaedaep fache_daj Vqo]iiajpnapajo qj` Daehecgaep `ao D]qoao̤ aejanoaepo qj` `ai Na_dp `ao Op]]pao ]j`ananoaepo( `an ̦fa`aj =qcaj^heg fa`ao D]qo `qn_doq_daj̤ gÖjja qj` fa`ao ̦Vqo]iiajpnapaj̤ rkndan seooaj qj` ^ehhecaj iÜooa $GC= EE+4( ---b*%* >ae`ao oej` bÜn O_dhaeani]_dan ̦Atpnaia̤( vseo_daj `ajaj ]qb rano_dea`aja Saeoa aej =qochae_d dan^aevqbÜdnaj oae* Aej vsaepan Lqjgp( sk Op]]p qj` Lner]poldÄna ranieppahp san`aj iÜooaj( ^apne{p `ea Anveadqjc* @] `ea B]iehea `ai Op]]p rkn]qoheacp( |j`ap `an Op]]p `ea Gej`an o_dkj eiian ej `an K^dqp `an Ahpanj* Oksaep an oah^op Anveadqjc qj` >eh`qjc ^aopeiiaj sehh( d]p an oe_d je_dp jqn iep `aj Ejpanaooaj `an B]ieheaj( okj`anj ]q_d iep `ajaj `an Seooajo_d]bp qj` `an Gen_da ]qoaej]j`anvqoapvaj7 ]q_d dean ce^p ao bÜn O_dhaeani]_dan gaej ]hhcaiaej cÜhpecao Ik`ahh( okj`anj jqn aejaj =qochae_d( `an ]qb ]hha Ejpanaooaj NÜ_goe_dp jeiip $GC= EE+4( -1,̞-10%* Okskdh dejoe_dphe_d `an dÄqohe_daj Caoahhecgaep ]ho ]q_d dejoe_dphe_d `an Anveadqjc gkiiaj `ea Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeooa bÜn `aj Op]]p je_dp ej `aj >he_g7 ]q_d `eao heacp ]j `an ranbaopecpaj Nkhhajvqo_dnae^qjc( j]_d `an `ea B]iehea j]_d ]q¿aj dej `qn_d `aj I]jj nalnÄoajpeanp sen`*

BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ @қҨңҟҦ AҬҨҭҮ OҝҢҦҟңҟҬҧқҝҢҟҬ

1*

Hepan]pqn

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Mqahhaj

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Bkno_dqjcohepan]pqn

=nj`p( =j`na]o -5406 O_dhaeani]_dano Ldehkokldea ei Gkjpatp e`a]heopeo_dan Ouopailnkcn]iia* =jiangqjcaj vqn Ouopaigkjvalpekj ej O_dhaeani]_dano Rknhaoqjcaj vqn ldehkokldeo_daj Apdeg -4,3+,4( ej6 =n_derek `e Behkok|] 1.( -,/̞-.@ano* -55-6 Vqn Rkncao_de_dpa `ao O_dhaeani]_dano_daj >acne{o rkj @e]hagpeg( ej6 O_dhaeani]_dan qj` `ea seooajo_d]bphe_da Gqhpqn `ao ?dneopajpqio( dc* rkj CÜjpan Ia_gajopk_g ej Ran^ej`qjc iep Fk]_dei Nejcha^aj( >anhej qj` Jas Ukng( /-/̞/// @ano* -5546 ̦Olagqh]pera >he_ga ]qb `]o caeopeca Lnejvel̤* Bnea`ne_d O_dhaeani]_dano Lou_dkhkcea( ej6 >qn`knb( @eapan+O_diÜ_gan( Naejkh` $Dc*% -5546 @e]hkceo_da Seooajo_d]bp* Lanolagperaj `an Ldehkokldea O_dhaeani]_dano( L]`an^knj( -03̞-2@ano* .,,.6 Navajoekj vq @]jgbnea` Naapv6 O_dhaeani]_dan ei Dknevkjp lnaq¿eo_dan Lkhepeg7 dppl6++ dokvgqhp*cao_de_dpa*dq)^anhej*`a+navajoekjaj+e`9/.,5 @ano* .,,46 Aeja hepan]neo_da Ada* O_dhaeani]_dano Skdjcaiaejo_d]bp iep Bnea`ne_d O_dhacah( ej6 =nj`p( =j`na]o $Dc*% .,,46 Seooajo_d]bp qj` Caoahhecgaep* Bnea`ne_d O_dhaeani]_dan ej >anhej -352̞-4,.( >anhej+Jas Ukng >]npd( Qhne_d .,,-6 O_dhaeani]_dan)Hepan]pqn ei hapvpaj @neppah `ao .,* F]dndqj`anpo( Pdakhkceo_da Nqj`o_d]q 22( 0,4̞02@ehpdau( Sehdahi -53,6 Ha^aj O_dhaeani]_dano( >`* -( /* =q}]ca dc* rkj I]npej Na`agan( >anhej Beo_dan( Dani]jj .,,-6 Bnea`ne_d O_dhaeani]_dan( IÜj_daj Cqajpdan)Cha]okj( L]pne_e] A* -5536 Kj O_dhaeani]_dan ]j` Caj`an Lkhepe_o( D]nneo^qnc L= Cnkra( Lapan .,,06 @aqpqjcaj `ao Oq^fagpo* O_dhaeani]_dano Ldehkokldea `an Nahecekj( >anhej+Jas Ukng D]nphea^( Aheo]^apd .,,26 Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv ei @ajgaj Bnea`ne_d O_dhaeani]_dano( >anhej+Jas Ukng Danio( Aehanp -55-6 @ea >a`aqpqjc `an ̦Lou_dkhkcea̤ bÜn `ea Gkjvalpekj `ao Seooajo_d]bpoouopaio ^aei olÄpaj O_dhaeani]_dan( ej6 O_dhaeani]_dan qj` `ea seooajo_d]bphe_da Gqhpqn `ao ?dneopajpqio( dc* r* CÜjpan Ia_gajopk_g ej Ran^ej`qjc iep Fk]_dei Nejcha^aj( >anhej qj` Jas Ukng( /25̞0,F]ao_dga( S]hpan .,,46 O_dhaeani]_dan ]ho lkhepeo_dan @ajgan( ej6 =nj`p( =j`na]o+>]npd( Qhne_d+ CnÄ^( Sehdahi $Dc*% .,,46 ?dneopajpqi ̞ Op]]p ̞ Gqhpqn* =gpaj `ao Gkjcnaooao `an Ejpanj]pekj]haj O_dhaeani]_dan)Caoahho_d]bp ej >anhej( IÄnv .,,2( >anhej+Jas Ukng( /,/̞/-1 Ia_gajopk_g( CÜjpan -5446 @apaniejeopeo_da Apdeg qj` gnepeo_da Pdakhkcea* @ea =qoaej]j`anoapvqjc `ao bnÜdaj O_dhaeani]_dan iep G]jp qj` Olejkv] -345̞-350( >anhej+Jas Ukng

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=ҨҞҬҟқҭ =ҬҨҞҮ

Je_dkh( E]ej C* $Dc*% -55.6 O_dhaeani]_dan ]j` Baiejeoi* Okqn_ao( Ar]hq]pekjo( ]j` Naolkjoao( Haseopkj6 Iahhaj $O_dhaeani]_dan Opq`eao ]j` Pn]joh]pekjo( Rkh* -.% Jks]g( Gqnp .,,-6 O_dhaeani]_dan( CÖppejcaj L]`ehh]( G]pdaneja I]nu -5446 Pda Ai^k`eiajp kb pda =^okhqpa6 Pdakneao kb pda Baiejeja ej pda Skngo kb O_dhaeani]_dan( O_dhacah ]j` Jkr]heo* Ldeh* @eoo* Lnej_apkj L]po_d( Dani]jj -5226 Bnea`ne_d O_dhacaho ̦Ldehkokldea `an Ldehkhkcea̤ qj` O_dhaeani]_dano bnÜda AjpsÜnba vqn Daniajaqpeg( Vaepo_dnebp bÜn Pdakhkcea qj` Gen_da 2/( 0/0̞03. Lhacan( Skhbc]jc D]caj -5446 O_dhaeani]_dano Ldehkokldea( >anhej+Jas Ukng Naapv( @]jgbnea` .,,.6 O_dhaeani]_dan ei Dknevkjp lnaq¿eo_dan Lkhepeg( S]hpnkl Ne_d]n`okj( Nqpd @* -55-6 Pda Nkha kb Skiaj ej pda Heba ]j` Pdkqcdp kb pda a]nhu O_dhaeani]_dan $-324̞-4,2%* =j Deopkne_]h Kranreas( Haseopkj O_die`p( O]n]d .,,16 @ea Gkjopnqgpekj `ao Aj`he_daj* O_dhaeani]_dano Ldehkokldea `an Sa_doahsengqjc( >anhej+Jas Ukng O_dkhv( Cqjpan -5406 @ea Ldehkokldea O_dhaeani]_dano( @]niop]`p Renikj`( Skhbc]jc .,,46 Hea^a( Bnaqj`o_d]bp( B]q^h]opÄp ̞ `an bnÜda O_dhaeani]_dan qj` `ea Bn]qaj( ej6 =nj`p( =j`na]o $Dc*% .,,46 Seooajo_d]bp qj` Caoahhecgaep* Bnea`ne_d O_dhaeani]_dan ej >anhej -352̞-4,.( >anhej+Jas Ukng Skhbao( I]ppde]o .,,06 ¶{ajphe_dgaep qj` >Üncancaoahho_d]bp* Bnea`ne_d O_dhaeani]_dano lkhepeo_da Sengo]igaep( >anhej+Jas Ukng

AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

Caknc Sehdahi Bnea`ne_d Dacah6 Rkj `an j]pÜnhe_daj >aopeiipdaep `an Cao_dha_dpan vq ednan ejpahhagpqahhaj qj` oepphe_daj >a`aqpqjc ej `an ^Üncanhe_daj Ada qj` B]iehea

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Ha^aj qj` Sang

Caknc Sehdahi Bnea`ne_d Dacah sen` ]i .3* =qcqop -33, ej Opqppc]np ]ho Ähpaopan Okdj rkj ejocao]ip `nae Gej`anj `ao Najpajg]iianoagnapÄno Caknc Hq`sec Dacah qj` oae) jan Adabn]q I]ne] I]c`]haj] Hkqeo]( ca^* Bnkii ca^knaj* Oaeja Iqppan open^p ^anaepo -34/* Ej oaejan O_dqhvaep cahpaj oaeja Ejpanaooaj ja^aj `an Ldehkokldea r*€]* `an Ca) o_de_dpa( `ai Cnea_deo_daj( H]paejeo_daj qj` `an I]pdai]peg* Dacaho O_dqh^eh`qjc eop ^aopeiip `qn_d `aj Caeop `an OlÄp]qbghÄnqjc* G]jpo Gnepeg `an naejaj Ranjqjbp qj` ]j`ana O_dnebpaj( `ea `ea gh]ooeo_da `aqpo_da Ldehkokldea aejhÄqpaj( opadaj je_dp ]qb `ai Hadnlh]j $rch* F]ao_dga .,,/( .%* Ei Kgpk^an -344 ^acejjp Dacah `]o Opq`eqi `an Pdakhkcea ]j `an A^and]n`)G]nho)QjeranoepÄp PÜ^ejcaj( `]o ]qo aejai vsaefÄdnecaj Ldehkokldea) qj` aejai ]jo_dhea¿aj`aj `naefÄdnecaj Pdakhkceaopq`eqi ^aopadp* An sen` ej `]o PÜ^ejcan Opebp ]qbcajkiiaj( `]o `ea Opq`ajpaj ]qb `ea gÜjbpeca H]qb^]dj ]ho ar]jcaheo_da Lb]nnan rkn^anaepap* Ei Opebp paehp an oe_d ]jb]jco aej Veiian iep DÖh`anhej qj` O_dahhejc( iep `ajaj edj olÄpan aejeca F]dna h]jc aeja ajca Bnaqj`o_d]bp ran^ej) `aj sen`* J]_d Opq`eaj]^o_dhqoo jeiip Dacah -35/ aeja Opahha ]ho D]qohadnan ej >anj ]j* An oapvp oe_d ejpajoer iep `an `knpecaj lkhepeo_daj Oepq]pekj ]qoaej]j`an qj` gnepe) oeanp ej iadnanaj O_dnebpaj qj` >neabaj `]o >anjan L]pneve]p* =q_d `ea narkhqpekjÄnaj Anaecjeooa ej Bn]jgnae_d ^ak^]_dpap an ]qbiango]i* Sea reaha oaejan Vaepcajkooaj eop an vqjÄ_dop ^acaeopanp rkj `an Bn]jvÖoeo_daj Narkhqpekj( sen` fa`k_d vq aejai o_d]n) baj Gnepegan `an Cn]j`a Pannaqn* =^ -350 bÜdnp Dacah aejaj nacaj >neabsa_doah iep DÖh`anhej qj` O_dahhejc( q* ]* Ü^an `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj Nahecekj qj` Lkhepeg oksea Ü^an Be_dpao O_dnebp Ranoq_d aejan Gnepeg ]hhan K{aj^]nqjc* SÄdnaj` `ea Bnaqj`a ]gper ]j `aj ]gpqahhaj ldehkokldeo_daj @a^]ppaj `eaoan F]dna paehjadiaj ̞ v* >* ]j `an @eogqo) oekj Ü^an Be_dpao Seooajo_d]bpohadna $-350+51% qj` ednai RandÄhpjeo vqn Ldehkokldea Olejkv]o ̞( ]n^aepap Dacah rknjadihe_d ]j nahecekjoldehkokldeo_daj Bn]caj( op]ng ^aaej) }qoop rkj `aj gqhpqngnepeo_daj qj` caoahho_d]bpopdaknapeo_daj =n^aepaj Nkqooa]qo qj` `an gnepeo_daj Nahecekjoldehkokldea G]jpo $rch* Aiqj`po .,,.( .,%* -353 jeiip Dacah `qn_d Raniepphqjc DÖh`anhejo aeja Opahha ]ho D]qohadnan ej Bn]jgbqnp ]j* @knp ran^ej`ap

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

edj aeja Bnaqj`o_d]bp iep `aj Iepchea`anj rki Bn]jgbqnp)Dki^qncan ̦>qj` `an Caeo) pan̤( `ai ja^aj DÖh`anhej Oej_h]en qj` Vsehhejc ]jcadÖnaj* -355 open^p Dacaho R]pan* @]o anan^pa RaniÖcaj aniÖche_dp edi( oaeja =n^aep ]ho D]qohadnan ]qbvqca^aj* An veadp -4,- j]_d Faj] vq O_dahhejc* @qn_d O_dahhejco Raniepphqjc sen` Dacah o_djahh ej `]o caoahho_d]bphe_da Ha^aj ej Faj] aejcabÜdnp* An hanjp q* ]* Ckapda qj` O_dehhan gajjaj qj` ^abnaqj`ap oe_d iep `ai Ldehkokldaj qj` Pdakhkcaj Jeapd]iian $-322̞-404% qj` `ai ar]jcaheo_daj Pdakhkcaj L]qhqo $-32-̞-41-%* @ea ̣>hÜpavaep̡ Faj]o eop vq `eaoan Vaep fa`k_d o_dkj rknÜ^an ̞ Be_dpa qj` =qcqop Sehdahi O_dhacah oej` ^anaepo j]_d >an) hej cac]jcaj* -4,- ano_daejp Dacaho =^d]j`hqjc ¼^an `ea @e{anajv `ao Be_dpao_daj qj` O_dahhejco_daj Ouopaio `an Ldehkokldea( ej `an an oe_d ̞ jk_d op]ng ^aaej}qoop rkj O_dahhejc ̞ gnepeo_d iep `ai Ouopaica`]jgaj ej `an Ldehkokldea oaejan Vaepcajkooaj ]qoaej]j`anoapvp* Iep O_dahhejc ce^p Dacah ej Faj] `]o Gnepeo_da Fkqnj]h `an Ldehkokldea dan]qo* @]nej ano_daejaj q* ]* `ea =^d]j`hqjcaj Ch]q^aj qj` Seooaj ̞ aeja gnepeo_da =qoaej]j`anoapvqjc iep `an Ldehkokldea G]jpo( F]_k^eo qj` Be_dpao( `ea an ]ho ̦Na) }atekjoldehkokldea̤ p]`ahp ̞ oksea ¼^an `ea seooajo_d]bphe_daj >ad]j`hqjco]npaj `ao J]pqnna_dpo( aeja Gnepeg rkj G]jpo qj` Be_dpao >acne{ `ao J]pqnna_dpo ]ho ̦Ranjqjbp) na_dp̤* Ej Faj] d]^ehepeanp oe_d Dacah iep `an j]pqnldehkokldeo_daj =n^aep @eooanp]pek ldehkoklde_] `a Kn^epeo Lh]jap]nqi* L]n]hhah `]vq ^acejjp an ej anopaj AjpsÜnbaj iep `an =qo]n^aepqjc oaejao Ouopaio* -4,/+,0 ranh]ooaj O_dahhejc( L]qhqo qj` Jeapd]iian Faj]* Dacah sen` -4,1 vqi ]q¿ankn`ajphe_daj Lnkbaookn ̞ kdja aej Cad]hp ̞ anj]jjp* =ho Faj] -4,2 rkj `aj Bn]jvkoaj ^aoapvp sen`( ^]jcp Dacah qi `]o I]jqognelp oaejao anopaj cnk¿aj ldehkokldeo_daj Sangao( `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ao Caeopao( `]o an sajeca P]ca vqrkn vqi @nq_g j]_d >]i^anc cao_de_gp d]p( `]o ]^an `aj Ranh]c qj^ao_d]`ap annae_dp* Gqnv j]_d `ai Ano_daejaj `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea ^ne_dp `an >neabsa_doah iep O_dahhejc ]^( `] `eaoan `ea Rknna`a ]ho Lkhaieg cacaj oaeja aecajaj ldehkokldeo_daj ¼^anvaqcqjcaj ]q{]oop* @ea Bnaqj`a ajpbnai`aj oe_d* Dacah dk{p ]qb aeja ^anq}e_da RanÄj`anqjc* An jeiip -4,3 `ea Opahha `ao Na`]gpaqno `an >]i^ancan Vaepqjc ]j( `ea Jeapd]iian edi ranieppahp* -4,4 sen` an vqi Nagpkn aejao Cuij]oeqio ej JÜnj^anc( -4-/ vqi O_dqhn]p anj]jjp* Dacah jqpvp `aj Ldehkokldeaqjpanne_dp vqn saepanaj =qo) ]n^aepqjc oaejao Ouopaio* -4-- daen]pap an I]nea Dahaj] Oqo]jja rkj Pq_dan( iep `an an vsae OÖdja ^agkiip( G]nh Bnea`ne_d Sehdahi $-4-/̞-5,-% qj` Pdki]o Eii]jqah ?dneope]j $-4-0̞-45-%( oksea aeja Pk_dpan( `ea ]hhan`ejco qjieppah^]n j]_d `an Ca^qnp open^p* =qb oaejan Naeoa j]_d JÜnj^anc ^aoq_dp Bnea`ne_d Daejne_d F]_k^e Dacah7 pnkpv anda^he_dan ldehkokldeo_dan @e{anajvaj ^acejjp aeja Bnaqj`o_d]bp( `ea ^eo vq F]_k^eo Pk` -4-5 ]jdÄhp* Ej JÜnj^anc ^acejjp Dacah iep `an =n^aep ]j `an Seooajo_d]bp `an Hk) ceg7 `anaj anopao >q_d( @ea Hadna rki Oaej( ano_daejp -4-.( `]o vsaepa( @ea Hadna rki Saoaj( -4-/ qj` `]o `neppa >q_d( @ea Hadna rki >acne{ ( o_dhea¿he_d -4-2 ̞ ei oah^aj F]dn( ej `ai Dacah `aj Nqb ]j `ea QjeranoepÄp Dae`ah^anc ]jjeiip* Ej Dae`ah^anc sen` an Na`]gpaqn `an Dae`ah^anceo_daj F]dn^Ü_dan `an Hepan]pqn* An jeiip oaejaj -4,3 ej Faj] ca^knajaj( qjadahe_daj Okdj Caknc Hq`sec Bnea`ne_d Beo_dan ej oaeja B]iehea ]qb* -4-3 sen` `ea anopa B]ooqjc oaejan AjvughklÄ`ea `an ldehkokldeo_daj Seooajo_d]bpaj ei Cnqj`neooa ca`nq_gp( ej `an Dacah ̞ ̦ei Cnqj`neooa̤ ̞ aeja Cao]ip`]nopahhqjc oaejao ldehkokldeo_daj Ouopaio qjpanjeiip $rch* .*%* @an lnaq¿eo_da Gqhpqoiejeopan =hpajopaej ^eapap Dacah ]j( J]_dbkhcan ]qb `ai Hadnopqdh rkj Be_dpa ]j `an >anhejan QjeranoepÄp vq san`aj* Dacah jeiip `aj Nqb -4-4 ]j* Ej >anhej eop Dacah ]qb `an DÖda oaejao

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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Nqdio* An d]p aeja cnk¿a DÖnano_d]bp( ]q_d reaha Op]]po^a]ipa oej` qjpan oaejaj Opq) `ajpaj* -4.- ano_daejp `]o hapvpa rkj Dacah oah^op ranÖ{ajphe_dpa Sang( `ea Cnqj`hejeaj `an Ldehkokldea `ao Na_dpo( `ea an ranb]oop d]p( ]ho `ea GÄilba vseo_daj naop]qn]peraj( nabkni]pkneo_daj qj` narkhqpekjÄnaj GnÄbpaj ej Lnaq¿aj ednaj DÖdalqjgp annae_daj* Ej `an >anhejan Vaep cadp Dacah iadnb]_d ]qb Gqhpqn) qj` >eh`qjconaeoaj( q* ]* j]_d GÖhj qj` ej `ea Ranaejecpaj Jea`anh]j`a $-4.0%( j]_d @nao`aj( Ln]c qj` Seaj $-4.3%( oksea j]_d L]neo qj` >nÜooah $-4.3%* =q_d ej >anhej jeiip an naca ]i Gqhpqnha^aj paeh* Ei Fq) he -4.3 ano_daejp `ea vsaepa( -4/, `ea `neppa =q}]ca oaejan AjvughklÄ`ea* Ei Jkrai^an -4/-( gqnv rkn oaejai Pk`( qjpanvae_djap Dacah jk_d `]o Rknsknp vqn vsaepaj =q}]ca `an Seooajo_d]bp `an Hkceg( -* >q_d6 @ea Hadna rki Oaej( `ea ]hhan`ejco anop -4/.( j]_d oaejai Pk`( ano_daejp* Dacah open^p ]i -0*--*-4/-( raniqphe_d ]j `an ?dkhan]* @ea rkj edi oah^op ranÖ{ajphe_dpaj O_dnebpaj ]hhaej oleacahj je_dp `ea BÜhha `an Pdaiaj se`an( iep `ajaj an oe_d ^ao_dÄbpecp d]p* Aeja se_dpeca Mqahha opahhaj `]dan `ea J]_do_dneb) paj oaejan Rknhaoqjcaj Ü^an `ea Ldehkokldea `an Cao_de_dpa( Ü^an `ea ¤opdapeg( Ü^an `ea Ldehkokldea `an Nahecekj qj` Ü^an `ea Cao_de_dpa `an Ldehkokldea `]n( `ea oaeja O_dÜhan ]jcabanpecp d]^aj* Ej `eaoaj Rknhaoqjcaj d]p Dacah saoajphe_d ]qobÜdnhe_dan ]hh `ea Pda) iaj ^ad]j`ahp( `ea an ei N]diaj `an AjvughklÄ`ea jqn ej `an bÜn aejaj Ouopaicnqj`neoo anbkn`anhe_daj GÜnva ]^d]j`ahp* @ea J]_do_dnebpaj sqn`aj qjieppah^]n j]_d oaejai Pk` ej aejan Gkileh]pekj rki ̦Ranaej `an Bnaqj`a `ao Ranasecpaj̤ ranÖ{ajphe_dp qj` heacaj iepphansaeha cnÖ¿pajpaeho ej `an deopkneo_d)gnepeo_daj =qoc]^a rkn*

.*

Cnqj`vÜca `an Dacaho_daj Ldehkokldea

Dacah sen` ja^aj Be_dpa qj` O_dahhejc vq `aj ^a`aqpaj`opaj Ranpnapanj `an Ldehkok) ldea `ao @aqpo_daj E`a]heoiqo cavÄdhp qj` cehp reahaj ]ho edn Rkhhaj`an* =ho @aqpo_dan E`a]heoiqo sen` aeja aej}qoonae_da ldehkokldeo_da OpnÖiqjc ^avae_djap( `ea ei ]qoca) daj`aj -4* F]dndqj`anp ^ac]jj qj` `anaj Aj`a vqiaeop iep Dacaho Pk` ei F]dna -4/`]peanp sen`* @ea O]iiah^avae_djqjc ̦@aqpo_dan E`a]heoiqo̤ eop ]qo reahanhae CnÜj`aj qiopneppaj qj` ao ce^p fa j]_d ldehkokldeo_dai Oah^opranopÄj`jeo qjpano_dea`he_da Ran) oq_da oea vq na_dpbanpecaj k`an ]q_d ejbn]ca vq opahhaj $rch* Vahpjan -532%* Qiopneppaj eop v* >*( k^ `ea gnepeo_da Ldehkokldea G]jpo oah^op ^anaepo vqn Ldehkokldea `ao @aqpo_daj E`a]heoiqo vq vÄdhaj eop k`an k^ `eaoa ldehkokldeo_da OpnÖiqjc anop iep `an Naval) pekj qj` Gnepeg `an G]jpeo_daj Ldehkokldea `qn_d Naejdkh` qj` Be_dpa ednaj =jb]jc jeiip* Sea ]q_d eiian i]j oe_d vq `eaoan Bn]ca lkoepekjeanp6 Ej fa`ai B]hh opahhp `an gnepeo_da E`a]heoiqo G]jpo bÜn Be_dpa( O_dahhejc qj` Dacah `aj =qoc]jcolqjgp ednan ldehkokldeo_daj =n^aep `]n( ej `an oea ednai aecajaj Oah^opranopÄj`jeo j]_d `ea Bn]caj ]qbjadiaj qj` saepan ^a]n^aepaj( `ea oe_d ei =jo_dhqoo ]j `ea G]jpeo_da Ldehkokldea opahhaj* Edn cnqj`hacaj`an Aejs]j` cehp `ai Ouopai]jolnq_d( `aj G]jp bÜn oaeja Lde) hkokldea anda^p6 =jcaoe_dpo `an bÜn `aj gnepeo_daj E`a]heoiqo gkjopepqperaj @e{anajv rkj @ejc ]j oe_d qj` Ano_daejqjc h]ooa oe_d aej Ouopai]jolnq_d( `an `an Ldehkokldea ]ho Seooajo_d]bp cana_dp sen`( je_dp ]qbna_dp and]hpaj* @]o G]jpeo_da Ouopai ^acnaeba `ea Senghe_dgaep je_dp ej ednan Pkp]hepÄp( okj`anj h]ooa rano_dea`aja >anae_da `ao Seo) oajo qjranieppahp ja^ajaej]j`an opadaj* @eao ^apna{a ejo^aokj`ana `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj pdaknapeo_dan qj` ln]gpeo_dan Ranjqjbp* Be_dpa( O_dahhejc qj` Dacah ranoq_daj ]qb fa

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

qjpano_dea`he_da Saeoa( `eaoaj rkj edjaj gkjop]peanpaj I]jcah `an G]jpeo_daj Ldehk) okldea `qn_d `aj Ajpsqnb aejao ldehkokldeo_daj Ouopaio vq ^ada^aj* Ej `an hapvpaj B]ooqjc oaejan AjvughklÄ`ea bkniqheanp Dacah lnÄcj]jp( s]nqi ao aejao ldehkokldeo_daj Ouopaio ^a`]nb6 ̦Aej Ldehkokldeanaj kdja Ouopai g]jj je_dpo Seooajo_d]bphe_dao oaej7 ]q¿an`ai( `]¿ okh_dao Ldehkokldeanaj bÜn oe_d iadn aeja oq^fagpera Oejjao]np ]qo`nÜ_gp( eop ao oaejai Ejd]hpa j]_d vqbÄhhec* Aej Ejd]hp d]p ]hhaej ]ho Ikiajp `ao C]jvaj oaeja Na_dpbanpecqjc( ]q¿an `aioah^aj ]^an aeja qj^acnÜj`apa Rkn]qooapvqjc k`an oq^fagpe) ra Caseoodaep W***Y* ̞ Qjpan aejai Ouopaia sen` bÄho_dhe_d aeja Ldehkokldea rkj aejai ^ao_dnÄjgpaj( rkj ]j`anaj qjpano_dea`ajaj Lnejvel ranop]j`aj7 ao eop ei Cacajpaeh Lnej) vel s]dnd]bpan Ldehkokldea( ]hha ^aokj`anaj Lnejveleaj ej oe_d vq ajpd]hpaj*̤ $Ajv* E( ‡ -0% Dacaho gkjpejqeanhe_da =n^aep ]j `an Ajpse_ghqjc aejao ldehkokldeo_daj Ouopaio ^acejjp ej `an Faj]an Vaep $-4,-̞-4,2%* SÄdnaj` oaeja anopa RanÖ{ajphe_dqjc( `ea @eb) banajvo_dnebp( jk_d op]ng rkj O_dahhejco Ouopaildehkokldea ^aaej}qoop eop( vaecaj oaeja OuopaiajpsÜnba ]qo `eaoaj F]dnaj ^anaepo oaeja =^hÖoqjc rkj O_dahhejc( `ea `]jj ej oaejai anopaj D]qlpsang( `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ao Caeopao $-4,3%( `aqphe_d vqp]ca pnepp* @ea LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ao Caeopao $-4,3% jeiip ejjand]h^ `ao Dacaho_daj Sango aeja caseooa Okj`anopahhqjc aej* Oea okhhpa ]ho Aejhaepqjc ej oaej Cao]ipouopai bqjceanaj( sah_dao an l]n]hhah lq^heveanaj skhhpa( qj` vqchae_d `aj anopaj Paeh `eaoao Ouopaio `]n) opahhaj* Ej `aj anop saoajphe_d olÄpan lq^heveanpaj ajvughklÄ`eo_daj Cnqj`neoo oaejao Ouopaio d]p Dacah `ea LdÄjkiajkhkcea ej ednan qnolnÜjche_daj B]ooqjc fa`k_d je_dp ]qbcajkiiaj* Ha`eche_d aej =^o_djepp `an Ldehkokldea `ao oq^fagperaj Caeopao( `an jqn aejaj =qoo_djepp `ao rkndanecaj Lnkcn]iio `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea ^aejd]hpap( pnÄcp olÄ) pan `aj Pepah ̦LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ao Caeopao̤* K^skdh Dacah `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea o_dkj ^]h` j]_d ednai Ano_daejaj je_dp iadn `ea ouopai]peo_da Opahhqjc vqo_dnae^p( `ea an qn) olnÜjche_d bÜn oea rkncaoadaj d]ppa( heacp `ajjk_d gaej ca`]jghe_dan >nq_d vseo_daj `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea qj` `aj olÄpanaj O_dnebpaj rkn $rch* F]ao_dga .,,/( -4,%* Ej `an Rknna`a `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea bkniqheanp Dacah aejaj Ca`]jgaj( `an bÜn oaeja c]jva Ldehkokldea gajjvae_djaj` eop6 ̦@]o S]dna eop `]o C]jva* @]o C]jva ]^an eop jqn `]o `qn_d oaeja Ajpse_ghqjc oe_d rkhhaj`aj`a Saoaj* Ao eop rkj `ai =^okhqpaj vq o]caj( `]¿ ao saoajphe_d Naoqhp]p( `]¿ ao anop ]i Aj`a `]o eop( s]o ao ej S]dndaep eop7 qj` deanej a^aj ^aopadp oaeja J]pqn( Senghe_dao( Oq^fagp( k`an oe_d oah^op San`aj( vq oaej*̤ $LdC( -1( .,b*%- Dacaho Ldehkokldea `ao =^okhqpaj eop ]hok saoajphe_d `uj]ieo_d vq ranopadaj* @]o =^okhqpa eop je_dp jqn anopan Cnqj` ]hhan Senghe_dgaep( okj`anj oah^op ]hha Senghe_dgaep $rch* Aiqj`po .,,.( /3%* SÜn`a i]j ao fa`k_d ]ho qj^asacpao( qjiep) pah^]nao C]jvao ]q{]ooaj( ok sÄna ao ej oe_d rÖhhec qj^aopeiip( `ajj ]hha raniepphaj`a( ^aopeiiaj`a qj` okiep Qjpano_dea`a oapvaj`a >asacqjc sÄna ]qo edi ]qocao_dhko) oaj* @]iep ajpolnÄ_da ao je_dp iadn oaejai >acne{( `ajj ao dÄppa aps]o ]q¿an oe_d6 `ea ^aopeiiaj`a( ranieppahj`a >asacqjc jÄihe_d* J]_d Dacah gkiip ao `]n]qb ]j( `]o =^okhqpa ]ho `aj Lnkvaoo vq `ajgaj( ej `ai ao oah^op ]hha >aopeiipdaep oapvp qj` sea`an ej ^aopeiipan Saeoa jaceanp( ok `]oo ao oe_d j]_d qj` j]_d ej eiian rkhhgkiiajanan Saeoa ej `eaoan >asacqjc =qo`nq_g ce^p* Ao eop ]hok je_dp ^hk¿ Naoqhp]p( okj`anj `ea Aejdaep `ao Lnkvaooao oah^op qj` oaejao Naoqhp]po $rch* LdC( 1( -.b*%* Ao eop je_dp qjiep) pah^]n senghe_d( okj`anj iqoo ]qo `an ]jbÄjche_daj( jk_d qj^aopeiipaj Qjieppah^]ngaep -

>ae Vep]paj ]qo `an LdC sen` vqjÄ_dop `ea Oaepajv]dh caj]jjp qj` ]jo_dhea¿aj` `ea Vaehaj]jc]^a*

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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Ü^ancadaj ej `ea Raniepphqjc qj` `]iep ej `ea Ajpvsaeqjc( ej oaej =j`anooaej( qi ao oah^op vq san`aj $rch* LdC( -0( -5b*%* @] `]o =^okhqpa ]hha Senghe_dgaep eop( eop ao Aejdaep rkj @ajgaj qj` Oaej* Ao eop `aod]h^ ]q_d je_dp jqn Oq^op]jv( okj`anj Oq^fagp $LdC( -0( .b*% ̞ aej oe_d Seooaj`ao qj` oe_d pÄpec Danrkn^nejcaj`ao* Oaeja rkhhaj`apa Caop]hp d]p ao ]ho Caeop* Ao cadÖnp vqi >acne{ `ao Caeopao( `]oo an( qi oe_d ]ho Caeop vq na]heoeanaj( `]o Seooaj rkj oaejai oq^op]jpeahhaj Saoaj ansan^aj iqoo* @an Caeop( `an oe_d je_dp oah^op ]ho Caeop sae¿( eop ^hk¿ caeopeca Oq^op]jv( =joe_doaej* Qi oe_d ]ho Caeop vq na]he) oeanaj( iqoo an bÜn oe_d san`aj( oe_d oah^op ^acnaebaj7 an g]jj jqn bÜn oe_d san`aj( ej`ai an oe_d oe_d oah^op vqi Cacajop]j` i]_dp* An iqoo oe_d rkj oe_d oah^op qjpano_dae`aj( oe_d vq oe_d oah^op ej aej RandÄhpjeo oapvaj* @ea LdÄjkiajkhkcea d]p jqj `ea =qbc]^a( `eaoaj Lnkvaoo `ao BÜnoe_dsan`ajo `ao Caeopao `]nvqopahhaj* ̦@]o Seooaj( sea ao vqanop eop( k`an `an qjieppah^]na Caeop eop `]o caeophkoa( k`an eop `]o oejjhe_da >asqoopoaej* Qi vqi aecajphe_daj Seooaj vq san`aj( k`an `]o Ahaiajp `an Seooajo_d]bp( s]o edn nae) jan >acne{ eop( vq anvaqcaj( d]p an `qn_d aejaj h]jcaj Sac oe_d dej`qn_d vq ]n^aepaj*̤ $LdC( .-( -0b*% @eaoan h]jca Sac eop `an Sac Ü^an rano_dea`aja >asqoopoaejocaop]h) paj( `ea oe_d `an Caeop ce^p6 VqjÄ_dop ]ho ^hk¿ qjieppah^]na oejjhe_da Caseoodaep( `]jj ]ho S]dnjadiqjc( Ranop]j`( Oah^op^asqoopoaej qj` Ranjqjbp( ^eo an oe_d o_dhea¿he_d ]ho Caeop oah^op vqi Cacajop]j` d]p ej `an Bkni `an oepphe_daj Sahp( `an Gqjop( `an Nahecekj qj` `ao ]^okhqpaj Seooajo( `an Ldehkokldea( `ea ]hha rkn]jcac]jcajaj >asqoopoaejoca) op]hpaj ej oe_d ]qbda^p qj` ]ho Ikiajpa `an Oah^opna]heoeanqjc `ao Caeopao ^acnaebp* @ea >asqoopoaejocaop]hpaj oej` fasaeho Ano_daejqjcaj `ao Caeopao( `an oe_d ej `an @e{anajv rkj >asqoopoaej qj` Cacajop]j` oe_d oah^op vqi Cacajop]j` i]_dp* @]o >asqoopoaej `an fasaehecaj Caop]hpaj i]_dp `]^ae oah^op `ea Anb]dnqjc `an Qjs]dndaep `an rkj edi oah^op rkn]qocaoapvpaj @e{anajv( sk`qn_d `an jkpsaj`eca Bknpc]jc `qn_d `ea Naeda `an Caop]hpqjcaj aniÖche_dp sen`* Dacah ^avae_djap `ea LdÄjkiajkhkcea `aod]h^ ]q_d ]ho ̦Seooajo_d]bp `an Anb]dnqjc `ao >asqoopoaejo̤ $LdC( 24( -.%* Ej`ai sen ]ho Haoanejjaj qj` Haoan `eaoaj Lnkvaoo j]_drkhhveadaj( ^acnaebaj sen vqchae_d qjoan aecajao Seooaj ]ho Naoqhp]p `an Ajpse_ghqjc `ao Caeopao dej vqn Seooajo_d]bp* SÄdnaj` `ea LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ea Qjs]dndaep `an >asqoopoaejo`e{anajv ]ho Cao_de_dpa `an Anb]dnqjc `ao >asqoopoaejo lnÄoajpeanp( cadp Dacah ej oaejaj olÄpanaj ouopai]peo_daj O_dnebpaj ]j`ano rkn6 @knp vaecp an( sea oe_d `ea Aejdaep rkj Oq^fagperepÄp qj` K^fagperepÄp bÜn qjo ]j qjoanai fasaehecaj Cacajop]j` `]nopahhp* Sehh i]j aejaj anopaj Vqcne{ ]qb `ea ouopai]peo_da Ldehkokldea Dacaho ^agkiiaj( eop ao oejjrkhh( oe_d ]j `an ]qocanaebpaopaj( hapvpaj rkj Dacah oah^op ]qpkneoeanpaj B]ooqjc `an AjvughklÄ`ea vq kneajpeanaj( `ea ej ednaj ca`]jghe_daj Cnqj`vÜcaj iep `aj bnÜdanaj B]ooqjcaj qj` AjpsÜnbaj pnkpv `eranoan Qi]n^aepqjcaj ei Saoajphe_daj Ü^anaejopeiip $rch* F]ao_dga .,,/( -1,b*%* @]o Dacaho_da Ouopai ^aopadp ]qo `nae Paehaj( `ea fa`k_d je_dp sea >hÖ_ga ^hk¿ ja) ^ajaej]j`an opadaj( okj`anj caiÄ¿ `an `uj]ieo_daj =q{]ooqjc `ao =^okhqpaj ]qoaej) ]j`an ajpse_gahp san`aj* @aj anopaj Paeh `an AjvughklÄ`ea opahhp `ea Hkceg `]n* @ea Hkceg ^ab]oop oe_d iep `aj naejaj @ajg^aopeiiqjcaj ej ednan ejjanaj >asacqjc ̞ ]jcab]jcaj rki jk_d rÖhhec qj^aopeiipaj >acne{ `ao ̦naejaj Oaejo̤ ^eo dej vqn ]^okhqpaj E`aa( ej `an ]hha rkn]jcac]jcajaj @ajg^aopeiiqjcaj ]qbcadk^aj oej`* Iep `an ]^okhqpaj E`aa( ej `an `ea Hkceg oe_d ej oe_d ^ao_dhea¿p( sen` `an ¼^anc]jc ej `ea ̦Na]hldehkokldea̤ cai]_dp( ej`ai `ea E`aa( `ea ^eodan hkceo_da E`aa s]n( ̦oe_d ajpo_dhea¿p( W***Y oe_d ]ho

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

J]pqn bnae ]qo oe_d vq ajph]ooaj̤ $Ajv E( ‡€.00%( `* d* oe_d aej Äq¿anao @]oaej ej `an J]pqn vq ca^aj* @] `ea J]pqn `ea anopa( qjieppah^]na qj` jk_d Äq¿anhe_da Na]heoeanqjco) bkni `an E`aa eop( g]jj oe_d `ea E`aa ej edn jqn ]qb aejan ranchae_dosaeoa i]jcahd]bpaj Ajpse_ghqjcoopqba( ]ho E`aa `ao Ha^ajo( na]heoeanaj* =hha ]j`anaj( rkhhgkiiajanaj Ajp) se_ghqjcoopqbaj `an E`aa ̞ E`aa `ao Angajjajo( E`aa `ao Skhhajo( =^okhqpa E`aa ̞ gÖjjaj oe_d jqn ]ho Caeop na]heoeanaj( `an ]ho ha^aj`ecan Caeop vqchae_d aeja Na]heoea) nqjcobkni `an E`aa `ao Ha^ajo ]qb aejan dÖdanaj Opqba ]ho jk_d ej `an J]pqn `]nopahhp* @ea Na]hldehkokldea opahhp okiep ejocao]ip `ea Ajpse_ghqjc `]n( ej `an `ea ]^okhqpa E`aa ]qo ednan AjpÄq¿anqjc ej `an J]pqn ]ho Caeop sea`an vq oe_d vqnÜ_ggadnp* @ea Qjrkhhgki) iajdaep `an J]pqn dÄjcp saoajphe_d `]iep vqo]iiaj( `]oo oea ̞ ]j`ano ]ho `an Caeop ̞ je_dp ej `an H]ca eop( oe_d oah^op vq ^acnaebaj* @]oo `ea J]pqn Ü^and]qlp E`aa eop ̞ qj` `]iep aej Ikiajp `an Na]heoeanqjc `ao =^okhqpaj ̞( dÄjcp saoajphe_d `]iep vqo]iiaj( `]oo oe_d ej edn ^anaepo Bkniaj `an Oah^op^avÜche_dgaep ]qo^eh`aj( `ea `ea Opnqgpqn `an Oq^fagperepÄp ]qbsaeoaj( ]q_d sajj oea je_dp vq aejai >asqoopoaej ednan oah^op bÜdnaj* =qb `an qjpanopaj Ajpse_ghqjcoopqba na]heoeanp oe_d `ea E`aa ej `an J]pqn ej `an ̦>aopeiiqjc `ao =q¿anaej]j`an( `an qjaj`he_daj Ranaejvahqjc̤ $Ajv EE( ‡ .1.% ̞ ]ho Ia_d]jeg* Aeja dÖdana Opqba `an Ajpse_ghqjc opahhp `ea Lduoeg `]n( `ea ^anaepo Na}ate) kjorandÄhpjeooa ^ad]j`ahp qj` okiep anopa Bkniaj `an Oah^op^avÜche_dgaep* Anop ]qb `an dÖ_dopaj Opqba `an Na]heoeanqjc `an E`aa ej `an J]pqn ̞ ej `an Knc]jeg ̞ eop fa`k_d `ea ̦>aopeiiqjc `an Oq^fagperepÄp̤ $a^`*% annae_dp7 iep ̦Oq^fagperepÄp̤ eop dean jk_d je_dp `]o Seooaj rkj oe_d oah^op caiaejp( okj`anj aeja Bkni rkj Oah^op^avÜche_dgaep( sea oea ^anaepo ej cakhkceo_daj Bkni]pekjaj qj` l}]jvhe_daj Knc]jeoiaj( ejo^aokj`ana ]^an ej `an ]gperaj Oah^opand]hpqjc qj` Bknpl}]jvqjc `an Peana vqi =qo`nq_g gkiip* @]o Pean eop ]ho ]jei]heo_dan Knc]jeoiqo `ea dÖ_dopa Bkni `an @]nopahhqjc `an E`aa `ao Ha^ajo ej `an J]pqn( saeh ao `ea BÄdecgaep d]p( oe_d oah^op vq knc]jeoeanaj( vq ej`ere`qeanaj qj` vq na}agpeanaj $rch* Oeal -553( -5%( skiep ao ^anaepo aeja Rknbkni `an Oah^op^avÜche_dgaep qj` Oah^oplnk`qgpekj `ao Caeopao ej `an J]pqn `]nopahhp* Anop iep `ai ¼^anc]jc rkj `an J]pqn vqi Caeop g]jj oe_d `ea E`aa aeja Na]hepÄp rano_d]{aj( ej `an oea oe_d je_dp iadn ^hk¿ ]j qjieppah^]n Aejvahjai( Oaeaj`ai( Ha) ^aj`ecai `]nopahhaj iqoo* =j`ano ]ho `]o ^hk¿ Ha^aj`eca( `]o ej `an Jac]pekj oaejan qjieppah^]naj Aejvahdaep qjpancadp qj` oe_d ok je_dp ]ho s]dnd]bp =hhcaiaejao na]he) oeanaj g]jj $rch* /*-%( eop ao `ai Caeop ]ho Oah^op^asqoopoaej k`an E_d iÖche_d( `eaoa Jac]pekj ]j oe_d oah^op vq rkhhveadaj qj` oe_d ej `eaoai Lnkvaoo ]ho gkjgnapao =hhca) iaejao vq ransenghe_daj* An g]jj oe_d aej Äq¿anhe_dao @]oaej ca^aj( `]o an vqchae_d ej oe_d ]qbda^p $rch* Ajv EEE( ‡ /4.b*%* Ej oaejan qjieppah^]naj( ]jbÄjche_daj Bkni eop `an Caeop fa`k_d vqjÄ_dop ^hk¿ oq^fagperan Caeop* =ho oq^fagperan Caeop eop an jqn ̦ej `an Bkni `an >aveadqjc ]qb oe_d oah^op̤ $a^`*%* Ej `an Ldehkokldea `ao oq^fagperaj Caeopao ^ad]j`ahp Dacah =jpdnklkhkcea( LdÄjkiajkhkcea qj` Lou_dkhkcea* @an Caeop eop fa`k_d ej oaejan S]dndaep je_dp jqn ejjanhe_dan Oah^op^avqc( ^hk¿ oq^fagperan Caeop( okj`anj vqchae_d saoajphe_d Oah^oplnk`qgpekj( vq `an cadÖnp( `]oo an ̦ej `an Bkni `an Na]hepÄp ]ho aejan rkj edi danrknvq^nejcaj`aj qj` danrknca^n]_dpaj Sahp WeopY W***Y( ̞ k^fagperan Caeop̤ $a^`*%* =ho k^fagperan Caeop eop `an Caeop Sehha( `an oe_d ]ho ]j qj` bÜn oe_d bnaean Sehha ej Bkni rkj na_dphe_d)oepphe_daj Ejopepqpekjaj Na]hepÄp rano_d]{p* @ea Ldehkokldea `ao k^fagperaj Caeopao eop okiep Na_dpoldehkokldea $rch* /*/%* =q_d Ü^an `ea K^fagpe) reanqjc ej `an oepphe_daj Sahp iqoo `an Caeop fa`k_d dej]qocadaj qj` ]^okhqpan Caeop

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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san`aj( ]ho `an an ej `an Gqjop( `an Nahecekj qj` o_dhea¿he_d ej `an Ldehkokldea oaej aecajao Oe_d)Seooaj vqi Cacajop]j` d]p* =ho ]^okhqpan Caeop eop an ̦ej ]j qj` bÜn oe_d oaeaj`an qj` asec oe_d danrkn^nejcaj`an Aejdaep `an K^fagperepÄp `ao Caeopao qj` oaejan E`a]hepÄp k`an oaejao >acne{o W***Y( `an Caeop ej oaejan ]^okhqpaj S]dndaep̤ $Ajv EEE( ‡ /41%* Ej `an Ldehkokldea `ao ]^okhqpaj Caeopao eop okiep `ea Na]heoeanqjc `ao =^okhqpaj ej oe_d ^ao_dhkooaj( `ajj ej `an Ldehkokldea sen` a^aj `eaoan Lnkvaoo oaejan Na]heoea) nqjc ^acne{aj* Ej edn sen` ang]jjp( `]oo ̦`ea aseca ]j qj` bÜn oe_d oaeaj`a E`aa oe_d asec ]ho ]^okhqpan Caeop ^apÄpecp( anvaqcp qj` cajea¿p*̤ $Ajv EEE( ‡ 133%

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Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc qj` Op]]p ej `an Dacaho_daj Ldehkokldea.

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

B]iehea( Cao_dha_dphe_dgaep qj` Op]]p ̞ >aiangqjcaj vqi Vqo]iiajd]jc rkj J]pqnldehkokldea( Cao_de_dpoldehkokldea qj` Ldehkokldea `ao k^fagperaj Caeopao

Ouopai]peo_dan =qoc]jcolqjgp bÜn Dacaho ¼^anhacqjcaj vqi Pdai] B]iehea qj` Cao_dha_dp ei N]diaj oaejan Ldehkokldea `ao Caeopao eop `an >acne{ `ao ̦C]ppqjco) lnkvaooao̤( `aj Dacah ej `an J]pqnldehkokldea `an AjvughklÄ`ea ajpse_gahp $rch* Ajv EE( ‡‡ /23̞/32%0 qj` rkn]^ ^anaepo ej `an ajvughklÄ`eo_daj Hkceg ei N]diaj `an >aopeiiqjc `an E`aa `ao Ha^ajo ^ad]j`ahp d]p $rch* Ajv E( ‡‡ ..,̞..-%* @eaoan =^o_djepp ]qo `an J]pqnldehkokldea eop `aod]h^ `an ouopai]peo_da =qoc]jcolqjgp( saeh `ea B]iehea j]_d Dacah `ea Ejopepqpekj eop( ej `an `]o j]pÜnhe_da C]ppqjco) qj` Cao_dha_dporandÄhpjeo( `]o edna Cnqj`h]ca `]nopahhp( ej aej oepphe_d)caeopecao RandÄhpjeo pn]jobknieanp sen`* @ea D]qlp]qbc]^a `an B]iehea eop ao( oe_d qi `an Bnaedaep sehhaj `]o ^hk¿ j]pÜnhe_da C]ppqjco) qj` Cao_dha_dporandÄhpjeo ]jvqaecjaj ̞ ao ]hok je_dp vq qjpan`nÜ_gaj k`an ]qovqnkppaj( okj`anj ao ok ej `]o oepphe_da Ha^aj vq ejpacneanaj( `]oo ao vq aejai qjpancakn`japaj Ikiajp `aooah^aj sen`* Qi vq vaecaj( `]oo aeja okh_da =jaecjqjc jkpsaj`ec eop qj` vq ^aopeiiaj( sea oea op]pp|j`aj g]jj( iqoo `]o C]ppqjco) qj` Cao_dha_dporandÄhpjeo ej `an J]pqn ^acne{aj san`aj ̞ aeja =qbc]^a( `ea oe_d Dacah ej `an J]pqnldehkokldea opahhp* Ei =^o_djepp vqi ̦C]ppqjcolnkvaoo̤ ^ad]j`ahp Dacah `]o j]pÜnhe_da C]ppqjco) qj` Cao_dha_dporandÄhpjeo ]hhan ̦]jei]heo_dan Knc]jeoiaj̤( vq `ajaj ]q_d `an Iajo_d j]_d oaejan J]pqnoaepa cadÖnp* Ej `an J]pqn eop `]o Cao_dha_dporandÄhpjeo `]o RandÄhpjeo( ej `ai `]o RandÄhpjeo `an Ej`ere`qaj vqn C]ppqjc vqi =qo`nq_g gkiip* @ea C]ppqjc na]he) oeanp oe_d `]`qn_d( `]oo oe_d Ej`ere`qaj `anoah^aj =np qj` rano_dea`ajaj Cao_dha_dpo ^a) c]ppaj( qi caiaejo]i aej Ej`ere`qqi ednan =np danrknvq^nejcaj* @ea vsae Cao_dha_dpan opahhaj okiep `ea C]ppqjc aejoaepec `]n* @an Cao_dha_dpopnea^ naoqhpeanp `]iep Dacah vq) bkhca ]qo `ai Se`anolnq_d `an Ej`ere`qaj( `]oo oea ]ho aejvahja vqchae_d ]hhcaiaej oej` $jÄihe_d C]ppqjcosaoaj%( `eaoa =hhcaiaejdaep `an C]ppqjc fa`k_d ]ho qjieppah^]na( j]) pÜnhe_da( ha^aj`eca Aejvahja je_dp ]jcaiaooaj `]nopahhaj gÖjjaj( okj`anj `]vq aejao =npcajkooaj `ao ]j`anaj Cao_dha_dpo ^a`Ünbaj* @] `ea aejvahjaj Ha^asaoaj ej `an J]) pqn je_dp ej `an H]ca oej`( oe_d oah^op ]ho C]ppqjcosaoaj vq ^acnaebaj( ^hae^aj oea `ai C]ppqjcorandÄhpjeo qjpancakn`jap* @eao gkiip v* >* oadn lh]opeo_d `]nej vqi =qo`nq_g( `]oo ao $jea`ana% Pean]npaj ce^p( `anaj Ej`ere`qaj qjieppah^]n j]_d `an >ac]ppqjc opan) ^aj $rch* Ajv EE( ‡ /3, V%*1 @]o( s]o oe_d ej `an J]pqn andÄhp( eop `ea C]ppqjc ]ho jac]pera Aejdaep( `ea oe_d `]nej oah^op `]nopahhp( `]oo oea eiian jaqa qjieppah^]na j]pÜnhe_da Ej`e) re`qaj( `ea ednanoaepo sea`an cao_dha_dphe_d ^aopeiip oej`( ]j `ea Opahha `an ]hpaj oapvp $rch* Ajv EE( ‡ /3,%* @ea C]ppqjc na]heoeanp oe_d ]hok ej `an J]pqn jqn ]ho $o_dha_dpa% Qjaj`he_dgaep `an Cajan]pekjaj]^bkhca* Ej `an J]pqn d]p `an Cao_dha_dpopnea^ okiep aeja ej oe_d se`anolnÜ_dhe_da >a`aqpqjc6 Aejanoaepo gkiip `]o Pean ej `an >ac]ppqjc vqn dÖ_dopaj Bkni `ao Oah^oprandÄhpjeooao* 0 1

@ea bkhcaj`a @]nopahhqjc ^aveadp oe_d ]qb `ea AjvughklÄ`ea rkj -4/,* Bkhcp aejan ]jcaca^ajaj L]n]cn]ldajv]dh aej ̦=ji*̤( ok sen` ]qo Dacaho oah^op ranb]oopaj o_dnebp) he_daj =jiangqjcaj vepeanp( bkhcp aej ̦V̤ d]j`ahp ao oe_d qi aej Vep]p( `]o ]qo `ai Vqo]pv op]iip( `an aeja Gkileh]pekj rkj Rknhaoqjcoiepo_dnebpaj oaejan O_dÜhan `]nopahhp*

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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Ao eop ei Ej`ere`qqi `anoah^aj =np qj` `ao ]j`anaj Cao_dha_dpo ^ae oe_d( ]q_d sajj ao oe_d `aooaj je_dp ^asqoop eop( okj`anj `eao jqn bÜdhp $rch* Ajv EE( ‡ /25%* =j`ananoaepo eop `an Cao_dha_dpopnea^ =qo`nq_g `an Qjpankn`jqjc `an Ej`ere`qaj qjpan `ea C]ppqjc* Ej edi vaecp oe_d `ea Qj]jcaiaooajdaep `ao aejvahjaj Peanao ej oaejan qjieppah^]naj Ha) ^aj`ecgaep vqn =hhcaiaejdaep `an C]ppqjc* Peana ranbÜcaj je_dp Ü^an edna Oatq]hepÄp ]ho bnaeaj =qo`nq_g ednan C]ppqjcod]bpecgaep( okj`anj oej` reahiadn capnea^aj ̞ ^adanno_dp `qn_d `aj j]pÜnhe_daj Pnea^( vq `ai oea oe_d je_dp rand]hpaj gÖjjaj qj` `aj oea oe_d je_dp ]jaecjaj gÖjjaj* Iajo_daj oej` `]cacaj je_dp ^hk¿ j]pÜnhe_da( okj`anj caeopeca( ranjÜjbpeca Saoaj* Qi s]dnd]bp iajo_dhe_d vq ha^aj( iÜooaj oea `]o Nae_d `an J]pqn ranh]ooaj( `ea I]_dp `an J]pqn ^na_daj qj` oe_d ]ho caeopeca Saoaj ajpb]hpaj* Dacah oeadp `eaoa Jkpsaj`ecgaep ej `an naheceÖoaj AnvÄdhqjc `ao OÜj`ajb]hho ranoejj^eh`he_dp6 @an Iajo_d iqoo ̦^Öoa san`aj̤ $rch* CLN( ‡ -/5 =ji*%( `ea J]pqn ranh]ooaj( qi `]o vq san`aj( s]o an oae) jan J]pqn j]_d eop6 Bnaean Caeop* @an Caeop g]jj oe_d fa`k_d je_dp qjieppah^]n ]ho bnaean Caeop na]heoeanaj* An iqoo oe_d anop vq `ai i]_daj( s]o an eop qj` `]vq rano_dea`aja Ajpse_ghqjcoop]`eaj `qn_dh]qbaj* An d]p `aj @n]jc( oe_d oah^op ej aejan rkj edi danrkn) vq^nejcaj`aj qj` danrknca^n]_dpaj Sahp vq na]heoeanaj ̞ ]ho k^fagperan Caeop ̞ qj` oe_d o_dhea¿he_d ]ho ]^okhqpan Caeop vq anb]ooaj* J]_d Dacah eop ̦]qo `eaoai @n]jc ]hhaej W***Y Sahpcao_de_dpa vq ^acnaebaj̤ $Ajv EEE( ‡ /40 =ji*%* @ea Cao_de_dpa eop ]hok ̦aej gkj) opepqperao Ikiajp `ao Lnkvaooao `an Oah^opna]heoeanqjc `ao =^okhqpaj̤ $F]ao_dga .,,/( /1.%* Vqn Oah^opna]heoeanqjc `ao =^okhqpaj cadÖnp saoajphe_d( `]oo `an Caeop( `an ]j) b]jco jqn bkniahh k`an ]j oe_d( `* d* oaejai >acne{ j]_d bnae eop( oaeja Bnaedaep ]q_d vqi Cacajop]j` d]p( qi oe_d ej oaejan Bnaedaep ]j qj` bÜn oe_d ^acnaebaj vq gÖjjaj* Cao_de_dpa eop `aod]h^ Dacah vqbkhca saoajphe_d ̦Bknpo_dnepp ei >asqoopoauj `an Bnae) daep̤ $I]jqognelpa( -1/%* @ea J]pqn d]p( k^skdh ej edn Ajpse_ghqjcolnkvaooa op]pp|j`aj( gaeja Cao_de_dpa* @ea Ajpse_ghqjc ej `an knc]jeo_daj J]pqn( v* >* `ea aejao Gaeiao vqn L}]jva( d]p vs]n ]q_d `ea Opnqgpqn `an Oq^fagperepÄp ]qbcnqj` ednan Oah^op^avÜche_d) gaep* =q_d j]pÜnhe_da Knc]jeoiaj i]_daj oe_d anop vq `ai( s]o oea ]j oe_d oej` $rch* a^`*( -4/%* =^an `ea aejvahja L}]jva rancadp qj` ^nejcp jqn aejaj jaqaj Gaei danrkn( `an oe_d vqn ]qocanaebpaj L}]jva ajpse_gahp qj` a^ajb]hho rancadaj sen`* @ea o_daej) ^]n qjaniÜ`he_daj RanÄj`anqjcaj ej `an J]pqn rangadnaj oe_d `]`qn_d ejo Cacajpaeh( ej `ea̦And]hpqjc `ao knc]jeo_daj Lnej_elo qj` oaejan Caop]hpqjc̤ $a^`*%( aejaj asecaj Gnaeoh]qb( `ea Sea`angadn `ao Asecchae_daj* Jqn `an Caeop gajjp aeja Ajpse_ghqjc( ej `an vqchae_d aej Bknpo_dnepp ajpd]hpaj eop* @ea cao_de_dphe_da Ajpb]hpqjc `ao Caeopao( oaej ̦Bknpo_dnepp ei >asqoopoauj `an Bnau) daep̤ $a^`*( -1/%( d]p `nae Opqbaj $rch* a^`*( -41b*%6 =qb `an anopaj( qjieppah^]naj Opqba eop `an Caeop jk_d c]jv ej `ea J]pÜnhe_dgaep ranoajgp* =qb `an vsaepaj Opqba pnepp an vqiej) `aop l]npeahh ]qo `an J]pqn dan]qo qj` gkiip vq aejai anopaj( jk_d `qn_d `ea J]pqn ^ao_dnÄjgpaj >asqoopoaej `an Bnaedaep* =qb `an `neppaj Opqba anda^p an oe_d o_dhea¿) he_d rkj `an jk_d ^aokj`anaj( saeh ^ao_dnÄjgpaj Bnaedaep vqn ]hhcaiaejaj Bnaedaep qj` gkiip `]nej vqi >asqoopoaej oaejan oah^op* Okh]jca `an Caeop jk_d c]jv ej `ea J]pqn ranoajgp eop( |j`ap jk_d gaeja Cao_de_dpa ei aecajphe_daj Oejja op]pp* @]iep cadÖnaj ]hha bnÜdaj( j]pqnsÜ_doecaj Ha^ajobkniaj( ej `ajaj `ea Iajo_daj jk_d sea Peana d]qlp) oÄ_dhe_d iep ednan j]pÜnhe_daj Oah^opand]hpqjc ^ab]oop oej` ̞ B]ieheaj( OpÄiia k`an ]q_d ̣RÖhgan̡( okh]jca oea jk_d je_dp lkhepeo_d ranb]oop oej` ̞ bÜn Dacah vqn Rkncao_de_d)

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

pa( k^skdh oea ]j oe_d ^anaepo anopa caeopec)oepphe_da =jaecjqjcobkniaj `]nopahhaj* @] oea jk_d `aj j]pÜnhe_daj ^hqporans]j`po_d]bphe_daj Vqo]iiajd]jc vq ednan Cnqj`h]ca d]^aj k`an vqiej`aop ok rkncaopahhp san`aj( `]oo oea ]qb aejai j]pÜnhe_daj Rans]j`p) o_d]bpovqo]iiajd]jc ^anqdaj( gkiip edna Oepphe_dgaep qj` Caeopecgaep jk_d g]qi vqi =qo`nq_g* Ao d]j`ahp oe_d qi `aj nkdaj `qilbaj J]pqnvqop]j`( ej `ai ao rknjadi) he_d qi `]o j]_gpa ¼^anha^aj cadp qj` `an rki opÄj`ecaj G]ilb qi =jangajjqjc cagajjvae_djap eop $rch* CLN( ‡ /057 I]jqognelpa( -31%* Dacah hadjp `ea Gkjopnqgpekj aejao e`a]heoeanpaj J]pqnvqop]j`o ]^( `ajj `an J]pqnvqop]j` eop oaejai >acne{ j]_d aej Vqop]j` `an Qjbnaedaep* =ho rkncao_de_dphe_dan Vqop]j` eop an ok ejpanaooahko( `]oo sa) `an k^fagper aps]o Anejjanjosanpao cao_deadp( jk_d oq^fagper aps]o ]ho anejjanjosanp ^apn]_dpap sen`* Sen d]^aj `aod]h^ rkj `eaoai Vqop]j` gaeja ¼^anheabanqjc( saeh ao sa`an k^fagpera Cao_de_dpa ce^p( jk_d Cao_de_dpoo_dnae^qjc $rch* I]jqognelpa( -5/b*%* Cao_de_dpa ei aecajphe_daj Oejja ^acejjp j]_d Dacah anop `knp( sk Op]]paj ajpopadaj ^vs* Cao_de_dpa i]_daj ̞ sk^ae Dacah iep ̦Op]]p̤ je_dp `ea olave|o_d jaqvaephe_da Danno_d]bpobkni iaejp( okj`anj ej aejai saepanaj Oejja ]q_d bnÜdana Danno_d]bpobkn) iaj sea `ea ]hpkneajp]heo_daj Dk_dgqhpqnaj( `ea cnea_deo_da Lkheo qj` `]o Eilaneqi Nki]jqi ]ho Op]]paj ^avae_djap $rch* F]ao_dga .,,/( 0,/%* Iep `an Op]]pocnÜj`qjc ajp) opadp aeja baopa Kn`jqjc( ao san`aj ]hhcaiaeja Caoapva qj` >aopeiiqjcaj aejcabÜdnp* @qn_d `ea Baopecgaep ajpopadp Anejjanjosanpao qj` vqchae_d `]o >a`Ünbjeo( `eaoao ej `an Cao_de_dpoo_dnae^qjc bÜn `ea J]_dsahp baopvqd]hpaj* @an G]ilb qi =jangajjqjc( rkj `ai `an J]pqnvqop]j` ^adanno_dp eop( aj`ap* VqjÄ_dop ap]^heanaj oe_d Danno_d]bpo) qj` Gja_dpo_d]bporandÄhpjeooa( ej `ajaj `ea =jangajjqjc jqn aejai Ej`ere`qqi k`an saje) caj Ej`ere`qaj vqgkiip( ^eo `eaoa o_dhea¿he_d ei ik`anjaj Op]]p vqcqjopaj qjeranoahhan =jangajjqjcorandÄhpjeooa ]qbcadk^aj san`aj* @ea @qn_doapvqjc `an =jangajjqjc ]h) han Ej`ere`qaj ]ho Na_dpolanokjaj eop =qo`nq_g `ao Bknpo_dneppo ei >asqoopoaej `an Bnaedaep( `an oe_d ej rean ̦sahpdeopkneo_daj Nae_daWjY̤ $CLN( ‡ /10% Caop]hp ce^p6 ei ̦kne) ajp]heo_daWjY Nae_d̤ $`aj ]hpkneajp]heo_daj Dk_dgqhpqnaj %( ei ̦cnea_deo_daWjY Nae_d̤( ei ̦nÖieo_daWjY Nae_d̤ qj` o_dhea¿he_d ei _dneophe_d)aqnklÄeo_daj Gqhpqnn]qi( `ai ̦cani]jeo_daWjY Nae_d̤ $rch* CLN( ‡‡ /10̞/14%* Ej `an Op]]pocnÜj`qjc gkiip vqi =qo`nq_g( `]oo `ea Ha^ajorandÄhpjeooa `an Iaj) o_daj casqoop qj` caskhhp san`aj( `]oo oea ]hok ]qb aejai Sehhajo]gp ^anqdaj qj` je_dp ]qb ^hk¿aj J]pqnrandÄhpjeooaj* @ea ^hk¿ j]pÜnhe_daj k`an j]pqnsÜ_doecaj RandÄhpjeooa san`aj je_dp iadn aejb]_d dejcajkiiaj( okj`anj pn]jobknieanp qj` ln]gpeo_d ranÄj) `anp( oea san`aj ]hok sehhajphe_d qj` seooajphe_d ]jcaaecjap* =qo`nq_g aejan cahqjcajaj =jaecjqjc eop `]o Na_dp( `]o Dacah ]q_d ]ho ̦@]oaej W***Y `an Bnaedaep̤ $CLN( ‡ /,% ^avae_djap* @]o Na_dp ajpse_gahp oe_d( saeh ao caeopec eop( a^ajb]hho deopkneo_d* Vs]n d]p Dacah gaeja Na_dpocao_de_dpa ei aecajphe_daj Oejja cao_dnea^aj( ]^an `ea >a`aqpqjc `an Ajpopadqjc rkj Na_dporandÄhpjeooaj bÜn `ea Cao_de_dpa `ao Oah^op^asqoopoaejo qj` `an Bnaedaep s]n edi oadn ^asqoop $rch* F]ao_dga .,,5%* An heabanp aeja >aopeiiqjc `an ouo) pai]peo_daj qj` deopkneo_daj Rkn]qooapvqjcaj bÜn `ea Ajpse_ghqjc rkj Na_dpoop]]paj( `ea je_dp iadn rknjadihe_d ]qb $j]pÜnhe_d)^ekhkceo_daj k`an raniaejphe_daj% Rans]j`p) o_d]bpo^aveadqjcaj ^]oeanaj( okj`anj atlhevep ]ho =qo`nq_g rkj Sehhajo]gpaj ^acne{aj san`aj qj` =jangajjqjcorandÄhpjeooa vqn Cnqj`h]ca d]^aj* @ea Na_dpocao_de_dpa ei aecajphe_daj Oejja ^acejjp j]_d Dacah ej Aqnkl] iep `ai nÖieo_daj Na_dp( ej `ai `]o Lnejvel `an Na_dpolanoÖjhe_dgaep ajpse_gahp sen`* @ea bnÜdaj Op]]paj ̞ `ea ]hpkneajp]he)

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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o_daj Dk_dgqhpqnaj qj` `ea cnea_deo_daj Lkhaeo ̞ opahhaj fa`k_d ^anaepo Rknbkniaj rkj Na_dporandÄhpjeooaj `]n( `ajj dean san`aj anopi]ho ]hhcaiaeja Caoapva bkniqheanp( `ea ]ho okh_da CÜhpecgaep ^a]jolnq_daj* Edn I]jcah ^aopadp `]nej( `]oo oea jk_d gaej rkhh ajpse_gahpao Lner]pna_dp gajjaj( `]oo ej edjaj ]hok jk_d je_dp `]o Lnejvel `an bnaeaj Na_dpolanoÖjhe_dgaep ajpse_gahp eop* J]_d Dacah gkiip ao `]n]qb ]j vq angajjaj( `]oo ei bnaeaj Sehhaj `ea =hhcaiaejdaep `ao Sehhajo qj` `ea Aejvahdaep `ao Sehhajo je_dp ei Cacajo]pv vqaej]j`an opadaj* Ej `aj ]hpkneajp]heo_daj Dk_dgqhpqnaj( `aj bnÜdaopaj Op]]paj( danno_dp jk_d `an oq^op]jpeahha( ]hhcaiaeja Sehha( `ai oe_d `ea Ej`ere`qaj ej Äq¿anhe_dai Cadkno]i kdja oq^fagpera Aejoe_dp qjpankn`jaj iÜooaj* @knp d]^aj `ea Ej`ere`qaj jk_d c]n gaeja LanoÖjhe_dgaepona_dpa* Ej `an cnea_deo_daj =jpega seooaj oe_d `ea Ej`ere`qaj( `ea `aj >Üncanop]pqo ^aoepvaj( `]cacaj ^anaepo ]ho bnaea Ej`ere`qaj* Oea pqj `]o na_dpa( saeh ao na_dp eop qj` saeh oea ao ]ho na_dp aejoadaj( opadaj ]hok ei Aejgh]jc iep `aj ]hhcaiaejaj Oeppaj* =hhcaiaejan Sehha qj` aejvahjan Sehha oej` ]qb qjieppah^]na Saeoa iepaej]j`an ]qocaoÖdjp* @eaoa Qjieppah^]ngaep opadp fa`k_d jk_d ei Se`anolnq_d vqn J]pqn `ao Caeopao( `an saoajphe_d Raniepphqjc eop $rch* /*.%* @ea vqjadiaj`a Ajp) b]hpqjc `an Oq^fagperepÄp( `ea `ea ^hk¿ qjieppah^]n caca^ajaj Oeppaj qj` Caskdjdaepaj dejpanbn]cp( bÜdnp `]dan vqi Qjpanc]jc `an cnea_deo_daj Oepphe_dgaep( `ea ]qbcnqj` ed) nan Qjieppah^]ngaep `eaoa Ejbn]caopahhqjc je_dp ]qod]hpaj g]jj* Anop ei nÖieo_daj Nae_d cahejcp ao( `ea oq^fagpera >aokj`andaep ei Op]]p cahpaj vq h]ooaj7 `]o nÖieo_da Na_dp ]jangajjp `aj Aejvahjaj ]ho bnaea Na_dpolanoÖjhe_dgaep qj` ajpse_gahp aej `e{anajvean) pao Verehna_dp $rch* CLN( ‡ /13%* @]^ae cadp fa`k_d `ea Oq^op]jpe]hepÄp `an Bnaedaep( `ea =hhcaiaejdaep `ao Sehhajo ranhknaj* @]o nÖieo_da Nae_d hÖop oe_d ej `ea aejvahjaj Ej) `ere`qaj ]ho =pkia ]qb qj` ranheanp oaeja Aejdaep* Ao vanbÄhhp ej `ea vsae Atpnaia `an ]^opn]gpaj =hhcaiaejdaep aejanoaepo qj` `an lanoÖjhe_daj Oq^fagperepÄp ]j`ananoaepo $rch* CLN( ‡ /13%* @ea Raniepphqjc `an =hhcaiaejdaep qj` Aejvahdaep `ao Sehhajo( ej `an ^ae) `a vq ednaj Na_dp gkiiaj( ej`ai `an Ajpb]hpqjc `an ej`ere`qahhaj >aokj`andaep N]qi casÄdnp sen`( kdja `]oo `ea oq^op]jpeahha Aejdaep `ao Op]]pao ranhknaj cadp( cahejcp anop `ai ik`anjaj Op]]p $rch* CLN( ‡ .2,%* Ej`ai oe_d iep `aj Op]]paj deopkneo_d lkhepeo_da qj` na_dphe_da Opnqgpqnaj ajpse) _gahj( ranÄj`anj oe_d ]q_d `ea B]ieheaj) qj` Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeooa( `ajj ao sen` iep vqjadiaj`ai >asqoopoaej ]q_d lkhepeo_d)na_dphe_d ej `aj j]pqnsÜ_doecaj B]ie) heajvqo]iiajd]jc aejcacne{aj* Vq `aj cnk¿aj Haeopqjcaj `an anopaj Op]]paj cadÖnp ja^aj `an @qn_doapvqjc `ao =_gan^]qo( `an `ea Oaood]bpecgaep ran^Üncp qj` `ea AejbÜd) nqjc `ao Lner]paecajpqio iep oe_d ^nejcp( `ea AejbÜdnqjc `an Ada( `ea `ea `]qand]bpa Ran^ej`qjc `an Cao_dha_dpan ap]^heanp qj` `ea An^bkhca bÜn `]o jaq ajpop]j`aja Lner]p) aecajpqi oe_danp $rch* CLN( ‡ .,/ =ji*7 ‡ /1,%* Iep `an Ajpopadqjc rkj Op]]paj cadp okiep aejanoaepo aej >nq_d iep `aj ^hk¿ j]pqnsÜ_doecaj B]ieheajran^Äj`aj `an ̣Rknca) o_de_dpa̡ aejdan( ]j`ananoaepo ^acejjp `]iep aeja ̦Cao_de_dpa `an B]iehea̤( `ea oe_d q* ]* ej RanÄj`anqjcaj `ao B]ieheaj) qj` An^na_dpo ^aiang^]n i]_dp* Aej bknpcao_dneppajao >asqoopoaej `an Bnaedaep gkiip ]hok ]q_d ej RanÄj`anqjcaj ejjand]h^ `an B]ieheaj) opnqgpqnaj qj` ej aejai ]j`anaj RandÄhpjeo rkj B]iehea qj` Op]]p vqi =qo`nq_g $rch* Sahpcao_de_dpa( 44b*%* I]j g]jj ejokbanj iep Dacah rkj aejan ]hpkneajp]heo_daj( ]hpcnea) _deo_daj( nÖieo_daj qj` o_dhea¿he_d lnkpaop]jpeo_d)_dneophe_daj B]ieheajbkni olna_daj( `ea oe_d deopkneo_d ]qoaej]j`an ajpse_gahp d]^aj* @ea ik`anja _dneophe_da Ghaejb]iehea

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

opahhp j]_d Dacah `aj DÖdalqjgp `an Ajpse_ghqjc qj` `ea aecajphe_d ranjÜjbpeca Bkni `ao B]ieheaj) qj` Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeooao `]n* J]_d Dacaho Rknhaoqjcaj Ü^an `ea Ldehkokldea `an Cao_de_dpa qjpano_dae`aj oe_d ei deopkneo_d Ähpaopaj Op]]p( rkj `ai sen ¼^anheabanqjcaj d]^aj ̞ ei ?dejaoeo_daj Nae_d ̞ `ea lkhepeo_daj Opnqgpqnaj jk_d g]qi rkj b]ieheÄnaj Opnqgpqnaj* @an G]eoan okncp bÜn oaeja Qjpanp]jaj sea aej R]pan bÜn oaeja Gej`an* Dacah ^avae_djap okh_da op]]phe_daj Opnqgpqnaj ]ho ̦l]pne]n_d]heo_d̤ $rch* I]jqognelpa( -32b*7 LdehCao_d( 15{*7 Sahpcao_de_dpa( 30b*%* @ea ¤djhe_dgaep rkj lkhepeo_daj Opnqgpqnaj iep j]pqnsÜ_doecaj B]ieheajran^Äj`aj qj` `ea cnk¿a >a`aqpqjc( `ea `an B]ieheajoepphe_dgaep ej okh_daj l]pne]n_d]haj Opnqgpqnaj vqcaolnk_daj sen`( hÄoop oe_d vs]n `]n]qo anghÄnaj( `]oo oea ]hhananop `aj ¼^anc]jc rkj `aj j]pqnsÜ_doecaj rkncao_de_dphe_daj Caiaejo_d]bpaj dej vq `aj anopaj Op]]pobkniaj i]_daj* BÜn `aj ik`anjaj Op]]p hadjp Dacah okh_da Ran) dÄhpjeooa fa`k_d ]^* An gnepeoeanp `]iep `ea lkhepeo_da Pdaknea `ao L]pne]n_d]heoiqo `ao -3* F]dndqj`anpo( j]_d `an `ea rÄpanhe_da Cas]hp Rkn^eh` bÜn `ea ikj]n_deo_da Cas]hp eop $rch* I]jqognelpa( -32( 1̞-33( .-%* >avae_djap Dacah `aj Kneajp jk_d ]ho `]o ̦Gej`ao]hpan̤ `an Iajo_ddaep( saeh ej edi `an =jb]jc cao_de_dphe_dan Ajpse_ghqjc Ü^and]qlp cai]_dp sen`( ok ranchae_dp an `ea cnea_deo_da =jpega iep `ai ̦FÜjchejco]hpan̤ $rch* LdehCao_d( -/3 qj` .31%* @ea cnea) _deo_da =jpega vae_djap oe_d ei Ranchae_d vqi Kneajp `]`qn_d ]qo( `]oo ̦Op]]p( B]iehea( Na_dp qj` Nahecekj vqchae_d Vsa_ga `an Ej`ere`q]hepÄp oej` qj` `eaoa jqn `qn_d faja Vsa_ga Ej`ere`q]hepÄp eop̤ $LdehCao_d( .31%* @ea Ej`ere`qaj d]^aj jqj ]hok ]q_d aeja oq^fagpera Aejoe_dp ej `ea RanjÜjbpecgaep `ao Op]]pao qj` iÜooaj je_dp( sea ei Kneajp( Äq¿anhe_d vqi Cadkno]i cavsqjcaj san`aj* @]o >asqoopoaej eop ]qb `eaoan Opqba je_dp iadn ^hk¿ ej `ea J]pqn ranoajgp( okj`anj bknpcao_dneppaj vqi >asqoopoaej `an Bnaedaep ̞ sajj ]q_d jk_d jqn l]npeahh* @ea cnea_deo_da =jpega eop saoajphe_d ̦`]o DanÜ^ansaj`aj `ao J]pÜnhe_daj vqi Caeopecaj̤ $LdehCao_d( /,-%* Ej `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea ]n^aepap Da) cah ^aokj`ano `aqphe_d dan]qo( `]oo `]o Dan]qopnapaj `ao Caeopao ]qo `an J]pqn qj` `ea Ap]^heanqjc rkj Na_dporandÄhpjeooaj ej `an cnea_deo_daj =jpega jkpsaj`ec iep aejai Gkj}egp vseo_daj `aj b]ieheÄnaj Opnqgpqnaj aejanoaepo qj` `ai ej oaejan Ajpse_ghqjc ^acne{ajaj lkhepeo_daj Sehhaj ]j`ananoaepo aejdancadaj* @ea Naceanqjc `an Lkheo anda^p `aj =jolnq_d( qi `an Ajpb]hpqjc `ao iajo_dhe_daj Caeopao sehhaj iep `aj J]pqnrkn]qo) oapvqjcaj vq ^na_daj( qj` ne_dpap oe_d `aod]h^ ]q_d cacaj `ea caoahho_d]bphe_da I]_dp `an B]iehea( `ea ]jb]jco jk_d aeja ]qpkjkia Caiaejo_d]bp ejjand]h^ `an Lkheo `]nopahhp( sah_da op]ng ]j J]pqnrkn]qooapvqjcaj baopdÄhp* @an Gkj}egp vseo_daj Lkheo qj` B]ie) hea eop vqchae_d aej Gkj}egp vseo_daj IÄjjanj qj` Bn]qaj( `] ]qbcnqj` ednan j]pÜnhe_d) oepphe_daj >aopeiiqjc Dacah vqbkhca IÄjjan `]o ̦iajo_dhe_da Caoapv̤ $LdC( .5/( -0% `an Lkheo ranpnapaj( Bn]qaj `]cacaj `]o ̦cÖpphe_da Caoapv̤ $LdC( .5/( .1% `an B]iehea $rch* /*.%* @an Gkj}egp vseo_daj `ai ̦iajo_dhe_daj̤ qj` `ai ̦cÖpphe_daj Caoapv̤ sen` j]_d Dacah ej `an cnea_deo_daj Pn]cÖ`ea( ejo^aokj`ana ej `an =jpeckja `ao Okldkghao `]ncaopahhp* @]o Pn]ceo_da `eaoao Gkj}egpao ^aopadp `]nej( `]oo IÄjjan sea Bn]qaj aeja ]^okhqpa >ana_dpecqjc d]^aj( `]o fasaeheca Caoapv vq ranpnapaj( `]oo oea ]^an ]qbcnqj` ednan qjieppah^]naj Ajpo_dhkooajdaep bÜn jqn aejao `an Caoapva jkpsaj`ec `]o ]j`ana Ca) oapv ranhapvaj qj` `]`qn_d o_dqh`ec san`aj $rch* /*.%* @an Gkj}egp vseo_daj IÄjjanj qj` Bn]qaj g]jj anop ei ik`anjaj Op]]p cahÖop san`aj( ejjand]h^ `aooaj `an B]iehea `an edn ca^Üdnaj`a N]qi caca^aj sen` $rch* /*/%*

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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@]o cnea_deo_da Nae_d o_daepanp Dacah vqbkhca hapvphe_d `]n]j( `]oo ej edi `an aejvahja Sehha jk_d cÄjvhe_d qjieppah^]n ei ]hhcaiaejaj Sehhaj ]qbcadp* Vqn Bnaedaep cadÖnp fa) `k_d saoajphe_d `ea =jangajjqjc `an oq^fagperaj Bnaedaep qj` Aejvahdaep7 `an =jolnq_d `an oq^fagperaj Bnaedaep bÜdnp fa`k_d bÜn `]o cnea_deo_da Nae_d( `]o ]qb `ai qjieppah^]) naj( k^fagperaj Sehhaj cnÜj`ap( vqi Qjpanc]jc $rch* LdehCao_d( /,57 rch* /*.%* Ao sen` `aod]h^ deopkneo_d ]^cahÖop `qn_d `ea Danno_d]bp `ao nÖieo_daj Nae_dao( `]o aeja se_d) peca Rkn]qooapvqjc `]bÜn o_d]{p( `ea oq^fagpera Bnaedaep `an Ej`ere`qaj ]jvqangajjaj( ej`ai ao `]o Lnejvel `an Na_dpolanokj ajpse_gahp* @ea Danno_d]bp `ao nÖieo_daj Nae_dao eop j]_d Dacah oadn ]i^er]hajp vq ^aqnpaehaj6 Aejanoaepo cadp ej edi `ea o_dÖja( qjiep) pah^]na Oepphe_dgaep `ao cnea_deo_daj Caeopao ranhknaj* @]o nÖieo_da Nae_d eop je_dp iadn aej d]nikjeo_dao oepphe_dao C]jvao( ej `ai `ea Ej`ere`qaj edna oq^op]jpeahha Bnaedaep na]heoeanp seooaj( okj`anj ao sen` `qn_d `]o ^hk¿ Äq¿ana >]j` `an $SehhgÜn)%Danno_d]bp vqo]iiajcad]hpaj $rch* CLN( ‡ /13%* =j`ananoaepo ajpse_gahp oe_d ej edi `]o Lnejvel( `]o bÜn `ea Bnaedaep `an Ik`anja aej ajpo_dae`aj`ao Ikiajp eop6 `]o bkniahha Lnej) vel `an bnaeaj Na_dpolanokj( iep `ai vqchae_d `]o Na_dp ]qb Aecajpqi ]jang]jjp sen` $rch* LdehCao_d( /407 F]ao_dga .,,5( .42b*%* @ea ^hk¿a =^opn]gpdaep `ao Lnejvelo `an Na_dpolanokj ^nejcp aeja ajknia DÄnpa iep oe_d( `ea ]q_d ]qb `ea OldÄna `an B]iehea randaanaj`a =qosengqjcaj d]p* SÄdnaj` `an NÖian ]ho >Üncan ei Op]]p Gja_dp `an `aolkpeo_daj SehhgÜn eop( g]jj an oe_d `qn_d `]o ajpse_gahpa Lner]pna_dp ej `an B]ie) hea ]ho l]pan b]iehe]o( ]qocaop]ppap iep `an rÄpanhe_daj Cas]hp $l]pne] lkpaop]o%( oah^op ]ho @aolkp ]q{Üdnaj $rch* LdehCao_d( /04b*%* @ea B]ieheaj^aveadqjcaj san`aj vq ^hk¿ Äq¿anhe_daj Na_dpo^aveadqjcaj( `ea `qn_d =^dÄjcecgaep qj` Qjpankn`jqjc `an B]iehe) ajiepchea`an qjpan `ea rÄpanhe_da Cas]hp cagajjvae_djap oej` $rch* a^`*%* @ea saepana deopkneo_da Ajpse_ghqjc j]_d `ai Qjpanc]jc `ao nÖieo_daj Nae_dao opahhp Dacah `e{anajveanp `]n* Dean oae jqn ]qb `ea se_dpecopa( `ea cao]ipa aqnklÄeo_da Cao_de_dpa i]¿ca^he_d lnÄcaj`a Ajpse_ghqjc dejcaseaoaj6 @ea Ajpopadqjc( =qo^nae) pqjc qj` Saepanajpse_ghqjc `ao ?dneopajpqio* @ea ajpo_dae`aj`a Annqjcajo_d]bp `ao ?dneopajpqio ^aopadp j]_d Dacah `]nej( `]oo ej edi anopi]ho ca`]_dp sen`( `]oo fa`ao Ej`ere`qqi ]ho Ej`ere`qqi rkj Ckpp ]jang]jjp sen`( fa`an Iajo_d ]hok ]ho Iajo_d ]jangajjqjcosÜn`ec eop* @]o d]p se_dpeca =qosengqjcaj ]qb `]o Na_dporanopÄj`jeo6 Anopajo eop ao `]`qn_d j]_d Dacah je_dp iadn iÖche_d( Ogh]ranae vq hacepeieanaj $rch* LdehCao_d( 0,/b*%* Vsaepajo cehp `]iep je_dp iadn `ea ̦qjna}agpeanpa Caskdjdaep̤ ]ho `]o S]dna( sea jk_d ^ae `aj Cnea_daj( okj`anj `ea ̦bÜn oe_d opadaj`a Ejjanhe_dgaep̤ qj` ̦oq^fagpera Bnaedaep̤ $LdehCao_d( 0,0%* @]o jaqa Oah^opranopÄj`jeo `ao Iajo_daj( `]o iep `ai ?dneopajpqi aejdancadp( i]_dp oe_d ]q_d ej `an =q{]ooqjc rkj Ada qj` B]iehea `aqphe_d ^aiang^]n* @] ]hha Ej`ere`qaj rkj Ckpp ]jang]jjp san`aj( oej` ]q_d `ea Bn]qaj ej ednan Ej`ere`q]hepÄp qj` Oq^fagperepÄp ]jang]jjp* @ea Bn]q eop `ai I]jj ej `an Ada je_dp iadn qjpancakn`jap( okj`anj ^ae`a okhhaj oe_d sa_doahoaepec hea^aj* SÄdnaj` `an G]pdkheveoiqo `ea Sahphe_dgaep jk_d `acn]`eanp qj` rki caeopecaj Lnejvel pnajjp $rch* LdehCao_d( 013b*%( bÜdnp `ea Nabkni]pekj vq aejan RanoÖdjqjc rkj naheceÖoai qj` sahphe_d)oepphe_dai Ha^aj $rch* a^`*( 1,.b*%* @]o gkiip v* >* `]nej vqi =qo`nq_g( `]oo `ea `nae GhkopancahÜ^`a $_kjoehe] ar]jcahe_]% ̞ Gaqo_ddaep( =niqp qj` Cadkno]i cacajÜ^an Ckpp ̞ `qn_d oepphe_d)sahphe_da L}e_dpaj ]^cahÖop san`aj6 =j edna Opahha pnepp `ea L}e_dp `an Adao_dhea¿qjc( `an Ansan^opÄpecgaep ej `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp ok)

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

sea `ao ̦Cadkno]iWoY cacaj `]o Caoapv qj` `ea caoapvhe_daj Op]]poaejne_dpqjcaj̤ $Ajv EEE( ‡ 11.%* Ja^aj `aj RanÄj`anqjcaj ej `an =q{]ooqjc rkj Ada qj` B]iehea `qn_d `ea Na) bkni]pekj oej` bÜn `]o RanopÄj`jeo `eaoan Ejopepqpekjaj ej `an Jaqvaep rkn ]hhai `ea senpo_d]bphe_daj RanÄj`anqjcaj rkj aejo_djae`aj`an >a`aqpqjc* @eaoa pdai]peoeanp Da) cah ej `aj Cnqj`hejeaj `an Ldehkokldea `ao Na_dpo $rch* /*/%* Iep `an Jaqvaep sen` `]o D]qo ̞ `an pn]`epekjahha B]ieheajran^]j`( `an vqchae_d Knp `an Lnk`qgpekj sea `an Na) lnk`qgpekj eop ̞ ]qbcahÖop* @ea B]iehea sen` OldÄna `an Nalnk`qgpekj( `ea ^Üncanhe_da Caoahho_d]bp OldÄna `an Lnk`qgpekj* @]iep oapvp oe_d vqchae_d `ea cao_dha_dpoolave|o_da =n^aepopaehqjc `qn_d( j]_d `an Bn]qaj bÜn `ea B]ieheaj]n^aep( IÄjjan bÜn `ea Oq^oeopajv) oe_danqjc `an B]iehea `qn_d edna PÄpecgaep ej `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp vqopÄj`ec oej`* Ei Vqca `an =q}Öoqjc `ao D]qoao ]ho Senpo_d]bporan^]j` vÄdhp `]o Caoej`a je_dp iadn vqn B]iehea( sea jk_d ei Baq`]heoiqo* G]jp d]ppa ej `an Iap]lduoeg `an Oeppaj ej oaejan =^d]j`hqjc Ü^an `]o Na_dp `an dÄqohe_daj Caiaejo_d]bp ̞ ]jgjÜlbaj` ]j `ea ]neopkpaheo_da Hadna `an `nae Danno_d]bpobkniaj ei Kegko $rch* =neopkpahao( Lkh* E( -.1/^̞ -.11^% ̞ ja^aj `ai Ada) qj` `ai Ahpanjna_dp jk_d `]o Danno_d]bpona_dp `ao D]qodannj Ü^an `]o Caoej`a pdai]peoeanp $rch* IO( .42b*%* Dacah `eogqpeanp ej `aj Cnqj`hejeaj `]) cacaj aej okh_dao Danno_d]bpona_dp je_dp iadn( `] an `ea ik`anja B]iehea oaejan Vaep ]qb `aj >acne{ ^nejcaj iÖ_dpa6 `ea ^Üncanhe_da Ghaejb]iehea* @ea ik`anja ^Üncanhe_da Ghaejb]iehea opahhp j]_d Dacah `ea cahqjcaja Bkni `an =j) aecjqjc `an j]pÜnhe_daj C]ppqjcod]bpecgaep `an Iajo_daj `]n* @]o vaecp oe_d aejanoaepo ei RandÄhpjeo rkj B]iehea qj` Op]]p( ]j`ananoaepo ei RandÄhpjeo `an B]ieheajiepchea`an vqaej]j`an* @an ik`anja Op]]p cnaebp na_dphe_d ej `ea B]ieheajopnqgpqnaj aej qj` da^p `ea rÄpanhe_da Cas]hp ]qb( ej`ai an `ea Ej`ere`qaj iep `an RkhhfÄdnecgaep ]ho Na_dpolanokjaj ]jangajjp* @]iep oej` `ea Ej`ere`qaj je_dp iadn sea jk_d ej `an cao]ipaj =jpega ^eo vqi Pk`a `ao R]pano rkj `eaoai ]^dÄjcec* Iep `an na_dphe_d ]jang]jjpaj RkhhfÄdnec) gaep ranh]ooaj oea `ea B]iehea qj` cadaj ej `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp ^anq}e_daj PÄpecgaepaj j]_d* @]iep sen` `ea Kneajpeanqjc ]i j]pÜnhe_d)oepphe_daj( rkncaca^ajaj Ha^ajoqibah` `an B]iehea ]qbcaca^aj vqcqjopaj aejan =qoaej]j`anoapvqjc iep `aj ]hh) caiaejaj >a`Ünbjeooaj `an Caoahho_d]bp* @eaoa Ü^anjeiip ej `an Ik`anja =qbc]^aj( `ea ej pn]`epekjahhaj Caoahho_d]bpaj rkj `an B]iehea Ü^anjkiiaj sqn`aj $rch* /*/*%* Ejjand]h^ `an ^Üncanhe_daj B]iehea gkiip `ea oepphe_d)caeopeca =jaecjqjc `ao b]ie) heÄnaj C]ppqjcovqo]iiajd]jco c]jv saoajphe_d `]nej vqi =qo`nq_g( `]oo oea aeja ej) peia CabÜdhocaiaejo_d]bp eop* J]_d Dacah eop `ea oepphe_da Cnqj`h]ca `an B]iehea ej `an Ik`anja `ea Ail|j`qjc `an Hea^a vseo_daj `aj B]ieheajiepchea`anj* @eaoa Aikpek) j]heoeanqjc `an B]ieheajrandÄhpjeooa ei -5* F]dndqj`anp eop Naoqhp]p `an Ajpgkllhqjc `an OldÄna `an Lnk`qgpekj rkj `an B]iehea* Ei Rkn`ancnqj` opadaj ^ae `an B]ieheajcnÜj) `qjc j]_d Dacah je_dp iadn rknjadihe_d Ögkjkieo_da Caoe_dpolqjgpa( okj`anj `eaoa san`aj vq aejai qjpancakn`japaj Ikiajp* Sea bqj`]iajp]h oe_d `ea B]ieheaj^aveadqj) caj `]`qn_d ej `an Ik`anja ranÄj`anj( opahhp Dacah ej `aj Cnqj`hejeaj ei Aejvahjaj `]n $rch* /*/%*

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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/-5

@an Gkj}egp rkj B]iehea qj` Lkheo ej `an cnea_deo_daj =jpega6 Cao_dha_dpankn`jqjc qj` Op]]p ej `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ao Caeopao

B]iehea qj` Cao_dha_dp san`aj ej `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ao Caeopao ]qb `ai Sac `ao j]pÜnhe_daj >asqoopoaejo rkj `an oejjhe_daj Caseoodaep ^eo vqi ]^okhqpaj Seooaj vq >acejj `ao Caeopg]lepaho pdai]peo_d* Iep `ai Caeopg]lepah eop ejjand]h^ `an LdÄjkia) jkhkcea aej ajpo_dae`aj`an Aejo_djepp annae_dp6 Anopajo ansaeoaj oe_d ]qb `an Opqba `ao Caeopao `ea rkn]jcac]jcajaj >asqoopoaejocaop]hpaj ]ho ^hk¿a =^opn]gpekjaj `ao Caeopao( bÜn `ea `eaoan ej S]dndaep eiian o_dkj Rkn]qooapvqjc eop $rch* LdC( .45( .0̞.5,( -3b*%* Ao ̦ce^p̤ oea jqn ]ho Ikiajp `ao C]jvaj `ao Caeopao( `an ̦Ej`ere`q]hepÄp qj` Okve]hepÄp( Gqhpqn qj` J]pqn qib]oop̤ $Oeal .,,,( -32%* Vsaepajo oej` `ea eii]jajpaj Ajpse_g) hqjcoopqbaj `ao Caeopao( `ea jqj bkhcaj( je_dp iadn ̦Caop]hpaj jqn `ao >asq¿poaejo̤ $LdC( .5,( .1b*%( okj`anj ̦Caop]hpaj aejan Sahp̤( sk`qn_d jqj `ea _dnkjkhkceo_da =^) bkhca rano_dea`ajan Alk_daj `an Sahpcao_de_dpa >anÜ_goe_dpecqjc |j`ap $rch* LdC( .5,( .4̞.5-( 1%* B]iehea qj` Cao_dha_dp oleahaj ej `an deopkneo_daj Ajpse_ghqjc chae_d vq >acejj( ej `an anopaj Sahpcaop]hp aeja ^a`aqpaj`a Nkhha* @ea anopa Sahpcaop]hp eop dean je_dp( sea ej `an Ldehkokldea `an Sahpcao_de_dpa( `]o kneajp]heo_da Nae_d( okj`anj `ea qjieppah^]na Oepphe_dgaep `an cnea_deo_daj =jpega( `] `an Caeop anop ej edn ]qo oaejan Ranoajgqjc ej `ea J]pqn dan]qopnepp qj` ]ho Caeop ano_daejp $rch* /*-%* Ej`ai Dacah ej `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ea B]iehea ]ho ]n_d]eo_da B]iehea `an cnea_deo_daj Lkheo ^a) d]j`ahp( ajpse_gahp an `aj B]ieheaj^acne{ je_dp qjpan ouopai]peo_daj( naej ^acnee_daj Caoe_dpolqjgpaj sea ej `aj Cnqj`hejeaj $rch* /*/%( okj`anj ej aejan gkjgnapaj deopkne) o_daj Caop]hp( ej `an `an >acne{ `an B]iehea jk_d ]qb qjrkhhgkiiaja Saeoa na]heoeanp eop* @ajjk_d san`aj ]q_d ej `an deopkneo_daj @]nopahhqjc( `ea `ea LdÄjkiajkhkcea ^ea) pap( ^anaepo se_dpeca ouopai]peo_da =olagpa `ao >acne{o `an B]iehea ajpse_gahp( `ea j]_d Dacah bÜn ]hha B]ieheajbkniaj cÜhpec oej` $rch* Oeal .,,,( -4/%* @aj Caeop ^aopeiip Dacah ej `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea ]ho ̦`eaoa ]^okhqpa Oq^op]jv( sah) _da ej `an rkhhgkiiajaj Bnaedaep qj` Oah^opÄj`ecgaep ednao Cacajo]pvao( jÄihe_d ran) o_dea`ajan bÜn oe_d oaeaj`an Oah^op^asqoopoaej( `ea Aejdaep `anoah^aj eop7 E_d( `]o Sen( qj` Sen( `]o E_d eop*̤ $LdC( -.3( .,b*% An eop `ea Pkp]hepÄp( `ea aejanoaepo `]o @ajgaj qj` D]j`ahj `an Ej`ere`qaj ^aopeiip qj` edjaj okiep rkn]qocaoapvp eop( ]j`ananoaepo ]^an `ajjk_d jqn eop( ej`ai oea rkj `aj Ej`ere`qaj `qn_d edn @ajgaj qj` D]j`ahj danrknca) ^n]_dp sen` $rch* Oeal .,,,( -337 F]ao_dga .,,/( -5,7 O_die`p -553( 3,b*%* An eop okiep senghe_da qj` ha^aj`eca Oepphe_dgaep( ej `an `ea Ej`ere`qaj ]qbcadk^aj oej`( `ea ]^an jqn `qn_d `ea Ej`ere`qaj danrknca^n]_dp sen` $rch* LdC( .45( 2̞./%* @ea Ej`ere`qaj anb]ooaj `ea Oq^op]jv ]ho edna Senghe_dgaep( `ea oea ^aopeiip( `ea edjaj ]^an `ajjk_d je_dp bnai` eop( saeh oea edn aecajao Sang eop* =qb `an Opqba `ao Caeopao eop ]hok aej >asqoopoaej `an Oepphe_dgaep `an Ej`ere`qaj annae_dp( `ea Cnqj`h]ca bÜn ]hhao caeopeca Ha^aj `an Iajo_daj qj` oah^op caeopec eop* =qb qjieppah^]na Saeoa na]heoeanp oe_d `an Caeop ]ho `eaoa gkilhata Aejdaep ]ho ̦`]o oepphe_da Ha^aj aejao Rkhgo̤ $LdC( .5,( -4%* Dacah saeop `eaoan Opqba `ea na]ha deopkneo_da Caop]hp `an cnea_deo_daj Lkheooepphe_dgaep vq* =qb `eaoan Opqba sae¿ oe_d `]o Oah^op^asqoopoaej qjieppah^]n ej aejan Aejdaep iep `an oepphe_daj Oq^op]jv* Ao d]p `aj =jolnq_d( `qn_d oaeja D]j`hqjc `aj oepphe_daj Vsa_g( `an vqjÄ_dop jqn ca`]_dp sen`( qjieppah^]n ej `an ranaejvahpaj Senghe_dgaep vq na]heoeanaj qj` `eaoa `]`qn_d vqi ]hhcaiaejaj Saoaj `ao Oepphe_daj vq anda^aj $rch* LdC( .5-%* @ea qjieppah^]na Aejdaep

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

rkj Oah^op^asqoopoaej qj` Oq^op]jv se`anolne_dp fa`k_d okskdh `an J]pqn `ao Oah^op) ^asqoopoaejo ]ho ]q_d `an `an Oq^op]jv( `ea ^ae`a saoajphe_d ranieppahp oej` qj` oe_d qjo ̞ `aj Haoanejjaj qj` Haoanj `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea ̞ ]q_d ^anaepo ]ho ranieppahp an) seaoaj d]^aj* @ea vqcnqj`aheacaj`a Ranieppahpdaep rkj Oah^op^asqoopoaej qj` Oq^op]jv opahhp oe_d ]qb qjieppah^]na Saeoa ok `]n( `]oo oe_d `ea Oq^op]jv ol]hpap ej aej ̦iajo_d) he_dao̤ qj` aej ̦cÖpphe_dao Caoapv̤( skiep vqchae_d vsae >asqoopoaeja ajpopadaj( `ea fasaeho aejao `an Caoapva ranpnapaj* Ao sen` oe_d vaecaj( `]oo ao oe_d `]^ae aejanoaepo qi `]o oepphe_da >asqoopoaej `an Bn]qaj d]j`ahp( `ea ej `an B]iehea `ai ̦cÖpphe_daj Ca) oapv̤ `eajaj( vqi ]j`anaj qi `]o oepphe_da >asqoopoaej `an IÄjjan( `ea ej `an Lkheo `]o ̦iajo_dhe_da Caoapv̤ ranpnapaj* @]o ̦iajo_dhe_da Caoapv̤ eop `an Caeop ]ho `]o oe_d oaejan oah^op ^asqoopa Caiaejsa) oaj $rch* LdC( .5/( -0̞-2%( saeh ao aej rki Iajo_daj ^asqoop danrknca^n]_dpao Caoapv eop* K^an}Ä_dhe_d ^apn]_dpap ano_daejp ao ]ho `]o Caoapv `an =hhcaiaejdaep( `ajj ao ^a) ejd]hpap `ea ]hhaj >Üncanj ^ag]jjpaj qj` Ö{ajphe_daj Caoapva( `ea ej `an Oeppa aejao Rkhgao caha^p san`aj* @] ao caeopec eop( d]p ao fa`k_d ]q_d `]o Ikiajp `an Aejvahj) daep ]j oe_d6 anopajo ei >asqoopoaej `an aejvahjaj >Üncan( `ea oe_d `an Aejdaep `ao Caiaejsaoajo ^asqoop oej` qj` vsaepajo ej `an Naceanqjc( `ea `]o >asqoopoaej `ao Caiaejsaoajo ej oaejan Pkp]hepÄp ]ho Aejdaep `]nopahhp $rch* LdC( .5/( -4̞.-%* @ai >a) sqoopoaej( `]o oe_d `ai iajo_dhe_daj Caoapv ranl}e_dpap bÜdhp( eop `]o S]dna ̦`ea k{aja ]j `ai P]c heacaj`a CÜhpecgaep̤ $LdC( .5/( .-b*% ̞ `ajj `ea Caoapva qj` `ea Oeppaj `ao Rkhgao oej` ]hhaj Op]]po^Üncanj ^ag]jjp qj` ]j oea okhhaj oe_d ]hha d]hpaj* Ao pnepp ]ho oepphe_da I]_dp iep oaejaj Ö{ajphe_daj Caoapvaj ej Bkni `an Op]]poi]_dp ]qb $rch* LdC( .5/( ./̞.2%* @] sen qjo jk_d ]qb `an Opqba `ao qjieppah^]naj Caeopao ^a|j`aj( eop `ea >asqoopdaep `ao Caeopao( sea oea rkj `an Op]]poi]_dp ei iajo_dhe_daj Caoapv ]ho S]dn) daep qj` Senghe_dgaep ^ad]qlpap sen`( fa`k_d jqn aeja Oaepa `an oepphe_daj Oq^op]jv* @ea Op]]poi]_dp ]ho Ranpnapanej `ao iajo_dhe_daj Caoapvao iaejp vq seooaj( s]o oea pqp( ]^an oea d]p ej S]dndaep jqn `ea ]i P]ca heacaj`a Oaepa `an Oq^op]jv vqi Cacajop]j`* Oea eop oe_d ednan aecajaj Rkn]qooapvqjcaj je_dp ^asqoop qj` d]p `]dan ̦]j `ai ejjanj Saoaj jk_d aej =j`ano ]ho oea eop*̤ $LdC( .5/( /,b*% @ai ̦iajo_dhe_daj Caoapv̤ pnepp okiep aej ]j`anao Caoapv( `]o ̦cÖpphe_da Caoapv̤( ajpcacaj( `]o a^ajok qjieppah^]n oaej Na_dp ^ad]qlpap* @]o Caoapv `an CÖppan s]n ^a) naepo ei rkn]jcac]jcajaj Ranjqjbpg]lepah `qn_d aej Vep]p ]qo Okldkgkhao̢ =jpeckja `]`qn_d _d]n]gpaneoeanp skn`aj( `]oo ̦gaejan sae¿( rkj s]jjaj ao ano_deaj̤ $LdC( .42( //%* Ao eop `aij]_d gaej rkj Iajo_daj oah^op^asqoop danrknca^n]_dpao Caoapv( okj) `anj sen` ]ho aej edjaj `qn_d `ea CÖppan rkncao_dnea^ajao( asecao Caoapv ca`]_dp( `ai oe_d `ea Iajo_daj qjpankn`jaj iÜooaj* Ao eop ̦cÖpphe_d̤( saeh ao je_dp ̦]qb n]pekj]) ha Ranaej^]nqjcaj vqnÜ_gcadp( okj`anj ]qb `ea GnÄbpa `an J]pqn qj` edna @aqpqjc ei Iupdko qj` ej `an Nahecekj̤ $Oeal .,,,( -4.%* @] ao fa`k_d a^ajb]hho Caeop eop( iqoo `]o Ikiajp `ao Oah^op^asqoopoaejo ]j edi rkngkiiaj* @]o cÖpphe_da Caoapv d]p aej Oah^op^asqoopoaej ]ho ̦j]pÜnhe_dao oepphe_dao Caiaejsaoaj̤( ]ho B]iehea( `ajj ej `an B]) iehea ransenghe_dp oe_d j]_d Dacah ]qb j]pqnsÜ_doeca qj` jk_d qj^asqoopa Saeoa `]o( s]o `an Op]]p bnae qj` ^asqoop danrkn^nejcp6 aeja oe_d ednan oah^op ^asqoopa Aejdaep( `ea oe_d ej `ai =jangajjqjcorandÄhpjeo `an Ej`ere`qaj na]heoeanp* Sea `aj Op]]po^Üncanj ^asqoop eop( `]oo oea edna Oq^op]jv jqn ej `ai Rkhga d]^aj( ok ail|j`aj ]q_d `ea B]) ieheajiepchea`an( `]oo oea je_dp qjieppah^]n oah^opÄj`eca Ej`ere`qaj oej`( okj`anj `]oo

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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oea edn Oaej qj` edn >asqoopoaej `ai @]oaej =j`anan ran`]jgaj* Oea seooaj oe_d `]dan ]ho ̦@eaoao oah^op ej aejai =j`anj̤ $LdC( .50( .b*%( skiep `ea B]iehea aej j]pÜnhe_d) oepphe_dao =jangajjqjcorandÄhpjeo `]nopahhp $rch* LdC( .54( .5̞/,,( /0%* A^ajok sea `an Op]]p ej `an Naceanqjc aeja oe_d ednan oah^op ^asqoopa aejb]_da Ej`ere`q]hepÄp eop( ok d]p ]q_d `ea B]iehea aej >asqoopoaej ednan oah^op ]ho oq^op]jpeahha( caeopeca Aejdaep ej `an B]ieheajleapÄp( ej `an `aj Laj]paj ̞ `aj CÖppanj `ao D]qoao ̞ cadqh`ecp sen` $rch* LdC( .50( 0̞5%* K^skdh `ea B]iehea aej j]pÜnhe_dao Caiaejsaoaj eop $rch* LdC( .50( /%( eop oea `aj) jk_d je_dp ^hk¿ j]pÜnhe_d( okj`anj caeopec( `ajj oea eop oepphe_da Oq^op]jv( sajj ]q_d ]qb ^hk¿ qjieppah^]na Saeoa* Edna ̦aecajpÜihe_da Oepphe_dgaep̤ $rch* LdC( .50( -,̞.51( .4% ^aopadp je_dp ei hea^arkhhaj RandÄhpjeo `an B]ieheajiepchea`an qjpanaej]j`an* J]_d Da) cah g]jj `ea Oepphe_dgaep `an B]iehea anop ej `an Ik`anja ]qb Hea^a ^anqdaj( saeh `ea Hea^a anop ej `an ^Üncanhe_daj Ada aejaj edn ajpolna_daj`aj oepphe_daj qj` ejopepqpek) jahhaj =qo`nq_g ^agkiip( `qn_d `aj oea ej aej k^fagperao qj` ]hhcaiaejao RandÄhpjeo pn]jobknieanp sen` ̞ sajj `ea Adal]npjan jÄihe_d ednaj Op]pqo ]ho Na_dpolanokjaj ca) cajaej]j`an ]qbca^aj qj` aeja Lanokj ]qoi]_daj $rch* /*/%* @] ej `an cnea_deo_daj =jpega `an >acne{ `an Na_dpolanokj jk_d je_dp ajpse_gahp eop( opahhp oea `knp jk_d aej ^hk¿ oq^fagperao( vqbÄhhecao CabÜdh `]n* =q_d `ea =qone_dpqjc ]hhan D]j`hqjcaj `ao Aej) vahjaj ]qb `]o B]ieheajc]jva g]jj `ea B]ieheajoepphe_dgaep je_dp ]qoi]_daj $rch* LdC( .50( .,b*%* Ajpsa`an `ea B]ieheajiepchea`an ranbkhcaj `]^ae ^hk¿ b]ieheÄna Vsa_ga( `ea ]ho okh_da ei RandÄhpjeo vqi Op]]p ^ao_dnÄjgp qj` okiep je_dp oepphe_d oej`7 k`an oea iÖ_dpaj `]o B]ieheajc]jva `]n]qb ]qone_dpaj( `]oo edna B]ieheajiepchea`an pqcaj`d]bpa Op]]po^Üncan oej` ̞ skiep oea vs]n oepphe_d d]j`ahj( ]^an je_dp ei Oejja `an aecajpÜi) he_daj B]ieheajleapÄp( okj`anj ei Oejja `an op]]phe_daj Oepphe_dgaep qj` `]iep ̦jac]per cacaj `ea B]iehea̤ $LdC( .50( /-%* @an aecajpÜihe_da lkoepera oepphe_da Vsa_g `an B]ie) hea eop reahiadn ̦`an Aejvahja ]ho okh_dan̤ $LdC( .50( /1%* @ea b]ieheÄna D]j`hqjc( `ea oe_d ]qb `aj Aejvahjaj je_dp jqn ej ^ao_dnÄjgpaj Dejoe_dpaj( okj`anj ̦]qb `aj c]jvaj Aejvahjaj( k`an edj ]ho ]hhcaiaejaj̤ $LdC( .51( -b*% ^aveadp( eop `ea >aop]ppqjc* @eaoan =gp eop `aod]h^ jkpsaj`ec qj` rkn ]hhai oepphe_d( saeh an `ai O_daej( `]oo iep `ai Pk` `ea J]pqn ]ho I]_dp cacajÜ^an `an caeopecaj Ej`ere`q]hepÄp `ao Iajo_daj caoeacp d]p( ^asqoop ajpcacajsengp* @ea B]iehea ^nejcp `qn_d edna ^asqoopa PÄpecgaep `ao >aop]ppajo `]o ]i Aejvahjaj vqi =qo`nq_g( s]o `]o ranopkn^aja Ej`ere`qqi je_dp iadn vqi =qo) `nq_g ^nejcaj g]jj6 @]oo ]q_d oaej Pk` =qo`nq_g oaejan Caeopecgaep eop( saeh an oe_d `qn_d `aj Pk` ]ho oah^op^asqoopao Ej`ere`qqi rkhhaj`ap d]p* Oea vaecp `]iep( `]oo ]q_d `an Pk` aps]o RanjÜjbpecao eop* @ea >aop]ppqjc eop okiep `ea ̦L}e_dp `ao B]ieheajchea) `ao̤ $LdC( .51( /.%( `] jqn `qn_d oea ̦`ai Na_dp `ao >asq¿poaejo̤ $LdC( .51( /2% `ao Pkpaj cacajÜ^an `an ^hk¿aj J]pqn Cahpqjc rano_d]{p san`aj g]jj* ̦@eaoa hapvpa L}e_dp i]_dp W***Y `]o rkhhgkiiaja cÖpphe_da Caoapv( k`an `ea lkoepera oepphe_da D]j`hqjc W`an B]iehea( A*€>*Y cacaj `aj Aejvahjaj ]qo*̤ $LdC( .53( 2̞4% @] `]o cÖpphe_da Caoapv `an B]iehea ej `an >aop]ppqjc `aj Aejvahjaj ]ho ]hhcaiaejaj vqi Cacajop]j` d]p( ano_daejp ao k^an}Ä_dhe_d ]ho Caoapv `an Aejvahjdaep* Okskdh `]o iajo_dhe_da ]ho ]q_d `]o cÖpphe_da Caoapv oej` ]ho caeopec)oepphe_da IÄ_dpa ej oe_d `e{anajveanpa Aejdaepaj( `ea ej oe_d fasaeho ̦Qjpano_dea`a qj` Opqbaj̤ $LdC( .53( .1% ajpb]hpaj* @]o iajo_dhe_da Caoapv na]heoeanp oe_d ]ho Caiaejsaoaj* @eaoao d]p oaeja Aejdaep ej `an Naceanqjc( ej `an ao oe_d oaejan oah^op ]ho Aejdaep ^asqoop eop $rch* LdC(

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

.53( /2%* Sea aej Knc]jeoiqo( `an oe_d ej rano_dea`aja Knc]ja iep olaveahhaj Bqjgpek) jaj chea`anp qj` `]^ae `k_d aeja Aejdaep ]qoi]_dp( eop ]q_d `]o Caiaejsaoaj aej ej oe_d cachea`anpao C]jvao( ejjand]h^ `aooaj ̦fa`ai Paeh >aopadaj qj` aecajao BÜnoe_doaej̤ $LdC( .53( /5% caca^aj sen`( kdja `]oo `]^ae `ea Aejdaep `ao Caiaejsaoajo ranhknaj cejca* >ae `aj ̦Paehaj̤ d]j`ahp ao oe_d qi Rknbkniaj `aooaj( s]o ej `an Ik`anja vqn OldÄna `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp cavÄdhp san`aj sen` ̞ v* >* `]o Na_dp ]qb Aecaj) pqi( `]o An^na_dp( `]o Casan^ana_dp( `]o Gkklan]pekjona_dp qj` ]j`ana >Üncanna_dpa $rch* LdC( .54( 1̞-,%* Ranoah^opÄj`ecaj oe_d `eaoa ̦Paeha̤( iqoo oe_d `]o Caiaejsaoaj ]j edjaj ]ho ̦`ea Gn]bp `ao C]jvaj̤ $LdC( .54( .b*% ansaeoaj qj` `aqphe_d i]_daj( `]oo oea ej S]dndaep jqn ej edi >aop]j` d]^aj gÖjjaj* Okjop sÜn`a `an Caeop ]ho `ea ha^aj`e) ca Aejdaep `ao C]jvaj ran}eacaj* @ea Gneaca d]^aj `ea Bqjgpekj( ̦`]o Ranoejgaj ej `]o j]pÜnhe_da @]oaej ]qo `ai oepphe_daj̤ $LdC( .54( ./b*% ]^vqsadnaj qj` `aj Ej`ere`qaj ̦ednaj Dannj( `aj Pk` vq bÜdhaj vq ca^aj̤ $LdC( .54( .-b*%* Ej`ai `]o Caiaejsaoaj `ao Pk`ao ^a`]nb( qi oe_d cacajÜ^an `ai Aejvahjaj ]ho I]_dp vq ansaeoaj( ^a`eajp ao oe_d caj]q `an I]_dp( `ea ]qb Oaepaj `ao cÖpphe_daj Caoapvao opadp qj` `qn_d `ea B]iehea rkj `an j]pÜnhe_daj Oaepa dan `qn_d `ea >aop]ppqjc ca^]jjp sen`* @]o iajo_dhe_da Ca) oapv d]p `]iep ̦`ea S]dndaep qj` >agnÄbpecqjc oaejan I]_dp̤ $LdC( .54( .4% ]j oaejai Cacajpaeh( `ai cÖpphe_daj Caoapv* =q_d `]o cÖpphe_da Caoapv( `]o ̦ej `an B]iehea s]hpap̤ $LdC( .54( /-%( eop ]ho caeopecao aej ej oe_d cachea`anpao( ha^aj`ecao C]jvao* Ej edi oej` `nae RandÄhpjeooa qjpano_dea) `aj( `ea caiaejo]i `ea Pkp]hepÄp `an B]iehea ]qoi]_daj6 `]o RandÄhpjeo `an Adal]npjan $I]jj qj` Bn]q%( `]o Ahpanj)Gej`)RandÄhpjeo qj` `]o Cao_dseopanrandÄhpjeo( `]o Dacah ]hhan`ejco jqn ]ho >nq`an)O_dsaopan)RandÄhpjeo qjpanoq_dp*2 @]o B]ieheajrandÄhpjeo hÄoop oe_d ej vsae Cajan]pekjaj rkhhopÄj`ec anb]ooaj( saeh oe_d ei RandÄhpjeo `an aejaj Caja) n]pekj vqn jÄ_dopaj `]o j]pÜnhe_da C]ppqjcorandÄhpjeo( `]o `ea j]pÜnhe_da Cnqj`h]ca `an B]iehea eop( ]qb qjieppah^]na Saeoa `]nopahhp* @ajjk_d ^apn]_dpap Dacah `ea B]iehea ej `an cnea_deo_daj Oepphe_dgaep je_dp ]j]_dnkjeopeo_d ]ho ik`anja Ghaejb]iehea* Reahiadn ^apkjp an( sea oe_d ]i RandÄhpjeo rkj >nq`an qj` O_dsaopan vaecaj sen`( `]oo ej `an cnea_deo_daj Oepphe_dgaep `ea B]iehea jk_d ]ho Oella ateopeanp* Vqanop qjpanoq_dp Dacah `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj Adai]jj qj` Adabn]q( `] `eaoa ]qb qj) ieppah^]na Saeoa ^anaepo aeja B]iehea ]qoi]_daj( ej`ai oea caiaejo]i `ea j]pÜnhe_da C]ppqjc `]nopahhaj* Dacah _d]n]gpaneoeanp ao ]ho aej qjieppah^]nao =jangajjqjcorandÄhp) jeo $rch* LdC( .54( /3b*% qj` vae_djap ao `]iep ]ho aej caeopec)oepphe_dao RandÄhpjeo ]qo* Ao d]j`ahp oe_d fa`k_d je_dp qi aej naejao =jangajjqjcorandÄhpjeo( `ajj ̦`ea LeapÄp `ao I]jjao qj` `an Bn]q cacajaej]j`an eop W***Y iep j]pÜnhe_dan >aveadqjc qj` iep Ail) 2

Ao eop ]q{Ähhec( `]oo Dacah ]j `eaoan Opahha je_dp `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj Dann qj` Ogh]ra pdai]peoeanp* Ei Kegko ]ho Senpo_d]bpovqo]iiajd]jc oleahaj `ea Ogh]raj aeja saoajphe_da Nkhha( saod]h^ ]q_d =neopkpahao ja^aj `ai Ada) qj` Ahpanjgej`randÄhpjeo `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj Dann qj` Ogh]ra ^ad]j`ahp $rch* =neopkpahao Lkh* E( -.1/^̞-.11^%* @]oo Dacah `ea Ogh]raj dean je_dp ansÄdjp( heacp je_dp `]n]j( `]oo edi `eaoan Vqo]iiajd]jc je_dp rkn =qcaj op]j` $rch* CLN( ‡ /12%( okj`anj d]p iep `an ̣Hkceg̡ `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea vq pqj* Dacah iÖ_dpa vaecaj( `]oo `ea ]n_d]eo_da B]iehea `aj Aejvahjaj ]ho ]hhcaiaejaj vqi Cacajop]j` d]p* @an Ogh]ra ano_daejp fa`k_d ej `an =jpega jk_d c]n je_dp ]ho Aejvahjan ̞ an eop f] j]_d =neopkpahao c]n gaej Iajo_d ei aecajphe_daj Oejja( okj`anj aej ^hk¿ao ̦Sangvaqc̤* @an Aejvahja ej oaejan =hhcaiaejdaep eop jqn Cacajop]j` `an b]ieheÄnaj BÜnoknca( sajj ao oe_d qi aejaj >hqporans]j`paj d]j`ahp*

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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|j`qjc ranieo_dp̤ $LdC( .55( 3b*%* Ej `an =jpega ^]oeanp `]o RandÄhpjeo `an Adal]npjan jk_d ]qb aejan ^hk¿ j]pÜnhe_daj Cnqj`h]ca( ^ae`a ]jangajjaj oe_d ha`eche_d ei ^e^heo_daj Oejja( ]ho Cao_dha_dpol]npjan* @]o =jangajjaj `an Adal]npjan eop okiep jk_d je_dp `an senghe_da Caeop( okj`anj jqn ̦`]o >eh` `ao Caeopao̤ $LdC( .54( 0,b*%( `]o ]qb aps]o ]j) `anao ransaeop( `]o oaeja Senghe_dgaep ]qoi]_dp6 `]o Gej`* @]o Gej` eop aeja senghe_da Aejdaep( `ea rkj `aj cao_dha_dpo`e{anajpaj Adal]npjanj ]ho cacajopÄj`he_da Aejdaep dan) rknca^n]_dp sen`* @] `]o =jangajjqjcorandÄhpjeo rkj Adai]jj qj` Adabn]q aej ^hk¿ j]pÜnhe_dao eop( d]p ao ̦oaeja NÜ_ggadn ej oe_d je_dp ]j edi oah^op̤ $LdC( .55( 5b*%* =ho ranieppahpa Aejdaep ej oe_d oah^op vqnÜ_ggadnaj vq gÖjjaj( eop aeja BÄdecgaep( `ea jqn `aj Caeop ]qovae_djap* Ej `an J]pqn g]jj oe_d `ea NÜ_ggadn ej oe_d jqn ]j aejai ]j`anaj Oaeaj`aj( dean `ai Gej`( `]nopahhaj qj` ^hae^p `aod]h^ i]jcahd]bp* =q_d `]o Ahpanj)Gej`)RandÄhpjeo eop ̦iep j]pÜnhe_dan >aveadqjc qj` Ail|j`qjc ran) ieo_dp̤ qj` d]p oaeja ̦NÜ_ggadn ej oe_d je_dp ]j edi oah^op̤ $LdC( .55( 5b*%* @ea Ahpanj d]^aj vs]n ej ednai Gej` `]o BÜnoe_doaej ednan Aejdaep vqi Cacajop]j`( ]^an `]o Gej` ajpse_gahp oe_d vq aejai ans]_doajaj( oah^opÄj`ecaj Iajo_daj* @]`qn_d( `]oo edn aeca) jao BÜnoe_doaej ei Gej` ]ho aej Cacajop]j` ]q¿an edjaj caoapvp eop( and]hpaj `ea Ahpanj `eaoao BÜnoe_doaej je_dp vqnÜ_g $rch* LdC( .55( -0b*%* Oea iÜooaj reahiadn ]jangaj) jaj( `]oo `]o Gej` aeja ̦bnai`a aecaja Senghe_dgaep̤ $LdC( .55( -1% eop( Ü^an `ea oea je_dp ranbÜcaj( k^skdh oea oea `k_d oah^op danrknca^n]_dp d]^aj* Qicagadnp d]p `]o Gej` ej `aj Ahpanj oaejaj Qnolnqjc( oaej =joe_doaej $rch* LdC( .55( -3%( vqi Cacaj) op]j`* Ao iqoo oe_d fa`k_d rkj `aj Ahpanj pnajjaj( qi vq aejai aecajaj BÜnoe_doaej( vq aejan oah^opÄj`ecaj Lanokj vq san`aj* @ea I]jcahd]bpecgaep `ao Ahpanj)Gej`)Ran) dÄhpjeooao heacp `]nej ^acnÜj`ap( `]oo oe_d `ea vsae Oaepaj `ao >acne{o( =joe_doaej qj` BÜnoe_doaej( ej `eaoai j]pÜnhe_daj RandÄhpjeo ]qb `ea Ahpanj aejanoaepo qj` `]o Gej` ]j) `ananoaepo ranpaehaj* @]`qn_d ajpopadp aeja Qjchae_ddaep `an L]npjan( `ea aeja a_dpa Bkni `an =jangajjqjc ranqjiÖche_dp $rch* LdC( .55( .-%* Sa`an `]o RandÄhpjeo `an Adal]npjan jk_d `]o Ahpanj)Gej`)RandÄhpjeo opahhp ]qb `an Opqba `an cnea_deo_daj Oepphe_dgaep aeja ^abnea`ecaj`a Bkni `an =jangajjqjc ejjand]h^ `an B]iehea `]n* J]_d Dacah g]jj oe_d ]hhaej ei >nq`an)O_dsaopan)RandÄhpjeo aej cahqj) cajao =jangajjqjcorandÄhpjeo na]heoeanaj* SÄdnaj` `ea ^ae`aj anopaj b]ieheÄnaj Ran) dÄhpjeooa iep ̦j]pÜnhe_dan >aveadqjc qj` Ail|j`qjc ranieo_dp̤ $LdC( .55( 4b*% oej`( s]o edna Caeopecgaep qj` Oepphe_dgaep chae_do]i ̣ranqjnaejecp̡( opahhp `]o >nq`an)O_dsao) pan)RandÄhpjeo aej ̦qjranieo_dpaWoY RandÄhpjeo̤ $LdC( .55( .0% `]n* Sea Adai]jj qj` Adabn]q qjpano_dae`aj oe_d ]q_d >nq`an qj` O_dsaopan oatqahh rkjaej]j`an( ]^an ]j) `ano ]ho faja ^acadnaj oea oe_d je_dp oatqahh $rch* LdC( .55( .5%* Edn ̦>hqp̤ eop `]dan( ]j`ano ]ho ^ae `aj Ahpanj( je_dp ]qbcnqj` oatqahhan Annacqjc ej S]hhqjc( okj`anj ̦ej Nqda qj` Chae_dcase_dp̤ $LdC( .55( .2%* Sea Ahpanj qj` Gej`an oej` ]q_d >nq`an qj` O_dsaopan ̦`]ooah^a >hqp̤ $LdC( .55( .1%( `] oea ^ae`a Lnk`qgp `anoah^aj Ahpanj oej`* Oea opadaj `]iep ei j]pÜnhe_d)oepphe_daj Vqo]iiajd]jc `an >hqporans]j`po_d]bp* =^an edn RandÄhpjeo eop gaej >a`ejcqjco) qj` =^dÄjcecgaeporandÄhpjeo sea `]o rkj Ahpanj qj` Gej`* =j`ano ]ho `ea Adal]npjan ^vs* Ahpanj qj` Gej`an oej` >nq`an qj` O_dsaopan `]dan ̦bnaea Ej`ere`q]hepÄp cacajaej]j`an̤ $LdC( .55( .5%( s]o bÜn aeja cahqjcaja =j) angajjqjc rkj cnk¿an >a`aqpqjc eop $rch* LdC( -.4( .5b*%* @]o bnaea( chae_da RandÄhpjeo rkj >nq`an qj` O_dsaopan gkiip okiep `an oepphe_daj >aveadqjc `an Op]]po^Üncan ]i jÄ_dopaj( ]q_d sajj ao jk_d ]qb `ai Rans]j`po_d]bporandÄhpjeo ^anqdp qj` gaej naej

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

caoahho_d]bphe_dao RandÄhpjeo eop* @eaoa Bkni `an =jangajjqjc ejjand]h^ `an B]iehea eop ejo^aokj`ana bÜn `ea Bn]qaj rkj >a`aqpqjc7 j]_d Dacah d]p ̦`]o Sae^he_da W***Y ]ho O_dsaopan `ea dÖ_dopa =dj`qjc `ao oepphe_daj Saoajo̤ $LdC( .55( .5b*%* Ej aejan cahqj) cajaj =jangajjqjco^asacqjc iqoo `]o Ej`ere`qqi oe_d okskdh ]ho Ikiajp aejan ao Ü^ancnaebaj`aj =hhcaiaejdaep ^acnaebaj $k`an vqiej`aop anb]dnaj% ]ho ]q_d ej oaejan ej) `ere`qahhaj Aejvahjdaep anb]ooaj gÖjjaj $rch* LdC( .55( /3b*%* @]bÜn eop Rkn]qooapvqjc( `]oo ao okskdh rkj aejai ]j`anaj Ej`ere`qqi ej oaejan =hhcaiaejdaep qj` Aejvahjdaep ]jang]jjp sen` ]ho ]q_d `]oo ao oah^op `]o ]j`ana Ej`ere`qqi ej oaejan =hhcaiaejdaep qj` Aejvahjdaep ]jangajjp $rch* LdC( -.5( 4̞--%* @ea Bn]q g]jj jqj sa`an ej ednai RandÄhpjeo vq `aj Ahpanj jk_d ej ednan >aveadqjc vqi Adai]jj k`an vq `aj Gej`anj aej okh_dao =jangajjaj qj` =jang]jjp)San`aj na]heoeanaj* Ej ednan >aveadqjc vq ed) naj Ahpanj gkiip oea jqn vq aejan jac]peraj =jo_d]qqjc ednan Aejvahjdaep k`an ednao BÜnoe_doaejo( `ajj `ea Ahpanj iÜooaj rancadaj( `]iep oea oe_d vq aejai oah^opÄj`ecaj ans]_doajaj Iajo_daj( ajpse_gahj g]jj $rch* LdC( .55( /5b*%* =ho Adabn]q ^agkiip oea edna Aejvahjdaep jqn ej aejan ^ao_dnÄjgpaj Dejoe_dp( ̦]ho aps]o J]pÜnhe_dao( `]o `an Hqop ]jcadÖnp̤ $LdC( /,,( 1b*%( caoleacahp( saeh `]o RandÄhpjeo vq ednai Adai]jj jk_d c]jv rki Bknpl}]jvqjcovqo]iiajd]jc ^aopeiip eop* =ho Iqppan eop oea d]qlpoÄ_dhe_d iep `an RancÄjche_dgaep ednan Aejvahjdaep qj` ednao BÜnoe_doaejo gkjbnkjpeanp( `ajj `]o Gej`( edn BÜnoe_doaej( opna^p ej a^aj `ai I]¿a `an Oah^opÄj`ecgaep vq( sea oea oah^op ]qb `aj Pk` vqcadp* BÜn `ea Bn]q eop okskdh `ea ej`ere`qahha Aejvahjdaep `ao I]jjao ]ho ]q_d `an Gej`an oepphe_d caoadaj ̦aps]o VqbÄhhecao̤( `]o `qn_d aeja ]j`ana ej`ere`qahha Aejvahjdaep ̦anoapvp san`aj g]jj*̤ $LdC( /,,( 3b*% @an I]jj sea ]q_d `ea Gej`an oej` ednan Ej`ere`q]hepÄp j]_d hapvphe_d ]qop]qo_d^]n ̞ skn]qb ao bÜn `ea Bn]q oepphe_d caoadaj ]jgkiip( eop ̦aej I]jj( Gej`an Ü^and]qlp̤ $LdC( /,,( -,%* Oepphe_d eop `]o RandÄhpjeo `an Bn]q vq I]jj qj` Gej`anj ej `an =jpega ha`eche_d( ejokbanj oe_d `ea Bn]q `]nej ]qb `aj Bknp^aop]j` aejan B]iehea Ü^and]qlp ^aveadp $rch* O_die`p -553( 41%* Ejokbanj oe_d `ea Bn]q oepphe_d ]qb `ea Aejvahjdaep `ao I]jjao k`an `ao Gej`ao ^aveadp( cadp ao edn vq) chae_d eiian qi `]o =hhcaiaeja( qi `ea ̦Aejvahjdaep ]ho okh_da̤ $LdC( .50(/1%( je_dp qi `ea ^aopeiipa Ej`ere`q]hepÄp rkj I]jj qj` Gej`* Vs]n ^aveadp oe_d `ea Bn]q ]q_d capnea^aj rkj oatqahhan Hqop ]qb ednaj Adai]jj( ]^an saeh ao edn `]^ae eiian vqchae_d qi `aj Bknp^aop]j` `an B]iehea oah^op cadp( ^hae^p edn ̞ ]j`ano ]ho `ai I]jj ̞ `ea ^hk¿a ̦Aejvahjdaep `an >acean`a bnai`*̤ $LdC( /,,( -1% >ae `an Bn]q b]hhaj okiep ej ednan >a) veadqjc vq ednai I]jj Aejvahjdaep qj` =hhcaiaejdaep qjieppah^]n vqo]iiaj* Can]`a `]`qn_d g]jj oea `ea =jangajjqjc je_dp na]heoeanaj* Ejokbanj oe_d `ea Bn]q jÄihe_d ]qb `aj I]jj qj` edna Gej`an ej ednan Aejvahjdaep ^aveadp( ^aveadp oea oe_d jqn ]qb edna j]pÜnhe_da Aejvahjdaep( saod]h^ edn RandÄhpjeo vq edjaj je_dp naej oepphe_d qj` ]hhcaiaej eop $rch* LdC( /,,( .,b*%* Ejokbanj oe_d `ea Bn]q fa`k_d oepphe_d qj` ]hhcaiaej ]qb I]jj qj` Gej`an ^aveadp( oleahp bÜn oea `anaj Ej`ere`q]hepÄp qj` Aejvahjdaep gaeja Nkhha( ok `]oo oea ]q_d edna aecaja Aejvahjdaep je_dp caoleacahp ^agkiiaj g]jj $rch* LdC( /,,( ..b*%* @an I]jj g]jj oe_d `]cacaj ]qb oaeja Adabn]q capnea^aj rkj `an Aejvahjdaep `an >acean`a ^aveadaj( kdja `]nej oaejaj oepphe_daj Op]pqo ]qbca^aj vq iÜooaj( saeh an ]ho >Üncan `an Lkheo oaeja =hhcaiaejdaep qj` Aejvahjdaep oah^op^asqoop na]heoeanp $rch* LdC( /,,( -3b*%* An g]jj oe_d bnae vq oaejan oatqahhaj >acean`a rand]hpaj( saeh oea bÜn edj je_dp qjieppah^]n iep oaejan oepphe_daj =hhcaiaejdaep vqo]iiajbÄhhp qj` oaeja Oepphe_d) gaep ̣ranqjnaejecp̡* Oaej >Üncanop]pqo ce^p edi okiep vqchae_d ̦`]o Na_dp `an >acean`a̤

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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sea ]q_d ̦`ea Bnaedaep rkj `anoah^aj̤ $LdC( /,,( -4̞.,%( sÄdnaj` `ea Bn]q sa`an aej Na_dp ]qb oatqahha >acean`a d]p( jk_d bnae rkj edn eop $rch* Iehho -552( 2.b*%* Dacah ^nejcp `]iep `ea se`anolnÜ_dhe_da Gkjvalpekj rkj Oatq]hepÄp ^ae I]jj qj` Bn]q ]qb `aj Lqjgp6 @an I]jj g]jj oe_d oaejan oejjhe_daj >acean`a rkhh qj` c]jv dejca^aj( kdja `]^ae ]qb oaeja Cao_dha_dphe_dgaep na`qveanp vq san`aj( sÄdnaj` oe_d `ea Bn]q ednan Oatq]hepÄp je_dp rkhh dejce^p( ]^an `ajjk_d ]qb oea na`qveanp sen`( saeh oea edna oepphe_da =hhcaiaej) daep jqn ei C]ppqjcovqo]iiajd]jc `an B]iehea na]heoeanaj g]jj* Can]`a `aod]h^ eop bÜn oea `]o RandÄhpjeo vqi >nq`an ok ajpo_dae`aj`* =ho O_dsaopan g]jj oea oe_d ei RandÄhp) jeo vqi >nq`an ]ho Iepchea` aejao ]hhcaiaejaj Vqo]iiajd]jco( `an B]iehea( anb]ooaj( ok `]oo `ea oepphe_da =hhcaiaejdaep casÄdnhaeopap eop* @] oea oe_d fa`k_d kdja oatqahhao Ejpanaooa ]qb `aj >nq`an ^aveadp( g]jj oea edj ej oaejan c]jvaj ej`ere`qahhaj Aejvahjdaep ]jangajjaj qj` je_dp jqn ej ^ao_dnÄjgpan Dejoe_dp( ]ho Cao_dha_dpol]npjan( sk`qn_d oea vqchae_d ]q_d edna aecaja Aejvahjdaep caoleacahp ^agkiip* >ae`a ]jangajjaj oe_d ]hok sa_doahoaepec ej ednan Aejvahjdaep qj` ej ednan =hhcaiaejdaep* @]o RandÄhpjeo eop vq`ai je_dp oepphe_d vqbÄhhec( `ajj `an >nq`an eop( ]j`ano ]ho Adai]jj qj` Gej`an( je_dp anoapv) ^]n* =qbcnqj` `eaoan Qjanoapvhe_dgaep eop `ea >aop]ppqjc `ao >nq`ano `ea dÖ_dopa L}e_dp `an Bn]q $rch* LdC( /,,( /.b*%* @]o >nq`an)O_dsaopan)RandÄhpjeo opahhp vqchae_d ̦`ea Cnajva̤ `]n( ̦]j `an oe_d `ea ej oe_d ^ao_dhkooaja B]iehea ]q}Öop( qj` ]q¿an oe_d cadp̤ $LdC( /,,( /1b*%* @an >nq`an ranhÄoop `ea B]iehea( qi oe_d ]ho bnaean >Üncan vq ^asÄdnaj7 an cadp rkj `an OldÄna `ao cÖpphe_daj Caoapvao( `an B]iehea( vq `an `ao iajo_dhe_daj Caoapvao( `ai Op]]p( Ü^an* An iqoo `eaoaj O_dnepp pqj( qi oe_d vq aejai oah^op^asqoopaj Ej`ere`qqi vq ajpse_gahj qj` oaeja caeopecaj GnÄbpa ajpb]hpaj vq gÖjjaj $rch* LdC( /,,( /5b*%* @ea O_dsaopan ^hae^p ]ho Bn]q `]cacaj `ai Caoapv `an B]iehea pnaq qj` sen` ̦Rknop]j` `ao D]qoao qj` `ea >as]dnanej `ao cÖpphe_daj Caoapvao̤ $LdC( /,-( 1b*%* Anop ]j `an qjpano_dea`he) _daj >aopeiiqjc rkj >nq`an qj` O_dsaopan sen` okiep `aqphe_d( `]oo `ea vsae Oaepaj `an Oq^op]jv( cÖpphe_dao qj` iajo_dhe_dao Caoapv( fasaeho rkj aejai `an Cao_dha_dpan ranpnapaj san`aj* SÄdnaj` I]jj qj` Bn]q ]ho Adai]jj qj` Adabn]q ]qbaej]j`an jqn ]ho Cao_dha_dpol]npjan ^avkcaj s]naj( vaecp oe_d fapvp ]i RandÄhpjeo rkj >nq`an qj` O_dsaopan( `]oo `ea j]pÜnhe_daj Cao_dha_dpan vqchae_d aeja oepphe_da >a`aqpqjc d]^aj $rch* LdC( /,-( ./b*%6 @ea Bn]q nalnÄoajpeanp `aj Caeop `an B]iehea( `ao cÖpphe_daj Caoap) vao ]hok( `an I]jj `aj Caeop `an Lkheo( `]o iajo_dhe_da Caoapv* @an Cao_dha_dpoqjpan) o_dea` eop `]iep j]_d Dacah je_dp iadn ^hk¿ ]ho j]pÜnhe_dan Qjpano_dea` rkn]qocaoapvp( okj`anj g]jj ]ho aej ej S]dndaep rki Caeop caoapvpan( oepphe_dan Qjpano_dea` ^acne{aj san`aj $rch* LdC( /,-( 2b*%* @an Caeop ano_daejp ej oaejan Qjieppah^]ngaep ]j aejai Oae) aj`aj( `]o vqchae_d oaejan oah^op ^asqoop eop ̞ ]j `aj j]pÜnhe_daj( ednan oah^op^asqoopaj Cao_dha_dpanj $rch* LdC( /,-( 2̞-2%* @ea Aejdaep `an Oq^op]jv na]heoeanp oe_d ej `ai ̦^hae^aj`aWjY San`aj̤ $LdC( /,-( .3% `ao Cao_dha_dpoqjpano_dea`o qj` `an `]iep ran) ^qj`ajaj oepphe_daj Ejd]hpa( `ea vqchae_d eiian ]qbaej]j`an ^avkcaj oej`* Ok sea `ea B]iehea jqn ejjand]h^ aejao Caiaejsaoajo ateopeanaj g]jj $rch* LdC( /,-( /,b*%( g]jj ao qicagadnp gaej Caiaejsaoaj kdja B]ieheaj ca^aj( `] `eaoa `ea vqgÜjbpecaj >Üncan `an Lkheo danrkn^nejcaj $rch* LdC( /,-( //b*%* =qbcnqj` ednan sa_doahoaepecaj >avkcaj) daep eop ̦`]o C]jva W***Y aej nqdecao Chae_dcase_dp ]hhan Paeha̤ $LdC( /,.( /.b*% qj` fa`an Paeh ̦eop ej `eaoai Chae_dcase_dp iep `ai C]jvaj̤ $a^`*%* @ea oepphe_da Senghe_d) gaep eop ]hok gaej op]nnao CabÜca( okj`anj aeja ha^aj`eca Aejdaep( `ea ej chae_dbÖniecan

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

>asacqjc eop* @]o iajo_dhe_da Caoapv sen` iep `ai cÖpphe_daj Caoapv ̦`qn_d `ea Ej`e) re`q]hepÄp `ao I]jjao vqo]iiaj cao_dhkooaj̤ $LdC( /,0( -b*%( `an ]ho oah^op^asqoopan >Üncan vqchae_d Paeh aejan B]iehea eop* Qicagadnp sen` `]o cÖpphe_da Caoapv iep `ai iajo_dhe_daj Caoapv `qn_d `ea Bn]q `]`qn_d rangjÜlbp( `]oo oea ̦`aj ^asqoophkoaWjY Caeop `ao Aejvahjaj̤ $LdC( /,0( /b*% vqi >asqoopoaej anda^p( ej`ai oea ej `an >aop]p) pqjc `ea hapvpa b]ieheÄna L}e_dp rkhhveadp* Okskdh `an I]jj ]ho ]q_d `ea Bn]q ranieppahj okiep `ea ^ae`aj Atpnaia( ok `]oo Dacah rkj aejai O_dhqoo olne_dp( ej `ai oea fasaeho `ea Ieppa `]nopahhaj $rch* LdC( /,0( 3b*%* Ej`ai oe_d I]jj qj` Bn]q iepaej]j`an ranae) jecaj( ajpopadp `ea oepphe_da Senghe_dgaep ej ednan Pkp]hepÄp( `ea oah^op aej O_dhqoo ]qo vsae O_dhÜooaj eop( `anaj Ieppa I]jj qj` Bn]q ]ho ranaejpa GnÄbpa oej` $rch* LdC( /,0( 3̞-4%* Oea eop okiep rkhhopÄj`ec jqn anb]oo^]n( sajj i]j oea ]qo `an Aejdaep qj` >avkcajdaep `an Cao_dha_dpan dan]qo ^acnaebp( oksea `an oepphe_daj Caoapva( `ea `eaoa ranpnapaj* @ea d]nikjeo_da Aejdaep `an Cao_dha_dpan ej `an cnea_deo_daj Oepphe_dgaep eop fa`k_d jqn rkj gqnvan @]qan* @ea Caoapva can]paj jkpsaj`ec ej Se`anolnq_d qj` ao gkiip vq aejai Gkj}egp vseo_daj IÄjjanj qj` Bn]qaj ]ho `anaj Ranpnapan $rch* LdC( RE* =*^%* @]oo ao vq aejai Gkj}egp gkiiaj iqoo( d]p j]_d Dacah oaejaj Cnqj` ei Saoaj `ao Oah^op^asqoopoaejo qj` `an D]j`hqjc* >eodan na]heoeanpa oe_d `ea Oepphe_dgaep ]qb qj^asqoopa( qjieppah^]na Saeoa* @ea Ej`ere`qaj pn]paj jk_d je_dp ]ho oah^op^asqoop d]j) `ahj`a Aejvahja ]qb( okj`anj jqn ]ho ̦]hhcaiaejan Sehha̤ `ao Caiaejsaoajo k`an ]^an ]ho ]hhcaiaejao ̦>hqp `an B]iehea̤ $LdC( /,0( .1b*%* @ea Caoapva s]naj `]`qn_d jqn lkpajpeahh qjpano_dea`aj* Ej `ai Ikiajp( ej `ai oe_d `ea Ej`ere`qaj ^asqoop aejai `an Caoapva ranl}e_dpaj qj` `]iep oah^op^asqoop d]j`ahj( and]hpaj `ea oepphe_daj Caoap) va ̦`ea >aopeiiqjc( oe_d ]qovqo_dhea¿aj qj` oe_d ajpcacajcaoapvp vq oaej̤ $LdC( /,2( -b*%* Ej oaejan Qjieppah^]ngaep eop `]o oepphe_da >asqoopoaej ajpo_dea`aj qj` jqn ]qb aejao `an Caoapva cane_dpap* =qbcnqj` oaejan qjieppah^]naj Ajpo_dea`ajdaep ano_daejp edi `]o fasaeho ]j`ana Caoapv ]ho ^hk¿ na_dphkoa Senghe_dgaep $rch* LdC( /,2( 4%( `ea iep oaejan L}e_dp gkhhe`eanp* Ao sehh `eaoa na_dphkoa Senghe_dgaep `ai aecajaj Caoapv qjpansanbaj ̞ oae ao `qn_d Cas]hp k`an `qn_d PÄqo_dqjc $rch* LdC( /,2( -.%* Ok iaejp `ea Bn]q ei Na_dp vq oaej( sajj oea ei D]j`ahj `an IÄjjan ^hk¿ ̦iajo_dhe_da vqbÄhheca Cas]hppÄ) pecgaep̤ $LdC( /,2( -2% oeadp qj` oe_d cacaj `]o iajo_dhe_da Caoapv ]q}adjp* @an I]jj `]cacaj iÖ_dpa oaej Na_dp ^ad]qlpaj cacaj `aj ^hk¿aj ̦Aecajoejj qj` `aj Qjcadkn) o]i `ao ejjanhe_daj BÜnoe_doaejo̤ $LdC( /,2( -3b*%( `aj an `aj Bn]qaj qjpanopahhp( sajj `eaoa ej bnarahd]bpan Saeoa iep ednai D]j`ahj cacaj `ea Ö{ajphe_daj qj` ^ag]jjpaj Ca) oapva `ao Op]]pao ranopk¿aj( k^skdh oea `]^ae ej S]dndaep `aj Aejvahjaj ]ho ]hhcaiaejaj ranpae`ecaj* Ej`ai `]o oepphe_da >asqoopoaej oe_d jqj aejai `an Caoapva rano_dnae^p( san`aj `]o iajo_dhe_da qj` cÖpphe_da Caoapv vqi iajo_dhe_daj qj` cÖpphe_daj Seooaj* @]o >asqoopoaej `ao iajo_dhe_daj Caoapvao ^aopadp can]`a ]qb oaeja >asqoopdaep* Ao d]p `aj =jolnq_d( oah^op^asqoop Caoapva ca^aj vq gÖjjaj qj` `]iep `]o Vqo]iiaj) ha^aj `an Iajo_daj ^aopeiiaj vq gÖjjaj* @]o >asqoopoaej `ao cÖpphe_daj Caoapvao kn`jap oe_d `]cacaj c]jv `aj rkj `aj CÖppanj rkncaca^ajaj Caoapvaj qjpan qj` oapvp `]dan rkn]qo( `]oo `]o aecajphe_d Oepphe_da je_dp rkj edi ^asqoop caoapvp sen`( okj`anj ej `aj Caoapvaj `an CÖppan ran^kncaj heacp* @ea Ca`kllahpdaep `ao oepphe_daj >asqoopoaejo ej >asqoopdaep $]ho iajo_dhe_dao Caoapv% aejanoaepo qj` Qj^asqoopdaep $]ho cÖpphe_dao Caoapv% ]j`ananoaepo oleacahp oe_d fa`k_d ]q_d ej fa`ai `an oepphe_daj >asqoopoaeja oah^op se`an6 `ajj okskdh `]o >asqoopoaej `ao iajo_dhe_daj Caoapvao ]hok ]q_d `]o >asqoop)

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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oaej `ao cÖpphe_daj Caoapvao eop j]_d `an Oaepa ̦`ao Seooajo W***Y ej aej >asqoopao qj` aej Qj^asqoopao ajpvsaep̤ $LdC( /--( 3b*%* Sea o_dkj ]qb `aj rkn]jcac]jcajaj Opqbaj ok iqoo ]q_d ]qb `an Opqba `ao Caeopao `]o >asqoopoaej `ea Anb]dnqjc `an Qjs]dndaep oaejao BÜn)S]dn)D]hpajo i]_daj* @] okskdh IÄjjan sea Bn]qaj `]o ]j qj` bÜn oe_d Oepphe_da jqn ej `an Bkni aejao aejoaepecaj Caoapvao vqi Cacajop]j` d]^aj( iÜooaj oea o_dianvhe_d anb]dnaj( `]oo edn raniaejphe_dao Seooaj aej ^apnkcajao Seooaj eop ̞ ^apnk) caj bnaehe_d `qn_d oea oah^op( `qn_d edn aecajao Qjseooaj $rch* LdC( /,5( 0̞/-,( /.%* Vs]n ano_daejp ao edjaj ]jb]jco ok( ]ho sÜn`aj oea can]`a rkj `aj fasaehecaj Ranpnapanj `ao ajpcacajcaoapvpaj Caoapvao ^vs* `qn_d `]o fasaeho ]j`ana Cao_dha_dp ^apnkcaj $rch* LdC( /,1( /3̞/,2( ./%* =^an oea iÜooaj anb]dnaj( `]oo ej S]dndaep edn aecajan oepphe) _dan =jolnq_d ]j edn D]j`ahj capnÜ^p eop `qn_d edn i]jcahj`ao >acnaebaj `ao ]j qj` bÜn oe_d Oepphe_daj* Fa`ao oepphe_da >asqoopoaej( k^ jqj `]o `an Bn]q k`an `ao I]jjao( ̦anbÄdnp ]hok ej `an P]p okskdh `aj Se`anolnq_d fajan IÄ_dpa( sknaej `ea Oq^op]jv oe_d ajpvsaepa( qj` edna cacajoaepeca VanopÖnqjc( sea `aj Se`anolnq_d oaejao Seooajo rkj `an Oepphe_dgaep oaejao D]j`ahjo ̞ iep `ai( s]o ]j qj` bÜn oe_d oepphe_d eop( qj` |j`ap oaejaj aecjaj Qjpanc]jc*̤ $LdC( .5-( /3̞.5.( 1% @eao dÄjcp iep `ai Saoaj `ao D]j) `ahjo vqo]iiaj6 Fa`a D]j`hqjc ranÄj`anp `ea rkncabqj`aja Senghe_dgaep qj` jaceanp `eaoa okiep* Ej oaejan P]p oapvp `]o oepphe_da >asqoopoaej ̦`ea Pnajjqjc oaejan oah^op ej oe_d ]ho `]o PÄpeca qj` ej `ea cacajÜ^anopadaj`a jac]pera Senghe_dgaep̤ $LdC( /,4( -b*%* @]iep se`anolne_dp ao oaejai aecajaj =jolnq_d( `ajj ao oah^op iaejp( `]oo `]o ̦¼^ancadaj ]qo `ai Ca`]jgaj ej `ea Senghe_dgaep̤( ^hk¿ `ea ̦>asacqjc aejao saoaj) hkoaj Cacajo]pvao̤ $LdC( /,3( .,b*% oae* Ej S]dndaep ajpopadp fa`k_d iep `an D]j`hqjc jkpsaj`ec `an Cacajo]pv vseo_daj `an rknd]j`ajaj Senghe_dgaep( `ea jaceanp sen`( qj` `ai Vsa_g( `an na]heoeanp san`aj okhh* Ej oaejai senghe_daj D]j`ahj i]_dp `]o oepphe) _da >asqoopoaej okiep `ea Anb]dnqjc( `]oo `ea oepphe_da Oq^op]jv ca`kllahp eop qj` `]oo oaej raniaejphe_dao Seooaj oaejao aecajaj Pqjo `aod]h^ aejoaepec eop* Ej `eaoan Anb]d) nqjc g]jj ao oe_d je_dp ej `ea >ad]qlpqjc }Ü_dpaj( oaeja cqpa =^oe_dp d]^a oe_d ejo Cacajpaeh rangadnp( `ajj aeja okh_da Rangadnqjc g]jj ao bÜn `]o oepphe_da >asqoopoaej je_dp ca^aj* Ao angajjp qj` ]jangajjp reahiadn oaeja O_dqh` qj` oaej Ran^na_daj ]j `ai fasaeho ]j`anaj Caoapv* Ej`ai ao anbÄdnp( `]oo oaeja D]j`hqjc je_dp `]o na]heoeanp( s]o ]j qj` bÜn oe_d oepphe_d eop( cadp ao qjpan $rch* LdC( .5-( .3̞.5.( 1%* @ea O_dqh` `an oepphe_daj Oah^op^asqoopoaeja gÖjjpa jqn ]qbcadk^aj san`aj( sajj oea edna Qjiep) pah^]ngaep qj` `ea `]iep aejdancadaj`a ̦j]pÜnhe_da Ranpaehqjc `an ^ae`aj Cao_dha_dpan̤ $LdC( /,4( .,b*% ]qbcÄ^aj* Can]`a ej `eaoan Qjieppah^]ngaep ^aopadp fa`k_d `ea ]jpega Oepphe_dgaep saoajphe_d* @ea =qbc]^a `eaoan Qjieppah^]ngaep eop okiep je_dpo ]j`anao ]ho edn aecajan Qjpanc]jc* Ei D]j`ahj anbÄdnp `]o Ej`ere`qqi je_dp jqn `ea Aejoaepecgaep `ao edi k{aj^]naj Caoapvao qj` oaejan aejvahjaj D]j`hqjc( okj`anj vqchae_d `ea Aejdaep ^ae`an Caoap) va* Ao anbÄdnp `ea N]_da `ao ranhapvpaj Caoapvao ]ho Naoqhp]p oaejan aecajaj P]p* Dacah ran]jo_d]qhe_dp oaejaj >acne{ `ao oepphe_daj D]j`ahjo ej `an =jpega( ej`ai an ]qb ran) o_dea`aja >aeoleaha ]qo `an cnea_deo_daj Pn]cÖ`ea ]joleahp ̞ rki GÖjec ¶`elqo( `ai ¶`elqo ]qb Gkhkjko qj` `an =jpeckja `ao Okldkghao( Ü^an =eo_duhko̢ @ea Oea^aj cacaj Pda^aj ^eo dej vq `aj O_dqpv}adaj`aj rkj Aqnele`ao $rch* O_die`p -5537 >k_gajdae) ian .,-.%* Ej `an cnea_deo_daj Pn]cÖ`ea sen` `]o Lnejvel `an Aejvahjdaep fa`k_d jqn ]ho ̦ej`ere`q]heoeanpao L]pdko rkncaopahhp̤ $LdC( /-/( .5% qj` g]jj ]qbcnqj` `eaoan Bkni

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

]ho aeja `ai Ö{ajphe_daj Caiaejsaoaj Äq¿anhe_da qj` vqbÄhheca I]_dp ano_daejaj $rch* LdC( /-/( .2%* Ao eop fa`k_d ej `an Ö{ajphe_daj OldÄna oah^op lnÄoajp qj` Dacah vaecp vqi =^o_dhqoo( `]oo oea ]j `eaoai Lnejvel ejjanhe_d vqcnqj`a cadp $rch* LdC( /-/( /.̞ /-1( -5%* Vs]n ne_dpap oe_d `ea Lkheo vqjÄ_dop cacaj `]o Lnejvel `an Aejvahjdaep( `ajj oea andÄhp oe_d ]ho Ö{ajphe_dao Caiaejsaoaj saoajphe_d `]`qn_d( `]oo oea `ea B]iehea( `ea k^an}Ä_dhe_d bÜn `]o Lnejvel `an Aejvahjdaep opadp( qjpan`nÜ_gp* @]`qn_d gkiip ao jkpsaj`ec vq aejai Gkj}egp vseo_daj B]iehea qj` Lkheo ^vs* Bn]qaj qj` IÄjjanj6 ̦Ej`ai `]o Caiaejsaoaj oe_d jqn `qn_d `ea OpÖnqjc `an B]ieheajchÜ_goahecgaep qj` `ea =q}Öoqjc `ao Oah^op^asqoopoaejo ej `]o ]hhcaiaeja oaej >aopadaj ce^p( anvaqcp ao oe_d ]j `ai( s]o ao qjpan`nÜ_gp qj` s]o edi vqchae_d saoajphe_d eop( ]j `an Sae^) he_dgaep Ü^and]qlp( oaejaj ejjanj Baej`* @eaoa ̞ `ea aseca Enkjea `ao Caiaejsaoajo ̞ ranÄj`anp `qn_d `ea Ejpneca `aj ]hhcaiaejaj Vsa_g `an Naceanqjc ej aejaj Lner]pvsa_g( rans]j`ahp edna ]hhcaiaeja PÄpecgaep ej aej Sang `eaoao ^aopeiipaj Ej`ere`qqio( qj` rangadnp `]o ]hhcaiaeja Aecajpqi `ao Op]]pao vq aejai >aoepv qj` Lqpv `an B]iehea*̤ $LdC( /-0( -̞--%* @] `ea Bn]qaj oah^op gaeja I]_dp ej `an Ö{ajphe_daj OldÄna ajpb]h) paj gÖjjaj qj` rkj `eaoan qjpan`nÜ_gp san`aj( ank^anj oea edna I]_dp ieppah^]n ̞ Ü^an `ea $fqjcaj% IÄjjan `an B]iehea*3 Oea pn]caj `]iep ejo^aokj`ana ]ho IÜppan rkj OÖdjaj ieppah^]n vqi Cajan]pekjajgkj}egp `an lkhepeo_d ]gperaj IÄjjan ^ae* @ea Ejpneca `an Bn]qaj gÖjjpa fa`k_d je_dp cahejcaj( ̦sajj je_dp `]o Caiaejsaoaj oah^op `ea Gn]bp `an Fqcaj` qj` `an IÄjjhe_dgaep( sah_da je_dp naeb jk_d ejjand]h^ `an Aejvahjdaep opadp( ]ho `ea Gn]bp `ao C]jvaj ]jangajjpa*̤ $LdC( /-0( .3b*% Ao oej` ej S]dndaep je_dp `ea Bn]q) aj( `ea `]o Lnejvel `an Aejvahjdaep vqi cahpaj`aj Lnejvel ej `an Lkheo anda^aj( okj`anj ao eop `ea Lkheo oah^op( `ea `]o pqp( ej`ai oea jÄihe_d Ö{ajphe_d `ea p]lbanaj fqcaj`he_daj Dah`aj baeanp( `ea ei Gneac `]o Caiaejsaoaj dankeo_d ranpae`ecaj* Vs]n g]jj `ea Lkheo `qn_d `aj Gneac `aj Ej`ere`qaj j]_d ejjaj dej edna =^dÄjcecgaep rki Caiaejsaoaj vq bÜdhaj ca^aj( ]^an vqchae_d i]_dp oea oe_d `]^ae ]q_d ]^dÄjcec rkj p]lbanaj FÜjc) hejcaj( `ea ^anaep oej`( oea j]_d ]q¿aj vq ranpae`ecaj qj` bÜn oea vq opan^aj $rch* LdC( /-1( 1b*%* @ea =^dÄjcecgaep `an Lkheo rkj `an j]pÜnhe_d ^a`ejcpaj qj` `aod]h^ vqbÄhhecaj P]lbangaep `an Ej`ere`qaj $rch* LdC( /-1( 4b*% se`anolne_dp ednan Caeopecgaep( =hhcaiaej) daep qj` oepphe_daj Jkpsaj`ecgaep qj` bÜdnp jkpsaj`ec vq ednai Qjpanc]jc $rch* LdC( /-1( -.̞-3%* @]o cnea_deo_da Nae_d sen` rki nÖieo_daj Nae_d ]^cahÖop* Iep edi van) bÄhhp vs]n `]o ̦o_dÖja oepphe_da Ha^aj̤ $LdC( .5,( .-% `an cnea_deo_daj Oepphe_dgaep( ej `ai ao jk_d gaeja @e{anajv vseo_daj Ej`ere`qqi qj` Caiaejsaoaj c]^( okj`anj `ea Ej`ere`qaj ej `an d]nikjeo_daj Aejdaep `ao Caiaejsaoajo ]qbcadk^aj s]naj* =^an ao sen` vqchae_d `]o Lnejvel ajpse_gahp( `]o `ea Ik`anja gajjvae_djaj sen` qj` `qn_d `]o oea ej `an H]ca eop( `an Aejvahjdaep edn Na_dp aejvqnÄqiaj( kdja `]n]j ]ho =hhcaiaejao vqcnqj`a vq cadaj6 @]o Lnejvel `an Na_dpolanokj $rch* /*-%*

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Dacah oleahp ej `eaoai Patp]^o_djepp ]qb `ea GkiÖ`eaj `ao =neopkld]jao ]j $rch* >kan .,-,%*

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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@ea B]iehea ]ho oepphe_dao Ikiajp `ao jaqvaephe_daj Op]]pao6 @ea Cnqj`hejeaj `an Ldehkokldea `ao Na_dpo

@ea Cnqj`hejeaj `an Ldehkokldea `ao Na_dpo k`an J]pqnna_dp qj` Op]]poseooajo_d]bp ei Cnqj`neooa opahhaj aeja ]qobÜdnhe_dana @]nopahhqjc `an Cnqj`^acne{a `]n( `ea Dacah ej `an AjvughklÄ`ea ei =^o_djepp ̦@an k^fagpera Caeop̤ ^ad]j`ahp d]p $rch* CLN( --%* =ho k^fagperan Caeop ce^p oe_d `an Caeop Na]hepÄp ej aejan ̦rkj edi danrknvq^nejcaj`aj qj` danrknca^n]_dpaj Sahp( W***Y ej sah_dan `ea Bnaedaep ]ho Jkpsaj`ecgaep eop*̤ $Ajv EEE( ‡ /41% Sajj Dacah `ea Na_dpoldehkokldea ]ho `ea @]nopahhqjc `an Ajpse_ghqjc `ao k^) fagperaj Caeopao ^avae_djap( iÖ_dpa an `]iep vaecaj( `]oo `]o Na_dp caj]q `eaoa rki Caeop ]ho ]j qj` bÜn oe_d bnaeai Sehhaj danrknvq^nejcaj`a qj` danrknca^n]_dpa Sahp eop $rch* CLN( ‡ 0%* Dacah ^aopeiip `]o Na_dp ]ho ̦@]oaej `ao bnaeaj Sehhajo̤ $CLN( ‡ .5%* Qjpan Na_dp bÄhhp `]iep je_dp jqn `]o fqneopeo_da Na_dp( okj`anj ]q_d ikn]heo_da( caoahho_d]bphe_da( Ögkjkieo_da qj` op]]phe_da Ejopepqpekjaj( `ea ]hhao]ip ]ho =qo`nq_g `ao bnaeaj Sehhajo vq ansaeoaj qj` ]qbvqb]ooaj oej` $rch* CLN( ‡ // V%* @ea Cnqj`) hejeaj chea`anj oe_d ej `nae Paeha( `ea `ea opqbajsaeoa Ajpse_ghqjc `ao ]j qj` bÜn oe_d bnaeaj Sehhajo j]_dvae_djaj6 Ej `]o ̦=^opn]gpa Na_dp̤( ej `ai `]o jk_d ^hk¿ Äq¿anhe_da Lnejvel `an Na_dpolanokj ajpse_gahp sen`( `ea ̦Ikn]hepÄp̤( ej `an `]o Lnejvel `an oq^fag) peraj Ejjanhe_dgaep ajpb]hpap sen` qj` o_dhea¿he_d `ea ̦Oepphe_dgaep̤( `ea `ea ¤q¿anhe_dgaep `ao Na_dpo qj` `ea Ejjanhe_dgaep `an Oq^fagperepÄp iepaej]j`an ranaejp qj` edna fasaeheca Aejoaepecgaep ]qbda^p $rch* @kuÉ .,,.( .2-%* =q_d `ea B]iehea( ej `an `]o Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo oaeja ejopepqpekj]heoeanpa Bkni an) dÄhp( iqoo ]ho aej Ikiajp `an Ajpb]hpqjc `ao bnaeaj Sehhajo ^acnaeb^]n oaej* Oea eop ̞ sea o_dkj ej `an LdÄjkiajkhkcea ̞ aej Ikiajp `an Oepphe_dgaep* @ea Oepphe_dgaep( sea Dacah oea ej `aj Cnqj`hejeaj ^ad]j`ahp( eop ]hhan`ejco je_dp iadn `ea ^hk¿ qjieppah^]na( anopa deopkneo_da Caop]hp `an Oepphe_dgaep `an cnea_deo_daj Lkheo( okj`anj `ea ranieppahpa Oepp) he_dgaep `ao ik`anjaj Op]]po( sah_da j]_d Dacah `ea rkhhgkiiaja Ajpb]hpqjc `ao bnaeaj Sehhajo ej `an Na]hepÄp `]nopahhp6 Oea eop ̦`an vqn rknd]j`ajaj Sahp qj` vqn J]pqn `ao Oah^op^asq¿poaejo caskn`aja >acne{ `an Bnaedaep*̤ $CLN( ‡ -0.% @an >acne{ `an E`aa `an Oepphe_dgaep k`an `an Bnaedaep ̦eop jqn ]ho Caeop( ]ho oe_d Seooaj`ao qj` Senghe_dao( ej`ai an `ea K^fagpereanqjc oaejan oah^op( `ea >asacqjc `qn_d `ea Bkni oaejan Ikiaj) pa eop̤ $CLN( ‡ -13%* Qi je_dp ^hk¿an >acne{( okj`anj k^fagperan Caeop vq oaej( iqoo an oe_d k^fagpera Na]hepÄp rano_d]{aj* Ej oaejai =jb]jc g]jj an oe_d jqn ]qb qjieppah^]na Saeoa na]heoeanaj* An eop ]hok vqjÄ_dop `an ̦qjieppah^]na k`an j]pÜnhe_da Caeop̤ $CLN( ‡ -13%( `aj Dacah ]ho `ea B]iehea ^aopeiip* >ae aejan okh_d qjieppah^]naj Na]heoea) nqjcobkni g]jj ao fa`k_d je_dp ^hae^aj( `ajj vqi Caeop cadÖnp saoajphe_d `]o Ikiajp `an Raniepphqjc( >asacqjc qj` Ajpvsaeqjc* @an Caeop i]_dp `]dan `aj ¼^anc]jc rkj `an qjieppah^]naj Oepphe_dgaep `an B]iehea vqn ajpvsaepaj Oq^op]jpe]hepÄp `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp* =q_d `ea Bkni `an Ajpvsaeqjc eop fa`k_d ]qbcnqj` ednan Aejoaepecgaep qj` ¤q¿anhe_dgaep i]jcahd]bp* @an Caeop iqoo ]ho Caeop ]qo `an Ajpvsaeqjc vq oe_d vqnÜ_g) gadnaj* @eao pqp an Dacah vqbkhca ei Op]]p( ej `ai B]iehea qj` ^Üncanhe_da Caoahho_d]bp ]ho Ikiajpa ]qbcadk^aj oej` qj` `an `ea oq^op]jpeahha Aejdaep ^ae`an `]nopahhp* @ea >aopeiiqjc `an B]iehea ]ho ̦qjieppah^]naWnY k`an j]pÜnhe_daWnY oepphe_daWnY Caeop̤ $CLN( ‡ -13% ajpdÄhp aejaj Se`anolnq_d( `an ^anaepo ]qb `ea aecajphe_d oepphe_da >a`aq) pqjc `an B]iehea dejsaeop* @an Se`anolnq_d ^aopadp `]nej( `]oo `ea B]iehea( sajj oea

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

Caeop eop( can]`a je_dp j]pÜnhe_d ei Oejja `an ^hk¿aj k`an ̦anopaj̤ J]pqn( sea oea Ca) cajop]j` `an J]pqnldehkokldea eop( oaej g]jj* Oepphe_d qj` okiep caeopec eop oea( ejokbanj oea gaeja ^hk¿a J]pqncaiaejo_d]bp eop( okj`anj ej edn `ea Bnaedaep ej `an Bkni `an Oeppa k`an `an ]hhcaiaejaj D]j`hqjcosaeoa vqn Caskdjpdaep qj` `]iep vqn ̦vsaepaWjY J]) pqn̤ $rch* CLN( ‡ -1-7 ‡ 0% caskn`aj eop* Ej `an B]iehea oej` ]^an ^ae`a Ikiajpa ̞ okskdh `ea ^hk¿a J]pÜnhe_dgaep ei Oejja `an ̦anopaj J]pqn̤ ]ho ]q_d `ea Oepphe_dgaep ]ho ̦vsaepa J]pqn̤ ̞ rknd]j`aj* Dacah ransaj`ap `ea >acne{a ̦qjieppah^]n̤ qj` ̦j]) pÜnhe_d̤ oujkjui( saeh `an Caeop ej oaejan Qjieppah^]ngaep oaej @]oaej jk_d ]j aejai J]pÜnhe_daj k`an Oaeaj`aj d]p* =j `an B]iehea opahhp oe_d `ea Qjieppah^]ngaep qj` okiep J]pÜnhe_dgaep `ao Caeopao ok `]n( `]oo `eaoa `aj j]pÜnhe_daj Nalnk`qgpekjovqo]iiaj) d]jc vq ednan Cnqj`h]ca d]p* Edna Oepphe_dgaep ^aopadp fa`k_d `]nej( `]oo oea oe_d `eaoaj ^hk¿ j]pÜnhe_daj C]ppqjcovqo]iiajd]jc oah^op^asqoop ]jaecjap qj` `]`qn_d ej aeja caeopeca Aejdaep pn]jobknieanp $rch* O_djÄ`ah^]_d .,,,( .1.%* An ^hae^p `]`qn_d vs]n an) d]hpaj( ]^an ranÄj`anp okskdh oaeja Bkni ]ho ]q_d oaejaj Ejd]hp* @an C]ppqjcolnkvaoo d]p `]o Lkpajpe]h( ej aej caeopecao RandÄhpjeo pn]jobknieanp vq san`aj( saeh an o_dkj ej `an J]pqn aej oq^op]jpeahhao RandÄhpjeo eop( ej `ai `ea Ej`ere`qaj ej aejai Ej`ere`qqi `anoah^aj =np qj` `ao ]j`anaj Cao_dha_dpo edna aecaja =hhcaiaejdaep ej `an Bkni ae) jao Oah^opcabÜdho anb]dnaj $rch* /*-%* @ea caeopeca =jaecjqjc `ao C]ppqjcolnkvaooao d]p ej `an B]iehea ]qbcnqj` ednan Qjieppah^]ngaep jk_d aeja a^ajok qjieppah^]na Bkni6 Oea na]heoeanp oe_d ]ho Ail|j`qjc `an Hea^a* Ej `an B]iehea ^acnaebp oe_d `an Caeop vs]n jk_d je_dp ]ho C]ppqjc ̞ `eao g]jj an anop ]qb aejan dÖdanaj Opqba( ei Op]]p ̞( ]^an an gkiip ei hea^arkhhaj RandÄhpjeo `an B]ieheaj]jcadÖnecaj vqaej]j`an vq aeja Ail|j`qjc oae) jan oah^op ]ho ̦qjieppah^]na Oq^op]jpe]hepÄp̤$rch* CLN( ‡ -14%* =ho ^asqoopa Ail|j`qjc eop `ea Hea^a aeja Caoejjqjc $CLN( ‡ -14%* @eaoa Caoejjqjc eop oepphe_d( saeh oe_d ej edn `ea Ej`ere`qaj ]ho ^hk¿a Ikiajpa aejao =hhcaiaejaj $`an B]iehea% seooaj( `]o oea ]ho edna oq^op]jpeahha Aejdaep anb]ooaj* @an k`an `ea aejvahja B]ieheaj]jcadÖneca eop ej `an B]iehea je_dp ̞ sea ei ]^opn]gpaj Na_dp ̞ aeja ̦Lanokj bÜn oe_d̤ $CLN( ‡ -14%( aej ]pkieopeo_dao Ej`ere`qqi( `]o jqn ]qb Äq¿anhe_da Saeoa iep ]j`anaj Ej`ere`qaj ej aejan Cnqlla ran^qj`aj eop( okj`anj saoajphe_d Iepchea` `an caeopecaj Aejdaep `an B]iehea* Ej) `ai `ea B]iehea aeja oe_d ednan oah^op ^asqoopa Aejdaep eop( eop oea aeja @]nopahhqjcobkni `ao Caeopao( `an ej `an Hea^a oe_d oah^op ]ho Aejdaep ail|j`ap* @eaoa ̦oe_d ail|j`aj`a Aejdaep̤ $CLN( ‡ -14% eop =qo`nq_g `ao bnaeaj Sehhajo( saeh `ea Ej`ere`qaj `]o Ü^ancnae) baj`a =hhcaiaeja( `ea Aejdaep `an Hea^a( ]ho =qo`nq_g ednan oah^op anb]dnaj gÖjjaj* @ea b]ieheÄna Hea^a eop `]iep aeja Bkni `an =jangajjqjc( saeh `ea Ej`ere`qaj edn Oah^op^a) sqoopoaej ej `aj ]j`anaj Ej`ere`qaj ]qbca^aj( `]^ae ]^an oe_d oah^op ]qb aejan dÖdanaj( oq^op]jpeahhaj Opqba vqnÜ_gcasejjaj $rch* >n]qan .,,37 >k_gajdaeian .,-.%* Ej `aj Cnqj`hejeaj d]p Dacah `ea ^Üncanhe_da Ghaejb]iehea vqi Cacajop]j`* Ej`ai an `ea Hea) ^a vqn aecajphe_daj >aopeiiqjc `an B]iehea anghÄnp( ^nejcp an vqi =qo`nq_g( `]oo `eaoa( ]j`ano ]ho `ea ]n_d]eo_da B]iehea `an cnea_deo_daj =jpega( aeja Caiaejo_d]bp eop( `anaj Oepphe_dgaep can]`a ]qb EjpeiepÄp qj` Aikpekj]hepÄp ^anqdp* =hha saepanaj >aopeiiqjcaj `an ik`anjaj B]iehea san`aj ]qo `ai Cnqj`^acne{ `an B]iehea ]^cahaepap( skj]_d oea aeja Hea^aoaejdaep eop* @ea anopa >aopeiiqjc( `ea oe_d ]qo `ai ]hhcaiaejaj >acne{ `an b]ieheÄnaj Hea^a ance^p( eop( `]oo oe_d `ea B]ieheajiepchea`an ej edn je_dp ]ho ]^opn]gpa Na_dpolanokjaj vq) aej]j`an rand]hpaj $rch* CLN( ‡ -15%* =ho B]ieheajiepchea`anj gkiip `aj Ej`ere`qaj

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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gaeja Oah^opÄj`ecgaep ]ho Na_dpolanokjaj vq( s]o ]^an Rkn]qooapvqjc bÜn `]o Aejca) daj rkj Na_dporandÄhpjeooaj eop* @]o ̦Na_dp̤ `an B]iehea ̞ sajj i]j `]rkj Ü^and]qlp olna_daj g]jj ̞ ^aopadp l]n]`ktansaeoa `]nej( ]ho na_dpobnaean N]qi ejjand]h^ rkn]qo) caoapvpan Na_dporandÄhpjeooa ^aopadaj vq gÖjjaj qj` rki Op]]p ]ho aej okh_dan N]qi cao_dÜpvp vq san`aj* @]oo `ea >aveadqjcaj `an B]ieheajiepchea`an qjpanaej]j`an je_dp `qn_d Na_dporandÄhpjeooa ranieppahp oej`( okj`anj ]qb Hea^a ^anqdaj( aniÖche_dp `aj Ej) `ere`qaj( oe_d ej `an B]iehea ]ho j]pÜnhe_da Ej`ere`qaj vq ^acacjaj qj` ednan ^aokj`anaj Ej`ere`q]hepÄp N]qi vq h]ooaj( rkj `an ei ]^opn]gpaj Na_dp can]`a ]^opn]deanp sen` $rch* Saopld]h -540%* Jqn sajj `ea B]iehea je_dp iadn ednai >acne{ aejan Hea^aocaiaej) o_d]bp ajpolne_dp( d]^aj `an Op]]p qj` `ea ^Üncanhe_da Caoahho_d]bp `ea =qbc]^a( `]bÜn vq okncaj( `]oo `ea B]ieheajiepchea`an ]q_d opn]bna_dphe_d rknaej]j`an cao_dÜpvp oej` ̞ v* >* ei B]hha lduoeo_dan k`an lou_deo_dan Cas]hp ej `an B]iehea ̞( qj` vq c]n]jpeanaj( `]oo `ea @eajophaeopqjcaj( `ea jkni]hansaeoa rkj `an B]iehea ]ho aejan Aejdaep oe_d ca) cajoaepec hea^aj`an Iepchea`an Ü^anjkiiaj san`aj( na_dphe_d cahpaj` cai]_dp san`aj gÖjjaj $rch* CLN( ‡ -15%* Na_dporandÄhpjeo pnapaj qjpan `aj B]ieheajiepchea`anj okiep eiian anop `]jj aej( sajj `ea B]iehea ^anaepo ej `an =q}Öoqjc ^acne{aj eop* =qb qjieppah^]na Saeoa ce^p oe_d `an >acne{ `an B]iehea Caop]hp ej `an Ada $rch* CLN( ‡ -2,%* CaiÄ¿ `ai @kllahoejj rkj Qjieppah^]ngaep ajpdÄhp `ea Ada aejanoaepo `]o Ikiajp `ao j]pÜnhe_daj C]ppqjcolnkvaooao ̞ `ajj I]jj qj` Bn]q nalnÄoajpeanaj ]qb qjieppah^]na Saeoa `ea C]ppqjc* =j`ananoaepo eop edn `]o Ikiajp `an Ail|j`qjc `an Hea^a saoajphe_d* Can]`a hapvpanao vae_djap oea ]ho oepphe_dao RandÄhpjeo ]qo* Ej edn sen` `ea vs]n oq^op]jpeahha( ]^an ^hk¿ j]pÜnhe_da qj` `]iep Äq¿anhe_da Aejdaep `an Ca) o_dha_dpan ej `an Bknpl}]jvqjc qicas]j`ahp ej aeja caeopeca Aejdaep `an Cao_dha_dpan ej `an oah^op^asqoopaj Hea^a `an Adal]npjan $rch* CLN( ‡ -2-%* Ej ‡ -2. qjpano_dae`ap Da) cah `aj ^hk¿ oq^fagperaj =qoc]jcolqjgp `an Ada rkj ednai k^fagperaj =qoc]jcolqjgp* =ho oq^fagperan =qoc]jcolqjgp cahpaj okskdh `ea ^aokj`anaj Ejpanaooaj qj` Jaecqjcaj `an vqgÜjbpecaj Adal]npjan ]ho ]q_d `ea `an Ahpanj( `ea aeja Ada opebpaj skhhaj* Sah_da oq^fagperaj CnÜj`a vq aejan Adao_dhea¿qjc bÜdnaj( eop j]_d Dacah hapvphe_d qjanda^he_d* @an aecajphe_d k^fagpera =qoc]jcolqjgp bÜn `ea Ada ]ho oepphe_da Ejopepqpekj eop ̦`ea bnaea Aejsehhecqjc `an Lanokjaj( qj` vs]n `]vq( aeja Lanokj ]qovqi]_daj( edna j]pÜnhe_da qj` aejvahja LanoÖjhe_dgaep ej fajan Aejdaep ]qbvqca^aj̤ $CLN( ‡ -2.%* >ae`a L]npjan iÜooaj `ea Ada bnaesehhec aejcadaj qj` ^asqoop aejsehhecaj( `]iep ao oe_d qi aejaj s]dnd]bp oepphe_daj >qj` d]j`ahp* =ho oepphe_da Ejopepqpekj eop `ea Ada =qo`nq_g `an Bnae) daep* Oea g]jj ]hok je_dp `qn_d Vs]jc anvaqcp san`aj $rch* CLN( ‡ -3,%* Ej`ai `ea Ej`ere`qaj ^ao_dhea¿aj( je_dp hÄjcan ]ho ]^opn]gp)aejvahja Lner]planokjaj ateopeanaj vq skhhaj( okj`anj iep aejai Ej`ere`qqi `ao ]j`anaj Cao_dha_dpo aeja Lanokj ]qoi]_daj vq skhhaj( anb]ooaj oea `ea aecajphe_d oepphe_da >a`aqpqjc `an Ada* Oea anb]ooaj `]nej( s]o Hea^a ei k^fagperaj Oejja eop ̞ gaej ^hk¿ vqbÄhhecao qj` rancÄjche_dao CabÜdh( okj) `anj `an Sqjo_d( `]qand]bp iep aejai Iajo_daj ej aejan Aejdaep ran^qj`aj vq oaej* Ej `an Ada ]ho oepphe_dan Ejopepqpekj ca^aj `ea Ej`ere`qaj ^asqoop edna Oah^opÄj`ecgaep ]ho Na_dpolanokjaj ]qb( i]_daj aeja Lanokj ]qo qj` casejjaj oe_d `]`qn_d ej `an caeope) caj Aejdaep `an Hea^a ]qb aejan dÖdanaj Opqba ]ho `an ^hk¿ lanoÖjhe_daj >aokj`andaep sea`an* =hha ]j`anaj >aopeiiqjcaj( `ea i]j ej `an Rknopahhqjc iep `ai CabÜdh `an Hea^a ran^ej`ap( oej` j]_d Dacah jqn =qo`nq_g qj` Bkhca `]rkj( `]oo i]j caiaejo]i aeja Lanokj ]qoi]_daj iÖ_dpa $rch* CLN( ‡ -2/%* @an Ranaejecqjcosqjo_d `an Hea^aj)

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

`aj ^agkiip ej `an =qbc]^a `an Oah^opÄj`ecgaep ]ho Na_dpolanokj aejaj ejopepqpekjahhaj( na_dphe_d)oepphe_daj qj` okiep k^fagperaj =qo`nq_g* Iep oaejai >acne{ `an Ada ]ho oah^opvsa_gd]bpan( oepphe_dan Hea^aoaejdaep cnajvp oe_d Dacah rkj `nae Bkniaj `an Ada^acnÜj`qjc ]^( `ea vq oaejan Vaep dÖ_dop lklqhÄn s]naj( j]_d Dacah fa`k_d ^hk¿a Ikiajpa `an Ada ran]^okhqpeanaj( `ea oea ]ho ednaj D]qlp) vsa_g $rch* CLN( ‡ -20% ]qoca^aj* Anopajo eop `ea Ada je_dp saoajphe_d aej RandÄhpjeo vqn Vaqcqjc rkj J]_dgkiiaj $rch* @qj_gan .,,/( .,3{*%* O_dkj Adai]jj qj` Ada) bn]q bÜn oe_d cajkiiaj ̞ kdja Gej`an ̞ i]_daj aeja B]iehea ]qo* Vs]n sÄna ao j]_d Dacah ]^opn]gp( `ea Ada vq aejai naej ̣lh]pkjeo_daj̡ Hea^aorandÄhpjeo vq anghÄnaj $rch* CLN( ‡ -2/ =ji*%* =^an ejjand]h^ `an Ada ]ho caeopecan Hea^aocaiaejo_d]bp san`aj Oa) tq]hepÄp qj` Bknpl}]jvqjc vq aejai qjpancakn`japaj Ikiajp* Vqi @]oaej `an Hea^a cadÖnp ]q_d `ea gÖnlanhe_da Ranaejecqjc( ]^an oea ano_dÖlbp oe_d je_dp `]nej $rch* a^`*%* Vsaepajo eop `ea Ada ̞ a^ajok sajec sea `an Op]]p ̞ aej Ranpn]corandÄhpjeo $rch* CLN( ‡ 317 ‡ .14 =ji*%* >ae aejai Ranpn]c rand]hpaj oe_d `ea Ranpn]col]npjan ^ae qj` j]_d Ranpn]coo_dhqoo vqaej]j`an ]ho qjieppah^]na oah^opÄj`eca Lanokjaj* @ea Adao_dhea¿qjc ^aopadp `]cacaj saoajphe_d `]nej( ej bnaean Aejsehhecqjc `ea Oah^opÄj`ecgaep ]ho Na_dpo) lanokj cacajaej]j`an ]qbvqca^aj7 oea se`anolne_dp `]iep ]hhaj >aopeiiqjcaj aejao dangÖiihe_daj Ranpn]cao $rch* CLN( ‡ 31%* I]j gÖjjpa oea dÖ_dopajo ]ho aejaj Ran) pn]c `]nÜ^an ]q{]ooaj( `aj Ranpn]coop]j`lqjgp ]qbvqca^aj $rch* CLN( ‡ -2/%* Ej`ai `ea Adal]npjan `]o Oepphe_da `an Ada ]ho `]o aecajphe_d RanjÜjbpeca ]jangajjaj( `ai oea ednaj Aejvahsehhaj qi ednan Bnaedaep sehhaj qjpankn`jaj iÖ_dpaj( eop edn Sehha aej s]dn) d]bp ]hhcaiaejan* @]cacaj d]hpaj `ea Ranpn]col]npjan ^ae aejai dangÖiihe_daj Ranpn]c ]j ednai Aejvahsehhaj baop( ok `]oo edn Sehha aej l]npegqh]nao Naoqhp]p ednao oq^fagperaj Sehhajo]gpao qj` okiep aej ^hk¿ caiaejo_d]bphe_dan Sehha eop $rch* CLN( ‡ 31%* @] Ran) pnÄca ]qb `an ^hk¿aj SehhgÜn `an Ranpn]col]npjan ^]oeanaj( gÖjjaj oea o_dha_dpan`ejco jqn Ü^an Äq¿anhe_da O]_daj cao_dhkooaj san`aj( `ajj jqn Ü^an okh_da gÖjjaj Lanokjaj Ü^and]qlp ranbÜcaj $rch* a^`*%* @an Adaranpn]c ^aveadp oe_d `]cacaj can]`a je_dp ]qb aej ^hk¿ Äq¿anao( okj`anj ]qb aej oq^op]jpeahhao RandÄhpjeo( `]o `ea c]jva LanoÖjhe_dgaep ^apne{p* @neppajo gnepeoeanp Dacah jk_d `ea =q{]ooqjc `an Nki]jpegan sea v* >* Bnea`) ne_d O_dhacaho( `]oo `ea Ada saoajphe_d aej oq^fagperao Hea^aorandÄhpjeo oae( `]o gaejan ejopepqpekjahhaj Bkni ^a`]nb( okj`anj `]`qn_d okc]n lanranpeanp sÜn`a $rch* CLN( ‡ -2V7 ‡ -207 ‡ -20 V%* @ea Hea^a ^aopadp je_dp ej `an RancÄjche_dgaep qj` VqbÄhhecgaep `an Hae`ajo_d]bp( okj`anj ej aejai `]qand]bpaj RandÄhpjeo qj` iqoo `aod]h^ rkj `an ^hk¿ oq^fagperaj Hae`ajo_d]bp ej aej na_dphe_d)oepphe_dao RandÄhpjeo pn]jobknieanp san`aj* @ea Ada iqoo `]dan ]q_d `qn_d aeja baeanhe_da( Ö{ajphe_da qj` bÖnihe_da SehhajoanghÄnqjc rkn B]iehea qj` Caiaej`a cao_dhkooaj san`aj $rch* CLN( ‡ -20%* @qn_d `ea baeanhe_da Vanaikjea sen` aej caeopecao Vae_daj caoapvp( `]oo ej `an Ada `ea caeopeca Ranaejecqjc cacajÜ^an `an gÖnlanhe_daj Rknn]jc d]p ̞ `]oo ]hok hapvpana ha`eche_d aeja Bkhca `an caeo) pecaj Ranaejecqjc eop $rch* CLN( ‡ -20%* @ea bÖnihe_da Adao_dhea¿qjc eop j]_d Dacah ejo^aokj`ana bÜn `ea Bn]q rkj >a`aqpqjc( saeh oea jqn ej Ada qj` B]iehea aej oepphe_dao >apÄpecqjcobah` d]p* @an I]jj `]cacaj g]jj oe_d ̞ sajj an ej `an Hea^ao^aveadqjc gaeja oepphe_da Ran^ej`qjc na]heoeanaj g]jj ̞ ej `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp qj` ei Op]]p oepphe_d ^apÄpecaj qj` ranheanp okiep je_dp cÄjvhe_d oaeja oepphe_da SÜn`a $rch* CLN( ‡ -20 V%*

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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@ea Rans]j`hqjc `ao RandÄhpjeooao `an Adal]npjan rkj aejai j]pÜnhe_daj ej aej caeo) pecao bÜdnp `]vq( `]oo ej `an Ada `ea ^hk¿ ̦j]pÜnhe_da >aopeiipdaep `an ^ae`aj Ca) o_dha_dpan W***Y `qn_d edna RanjÜjbpecgaep ejpahhagpqahha qj` oepphe_da >a`aqpqjc̤ $CLN( ‡ -21% andÄhp* J]_d`ai `ea ^hk¿ j]pÜnhe_da @e{anajv ej `an caeopecaj Aejdaep `an oah^op) ^asqoopaj Hea^a ]qbcadk^aj eop( `e{anajveanp oe_d `ea jaq caskjjaja Aejdaep sea`an ej aejaj Qjpano_dea`( `eaoi]h ]^an ej aejaj caeopec)oepphe_daj* @eaoa @e{anajveanqjc eop ej `an ^Üncanhe_daj Ada je_dp iadn ej `aioah^aj Oejja qjieppah^]n sea jk_d ej `an cnea_deo_daj =jpega( saeh oea Bkhca `ao ^asqoopaj Sehhajo]gpao `an Ej`ere`qaj eop( oe_d caiaejo]i `an oepphe_daj Oq^op]jpe]hepÄp `an B]iehea qjpanvqkn`jaj* @ea qjpano_dea`he) _da ejpahhagpqahha >a`aqpqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan gkiip `]nej vqi =qo`nq_g( `]oo oea `]o Caeopeca ej fa qjpano_dea`he_dan Saeoa na]heoeanaj6 @an I]jj eop ̦`]o Caeopeca( ]ho `]o oe_d Ajpvsaeaj`a ej `ea bÜn oe_d oaeaj`a LanoÖjhe_dgaep qj` ej `]o Seooaj qj` Skhhaj `an bnaeaj =hhcaiaejdaep̤ $CLN( ‡ -22%7 `ea Bn]q `]cacaj opahhp `]o ̦ej `an Aejecgaep oe_d and]hpaj`a Caeopeca ]ho Seooaj qj` Skhhaj `ao Oq^op]jpeahhaj ej Bkni `an gkj) gnapaj Aejdaep qj` Ail|j`qjc̤ $a^`*% `]n* Iep `an qjpano_dea`he_daj ejpahhagpqahhaj >a`aqpqjc cadp ]q_d aeja qjpano_dea`he_da oepphe_da >a`aqpqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan aej) dan( `ea vqn cao_dha_dpoolave|o_daj =n^aepopaehqjc bÜdnp6 @an Bn]q sen` `ea OldÄna `an B]iehea( `ai I]jj `ea OldÄna `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp oksea ̦`]o Ha^aj ei Op]]) pa( `an Seooajo_d]bp qj` `anchae_daj̤ $a^`*% ]ho oepphe_dao >apÄpecqjcobah` vqcaseaoaj7 `eaoa Vqkn`jqjc ance^p oe_d a^ajb]hho ]qo `aj `ea Cao_dha_dpan ^aopeiiaj`aj >acne{o) ikiajpaj ̞ `ajj `ea B]iehea eop ]ho j]pÜnhe_d)oepphe_dan Nalnk`qgpekjovqo]iiajd]jc Dacah vqbkhca `ea OldÄna `an qjieppah^]naj( oq^op]jpeahhaj Aejdaep( sÄdnaj` `ea ^Üncan) he_da Caoahho_d]bp ]qbcnqj` `an =n^aepopaehqjc qj` `an =jangajjqjc `an Aejvahjaj ]ho Na_dpolanokjaj `ea OldÄna `an Ajpvsaeqjc `]nopahhp $rch* CLN( ‡ -13%( Seooajo_d]bp qj` Op]]p `]cacaj `ea OldÄna `an =hhcaiaejdaep* Dacah pn]`eanp `]iep `ea ^anaepo oaep =neo) pkpahao ^ag]jjpaj Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpana6 @ai I]jj san`aj ^anaepo ej `an J]pqn $rch* Ajv EE( ‡ /25 V%( `]jj ]^an ]q_d ejpahhagpqahh qj` oepphe_d ]hha saoajphe_daj >aopeiiqj) caj `an Oq^fagperepÄp vqcao_dnea^aj ̞ PÄpecgaep( Raniepphqjc( Ajpvsaeqjc ̞( `an Bn]q `]cacaj Qjieppah^]ngaep( Ej`e{anajv qj` L]ooerepÄp $rch* >k_gajdaeian .,-.%* Vs]n eop `ai I]jj iep `ai Caeopecaj ]ho Ajpvsaeqjc rkj Aejvahdaep qj` =hhcaiaej) daep can]`a `ea Oaepa `ao Caeopao vqcaolnk_daj skn`aj( `ea aeja saepana Ajpse_ghqjc qj` Ajpb]hpqjc `ao Caeopao aniÖche_dp7 ]^an an ^a`]nb j]_d Dacah saoajphe_d `an Bn]q( qi `ea edi aecaja oepphe_da PÄpecgaep vq na]heoeanaj* @ea saoajphe_da oepphe_da >a`aqpqjc `an Bn]q ^aopadp `]nej( edi ]ho D]qobn]q qj` Iqppan ej `an B]iehea aeja qjieppah^]na( nqdeca =jo_d]qqjc $rch* CLN( ‡€-22% can]`a `an Ü^ancakn`japaj Aejdaep vq ca^aj( `ea an ranieppahp Ü^an oaeja PÄpecgaep ej `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp ]qb dÖdanan qj` qi) b]ooaj`anan A^aja ei Op]]p danrkn^nejcaj iqoo* Ej `an B]iehea ]jangajjaj I]jj qj` Bn]q( `]oo oea( ok sea oea ]ho j]pÜnhe_d Qjpano_dea`aja jqn caiaejo]i ej `an J]pqn `ea Aejdaep `an C]ppqjc danrkn^nejcaj gÖjjaj( oea a^ajok ]ho oepphe_d)caeopec Qjpano_dea`aja jqn caiaejo]i `ea Pkp]hepÄp `an Oepphe_dgaep ]ho caeopeca Aejdaep `an C]ppqjc na]heoeanaj gÖjjaj* =qbcnqj` `eaoan sa_doahoaepecaj =jangajjqjc gkiip ao Dacah vqbkhca je_dp iadn vq aejai Gkj}egp `an Cao_dha_dpan( sea jk_d ej `an cnea_deo_daj =jpega* Dacah hacepeieanp `]iep ]hhan`ejco vqchae_d `aj =qoo_dhqoo `an Bn]qaj ]qo `an OldÄna `an ¶b) bajphe_dgaep qj` `an >eh`qjc $rch* >k_gajdaeian .,-.%*

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

=i O_dhqoo `an Adal]n]cn]ldaj haepap Dacah ]qo `an >aopeiiqjc `an Ada ]ho hea) ^arkhhan Rano_diahvqjc vsaean Lanokjaj vq aejan Lanokj ]^( `]oo `ea Ada saoajphe_d ikjkc]i eop $rch* CLN( ‡ -23% qj` je_dp ]qb aejan ejvaopqÖoaj Ran^ej`qjc ^anqdaj `]nb $rch* CLN( ‡ -24%* Ej `an Lkhuc]iea ce^p oe_d `]o Ej`ere`qqi( `]o iadnana $oa) tqahha% Hea^ao^aveadqjcaj l}acp( `ai ]j`anaj Ej`ere`qqi je_dp qjcapaehp ]ho Lanokj dej( skiep ao `ai L]npjan k`an `an L]npjanej je_dp iadn iÖche_d eop( oe_d ei ]j`a) naj ]ho c]jva Lanokj sea`anvqcasejjaj* @ea Hea^ao^aveadqjc na`qveanp oe_d `]iep ]qb sajeca =olagpa `an LanoÖjhe_dgaep qj` ejo^aokj`ana ]qb `ea >abnea`ecqjc `ao Oatq]h) pnea^o qj` `ea Bknpl}]jvqjc( op]pp oe_d ]ho =jangajjqjco^aveadqjc vq ransenghe_daj* Ei ejvaopqÖoaj RandÄhpjeo ca^aj oe_d `ea Lanokjaj aej]j`an je_dp bnae dej( `ajj oea oej` `qn_d `aj ^hqporans]j`po_d]bphe_daj Vqo]iiajd]jc ^anaepo Paeh aejan edjaj rkn]qoca) oapvpaj j]pÜnhe_daj Aejdaep( vq `an oea gaej bnaeao RandÄhpjeo d]^aj* Qi aeja oepphe_da D]j`hqjc `an Bnaedaep vq oaej( iqoo `ea Aejdaep `an Adal]npjan ]qo `an @e{anajv `an oe_d dejca^aj`aj Ej`ere`qaj sehhajphe_d danrkncadaj* Oea sen` ]hok anop `qn_d `aj bnaeaj Sehhajo]gp `an qjpano_dea`ajaj Ej`ere`qaj ]ho Aejdaep ]qo `an @e{anajv dan]qo caoapvp $rch* ‡ -24 V% qj` `]nb je_dp o_dkj rkn `eaoai Sehhajo]gp ]ho Aejdaep rknd]j`aj oaej* @]iep rkj aejan =qbc]^a `an aejvahjaj LanoÖjhe_dgaep caolnk_daj san`aj g]jj( iÜooaj `ea Ej`ere`qaj rkn ednan Dejc]^a ]jaej]j`an p]poÄ_dhe_d oah^opÄj`eca( ̦qjaj`he_d aeca) ja LanoÖjhe_dgaepWajY̤ $CLN( ‡€-24% oaej* J]da Rans]j`pa( `ea ]qo `anoah^aj B]iehea op]iiaj( oej` oe_d fa`k_d ^eo ej ]hha Aejvahdaepaj `ao =hhp]co ok ranpn]qp( `]oo oea gaeja ̦oah^op aecajpÜihe_da LanoÖjhe_dgaep cacajaej]j`an d]^aj̤ $CLN( ‡€-24%* SÄdnaj` `ea Ada ]ho Hea^aoaejdaep aeja Na]heoeanqjc `an Ejjanhe_dgaep `an B]iehea `]nopahhp( eop `]o RaniÖcaj `ea Äq¿anhe_da Na]hepÄp `an B]iehea $rch* CLN( ‡€-25%* Dacah oapvp bÜn `]o RanopÄj`jeo `ao ¼^anc]jco rki >acne{ `an Ada vqn >aopeiiqjc `ao B]ie) heajraniÖcajo `]o ei =^opn]gpaj Na_dp anhÄqpanpa RandÄhpjeo rkj Lanokj qj` Aecajpqi rkn]qo $rch* CLN( ‡‡€0-̞3-%* BÜn `ea Lanokj ei ]^opn]gpaj Na_dp eop saoajphe_d( `]oo oea ednaj bnaeaj Sehhaj Äq¿anhe_d( ej aejan O]_da( `]nopahhaj g]jj( `ajj `]`qn_d g]jj `an vqjÄ_dop jk_d ^hk¿ qjieppah^]na( ejjanhe_da bnaea Sehha oe_d cacajopÄj`he_d qj` okiep senghe_dan Sehha san`aj $rch* CLN( ‡€01%* Aecajpqi eop j]_d Dacah saoajphe_d Lner]pae) cajpqi( saeh oe_d ej edi aej lanoÖjhe_dan Sehha( `an Sehha aejao Aejvahjaj ]hok( k^fagper sen`* @] `ea Adal]npjan `qn_d `ea Adao_dhea¿qjc aeja na_dphe_d)oepphe_da Lanokj san`aj( opahhp `ea jaq cacnÜj`apa B]iehea aeja Lanokj `]n( `ea ]ho Lanokj okiep ]q_d Aecaj) pqi d]^aj iqoo( ej `ai oea ednan Bnaedaep Äq¿anhe_dao @]oaej ca^aj g]jj* @ea B]iehea d]p fa`k_d aeja ̦oq^op]jpeahha LanoÖjhe_dgaep̤ $CLN( ‡€-25%( `ajj oea eop aeja Lanokj( `ea reaha aejvahja Na_dpolanokjaj ej oe_d ]qbda^p* Oea Ü^ancnaebp iadnana Ej`ere`qaj qj` okc]n Cajan]pekjaj qj` eop okiep aeja ̦]hhcaiaeja qj` bknp`]qanj`a Lanokj̤ $CLN( ‡€-3,%* Oea g]jj oe_d ]ho aeja okh_da jqn ]j aejai Aecajpqi `]nopahhaj( `]o a^ajok `ea Ha^ajo`]qan aejvahjan Lanokjaj k`an B]ieheajiepchea`an Ü^ancnaebp( `]o ]hok ^hae^aj` qj` oe_dan eop $rch* a^`*%* Aejaj okh_daj ^hae^aj`aj qj` oe_danaj >aoepv ^aopeiip Dacah ]ho ̦RaniÖcaj̤ $a^`*%* SÄdnaj` `]o Aecajpqi ei ]^opn]gpaj Na_dp ]ho =qo`nq_g `an SehhgÜn aejan aejvahjaj Na_dpolanokj `eajp( `ea Ü^an `eaoao j]_d ednaj fasaehecaj sa_d) oahj`aj >a`Ünbjeooaj ranbÜcp( opahhaj `ea aejvahjaj Iepchea`an aejan B]iehea qicagadnp edna ^aokj`anaj >a`Ünbjeooa vqcqjopaj `ao ]hhcaiaejaj B]ieheajskdho vqnÜ_g* @]o B]) ieheajraniÖcaj opahhp okiep ei Cacajo]pv vqi ^hk¿aj Aecajpqi `an Na_dpolanokj oah^op aps]o Oepphe_dao `]n $rch* a^`*%( saeh ao =qo`nq_g aejao ]hhcaiaejaj Sehhajo( `ao B]ie)

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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heajsehhajo( eop* Chae_dskdh iqoo ao rkj aejai aejvahjaj B]ieheajiepchea` rans]hpap san`aj( `]iep `ea B]iehea j]_d ]q¿aj cacajÜ^an ]j`anaj Lanokjaj edna Aejdaep vqi =qo`nq_g ^nejcaj g]jj* @ea =qbc]^a `ao B]ieheajk^and]qlpo( `ea B]iehea j]_d ]q¿aj na_dphe_d vq ranpnapaj qj` `]o B]ieheajraniÖcaj vq rans]hpaj( Ü^anjeiip `an I]jj $rch* CLN( ‡€-3-%( `] an oaejai Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan caiÄ¿ ̦j]_d ]q¿aj `]o IÄ_d) peca qj` >apÄpecaj`a̤ $CLN( ‡€-22% eop* An pnepp `]^ae je_dp ]ho aejvahja Lner]planokj ]qb( okj`anj ]ho Ranpnapan `an ]hhcaiaejaj Lanokj `an B]iehea* @]o B]ieheajraniÖcaj eop okiep ]q_d je_dp oaej ^aokj`anao Aecajpqi* An d]p `]n]j je_dp iadn k`an iej`an =jpaeh ]ho ]hha ]j`anaj Iepchea`an `an B]iehea ]q_d $rch* CLN( ‡€-3-%* @ea Hea^a( `ea `an Adai]jj oaejan B]iehea cacajÜ^an ail|j`ap( bÜdnp ej `an Nacah `]vq( `]oo an `aj B]ieheaj^aoepv je_dp bÜn oaeja aecajaj sehhgÜnhe_daj Vsa_gaj jqpvp( okj`anj edj vqcqjo) paj `an B]iehea aejoapvp* @ajjk_d g]jj ao vq anda^he_daj Gkhheoekjaj gkiiaj( sajj an oaeja =qbc]^a je_dp vqi Skdha `an cao]ipaj B]iehea s]dnjeiip* Ejjand]h^ na_dpo) op]]phe_dan RandÄhpjeooa sen` ao L}e_dp qj` Na_dp `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp( ̦`ea( sah_da `qn_d Rano_dsaj`qjc `ea Oe_dandaep ednan qj` ednan B]iehea Oq^oeopajv ranje_d) paj( W***Y ej Rkniqj`o_d]bp vq jadiaj qj` ]j ednan Opahha `aj Vsa_g `an Caoahho_d]bp qj` `aj ednecaj ]qovqbÜdnaj*̤ $CLN( ‡€.0,% Ieoo^n]q_dp `an R]pan `]o B]ieheajran) iÖcaj vq aecajaj Vsa_gaj( iqoo `ea ^Üncanhe_da Caoahho_d]bp `ea B]ieheajiepchea`an ]ho Na_dpolanokjaj iep aejai Na_dpo]jolnq_d ]qb ^aopeiipa Haeopqjcaj ^ad]j`ahj* Qi `aj Bkhcaj aejan iÖche_daj Gkhheoekj vseo_daj `ai B]ieheajk^and]qlp qj` `aj Ü^necaj B]ieheajiepchea`anj rknvq^aqcaj( g]jj `an Op]]p v* >* aejaj Adal]gp anh]q^aj( `an `an Adabn]q `ea RanbÜcqjcocas]hp Ü^an aejaj ^aokj`anaj Paeh `ao B]ieheajraniÖcajo ce^p $rch* CLN( ‡€-3. =ji*%* Aeja saepana Bkni( `aj Ieoo^n]q_d `ao B]ieheajraniÖcajo vq randej`anj( opahhp `]o An^o_d]bpona_dp `]n( `]o `aj R]pan ej oaejan Paop]iajpeanbnaedaep ^ao_dnÄjgp qj` edj ranl}e_dpap( vqiej`aop aejaj L}e_dp]jpaeh `ao RaniÖcajo ]j oaeja Gej`an vq ranan^aj $rch* CLN( ‡‡€-34̞-4,%* @]^ae oej` ]hha Gej`an ̞ okskdh PÖ_dpan ]ho ]q_d OÖdja ̞ chae_d vq ^ad]j`ahj( `ajj oea ]hha d]^aj ]ho B]ieheajiepchea`an chae) _dao Na_dp ]i An^a* Dacah gnepeoeanp okskdh `]o nÖieo_da An^na_dp( `]o `ea An^aj `an SehhgÜn `ao An^h]ooano ]qooapvp $CLN( ‡€-4, =ji*( //0% ]ho ]q_d `]o Baq`]hna_dp( `]o ^ols* `qn_d `ea Ejopepqpekj `ao Be`aegkiieoo aeja chae_d Ranpaehqjc `ao An^ao vqcqjopaj `ao And]hpo `ao B]ieheajch]jvao $̣olhaj`kn b]iehe]a̡% randej`anp $rch* CLN( ‡€-4, =ji*( //1b*%* Ei An^na_dp iqoo Dacah vqbkhca ^anÜ_goe_dpecp san`aj( `]oo `ea jaq cacnÜj`apa B]iehea cacajÜ^an `an Cnk¿b]iehea( `aj OpÄiiaj k`an DÄqoanj Rknn]jc d]p qj` Oah^) opÄj`ecgaep ^aoepvp $rch* CLN( ‡€-3.%* >hea^aj `ea Adal]npjan j]_d `an Adao_dhea¿qjc na_dphe_d)oepphe_d rkj ednaj Qnolnqjcob]ieheaj ]^dÄjcec( sÄna je_dp edn bnaean Ajpo_dhqoo( okj`anj `]o ^hk¿ j]pÜnhe_da >]j` `an >hqporans]j`po_d]bp `]o >aopeiiaj`a* Oea gÖjj) paj `]iep `aj bÜn edna Bnaedaep jkpsaj`ecaj O_dnepp( oe_d rkj `ai ^hk¿ j]pÜnhe_daj >]j` ednan B]iehea vq ai]jveleanaj qj` vq oah^opÄj`ecaj Na_dpolanokjaj vq san`aj( je_dp na]heoeanaj* @]o Aecajpqi aejao Ej`ere`qqio iqoo `]dan ]q_d saoajphe_d `an rkj edi jaq cacnÜj`apaj B]iehea vqcana_djap san`aj( je_dp `an Qnolnqjcob]iehea* @ea B]iehea rkhhaj`ap oe_d ej `an Anveadqjc `an Gej`an $rch* CLN( ‡ -2,7 Rko .,,2%* =q_d sajj `ea Vaqcqjc rkj Gej`anj je_dp `an aecajphe_da Vsa_g `an Ada eop( d]p oea `ajjk_d aeja ^aokj`ana >a`aqpqjc bÜn `ea Adal]npjan* Oea eop je_dp iadn aej j]pÜnhe) _dan k`an Ckpp caskhhpan Vsa_g( `ai oea oe_d qjpankn`jaj okhhaj( okj`anj qicagadnp `eajaj caiaejo]ia Gej`an `aj Adal]npjanj ]ho RancacajopÄj`he_dqjc ednan Hea^a $rch*

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

CLN( ‡€-3/ V%* @qn_d `ea Gej`an eop edna Hea^a je_dp iadn ^hk¿ qjieppah^]n qj` ej) janhe_d( okj`anj cacajopÄj`he_d ranieppahp( k^fagper* Ej `an gej`anhkoaj Ada badhp aeja okh_da RancacajopÄj`he_dqjc* Anop ei Gej` d]p `ea Aejdaep `an hea^aj`aj Adal]npjan ]q_d ]ho caeopeca( bÜn oe_d oaeaj`a Aejdaep aej oq^op]jpeahhao @]oaej( `ajj `]o Gej` opahhp ]ho Lnk`qgp `an Hea^a `an Ahpanj `eaoa Aejdaep ]ho Aejdaep cacajopÄj`he_d `]n qj` g]jj oe_d vq`ai oah^op ]q_d ]ho Lnk`qgp `eaoan Aejdaep ail|j`aj* Iep `an Ada ]ho `ai qj) ieppah^]naj( jk_d ejjanhe_daj >acne{ `an B]iehea( `ai RaniÖcaj ]ho `an $jk_d ^hk¿% Äq¿anhe_daj Na]hepÄp `an B]iehea qj` `aj caiaejo]iaj Gej`anj ]ho `an Aejdaep rkj >a) cne{ qj` Na]hepÄp( rkj Caeopecgaep qj` Äq¿anhe_dan Ateopajv( eop `ea B]iehea ]ho Opqba `ao qjieppah^]naj j]pÜnhe_d)oepphe_daj Caeopao rkhhaj`ap $rch* CLN( ‡€-2,%* @] `ea Gej`an rkj `aj Ahpanj cavaqcp sqn`aj( oej` oea qjieppah^]n Iepchea`an `an B]iehea qj` d]^aj ]ho okh_da aej Na_dp `]n]qb( ]qo `ai B]ieheajraniÖcaj ranokncp vq san`aj $rch* CLN( ‡€-30%* =ho ]j oe_d caeopeca Saoaj d]^aj oea `]o Lkpajpe]h vqn Bnae) daep $rch* CLN( ‡€-31%* Oea d]^aj `]iep aej Na_dp ]qb Anveadqjc `qn_d edna Ahpanj( `ea oea `]vq ^abÄdecaj okhh( edna Caeopecgaep qj` Bnaedaep ]j qj` bÜn oe_d vq na]heoeanaj* Ao eop `ea =qbc]^a `an B]iehea( `]o Gej` rkj Ca^qnp ]j ei Caeopa `an B]ieheajoepphe_dgaep( ej Hea^a qj` Vqpn]qaj( vq anveadaj* =ho j]pÜnhe_d)oepphe_dan Caeop l}]jvp oea edi `]o RanjÜjbpeca( Oepphe_da ej `an Bkni `an Ail|j`qjc qjieppah^]n aej( s]o edi ]ho ans]_d) oajai Iajo_d aniÖche_daj sen`( `ea Oepphe_dgaep ]q_d j]_d `an k^fagperaj Oaepa( ei Op]]p( vq anb]ooaj* BÜn `ea bnÜdgej`he_da Anveadqjc( ^ae `an ao rkn ]hhai ]qb Hea^a qj` Vqpn]qaj ]jgkiip( eop j]_d Dacah ej anopan Hejea `ea Iqppan vqopÄj`ec( `] `ea oq^fagpera Ail|j`qjc ednai Cao_dha_dpo_d]n]gpan caiÄ¿ eop $rch* CLN( ‡€-227 ‡ -31 V%* @ea olÄ) pana Anveadqjc( `ea `ai Gej` aniÖche_daj okhh( vq aejan ans]_doajaj( bnaeaj Lanokjaj qj` aejai oah^op^asqoopaj $Op]]po)%>Üncan vq san`aj $rch* CLN( ‡€-31%( eop `]cacaj =qbc]^a `ao R]pano ^vs* `an O_dqha* Iep `an Anveadqjc `an Gej`an saeop `ea B]iehea ]ho oepphe_da Ejopepqpekj ^anaepo Ü^an oe_d ]ho ^ao_dnÄjgpa oepphe_da OldÄna dej]qo( `ajj oea ajpdÄhp `]nej ^anaepo edna aecaja oepphe_da =q}Öoqjc $rch* CLN( ‡€-33%* Ja^aj `eaoai oepphe_daj Cnqj` g]jj ]q_d `ea VannÜppqjc `an Adal]npjan( `qn_d `ea `ea Ada je_dp iadn `ai >acne{ aejan Hea^aoaejdaep ajpolne_dp( vqn =q}Öoqjc `an B]iehea bÜdnaj* @ea Ada g]jj ej `eaoai B]hh cao_dea`aj san`aj( `ajj ]ho Ejopepqpekj `an Bnaedaep `]nb oea je_dp `qn_d Vs]jc ]qbna_dpand]hpaj san`aj $rch* CLN( ‡€-32%* =hhan`ejco d]p `an Op]]p `ea =qbc]^a( `ea Ejopepqpekj Ada okh]jca ao cadp cacaj ^hk¿ vqbÄhheca H]qjaj `an Adahaqpa vq o_dÜpvaj* O_dhea¿he_d hÖop oe_d `ea B]iehea ]q_d j]_d `an j]pÜnhe_daj Oaepa dej ]qb ̞ `qn_d `aj Pk` `an Adal]npjan $rch* CLN( ‡€-34%( iep `ai `ea Gaeivahha `an B]iehea( `ea Ada( vqcnqj`a cadp* @eaoa j]pÜnhe_da =q}Öoqjc eop `an B]iehea eii]jajp( saeh edn `an j]pÜnhe_da C]ppqjcolnkvaoo vqcnqj`a heacp( `an oe_d ]ho jac]pera Aejdaep `qn_d `aj Pk` `an Ej`ere`qaj na]heoeanp* Iep `ai Pk` aejao Ahpanjpaeho pnepp `an An^b]hh aej( iep `ai `ea an^aj`aj B]ieheajiepchea`an jqj Rans]hpqjcona_dpa bÜn ednaj =jpaeh ]i B]ieheaj) raniÖcaj ^agkiiaj( `]o ]j oe_d eiian o_dkj edn RaniÖcaj s]n( ^eodan ]^an `qn_d `]o B]ieheajk^and]qlp rans]hpap sqn`a $rch* CLN( ‡€-34%* Ej`ai `ea B]iehea ej ednan =q}Öoqjc edna Iepchea`an ej `ea bnaea Oah^opÄj`ecgaep ]ho Na_dpolanokjaj ajphÄoop( `e{anajveanp oe_d `ea ej edn jk_d qj`e{anajveanpa oepphe_da E`aa ]qo* @ea B]iehea pnepp ̦ej aeja Reahdaep rkj B]iehea ]qoaej]j`an( sah_da oe_d Ü^an) d]qlp ]ho oah^opÄj`eca gkjgnapa Lanokjaj qj` `]dan Äq¿anhe_d vqaej]j`an rand]hpaj*̤ $CLN( ‡€-4-% @ea qjieppah^]na( j]pÜnhe_da Aejdaep `an B]iehea cadp `]^ae ranhknaj qj`

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

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ao ajpopadp `ea ^hk¿ bkniahha =hhcaiaejdaep `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp( ej `an `ea Ej`e) re`qaj ]ho oah^opÄj`eca Na_dpolanokjaj ednaj ^aokj`anaj Ejpanaooaj j]_dcadaj gÖjjaj* Iep `ai ¼^anc]jc `an B]iehea ej `ea ^Üncanhe_da Caoahho_d]bp gkiip `ea >aokj`andaep `an Lanokjaj vq ednan Ajpb]hpqjc qj` `]iep vq ednai Na_dp* Chae_dvaepec sen` `]`qn_d `]o Lnejvel `an Okhe`]nepÄp qj` Caiaejo_d]bp( `]o ej `an B]iehea rkndanno_daj` eop( `qn_d `]o Lnejvel `an bnaeaj Gkjgqnnajv qj` =pkieopeg ]^cahÖop( ok `]oo `ea Oepphe_dgaep vaep) saeoa ranhknaj o_daejp* =hhan`ejco ranoq_dp Dacah vq vaecaj( `]oo oe_d `ea Ranbkhcqjc oah^opoÜ_dpecan( ^aokj`anan Vsa_ga ej `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp dejpan `ai NÜ_gaj `an Ej`ere`qaj( `* d* kdja edn Seooaj qj` Skhhaj( ej aeja >abÖn`anqjc `ao ]hhcaiaejaj Vsa_go rangadnp $rch* CLN( ‡‡€-42̞-43%* Iep `an Ajpopadqjc `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp ej `an Jaqvaep cadp aej >nq_d iep `ai pn]`epekjahhaj( rknej`qopneahhaj B]ieheajran^]j` aejdan( `an jk_d rknjadihe_d ]qb Oq^oeopajvsenpo_d]bp ^anqdpa* @ea ^Üncanhe_da Caoahho_d]bp ̦nae¿p W***Y `]o Ej`ere`qqi ]qo `eaoai >]j`a dan]qo( ajpbnai`ap `aooaj Chea`an aej]j`an qj` ]jangajjp oea ]ho oah^opÄj`eca Lanokjaj7 oea oq^opepqeanp banjan op]pp W***Y `ao rÄpanhe_daj >k`ajo( ej sah) _dai `an Aejvahja oaeja Oq^oeopajv d]ppa( `aj ednecaj qj` qjpansenbp `]o >aopadaj `an c]jvaj B]iehea oah^op( `an =^dÄjcecgaep rkj edn̤ $CLN( ‡ ./4%* @]iep Ü^anjeiip oea ]^an vqchae_d `ea L}e_dp( `ai Ej`ere`qqi vq aniÖche_daj( oaeja Oq^oeopajv `qn_d =n) ^aep ej `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp vq oe_danj* VqbÄhhecgaepaj( `ea `]o Ej`ere`qqi `]nej ^adej`anj( `eao vq gÖjjaj( iqoo oea ^aoaepecaj k`an bÜn =qochae_d okncaj* Oea ^agkiip cacajÜ^an `aj ^aokj`anaj B]ieheaj ̦`aj ?d]n]gpan `an ]hhcaiaejaj B]iehea̤ $CLN( ‡ ./5% qj` g]jj `ea Na_dpa `an ^aokj`anaj B]ieheaj aejo_dnÄjgaj( ej`ai oea v* >* ]q_d cacaj `aj Sehhaj `an Ahpanj `ea ]hhcaiaeja O_dqhl}e_dp aejbÜdnp qj` ]j`ana I]¿j]d) iaj ancnaebp( `ea `ea ?d]j_aj `an Ej`ere`qaj rancnÖ¿anj( `]qand]bp ]i ^Üncanhe_daj qj` op]]phe_daj Ha^aj paehvqjadiaj $rch* CLN( ‡‡ ./5b*%* @ea Bqjgpekj `an ̦]hhcaiae) jaj B]iehea̤ Ü^anjeiip `ea ^Üncanhe_da Caoahho_d]bp ]ho ̦Lkhevae̤ $CLN( ‡‡ ./-̞.05%( `ea vq Dacaho Vaep jk_d aejaj oadn saepaj =qbc]^aj^anae_d d]p $rch* F]ao_dga .,,/( /45%( vq `ai ]q_d `ea =niajbÜnoknca cadÖnp $rch* CLN( ‡‡ .0-b*%* Ja^aj `an Lkhe) vae d]^aj `ea Gknlkn]pekjaj ]ho ^anqboopÄj`eo_da( cajkooajo_d]bphe_da Knc]jeo]pekjaj `ea =qbc]^a( aejaj Ano]pv bÜn `aj Ranhqop `an b]ieheÄnaj >]j`a ej `an ^Üncanhe_daj Ca) oahho_d]bp vq ^eapaj* Oea ansaeoaj oe_d bÜn `aj casan^apnae^aj`aj >Üncan ]ho ̦vsaepa B]iehea̤ $CLN( ‡€.1.%7 `ajj sea `ea ̦anopa̤ B]iehea hea^arkhh edna Iepchea`an qiokncp( ok gÜiianp oe_d `ea Gknlkn]pekj ei J]iaj `an Op]j`aoadna qi edna Gknlkn]pekjoiep) chea`an* @]vq cadÖnp v* >*( `]oo oea `ea Ejpanaooaj ednan Iepchea`an j]_d ]q¿aj ranpnepp( bÜn b]enaj Sapp^asan^ ejjand]h^ `ao Casan^ao okncp( ednaj Iepchea`anj Saepan^eh`qjco) i]¿j]diaj ej ednai Casan^avsaec ]j^eapap qj` oea `qn_d Aejne_dpqjc rkj >anqbogn]j) gajg]ooaj ei Gn]jgdaepob]hh o_dÜpvp* Ej`ai `ea Gknlkn]pekj ejjand]h^ `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp bÜn `ea `]qand]bpa Oq^oeopajvoe_danqjc `an casan^apnae^aj`aj Ej`ere`qaj okncp( i]_dp oea ja^aj `an B]iehea ̦`ea vsaepa( `ea ej `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp cacnÜj`apa oepphe_da Sqnvah `ao Op]]po ]qo*̤ $CLN( ‡€.11% Oea ^ne_dp iep `aj ^hk¿aj GkjgqnnajvrandÄhpjeooaj `an Lner]p^Üncan( ej`ai oea edna Ranaejvahqjc ]qbda^p qj` edna eokheanpaj PÄpecgaepaj ̦vqn ^asqoopaj PÄpecgaep bÜn aejaj caiaejo]iaj Vsa_g̤ $CLN( ‡ .10% anda^p* Ej`ai `ea ^Üncanhe_da Caoahho_d]bp iep `aj Gknlkn]pekjaj ]qo oe_d oah^op dan]qo aeja oepphe_da Knc]jeo]pekj danrkn^nejcp( cadp oea rki Jkp) qj` Ranop]j`aoop]]p ej `aj oepphe)

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AҰқ >ҩҝҥҟҨҢҟңҧҟҬ

_daj Op]]p Ü^an( ej `ai oea ja^aj `an B]iehea jqn jk_d aej Ikiajp eop* @]iep eop `an ¼^anc]jc vqi ik`anjaj( ranjÜjbpecaj RandÄhpjeo rkj B]iehea( ^Üncanhe_dan Caoahho_d]bp qj` Op]]p cai]_dp6 ̦@an Op]]p eop `ea Senghe_dgaep `an gkjgnapaj Bnaedaep7 `ea gkjgnapa Bnaedaep ]^an ^aopadp `]nej( `]¿ `ea lanoÖjhe_da Aejvahdaep qj` `anaj ^aokj`ana Ejpan) aooaj okskdh edna rkhhopÄj`eca Ajpse_ghqjc qj` `ea =jangajjqjc ednao Na_dpo bÜn oe_d $ei Ouopaia `an B]iehea qj` `an ^Üncanhe_daj Caoahho_d]bp% d]^aj( ]ho oea `qn_d oe_d oah^op ej `]o Ejpanaooa `ao =hhcaiaejaj paeho Ü^ancadaj( paeho iep Seooaj qj` Sehhaj `]ooah^a qj` vs]n ]ho ednaj aecajaj oq^op]jpeahhaj Caeop ]jangajjaj qj` bÜn `]ooah^a ]ho ednaj Aj`vsa_g pÄpec oej`( ok `]¿ sa`an `]o =hhcaiaeja kdja `]o ^aokj`ana Ej) panaooa( Seooaj qj` Skhhaj cahpa qj` rkhh^n]_dp san`a( jk_d `]¿ `ea Ej`ere`qaj ^hk¿ bÜn `]o hapvpana ]ho Lner]planokjaj ha^aj qj` je_dp vqchae_d ej qj` bÜn `]o =hhcaiaeja skhhaj qj` aeja `eaoao Vsa_go ^asq¿pa Sengo]igaep d]^aj* @]o Lnejvel `an ik`anjaj Op]]paj d]p `eaoa qjcadaqna OpÄnga qj` Peaba( `]o Lnejvel `an Oq^fagperepÄp oe_d vqi oah^opÄj`ecaj Atpnaia `an lanoÖjhe_daj >aokj`andaep rkhhaj`aj vq h]ooaj qj` vqchae_d ao ej `ea oq^op]jpeahha Aejdaep vqnÜ_gvqbÜdnaj qj` ok ej edi oah^op `eaoa vq and]hpaj*̤ $CLN( ‡€.2,%

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C* S* B* Dacah6 Cao]iiahpa Sanga* Ej Ran^ej`qjc iep `an @aqpo_daj Bkno_dqjcocaiaejo_d]bp dc*€r* `an Jkn`ndaej)SaopbÄheo_daj $-524̞-5516 Ndaejeo_d)SaopbÄheo_daj% =g]`aiea `an Seooajo_d]bpaj( D]i^qnc -524{* $9 CS%* @ano*6 Sanga ej vs]jvec >Äj`aj( ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca `an Sanga rkj -4/.̞-401 jaq a`eanpa =qoc]^a( dc* r* Ar] Ikh`ajd]qan qj` G]nh I]ngqo Ie_dah( -525{* $9 PS=%* Ajv E Ajv EE Ajv EEE CLN I]jqognelpa LdC LdehCao_d Sahpcao_de_dpa IO

C* S* B* Dacah6 AjvughklÄ`ea `an ldehkokldeo_daj Seooajo_d]bpaj ei Cnqj`neooa $-4/,%* Anopan Paeh6 @ea€Seooajo_d]bp `an Hkceg( iep `aj iÜj`he_daj VqoÄpvaj( PS= 4 @ano*6 AjvughklÄ`ea `an ldehkokldeo_daj Seooajo_d]bpaj ei Cnqj`neooa $-4/,%* Vsaepan Paeh6 @ea J]pqnldehkokldea( iep `aj iÜj`he_daj VqoÄpvaj( PS= 5 @ano*6 AjvughklÄ`ea `an ldehkokldeo_daj Seooajo_d]bpaj ei Cnqj`neooa $-4/,%* @neppan Paeh6 @ea Ldehkokldea `ao Caeopao( iep `aj iÜj`he_daj VqoÄpvaj( PS= -, @ano*6 Cnqj`hejeaj `an Ldehkokldea `ao Na_dpo k`an J]pqnna_dp qj` Op]]poseooaj) o_d]bp ei Cnqj`neooa* Iep Dacaho aecajopÄj`ecaj Jkpevaj qj` `aj iÜj`he_daj VqoÄpvaj( PS= 3 @ano*6 Rknhaoqjcoi]jqognelpa EE $-4-2̞-4/-%( CS -4 @ano*6 LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ao Caeopao( jaq dc*€r* D]jo)Bnea`ne_d Saooaho qj` Daej) ne_d ?h]enikjp( iep aejan Aejhaepqjc rkj Skhbc]jc >kjoealaj( D]i^qnc -544 @ano*6 Rknhaoqjcaj Ü^an `ea Ldehkokldea `an Cao_de_dpa( PS= -. @ano*6 Rknhaoqjcaj Ü^an `ea Ldehkokldea `an Sahpcao_de_dpa( >anhej -4..+./( J]_do_dnebp rkj G* C* F* r* Cneaodaei( D* C* r* Dkpdk qj` Bn* ?* r* Gadhan( dc* r* G]nh)Daejv Ehpejc( G]nh >nadian q* ]*( D]i^qnc -552 G]jp( Eii]jqah6 Iap]lduoeg `an Oeppaj( ej6 @ano*6 Cao]iiahpa Sanga( dc* r* `an Lnaq¿eo_daj =g]`aiea `an Seooajo_d]bpaj( >anhej -5,3( .,/̞05/

CҟҩҬҡ SңҦҢҟҦҧ BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ DҟҡҟҦ

^*

//5

Bkno_dqjcohepan]pqn

>h]o_da( Oeacbnea` -5316 J]pÜnhe_da Oepphe_dgaep qj` ^Üncanhe_da Caoahho_d]bp* Dacaho Gkjopnqgpekj `an B]iehea ]ho oepphe_da EjpeiepÄp ei ajpoepphe_dpaj Ha^aj( ej6 Nea`ah( I]jbna` $Dc*%6 I]pane]heaj vq Dacaho Na_dpoldehkokldea( . >`a*( >`*€-( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I*( /-.̞//3 >k_gajdaeian( Ar] .,-.6 Dacaho B]ieheaj) qj` Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea( D]i^qnc .,-. $Dacah)Opq`eaj( >aedabp 13% >kan( G]nej `a .,-,6 >aukj` Pn]ca`u6 Pn]_ejc pda =npeopkld]je]j Oq^patp kb Dacah̢o Ldajkiajkhkcu kb Olenep( ej6 Dqp_dejco( Gei^anhau+Lqhggejaj( Pqef] $Dc*%6 Dacah̢o Ldehkokldu ]j` Baiejeop Pdkqcdp* >aukj` =jpeckja;( L]hcn]ra I]_iehh]j( -//̞-1>n]qan( Oqo]jja .,,36 J]pqn qj` Oepphe_dgaep* @ea B]iehea ej Dacaho Na_dpoldehkokldea( Bnae^qnc @kuÉ( O]^eja .,,.6 B]iehea qj` Op]]p6 Caknc Sehdahi Bnea`ne_d Dacah( ej6 @eao*+Daejv( I]nekj+ Gqopan( Bnea`anega $Dc*%6 Ldehkokldeo_da Cao_dha_dpanpdakneaj* =qocasÄdhpa Patpa rkj `an =jpega ^eo vqn Cacajs]np( Opqppc]np( .0.̞.04 q* .2,̞.21 @qj_gan( =nja .,,/6 Chae_ddaep qj` Qjchae_ddaep ej `an Ada* LanoÖjhe_da Opahhqjc rkj Bn]q qj` I]jj ei Na_dp `an adahe_daj Ha^ajocaiaejo_d]bp -3,,̞-5-0( GÖhj Aiqj`po( @ej]+Dknopi]jj( Nkhb)Lapan .,,.6 C* S* B* Dacah* Aeja AejbÜdnqjc( Opqppc]np DÜjejc( @eapan .,,26 @ea Oepphe_dgaep `an Ada* @ea Gkjopnqgpekj `an ^Üncanhe_daj Ada ej Dacaho ̦Cnqj`hejeaj `an Ldehkokldea `ao Na_dpo̤( ej6 H]jc^adj( ?h]qo $Dc*%6 Na_dp( Cana_dpecgaep qj` Bnaedaep* Baopo_dnebp bÜn Skhbc]jc Ganopejc( L]`an^knj( .42̞/-. F]ao_dga( S]hpan .,,/6 Dacah)D]j`^q_d* Ha^aj ̞ Sang ̞ Sengqjc( Opqppc]np+Saei]n @ano* .,,56 Caja]hkcea `ao Na_dpo( ej6 @ano*+O]j`g]qhaj( >encep+Cand]n`p( Rkhgan $Dc*%6 Caop]hpaj `ao >asqoopoaejo* Caja]hkceo_dao @ajgaj ei Gkjpatp Dacaho( D]i^qnc( .40̞/,- $Dacah) Opq`eaj( >aedabp 1.%* Fani]jj( ?dneopkld -543 $Dc*%6 =jolnq_d qj` Haeopqjc rkj Dacaho Na_dpoldehkokldea( Opqppc]np) >]` ?]jjop]pp Gqopan( Bnea`anega .,,46 Rki J]pqnvs]jc vqn Oepphe_dgaep* Op]pekjaj `an ^Üncanhe_daj B]iehea6 Nkqooa]q€̞€G]jp€̞€Dacah( ej6 =nj`p( =j`na]o q* ]* $Dc*%6 Dacaho lkhepeo_da Ldehkokldea( -* Paeh( >anhej( .44̞.51 $Dacah)F]dn^q_d .,,4% Iehho( L]pne_e] F* -5526 Dacah̢o =jpeckja( ej6 @eao* $Dc*%6 Baiejeop Ejpanlnap]pekjo kb C* S* B* Dacah( Lajj Op]pa Qjeranoepu Lnaoo( 15̞44* O_die`p( Fkoab -5536 Caeop( Nahecekj qj` ]^okhqpao Seooaj* Aej Gkiiajp]n vq `aj `nae chae_dj]iecaj G]lepahj ]qo Dacaho LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ao Caeopao( Opqppc]np+>anhej+GÖhj O_djÄ`ah^]_d( Dan^anp .,,,6 Dacaho ln]gpeo_da Ldehkokldea* Aej Gkiiajp]n `an Patpa ej `an Naedajbkhca ednan Ajpopadqjc( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* Oeal( Hq`sec -5536 Ranjqjbpna_dp qj` Na_dpocao_de_dpa* Gkjpatp qj` Gkjvalp `an ̦Cnqj`hejeaj̤ ei >he_g ]qb `ea Rknna`a( ej6 @ano* $Dc*%6 C* S* B* Dacah* Cnqj`hejeaj `an Ldehkokldea `ao Na_dpo( >anhej( 1̞.5 $Gh]ooegan ]qohacaj7 >`*€5% @ano* .,,,6 @an Sac `an ̦LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ao Caeopao̤* Aej aejbÜdnaj`an Gkiiajp]n vq Dacaho ̦@e{anajvo_dnebp̤ qj` ̦LdÄjkiajkhkcea `ao Caeopao̤( Bn]jgbqnp ]*I* Rko( Hq `a .,,26 Ejopepqpekj B]iehea* @ea AniÖche_dqjc aejan je_dp)ej`ere`q]heopeo_daj Bnaedaep( ej6 F]ao_dga( S]hpan+Oeal( Hq`sec $Dc*%6 Dacah)Opq`eaj 0-( D]i^qnc( 5-̞--. Saopld]h( Iankh` -5406 Dacah̢o N]`e_]h E`a]heoi* B]ieheu ]j` Op]pa ]o Apde_]h ?kiiqjepeao( ej6 Lah_vujoge( V^ecjeas $Dc*%6 Pda Op]pa ]j` ?ereh Ok_eapu* Opq`eao ej Dacaho Lkhepe_]h Ldehkokldu( ?]i^ne`ca( 33̞5. Vahpjan( Dani]jj -5326 =npegah ̦E`a]heoiqo( @aqpo_dan̤( ej6 Neppan( Fk]_dei $Dc*%6 Deopkneo_dao SÖnpan^q_d `an Ldehkokldea( >`* 06 E̞G( Opqppc]np( Ol* /1̞/3

>қҬҜқҬқ JқүҧқҨҨ

Bnea`ne_d O_dhacah6 @ea @uj]ieoeanqjc `an Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea

-*

Ha^aj qj` Sang

Bnea`ne_d O_dhacah( ]^ -4-16 Bnea`ne_d rkj O_dhacah( sqn`a ]i -,* IÄnv -33. ej D]j) jkran ca^knaj7 an op]n^ ]i -.* F]jq]n -4.5 ej @nao`aj* VqjÄ_dop pn]p O_dhacah ]ho @e_dpan( Ldehkokld( Ldehkhkca( Hepan]pqndeopknegan qj` QjeranoepÄpo`kvajp danrkn7 olÄpan ^aghae`apa an ¤ipan ]ho Hac]pekjon]p qj` @elhki]p ei @eajopa Iappanje_do* An ajp) op]iipa aejan lnkpaop]jpeo_daj B]iehea( `ea oaep `ai -3* Fd* je_dp sajeca Ejpahhagpqahha danrknca^n]_dp d]ppa7 vq O_dhacaho Rknb]dnaj cadÖnpaj r* ]* Caeophe_da( `ea ]q_d ]ho @n]) i]pegan( Hepan]pqngnepegan qj` ¤opdapegan rkj oe_d na`aj i]_dpaj* Aeja PÄpecgaep ]ho Cahadnpan o_deaj `]dan b]ieheÄn rkncalnÄcp vq oaej* J]_d aejan gqnvaj G]qbi]jjohad) na opq`eanpa an( vqo]iiaj iep oaejai >nq`an =qcqop Sehdahi( ]^ -35, ej CÖppejcaj qj` `]jj ej Haelvec Fqn]* Vqchae_d ^apnea^ an ejpajoera HagpÜnaj ]qb `aj Ca^eapaj `an gh]ooeo_d)]jpegaj( ieppah]hpanhe_daj qj` ik`anjaj aqnklÄeo_daj Hepan]pqn qj` `an Ldehk) okldea* Ei F]dn -35- b]oopa an `aj Ajpo_dhqoo( ]ho bnaean ̣gnepeo_dan̡ O_dnebpopahhan pÄpec vq san`aj* Oaeja >ao_dÄbpecqjc iep `aj cnea_deo_daj qj` h]paejeo_daj Patpaj iÜj`apa ej oq^op]jpeahha Opq`eaj sea Rkj `aj O_dqhaj `an cnea_deo_daj Lkaoea $-350% qj` Deopk) neo_da qj` gnepeo_da Ranoq_da Ü^an `]o gh]ooeo_da =hpanpqi $-353%* Ej `eaoaj Gkjpatp b]hhaj ]q_d `ea bnÜdaj =qboÄpva vqn Sae^he_dgaepopdaknea6 ¼^an `ea sae^he_daj ?d]) n]gpana ej `aj cnea_deo_daj @e_dpanj $-350%( ¼^an `ea @ekpei] $-351% qj` ¼^an `ea Ldehkokldea* =j @knkpda] $-355%( ej `ajaj `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj Sae^he_dgaep qj` @ajgaj ^vs* Ldehkokldea( Sae^he_dgaep qj` Gqjop ejo Vajpnqi canÜ_gp sen`* @ea ¼^anhacqj) caj vqi Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo opadaj vqchae_d ei N]diaj rkj Gkjpnkranoaj qi `ea Cacajs]npohepan]pqn( ]j `ajaj oe_d O_dhacah ^apaehecpa( rkn ]hhai ]ho Iep]n^aepan qj` Navajoajp ej Vaepo_dnebpaj sea O_dehhano Dknaj $-351%( F* Bn* Nae_d]n`po @aqpo_dh]j` $-352%( `ai Hu_aqi `an o_dÖjaj GÜjopa $-353% qj` ej `an =hhcaiaejaj Hepan]pqnvae) pqjc( o_dhea¿he_d qj` rkn ]hhai ]^an ]ho Dan]qoca^an `an Vaepo_dnebp =pdajÄqi $-354̞ -4,-%* O_dhacah cehp iep Jkr]heo $`*€e*6 Bnea`ne_d rkj D]n`aj^anc% ]ho Lnkp]ckjeop `an ok caj]jjpaj bnÜdnki]jpeo_daj $Fajajoan% >asacqjc* BÜn edna ldehkokldeo_daj qj` `e_d) paneo_daj Lkoepekjaj s]naj `ea =qoaej]j`anoapvqjc iep G]jpo qj` Be_dpao Ldehkokldea(

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>қҬҜқҬқ JқүҧқҨҨ

`an Gkjp]gp vq O_dahhejc( vq O_dehhan qj` Pea_g qj` `ea gnepeo_da >ab]ooqjc iep Cka) pdao Nki]j Sehdahi Iaeopano Hadnf]dna $-351% lnÄcaj`* @] O_dhacah ej >anhej ej `aj O]hkjo `an N]dah Harej( Dajneappa Danv qj` oaejan olÄpanaj Bn]q @knkpda] $ca^* Iaj) `ahokj( rand* Raep% rangadnpa( g]i an ]q_d ej Gkjp]gp iep ]qbcaghÄnp)fÜ`eo_daj Vengahj( ej `ajaj `ea Cao_dha_dpangkjrajpekjaj `an Vaep k{aj gnepeoeanp sqn`aj* Vq aejai ^a`aq) paj`aj Lq^heg]pekjoknc]j ajpse_gahpa oe_d ej `eaoan Vaep `ea iep oaejai >nq`an =qcqop) Sehdahi dan]qocaca^aja Vaepo_dnebp =pdajÄqi $-354̞-4,-%7 ej edn ranÖ{ajphe_dpa an `ea iep Jkr]heo an]n^aepapaj =pdajÄqiobn]ciajpa qj` `ea cnqj`hacaj`aj O_dnebpaj vqn okc* nki]jpeo_daj Pn]jovaj`ajp]hlkaoea ^vs* lnkcnaooeraj Qjerano]hlkaoea* =qo`nÜ_ghe_d ej Ran^ej`qjc iep `an nki]jpeo_daj Lkaoea opadaj O_dhacaho Gkjvalpa `an Sae^he_dgaep qj` IÄjjhe_dgaep* @an -355 ano_deajaja Nki]j Hq_ej`a eop iep `aj bnÜdaj =qboÄpvaj vqn Sae^he_dgaep se_dpecopao hepan]neo_dao @kgqiajp je_dp jqn `ao jaqaj nki]jpeo_daj LkaoearanopÄj`jeooao( okj`anj ]q_d `an Na}atekj rkj Cao_dha_dpanbn]caj6 C]ppqjcoie) o_dqjc( lkapeo_da Oah^opna}atekj qj` Ajpcnajvqjc `an Hepan]pqn( ran^qj`aj iep aejai caveahpaj Ranopk¿ cacaj gkjrajpekjahha =q{]ooqjcaj `an Cao_dha_dpannkhhaj( oej` se_d) pecopa Gajjvae_daj `ao Nki]jo* Olqnaj `an atlhevepaj >ao_dÄbpecqjc iep aejan Pdaknea `an Sae^he_dgaep |j`aj oe_d ]hhan`ejco jqn ei BnÜdsang O_dhacaho* =^ -4,4( `ai F]dn oaejan Gkjranoekj vqi G]pdk) heveoiqo( ranh]canpaj O_dhacah qj` oaeja Bn]q @knkpda] ednaj Ha^ajoo_dsanlqjgp j]_d Seaj( sk O_dhacah vqjÄ_dop ]ho DkboagnapÄn qj` ]^ -4-1 qjpan Iappanje_d ]ho g*€q*€g* Hac]pekjon]p pÄpec s]n* Vqchae_d oapvpa an oaeja ejpajoera lq^heveopeo_da PÄpecgaep bknp* Ao ajpop]j`aj qib]jcnae_da Rknhaoqjcaj Ü^an `ea jaqana Cao_de_dpa7 ]q_d cnÜj`apa an sea`an aeja Vaepo_dnebp6 `ea lkhepeo_daj Pdaiaj case`iapa ?kj_kn`e] $-4.,̞-4./%* Ejo) cao]ip vaqcaj `ea =n^aepaj `an Seajan F]dna ^eo dej vq `aj olÄpaj Rknhaoqjcaj Ü^an `ea Ldehkokldea `ao Ha^ajo $-4.3% qj` @ea Ldehkokldea `an Cao_de_dpa $-4.4% rkj aejan naop]qn]peraj Kneajpeanqjc( `ea `aj G]pdkheveoiqo qj` J]pekj]heoiqo ejo Vajpnqi `ao Ejpanaooao nÜ_gaj* =^ -4.4 ^eo vq oaejai Pk` -4.5 ha^pa O_dhacah ej @nao`aj*

.*

O_dhacaho Cao_dha_dpanldehkokldea

O_dhacaho Cao_dha_dpanldehkokldea eop `]o Sang aejao oadn fqjcaj Ejpahhagpqahhaj* @]o i]c vqn Aild]oa qj` Reahcaop]hpecgaep qj` reahhae_dp ]q_d vqn GÜdjdaep `an =ncq) iajp]pekj ^aecapn]caj d]^aj* Fa`ajb]hho eop aej bn]ll]jpan =^^nq_d `ao fqcaj`he_daj Ejpanaooao ]j `an Cao_dha_dpopdai]peg vq ^ak^]_dpaj6 O_dkj ]^ -4,, `Üjjaj oe_d `ea =jiangqjcaj vq Bn]caj `an Sae^he_dgaep ianghe_d ]qo( ]^ -4,1 |j`ap oe_d `]vq ej `aj Sangnaceopanj `an deopkneo_d)gnepeo_daj Cao]ip]qoc]^a gaej Aejpn]c iadn* @an Ähpana O_dhacah qj` rkhhaj`o `an @elhki]p ei @eajopa Iappanje_do ranbkhcpa naop]qn]pera Ejpan) aooaj( `ea je_dp ]qb `ea >anae_da `an ln]gpeo_daj Lkhepeg qj` Nahecekj ^ao_dnÄjgp ^hea^aj( okj`anj a^ajb]hho `ea ldehkhkceo_d)deopkneo_daj O_dnebpaj `qn_doapvpaj* @ea =qoaej]j) `anoapvqjc iep Sae^he_dgaepo) qj` Cao_dha_dpanpdakneaj b]j` ej `eaoai oe_d oaep -4,1 ap]^heanaj`aj Gkjpatp gaejaj Lh]pv iadn* =j`ano `an fqjca O_dhacah6 Ej chae_dai I]¿ bÜn Ldehkokldea( Ldehkhkcea( Deopknek) cn]ldea( Hepan]pqn qj` Lkhepeg ajc]ceanp ̞ oaej Ejpanaooa cehp r*€]* `an Bn]jvÖoeo_daj Narkhqpekj7 ej `an HagpÜna G]jpo( Nkqooa]qo( O_dehhano( Ckapdao qj` Be_dpao ^as]j`anp(

BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ OҝҢҦҟҡҟҦ

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vq`ai b]ovejeanp rkj `an >acacjqjc iep `aj ca^eh`apaj Bn]qaj `an >anhejan O]hkjo qj` ejo^aokj`ana rkj ?]nkheja >Ödian qj` @knkpda] Raep( o_dnae^p an vseo_daj -350 qj` -355 =qboÄpva( v]dhnae_da Bn]ciajpa qj` o_dhea¿he_d oaejaj Nki]j Hq_ej`a6 ]hhao]ip O_dnebpaj( `ea ]qb aeja qib]ooaj`a Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea veahaj* O_dhacaho =ncqiajp]pekj vqn Nkhha `an Sae^he_dgaep ejpaj`eanp( ldehkhkceo_da qj` ldehkokldeo_d)Äopdapeo_da Qj) panoq_dqjcaj vqn ]jpegaj Gqjop sea vqi RandÄhpjeo `an GÜjopa qjpanaej]j`an a^ajok sea ndapkneo_da( lkapkhkceo_da qj` j]pqnseooajo_d]bphe_da Bn]caj ej aeja Ü^ancnaebaj`a deopkneo_da Lanolagpera vq nÜ_gaj qj` `anaj cacajoaepeca =^dÄjcecgaep vq ran`aqphe) _daj* $Rch* J]qi]jj -55,( -.4b*% Aej ^a`aqpaj`an O]iiah^acne{ bÜn `eaoao cnk¿a Qjpanb]jcaj h]qpap ̦lnkcnaooera Qjerano]hlkaoea̤* O_dhacah bÜdnp `]vq ei --2* =pdajÄ) qiobn]ciajp Bkhcaj`ao ]qo6 ̦Edna >aopeiiqjc eop je_dp ^hk¿( ]hha capnajjpa C]ppqjcaj `an Lkaoea sea`an vq ranaejecaj( qj` `ea Lkaoea iep `an Ldehkokldea qj` Ndapkneg ej >anÜdnqjc vq oapvaj* Oea sehh( qj` okhh ]q_d Lkaoea qj` Lnko]( Caje]hepÄp qj` Gnepeg( Gqjoplkaoea qj` J]pqnlkaoea ^]h` ieo_daj( ^]h` rano_diahvaj( `ea Lkaoea ha^aj`ec qj` caoahhec( qj` `]o Ha^aj qj` `ea Caoahho_d]bp lkapeo_d i]_daj( `aj Sepv lkapeoeanaj( qj` `ea Bkniaj `an Gqjop iep ca`eacjai >eh`qjcoopk{ fa`an =np ]jbÜhhaj qj` oÄppecaj( qj` `qn_d `ea O_dsejcqjcaj `ao Dqikno ^aoaahaj* Oea qib]¿p ]hhao( s]o jqn lkapeo_d eop( rki cnÖ¿paj sea`an iadna Ouopaia ej oe_d ajpd]hpaj`aj Ouopaia `an Gqjop( ^eo vq `ai Oaqbvan( `ai Gq¿( `aj `]o `e_dpaj`a Gej` ]qod]q_dp ej gqjophkoai Cao]jc*̤ $GO= .( -4.% @ea bÜn `aj fqjcaj O_dhacah _d]n]gpaneopeo_da Saeoa `ao Ldehkokldeanajo o_dhÄcp `aj Sac `ao Ej)>aveadqjc)Oapvajo oadn rano_dea`ajan Ejpanaooajo) qj` Bkno_dqjcoca^eapa aej* @eaoan >aveadqjconae_dpqi ranjapvp deopkneo_da qj` ldehkhkceo_da >ak^]_dpqjcaj qj` ejpacneanp `eaoa qjpan `ai Rknvae_daj `an Lnkcnaooekj( `]o dae¿p aejan ]jcaopna^paj Gkjrancajv rkj Lkaoea qj` Ldehkokldea( `ea oe_d oah^opna}ater rand]hpaj qj` vqchae_d ej `an >ak^]_dpqjc ednan Ranb]dnajosaeoa aej]j`an ]jjÄdanj( oleacahj qj` pn]jovaj`eanaj okhhaj* O_dhacaho Ldehkokldea opadp qjpan `an LnÄieooa( `]oo Pdaknea qj` gÜjophaneo_da Ln]teo( `]oo Gnepeg qj` Gqjopsang opapo na}ater ]qbaej]j`an ^avead^]n oaej iÜooaj( ok `]oo aejanoaepo ̦Rkhhaj`qjc( AncÄjvqjc( Ouopai]peoeanqjc `ao Sangao( ]j`nanoaepo oaeja =q}Öoqjc ei =^okhqpaj̤ aniÖche_dp san`aj $>ajf]iej -53.( 34%* @eaoao `ea ap]^heanpaj C]ppqjco) qj` B]_dcnajvaj Ü^ano_dnaepaj`a @ajgaj ^aveadp `ea Bn]caj `an Cao_dha_dpangkjopnqgpekj iep aej* =olagpa `an Hea^ao^aveadqjc vq oaejan olÄpanaj Bn]q @knkpda] oleahaj `]^ae a^ajok aeja Nkhha sea `]o ldehkhkceo_d qj` ldehkokldeo_d ej) panaooeanpa Opq`eqi ]jpegan Bn]qaj|cqnaj( ^aokj`ano `an @ekpei] Lh]pkjo* Saoajphe_d eop O_dhacaho bnÜdnki]jpeo_dai Ajpsqnb `an Cao_dha_dpanpdaknea fa`k_d je_dp `ea ^ek) cn]ldeo_da Nabanajv( okj`anj `an Ranoq_d( Sae^he_dgaep qj` IÄjjhe_dgaep ei N]diaj aejan Ndapkneg `ao Oq^fagpo qj` `]dan ei Gkjpatp `an Oah^opna}atekj vq ajpsanbaj*

/*

O_dhacaho bnÜda Sae^he_dgaepopdaknea

O_dhacah gnepeoeanp `ea vaepcajÖooeo_da ¼^anvaqcqjc( Bn]qaj oaeaj ̦qi `an IÄjjan sehhaj `]̤( `ajj `]o ^a`aqpa( ̦`]o Cqpa qj` O_dÖja rkj `an sae^he_daj >aopeiiqjc ]qoo_dhea¿aj*̤ $@ekpei]( GO=-( 55b*% @ea Ieppah vqi Aejolnq_d cacaj aeja okh_da bqjgpekj]ha Qjpankn`jqjcopdaknea oq_dp qj` |j`ap O_dhacah ^ae aejan Naeda cnea_deo_dan

/00

>қҬҜқҬқ JқүҧқҨҨ

Bn]qajcaop]hpaj* Vq edjaj cadÖnaj Lh]pkjo @ekpei]( O]lldk qj` Lnkp]ckjeopejjaj `an cnea_deo_daj @e_dpqjc* =j edjaj casejjp an `ea Aejoe_dp6 ̦Jqn oah^opÄj`eca Sae^he_dgaep( jqn o]jbpa IÄjjhe_dgaep eop cqp qj` o_dÖj*̤ $@ekpei]( GO=-( 5/%* S]o O_dhacah ]j `aj cnea_deo_daj Bn]qaj|cqnaj ajpse_gahp( oej` O_dneppa vq aejan caeopec)ldehkokldeo_daj( ndapkneo_daj( ]npeopeo_daj qj` a^ajok gÖnlanhe_d)oatqahhaj Qj]^dÄjcecgaep* @eaoa ai]jvel]pkneo_daj Ca`]jgaj ^aveadaj oe_d ej aejan bÜn `ea BnÜdnki]jpeg _d]n]gpaneopeo_daj Saeoa ]qb reahb]_da >acnÜj`qjcaj qj` Gkjpatpa7 oea oej` je_dp ]ho aejoejjeca lkhepeo_d)caoahho_d]bphe_da Op]paiajpo vq ranopadaj* Iep aejan bÜn `]o BnÜdsang puleo_daj Hqop ]j ldehkokldeo_dan Lkhaieg( Oln]_dsepv qj` ^acnee_daj Atlaneiajpaj saj`ap oe_d O_dhacah ej `aj ldehkhkceo_d bqj`eanpaj =jpega) =qboÄpvaj cacaj aeja c]jva Naeda gqnnajpan Cao_dha_dpanpdakneaj* Ej `aj Sangaj rkj Nkqooa]q $Aieha( -32.%( G]jp $>ak^]_dpqjcaj Ü^an `]o CabÜdh `ao O_dÖjaj qj` And]^ajaj( -320%( O_dehhan $SÜn`a `an Bn]qaj( -351% qj` Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`p $¼^an `ea iÄjjhe_da qj` sae^he_da Bkni( -351% ajp`a_gp an fajoaepo ]hhan @eranoepÄp aps]o Caiaejo]iao6 `ea iap]lduoeo_da Cnqj`hacqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv* O_dhacah opÖ¿p ^ae `aj caj]jjpaj =qpknaj ]qb `ea =jj]dia aejan ^ekhkceo_d ^vs* ]jpdnklkhkceo_d ^acnÜj`apaj bqj`]iajp]haj Cao_dha_dpanlkh]nepÄp* @an Qjpano_dea` `an Cao_dha_dpan sen` ]ho bqj`]iajp]han Cacajo]pv ranop]j`aj qj` `eajp vqn >acnÜj`qjc `an Qjpankn`jqjc `an Bn]q* @an O_dhqoo( `]n]qo aeja j]pqncaca^aja @eop]jv `an Bn]qaj vq Hepan]pqn( Ldehkokldea( Seooajo_d]bp qj` Lkhepeg ]^vqhaepaj( heacp ej `an Gkjoamqajv `ao =ncqiajpo* Sea o_dkj `an O]pv Ü^an `ea oah^opÄj`eca Sae^he_dgaep qj` o]jbpa IÄjjhe_dgaep vaecp( cadp ao O_dhacah dejcacaj qi aps]o c]jv ]j`anao6 An veahp ]qb `ea Ranp]qo_dqjc qj` Rano_dea^qjc rkj pn]`epekjahh aejcaoleahpaj =ppne^qpaj qj` Nkhhaj `ao Cao_dha_dpo* ̦@]o >aeoleah `an O]lldk qj` `an Cnea_deo_daj @e_dpanejjaj se`anolne_dp `an Iaejqjc( `ea Nkqooa]q iep ok iÄ_dpecan >ana`o]igaep rkncapn]caj d]p( `]¿ `ea Sae^an `an Ä_dpaj >acaeopnqjc qj` dkdan Gqjop c]jv qjbÄdec oaeaj*̤ $@ekpei]( GO= -( 53%* >a`aqpo]i eop bÜn O_dhacah `ea qjdejpancad^]na RknhÄq|cgaep aejao fa`aj ldehkokldeo_daj Ouopai`ajgajo( `]o an ̞ ei Vqca oaejan G]jp)Gnepeg ̞ bkhcaj`ani]¿aj _d]n]gpaneoeanp6 ̦Ao eop chae_d pÖ`he_d bÜn `aj Caeop( aej Ouopai vq d]^aj( qj` gaejo vq d]^aj* An sen` oe_d ]hok skdh ajpo_dhea¿aj iÜooaj( ^ae`ao vq ran^ej`aj*̤ $=pdajÄqiobn]ciajp 1/( GO= .( -3/% Iep `eaoan L]n]`ktea( aej Ouopai vqchae_d vq d]^aj qj` je_dp vq d]^aj( oeadp oe_d j]_d O_dhacah ]q_d fa`a Ldehkokldea `an Cao_dha_dpan gkjbnkjpeanp* Ajpolna_daj` dae¿p ao6 ̦Ei `qjghaj CabÜdh `ao Ne_dpecaj Ü^anpna{aj reahhae_dp Bn]qaj( `ea qjran`kn^aj qj` vqi Cqpaj qj` O_dÖjaj ca^eh`ap oej`( reaha IÄjjan* Qj` reahhae_dp sen` aej I]jj( fa rkhhaj`apan oaej Ouopai eop( qi `aopk sajecan `aj Sanp `an huneo_daj Ldehkokldaia `an @ekpei] rangajjaj*̤ $@ekpei]( GO= -( 54% O_dhacah( `an dean aj l]oo]jp aeja ldehkokldeo_da SÜn`a `an Bn]qaj lkopqheanp ̞ ei ^asqoopaj Cacajo]pv vq O_dehhano ok ^apepahpai Ca`e_dp( `]o `ea pn]`epekjahha DÄqohe_dgaep lnaeop ̞( ranreahb]_dp `ea >aveadqjcoa^ajaj qj` )lanolagperaj `an Cao_dha_dpan ei Dej^he_g ]qb `ea Bnaedaep `ao @ajgajo( `ao =qo`nq_go qj` `an Ieppaehqjc* Ok anÖ{jap O_dhacah jaqa IÖche_dgaepaj bÜn `aj >avqc vseo_daj Sae^he_dgaep qj` Ldehkokldea( Lkaoea qj` Gqjop* Je_dp hÄjcan san`aj op]nna Nkhhajvqsaeoqjcaj b]rkneoeanp* Reahiadn oeadp O_dhacah ei Vqca `an ¼^anhacqjcaj aej reahbÄhpecao( reahoejjecao( oe_d cacajoaepec ^aoleacahj`ao qj` gkiiajpeanaj`ao( rkn ]hhai aej ej opÄj`ecan RanÄj`anqjc ^acne{ajao $̦lnkcnaooerao̤ ei Oejja `an

BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ OҝҢҦҟҡҟҦ

/01

Qjerano]hlkaoea% RandÄhpjeo vseo_daj `aj Cao_dha_dpanj ajpopadaj* Ei Qjpano_dea` aps] vq Nkqooa]q k`an oaejai Vaepcajkooaj Sehdahi rkj Dqi^kh`p o_daqp O_dhacaho Gkjvalpekj ]jpdnklkhkceo_da sea iap]lduoeo_da Baophacqjcaj `ao Cao_dha_dpo* Cacaj `ea rkj Nkqooa]q oe_d danhaepaj`a E`ajpe|g]pekj `ao Sae^he_daj iep `ai J]pÜnhe_daj oapvp O_dhacah aej ̦qjcapaehpao @]oaej̤ `an Sae^he_dgaep $>neab Ü^an `ea Ldehkokldea* =j @knkpda]( GO= 4( 0-%( `]o Lkaoea( Nahecekj qj` Iajo_dhe_dgaep qicnaebp qj` oe_d ej `an pn]`epekjahh iÄjjhe_d)ldehkokldeo_d cab]oopaj caeopecaj OldÄna vq ^asacaj sae¿* @ea ̦opehhaj VÜca̤ `ao Sae^he_daj ^eh`aj okc]n `ea ̦o_de_ghe_dana DÜhha bÜn `ea peabopaj( qjieppah^]nopaj ¤q¿anqjcaj `ao Caeopao*̤ $GO= 4( 0.% @eaoa Opehha ^aoepva aeja `aqphe_da ={ejepÄp vqi h]qphkoaj =gp `ao O_dnae^ajo* @an o_dÖlbaneo_da iÄjjhe_da O_dnae^]gp rkhhveada oe_d `ajj ]q_d ej Ejpan]gpekj iep `an opehhaj J]pqn6 Ej oea cnÄ^p `an I]jj `ea Ca`]jgaj `an Ckppdaep iep `ai ̦Cne{ah `ao ^eh`aj`aj Caeopao̤ aej* $GO= 4( 0.7 rch* Iancajpd]han .,,4( /,2%* Ej `ai O]pv ̦Ha^aj eop O_dnae^aj̤ celbahp `eaoa ca`]jghe_da >asacqjc* O_dhacah oq_dp Sae^he_dgaep iep J]pqn qj` Gqjop ]qb aeja okh_da Saeoa vqo]iiajvqo_dhea¿aj( `]oo oea gaeja CacajoÄpva iadn ^eh`aj* Qjpan `eaoan Lanolagpera o_dhea¿he_d rani]c `ea Bn]q ]ho Haoanej ]q_d O_dnebp qj` Gqjop vq rangÖnlanj* O_dhacah gki^ejeanp ej oaejaj O_dnebpaj `ea Aecajo_d]bpaj `an Cao_dha_dpan jaq* An i]_dp rkj edjaj aejaj chae_do]i ndapkneo_daj Ca^n]q_d qj` hÄoop oea aeji]h ]ho =hhackneaj `an Gqjop qj` aeji]h ]ho ha^ajosahphe_da Cao_dha_dpannkhhaj ano_daejaj* @]^ae san`aj ]q_d `an sae^he_da qj` iÄjjhe_da GÖnlan qj` `]o ankpeo_da >acadnaj ejo Oleah aej^avkcaj* O_dhacaho Pdaknea pnÄcp VÜca aejao Ndapknegh]^kn]pkneqio( ej `ai `]o Cao_dha_dpanrandÄhpjeo ej eiian jaqaj Gkjopahh]pekjaj anlnk^p sen`* Aejeca >aeoleaha6 ̦@ea Sae^he_dgaep okhh sea `ea IÄjjhe_dgaep vqn dÖdanj Iajo_dhe_dgaep canaejecp san`aj*̤ $@ekpei]( GO= -( 5.% ̦@ea Bn]qaj san`aj ej `an Lkaoea a^ajok qjcana_dp ^ad]j`ahp( sea ei Ha^aj* @ea sae^he_daj oej` je_dp e`a]heo_d( qj` `ea e`a]heo_daj oej` je_dp sae^he_d*̤ $=pdajÄqiobn]ciajp 05( GO=.( -3.*% ̦S]nqi o_dnae^aj `ea `aqpo_daj Bn]qaj je_dp dÄq|can Nki]ja; S]o okhh i]j `]n]qo ]qb edna Cao_de_ghe_dgaep Nki]ja vq oleahaj bÜn aejaj O_dhq¿ veadaj; DÄjcaj `eaoa ^ae`aj GÜjopa qjpanaej]j`an vqo]iiaj( k`an opadp `eaoa iep fajan ej qicagadnpai RandÄhpjeooa; W̪Y̤* $=pdajÄqiobn]ciajp -3,( GO=.( -5.% @qn_dcaoleahp san`aj ej `eaoaj Bn]ciajpaj reahbÄhpeca( ]q_d l]n]`kta =olagpa `an Gkjopahh]pekj Sae^he_dgaep̞Gqjop̞Ldehkokldea* Opapo ]^an ^hae^p `]o ouopai)ogalpeo_da @ajgaj calnÄcp `qn_d aej ̦Ejaej]j`an rkj olagqh]peran Pdaknea qj` deopkneo_dan Qjpan) oq_dqjc̤ $>adhan -55.( 55%* Ej`ai oea `aj ouopai]peo_daj Vqo]iiajd]jc raniae`aj qj` chae_dskdh ]qb `]o C]jva `an Ldehkokldea( `an Gqjop qj` `ao Ha^ajo veahaj( saeoaj O_dhacaho ]qb `ea Cao_dha_dpanbn]ca ^avkcajaj Bn]ciajpa `ea chae_da _d]n]gpaneopeo_da =ncqiajp]pekjoopnqgpqn ]qb sea `ea O_dnebpaj Ü^an Hepan]pqn qj` Gqjop ]qo `eaoan Vaep( aps] `]o CaolnÄ_d Ü^an `ea Lkaoea $-4,,% $GO= .( .40̞.5,%6 Ran^qj`aj `qn_d Oah^opna) }aterepÄp qj` Iqhpelanolagpereoiqo( ]gvajpqeanp `qn_d Lkhaieg qj` Oln]_dsepv( oq_daj oea ]qb `an Cnqj`h]ca deopkneo_daj Seooajo j]_d `an Lnkcnaooekj qj` ¼^anopaecqjc `ao cacajsÄnpec Caca^ajaj*

/02

0*

>қҬҜқҬқ JқүҧқҨҨ

O_dhacaho =q{]ooqjc rki Nalq^heg]jeoiqo* @ea `kllahpa Bqjgpekj `an Ieppaehqjc

SÄdnaj` oe_d O_dhacah ej oaejan Fqcaj` adan ej`e{anajp ^eo ogalpeo_d cacajÜ^an `an Bn]jvÖoeo_daj Narkhqpekj Äq¿anpa( oapvpa an oe_d ej `an anopaj DÄhbpa `an -35,an F]d) na `e{anajveanpan iep Bn]caj `ao Nalq^heg]jeoiqo ]qoaej]j`an* O_dhacaho D]hpqjc vqi Nalq^heg]jeoiqo opadp je_dp aps] jqn `aod]h^ ej aejan `enagpaj >aveadqjc vq oaejan Ca) o_dha_dpanpdaknea( saeh an i]¿ca^he_d `qn_d ?]nkheja >Ödian( `an adai]hecaj I]ejvan F]gk^ejanej qj` olÄpanaj Bn]q oaejao >nq`ano =qcqop Sehdahi( iep `aj Ca`]jgaj `an Bn]jvÖoeo_daj Narkhqpekj ranpn]qp cai]_dp sqn`a* Reahiadn c]hp `]o Ejpanaooa O_dhacaho ej `eaoan Vaep Ü^and]qlp `aj Gknnaolkj`ajvaj qj` opnqgpqnahhaj =j]hkceaj vseo_daj Ldehkhkcea qj` lkhepeo_dan Ldehkokldea* Ej oaejaj ]hpanpqioseooajo_d]bphe_daj Opq`eaj `an -35,an F]dna ̞ vq `ajaj ]q¿an `aj `nae =qboÄpvaj vqn cnea_deo_daj Sae^he_dgaep q* ]* ]q_d `an ^a`aqpaj`a =qbo]pv ¼^an `]o Opq`eqi `an cnea_deo_daj Lkaoea $-351% $GO= -( .-3̞/21% cadÖnp ̞ oq_dpa O_dhacah aejaj Sac( deopkneo_d)ldehkhkceo_da Bn]) caj vq Ejopnqiajpaj `an caoahho_d]bphe_daj qj` Äopdapeo_daj Gnepeg vq i]_daj* O_dhacah iaejpa( ao cadÖna aej ̦narkhqvekjÄnao Cajea `]vq( qi `aj lkhepeo_daj Caeop `an =hpaj vq ranopadaj*̤ $>neab ]j =* S* O_dhacah( Ba^nq]n -352( GO= ./( .40%* Iep `an Ndapkneg `an lkhepeo_daj =gpq]hepÄp `an Cnea_daj o_dhÄcp an aejaj >kcaj rkj oaejaj Opq`eaj `an cnea_deo_daj =jpega vqi Nalq^heg]jeoiqo oaejan Vaep qj` i]_dp Ü^an`eao `ea Ejpan`a) laj`ajvaj vseo_daj lkhepeo_dan Ln]teo qj` Ndapkneg `aqphe_d* O_dhacaho =q{]ooqjc `ao Nalq^heg]jeoiqo ej `aj -35,an F]dnaj hÄoop oe_d ]qo v]dh) nae_daj >neabaj ]j oaejaj >nq`an =qcqop Sehdahi O_dhacah( rkn ]hhai ]^an ]qo oaejan ]qobÜdnhe_daj Na]gpekj ]qb G]jpo O_dnebp Vqi Asecaj Bnea`aj $-351% angajjaj* Ej `ea) oai Patp( Ranoq_d Ü^an `aj >acne{ `ao Nalq^heg]jeoiqo $-352( GO= 3( --̞.1%( lhÄ`eanp O_dhacah bÜn aeja ajcana RangjÜlbqjc `ao g]jpeo_daj ln]gpeo_daj Eilan]pero iep `ai ̦pdaknapeo_daj @]pqi `ao Qib]jco qj` `an =npaj `ao iajo_dhe_daj RaniÖcajo̤ $GO= 3( -0%* SÄdnaj` G]jp jqn `aj ̦Ö{ajphe_daj Ranjqjbpca^n]q_d̤ ei =qbghÄnqjcolnkvaoo ]ho nahar]jp an]_dpapa qj` `aj ̦Lner]pca^n]q_d vqcqjopaj `an Oe_danopahhqjc rkj Nqda qj` Kn`jqjc̤ $O_dju`an -555( -4-% aejo_dnÄjgaj iÖ_dpa( ejoeopeanp O_dhacah `]n]qb( `aj ¼^anhacqjcaj G]jpo vqi Ö{ajphe_daj Ranjqjbpca^n]q_d `ao Cahadnpaj `ea Na}ate) kj rkj Oln]_da qj` Ndapkneg ei lkhepeo_daj N]qi ]j `ea Oaepa vq opahhaj* Ndapkneg eop bÜn O_dhacah je_dp ^hk¿ao Ejopnqiajp vqn a{agperaj @qn_doapvqjc ca`]jghe_dan k`an lk) hepeo_dan Veaha( okj`anj qjranÄq¿anhe_dan Paeh `ao lkhepeo_daj)oln]_dhe_daj D]j`ahjo ei ]hhcaiaejaj* @]o oah^opna}atera sea ln]ci]peo_da =olagpa vqchae_d qib]ooaj`a oln]_d) he_da D]j`ahj ^avae_djap an ]ho ̦Ieppaehqjc̤ ^vs* ̦IeppaehqjcobÄdecgaep̤ $rch* v* >* GO= -( /2,( GO= .( 5%* O_dhacah angajjp ej `an Cahacajdaep qj` BÄdecgaep vq qj^ao_dnÄjgpan Ieppaehqjc `ea Rkn]qooapvqjc nalq^heg]jeo_dan Bnaedaep qj` Chae_ddaep* =hhaj Chea`anj aejao Op]]po( `ea vqo]iiaj ̦aeja qjqjpan^nk_daja I]ooa( aej gkateopajpao qj` oqgvao) oerao Gkjpejqqi̤ qj` aeja ̦Pkp]hepÄp̤ $GO= 3( -1% ]qoi]_dpaj( iÜooa `ea Cahacaj) daep vqn Ieppaehqjc caca^aj oaej* BÜn `]o Gkjvalp nalq^heg]jeo_dan Cana_dpecgaep oej` Aejo_dnÄjgqjcaj j]_d RaniÖcajoop]j` a^ajok sajec ]gvalp]^ah sea j]_d Cao_dha_dp* @aod]h^ |j`ap oe_d ejieppaj rkj O_dhacaho Nalq^heg]jeoiqo)Pdaknea ]q_d aeja >aian) gqjc vqn Chae_ddaep `an Cao_dha_dpan iep `aqphe_d G]jp)gnepeo_dai Vqc6 ̦@]o Lnejvel jÄihe_d( `ea Cahpqjc `an Opeiiaj je_dp j]_d `an V]dh( okj`anj ]q_d j]_d `ai Case_dp

BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ OҝҢҦҟҡҟҦ

/03

$j]_d `ai Cn]`a `an =llnktei]pekj fa`ao Ej`ere`qqio vqn ]^okhqpaj =hhcaiaejdaep `ao Sehhajo% vq ^aopeiiaj( eop iep `ai Caoapv `an Chae_ddaep na_dp skdh ranaej^]n* Ao `]nb ]^an je_dp rkn]qocaoapvp( okj`anj ao iq¿ ]qpdajpeo_d ^aseaoaj san`aj( `]oo aej Ej`ere) `qqi c]n gaejaj bnaeaj Sehhaj( k`an oaej Sehha c]n gaeja =hhcaiaejdaep d]^a7 sea `an I]jcah `an Bnaedaep `qn_d Gej`daep qj` N]oanae( `an I]jcah `an =hhcaiaejdaep `qn_d aej Ran^na_daj k`an aejaj `enagpaj Se`anolnq_d se`an `aj ]hhcaiaejaj Sehhaj* $=n) iqp qj` raniqphe_da >aopa_d^]ngaep( Sae^he_dgaep qj` raniqphe_da O_dsÄ_da oej` skdh gaeja na_dpiÄ¿ecaj CnÜj`a( qi rki Opeiina_dp c]jv ]qovqo_dhea¿aj*%̤ $GO= 3( -3%* Ok sea ej O_dhacaho bnÜdaj =qboÄpvaj vq cnea_deo_daj Bn]qaj|cqnaj `ea Jk^ehepeanqjc `an Sae^he_dgaep bÜn `ea iÄjjhe_da @kiÄja Ldehkokldea aejcabkn`anp sqn`a( ok ei Na) lq^heg]jeoiqo)=qbo]pv bÜn `aj ̦]hhcaiaejaj Sehhaj̤ ̞ aeja =joleahqjc ]qb Nkqooa]qo >acne{ `an ̦rkhkjpÉ cÉjÉn]ha̤ ei Caoahho_d]bporanpn]c $?kjpn]p Ok_e]h( -32.7 rch* Gqo) pan .,,1( .0{*% ̞( ]q_d sajj `eaoan ]hhcaiaeja Sehha opapo jqn ]ho aeja ̦Begpekj̤( ]ho ̦Oqnnkc]p̤ `ao ̦aileneo_daj Sehhajo̤ qj` `aod]h^ jqn ̦]llnktei]per̤ qj` jeai]ho ]ho Pkp]hepÄp ca`]_dp san`aj gÖjja $GO= 3( -2%* =ho >aeoleah aejan ̦]llnktei]per̤ cahej) caj`aj Ieppaehqjc vseo_daj `aj Cao_dha_dpanj ^apn]_dpap O_dhacah `ea Hea^a* Ej aejai ̦Oleah `an Ieppaehqjc̤ ancÄjva jÄihe_d fa`an Iajo_d `ea Lkaoea `ao ]j`anaj( kdja `ao) oaj Ej`ere`q]hepÄp aejvqo_dnÄjgaj* ̦@]nqi cadp `an Iajo_d( oe_dan oe_d oah^op eiian sea`an vq |j`aj( eiian rkj jaqai ]qo oe_d dan]qo( qi `ea AncÄjvqjc oaejao ejjanopaj Saoajo ej `an Peaba aejao bnai`aj vq oq_daj qj` vq |j`aj*̤ $CaolnÄ_d Ü^an `ea Lka) oea( GO= .( .42% Sea `ea Ieppaehqjc( ok vaeca ]q_d `ea |gpekj]ha ̦Lkaoea̤ vqchae_d aeja na}atera qj` aeja ln]gpeo_da Oaepa* Ej `an P]p jqpvpa `an fqjca O_dhacah ja^aj `aj >neabaj( =qboÄpvaj qj` `ai Bn]ci) ajpsang |gpekj]ha Patpa( qi oaeja Lkoepekj vqi RandÄhpjeo rkj Ldehkokldea qj` Ca) o_dha_dpankn`jqjc vq ajpse_gahj* Rkn ]hhai eop dean ]j `aj -355 ano_deajajaj( Bn]ciajp ca^hea^ajaj Nki]j Hq_ej`a $-355% vq `ajgaj*

1*

Lkaoea qj` Enkjea `an Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajv ei Nki]j Hq_ej`a

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/04

>қҬҜқҬқ JқүҧқҨҨ

cabaeanp d]ppa* $=pdajÄqiobn]ciajp .-2( GO= .( -54%* @an ejjanaj Lhqn]hepÄp `an Hq) _ej`a ajpolne_dp O_dhacaho Ajpsqnb `an nki]jpeo_daj lnkcnaooeraj Qjerano]hlkaoea* Rkj `an Lhqn]heoeanqjc oej` ]q_d `ea Nki]j|cqnaj calnÄcp( ej`ai oea( sea v* >* `ea iÄjjhe) _da Vajpn]h|cqn Fqheqo k`an `ea sae^he_da Pepah|cqn Hq_ej`a( iadnana iÖche_da Nkhhaj ]ho GÜjophan qj` Ha^ajol]npjan ej oe_d pn]caj qj` ]hhiÄdhe_d( ̦lnkcnaooer̤( ei Oejja aejan rkhhaj`apaj Ej`ere`q]hepÄp vqn Ajpb]hpqjc ^nejcaj okhhaj* @an sae^he_daj sea `an iÄjjhe_daj D]qlp|cqn eop ]qbcaca^aj( edna oaaheo_daj( ldehkokldeo_daj qj` ]npeopeo_daj RaniÖcaj ej cacajoaepecan Na}atekj vq ajpse_gahj* @an Sac bÜdnp Ü^an `ea ]llnktei]) per rkhhaj`apa ̦Ieppaehqjc̤ vseo_daj `aj Cao_dha_dpanj( `ea ]q_d ej oatqahhan Dejoe_dp bqjgpekjeanaj qj` `ea gkjrajpekjahhaj =qbc]^aj qj` Cnajvaj `an Cao_dha_dpannkhhaj Ü^ansej`aj okhh* Ej `aj Hadnf]dnaj `an IÄjjhe_dgaep ^aveadp O_dhacah `ea Cao_dha_d) panpdaknea ]qo`nÜ_ghe_d ]qb `ea Ajpse_ghqjc `an IÄjjhe_dgaep( `ea ej =j]hkcea vqn pn]j) ovaj`ajp]haj Lkaoea ]ho aej `uj]ieo_dao ¼^an)oe_d)Dej]qocadaj ajpsknbaj sen`* Fqheqo( `an Dah`( ajpse_gahp oe_d vq aejai GÜjophan iep aejan ̦]hhcaiaejaj VÄnphe_dgaep̤6 An d]p rkj `an Sae^he_dgaep cahanjp( caeopeca qj` gÖnlanhe_da =olagpa `ao @ajgajo vqo]iiaj) vqbÜdnaj* $Hq_ej`a( GO= 1( 13%* @ea Saca `ao GÜjophano bÜdnaj Ü^an aeja ̦Ndapkneg `an Hea^a̤ $Hq_ej`a( GO= 1( .,% vqn ̦I]cea `an O_dnebp̤ $Hq_ej`a( GO= 1( .0%( oea bÜdnaj ]hok Ü^an `aj GÖnlan qj` `ea Oaaha `an Bn]q vq Ndapkneg( O_dnebp qj` @e_dpqjc $rch* I]) p]h] `a I]vv] -555( .02%* @an Nki]j na}agpeanp oaeja aecaja Ajpopadqjc ei Ia`eqi `an O_dnebp opapo iep qj` oeadp oea ej `enagpan =^dÄjcecgaep rkj `an Cao_dha_dpanndapkneg* @an Ranb]ooan s]n oe_d `qn_d]qo ^asqoop( `]oo cao_de_dphe_da qj` caoahho_d]bphe_da VqopÄj`a( =joe_dpaj( seooajo_d]bphe_da ¼^anvaqcqjcaj qj` CabÜdha( gqnv( `]oo ]hha iajo_dhe_daj RandÄhpjeooa aejan lnejveleahhaj S]j`ah^]ngaep qjpanheacaj* Ao eop `eao `ea Lanolagpera `an nki]jpeo_daj Enkjea( `ea faja lnejveleahha IÖche_dgaep aejan Rangadnqjc rkj ]hhai qj` fa`ai ej oaej Cacajpaeh ^aejd]hpap* ¼^an oea d]p O_dhacah ej v]dhnae) _daj Patpaj cad]j`ahp7 oea eop q* ]* Cacajop]j` `ao Aoo]uo ¼^an `ea QjranopÄj`he_dgaep $GO= .( /2/̞/3.%( ano_deajaj ei `neppaj qj` hapvpaj >]j` `an Vaepo_dnebp =pdajÄqi $-4,,%( qj` oea `qn_dveadp `aj c]jvaj Nki]j Hq_ej`a* @ea Enkjea ranoeadp ]hha lkoepe) raj =qoo]caj iep aejai lnejveleahhaj Rkn^ad]hp* Oea hÄoop O_dhacah vsaebahj( k^ aeja rkhhopÄj`eca ̦Ieppaehqjc̤ rkj ̦E`aaj̤ Ü^and]qlp iÖche_d oae* $GO= .( /2/%* @eaoan Vsaebah ^apne{p okskdh `ea Ieppaehqjc vseo_daj `aj Cao_dha_dpanj ]ho ]q_d `ea Iep) paehqjc ei Oejja `an caoahhecaj ^vs* caoahho_d]bphe_daj Gkiiqjeg]pekj* Ejokbanj fa`a Ieppaehqjc lkpajpeahh `a|vepÄn( qjranopÄj`he_d k`an ieooranopÄj`he_d oaej g]jj( qjpanheacp ]q_d `ea anoadjpa rkhhgkiiaja Ieppaehqjc vseo_daj `aj Cao_dha_dpanj `an enkjeo_daj Ogaloeo* =q¿an ei =qcaj^he_g `an anbÜhhpaj Oatq]hepÄp ano_daejp O_dhacah hapvphe_d `ea Rkhhgkiiajdaep `an Cao_dha_dpan^aveadqjc ]ho a^ajok qjannae_d^]n sea rkhhgkiiajao Ranopadaj k`an rkhhgkiiaja Oah^opangajjpjeo* =i Aj`a `an Hadnf]dna `an IÄjjhe_d) gaep hÄoop O_dhacah oaejaj Lnkp]ckjeopaj Fqheqo ei He_dp `an lnejveleahhaj Enkjea jk_d aeji]h `ea Cnajvaj rkj Oah^opangajjpjeo qj` Ieppaehqjc ]qoolna_daj6 ̦@an Caeop `ao Iajo_daj eop oaej aecjan Lnkpaqo( rans]j`ahp oe_d qj` sehh je_dp Na`a opadj rkn oe_d oah^op( sajj an oe_d ancnaebaj iÖ_dpa*̤ $GO= 1( 15%* Qiok jkpsaj`ecan ]^an ano_daejp Fqheqo `]o oleahaneo_da Atlaneiajp rkj jk_d je_dp caoahho_d]bphe_d o]jgpekjeanpaj Bkn) iaj `ao caoahho_d]bphe_daj( ankpeo_daj sea gÜjophaneo_daj Qic]jco iepaej]j`an* Oleah( I]ogan]`a qj` Nkhhajsa_doah oej` Ahaiajpa `eaoao Atlaneiajpo( `aooaj ^arknvqcpan Knp bÜn O_dhacah eiian `ea Gqjop qj` `]nej sea`anqi `ea Lkaoea eop* Ej `eaoao Oleah

BҬңҟҞҬңҝҢ OҝҢҦҟҡҟҦ

/05

san`aj ]q_d `ea Cao_dha_dpannkhhaj aej^avkcaj( `ea `an Nki]j Hq_ej`a okskdh ei Dej) ^he_g ]qb Oatq]hepÄp( Iqppano_d]bp qj` R]pano_d]bp ]ho ]q_d ei Dej^he_g ]qb `ea Nkhha rkj GÜjophan+GÜjophanej qj` Adai]jj+Adabn]q anlnk^p* @an Nki]j c]hp `aj Vaepcajkooaj ]ho og]j`]hpnÄ_dpecao O_dhÜooahsang qj` sqn`a kbp rangÜnvp ]ho O_dhÜooahnki]j `an >aveadqjc Bnea`ne_do vq oaejan olÄpanaj Bn]q @k) nkpda] ranop]j`aj* O_dhacaho Bnaqj` Bnea`ne_d O_dhaeani]_dan s]n aejan `an sajecaj Gnepegan( `ea oe_d vq aejan Ranpae`ecqjc `ao bn]ciajp]neo_d ca^hea^ajaj Patpao ̞ oksea vqi Saepano_dnae^aj qj` =^nqj`aj `ao Patpao ̞ ]qbcanqbaj bÜdhpaj $O_dhaeani]_dan6 Ranpn]qpa >neaba Ü^an B* O_dhacaho Hq_ej`a%* ̞ @ea baiejeopeo_da Gnepeg `ao .,* F]dndqj) `anpo sea`anqi s]njpa `]rkn( `aj Nki]j O_dhacaho ]ho ̦ai]jvel]pkneo_da̤ O_dnebp vq ranopadaj qj` ^aiÄjcahpa `ea Bqjgpekj]heoeanqjc `an Sae^he_dgaep bÜn `ea Randae¿qjc aejan nki]jpeo_daj qj` hapvphe_d i]ogqhej calnÄcpaj Gqjop* $>a_gan)?]jp]nejk -553( 0-7 rch* ]q_d Saecah -54/( 33% ̞ =hhan`ejco hÄoop oe_d `an Nki]j je_dp ]qb aeja ca) o_dha_dpan)ln]ci]peo_da @eiajoekj na`qveanaj6 Ao cejc edi je_dp `]nqi( `ea ln]gpeo_da Chae_ddaep `an Cao_dha_dpan vq bkn`anj $rch* C]n^a -54/( --3( Iancajpd]han .,,4( /,2%* O_dhacah iaejpa ej `an Sae^he_dgaep reahiadn aeja ^aokj`ana ={ejepÄp vqn qisacecaj( enkjeo_daj( lkapeo_daj O_dnae^saeoa vq angajjaj( ej `an ]q_d `ea Cao_dha_dpan ej jaqaj Gkjopahh]pekjaj anlnk^p san`aj gÖjjaj* Je_dp `ea lkoepera @]nopahhqjc rkj Cao_dha_d) pannkhhaj k`an `ea Bkn`anqjc j]_d ednan RanÄj`anqjc eop `ea Lkejpa rkj O_dhacaho Pdaknea `an Sae^he_dgaep qj` IÄjjhe_dgaep* Oea heacp reahiadn ej `an I]ogeanqjc sa_doahj`an $Cao_dha_dpan)%Nkhhaj( ej `an RanreahbÄhpecqjc qj` >na_dqjc rkj >a`aqpqjcaj qj` e`ak) hkceo_daj Oapvqjcaj( ej `an Qisacecgaep `an Lkaoea* Hapvphe_d saj`ap oe_d O_dhacaho Pdaknea cacaj `aj S]dndaepo]jolnq_d iap]lduoeo_dan >acnÜj`qjcaj* Oaeja Pdaknea nÜppahp ]j baop cabÜcpaj Gkjrajpekjaj( `ea iaejaj( `ai qjrkndanoad^]naj C]jc `ao @aj) gajo qj` `an Ranqjoe_danqjc `an Enkjea ajpvkcaj vq oaej* O_dhacaho Vsaebah cehp ]q_d `aj Kn`jqjcaj `ao @ajgajo qj` `an Cao_dha_dpan*

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/1,

>қҬҜқҬқ JқүҧқҨҨ

O_dhacah( Bnea`ne_d6 >neaba ]j oaejaj >nq`an =qcqop Sehdahi( dc* r* Kog]n S]hvah( >anhej -45, @ano*6 Pdaknea `an Sae^he_dgaep( dc* r* Sejbnea` Iajjejcd]qo( Bn]jgbqnp ]* I* -54. O_dhaeani]_dan( Bnea`ne_d6 Ranpn]qpa >neaba Ü^an B* O_dhacaho Hq_ej`a( HÜ^a_g qj` Haelvec -4,, $]jkjui ano_d*%

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DқҬқҦҞ >ҦүҢҧ

=hateo `a Pk_mqarehha6 Ik`anja @aikgn]pea qj` i]ogqhejan Nalq^heg]jeoiqo

-*

Ha^aj qj` Sang

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@ea rkhhopÄj`ecaj ^e^hekcn]ldeo_daj =jc]^aj |j`aj oe_d iep GÜnvah ei Mqahhajranvae_djeo*

/1.

DқҬқҦҞ >ҦүҢҧ

qj` oaeja bn]jvÖoeo_daj Vaep) qj` Op]j`aocajkooaj Ü^an edna saepnae_daj`a >a`aqpqjc ]qbvqghÄnaj* @ea ^anÜdipa O_dnebp vqn ]ianeg]jeo_daj @aikgn]pea cadp ]qb aeja gj]ll vadjik) j]peca Naeoa vqnÜ_g( `ea Pk_mqarehha ei =lneh -4/- vqo]iiaj iep oaejai Bnaqj` Cqo) p]ra `a >a]qikjp ]jpnepp( qi ei =qbpn]c `ao Ejjajiejeopaneqio aeja Opq`ea Ü^an `]o ]ianeg]jeo_da CabÄjcjeosaoaj vq anopahhaj* SÄdnaj` `ea ej =qbpn]c caca^aja Opq`ea d]qlpoÄ_dhe_d rkj >a]qikjp banpeccaopahhp sen`( gkjvajpneanp Pk_mqarehha oe_d j]_d `an NÜ_ggadn c]jv ]qb `ea =n^aep ]j oaejai klqo i]cjqi( `ea edj ej `aj jÄ_dopaj F]dnaj j]davq rkhhopÄj`ec ]^okn^eanp* Ei F]jq]n -4/1 ano_daejp `an anopa >]j` `an @=* @ea O_dnebp( `ea n]o_d iadnana =qb) h]caj andÄhp qj` ejo Ajcheo_da Ü^anoapvp sen`( i]_dp Pk_mqarehha o_dh]c]npec lnkiejajp* @ea =jh]ca `ao >]j`ao eop `ajg^]n ^naep* Pk_mqarehhao @]nopahhqjc aejao `aikgn]peo_daj BhÄ_dajop]]pao ^acejjp ^aei cakcn]ldeo_daj Ieheaq qj` nae_dp Ü^an `ea Ejopepqpekjaj `an ]ianeg]jeo_daj Nalq^heg ^eo dej vqn Ln]teo `an RkhgookqranÄjepÄp qj` `anaj ]hhpÄche_daj Bkhcaj* Chae_dskdh san`aj aejeca Pdaiaj jqn ]i N]j`a ^ad]j`ahp( aps] Cao_dha_d) panbn]caj k`an `ea N]ooaj) qj` Ogh]rajlnk^hai]peg( `ea anop ej `aj O_dhqoog]lepahj vqn Oln]_da gkiiaj* >a]qikjp( `an ei N]diaj `ao qnolnÜjche_d calh]jpaj caiaejo]iaj >q_dao Ü^an `ea QO= `]bÜn vqopÄj`ec oaej okhhpa( ^nejcp `eaoa Pdaiaj ej aejai aecajaj Okve]hnki]j iep `ai ^ana`paj Pepah I]nea( kq h̢ao_h]r]ca ]qt Ap]po)Qjeo6 P]^ha]q `ao ikaqno ]iÉne_]ejao $vqanop -4/1( dean vep* -40,% ]qobÜdnhe_d vqn @]nopahhqjc* =qb `an DÖda oaejao o_dnebpopahhaneo_daj Anbkhcao( ei Dan^op -4/1( daen]pap Pk_mqareh) ha ̞ Op]j`aocnajvaj Ü^ano_dnaepaj` ̞ I]nu Ikphau( aeja >nepej ^Üncanhe_dan Dangqjbp* -4/5 sen` an vqi =^cakn`japaj casÄdhp qj` ^acejjp oaeja cqp vsÖhb F]dna `]qanj`a lk) hepeo_da G]nneana( `ea ]hhan`ejco saep sajecan anbkhcnae_d ranhÄqbp ]ho `ea `ao lkhepeo_daj O_dnebpopahhano* @ea RanÖ{ajphe_dqjc `ao vsaepaj >]j`ao `an @=( ]j `ai Pk_mqarehha h]jca qj` ognq) lqhÖo ]n^aepap( annacp -40, reah sajecan =qboadaj ]ho `an anopa >]j`* @ea QO= ^eh`aj ]q_d `eaoi]h `aj ^arknvqcpaj Cacajop]j` `an =qoaej]j`anoapvqjc( `k_d cadp ao Pk_) mqarehha `eaoi]h iadn qi ]hhcaiaeja Bn]caj `an @aikgn]pea qj` rkn ]hhai qi `anaj Sengqjcaj ]qb `]o caeopeca ^vs* aikpekj]ha Ha^aj qj` `ea Oeppaj* Dean sen` `ea Ca) o_dha_dpanlnk^hai]peg atlhevep Pdai]* Ej `an Vaep `an -404an Narkhqpekj qj` `an ej ednai Vqca ejpajoer ^ad]j`ahpaj okve]haj Bn]ca eop Pk_mqarehha ]ho He^an]han lkhepeo_d oadn ]gper* An sengp q* ]* ]ho RevalnÄoe`ajp `an J]pekj]hrano]iihqjc qj` eop -405 okc]n bÜn bÜjb Ikj]pa =q¿ajiejeopan* @]o Aj`a `an Narkhqpekj iep `ai ^kj]l]npeopeo_daj Op]]poopnae_d rkj -41- `aoehhqoekjeanp qj` ran) ^eppanp edj qj` bÜdnp vq oaejai rÖhhecaj NÜ_gvqc ]qo `ai lkhepeo_daj Ha^aj* An saj`ap oe_d jqj anjaqp `an bn]jvÖoeo_daj Cao_de_dpa vq qj` oq_dp `ea h]jcbneopecaj Qno]_daj bÜn `ea Sea`angadn `ao >kj]l]npeoiqo qjpan J]lkhakj EEE* vq andahhaj* J]_d aejan Nae) da ghaejanan O_dnebpaj $rch* vqi Paeh ej6 Lkhepeo_da O_dnebpaj%( q* ]* vqi L]qlaneoiqo( vqn Seooajo_d]bp rkj `an Lkhepeg qj` vqn Gkhkje]heoeanqjc rkj =hcaneaj( ano_daejp -412 oaej ^]dj^na_daj`ao opnqgpqncao_de_dphe_dao >q_d Ü^an `]o =j_eaj NÉceia qj` `ea Narkhqpe) kj ej Bn]jgnae_d* @eaoao Sang ^]oeanp ]qb ejpajoerai Mqahhajopq`eqi( qib]oop ]^an jqn `ea Rkncao_de_dpa `an Narkhqpekj rkj -345* @ea calh]jpa Bknpoapvqjc `ao Lnkfagpo g]jj Pk_mqarehha( `an o_dkj h]jca rkj Gn]jgdaepaj calh]cp sen`( je_dp iadn ransenghe_daj*

=ҦҟҲңҭ Ҟҟ PҩҝҫүҟҰңҦҦҟ

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=i -2* =lneh -415 open^p an ei =hpan rkj jqn 10 F]dnaj ej ?]jjao* Oaeja Anejjanqjcaj( q* ]* ]j `ea Vaep `an Narkhqpekj rkj -404( ano_daejaj lkopdqi $vqanop -45/( `p* -510%*

.*

=j]hupegan `an @aikgn]pea

Ei saepaj @aikgn]peagkjvalp rkj Pk_mqarehha( `]o Ü^an `aj lkhepeo_daj >anae_d qj` `ea Na_dpa ei ajcanaj Oejj dej]qonae_dp( san`aj Caoahho_d]bp( Naceanqjcobkni qj` lner]pa Ha^ajobkniaj ieppaho okve]hseooajo_d]bphe_dan( lou_dkhkceo_dan qj` $cao_de_dpo)%ldehk) okldeo_dan =j]huoaj iepaej]j`an rangjÜlbp* @an opanakogkleo_da >he_g( `an eiian ]q_d `ea Gadnoaepaj `ao D]j`ahjo qj` rkj Ejopepqpekjaj angajjp( cadp iep gkil]n]peraj =j]) huoaj aejdan( `ea deopkneo_d k`an opnqgpqnahh kbp Ü^an `ea QO=( Bn]jgnae_d( Ajch]j` qj` ]j`ana aqnklÄeo_da Op]]paj dej]qo nae_daj* Lkhepeo_d eop Pk_mqarehha aej Nalq^heg]jan( `an aeja Anjaqanqjc `ao ]qb `aj ]gperaj >Üncan bkgqooeanpaj Lkhepege`a]ho ]jopna^p* Ej) jkr]per oapvp an `aj =gvajp ]qb `ea vereha Caoahho_d]bp( `]o Lkpajpe]h `an bnaesehhecaj Ranaejecqjcaj( ej `ajaj `ea >Üncan gkklaneanaj qj` `ea Ln]teo `an Bnaedaep na]heoeanaj* Aejca^appap sen` `an qj]qbd]hpo]ia Oeacaovqc `an @aikgn]pea rkj edi fa`k_d ̞ qj` dean gkiip `]o ]neopkgn]peo_da Ikiajp vqi Rkno_daej ̞ ej `aj N]diaj aejan pn]ce) o_daj Cao_de_dpo]q{]ooqjc( `ea `aj S]j`ah je_dp ei Vae_daj `ao Bknpo_dneppo( okj`anj rkj =i^er]hajv qj` ]q_d Ranb]hh `aqpap* @]o Saoajoiangi]h `an @aikgn]pea ^aopadp bÜn Pk_mqarehha ej ednai ̦qj]qbd]hpo]) iaj̤ qj` atl]joeraj Pnaj` vqn ̦Chae_ddaep `an >a`ejcqjcaj̤ ej `an Ik`anja( sknqjpan an ej anopan Hejea `ea =qo^naepqjc chae_dan lkhepeo_dan Na_dpa ranopadp* Chae_ddaep cehp edi `]^ae ]ho Sanp( `an rkj `aj >Üncanj qi oaejao Jqpvajo sehhaj ]jcaopna^p sen`* @]o qjpano_dae`ap `ea Chae_ddaep g]packne]h rkj `an Bnaedaep( `ea bÜn Pk_mqarehha aejaj ejpnejoeo_daj Sanp ^aoepvp* Can]`a saeh `ea Chae_ddaep aej atpnejoeo_dan Sanp qj` iep Na_dpaj rangjÜlbp eop( oeadp Pk_mqarehha oea ej `an Ik`anja ej aejai Lnkvaoo `an ]qpk) g]p]hupeo_daj Opaecanqjc ^acne{aj6 Fa iadn Chae_ddaep ao ce^p( `aopk sajecan ano_dae) jaj Qjchae_ddaepaj ]ho ]gvalp]^ah* =j Nkqooa]q ]jgjÜlbaj` ranpnepp an `ea =q{]ooqjc( `]oo Chae_ddaep eiian aej Ranchae_daj iep ]j`anaj eilheveanp qj` ok aejai oe_d opapec opaecanj`aj Ej`ere`q]heoiqo Rkno_dq^ haeopap* =ho Gkjoamqajv ]qo `eaoan Ajpse_ghqjc vae_djaj oe_d j]_d Pk_mqarehha vsae fasaeho lnk^hai]peo_da Paj`ajvaj ]^6 Vqi aejaj aeja Paj`ajv vq s]_doaj`an Chae_dbÖniecgaep qj` Gkjbknieoiqo( vqi ]j`anaj aej opa) pec vqjadiaj`an Jae`* =qo `an ok ranop]j`ajaj Opaecanqjco`uj]ieg `an Chae_ddaep qj` ednai op]ngaj i]paneahhaj >avqc naoqhpeanp bÜn Pk_mqarehha edna lnejveleahha Ol]jjqjc vqn E`aa qj` Ln]teo `an Bnaedaep* @ea =q}Öoqjc `eaoan `kllahpaj Ol]jjqjc ^encp bÜn Pk_) mqarehha aeja `kllahpa Cab]dn ej oe_d6 @aij]_d ^asengp `ea Opaecanqjc `an Chae_ddaep aeja =qo^naepqjc `ao Gkjbknieoiqo( sÄdnaj` `ea ok ajpopadaj`a Chae_dbÖniecgaep `an >arÖhganqjc `ai Qio_dh]caj `an @aikgn]pea ej aeja Pun]jjae `an Iadndaep Rkno_dq^ haeopap( `ea o_dhea¿he_d ej Ran^ej`qjc iep `ai i]paneahhaj Skdhop]j`oopna^aj `ea Cab]dn aejao jaqaj( `aikgn]peo_daj @aolkpeoiqo ajpopadaj hÄoop* Je_dp vqhapvp `eaoa Lnkcjkoa eop ao( `ea Pk_mqarehha `aj Pepah aejao Lnkldapaj aejcapn]caj d]p* BÜn Pk_mqarehha( `an ej oaejai Sang aeja c]jva BÜhha okh_dan l]n]`ktaj A{agpa ae) jao Qio_dh]cajo `an @aikgn]pea ej edn Cacajpaeh dan]qo]n^aepap( h]ooaj oe_d `eaoah^aj jqn `qn_d iadn @aikgn]pea aejcnajvaj $rch* K{a .,,0( .1%* @an bnÜda Gnepegan rkj

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DқҬқҦҞ >ҦүҢҧ

Skdhb]dnpoop]]phe_dgaep ^apkjp( `]oo `ea @aikgn]pea lnejveleahh aeja gkilhata qj` bn]) ceha Bkni `an Naceanqjc eop( `ea vq ednai >aop]j` ]qb `ea `]qand]bpa Qj]^dÄjcecgaep qj` Oah^opÄj`ecgaep `an >Üncan qj` aej ajpolna_daj`ao Jkniaj)( Pqcaj`) qj` Ejope) pqpekjajcanÜop ]jcaseaoaj ^hae^p* Jqn ok gÖjja i]j `aj ̞ pnkpv Cas]hpajpaehqjc qj` aejao Ouopaio rkj ̦_da_go ]j` ^]h]j_ao̤ ̞ g]qi raniae`^]naj opnqgpqnahhaj Cab]dnaj ajpcacajsengaj( `ea `qn_d `ea Vajpn]heoeanqjc rkj Naceanqjc( Rans]hpqjc qj` Ej`qopnea ajpopÜj`aj* Oaejaj e`a]hpuleo_daj >acne{ `an @aikgn]pea gkjgnapeoeanp Pk_mqarehha ]jd]j` gkj) pnÄnan R]ne]jpaj( aejai ap]peopeo_d)bn]jvÖoeo_daj qj` aejai bnaedaephe_d)]ianeg]jeo_daj Pul* Vq `aj >aokj`andaepaj `ao ]ianeg]jeo_daj Pulqo vÄdhaj bÜn edj `ea badhaj`a baq) `]ha Rkncao_de_dpa( edna chae_do]i rkj qjpaj( rkj `an Caiaej`a anbkhcaj`a Gkjopepqpekj `qn_d `ea Aejs]j`anan( edna rkj >acejj ]j a^ajok k{ajoe_dphe_da sea op]nga _dneophe) _da Kneajpeanqjc( edna Ajpb]hpqjc ]qb aejan ajkniaj BhÄ_da qj` edna je_dp)narkhqpekjÄna Ajpopadqjc* Dejvq gkiip `ea `an ]ianeg]jeo_daj @aikgn]pea aecaja olave|o_da Lnk) ^hai]peg rkj ̦N]ooaj̤ qj` Ogh]raj( `ea Pk_mqarehha ej qjerano]heopeo_dan Lanolagpera `eogqpeanp* S]o `ea ¼^ansej`qjc `an O_dn]jgaj vseo_daj `aj apdjeo_daj Cnqllaj( ̦`aj Sae¿aj( `aj Ej`e]janj qj` `aj O_ds]nvaj̤( ]j^ah]jcp( `kiejeanp ^ae edi ]hhan`ejco Laooeieoiqo $@= -( 1,3{*%* Ok oeadp `an ej `an =jpe)Ogh]ranae)>asacqjc ajc]ceanpa Bn]jvkoa Ogh]ranae qj` N]ooeoiqo je_dp jqn ei OÜ`aj ransenghe_dp( okj`anj ]q_d ]j `an KopgÜopa( sk `ea Ogh]ranae k{eveahh ]^cao_d]{p sqn`a* Ran]jpsknphe_d `]bÜn oej` oaejan Iaejqjc j]_d peab oepvaj`a n]ooeo_da Rknqnpaeha qj` aeja ajpolna_daj` rknaejcajki) iaja Ö{ajphe_da Iaejqjc* =qo `eaoaj CnÜj`aj ca^a ao ]q_d g]qi aeja Ranieo_dqjc `an rano_dea`ajaj ̦N]ooaj̤( qj` Iqh]ppaj sÜn`aj gkjoamqajp ]qocacnajvp*. Iep okve) ]hseooajo_d]bphe_dai >he_g angajjp Pk_mqarehha `ea `an]npecaj =qocnajvqjcaj ejjaskd) jaj`aj Rancaiaejo_d]bpqjcolkpajpe]ha( `k_d sen` `ea Pdai]peg rkj edi je_dp saepan ranbkhcp* =q_d bÜn aeja aejcadaj`ana =j]huoa `an Opahhqjc `an Bn]qaj d]p Pk_mqarehha `eaoa Lanolagpera je_dp cajqpvp*/ Ei Vqca oaejan je_dp jÄdan anghÄnpaj @e{anajveanqjc vseo_daj `an Chae_ddaep `an Iajo_daj qj` `an `ao >Üncano |j`aj Bn]qaj a^ajb]hho gaeja >anÜ_goe_dpecqjc* Vs]n ^apkjp an( `]oo j]_d _dneophe_dai Ch]q^aj ]hha Iajo_daj chae_d qj` iep SÜn`a vq ^a) d]j`ahj oaeaj $@= -( ..%( `k_d ran^ej`ap oe_d bÜn Pk_mqarehha `]iep gaejaosaco edn chae_d^ana_dpecpan =jolnq_d ]qb `aj >Üncanop]pqo ejjand]h^ aejao lkhepeo_daj Caiaej) saoajo* Oah^op sajj an o_dnae^p( `]oo ej aejai Op]]p jqn ]hha >Üncan caiaejo]i k`an ]^an jeai]j` bnae oaej gÖjja $@= -( 4-%( ^a`aqpap `]o je_dp( `]oo an bÜn ]hha Ej`ere`qaj qjieppah^]n chae_da lkhepeo_da Na_dpa bkn`anp* Iep na]heopeo_dan Caopa ^apkjp Pk_mqarehha( `]oo aeja ajpolna_daj`a Ajpse_ghqjc jqn ej hÄjcanaj VaepnÄqiaj anbkhcaj gÖjja( `]oo ao deopkneo_da QiopÄj`a ca^a( sea `ea Ogh]ranae( `ea ]jd]hpaj`a Banjsengqjcaj dÄppaj qj` `]oo >Üncano_d]bp aeja op]]phe_d vq nacahj`a Bn]ca oae* O_dsanan ]ho `eaoa Nah]pe) reanqjcaj seacp `an =qoo_dhqoo `an Bn]qaj ]qo `an Lkhepeg ei ajcanaj Oejj( aps] sajj Pk_mqarehha ^ad]qlpap( ao cÄ^a ej `aj QO= ̦iep =qoj]dia `an Ogh]raj( `an @eajop^k) . /

@]o eop `]o Pdai] rkj >a]qikjpo Okve]hnki]j I]nea( ej `aooaj Vajpnqi aeja ]j apdjeo_daj Rknqnpaehaj `an Caoahho_d]bp o_daepanj`a Hea^a opadp $rch* I]nea7 rch* ]q_d O_d]q^ -554%* =hhan`ejco ^ak^]_dpap an iep Ejpanaooa `]o ikn]heo_da Ajc]caiajp `an Bn]qaj ei G]ilb cacaj `ea Ogh]ranae qj` `]oo oea ̦oah^op̤ ^ae lkhepeo_daj Rano]iihqjcaj ]qbp]q_daj $rch* @= -( /20%*

=ҦҟҲңҭ Ҟҟ PҩҝҫүҟҰңҦҦҟ

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paj qj` `an Skdhb]dnpoailbÄjcan jeai]j`aj( `an je_dp sÄdhaj gÖjjpa̤ $@= -( /15%* Ei Ö{ajphe_daj N]qi `an bnaedaephe_daj @aikgn]pea =ianeg]o( `aj Pk_mqarehha ^ao_dnae^p( gkiiaj Bn]qaj je_dp rkn* Oea ^hae^aj ]qb `aj Gk`a rkj Nahecekj qj` Ikn]h ranseaoaj qj` san`aj jqn ]ho oepphe_d)ikn]heo_da Saoaj qj` ej ednaj okve]haj RandÄhpjeooaj pda) i]peoeanp* @ea Chae_ddaep `an >a`ejcqjcaj( ]qb `ea Pk_mqarehha ej oaejan =j]huoa eiian sea`an ]^opahhp( iaejp ]hok sa`an okve]ha jk_d lkhepeo_da Chae_ddaep ]hhan Ans]_doajaj* Ok ]qbcaghÄnp `an bn]jvÖoeo_da =qpkn ]q_d eop( ok oadn an oe_d ei Lner]paj Ü^an Op]j) `aocnajvaj dejsacoapvp( okreah an ]q_d Opnqgpqnaj qj` Ejopepqpekjaj ]j]huoeanp( ei Vaj) pnqi opadp ^ae edi `k_d vqiaeop `]o D]j`ahj cnk¿an IÄjjan* Ej `eaoai Oejja sen` iadnb]_d `ea sacsaeoaj`a Nkhha rkj Caknc S]odejcpkj qj` Pdki]o Fa{anokj bÜn `ea QO= danrkncadk^aj $@= -( //4%* Can]`a ej `an >apkjqjc `an dankeo_daj @eiajoe) kj lkhepeo_daj D]j`ahjo sen` aej i]ogqhejan Nalq^heg]jeoiqo `aqphe_d( `an ]hhan`ejco je_dp lneiÄn ]qb `ea >a`aqpqjc j]pÜnhe_dan =jh]caj nagqnneanp( okj`anj c]jv ei Oejja `an ]jpegaj Pn]`epekj ]qb `ea ran`eajoprkhhaj P]paj oe_d atlkjeanaj`an >Üncan ]^opahhp* Aej andahhaj`ao He_dp ]qb Pk_mqarehhao ]^hadjaj`a D]hpqjc cacajÜ^an `ai Ö{ajphe_daj D]j`ahj rkj Bn]qaj senbp oaeja >acacjqjc iep `an O_dnebpopahhanej Caknca O]j`( rkj `an an ej oaejaj Anejjanqjcaj ^ane_dpap6 ̦E_d d]ppa aej cnk¿ao Rknqnpaeh cacaj I]`]ia O]j`( `ajj e_d i]c `ea o_dnebpopahhanj`aj Bn]qaj je_dp( rkn ]hhai `]jj sajj oea ]qo `aj O_dsÄ_daj ednao Cao_dha_dpao aej Ouopai i]_daj( op]pp oea qjo ej ednaj s]dnaj VÜcaj vq vaecaj7 pnkpv`ai ca|ah oea ien*̤ $Anejjanqjcaj( .,-%

/*

Chae_d( ]^an rano_dea`aj ̞ `ea Cao_dha_dpangkjvalpekj

=q_d sajj Pk_mqarehha Bn]qaj aejaj oah^opopÄj`ecaj Lh]pv ei Ö{ajphe_daj N]qi ran) sadnp( cadÖnp an `k_d vq `aj sajecaj he^an]haj Pdaknapeganj( `ea aeja Ran^ej`qjc vse) o_daj `aj NÄqiaj `ao Lner]paj qj` `ao ¶{ajphe_daj vq `ajgaj raniÖcaj $>apdga) Ahodp]ej .,,,%* Ok ^apkjp an( `]oo ej Aqnkl] dÄq|c Ca`]jgaj qj` Caskdjdaepaj `ao lner]paj Ha^ajo ej `aj Ö{ajphe_daj >anae_d Ü^anpn]caj sÜn`aj( sÄdnaj` ej `aj QO= `]o Ö{ajphe_da Ha^aj ]qb `]o dÄqohe_da @]oaej aejsenga $@= -( 02,%* Iadn jk_d6 @]o ]ianeg]jeo_da Daei oae aej Knp `an Kn`jqjc qj` `ao Bnea`ajo( sÄdnaj` ej Aqnkl] ̦b]op ]hha Sennaj `an Caoahho_d]bp `ai Qignaeo `ao Daeiao qj` je_dp saep rki adahe_daj O_dh]bcai]_d̤ ajpolnÄjcaj $@= -( 00,%* @aj pdaknapeo_daj N]diaj bÜn `ea Cao_dha_dpanlnk^hai]peg ej `an @= ^eh`aj bqjg) pekj]h)n]pekj]ha =j]huoaj rkj =n^aepopaehqjc qj` Nkhhaj`e{anajveanqjc* @ea Cnqj`h]caj |j`aj oe_d o_dkj ei anopaj >]j`( ej `ai `ea lkhepeo_daj Opnqgpqnaj qj` Ejopepqpekjaj `ao Caiaejsaoajo oksea `ea D]j`hqjcoiÖche_dgaepaj `an Ej`ere`qaj ^ao_dnea^aj san`aj* @ea Oeppaj( Ca^nÄq_da qj` `]o CabÜdhoha^aj `an Ej`ere`qaj nÜ_gaj `]cacaj ei vsaepaj >]j` opÄngan ej `aj Ieppahlqjgp* Pk_mqarehha ]gvajpqeanp `]^ae ejo^aokj`ana `]o Sa_d) oahrandÄhpjeo vseo_daj `aj lkhepeo_daj Ejopepqpekjaj qj` `an okvek)ikn]heo_daj Gqhpqn qj` `aooaj >a`aqpqjc bÜn `ea caoahho_d]bphe_da Nalnk`qgpekj* @an Ö{ajphe_da Caeop( `]o RanopÄj`jeo rkj Caiaej) qj` Aecajskdh( `ea Pqcaj`aj qj` `ea Aejopahhqjc `an >Üncan vqi Na_dp san`aj rkj edi ]ho Rkn]qooapvqjcaj qj` >a`ejcqjcaj ejp]gpan `aikgn]) peo_dan Ejopepqpekjaj ranop]j`aj( `ea ei gÜjophe_d anvaqcpaj >anae_d rkj Okve]hai qj` Lkhepeg jqn paehsaeoa cao_d]{aj qj` and]hpaj san`aj gÖjjaj* @eaoa oepphe_daj qj` na)

/12

DқҬқҦҞ >ҦүҢҧ

heceÖoaj Rkn]qooapvqjcaj san`aj iep cao_dha_dpoolave|o_dan =n^aepopaehqjc rangjÜlbp( `ajj ̦`ea Bn]q eop ao( `ea `ea Oeppa ^aopeiip*̤ $@= -( 0/5% BÜn Pk_mqarehha ^eh`ap `ea ̦`aikgn]peo_da B]iehea̤( ja^aj `ai ]qbcaghÄnpaj Aecaj) ejpanaooa qj` `an Nahecekj( `]dan aeja se_dpeca Raniepphqjcoejop]jv `an @aikgn]pea( `] ej edn Oeppaj qj` Ca^nÄq_da calnÄcp( >eh`qjc ranieppahp qj` `]o ikn]heo_da NÜ_gcn]p `an Ej`ere`qaj cabknip san`aj* Pnkpv `an dan]qocadk^ajaj oepphe_daj Nkhha( `ea Pk_mqa) rehha `an B]iehea qj` `]iep ]q_d `an Bn]q bÜn `ea okvek)ikn]heo_da Nalnk`qgpekj `an @aikgn]pea vqo_dnae^p( ^hae^p oaeja Cao_dha_dpangkjvalpekj eilhevep qj` oaejai i]o) gqhej calnÄcpaj >Üncane`a]h $rch* Ahopan -55/( -,37 >hqdi .,--% qjpansknbaj* @eaoao E`a]h lnÄcp oaeja cao]ipa Oe_dp ]qb Caoahho_d]bp qj` Lkhepeg( sk`qn_d `ea Cao_dha_d) pan`e{anajv lkhepeo_d gk`eanp sen`* >acnee_d san`aj `]^ae je_dp IÄjjan qj` Bn]qaj gkjpn]opeanp( okj`anj ̦iÄjjhe_dao̤ $qj` ̦bnaeao̤% D]j`ahj ]qb `an aejaj qj` ̦oanrehao̤ k`an ̦ogh]reo_dao̤ @qh`aj ]qb `an ]j`anaj* @ea Bn]qaj san`aj ^ae `eaoan ]qb `aj Ö{ajp) he_daj N]qi ^avkcajaj CacajÜ^anopahhqjc rkj rknjdanaej ]qocagh]iianp( ^hae^aj oea `k_d ej `aj ̦j]pÜnhe_daj̤ >anae_d `ao D]qoao ca^]jjp $Sah_d .,,-( -5-b%* @ea ]ianeg]) jeo_da Bn]q( `ea ej Pk_mqarehhao Sang ano_daejp( eop saoajphe_d `ea Bn]q `ao oah^opÄj`ecaj AecajpÜiano( ejo^aokj`ana `ao B]niano* Ran^qj`aj san`aj Pk_mqarehhao =j]huoaj je_dp vqhapvp `qn_d `ea Pdaoa aejao ̦Ieh) `an)San`ajo `an Oeppaj̤ `qn_d `ea vqjadiaj`a Chae_ddaep* Vq aejan gkjpnÄnaj Aejo_dÄp) vqjc cah]jcp `ea AjchÄj`anej Bn]j_ao Pnkhhkla( aeja ogalpeo_d aejcaopahhpa Vaepcajkooej( `ea ]qbcnqj` ednan Anb]dnqjcaj `ea n]qaj Oeppaj `an =ianeg]jan ^agh]cp( sk^ae oea ejo) ^aokj`ana ]qb `aj ran^naepapaj =hgkdkhieoo^n]q_d qj` oaeja Bkhcaj ]joleahp $Ha^aj qj` Oeppaj( -* Pdaeh( 31b%*0 Iep `ai Ieh`an)San`aj `an Oeppaj ran^ej`ap Pk_mqarehha ]h) han`ejco peaban cnaebaj`a Gkjoamqajvaj* Edi cadp ao sajecan qi `ea Ajpse_ghqjc `an Qic]jcobkniaj ]ho qi aej =^}]_daj ^aopadaj`an Dean]n_deaj qj` `ea =q}Öoqjc bao) pan k`an anan^pan okve]han Qjpano_dea`a* BÜn `aj Pdaknapegan okvek)lkhepeo_dan Ejpacn]pekj jeiip `an okve]ha Vqo]iiajd]hp ej `an @aikgn]pea vs]n ]^( chae_dskdh iaejp an ^ak^) ]_dpaj vq gÖjjaj( `]oo `an Qic]jc vseo_daj `aj Ej`ere`qaj hae_dpan sen` qj` `]oo ao pnkpv Oah^opoq_dp qj` Ej`ere`q]heoiqo iadn IepcabÜdh qj` Dehbo^anaepo_d]bp ce^p $@= .( .2,%* Seaskdh Pk_mqarehhao =j]huoa `an ]ianeg]jeo_daj @aikgn]pea `]o nalq^heg]jeo_da E`a]h `ao bnaeaj I]jjao qj` oaeja Nkhha ]ho >Üncan lnerehaceanp( ^hae^p an ]ho Iajo_d sea ]ho >Üncan a^ajok sea `ea @aikgn]pea Ü^and]qlp ]qb ejp]gpa B]ieheajopnqgpqnaj qj` lner]pa Ha^ajobkniaj ]jcaseaoaj* Reah =qbiango]igaep d]p ej `eaoai Gkjpatp `ea bkhcaj`a L]oo]ca cabqj`aj6 ̦@ea =ianeg]jan( `ea `ea caoahho_d]bphe_da Qjpanhacajdaep `an Bn]q ^aopadaj hea¿aj( d]^aj oea ej `an caeopecaj qj` oepphe_daj Sahp iep ]hhan I]_dp `ai I]jja chae_dcaopahhp7 qj` `]nej d]^aj oea( o_daejp ien( `aj s]dnaj Oejj `ao `aik) gn]peo_daj Bknpo_dneppo ^asqj`anjosanp ^acne{aj*̤ $@= .( /-1b*% Aejeca ac]hep]neopeo_da Ejpanlnapaj( sea H]qn] F]j]n] $.,,.( -33%( oadaj `]nej aej enkjeo_dao Op]paiajp( saeh `an ]qbcaghÄnpa bn]jvÖoeo_da He^an]ha Pk_mqarehha `eaoa =ouiiapnea aecajphe_d je_dp ]gval) peanaj gÖjja* @ah^] Sejpdnkl ]gvajpqeanp `]cacaj iep gkjoanr]perai Qjpanpkj( `]oo bÜn 0

@eaoao oaejanvaep cn]reanaj`a Lnk^hai eop ]q_d Pk_mqarehha je_dp ajpc]jcaj( ^hae^p ^ae edi ]^an aeja ^aehÄq|ca >ak^]_dpqjc( `ea rkj edi vq`ai jqn ]qb `ea jea`anaj Gh]ooaj ^avkcaj sen` $@= -( //1%*

=ҦҟҲңҭ Ҟҟ PҩҝҫүҟҰңҦҦҟ

/13

Pk_mqarehha @aikgn]pea iep ]hhcaiaejan Cao_dha_dpanqjchae_ddaep ranaej^]n oae( saeh oea vs]n D]j`hqjcooleahnÄqia anÖ{ja( ]^an je_dp `]n]qb ]^veaha( @e{anajv qj` Atvahhajv vq bÖn`anj qj` Ö{ajphe_d ]jvqangajjaj $rch* Sejpdnkl -542( .0,%* =j`ana Ejpanlnapaj gkjop]peanaj jqn aeja @eop]jv vqn Cao_dha_dpanchae_dopahhqjc* Qjopneppec dejcacaj eop( `]oo Pk_mqarehha `ea IÖche_dgaepaj rkj Bn]qaj heiepeanp( sajj an ej lkhaieo_dan =^sadn na_dphe_dan qj` okve]han Chae_dopahhqjcobkn`anqjcaj ^ad]qlpap( aej Chae_di]_daj `an Cao_dha_dpan sÜn`a ^ae`a anjea`necaj qj` hea¿a jqn ̦o_ds]_da IÄjjan qj` vq_dphkoa Bn]qaj̤ vq $@= .( /--%* @ea Pdaoa rkj `an Opaecanqjco`uj]ieg `an Chae_ddaep( `an vqbkhca ran^hae^aj`a Qjcana_dpecgaepaj rkj `an c]jvaj Caoahho_d]bp vqjadiaj` ]ho `nÜ_gaj` ailbqj`aj san`aj( |j`ap ^ae edi ]qb Bn]qaj gaeja =jsaj`qjc* =q_d `ea Bn]ca( sea oe_d Bn]qaj ajpse_gahj gÖjjpaj( sajj edjaj fqne`eo_d ran^neabpa ?d]j_aj ej `an Lkhepeg anÖ{jap sÜn`aj( ^hae^p rkj rknjdanaej ]qocagh]iianp* Aeja atlhevepa >acnÜj`qjc k`an ]jpdnklkhkceo_da Qjpani]qanqjc `an Cao_dha_dpanqjpano_dea`a qj` `an iep edjaj ran^qj`ajaj Gkjoamqajvaj oq_dp i]j ^ae Pk_mqarehha ranca^ajo* Eilhevep fa`k_d eop oaej Sang rkj aejan lnejveleahhaj J]pqn]heoeanqjc `an Cao_dha_dpan`e{anajvaj `qn_dvkcaj( `ea i]h iadn qj` i]h sajecan k{aj vq P]ca pnepp( aps] `]jj( sajj an oe_d `]n]j i]_dp( `aj ]ianeg]jeo_daj Bn]qaj gkhhagper ^aopeiipa Pqcaj`aj vqvqo_dnae^aj*

0*

@ea =j]huoa `an `aikgn]peo_daj B]iehea

Cao_dha_dpoolave|o_da Qjpano_dea`a oej` rkn ]hhai ei `neppaj Paeh `ao vsaepaj >]j`ao `an @= Pdai]( ejo^aokj`ana ej `aj G]lepahj jaqj ^eo vsÖhb* Pk_mqarehhao =qoc]jco) pdaoa bÜn `ea e`a]hpuleo_da AnÖnpanqjc `an >ejjajopnqgpqn `an ]ianeg]jeo_daj B]iehea h]qpap6 @ea @aikgn]pea Äj`anp ]hha okve]haj Nah]pekjaj( ]q_d `ea ejjand]h^ `an B]iehea* Oea hÖop `ea Opnqgpqn `an ]neopkgn]peo_daj B]iehea iep ednai ]qpknepÄnaj B]ieheajk^an) d]qlp ]qb qj` hÄoop ]j `anaj Opahha sajecan dean]n_deo_da >aveadqjcaj pnapaj* Vq`ai ^asengp oea( Pk_mqarehha vqbkhca( aeja Rano_dea^qjc `an cao_dha_dpoolave|o_daj =n^aepo) paehqjc* @aij]_d san`aj `ea ]ianeg]jeo_daj Bn]qaj ej `an @aikgn]pea oah^opÄj`ecan( qj` vs]n okskdh rkn ]ho ]q_d sÄdnaj` `an Ada* Rkn `an Ada( saeh oea bnaean qj` iep >he_g ]qb `ea gkiiaj`aj RandÄhpjeooa anvkcaj san`aj( ej `an Ada( saeh oea je_dp jqn `aj lner]paj >anae_d vq ^asenpo_d]bpaj( okj`anj oe_d ]q_d qi `]o Oeppaj) qj` CabÜdho) ha^aj `an B]ieheajiepchea`an vq gÜiianj d]^aj* Ejo^aokj`ana k^heacp ao edjaj( oe_d qi `ea Anveadqjc qj` >eh`qjc `an Gej`an vq gÜiianj qj` bÜn aejaj Caeop `ao =qochae_do qj` `an Ik`an]pekj vq okncaj* @eaoa ¼^anhacqjcaj iqpaj ]qb `aj anopaj >he_g `qn_d]qo gkjrajpekjahh ]j* =hhan) `ejco iqoo i]j oe_d rancacajsÄnpecaj( `]oo Pk_mqarehha `aj Bn]qaj `]iep ei N]diaj oaejan `ea okvek)ikn]heo_daj Cnqj`h]caj ^apkjaj`aj @aikgn]peapdaknea aeja pn]caj`a Nkhha vqo_dnae^p* P]poÄ_dhe_d oeadp an edna >a`aqpqjc bÜn `ea ik`anja Caoahho_d]bp ei S]_doaj ^acne{aj( saeh `ea @aikgn]pea qj` `an iep edn ran^qj`aja Ej`ere`q]heoiqo `ea Oeppaj qj` `ea Ikn]h vqjadiaj` opÄngan cabÄdn`apaj* @ea ]ianeg]jeo_daj Bn]qaj ]r]j_eanaj ^ae edi ok caseooani]¿aj vq DÜpanejjaj `an @aikgn]pea( `] oea ei >anae_d `an B]iehea i]¿ca^he_d `]vq ^aepn]caj( `ea bÜn `aj >aop]j` `an @aikgn]pea anbkn`an) he_daj okve]haj >]j`a vq gjÜlbaj* Chae_dskdh ance^p oe_d ]qo `eaoan caoahho_d]bphe_daj

/14

DқҬқҦҞ >ҦүҢҧ

Nalnk`qgpekjohaeopqjc `an Bn]qaj bÜn Pk_mqarehha gaej Na_dp ]qb lkhepeo_da Iepsengqjc( d]j`ahp ao oe_d `k_d ej oaejaj =qcaj ha`eche_d qi aej j]pÜnhe_dao >]j`( `]o `ea Ran) s]j`paj ajcan ran^ej`ap qj` iadn Lner]pdaep o_d]{p( sÄdnaj` `ea caoahho_d]bphe_daj Baooahj cahÖop qj` `ea >Üncan iadn rkj aej]j`an capnajjp san`aj $@= .( .5.%* >ae `an ei Ranchae_d iep `an ]neopkgn]peo_daj B]iehea ajpse_gahpaj =j]huoa `an >ej) jajopnqgpqn `an ̦`aikgn]peo_daj B]iehea̤( oeadp Pk_mqarehha ̦qi `aj dÄqohe_daj Dan` aeja =np rkj Chae_ddaep̤ $@= .( .44% ajpopadaj* @]iep oej` rano_dea`aja Nah]pekjaj ]jcaolnk_daj* Vqi aejaj `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj I]jj qj` Bn]q( `ea ei Daei ]ho chae_d ]jvqoadaj oej`( vqi ]j`anaj `]o RandÄhpjeo rkj R]pan qj` Gej`anj( sk^ae `ea Gej`an `ai B]ieheajk^and]qlp je_dp opnegp qjpancakn`jap oej`( okj`anj bnÜd vqn Oah^opopÄj`ec) gaep anvkcaj san`aj* @]o ^apne{p ej ^aokj`anan Saeoa `ea >aveadqjc `an OÖdja vqi R]pan qj` `ea >aveadqjcaj `an OÖdja qjpanaej]j`an( `] `qn_d `ea Paehqjc `an An^o_d]bp gaeja |ta N]jcbkhca iadn ^aopadp* S]o `ea >aveadqjc `an Ahpanj vq `aj PÖ_dpanj ]j^ah]jcp( `anaj cao_dseopanhe_da >a) veadqjcaj Pk_mqarehha je_dp jÄdan ^apn]_dpap $rch* F]j]n] .,,.( -22b*%( ok gkjop]peanp an( `]oo `eaoa vaepec ̦`an iÜppanhe_daj =qpknepÄp̤ ajpvkcaj san`aj*1 @ap]ehheanp cadp Pk_) mqarehha ]qb `ea Nkhha `an fqjcaj IÄ`_daj qj` edna Rans]j`hqjc vq Adabn]qaj aej* BÜn `ea ]ianeg]jeo_daj IÄ`_daj oaeaj bnaean Caeop( dkda Oah^opopÄj`ecgaep( Iqp qj` ae) ja Rkn^anaepqjc ]qb `ea Sahp gajjvae_djaj` $@= .( .5/%* Oea dÄppaj aej ajpse_gahpao QnpaehoraniÖcaj( sÄnaj ]hhan`ejco je_dp ^aokj`ano iqoeo_d ca^eh`ap* @ea d]j`hqjco) pdaknapeo_d sea lou_dkhkceo_d chae_dani]¿aj dk_dejpanaoo]jpa Bn]ca( s]nqi oe_d `eaoa IÄ`_daj qjpan `]o Fk_d `an Ada ^aca^aj( `]o edjaj je_dp jqn reaha Ranl}e_dpqjcaj ]qb) anhacp( okj`anj ]q_d `ea =qbc]^a ednan Bnaedaep eilheveanp( sen` rkj Pk_mqarehha je_dp vqbnea`ajopahhaj` ^a]jpsknpap* Op]pp`aooaj oq_dp an `eaoaj hkceo_daj Olnqjc iep ran) o_dea`ajaj( je_dp gkdÄnajp iepaej]j`an ran^qj`ajaj CnÜj`aj vq lh]qoe^eheoeanaj* =j anopan Opahha opadp `]^ae `]o =ncqiajp( `]oo ao oe_d qi aejaj oah^op casÄdhpaj ¼^an) c]jc( iepdej aejaj =gp bnaesehhecan Oah^op^ej`qjc d]j`aha* @k_d ]q_d bÜn Pk_mqarehha o_daejp `eaoa AnghÄnqjc je_dp ]qonae_daj` vq oaej qj` ok saeop an vq`ai `]n]qb dej( `]oo `eaoa Ajpo_dae`qjc ]jcaoe_dpo Ö{ajphe_dan Jkni]hepÄporknopahhqjcaj anbkhca* O_dhea¿he_d ^ad]qlpap an okc]n( `]oo qjca]_dpap `ao ¼^anc]jcao vqn ̦Qjbnaedaep̤ ej `an randaen]) papaj Bn]q `]o >eh` `ao fqjcaj oah^opopÄj`ecaj IÄ`_dajo sea`an jaq ajpopada* Ok oae jÄihe_d ei Qic]jc iep `aj qjraniae`he_daj B]ieheajgkj}egpaj ]qb Oaepaj `an Ada) bn]qaj aej Ädjhe_dan Caeop `an Oah^op^adanno_dqjc qj` `an Ajpo_dhkooajdaep sea ^ae `aj fqjcaj IÄ`_daj vq ^ak^]_dpaj* @ea Adabn]qaj sÄnaj iqpec qj` gÖjjpaj Se`necgaepaj anpn]caj( saeh oea `an Sahp vqcas]j`p ]qbcas]_doaj oaeaj $@= .( /,,%* Qjca]_dpap `an oahpo]iaj >acnÜj`qjcohkceg cehp ao baopvqd]hpaj( `]oo Pk_mqarehha `aj ]ianeg]jeo_daj Bn]qaj ]hhao ]j`ana ]ho puleo_d ̦sae^he_da̤ Pqcaj`aj vqo_dnae^p( edjaj iep `ai Iqp okc]n aeja cajanahh ]ho ^aokj`ano se_dpec an]_dpapa vereha Pqcaj` vqcaopadp ̞ bnaehe_d jqn ei dÄqohe_daj >anae_d $@= .( /04%*

1

@ea Anveadqjc `an Fqjcaj qj` `an IÄ`_daj dÖnpa ej `aj QO= oaejanvaep iep `ai ]^cao_dhkooajaj -1* Ha^ajof]dn ]qb( ]hok vq aejai Vaeplqjgp( ]ho oea ej Aqnkl] kbp anop ne_dpec aejoapvpa* @ea Fqjcaj ^ac]jjaj `]jj aeja ^anq}e_da G]nneana qj` `ea IÄ`_daj oq_dpaj oe_d vq ranadahe_daj* >ae`a rkhhaj`apaj edna >eh`qjc okiep ]qb `ai Saca aecajan ln]gpeo_dan Anb]dnqjcaj $rch* @= -( 35%*

=ҦҟҲңҭ Ҟҟ PҩҝҫүҟҰңҦҦҟ

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DқҬқҦҞ >ҦүҢҧ

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=ҦҟҲңҭ Ҟҟ PҩҝҫүҟҰңҦҦҟ

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DқҬқҦҞ >ҦүҢҧ

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>hk_d( Anjop 42b*( 5,( --1 >hkk`( B]jju ./2 >hqdi( D]n]h` 0-( /12 >hqiaj^]_d( Fkd]jj Bnea`ne_d .30( .32 >k_gajdaeian( Ar] /4b*( /--( /.3( //,( /// >k`ej( Fa]j ./b*( 0/̞10( 24 >Ödian( ?]nkheja /0/( /02 >kan( G]nej `a /.4 >kj]h`( Hkqeo C]^neah =i^nkeoa `a /1b*( .-5̞ ..5( ./. >kj]h`( Hkqeo F]_mqao I]qne_a `a .., >kooqap( >Éjecja .-5 >kuha( Nk^anp -., >n]qan( Oqo]jja //, >najj]j( Panao] -/. >nk]`( F]_mqaheja /3 >nqiheg( Ie_d] -3 >nqjgdknop( D]qga -3 >q_ddkhv( Opald]j -,b*( 14( 34b*( 4.( 41( 5.( 50( 53( 55̞-,0( -,2( .21 >qnga( A`iqj` /3( -40( ./,( ./4( .0/̞.02 >qphan( Iaheoo] -/.b* ?]i^kj( I]`]ia `a ./3 ?]ila( Fk]_dei Daejne_d .-.( .3?d]nhao E* -0, ?d]nhao EE* -., ?d]nhao ET* 00 ?d]pa]q^ne]j`( Bn]j_keo NajÉ `a .., ?dneopea( Pdki]o ./3

/20 ?e_ank( I]n_qo Pqhheqo 25( .,4 ?h]nga( A`s]n` -/?h]nga( I]nu .0?ki^ao_qna( Aheo]^apd `a .-5 ?kj`kn_ap( I]nea I]nmqeoa `a .3. ?kjpe)K`kneoek( Cejanr] 10 ?kpp]( Fkd]jj Bnea`ne_d .11 ?krajpnu( =jj -/5 ?n]ec( A`s]n` -1/ @]_danÖ`aj( G]nkheja rkj .3@]h^anc( G]nh Pdak`kn rkj .4@]re`( F]_mqao Hkqeo .3. @ajvan( Dknop 30b*( 33 @ao_]npao( NajÉ 3,( -.,( -..( -0,̞-0.( -01b* @e`ankp( @ajeo -2/( .3. @ehpdau( Sehdahi 5-( .54 @kdj]( Bnea`anega vq .54 @kdj]( Sehdahi rkj .5/ @kuÉ( O]^eja .1( -20( /.5 @naepvah( Dknop 42 @qj_gan( =nja 5/( //. @qpanpna( ?]pdaneja 0/ A^^ejcd]qo( Fqheqo -31b* A^and]n`( Fkd]jj =qcqop .5/ Aheo]^apd E* 00( -.3 Ahopan( Fkdj /12 Aica( ?]nh =qcqop -50 Aiqj`po( @ej] /,1( /,4 Ajcah( Fkd]jj F]gk^ .3An]oiqo rkj Nkppan`]i 1/ Anha( I]jbna` 5/̞51( 53b*( -,Annejcpkj( I]nu -/5 Aq_djan( S]hpan -..̞-.0( -.2( -.5( -/0 Aqnele`ao /.3 B]qnÉ( ?dneopeja 10 Bah`aj( Dae`a rkj .-/ Bapo_dan( Enejc -4 Be_dpa( Fkd]jj Ckpphea^ /0b*( 5/( -50( .1-̞ .24( .51( .53( /,1̞/,3( /0-b* Be_dpa( Fkd]jja .1. Behian( Nk^anp .5( -.-( -.1̞-.4( -/1 Beo_dan( Caknc Hq`sec Bnea`ne_d /,2 Bkjp]jao( Hkqeo `a .., Bknopan( Caknc .3Bkq_dÉ( Fkoald .., Bnea`ne_d EE* -,( 42 Bnea`ne_d Sehdahi EE* -4.

LҟҬҭҩҨҟҨҬҟҡңҭҮҟҬ C]n^a( ?dneopeja /05 C]nnap( @kj -1/ C]ooaj`e( Leanna -.,b* Cajheo( I]`]ia `a ./3 Cajpv( Bnea`ne_d .4Cand]n`( Qpa 35( .22 Canpv( Daejne_d .4Ck`sej( Sehhe]i ./3( ./5b*( .02 Ckapda( Fkd]jj Skhbc]jc .-,( .3.b*( /,2( /0.( /03 Ckh`opaej( Haohea Bnea`i]j /2, Ckqcao( Khuila `a -34 Cnaeb( Opab]j /2( .,/( .-, Cnkpeqo( Dqck .2b*( 13( 15( 24̞3.( 5.̞53( -,5 Cnkra( Lapan .51 Cnqjanp( Bn]jg 3Cnqjks( Ahakjkna .50 Cqeoa( Danvkc rkj 00 D]^ani]o( FÜncaj -/̞-1( -3b*( 21 D]n`aj^anc( Bnea`ne_d rkj $Jkr]heo% /0-b* D]nrau( Sehhe]i -.4 D]opejco( Ahev]^apd -/5 D]qoaj( G]nej ., Dacah( Caknc Sehdahi Bnea`ne_d -.( -0( -2( -4( .-̞./( .1( /1( /4̞0,( -44b*( .11( .13b*( .24( .30( .45( .52( /,1̞//4 Daejne_d ER* 00 Daejv( I]nekj /-b*( /0( /5( -11( -20( -42 Dahhiqpd( A_gd]n` 45̞5-( --,b*( --1 Dan`an( Fkd]jj Ckppbnea` .,/ Danio( Aehanp .53 Danv( Dajneappa .3-( .5/b*( /0. Dauja( ?dneope]j Ckpphk^ .3Dellah( Pdak`kn Ckpphea^ /2( -55̞.-0 Deno_di]jj( J]j_u -.,( -.1b*( -/,( -/.( -/1 Dk^^ao( Pdki]o -1b*( -4( ./b*( .2̞.5( /-( 15( 22̞24( 3,b*( 30̞34( 5,( ---( -..( -.0b*( -.5( -//( -31( .,4 DÖh`anhej( Bnea`ne_d /,1b* Dkhop( =i]he] /2b*( -55̞.,1( .--̞.-2 Dkhsa`a( I]nea Aheo]^apd Bnaebn]q rkj .3Dkian .3Dkjjapd( =tah ./ Dkkga( Nk^anp -., Dknopi]jj( Nkhb)Lapan .30 Dqi^kh`p( =hat]j`an Caknc rkj .3Dqi^kh`p( Sehdahi rkj /5b*( .2-( .3-̞.45( /00b* Dqia( @]re` /,b*( -1-̞-2-( -4-( -40( ./3( .01

LҟҬҭҩҨҟҨҬҟҡңҭҮҟҬ Dqp_daokj( Bn]j_eo Eih]u( Ceh^anp

/21

-40

./4b*( .02( .04

F]_k^e( Bnea`ne_d Daejne_d .,3( .3-( .51( /,2 F]ao_dga( S]hpan /,-( /,1( /,4b*( /-/b*( /-3( /-5( //3 F]j]n]( H]qn] /12( /14 F]jga( Skhbc]jc .1/ Fa{anokj( Pdki]o /11 Fkdjokj( Fkoald ./2̞./5( .0/ Fkjao( ?]pdaneja -/5 Fqope( Fkd]jj Daejne_d Ckpphea^ rkj .-G]iao( Dajnu Dkia ./4 G]jp( Eii]jqah -1( -4b*( .2( .5b*( /.̞/0( /5( 3,( 31( 4,( 41b*( 44( --1( -34( -4-̞-53( .,1b*( .,4( .-,( ./3( .1-̞.11( .13( .15( .2-( .23( .3-( .3/̞.31( .41( .44( .51b*( /,1̞/,4( /-4( /0-b*( /00( /02 G]nh EE* --5b* Gaaja( =cjao --5 Gahhanan( Oe`kjea .-5( .// Gail Oiepd( Jkni]j -1. Ganj( Eneo .-5 Ganopejc( Skhbc]jc -1( -3b*( /.̞/0( 31( -.1( -/0( -4Gejco^knkqcd( Hkn` ./3 Ghejcan( ?knjahe] .. Gjqpvaj( I]npej -4Gq_ghe_g( ?dneopkld .-( .-.( .22 Gqjpd( Fkd]jj ?dneope]j .3Gqopan( Bnea`anega .-( -.1( -20( -3,( -3.( -30( -33( /03

I]_Ldanokj( ?n]sbkn` >nkqcd ---( -/0 I]eopna( Fkoald `a /1b*( .-5( ./,̞./. I]ha^n]j_da( Je_kh]o -0, I]j_eje( Dknpajoa -0, I]npeja]q( D]nneap /2, I]nt( G]nh -3 Ia]`( Caknc Dan^anp ./ Ia_gajopk_g( CÜjpan .51 Ia`e_e( G]pd]nej] rkj 1, Iajva( ?haiajo .34 Iancajpd]han( I]u /01( /05 Iappanje_d( Ghaiajo Sajvah Hkpd]n Cn]b rkj .3.( /0-b* Iehh( Fkdj Opq]np .4-( /2, Iehho( L]pne_e] /.1 Iehpepv( @eapne_d rkj .1Iehpkj( Fkdj ./2 Ikjp]ecja( Ie_dah Aumqai `a 1/( .,4 Ikjpaomqeaq( ?d]nhao `a .-5 Ikna( Dajnu -/5( -0Ikphau( I]nu /1. J]lkhakj >kj]l]npa ..,( .1.( .3.( .50 J]lkhakj EEE* /1. J]q`É( C]^neah 00 J]qi]jj( >]n^]n] 0,( /0/ Ja_gan( F]_mqao ./3 Jaspkj( Eo]]_ -.,( -4Je_kha( Leanna -0,( -01 Jeapd]iian( Bnea`ne_d Eii]jqah /,2 Jeapvo_da( Bnea`ne_d .22 Jknneo( Fkdj -/5b* K{a( ?h]qo /1/ Klepv)>ah]gd]h( ?h]q`e]

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H]^kqh]ua( A`kq]n` .4Hae^jev( Ckppbnea` Sehdahi /5( 41b*( ./3( .3-( .31( .4.b* Hajken( Peikpdu .32 Haogu( Anj] .2Harej( N]dah /0. He_dpaj^anc( Caknc ?dneopkld .3Hejg( ?dneopkld -,( 40̞43( 5,b* Hhku`( Cajareara -1/ Hk_ga( Fkdj -2( -4( .5b*( /3( 1.( 5,( ---( --5̞-/1( -/5( -03( ./1b*( .0,̞.0.( .00( .40 Hksan( Ne_d]n` -., Hq`sec TREEE* ..,( ./,

L]eja( Pki ./5 L]pai]j( ?]nkha -/.( -20 L]pej( Cqu 00 L]po_d( Dani]jj .51 L]qhqo( Daejne_d A^and]n` Ckpphk^ /,2 Le^n]_( Cqu `q B]qn `a 0/ Lh]pkj /-( 2-b*( 20( -15( -21b*( -25( .33( .4,( .50̞.52( /0/b* Lne_a( Ne_d]n` ./2( ./4( .0/̞.01 Lnk]op( Fkj]o -.. Lqbaj`knb( O]iqah .2b*( 13( 15( 3,̞35( 41b*( 51̞55( -,-b*( -,3( -,5( ---( -.5

I]_de]rahhe( Je__khÒ

Naapv( @]jgbnea`

02

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/22 Nae_d( Gh]qo -31b*( -34 Nae_d]n`p( Fkd]jj Bnea`ne_d /0Naehh( Lapan D]jjo .32 Naejdkh`( G]nh Hakjd]n` .1.b*( /,3 NÖ`( Skhbc]jc 22( 24( 3,( 42̞44( 5Nkdo( Lapan .15 Nkoajvsaec( >a]pa .5 Nkqooa]q( Fa]j)F]_mqao -1( -3̞.-( /-b*( /3( -2/̞-35( -4-( -40( -44( -55̞.,.( .,0( .,2b*( .-.b*( .-5( ./,( ./4( .01( .03( .11( .21( .24( .40( .44( /,1( /0.( /00b*( /03( /1/ O]hvi]jj( ?dneope]j Ckppdahb ./3 O]j_nkbp( Sehhe]i -/5 O]j`( Caknca /11 O_d]q^( @e]j] F* /10 O_dahhejc( Bnea`ne_d Sehdahi Fkoald .-,( .30( /,1̞/,4( /0. O_dehhan( Bnea`ne_d -44( .3.( .33( .4-( .41( /,2( /0-b*( /00 O_dehhan( D]jo)Anjop .40 O_dhacah( =qcqop Sehdahi .5/( /,2( /0-b*( /02 O_dhacah( @knkpda] /0.b*( /01( /05 O_dhacah( Bnea`ne_d /5b*( .5/̞.51( //.( /0-̞ /05 O_dhaeani]_dan( Bnea`ne_d @]jeah Anjop /5b*( .-.( .-0( .5/̞/,.( /05 O_dhÖvan( =qcqop Hq`sec rkj -53 O_die`p( Fkoab /-5( /.0( /.3 O_die`p( O]n]d .52 O_djÄ`ah^]_d( Dan^anp /--( //, O_djae`ano( Sanjan 4-( -,,( -,1 O_dju`an( Lapan /02 O_dk_dap( Ckn`kj F* -.2 O_ds]^( @eapan -5( 5/b* Od]bpao^qnu( A]nh kb $=jpdkju =odhau)?kklan% -.,b*( -0,( -31( -40 Od]gaola]na( Sehhe]i ./2̞./4 Od]jhau( I]nu Huj`kj -20 Odahhau( I]nu .0, Oeal( Hq`sec .13( /-,( /-5b* OeÉuÈo( Aii]jqah Fkoald .3. Oecqo_d( Rkhgi]n -3/ Oej_h]en( Eo]]_ rkj /,2 Oiahhea( Sehhe]i ./4 Oiepd( =`]i -42( .02( /2, Oiepd( ?d]nhkppa ./3 Okldkghao /-2( /.3 Olejkv]( >]nq_d `a .51b*( /,1 Olepvan( Ahga .,. Op* ?h]ena( =npdqn -1.

LҟҬҭҩҨҟҨҬҟҡңҭҮҟҬ Op]Ëh( =jja Hkqeoa Cani]eja `a ./4( .3. Opaaha( Ne_d]n` ./3 Opaej( Daejne_d Bnea`ne_d G]nh rki qj` vqi .3. Opq^ajn]q_d( O]iqah Anjop Peikpdaqo .5/ Osa`aj^knc( Ai]jqah ./4 P]hhaun]j`( ?d]nhao ./4 P]uhkn( ?d]nhao -3 P]uhkn( D]nneap /2, Pdki]o rkj =mqej -/( 13b*( 20b* Pdki]oeqo( ?dneope]j .3̞.5( 13( 15( 3,( 33̞ 43( 5,( 53b*( -,,̞-,5( ---( --1 Pdkq( ?dneopklda `a 0/ Pea_g( Hq`sec /0. Pk_mqarehha( =hateo `a 0-( /1-̞/2, PÖjjeao( Ban`ej]j` -2 Pki]oahhe( Ouhr]j] /3( ./1 Pnkhhkla( Bn]j_ao /12 Pnkqehh]n`( Bn]j_keoa 00 Punahh( F]iao -.5 R]j`aqeho( =jcÉhemqa .3. Rahpdquoaj( H]i^anp 55 Raja( S]hpan -., Rappan( Heo] L]_a /2, Renikj`( Skhbc]jc .54 Rkcah( Qnoqh] .4-( .40 Rkhp]ena $Bn]j_keo)I]nea =nkqap%

./3

S]h`ks( =jeg /, S]h`nkj( Fanaiu -/. S]hv( Cqop]r =`khb -50 S]odejcpkj( Caknca /11 Sa^an( I]t --( 5Saecah( And]n` 3Saecah( Oecne` /05 Saeo_da`ah( Sehdahi .1/ Sah_d( ?danuh >* /12( /15 Sahvah( D]jo 2-( 22b*( 25 Sea]_gan( Bn]jv 42( 5,( 5. Sehdahi EEE* -.Sejpdnkl( @ah^] /12b*( /15 Sk^aoan( G]nkheja rkj .-. Skhb( Ane_d 25( 3.( 5. Skh{( ?dneope]j .5( 13( 15( 41̞5.( -,5̞--1( .3-( .30( .4. Skhhopkja_n]bp( I]nu /3( ./1̞.04 Vsehhejc( F]gk^

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