Geographers Biobibliographical Studies Volume 9 9781474230827, 9781474230841

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GEOGRAPHERS Biobibliographical Studies VOLUME 9

GEOGRAPHERS BIOBIBLIOGRAPHICAL STUDIES This volume forms part of the series Studies in the History of Geography planned by the Working Group on the History of Geographical Thought of the International Geographical Union and the Commission of the International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science. Chairman, Professor David Hooson, Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. Secretary and Editor, Professor T.W. Freeman, 2 Kingston Close, Abingdon 0X14 1ES, England. Ordinary Members: Professor Josef Babicz, Institut d'Histoire des Sciences et de Techniques, Polska Akademia Nauk, Nowy Swiat 72, Warsaw, Poland; Professor Anne Buttimer, Department of Social and Economic Geography, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 13, S 223 62 Lund, Sweden; Professor Geoffrey J. Martin, 89, Banks Road, Easton, Connecticut 06430, USA; Professor Philippe Pinchemel, Institut de Géographie, 191 rue St. Jacques, Paris 75005, France; Professor Hou Ren-Zhi, Geography Department, Peking University, Beijing, PRC; Professor Keiichi Takeuchi, Faculty of Social Studies, Hitotsubashi University, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan. Honorary Members: Professor Manfred Büttner, 4630 Bochum, Kierfenweg 40, Federal Republic of Germany; Professor Clarence D. Glacken, Earth Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, California 9I1720, USA; Professor Richard Hartshorne, Department of Geography, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; Professor Preston E. James, 379 Villa Drive South, Atlantis, Florida 33462, USA; Professor Emil Meynen, 53 Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1, Langenbergweg 82, Federal Republic of Germany; Professor O.H.K. Spate, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, GP0 Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601.

GEOGRAPHERS Biobibliographical Studies VOLUME 9 Edited by T. W. Freeman on behalf of the Working Group on the History of Geographical Thought of the International Geographical Union and the International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science

Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LON DON • OX F O R D • N E W YO R K • N E W D E L H I • SY DN EY

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www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in 1985 by Mansell Publishing Limited © International Geographical Union, 1985 T.W. Freeman has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Editor of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the author. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: ePDF: 978-1-4742-3082-7 ePub: 978-1-4742-3083-4  

Geographers: biobibliographical studies. Vol. 9 1. Geographers – Biography – Periodicals 910’.92’2 G67 Series: Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies, volume 9

Contents Introduction

T. W. Freeman

List of abbreviations

XI

Charles Frederick Arden-Close 1865-1952

T. W. Freeman

Ralph Hall Brown 1898-1948

Linda Miles Coppens

15

Philippe Buache 1700-1773

Lucie

21

Vaughan Cornish 1862-1948

Bryan Waites

29

Charles Darwin 1809-1882

Patrick

37

William Hughes 1818-1876

J. E. Vaughan

47

Emilio Huguet del Villar 1871-1951

Jordi

55

Ragnar Hult 1857-1899

Kalevi

Halford John Mackinder 1861-1947

Gerry

Reams

71

Anton Melik 1890-1966

Colin Thomas

87

Philipp Paulitschke 1854-1899

Margarete

95

Johan Evert Rosberg 1864-1932

Stig

Peter Ivanovich Rychkov 1712-1777

Y. L. Yugai

Ludomir Slepowran Sawicki 1884-1928

StanisZaw

Wilfred Smith 1903-1955

R. Lawton

Edward Louis Ullman 1912-1976

Roland R. Boyce

Eugene Van Cleef 1887-1973

S. Earl Brown

Wilhelm Volz 1870-1958

Rainer

Wang Yung 1899-1956

Donald Marion

Index

Lagarde

Armstrong

Marti-Henneberg Eikkinen

Lazar

Jaatinen

1

61

101 109

Leszczycki

Gartner

113 121 129 137 145 151 155

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Johan Evert Rosberg was to be part of the material presented for his doctorate later. The interest in valleys both in the north of Finland in Lappland and in the south in Nyland was to prove valuable for geomorphology in general and Rosberg also studied dune formation on the Ostrobothnian coast and on the island of Karlo (Hailuoto). During the summer of 1895 he travelled once more in eastern Karelia studying the marginal glacial formations, on which he published his second volume in 1899, the year when Hult unexpectedly died. Therefore by the end of the century Rosberg had attained a firm reputation for scholarship while continuing his work as a school master, first in Kuopio, later in Fredikshamn (Hamina), Uleaborg and from 1898 in Helsingfors, where in fact he remained involved in school teaching almost to the time of his retirement from the university. His combination of school and university work over so long a period was exceptional and one valuable result was the publication of general geographical textbooks for pupils at various levels in primary and secondary schools. Another fortunate contribution was the writing of detailed and comprehensive regional descriptions, intended for a wide readership and not merely those people who were or had been students of geography. Of these one of the first was his work on the parish of Saaksmaki published in 1899. On the death of Hult Rosberg had to take over the teaching of geography at the university. To improve his competence he once more went on long tours of continental Europe, including Germany and AustriaHungary in 1899, 1900 and 1901, and through these travels he became personally acquainted with Albrecht Penck, Alexander Supan, Eduard Bruckner and other famous scholars of the time. He also continued to work actively for both geographical societies, having from 1893 been a member of the Geographical Society of Finland and from 1888 a founder member of the Finnish Geographical Association, of which he became chairman after the death of Hult in 1899. To its journal (later Terra), he contributed several hundred short notices and reviews which over the years helped to make geographical work known to a wide public. The years from 1900 to 1914 proved to be a time of consolidation for geography at the university with a marked advance in its teaching not only in Finland but also in the three other Scandinavian countries. On 12 October 1901 Rosberg was asked to take over the newly found 'extraordinary' professorship of geography, to which he was officially appointed on 3 May 1902. This was converted to an 'ordinary' chair on 12 October 1912. As part of the studies he introduced geographical excursions and fieldwork and the first excursion was to Tammerfors (Tampere) and Kangasala, with later visits as far east as lake Ladoga, including Pitkaranta and the island of Valamo. During the next year there was a visit to Denmark and in 1904 an excursion to the southwest of Finland and Aland. In 1905 Rosberg and his students visited Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish Lappland, to which he returned for a longer visit during the summer of the same year. In all he led ten student excursions from 1902 to 1912. A further innovation was the arrangement of an annual meeting of Finnish geographers and happily these have continued with few interruptions to the

103

present time. During this period Rosberg became known as an expert on Lappland and he served as a member of the Protected Forestry Reserve Commission from 1907 to 1910. He attended the seventh International Geographical Congress at Berlin in 1899 and also the ninth Congress at Geneva in 1908. His travels continued, and included visits to Bavaria in 1907, to Italy in 1911 and in 1913 to Southern Russia, the Crimea, the Caucasus, Turkestan and Southern Siberia. Much of what he saw during these tours was used in his popular presentations of regional geography, following an initial publication in articles for the Geographical Association's journal. Later he assembled them in encyclopaedic form or in popular travel books and textbooks for school use. He also published several travel guides for various regions of Finland, using the wide knowledge of the country that he had gleaned during the years. In effect he provided a much more thorough image of Finland, both for its own inhabitants and the increasing number of foreign tourists, than that provided by Zachris Topelius, the poet and historian whose Boken om vart land was regarded as the outstanding source on the history and geography of Finland and was read in the primary schools for almost a hundred years. During this period, which lasted to the beginning of the First World War, Rosberg saw the emergence of the second generation of Finnish geographers, notably of the geologist-geographer Vainb Tanner (1881-1948), Iivari Leiviska (1876-1953) whose doctorate dissertation was published in 1906 and who later became professor of geography in Helsingfors, and finally J.G. Grano (1882-1956), whose doctorate dissertation was published in 1910 and who later became the leading Finnish geographer for many decades (Geogr. biobibl. stud., vol 3 (1979), 73-84). Rosberg contributed to the scholarly development of these renowned geographers, not least through the example of his own steadfast determination to remain a working geographer through difficult years. Indeed Granb's obituary of Rosberg, written in 1932, emphasizes that the liberal attitudes, warmheartedness and the humorous character of Rosberg perhaps contributed more as a stimulus to the younger colleagues than his scientific work. As noted above, in 1907 Rosberg was asked to serve on the Northern Forest Reserve Commission and the subarctic forests were generally regarded as significant in assessing the national timber resources. The work for this commission strengthened Rosberg's already considerable knowledge of northern Finland, revealed partly in the 250 page report covering the investigation. Others followed him to Lappland, notably Vaino Tanner who worked on its quaternary geology and geomorphology. The interest was further strengthened when Finland was given the Petsamo region, with its outlet to the Arctic, at the treaty of Dorpat in 1921. The interest of Rosberg did not end with the physical features and vegetation for he was concerned to study the Lapps as people, their way of life, environmental adaptations and even personal characteristics in a strange and difficult environment. Although he wrote extensively on these aspects there is little that could be termed a geographical analysis in his work and it was left to

104

Jokan

Evert

Rosberg

Tanner to show the possibilities of a cultural geography of residents in such an environment by his outstanding work on the Eskimos of Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1940s. Nevertheless it is remarkable that Rosberg, originating from the Swedish-speaking Nyland, made one of his major contributions to geography in Lappland. This was recognized in his appointment as a member of the Norwegian-Swedish Commission on Reindeer Pasturage, 1914-17. This international body had Vaino Tanner as chairman and its aim was to define the problems arising from the advancing agricultural colonization of the former Samic regions where nomadic pasturing had been prevalent and from the disputes arising from the wanderings of the reindeer hordes over the boundary between Sweden and Norway. During these years Rosberg had innumerable meetings with both settlers and Lapps and in fact wrote more than half of the eighteen-volume report of the Commission (4 500 pages). This report is an exceptionally rich source for many geographical studies and a vivid presentation in great detail of the cultural relationship between two diverse human groups at the time when confrontation had actually begun. So far little of this rich mine of material has received geographical treatment. Naturally during the years of his concern with the Reindeer Pasturage Commission Rosberg had little time for other scholarly activities and when this work was completed the civil war in Finland was also inimical to such activity. He said little on this trying time, though he is known to have been a devoted patriot and a member of the Civil Defence Force. The years from 1917 to 1929, when he retired at the age of sixty-five, were marked by a return to glacial study, notably of potholes but though this had been a source of interest for many previous years in the end he presented only a short synthetic treatment of the problem. In 1928 he published a study on the time of travel within Finland at various historical periods, a topic to which little attention had been given. In these later years he also wrote some important papers on geographical terminology, notably on the archipelago environment and he continued his popular writings which included a large number of notes and reviews in Terra. Having the double advantage of a natural gift for conciliation and survival to a position of seniority, Rosberg persuaded the two geographical societies to unite into a single body, the Geographical Society of Finland, in 1921. The parallel publications were merged into three, Fennia, Acta Geographica and Terra. The internal structure of the society still reflects the character of the two original partners for there is a category of senior membership for scientifically qualified persons. Rosberg's last journey abroad was to the Mediterranean by motor-car in 1927, about which he wrote some geomorphological papers and also some more popular material. During the final years of his life he had some ideas for new work, including the planning of a scientific expedition to Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya and, in 1927, the foundation of a 'floating geographical school'. Neither proposal was implemented. The idea of an Arctic expedition was in the tradition of former Finnish enterprises such as

the Great Kola peninsula expedition of 1887 and the Finnish-Arctic journey and circumnavigation of Eurasia in 1878-9 of Adolf-Erik Nordenskiold (1832-1901), himself a Finn by birth. Strangely he did not contribute to the first Atlas of Finland, 1899, but in the second edit ion, 1910, he wrote about the Lake Plateau and also the Lapps though he was not a member of the editorial board on either occasion. For the 1925 production he was a member of the editorial board, of which the chairman was J.G. Grano. In assessing the contribution of Rosberg to varied fields of geography one must remember that he had in mind both academics and teachers in schools with their pupils. When he was presented by his colleagues, students and friends on his sixtieth birthday with a portrait painted by Toivo Tuhkanen, now in the Department of Geography at Helsingfors university, he was shown as a schoolmaster of a jovial type pointing out a feature on a map of Finland. The work that has endured, some of it now dating back for almost a hundred years, is what was done in his earlier years, especially on the glacial marginal systems of the Salpausselka and the deltas of the Ostrobothnian coast. Nevertheless his writings on Lappland and the Same population, first visited with Ragnar Hult in 1890, with his work for the major enquiries on Lappland and its forest resources, is still of significance. Beyond all this lies his general presentation of geography to a wide public in the school classroom and the reading community as a whole. Of this most was written in Swedish but much of it was translated into Finnish. His school texts went into several editions. After a full and useful life he died on 20 March 1932 at Helsingfors. 2. SCIENTIFIC IDEAS AND GEOGRAPHICAL THOUGHT Mainly a practitioner of geography, Rosberg developed his skill as a fieldworker early in life and his interpretations of geomorphological features were founded on keen and systematic observation and unsparing willingness to acquire first hand observation in the field. Much of this work was done under difficult conditions, notably his investigation of the Salpausselka ridges in primitive Karelia and also the Lappland fjell journeys for the Reindeer Pasturage Commission, described fully in the report. He was an equally assiduous traveller in such areas as the Austrian Alps, the mountains of the Caucasus, in Turkmenistan and Southern Siberia. Similarly the accounts of his student excursions show the same determination to carry through the intentions of each trip regardless of the effort involved. He possessed in a full measure the Finnish characteristic of sisu, meaning the ability to carry on the work whatever the difficulties. In his lasting and revered contribution on the formation of deltas along the coast of Ostrobothnian coast, Rosberg applied a clear genetic approach with consideration of the physical setting of the delta river mouth deltas and other hydrological factors. He writes of 'archipelago deltas' and of 'submarine deltas' and he also takes into account the secular land upheaval. As some of these studies were done ninety years ago they are now of considerable

Johan Evert Rosberg interest to workers in areas where the land upheaval is nearly a metre over a century, especially as the local topography is virtually flat and therefore marked changes in the coastline may be seen within a lifetime. Similarly Rosberg's work on the geomorphology, both in Lappland and in Nyland, has been of lasting value. He was equipped with a firm knowledge of geomorphological processes, partly acquired during his visits to continental European research centres. Like other workers he was concerned to create clarity and system in geomorphological terminology, on which he wrote several short treatises, which included efforts to provide accurate translations of geographical terminology, especially of German words. And nobody since his time has attempted to make a systematic investigation of the flora of potholes in Finland, created in the glacial period and worthy of a new survey. Regional geography was an enduring interest throughout his life and he presented his findings on three different scales. Of these the first was a detailed description of very small areas, of which his study of the parish of Saaksmaki (1899) is an inspiring example. In principle Rosberg was following the example of Pehr Adrian Gadd (1727-97) and his pupils at the Academy of Abo in the spirit of the eighteenth century time of 'enlightenment and benefit'. And his contemporary, Robert Boldt (1861-1932), eagerly promoted such studies and in 1899 gathered together a number dealing with the seventeenth and eighteenth

centuries in Meddelanden af Geografiska

Foreningen

i

Finland, vol 5, 1-64. In 1901 Rosberg contributed to the large monograph on his home parish of Kyrkslatt with Uno A. Fleege (1870-1922). Later he did not return to this detailed type of work but instead wrote somewhat popular but geographically accurate accounts of parts or the whole of Finland, intended mostly for tourist use: a dozen such treatises form the second type of his regional productions. The areas of Finland covered include the southern archipelago, Ostrobothnia, Karelia and Lappland: first written for his students these were later collected together in a two-volume book. He used the difficult period of the First World War to write popular travel essays, published in 1918 and 1919 and dealing with his journeys abroad and on his experiences of crossing the Norwegian, Swedish and Lappland frontiers. His third regional contribution was on a Ldndevkunde scale, dealing with areas of continental proportions. Academically Rosberg was a child of the midnineteenth century geographers, Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter, and particularly the later Germans such as Ratzel, Banse, Supan and Hettner (Geogr. stud., vol 6, 1982, 55-63). In an article biobibl. published in Terra in 1919 he refers to several of these authorities and includes a schematic figure of the structure of geography presented first by Semenov-Tian-Shansky. He appears to have retained his concern for the academic controversy between Hult and Palmen and as late as 1919, when a well established scholar in his own right, he gave a contribution to a discussion in the Geographical Society of Finland on the 'true nature of geography' which shows a certain bitterness towards the attitudes of representatives of

105

cognate fields of study. He said that such attitudes had hampered his work as an academic teacher for they disseminated disrespect for geography among the students. He never penetrated fundamental questions on the philosophy of geography or its relations to other disciplines but limited himself to stressing the chorological point of view, the genetic approach that the object of geography was to study all the different phenomena on the surface of the earth. Though convinced of the identity of geography he never really contributed to arguments in favour of this opinion. However in his schoolbooks he tried to show that mere enumeration of geographical objects and facts was not enough for the real purpose was to find out the spatial relationships between different phenomena. This marked an advance in method from that of earlier textbooks, such as those of Elis Lagerblad (1845-1928) which were of an old-fashioned factual type. Rosberg in his school as in his university teaching introduced a newer and more scientific approach in handling geographical information. He also insisted on better maps, both topographic and thematic, of cartographical accuracy in his books. Rosberg's personal character, his sociable temperament, open-mindedness and humanity gave him sympathy with the artistic and literary flavour of geographical analysis favoured by Ewald Banse (18831953), to whom he frequently refers (Geogr. biobibl. stud., vol 8 (1984), 1-5). This is most apparent in his popular writings, for example in his descriptions of the Karelian primeval forest or the South Siberian steppe as well as in his descriptions in the regional treatises of Finnish regions, which would have attracted more readers had they been written in a language other than Swedish. Modern geographers interested in perception would certainly find them of interest. By nature a liberally-minded man, and of a sympathetic disposition, he supported strongly the value and integrity of the Samic culture of the Lapps, notably in discussing a lecture by the Danish expert on the Lapps, Emile Demant. He was also critical of the Norwegian oppressive attitude to the Lapps and held the view that most of the outside influences were detrimental to the genuine Samic culture and society.

3. INFLUENCE AND SPREAD OF IDEAS Rosberg began his academic career under the guidance of Ragnar Hult in an atmosphere of relative stability and liberty. He adopted from the beginning a progressive attitude towards scholarly geography and the general conception of the structure and aim of geography remained unaltered through his long career in the subject. Unlike Hult he had a full term of university service, and his activity as chairman of the Geographical Association of Finland with the editorship of Terra and his service as librarian of the Geographical Society of Finland was helpful in achieving the union of the two societies in 1921. Through his long-continued work the interdisciplinary position of geography was enhanced and he was able to educate successive generations of teachers using steadily improving methods of instruction. This was strengthened by his textbooks, mainly in regional geography but also in physical and economic geography.

106

Johan Evert

Rosberg

He was quick to follow what was happening abroad and what was written by leading geographers and to make all this known by short articles and reviews. Assuming the mantle of Hult at the university, he was the inspirer of the second generation of Finnish geographers responsible for the discipline until the period of the First World War. The promotion of studies in local history and geography (in Swedish 'hembygdsforskning') helped to develop tourism within Finland, which had some success in the period of relative affluence before the civil war. The Finnish Tourist Association was founded in 1887. Rosberg's work on the Lapps did much to dispel ignorance and remove prejudice among the general public. With this, his work on the archipelagoes developed scientific interest and in time to stimulate a great deal of research, in which one of his younger colleagues, better known as a botanist, Ernst Hayren (1878-1957) published numerous studies of the plant geography of the archipelagoes and also of the Kumo river delta. As Rosberg was Swedish-speaking there was an element of opposition to his work among some of his younger colleagues, however friendly they were in personal relations. And there was also the impression that the work of his later years achieved versatility through superficiality. It would now seem that his strongest academic contribution was given in his early years, particularly in geomorphology and it is to these studies that attention is now given, particularly those dealings with the post-glacial development of the Finnish landscape. With new methods there is a growing interest in the dynamics of delta formation along the Ostrobothnian coast and the valley morphology of southern Sweden. Rosberg certainly felt an obligation to continue the struggle for a 'new geography' initiated by Ragnar Hult. He did this in an extraordinarily industrious, unassuming and open-minded way. He also succeeded in combining the role of an intrepid field researcher with productive authorship, devoted patriotism, defence of the human rights of minorities and an active interest in chosen areas of Finland from west to east and north to south. Through his accomplishment as a geographer the subject was firmly planted in the life of Finland.

Bibliography and Sources 1. REFERENCES ON JOHAN EVERT ROSBERG anon., Inbjudning till Khbrande af det Offentliga Fbvedrag hvarmed Professoren I Geografi vid Kejserliga Alexanders-Universitetet i Finland, Filosofie Doktorn Johan Evert Rosberg Tilltr'dder sitt Ambete. Utfrardat af FysiskMatematiska Sektionens Dekanus (invitation to attend Rosberg's inaugural lecture, 12 February 1913, Helsingfors (1913), 11 p. anon.,

*J.E. Rosberg 60 ar', Terra,

vol 36 (1924)

96-8 Grano, J.G., 2.

obit., Terra,

vol 44 (1932), 73-5

SELECTIVE THEMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS BY JOHAN EVERT ROSBERG

a. 1889

Geomorphology 'Nagra iakttagelser b'fver tillandningarna i en del af vestra Nylands skargard' ('Observations on the increment of land in the western Nyland archipelago'), Geogr. Foren. Finl. Tidskr., vol 1, 172-84

1892

'Ytbildningar i ryska och finska Karelen med sarskild hansyn till de karelska randmoranerna' ('The superficial forms of the glacial marginalformations in Finnish and Russian Karelia'), Fennia, vol 7/2, 128 p. and second part in Fennia, vol 14/7 (1899), 71 p.

1894

'Nagra dynbildningar pa Bottniska vikens ostkust' ('Dunes of the east coast of the Bothnian G u l f ) , Vetensk. Meddn. Geogr. Foren. Finl., vol 2, 78-96

1895

'Bottenvikens finska deltan' ('Deltas of the

Ostrobothnian coast'), Vetensk.

Foren.

Finl.,

Meddn. Geogr.

vol 2, 103-375

1902

'Jordskaltvet den 10 April 1902' ('The earthquake of 10 April 1902'), Fennia, vol 21/3, 28 p.

1906

'Anteckningar om Sibbo dalen' ('Observations on the valley of the Sibbo river'), Vetensk. Meddn. Geogr. Foren. Finl., vol 7, 16 p.

1925

'Jattegrytor i Sodra Finland' ('Potholes in southern Finland'), Fennia, vol 46/1, 104 p.

b. Lappland and the Samic question 1891 (with R. Hult) 'Nordostra Sodankyla' ('North-

eastern Sodankyla'), Geogr. Foren.

Finl.

Tidskr., vol 3, 1-51: continued in the papers listed (v.i.) under 1892 and 1908 1892

'Nagra sjobacken med deltabildningar i finska Lappmarken' ('Some lake basins with deltas in Finnish Lappland'), Vetensk. Meddn. Geogr. Foren. Finl., vol 1, 18 p.

1908

'Studien iiber Talbildungen im finnischen Lappland und dessen Umgebungen' ('Valley formations in Finnish Lappland'), Fennia, vol 24/4, 38 p.

1910

(with E. Wichman, Olli Pajari and Olli Heikinheimo) Komitean mietintb Kejs. Majesteetille maanme pohjoisimpiin osiin jarjestettavien suojelusalueitten erottamista varten asetetulta komisionilta (Report of the Commission on the Northern Protected Forest Regions), 243 p.

Johan Evert Rosberg 1911

'Anteckningar om lapparna i Finland' ('Observations on the Lapps in Finland'), Vetens. Meddn.

Geogr. Foren. Finl.,

1917

Ekman (Secretary)), Renbeteskommissionen af 1913 Handlingar (Report of the Reindeer Pasturage Commission of 1913), 14 vol, c. 4,500 p.

(The temperament of the

Lapps),

Helsingfors, 294 p.

c. 1899

Regional Geography 'Saaksmaki socken. Utkast till en geografisk sockenbeskrivning' ('The parish of Saaksmaki, outlines of a geographical description'),

Vetensk.

1901

1902

448 p.

1925 Skdrgarden Helsingfors - Hang'o (The archipelago between Helsingfors and Hango), Turistforeningens i Finland Arsbok, 192 p.

maakunna,

(with V. Tanner (chairman), B. Poppius, 0. Heikinheimo, K. Nielsen, J. Holmboe, E.E. Neilsen, P. Lorenz Schmith, E. v. Sydow, T.C.E. Fries, S. Mortenson, W.L. Wanhainen and G.

1922 Lapplynne

1921-3 Turistforeningens resehandbok (Travel guides for various parts of Finland), Helsingfors,

vol 9/1, 132 p.

'Lappi' ('Lappland'), in Suomen Helskinki, 240 p.

Meddn. Geogr. Foren. Finl.,

10?

Svensk Osterbotten

(Swedish Ostrobothnia),

ibid.,

104 p.

1927 Min hembyda, s& tr&ng men dock sa vid (Essays on Kyrskldtt, his home parish), Helsingfors, 160 p. 3.

Archival

Sources

Rosberg's academic career including his activity as a professor is described in the reports of the Proceedings of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, University of Helsingfors. The minutes of the Geographical Society of Finland contain numerous references of the contributions of Rosberg to Terra

and Fennia.

vol 5, 86 p.

(with Uno A. Fleege) Kyrksl'dtt socken, dess natur, utveckling och historia (The parish of Kyrkslatt, its nature, development and history),

Stig Jaatinen is professor University of Helsinki

510 p.

Chronology

'Sydamerkia och Mellersta Amerika' ('South and

Central America'), Geogr. Foren. Finl.

Tidskr.,

of geography at the

vol 14, 110 p. 1903

'Nordamerika och Polarlanderna eller Arktis' ('North America and the Arctic'), Geogr. Foren.

1864

Born at Kyrkslatt, Nyland province, 18 June

'Australien och Oceaninen' ('Australia and

1883

Entered Helsingfors University after his school course at the Svenska Normallyceum

1886

Graduated as Cand. Phil, of Helsingfors University

1886-98

Was a schoolmaster at Kuopio, Fredikshamn, Uleaborg and Helsingfors

1887

Travelled in Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Scandinavia

1889

Field studies in Western Nyland

1890

Worked with Ragnar Hult in the field, Central Lapland

1891

Field studies in the east of Karelia

1892

Became a member of the Finnish Geographical Association

1893

Geomorphological fieldwork in Ostrobothnia

Finl. 1904

Tidskr.,

vol 15, 165 p.

Oceania'), Geogr. Foren. Finl.

Tidskr.,

vol 16,

85 p. 1905

'Osterrike' ('Austria'), Geografiska vol 29-30, Helsingfors, 99 p.

'Asien', Geogr. Foren. Finl.

Tidskr.,

Bilder,

vol 16-17,

148 p.

'Europa', Geogr. Foren. Finl.

Tidskr.,

vol 17-

18, 213 p.

1906-07 Finlandia: illustrerad resehandbok (Finland: illustrated travel guide), 56 p. (issued in several languages)

1911 Finlands geografii: (Geography of Finland:

landskapsskildringar regional descriptions),

Helsingfors, 192 p.

1918 Bland alia slags nationer under himmelen den bla (Travels among various nations: essays), 321 p.

1919 Bygd och obygd (Essays on travel Helsingfors, 243 p.

in

Finland),

108 Johan Evert

Rosberg

1895

Ph. Lie. degree with honours in zoology at Hensingfors University

1896

Married Emmy Loviso Soderlund (they had two daughters and one son)„ Was successful at the first Ph.D, examination in geography at Helsingfors University

1898

Appointed as Reader ('Docent') in geography at Helsingfors University

1898-1925

Was chairman of the Finnish Geographical Association

1899

With a scholarship given by Helsingfors University, travelled to Germany

1900

Travelled in Germany and AustriaHungary

1902

Became 'extraordinary' (special) professor of geography at Helsingfors University and held the first of his annual geographical excursions for students

1907-10

Member of the Commission for Northern Forest Reserves

1912

When the permanent chair in geography was established at Helsingfors University, he became 'ordinary' professor: in this year the first meeting of Finnish geographers was held

1913

Travelled in South Russia, the Crimea, the Caucasus, Turkestan and southern Siberia

1913-17

Member of the Norwegian-Swedish Reindeer Pasturage Commission

1922

Chairman of the Geographical Society of Finland

1926

Travelled in the Mediterranean area

1929

Retired from his chair at Helsingfors University Died at Helsingfors, 20 March

1932

Peter Ivanovich Rychkov 1712-1777

Y.L. YUGAI Peter Ivanovich Rychkov was a prominent Russian geographer of the eighteenth century, now known mainly as the compiler of pioneer regional descriptions of Russia. This work was developed by his successors and special regard was given to Rychkov's work both for its economic implications and as a contribution to the general scientific and cultural development of Russia. 1. EDUCATION, LIFE AND WORK P.I. Rychkov was born on 1 October 1712 at Vologda, a town where his father was a corn merchant. The family were not in good financial circumstances and after some difficulties moved to Moscow in 1720. There the young Rychkov met a number of foreign merchants and apparently learned the Dutch language at an early age, with German later. Said to be an enterprising and inquisitive boy, he received no systematic education so in effect he was self-educated. Fortunately he was both industrious and naturally talented. No doubt for practical purposes in the family business he learned arithmetic and bookkeeping but this was only a beginning for his written work reveals a rich understanding of geography, agriculture, economics and history, later to be used in his works on the eastern regions of Russia. He was regarded as one of the finest scholars of the post-Petrine period. In 1730 Rychkov had to seek paid employment to assist his family in their straitened circumstances. This he found as a translator and assistant bookkeeper at the Customs House at Petersburg and there is also

Geographers Biobibtiographical

Studies,

volume 9 (1985)

evidence that he helped to manage a glassworks near the city. The crucial event in his life came in 1734 when he was offered, in his early twenties, the post of bookkeeper for the Orenburg expedition under I.K. Kirilov, who was the compiler of an atlas of the Russian Empire published in the same year. Living now in Orenburg he quickly became a business manager rather than merely a bookkeeper in the expedition's office. There he remained for twenty-seven years to 1761 with varied responsibilities, including the compilation of maps of the Orenburg province and contiguous areas and the organization of several expeditions to Kazahkstan and Central Asia. At Orenburg Rychkov was able to continue the process of self-education which had been characteristic of his earlier years. He learned a great deal from I.K. Kirilov (.1695-1737) and from his successor V.N. Tatischev (1686-1750). Both Kirilov and Tatischev were known as statesmen and revered for their learning: Tatischev, a geographer and historian, had a strong and helpful influence. And in his work at Orenburg Rychkov had stimulating contacts with leading scientific travellers including I.I. Lepekhin (1740-1802), P.S. Pallas (1741-1811) and others who were exploring the Kazakh steppes and comparable areas of central Asia. With one of them, the academician G.F. Miller, Rychkov is known to have corresponded for twentv years. In 1739 Rychkov helped to plan the expedition of Lieutenant D. Gladyshev and J. Muravin, a geodesist, to the lower Syr Darya, of which a main purpose was to explore a possible town site at the request of Kazakh

110 Peter Ivanovich

Ryahkov

Khan Abulkhair. Muravin made the first instrumental survey of the eastern bank of the Aral Sea and his maps became a basic source for all later maps of that area. He and Gladyshev, on their return to Orsk in 1741, presented to the Orenburg expedition office a written report with manuscript maps and eventually this material was used by Rychkov in his famous

Topographia Orenburgskoi gubernii Orenburg province) in 1762.

(Topography of the

Two English merchants, Reinold Hogg and George Thompson, went on a tour of central Asia in 1740, during which they visited Khiva and Bukhara. The present author found in the archives a document signed by Rychkov entitled 'Nastavlenia Gospodinu Hogg kakim obrazom budet emu v predprinyatom voyazhe postupat' ('Advice to Mr. Hogg on how he should behave during his trip'), Yugai, R.L., 'Istoria razvitia geographicheskikh i kartifraphicheskikh predstavlenii o pustyne kyzyl Rum', "Fan" Uz. S.S.R., Tashkent, 1966, 73-8. These two expeditions show the scope of Rychkov's work at a time when the exploration of inner Asia was attracting increasing interest and clearly he was a central figure in such enterprises. After he left the service in 1761 Rychkov apparently devoted much of his time to writing, though in 1770 he became manager of the Orenburg salt fields and in 1777 Director of the Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) Board of Works, but he held this post only for a short time to his death on 15 October of the same year. He was buried in the village of Spasskoye. 2. SCIENTIFIC IDEAS AND GEOGRAPHICAL THOUGHT Rychkov's first complete work of consequence was his 'Istoria Orenburgskaya po uchrezdeniya Orenburgskoi gubernii' ('History of Orenburg to the foundation of the Orenburg province') in 1759 but his main work was

the Topographia Orenburgskoi gubernii

of which the

first part was completed by 1755 and the second part five years later. The first part was based on maps of the vast Orenburg and contiguous territories, including that of the Kazakh nomadic people and the central Asian states. Then followed an explanatory text to the twelve new and major maps on which the whole work was based, apparently on the suggestion of V.N. Tatischev. The first part of the work had been warmly welcomed by M.V. Lomonosov (1711-65) and other members of the Petersburg Academy who approved it for publication. In 1760 Rychkov wrote to Academician G.F. Miller and said that Mikhailo Vasilevich Lomonosov knows me personally. After receiving the first part of my Topographia, he lavished praise upon it in his letter to me; he let me know that it was approved by the entire academic assembly and that friends and enemies (I use his exact words) agreed that it should be published and the maps should be cut out in copper. Quoted from

Orenburgskie stepi v trudakh P.I. Rychkova, E.A. Eversmanna, S.S. Neustrueva, Moscow (1949), 9

As the second part of the work was completed by 1760 it is possible that its author had been trying to gain

support for publication, achieved in 1762 in the journal Sochinenie i perevody and then in book form: a German version was published during the 1870s and there were later Russian editions in 1887 and 1949. In his book Rychkov deals historically with the formation of the Orenburg province, its natural conditions, mineral resources, population and commerce. Essentially it was a work suffused by local knowledge and one of the first attempts in Russian geographical writing to provide a regional description of an outlying territory on a firm factual basis. Climate, relief, plants and animals are considered for the Kazakhstan and Central Asian areas, and these lead to the economic life and population. Now, 200 years later, this book is of historical interest as a description of part of inner Asia as it once was, for like other works of a regional character it was concerned with the here and now, with what was observed at one dated time. One of the writers in

Orenburgski

...

Neustrueva

(op. cit., supra), F.N.

Mil'kov, wrote that 'P.I. Rychkov's Topographia Orensburgskoi gubernii belongs to the number of works which have not lost their scientific value to the present day. It is particularly important as a reconstruction of the past in the natural features, population and economy of the Orenburg territory. Theoretically it is of special interest as the first regional geographical report in world literature after S.P. Krasheninnikov's study of Kamchatka, Opisanie

zemli Kamchatki'.

Having written a general regional geography of the Orenburg province, in his later years Rychkov was largely concerned with its local geography, and especially with its natural resources. Some of his papers appeared in the Sochineniya i perenody, k poize

i uveseteniyu

sluzhashchikh,

including his study of

the karstic caves in the southern Urals, 'Opisanie peschery, nakhodyashcheisya v Orebburgskoi gubernii pri reke Beloi, kokoraya iz vsekh peshcher, v Bashkirii nakhodyashchikhsya, za slovnuyu pochitatesya'. His discovery of salt and coal deposits in the Orenburg area was described in the papers headed '0 Goryachei ugolnoi zemle' and 'Opisanie Iletskoi soli'. Also of significance was the paper of 1766 which dealt with his discovery of iron and copper ores, '0 mednykh rudakh i mineralakh, nakhodyaschchikhsya v Orenburgskoi gubernii' ('Mineral ores and minerals found in the Orenburg province'). Such papers show that Rychkov, characteristically for his time and place, was in some ways a general field scientist, a polymath, whose main concern was with the possible economic development of areas of potential industrialization. Perhaps of even greater interest was his concern for the wise exploitation of resources, in which one may see the beginning of the idea of conservation. His paper of 1767, '0 sberezhenii i razmnozhenii lesov' ('The care and reproduction of forests') was one of the first Russian publications on forest tracts within the steppelands. He regarded such forested areas as a possession not to be squandered for in his view 'Forests are indispensable to human existence and there is no need to dwell on this statement. Everyone sees and knows that if we are short of forests our lives will be very difficult and if there are no forests at all we shall find

Peter Ivanovich ourselves in a disastrous situation. Beyond all this writing of a general character that could be regarded as geographical or concerned with the raw material of geography in the field, Rychkov also wrote a number of general articles on the history and economic resources, actual or potential, of the Orenburg area. These included 'Perepiska mezhdy dvumya priyatelyami o kommertsii' ('Correspondence between two friends on commerce'), 'Istoria Orenburgskaya' ('History of Orenburg'), 'Zapiski o pugachevskom bunte' ('Notes on the Pugachev rebellion'), 'Kratkie svedenia o tatarakh i o nyneshnem sostoyanii tekh naradov, kotorye v Evrope pod imenem tatar razumeyskaya' ('Brief discussion of the Tatars with the present distribution of the people known as Tatars in Europe'), 'Opyt o koziei shersti' ('Essay on goat's wool'), '0 krapivnoi kudeli, o upotreblenii eyo v pryazhu i v drugie ekonomicheskie nabodnosti' ('Nettle tow and its use for yarn and other economic needs'), '0 soderzhanii pchel' ('On the care of bees') and many more articles. Rychkov was nominated in 1759 as the first associate member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and in 1765 as a member of the Petersburg Free Economic Society: he also became a member of the Free Russian Assembly at Moscow University. Enthusiastic comments were made about him, and he was called the 'Columbus of the Orenburg Territory1 and the 'Orenburg Lomonosov'. His contemporaries, including the academicians I.I. Lepekhin and P.S. Pallas, and also the historian V.N. Vitevski, with many more, recorded that Rychkov knew his own territory very well indeed and was always willing to share his vast knowledge with others, including visiting scientists who, according to Lepekhin, were treated with 'particular benevolence and kindness'. Another indication of the warm feelings Rychkov engendered was given by N.I. Novikov, an outstanding Russian writer of the eighteenth century, who said that "This man of great intelligence, proficiency and knowledge ... this industrious and zealous man, deserves the greatest praise for his good work' (Novikov, N.I., 'Opyt istoricheskogo slovarya o rossiiskikh pisatelyakh', SPB, 1772, 98). In his last years Rychkov continued to write on Orenburg and the publications that have survived include a paper on 'Orenburgische Topographie' in the Magazin fur die neue Historie und Geographie von Busohing in 1771 and his book on Orenburgische Topographie published at Riga in 1777.

Bibliography and Sources 1. WORKS ON P.I. RYCHKOV Bak, I.S., 'Ekonomicheskie vozzrenia P.I. Rychkova1, Istoricheskie zapiski, vol 16 (1945) Baransky, N.N. et al., 'P.I. Rychkov' with other data in Ekonomicheskaia geografiia v SSSR, Istoria i sovremennoe razvitie, Moscow (1965)

Rychkov

111

Iofa, L.E., 'Petr Ivanovich Rychkov (1712-1777)' in Otechestvennye ekonomiko-geographie XVIII-XIX v.v., ed N.N. Baransky, Moscow (1955), 67-73 Karataev, N.K., P.J. Rychkov, zhizn i geographicheskie trudy, Vestnik AN SSSR, no 3 (1950) Milkov, F.N., Orenburgskie stepi v trudakh P.I. Rychkova, E.A. Eversmanna, S.S. Neustrueva, Moscow (1949), 6-24 P.J. Rychkov, Zhizn i geographicheskie Moscow (1953)

trudy,

Morozova, M.N. et al., Fizichestkia geografiia annotirovannyi perechen' otechestvennykh bibliografii izdannykh v 1810-1966, section on 'Bibliografii trudov otechestvennykh geografov i puteshestvennikov' (1965) Nevskii, V.V., Metodicheskoe posobie geografii, Leningrad (1966)

po kursu

istorii

MAIN WORKS OF P.I. RYCHKOV 2. 1759 Istoria Orenburgskaya po uchrezhdeniyu Orenburgskoi gubernii, St. Petersburg 1762 Topographia Orenburgskoi St. Petersburg

gubernii,

2 parts,

1766

'0 mednykh rudakh i mineralakh, nakhodyashchikhsya v Orenburgskoi gubernii', Trudy volnogo ekonomicheskogo obshchestva, part 4, 30-56

1767

'0 sberezhenii i razmnoxhenii lesov', Trudy volnogo ekonomicheskogo obshchestva, part 4, 84-112

1771

'Orenburgische Topographie', Magazin neue historie und geographie

1772

Orenburgische

Topographie,

fur

die

Riga

R.L. Yugai, Candidate of Geographical Sciences, is acting professor at the Tashkent State Pedagogical Institute

Chronology 1712

Born at Vologda, 1 October

1720

Moved with his family to Moscow

1730

Found employment of varying types

1734

Moved to Orenburg and worked for the expedition of I.K. Kirillov: from this time he met various explorers and

112 Peter Ivanovioh

Rychkov

scientists 1739

Was concerned with the expedition to the Lower Syr Darya of D. Gladyshev and I. Muravin

1740

Met two English merchants, R. Hogg and G. Thompson, who were touring central Asia

1755

Published the first part of his

Topographia 1759

Nominated as the first associate member of the Russian Academy of Sciences

1761

Resigned from his post as an organizer and adviser for expeditions and henceforth devoted himself largely to writing

1762

Published the second part of his

Topographia

1765

Elected as a member of the Petersburg Free Economic Society

1770

Became a manager of salt mines

1777

In March was appointed director of the Ekaterinburg works board and moved to Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk), where he died on 15 October of the same year

Ludomir Slepowran Sawicki 1884-1928

STANISLAW LESZCZYCKI Tragically, Ludomir Sawicki had only a short life but his work for geography in Poland was of great significance. He was already in his thirties by the time Poland became once more a sovereign state and he brought to the ancient university of Cracow a profound knowledge of German and Austrian geographical scholarship. Like many more Polish geographers he was an eager traveller, both on expeditions and to international congresses. A prolific writer of papers in geographical journals of his own and other countries, he was one of those whose work was vital to the development of Polish geography during the inter-War period, without which the marked advances after the agony of the Second World War would not have been possible.

1.

EDUCATION,

LIFE

AND WORK

Ludomir Slepowron Sawicki was born in Vienna on 14 September 1884. His father was a colonel in the Austrian army and his mother came from Vienna. In Vienna he attended primary and secondary schools and, from 1902, the Philosophical Faculty of the University. He studied geography and geology under several distinguished scholars including E. Bruckner, A. Penck, E. Oberhummer, E. Suess, W. Uhling and others. In 1906 he began studying the Western Carpathians and completed these investigations in 1907 as a doctor of philosophy and a thesis on the morpho-genesis of the Western Beskids. Having received a careful upbringing at home, he spoke several languages and considered himself 'a citizen Geographers

Biobibliographical

Studies,

volume 9 (1985)

of Western Europe'. Owing to his father he was in close contact with the Polish society in Vienna. In 1908 L. Sawicki studied in Lausanne, Switzerland with Professor M. Lugeon, and apparently he took part in the International Geographical Congress in Geneva and then in an excursion through Southern France and Southern Italy, conducted by E. Bruckner and W.M. Davis. He thus came to know the then very fashionable views of that American geographer who propagated the so-called explanation method, i.e. interpretation of the landscape through deduction. Sawicki became at once a propagator of Davis's theory. In 1909 he went to Cracow as a secondary school teacher. In 1910 he qualified as dooent at Cracow University and in his courses and seminars applied new methods of teaching geography. In 1913 he took an active part in the International Geographical Congress in Rome. During the war, in 1914-15, he was member of the National Commission of Learning to the Austrian occupation authorities in Lublin, which enabled him to collect geographical data on the Polish territories which until then were under Russian occupation. In 1915 he was appointed assistant professor of general geography at Cracow University. He then recalled into existence, after the twenty-five year long break, a circle of Cracow University geography students who helped him to develop the Cracow Geographical Centre. In 1917 he became professor and founded the Geographical Institute at the University: there he modernized the geographical studies. After

114 Ludomir Slepowran

Sawicki

the setting up of the second chair of physical geography and cartography he extended this Institute and became its director, a post he held till his death in 1928. Owing to his efforts the Institute was housed in the ancient royal arsenal in close proximity to the Wawel Castle. L. Sawicki directed the reconstruction of the arsenal building, adapting it to its new purpose, setting up the library, a cartographical laboratory collecting maps from Vienna, Cracow, Paris, London and Dresden. He also initiated collections of minerals, slides, pictures, photographs etc. He began

editing a monthly Wiadomosci Geograficzne (Geographical News) and serial publications: Prace Instytutu Geograficznego U.J. (Works of the Geographical Institute of Jagiellonian University), Krakowskie Odczyty Geograficzne P.T.S. (Cracow Geographical Conferences of the Polish Geographical Society), Biblioteka Geograficzna 'Orbis ' (Geographical Library 'Orbis ') in

its own publishing office Orbis in Cracow. In 1917 he became an associate member of the Academy of Science and Letters, and in 1924 Secretary of the Geographical Commission at the Academy: of these the latter constituted at that time the Polish National Committee of the International Geographical Union. The Commission had its own publication which in 1929, after Sawicki's death, issued the 'Atlas jezior tatrzanskich' ('Atlas of Tatra Lakes'), based largely on his measurements. In 1918 L. Sawicki was one of the five organizers of the Polish Geographical Society in Warsaw and editor of the two initial volumes of the Przeglqd

Geograficzny

(Geographical

Review).

In 1922 he

helped to establish the Cracow Branch of the Society, as well as its subbranches at Nowy Sacz, Tarnow, and Katowice; having been elected head of the Cracow Branch he fulfilled that function till 1928. He tried to increase co-operation with other geographical centres in the country and organized national conferences, congresses and excursions. His intention was also to enhance international cooperation. Thus it was on his initiative that the 1st Congress of Slavonic Geographers and Ethnographers was held in Prague in- 1924. The next Congress, in 1927, was organized by him as a journey around Poland. He was its secretary and main organizer. At the first Congress it was on his initiative that the resolution was taken to set up an International Commission for the study of shepherding in the Carpathians and Balkans. Polish geographers taking part in the International Geographical Congress in 1925 in Cairo were for the first time representatives of the independent state. The delegation was fifty-nine strong. L. Sawicki was very active on that occasion and among other enterprises arranged several excursions through Egypt. He had now achieved one of his aims for Polish geography had appeared on the international scene and its representatives were able to present there the results of their work. It had always been Sawicki's intention to maintain close links with geographers of other countries. He felt strongly the lure of unknown countries and so he became a research traveller. From 1908 to 1909 he toured Europe, visiting France, Italy, England, Germany and countries of the Austro-

Hungarian monarchy. His dream was to visit Abyssinia, and for that journey he prepared carefully. In 1913 he

published a book Studia nad Abisyniq31

(Studies

of

Abyssinia) in which he discussed the influence of geographical conditions on the distribution of population settlements according to its racial characteristics. In 1923 he took part in an actinometrical expedition to Siam 5 ' making measurements on board the ship to Bangkok. Then he wandered by himself around Siam, the Malayan peninsula, and on his way back visited Singapore, Sumatra, Penang and Ceylon. In 1925, while going to a Congress in Egypt, he set out on an exploration of North Africa. He travelled through Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Egypt, and, after the Congress, through Palestine to Eritrea.56 Regrettably he managed to reach only the Abyssinian border. In 1926 he bought an expedition automobile for seven people at the Renault firm in Paris. He drove it himself to Cracow and then set out on a trial journey throughout Poland's eastern provinces from Druja to Szumsk.55'66 The route was 3700 km long. He travelled with the ethnographer K. Moszyfiski, the geologist S. WoJ[j!osowicz, and the economic geographer W. Ormicki. A year later in 1927, he organized a longer expedition to Dobruja and Anatolia. The expedition consisted of two parts. The first covered the coasts of the Black Sea, that is Dobruja in Romania, eastern Bulgaria and Stranja in Turkey. 8 ' 6 1 He was accompanied by the zoologist J. Domaniewski, the botanist M. Sokojowski, the geologist K. Ksi§zkiewicz, the ethnographer J. 0br§bski and also by J:J. Conea, a geographer from Bucarest, and Kodow, an ethnographer from Sofia. The idea of this expedition was to investigate the Near East and the Balakans. L. Sawicki saw economic possibilities for Poland in the Near East and thought that it should be preceded by a geographical investigation of that area. He regarded Dobruja as a 'gate' to the East.60 The second part of the expedition was concerned with Anatolia. This time Sawicki was accompanied by the geologist B. Swiderski, the orientalist T. Kowalski, and three geographers, one each from Romania, Turkey and Poland (Z. Vetulani). The expedition covered a considerable area of Northern and Central Anatolia,61* and the route was over 3000 km long. Sawicki collected geomorphological, limnological, settlement and other materials. At the first Reunion of Cracow Geographers Sawicki read the paper 'Polska akcja ekspedycyjna' ('Polish Expedition Activity') in which he presented a programme of world exploration to be conducted by Polish geographers. In 1928 a second expedition to the Balkans and Turkey was organized. Sawicki was accompanied on this occasion by the geologist M. Ksiazkiewicz, the ethnographer J. Obrebski, and the botanist T. WiSniewski, and with them alternately a Romanian or a Bulgarian geographer. The expedition ended tragically. L. Sawicki and the driver J. Sztejn were poisoned and contracted malaria. Jan Sztejn died in Romania, while Sawicki, very ill, returned by car to Cracow, where he died a few days later on 3 October 1928.

Ludomir Slepowran Sawicki 2.

SCIENTIFIC IDEAS AND GEOGRAPHICAL THOUGHT

Ludomir Sawicki was an all-round geographer, interested in many fields of physical geography and anthropogeography. He was equally concerned with the problems of cartography and geographical methodology, but above all he was a field geographer. He taught students how to observe, analyse, formulate hypotheses and prove them, that is to find out and study new geographical problems. He was a travelling researcher who insisted on a direct study of geographical phenomena in the field, involving measurements, photography, drawing and recording observations. His main interest however was geomorphology, especially at the initial stage of his researches. Having been trained by distinguished geomorphologists, he was able to analyse any landscape with all its connections and processes, to explain the origin of forms and to formulate a synthetic view on the sculpture of the given area. He studied the geographical cycle of Krast, which he investigated in Slovakia, in the Swiss-French Jura, in the Auvergne,8 in the causses of the Central French Massif,1* Dalmatia, Istria, Eastern Alps, Transilvania, in Siam, and other places. His morphogenetical analysis of the Western Carpathians13 was for many years an inspiration for further geomorphological studies. He was also concerned with glacial geomorphology on which he carried out investigations in the Auvergne, Orjen in the Dalmatian Alps, in the Kotor Bay, in the Western30 and Eastern28 Beskids, in the Lower Tatras,15 in the Romanian Carpathians20 and the Bihar mountains.21* He found traces of glaciation in the mountains, and later in the lowland of central Poland,1*8 and even on the Niemen river.1° He upheld the view of a triple glaciation on the territories of Poland. Also contemporary phenomena were an object of his interest, as he was interested in dynamic geomorphology. An example of this is his studies of the landslides at Szymbark36 in 1913. He also investigated the seacoasts on the Riviera and along the Black Sea.62 Of considerable interest is his geomorphological work concerning a comparison between the Western Carpathians and the Apennines,5 between Bihar and the Massif Central,6 between Tripolitania and Eritrea.51 He was also interested in hydrography and wrote the synthesis of 'Hydrografia ziem polskich' ('The Hydrography of Polish Lands 1 ). 25 He studied water management.38 However his special object of interest was limnology and at the Warsaw Scientific Society in 1909 he presented a programme of investigating lakes in Poland11 which he himself partly carried out before passing it on to other geographers.32 In 1909 he made measurements of the Tatra lakes together with S. Minkiewicz.12'51* And in later years studied in the Kujawy area the Chodockie Lakes,33 Lubartowskie lakes,39 and those in Poland's eastern provinces. 8 Sawicki's limnological studies are a good example of his style of work. He would first of all state a problem, then work out a plan of work which he would carry out initially by himself before handing it over to others, while watching its progress during the following years. In short, he was at one and the same time an initiator and organizer of research studies. In the field of anthropogeography he did some notable work on the population of the Western

115

Carpathians.6'16 He applied in this study an original method of calculating the density of population in physiographic units, thereby indicating a close connection between the natural surroundings and the living conditions of the inhabitants. This particular method gives interesting results in physiographically varied areas. Also Sawicki's statements on the ecumene, as are his comments on the anthropological significance of the three 'gateways' (gaps in mountains) of Cracow, Moravia and Bratislava.22 In his demographic work he held the view that natural population growth should be accompanied by demographic investigation to avoid social conflict. He advocated a critical approach to statistical data and in studying migration he showed the positive value of the definite figures readily available. Sawicki's studies of mountain sheep farming are of special interest. In 1911, at the Warsaw Scientific Society, he read a paper on the research possibilities of such investigations23 and later he himself undertook field studies in Moravian Wallachia1*0 and later in Cieszyn Silesia 1 and the Zywiec mountains.1*2 In time this work of pastoral farming was taken over by his pupils, who investigated the natural, ethnographical, social and economic aspects of the problem. Among other things, they studied the influence and relics of shepherds' wanderings in the Carpathians, as well as the conflicts between the resident rural population and the migrants from the Balkans. In the field of cartography Sawicki prepared a number of reference and wall maps, adapted or original, mainly for schools. Jointly with S. Korbel he published three school atlases1*6'1* and also a critical edition of a 'topographical picture of Polish territories dating from 1801-1904', by Col. Antoni Baron Mayer Heldensfeld, which he had discovered in the Army Archives in Vienna.63 He also drew up a list of items in these archives relating to Polish territories.1*3 As early as 1909 L. Sawicki wrote on the subject of 'geography and hiking' ('Geografia a krajoznawstwo'). An active patriot, he regarded hiking, with observation of the region, as a way of attaching people to their homeland in a Poland then partitioned by the three neighbouring powers. He got in touch with the Hiking Society in Warsaw, delivered lectures there, published an article in the journal Ziemia (The Earth) and wrote a preface to the monograph on the Swietokrzyskie Mountains. Through this kind of tourism he propagated geographical thought, knowledge of the home country, disregarding the borders of partitions. After 1910 he put forward a programme of studies in this field17 and at this time, in Cracow, he co-operated with the Tatra Mountains Society and wrote popular articles for its journal Pamiqtnik

Tatrzahski.

After Poland regained independence in 1919 he set up a Cracow Branch of the Polish Hiking Society and remained its chairman till 1928. In 1920 he took part, together with L. Wegrzynowicz and S. Niemcowna, in the establishment of the hiking circles which were quickly cropping up in schools. For the young he

edited a journal Orli lot (The Flight

of an Eagle).

116 Ludomir. Slepowran

Sawicki

In 1928, at the first Reunion of Cracow Geographers he advanced the idea of writing hiking monographs on Polish villages, towns and regions, based on the information collected by hikers, and presented a questionnaire for this purpose, called 'Vademecum Geograficzne'. He was an ardent advocate of popularizing geography as one way of gaining a good knowledge of one's country.37 All these feelings could be found in his pedagogical activity. Modern geography was emerging in Poland only at the turn of the century with such pioneers as W. NaXkowski and E. Romer: Sawicki continued their educational work, at first as a school teacher and later as a professor at Cracow University. His courses covered a vast area of general and regional geography. He wrote textbooks for seven forms of the primary school, published atlases and wall maps, and with P. Hrabyk and J. Hajnos wrote 'A method of teaching geography'.1*1*'65 Wishing to improve the standard of teaching at schools he worked out a programme of training geography teachers at university, organized seminars, museums, exhibitions of school aids, excursions in this country and abroad, and vacation courses in Lublin, Cracow and Cieszyn. Finally a mention must be made of general geographical problems which were also Sawicki's concern. These included his programme of developing geography in Poland67 so that it would reach the world standard through a major scheme of study at home and abroad and the participation of Polish geographers in international congress and expeditions to unexplored parts of the world. Although born and brought up in Vienna, Sawicki always felt like a Pole and all his activity was characterized by an ardent patriotic feeling. He wrote on the elements of evolution in geography18 and on the influence of geography on the education of society. 1 Wishing geography to have an institutional basis in Poland he suggested the establishment of a state institution concerned with the geography of Poland.67 It would have consisted of three departments (mathematical, natural and social) divided into fourteen sections including cartography, statistics, geophysics, geology, botany, ethnography, economy. This programme was in time to some extent realized, but in another form by various state institutes. L. Sawicki died when only forty-four. It was a severe loss to Polish and indeed to world geography. He had shown an all-round talent, and he was hardworking and persevering while looking far into the future of geography. Immensely productive, during the four years from 1909 to 1912 he managed to write sixty-three papers and articles. His solution of problems was fast, thorough and concise. He was aiming at a synthesis even at the cost of details. At the same time he was noted as an enlightened patriot who wanted his countrymen to come to a better knowledge of their land.

Bibliography and Sources 1. REFERENCES AND OBITUARIES ON LUDOMIR SAWICKI Gotkiewicz, M., 'Ludomir Sawicki' in Olszewicz,

B.(ed), Dziewiqc wiekow geografi polskiej centuries of Polish geography), Wiedza

(Nine

Powszechna, Warsaw (1967), 411-33 Janowski, A., 'Stosunek Ludomir Sawickiego do krajoznawstwa' ('L. Sawicki's outlook on hiking'), Ziemia, no 23 (1928), 366-9 Lencewicz, S., 'Ludomir Slepowron Sawicki: Wspomnienia posmiertne' ('Memories'), Wszeckswiat 1/34 Warsaw (1928), 351-4 Collective work, 'Ludomir Sawicki jako uczony, i dziaj!acz' ('L. Sawicki as a scholar and man of action'), reprinted from Wiad. Geogr. (1928), no 8, 9, 10 with tributes by E. Romer, W. Massalski, J. Smolensk!, T. Czort, J. Nowak, papers read at Pol. Geogr. S o c , 14 November 1928, M. Siedlecki, J. Smolenski, W. Kubijowicz and S. Niemc6wna, 31 p.

Collective work, Ludomir Sawicki: Wosiemdziesiqtq rocznicq urodzin (Ludomir Sawicki: on his eightieth birthday), by M. Klimaszewski, S. Leszczycki, A. Wrzosek, M. Dobrowolska, R. Mochnacki, M. Ksi§zkiawicz, W. Antosiewicz, W. Goetel, W. Szafer, Z. Szot, ed M. Dobrowolska and R. Mochnacki, Pol. Geogr. S o c , Warsaw (1968), 135 p. Eugen, 0., 'Ludomir Sawicki', Petermanns (1929), 88

Mitt.,

R.D.F., 'The late Ludomir Sawicki', Ziemia, (1928), 324-5

vol 75

no 20

Smolenski, J., 'Ludomir Sawicki: professor geografii w Uniwerstyecie Jagiellonskim' ('L.S., professor at the Jagiellonian University'), Wiad. S%uz. Geogr. vol 3-4 (1928), 298-303 Smolenski, J., 'Ludomir Sawicki: Zycie i dziej!o' ('...: his life and work'), Przeg. Geogr. vol 9 (1929), vii-xxiii Wrosek, A., 'Ludomir Sawicki 1884-1929: on the occasion of his eightieth birthday, Cracow 28 November 1964', Nauk. Pol., vol 12 (1965), 153-9 Zierhoffer, A., 'Ludomir Sawicki', Czas. Geogr., vol 7 (1929), 27-32

Ludomir 2. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS BY LUDOMIR SAWICKI 1908 1. 'Szkic Krasu SjWackiego z pogladem na cykl geograficzny w krasie wo ogole' ('An outline of the Slovenian karst with comment on the geographical karst cycle in general'), Kosmos, vol 33, 395-444 1909

2.

'A. Vaskohi karszt morfologiajanak tenyezoi', Fold. Kdzl.,vol 38, 12

3.

'Beitrage zur Geomorphologie der Riviera di Ponente,' Atti Soe. Ligustica Sci. Nat. Geogr.,vol 19 /3-4, 238-88

4.

'Causses. Szkic Krasu zgrzybiaXego' ('An outline study of decaying karst'), diss., Acad. Learn. Math. Nat. Dept., vol 49, 61-87

5.

'Der Nordapennin und die Westkarpathen. Eine morphologische Parallele', Mitt. Geogr. Gesell. Wien, vol 52, 136-49

6.

'Die Verteilung der Bevolkerung in den Westkarpathen im Allgemeinem', Bull. Int. Acad. Sci. Lett. Cracovie CI. Sci. math.nat., no 9, 886-905

7.

'Ein Beitrage zum geographischen Zyklus im Karste', Geogr. Z., vol 15, 185-281

8.

'Epoka lodowa w Auvergne' ('The ice age in Auvergne'), Kosmos, vol 34, 694-709

9.

'Geografia a krajoznawstwo' ('Geography and hiking'), Wszech§wiat, vol 28, 737-41

10.

'Niemen jako klucz do zrozumienia genezy nizu poXnocnego i jego sieci hydrograficznej' ('The river Niemen as a key to the understanding of the origin of the northern lowland and its hydrological network'), report of a session at the Warsaw Scientific Society, Math.-Nat. Dept., no 2, 335-42

11.

'Program bedan jezior w Polsce' ('Programme of lake research in Poland'), ibid., no 2, 342-6

12.

(with St. Minkiewicz) 'Tymczasowe sprawozdanie z badan jezior tatrazanskich' ('Provisional report of a study of the Tatra lakes'), OkSlnik Rybacki, no 108, Cracow, 338-59

13.

1910

14.

15.

'Z fizjografii Zachodnich Karpat' ('On the physiography of the Western Carpathians'), Archiwum Naukowe, Lvov, sect 2/1, 108 'Die morphologischen Entwicklungs bedingungen des Vaskoher Kartes', F'dld. K'dzl. Ed. Int., vol 38, 211-22

1911

1911

1912

1913

Slepowran

Sawicki

117

16.

'Rozmieszczenie ludnosci w Karpatach Zachodnich' ('Population distribution in the Western Carpathians'), Publ. Pol. Acad. Learn., Cracow, 69, 2 plates

17.

'Szkic programu badan krajoznawczych' ('A programme of hiking studies'), Ziemia, no 1, 5-7

18.

'Das entwicklungsgeschichtliche Element in der Geographie*, Dtsch. Runds. Geogr., vol 34, 14-20

19.

'Die eiszeitlische Vergletscherung des Orjen in Siiddalmatien', Z. Gletscherkunde, vol 5, 339-55

20.

'Die glazialen Ziige der Rodnaer Alpen und Marmaroscher Karpaten,' Mitt. Geogr. Gesell. Wien, vol 54, 510-71

21.

'Geografie doby dzisiejszej i jej wpXyw na wychowanie spoXeczefistwa' ('Geography of today and its influence on education'), Memorial volume of the 11 Congress of Physicists and Mathematicians, 229-31

22.

'Trzy bramy podkarpackie. Szkic geograficzno-porownawczy' ("The three Carpathian gates'), Kosmos, vol 36, 559-84

23.

'Wedrowki pasterskie w Karpatach' ('Pastoral migration in the Carpathians'), report from a session of the Warsaw Scientific Society, vol 6, 79-106

24.

'Zur Frage der Vergletscherung des Bihargebirges', F'dld. Kdzl. Ed. Int., 37, 316-25

vol

25.

'Hydrografia ziem polskich' ('Hydrography of Poland'), Encyklopaedia Polska, Cracow, 244-98, map

26.

'La formation di Bosco di Cattaro', Srp. Geogr. Drust., vol 1, 79-82

27.

'Le massif central francais et le massif Bihar. Parallele morphologique', La Geogr. Bull. Soc. Geogr., vol 25/2, 73-90

28.

'Les etudes glaciaires dans les Karpates. Apercue historique et critique', Ann. Geogr., vol 21, 230-50

29.

'Die bisherigen Ergebnisse und offenen Fragen der Glazialforschung in den Karpaten', Atti 10 Congr. Int. Geogr. Roma, 1228-34

30.

'Glaziale Landschaften in den Westbeskiden,' Bull. Acad. Sci. Sci. Nat., ser A, 81-7

'Eiszeitspuren in der Niederen Tatra', Globus, no 97, 335-6 31.

Glas.

Cracovie,

'Studia nad Abyssinie I. WpXyw warunkow

118 Ludomir Slepowran

Sawicki

geograficznych na rozsiedlenie ludnosci podXug jej znamion rasowych i kulturalynch' ('Studies of Abyssinia I. Influence of geographical conditions on the population according to their racial and cultural features'), Stud. Warsaw Soi. Soc, sect 2/10, 251 p. 32.

'Limnologische Arbeiten in Polen*, Atti Congr. Int. Geogr. Roma, 834-7

10

Wojsk. Inst.

Nauk-Wyd., Warsaw, 241

1921 44. (with P. Hrabyk) Metodyka geografii dla stopni I-III (Geographical methodology for I-III classes), Orbis, Cracow, 1 ed, 2 ed 1923 1924 45. 'A karst in Siam (Koh-Si-Chang)', Recueil de Travaux offert a Jovan Cvijic, Belgrade, 167-74

1914 33. 'Z badan nad jeziorami Chodeckimi1 ('Studies of the Chodeckie lakes in the Kujawy region'), Pam. Fizyogr., vol 22, 1-37

46.

1915 34. 'Almenwirtschaft und Hirtenleben in der MShrischen Walachi', Z. dster. Volkskunde, vol 21, 1-49

47. Atlas Konturowy (Outline Atlas), Jjook 1, Polska, book 2, Europa, book 3, Swiat pozaeuropejski, Orbis, Cracow

(with St. Korbel) Atlas Geograficzny, book 1, Poland and general geography, book 2, Swiat pozapolski, 1924; book 3, Polska wspfitczesna, 1925, Orbis, Cracow

35. Przestrzefi. zyciowa (ekumena) na ziemiaoh polskioh (The ecumene in the Polish lands), anthropogeographical report of the St. Jacek Grammar School, Cracow, 1-28

48.

'Prze}!om Wisly przez Sredniogorze Polskie' ('Vistula gorge in central Poland'), Pr. Inst. Geogr. Krakow, no 4, 68 p with plates

1917 36. 'Osuwisko ziemne w Szymbarku i inne zsuwy powtaj!e w r. 1913 w Galicji Zachodniej ' ('The landslide at Szymbark and other landslides in Western Galicia in 1913'), diss., Pol. Acad. Learn. Math. Nat. Dept., vol 56, ser A, 89 (with numerous tables)

49.

'Z geomorfologii centralnego Ceylonu' ('On the geomorphology of central Ceylon'), Pr. Inst. Geogr. Krakow, no 3, 31

50.

(with St. Korbel) Maly Atlas Geograficzny (Small geographical atlas), Orbis, Cracow

1916

37.

'Krajoznawstwo u nas' ('Hiking in this country'), Kultura Polski, vol 1, 207-12

1918 38. 'Die Karstwasser und die Trinkwasserversorgung der Stade c. sudlichen Kongresspolen', Wirt. Mitt. Lublin, no 12-13, 3-6 39.

1919

'Jeziora Lubartowskie', Bull. Int. Acad. Soi. Craaovie, Cl. Soi. Math. Nat., ser A, no 1-3, 17-28

40. 'SzaXasnictwo na Wo^oszczyznie Morawskiej, Wedr6wki pasterskie w Karpatach II' ('Shepherding in Moravian Wallachia, pastoral wandering in the Carpathians II'), Pol. Acad. Learn., Anthropol.Arohaeol.Ethnograph. ser., sect 3, 81-136 41.

42.

43.

'Sza^asnictwo na Sla§ku Cieszynskim, Wedrowki pasterskie w Karpatach III' ('Shepherding in Cieszyn Silesia, pastoral wanderings in the Carpathians III'), ibid., 137-83 'SzaZas"nictwo w Gorach Zywieckich, Wedrowki pasterskie w Karpatach IV' ('...Zywiec mountains...Carpathians'), ibid., 184-95 Spis map Archiwum Wojennogo w Wiedniu odniszacych sie do Ziem Polskioh (List of maps in the Army Archives in Vienna referring to Poland), (Przyczynki do bibliografii Kartograficznej Ziem Polskioh I),

1926 51. 'Les plaines cotieres de la Tripolitaine et de l'Erythree: une parallele geographique', Recueil de travaux a V. Svambera, Prague, 100-04 52.

'Polska ekspedycja naukowa do Sjamu 1923' ('The Polish expedition to Siam 1923'), C.R. 1 Congr. Ethnogr. Slav., Prague, 401-04

53.

'Trypolitania odzyskana' ('Tripolitania regained'), Krakow. Odcz. Geogr., no 5, 31

54.

'Atlas jezior tatrzenskich', C.R. 2 Congr. Geogr. Ethnogr. Slav.

55.

'Eskapada samochodowa po Kresach Wschodnich' ('Automobile journey through the eastern provinces of Poland'), Krakow. Odcz. Geogr., no 8, 24 with map

56.

'Monte Soira, Kulminacja Erytrei WXoskiei' ('Monte Soira, culmination of Italain Eritrea'), C.R. 2 Congr. Geogr. Ethnogr., Cracow

57.

'Wyprawa "Orbisu" do Azji Mniejszej 1927' ('The "Orbis" expedition to Asia Minor 1927 provisional report'), Przeg. Geogr., vol 7/3-4, 1-17

1928 58. 'Die Dobrudscha als Ausfallstor Polens in die Levante, Dobrega', in Concizeca de ani

Ludomir Slepowran Sawicki de vieata

1908

Studied in Lausanne under M. Lugeon

59.

'Eine Studienreise nach Kleinasien', Mitt. Geogr. Gesell. Wien, vol 71, 35-50

1909

Moved to Cracow as a secondary school teacher

60.

'Notre porte ouverte sur le Levant et les ports de la Dobroudja1, Bull. Int. Acad. Pol. Sci. Lett. CI. Sci. Math.-Nat.

1910

Qualified as assistant professor

1914

Member of a Scientific Commission to the General Governorship in Lublin

'Obrazy Dobrudzy' ('Images of Dobruja'), Krakow. Odcz. Geogr., no 11, 27

1915

Assistant professor of general geography at Cracow University

'Polska akcja ekspedycyjna' ('Polish expeditions'), Memoirs of the 1 Geogr. Reunion, Cracow, 45-55

1917

Full professor of geography at Cracow University; associate member of the Academy of Science and Letters in Cracow

1918

Co-founder of the Polish Geographical Society; editor of Przeglqd Geograficzny (Geographical Review)

1919

Organizer and chairman of the Cracow Branch of the Polish Hiking Society

1922

Organizer and director of the Geographical Institute at Cracow University; chairman of the Cracow Branch of the Polish Geographical Society

1923

Expedition to Siam and east Asian countries

1924

Participation at the first Congress of Slavonic Geographers and Ethnographers in Prague; co-organizer and secretary of the Geographical Commission at the Polish Academy of Science and Letters

1925

Attended the International Geographical Congress in Cairo; and travelled to Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Egypt, Palestina and Eritrea

1926

Expedition by motor-car (Orbis) to Poland's eastern provinces

1927

Secretary and organizer of the 2nd Congress of Slavonic Geographers and Ethnographers in Poland; expedition to Dobruja and Anatolia

1928

Expedition to the Balkans and European Turkey; died at Cracow on 3 October

61. 62.

63.

64.

65.

1928

Romanesca, Bucuresti, 527-63

119

'PuXkownika Antoniego Baron Meyera von Heldensfeld zdjecia topograficzne w Polsce a latach 1801-1804' ('Topographical pictures of Poland 1801-1804 by Colonel Antoni Baron Meyer von Heldensfeld'), Pr. Inst. Geogr. Krakow Univ., no 10, 112 'Wycieczyka na Erdzjas Dagh' ('Excursion to Erdjas Dagh'), Przeg. Geogr., vol 8, 52-66 (with J. Hajnos) Metodyka geografii dla stopnia I (Geography methodology for class I), Orbis, Cracow, 78 p.

66. 'A journey through the eastern provinces of Poland', Orbis, Cracow, 5-15; I. 'Vorbemerkungen, Reiserweck und Reiseweg,' 19-31; III 'Ein Beitrag zur Limnologie Ostpolens', 99-124 67.

68.

'Potrzeby nauki geografii w Polsce' ('The requirements of geography in Poland'), Nauk. Pol., no 10, 160-70 'Przyczynaki do znajomosci jezior naszych Kresow Wschodnich' ('On the lakes of Poland's eastern provinces'')tdiss. Pol. Acad. Learn. Math.-Nat. Dept., vol 30 ser A, 47-56

Stanistaw Leszczyckitnow retired, was professor of geography at the University of Warsaw and president of the International Geographical Union 1968-1972

Chronology 1884

Born in Vienna, 14 September

1902-06

Geographical and geological studies at Vienna University

1907

Doctorate in philosophy

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