Food Policy for Developing Countries: The Role of Government in Global, National, and Local Food Systems 9780801463433

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Food Policy for Developing Countries

Food Policy for Developing Countries The Role of Government in Global, National, and Local Food Systems

Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Derrill D. Watson II Foreword by Søren E. Frandsen, Arie Kuyvenhoven, and Joachim von Braun

Cornell University Press Ithaca and London

Copyright © 2011 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2011 by Cornell University Press Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pinstrup-Andersen, Per. Food policy for developing countries : the role of government in global, national, and local food systems / Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Derrill D. Watson II ; foreword by Søren E. Frandsen, Arie Kuyvenhoven, and Joachim von Braun. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8014-4818-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Food supply—Government policy—Developing countries. 2. Nutrition policy—Developing countries. 3. Food security—Developing countries. I. Watson, Derrill D. II. Title. HD9018.D44P56 2011 338.1'91724—dc22 2011017387

Figures and tables are reproduced with the permission of the following sources: Elsevier: Figs. 2.1, 3.5, 5.1. International Food Policy Research Institute, www.ifpri.org: Figs. 3.3, 3.7, 5.2a, 5.2b, 7.8; Tables 5.1, 8.1. World Health Organization: Fig. 3.2; Table 3.4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Figs. 3.8, 4.2, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.6, 7.7; Tables 3.3, 4.1, 6.1. American Academy of Pediatrics: Fig. 3.4. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank: Fig. 7.1; Tables 3.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 7.1, 9.2. Waterfootprint: Fig. 8.1. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications: Fig. 10.1. Wiley and Sons: Table 2.1. Jørgen Oleson: Table 8.2. American Economic Association: Table 9.1.

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Contents

List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii Foreword xv Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Chapter 1. Toward a Dynamic Global Food System 1 Introduction 1 Toward a Global Food Systems Approach 3 The Global Food System 6 Complex Systems Analysis 11 Organizations That Impact the Food System 15 Emerging Trends and Driving Forces 16 Conclusion 24 Notes 25 Chapter 2. Food Policy 26 Introduction 26 Definition of Food Policy 29 Political Economics 33 Stakeholder Analysis 36 Food Policy in the Global Food System

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How Do Governments Intervene? 42 Macroeconomic Policies and the Food System 43 A Political Economy Analysis of Food Policy 49 Conclusion 54 Notes 55 Chapter 3. Human Health and Nutrition Policies 56 Introduction 56 Dietary Energy and Nutrients 58 Other Food System Interactions with Human Health 63 Current World Health and Nutrition Situation 68 Nutrition Transition 71 Economic Payoffs from Health and Nutrition Improvements 74 Policy Options to Improve Health and Nutrition 75 Comparing Alternatives: An Example of Efforts to Reduce Dietary Iron Deficiency 83 Conclusion 85 Human Health and Nutrition Policies Case Studies 86 Notes 87 Chapter 4. Food Security, Consumption, and Demand Policies 88 Introduction 88 The Food Consumption Situation 90 Food Security: Millennium Development Goals and the World Food Summit 91 Household Choices: Coping and Adaptation 98 Population Growth and Demographic Transitions 100 Consumer and Household Demand Analysis 102 Food Consumption Analysis 107 Food Consumption Policies 109 Conclusion 113 Food Security, Consumption, and Demand Policies Case Studies 114 Notes 115 Chapter 5. Poverty Alleviation Policies 116 Introduction 116 World Poverty Situation 118

Contents

Who Stays Poor? 126 Conceptual Issues of Multidimensional Poverty 133 Poverty and the Food System 136 Poverty Reduction Policies 137 Conclusion: Reducing Poverty 141 Poverty Alleviation Policies Case Studies 143 Notes 143 Chapter 6. Domestic Market Policies 144 Introduction 144 A Marketing System 146 Introductory Theory of the Firm 148 Food Markets 155 Structural Change in Food Markets 157 Food Marketing Policies 163 Conclusion 170 Domestic Market Policies Case Studies 171 Notes 173 Chapter 7. Food Production and Supply Policies 174 Introduction 174 The Economic Importance of Agricultural Production 176 Food Production Situation 180 New Farming Techniques 188 Increasing Yields through Research and the Green Revolution 189 Smallholder Agriculture 192 Policies for Production and Supply 197 Contextual Policies 203 Conclusion 211 Food Production and Supply Policies Case Studies 214 Notes 215 Chapter 8. Climate Change, Energy, and Natural Resource Management Policies 216 Introduction 216 The Food System and Natural Resource Management 217 Environmental Externalities Related to the Food System 219

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Climate Change and the Food System 228 Poverty, Hunger, and Sustainability Goals: Trade-Offs and Policy Implications 232 The Environmental Kuznets Curve and Full-Costing Policy Options to Maintain Sustainable Use of Natural Resources 238 Conclusion 241 NRM Policies Case Studies 243 Notes 244 Chapter 9. Governance and Institutions 245 Introduction 245 Institutions in Economics 247 Governance Situation 249 Governance and the Food System 251 Recent Trends in Governance 265 International Governance 269 Conclusion 274 Governance and Institutions Case Studies 275 Notes 276 Chapter 10. Globalization and the Food System 278 Introduction 278 The International Food Trade Situation 283 The International Capital Market 289 International Technology Transfer 290 The Role of Biotechnology 292 The International Labor Market 296 Policies to Guide Globalization 298 Conclusion 300 Globalization and the Food System Case Studies 303 Notes 304 Chapter 11. Ethical Aspects of Food Systems 305 Introduction 305 Ethical Systems 306 Social Welfare Functions and Pareto Efficiency 312 Equity and Equality 315

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Households and Other Actors 318 Poverty, Hunger, and Nutrition 319 Food Safety 322 Food Sovereignty 323 Markets and Morality 324 Animal Welfare and Environmental Ethics 326 Trade and Aid 328 Implicit Normativity in Research 330 Biotechnology 331 Conclusion 333 Ethical Aspects of Food Systems Case Studies 334 Notes 334 References 337 Index 385

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Figures

Figure 1.1. Figure 2.1. Figure 3.1. Figure 3.2. Figure 3.3. Figure 3.4. Figure 3.5. Figure 3.6. Figure 3.7.

Figure 3.8. Figure 4.1. Figure 4.2. Figure 5.1. Figure 5.2.

A Conceptual Framework of a Food System Core Problems Reducing the Effectiveness of the International Nutrition System Interactions between Food Systems and Human Health and Nutrition Deaths Associated with Malnutrition Malnutrition and the Intergenerational Transmission of Chronic Poverty The Window of Opportunity for Addressing Undernutrition Maternal and Child Undernutrition Framework A Simplified Conceptual Framework Linking Food Availability, Food Security, and Nutrition Potential Points of Contamination with Food Safety Hazards along the Farm-to-Table Food Supply Chain Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables (kg/person/year) Progress toward Meeting the World Food Summit Goal Economic Growth and Hunger The Chronic Poor, Transient Poor, and Nonpoor: A Categorization Millions of Ultra Poor (