Generalissimo : Chiang Kai-shek and the China he lost 0743231449

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O N T H E B R IN K : T H E T R O U B L E W I T H F R A N C E D E A L IN G W I T H T H E D R A G O N : A Y E A R IN T H E N E W H O N G K O N G

GENERALISSIMO Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost

JONATHAN FENBY

First published in Great Britain by The Free Press in 2003 An imprint o f Simon & Schuster UK Ltd A Viacom company Copyright © 2003 byjonathan Fenby This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved. The Free Press and colophon are trademarks o f Simon & Schuster, Inc. The right o f Jonathan Fenby to be identified as the author o f this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 o f the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. 1 3 5 7 9 108 6 4 2 Simon & Schuster UK Ltd Africa House 64-78 Kingsway London WC2B 6AH Simon & Schuster Australia Sydney www.simonsays.co.uk PICTURE CREDITS

1, 2, 3, 5, 25, 31, 33: Camera Press; 4, 17, 20, 21, 36, 43, 47: Popperfoto 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 18, 19, 22, 24, 30, 38, 3g, 4 1,4 5 : ChinaStock, Beijing 7, 10, 23, 26—29, 32, 35, 37: Hulton Getty; 1 1: Asia Magazine 13, 16: Chinapix; 15: Roger Viollet, Paris; 34: Albert Wedemeyer Collection 40: KMT Pictorial History; 42; reproduced by kind permission o f the Marcus family 44: Associated Press A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 0-7432-3144-9 Typeset by M Rules Printed and bound in Great Britain by The Bath Press, Bath

To Sara and Alexander, with love

C ONT E NT S

Maps Acknowledgements

x xvii

Author’s Note

xix

Dramatis Personae

xxi

Prologue: Thirteen Days in X i’an part

1

Cold Realities

1

i: Son of the Salt-Seller

17

2

Sworn Brothers

27

3

Going to Extremes

42

4 5

The Will o f Heaven The Red Protector

59 75

part

6 7 8

11: Shedding Blood

Lords o f Misrule To the North Light, Heat, Power

101 114 133

9 xo

The Great Purge Political Union

145 163

part iii :

The Nanking Decade

11

Captain Chiang

175

12 13

Two Chinas Heart and Skin

ig3 208

14

Follow the Leader

225

15

The Long Chase

251

16

End o f Endurance

273

part

17

iv: Broken Jade

The Most Dreadful Nightmare

295

18

I Am the State

312

19

In the Clouds

334

20

Magnetic Warfare

355

21

Peanut and Vinegar

368

22 23

Snow White, Madame Empress ‘All Asia Is at Stake’

387 408

part

v: The Long Goodbye

24

Red Leaves

437

25 26

Mission Impossible Dying Light

460 473

Epilogue: Next Year in Nanking

499

Notes Bibliography

307 333

Index

331

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(Chc-mjchoy) -

HENA Nf

...••..•>••••. \ H U A N

• 2 4 A p r il 19 3 6 .

50

C o b le , Capitalists, p . 2 3 6 . T h e fo llo w in g p a ssa g e draw s o n C h a p te r 8.

51

C r o zie r, p . 16 9 .

52

N C H , 4 A p r il 1 9 3 5 a n d 1 9 F e b r u a r y 19 3 6 .

53

S te lle , p p . 2 8 9 -9 0 .

5 4 W h ite , History, p . 1 1 7 .

15 : THE LONG CHASE 1 S m e d ley , Battle Hymn, p . 1 2 1 ; S h o rt, p . 2; n e x t p a ra , V la d im iro v , p p . 14 0 , 2 7 2 . 2 F arm e r, p . 16 9 . 3 A u d e n a n d Is h e r w o o d , p p . 1 7 3 e t seq .; m is s io n a ry in n e x t p a ra , J a m e s, p . 19. 4

B a se d o n a u t h o r ’s visit to K u lin g -L u s h a n , M a rc h 2002.

5

N C H , 2 9 N o v e m b e r 19 3 3 .

6

R T R , 20 S e p te m b e r 19 3 3 ; H e d in , p . 5 9 .

7

N C H , 20 D e c e m b e r a n d 1 N o v e m b e r 19 3 3 .

8 N C H , 20 a n d 2 g N o v e m b e r 19 3 3 ; R T R , 1 5 O c t o b e r 19 3 3 ; N C H , 7 A p r il 19 3 5 ; N C H , 6 D e c e m b e r 19 3 3 . 9

S e lle , p p . 289 e t seq.

10

K u o M in , 2 g A p r il 19 3 4 ; S h o r t, p p . 3 1 3 ; M a o , p. 2 3 1 .

11

W ils o n , March, p p . 5 5 - 7 .

12

K u o M in , 20 July, 19 a n d 2 4 S e p te m b e r, 1 9 3 4 .

13

K u o M in , 6 J u n e 19 3 4 ; N C H , 20 J u n e 19 3 4 ; R T R , 1 J u ly 19 3 4 ; N C H , 4 J u ly 19 3 4 .

14

N C H , 24 O c to b e r 1934.

15

R T R , 12 O c t o b e r 1 9 3 4 .

16

H a h n , Chiang, p. 18 3 ; R T R , 2 4 a n d 3 1 O c to b e r, 2 N o v e m b e r 19 3 4 .

17

T h is a n d p r e c e d in g a c c o u n t fr o m S e lle , p p . 3 0 5 - 6 .

18

Ib id ., p . 304.

19 N C H , 2 4 - 3 1 O c to b e r, 28 N o v e m b e r 19 3 4 ; R T R , 22 O c t o b e r 19 3 4 . T h e N C H re p o rts re a d as i f w ritte n by W . H . D o n a ld . 20 S alisb u ry, p p . 6 2 - 3 ; W ils o n , March, p . 7 4 . 21

S a lisb u ry , p p . 9 2 - 1 0 4 ; S h o r t, p . 4; W ilso n , March, p p . 7 7 - 9 .

22 W ilso n , March, p p . 1 3 7 - 4 3 ; C e n tr a l N ew s, 3 a n d 1 4 D e c e m b e r 19 3 4 ; N C H , 26 D e c e m b e r 19 3 4 . 23 W ilso n , March, p. 1 1 3 . 24

H e d in , p p . 6 4 - 7 .

2 5 N C H , 3 A p r il 1 9 3 5 . 26 Ib id ., 5 J u n e 1 9 3 5 . 27

R T R , 6 A p r il 19 3 5 ; N C H , 10 a n d 1 7 A p r il 1 9 3 5 .

28 D avies, p . 1 6 1 ; L a c a m , p . 12 2 — th e p h o to g r a p h o f th e h e a d o n a p o st is o p p o s ite p. 65. 29

i

H a ll, p . 1 7 5 ; L a c a m , p. 15 8 .

522

■

Notes

30 N C H , 2 4 A p r il 1 9 3 5 . 31

M ao, p .1 2 8 .

32

R T R , 19 M ay 1 9 3 5 ; N C H , 5 J u n e 1 9 3 5 .

33

N C H , 12 J u n e 1 9 3 5 ; R T R , 6 J u n e 1 9 3 5 ; N C H , 12 J u n e 1 9 3 5 .

3 4 W ilso n , March, C h a p te r s X V a n d X V I fo r D a d u R iver; Sn ow , Red Star, p p . 2 2 4 - g ; S h o r t, p p . 3 2 4 -6 . 35

S h o r t, p p . 3 2 7 - 8 .

36

F u ray a , p p . 4 5 5 - 6 .

37

W ils o n , March, p . 204.

38

P elissier, p p . 3 3 6 - 8 .

16: END OF ENDURANCE 1 N C H , 20 N o v e m b e r 1 9 3 5 ; C e n tr a l N e w s, 1 4 O c t o b e r 1 9 3 6 . 2 P R O , F O p a p e r F 1 0 3 9 3 / 2 7 / 8 7 , C la rk -K e r r to H a lifa x , 3 1 A u g u s t 19 3 8 ; N C H , 1 3 M a y 19 2 6 ; N C H , 2 F e b r u a ry , 13 M a y a n d 3 J u n e

19 3 6 ; A b e n d , Life,

pp. 2 0 7 -10 . 3

RTR , 1 N o vem b er 19 35.

4

C e n tr a l N e w s, 2 N o v e m b e r 1 9 3 5 .

5

C h e n L i-fii, p p . 1 1 5 - 1 6 .

6

L e v itc h , p p . 2 4 3 - 4 .

7

C e n tr a l N ew s, 9 J u n e 19 3 6 ; T o n g a n d L i, p . 308; N C H , 2 a n d 9 S e p te m b e r 19 3 6 ; A b e n d , Life, p. 19 8 .

8 S e lle , p p . 3 1 3 - 1 4 . 9 10

N C H , 2, 9 a n d 23 S e p te m b e r 19 3 6 . N C H , 1 1 a n d 4 N o v e m b e r 19 3 6 .

11

K u o K w an -yin g, P a rt T h r e e .

12

W u T ien -w ei, p p . 2 4 -5 .

13

K u o K w an -yin g, P a r t T h r e e ; R o u te A r m y o ffic e a n d c h u r c h p h o t o g r a p h fro m a u t h o r ’s visit to X i ’a n , 2002; N C H , 20 J a n u a r y 1 9 3 7 .

14

K u o K w an -yin g, P a rt T h r e e .

15

N C H , 2 a n d 16 S e p te m b e r 19 3 6 .

16

E a stm a n e t a l., N ationalist Era, p. 206; this a n d n e x t p a ra d raw o n V a n d e V en , p p . 2 3 1 , 244.

17

L ia n g H si-h u ey, p. 1 1 2 ; J a s o n P ip e s, I n te r n e t p o stin g s, 1 9 9 6 - 2 0 0 1 .

18 A b e n d , Life, p p . 2 2 3 -4 ; V a n d e V e n , p p . 2 4 7 - 9 . 19

K u o K w an -yin g, P a r t T h r e e ; V a n d e V e n , p p . 2 7 6 , 28 6.

20 B o r g , p . 2 2 5 ; N C H , 3 1 M a rc h 1 9 3 7 . 21

W u T ie n -w e i, p p . 2 0 0 -2 ; N C H , 10 F e b r u a r y 1 9 3 7 .

22

D o n a ld G illin , ‘P ro b le m s o f C e n tra liz a tio n in R e p u b lic a n C h in a ’ , Journal ofAsian

23

H o -W an g , H a n -sh e n g L in , in C o o x , p . 2 3 4.

Studies, V o l. 2 7 / 4 , p p . 8 3 9 - 4 1 . 2 4 F a rm e r, p p . 24 2 e t seq ., 2 6 3. 25

N C H , 27 J an u a ry 19 3 7.

N otes

*

523

26 C h a n g Ju i-te o n illite ra c y in Modern Asian Studies, V o l. 3 0 / 4 , p . 10 4 9 ; G ib so n , p p . 3 6 2 - 3 ; C h ’i, p p . 4 3 - 9 , a n d , m o re g e n e ra lly , C h a p t e r 2. 27

C C K , Calm, p . 12 3 .

28 K u o M in , 10 A p r il 1 9 3 7 . 29 A b e n d , Life, p p . 2 4 0 -5 . 30 D e ta ils in Ik u h ik o H a ta ’s p a p e r in CP, V ol. II, p p . 4 9 7 - 5 2 4 . 31

H a ta in CP, V o l. II, p. 5 1 5 .

32

G u ille r m a z , p . 4 4 .

33

Ib id ., p . 4 5 .

34

Ib id ., p. 4 7.

35

F arm e r, p . 14; C C K , p . 12 4 ; H su , p . 5 8 3 ; S p e n c e , Search, p. 4 2 2 .

36

H a ta in CP, V ol. II, p p . 5 2 1 - 2 .

37

C e n tr a l N ew s, 2 g j u l y 1 9 3 7 ; L ia n g H si-hu ey, p . 12 6 ; B ix , p p . 3 2 1 - 2 .

1 7 : THE MOST DREADFUL NIGHTMARE 1 T h is a c c o u n t o f w h y th e b o m b s w e r e d r o p p e d is fr o m C h e n n a u lt, p. 4 5 . C o n te m p o r a r y a c c o u n ts a lso sp e a k o f a p la n e c lim b in g to a v o id a n ti-a ircraft fire , lo o s in g b o m b s as it d id so. 2 F arm e r, p p . 4 6 e t seq . fo r th is a n d n e x t tw o p a ra g ra p h s. 3 T h is a c c o u n t is b a se d o n c o n te m p o r a r y a c c o u n ts , n o ta b ly fr o m th e N C H a n d b y F arm e r, A b e n d , T im p e r le y a n d D o n a ld , p lu s h is to rie s o f th e c ity b y D o n g , H e n r io t, L y n n P a n , S e r g e a n t a n d W a k e m a n , m ilita ry stu d ies b y D re y e r a n d C h ’i, V a n d e V e n a n d T e itle r a n d R a d tk e a n d B ix ’s b io g r a p h y o f H ir o h ito . 4 F arm e r, p. 78 ; B ix , p p . 3 2 4 - 5 . 5 F arm e r, p. 5 5 . 6 N C H , 18 S e p te m b e r 1 9 3 7 ; V a n d e V e n , p . 3 2 1 ; T e id e r a n d R a d tk e , p. 1 1 5 . 7 T h is a n d n e x t p a r a g ra p h , S e lle , p p . 3 3 9 - 4 0 . 8 F arm e r, p . 85; T im p e rle y , p . 1 1 9 . 9 T im p e r le y , p p . 8 5 -6 . 10 F arm e r, p . 85; N C H , 25 S e p te m b e r 1 9 3 7 . 11

F arm e r, p . 9 7 ; B ix , p . 3 3 3 .

12

P elissier, p. 3 8 2 -3 .

13

B ix , p .3 2 6 .

1 4 N C H , 8 S e p te m b e r 1 9 3 7 . 15

G ib s o n , p . 3 8 5 ; C h ’i, p . 4 3 ; CP, V ol. II, p p . 6 2 7 - 9 .

16

S m e d ley , China Fights Back, p p . 1 2 3 - 6 .

17

E a stm a n e t al., N ationalist Era, p p . 2 0 7 -8 ; G u ille r m a z , p . 6 5 .

18

N C H , 8 S e p te m b e r 1 9 3 7 .

19

RTR, 27 N ovem b er 19 3 7.

20 N C H , 1 a n d 8 D e c e m b e r 1 9 3 7 . 21

Iris C h a n g , p . 68 q u o tin g S u n Z h aw ei, Nanking Beige (T a ip e i, 19 9 5 ) , p p . 3 1 —3; the A d a n tic M o n th ly O n lin e .

22

S e lle , p p . 3 4 1 - 2 .

52 4 23

Notes Iris C h a n g , p p . 7 2 - 3 .

2 4 Ib id ., p p . 7 4 - 6 . 25

C a ld w e ll, p . xiv.

26

G u a r d ia n , 4 O c t o b e r 2002.

27

T h is a c c o u n t d raw s o n Iris C h a n g ’s a c c o u n t o f th e m a ssa cre, th e N C H fo r D e c e m b e r a n d J a n u a r y 1 9 3 7 - 3 8 , P o w e ll, B ix , T im p e r le y a n d F arm e r.

28 Iris C h a n g , p p . 5 0 , 5 3 . 29 C h e n g , L estz, S p e n c e , p. 330; F a rm e r, p p . 1 0 1 - 2 . 30

Iris C h a n g , p. 4 4 .

31

B ix , p p . 3 4 3 - 5 .

32

R T R , 10 D e c e m b e r 1 9 3 7 .

33

G ib s o n , p . 3 9 1 ; R T R , 1 0 D e c e m b e r 1 9 3 7 .

34

R TR , 21 D e ce m b e r 19 3 7.

35

C K S , W artim e M essages, p . 4 9 ; N C H , 12 D e c e m b e r 1 9 3 7 ; Tim e, 3 j a n u a r y 19 3 8 .

36

S e lle , p p . 3 4 3 - 4 .

18 : I AM THE STATE 1

M o w rer, p . 10 7 .

2 H a n S u y in , D estin a tio n , p . 58 ; W h ite , H istory, p p . 9 0 - 9 1 . 3 R T R , 30 M a rc h , 2 a n d 7 A p r il 19 3 9 . 4

M o w rer, p. 10 9 .

5 F a rm e r, p p . 1 3 6 - 7 . 6 B e rtra m , Unconquered, p p . 1 6 3 - 4 , 4 4 4 7

C o o x in C o o x a n d C o n ro y , p. 303.

8 N C H , 28 F e b r u a r y 19 4 0 . g

W a n g , J o u r n a l o f A s ia n Studies, V ol. 2 6 / 3 ; V a n d e V e n , p . 4 2 3 .

10 A u d e n a n d Is h e r w o o d , p . 234; F a rm e r, p . 289. 11

F a rm e r, p . 12 0 ; N C H , 2 F e b r u a r y 19 3 8 ; M o w re r, p . 94.

12

F arm e r, p . 12 8 .

13

F arm e r, p. 14 6 .

1 4 A u d e n a n d I s h e r w o o d , p . 10 2; T o n g a n d L i, p . 3 5 6 .

15 Tong and Li>PP- 372- 316 A u d e n a n d I s h e r w o o d , p . 10 2; F arm e r, p . 15 0 . 17

N C H , 2 9 M a rc h 19 3 8 .

18

T o n g a n d L i, p p . 3 5 3 - 4 , 4 1 7 ; D o m e i, 4 A p r il 1 9 3 7 ; A u d e n a n d Is h e r w o o d , p . 1 5 1 ; T e itle r a n d R a d tk e , p p . 1 7 5 e t seq.; V a n d e V e n , p p . 3 2 9 - 3 3 3 .

19 N C H , 1 J u n e 19 3 8 ; F u ray a , p. 60 3; V a n d e V e n , p . 3 3 6 ; T e itle r a n d R a d tk e , p p . i g o e t seq .

20 Auden and Isherwood, pp. 174-5. 21

D o m e i, i 4 j u n e 19 3 8 ; R T R , 12 a n d i 4 j u n e 19 3 8 ; D a vie s, p . 22.

22

C K S , Selected Speeches, p . 2 o ;J e r o m e C h e n , p . 10 9.

23

S e lle , p . 3 4 2 ; C e n tr a l N e w s, 5 O c t o b e r 1 9 3 7 ; C h e n L i-fu , p p . 1 3 5 - 6 .

2 4 L ia n g H si-h u ey, p p . 1 3 1 , 14 0 .

Notes

25

m 525

B ix , p .3 4 8 .

26

M a c K in n o n , M o d e m A s ia n Studies, V o l. 3 0 / 4 , O c t o b e r i g 6 g , p p . 9 3 3 - 5 .

27

K a ta o k a , p . 69 .

28

E a stm a n , Seeds, p p . 8 9 -9 0 .

2 9 C h e r e p a n o v , p p . 3 0 7 -8 ; D o r n , p . 18 5 . 30 N C H , 25 A u g u s t 19 3 8 . 31

R T R , 25 A u g u s t 19 3 8 .

32

F a rm e r, p . 130 .

3 3 A u d e n a n d I s h e r w o o d , p p . 6 4 - 5 ; T o n g , V o l. II, p p . 5 8 2 - 3 ; H a h n , C h ia n g , p. 2 10 . 3 4 W u C h i-w ei, p p . 2 2 8 - 9 , 2 4 5 , 2 7 7 , 2 7 9 -8 0 , 282. 35

F arm e r, p p . 1 6 8 - 9 .

36

H a n S u y in , D estin a tio n , p p . 9 1 - 2 .

37

M o w rer, p p . 7 8 -8 0 ; A u d e n a n d Is h e r w o o d , p p . 6 4 - 5 .

38 A u d e n a n d I s h e r w o o d , p p . 6 4 - 5 . 3 9 F a rm e r, p p . 1 7 2 - 3 . 40 W h ite , H istory, p p . 7 4 - 5 . 41

R T R , UP, 22 O c t o b e r 19 3 8 .

4 2 A u tu m n 19 3 8 b atd es: Y a n g tze, R T R , 2 1 S e p te m b er, N C H , 28 S e p te m b e r; J ia n g x i, R T R , 10 O c to b e r; W u h a n , R T R , 1 1 - 1 3 O c to b e r, N C H , 29 S e p te m b er, A u d e n a n d Ish erw o o d , p. 15 7 . 4 3 A u d e n a n d Is h e r w o o d , p . 5 5 ; S e lle , p p . 3 4 5 - 6 . 4 4 H a n S u y in , D estin a tio n , p . 64 . 45

F a rm e r, p . 18 0.

46

H a n S u y in , D estin a tio n , p p . 7 9 —80.

47

F arm er, p . 18 4 .

4 8 N C H , 5 O c t o b e r 19 3 8 ; D rey e r, p. 2 33; B ix , p . 3 4 6 . 49

R T R , 1 N o v e m b e r 19 3 8 .

5 0 A lley, p . 14 . 51

F arm e r, p . 1 9 3 w ith p o s te r o p p o s ite ; H a n S u y in , D estin a tio n , p p . 9 8 - 1 0 1 .

52

CP, V o l. II, p . 668 ; C h ’ i, N a tio n a lis t C h in a , p p . 5 4 - 5 ; F arm e r, p p . 1 8 6 - 9 1 .

53

R T R , 1 7 D e c e m b e r 19 3 8 ; N C H , 2 1 D e c e m b e r 19 3 8 .

19: IN THE CLOUDS 1 CP, V o l. I ll, p. 4 2 1 ; V ol. II, p p . 6 5 3 - 4 . 2 B ra m a ll, p p . 30 , 23; C h in a D aily, 7 - 8 A p r il 2 0 0 1; F arm e r, p p . 1 9 2 , 19 9 . 3 F a irb a n k , C h in a b o u n d , p . 243. 4

E sh e rick , C h a p te r 1 1 ; F arm er, p p . 2 0 7 - 1 1 ; W h ite , History, p p . 6 6 -7 6 ; H a n Suyin , D estin a tio n , p . 16 2 ; P e c k , p . 14 3 .

5 W h ite , H istory, p p . 6 7 - 8 ; R T R , 29 D e c e m b e r 19 3 9 ; W h ite a n d J aco b y , p p . 8 - g ; E s h e ric k , C h a p t e r 1 1 . 6 W h ite a n d J aco b y , p p . 5 6 - 7 ; E a stm a n e t a l„ N a tio n a list E ra, p p . 1 3 0 - 3 . 7

F arm e r, p . 2 10 ; W h ite a n d Jaco b y, p . 8.

526

■

Notes

8 W h ite , H istory, p . 7 2 ; C a ld w e ll, p . xvi. 9 E a stm a n e t a l., N a tio n a lis t Era, p . 1 3 1 ; B asil, p . 2; H a n S u y in , D estin a tio n , p . 16 3 ; F a irb a n k , C h in a b o u n d , p . 2 4 3. 10

P e c k , p p . 4 1 3 - 1 6 ; N C H , 2 1 D e c e m b e r 19 3 8 ; F a rm e r, p . 22 6.

11

CP, V o l. I l l , p. 6 4 9 .

12

C h ’i, War, p p . 1 5 3 - 6 4 .

13

N C H , 7 D e ce m b e r 19 3 8 an d 4 J a n u a ry 1939.

14

P a y n e, D ia ry , p p . 1 1 1 - 1 2 .

15

P e c k , p p . 6 0 3 -4 .

16

Ib id ., p. 60 6.

17

W h ite , H istory, p p . 12 0 ; L a ttim o re , p p . 1 5 5 - 6 ; Yu M a o c h u n , p p . 4 3 - 4 .

18

P e te r C la rk e , T h e C ripps "Version (L o n d o n : A lle n L a n e / T h e P e n g u in Press, 2 0 0 1), p. 15 2 -6 .

19

D avies, p p . 1 8 3 - 4 , 2 3 3 , 3 4 3 ! T u c h m a n , p p . 262; C r o zie r, p . 2 1 6 .

20 P a y n e , D ia ry , p p . 1 3 0 - 3 , 2 5 8 , 3 9 3 . 21

D avies, p . 19 2 ; W h ite , H istory, p . 7 4 .

22

G u ille r m a z , p . 8 7; W h ite , H istory, p p . 7 5 - 6 ; H a rt, p p . 2 7 - 8 ; F a rm e r, p p . 2 2 2 - 5 .

23

Peck, p p. 4 1 9 an d 4 8 1.

2 4 L in H a n -sh e n g in C o o x a n d C o n ro y , p p . 2 1 1 - 4 1 . 25

B o y le, p p . 2 2 8 - 3 1 ; CP, V o l. II, p . 6 6 5 ; R T R , 2 J a n u a r y 19 3 9 ; B o y le , p . 2 3 1 , 2 7 8 -8 ; R T R , 5 A p r il 19 3 9 ; H o m e r, p . 7 5 .

2 6 W h ite a n d J aco b y , p . 12 4 . 27

F a rm e r, p . 204; E a stm a n e t a l., N a tio n a lis t E ra, p . 140 .

28 W h ite a n d J a co b y , p . 14 0 . 2 9 W h ite , H istory, p . 7 7 ; B ix , p . 3 4 6 ; C h ’i, War, C h a p t e r 2; Stilw ell, p . 1 1 7 . 30 T o n g a n d L i, p p . 4 2 6 - 8 ; Stilw ell, p . 80. 31

D o n a ld G illin , ‘ P ro b le m s o f C e n tr a liz a tio n in R e p u b lic a n C h in a ’ , J o u r n a l o f A sia n

32

L in e b a r g e r, p p . 2 3 0 - 1 , 3 7 3 , 380.

S tudies, V o l. 29.

33

C h ’i, War, p p . 1 8 7 - 9 .

34

L a ttim o re , p . 1 4 7 .

35

C a ld w e ll, p . 7 3 ; C h ’i, War, p . 2 1 1 .

3 6 W a n g , J o u r n a l o f A s ia n S tudies, V o l. 2 6 / 3 . 3 7 W h ite , H istory, p . 16 3 . 38 E a stm a n e t al., N a tio n a lis t Era, p p . 1 5 2 - 3 ; C h ’i, War, p p . 1 6 6 - 7 6 ; Y o u n g , H e lp in g H a n d , p p . 3 0 0 - 4 a n d W artim e F in a n ce, p . 30 4; B o tjer, p p . 2 1 1 - 1 4 .

3 9 J e r o m e C h e n , p . 4 3 ; P a y n e , D ia ry, p p . g g - i o o . 40

S e lle , p p . 3 4 8 -9 .

41

Ib id ., p p . 3 5 0 , 3 6 7 ; S hen Pa o, S h a n g h a i, 1 1 N o v e m b e r 19 4 6 .

42

F a rm e r, p p . 2 3 3 - 4 .

43

H a n S u y in , D estin a tio n , p p . 2 2 0 - 1 .

44

R T R , 2 5 M ay 1 9 3 9 .

45

T h is a c c o u n t is fr o m F arm e r, p p . 2 3 0 -4 ; R T R , 4 —5 M ay 19 3 9 ; W h ite , H istory, p p . 7 6 , 8 0 -8 3 ; N C H , 10 a n d 2 4 M a y 19 3 9 ; P elissier, p. 389.

46

G u ille r m a z , p . 8 1; F a rm e r, p . 233.

47

H a n S u y in , D estin a tio n , p p . 2 3 6 , 2 5 6 , 2 70 .

48

F u ray a , p . 5 4 1 ; N C H , 2 4 M a y 19 3 9 .

4g

H a n S u y in , D estin a tio n , p p . 2 5 5 - 6 .

2 0 : MAGNETIC WARFARE

1

R T R , 18 a n d 2 1 N o v e m b e r 19 3 8 .

2 T o n g a n d L i, p p . 3 7 9 —82; fo llo w in g p a ra , W a k e m a n in T eh , p p . 3 1 4 —2 1 . 3 W asserstein, p. 20; B o y le, p. 278 ; N C H , 16 O c t o b e r 19 4 0 a n d i g F e b r u a r y 19 3 9 ; D o m e i, 1 1 J u n e 19 3 9 ; B o yle, p p . 2 8 1 -5 ; W a kem an , Badlands, h as first-rate a cco u n t. 4

N C H , 16 A u g u s t 19 3 9 ; D o m e i, 10 O c t o b e r 1 9 3 9 .

5

C h ’i, War, p p . 5 9 0 e t seq .; N C H , 3 J a n u a r y 19 4 0 .

6 Peck, pp. 2 7 7 -8 . 7

W illia m s a n d W a lla c e , p p . 6 5 , 6 9 -7 0 .

8 N C H , 4 A p r il 19 4 0 ; R T R , 20 J u n e 19 4 0 ; H a h n , S o o n g Sisters, p . 2 7 6 ; H avas, 28 A u g u s t 19 4 0 ; C h ’i, War, p p . 6 2 - 3 . g

B o y le , p p . 2 8 9 -9 3 ; K a ta o k a , p . 1 9 1 .

10 N C H , 1 6 O c t o b e r 19 4 0 ; B o y le , p p . 2 9 9 -3 0 4 ; F u ray a , p . 6 5 4 . 11

U P, 1 7 - 1 8 O c t o b e r 19 4 0 ; F arm e r, p p . 2 3 8 -4 0 .

12

W h ite , H istory, p p . 1 1 3 - 1 4 .

13 Domei, 18 November 1939. 1 4 V an S lyk e, M o d ern A s ia n Studies, V ol. 3 0 / 4 , O c t o b e r 1 9 9 6 , p p . g 7 g e t seq. 15 16

N C H , 16 J u n e 19 4 0 . B e n to n , F o u rth Arm y, A p p e n d ix , giv es e x c h a n g e s b e tw e e n M a o a n d Y u n lin g ; X ia n g a g r e e m e n t, p . 7 7 3 .

17

Ib id , p p . 5 1 5 - 1 6 , 5 4 5 - 6 .

18

Ib id ., p p . 5 6 3 - 4 , 5 6 7 .

19 W h ite a n d J aco b y, p . 7 6 ; B e n to n , p p . 5 7 2 - 8 . 20 W h ite , H istory , p p . 1 1 5 - 1 7 . 21

B a c h r a c k , p . 1 7 ; C a rlo s B aker, E rn est H em ingw ay (N e w Y ork: S c r ib n e rs 1 9 6 9 ) .

22

K a ta o k a , p . 2 70 ; T o n g , p . 28 7.

2 1 : PEANUT AND VINEGAR

1

D avies, p. 223; F ra n k lin D . R o o s e v e lt L ib ra ry , m a r is t .e d u / p s f / b o x 2 / a 1 5 b o 2 .

2 F u ray a , p . 7 2 5 ; P a y n e, D ia ry , p p . 4 4 - 5 0 . 3

B a c h r a c k , p . 18; K o e n , p. 2 7.

4

F ra n k lin D . R o o s e v e lt L ib ra ry , m a r is t .e d u / p s f / b o x 2 / a 1 6 b o 5 .

5

D avies, p . 2 2 1 ; W h ite , H istory, p . 13 4 . V a n d e V e n (I n tr o d u c tio n a n d C h a p t e r 1) p re se n ts a c lo s e ly a r g u e d c r itic a l analysis o f S tilw e ll w h ic h revises th e a d m ir in g p o r tr a it in T u c h m a n ’s P u litz e r P rize -w in n in g b io g ra p h y .

6

W h ite , History, p. 15 8 .

7

H a h n , C h ia n g , p . 248.

528

■

Notes

8 CP, V o l. IV, p p . 2 2 4 e t seq.; T u c h m a n , p . 2 3 5 ; D avies, p . 2 3 7 ; H a h n , C hia n g , p. 245; Snow , p p. 6 1 , 69, 7 3 - 5 , 7 0 - 1 . 9 F r a n k lin D . R o o s e v e lt L ib ra ry , m a r is t .e d u / p s f/ b o x 2 / a 1 5 g o 3 ; T u c h m a n , p . 282. 10 T u c h m a n , p . 2 3 5 ; D a vie s, p . 280 11

T o n g , p . 18 3 ; S tilw e ll, p . 50.

1 2 S tilw e ll, p . 5 0 , 5 4 - 5 . 13

S tilw e ll, p. 62; R o m a n u s a n d S u n d e r la n d , p. 10 3 .

1 4 T u c h m a n , p p . 2 8 5 , 2 8 8 -9 . 15

Stilw ell, p . 63.

16

Ib id ., p . 7 7 .

17

Ib id ., p p . 7 7 - 8 , 80.

18

Ib id ., p . 8 1 ; T u c h m a n , p . 2 8 1 ; n e x t p a ra , T o n g , p . 3 0 5 .

19

C h e n n a u lt, p . 15 9 .

20 S tilw e ll, p p . 9 2 - 5 . 21

C h e n n a u lt, p p . 16 0 e t seq.

22

D avies, p. 240; V a n d e V e n h a s d e ta ile d a c c o u n t, p p . 3 9 —49.

23

L ia n g H si-huey, p . 4 1 .

24

S tilw ell, p p . 1 0 5 - 6 .

25

Ib id ., p . 1 1 3 .

26

R o m a n u s a n d S u n d e r la n d , p . 15 4 ; L ia n g H si-hu ey, p p . 6 6 - 7 .

27

R o m a n u s a n d S u n d e r la n d , p . 16 8 .

28 D a vies, p . 24 2. 29 L ia n g H si-hu ey, p p . 5 9 -6 0 . 30 A m e lia H ill, O bserver M a g a zin e , L o n d o n , 2 M a rc h , 2003; F ra n k lin D . R o o se v e lt L ib ra ry , m a r is t .e d u / p s f / b o x 2 / a 1 6 0 0 1 ; Stilw ell, p . 15 8 - th e r e p o r t w as b y C o lo n e l D a vid D e a n B a rre tt, th e m ilita r y a tta c h e . U S a ir strategy, V a n d e V en , 31

PP- 5 3 - 4 W h ite , History, p. 14 2 .

32 A la n b r o o k e , e n tr y f o r 23 N o v e m b e r 1 9 4 3 . 33

W h ite , H istory, p . 14 0 .

34

R o b e r t S m ith , p . 6 5 .

35

L ia n g H si-h u ey, p . 5 5 ; Stilw ell, p . 1 1 9 .

36

R o m a n u s a n d S u n d e r la n d , p p . 1 6 9 - 7 1 ; L ia n g H si-hu ey, p p . 7 0 - 7 2 .

37

S tilw e ll, p p . 1 2 2 - 3 , 12 6 .

38 L ia n g H si-h u ey, p p . 4 3 - 4 , S tilw e ll, p . 1 1 5 .

2 2 : SNOW WHITE, MADAME EMPRESS

1

S tilw e ll, p . 12 2 .

2 L ia n g H si-hu ey, p . 15 8 ; S tilw e ll, p p . 1 2 0 - 1 . 3 S tilw e ll, p . 12 2 . 4

G u ille r m a z , p p . 8 g - g o ; M a c K in n o n a n d F rie s e n , p . 92.

5

Peck, p. 4 2 7 -8 .

6 H a rt, p . 3 3 , q u o tin g B a rre tt; T u c h m a n , p p . 3 3 3 - 4 .

Notes 7

529

S tilw e ll, p . 1 5 6 —7; C h e n n a u lt, p p . 2 1 2 - 1 6 ; T u c h m a n , p . 3 3 5 .

8 H a rt, p. 34; D a vies, p . 2 5 5 . g 10

C o w le s, p p . 8 8 - g . D avies, p . 2 5 5 .

11

S tilw e ll, p. 19 4 .

12

R o b e r t S h e r w o o d , Roosevelt a n d H o p k in s (N e w Y ork: H a rp e r, i g 4 8 ) , p p . 6 6 0 - 1 ;

13

M a c K in n o n a n d F rie se n , p . 120 .

E le a n o r R o o se v e lt, T h is I Remem ber (N e w York: H a rp e r, i g 4 g ) , p p . 2 8 2 -3 . 14

S e a g ra v e , p . 38 4 .

15

C o n g r e s s io n a l R e c o rd , ig 4 3 , p p . 1 0 8 0 - 1 .

16

C o w le s, p . g o .

17

Ib id .

18

S e a g ra v e , p p . 3 8 g - g o .

lg

L a ttim o re , p p . 1 6 8 - g ; J e r o m e C h e n , p . 7 g ; T u c h m a n , p p . 3 5 2 - 3 .

20 S e a g ra v e , p. 3 8 g . 21

A m a n d a S m ith , p p . 5 8 1 - 6 1 .

22

C h ’i, N a tio n a lis t C h in a , p . 16 0 ; W h ite , H istory , p . 15 0 ; B e ld e n , p p . 6 1 - 4 .

23 W h ite , H istory, p p . 14 6 e t seq.; P e c k , p . 3 g 3 ; B e ld e n , p . 6 2. 24 W h ite , H istory, p p . 1 4 7 - 8 .

25 Ibid., p .1 5 5 . 26 F u ray a , p. 7 6 1 ; L ia n g H si-hu ey, p p . 1 1 8 , 12 2 - C h a p t e r 6 h a s a c c o u n t o f C a s a b la n c a a n d T r id e n t fr o m C h in e s e re c o rd s. 2 7 F a irb a n k , C h in a b o u n d , p p . 2 5 2 - 3 . 28 T u c h m a n , p . 3 6 g ; S tilw ell, p p . 203, 2 1 1 - 2 , 2 1 5 . 2 g P e c k , p p . 4 7 7 - 8 , a lso f o r a rriv a l in C h u n g k in g in n e x t p a r a g ra p h . 30 Y o u n g , O H , A p p e n d ix . 31

P eck, p .4 7 7 .

32

S e rv ic e , p p . g 2 - 6 ; P e c k , p . 4 7 7 ; S tilw ell, p . 2 2g.

33

S e a g ra v e , p . 4 1 1 .

3 4 L a ttim o re , p. 14 2 . 35

S tilw ell, p . 2 2 g .

36

Q u o te s in fo llo w in g p a ssa g e a re fr o m S tilw ell, C h a p t e r 7 . S o o n g , V a n d e V e n ,

37

P- 5 9 F eis, p . 78 ; L a ttim o re , p. 1 1 3 .

38

S tilw e ll, p p . 2 3 2 - 3 .

3g

L ia n g H si-hu ey, p p . 1 4 5 , 3 7 8 - g ; F u ray a , p . 7 6 g ; S tilw e ll, p p . 2 3 2 - 3 .

40

S e rv ic e , p p . 7 g - 8 4 ; S e a g ra v e , p . 4 10 .

41

F a irb a n k , C h in a b o u n d , p p . 2 4 5 - 6 ; F u ray a , p . 7 7 8 .

23: ‘ALL ASIA IS AT STAKE’ 1

B o y le p . 3 2 3 ; E a stm a n in A k ir a Iriye, p. 284; H s ia n g a n d L e v in e , p. 180; P e c k , p p . 2 1 —3; P o tte r a n d P o tter, p . 3 1 .

2 C h u rc h ill, p . 328; A la n b ro o k e , 23 N o v e m b e r 1 g 4 3 . C a iro , V a n d e V en , p p . 6 0 - 7 1 .

53° 3 4

■

Notes

H a h n , C hia n g , p . 2 7 5 ; A la n b r o o k e , 23 N o v e m b e r 19 4 3 . C h u r c h ill, p . 3 2 9; A la n b r o o k e , 23 N o v e m b e r 19 4 3 ; H a r o ld M a c m illa n , W ar D ia ries (L o n d o n : M a c m illa n , 1 9 8 4 ) , p . 304.

5 A la n b r o o k e , 23 N o v e m b e r 19 4 3 . 6

S tilw e ll, p . 2 5 5 ; D avies, p . 2 78 .

7

S tilw e ll, p . 2 5 2 ; D avies, p . 2 8 1 .

8 R o o s e v e lt ‘fire s id e c h a t ’ , 2 4 D e c e m b e r 19 4 3 ; S tilw e ll, p . 2 5 6 . g

D a vies, p. 2 4 7 .

10 T u c h m a n , p . 4 5 5 ; q u o t in g G a u s s / S e r v ic e r e p o r ts in U S F R C 4 4 , p p . 3 1 2 , 3 1 9 - 2 6 , 3 3 4 - 6 . F o llo w in g p a r a , S tilw e ll, p . 2 5 2 ; F r e d e r ic k M a rk s, W in d O v er S a n d (A th e n s : U n iv e rs ity o f G e o r g ia P ress, 1 9 8 8 ) , p . 18 2 .

11

T u ch m an , p. 4 13 .

12

L ia n g H si-hu ey, p . 2 3 3 ; W ilso n , Tigers, p p . 2 2 1 - 2 ; C a ld w e ll, p p . 5 4 -6 0 .

13

C a ld w e ll, p p . 1 1 3 - 1 4 .

14

Ib id ., p p . 1 0 2 - 3 , 2° 7 -

15

Stilw ell, p p . 2 7 4 e t seq .

16

D avies, p . 298.

17

Ib id ., p .2 9 9 .

18

S tilw e ll, p p . 2 7 3 e t seq.; V a n d e V e n , p p . 7 4 —7 calls th e o p e r a tio n ‘ a g a m b le th a t

19

T o la n d , p . 6 1 8 .

d id n o t w o r k ’ . 20 C h ’ i, N a tio n a lis t C h in a , p p . 9 e t seq.; D rey e r, p p . 2 8 4 e t seq .; W h ite a n d Jaco b y, C h a p t e r 12 ; P e c k , p . 56 0 . 21

C h e n n a u lt, p . 309.

22

Ib id ., p . 30 2; W h ite a n d J aco b y , p . 18 8.

23

C h e n n a u lt, p p . 3 0 0 - 3 0 1 ; T u c h m a n , p . 4 7 2 . S tilw e ll a n d Ic h ig o , V a n d e V e n , p p . 80—2.

2 4 F u ray a , p . 7 9 3 . 25

Peck, pp. 588, 590.

26

L a ttim o re , p. 13 9 .

27

Ib id ., p . 18 6 .

28 T u c h m a n , p . 4 7 0 . 2 9 C h e n in S a ic h a n d V a n d e V e n , p p . 2 6 5 e t seq. 30

Ib id ., p p . 2 7 3 - 9 2 .

31

S tilw e ll, p p . 3 2 9 e t seq .; T u c h m a n , p . 48 9; C C K , Calm , p. 5; S tilw e ll, p. 3 2 7 .

32

C h e n n a u lt, p . 300; Stilw ell, p p . 3 1 6 - 1 7 .

33

C h e n n a u lt, p p . 3 2 0 - 1 .

3 4 T u c h m a n , p. 4 9 2 . 35

F u ray a , p p . 8 0 9, 804.

3 6 T u c h m a n , p . 4 9 8 , q u o t in g A m b a s s a d o r ’s r e p o r t to S ta te D e p a r tm e n t. 37

L ia n g H si-hu ey, p p . 2 7 0 - 1 ; Stilw ell, p . 3 4 3 .

38

D a vies, p . 3 3 7 ; Stilw ell, p . 3 4 6; C K S , S oviet R u ssia , p . 1 1 8 .

3 9 T u c h m a n , p . 50 4; S tilw e ll p p . 3 4 6 - 7 . 40

L a ttim o re , p . 2 1 7 ; f o r c lo s e ly a r g u e d re v isio n ist view o f Stilw ell, see V a n d e V e n ,

Notes

531

I n tr o d u c tio n a n d C h a p t e r O n e . 41

D avies, p . 3 8 3 .

42

C a ld w e ll, p . g o ; Yiji A k a s h i in C o o x a n d C o n ro y , p. 2 6 7 ; E a stm a n in A k ir a Iriye, p . 286.

43

D avies, p . 3 7 8 .

44

T u c h m a n , p . 4 1 1 ; Sn ow , Journey, p. 2 1 7 ; P e c k , p . 5 5 6 .

24; RED LEAVES 1

P e c k , p . 638 .

2 F eis, p p . 208, 2 1 2 - 1 3 ; D a vie s, p . 368. 3 A 1 R a v e n h o lt o f U P in M a c K in n o n a n d F rie se n , p . 14 4 ; P e c k , p . 6 3 9 ; J a c o b y in M a c K in n o n a n d F rie se n , p p . 1 4 2 - 3 . 4 V la d im iro v , p . 2 6 1 . 5

B a rr e tt, p. 5 1 .

6

S e rv ic e , p . 10 3 7 ; V la d im iro v , p p . 2 1 1 e t seq.

7

E x h ib it 2 5 2 , In stitu te o f P a c ific R e la tio n s H e a r in g s , p p . 8 0 8 -9 ; D a vies, p . 3 6 3 .

8 V la d im iro v , p . 5 8 ; M a o c h u n Y u , p . 222. 9 D rey e r, p . 2 9 3; V la d im iro v , p p . 30, 3 5 , 4 8 3 - 4 , 83, 1 6 2 . V a n d e V e n , p p . 8 7 - 8 . 10 V la d im iro v , p p . 5 5 - 6 0 , 10 9 , 1 1 1 - 1 3 , 120 . 11

C h e n in S a ich a n d V a n d e V e n , p p . 2 6 5 e t seq.; V la d im iro v , p . 12 3 .

12

V la d im iro v , p p . 8 3 , 89.

13

V la d im iro v , p. 13 4 .

14

C h e n in S a ic h a n d V a n d e V e n , p p . 2 7 3 e t seq.

15

B a rr e tt, p . 63.

16

H a rt, p p . 4 9 , 5 1 - 2 ; D a vies, p . 382.

17

V la d im iro v , p . 2 8 7.

18

H a rt, p p . 5 9 -6 0 .

19

Ib id ., p . 6 1 .

20 W e d e m e y e r, p . 3 1 3 ; J a c o b y in M a c K in n o n a n d F rie s e n , p . 14 3 . 21

C h e n n a u lt, p p . 3 2 9 - 3 0 ; F u ray a , p . 8 18 .

22 W e d e m e y e r, p p . 3 2 3 - 4 . 23

D reyer, p p . 3 0 4 -5 ; I am in d e b te d to K e ith S tev en s fo r p o in tin g to th e im p o rta n c e o f th e Z h ijia n g b a ttle , a n d f o r p r o v id in g a C h in e s e m a p o f th e e n c o u n te r . P e c k , p . 6 5 0 ; M o o ra d , p p . 2 2 1 - 2 .

24

P e c k , p. 6 50 .

25

C a ld w e ll, p p . 9, 2 6 - 7 , 202.

26

S e rv ic e , p p . 1 4 1 8 - 2 3 .

27

CCK,

Calm, p .

5 2 ; F u raya, p . 824.

28 F u ra y a , p . 824. 29 Ib id ., p . 8 2 1 ; W estad , p p . 3 1 e t seq. 30 F u ra y a , p . xiii. 31

Ib id ., p p . 8 3 1 - 2 .

32

O n C h ia n g a n d M a n c h u ria , s e e e x c h a n g e b e tw e e n D o n a ld G illin a n d M a rtin

532

■

Notes

B e r n a l, N ew York R ev iew o f B ooks (2 5 F e b r u a r y 1 9 7 1 ) . A ls o A r t h u r W a ld r o n ’s a c c o u n t o f w h a t m ig h t h a ve h a p p e n e d i f C K S h a d n o t trie d to ta k e M a n c h u ria , in R o b e r t C o w ley, W ha t I f l (L o n d o n : M a c m illa n , 20 0 0 ). 33

F eis, p . 3 5 7 .

34

M o o rw o o d , p p. 5 -7 .

3 5 V la d im iro v , p . 4 9 1 ; F u ray a , p . liii. 36

Ib id .; W estad , p p . 1 6 7 - 8 .

37

W estad , p p . 1 6 7 - 8 .

38

D o o n C a m p b e ll p a p e rs; F u ray a , p . 8 5 3 .

39

C a m p b e ll p ap ers.

40 Yu M ao ch u n , p p. 2 3 5 -2 4 1 . 41

B la n d , p. 1 1 9 ; C a m p b e ll p a p e rs.

42

F u ray a , p . 8 5 3.

43

S h o r t, p . 4 0 3 a n d fo r fo llo w in g p ara.

44

F o r e v e n ts in M a n c h u ria , se e , in p a rtic u la r, S te v e n L e v in e ’s a c c o u n t o f th e C o m m u n is t v ic to r y a n d O d d A r n e W e sta d ’s an alysis o f th e e ff e c t o f th e sta rt o f th e C o ld W a r o n C h in a . T h is p a ssa g e draw s o n L e v in e , p p . 4 9 - 5 1 , a n d W estad , p p . 1 1 9 e t seq.

45

W estad , p . 1 3 5 .

46

B a c h r a c k , p p . 2 7 e t seq.; K o e n , p p . 6 6 - 7 3 .

85: MISSION IMPOSSIBLE 1

CP, V ol. II, p p . 7 3 2 e t seq.; Yu M a o c h u n , p . 2 5 6 ; V a n d e V e n , p . 4 4 3 ; P ic k o w icz in Y eh , p p . 3 9 5 - 6 .

2 T o n g a n d L i, p . 4 3 7 . 3 D rey e r, p. 3 2 5 . 4

B e ld e n , p p . 2 2 4 -6 .

5

Ib id ., p p . 6, 39.

6 Y o u n g , O H , p p . 7 6 e t seq.; B e a l, p . 13 8 . 7

B e ld e n , p. 20.

8 W estad , p. 13 6 ; C h e n L i-fu , p p . 1 8 4 - 5 ; B la n d , p . 15 3 ; J u n g C h a n g , p p . 1 0 4 - 1 1 2 . 9

C lu b b , O H , p . 3 7 .

10 W estad , p p . 1 6 3 - 4 . 11

G u ille r m a z , p . 1 5 1 .

12

B la n d , 1 5 4 ; S tu a rt to S e c r e ta r y o f S ta te , 2 1 J u ly 19 4 6 in R e a a n d B rew er, p. 2; D rey e r, p. 3 2 4; L e v in e , p . 240.

13

B e a l, p. 40; B la n d , p p . 58 0 , 5 8 6 , 58 9.

14

B e a l, p p . 1 4 7 - 9 .

15

F u ray a , p p . 88 4, 885.

16

Ib id ., p. 882.

17

T o n g a n d L i, p . 4 4 7 .

18

B la n d , p. 5 6 9 .

19

B e a l, p .3 3 3 .

Notes

*

533

20 S tu a rt to S ta te D e p t, 2 1 J u ly 19 4 6 , in R ea a n d B rew er, p . 3. 21

R o n n in g , p . 1 1 6 .

22

B e a l, p . 3 4 9 .

2 6 : DYING LIGHT

1

P ic to r ia l H istory, V ol. II, p p . 2 6 5 -8 .

2 K o en , p. 34. 3 J u n g C h a n g , p. 9 7 ; B e ld e n , p. 404. 4 T h is p a ssa g e draw s o n C h a p t e r 4 o f L e v in e . 5

CP, V o l. II, p p . 7 2 8 e t seq.

6 L o h , Debacle, p . 1 1 . 7

B e ld e n , p p . 3 5 4 - 7 .

8 L o h , Debacle, p . 12 ; T o p p in g , p. 3 1 2 . 9 J a p a n Tim es, T o k y o , 2 5 F e b r u a r y 2002; H u tc h in g s , p . ,248; L e v in e , p . 12 4 ; Time, 1 A p r il 19 4 8 . 10 L e v in e , p . 2 3 7. 11

D rey e r, p p . 3 5 0 e t seq.

12

P e p p e r, p . 3 8 7 g iv es d e ta ils o f m ilita r y d is c ip lin e .

13

S h e rid a n , Warlord, p p . 2 7 7 - 8 1 ; W h ite , H istory, p. g6 .

14

M e rle M iller, P la in S pea kin g (N e w York: P u tn a m , 1 9 7 3 ) , p p . 2 8 8 -g ; S e a g ra v e , pp. 4 2 6 -7.

15

S tu a rt to S ta te D e p a r tm e n t, 29 N o v e m b e r 19 4 8 , in R e a a n d B rew er, p p . 2 8 2 -3 .

16

B e ld e n , p . 4 2 1 ; Tim e, 1 5 N o v e m b e r 19 4 8 .

17

T h e Tim es, 2 a n d 4 D e c e m b e r 19 4 8 .

18

T o p p in g , p p . 3 2 - 3 .

19

Ib id ., p p . 3 5 - 4 2 .

20 B e ld e n , p p . 4 0 7 , 4 1 0 ; C h a n g K ia -n g au in L o h , Debacle, p p . 2 4 - 5 . 21

C h a n g K ia -n g a u in L o h , Debacle, p. 24.

22 B e ld e n , p . 40 8. 23 T aylor, p p . 1 5 4 - 6 1 ; P e rry , p. 12 6 ; D o n g , p p . 2 8 8 -g ; T aylor, p p . 1 5 3 - 4 . 24

T h e Tim es, 20 J a n u a r y 19 4 9 .

25

B a rn e tt, p p . 3 0 - g ; B e ld e n , p p . 3 8 6 -9 3 .

26 T o p p in g , p . 4 4; C C K , Calm , p . 14 6 ; T o n g , p . 4 2 5 . 27

C C K , Calm , p . 15 2 ; T o p p in g , p . 52; B o d d e , p . 10 0; T h e Tim es, 2 4 ja n u a r y 19 4 9 .

28

C C K , Calm , p p . 1 5 4 e t seq .

29

D on g, pp. 2 9 1-2 .

30 G u ille r m a z , p p . 1 9 1 - 2 . 31

T o n g a n d L i, p p . 5 1 5 - 1 6 .

32

T o p p in g , p . 64.

33

G u ille r m a z , p . 19 7 ; T o p p in g , C h a p te r 4 , d e sc rib e s N a n k in g ’s fall; B e ld e n , p. 4 5 6 .

3 4 T o p p in g , p . 63. 35

B e ld e n , p . 4 40 ; C C K , C alm , p p . 2 0 7, 2 1 4 - 1 5 .

534 36

Notes S tu a rt to S e c r e ta r y o f S ta te , 2 4 M a y 19 4 9 , in R e a a n d B rew er, p . 3 2 6 ; B a rb e r, p. 12 5 .

37

T o n g a n d L i, p p . 5 2 2 - 8 , 5 2 6 .

38

H a rt, p. 76 .

39

Ib id ., p p . 5 3 4 - 5 .

40

C C K , Calm , p . 2 3 9.

41

T o n g a n d L i, p p . 5 3 6 - 7 .

42

Ib id ., p . 5 4 1 .

43

C C K , C alm , p p . 2 7 6 - 7 .

44

Ib id ., p . 28 3; T aylo r, p . 18 4 .

45

K u o K w an -yin g, P a rt F o u r - also f o r fo llo w in g p a r a g ra p h .

46

Tong, pp. 4 76 -7.

47

R u m m e l, p. 12 .

48

C K S , Soviet R u ssia , p p . 2 1 1 e t seq .; C C K , Calm , p . 2 9 7 .

e p i l o g u e : n e x t y e a r in

1

R u m m e l, p . 12 .

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G i n s b o u r g , S a m , M y F ir s t S ixty Years i n C h in a (B e ijin g : N e w W o r ld P r e s s , 1 9 8 2 ) G itt in g s , J o h n , T h e W orld a n d C h in a , 1 9 2 2 - 3 2 ( L o n d o n : E y r e M e t h u e n , 1 9 7 4 )

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INDEX

Abend, Hallett 83, 87, 89, 97, 177-8, 190, 206, 209, 223, 281, 287 on Sino-Japanese conflict 299 n Abyssinia 281 Academia Sinica University 227 Ah Feng (Chen Jieru; Jennie) 44-7, 49 ~54 » 115,166-8 baby girl adopted by 70 Chiang’s marriage to 50-1 Chiang’s secretarial work done by 69 Chiang’s talk of death to 118 Chiang’s temper and 57 on Ching-kuo’s departure 70 concern of, for Chiang’s health 129 death of 45, 167 gonorrhoea suffered by 52—3 leaves for California 167 Meiling marriage arrangement and 166-7 at Soong dinner 164-5 Alanbrooke, Lord, see Brooke, Alan Alexander, Field Marshal Harold 374-5 Alliance of Workers, Merchants, Intellectuals and Peasants 96 Allied Chiefs of Staff 380-1 Alsop, Joseph 406 Amethyst 429 Amoy, see Xiamen Anguojun (National Peace Army) 128, 152 Anhui province 128, 132, 183, 240, 241 Japan attack on 359 Anqing 132 Anshunchang 269 Asaka Yasuhiko, Prince 305 Associauon of Whampoa Schoolmates 97 Auden, W. H. 6, 141,316, 327 Bai Chongxi 116, 128, 142-3, 243, 263, 276-7,

290, 317, 318, 492, 495 Bai Lang (White Wolf) 105-6 Bank of China 238 Baoding 22 1 Barrett, David 390, 439, 445, 494 Bartlett, F. H. E 324 Bauer, Colonel Max 176, 186 Beal, John Robinson 468, 470 Beaverbrook, Lord 397 Beijing, see Peking Belden, Jack 462, 463, 474, 482 Bell and Drums Towers 1 Benton, Gregor 363 n Bergman, Ingrid 396 Beria, Lavrend 159 Berlin-Tokyo anti-Uommunism pact 9 Bertram, James 314 Big Eight Mob 139, 140 Bingxingguan 303 Birch, Captain John 455 Black Stuff Company 141 Blue Express kidnap incident 105, 140 Blue Shirts 226, 231 Blyukher, General Vasilii Konstantinovich (Galen) 66, 75-8 passim, 117, 122, 125, i9°> a45

Chinese confidence in 81 end of Chiang’s partnership with 132 returns to Soviet Union 159 shooting of 160 Borodin, see Grunzeberg, Mikhail Markovich Boxer rebellion 28, 227 Brandt, Loren 235 Braun, Otto 257, 264 Britain 126-7 alone against Nazis 358 Burma Road closed by 358

Index Burma Road reopened by 361 Chiang’s hostility towards 372 Chinese troops accepted by 373 loan from 361 Nanking Incident agreement with 181 offer of mediation from 302 resists action against Japan 213 Zhang Xueliang visits 222 see also Churchill, Winston British Communist Party 72-3 Brooke, Alan (later Lord Alanbrooke) 383, 409 Bruce, Brigadier General C. D. 110 Brussels conference on China 302 Buck, Pearl 108 Bureau of Information and Statistics 230 Burma 316, 378, 400 Chinese-British-US offensive in 393 offensive against, agreed at Cairo Summit 410 see also China-Burma-India sector (CBI) Burma Road 358, 361, 381 Cai Tingkai 211, 245 Cai, General 213, 276 Cairo Summit 408, 409-11 Caldwell, Oliver 337, 414, 449 Campbell, Doon 454-5, 456-7, 463 cannibalism 398, 399, 477 Canton 17, 60, 450, 495 Chiang’s 1936 visit to 277 commerce in 60-1 Communists shot in 149 Communist uprising in 161 curfew in 91 fall of 495 Japanese take 328-9 Kuomintang cells established in 64 life in, under Sun 60 martial law in 84 secretive nature of 69 Shameen bomb and 71 Sun’s abortive army mutiny in 29 Sun’s attack on 55-6 trade union activity in 61 workers flood into 83 see also Guangdong province Canton Army 84, 85 Canton Christian College 73 Canton Republican 79 Cantonese Nineteenth Route Army 210-13 passim, 215, 243-5 Capa, Robert 323 Cat Country (Lao She) 185 CC Clique 231, 346 censorship 347 Central China Post 119 Central Military and Political Academy, see military Academy Central Opium Suppression Committee 240 Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) 416 Chahar 273 Chang Kia-ngau 485 Changchun 216, 467, 477 Changsha 118, 153, 332, 368-9 burning of 356 Japanese beaten back from 365 Japanese move into 355 Chao-ho 38-9 Chapei:

551

Japanese puppet administration in 214 Wusong front with 213 Chen Cheng, General 283-4, 333 *393 *4 ° 3“ 4 > 4°7

army reorganisation by 461 becomes Manchuria commander 476 becomes War Minister 433 regime’s main conduit to semi-autonomous forces 346 Wuhan defence entrusted to 324 Chen: ChiangKai-shek's Secret Life (Eastman) 20 n Chen Duxiu 47, 78, 157 arrest and jailing of 195—6 Chengchow, see Zhengzhou Chengde 220-1 Chengdu 280, 412, 496, 497 Chengju-cheng, Admiral 36 assassination of 38 Chen Gongbo 88 Chen Guofu 39, 68, 97, 230, 231 Dai Li’s battle with 347 Chen, Jerome 396 Chen Jiongming, General (the Hakka General) 40,47-8, 49, 54, 76, 86 advance on Canton by 64 assumes title of commander-in-chief 56 death of 87 offensive on Shantou by supporters of 86-7 Chen Jitang 243, 262, 276 Chen Lianbo 71,72 Chen Lifu 89-90, 92, 121, 148, 194, 230, 231, 4 6 5 ,4 8 9

becomes Education Minister 347 Dai Li’s battle with 347 opens anti-Japan talks with Zhou Enlai 280 Chen Mingshu 215, 244 Chennault, Claire 281,299, 342, 376, 381-3, 387,420,425-6

on Chiang 400 claim of, for defeat of Japan 390 leaves China 447 Stilwell’s clashes with 417-18, 425-6 Wedemeyer’s relations with 447 Chen Qimei 25, 38-9 assassination of 39 becomes Shanghai’s military governor 31 Chiang’s funeral eulogy for 42 Yuan deposes 34 Chen Yi 478 Chen Youren (Eugene Chen) 97, 165, 244 Chen Yiing-fa 442 Cherepanov, A. I. 76-7, 84, 86, 94, 324 Chiang criticised by, in memoirs 77 n Chiang Ching-kuo (Chiang’s son) 52, 69-70, 150-1, 284-5, 466, 485-6 becomes President of Taiwan 500 as Elizarov 70 exchange deal concerning 205 Chiang family 18 Chiang Kai-shek: Academy Principal’s role of 67 admonition of, to Zhang and Yang 1 1 adopted son of 52, 53, 229, 389, 483 Ah Feng (Jennie) and 44-7, 49-54, 56 alternative origins of, as set down by second wife 20 arranged marriage of, to Mao Fu-mei 22

552

■

Index

Chiang Kai-shek - continued assassination attempt on 96 assassination fears of, after Chen murder 4° assassination plots against g 1 assault on Chen offensive led by 86-7 bad health suffered by, in childhood 19 becomes Chairman of Military Council for North China 217 becomes chairman of Political Council 175 becomes Chairman of State Council 185 becomes Chairman of the Executive Yuan (or Prime Minister) 192 becomes General Director of Kuomintang 3 21

becomes head of Central Opium Suppression Committee 240 becomes President 479 becomes President of the Chinese Republic 39 ° becomes top Nationalist military figure 85 birth of 17-18 calligraphy practised by 68 Canton house rented by 89 Chen assassination’s effect upon 43 childhood and early life of 19-22 China Revolutionary Party joined by 37 Ching-kuo and 205 Christianity adopted by 191 a Cold War icon 499 Comintern criticised by 62 death of 500 diminishing taboo status of 504 disciplinarian nature of, at Whampoa 70 at Dragon Middle School, Fenghua 23 early campaigns entrusted to 36 epididymitis suffered by 53 exceptional powers of, withdrawn by Kuomintang 129-30 Executive Yuan chairmanship relinquished by 3°9

fiery nature of 34, 46, 49, 57, 90, 130, 249 fiftieth birthday of 278 Fleming’s analysis of 245 flight of, to help Sun 55 flight of, to International Settlement 36 general’s rank achieved by 61 Generalissimo title given to 216 generals executed by 322 Guangdong Army’s chief-of-staffs role of 67 handbills criticising 91 hands over to Li Zongren 488 heads for Taiwan 495, 497 Japanese military school rejects 4 kidnap of (also known as Xi’an Incident) 1-11, 231, 283 and Kuomintang, military intentions for 65 large number of posts held by 344 Liao’s assassination and 84 literary activities of 400—1 Luce’s assessment of 366 and Mao, comparisons with 251-3 Mao’s meetings with 453—4 Mao’s unflattering assessment of 444 marriage of, to All Feng (Jennie) 50-1 marriage of, to Soong Meiling 168-g meditation habits of 23 meetings with Communists authorised by 285

Meiling’s behaviour offends 422 Meilu Villa, Killing, HQ of 255 military career of: at Chinese army school 24 decision to pursue 23 in field artillery regiment, northern Japan

24-5

at Shimbu Gakko school 24 Military Department headed by 73 military magazine published by 34 Moscow visit by 61 name of 17-18 in Mandarin 18 at Phoenix Mountain School 22—3 private schooling of, at Ningbo 23 reaction of, to Ye’s attack on Sun residence

55

reading list of 68 recurrent health problems of 69 return of, to Xikou 160 revolutionary army brigade commanded by 33

Roosevelt expresses doubts about tenure of 412 and Roosevelt’s demands for Stilwell’s control 426-8 Roosevelt’s lauding of 411 rumours about private life denied by 423 schools of 22—3 Shanghai students and workers demand removal of 145 share trading speculation by 57-8 Shimbu Gakko military school accepts 24 solitary nature of 19 son of 24, 52 Soong Meiling and 166-9 Sun names, as chief of staff 58 in Taiwan 497-8 teachers’ recollections of 21-2 Three Demands of 384 Tong’s biography of 23 on Wang 21 Wang’s death and 48 at Whampoa Academy’s opening ceremony

67

Winter Offensive ordered by 358 working-day routine of 325 Wuhan regime expels 150 in Yan’an 473 Zhang Jingjiang’s opinion of 49 Zhou meets, during kidnap 10-11 see also China; Kuomintang; Northern Expedition Chiang Meiling (Chiang’s wife), see Soong Meiling Chiang Meiling, see Soong Meiling Chiang Shu-an (Chiang’s father) 19 Chiang, Jennie, seeAh Feng Ch’i Hsi-Sheng 286, 344 China at the Crossroads (Chiang) 4 n China Mutual Progress Association 146 China Times 203 China Yearbook 241 China: agreement on Nanking Incident signed by 181 anti-subversion laws in 230 army of 229-30

Index Britain and America waive territorial rights in

392

Chiang’s Reorganised Government takes office in 357 effect on, of Sino-Japanese Conflict 460 engagement of, with the wider world 227 income tax introduced in 227 inflation in 408, 474, 485 Japan’s war with, see Sino-Japanese Conflict military accord with Japan signed by 222-3 Nanking favoured as national capital of 180 national currency introduced in 227, 238 northern, seen by Japan as sphere for expansion 201 officers’ plot in, against government figures

4»2

People’s Republic of, proclaimed by Mao 495 provincial populations of 242 railways expand in 227, 228 recognition of, by foreign powers 181 Revolutionary Party of 37 Soviet aid to, diminishes 357 Soviet pact with 450-1 uneconomically small farms of 234 see also individual provinces; Kuomintang China's Destiny (Chiang) 400 China-Burma-India sector (CBI) 371 Chinese Communist Party 47, 57, 95 see also Communists Chinese River Steamship Administration 109 cholera 17 Chongqing, see Chungking Chungking 247, 304, 335, 335-41, 422, 496-7 Chiang chooses, as base for reconstruction 335

fall of 497 Japanese air raids on 350-4, 359 Willkie’s visit to 389 Churchill, Winston 373, 381 at Cairo Summit 409-10 Iron Curtain speech of 465 Roosevelt and Stalin meet 411,450 Washington visit by 397 see also Britain Ciano, Count 222 Ci Xi, Dowager Empress 28 Clark-Kerr, Sir Archibald (later Lord Inverchapel) 332, 341 Clayton, Buck 138 Coble, Parks 239 Cohen, Morris 67 Cold War 450 Comintern 57, 61-2, 150 Communists: Bingxingguan victory for 303 Canton uprising by 161 Chiang authorises meetings with 285, 424 Chiang’s 1932 campaigns against 218-19 in Chungking 340 desertions from 258 Dulles’s view of 218 Eighth Army of 286, 290, 362, 439 Fourth Army of 286, 290, 362-4 passim, 439 headquarters of, bombed by Nationalists 468 Hundred Regiments Offensive by 362, 441 Kuomintang joined by 65 march to Sichuan 218

553

Nanchang rising staged by 159 offensive launched by, after Soviet withdrawal 466 possession of armies by 197 rural radicalism engendered by 149 Shanghai assassinations authorised by committee of 145 ‘Third Party’ between, and Kuomintang Yan’an recaptured by 478 Zhang Xueliang meets 279 see also Long March; Mao Zedong; Yan’an; Zhou Enlai conscription 333, 344-5 Council of Defence 83 coup of 20 March 92-3 Coward, Noel 135 Cowles, Gardner 170, 391-2 Meiling and 395-6 Cripps, Stafford 341 crop failure 397 currency 348-9 Currie, Lauchlin 366, 385 Dadu 269 Dai Jitao 43, 44, 52, 90, 184 kills himself 493 Kuomintang propaganda role for 65 Dai Li 185, 230-1,339, 347-8, 445 death of 460 OSS disenchanted with 413 plot discovered by 412 Daily Express (London) 151 Dairen 451 Dali 388 Dalian, see Dairen 451 Dalian-Lushan, see Port Arthur 451 Das Kapital (Marx) 61 Davies, John Paton 378, 411, 415, 432, 440,

446

Davis, John 143 Democratic Federation 390 Democratic League 455 Democratic Socialist Party 455-6 Deng Xiaoping 155, 156, 496-7 typhoid suffered by 279 DengYanda 92, 196 Dewey, Thomas 474 Dikotter, Frank 194 Ding Ling 230 Dixie Mission 418, 440, 443 Donald, William Henry 6-11 passim, 32, 35, 37, 190, 209, 220, 257, 258-9 on Chiang 310-11 death of 350 home truths from 248-9 leaves China 350 leaves Zhang’s employ 260 Meiling and 259, 260-1, 277, 349 and Meiling’s road accident 300 Order of the Brilliant Jade awarded to 12 sleaze concerns of 350 Zhang’s cure and 222 Dong, Stella 138 Dongzhou 289 Doolittle attack 382 Dorn, Frank 415 Dreyer, Edward 461 droughts 17, 258

554

■

Index

drugs trade 109-10, 139, 183, 240-1, 334-5, 442-3

encouraged by Japanese 274 Duara, Prasenjit 228 Dulles, John Foster 218 Durham Light Infantry 131 Du Yuesheng (Big-Eared Du) 140-2, 146—8 passim, 171,2 11, 238, 241-2 in Chungking 340 Du Yuming 374-5, 457, 461-2, 475, 476, 478,

483

capture of 486 Eastern Expedition 75 Eastern Jewel 213 Eastman, Lloyd 20 n, 45 Egypt 384

Elder, Jimmy 7, 8 Elizarov, Nikolai Vladimirovich, s^Ching-kuo Elmer Gantry (Lewis) 157 Empress of Russia 56 Enlarged Conference of the Kuomintang 189 Extraordinary Committee of the Central Executive of the Kuomintang 494 E-Yu-Wan, see Oyuwan Fairbank, John King 194, 335, 337, 400, 407 Fairy Glen hotel 254, 286 Falkenhausen, Alexander von 286, 299, 301-2, 322 Farmer, Rhodes 295-6, 298, 301, 314, 316, 331

on Chiang 236-7 on Chungking 336-7 on Chungking air raid 353 Madame Chiang’s Messages in War and Peace and 328 Farmers’ League 79 Federation of Democratic Parties 347 Feng Yuxiang (the Christian General) 86, 91, 103-4, 107> 109. 153- 4’ 155- 6 , 187,322,

480

anti-Japanese army formed by anti-Nanking coalition formed by 189 becomes Minister of War 186 in Chungking 340 control of Henan promised to 155 death of 480 Kuomintang joined by 152 Northern Expedition joined by 175 northern war zone commanded by 290 opium taxes imposed by 110 Wu Peifu betrayed by 107 Fessenden, Sterling 146, 150 Fiery Old Crow 147 Fifth Army 211, 212, 374 Fiori, Captain 140, 146, 150 First All-China Congress of Workers 61 Fitzgerald, C. P. 119 Fleming, Peter 219, 245 floods 17, 200, 258, 397 Flying Tigers 342, 383 Fonda, Henry 396 Foo Foo-wang 123 Foochow, see Fuzhou Forbidden City 30 Ford, Henry 181 Formosa, see Taiwan

Four Power Joint Declaration 408 Fourteenth Air Force 383, 447 France falls to Germany 358 Francke, Harry 60 French Concession 31 Fudaka, General 177 Fukien, see Fujian Fujian 196, 243 Tang Enbo appointed Governor of 494 Fu Xiaoan 134, 356 Fuzhou 123, 244 Japanese take 328 Fu Zuoyi, General 468, 478, 488 Galen, see Blyukher, General Vasilii Konstantinovich Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma)

372

Gansu province 260, 285, 495 Gauss, Clarence 341, 385, 438 General Labour Union 137, 142 Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek, Christian Liberators of China 395 n Germany: recognises Manchukuo 321 Soviet Union attacked by 366 see also Hider, Adolf Gibson, Michael 286, 344 Giles, Bertram 64 Goebbels, Joseph 321-2 gold standard 236 Goldwater, Barry 482 Good Earth, The 394 Goodnow, F. J. 36 Goodrich, Ernest Payne 181-2 Government of National Defence 449 Great Leap Forward 499 Green Forest, University of 103 Green Gang 31,32,42, 137, 140, 141, 147, H 9 >l8 3 >356 Greenwich Naval College, London 36 Grunzeberg, Fanya 158 Grunzeberg, Mikhail Markovich (Borodin) 62-4, 72, 88, 95, 125, 128, 129, 151,

157“ 9

death of 159 Liao’s assassination and 84 proclaims Chiang as dictator 130 self-defence force established by 153 warrant for arrest of 156 Guangdong Army 67 Guangdong province 47, 54, 56, 61,243 civil and economic problems in 79 conquest of 58 see also Canton Guangdong-Guangxi Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army 276 Guangxi clique 116, 160, 192, 276 open rebellion by 186 Guangxi province 116, 357, 497 Guilin 422, 424 Guillermaz, Jacques 289, 492 Guiyang 265 Guizhou province 265, 496 Gu Shunzhang 194-5 Hahn, Emily 53 n, 164, 181,371 Hainan 88, 122, 356

Index Hakka General, 56* Chen Jionming, General Han Chinese 28 Han Fuju, General 243, 290 Hangzhou 17, 32, 149 bay at 300 Hankou 30, 119, 120, 304, 322-3 see also Wuhan Han Suyin 148, 313, 327, 329-30, 330-1, 337 on Chungking air raids 351,353-4 Hanyang 30, 119, 120, 304, 322-3 see also Wuhan Hardoon, Silas 135 Hav 72 Hayworth, Rita 396 Hearn, General 415 Hebei province 223, 273, 455 Hedin, Sven 184, 264 He Gengshan 321 n Heilongjiang 467 He Long 197 Hemingway, Ernest 365 Henan province 104, 152-3, 155 drought in 397 famine in 287 Japan attack on 359 Hengyang 419-20 fall of 421 Henriot, Christian 214 He Songling, see Wang Shouhua He Yingqin, General 3, 76, 77, 97, 116, 123, 198, 273. 3 22, 345- 6 >407 Chen Cheng and 284 Meiling’s dislike of 405 steps down as Prime Minister 494 Zhang Xueliang replaced by 221 Hirohito, Emperor 203, 288-9, 296, 451 assassination attempt on 208 Hiroshima 451 Hitler, Adolf 256, 321 Soviet Union attacked by 366 see also Germany Ho Chi Minh 68 Honest and Clean Hotel 109 Hong Kong 373 Hong Xiuquan 28 Honjo, General 202 Hoover Institution, California 45 Hopkins, Harry 393, 428 Houston, Walter 396 How Officials Get Promoted 463 Hsieh Ping-ying 124 Hsuchow, see Xuzhou Huai-Hai battle 483 Huang Jinrong (Pockmarked Huang) 140, 145, 205 Huang Xing 30 Hubei province 119, 126, 240 Japan attack on 359 Hu Gongmian 92 Hu Hanmin 32, 79, 80, 83, 84, 88, 94, 204 chairs Legislative Yuan 185 Chiang’s removal of 191 counter-government joined by 151 death of 275 Foreign Minister’s role of 82 sent to Moscow 84 Standing Committee membership of 206 Hunan province 109, 185, 243, 265

555

Communists’ advance into 449 conflict in 149, 196 Japanese drive into 355 Hurley, Patrick 424, 426, 428, 437-9, 443-6, 453

resignation of 459 Huxley, Aldous 133 Hu Yisheng 83 Hu Zongnan 495, 497 Ichang, 5**Yichang Idzumo 299 Ikezaki Tadakata 201 India 372-3, 384 Ramgarh training camp in 385 Indo-China 358 Inner Mongolia 280, 289 Inverchapel, Lord, see Clark-Kerr, Sir Archibald Iris 340 Iron Gate Society 105 Isaacs, Harold 124 Isherwood, Christopher 6, 141, 317, 318, 320,

325

on Meiling 327 Ishiwara Kanji, Lieutenant Colonel 201-2 Izvestia 150 Jacobins 89 Jacoby, Annalee 417, 438, 446 Japan: airfield and radio station seized by 202 atom bombs dropped on 451 bestial savagery of, in Nanking 307-9 biological weapons employed by 359, 382 ceasefire with Moscow agreed by 357 Chapei puppet administration established by 214 Chiang’s first encounter with 176-7 China’s war with, 5**Sino-Japanese Conflict Chinese troops told to quit 177 declares war against China 23 demonstrations and boycotts against 177, 275 Doolittle attack on 382 expansion of, into China 23 garrison established by 152 in inquiry report on Manchuria 216 Jinan incident involving 176—7 launches offensive after Shanghai attack on monks 208 League of Nations quit by 216 Manchukuo created by 215 Manchuria and northern China as objective of 201 military accord with China signed by 222-3 move into Indo-China 358 neutrality agreement signed by 358, in WW2 Operation Ichigo launched by 416-17 reaction against, after Mukden incident 203 Shandong German concession acquired by

176

Shanhaiguan attacked by 219-20 Stalin signs non-aggression pact with 366 surrender of 451 withdrawal agreement by 215 withdraws recognition of Nationalist Government 309 Zero fighters employed by 357 zone dominated by 223

556

■

In d e x

Jehol province 217, 220, 223 Jiang Dezheng as version of Chiang’s name 42 Jiang Qing 196 Jiangsu province 128 Jiangxi province 56, 196-8, 221 Red Army of 197 Jianqxi province 121 Jinan 176—8,478 Jinzhou 204, 477 Jiujiang 122, 324 martial law declared in 132 riots in 126 Joffe, Adolf 57 Johnson, Nelson 283, 341 Jordan, Donald 124, 212 Journey’s End Inn 254 Jujian 123 Jung Chang 474 Kadoorie, Elly 135 Kaifeng 320, 358 Kalgan 468 Keep Wuhan! 329 Keiji Furaya 177 Kennedy, Joseph 397 Kiichiro Hirauma, Baron 343 Kirby, William 228 Knatchbull-Hugessen, Sir Hughe 300 Knight, Don 394 KongXiangxi (H. H. Kung) 163, 188, 237-9, 349

in Chungking 339 Executive Hunan chairmanship given to 309 finance portfolio given to 237 finance portfolio taken from 433 Konoe, Prince 201, 287 on Northern Expedition 115 Korea 23, 201, 451 South 494 Kriebel, Colonel Hermann 187 Kuibyshev, V. V. 90, 94 Ruling 254-5, 286, 504 Japanese occupy Chiang’s resort at 355 Kung, Ailing, s«?Soong, Ailing Kung family 433, 486 Kung, H. H. see Kong Xiangxi Kung, Jeanette 393, 397, 401-2 Kung, Rosamund 433 Kunming 266, 316, 449 airfield developed at 388 Kuomintang (KMT) (Nationalist Party) 6, 35, 56’ 64-5 business district attacked by 72 Chiang becomes General Director of 321 Comintern’s criticism of 62 congress of (1929) 185 dissolution of, ordered by Yuan 36 domineering intention of 470 dwindling membership of 347 Enlarged Conference of 189 Extraordinary Committee of the Central Executive of 494 Feng joins 152 geographical spread of, outside Guangdong

115-16

guiding ideology of 64 heightened appeal of, as a unifying force 101 increasing radicalisation of 82—3

Propaganda Department of 65 reconciliation conference of 204-5, 206 recruiting by 68 reorganisation congress of 64 Revolutionary Committee of 72 ‘Third Party’ between, and Communists three-way split of 79 torture used by 194 war within, after formation of anti-Nanking coalition 189 see also China; Northern Expedition Kwantung Army 179, 200, 202, 204, 208-9, 273

advances on Peiping 222 Labour Volunteer Corps 71 Lampson, Sir Miles 181 Lancet 143 Landis, Richard 68 Lanzhou 322, 495 Lao She 185 Lary, Diana 117 Lattimore, Owen 385, 396, 405, 422, 430 Lea, Homer 32 League of Nations 203, 204, 213, 281 bombing of civilians condemned by 302 China’s presence at 227 and inquiry report on Manchuria 216 Leahy, Admiral 449 Lee Teng-hui 500 Leith-Ross, Sir Frederick 238 Lenin, Vladimir Ilich 125 Leonard, Royal 330 Lester, Muriel 274 Levich, Eugene 116 Levine, Stephen 475 Lewis, Sinclair 157 Liao Yaoxiang, General 385 Liao, Mrs 129-30, 164, 165 Liao Zhongkai 54, 62, 64, 67, 83-4 assassination of 84 finance portfolio of National Government taken by 82 Life magazine 5 Lijiang 388 Li Jishen, General 116 Lindbergh, Colonel 200 Lin Biao 475-7 passim Lin Sen 231, 275, 287, 390 Lin Yutang 102 Linyi 318 on loyalty 345 Little, Edward Selby 254 Liu Chih 484 Liu Zhenhuan 59-60 Lixingshe 207, 226, 231 Li Zhilong, Captain 92 Li Zongren 116, 155, 243, 276-7, 290, 316, 317 -18 ,3 5 6,449,469,47 9,4 90 -2,495

Chiang hands over to 488 locusts 397 Loh, Pichon 22, 42 Lominadze, Besso 158 Londres, Albert 142 Long March 3, 261-72 passim, 442 end of 272 setback suffered during 263 Long Yun 266, 267, 381,415, 449, 457

Index Longhua barracks 193-4 Look magazine 170 Lu Xun 112 Luce, Claire Booth 376 Luce, Henry 365-6, 456, 470 Ludendorff, Field Marshal Erich von i7K_n Lading 269 Lue, Henry 365-6 Lugou Bridge, see Lukouchiao Bridge Lukouchiao (Marco Polo) Bridge 287, 291 Luo Zhuoying 375-6, 377 Luoyang 398 Lushan 237, 238, 254 Lytton, Lord 204, 216 McCarthyism 446 McCausland,John 342 MacDonald, Ramsay 222 MacKinnon, Stephen 323 McLure, Bob 324—5, 331 Macmillan, Harold 409 MacNaghten, General E. B. 210 Madame Chiang's Messages in War and Peace (Chiang Meiling) 328 Madame Sun Yat-sen Political Thought Training School for Women 125 Madame Tussaud’s 249 Madison Square Garden 395 Ma, General 216 ‘magnetic warfare’ 358 Maingkwan 414 Mainhu 77 Malaya 373 Malinovsky, Marshall 458 Manchestei■ Guardian 307 Manchu (Qing) Empire 23, 27-29 fall of, foretold 27 Korea and 23 popular revolts against 28 Pu Yi’s accession and 28 Manchukuo 214 Stalin recognises 366 tacit recognition of 258 see also Manchuria Manchuria 108, 200-2, 216-17, 452-3, 457 becomes ‘kleptocracy’ 461-1 biological-warfare research in 202 civil war rages in 467, 476 Communists control 478 inquiry commission on 216 Japan has sights on 201 power vacuum in 474 recognised as integral part of China 451 Soviets withdraw from 465 see also Manchukuo Mandalay 374 Mao Dun 133 Mao Fu-mei 22-3, 284 Chiang’s ill treatment of 24 death of 316 son of 24 Mao Zedong 3,9, 11, 65, 126, 196, 261, 365, 440-4 American writers’ depictions of 411 and Chiang, comparisons with 251-3 Chiang’s meetings with 453-6 Chinese Soviet republic declared by 199 death of 500

557

Great Leap Forward of 499 on Hunan conflict 149 Hurley meets 439, 443 leadership consolidated by 443 Li Zongren’s surrender to 488 Manchuria controlled by 478 Marshall visits 466 People’s Republic proclaimed by 495 put under virtual house arrest 258 Rectification Campaign of 419 Red Army units join 185 reward for capture of 256 Service’s glowing reports on 418-10 trauma suffered by, after Chiang meetings 457

truce conditions of 487 see also Communists; Yan’an Maotai 264 Marco Polo Bridge, see Lukouchiao (Marco Polo) Bridge Marshall, George 369-70, 410, 418, 425, 459,

463-6,467-70

departure of 471-2 Marshall, Katherine 468, 470 martial law 84 Marx, Karl 125 Matsu 487 Matsui Iwane, General 298, 305 May Incident 82—3 Mei Lan-fang 471 Mencius 20 mercenaries 58 attack on 80-1 Merchants’ Volunteer Corps (MVC) 71-2 Merlin, Martial 70-1 Merrill, Frank 414, 415-16 Merrill’s Marauders 414 Miao Terrace 18 Miles, Milton 413, 445, 465 military Academy (late renamed Central Military and Political Academy) 65-8 anti-Communism emerges at 88 magazine of 97 moves to Nanking 182 recruitment for 68 see also Whampoa Fort Miluo River 417 Ministry of Communications 109 Misselwitz, Henry 126, 142, 155, 160-1 Mizzima News 429 n Modem Asian Studies (Waldron) 359 n Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich 438 Mongolia 260, 280, 451 Morgenthau, Henry 396 Morris, H. E. 135 Moscow-Nanking non-aggression pact 304 Mountbatten, Lord Louis 406 Mowrer, Edgar 312, 314, 317, 327 Mu Zhiying 137 Mukden (now Shenyang) 104, 178-9,476, .477

airfield and radio station of, seized by Japanese 202 Myitkyina 415-16 Nagasaki 451 Nanchang 127, 199, 256, 355 uprising in 159

558

■

Index

Nanking 17, 128, 143-4, 152, 181, 203 attack on, in Sinojapanese Conflict 306-7 becomes Heavenly City 28 capital returns to 467 Chiang favours, as national capital 180 Chiang returns to, with full powers 171 Chiang’s Reorganised Government takes office in 357 counter-government formed in 151 crisis deepens in 170 defensive stance of, forced by Sun Zhuanfang

156

fall of 491-2 government buildings in 229 Japan ships shell 210 new government sworn in at 175 opium monopoly bureau established in 156 severs relations with Moscow 161 Nanking-Moscow non-aggression pact 304 Nanning 357 Nanuye mountain 332 Napoleon 89 National Government of the Chinese Republic 82 National Oriental Library 210 National Reconstruction Commission 182 National Revolutionary Army (NRA) 84 eight corps of 116—17 National Salvation Association 275, 323 National Spiritual Mobilisation 340 Nationalist Party, wKuomintang Nechanev, General Konstantin 111 Nehru, Jawaharlal 341, 373 Nelson, Donald 424 New Life movement 246-8, 260, 310 New York Times 56, 83, 167, 429, 463 Meiling’s article in 372-3 Nguyen Ai Quoc, w H o Chi Minh Ningbo 18 biological attack on 359 Ningxia province 260, 285 Nixon, Richard 499 Nomonhan 357 North Africa 370, 384 North China Daily News: Morris as owner of 135 reports in 77-8, 78, 85, 89, 93, 95, 104, 119, 120-1, 123,125, 139, 142, 143, 192, 197, 210, 214, 217, 237, 248 North China Herald, reports in 118, 161,212, 265-6, 277-8, 321 Northern Expedition 114-32 passim, 175-81 passim, 501 second stage of, formally proclaimed 176 Northwest Automobile Transportation Company 109 Office of Strategic Services (OSS) 412, 445 officers’ plot against government figures 412 Old Marshal of Manchuria, see Zhang Zuolin Operation Ichigo 416-17, 419, 431 soldiers claimed by 432 winding down of 433, 448 Opium Suppression Bureaux 11 o Opium Wars 28 Oyuwan 218, 476 Panay, 306, 307

Pavlov, Pavel A. 66 Pawley, Muriel 217 Payne, Robert 339, 369 Pearl Harbor 342, 367 Pechkoff, General Zinovi 341-2 Peck, Graham 339, 342, 389, 398, 402, 438,

448

Peiping, see, Peking Peking 17, 127, 178, 180-1,467 becomes People’s Republic’s capital 495 Nixon visits 499 puppet government installed in 303 renamed Peiping 183 separatist government formed in 189 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 468, 475, 484, 492

see also Red Army People’s Political Council 323, 365, 390 Perry, Elizabeth 236 Peyrefitte, Alain 261 Philippines 495 Pickford, Mary 396 plague 183 Port Arthur 451 Potsdam 451 Powell, John 120 Poyang Lake 122 Pu Yi (Last Emperor) 28, 30—1, 102, 180,

452 n

abdication of 33 enthronement of, in Manchukuo 242-3 Pye, Lucian 104 Qian Zhongfei 195 Qing Dynasty, see Manchu (Qing) Empire Qingdao 107 Quemoy 487 Rabe,John 307 Ransome, Arthur 127, 206 Reagan, Ronald 482 Red Army 61, 66, 159, 196-7, 198, 218, 362,

4H>449

‘AntiJapanese Advance Detachment of 258 renamed People’s Liberation Army (q.v.) 468 withdrawal of, under Nationalist pressure 462 Red Spear Society 105 Reorganisation Society 185 repression 347 Reuters reports on Chungking air raid 351,

352

Revolutionary Military Council 62 Revolutionary Handbook, The 23 Ribbentrop, Joachim von 321 Robinson, Edward G. 396 Rockefeller Foundation 415 Rogers, Ginger 396 Roosevelt, Eleanor 393-4 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 361, 366, 368, 373, 412-13,423-4,425 at Cairo Summit 410 Chiang lauded by 411 Chiang’s tenure questioned by 412 death of 450 Meiling and 394 Stalin and Churchill meet 411, 450 Stilwell recalled by 428-9

Index Stilwell’s overall command demanded by

425- 7.

see also United States of America Roosevelt, James 393 Roy, Mahendranath 156-7 Russia, Japan’s defeat of 23 Ryukichi Tanaka, Major 209, 213 Saipan 420 Salt-Water Sisters 139 Salween Gorge 377, 415 Sassoon, Victor 135 Seagrave, Sterling 423 Second Revolution 36 Seeckt, General Hans von 257 Selznick, David O. 396 Servants’ Association 125 Service, John 402-3, 418, 440, 446 Shaanxi province 285 famine in 287 Shameen 70-1, 82, 83 bomb at 71 Shandong province 40, 44, 109, 189, 243, 478 crime in 106 see a&ojinan Shang Zhen 374 Shanggao 366 Shanghai 17, 24, 107, 133-49 passim, 490 Buddhist monks from Japan attacked in 208 capture of 142 Chen Qimei becomes military governor of 31 Chiang’s last visit to 492-3 Chinese abandon 213 conference in 32 film industry of 227 Huxley on 133 Japan’s assault upon 208-10 Kuomintang cells established in 64 Majestic Gardens of 138 Opium Suppression Bureau in 241 population of 133 sex workers in 138 in Sino-Japanese conflict 295-303 typhoon in 295-6 unions call for a government of 131 Shanghai Arsenal 36 Shanghai Local Peace Preservation Association 211,212 Shanhaiguan 219-20 Shantou 86-7, 185 Japanese take 328 Shanxi province 103, 260, 280 Japan attack on 359 Shaoguan 117 Sheean, Vincent 149, 151-2, 156 Shen Pao 211 Shenyang, see Mukden Shihou (Chiang’s half-brother) 285 Shijing 364 Shiozawa, Admiral 209 Shiro Ishii 202 Sichuan province 29-30, 48, 101, 104, 108,

197,265,431

Chiang chooses, as base for reconstruction

33374

famine in 287 Long March crosses into 267 Silk Road 1

m 559

Singapore 373 Sino-American Cooperation Organisation (SACO) 413, 445 Sino-Japanese Conflict 290-1, 295-433 passim,

448

Chiang and Meiling leave Nanking during 3°5

civilian bombing condemnation during 302 Japan’s terminology for 303—4 Kaifeng taken during 320 Moscow-Nanking non-aggression pact during

394

Nanking rape within 306-9 Japanese atrocities during 307-9 Shanghai battle within 295-303 movement of factories during 304 Western silence during 304 Wuhan taken during 331-2 Xuzhou attack during 317 Sixth Army 374 Smedley, Agnes 328 Sneevliet, Hendricus 57 Snow, Edgar 148, 164 Snow Mountains 18 Socialist Democratic Party 323 Society to Study Sun Yat-senism 88 Sokolsky, George 160 Songjiaoren 35 Songjiang 300 Soochow, see Suzhou Soong, Ailing 37, 163-6, 238, 350, 404-7 Soong, Charlie 37, 134 Soong family 3, 134 Soong Meiling 3, 7, 8, 9-12, 125, 164-6, 188, 258-9, 387-407 passim after Chiang 500 Brazil visit by 423 at Cairo Summit 409-10 Campbell’s assessment of 456—7 Chiang offended by behaviour of 422 Chiang’s marriage to 168-9 on China’s women 338 collection of writings published by 328 on cover of Time 395 Donald and 259, 260-1,277, 350 Flying Tigers and 383 graduation of 170 Hedin’s view of 264-5 honorary degrees awarded to 287 Legislative Yuan joined by 185 Lushan house acquired by 254 ‘Madame Empress’ tag applied to 387 nervous exhaustion suffered by 423 New York Times article written by 372-3 prominent role of 327 road accident injures 300 skin disease suffered by 423 spokesperson role for, in Sino-Japanese Conflict 304 Stilwell’s analysis of 387, 388 stomach cancer suspected in 393 symbol of upper class 233 tour of America by 394-7, 399- 4 ° ° US Congress addressed by 394-5 Willkie and 391-2, 402, 422 world influence of 387 Soong, Qingling 37, 55, 87, 164, 168, 187-9, 223,339

560

■

Index

Soong, T. L. 238, 276-7 lookalike of 360 Soong, T. V. (Soong Tzu-wen) 9, 94, 123, 163, 165,17 5 ,1 8 8 ,2 0 6 ,2 1 2 ,3 70 ,4 0 3 -4 ,4 3 2 -3

appointed Acting President of the Executive Yuan 433 appointed Governor of Guangdong 485 assassination attempt on 199 in Chungking 339 and Japan imports 223 national budget and Central Bank promised by 182 Nationalists’ finances run by 87-8 pact with Soviets negotiated by 450-1 replaces Wang 217-8 resignations of 215, 237 rising standing of 237 Stilwell’s message to 380 Washington loan deals secured by 236, 361, 372

South China Morning Post 161 Soviet Union 56-7, 61 aid from 322 ceasefire with Tokyo agreed by 357 Chiang Ching-kuo returns from 284-5 Chiang signs non-aggression pact with 304 China’s pact with 450-1 intervention of, sought by Nanking 491 neutrality agreement signed by, in WW2 358 reduces aid to China 357 withdrawal of 466 see also Stalin, Joseph Sri Lanka, see Ceylon Stalin, Joseph 9, 63, 126, 146, 151, 158,438,

458

agrees to war on Japan 411 Chiang turns to 304 Chiang’s trust in 451 Roosevelt and Churchill meet 411, 450 Tokyo signs non-aggression pact with 366 see also Soviet Union Standard Oil Company 144, 163 State Council 185 Zhang Xueliang joins 186 Stennes, Walter 245 Stepanov, V. A. 95-6 Sternberg, Josef von 137-8 Stilwell, Joseph (‘Vinegar Joe’) 110,370-2, 374-81,383,384-5,387-8,392-3,404-7, 415-16, 421,424-6 Chennault’s clashes with 417-18, 425-6 Chiang denigrates, after Roosevelt’s demand 428 on Chiang 400 Chiang’s decoration offer refused by 429 Chiang’s posthumous honours for 430 Communists emissaries’ offer to 424 death of 430 departure of 429 diaries of 430 disappearance and reappearance of 377 Guilin withdrawal ordered by 424-5 on Meiling 387, 388 recall of 428-9 road named after 429 Roosevelt’s demand for overall command by

425-7

sidelined during Willkie visit 390

Soong’s plan to eject 404 takes charge of India-trained troops 414 Tenth Army command given to 430 Sdmson, Henry 213, 394 Strong, Anna Louise 158 Stuart, John Leighton 470, 481,493 Sues, Ilona Ralf 241-2 Suiyuan province, Inner Mongolia 280 Sun Fengmin 275 Sun Fo 79, 88, 182, 188, 204, 479 cabinet headed by 206 Sun Liren, General 385 Sun Mingjiu, Colonel 2, 4, 283 Sun Yat-sen 6, 25, 29-30, 32, 36, 43-4, 47-8 passim, 54-6 at Kuomintang reorganisation congress 64-5 Chen’s invitation to 47 Chiang appointed by, to head new Military Department 73 Chiang becomes military adviser to 40 Chiang’s ‘wordless rapport’ with 56 China Revolutionary Party established by 37 at Christian College, Canton 73 in Colorado 30 death of 74 as Director for Construction of All Railways 34-5 fifty-eighth birthday of 73 final departure of, to Shanghai 73 funeral ceremonies of 74 governments of 32-3, 40-1 Grand Marshal title adopted by 40 Grunzeberg and 62-3 Grunzeberg’s opinion of 64 life presidency of Kuomintang accorded to 65 liver cancer diagnosed in 74 lying-in-state of 74 mercenaries hired by 58 provisional presidential role of 32 remains of, taken to Nanking 187-9 revolutionary spirit of 29 and Ailing Soong 37-8 Soviet adviser acquired by 62 Sun Dapao nickname of 71 Three Principles of 64, 245 Western powers blasted by 73 at Whampoa Academy’s opening ceremony 67 . . womanising by 37 Ye’s bombardment on residence of 55 Zhang meets 33 Sun Yat-sen Society 96 Sun Zhuanfang 117, 121, 127, 141, 156, 160, 273-4

Sutton 111 Suzhou 299 Swisher, Earl 78, 81, 161 Taierzhuang 316-19 Taiping rebellion 18, 28 Tairov, V. K. 127 Taiwan (Formosa) 410, 490, 499 Chiang heads for 495, 497 Chiang in 497-8 Taiyuan 303 Takamatsu, Prince 290 Ta KungPao 347 Tanaka, Baron 179

Index Tanaka, Ryukich 2og, 213 Tang Enbo 318, 319, 346, 356, 489, 494 appointed Governor of Fujian 494 Tang Shengzhi (the Buddhist General) 117, 118, 127, 161,305, 306 Tanggu accord 222-3, 2^2 Tanggu Truce 282 Tangku Truce 223 Tan Yankai 116, 171 TangYulin 220 Tao Xingzhi 233 Tatekawa Yoshitsugu, General 202 Tawney, R. H. 183-4, 235 Temple, Shirley 396 Three Prosperities Company (the Big Company) 141 ‘Three Alls’ campaign 366, 424, 441 Tianjin 107, 203, 487 Tientsin, see Qingdao Tiltman, Hessell 299 Time magazine 246, 310 Meiling on cover of 395 Times (London) 137 Timperley, Harold 307 Tingsiqiao 119 Tongdao 263 Tong, Hollington 23, 325, 330, 376, 497 Tongmenghui, see United League (Tongmenghui) Topping, Seymour 491 Toungoo 375 Toynbee, Arnold 184 Tracy, Spencer 396 Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution (Isaacs) 124 Trautmann, Oscar 304, 321,322 Trotsky, Leon 61,63, 76, 126 Truman, Harry S. 459, 463-4, 480-1 Tsinan, 5^Jinan Tsingtao, see Qingdao Tuchman, Barbara 4130, 427, 430 Umeza, General 273 United League (Tongmenghui) 25, 29, 31 United States of America: Chief of Staff to China appointed by

369-70

Chinese suspicion of 412 Dixie Mission launched by 418 Doolitde attack by 382 Lend-Lease agreements of 371 loan deals signed by 236, 361, 372 Pacific naval victories by 389 see aIso Roosevelt, Franklin D. UNRRA (UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration) 462—3 US Marines 131, 143-4 Van de Ven, Hans 460 Vichy regime 358 Vincent, John Carter 390 Vladimirov, Petr Parfenovich 440-3, 444 Voitinsky, Gregory 95 Wakeman, Frederic 141, 194, 226 Waldron, Arthur 359 n Wallace, Henry 395, 418, 419 Wang Bigun (Becky) 59, 91 Wangjingwei 59, 79-80, 84, go-!, 93, 97, 128,

•

561

153-4, 157, 162, 204-5, 217> 222 anti-Nanking coalition formed by i8g assassination attempt on 343 attempted assassination of 274-5 censured 175 Chiang’s fraught relationship with 90 death of 447-8 Kuomintang expels 343 Military and Political Councils within National Government headed by 82 Standing Committee membership of 206 warns of Chiang’s despotic ambitions 130 Wang Ming 285, 322, 233, 443 Wang Shouhua (He Songling) 147 WangTsai-yu (Chiang’s mother) 19, 20-21 on Chiang’s first wife 22 in Chiang’s writings 20, 21 death of 48 in Shanghai with Chiang 24 tomb of 48-9 Wang Wenhao 479 Wanping 287 Water Fairy 332 Wedemeyer, General Albert 429, 433, 445—7, 449-50, 455 Wei-kuo (Chiang’s adopted son) 52, 53, 229, 3 89 . 4 83 Wei Lihuang 415, 456 Wenchang Pavilion 284 Westad, Odd Arne 454 Whampoa Fort 55 see also military Academy White, Theodore (Teddy) 313, 328, 336—40, 342.365.370,398-9,420,480 Whyte, Sir Frederick 182 Wiart, General Adrian Carton de 373 Williams, DrJ. E. 143 Willkie, Wendell 388-90 death of 423 Meiling and 390-2, 402, 422 Meiling tries to secure presidential nomination for 395-6 Windsor, Duchess of 138 Winter Offensive 358, 366 Woman’s Work Department 433 Women’s Assassination Group 36 Woosung, 5£tfWusong world depression 236 Wu, C. C. 88, 96 Wuchang 30, 119, 120-1,304, 322-3 see also Wuhan Wu Chi-wei, David 326 Wuhan 30, 117, 119, 121, 122, 152-4 passim, 186,309,324,358

air attack on 447 army of, moves into Henan 152-3 Chiang expelled by regime of 150 Japanese launch attack on 331 reaction of, to Shanghai attack 150 tri-cities of 304, 322-3 see also Hankou; Hanyang; Wuchang Wuhan Chambers of Commerce 120 Wu Peifu (the Philosopher General) 56, 73, 102-3, i ° 8 ,119-20 Chiang’s first meeting with 260 diamond owned by 104 Feng Yuxiang betrays 107 Wu Tiecheng 96, 208

562

■

Index

Wusong 210 Chapei front with 213 Xiamen 108 Xi’an 282 Chiang kidnap (‘Xi’an Incident’) at, see Chiang: kidnap of Communists’ base in 279 Willkie’s visit to 390 Xiang Ying 363, 365 Xiang Zhongfa 195 Xikou 17-18, 160, 284 air raid on 316 different names of 17 n renovation of 504 salt store in 18 Xinjiang 243, 388 Xu Chongzhi, General 84—5, 13° Xu Enzeng 194 Xu Qian 127 Xue Yue 55, 265, 329, 345, 369, 404, 417 Xuzhou 154, 317, 3x7, 482, 486 X, Yand Z Forces 381, 385, 393, 414-15 Yale University 118 Yalta 450 Yan’an 279, 323, 363, 439-40 Chiang visits 473 Communists recapture 478 Nationalists’ blockade of 365 see also Mao Zedong 443 Yang Hu 68 Yang Hucheng, General 5, 7, 10, 11, 259, 283 death of 496 held prisoner 340, 496 Yangtze River 17 Yangtze, power from 227 Yan Xishan (the Model Governor) 103, 178, 243, 280, 290, 489 anti-Nanking coalition formed by 189 Northern Expedition joined by 175 northern war zone commanded by 290 Yao (Chiang’s concubine) 43, 52, 402 Yao Xinning 233, 235 Yardley, Herbert 342 Ye Ju, General 54-5 Yellow River 17, 363 blowing of 320 Ye Ting 116, 363, 364-5 Yichang 359 Ying Guixin 31, 35 arrest and subsequent murder of 36 Yochow, see Yueyang Young, Arthur 239, 402, 438, 462 Young China Party 323 yuan (currency) 485 Yuan Shikai 30-1 becomes president 33 Chen edged out by, as military governor of Shanghai 34 confirmed as dictator 36 death of 40 Yuan (government branches) 185-6 Yiieyang 118 Yunling 363 Yunnan province 243, 268, 316, 497

Yii-piao (Chiang’s paternal grandfather) 18-19 death of 19 Yutai Salt Store, Xikou 18 Yu Xiaqing 134 Zhang Guotao 197, 270, 285, 340 Zhangjiakou, seeKalgan Zhangjingjiang 33-4, 36, 44, 90, 340 n Chiang wedding speech made by 50 Chiang—Ah Feng relationship and 49 marriage of 44 share-broking company set up by 57 Zhang Renjie, see Zhangjingjiang Zhang Xiaolin 140, 147, 156, 356 Zhang Xueliang (the Young Marshal) 3—13, 152, 179, 189-90, 200-1, 220, 278-9 and Chiang kidnap 283 becomes Deputy Commander of Nationalist armies 190 becomes Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Bandit Suppression troops 257 Communists and 279, 282 continued detention of 13 court marshal of 12 drug habit acquired by 153 Japan accuses o f ‘insecure attitude’ 204 Mussolini and Hitler impress 256-7 pressure on, from Japan 179-80 resignation of 221-2 resignation of, as deputy commander-in-chief 205 State Council joined by 186 Wangjingwei criticises 217 Zhang Zhun 465 Zhang Zizhong, General 359 Zhang Zongchang (the Dogmeat General) 102, 104, 128, 141, 176, 178, assassination of 17 Zhang Zuolin (Old Marshal of Manchuria) 3, 73, 101, 102, 108, 109, 156, 178 assassination of 179 pearl owned by 104 Zhejiang province 32, 33, 128, 382, 384 Japan attack on, using plague germs 359 Zhengzhou 153, 317, 320, 398 Zhijia Shen 315 Zhong Wai Bank 241 Zhou Enlai 3, 5, 9, 66, 89, 137, 146, 159, 195,

340, 365

arrests of 92, 147 Chen Jitang’s agreement with 262 Chen Lifu’s anti-Japan talks with 280 Chiang invites for talks on long-term relationship 361-2 Chiang meets, during kidnap 10-11 near death of, in mortar attack 279 price on head of 148 see also Communists Zhou, Duke of 18 Zhu De 159, 196, 197, 263, 270, 286 report of death of 267 reward for capture of 256 Zhukov, Georgy 322 Zhu Yimin 44, 49, 57 Ziye (Midnight) (Mao Dun) 133, 138 Zunyi 264