Field Guide to the Micro-moths of Great Britain and Ireland: 2nd edition (Bloomsbury Wildlife Guides) 1472993942, 9781472993946

Citation preview

Field Guide to the

Micro-

moths

of Great Britain and Ireland Second Edition

General Editor: Phil Sterling Main Contributor: Mark Parsons Illustrated by Richard Lewington

BLOOMSBURY WILDLIFE Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY WILDLIFE and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First edition published in the United Kingdom in 2012 This edition published in 2023 This electronic edition published in 2024 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Text and maps © Bloomsbury Publishing 2023 Illustrations © Richard Lewington 2023 Phil Sterling and Mark Parsons have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work For legal purposes the photographic credits on p. 507 constitute an extension of this copyright page All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication data has been applied for ISBN: HB: 978-1-4729-9394-6; PB: 978-1-4729-9395-3; ePUB: 978-1-4729-9393-9; ePDF: 978-1-4729-9939-2

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Contents 6 Preface to the second edition

162 Douglasiidae

7 Acknowledgements

163 Autostichidae

8 Introduction

164 Oecophoridae

36 Key to families

171 Chimabachidae

47 At-a-glance guide to micro-moths

173 Lypusidae

52 Micropterigidae

174 Peleopodidae

54 Eriocraniidae

175 Depressariidae

57 Nepticulidae

184 Ethmiidae

71 Opostegidae

186 Cosmopterigidae

72 Heliozelidae

190 Gelechiidae

74 Adelidae 78 Incurvariidae



Plate Section

81 Prodoxidae

280 Batrachedridae

83 Tischeriidae

281 Coleophoridae

85 Psychidae

300 Elachistidae

91 Tineidae

308 Parametriotidae

100 Roeslerstammiidae

311 Momphidae

101 Bucculatricidae

318 Blastobasidae

106 Gracillariidae

320 Stathmopodidae

130 Yponomeutidae

321 Scythrididae

137 Ypsolophidae

324 Alucitidae

141 Plutellidae

325 Pterophoridae

143 Glyphipterigidae

336 Schreckensteiniidae

148 Argyresthiidae

337 Epermeniidae

154 Lyonetiidae

340 Choreutidae

158 Praydidae

343 Tortricidae

160 Bedelliidae

436 Pyralidae

161 Scythropiidae

454 Crambidae

484 Appendix 1. Identification of green

metallic Coleophora species 486 Appendix 2. Identification of

Cnephasia species with a grey forewing 488 Appendix 3. Identification of

Cochylimorpha and Aethes species with straw-coloured forewing and brownish crossbands 492 Appendix 4. Identification of

Dichrorampha species

494 Appendix 5. Identification of

similar-looking, conifer-feeding Cydia species 496 Appendix 6. Identification of

similar-looking Pammene species 498 List of English–scientific names of

plants 507 Photographic acknowledgements 509 Index of scientific names 520 Index of English names

Dedications To my late father, Col. Dougie Sterling, and to my brother Mark, for the fun we have had together studying micro-moths, and to my mother Audrey for putting up with three entomologists; to my family, Carol, Hannah and Alistair, for their continuing support and encouragement; and to the late John Langmaid, for his tutelage in micro-moths and friendship since I was a teenager. PS To Helen, Charlotte and Daisy, for their tolerance, support and help over the years – those country walks always took longer than expected; to the late John Langmaid, for many years of help and encouragement; and to Colin Pratt, for almost life-long friendship, encouragement and all those Sussex nights around the light traps. MP To Georgina and Alexandra for their never-ending support and encouragement in my work; and to the late Brian Baker, who inspired my interest in moths when I embarked on my career in the 1970s. RL This edition is dedicated to the late Douglas Boyes, whose talent and enthusiasm touched so many during his short life. We continue to miss him. PS, MP and RL

u

Sulphur Bark Moth Esperia sulphurella.

6  

Preface to the second edition

W

hen we wrote the first edition of the Field Guide to the Micro-moths of Great Britain and Ireland (published in 2012), we were not entirely sure how it would be received or indeed how popular micro-moths were with recorders, although we hoped that the book would stimulate interest. It surpassed all our expectations. Providing a guide to micro-moths in a similar format to the one for the macro-moths, the Field Guide to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland (Waring et al., 2017) proved very popular, and there is constant demand for more and better coverage than we achieved in the first edition. Interest in identifying and recording moths of all sizes continues to grow. There are more species and forms of species which, with the benefit of hindsight, we could have included the first time around, along with many recent additions to the British and Irish lists that we now wish to add. Perhaps it would seem remiss of us not to have included the striking Box-tree Moth Cydalima perspectalis in the first edition. However, at the time when we started writing the book, in early 2007, that moth had not yet been found in Britain, and by the time we had finished, just a handful had been recorded. Now it can be the commonest moth in light traps on summer nights in some parts of south-east England, and its spread seems likely to continue apace. Discoveries of micro-moths new to these islands happen every year, mostly due to migration from Europe, but also through accidental importation from other parts of the world. Furthermore, there has been a major revision to the taxonomic order of all moths in Europe, and although it has taken many of us time to adjust to the new checklist of British and Irish moths, the order of the micro-moth species in the first edition is now clearly out of date. It is therefore high time that we had a second edition. Phil Sterling, Mark Parsons and Richard Lewington July 2023

Silver-barred Sable Pyrausta cingulata.

c

   7

Acknowledgements

M

any people helped us to compile the first edition, and we remain indebted to them as this work continues to be based on it; their names are included here alongside those who have helped us to complete the second edition. Particular thanks for the first edition are owed to Andrew and Anne Branson of the former publishing house, British Wildlife Publishing, who commissioned, edited and published the work, and to Rich Andrews, Mike Bailey, Martin Corley, Barry Henwood, Steve Palmer, Ben Smart and Dr Mark Young. For the second edition, we are indebted to Chris Manley, who edited and produced the thumbnail maps, and to Ben Smart, who collated the wonderful diversity of photographs that we have included, many of which are from his own collection. For both editions we would also like to thank all those entomologists and photographers who have assisted with enthusiasm and generosity by lending specimens for illustration, allowing use of their photographs, offering comments and their unpublished observations and knowledge for our use, and providing regular updates to the systematic checklist of British and Irish moths. We thank Rev. Dr David Agassiz, Martin Albertini, Jan Bailey, Melissa Banthorpe, Ian Barton, Franziska Bauer, S. D. Beavan and R. J. Heckford, Adrian Bicker, the late Douglas Boyes, Rudolf Bryner, Dr Peter Buchner, Patrick Cook, Peter Costen, Peter Chandler, Patrick Clement, Phil Dean, Matthew Deans, Alan T. Eaton and the University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension, Rob Edmunds, Dave Foot, Janet Graham, Dave Green, Karen and Sarah Hand, Paul Harris, Barry Henwood, Jeff Higgott, James Hogan, Martin Honey, Ole Karsholt, Gabriele Kemus, Ian Kimber, Will Langdon, the late Dr John Langmaid, David Lees, Chris Manley, Darren Mann, Ruben Meert, Heidrun Melzer, G. H. J. Meredith, Dr Erik van Nieukerken, Dr Matthias Nuss, Steve Palmer, Andrey Ponomarev, Trevor and Dilys Pendleton, Tom Prescott, Tony Prichard, Tony Rayner, Stuart Read, Nigel Richards, Jenny Seawright, David Shenton, Neil Sherman, Mike Shurmer, Zoë Simmons, Kjeld Brem Sørensen, Hannah Sterling, Mark Sterling, Ian Thirlwell, George Tordoff, Nigel Voaden, Oliver Wadsworth, Jim Wheeler and Maarten Willems. Richard Lewington would also like to express his gratitude to the Leverhulme Trust for funding to assist with illustrating the first edition, and to Mark Sterling for his generous contribution towards additional illustrations required for this new edition. We remain grateful to Sir David Attenborough, Prof. Jeremy Thomas and Dr Martin Warren, who have given their full support and encouragement.

8  

Introduction

T

his field guide is for amateur naturalists and professional ecologists who simply do not know where to start to identify the apparently bewildering array of smaller moths, as well as for those who have already developed a level of expertise and want access to information in one handy volume. It covers 1,286 of the 1,576 native, naturalised or immigrant species recorded in Great Britain and Ireland, bringing together all of the families in a single volume, and covering all of the more regularly encountered species. It provides not only a starting point for beginners, but also an aide-mémoire for the more experienced. Micro-moths exhibit a fascinating diversity of form and habit, much more so than their larger siblings, since their generally smaller size allows them to exploit a much wider range of habitat niches. They are found everywhere, from shoreline to mountaintop, underwater and on dry land. Several species are associated with humans and with habitats created by human activity. Although most are associated with higher plants, some are found on algae and fungi, on mosses and ferns, and on decaying plant or animal materials. As adults, many micro-moths are very beautiful indeed and, within some individual species, may be so variable that the unsuspecting would not believe they could belong to a single one. They also exhibit a wide variety of resting postures, which are often helpfully diagnostic. Of course, there are a good number of species that fit a sceptic’s view of them as ‘small brown jobs’, but a little care taken to examine their detail usually enables a more informed conclusion to be drawn. We have illustrated the micro-moths at rest, rather than with wings spread as in a ‘set’ specimen, following the successful change in approach adopted by the macro-moth guides. We have included a few illustrations showing just the forewing, or with the wings spread to show the hindwing where this is a useful aid to identification. Many recorders today do not want to kill and set moths, but are keen to identify what they have found. This is possible for many micro-moth species, provided that they are in good condition. However, for a substantial minority of species there is little option other than to retain a voucher specimen as the best way to secure identification, and to allow subsequent verification by county recorders and experts. In this field guide, illustrations are backed up by concise descriptions of the key features of each species, a comment on abundance, flight season, habitat and foodplant, together with a section on similar species where appropriate, and most are supported with a distribution map. We have also included many photographs of the early stages. These fulfil two objectives. First, they enable the recorder to identify a significant number of species from the larva, larval case, larval spinnings or leaf-mines (feeding traces left by the larva within a leaf), and secondly, they show examples from most families to give an insight into their habits. We hope that this guide will encourage you to search for the early stages.

What defines a micro-moth? What makes a species a micro-moth rather than a macro-moth? This is a matter of custom and practice, rather than being rooted in taxonomy. Families of moths that tend to feature small species are included under micro-moths, and those which contain mostly larger species are called macro-moths. Current taxonomic thinking considers most micro-moth families to be more



Introduction   9

primitive than macro-moths, a few exceptions being Hepialidae (swifts), Cossidae (the leopards and Goat Moth), Zygaenidae (burnets and foresters), Limacodidae (Festoon and Triangle) and Sesiidae (clearwings), which are ‘honorary’ macro-moths. These families are thus covered in the macro-moth books, the Field Guide (Waring et al., 2017) and Concise Guide (Townsend et al., 2019), and other well-known books, such as Skinner (2009).

Using this field guide How to use this guide to identify a micro-moth Before the main species text there is an ‘at-a-glance’ guide to the different families of micromoths, showing one or a few species from each family. It should be possible to compare a living micro-moth with these illustrations and quickly get to one or a few candidate families. It is then difficult to resist the temptation simply to dive into the illustration plates in the middle of the book to find the best match available, and for some distinctive species this may suffice. However, a more systematic key is also provided, and its use recommended, as there may be considerable variation within a species, and species within different groups may look remarkably similar. To begin identifying micro-moths, choose only examples that are in good condition. Those moths which hold their wings in a roof-like posture over the abdomen are best compared from a side view, whereas those that hold their wings flat to the ground should be examined from above. In most families, resting posture is reasonably consistent between species and the illustrations are straightforward to compare. However, where there is variation, for example in the Oecophoridae, we have chosen to illustrate each species in the posture we consider most helpful for identification, even if this has meant that neighbouring species are shown in a different orientation. Carefully check the posture and wing pattern of the species you have with the illustration; micro-moths often also show characteristic wing folds and scale tufts, and are rather more ‘three-dimensional’ in appearance than macro-moths. Turn to the appropriate species text to find more detail, whether there are similar species, and how to tell them apart. Use all of the information provided, including flight period, foodplant and distribution, before settling on a diagnosis, since this additional information may help you to rule in or out species on your tentative list. Identification may require much more than simple comparison with illustrations and a quick read of several lines of text, and this field guide cannot hope to encompass all of the variation that exists within and between species. We encourage the use of other resources alongside the field guide, including photographic guides and websites to aid identification. The systematic key will allow recorders to place an adult moth in a family (p.36), based mostly on characters other than wing markings, such as resting posture, wing shape, length and shape of antenna, arrangement of scales on the head, and mouthparts. These features can be seen relatively easily with a ×10 hand lens or low-power binocular microscope. However, in the second edition we have dropped the section on how to dissect, and the photographs of a small selection of critical species groups. Instead, we encourage recorders to use the Moth Dissection UK website, which provides comprehensive coverage of techniques, photographs of many species found in Britain, Ireland and more widely in Europe, and extensive identification tips.

10  Introduction

How many species are included? A total of 1,286 species are covered, of which 1,012 species are illustrated, from the 1,576 native, naturalised or immigrant species recorded in Great Britain and Ireland. We have excluded almost all species that are considered to be adventives (unless established) or accidental imports, and the doubtful species on the British and Irish checklist. Excluding species that are doubtfully recorded, but including adventives that are not established, we believe that a total of 1,649 micro-moth species have been recorded in Britain and Ireland. These species are spread across 49 of the 50 families recognised as having occurred here. The family Heliodinidae has been omitted, as the one species ever recorded in Britain is presumed extinct. Most species in most families are described, and in the second edition we have focused on including many more species in six major families (Nepticulidae, Gracillariidae, Depressariidae, Gelechiidae, Coleophoridae and Elachistidae), although their coverage remains incomplete. This has been achieved through inclusion of a more systematic approach to identification of the early stages to species level from photographs, as well as by providing illustrations of more species. In the Nepticulidae, Gracillariidae (particularly the genera Parornix and Phyllonorycter) and Elachistidae, the adults are very small and easily confused, so most of them continue not to be illustrated. Many of the Coleophoridae are superficially alike, and most adults require very careful study, often involving examination of the genitalia. However, their larvae construct portable cases in which they live, and these cases, the larval feeding pattern and the host plant all combine to make it possible to identify many to species level; we have included photographs of the cases of around 50 species. Adults of many of the Depressariidae and Gelechiidae are brown, with variable darker and paler patterns, and differences between similar species are very subtle; we have included illustrations of adults of more species, based on a greater understanding of natural variation and distinguishing features, and feedback from recorders familiar with the first edition, although for beginners to recording micro-moths, the species in these two families are likely to remain quite challenging. Species that are very rare, confined to a single site, or which have not been seen in recent decades may be excluded, but in a few cases, rarities and adventives are described for the sake of completeness, or because they are very similar to a commoner species, and we consider it helpful to distinguish them. Rarer immigrant species and naturalised adventives, particularly in the Pyralidae and Crambidae, have been included in this edition. It would be unfortunate and an unintended consequence if this guide led to misidentification through readers trying to shoehorn every adult micro-moth found into species illustrated here. Where we consider that there is a significant risk of this happening, we have chosen either to omit detailed coverage of the adults in those groups, such as Parornix (Gracillariidae), or to include sufficient information to allow identification to a group of similar species, such as within Coleophora (Coleophoridae) and Cnephasia (Tortricidae). In many cases, we have recommended that genitalia dissection is required to determine the species. Records of these species are unlikely to be accepted without this level of confirmation. In the end, the decision to include or exclude a species or group remains a compromise between several factors.

Introduction   11



Format of the species accounts Taxonomic order The taxonomic list of British and Irish micro-moths we have used follows A Checklist of the Lepidoptera of the British Isles (Agassiz et al., 2013). This list is radically different from that used in the first edition, with a completely different numbering system (known as the ABH checklist number), and for recorders already familiar with this format, the second edition now catches up with these changes. Species not covered by an individual account in the text are listed at the end of each family.

Introductions to the families An introduction to every family is provided, giving an account of the characteristics of family members, a summary of life histories and other notable habits of the species which are found in the British Isles. The family description usually starts with the typical resting posture. This may be a key feature of a living micro-moth, and four basic wing positions can be distinguished: roof-like (also known as tectiform), where the wings are arranged like two sides of a pitched roof or tent; wrapped or rolled around the abdomen (also known as involute), sometimes giving the insect a cylindrical appearance, and often more so towards the back end of the moth; laid flat over the body, the forewings usually, but not always, partly overlapping, with the hindwings completely covered, although the wings are rarely completely flat but tend to be slightly angled downwards; or, less often, extended, revealing the hindwings. In addition to wing position, the moth may adopt an inclining posture, or head-up position, with the front end raised at an angle from the substrate, or a declining posture, or head-down position, with the rear end raised at an angle. Occasionally, the wings are held flat but above the substrate. Unusually, one pair of legs may be held out perpendicular to the body (Stathmopodidae), or the wings may be extended and rolled on themselves (Agdistis, Pterophoridae).

roof-like Feathered Cutter Incurvaria masculella

wrapped around the abdomen Spindle Moth Ypsolopha mucronella

inclining posture Willow Stilt Caloptilia stigmatella

flat Meal Moth Pyralis farinalis

extended Wavy-barred Sable Pyrausta nigrata

declining posture Brown Bark Moth Crassa unitella

The family description continues with more detailed features of the structure of the moth. The head can appear rough- or smooth-scaled, or somewhere in between, according to the direction of alignment of the scales on the top of the head (crown), and on the face. Four categories are distinguishable here: spiky, with long, erect, bristle-like scales, giving the effect of a bottlebrush; erect, with a dense mat of erect scales, resembling a carpet; raised, with scales that rise from the head but are directed forwards and downwards; or smooth, with

12  Introduction

appressed or flattened scales. Frequently, the face is smooth, but the top of the head is not. Species with a smooth face and crown may have erect scales on other parts of the head, particularly around the compound eyes and on the neck.

spiky Eriocraniidae

erect Tortricidae

raised Tischeriidae

smooth Elachista (Elachistidae)

The compound eyes do not provide useful characters for separation of families. However, there is a pair of ocelli in some groups, situated above the compound eyes and just behind the antenna base. In a few cases these are quite evident, but often they are very small or obscured by scales (e.g. Tortricidae). Although sometimes difficult to see, the presence of ocelli can be an important and defining character. The mouthparts consist of two pairs of palps. The outer pair of labial palps is usually larger and composed of three segments, with the first segment being very short. The inner pair are the maxillary palps, usually smaller and sometimes much reduced, but when fully developed they are five- or six-segmented, and sometimes folded. In most families, there is a tongue which is coiled when fully developed. A few of the most primitive families have mandibles, which are functional but very small in the Micropterigidae. ocellus

segment 3

segment 2

segment 1 compound eye and ocellus Glyphipterix (Glyphipterigidae)

labial palps Cosmopterigidae

maxillary palps maxillary palps Prodoxidae

tongue tongue Ethmia (Ethmiidae)

The antennae have an enlarged basal segment, the scape, and a thread-like, many-segmented flagellum. The scape may be clothed with a broad cloak of scales forming an eye-cap, or it may have one or a few downward-projecting bristle-like scales, forming a pecten. This pecten has nothing to do with pectinate antennae, in which the segments of the flagellum have lateral branches that together form a comb, or bipectinate antennae with a double comb. Ciliate antennae have hairs on each segment. There are three pairs of legs, the fore-, mid- and hindlegs, and each leg has several segments. There is a coxa joining the leg to the thorax, a short trochanter, a long femur, a long tibia and a tarsus with five segments, the last of which has a pair of claws. Frequently, the legs have bristles, and most species have one pair of spurs at the end of the mid-tibia and two pairs of spurs on the hind-tibia, one pair in the middle and one at the distal end.

Introduction   13

Types of antennae

flagellum

cilia scape

eye-cap

pecten

thread-like

ciliate

with eye-cap

pectinate

bipectinate

External anatomy of a micro-moth antenna

cross-line c costal fold base

head

costal streaks

apical spot apex

a os t termen

labial palps compound eye tegula

scale-tuft

cross-band

cilia forewing

ocellus

thorax

tornal spot

dorsum c os

tornus ta

dorsal blotch

dor

hindwing te

rm

en

sum

abdomen

cilia

posterior crest on thorax

scale-tufts dorsum

tornus (tornal angle) termen dorsum costa

costa Parts of the leg termen tibia coxa

tarsus femur trochanter

tibial spur

14  Introduction

The forewing is essentially triangular, the three sides being the costa (the leading edge), the dorsum (the side lying on the back of the abdomen, sometimes called the trailing edge) and the termen (the outer edge). The apex is the angle between the costa and the termen; the tornus is the angle between the termen and the dorsum. The area of the wing closest to the thorax is known as the base. In narrow-winged species the termen and dorsum may merge into one, so there is no discernible tornus. The outer margin of the termen has a fringe of cilia (hair-like scales), which may extend along the dorsum. The hindwing, which may be broad or narrow, rarely has a defined tornus; the cilia extend along the dorsum, and in narrow-winged species the dorsal cilia are usually longer than the width of the wing. There is a variety of markings on the forewing. The most common descriptive words or phrases we have used are: l streak – a short dash, line or bar; l crossband/crossline – an often complete or sometimes interrupted band or line between the costa and the dorsum; a band is a broad stripe and a line is thin; l tornal spot – a marking at the tornus; l ocellus – especially in the Tortricidae, an oval, metallic or shining mark, often containing dark spots or short streaks; l scale tufts – patches of raised scales; l costal fold – especially in the Tortricidae, a narrow flap folded over the wing along the costa from the base; l one-third/one-half – approximate distance from the base to the feature being described. The forewings are joined to the thorax, with connections protected by the tegulae. In some species, the thorax has a significant posterior crest. The thorax is joined to the abdomen, which sometimes supports diagnostic features on its surface, and the genitalia are within the posterior segments of the abdomen.

Structures of a larva In several species descriptions we refer to structures of a larva to help distinguish similar species using the technical terms illustrated below (taken from Henwood et al., 2020), including the thoracic segments T1–T3 and the abdominal segments A1–A10:

T1–T3

A1–A9 dorsal line lateral stripe subdorsal stripe subspiracular stripe

prothoracic plate head

anal plate anal flap

spiracle true leg venter

01 MM – pp001-051.indd 14

pinaculum crochets

proleg

A10

anal clasper

26/07/2023 12:39



Introduction   15

At the end of each family introduction is a short list of references to direct the reader to further information on British and Irish species and European species in that family, and to any specific websites.

Names Micro-moths in this guide are listed by vernacular name and scientific name.

Vernacular names Vernacular names of micro-moths, unlike those of their macro-moth relatives, have never been adopted widely in Britain and Ireland, and they appear to be welcomed and despised in equal measure! There are more widely accepted vernacular names for a small number of species, and we included these in the first edition. There have been changes to vernacular names for micro-moths over time, with some dating back to the seventeenth century (Haworth, 1803). The most widely available recent list was collated by Wheeler (2017). For the second edition we decided to review vernacular names, with a view to including a revised list that we hope will be more widely accepted, changing those names that seemed inappropriate. This includes the former labelling of most Tineidae species as ‘clothes-moths’, when clearly there are only a few species in this very diverse family that actually feed on clothing. We have kept or slightly modified many names in the Wheeler list and almost all names in the ABH checklist. We hope that these vernaculars will encourage new interest in micro-moths among people who are put off by scientific names, and that the continued growth in use of social media for enjoying, identifying and recording the breadth of British wildlife, almost all species of which now have vernacular names, can more readily include micro-moths. However, we are also aware that the use of vernaculars will remain deeply unpopular with some existing recorders.

Scientific names These are in binomial form, that is, they start with the genus (= generic name), which groups the moth with its close relatives, followed by the species (= specific name). By convention, both are in italics, and the genus starts with a capital letter. Although most specific names can be used alone to classify a micro-moth, it is the binomial that describes it uniquely. For example, there are two micro-moths with the specific name betulae, one within the genus Parornix (Gracillariidae) and the other within Ortholepis (Pyralidae); similarly, there are two with the specific name rufana, in the genera Acleris and Celypha (both in the Tortricidae). Scientific names change from time to time as taxonomic revisions offer more insight into the relationships between species, and literature reviews reveal earlier combinations which take precedence. Although this can be frustrating for field naturalists, changes should be seen as progress towards an understanding of the relationships between organisms. Our views of taxonomic relationships are changing with the advent of ‘species barcoding’, that is, the molecular-level identification of a species from a unique sequence in a section of DNA within its cells. We should expect further changes to the order of species on the British list, as well as the discovery of hitherto unknown or cryptic species, to be revealed by DNA analyses. In the species accounts the scientific name is followed by the Checklist number, also known as the ABH number (see Taxonomic order section on p. 11).

16  Introduction

Full and abbreviated accounts Most species have a full description accompanied by a distribution map and one or more illustrations, occasionally supplemented with a photograph. For others there is an abbreviated description with a photograph, distribution summarised as presence in a country or region (E = England; W = Wales; S = Scotland; I = Ireland; CI = Channel Islands), and a few words of clarification on distribution and abundance. Abbreviated descriptions, such as for leaf-miners in the Nepticulidae and the genus Phyllonorycter, and for hard-to-identify adults in the Cnephasia species (Tortricidae) group, have enabled us to include more species in the field guide.

Maps A distribution map is provided for each species that has an accompanying illustration of the adult. Maps are based on those in Manley (2021), updated from mainly published sources including Butterfly Conservation East Scotland and MothsIreland websites, and the vice-county listing for Wales (Butterfly Conservation Wales). We have aimed to ensure that the maps are up to date to the end of 2021, and we have included some data from 2022. The maps are intended to provide a quick reference to distribution. The data presented have not been verified with vice-county recorders, so presence should not be taken as a definitive statement that a species has been confirmed from a particular vice-county.

Abundance General comments are provided on the relative abundance of each species in four categories – common, local, scarce and rare. The comment should be read in conjunction with the distribution map. For example, the map may indicate that a species is widely distributed, yet it is rarely seen; another species might have a narrow geographic range on the map, but is found commonly in that area. A species that is described as ‘common’ is very likely to be encountered in suitable habitat within its known geographic range. The term ‘local’ refers to a species that is found rather less frequently in its known habitats; it is not a comment on its overall geographic distribution. A species that is described as ‘scarce’ is very infrequently seen, even in its known haunts, and the term ‘rare’ is reserved for those species that are known or believed to be confined to very few sites. Sometimes further qualifying comments have been added. None of the comments on scarcity is given according to the definition of rare and scarce in British Red Data Books 2. Insects (Shirt, 1987).

Forewing length (FL) Forewing length, that is, the distance between wing apex and wing base, is the measurement used in this guide.

General description A brief description of each species is given, using a few anatomical terms (shown on p.13) that are widely used in the study of Lepidoptera (Scoble, 1995). The use of this terminology is preferred here since there is no English equivalent for structures of the head and mouthparts, thorax, some parts of the wings, legs and genitalia, all of which may be used in identifying a species, and are more important in the identification of micro-moths than of macro-moths.



Introduction   17

Where there is a pair of very similar species, the description of the first is extended and emboldened where it provides the detail on how to separate them. In cases where there are three or more look-alikes, these are described in the similar species section. The text describing similar species is usually located in the description of the species most likely to be encountered. The similar species section may also cover a rare species that does not have a separate account or illustration, alerting the recorder to that possibility, and where helpful may describe key character differences. Descriptions of other species in similar pairs or groups are often brief and refer the reader back to the species where the diagnostic features can be found. We hope that this will encourage the reader to concentrate on working out the differences between closely related species.

Flight season (FS) The number of life-cycles, or generations, that each species undergoes in a year is stated, together with the approximate time of year when the adults may be expected to appear. Note that this brief description cannot comprehensively cover appearance across a geographic range that spans the Channel Islands and Shetland. Species that have two generations per year in southern England may well have one generation per year in Scotland. In recent decades there has been a tendency for species to appear earlier in the year, or to have a second or third generation, which were not previously recorded. It is also difficult to know whether some species are genuinely having more generations, or whether their time of appearance has become more spread throughout the year. There is also a comment on adult behaviour, whether diurnal or nocturnal, if attracted to light, and any other notable habit.

Habitat (Hab) The main habitats that the species is known from are listed, along with any preference for soil type (acidic or calcareous), inland or coastal, lowland or montane, or other habitat preferences that may help to determine the likelihood of finding a species in a particular location. If more than one habitat is listed, the sequence is alphabetical unless a preference for a habitat is known. Despite their small size, many micro-moth species appear to be just as capable of long-distance flight as macro-moths. It is therefore possible for a species to turn up in an apparently unsuitable location. However, recorders should be particularly cautious about recording a species well away from its preferred haunts. Habitats do not follow any defined classification system, but we have chosen those based broadly on plant composition (e.g. grassland, woodland, heathland), geological formation or soil type (e.g. acid, calcareous), and physical characteristics such as wetness or salinity (e.g. dry grasslands, saltmarsh). Some species do not fit easily into habitat categories, or they occupy a particular part of a habitat, and we have added descriptive notes for these. Below are notes on habitats that may be less familiar to some recorders, or for which we consider some explanation may be helpful. l Breckland is an area of East Anglia in Norfolk and Suffolk where there is a unique combination of dry acid grassland/heathland and calcareous grassland. This combination has formed where sands have been wind blown over the underlying chalk. The area is important both for its mix of perennial plants, and for its annuals that thrive on thin impoverished soils.

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18  Introduction

Calcareous grassland refers to chalk grassland or chalk downland, and to limestone grassland. Calcareous grassland is largely restricted to southern England, with the greatest expanse in any area being on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire. l Carr woodland is a type of wet woodland, often permanently or seasonally waterlogged, usually dominated by willows or alder. It is often characterised by an impenetrable jungle of branches and trunks of living and dead wood, mixed with tussocky grasses and sedges, and the composition of its vegetation can be surprisingly diverse. The best examples are in the Norfolk Broads. l Gardens and urban parks are here used as a catchall, as it is hard to find terms to describe the variety of habitats that make up our more natural spaces in the urban environment. We also include allotments, cemeteries and street trees where appropriate. l Hard cliff describes vegetation that clings onto sheer rock faces, in crevices, or among eroded materials, including rock scree. The mineral nature of the rock, and exposure to wind and sea spray, determine what species grow there, but the habitat is characterised by short sparse vegetation. Hard cliff occurs around the coastlines of Great Britain and Ireland, with spectacular examples on the Lizard (Cornwall), the Gower Peninsula (Wales), the Isle of Skye (Scotland) and the Cliffs of Moher (County Clare, Ireland). l Limestone pavement refers to eroded exposures of Carboniferous limestone (c. 330 million years old), scored by deep fissures with slabs or pavement between, and where the soil has largely been washed away. The vegetation is extremely diverse, supporting calcium-loving plants, and plants characteristic of acid conditions where the soils are leached. There is a range of wetness from parched ground to bog, adding to the diversity. The best example in western Europe is the Burren (County Clare and County Galway, in the west of Ireland). l Machair is a type of dune grassland formed from calcareous seashells and seaweeds. It is often very rich in herbaceous plant species. Machair is uniquely found on the coasts of northern and western Ireland and Scotland. l Parkland is wood pasture. Trees of varying age grow in relatively open conditions among grassland or bracken where natural woodland regeneration is suppressed by the intensity of grazing. Parkland may contain many veteran trees. The most extensive area of parkland in Britain is in the New Forest in Hampshire. l Soft cliff refers to a cliff that erodes from its base through the action of the sea, and through the action of rain washing the surface and seeping into porous sands. It supports a complex of habitats, often on a small scale, including open ground, dry and wet grasslands, fen, scrub and carr woodland. Perhaps the best examples are the soft cliff exposures between Lyme Regis and Bridport in Dorset. l Waste ground is also a catchall for a wide variety of open and often sparsely vegetated habitats associated with industrial landscapes and urban development in a phase of dereliction, with varying amounts of natural succession towards re-vegetation. Waste ground is a subset of brownfield, or former developed land. Some mine-waste landscapes known as Calaminarian grasslands are important ecologically, due to the high concentrations of toxic heavy metals in the soil. In general, waste ground is an important resource for wildlife. l

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Introduction   19

Foodplant (Fp) and larval season (LS) The foodplant of the larva is an important feature which aids identification, perhaps more so for micro-moths than for macro-moths. We have an excellent understanding of foodplants and life histories of micro-moths in Britain and Ireland, based on the publication over two centuries of diligent fieldwork by mainly amateur naturalists, and successive editions of the Field Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera, originally compiled by the late Col. A. Maitland Emmet. The latest edition, by Langmaid et al. (2018), collates a further three decades of fieldcraft. In a few cases where we do not know foodplants and life histories in Britain and Ireland, we have drawn this information from what may be known from Continental sources. The nomenclature of the larval and nectar plants in this guide follows Stace (2019). Plant species are listed in alphabetical order of the generic vernacular name. In this way, for example, a species that is found on both Pedunculate Oak and Sessile Oak is shown as ‘on Pedunculate and Sessile oaks’, rather than these two plants being split as they might be if ordered by specific name. We have pluralised generic common names to prevent repetition. We have also pluralised generic common names where we do not know exactly which plant species is the foodplant; thus for a larva that is known to feed on oak unspecified this is written as ‘on oaks’. The addition of larval season to species descriptions is a new feature in the second edition of this guide, indicating the approximate time of year when larvae could be found, followed by a short note about how and where the larva feeds, and the overwintering stage.

Species not covered Species listed at the end of a family are not covered by an account in the text. Typically, these are the rare, highly restricted or possibly extinct species, very scarce immigrants or naturalised adventives, or species that are considered too challenging to determine by use of this field guide. Alongside the names, ABH number, abbreviated country of occurrence and an abbreviated status are shown († = extinct or presumed extinct; R = rare; A = adventive; I = immigrant; ‘?’ = some uncertainty).

Illustrations For most species, we have relied on one illustration being sufficient to guide identification. Richard Lewington has painted each artwork by viewing a combination of live examples (where possible), alongside photographic images and specimens in collections. He has thus tried to reflect natural variation in his artwork. Additional illustrations are provided where there is marked variation, although for some particularly variable species (e.g. Tufted Tortrix Acleris cristana, over 130 forms of which are known in Britain) it has not been practicable to represent the range adequately. In some cases, variation within a species is shown by one or more forewings, rather than the whole moth, which are shown as if the forewing were part of a set specimen. The flattened wing can appear a slightly different shape to that of the forewing wrapped around the body (e.g. Varied Ochre Ypsolopha ustella). Forewing-only illustrations have also been used within the Coleophoridae and in Cnephasia (Tortricidae). However, identification of these species based on forewing characters alone is very difficult or impossible, and without examination of genitalia it will be possible only to get to a group of similar species. Most micro-moths, by virtue of their small size, need to be illustrated at a scale larger than life size. The magnification is given at the top of each section or page. In groups where there

20  Introduction

is much size variation between species, and it is helpful to show this variation, it has been necessary for us to strike a balance between not illustrating some species too small, while not allowing large species to take too much space. Illustrations are laid out mainly in two forms. Those moths that hold their wings in a roof-like posture, or rolled around the abdomen, are best compared from a side view. Those that hold their wings flat to the ground, or spread out, are shown from above.

Identifying worn examples Examples of micro-moths that have lost many wing scales, or characteristic tufts of scales, will usually be much more difficult to determine to species level. However, resting posture is not normally affected by loss of scales, and with practice it should at least be possible to put a moth into its higher grouping. There may be features that remain in good condition, such as colour and markings on the palps, or at the base of the forewing, which help to rule in or out particular species. The worst examples should either have the genitalia examined, or be disregarded.

Genitalia examination There is wide acceptance among moth recorders that identification to species level can involve killing and dissecting a specimen in order to examine the internal structures, almost always the genitalia of the moth. Dissection is needed for critical groups of macro- and micro-moths, but is more frequently required for the latter as the adults are generally smaller, with fewer external diagnostic features and markings. Species groups that have always proved difficult to sort on wing pattern are often surprisingly easy to identify from genitalia, and with a little practice a whole new world of microscopic diversity opens for the recorder. There is a requirement for equipment, the most significant of which is a low-power binocular microscope and light unit, together with various tools, glass slides, tubes, pipettes and chemicals. The basic technique involves warming the moth’s body in dilute caustic soda solution for several or many minutes, depending on the size of the abdomen, to dissolve the soft tissues d

Examining the genitalia of a micro-moth through a low-power binocular microscope.

Introduction   21



and reveal the hard parts, which are then examined under the microscope. The Moth Dissection UK website is an excellent resource for beginners and experts alike, providing an inventory of equipment, techniques, morphology, photography and, importantly, a substantial catalogue of male and female preparations with which to compare dissected examples. The website covers species found in Britain and Ireland, increasingly augmented with others from Europe. Townsend et al. (2010) also offer a comprehensive guide to genitalia dissection, and although that book focuses on macro-moths, the techniques are broadly similar. In this field guide we frequently refer recorders to the need for genitalia examination to confirm species identity. For example, most of the genera Parornix (Gracillariidae), Coleophora (Coleophoridae), Scrobipalpa (Gelechiidae) and Cnephasia (Tortricidae) should usually be dissected to determine which species has been found.

Photographs In the second edition we have included numerous photographs to aid identification to species level, concentrating on the larval stages. We focus on the artefacts made by larvae, such as the portable cases that they construct and the often characteristic tracks within the leaf tissue, which are referred to as leaf-mines. We hope to encourage recorders to spend time looking for these early signs and to extend their horizons beyond moth trapping. Inclusion of photographs of all species making cases and leaf-mines would be a major task, and is beyond the scope of this field guide. We have included photographs of over 350 species that we believe can, with care, reasonably be identified to species level based on a high-quality photograph of the larva, larval case or leaf-mine. For about 200 species, the photographs accompany a species that is illustrated as an adult, and the full account in the text covers descriptions of both adult and larva. For the other 150 or so species, we provide an abbreviated description of the early stages (see p. 16).

Further reading, systematic references and websites In this field guide, the most relevant identification sources are given in the introduction to each family. For convenience, a list of systematic references covering micro-moths across Europe is given below, together with useful works and general websites.

Selected identification references for British and Irish micro-moths Beirne, B. P. 1952 British Pyralid and Plume Moths. Warne & Co, London. Bland, K. P. (ed.) 2014 The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 5 (Part 1). Tortricidae: Tortricinae & Chlidanotinae. Brill, Leiden. Bland, K. P. (ed.) 2014 The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 5 (Part 2). Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. Brill, Leiden. Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G. & Smith, A. 1973 British Tortricoid Moths. Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae. The Ray Society, London.

Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G. & Smith, A. 1979 British Tortricoid Moths. Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. The Ray Society, London. Clifton, J. & Wheeler, J. 2011 Bird-Dropping Tortrix Moths of the British Isles. A Field Guide to the Bird-Dropping Mimics. Clifton & Wheeler, Hindolveston. Clifton, J. & Wheeler, J. 2012 Conifer Moths of the British Isles. Clifton & Wheeler, Hindolveston. Emmet, A. M. (ed.) 1996 The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 3. Yponomeutidae – Elachistidae. Harley Books, Colchester.

22  Introduction Emmet, A. M. & Langmaid, J. R. (eds) 2002a The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 4(1). Oecophoridae – Scythrididae (excluding Gelechiidae). Harley Books, Colchester. Emmet, A. M. & Langmaid, J. R. (eds) 2002b The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 4(2). Gelechiidae. Harley Books, Colchester. Goater, B. 1986 British Pyralid Moths. Harley Books, Colchester. Hart, C. 2011 British Plume Moths: A Guide to Their Identification and Biology. British Entomological & Natural History Society, London. Heath, J. (ed.) 1976 The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 1. Micropterigidae –

Heliozelidae. Blackwell Scientific Publications & Curwen Press, Oxford. Heath, J. & Emmet, A. M. (eds) 1985 The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume 2. Cossidae to Heliodinidae. Harley Books, Colchester. Manley, C. 2021 British & Irish Moths: A Photographic Guide, 3rd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing, London. Meyrick, E. [1928] A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. Watkins & Doncaster, London. Smart, B. 2017 Micro-Moth Field Tips. Lancashire & Cheshire Fauna Society, Rishton. Smart, B. 2021 Micro-Moth Field Tips: Volume 2. Lancashire & Cheshire Fauna Society, Rishton.

Selected European references including Britain and Ireland Arnscheid, W. R. & Weidlich, M. 2017 Microlepidoptera of Europe. Volume 8: Psychidae. Brill, Leiden. Bengtsson, B. Å. 1997 Microlepidoptera of Europe. Volume 2: Scythrididae. Apollo Books, Stenstrup. Bengtsson, B. Å. & Johansson, R. 2011 Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna. Fjärilar: Bronsmalarrullvingemalar. Lepidoptera: RoeslerstammiidaeLyonetiidae. ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. Bengtsson, B. Å., Johansson, R. & Palmqvist, G. 2008 Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna. Fjärilar: Käkmalar-säckspinnare. Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae-Psychidae. ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. Elsner, G., Huemer, P. & Tokár, Z. 1999 Die Palpenmotten (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) Mitteleuropas. F Slamka, Bratislava. Gaedike, R. 2015 Microlepidoptera of Europe 7. Tineidae I (Dryadaulinae, Hapsiferinae, Euplocaminae, Scardiinae, Nemapogoninae and Meessiinae). Brill, Leiden. Gaedike, R. 2019 Microlepidoptera of Europe 9. Tineidae II (Myrmecozelinae, Perissomasticinae, Tineinae, Hieroxestinae, Teichobiinae and Stathmopolitinae). Brill, Leiden. Gielis, C. 1996 Microlepidoptera of Europe 1. Pterophoridae. Apollo Books, Stenstrup. Goater, B., Nuss, M. & Speidel, W. 2005 Microlepidoptera of Europe 4. Pyraloidea I (Crambidae: Acentropinae, Evergestinae, Heliothelinae, Schoenobiinae, Scopariinae). Apollo Books, Stenstrup. Gregersen, K. & Karsholt, O. 2022 The Gelechiidae of North-West Europe. Norwegian Entomological Society, Oslo.

Huemer, P. & Karsholt, O. 1999 Microlepidoptera of Europe 1. Gelechiidae I. Apollo Books, Stenstrup. Huemer, P. & Karsholt, O. 2010 Microlepidoptera of Europe 6. Gelechiidae II. Apollo Books, Stenstrup. Johansson, R., Nielsen, E. S., van Nieukerken, E. J. & Gustafsson, B. 1990 The Nepticulidae and Opostegidae (Lepidoptera) of North West Europe. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 23 (parts 1 and 2). Scandinavian Science Press, Leiden. Karsholt, O. & Razowski, J. 1996 The Lepidoptera of Europe: A Distributional Checklist. Apollo Books, Stenstrup. Koster, S. & Sinev, S. 2003 Microlepidoptera of Europe 5. Momphidae s.l. Apollo Books, Stenstrup. Kuchlein, J. H. & Bot, L. E. J. 2010 Identification Keys to the Microlepidoptera of the Netherlands. TINEA Foundation & KNNV Publishing, Zeist. Leraut, P. 2012 Moths of Europe. Volume 3. Zygaenids, Pyralids 1 and Brachodids. N.A.P. Editions, Verrières-le Buisson. Leraut, P. 2014 Moths of Europe. Volume 4. Pyralids 2. N.A.P. Editions, Verrières-le Buisson. Palm, E. 1986 Nordeuropas Pyralider (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Fauna Bøger, Copenhagen. Palm, E. 1989 Nordeuropas Prydvinger (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). Fauna Bøger, Copenhagen. Razowski, J. 2002 Tortricidae of Europe. Volume 1. Tortricinae and Chiladanotinae. F Slamka, Bratislava. Razowski, J. 2003 Tortricidae of Europe. Volume 2. Olethreutinae. F Slamka, Bratislava. Slamka, F. 1997 Die Zünslerartigen (Pyraloidea) Mitteleuropas. F Slamka, Bratislava.

Introduction   23

Slamka, F. 2006 Pyraloidea of Europe 1/Pyralinae, Galleriinae, Epipaschiinae, Cathariinae & Odontiinae. F Slamka, Bratislava. Slamka, F. 2008 Pyraloidea of Europe 2/Crambinae & Schoenobiinae. F Slamka, Bratislava. Slamka, F. 2010 Pyraloidea of Central Europe. F Slamka, Bratislava. Slamka, F. 2013 Pyraloidea of Europe 3/Pyraustinae & Spilomelinae. F Slamka, Bratislava.

Slamka, F. 2019 Pyraloidea of Europe 4/Phycitinae – Part 1. F Slamka, Bratislava. Tokár, Z., Lvovsky, A. & Huemer, P. 2005 Die Oecophoridae s.l. (Lepidoptera) Mitteleuropas. F Slamka, Bratislava. Traugott-Olsen, E. & Schmidt Nielsen, E. 1977 The Elachistidae (Lepidoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 6. Scandinavian Science Press, Klampenborg.

Useful books on micro-moths and macro-moths Clancy, S., Top-Jensen, M. & Fibiger, M. 2012 Moths of Great Britain and Ireland: A Field Guide to All the Macromoths. BugBook Publishing, Oestermarie. Gandy, M. 2016 Moth. Reaktion Books, London. Henwood, B. P., Sterling, P. H. & Lewington, R. 2020 Field Guide to the Caterpillars of Great Britain and Ireland. Bloomsbury Publishing, London. Langmaid, J. R., Palmer, S. M. & Young, M. R. 2018 A Field Guide to the Smaller Moths of Great Britain and Ireland, 3rd ed. British Entomological & Natural History Society, London. Lees, D. C. & Zilli, A. 2019 Moths: Their Biology, Diversity and Evolution. The Natural History Museum, London. Leverton, R. 2001 Enjoying Moths. T & A D Poyser, London. Lowen, J. 2021 Much Ado About Mothing: A Year Intoxicated by Britain’s Rare and Remarkable Moths. Bloomsbury Publishing, London. Majerus, M. E. N. 2002 Moths. New Naturalist Series, HarperCollins, London.

Parenti, U. 2000 A Guide to the Microlepidoptera of Europe. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Turin. Randle, Z., Evans-Hill, L. J., Parsons, M. S., Tyner, A., Bourn, N. A. D., Davis, A. M., Dennis, E. B., O’Donnell, M., Prescott, T., Tordoff, G. M. & Fox, R. 2019 Atlas of Britain & Ireland’s Larger Moths. Pisces Publications, Newbury. Scoble, M. J. 1995 The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Skinner, B. 2009 Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles, 3rd revised ed. Apollo Books, Strenstrup. Townsend, M., Waring, P. & Lewington, R. 2019 Concise Guide to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland, 2nd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing, London. Waring, P., Townsend, M. & Lewington, R. 2017 Field Guide to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland, 3rd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing, London. Young, M. R. 1997 The Natural History of Moths. T & A D Poyser, London.

Other references Agassiz, D. J. L., Beavan, S. D. & Heckford, R. J. 2013 A Checklist of the Lepidoptera of the British Isles. Royal Entomological Society and Field Studies Council, St Albans (with subsequent updates published in The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation). Davis, A. M. 2012 A Review of the Status of Microlepidoptera in Britain. Butterfly Conservation Report No. S12-02. Butterfly Conservation, Wareham. Fry, R. & Waring, P. 2001 A guide to moth traps and their use. The Amateur Entomologist 24, 2nd ed. Amateur Entomologists’ Society, London. Haworth, A. H. 1803 Lepidoptera britannica: sistens digestionem novam insectorum quae in Magna Britannia reperiuntur. Linnaean Society, London.

Shirt, D. B. (ed.) 1987 British Red Data Books 2. Insects. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough. Sokoloff, P. 1980 Practical Hints for Collecting and Studying the Microlepidoptera. Amateur Entomologists’ Society, London. Stace, C. 2019 New Flora of the British Isles, 4th ed. C & M Floristics, Middlewood Green. Townsend, M. C., Clifton, J. & Goodey, B. 2010 British and Irish moths: An Illustrated Guide to Selected Difficult Species. Butterfly Conservation, Wareham. Wheeler, J. 2017 Micro Moth Vernacular Names: A Nomenclatural Checklist of British Microlepidoptera. Clifton & Wheeler, Hindolveston.

24  Introduction

Selected websites covering micro-moths In addition to the websites listed below, there are many county-based websites which cover micro-moths. These typically include distribution maps and many photographs, along with information relevant to the county. British Leafminers: www.leafmines.co.uk Photographs of leaf-mines, some larvae and pupae; covers some non-lepidopterous species; free newsletter available by email. British Lepidoptera: www.britishlepidoptera. weebly.com Photographs of adults of many species. Micro-moth images are at high magnification, as are dissected body parts such as legs and palps; includes genitalia; useful identification tips. Butterfly Conservation: www.butterflyconservation.org/moths/moth-resources-anddownloads/micro-moth-distribution-maps Includes distribution maps for UK micro-moths at a vice-county level covering data from c.1800 to 2014. Butterfly Conservation East Scotland: www. eastscotland-butterflies.org.uk Includes maps of the moths and butterflies of the whole of Scotland. d

Butterfly Conservation Wales: www.butterflyconservation.org/in-your-area/wales-office Includes a provisional moth list for Wales on a vice-county basis. Gelechiid Recording Scheme: www.gelechiid. co.uk Provides a wealth of information on species found in the British Isles, including many photographs and provisional distribution maps. Lepiforum (Germany): www.lepiforum.de A very large website with many excellent photographs, including the early stages; wide European coverage. In German, but Google will translate into English. Moth Dissection UK: www.mothdissection.co.uk Photographs of male and female genitalia of many species of macro- and micro-moth, including some species that are not on the British list. MothsIreland: www.mothsireland.com Includes maps of the moths and butterflies of the whole of Ireland. UKLeps: www.ukleps.org Images that complement those on the UKMoths website; covers all families; includes a section on feeding signs. UKMoths: ukmoths.org.uk Images, short descriptions and key features; covers all families.

Tapping vegetation onto a beating tray can dislodge both adults and larvae of micro-moths.



Introduction   25

Field study of micro-moths Searching for adults by day Searching by day for micro-moths can be very productive and remarkably little equipment is required, although there is a tendency to want to acquire more paraphernalia over time. At its simplest, all that is needed is a small kit bag containing a few transparent plastic boxes for larvae, glass or plastic tubes for adult moths, a roll of small plastic bags for foodplants and leaf-mines, a small collecting net, a ×10 hand lens, and a stout stick for tapping or brushing through vegetation. For daytime recording the addition of a beating tray or a sweep net can be an advantage, but beware of sweeping through wet vegetation, as this leaves small moths inevitably stuck with moisture to the material and impossible to identify from wing markings. Use of a bee-smoker may sound antiquated, but it can be remarkably effective in certain situations; on sand dunes, if the smoke is wafted into grassy overhangs, it can cause dozens of tiny moths, mainly in the Gelechiidae, to stream forth from their hideouts. Another neat trick for some species in the genus Elachista (Elachistidae) is to place a large sheet of black cloth over the habitat and to leave it for a few minutes. This simulates dusk, which encourages the moths to move up grass stems to sit on the cloth. Warm, sultry weather is usually good in that it encourages flight, and wandering through goodquality semi-natural habitats, such as chalk grassland and heathland, can be very rewarding. Most micro-moths are not fast flying and do not fly far if disturbed. However, cold conditions can also be helpful for recording some groups. Tapping branches of bushes onto a beating tray on cold, windless days in April and May allows adult moths to fall onto the tray, where they remain motionless and can be examined easily. This is a good way of finding species in the Eriocraniidae, or rarely seen species such as Scarce Rose Tortrix Phaneta pauperana and Dusted Fir Moth Pammene ochsenheimeriana. Any time between dawn and dusk may be fruitful for micro-moths. There are groups which are predominantly day-flying, e.g. Pyrausta (Crambidae). Some species prefer flying at dawn, e.g. Black-marked Diviner Semioscopis steinkellneriana, or in morning sunshine, e.g. Scarce Bagworm Bankesia conspurcatella, but late afternoon on a warm summer day is generally good for many, particularly for Tortricidae and Crambidae. Dusk is also excellent for some species, such as the subfamily Cochylinae (Tortricidae). Searching plants of a particular species for adult moths at rest can be instructive, as it is likely that the plant is used by those species in their life-cycle. For example, Tansy Plume Gillmeria ochrodactyla nectars at dusk on the flowers of Tansy, the larval foodplant, while Yarrow Plume Gillmeria pallidactyla is usually found among its foodplants, Yarrow and Sneezewort. Adults of these species from light traps are hard to tell apart without careful examination of the hindleg.

Pheromones Artificial pheromones, or sex-chemicals, which have been largely developed for monitoring and control of insect pests, are used to attract males of a species, often into specially designed pheromone traps. Pheromones for an increasingly wide range of moth species, especially micro-moths, are now available commercially. Recorders have noticed that as well as finding the target species they may attract several other species, which are sometimes unrelated to

26  Introduction

the target. For example, the pheromone for Plum Fruit Moth Grapholita funebrana is known to attract over 20 species from across seven families. This recording effort is demonstrating that some micro-moth species which were previously thought to be exceptionally rare, because they were not seen at light (a term used by recorders to refer to moths at light traps or other light sources) and were hardly ever observed in the field, appear to be much more widespread. For example, Tree Hollow Moth Triaxomasia caprimulgella, a moth very occasionally reported in the past two centuries within ancient hollowed out trees, turns out to be widespread in southern England and is found in urban gardens. Similarly, Ash Bark Tortrix Pammene suspectana, a species reported no more than a few times in the past two centuries, is locally common in some gardens where pheromone traps are used.

Searching for adults at night Adult micro-moths nectar on very similar flower species to macro-moths. Throughout the season, there is a succession of flowers which should be examined by torchlight. In spring, male catkins of Grey Willow and Goat Willow (both also known as sallows) are good for species emerging from hibernation, such as Red-eyed Buff Agonopterix ocellana. During summer, a variety of plants may produce results, including Common Ragwort, willowherbs and Wild Teasel. Buddleia can be particularly good; in south-east Dorset, a single flowering bush may support dozens of Rufous Pearl Udea fulvalis after dark. By autumn, Butterfly Stonecrop and Ivy blossom are good sources of nectar for plume moths, such as Twenty-plume Moth Alucita hexadactyla, Beautiful Plume Amblyptilia acanthadactyla and Common Plume Emmelina monodactyla.

Light trapping Much has already been written on this subject (e.g. Fry & Waring, 2001; Leverton, 2001), with new designs and new bulbs regularly coming on the market to suit different situations. Whatever means is chosen to attract moths overnight, there is always an element of hopeful expectation when approaching the trap the following morning. This pursuit offers potentially more exciting prospects for finding micro-moths than macro-moths as there is a higher chance d

A sociable evening trapping moths around a lamp on a sheet.

Introduction   27



of finding something interesting, due to there being a larger number of species about which generally less is known. However, there are several micro-moth families that are much less well represented at light than the rest (e.g. Micropterigidae, Nepticulidae, Incurvariidae, Prodoxidae, Psychidae and Scythrididae). Some individual species just do not seem to come to light much; given the billions of Horse-chestnut Leaf-miner Cameraria ohridella that plague the Horse-chestnut trees throughout much of mainland Britain, this moth is surprisingly poorly recorded at light. Occasionally one species is regularly found at light, even though congeners are not, e.g. Darkdotted Longhorn Nematopogon metaxella and Common Daisy Moth Dichrorampha acuminatana, and this can aid identification.

Searching for early stages It is the specialisation of the larval stage of micro-moths as well as the niches they are able to occupy as herbivores that allows them to stand head and shoulders above macro-moths in terms of diversity of structure and behaviour. Although this guide concentrates on the adult form, those moth enthusiasts who wish to extend their identification skills into the search for larvae, and rearing them on, are in for a treat that should last a lifetime. There is the added bonus that some life histories have yet to be unravelled, offering the prospect of publishing one’s findings in the entomological journals and magazines. Study of the early stages has been brought to life in recent years by two volumes of Micro-moth Field Tips (Smart, 2017, 2021), which describe how to find a selection of species month by month, and are richly d

Searching for moth larvae on limestone pavement in the Burren, County Clare.

28  Introduction

Larval gall of Rosebay Gall Mompha Mompha sturnipennella in Rosebay Willowherb.

u

The free-living larva of White Plume Pterophorus pentadactyla on a bindweed.

u

supported by high-quality photographs. Although these guides focus on species found in Lancashire and Cheshire, they are also relevant to all parts of Britain and Ireland. Almost every part of a plant has a micro-moth which eats it. The skill in searching for larvae of micro-moths lies in detecting the clues that they leave behind, and in separating these clues from damage or disease. Some larvae cause their host plant to change growth form. Several species in the Momphidae cause the stem of willowherb plants within which they feed to form a small swelling or gall, to branch more readily, and even to change colour from green to reddish. The typical free-living, leaf-eating larva commonly seen in macro-moths is a rarity in micromoths, seen frequently only in the plume moths (Pterophoridae). Most micro-moth larvae produce silk which is used to spin leaves together in which to hide, sometimes in a rough spinning like that produced by Large Fruit-tree Tortrix Archips podana on various shrubs, or in a neat conical roll, as in Willow Stilt Caloptilia stigmatella on willows. Larvae may live within a

Larval webs of Birdcherry Ermine Yponomeuta evonymella on Bird Cherry.

c

Introduction   29



u

Leaf-mines of Sorrel Dot Enteucha acetosae on Sheep’s Sorrel.

Larval case of Scarce Alder Casebearer Coleophora alnifoliae on Alder.

u

dense tangle of silk, such as the gregarious Bird-cherry Ermine Yponomeuta evonymella. The habit of leaf-mining, that is, burrowing within the lamina of a leaf and leaving behind a characteristic trace of feeding and frass, has been adopted within many families of micro-moth. The form of the mine, together with the plant species, can often be diagnostic of a particular species; even weeks after the larva has vacated the mine, its creator can sometimes be confirmed from the empty mine. For the smallest of species, larval growth can be completed as a leaf-miner, e.g. Eriocraniidae, Nepticulidae, Incurvariidae, Lyonetiidae and some Elachistidae. The larva of many species in the Gracillariidae changes feeding habit as it grows. For the first two or three instars it is a sap feeder, with semicircular mouthparts that point forward, scything into the plant cells as the head moves from side to side. Later, the head shape changes to a more familiar form, with chewing mouthparts, and the larva chews the parenchyma tissues within the leaf. Many of the Coleophoridae are also leaf-miners, but in this family the larva lives within a transportable case constructed of silk, leaves or leaf fragments. Usually the case is moved by the larva from one leaf to the next, then fixed in position with silk, from where the larva begins to mine the leaf. The larval case is often characteristic and can be a useful identification aid. Flowers, fruits and seeds all provide a source of food; for example, Cocksfoot Moth Glyphipterix simpliciella feeds on the seeds of Cock’s-foot grass, whereas Pea Moth Cydia nigricana feeds on the developing pods of several pea species. The flower-feeding habit may be transitory; for example, Copper-tip Longhorn Nemophora cupriacella feeds on the flowers of Devil’s-bit Scabious in its first instar, before it constructs a portable case, drops to the ground and continues to feed on fresh or wilted leaves. A few species feed on different parts of the plant, depending on what is available; for example, Coast Piercer Selania leplastriana can be found in the main stem, side shoots, flowers and seeds of Wild Cabbage. Some species feed in stems; for example, Yellow Cap Spuleria flavicaput feeds in the terminal twigs of hawthorns. A range of species are associated with leaf litter, dead wood and fungi, especially bracket fungi. The family that shows the greatest variety in this respect is the Tineidae,

30  Introduction

and some species in this family have further specialised to live on animal material, such as the Case-bearing Clothes Moth Tinea pellionella, which feeds on animal fibres. Quite a range of species feed on lower plants. Within the Tineidae, the Silver-barred Lichen Moth Infurcitinea argentimaculella makes silk tubes among lichens in the genus Lepraria, and in the Crambidae, the Coast Grey Eudonia lineola feeds among the lichen Xanthoria parietina on rocks and bark. Mosses are widely eaten, by representatives in the Micropterigidae, Psychidae, Oecophoridae, Gelechiidae, Tortricidae and Crambidae, but only one species in Britain, the Gold-barred Marble Celypha aurofasciana, is recorded as feeding on liverworts.

Rearing the early stages to adults One of the most effective ways to become proficient in identifying many micro-moths is to spend the first few years collecting larvae and rearing them on to adults. Freshly emerged adults which have not flown show all the diagnostic features that should be present on trapcaught examples, but which have often been lost. For larvae that make a spinning, try to keep the host plant fresh, minimising disturbance while exchanging the plant for fresh material. It is usually best to collect only the largest larvae, as it may be only a matter of days before pupation occurs. Growing or buying potted plants of appropriate species, releasing larvae onto them, and netting the pot to prevent escape is a very effective way of rearing many species, especially those that feed late into the autumn before pupating, or that feed in autumn and spring. It is important to understand the best medium for successful pupation. Although larvae of many species that feed in the spring and summer, and hatch the same year, are happy to pupate in folds in paper tissue placed at the bottom of the rearing container, the overwintering of fully fed larvae is often tricky. For example, many species of Cydia (Tortricidae) seem to prefer soft dead wood in which to make their cocoon. However, dead wood often contains numerous small invertebrates, including predatory ones, which live and hide among the fibres of the wood and may feed on micro-moth larvae that have been introduced for pupation. It is best to bake the wood beforehand in an oven for about 20 minutes. Once the micro-moth larvae have disappeared into the wood, the wood should be placed in a flowerpot, which is then covered top and bottom with fine mesh netting to prevent unwelcome predatory visitors during the winter, and placed outdoors in dappled shade and half buried in soil, until the following spring. Leaf-miners need careful treatment over winter. Many of the Gracillariidae, especially Phyllonorycter, hibernate within the leaf-mine. Intact mines are best placed in a plastic flower­pot covered with a netting or stocking sleeve and suspended above ground in a sheltered, shady position. There are two methods for looking after Nepticulidae, almost all larvae of which vacate the mine to pupate. For most Stigmella species it is sufficient to allow the larvae to pupate in a jam jar half filled with loose, slightly damp moss, to remove the leaves once the larvae have vacated, and then to store the sealed jar in a cold shed until spring. However, for Ectoedemia the moss should be laid on compost in a flowerpot, covered with netting or stocking as described above, and then placed outdoors, in shade.



Introduction   31

Collecting and preparing material as vouchers Identifying with certainty every species of micro-moth that one encounters requires experience and patience, and the need from time to time to take voucher specimens. Vouchers enable the county recorder or others to confirm the identity subsequently, especially by dissection. Freshly killed specimens that require subsequent identification should at least be pinned through the thorax and appropriately labelled, and should preferably have the wings spread. Specimens which are rolling around dead in the bottom of a plastic tube tend to lose their markings, and are not an exciting prospect for an expert willing to help a new recorder. Similarly, unpinned micro-moths laid on cotton wool tend to adopt a ‘head-down’ position within the fibres, and are then difficult to extract without losing scales. The specimen should have a small label pinned to it giving details of location (ideally with six-figure grid reference), date, how it was found and any life-history details, and the recorder’s name. Further information on preparing micro-moths can be found in Sokoloff (1980).

Photography The advent of affordable digital cameras with in-built high-quality macro lenses has allowed recorders to snap away at a trap full of moths, and many species can be identified in this way. Digital images are also easy to share and compare, and numerous websites, social media channels and recorder blogs are now available. However, such images have limitations when trying to identify micro-moths. Without a scale it can be difficult to work out the true size of the moth, and wing markings may be obscured by annoying reflections and shadows. A moderate file size is also important; tiny thumbnail images are often too small to distinguish detail, while large images do not necessarily make it any easier, as identification is rarely dependent on the presence or absence of one or two scales on a wing. Remember that a photograph or digital image is no substitute for a voucher. However good the picture may be, it cannot be dissected!

Changes in distribution and conservation of micro-moths The patterns of change which have been charted in the populations and distributions of British butterflies and macro-moths are also reflected in micro-moths, but the available data supporting these changes are nowhere near as detailed. Similarly, the effort that has been invested nationally in the conservation of butterflies outstrips that for macro-moths, while that for micro-moths is still in its relative infancy. This is not to say that the case for the conservation of micro-moths is any weaker. Indeed, among the large range of species in Britain and Ireland there are many that appear threatened, and some that are vulnerable to extinction. There are changes in the distribution of micro-moth species happening every bit as fast as with macro-moths, and the reasons for this appear to be similar. Plenty of species are showing a huge extension of range. For example, the Horse-chestnut Leaf-miner Cameraria ohridella has rapidly spread throughout much of north-western Europe recently, demonstrating phenomenal powers of dispersal. Others are known to be declining, and it may well be that a very few species have become extinct recently, such as Least Runner Scythris siccella. For several years, the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) commissioned reviews of scarce and threatened micro-moth species in its UK Nature Conservation series. Sadly, insufficient resources were allocated to these reviews, and they ceased publication in 2000. A few micro-moths are also included in British Red Data Books 2. Insects (Shirt, 1987), and more

32  Introduction

recently a review by Davis (2012) has proposed a conservation status for each micro-moth species in Britain. Reliable data on reductions in the range of micro-moths are hard to come by. Following the success of the Atlas of Britain & Ireland’s Larger Moths (Randle et al., 2019) it would be beneficial for similarly fine-scale distribution maps to be produced for micro-moths, to help to identify trends and conservation priorities. At a time when there is a greater awareness of the natural environment and an acknowledged biodiversity crisis, there are few projects that focus on micro-moths. In the review of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) in 2007, and through the efforts of the conservation charity Butterfly Conservation, several micro-moths were recognised as UK BAP Priority species. The charity continues to coordinate survey and conservation effort on several of these and other species, engaging with landowners and site managers where appropriate (e.g. on the suite of scarce and rare micro-moths associated with Dyer’s Greenweed). Rapid changes to the countryside in the past century, the disappearance of widespread tracts of semi-natural grassland, woodlands and hedgerows, and the change to plantation forestry and intensive agriculture all have their part to play in the impacts on moth and butterfly populations. In essence, there has been a massive decline in areas of semi-natural habitat, and that which remains has not been adequately managed due to a lack of incentives for landowners to look after land with marginal economic returns. Climate change is also a significant driver aiding the arrival of and potential colonisation by previously unrecorded species, and it may help some species to expand their range. Yet others are threatened with extinction, such as those that are confined to one or a few isolated sites where their habitats are undergoing climate-induced vegetation changes and where opportunities to disperse to suitable sites elsewhere are not available. There are some reasons for optimism about the future. Environmental land management schemes, for agricultural and forestry systems, do now recognise and value biodiversity and the need for management to maintain structural and floristic diversity of habitats for invertebrates. There have been some notable success stories. Lowland heathland in Dorset, which has been largely protected from further destruction and fragmentation since the 1980s, appeared to be in inexorable decline because of the spread of scrub and secondary woodland across the open heaths. Management effort across almost all of the remaining sites in the past 30 or more years has now arrested this decline, and is starting to put in place long-term management solutions, such as light grazing and also the creation of bare ground specifically for invertebrates. It is a delight to walk on these heaths in summer, teeming as they are with invertebrate life, including micro-moths. We hope that this second edition will play its part in continuing to raise the profile and highlight the importance of micro-moths to conservation organisations and landowners, and in giving this fascinating and diverse group of invertebrates wider recognition in wildlife conservation decision making.

Societies and local recording groups Amateur Entomologists’ Society A society for all ages and experience. Publishes The Bulletin, The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation, books and leaflets; holds an annual exhibition and trade fair. Contact: AES, PO Box 8774, London SW7 5ZG; www.amentsoc.org



Introduction   33

British Entomological & Natural History Society The national society for field entomologists, including many active micro-moth recorders. Publishes the British Journal of Entomology and Natural History; organises an annual exhibition and series of lectures and field meetings; maintains its own library, reference collection and lecture space in Reading, Berkshire. Contact: The Secretary, c/o The Pelham-Clinton Building, Dinton Pastures Country Park, Davis Street, Hurst, Reading RG10 0TH; www.benhs.org.uk Butterfly Conservation The national charity for the conservation of moths and butterflies. Runs the National Moth Recording Scheme; publishes a members’ magazine, Butterfly, and organises national recording meetings, members’ days and international symposia. It has 32 branches across the UK run by volunteers, and between them these branches organise hundreds of events and work parties every year, many of which are helping to record and conserve moths. Contact: Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Wareham BH20 5QP; www.butterfly-conservation.org Royal Entomological Society The society for professional and amateur entomologists, which is devoted to the understanding and development of insect science. Publishes various journals, organises international symposia and maintains a comprehensive library. Contact: RES, The Mansion House, Chiswell Green Lane, St Albans AL2 3NS; www.royensoc.co.uk Local Records Centres The focal point in many counties for the management and dissemination of wildlife records. These centres may work as a conduit between local moth-recording groups, County Moth Recorders and Butterfly Conservation to coordinate records management. Find your local records centre via the Association of Local Environmental Records Centres at www.alerc.org.uk

Local moth-recording groups, County Moth Recorders and county lists There are many local moth-recording groups which are self-organised by dedicated volunteers, and some of them maintain websites offering information on the status of species within a county or area, and report on the latest sightings of macro- and micro-moths. Almost all counties have a County Moth Recorder, in some cases with separate individuals for micro-moths and macro-moths. They collate and verify records at the county (or vice-county) level, and some also produce newsletters, organise field and indoor meetings, etc. Often these individuals are key coordinators of the local recording group. Records should be forwarded to the relevant County Moth Recorder at least at the end of each year. You can find the contact details for your County Moth Recorder via the Butterfly Conservation website (www.butterfly-conservation.org/ moths/moth-recording/county-moth-recorders). Many individual county moth lists have been published, and these provide a good guide to species that may occur at particular localities.

Journals There are three main journals, well known to most British and Irish lepidopterists, which regularly publish articles, and notes and observations, on micro-moths: Atropos, the Entomologist’s Gazette (incorporated into Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine from 2023) and the Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. The Entomologist’s Record publishes an annual review of new vice-county records of micro-moths, and the Atropos website hosts the Flight Arrivals page, which reports the findings of immigrants (www.atropos.info/flight-arrivals-recordings/).

34  Introduction

Macro-moths and other insects that look like micro-moths There are a few macro-moths and species in other insect Orders that are commonly mistaken for micro-moths. They include smaller moth species in the Nolidae and Erebidae. Illustrations of the most frequent culprits are shown below. Oak Nycteoline

Oak Nycteoline Nycteola revayana

Varied Tortrix Acleris hastiana

Oak Nycteoline Nycteola revayana (Nolidae) resembles several species in the Tortricidae, especially the genera Acleris (pp.357–65) and Archips (pp.346–47). Oak Nycteoline has long, straight palps.

Green Oak Tortrix Tortrix viridana

Cream-bordered Green Pea Earias clorana (Erebidae) is very similar to Green Oak Tortrix Tortrix viridana (p.357). Cream-bordered Green Pea has a distinct white line along the costa and yellowish, sometimes reddish, cilia.

Cream-bordered Green Pea

Cream-bordered Green Pea Earias clorana Erebidae

Small Marbled Eublemma parva

Straw Dot Rivula sericealis

Pinion-streaked Snout Schrankia costaestrigalis

Marsh Oblique-barred Hypenodes humidalis

Several species in the Erebidae, including Small Marbled Eublemma parva, Straw Dot Rivula sericealis, Pinion-streaked Snout Schrankia costaestrigalis and Marsh Oblique-barred Hypenodes humidalis resemble species in both Crambidae and Pyralidae, but the macro-moths lack scale tufts at the base of the proboscis.

Owl-midges

x4

Owl-midge Psychodes spp. (Diptera)

Netted Bagworm Whittleia retiella

Owl-midges or moth-flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) which, as the name suggests, have a moth-like appearance and flight, are probably most similar to micro-moths in the Psychidae (p.85). However, owl-midges, like all true flies, have only one pair of wings. The long hairs on the wings, abdomen and thorax give these flies a furry appearance.

Introduction   35



Whiteflies

x4 Cabbage Whitefly Aleyrodes proletella (Hemiptera)

Silver Grass-miner Elachista argentella

Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are somewhat moth-like in flight, and have four wings, perhaps resembling white species of micro-moths in the Elachistidae, but the wings are waxy, with no scales. These bugs are also tiny, usually less than 2–3mm, and very few moths are this small.

Caddisflies

x3

x2

Grouse Wing Mystacides longicornis (Trichoptera)

Agrypnia varia (Trichoptera)

Hydroptila spp. (Trichoptera)

Common Grass-miner Elachista canapennella

Caddisflies (Trichoptera) are frequently attracted to moth-trap lights and so are commonly found among moths. A number of the larger species have a passing resemblance to Pyralidae, and those with long antennae could be confused with Adelidae. However, the wings, thorax and body of all caddisflies have a sparse covering of hairs, not plate-like scales. The micro-caddisflies (Hydroptilidae) are frequently confused with dark species of micro-moths in the Elachistidae, as they are of similar size, but can be separated easily under a hand lens. These micro-caddisflies run faster than micro-moths. Lacewings and Alderflies

x2 Brown Lacewing Hemerobius humulinus (Neuroptera)

x4 Lacewing Conwentzia psociformis (Neuroptera)

Alderfly Sialis lutaria (Megaloptera)

The way some Lacewings (Neuroptera) and Alderflies (Megaloptera) fly during the daytime can lead to confusion with day-flying micro-moths.

36  

Key to families

T

his section of the field guide provides a key to separate micro-moths at a higher taxonomic level. When identifying moths we tend to rely rather too heavily on wing markings to separate species, and we can struggle to put a name to a micro-moth with plain grey or brown forewings. A quick examination of structures and features other than forewing markings may rule out most of the look-alikes. There are several keys to families already available, including Meyrick ([1928]) and Heath & Emmet (1985), covering most British and Irish Lepidoptera, and more recently by Kuchlein & Bot (2010), covering micro-moth families in the Netherlands. This key, based on original work by Martin Corley, is not presented in the form of a traditional dichotomous key. It is intended to help the reader to assign a micro-moth to the most likely family, subfamily or genus. Micro-moth families are defined by a range of characters. Several of these are not readily seen externally, or require dissection, such as ocelli, wing venation, tympanal organs, genitalia and other abdominal features, but they can be among the most important characters for identification. Examination of these characters usually requires the moth to be dead, and can involve invasive and time-consuming techniques which are rarely practised by amateurs, except for genitalia dissection. This key has been written to assist those who would rather not kill or damage moths, and it avoids invasive examination. However, some practice will be needed to find tiny characters such as the ocelli, and for certain characters, such as examination of the shape and width of the hindwing, it is often helpful to anaesthetise the moth temporarily by placing it in a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere in a stoppered tube for several seconds. The CO2 dispensers and cartridges used in the food and drinks trade serve this purpose well. In this synopsis, features such as resting position of the antennae, wings and body of a living example are preferred. The position of the antennae in a moth at rest may be different from that in a moth that is restless but not moving, so antennae are best examined after a moth has been cooled for an hour or so in a fridge. Other characters should be visible with a hand lens or a low-power binocular microscope. There are two sets of families which cannot be separated using this key, namely the Crambidae and Pyralidae, and the Yponomeutidae, Argyresthiidae and Scythropiidae. The key covers the 49 micro-moth families described in the main text of this field guide. In theory, it should be straightforward to familiarise oneself with the general ’jizz’ of 11 families which together encompass 80% of the micro-moths listed in the guide, but some of these families are very diverse. The remaining 38 families, all of which contain small numbers of species, include some of the most abundant British moths, such as Diamond-back Moth Plutella xylostella, Cocksfoot Moth Glyphipterix simpliciella and Nettle-tap Anthophila fabriciana. The family Heliodinidae has been omitted from this guide, as the one species ever recorded in Britain, Rösel’s Sun Moth Heliodines roesella, is presumed extinct. The key applies only to British and Irish micro-moths.

Key to families   37



Working through the key There are 17 groups, each of which contains one or more families. We advise starting with Group A, moving on to Group B, and so on through the key. If the characters of the example that is being examined appear to match a group, work through all the characters in that group to check for a good match. If they do not match, move on to the next group. Once a plausible family has been found for the moth, check the illustrations adjacent and then turn to that family in the main section of the book. Groups A to D use obvious characters. Groups E and F encompass the large and diverse families, Tortricidae and Crambidae/Pyralidae, which include a high proportion of the most familiar micro-moths, and most of the larger species. Because these families are so diverse, it has not been possible to pick just one or two characters that define them. Groups G to Q use characters that require microscopic examination, and the moths will normally need to be torpid, except for Group I, where the activity of the wings of the moths is characteristic. After the key there is a miscellaneous group covering a range of conspicuous features that are worth learning as useful field characters. Technical terms are used alongside illustrations to guide the reader to the part of the moth that should be examined. A full explanation of the terms used is provided in the Introduction (p.11). d

Gorse Buff Agonopterix umbellana.

38   Key to families

Group A  Females with wings absent or much reduced i Wingless* a Terrestrial ➜ Psychidae (part) (p.85) b Aquatic ➜ Acentria (Crambidae) (p.454) ii Wings reduced* a Labial palps well developed ➜ Chimabachidae (p.171) b Labial palps shorter than diameter of the eye ➜ Exapate (Tortricidae) (p.343) * Several macro-moths in the Geometridae also have females with wings absent or reduced

ia wingless female iia female of Dasystoma salicella Acanthopsyche atra (Psychidae) (Chimabachidae)

iib female of Exapate congelatella (Tortricidae)

Group B  Forewings at rest usually held away from the body, with the costa perpendicular or obtusely angled to the body; wings either divided into ‘fingers’ or entire and rolled into a tube i Wings divided into fingers a Wings divided into six fingers each; legs short; when in torpor, wings may be held flat over the body ➜ Alucitidae (p.324) b Forewings divided towards the termen into two fingers, sometimes with the dorsal finger tucked under the costal; hindwings with three fingers; legs very long ➜ Pterophoridae (part) (p.325) ii Wings rolled into a tube, obtusely angled to the body and raised at an angle; legs very long ➜ Agdistis (Pterophoridae) (p.325)

ia Alucita hexadactyla (Alucitidae)

ib Amblyptilia acanthadactyla (Pterophoridae)

ii Agdistis bennetii (Pterophoridae)

Group C  Antennae >1.5× length of the forewing (exception: Cauchas fibulella); adult rests roof-like with the forewing apex rounded and termen oblique; mainly diurnal species ➜ Adelidae (p.74)

Nemophora degeerella (Adelidae)

Cauchas fibulella (Adelidae)

Key to families   39



Group D  Male antennae distinctly pectinate or bipectinate* i Antennae pectinate ➜ Incurvaria (Incurvariidae) (p.78) ii Antennae bipectinate a pectinations long, sparsely covered with short individual hairs ➜ Psychidae (part) (p.85) b pectinations short, each with a pencil of long hairs ➜ Philedone, Philedonides (Tortricidae) (p.343) * Diurnea lipsiella, Dasystoma (Chimabachidae) have ciliate pectinations not branches of the antennal segments

iia Epichnopterix plumella (Psychidae)

i Incurvaria pectinea (Incurvariidae)

iib Philedonides lunana (Tortricidae)

Group E  Top of the head with dense erect (like a carpet pile) or raised scales; labial palps usually pointing straight forward, the second segment densely scaled, the third segment small; ocelli present, but small and hard to observe; forewings broad, hindwings broad (note that Sparganothis has long, forward-pointing palps) ➜ Tortricidae (part) (p.343) ocellus

head of Tortricidae

Archips podana (Tortricidae)

Sparganothis pilleriana (Tortricidae)

Agapeta zoegana (Tortricidae)

Group F  Head with raised scales on the crown, face smooth or with raised or erect scales; labial palps variable, often directed forwards or upwards, second segment sometimes long or very long, clothed in scales in a slender tubular form, not triangular or ovoid; maxillary palps developed, sometimes concealed by labial palps; forewings broad or narrow, hindwings broad; wings wrapped around the abdomen, or held flat and overlapping or extended; legs may be long ➜ Pyralidae (p.436), Crambidae (part) (p.454)

head of Crambidae

Pyrausta nigrata (Crambidae)

Hypsopygia glaucinalis (Pyralidae)

Myelois circumvoluta (Pyralidae)

Group G  Moth rests with hindlegs in the air i Wings rolled round the abdomen; hindlegs held in front of midlegs ➜ Stathmopodidae (p.320) ii Wings held flat, slightly diverging i Stathmopoda pedella ➜ Schreckensteiniidae (p.336) (Stathmopodidae)

ii Schreckensteinia festaliella (Schreckensteiniidae)

40   Key to families

Group H  Moth rests with antennae directed forwards, often parallel to one another i Top of head smooth a Forewings with a crossband or opposed costal and tornal spots ➜ Esperia (Oecophoridae) (p.164) b Forewings, if marked, then lacking a crossband or opposed spots ➜ Coleophoridae (p.281) ii Top of head with erect or raised scales ➜ Ypsolopha (Ypsolophidae) (p.137), Plutellidae (p.141)

ia Esperia sulphurella (Oecophoridae)

ib Coleophora albitarsella (Coleophoridae)

ib Coleophora lineolea (Coleophoridae)

i head of Oecophoridae

ii Ypsolopha parenthesella (Ypsolophidae) ii head of Ypsolophidae

ii Rhigognostis annulatella (Plutellidae)

ii head of Plutellidae

Group I  At rest, moth characteristically raises and lowers its wings; forewings dark; ocelli present; diurnal species ➜ Glyphipterigidae (part) (p.143)

head of Glyphipterigidae

Glyphipterix haworthana (Glyphipterigidae)

Group J  Moth rests with wings held flat and a little apart; ocelli present (exception: in Tebenna the forewings are held somewhat roof-like, the apices tucked down and pressed together) ➜ Choreutidae (p.340)

head of Choreutidae

Anthophila fabriciana (Choreutidae)

Tebenna micalis (Choreutidae)

Key to families   41



Group K  Antennae with conspicuous eye-cap at base; typically, small or very small moths (FL 1.5–6mm) i Antennae equal in length to or longer than wings ➜ Lyonetia (Lyonetiidae) (p.154) ii Antennae half to three-quarters forewing length a Top of head with spiky scales 1 Face short, not projecting far below the eyes; eye-caps contrasting in colour with the head; wing scales rather coarse ➜ Nepticulidae (p.57) 2 Face long, projecting well below the eyes; eye-caps similar in colour to the head (exception: Bucculatrix thoracella); wing scales not coarse ➜ Bucculatricidae (p.101) b Top of head with smooth scales 1 Wings at rest roof-like, at shallow angle; eye-cap conspicuous when moth is active; maxillary palps well developed ➜ Opostegidae (p.71) 2 Wings at rest roof-like, at steep angle; all palps rudimentary + Forewings with metallic spot at the tornus ➜ Leucoptera (Lyonetiidae) (p.154) ++ Forewings with conspicuous black dot near the apex ➜ Phyllocnistis (Gracillariidae) (p.106)

i head of Lyonetiidae

iia2 head of Bucculatricidae

iib1 Pseudopostega crepusculella (Opostegidae)

i Lyonetia clerkella (Lyonetiidae)

iia1 head of Nepticulidae

iia1 Stigmella aurella (Nepticulidae)

iia2 Bucculatrix thoracella (Bucculatricidae)

iib2+ Leucoptera laburnella (Lyonetiidae)

iib1 head of Opostegidae

iib2++ Phyllocnistis xenia (Gracillariidae)

Group L  Top of head appearing smooth, but with a ridge between the base of the antennae; typically small moths (FL 3.5–6mm) i Scales on top of the head directed forwards, forming a shelf over a smooth face; antennal scape with a pecten of a single bristle thickened at the base ➜ Tischeriidae (p.83) ii Scales between the antennae forming a ridge, but not a shelf over the face; antennal scape without a pecten ➜ Oinophila (Tineidae) (p.91)



pecten

i head of Tischeriidae

i Coptotriche marginea (Tischeriidae)

ii head of Oinophila (Tineidae)

ii Oinophila v-flava (Tineidae)

42   Key to families

Group M  Top of head with spiky or erect scales; no eye-cap at base of the antenna i Hindwings broad, with dorsal cilia not longer than width of the wing a Head densely covered with long spiky scales 1 Face spiky-scaled, shape and size of forewing and hindwing similar ➜ Eriocraniidae (p.54) 2 Face smooth-scaled ➜ Ochsenheimeria (Ypsolophidae) (p.137) b Head with erect scales 1 Face with erect scales + Maxillary palps long, folded; mandibles present; shape and size of the forewing and hindwing similar ➜ Micropterigidae (p.52) ++ Mandibles absent; labial palps well developed, with lateral bristles ➜ Tineidae (part) (p.91) +++ Mandibles absent; labial palps rather weak, lacking lateral bristles • Forewings opaque, covered with plate-like scales, the veins hardly visible when lit from beneath ➜ Phylloporia (Incurvariidae) (p.78), Prodoxidae (p.81) •• Forewings slightly or moderately translucent, sparsely covered with plate-like or hair-like scales, the veins clearly visible when lit from beneath ➜ Psychidae (part) (p.85) 2 Face smooth + Antennae without cilia ➜ Yponomeutidae (p.130), Argyresthiidae (p.148), Scythropiidae (p.161) ++ Antennae dark with fine whitish cilia, scape with a pecten on the basal third ➜ Amphisbatis (Lypusidae) (p.173)

ia1 Eriocrania unimaculella (Eriocraniidae) i hindwing of Eriocrania unimaculella (Eriocraniidae) ia1 head of Eriocraniidae

ia2 head of Ochsenheimeria (Ypsolophidae)

ia2 Ochsenheimeria taurella (Ypsolophidae)

ib1++ Tinea trinotella (Tineidae)

bristle ib1++ head of Tineidae

ib1+++•• head of Psychidae

ib1+ head of Micropterigidae

ib1+++•• Psyche casta (Psychidae)

ib1+ Micropterix tunbergella (Micropterigidae)

ib1+++• Lampronia corticella (Prodoxidae) ib1+++• head of Prodoxidae

ib2+ head of Yponomeutidae

ib2+ Yponomeuta rorrella (Yponomeutidae)

ib2++ antenna of Amphisbatis incongruella (Lypusidae)

Key to families   43

ii Hindwings narrow, with dorsal cilia at least twice as long as width of the wing a Forewings with distinct pattern ➜ Gracillariidae (part) (p.106) b Forewings speckled but without a pattern ➜ Bedelliidae (p.160)

ii hindwing of Caloptilia rufipennella (Gracillariidae)

iia Cameraria ohridella (Gracillariidae)

iib Bedellia somnulentella (Bedelliidae)

In Groups N to Q the top of the head is smooth or has raised scales, and eye-caps are lacking or not conspicuous; the position of the palps in live examples may be different from that on dead specimens Group N  Labial palps directed forwards or downwards, or slightly curved and weakly ascending i Hindwings narrower than forewings; small moths (FL 2.5–6.5mm) a Resting position nearly horizontal; FL 3–6.5mm; labial palps slender, weakly ascending ➜ Elachistidae (p.300) b Resting position with front end raised; FL 2.5–4mm 1 Forewings shining grey or with metallic markings consisting of a crossband and two spots; labial palps short and drooping ➜ Heliozelidae (p.72) 2 Blackish-grey moths, with or without tornal white spot or fine white crossline; labial palps short, forward pointing ➜ Douglasiidae (p.162) ii Hindwings as wide as or wider than forewings; small to medium-sized moths (FL 3–10mm) a Terminal segment of labial palps small, slender and pointed, ascending from a long second joint ➜ Oecophoridae (part) (p.164) b Terminal joint of labial palps pointing forwards or downwards ➜ Chimabachidae (males) (p.171)

ia head of Elachistidae

ia Elachista argentella (Elachistidae)

ib1 head of Heliozelidae

ib1 Antispila metalella (Heliozelidae)

iia head of Oecophoridae ib2 head of Douglasiidae

ib2 Tinagma ocnerostomella (Douglasiidae)

iib Diurnea fagella (Chimabachidae) iia Pleurota bicostella (Oecophoridae)

iib head of Chimabachidae

44   Key to families

Group O  Labial palps curving up around face i Labial palps pointed or blunt, not or barely extending to the top of the head; tongue not scaled a Antennae as long, or almost as long, as the forewings ➜ Gracillariidae (part) (p.106) b Antennae about half to three-quarters forewing length 1 Thorax with a posterior crest ➜ Digitivalva–Acrolepia (Glyphipterigidae) (p.143) 2 Thorax without a posterior crest + Dorsum of the forewing with one or more scale-teeth ➜ Epermeniidae (part) (p.337) ++ Dorsum of the forewing without scale-teeth • Forewings plain metallic bronze; antennae blackish, usually with a white section before the apex ➜ Roeslerstammiidae (p.100) •• Forewings straw-coloured, termen straight; large species (FL 9–14mm) ➜ Orthotelia (Glyphipterigidae) (p.143) ••• Forewings coloured otherwise; small to medium species (FL 4–8mm) ➜ Praydidae (p.158), Epermeniidae (part) (p.337) ii Labial palps long, usually pointed and reaching nearly to the top of the head or beyond; tongue scaled a Hindwing apex drawn into a finger-like extension; forewing apex rounded, termen oblique ➜ Gelechiidae (p.190) b Hindwings broad, length of dorsal cilia less than twice width of wing ➜ Group P c Hindwings narrow, length of dorsal cilia at least twice width of wing ➜ Group Q

ia head of Gracillariidae

ib2++• Roeslerstammia erxlebella (Roeslerstammiidae)

iia head of Gelechiidae

ia Caloptilia betulicola (Gracillariidae)

ib1 Acrolepia autumnitella (Glyphipterigidae)

ib2++•• Orthotelia sparganella (Glyphipterigidae)

iia hindwing of Aproaerema (Gelechiidae)

iib hindwing of Acompsia (Gelechiidae)

ib2+ Epermenia chaerophyllella (Epermeniidae)

ib2++••• Phaulernis fulviguttella (Epermeniidae)

iic hindwing of Carpatolechia (Gelechiidae)

Group P  Labial palps curving up, pointed; hindwings broad i Thorax white with conspicuous black dots or entirely black ➜ Ethmiidae (p.184) ii Forewings broad, at rest overlapping and nearly flat a Antennae as long as the forewing (often hidden at rest) ➜ Peleopodidae (p.174) b Antennae shorter than the forewing ➜ Depressariidae (p.175), Oecophoridae (part) (p.164) iii Forewings blackish with two or three pale yellow crossbands or several spots and a pale thorax ➜ Autostichidae (p.163) iv Moth rests roof-like; thorax without conspicuous black dots ➜ Agnoea (Lypusidae) (p.173), Oecophoridae (part) (p.164)

Key to families   45



i head of Ethmiidae

i Ethmia dodecea (Ethmiidae)

iib Endrosis sarcitrella (Oecophoridae)

iii Oegoconia quadripuncta (Autostichidae)

iia Carcina quercana (Peleopodidae)

iib Semioscopis steinkellneriana (Depressariidae)

iv Agnoea josephinae (Lypusidae)

iv Crassa tinctella (Oecophoridae)

Group Q  Labial palps curving up, pointed; hindwings very narrow or narrow i Forewing four to five times as long as wide a Dorsal surface of the abdomen with a narrow transverse band on every segment, devoid of plate-like scales but sparsely covered with long setae; male antennae with weak eye-cap and notch on second segment ➜ Blastobasidae (p.318) b Abdomen fully clothed in plate-like scales, without a visible band; antennae of both sexes with thickened first segment, without eye-cap and notch 1 Forewings with metallic markings or raised scales ➜ Pancalia (Cosmopterigidae) (p.186), Momphidae (part) (p.311), Parametriotidae (p.308) 2 Forewings without metallic markings or raised tufts of scales ➜ Momphidae (part) (p.311), Scythrididae (p.321), Oecophoridae (part) (p.164) ii Forewing six to eight times as long as wide a Forewings with metallic marks or raised tufts of scales ➜ Cosmopterigidae (part) (p.186) b Forewings without metallic scales or obvious scale tufts ➜ Limnaecia (Cosmopterigidae) (p.186), Batrachedridae (p.280)

ia body and base of antenna (male) of Blastobasis (Blastobasidae)

ib1 head of Momphidae

ia Blastobasis adustella (Blastobasidae)

ib1 Mompha locupletella (Momphidae)

ib1 head of Cosmopterigidae

ib1 head of Parametriotidae

ib1 Pancalia leuwenhoekella (Cosmopterigidae)

ib1 Chrysoclista lathamella (Parametriotidae)

46   Key to families

Group Q (continued)

ib2 Scythris grandipennis (Scythrididae)

ib2 Mompha subbistrigella (Momphidae)

ib2 Batia lunaris (Oecophoridae) iib Batrachedra praeangusta (Batrachedridae)

iia Cosmopterix pulchrimella (Cosmopterigidae) iib Limnaecia phragmitella (Cosmopterigidae)

Miscellaneous conspicuous features of some micro-moths i Moth declines at rest with head down ➜ Most Argyresthiidae; Zelleria, some Swammerdamia and related genera (Yponomeutidae); some Ypsolopha (Ypsolophidae); Crassa unitella (Oecophoridae); Cosmopterix (Cosmopterigidae); some Pediasia (Crambidae)

i Zelleria hepariella (Yponomeutidae)

i Ypsolopha lucella (Ypsolophidae)

ii Antennae unusually long (about as long as forewing or longer) ➜ Adelidae; Bedelliidae; genera Caloptilia to Leucospilapteryx (Gracillariidae); Lyonetia (Lyonetiidae); Peleopodidae

ii Adela croesella (Adelidae)

ii Gracillaria syringella (Gracillariidae)

iii Forewings with raised non-metallic scales on their surface ➜ Stenoptinea (Tineidae); some Ypsolophidae; Chimabachidae; Teleiodes and related genera, Psoricoptera (Gelechiidae); Momphidae; Sorhagenia (Cosmopterigidae); Luquetia (Depressariidae), Blastodacna, Spuleria (Parametriotidae); Phtheochroa, Acleris (Tortricidae); some Pyralidae

iii Mompha conturbatella (Momphidae)

iii Acleris cristana (Tortricidae)

iv Forewings with metallic silver or golden scales on their surface ➜ Micropterix aureatella (Micropterigidae); some Stigmella (Nepticulidae); Antispila (Heliozelidae); some Phyllonorycter (Gracillariidae); some Choreutidae; some Glyphipterigidae; Leucoptera (Lyonetiidae); a few Coleophoridae; a few Elachistidae; a few Oecophoridae; a few Gelechiidae; a few Momphidae; Cosmopterix (Cosmopterigidae); Chrysoclista (Parametriotidae); some Tortricidae; a few Crambidae

iv Micropterix aureatella (Micropterigidae)

iv Cosmopterix orichalcea (Cosmopterigidae)

   47

At-a-glance guide to micro-moths

T

his section provides a quick reference to the 49 families of micro-moths in Britain and Ireland that are covered in this field guide, illustrating one or more species from each family, to help beginners to find their way through the diversity of micro-moths.

Micropterigidae (p.52)

Eriocraniidae (p.54)

Red-barred Pollen-moth Micropterix tunbergella Heliozelidae (p.72)

White-spotted Spring Jewel Eriocrania unimaculella Adelidae (p.74)

Shining Dogwood Cutter Antispila metallella Tischeriidae (p.83)

Nepticulidae (p.57)

Small Scabious Longhorn Nemophora minimella Psychidae (p.85)

Bramble Blotch-miner Coptotriche marginea Roeslerstammiidae (p.100)

Burnished Copper Roeslerstammia erxlebella

Common Bagworm Psyche casta Bucculatricidae (p.101)

Oak Tuft Bucculatrix ulmella

Golden Dot Stigmella aurella

Incurvariidae (p.78)

Feathered Cutter Incurvaria masculella

Opostegidae (p.71)

Mint Cap Pseudopostega crepusculella Prodoxidae (p.81)

Raspberry Moth Lampronia corticella

Tineidae (p.91)

Case-bearing Clothes Moth Tinea pellionella

Cork Moth Nemapogon cloacella

Gracillariidae (p.106)

Willow Stilt Caloptilia stigmatella

Horse-chestnut Leaf-miner Cameraria ohridella

48   At-a-glance guide to micro-moths Yponomeutidae (p.130)

Bird-cherry Ermine Yponomeuta evonymella

Ypsolophidae (p.137)

Copper-fringed Drab Swammerdamia pyrella

Plutellidae (p.141)

Diamond-back Moth Plutella xylostella

Glyphipterigidae (p.143)

White-barred Pointer Eidophasia messingiella

Argyresthiidae (p.148)

Brassy Y Argyresthia goedartella Praydidae (p.158)

Ash Bud Moth Prays fraxinella Autostichidae (p.163)

Four-spotted Yellowneck Oegoconia quadripuncta Chimabachidae (p.171)

Early Reveller Diurnea fagella

Pied Rabbit Moth Ypsolopha sequella

Honeysuckle Moth Ypsolopha dentella

Leek Moth Acrolepiopsis assectella

Eyed Rush Moth Glyphipterix thrasonella

Lyonetiidae (p.154)

Dark Blackthorn Tip Moth Argyresthia albistria Bedelliidae (p.160)

Apple Leaf-miner Lyonetia clerkella Scythropiidae (p.161)

Bindweed Sleeper Bedellia somnulentella

Hawthorn Moth Scythropia crataegella

Laburnum Leaf-miner Leucoptera laburnella Douglasiidae (p.162)

Speckled Bugloss Moth Tinagma ocnerostomella

Oecophoridae (p.164)

White-shouldered House-moth Endrosis sarcitrella Lypusidae (p.173)

Orange-headed Concealer Agnoea josephinae

Brown Bark Moth Crassa unitella

Peleopodidae (p.174)

Oak Longhorn Carcina quercana

Sulphur Bark Moth Esperia sulphurella Depressariidae (p.175)

Common Brindled Brown Agonopterix heracliana

Parsnip Moth Depressaria radiella

At-a-glance guide to micro-moths   49

Coleophorida Ethmiidae (p.184)

Cosmopterigidae (p.186)

Gelechiidae (p.190)

Gorse Wanderer Brachmia blandella Gromwell Ermine Ethmia dodecea

Violet Beauty Pancalia leuwenhoekella

Common White-barred Aproaerema taeniolella

Bulrush Down Moth Limnaecia phragmitella Batrachedridae (p.280)

Poplar Needle-moth Batrachedra praeangusta

Heath Elder Aristotelia ericinella

Brown Moss-moth Bryotropha terrella

Coleophoridae (p.281)

Melilot Case-bearer Coleophora trifolii White-legged Case-bearer Coleophora albitarsella Elachistidae (p.300)

Parametriotidae (p.308)

Knapweed Seedhead Moth Metzneria metzneriella

Spotted Birch Grey Carpatolechia proximella

Momphidae (p.311)

White-headed Mompha Mompha propinquella

Cock’s-foot Miner Elachista atricomella Hawthorn Berry Moth Blastodacna hellerella

Buff Mompha Mompha epilobiella Blastobasidae (p.318)

Common Masoner Blastobasis adustella

Stathmopodidae (p.320)

Alder Signaller Stathmopoda pedella

Scythrididae (p.321)

White-dusted Runner Scythris picaepennis

Garden Mompha Mompha subbistrigella Alucitidae (p.324)

Twenty-plume Moth Alucita hexadactyla

50   At-a-glance guide to micro-moths Pterophoridae (p.325)

Beautiful Plume Amblyptilia acanthadactyla Schreckensteiniidae (p.336)

White Plume Pterophorus pentadactyla Epermeniidae (p.337)

Common Plume Emmelina monodactyla Choreutidae (p.340)

Yellow-spotted Drab Phaulernis fulviguttella

Common Ridge-back Epermenia chaerophyllella Blackberry Skeletoniser Schreckensteinia festaliella

Nettle-tap Anthophila fabriciana

Tortricidae (p.343)

Barred Fruit-tree Tortrix Pandemis cerasana

Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana

Spring Harbinger Tortricodes alternella

Green Oak Tortrix Tortrix viridana

Garden Rose Tortrix Acleris variegana

Yellow-spotted Tortrix Pseudargyrotoza conwagana

Garden Straw Agapeta hamana

Dark-barred Straw Eupoecilia angustana

White-shouldered Marble Apotomis turbidana

Common Marble Celypha lacunana

Common Lance Bactra lancealana

Meadow Hook-wing Ancylis badiana

At-a-glance guide to micro-moths   51

Tortricidae (continued)

Black-marked Tortrix Epinotia ramella

Mottled Oak Tortrix Zeiraphera isertana

Pine Shoot Moth Rhyacionia buoliana

Codling Moth Cydia pomonella

Hoary Tortrix Eucosma cana

Ragwort Root-borer Epiblema costipunctana

Slender Rufous Tortrix Lathronympha strigana

Double Orange-spot Pammene aurana

Pyralidae (p.436)

Pine Knot-horn Dioryctria abietella

Hawthorn Knot-horn Acrobasis advenella Coast/Lesser Clouded Knot-horn Phycitodes maritima/saxicola

Bee Moth Aphomia sociella Thistle Ermine Myelois circumvoluta

Gold Triangle Hypsopygia costalis

Crambidae (p.454)

Common Purple & Gold Pyrausta purpuralis

Small Magpie Anania hortulata

Pale Straw Pearl Udea lutealis

Rush Veneer Nomophila noctuella Garden Grass-moth Chrysoteuchia culmella

Brown-spot Grey Scoparia pyralella

Garden Pebble Evergestis forficalis Brown China-mark Elophila nymphaeata

White-banded Grass-moth Crambus pascuella Water Veneer Acentria ephemerella

52

Micropterigidae

T

here are five species in this family. At rest, the wings are held roof-like, at a steep angle. All species are very small, with forewing

length 2.5–5.5mm. The forewings are glossy bronze or purplish, sometimes with markings. The hindwings are as broad as the forewings.

Red-barred Pollen-moth Micropterix tunbergella

Uniquely among moths, adults of this family have chewing mouthparts and eat the pollen of herbaceous plants and trees. They can occur in great abundance, swarming over the flowers of sedges, or sitting on buttercup flowers. Larvae, which have well-developed antennae, have been found in young shoots of plants, and in soil where they probably feed on leaf

Plain Pollen-moth Micropterix calthella

litter or fungal hyphae, but little is known about their habits. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath et al. (1976) European species: Bengtsson et al. (2008)

Larva of Plain Pollen-moth Micropterix calthella.

r

Red-barred Pollen-moth Plate 1 Micropterix tunbergella (Fabr.) 1.001 Common. Local or scarce further north. FL 4–5.5mm. Head yellowish. Forewing bronzy golden with variable markings; four more or less complete reddish-purple crossbands from the costa at the base, at one-half, three-quarters and before the termen, the outer two often merging. FS April–June. Active by day, occasionally swarming around trees, and also flies in evening sunshine. Adult feeds on pollen of oaks, Sycamore, Cherry Laurel and hawthorns. Hab Woodland, grassland. Fp Not known.

Black-headed Pollen-moth Plate 1 Micropterix mansuetella (Zell.) 1.002 Very local. Scarce in Scotland. Rare in Ireland. FL 3.5–4.5mm. Head black. Forewing golden, bronzy purple on the costa near the base, in a broad crossband at one-third, and in the apical third where it is often indistinct. The black head distinguishes this micro-moth from the other Micropterix species. FS April–June. Active by day, and has been recorded at light. Adult feeds on pollen of various herbaceous plants, especially sedges. Hab Damp and wet woodland, carr, fen. Fp Not known.

Micropterigidae 53

Yellow-barred Pollen-moth Plate 1 Micropterix aureatella (Scop.) 1.003 Local. Common in Scotland. FL 4–5mm. Head orange or yellowish. Forewing purplish, markings variable, whitish tinged golden, often with two crossbands and a large spot towards the apex. FS May–early July. Active by day, flying in sunshine. Adult feeds on pollen of various herbaceous plants, especially sedges. Hab Damp woodland, damp heathland, moorland. Fp A single larva has been found in March in mixed oak, Beech and Bilberry leaf litter among fungal hyphae.

White-line Pollen-moth Plate 1 Micropterix aruncella (Scop.) 1.004 Common. FL 2.5–4.5mm. Head golden. Forewing bronzy golden, costal half of the base purple; the male has two silvery-white crosslines and sometimes a small spot or streak near the apex, whereas the female is unmarked. Similar species In M. calthella, in both male and female the base is purple along the costa and the dorsum; male M. aruncella could also be confused with Phylloporia bistrigella (8.005). FS April–August. Active by day, and has been recorded at light. Adult feeds on pollen of many herbaceous plants and Hawthorn, and is sometimes abundant among the flowers. Hab Downland, dry grassland, woodland. Fp Herbaceous plants. LS September–March, on young shoots.

Plain Pollen-moth Plate 1 Micropterix calthella (Linn.) 1.005 Common. FL 3.5–5mm. Head yellowish. Forewing bronzy golden, distinctly purple at the base, otherwise unmarked. Similar species M. aruncella female. FS April–early July. Active by day. Adults feed on pollen of various herbaceous plants and are found, sometimes in abundance, on the flowers of buttercups, Marsh-marigold, Dog’s Mercury and sedges. Fp Herbaceous plants, such as Wood-sedge. LS October–March, on young shoots.

Plain Pollen-moth Micropterix calthella adults in buttercup flower.

l

54

Eriocraniidae

T

here are eight species in this family. Adults are diurnal, flying at dawn and in sunshine, from late March to May,

often around host trees. They sometimes come to light but are most readily found on cold, sunny days by tapping branches

Common Spring Jewel Dyseriocrania subpurpurella

of trees over a beating tray, when they fall onto the cloth and sit motionless. At rest, the wings are held roof-like, at a steep angle. The forewing length is 4–8mm. The forewings are golden or purple, often with mottled or reticulated markings. The

White-spotted Spring Jewel Eriocrania unimaculella

hindwings are as broad as the forewings. The head has dense hair scales on the top and on the face. The mouthparts are reduced to rounded lobes; labial palps are present, and the tongue is weak. Some adults may be difficult to identify and require genitalia examination. Larvae form large blotch mines containing intertwining strands of frass. There are six species on birches which can be identified with reasonable certainty from the tenanted mine, one on oaks, and one on Hornbeam or Hazel. In most species the mines appear shortly after the leaves have fully expanded in mid-spring. Pupation takes place in a cocoon in soil. Adults can be difficult to rear from larvae in captivity. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath et al. (1976) European species: Bengtsson et al. (2008) British Leafminers: www.leafmines.co.uk

Common Spring Jewel Plate 1 Dyseriocrania subpurpurella (Haw.) 2.001 Common. More local in Scotland. FL 5–7mm. Antenna two-thirds length of forewing. Forewing golden with variable purplish and bluish speckling, sometimes with a small pale tornal spot. FS April– May. Flies in sunshine and at night; rests on branches and trunks of oak trees in dull weather. Sometimes numerous. Hab Woodland. Fp Oaks and occasionally Sweet Chestnut. LS May–June, in a large pale blotch mine.

Common Spring Jewel Dyseriocrania subpurpurella leaf-mine on oak.

u

Hazel Spring Jewel

Plate 1 Paracrania chrysolepidella (Zell.) 2.002 Local. FL 4–6mm. Antenna slightly less than half length of forewing. Forewing narrow, purplish with heavy golden mottling and a golden tornal spot. Similar species Eriocrania cicatricella is indistinguishable from P. chrysolepidella, and genitalia examination is required to confirm identity. E. semipurpurella and E. sangii are slightly larger, and both have antenna noticeably more than half length of forewing; genitalia examination is needed to distinguish between these two species. FS April. Hab Woodland, less often hedgerows. Fp Hazel and Hornbeam. LS April–May, in an elongate pale blotch mine; larva is whitish.

Eriocraniidae 55

Hazel Spring Jewel Paracrania chrysolepidella leaf-mine.

u

White-spotted Spring Jewel Eriocrania unimaculella leaf-mine.

u

White-spotted Spring Jewel Plate 1 Eriocrania unimaculella (Zett.) 2.003 Local. FL 4–5mm. Antenna half length of forewing. Forewing narrow, purplish without golden mottling, and with a distinct silvery-whitish tornal spot, often elongated into a short line extending halfway across the wing. FS March–April. Hab Heathland, woodland. Fp Birches. LS April–May, in a pale blotch mine starting at the edge of the leaf; the last instar larva has a dark head, two dark spots on T1, and lateral projections on A2.

Splendid Spring Jewel Plate 1 Eriocrania sparrmannella (Bosc) 2.004 Local. FL 5–6mm. Antenna less than half length of forewing. Forewing broad, purplish with a distinctly reticulated pattern of golden mottling. Similar species E. semipurpurella and E. sangii have longer antennae and narrower forewings. FS April– May. Hab Heathland, woodland. Fp Birches. LS June–August, in a rather brownish blotch mine starting away from the leaf edge. This is the latest of the Eriocrania species to begin feeding; the last instar larva is whitish with a brown head and two brown spots on T1.

Yellow-headed Spring Jewel Plate 1 Eriocrania salopiella (Staint.) 2.005 Local. FL 4–6mm. Antenna half length of forewing. Head and thorax densely clothed with pale golden hairs. Forewing broad, purplish with golden mottling, and with a large golden tornal spot. FS April–May. Hab Heathland, woodland. Fp Birches. LS May–June, in a pale blotch mine starting away from the edge of the leaf, feeding at least a month earlier than E. sparrmannella; the larva is whitish with a pale brown head and brown anterior edge to T1.

Splendid Spring Jewel Eriocrania sparrmannella leaf-mine.

u

Yellow-headed Spring Jewel Eriocrania salopiella leaf-mine.

u

56 Eriocraniidae

Small Spring Jewel Plate 1 Eriocrania cicatricella (Zett.) 2.006 Local. FL 4–6mm. Antenna less than half length of forewing. Forewing narrow, purplish with golden mottling and tornal spot. Similar species Paracrania chrysolepidella, E. semipurpurella and E. sangii. FS April. Hab Heathland, woodland. Fp Birches. LS Late April–May, in a pale blotch mine starting at the edge of the leaf, usually with two or more larvae per mine, although these can be hard to see; the last instar larva has a whitish head with brown mouthparts and is translucent whitish with small lateral projections A3–A8.

Large Spring Jewel

Plate 1 Eriocrania semipurpurella (Steph.) 2.007 Local. FL 5–8mm. Antenna three-fifths length of forewing. Forewing narrow, purplish with golden mottling and tornal spot, the golden markings are sometimes obsolete. Similar species Paracrania chrysolepidella, E. sparrmannella, E. cicatricella and E. sangii. FS March–April. Hab Heathland, woodland. Fp Birches. LS April–May, in a pale blotch mine starting at the edge of the leaf. The young larva has a brown head and thorax; the last instar is whitish with a pale brown head and small lateral projections on A1.

Purple Spring Jewel Plate 1 Eriocrania sangii (Wood) 2.008 Local. FL 4–7mm. Antenna three-fifths length of forewing. Forewing narrow, purplish with golden mottling and tornal spot, the golden markings sometimes reduced. Similar species Paracrania chrysolepidella, E. sparrmannella, E. cicatricella and E. semipurpurella. FS March–April. Hab Heathland, woodland. Fp Birches. LS April–May, in a pale blotch mine starting at the edge of the leaf; the last instar larva is grey.

Small Spring Jewel Eriocrania cicatricella leafmine.

u

u r Large Spring Jewel Eriocrania semipurpurella leaf-mine.

Purple Spring Jewel Eriocrania sangii leaf-mine.

r

57

Nepticulidae

T

here are 100 species in this family. At rest, the wings are held roof-like, at a very shallow angle. All species are tiny,

with forewing length 1.5–4.5mm, although the forewing scales are rather large, giving the wing a coarse appearance. This group includes

Golden Dot Stigmella aurella

Sycamore Seed Dot Etainia decentella

Sorrel Dot Enteucha acetosae, Britain’s smallest moth, with a forewing length of just 1.5mm. The forewings are variable in colour, usually dark, often with pale spots or a central crossband, and some species have attractive metallic reflections. The hindwings are narrower than the forewings, with long dorsal cilia. The head has spiky scales on top, and the face hardly projects below the eyes. The antennae are rather short, one-third to two-thirds the length of the forewing, with an eye-cap at the base, usually contrasting in colour with the head. The labial palps are reduced and the tongue is absent. The neck has spiky scales directed posteriorly over the front of the thorax, which are often different in colour from the head scales. Due to their small size and the similarity of many species, the majority of this family are difficult to separate with certainty as adults, and may require examination of the genitalia. The most ubiquitous species is Golden Dot Stigmella aurella. The majority seem not to be attracted regularly to light, but occasionally on warm nights some species may occur in large numbers, such as Sycamore Seed Dot Ectoedemia decentella and Speckled Holm Oak Dot E. heringella. The larva forms a linear mine or gallery, or a blotch (which often starts as a gallery) in leaves. In a few species the mine begins in the petiole, or the larva mines the buds and winged fruits of Sycamore and its relatives, the outer (cortical) layer of stems of Broom, or the young bark of oaks and elms. The egg, which is surprisingly large for a small moth, is visible even to the naked eye at the start of the mine. Deciduous treeand shrub-feeding larvae eat green plant tissue, even in the autumn once most of the leaf has turned yellow or brown and fallen to the ground. Bacteria within the gut of the larva appear to manipulate plant hormone levels in the leaf around the larva, preventing normal senescence and thereby maintaining a ‘green island’ that continues to nourish the larva. In nearly all species the larva vacates the mine before pupating in a small, pale-coloured silken cocoon. With experience, identification of most species is possible with reasonable certainty at the leaf-mine stage, often long after the larva has vacated the mine in order to pupate. A fair level of botanical knowledge is needed; larvae feed on many trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, but not on grasses. Most species are restricted to one or a few foodplants. The larva usually leaves behind a distinctive track or pattern, and the distribution and colour of the frass, the position of the egg on the under- or upper side of the leaf, the colour of the larva, and the time of year of appearance may be important. Rearing adults from larvae is surprisingly easy for some species, and may help to confirm their identity. The British Leafminers website provides photographs and key characteristics of many species in this family. The species included in the descriptions below are those that, with some practice, should be largely straightforward to identify to species level. Many other species are not covered, particularly those on common tree species such as oaks, birches and willows, where considerable care and experience are required as there are multiple similar species and identification may not be easy or indeed even possible based on the early stages. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath et al. (1976) European species: Johansson et al. (1990); Bengtsson et al. (2008) British Leafminers: www.leafmines.co.uk/

58 Nepticulidae

Sorrel Dot Enteucha acetosae (Staint.) 4.001 ESWI. Very local. Not known from the northern half of Scotland. Britain and Ireland’s smallest moth. Hab Heathland, chalk downland, dry pasture. Fp Common and Sheep’s sorrels. LS Probably up to three generations in favourable years, May–October. Egg on underside of leaf. Gallery narrow, starting in a tight spiral with the frass in a central line, the leaf turning bright red around the mine. Sometimes there are many mines in one leaf.

Lime Dot Stigmella tiliae (Frey) 4.004 EW. Local. Hab Woodland. Fp Small-leaved Lime, Lime. LS July, September–October. Egg on underside of leaf. In a contorted gallery which gradually widens, initially confined to the underside of the leaf. Frass is deposited in a narrow central line, but sometimes dispersed or coiled. Pale yellow larva with a pale brown head.

Nut-tree Dot Stigmella microtheriella (Staint.) 4.010 ESWIC. Common. Hab Woodland, scrub, hedgerows. Fp Hazel, Hornbeam, Hop-hornbeam. LS June–mid-August, September–November. Egg on underside of leaf, often close to the midrib or a vein. Feeds in a long, narrow gallery no wider than the width of the larva, typically confined within major leaf veins. Early gallery with linear frass leaving clear margins and exit hole usually on the underside. Bright yellow larva. There can be many mines in one leaf. Similar larva S. floslactella egg is laid in the angle between a major and minor vein; larva is dull yellow. Gallery crosses major veins and is wider than the larva, with early gallery almost filled with frass, and exit hole on the upper side.

u Sorrel Dot Enteucha acetosae leaf-mine on Sheep’s Sorrel.

u

Lime Dot Stigmella tiliae leaf-mine.

Nut-tree Dot Stigmella microtheriella leaf-mine on Hornbeam.

u

Maple Dot Stigmella aceris leaf-mine on Field Maple.

u

Nepticulidae 59

Maple Dot Stigmella aceris (Frey) 4.012 EW. Local. The first confirmed British record was from Kent in 1949. Spreading. Central and eastern England. Recorded as new to Wales in 2015. Hab Most habitats where the foodplants are found, including gardens and urban parks, plantations, woodland. Fp Field, Norway, and probably Painted maples. LS Late June–early July, August–early September. Egg on underside of leaf. In a long sinuous gallery filled with green frass, this turning brown in an older gallery. Tenanted mines can be difficult to see as they match the leaf colour, but are more obvious once vacated. Larva is green, and can be found in some numbers on young trees.

Apple Dot Stigmella malella (Staint.) 4.013 ESWIC. Local. Very local in Scotland and Ireland. Hab Woodland, scrub, gardens. Fp Apples. LS May–July, September–November. Egg on underside of leaf, usually near a vein. Feeds in a narrow, sinuous gallery with linear frass that u Apple Dot Stigmella malella leaf-mine. usually widens distinctly, and occasionally ends in a slight blotch. Larva is yellow.

Buckthorn Dot Stigmella catharticella (Staint.) 4.014 EWI. Local. Very local in Wales (Glamorgan and Denbighshire), and found only in central and western Ireland. Hab Chalk downland, Breckland, limestone pavement (the Burren, County Clare and County Galway, Ireland). Fp Buckthorn. LS June–July, September–October. Egg on underside of leaf. Gallery contains a series of ‘S’-bends, usually with u Buckthorn Dot Stigmella catharticella leaf-mine. a small area of leaf left uneaten between each turn, and is filled with greenish frass. Tenanted mines can be difficult to find as they may match the leaf colour. Larva is greenish yellow. Mines can be common.

Speckled Hazel Dot Stigmella floslactella (Haw.) 4.032 ESWI. Common. Hab Woodland, scrub. Fp Hazel, Hornbeam. Once on a birch. LS June–July, September–November. Similar larva Leaf-mine of S. microtheriella, which can be on the same leaf. u

Speckled Hazel Dot Stigmella floslactella leaf-mine.

60 Nepticulidae

Small Beech Dot Stigmella tityrella (Staint.) 4.034 ESWIC. Common. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Beech. LS Jun–July, late August–November. Egg on underside of leaf, usually in the angle between the midrib and a vein. In a winding gallery between veins or near the leaf margin, frass initially in a central line and then dispersed, never in coils. Larva is yellow, with dark brown head and prothoracic plate. Can be found in green islands on leaves after they have fallen. Similar larva S. hemargyrella egg laid away from midrib on either side of leaf. In an irregular gallery usually from leaf edge towards midrib, often crossing a vein, initially with frass in a narrow central line and coiled in the central portion. Pale yellowishwhite larva with pale brown head.

Bilberry Dot Stigmella myrtillella (Staint.) 4.036 ESWI. Local. Found widely over much of Britain but absent from parts of eastern England. Mines can be difficult to locate. Hab Woodland, heathland, upland moorland. Fp Bilberry, Bog Bilberry. LS July–August, September–October. Egg on underside of leaf usually close to the midrib. Within a contorted gallery often leading to a blotch, with the frass in a thick central line. The leaf around the mine can turn purple. Larva is yellow.

Three-spot Dot Stigmella trimaculella (Haw.) 4.039 ESWIC. Common. Seemingly more local in Ireland. Hab Gardens and urban parks, plantations, woodland. Fp Black-poplar, Hybrid Black-poplar, Lombardy-poplar. LS Late June–July, September–October. Egg on either side of leaf. In a gallery often following a vein, partly or wholly on the underside of the leaf. Frass linear initially but may be more dispersed later; the last part of the mine is broader and almost blotch-like. Larva is greenish yellow.

u

Small Beech Dot Stigmella tityrella leaf-mines.

u r Bilberry Dot Stigmella myrtillella leaf-mine. r

Three-spot Dot Stigmella trimaculella leaf-mine.

Nepticulidae 61

u

White-tipped Dot Stigmella assimilella leaf-mine on Aspen.

u

Blue-shot Dot Stigmella plagicolella leaf-mine.

White-tipped Dot Stigmella assimilella (Zell.) 4.040 ESW. Local. Very local in Wales and seemingly absent in south-west England. Hab Scrub, woodland. Fp Aspen, Grey Poplar, occasionally White Poplar. LS August–November. Egg on upper side of leaf, usually beside a vein. In an irregular winding gallery occasionally leading to a blotch, the initial part with clear margins and broken linear frass. Larva is golden yellow.

Blue-shot Dot Stigmella plagicolella (Staint.) 4.042 ESWIC. Common. Hab Woodland, scrub, hedgerows. Fp Blackthorn, occasionally other plums. LS June–early August, September–November. Egg on underside of leaf. In a narrow gallery leading abruptly to a rounded blotch, the blotch more elongate in the autumn generation. Frass linear in gallery but in a diffuse central spot in the blotch. Larva is pale yellow. Similar larva S. prunetorum (not illustrated), a very local species; gallery initially highly contorted, later in a series of ‘S’-bends or a single coil, with frass filling the mine; larva is green. Ectoedemia spinosella (not illustrated), a rare coastal species, which usually has a very contorted initial gallery leading to a small blotch containing frass towards the basal part; pale greenish-white larva with dark ventral spots.

Golden Dot Plate 1 Stigmella aurella (Fabr.) 4.045 Common. Scarcer in the north. FL 2–3mm. Head orange. Forewing coppery purple with a shining golden crossband beyond the middle, edged proximally with a deep blue-black crossband. Of several similar species, S. aurella is by far the most regularly encountered at light or at rest on leaves. FS In two or three generations, depending on latitude and severity of winter, April–September. u Golden Dot Stigmella aurella leaf-mine. Hab Wherever the foodplants occur. Fp Brambles, particularly evergreen varieties, Agrimony, avens, strawberries. LS May–June, July–August, October–March on Bramble only. Frequently seen, usually one mine per leaf. Egg on either side of leaf. In a long sinuous gallery usually with dispersed but sometimes linear frass. Larva is amber yellow, with yellowish-brown head.

62 Nepticulidae

Brassy Dot Stigmella aeneofasciella leaf-mine on Agrimony.

l

Dropwort Dot Stigmella filipendulae on Dropwort (left) and on Meadowsweet (above).

u

Beech Dot Stigmella hemargyrella leaf-mine.

u

Beautiful Sycamore Dot Stigmella speciosa leaf-mine.

u

Plain Holm Oak Dot Stigmella suberivora leaf-mine.

u

Shoulder-spot Dot Stigmella basiguttella leaf-mine.

Nepticulidae 63 Similar larva Care is required to record two similar species from their mines. S. auromarginella (not illustrated), a rare coastal species in southern England and western Ireland, has a shorter mine with a broad band of frass and sometimes the edge of the mine is reddish or purple. Amber-yellow larva with light-brown head. There are often multiple mines per leaf. S. splendidissimella (not illustrated), a widespread species, is often on Dewberry, rarely Bramble, usually in a very long gallery with a narrow frass line, and which rarely crosses a larger vein. Yellow larva with brown head.

Brassy Dot Stigmella aeneofasciella (Herr.-Schäff.) 4.049 ESI. Local. Rare in Ireland, only being recorded in the west. Hab Grasslands, marshes, scrub. Fp Agrimony, Creeping Cinquefoil, Silverweed, Wild Strawberry, Tormentil. LS July, September–November. Egg usually on underside of leaf. Gallery long and narrow with a central line of frass, often following a vein or the leaf margin and leading to a large blotch with scattered frass. Pale greenish-yellow larva. Similar larva S. poterii (not illustrated) mine can be found on Tormentil; larva is amber yellow.

Dropwort Dot Stigmella filipendulae (Wocke) 4.052 ESWI. Very local. Recorded as far north as central Scotland, rare in Ireland. Formerly treated as two species: S. filipendulae on Dropwort, and S. ulmariae on Meadowsweet. Hab Calcareous grassland, marshes, riverbanks, water meadows. Fp Dropwort, Meadowsweet. LS June–July, late August–October. Egg on upper side of leaf. Larva is yellow. On Dropwort initially within an irregular gallery almost filled with frass leading to a blotch, often between the leaf margin and midrib. On Meadowsweet within a narrow gallery throughout, often along a leaf margin.

Beech Dot Stigmella hemargyrella (Kollar) 4.055 ESWI. Common. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Beech. LS June–July, September–October. Similar larva Leaf-mine of S. tityrella.

Beautiful Sycamore Dot Stigmella speciosa (Frey) 4.056 EWIC. Common. First confirmed in 1957 from Surrey, and continuing to expand its range north and west. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2017 from County Antrim. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Sycamore. LS July–August, September–October. Some first-generation larvae do not produce adults until the following year. Egg on underside of leaf. Within a long, irregular and sometimes contorted gallery with dispersed or linear frass, the early part of the mine having a narrow frass line. Larva is yellow.

Plain Holm Oak Dot Stigmella suberivora (Staint.) 4.057 EWIC. Local. Found in southern England and Wales south of the Wash. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Holm Oak. LS July, October–March. Egg on upper side of leaf. In a broad, irregular mine almost filled with black frass. Larva is yellow.

Shoulder-spot Dot Stigmella basiguttella (Hein.) 4.058 ESW. Common. More local further north and in Scotland, and in Wales known only from Glamorgan and Radnorshire. Hab Hedgerows, parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Oaks. LS June–July, September–November. Egg on upper side of leaf, close to a thick vein. In a long winding gallery filled with greenish frass that turns brown with age. Older, vacated mines are more visible. Larva is green.

64 Nepticulidae

Broom Dot Trifurcula immundella (Zell.) 4.068 ESWIC. Local. Possibly overlooked. Hab Heathland, moorland, scrub. Fp Broom. LS September–May. Egg on the bark of a twig remains conspicuous throughout the larval mining period. In a long, straight, dark gallery in the bark, and the larva starts by mining down the stem. Similar larva Leucoptera spartifoliella (21.005) egg drops off soon after the larva hatches, and the larva mines up the stem.

u

Broom Dot Trifurcula immundella egg (arrow) and larval mine.

Speckled Apple Dot Bohemannia pulverosella (Staint.) 4.071 ESWIC. Common. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Apples. LS June– early July. Egg on either side of leaf close to the margin. In a short narrow gallery often following the leaf margin, then widening to a large blotch which usually obscures the early gallery, and in u Speckled Apple Dot Bohemannia pulverosella leaf-mine. which frass tends to be in a central band. Exit hole on the underside of the leaf. The vacated mine may turn brownish. Larva is yellow with a pale brown head. Similar larva Ectoedemia atricollis early mine is longer and rarely obscured by the blotch, which contains scattered frass, exit hole on upper side of the leaf; the pale greenish larva feeds from August to October.

Norway Maple Dot Etainia sericopeza (Zell.) 4.074 EWI. Very local. First confirmed in Britain in 1975, spreading. Recorded as far north as Lancashire and south Northumberland. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Norway Maple. LS September–May or June. In the summer generation the larva mines the wing of a samara, bores into the developing seed and u Norway Maple Dot Etainia sericopeza egg, larval mine and pupates on the samara wing. In exit hole in a samara. autumn the larva mines the base of a petiole, overwinters in a bud and in spring feeds in a flower bud, pupating on the mined bud. Cocoons may be found on the trunk. Larva is pale amber yellow.

Nepticulidae 65 Maple Seed Dot Etainia louisella larval mine in a samara.

l

Sycamore Seed Dot Etainia decentella larval mine in a samara.

d

Maple Seed Dot Etainia louisella (Sirc.) 4.075 EW. Local. Recorded as far north as Yorkshire and in parts of south Wales. Possibly overlooked. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Field Maple. LS In two or three generations, June, August, October–April. In the summer generations the larva mines the wing of a samara, bores into the developing seed and pupates on the samara wing or a leaf. In spring the larva feeds in a succession of buds, the excavated bud dropping from the twig, and it then pupates on the trunk or on the ground. Larva is pale yellow.

Sycamore Seed Dot Plate 1 Etainia decentella (Herr.-Schäff.) 4.076 Common. Scarcer in the north. FL 2.5–3mm. Head black. Forewing ground colour black with shining white markings, including a broad crossband before the middle, often merged with a basal spot along the dorsum, sometimes obscuring the ground colour, and with white tornal and dorsal spots. Similar species Adults of E. sericopeza and E. louisella (not illustrated) have a reddish-brown head and a narrower crossband, and in E. louisella the markings are yellowish white. FS In two overlapping generations, June– August. Occasionally found in abundance at light on warm nights. Hab Potentially wherever the foodplant occurs. Fp Sycamore. LS July, September–May. In the summer generation the larva feeds in the wing of the samara and the seed, and the autumn/ spring larvae probably overwinter in a leaf or flower bud. Larva is yellow.

Cowberry Dot Fomoria weaveri (Staint.) 4.077 ESW. Local. Can be common where found. Absent from southern England. Hab Moorland and montane habitats. Fp Cowberry. LS August–May. Egg on underside of leaf. Within a narrow gallery with frass in a broad central line, leading to a large blotch in the centre of the leaf with frass concentrated in the middle. Pupates in a cocoon in an inflated cavity in the middle of the blotch. Larva is pale yellow.

u

Cowberry Dot Fomoria weaveri leaf-mine.

66 Nepticulidae

Hypericum Dot Fomoria septembrella (Staint.) 4.078 ESWIC. Common. Hab Chalk grassland, gardens and urban parks, scrub, woodland rides. Fp St John’s-worts, including cultivars. LS In two or three overlapping generations, June– July, August–September, October–December. Egg on underside of leaf. Initially within a long narrow gallery with a broad u Hypericum Dot Fomoria septembrella leaf-mine. line of frass, leading to a slightly inflated blotch usually towards the middle of the leaf, sometimes absorbing part of the early mine. Pupates in a cocoon in an inflated cavity within the blotch. Larva is pale yellow.

Oak-bark Dot/Dark Oak-bark Dot Zimmermannia atrifrontella (Staint.)/Z. longicaudella Klimesch

4.079/4.080

E. These two species cannot be separated from the mine. Adults, although rarely seen, can be distinguished: Z. atrifrontella has a whitish thorax and Z. longicaudella has a greyish-brown thorax with at most some whitish-tipped scales. Z. atrifrontella distribution is insufficiently understood, but it is known from southern and u Larval mine of Oak-bark Dot Zimmermannia atrifrontella/ south-eastern England to as far Dark Oak-bark Dot Z. longicaudella. north as Warwickshire. Its occurrence in Wales requires confirmation. Z. longicaudella is rare in England, currently known only from Buckinghamshire, but probably under-recorded. Hab Woodland. Fp Oaks. LS Can be found all year round; larvae fully grown by late May–June, possibly feeding over two years. Egg on young green bark. Feeds in a tortuous mine in the bark. Trunks of young trees up to 50mm in diameter and growing in sunshine are preferred.

White-spot Sallow Dot Ectoedemia intimella (Zell.) 4.082 ESWI. Local. Very local in Scotland and eastern Ireland. Hab Urban parks, marshes, damp woodland. Fp Willows, especially Goat Willow. LS July–November. Egg on midrib of leaf, usually near the leaf base. Initially mines the midrib, unlike other willow feeding species, leading to a blotch in the leaf, including a double line of frass. Can be found in green islands on leaves after they have fallen. Larva is pale yellow.

White-spot Sallow Dot Ectoedemia intimella leaf-mine on Goat Willow.

u

Nepticulidae 67

Black-poplar Dot Ectoedemia hannoverella (Glitz) 4.083 EW. Rare. Colonist. First recorded in Britain in 2002 from Suffolk, and has now spread to Kent, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Huntingdonshire and Gloucestershire. Hab Scattered trees in open countryside, plantations, woodland. Fp Hybrid Blackpoplar. LS July–November. Egg on petiole. Initially mines a petiole resulting in some swelling, leading u Black-poplar Dot Ectoedemia hannoverella leaf-mine. to an elongate blotch mine near the leaf base between the leaf margin and a lateral vein, with the frass in two almost parallel lines. Can be found in green islands on leaves after they have fallen. Larva is light yellow.

Grey Poplar Dot Ectoedemia turbidella (Zell.) 4.084 E. Very local. Mainly in eastern England, also west to Gloucestershire and in south Yorkshire. Hab Marshes, urban parks, riverbanks, woodland. Fp Grey Poplar. LS July–October. Egg on side of petiole, frequently one on each side. Initially mines the petiole, resulting in some swelling, leading to an elongate, rather triangular blotch mine at the base of a leaf, with the frass in two almost parallel lines. Can be found in green islands on leaves u Grey Poplar Dot Ectoedemia turbidella leaf-mine. after they have fallen. Larva is whitish. Can be common where found.

Aspen Dot Ectoedemia argyropeza (Zell.) 4.085 ESWI. Local. Considered parthenogenetic over most of its range. Hab Woodland. Fp Aspen. LS July–November. Egg on petiole. Initially mines the petiole, resulting in slight swelling, leading to a triangular blotch between two veins at the base of the leaf with frass in two almost parallel lines. Can be found in green islands on leaves after they have fallen. Larva is pale yellow. Can be common where found.

u

Aspen Dot Ectoedemia argyropeza leaf-mines.

68 Nepticulidae

Five-spot Dot Ectoedemia quinquella (Bed.) 4.087 EI. Local. Recorded as far north as Lincolnshire, but not known in the south-west. In Ireland in the north. Hab Parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Pedunculate and Sessile oaks. LS October– November. Egg on underside of leaf near a vein. Feeds in a slender, contorted gallery in a green island once the leaf has fallen. Larva is yellow with a green gut. Often several mines can be found in a single leaf.

u

Five-spot Dot Ectodemia quinquella leaf-mines.

Speckled Holm Oak Dot Ectoedemia heringella (Mariani) 4.088 EW. Local. A recent colonist first recorded in 1996 from Middlesex, and spreading into northern and western England. First recorded in Wales in 2016 from Glamorgan. Hab Cemeteries, gardens and urban parks, scrub, woodland. Fp Holm Oak. LS Probably in a single generation, November–April. Egg u Speckled Holm Oak Dot Ectoedemia heringella leaf-mines. on upper side of leaf. In a small, strongly contorted gallery filled with black frass. Larva is pale yellowish. Many mines can be found in a single leaf.

White-banded Dot Ectoedemia albifasciella (Hein.) 4.089 ESWI. Common. Hab Parkland, woodland, also gardens. Fp Oaks. LS August– October. Egg on upper side of leaf beside a vein. Initially feeds in a fine gallery with linear frass and clear margins, following a vein or the midrib, the mine leading abruptly into a squarish blotch containing frass placed to one side. Larva is yellowish white with a greenish gut and a pale brown head. Often several mines in a single leaf.

u White-banded Dot Ectodemia albifasciella leafmine.

Broken-barred Oak Dot Ectoedemia subbimaculella (Haw.) 4.090 ESWIC. Common. Hab Hedgerow trees, parkland, woodland. Fp Oaks. LS October– November. Egg on upper side of leaf. Forms a blotch mine between a major vein and the midrib, usually with a slit in the lower epidermis allowing most or all frass to be ejected. Larva is whitish with a black head. Often several mines in a single leaf. Similar larva E. heringi (not illustrated) forms a similar blotch but without a slit, the mine retaining all frass. Larva is pale greenish or pale yellowish with a reddish-brown head.

Nepticulidae 69

u Broken-barred Oak Dot Ectoedemia subbimaculella leaf-mines.

u

Coast Dot Ectoedemia erythrogenella leaf-mine.

Coast Dot Ectoedemia erythrogenella (Joan.) 4.092 EC. Local. Known from southern coastal counties in England. Hab Coastal habitats including gardens, rarely found inland. Fp Bramble. LS October–December. Egg on or beside a vein on upper side of leaf. Initially in a narrow frass-filled gallery which after a U-turn leads to an elongate blotch with frass placed at the base and sides. On leaves in sunshine the mined area turns purple or red, making the mine conspicuous, whereas in deep shade the mine is translucent. Larva is yellowish when young, becoming greyish later. Mines can be common where found.

Angle-barred Rose Dot Ectoedemia angulifasciella (Staint.) 4.094 ESWI. Common. More local in Scotland and Ireland. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, waste ground, woodland. Fp Roses, less often Salad Burnet. LS September–November. Egg on underside of leaf usually near the midrib. In a contorted gallery with dispersed frass leading to a blotch, the mined area often turning purple. Larva is greenish white with dark abdominal spots.

Barred Fruit-tree Dot Ectoedemia atricollis (Staint.) 4.095 ESWI. Common. Recorded as far north as Inverness-shire and Aberdeenshire. Widespread in Northern Ireland. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, orchards, woodland. Fp Apples, hawthorns, less often Pear, Wild Cherry. LS August–April. Egg on underside of leaf. Feeds in a gallery, usually following the leaf margin, and leading to a large elongate blotch in which blackish frass is scattered. Exit hole is on upper side. Larva is pale greenish white, with a blackish-brown head. Similar larva Leaf-mine of Bohemannia pulverosella (on apples).

Angle-barred Rose Dot Ectoedemia angulifasciella leafmines.

u

u Barred Fruit-tree Dot Ectoedemia atricollis leaf-mine on Hawthorn.

70 Nepticulidae

Large Birch Dot Ectoedemia occultella (Linn.) 4.099 ESWI. Common. Hab Heathland, moorland, scrub, woodland. Fp Birches. LS August–November. Egg on underside of leaf. Feeds initially in a rounded blackishbrown blotch which later develops a broad pale margin as the larva mines and continues to deposit frass in the centre. Larva is pale yellowish white, with a pale brown head. u

Large Birch Dot Ectoedemia occultella leaf-mines.

Species not covered Grey Birch Dot Stigmella lapponica (Wocke)  4.002 ESWI

Gold-edged Dot S. auromarginella (Rich.) 4.046 R/EI

Pale Birch Dot S. confusella (Wood) 4.003 ESWI Birch Dot S. betulicola (Staint.) 4.005 ESWI

Shining Bramble Dot S. splendidissimella (Herr.-Schäff.) 4.047 ESWI

Glossy Birch Dot S. sakhalinella Puplesis 4.006 ESWI

Water Avens Dot S. pretiosa (Hein.) 4.048 R/S

Short-barred Dot S. luteella (Staint.) 4.007 ESWI

Mountain Avens Dot S. dryadella (Hofm.) 4.050 R/SI

White-barred Alder Dot S. glutinosae (Staint.) 4.008 ESWI

Burnet Dot S. poterii (Staint.) 4.051 ESWI

Silver-barred Alder Dot S. alnetella (Staint.) 4.009 ESWC

Grey Apple Dot S. incognitella (Herr.-Schäff.) 4.053 ESWI

Scarce Blackthorn Dot S. prunetorum (Staint.) 4.011 ESW

Least Hawthorn Dot S. perpygmaeella (Doubl.) 4.054 ESWI

Rose Dot S. anomalella (Goeze) 4.015 ESWIC Plain Rose Dot S. spinosissimae (Waters) 4.016 R/ESWI Narrow-barred Dot S. centifoliella (Zell.) 4.017 EWC Barred Elm Dot S. ulmivora (Fologne) 4.018 EWIC Plain Elm Dot S. viscerella (Staint.) 4.019 EW Scarce Hawthorn Dot S. paradoxa (Frey) 4.020 ESWI Hereford Dot S. torminalis (Wood) 4.021 † E Purple-shot Dot S. regiella (Herr.-Schäff.) 4.022 EW

Orange-headed Dot S. svenssoni (Johansson) 4.059 ESWI Red-headed Dot S. ruficapitella (Haw.) 4.060 ESWIC Black-headed Dot S. atricapitella (Haw.)  4.061 ESWI Chestnut Dot S. samiatella (Zell.) 4.062 EW Oak Dot S. roborella (Johansson) 4.063 ESWIC Self-heal Dot Glaucolepis headleyella (Staint.) 4.064 R/EW Cryptic Dot Trifurcula cryptella (Staint.) 4.065 ESWI

Hawthorn Dot S. crataegella (Klimesch) 4.023 ESWIC

Lotus Dot T. eurema (Tutt) 4.066 R/ESI

Northern Rowan Dot S. magdalenae (Klimesch) 4.024 ESWI

Yellow-spot Dot T. subnitidella (Dup.) 4.067 R/ESWI Greenweed Dot T. beirnei Puplesis 4.069 R/E

Rowan Dot S. nylandriella (Tengst.) 4.025 ESWI

Scarce Broom Dot T. squamatella Staint. 4.070 R/E

Fruit-tree Dot S. oxyacanthella (Staint.) 4.026 ESWI Pear-tree Dot S. pyri (Glitz) 4.027 E

Four-spot Dot Bohemannia quadrimaculella (Boh.) 4.072 ESWI

Little Pear-tree Dot S. minusculella (Herr.-Schäff.) 4.028 R/E

Gold-fringed Dot B. auriciliella (Joan.) 4.073 R/E Elm-bark Dot Zimmermannia amani Svensson 4.081 R/E

Scarce Apple Dot S. desperatella (Frey) 4.029 † E

Devon Dot Ectoedemia heckfordi van Nieukerken, Laštůvka & Laštůvka 4.086 R/E

Shining Hawthorn Dot S. hybnerella (Hübn.) 4.030 ESWIC Wild-service Dot S. mespilicola (Frey) 4.031 R/EW Hornbeam Dot S. carpinella (Hein.) 4.033 R/E Sallow Dot S. salicis (Staint.) 4.035 ESWIC Sandhill Dot S. zelleriella (Snellen) 4.037 R/E Willow Dot S. obliquella (Hein.) 4.038 ESWIC Barred Rowan Dot S. sorbi (Staint.) 4.041 ESWI Beautiful Elm Dot S. lemniscella (Zell.) 4.043 ESWIC Silver-barred Birch Dot S. continuella (Staint.) 4.044 ESWI

White-spot Dot E. heringi (Toll) 4.091 ESWI Agrimony Dot E. agrimoniae (Frey) 4.093 R/E Strawberry Dot E. arcuatella (Herr.-Schäff.) 4.096 ESWI Dewberry Dot E. rubivora (Wocke) 4.097 EI Least Blackthorn Dot E. spinosella (Joan.) 4.098 EI Barred Birch Dot E. minimella (Zett.) 4.100 ESWI

71

Opostegidae

T

here are four species in this family, only two of which are likely to be

Sorrel Cap Opostega salaciella

reasonably widely encountered in the field, either at light or flying weakly

on a warm evening. At rest the wings are held roof-like, at a shallow angle, and the moth appears short and squat as the forewings are relatively broad. The forewing length is 3–6mm. The forewings are white or pale, with few, if any, markings. The hindwings are narrower than the forewings but have long dorsal

Mint Cap Pseudopostega crepusculella

cilia. The head has flat scales, apart from a tuft of erect scales between the antennae. The antennae are thread-like, about two-thirds the length of the forewing, with characteristically large scapes, forming broad white or pale eye-caps. The labial palps are short and straight, and the tongue is rudimentary. The presence of large eye-caps makes Opostegidae appear to resemble Nepticulidae, but the latter are generally smaller and darker, with eye-caps that contrast in colour with the thorax. The early stages are little known. Essex Cap Opostega spatulella has been recorded only once since the nineteenth century, in Essex in 2005. Fen Cap Pseudopostega auritella is restricted to a few sites in the fens of Cambridgeshire and Broads of Norfolk, and was found at a site in Kent in 2020; it is probably associated with Gypsywort. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath et al. (1976) European species: Johansson et al. (1990); Bengtsson et al. (2008)

Sorrel Cap

Plate 1 Opostega salaciella (Treits.) 5.001 Local. Very local in Ireland. FL 4.5–6mm. Head, eye-caps and forewing white, otherwise unmarked. Similar species Elachista argentella (38.004) rests with wings rooflike, at a steep angle, does not have distinct eye-caps, and in the south flies about a month earlier. FS June–August. Most often found on warm evenings, flying weakly in grassland containing Sheep’s Sorrel, although also where this plant is absent. Comes to light occasionally. Hab Open habitats, especially grasslands. Fp Probably Sheep’s Sorrel. LS Not known, possibly feeding within a stem.

Mint Cap Plate 1 Pseudopostega crepusculella (Zell.) 5.004 Very local. Scarce in Scotland. FL 3.5–5mm. Head, eye-caps and forewing white, with brown oblique dorsal and costal marks at about one-half, sometimes joined to form an angulated crossband, and along the termen, with a black dot in the terminal cilia. FS June–mid-August. Comes to light and is occasionally found flying around Water Mint in the evening. Hab Damp habitats such as fens, marshes, wet woodland. Fp Mints. LS Not known. Probably in the stems of mints, and this species has been seen flying in numbers at a site where Water Mint is abundant.

u Mint Cap Pseudopostega crepusculella, showing eye-caps at base of antennae.

Species not covered Essex Cap Opostega spatulella Herr.-Schäff. 5.002 R/E

Fen Cap Pseudopostega auritella (Hübn.) 5.003 R/E

72

Heliozelidae

T

here are six species in this family. Adults can be found in numbers on sunny days in spring and early summer, flying

Shining Dogwood Cutter Antispila metallella

around trees and shrubs; they also settle on flowers. Adults rarely fly far from their host tree, and this can be a guide to identification. The forewing length is 2.5–4mm. Adults rest with the front end raised at least slightly, with the wings held roof-like, at a steep angle. The three species in the genus Heliozela have forewings shining grey or bronzy, with white dorsal dots; the three species in the genus Antispila have forewings dark copper-coloured with violet reflections, with metallic silver spots or crossbands. The hindwings are slightly narrower than the forewings, with long dorsal cilia. The head has smooth scales. The antennae are thread-like and two-thirds the length of the forewing. The labial palps are short and drooping, and the tongue is well developed. Due to their small size and predominantly day-flying habit, these species are often overlooked, and adults are difficult to tell apart. All Heliozela species are widespread, but Antispila species have a more southerly distribution. None of the species is easy to identify if found as an adult, but each is much easier to confirm from the leaf-mine. The larvae of the three Heliozela species mine the petioles of alders, birches and oaks, and it is from the vacated mines that most records of the species are made. The mine is very difficult to detect until just before the larva vacates, when it makes an oval mine in the leaf near the midrib. The oval is cut out to form a pupal case which falls to the ground, and the vacated mine with the excision is then relatively easy to observe. The larvae of the Antispila species make obvious blotch mines in the leaves of Dogwood or Cornelian-cherry, and cut out similar pupal cases to Heliozela. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath et al. (1976) European species: Bengtsson et al. (2008)

Shining Dogwood Cutter

Plate 1 6.001

Antispila metallella ([D. & S.]) EW. Local. Hab Calcareous grassland, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Dogwood. LS July– August. In a short gallery close to the leaf margin leading to a blotch, the larva excising an oval section (5.5–7mm long) in which it pupates on the ground. Larva is white without dark spots. Similar larva A petryi excised section is smaller, and the larva is pale grey with dark grey spots.

u

Shining Dogwood Cutter Antispila metallella leaf-mine.

Dogwood Cutter Antispila petryi Martini 6.002 EW. Local. Not found in northern England. Only recently confirmed as a separate species from A. treitschkiella, under which it was formerly treated. Hab Calcareous grassland, hedgerows, scrub, urban areas, woodland. Fp Dogwood. LS August–October. In a short gallery at the leaf edge leading to, and often incorporated by, a blotch mine, the larva excising an oval section (4–5mm long) in which it pupates on the ground. Larva is pale grey and has dark grey thoracic and abdominal spots. Similar larva A. metallella.

Heliozelidae 73

Dogwood Cutter Antispila petryi leaf-mine.

l

Cornel Cutter Antispila treitschkiella leaf-mines.

r

Oak Cutter Heliozela sericiella leaf-mines.

l

d Alder Cutter Heliozela resplendella leaf-mine.

c

Birch Cutter Heliozela hammoniella leaf-mine.

Cornel Cutter Antispila treitschkiella (Fisch. v. Rösl.)

6.0021

E. Colonist; probably spreading. First recorded in the UK in 2016 from London. Hab Urban areas. Fp Cornelian-cherry. LS August–early November, possibly also June–July. In a short gallery on a leaf leading to and often incorporated within a translucent blotch, the larva excising an oval section (4.5–5.5mm long) in which it pupates on the ground. Larva is white with a row of contrasting black spots on the abdominal segments.

Oak Cutter Heliozela sericiella (Haw.)

6.003

ESWI. Local. Hab Hedgerows, woodland. Fp Oaks. LS June–July. Mines the petiole from twig to leaf base where the larva forms a small blotch, excising a small oval section (c. 4.5mm long) in which it pupates on the ground.

Alder Cutter Heliozela resplendella (Staint.) 6.004 ESWI. Local. Hab Damp habitats where the foodplant occurs. Fp Alder, Grey Alder. LS June–September. In a narrow gallery from the midrib along a lateral vein crossing to an adjacent vein and back to the midrib where the larva forms a small blotch, excising a small oval section (c. 5mm long) in which it pupates on the ground.

Birch Cutter Heliozela hammoniella Sorh. 6.005 ESWI. Local. Hab Heathland, hedgerows, moorland, open woodland. Fp Birches; preference for young trees. LS July–August. Mines a twig and then moves up a petiole to the leaf where the larva forms a small blotch, excising a small oval section (c. 5mm long) in which it pupates on the ground.

74

Adelidae

T

Small Scabious Longhorn Nemophora minimella

here are 15 species in this family. At rest, the wings are held roof-like, at a steep angle. The forewing length

is very variable, with a range of 3.5–11mm; the female is often slightly smaller than the male. The forewings are broad, mostly single coloured, sometimes with a crossband or other markings, and several species have beautiful green, golden green or purple reflections. The hindwings are

Meadow Longhorn Cauchas rufimitrella

similarly broad but smaller than the forewings, with narrow and broad scales, depending on the species and sex, sometimes aiding identification. The head has a smooth face with upward-pointing hair scales. Characteristically, in all but one species, the antennae are long or very long, up to four times the length of the forewing, giving rise to the colloquial name for this group – the Longhorns. The labial palps in Nemophora are curved upwards, with long, forward-pointing hairs, while in Adela they are forward pointing and somewhat hairy. The tongue is short in all genera. All species are active by day, and fly in sunshine, sometimes in large aggregations around bushes and treetops. A few species are attracted to light, but rarely in large numbers. Most species are relatively easy to identify, although care is required with Nematopogon, especially examples from moorland habitats. The eggs are laid on vegetation, usually flowers, around which the adults fly. The young larva initially feeds in flowers and developing seeds. It then constructs a portable case in which it drops to the ground, where feeding continues on green or wilted leaves, or among leaf litter. As the larva grows, leaf fragments are added to the case. Cases,

u Adults of Green Longhorn Adela reaumurella aggregating in sunshine.

which are usually in the shape of the body of a violin, and are up to 2cm long, can be found by searching among surface layers of leaf litter or around the base of the plants around which the adults fly. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath et al. (1976) European species: Bengtsson et al. (2008)

Yellow-banded Longhorn Plate 2 Nemophora degeerella (Linn.) 7.001 Common in England and Wales. Local elsewhere. FL 7–10mm. Head golden. Antenna nearly four times length of forewing in the male, and a little longer than forewing in the female. Forewing golden brownish, apically purplish with golden-yellow streaks between the veins, particularly in the male, and a yellow crossband edged blackish blue at two-thirds.

Yellow-banded Longhorn Nemophora degeerella larva and larval case.

u

Adelidae 75 Similar species Adela croesella is smaller, with a reddish-brown and black head, the crossband is just beyond one-half, and the antennae in the male are shorter. FS May–mid-July. Flies by day, is sometimes seen in numbers in dappled sunshine, and is also active at dusk. Hab Fens, marshes, old hedgerows, woodland, particularly damp woodland. Fp Early foodplant and larval stage unknown; later found on dead leaves on the ground. LS Probably feeds until spring, and may overwinter twice in the north. In an elongate case.

Scabious Longhorn Plate 2 Nemophora metallica (Poda) 7.002 Very local. FL 7.5–10mm. Antenna 2.5 times length of forewing in the male and 1.5 times length of forewing in the female. Forewing long, uniform metallic golden greenish. FS June–mid-August. Flies in sunshine and rests on flowers of the foodplant, but also flies at dusk and comes to light. Hab Chalk and limestone grasslands. Fp Field Scabious, Small Scabious. LS August–April. Initially within a developing seed in the flowerhead, and then on the lower leaves and possibly leaf litter. In an elongate case.

Copper-tip Longhorn Plate 2 Nemophora cupriacella (Hübn.) 7.003 Very local. Rare in Scotland and Ireland. FL 6–8mm. Parthenogenetic, the male apparently unknown. Labial palps curved upwards, with long forward-pointing hairs. Antenna a little longer than the forewing. Forewing metallic, golden green in the basal half, golden reddish or purplish beyond. Similar species N. minimella is smaller on average, with a black basal streak. Adela cuprella has forward-pointing labial palps, less red or purple colour in the outer half of the forewing, and flies earlier in the year. FS June–early August. Flies in sunshine and may be found resting on scabious flowers and Wild Teasel heads. Hab Calcareous grassland, unimproved wet and dry grasslands, rough ground. Fp Field Scabious, Devil’s-bit Scabious, Small Scabious, Wild Teasel. LS August–April. Initially within a developing seed in the flowerhead, and then on the lower leaves. In a fiddle-shaped case.

Horehound Longhorn

Plate 2 Nemophora fasciella (Fabr.) 7.004 Very local. Recently recorded only from the east. FL 6–7.5mm. Antenna twice length of forewing in the male, and about the same length as forewing in the female. Forewing metallic, golden reddish with purplish reflections, golden green near the base, with a wedge-shaped purplish black crossband at one-half. FS June–early August. Flies in sunshine over the foodplant and other flowers; in dull weather, rests on the foodplant or nearby vegetation. Hab Calcareous grassland, embankments, marshes, road verges, waste ground. Fp Black Horehound, possibly White Dead-nettle. LS August–April. Initially within a developing seed, and then on the lower leaves on the ground. In a fiddle-shaped case.

Small Scabious Longhorn Nemophora minimella ([D. & S.])

Plate 2 7.005

Very local. FL 5–7mm. Antenna less than twice length of forewing in the male and a little longer than forewing in the female. Forewing metallic, golden green in the basal two-thirds with a short black basal streak, an indistinct dark crossband beyond, and the outer part of the wing golden reddish. Hindwing of the male white, more especially in southern England populations, or dark purplish, rarely intermediate in colour. Similar species N. cupriacella. FS July–August. Flies in sunshine and has been found at rest on scabious and other flowers. Hab Lowland raised bogs, calcareous and marshy grasslands, clearings in woodland. Fp Devil’s-bit Scabious, Small Scabious. LS August–April. May overwinter twice in the north. Initially within a developing seed in the flowerhead, then on the lower leaves on the ground. In an elongate fiddle-shaped case.

76 Adelidae

Green Longhorn Plate 2 Adela reaumurella (Linn.) 7.006 Common in England and Wales. Local elsewhere. FL 7–9mm. Antenna three times length of forewing in the male and less than 1.5 times length of forewing in the female. Forewing metallic, dark green or bluish green, sometimes with a slight golden tinge towards the costa. Similar species Cauchas rufimitrella is smaller, the forewing is golden greenish, and the u Green Longhorn Adela reaumurella larva and larval case. antennae in the male are shorter. A. cuprella is less green and more golden, having a slightly less rounded wing apex. FS April–mid-July. Often seen dancing in sunshine in small swarms around the outer branches of oaks and Hazel. Hab Mainly woodland, also fens, heathland, marshes, scrub. Fp Dead leaves, particularly of oaks and birches. LS July–February. In an elongate case.

Sallow Longhorn Adela cuprella ([D. & S.])

Plate 2 7.007

Local or very local. FL 6.5–8mm. Labial palps forward pointing and somewhat hairy. Antenna 2.5 times length of forewing in the male, and a little longer than forewing in the female. Forewing metallic golden greenish with slight reddish or purplish reflections along the costa and at the apex. Similar species Nemophora cupriacella, A. reaumurella, FS Late March–May. Flies in sunshine, often in abundance, around the tops of tall willow bushes. Often seen on just one or a few trees at individual sites. Hab Heathland, fens, marshes. Fp Willows, especially Grey Willow. LS May–March. Overwinters for two or more winters. Initially in the catkins, then on fallen willow leaves. In an elongate fiddle-shaped case.

Lesser Banded Longhorn Plate 2 Adela croesella (Scop.) 7.008 Common. Rare in the north and west, and Ireland. FL 5–6.5mm. Head reddish brown and black. Antenna slightly more than twice length of forewing in the male, and slightly longer than forewing in the female. Forewing blackish brown with a purple tinge, golden between the veins, and a yellow crossband, edged dark purplish, at just beyond one-half. Similar species Nemophora degeerella. FS May–June. Flies in sunshine around the foodplants, and has been recorded at light. Hab Breckland, calcareous grassland, fens, marshes, scrub, woodland. Fp Ash, elms, Wild Privet, Sea-buckthorn. LS August–March. Probably on the developing seeds, then on dead leaves on the ground. In an elongate case.

Speedwell Longhorn Cauchas fibulella ([D. & S.])

Plate 2 7.009

Common. FL 3.5–5mm. Antenna slightly longer than the forewing. Forewing dark golden green, slightly purplish tinged, with an elongate whitish spot on the dorsum at about two-thirds. FS May–June. Flies in sunshine, visiting flowers of the foodplant. Hab Calcareous grassland, rough ground. Fp Speedwells, especially Germander Speedwell. LS July–May. Initially on the seeds, then on lower leaves on the ground. In an elongate case.

Adelidae 77

Meadow Longhorn Plate 2 Cauchas rufimitrella (Scop.) 7.010 Local. FL 4.5–6mm. Antenna about twice length of forewing in the male, and slightly less than 1.5 times length of forewing in the female. Forewing metallic, golden greenish, the costa sometimes tinged reddish or purplish. Similar species Adela reaumurella. FS May–June. Flies in sunshine, sometimes in numbers, visiting flowers of the foodplants. Hab Wet grasslands, mosses. Fp Cuckooflower, Garlic Mustard. LS July–October. On the developing seeds, then on lower leaves on the ground. In an elongate case.

Sandy Longhorn Plate 2 Nematopogon schwarziellus Zell. 7.012 Common. FL 7–8mm. Antenna twice length of forewing in the male, and about 1.5 times length of forewing in the female. Forewing pale greyish yellow, slightly reticulated towards the pointed apex. Similar species N. metaxella has the forewing broader and more rounded at the apex, slightly darker, and with a dark spot or short line at two-thirds. May also be confused with two scarcer species (not illustrated), both found in open heathy woodland and moorland: N. magna, recorded from Yorkshire, parts of Scotland and western Ireland, has a densely reticulated dark greyish-brown forewing; N. pilella, known from south Wales northwards and very locally in western Ireland, has forewing that is dark greyish-brown in the male and more variable in colour in the female, slightly reticulated towards the apex. Where N. magna or N. pilella are expected, examination of the male genitalia may be necessary; females may be very difficult to separate. FS Late April–June. Flies by day and occasionally comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, sheltered parts of heathland, moorland, other open habitats, woodland. Fp Dead leaves on the ground. LS July–April. Possibly overwinters twice. In an elongate case, sometimes tapered at one end.

Dark-dotted Longhorn Plate 2 Nematopogon metaxella (Hübn.) 7.014 Scarce in the north, more common in the south. FL 6–8mm. Antenna three times length of forewing in the male, twice length of forewing in the female. Forewing broad with a rounded apex, greyish yellow with weak reticulation and a blurred dark spot or short line at about two-thirds. Similar species N. schwarziellus. FS May–July. Flies by day and is the most frequent Nematopogon species to come to light. Hab Gardens, calcareous grassland, fens, marshes, woodland. Often associated with alders. Fp Dead and living leaves. LS Unknown–May, probably having overwintered. In an elongate case.

Large Longhorn Plate 2 Nematopogon swammerdamella (Linn.) 7.015 Common. More local in Scotland. FL 8–11mm. Antenna 2.5 times length of forewing in the male and nearly twice length of forewing in the female. Forewing pale greyish yellow, with an indistinct reticulated pattern, the base of the costa sometimes slightly darker, with the apex pointed. By far the largest of the plain-coloured longhorns. FS April–June. Flies by day and comes to light. Hab Parkland, woodland. Fp Dead leaves on the ground. LS August–April. Often overwinters twice. In an elongate case. Species not covered Brown Longhorn Nematopogon pilella ([D. & S.]) 7.011 ESW Scarce Longhorn N. magna (Zell.) 7.013 R/ESI

78

Incurvariidae

T

here are six species in this family, which are all covered here. At rest, the wings are held roof-like, at a steep angle. The forewing

length is 3–8mm. The forewings are relatively broad, dark, and with at least pale dorsal markings, which in some species are extended into

Feathered Cutter Incurvaria masculella

full crossbands. The hindwings are similarly broad, with narrow scales. The head is rough, with hair scales directed upwards, giving a tufted appearance. The antennae are one-half to two-thirds the length of the forewing, and in the male of two species have easily visible pectinations, appearing feathered. The labial palps are short and directed forward, and

Striped Cutter Phylloporia bistrigella

the tongue is short or rudimentary. Superficially, the Incurvariidae are very similar to the next family, the Prodoxidae. All species are active by day, fly in sunshine and are occasionally attracted to light. Although identification of most species is straightforward, some care is required to identify a few species with certainty. Chilean Myrtle Moth Simacauda dicommatias (not illustrated), a South American species and not known from elsewhere in Europe, has been discovered to be resident in several localities in Cornwall, and is mainly associated with Chilean Myrtle, a plant native to the central Andes. The eggs are laid on leaves. The larva is a leaf-miner and, in most species, while still small it cuts a bivalved case from the mine which then falls to the ground, and the larva continues to feed on living or dead leaves on or near the ground. As the larva grows, the case is enlarged one valve at a time by replacing or adding oval leaf fragments. Pupation in all species occurs within the case. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath et al. (1976) European species: Bengtsson et al. (2008)

c

Pale Feathered Cutter Incurvaria pectinea leaf-mines on birch.

Incurvariidae 79

Pale Feathered Cutter

Plate 3 Incurvaria pectinea Haw. 8.001 Common. Local in places. FL 6–8mm. Head pale or dark greyish brown. Antenna pectinate in the male, thread-like in the female. Forewing greyish brassy brown, with an indistinct triangular whitish spot on the dorsum before one-half, a similar smaller one at the tornus, and rarely a few indistinct spots on or near the costa. The female is paler than the male. Similar species I. masculella has a u Pale Feathered Cutter Incurvaria pectinea larva and case. yellowish or reddish-brown head, with a dark brown forewing and more distinct whitish dorsal markings. FS April–May. Flies in sunshine by day and can be abundant; occasionally comes to light. Hab Heathland, parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Mainly birches and Hazel, also alders, apples, Small-leaved Lime and Hornbeam. LS May–September. Initially feeds in a circular blotch mine; often there are many mines in a single leaf. The larva cuts its first case from the mine and continues to feed on the ground on dead and sometimes living leaves. The final case is oval.

Feathered Cutter Incurvaria masculella ([D. & S.])

Plate 3 8.002

Common, except in the far north. FL 6–8mm. Head yellowish or reddish brown. Antenna pectinate in the male, thread-like in the female. Forewing dark brown, sometimes tinged purplish, with a roughly triangular whitish spot on the dorsum before one-half, and a similar smaller one at the tornus. Sometimes there is a speckling of whitish scales in the outer half of the wing and a small white spot on the costa, almost opposite the tornal spot but placed slightly towards the base. Similar species I. oehlmanniella has a shorter more rounded forewing with the white spot or spots on the costa opposite the tornal spot or slightly towards the apex, and the male antenna does not have pectinations. I. pectinea. FS April–June. Flies in sunshine by day and occasionally comes to light. Hab Gardens, scrub, woodland. Fp Hawthorn, roses, Sea-buckthorn, occasionally other rosaceous shrubs and trees. LS May–March. Feeds in a similar way to I. pectinea, but with just one or a few mines per leaf, and the first case is oval. The final case is oval-shaped as well.

Purple-tinged Cutter Plate 3 Incurvaria oehlmanniella (Hübn.) 8.003 Common. More local in Ireland. FL 6–8mm. Head pale orange or reddish brown. Antenna thread-like in both sexes. Forewing dark brown, faintly tinged purplish, with a whitish or creamy whitish spot on the dorsum before one-half, a similar smaller one at the tornus, and one or two spots on the costa opposite the tornal spot or slightly towards the apex. Similar species I. masculella. FS May–July. Flies in sunshine by day and occasionally comes to light. Hab Calcareous grassland, hedgerows, moorland, open woodland, less often gardens and urban parks. Fp Bilberry, Cloudberry, sometimes Dogwood, plums. LS August–March. Feeds in a similar way to I. pectinea. There are one or a few mines per leaf except on Cloudberry, where there may be several. The final case is oval.

80 Incurvariidae

Strawberry Cutter Incurvaria praelatella ([D. & S.])

Plate 3 8.004

Local. FL 5.5–7mm. Head pale yellowish or pale reddish brown. Forewing dark purplish brown with cream markings comprising a small or very small spot near the base, a crossband at one-third, narrower towards the costa, a triangular spot at the tornus and a similar spot on the costa displaced towards the apex. Similar species Lampronia luzella (9.002) has a dark greyish-brown head, and has no pale spot near the base. L. flavimitrella (9.005) is often slightly larger, without a basal spot, and, if separated, the costal spot opposite the tornus is displaced towards the base. FS Mid-May–mid-July. Flies in sunshine by day and occasionally comes to light. Hab Heathland, downland, clearings in damp woodland. Fp Wild Strawberry, Water Avens, other rosaceous herbaceous plants. LS July–May. Feeds in a similar way to I. pectinea, one mine per leaf, but cuts an oval case from the mine and makes a violin-shaped case on the ground by adding leaf fragments. On Wild Strawberry the larva feeds on withering leaves; on Water Avens it feeds on the underside of older leaves on the ground.

Striped Cutter Plate 3 Phylloporia bistrigella (Haw.) 8.005 Local. FL 3–4mm. Head whitish. Forewing brassy greyish brown, slightly tinged purplish towards the apex, with two white crossbands, one near one-third, the other near two-thirds, the outer one occasionally interrupted around the middle; sometimes a white dot beyond. Similar species Male Micropterix aruncella (1.004). FS May–July. Flies in sunshine around small birch trees and comes to light. Hab Heathland, scrub, open woodland. Fp Downy and Silver birches. LS July–April. In a narrow mine leading to a larger blotch, and when fully fed the larva cuts its case from the blotch, and it falls to the ground. The case is oval.

u

Striped Cutter Phylloporia bistrigella leaf-mine on birch.

Species not covered Chilean Myrtle Moth Simacauda dicommatias (Meyr.) 8.006 A/E

81

Prodoxidae

T

here are seven species in this family, which are all covered here. At rest, the wings are held roof-like, at a steep angle. The forewing

length is 5–9mm. The forewings are relatively broad, dark, either without markings or with pale spots or crossbands. The hindwings are similarly

Raspberry Shoot Borer Lampronia luzella

broad; those species without forewing markings have narrow hindwing scales, and those with forewing markings have broad-scaled hindwings. The head has either rough hair-like scales or smooth broad scales. The antennae vary between one-third and about one-half the length of the forewing. The labial palps are short and directed forward, and the tongue

Raspberry Moth Lampronia corticella

is short. Superficially, the Prodoxidae are very similar to the previous family, the Incurvariidae. All species are active by day, fly in sunshine and are occasionally attracted to light. The wing pattern is variable within a species, and sometimes asymmetric between forewings of the same individual, so the text and illustrations cannot match all variation found in the field, and some examples may require genitalia examination to confirm identity. Where known, the eggs are laid on the developing fruits of plants, but not all species are associated with fruits. The larvae are internal feeders, within the fruits, shoots or stems of plants, and in one species the larva makes a gall. Pupation normally occurs within the final feeding place. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath et al. (1976) European species: Bengtsson et al. (2008)

Currant Shoot Borer Plate 3 Lampronia capitella (Clerck) 9.001 Much declined, now very local and infrequently recorded. FL 7–9mm. Head yellowish. Forewing dark purplish brown with cream markings, a crossband from the dorsum near the base, sometimes indistinct towards the costa, and two triangular spots, one at the tornus and the other on the costa opposite the tornus. The largest of all similarlooking Prodoxidae and Incurvariidae. FS May–June. Flies around the foodplant on warm, sunny afternoons, and recorded at light. Hab Old gardens, woodland, and has been recorded from a riverside. Fp Gooseberry, Red and White currants. LS June–April. In a green fruit before hibernation, then in one or more shoots in spring, causing leaves at the tip to wilt.

Raspberry Shoot Borer Plate 3 Lampronia luzella (Hübn.) 9.002 Local or very local. FL 5–6.5mm. Head dark greyish brown. Forewing distinctly rounded along termen, dark purplish brown with creamy or pale yellow markings; near the base a slightly oblique crossband narrowing towards the costa, sometimes formed as two separate spots, and two triangular spots, a large one at the tornus and a smaller one on the costa opposite. Similar species L. flavimitrella is larger, with a yellowish head, and a broad forewing pointed at the apex with a narrow tornal mark or band. Incurvaria praelatella (8.004). FS May–July. Flies by day. Hab Woodland. Fp Not known, possibly on Bramble. LS Probably in a shoot.

82 Prodoxidae

Raspberry Moth Plate 3 Lampronia corticella (Linn.) 9.003 Local. FL 4.5–6mm. Head pale yellowish brown or reddish brown. Forewing brown with pale yellow markings comprising three to five spots on the costa, two large dorsal spots, and a speckling of other small dots over the wing. FS May–June. Flies in the afternoon and occasionally comes to light. Hab Gardens, scrub, woodland. Fp Raspberry, less often other Rubus species, including Loganberry. LS July–May. In spring in expanding buds and shoots, often causing the shoots to wilt.

Rose Shoot Borer Plate 3 Lampronia morosa Zell. 9.004

Rose Shoot Borer Lampronia morosa. Larva feeding in shoot of a rose.

r

Local or very local. FL 5–6.5mm. Head brown. Forewing dark brown with an indistinct whitish dorsal spot before the tornus, sometimes a small costal spot before the apex, and scattered paler scales in outer half of wing. FS May–June and recorded in August. Flies by day. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland, occasionally gardens. Fp Dog-rose, other wild and cultivated roses. LS Autumn–May. In buds and shoots, causing the latter to wilt and fall. Larva is bright red. Pupates in a cocoon in a rolled leaf bract close to the final feeding site. Similar larva Notocelia species (49.292–49.297) are greyish brown, sometimes tinged pinkish.

Scarce Shoot Borer Plate 3 Lampronia flavimitrella (Hübn.) 9.005 Rare. Discovered in England in 1974. Has been newly recorded in several counties recently. FL 6.5–7.5mm. Head yellowish. Forewing broad with pointed apex, dark brown with a whitish crossband at one-third and another at two-thirds, these are sometimes broken, interrupted or much reduced, especially in the male. Similar species L. luzella, Incurvaria praelatella (8.004). FS May–June. Flies in sunshine, in the evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Open woodland, also hedgerows. Fp Probably Bramble, and possibly Dewberry or Raspberry. LS Not known, but possibly overwinters. In spring probably in a shoot.

Birch Gall Moth Plate 3 Lampronia fuscatella (Tengst.) 9.006

Birch Gall Moth Lampronia fuscatella larval gall.

r

Local or very local. FL 6.5–9mm. Head yellow or orange. Forewing unicolorous dark brownish, sometimes with a faint purplish sheen. FS May–June. Flies in the afternoon and comes to light. Hab Heathland, moorland, open woodland. Fp Birches, in young or stunted trees. LS October–April, occasionally living for two years. Larva makes a spherical gall in a twig, usually at a node, sometimes with galls formed at adjacent nodes. The exit hole is capped with reddish brown frass in March or April.

Dusky Rose Moth Plate 3 Lampronia pubicornis (Haw.) 9.007 Rare. Recent records from Ireland and Scotland. FL 6–7mm. Head pale yellow. Forewing shining pale greyish brown. FS May–June. Flies in the early morning, in afternoon sunshine, and rests on vegetation near the foodplant at other times. Hab Limestone grassland, sandhills, where foodplants grow in extensive stands. Fp Burnet Rose, occasionally Sherard’s Downy-rose. LS Autumn–April. In spring in shoots, distorting growth.

83

Tischeriidae

T

here are six species in this family. Adults rest with the front end raised and the wings held roof-like at a shallow

angle. The forewing length is 3–5.5mm. The forewings are uniformly coloured or with a partial dark border, without a distinct tornal angle. The hindwings are narrower than the forewings, with long dorsal cilia. The head has erect scales

Oak Blotch-miner Tischeria ekebladella

Bramble Blotch-miner Coptotriche marginea

on top, directed forward and forming a shelf over flat scales on the face. The antennae are thread-like, somewhat less than the length of the forewing and without a conspicuous eye-cap. The labial palps are short and sometimes drooping, and the tongue is short. The three yellowish species, Oak Blotch-miner Tischeria ekebladella, Small Oak Blotch-miner T. dodonaea and Bramble Blotch-miner Coptotriche marginea, are described below. Two of the three bronzy-brown species are not covered. Scarce Bramble Blotch-miner C. heinemanni is scarce, and Scarce Blackthorn Blotch-miner C. gaunacella is believed to be extinct; all three species are difficult to separate as adult moths. The larvae mine leaves of various trees and shrubs, pupating in the mine. Adults are usually found in early summer, although C. marginea typically has two generations, flying again later in the summer. Adults fly from dusk and come to light. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath et al. (1976) European species: Bengtsson et al. (2008)

Oak Blotch-miner Plate 3 Tischeria ekebladella (Bjerk.) 10.001 Common. More local in the far north and in Ireland. FL 3.5–5mm. Head and antennae yellowish. Forewing pale brownish yellow, with the costa and apex variably speckled darker. Hindwing grey, cilia concolorous. Similar species T. dodonaea (not illustrated) is slightly smaller (FL 3–3.5mm), with the hindwing grey and the cilia contrasting pale golden grey. u Oak Blotch-miner Tischeria ekebladella leaf-mine. Darker examples may also be confused with Coptotriche marginea, which has leaden-coloured head and antennae. FS Late April–September in one or occasionally two generations. Hab Hedgerows, parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Oaks, Sweet Chestnut. LS September–April. In a whitish blotch mine on upper side of a leaf. Similar larva The mine of T. dodonaea is brown to reddish brown with darker brown concentric semicircles.

84 Tischeriidae

u

Small Oak Blotch-miner Tischeria dodonaea leaf-mines. u r Bramble Blotch-miner Coptotriche marginea leaf-mine on Bramble. r

Rose Blotch-miner Coptotriche angusticollella leaf-mine.

Small Oak Blotch-miner Tischeria dodonaea Staint. 10.002 EWI. Local. Absent in the north-east and very rare in Ireland. Hab Woodland, also oaks on heathland. Fp Oaks, Sweet Chestnut. LS September–April. In a brown to reddishbrown blotch mine with darker concentric rings, on upper side of a leaf. Similar larva Leaf-mine of T. ekebladella.

Bramble Blotch-miner Plate 3 Coptotriche marginea (Haw.) 10.003 Common in England and Wales. Local elsewhere. FL 3.5–4.5mm. Head leaden metallic on the crown, with a yellow face and leaden metallic antennae. Forewing brownish yellow with costa, termen and occasionally dorsum darker, and usually with a dark spot at the tornus. Similar species Tischeria ekebladella. FS Late April–October, in two generations. May be seen at rest on the foodplant and can be disturbed by day, and readily comes to light. Hab Probably wherever the foodplants occur. Fp Bramble, Loganberry. LS September–March and June–July. Initially in a whitish mine, sometimes bright scarlet in autumn, expanding into a pale brown blotch mine, on the upper side of the leaf; the larva makes a silk-lined tunnel in the centre of the mine, and as the silk contracts the leaf puckers and may fold. Similar larva The mine of C. heinemanni (not illustrated), a rare species known only from Kent, is initially yellowish green and transparent, becoming pale brownish, and forms a larger mine without puckering; recorded on Agrimony, Bramble and Dewberry in Europe.

Rose Blotch-miner Coptotriche angusticollella (Dup.) 10.006 EWC. Very local. Recorded as far north as Lancashire and Yorkshire. Hab Hedgerows, woodland. Fp Roses. LS September–October and occasionally a second generation in July. In an inflated whitish blotch mine on the upper side of a leaflet, causing it to fold over. Species not covered Scarce Bramble Blotch-miner Coptotriche heinemanni (Wocke) 10.004 R/E Scarce Blackthorn Blotch-miner C. gaunacella (Dup.) 10.005 † E

85

Psychidae

T

here are 17 native species in this family. In most species the female is wingless, whereas the male is winged and

rests with the wings held roof-like, at a steep angle. A few species are found only as wingless females; their reproduction

White-speckled Bagworm Narycia duplicella

is asexual, taking place without fertilisation – a process known as parthenogenesis. The forewing length is very variable, in the range 3–14mm, with the largest species in the group being rather similar in shape to medium-sized macro-moths in the Noctuidae. The forewing of most species is not more than twice as long as wide, with a tornal angle, and is usually dull brown or

Common Bagworm Psyche casta

grey, sometimes with a speckled pattern, and may be slightly to moderately translucent. The hindwing is as broad as the forewing. The head has erect or smooth scales, the antennae are bipectinate or thread-like and the mouthparts are much reduced. The winged adults are typically short-lived and fly by day in sunshine, often early in the morning. Only very occasionally are individuals of some species found at light. Winged adults and larval cases of larger species are fairly easy to identify, but care is needed to distinguish the smaller species. Some species

Wingless female of Ramshorn Bagworm Luffia lapidella freshly emerged from its case.

u

can also be separated on characters of the pupal exuviae, particularly the size and shape of the capsule of the head and appendages. The following accounts include descriptions and illustrations of adults and their larval cases. Adults of all species are rarely seen, but the cases of common species, such as Common Bagworm Psyche casta, are regularly encountered attached to vegetation. Cases are described from full-grown larvae, and cases of immature larvae may differ in proportion and adornment. Larvae live within silken portable cases that incorporate granular materials, adorned to a greater or lesser extent with plant and dead insect fragments. They feed on lichens, mosses, living and decaying leaves of many plants, and dead insects. The larval stage usually lasts almost one year, but in some species can last nearly two years, spread

Female case of Lesser Heath Bagworm Acanthopsyche atra.

u

86 Psychidae

across three summers. Pupation takes place in the case. The female usually lays her eggs on or in the old larval case, although in some species they remain within the abdomen, and the cadaver forms part of the first meal for the newly emerged larvae. Young larvae may construct their first case from parts of the old larval case. The dispersal mechanism of the larger species, Large Heath Bagworm Pachythelia villosella and Lesser Heath Bagworm Acanthopsyche atra, is bizarre. The female of both species is wingless and bears no scales or appendages. It looks and behaves just like a fly maggot once free from its old larval case. This behaviour appears to be designed to attract a bird or reptile predator. Experiments have shown that larvae can hatch from eggs that have been passed out in bird faeces, which suggests that predators could represent one means of helping the wingless female to disperse her offspring. For most Lepidoptera, hiding from predatory birds has been an overriding evolutionary pressure, leading to the development of intricate camouflage in wing pattern and behaviour, but these two psychid species appear to have adopted quite the opposite approach! Further reading British and Irish species: Heath & Emmet (1985) European species: Bengtsson et al. (2008)

Newly emerged adult male Lesser Heath Bagworm Acanthopsyche atra. Note the thinly scaled wings.

c

Female Lesser Heath Bagworm Acanthopsyche atra.

d

Psychidae 87

Yellow-headed Bagworm Plate 3 (2) Diplodoma laichartingella (Goeze) 11.001 Local. FL 5–7mm, male and female winged. Head yellowish. Forewing dark brown with scattered pale yellow spots and a larger spot on the dorsum at about one-half. FS June– July. Usually lives for two years, but in colder regions a generation can take up to three years. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Parkland, woodland, occasionally in coastal scrub. Fp Decaying plant matter, fungi, mosses, lichens, dead insects. LS September– May. Case 10–13mm, with a tough inner layer, triangular in cross-section, and a soft, loosely woven outer layer covered with fragments of plants, insects, mineral grains and other material. The case may be found attached low down on a tree trunk or fallen log, often among spiders’ webs, under bark or in hollow trees. Note on larval cases of Narycia, Dahlica and Bankesia species Cases of all species are small and similar. N. duplicella has a dome-shaped case, whereas all the others are triangular in cross-section. D. inconspicuella and D. lichenella cases are practically indistinguishable. The case of D. triquetrella is slightly longer than those of the other Dahlica species, and is loosely adorned with insect fragments and frass towards the oral end. The larva of B. conspurcatella affixes small particles of wood in ridges along the case, and plant and insect fragments at the oral end. Larvae may need to be reared to the adult stage and females dissected to confirm the identity of Dahlica and Bankesia species.

White-speckled Bagworm Plate 3 (2) Narycia duplicella (Goeze) 11.002 Common. More local in the north and west. FL 4–6mm, male and female winged. Head blackish brown. Forewing blackish brown with scattered pale yellow dots, often forming one or two ill-defined crossbands. FS Mid-May–July. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, parkland, woodland. Fp Probably algae. LS August–May. Case 5–6mm, domed in cross-section with a broad flat ventral surface, often with slight lateral flanges, and somewhat triangular at the oral end. It is covered with granular material and algae, and varies in colour depending on the substrate, but is often pale greenish grey. Found on algae and lichen-covered tree trunks, fences and walls. Similar larva See note on larval cases.

Narrow Lichen Case-bearer Dahlica triquetrella (Hübn.)

Plate 3 11.003

Rare. FL Asexual, female wingless; winged males occur in Continental Europe. FS March–April. Hab Cliffs, old quarries, urban scrub and trees, open woodland. Fp Mainly dead insects, also algae, lichens and decaying plants. LS April–February. Case 6–9mm, triangular in cross-section, tapered at both ends, covered with fine granular material and adorned with insect fragments and frass towards the oral end. Similar larva See note on larval cases.

Lesser Lichen Case-bearer Plate 3 (2) Dahlica inconspicuella (Staint.) 11.004 Very local. Possibly endemic. Recorded as new to Wales in 1999. FL Male 5–6mm, female wingless. Male antenna thread-like. Forewing slender, the costa slightly concave, whitish grey, variably speckled darker in a net-like pattern, with a darker dot in the middle at three-quarters and the cilia faintly chequered. Similar species D. inconspicuella can be separated from the other two Dahlica species as it is the only one to have males in Britain. In Bankesia conspurcatella the male has larger blotches on the forewing and distinctly chequered cilia. In Luffia lapidella the male has antenna with long pectinations and the forewing costa is somewhat convex. FS March–May. Males fly mid-morning in sunshine. Hab Maritime cliff and slope, coastal shingle, woodland. Fp Possibly

88 Psychidae Pleurococcus algae, lichens. LS June–March. Case 5–6mm, slender, triangular in crosssection, tapered at both ends, covered with fine granular material. It is usually whitish grey or greenish grey, sometimes with lichen fragments attached. Cases are found on tree trunks and fences, and under scree, shingle and rubble on the ground, and are sometimes numerous. Similar larva See note on larval cases.

Lichen Case-bearer Plate 4 Dahlica lichenella (Linn.) 11.005 Very local. FL Asexual, female wingless; winged males occur in Continental Europe. FS March–May. Hab Isolated trees, stone walls and rocky areas, woodland. Fp Possibly Pleurococcus algae, lichens, mosses, decaying plant matter. LS June–March. Case 5–7mm, triangular in cross-section, tapered at both ends, and covered with fine granular materials, varying in colour depending on the materials used, but usually pale greenish grey. Cases are found attached to tree trunks, fences, rocks and stone walls, and are sometimes numerous within a very small area. Similar larva See note on larval cases.

Brown Bagworm Plate 4 (2) Taleporia tubulosa (Retz.) 11.006 Common. Very local in the north and west. FL Male 7–10mm, female wingless. Male with slender wings compared with other Psychidae, the forewing greyish brown with many pale yellowish spots in a faint net-like pattern. FS Late May–June. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Acid grassland, heathland, woodland. Fp Lichens, decaying plant matter, dead insects. LS August–April. Case 14–20mm, cigar-shaped, triangular in cross-section, covered with granular material, and adorned at the oral end with fragments of plants and insects. The case is most often seen attached to tree trunks, fences and walls.

Scarce Bagworm Plate 4 (2) Bankesia conspurcatella (Zell.) 11.007 Rare. Common throughout the Channel Islands. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2018 and Scotland in 2020. FL Male 6–7mm, female wingless. Forewing slender, dark greyish brown with whitish or pale grey blotches of variable size, the cilia distinctly chequered. Similar species Males of Dahlica inconspicuella and Luffia lapidella. FS Late January– March. Flies in the early morning on sunny days. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, mud and stone walls, woodland. Fp Dead insects, lichens and algae. LS May–February. Case 6–8mm, triangular in cross-section, tapered at both ends, coated in granules of woody material, with small particles of wood along ridges, and plant and insect fragments at the oral end. The case may be found near the ground, occasionally higher in trees, and is hidden in crevices, under stones or other solid materials, including fences and walls. Sometimes cases can be found clustered together. Similar larva See note on larval cases.

Ramshorn Bagworm Plate 4 (2) Luffia lapidella (Goeze) 11.009 Common. Very local in Ireland. L. lapidella and L. ferchaultella are now considered to be the same species, with ferchaultella being an asexual form of the sexually reproducing form lapidella. The asexual form is quite widespread, whereas the sexual form occurs only in Cornwall and on the Channel Islands. FL Male 5–7mm; female wingless. Male antenna with long pectinations. Forewing with the costa convex, pale brownish grey, variably speckled darker in a net-like pattern, with a darker dot in the middle at threequarters and the cilia whitish grey, occasionally mottled darker. Similar species Males of Dahlica inconspicuella and Bankesia conspurcatella. FS June–July. Hab Coastal areas, gardens, built structures, urban trees and parks, woodland. Fp Lichens. LS August–May. Can be abundant. Case 5–8mm, round in cross-section, in the shape of a tilted cone,

Psychidae 89 covered with fine mineral material, sometimes with flecks of lichen. The case stands almost perpendicular to the surface, distinguishing Luffia from other small, slender psychid cases. The colour of the case of the asexual form varies from green to black, sometimes with rings of different colours, whereas the case of the sexual form is usually greyish. The asexual form is found on tree trunks, fences, rocks and walls, preferring shady places, whereas the sexual form is found in exposed places, especially on rocks and stone walls.

Shining Bagworm Plate 4 (2) Bacotia claustrella (Bruand) 11.010 Rare. FL Male 6.5–7.5mm, female wingless. Male antenna with short pectinations without plate-like scales. Forewing slender, apex acute, brown with a darker spot at about two-thirds, scales plate-like. Similar species Proutia betulina has antenna with long pectinations without plate-like scales, and forewing rounded only at the apex. Psyche casta has antennal pectinations with plate-like scales, and the forewing is rounded. Epichnopterix plumella has antenna with long pectinations without plate-like scales, and forewing scales are hair-like. FS June–July. Males occasionally come to light. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Lichens and algae. LS August–May. Case 6–7mm, stout, round in cross-section, sometimes adorned with lichen fragments, sitting perpendicular to the surface and looking remarkably like a stubby twig. The case may be found on tree trunks, branches and posts, or among thick scrub.

Birch Bagworm Plate 4 (2) Proutia betulina (Zell.) 11.011 Rare. FL Male 5.5–7mm, female wingless. Male antenna with long pectinations without plate-like scales. Forewing slender, rounded at the apex, dark brown, with plate-like scales. Similar species Bacotia claustrella, Psyche casta, Epichnopterix plumella. FS Late May–July. Hab Woodland. Fp Lichens, and possibly living and decaying leaves. LS August–May. Case 8–10mm, somewhat pointed and covered in fragments of bark, pine needles, grass and lichen. The case may be found on bushes, tree trunks, branches and posts.

Common Bagworm Plate 4 (2) Psyche casta (Pall.) 11.012 Common. FL Male 6–7mm, female wingless. Male antenna pectinate, the pectinations with plate-like scales. Wings broad and rounded, uniformly dark brown, with plate-like scales. Similar species Bacotia claustrella, Proutia betulina, Epichnopterix plumella. FS Mid-May–July. Males occasionally come to light. Hab Woodland, moorland, heathland, grassland, coastal habitats. Fp Grasses, lichens, decaying plant matter. LS August–May. Case 6–10mm, with blades of grass or rush attached longitudinally, often splayed out beyond the anal end. The case is usually found exposed on tree trunks, tall vegetation or posts. Similar larva The case of E. plumella has flat blades of grass attached longitudinally, which converge slightly beyond the anal end.

Plumed Bagworm Epichnopterix plumella ([D. & S.])

Plate 4 (2) 11.014

Very local. FL Male 5–6mm, female wingless. Male antenna with long pectinations without plate-like scales. Wings broad and rounded, dull blackish brown, scales hair-like and wings somewhat translucent. Similar species Bacotia claustrella, Proutia betulina, Psyche casta. FS Late April–June. Flies in sunshine around midday. Males occasionally come to light. Hab Grasslands, moorland, parkland, scrub. Fp Grasses. LS July–April. Case 8–12mm, with blades of grass attached longitudinally, converging beyond the anal end. The case is attached low down and is rarely seen. Similar larva P. casta.

90 Psychidae

Netted Bagworm

Plate 4 (2) Whittleia retiella (Newm.) 11.015 Rare. FL Male 3–4.5mm, female wingless. Wings rounded, whitish with dark grey markings in a net-like pattern. FS May–June. Flies in the afternoon on warm, still days and is occasionally numerous. Males occasionally come to light. Hab Saltmarsh. Fp Common Saltmarsh-grass, cord-grasses, other grasses. LS September–April. Case 8–12mm, slender, with longitudinally attached grass fragments extending beyond the case. The case can be readily found among saltmarsh vegetation.

Lesser Heath Bagworm

Plate 4 (3) Acanthopsyche atra (Linn.) 11.016 Rare. FL Male 8–10mm, female wingless. Wings broad, dull blackish grey and thinly scaled. FS May–June. Males fly in sunshine from midday onwards. Hab Heathland, moorland. Fp Heather, heaths, grasses, willows. LS August–April. Larval development takes nearly two years, over three summers. Case 17–22mm, cylindrical, covered longitudinally with twigs and leaves of heather, and grass stems. The case is usually attached low down on vegetation or posts, and is rarely seen. Similar larva The case of Pachythelia villosella is bigger, with larger vegetation fragments attached.

Large Heath Bagworm Plate 4 (2) Pachythelia villosella (Ochs.) 11.017 Rare. FL Male 10–14mm, female wingless. All wings dull greyish brown, somewhat translucent. FS June– August. Males fly in afternoon and evening sunshine. Hab Lowland heathland. Fp Heather, heaths, grasses, Bramble, Dwarf Gorse. LS July– May. Larval development takes nearly two years, over three summers. Case 30–50mm, cylindrical, covered longitudinally with stems of heather, gorse, grass and rush. The case can be found attached to tree trunks, posts, and high up on heather bushes, and occasionally occurs in large numbers very locally. Similar larva Acanthopsyche atra.

r Male case of Large Heath Bagworm Pachythelia villosella fixed to a gorse needle prior to emergence of the adult. Note the silk extension to the anal end of the case, indicating it is a male.

Dusky Heath Bagworm Plate 4 (2) Sterrhopterix fusca (Haw.) 11.018 Rare. Now seemingly confined to a very few sites. FL Male 9–12mm, female wingless. All wings broad and rounded, grey and thinly scaled. FS June–July. Males are attracted to light. Hab Heathland, mosses, woodland. Fp Birches, grasses, Hawthorn, heather, heaths, oaks, willows. LS August–May. Larval development takes two years. Case 16–20mm, somewhat conical, irregularly decorated with plant matter, sometimes placed transversely. The case can be found attached to heather, leaves, tree trunks or posts. Species not covered Scarce Grass Bagworm Psyche crassiorella Bruand 11.013 † EI

91

Tineidae

T

here are 49 native/naturalised species in this family, which include the clothes moths and several other species

associated with human activities and habitation. At rest, the

Brindled Fungus Moth Triaxomera parasitella

wings are held roof-like, at a steep angle. The forewing length is very variable, in the range 3–16mm. Although the forewing membrane does not usually have a tornal angle, the cilia at the tornus are long, producing a noticeable angle between the dorsum and termen. The forewings are frequently dull brown, although some are distinctively patterned. The hindwings are

Cork Moth Nemapogon cloacella

as wide as the forewings. The head is rough-scaled, although in Psychoides it is smooth-scaled, and in Yellow V Moth Oinophila v-flava there is a distinct ridge between the antennae. The antennae are mostly thread-like, about three-quarters the length of the forewing. The labial palps vary, from drooping to forward pointing or ascending, and the tongue is reduced.

Case-bearing Clothes Moth Tinea pellionella

Treatment of Tineidae in this guide is partial. Many species of this family are difficult to record as adults, where there may be confusion between similar-looking species (especially the genera Nemapogon and Tinea). However, several species are reasonably distinctive and can be identified with care, and the most widespread species are likely to be encountered in moth traps. Twenty-nine species accounts are given here. Some species are highly restricted in distribution or are hard to find. Richardson’s Case-bearer Eudarcia richardsoni is known from only two sites on the Dorset coast, and is otherwise extremely rare in Europe. Some previously widespread species appear to have become exceedingly rare. For example, even into the mid-twentieth century, Tapestry Moth Trichophaga tapetzella could be abundant and a pest of fur and feathers, but it has hardly been seen in the past 50 years. Several non-native species (not covered here) are imported from time to time with foodstuffs, animal skins and woven natural fibres; although most of them do not seem to take up residence in Britain, this remains a possibility. Larvae feed on ferns, lichens, fungi, animal detritus (such as feathers, skin and fur) and vegetable matter. A few species feed from within portable cases. One species, the Wood-ant Moth Myrmecozela ochraceella, is associated with ants’ nests. Collecting and rearing larvae is a good way of detecting a number of species, especially of the fungus-feeding group and those associated with birds’ nests and owl pellets. Discarded woollen blankets in outhouses can reveal a surprising diversity of species. Species living in heated warehouses or human habitations often have continuous generations, whereas those living outside may have one or two reasonably distinct generations. Adults of some species fly naturally at dawn, during the day or at dusk, and several come readily to light. When disturbed, some adult moths in this family tend to run rather than fly. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath & Emmet (1985) European species: Bengtsson et al. (2008); Gaedike (2015, 2019)

92 Tineidae

Richardson’s Case-bearer Eudarcia richardsoni (Wals.) 12.003 E. Rare. Dorset only. Hab Coastal chalk and limestone scree. Fp Probably on Desmococcus algae, and possibly supplements diet with dead insects from spiders’ webs. LS Probably late summer–spring, possibly over two years. In a portable silken case adorned with rock fragments, living under stones.

u

Richardson’s Case-bearer Eudarcia richardsoni larval case.

Silver-barred Lichen Moth

Plate 5 Infurcitinea argentimaculella (Staint.) 12.006 Local. Very local in Ireland. FL 3.5–4mm. Forewing dark brown with a coppery gloss. Markings are variable, silvery white, with an oblique crossband before one-half, a spot at the tornus, and spots or short streaks on the costa and towards the apex; the cilia are tipped white. FS June–early August. Flies in sunshine. Hab Woodland, parkland, gardens, u Silver-barred Lichen Moth Infurcitinea argentimaculella built structures such as bridges. larval tubes on Lepraria lichen. Fp Lepraria incana, L. aeruginosa, possibly other lichens growing in deep shade and damp conditions. LS March–June. Feeds from within silken tubes covered with lichen fragments on damp rocks, brickwork, old tree trunks, etc. This species is most frequently detected from the larval workings.

Cyan Marbled Plate 5 Stenoptinea cyaneimarmorella (Mill.) 12.008 Rare. Probably an overlooked resident. Since the turn of the century there has been a scattering of records across parts of southern England. FL 6–7mm. Head pale yellowish, orangey brown on the crown, and thorax nearly black. Forewing dark brown to blackish, paler towards the apex, mottled with whitish, brownish and orange scales, and with bluishsilver scales scattered across the wing. Raised scale tufts at one-half and two-thirds. FS Mainly July–mid-August, occasionally earlier and later. Sometimes comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Gardens, woodland. Fp Possibly lichens on old fruit trees, such as Wild Plum, or in rotten wood of trees. LS Unknown.

Great Fungus Moth Morophaga choragella ([D. & S.])

Plate 5 12.010

Local. FL 10–16mm. Head dirty whitish. Forewing sandy brown, prominent along the veins, scattered with darker brown markings; the costa has a distinct dark brown blotch near one-quarter, the middle crossband is oblique from the dorsum at one-half to the costa at two-thirds, sometimes incomplete or obscure towards the costa, and the termen is chequered. FS Late May–August, occasionally to mid-September. Comes to light on warm nights, and is occasionally found at rest during the daytime on tree trunks. Hab Woodland. Fp Bracket fungi, including Fistulina hepatica, Fomitopsis betulina,

Tineidae 93 Ganoderma species and Trametes species. LS August–May. Frass hanging from silk threads and many emerged pupae beneath the bracket may indicate this species.

Four-spotted Fungus Moth Plate 5 Triaxomera fulvimitrella (Sodof.) 12.011 Local. FL 6–10mm. Head pale yellow. Forewing blackish brown with up to four large white spots, two on the costa and two on the dorsum, and occasionally smaller spots elsewhere; the cilia are chequered. FS May–July. Can be found at rest on tree trunks; flies in the morning and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Woodland. Fp Bracket fungi, including Fomitopsis betulina and Xanthoporia radiata, perhaps preferring fungi on oaks and Beech in southern England; also in dead wood and callus tissue around tree wounds. LS September–April. Similar larva Frass-covered patches on the surface of the fungus may indicate this species or other fungus-feeding tineids.

Brindled Fungus Moth Plate 5 Triaxomera parasitella (Hübn.) 12.012 Common in the south. Very local elsewhere. FL 7–10.5mm. Head yellowish. Forewing brown, speckled with small whitish and darker brown spots, and orangey brown along the veins; strongly marked examples have an ‘N’-shaped mark on the left wing (mirror image on the right wing); the cilia are chequered. FS May–July. Flies at sunrise and at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Woodland, parkland. Fp Bracket fungi, including Trametes versicolor; also in dead wood. LS September–April. Feeds within the fungus. Similar larva T. fulvimitrella.

Streaked Fungus Moth Plate 5 Archinemapogon yildizae Koçak 12.013 Rare. FL 7–10mm. Forewing whitish to pale grey, darker markings variable, usually consisting of a pair of long black streaks from the base and an oblique streak from the costa at one-half, curving towards the apex. FS May–July. Flies around birch at sunset, is active after dark and sometimes found at rest by day. Occasionally comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Old birch woodland. Fp Bracket fungi, especially Fomes fomentarius and Fomitopsis betulinus, but also Xanthoporia radiata. LS September–May. Feeds within the fungus; larvae are occasionally abundant.

Gold-speckled Fungus Moth

Plate 5 Nemaxera betulinella (Paykull) 12.014 Local or very local. FL 5–9mm. Head whitish. Forewing whitish to pale grey, with brown spots and a characteristic orange-brown V-shaped mark in the mid-wing and orangebrown mottling towards the termen. FS May–August, and has been recorded in mid-September. Possibly in two generations. May be found at rest on trees and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Bracket fungi, especially Fomitopsis betulinus and Trametes versicolor; occasionally in dead wood. LS September–May. Feeds within the fungus. Similar larva T. fulvimitrella.

Cork Moth

Plate 5 Nemapogon cloacella (Haw.) 12.016 Common. FL 5–8mm. Head yellowish orange. Forewing usually mixed pale brown, reddish brown and whitish, with a distinct white spot in the middle above the tornus, and several dark brown markings, including an oblique crossband at one-half interrupted around the middle and on the dorsum. Ground colour can vary from pale orange-brown to blackish brown, and the markings can vary in intensity and extent, although the white spot is almost always present. Similar species N. cloacella is the most frequently encountered Nemapogon species, but can be confused with several similar-sized, local or rare species (not illustrated): N. granella has uniformly pale brown ground colour, with grey and black

94 Tineidae markings and no white spot; N. ruricolella is less mottled than N. cloacella, with a plain orangey-brown area beyond the crossband, often with a golden sheen, and a small, whitish or yellowish-brown spot; N. variatella has a white head. If these other species are suspected, refer to Heath & Emmet (1985) for more details on diagnosis. FS May–October, probably in two generations in the south. Flies in early morning sunshine, in late afternoon and at dusk, and is attracted to light. Adults may be found at rest on tree trunks or the host fungus. Hab Woodland, parkland, gardens, occasionally indoors. Fp Bracket fungi, including Fomitopsis betulinus; also in callus tissue around wounds on birches. Sometimes found on stored vegetable products, and has been reared from birds’ nests in nest boxes. LS Uncertain, but the larva has been found in April; probably overwinters as a larva. Feeds within the fungus, producing frass and slight silk webbing at the surface.

White-speckled Fungus Moth Plate 5 Nemapogon koenigi Capuşe 12.017 Local. Recorded as new to Ireland from County Antrim in 2015, and subsequently found in County Kildare. Possibly increasing. FL 5-7mm. Head reddish buff. Forewing dark brown, variably speckled lighter, with a series of white costal and dorsal marks, a white dot at about two-thirds, and white streaks into the darker terminal cilia. FS May–August. Occasionally flies by day and evening, and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Woodland, including birch and alder woods. Fp Various fungi, including Annulohypoxylon multiforme and Fomitopsis betulina on dead birch. LS August–May. Feeds within the fungus in slight silken tubes, and burrows within dead wood beneath the fungus.

Black-barred Fungus Moth

Plate 5 Nemapogon clematella (Fabr.) 12.021 Local. Very local in Ireland. FL 6–8mm. Forewing white, sometimes faintly shaded yellowish brown; markings are variable in extent, dark brown, the crossband before one-half occasionally interrupted, a basal streak along the costa, and scattered markings towards u Black-barred Fungus Moth Nemapogon clematella the apex and termen. FS June– larval feeding signs on fungus Hypoxylon fuscum. August, and has been recorded in early September. Flies at dawn, can be disturbed from hedgerows by day, and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Woodland, hedgerows. Fp Fungi, including Diatrype disciformis and Hypoxylon fuscum on dead stems, and bracket fungi. LS September–May. Feeds within the fungus, leaving distinctive trails of dark- and light-coloured frass on the surface. Occasionally bores below the bark.

Pied Fungus Moth Plate 5 Nemapogon picarella (Clerck) 12.022 Rare. Recently only from Scotland. FL 6–9.5mm. Head and thorax mainly white. Forewing white, variably marked blackish along the costa from the base to two-thirds, sometimes extended across the mid-wing to the termen, and with blackish blotches elsewhere. FS June–July. Occasionally flies by day, and is attracted to light. Hab Old woodland, and old alder trees along river valleys. Fp Bracket fungi, especially Fomitopsis betulinus and Xanthoporia radiata, and in excrescences on oak. LS September–April. Feeds within the fungus and in adjacent dead wood.

Tineidae 95

Tree Hollow Moth Plate 5 Triaxomasia caprimulgella (Staint.) 12.023 Rare. A little-known species that has recently been shown to be more widespread in England as a non-target species at pheromone lures. FL 4–6mm. Head yellowish brown. Forewing dark brown with a coppery sheen, with pale yellowish blotches, usually three larger ones along the dorsum and four smaller ones along the costa, those at one-third sometimes joined to form a fascia. FS June–August. Has been seen by day sitting on spider webs within hollow trees, on trees and in sheds. Hab Mainly ancient woodland and parkland with veteran trees, also sheds in parkland, and gardens. Fp Unknown, probably dead wood and possibly insect remains within hollow trees and rot holes. LS September–May.

Tapestry Moth Plate 5 Trichophaga tapetzella (Linn.) 12.025 Rare. Formerly widespread and locally abundant; hardly seen in the past 50 years. FL 6.5–11mm. Forewing with the basal third dark brown with a purplish tinge, and the outer two-thirds white with scattered pale grey and yellowish-brown markings. FS April– August. Has been recorded at light. Hab Unheated buildings (e.g. stables, outhouses), gardens, woodland. Fp Animal materials (e.g. fur, hair, feathers, wool, owl pellets), and within birds’ and wasps’ nests. LS Full grown by April. Feeds from within a silken tube.

Common Clothes Moth

Plate 5 Tineola bisselliella (Hum.) 12.026 Common and possibly increasing. Seemingly very local in Ireland. Infestations can occur throughout the range. FL 5–7mm. Head yellowish or reddish yellow. Forewing pale golden, sometimes darker at the base, slightly glossy, without markings. FS Observed all year round, usually with peak emergence from early summer. Can be found sitting on walls by day, is active in the late afternoon u Common Clothes Moth Tineola bisselliella larval workings. and at dusk, and sometimes runs rapidly instead of flying when disturbed. Hab Indoors, rarely outdoors. Fp Animal materials, including woollen fabrics, feathers, fur and hair, and infrequently found outdoors in birds’ and wasps’ nests. LS Probably year-round. Feeds from within a flimsy silken tube, and several larvae may be found together covered by silk webbing.

Case-bearing Clothes Moth Plate 5 Tinea pellionella Linn. 12.027 Common. Infestations can occur throughout the range. FL 4–8mm. Head orangey or reddish brown. Forewing pale greyish brown with one to three dark brown spots, the spot at three-quarters usually being the most pronounced. Similar species T. pellionella is the most widely encountered of the clothes moths, but it can be confused with several other local or rare resident species (none illustrated): T. columbariella has ground colour that is uniformly pale greyish brown, occasionally with a small spot at three-quarters; T. dubiella has mixed dark greyish-brown and orange-brown scales with rather larger, diffuse brown spots; T. flavescentella is a paler species with ground colour that is pale

96 Tineidae

u

Case-bearing Clothes Moth Tinea pellionella larva and case. r Woollen bag made threadbare by larvae of Case-bearing Clothes Moth Tinea pellionella.

yellowish brown; species of the Niditinea fuscella/N. striolella/Haplotinea insectella group have ground colour that is pale orange-brown, more or less mottled with darker brown scales. If these other species are suspected, refer to Heath & Emmet (1985) for more details on diagnosis. FS February–October, in one generation in outbuildings, two or more indoors where heated. Flies in the late afternoon and occasionally comes to light. Hab Indoors and in outbuildings, occasionally outdoors. Fp Wool, fur, hair, feathers and sometimes stored vegetable products; occasionally in birds’ nests and owl pellets. LS Probably year-round indoors. Feeds from within a portable case.

Large Pale Clothes Moth Plate 5 Tinea pallescentella Staint. 12.030 Local. FL 6–12.5mm. Head mixed pale yellowish brown and brown; thorax usually with dark brown tegulae. Forewing markings variable, pale greyish brown mottled with brown scales, less so along the dorsum, and with dark brown marks at the base, forming a sub-dorsal streak at about one-third, and usually two or three diffuse dots or marks beyond; the apex is somewhat chequered and has a dark brown line at the base of the cilia along the termen. The sub-dorsal streak distinguishes small, less well-marked forms of this species from all other resident Tinea species. FS At any time of year, probably in a single extended generation. Flies in the late afternoon and comes to light. Hab Sheltered places, including outbuildings, coastal caves, tunnels. Fp Wool, fur, hair, birds’ and wasps’ nests. LS Unknown. Constructs a case in which to moult between instars.

Orange-tipped Nest Moth Plate 5 Tinea semifulvella Haw. 12.032 Common. FL 6–10mm. Head reddish orange. Forewing greyish yellow with at least the apical quarter orange-brown, this colour extending over the rest of the wing in some examples; a dark brown tornal spot. FS May–October, probably in two generations in the south. Comes to light. Hab Farmland, gardens, grassland, heathland, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Birds’ nests in the open and in next boxes, and occasionally animal carcasses and woollen material in the open. LS August–May. Cases may be constructed by small larvae and for moulting.

Triple-spotted Nest Moth Plate 5 Tinea trinotella Thunb. 12.033 Common. FL 6–8mm. Head yellowish. Forewing yellowish grey with three black spots and a fine blackish-brown stripe along the costa from the base to beyond one-third. FS April–September, probably in two generations in the south. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, stables, woodland. Fp Birds’ nests, and woollen material in the open. LS July–May. Cases may be constructed by small larvae and for moulting.

Tineidae 97

Skin Moth Monopis laevigella ([D. & S.])

Plate 6 12.036

Common. FL 5–10mm. Head yellowish. Forewing dark brown with a violet or coppery sheen, speckled whitish grey, a small dirty whitish translucent spot before the middle, and sometimes an obscure pale tornal spot. Similar species M. weaverella has a large, usually triangular, pale yellowish spot at the tornus, the translucent spot slightly nearer the middle of the wing, and less pale speckling. FS April–September, recorded to mid-October, probably in two generations in the south. Flies at dusk and comes to light. Hab Gardens, parkland, unheated buildings, woodland. Fp Foodstuffs of animal origin, including birds’ nests, Golden Eagle and owl pellets, dry animal carcasses, woven woollen material, and occasionally stored animal products, such as bird guano. LS Early to mid-spring, probably overwinters, and possibly occurs at other times of year. Feeds from within a silken tunnel.

Carrion Moth Plate 6 Monopis weaverella (Scott) 12.037 Common. Rather local in Ireland. FL 5–10mm. Head yellowish. Forewing blackish brown with dark bluish or violet speckling; a large, usually triangular, pale yellowish spot at the tornus, and a whitish translucent spot almost in the middle of the wing, sometimes with whitish speckling around the spot. Similar species M. laevigella. FS April–September, possibly in two generations in the south. Flies at dusk and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Gardens, grasslands, parkland, woodland, occasionally in buildings. Fp Foodstuffs of animal origin, including owl pellets, faeces and dry animal carcasses. Occasionally in birds’ nests. LS Early to mid-spring, and possibly at other times of year.

Yellow-backed Detritus Moth Monopis obviella ([D. & S.])

Plate 6 12.038

Common in the south, very local elsewhere. FL 5–6mm. Head pale golden, thorax with a central pale yellowish band. Forewing dark brown or blackish brown with a whitish translucent spot in the middle of the wing, a speckling of whitish scales below the costa especially towards the apex, and a pale yellowish band along the dorsum. Hindwing dark greyish brown with a purplish sheen. Similar species M. crocicapitella is more frequent in maritime habitats, is generally slightly larger, the forewing is slightly paler with much more extensive whitish speckling, and the hindwing is pale grey; the yellowish form of M. imella has a narrow yellowish stripe along the costa and lacks a yellowish stripe on the thorax. FS May–October, probably in two generations. Flies at dusk and comes to light. Can be locally abundant. Hab Allotments, limestone cliffs, gardens, rank grassland, waste ground, scrub, unheated buildings. Fp Refuse of plant or animal origin, occasionally in birds’ nests. LS Unknown.

Pale-backed Detritus Moth Plate 6 Monopis crocicapitella (Clem.) 12.039 Local. FL 5–8mm. Head pale golden; thorax with a central pale yellowish band. Forewing brown or dark brown speckled with dirty whitish or pale yellowish scales, particularly towards the costa and in the outer half of the wing, with a pale yellowish or yellowishbrown dorsal streak, and a whitish translucent spot in the middle of the wing. Hindwing pale grey, darker towards the apex. Similar species M. obviella, M. imella. FS May– October, and recorded in early November, probably in two generations. Flies at dusk and comes to light. Can be locally abundant. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Cliffs, compost heaps in gardens, coastal scrub, unheated buildings. Fp Refuse of plant or animal origin, including bat droppings, and in birds’ nests;

98 Tineidae also reported to feed on textiles. LS Has been found in January and September and probably occurs at other times of year. Sometimes in a case.

Coastal Detritus Moth Plate 6 Monopis imella (Hübn.) 12.040 Very local. Rare in Ireland. FL 5–7mm. Head whitish or yellowish. Forewing dark brown with a very narrow yellowish stripe along the leading edge of the costa, and a small dirty whitish translucent spot in the middle of the wing. Similar species An uncommon form of M. imella has a yellowish streak along the dorsum, and is similar to M. obviella and M. crocicapitella. FS May–October, probably in two generations. Active from dusk and comes to light. Hab Vegetated shingle, coastal cliffs and slopes, coastal scrub; most frequent in maritime habitats. Fp Woollen refuse on the ground in the open, dead animal remains, birds’ nests. LS Unknown.

Monk Moth Plate 6 Monopis monachella (Hübn.) 12.041 Rare. Currently resident in Suffolk and Norfolk. An occasional immigrant. FL 6–10mm. Head and thorax white. Forewing blackish brown with raised scale patches and a broad white blotch centrally in the costal half. FS May–September, and has been recorded in October. Possibly in two generations. Comes to light. Hab Coastal habitats, including sand dunes and reedbeds, and formerly found in fenland. Fp Dead animal remains, skins, owl pellets, birds’ nests. LS Unknown.

Eastern Detritus Moth Plate 6 Opogona omoscopa (Meyr.) 12.045 A recent adventive and colonist. Resident on Scilly and probably the Channel Islands. Widely introduced around the world, probably originating from St Helena. FL 7–10mm. Head with yellowish or pale brown tuft. Forewing with apex pointed, dark brown with purplish reflection and scattered pale scales, sometimes more extensive towards the termen, and with a small yellowish mark near the base along dorsum and a larger one at the tornus. Paler markings may be much reduced. FS June–October, and has been recorded in January and November, in a single extended generation or several generations. Flies in the evening in summer while it is still light, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, and has been recorded from a plant nursery, and around a refuse tip. Fp Dead and decaying plant material, including accumulations of dead leaves and detritus, and rotten and dead wood. LS May, but likely at other times of year. Feeds within a spinning.

Yellow V Moth Plate 6 Oinophila v-flava (Haw.) 12.046 Rare. Resident in the wild on Scilly and the Channel Islands, and probably in east Kent. FL 4–6mm. Head with yellowish-orange tuft. Forewing dark brown, usually with a yellow angled fascia at about one-half and yellow blotches on the dorsum and costa at about three-quarters and before the apex. Yellow markings may be reduced to a single small blotch near the costa at one-half. FS Late June–mid-September, and has been recorded in October, probably in two generations on Scilly. Flies freely in the evening and at dusk, frequently entering buildings, and is seen occasionally sitting on leaves by day. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, scrub, shelterbelts; also cellars, warehouses, and heated buildings in a zoo. Fp In cellars on fungi, including Zasmidium cellare growing on walls, and on wine corks. On Scilly, under the bark of Pittosporum crassifolium. Also bred from a pot plant of Euphorbia tirucalli. LS May–June and August. Among fine silken strands under bark or in silken galleries indoors.

Tineidae 99

Hart’s-tongue Moth Psychoides verhuella leaf-mines on Hart’s-tongue.

u

Common Fern Moth Psychoides filicivora feeding signs on Male-fern.

u

Hart’s-tongue Moth Plate 6 Psychoides verhuella Bruand 12.047 Local. Rare in Ireland. FL 4.5–6mm. Forewing dark greyish brown with a faint purple gloss. Similar species P. filicivora has a small triangular white spot at the tornus. FS May–July. Flies in sunshine in the early morning and late afternoon, and occasionally seen at light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Hart’s-tongue, and sometimes other ferns. LS August–June. Larva whitish with pale brown head and prothoracic plate. Initially mines the frond, then feeds within sori on sporangia and later spins empty sporangia into a loosely woven portable case within which the larva lives and moves around. Similar larva P. filicivora larva has a black head and prothoracic plate.

Common Fern Moth Plate 6 Psychoides filicivora (Meyr.) 12.048 Local but spreading throughout Britain and Ireland. May originate from Madeira. FL 4–6mm. Similar species P. verhuella. Simacauda dicommatias (8.006) (not illustrated) is smaller (FL 4–4.5mm), with an orange-brown head and dark brown forelegs. FS April–October, and has been recorded February–March and November–early December, in overlapping generations. Flies by day, is sometimes seen in large numbers around foodplants, and occasionally comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Ferns, including Hart’s-tongue, Male-fern, Soft Shield-fern and spleenworts. LS April–October. Initially mines the frond, then feeds on sporangia and the underside of the frond, spinning sporangia into an irregular mass within which the larva hides. Larvae can be abundant, sometimes disfiguring the leaves. Similar larva P. verhuella. Species not covered Wood-ant Moth Myrmecozela ochraceella (Tengst.) 12.001 R/S Black-spotted Nest Moth Tenaga nigripunctella (Haw.) 12.002 R/E

Variegated Fungus Moth N. variatella (Clem.) 12.020 R/ES Red-headed Bee Moth Cephimallota crassiflavella Bruand 12.024 E Speckled Clothes Moth Tinea dubiella Staint. 12.028 ESWIC

Cornish Detritus Moth Infurcitinea captans Gozm. 12.004 R/E

Pale Clothes Moth T. flavescentella Haw. 12.029 R/ESIC

London Lichen Moth I. teriolella (Amsel) 12.0047 ?A/E

Brown-dotted Nest Moth Niditinea fuscella (Linn.) 12.034 ESWIC

White-headed Detritus Moth I. albicomella (Staint.) 12.005 R/E Little Ghost Ischnoscia borreonella (Mill.) 12.007 R/E Cellar Moth Dryadaula pactolia Meyr. 12.009 R/ESI Corn Moth Nemapogon granella (Linn.) 12.015 ESWIC

Dovecot Moth T. columbariella Wocke 12.031 EW

Brindled Nest Moth N. striolella (Matsumura) 12.035 EW Raptor Nest Moth Monopis fenestratella (Heyd.) 12.042 R/ EW

Pale Fungus Moth N. inconditella (Lucas) 12.018 R/E

Scarce Warehouse Moth Haplotinea ditella (Heyd.) 12.043 A/ES

Rufous Fungus Moth N. ruricolella (Staint.) 12.019 EWIC

Shining Fungus Moth H. insectella (Fabr.) 12.044 ESWI

100

Roeslerstammiidae

T

here are two species in this family, but Scarce Burnished Copper Roeslerstammia pronubella is known only from

two nineteenth-century examples and may be an accidental import. The forewing length is 5.5–6.5mm. Adults rest with the wings held roof-like, at a steep angle. The forewings are elongate, with a tornal angle, and are metallic bronze. The

Burnished Copper Roeslerstammia erxlebella

hindwings are slightly broader than the forewings. The head has erect scales, the face being smooth scaled. The antennae are thread-like, almost as long as the forewing, dark with a white section before the apex. The labial palps are long and curved upwards. The larva begins as a leaf-miner and then continues to feed externally on leaves. The adult flies at night and comes to light. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet (1996) European species: Bengtsson & Johansson (2011)

Burnished Copper Roeslerstammia erxlebella leaf-mine on birch.

u

u

Burnished Copper Roeslerstammia erxlebella larva.

Burnished Copper Plate 6 Roeslerstammia erxlebella (Fabr.) 13.002 Local. FL 5.5–6.5mm. Head yellow, occasionally whitish on the crown, labial palps dull yellowish, occasionally whitish, and sometimes with darker scales; antenna dark brown with a white band towards the apex. Forewing shining dark coppery bronze, hindwing dark brownish bronze. Similar species R. pronubella (not illustrated) has yellowish hindwing and darker apex and borders. FS May–September in two generations at least as far north as Lancashire, although in one generation further north. Comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Birches, limes, especially Small-leaved Lime, occasionally Beech, Norway Maple. LS September–October and July. Initially in a gallery or blotch at the leaf tip or along the edge, then externally on a leaf. Species not covered Scarce Burnished Copper Roeslerstammia pronubella ([D. & S.]) 13.001 † ES

101

Bucculatricidae

T

here are 12 naturally occurring species in this family. The resting position of the adult varies between species, either slightly inclining or lying flat,

Lime Tuft Bucculatrix thoracella

and the wings are held roof-like, at a steep angle, or somewhat rolled around the abdomen. All species are small, with forewing length 3–4.5mm. Although the forewing membrane does not have a tornal angle, the cilia at the tornus produce a noticeable angle between the dorsum and termen. The forewings are variably

Oak Tuft Bucculatrix ulmella

patterned, and a few species have raised scale tufts. The hindwings are narrower than the forewings, with very long dorsal cilia. The head typically has erect scales forming a distinct tuft, and the face is smooth. The antennae are thread-like, about two-thirds the length of the forewing, with the scape expanded to form an eye-cap. The labial palps are minute, and the tongue is short and without scales. Several species are widely distributed, but a few are much more local. For example, Saltern Tuft Bucculatrix maritima is found only on saltmarshes and is often numerous where it occurs, whereas Highland Tuft B. humiliella is found only in river valleys in the Scottish Highlands. Surrey Elm Tuft B. ulmifoliae appears to have arrived recently, having been added to the British list in 2006. The adults of only four reasonably recognisable species are described here; most species are more readily found from characteristic signs of the larvae. Larvae begin feeding as leaf-miners, later becoming external feeders. The feeding signs of larger larvae on broadleaved plants are several small windows in one surface of the leaf, the other surface remaining intact, sometimes giving the leaf a finely fenestrated appearance. Between instars, the larva makes a characteristic round or oval white cocoon within which moulting takes place; the presence of moulting cocoons on the foodplant can aid identification. The pupal cocoon is constructed

u

Lime Tuft Bucculatrix thoracella larva and moulting cocoons.

u

Yarrow Tuft Bucculatrix cristatella pupal cocoon.

almost entirely from the outside, usually in two halves, with the larva crawling inside to complete the task only when it is nearly finished. Most species produce a characteristic ribbed, spindle-shaped cocoon. Bucculatrix species feed on a range of herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees. Most species have a single generation each year, but some have two. Adults often fly in evening sunshine and are sometimes seen at light. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath & Emmet (1985) European species: Bengtsson & Johansson (2011)

102 Bucculatricidae

Yarrow Tuft Photo p.101 Bucculatrix cristatella (Zell.) 14.001 ESWI. Very local. Perhaps overlooked. Hab Calcareous and neutral grasslands, waste ground. Fp Yarrow. LS September–May and June–August. Possibly overwinters as a young larva. Mines leaves when young and later feeds externally on the upper side, resulting in whitening and shrivelling of leaflets.

Daisy Tuft Plate 6 (2) Bucculatrix nigricomella (Zell.) 14.002 Common. Scattered records in Ireland, but probably underrecorded. FL 3.5–4mm. Head black, eye-cap shining whitish. Forewing shining dark brown tinged yellowish bronze, with diffuse white spots on the costa and dorsum at about one-half and three-quarters, and a whitish streak from the base to about one-half. FS Late April–early u Daisy Tuft Bucculatrix nigricomella leaf-mine. June and July–August in two generations. Flies in the evening and comes to light. Hab Grassy habitats, including gardens, calcareous grassland, embankments, waste ground. Fp Oxeye Daisy. LS September–April and July in two generations. In a long meandering mine; later the larva feeds externally, resulting in fenestration of the leaf.

Saltern Tuft Plate 6 (2) Bucculatrix maritima Staint. 14.003 Local, very local in Ireland, but perhaps overlooked. Can be common where found. FL 4–4.5mm. Head brownish, eye-cap pale brownish. Forewing variable, from pale to dark yellowish brown, with small dark spots at one-half and three-quarters, a pale streak from the base to about one-half, and oblique streaks on the costa and dorsum at one-half and threequarters, although these marks are sometimes obsolete, the wing being almost unmarked. FS May–early July and late July–early September in two generations. Flies in late afternoon sun and in the evening, and sometimes comes to light. Hab Upper regions of saltmarshes. Fp Sea Aster. LS October–May and July– August. In a long narrow mine on the leaf or stem; later instars may feed externally, u Saltern Tuft Bucculatrix maritima leaf-mine. resulting in fenestration of the leaf. Larva is dull yellowish brown and unmarked. Similar species Mines of Scrobipalpa salicorniae (35.113) are usually bigger and the larva is greenish yellow with a red dorsal stripe, and has a black head and plate.

Bucculatricidae 103

Highland Tuft Bucculatrix humiliella Herr.-Schäff. 14.005 S. Rare. Highlands of Scotland. Hab Riverbanks and road verges. Fp Yarrow. LS June–July. Initially mines a leaflet, then mines the petiole leaving a thin black line of frass, and later the larva feeds externally on the leaflet tips, causing wilting.

Highland Tuft Bucculatrix humiliella cocoon.

r

Highland Tuft Bucculatrix humiliella leaf-mine on petiole of Yarrow. Note the black lines of frass.

u

Buckthorn Tuft Bucculatrix frangutella (Goeze) 14.006 EWIC. Local, very local in Ireland and only found in the west. Hab Calcareous grassland, fens, heathland, hedgerows, open woodland. Fp Buckthorn, Alder Buckthorn. LS July–November. Initially mines the leaf in a tight spiral, the mined area turning purple; later the larva feeds externally, resulting in fenestration of the leaf. u

Buckthorn Tuft Bucculatrix frangutella leaf-mine and larva.

Elm Tuft Bucculatrix albedinella (Zell.) 14.007 EWIC. Local. Very rare in southern Ireland. Hab Hedgerows, woodland margins. Fp Elms. LS Late June–September. In a slender gallery, often with short side galleries where the mine bends sharply, and ending in a short right-angled bend; later the larva feeds externally from the underside of a leaf. Cocoon lacks ribbing characteristic of the genus. Similar larva B. ulmifoliae mine is initially contorted and lacks short side galleries.

u

Elm Tuft Bucculatrix albedinella leaf-mine.

104 Bucculatricidae

Alder Tuft Bucculatrix cidarella Zell. 14.008 ESWI. Local. Hab Bogs, mires, riversides, damp and carr woodland. Fp Alder, Bog-myrtle. LS July–October. In a long slender gallery in the leaf, often ending in a short tightly angled bend; later the larva feeds externally from the underside of a leaf.

r Alder Tuft Bucculatrix cidarella leaf-mine on Alder.

Lime Tuft

Plate 6 Bucculatrix thoracella (Thunb.) 14.009 Local. Expanding its range, and recorded as new to Scotland in 2009 and new to Ireland in 2013. Can be very common, especially on urban trees. FL 3–4mm. Head yellowish. Forewing yellow with a brownish crossband near the base, a brown blotch on the costa and another on the dorsum, and a fine streak through the centre of the wing from near the base to the apex. FS Late April–August, in u Lime Tuft Bucculatrix thoracella leaf-mine and larva. a single generation, or two in warm years. Rests by day under leaves and on tree trunks, flies in evening sunshine and occasionally comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban trees, parkland, rides and margins in woodland. Fp Limes, including Small-leaved Lime. LS September–October and June–July. In a short mine usually ending in a tight bend; later the larva feeds on the underside of a leaf. Where abundant, larvae may cause leaves to turn brown, and can be seen under the canopy descending on silk threads to pupate.

Oak Tuft Plate 6 Bucculatrix ulmella Zell. 14.010 Common. Very local in the north and eastern Ireland, but possibly overlooked. FL 3.5–4mm. Head yellowish brown, with a white face. Forewing yellowish white, mottled greyish brown, mottling darkest in four patches along the costa and one on the dorsum at one-half, the last usually edged u Oak Tuft Bucculatrix ulmella leaf-mines. anteriorly with raised black scales. Similar species B. demaryella (adult not illustrated) is slightly larger (FL 4–4.5mm), with brown mottling in three patches on the costa and one on the dorsum. FS April–June and late July–September in two generations. Rests by day on tree trunks

Bucculatricidae 105 and comes to light. Hab Parkland, scrub, urban trees, woodland. Fp Deciduous oaks. LS August–November and June. In a short, contorted mine sometimes ending in a tight bend; later the larva feeds externally from the underside of a leaf.

Surrey Elm Tuft Bucculatrix ulmifoliae Her. 14.011 E. Colonist. First found in Surrey in 2006, spreading. Hab Urban trees and copses, parkland, woodland. Fp Elms, including the non-native cultivars ‘Sapporo Autumn Gold’ ‘Horizon’ and ‘Lobel’. LS September– October and June–July in two generations. Initially in a contorted gallery which then straightens, often following a vein, sometimes ending in a tight bend; later the larva feeds externally on the underside of a leaf. Similar larva B. albedinella.

u

Surrey Elm Tuft Bucculatrix ulmifoliae leaf-mine.

Hawthorn Tuft Bucculatrix bechsteinella (Bech. & Scharf.)

14.012

ESWI. Local. More local in Wales, rare in Scotland and Ireland, but probably under-recorded. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland edges. Fp Mainly hawthorns, also apples, Pear, whitebeams. LS September and July–August in two generations. In a short, frassfilled and contorted gallery, often in a tight ‘U’-bend near a vein or the midrib, sometimes ending in a u Hawthorn Tuft Bucculatrix bechsteinella leaf-mines tight bend; later the larva feeds on Hawthorn. externally, typically grazing the upper side of a leaf. Similar larva Paraswammerdamia nebulella (16.020) is orangey in its initial gallery, which is short, rarely contorted and mostly clear of frass.

Birch Tuft Bucculatrix demaryella (Dup.) 14.013 ESWI. Local, more common in the north and west. Hab Bogs, heathland, moorland, open woodland. Fp Birches, occasionally Sweet Chestnut, and Hazel in the west and Ireland. LS August–July. In a contorted gallery which straightens to follow a vein, often ending in a tight bend; later the larva feeds externally, usually on the upper side of a leaf. Species not covered Canaries Tuft Bucculatrix chrysanthemella Rebel 14.004 A/E

u

Birch Tuft Bucculatrix demaryella leaf-mine on birch.

106

Gracillariidae

T

here are 100 naturally occurring species in this family. At rest the wings are held roof-like, at a steep angle. All species are small or very

Oak Stilt Caloptilia alchimiella

small, with forewing length in the range 2–8.5mm. This family includes the Horse-chestnut Leaf-miner Cameraria ohridella, which colonised mainland Britain in the early 2000s, spread rapidly, and now occurs in spectacular abundance over much of the country. Adults rest in an inclining posture at about 40° in Caloptilia and Parornix, raised up on extended forelegs and midlegs. The resting position

Apple Nymph Callisto denticulella

is slightly raised in Phyllonorycter, and close to horizontal in Phyllocnistis. The forewings are narrow, elongate or very elongate, the membrane without a distinct tornus, although the long cilia at the tornus produce a noticeable angle between the dorsum and termen. Forewing markings vary from patterned and colourful, sometimes with metallic reflections, to relatively plain. The hindwings are elongate, narrower than the forewings,

Firethorn Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter leucographella

with long dorsal cilia. In most genera the head has smooth scales, but in Callisto and Parornix they are erect. The antennae are thread-like, nearly as long as or slightly longer than the forewing. The labial palps are slender, moderate or long, and forward pointing or ascending; in Caloptilia species, segment 2 of the palp is smooth beneath, except in Privet Stilt C. cuculipennella and in Scarce Oak Stilt Povolnya leucapennella, where it is tufted. The tongue is not scaled. The legs in some genera are long, with bristles. In Caloptilia the foreleg and midleg have tibiae thickened with scales which often match the forewing colour, and the tarsi and underside of the abdomen are often whitish. The following accounts of 71 species are a mix of adult moths and larval workings. Included are leafmines of many of the Phyllonorycter species and the leaf folds of Parornix species, which should be straightforward to identify to species based on the foodplant, the shape and size of the larval working, and the time of year of appearance. Photographs of many of these larval workings and key characteristics are shown on the British Leafminers website, which also covers the species not included here. Descriptions of most adults of these two genera are not given, as many are difficult to separate based on superficial wing characters. Comprehensively covered here are adults of the attractive group of Caloptilia species and their close relatives. Several species are spreading in Britain. Since the 1970s, Rufous Stilt Caloptilia rufipennella has been steadily expanding in range, and it is now present in almost every county in mainland Britain, and continues to spread in Ireland. In the past decade, Maple Stilt C. semifascia, Dark Alder Stilt C. falconipennella and Black-dot Stilt C. populetorum have become much more widespread in southern England. These three species were previously local or rare in the south, and mainly in a single generation. It appears that bigenerational populations, possibly originating from Continental Europe, are now establishing and seem likely to become more widespread and numerous. Scarce Maple Stilt C. hemidactylella, which was an exceptionally rare species in central England, is now more regularly recorded, and two new arrivals, Pale Maple Stilt C. honoratella and Hop Stilt C. fidella, seem set to spread rapidly. The larvae of all Gracillariidae start as leaf-miners. In Caloptilia and Parornix species, as the larva grows it ceases mining to feed externally, usually on the underside of a leaf, concealing itself within

Gracillariidae 107

successive cones or folds of the leaf, and in most species the larva pupates outside the folded leaf. In Phyllonorycter species, the larva continues as a leaf-miner, making a characteristic blister that may distort the leaf, and it pupates within the mine. Most species feed on trees and shrubs; a few are found on herbaceous plants. Depending on the species, adults may be active by day, or fly in the evening or at dusk, and most come to light. Several species, particularly in the genus Caloptilia, overwinter as adults.

Two leaf folds and cocoon of Willow Stilt Caloptilia stigmatella on Grey Willow.

u

Further reading British and Irish species: Heath & Emmet (1985) European species: Bengtsson & Johansson (2011) British Leafminers: www.leafmines.co.uk/ Lepiforum: www.lepiforum.org/ Moth Dissection UK: https://mothdissection.co.uk/

Clover Stilt Plate 7 Parectopa ononidis (Zell.) 15.001 Local. FL 3.5–4.5mm. Head smooth-scaled and whitish. Forewing dark brown with shining silver costal and dorsal streaks, these edged black, at about one-quarter, one-half, three-quarters and just before the apex, and also a silver dot in the apical area. Similar species Callisto denticulella is larger, with erect orange-brown scales on the head. FS May–June, July, August in two or possibly three generations. Rarely seen as an adult, mostly recorded as a leaf-mine. Hab Acid, calcareous and neutral grasslands, coastal habitats, waste ground. Fp Red, Strawberry and White clovers, possibly Common Restharrow. LS Late August–April, May–June, July–August. In a pale brown mine visible on the upper side of the leaf.

u Clover Stilt Parectopa ononidis leaf-mine on Red Clover.

Privet Stilt Plate 7 Caloptilia cuculipennella (Hübn.) 15.002 Very local. Rarely found in abundance, but most frequent along the south coast. FL 6–7mm. Segment 2 of the labial palp is somewhat tufted beneath. Forewing ground colour whitish, with brownish markings usually visible as three incomplete oblique crossbands from costa to dorsum, and cilia distinctly banded light and dark. Similar species Mottled forms of Povolnya leucapennella lack banding in the cilia and are usually bigger, and segment 2 of the u Privet Stilt Caloptilia labial palp is distinctly tufted beneath. cuculipennella larval cones. FS September–June, overwintering as an adult. On the south coast, adults appear in July, which suggests that there are two generations. Flies in the late afternoon and comes to light. Hab Cliffs and scrub on the coast, woodland inland. Fp Ash, Wild Privet. LS July–September. Constructs small, neat cones on the leaves. Similar larva Gracillaria syringella makes untidy cones or rolls.

108 Gracillariidae

Black-dot Stilt

Plate 7 Caloptilia populetorum (Zell.) 15.003 Local. Expanding its range in the south. Very local in Ireland. FL 6–7.5mm. Forewing variable, from whitish through yellowish brown to dark brown; paler examples have a distinctive blackish spot on the costa beyond one-half, two more near the dorsum at one-third and two-thirds, and are dark along the termen. FS June– May, overwintering as an adult. In a single generation, but a u Black Dot Stilt Caloptilia populetorum larval roll on Silver two-generation population is Birch. spreading in southern England. Flies in the late afternoon and comes to light. Hab Heathland, moorland, parkland, scrub, open woodland. Fp Silver and Downy birches; preference for young trees. LS June–July and late July–early September. The final leaf roll is downwards in line with the midrib. Larva is unmarked and greenish white. Similar larva Epinotia immundana (49.240) larva rolls a leaf similarly but is pale brownish with a darker brown head, prothoracic plate and pinacula.

Note on similar Caloptilia species Several closely related or sibling species can be difficult to separate on the basis of wing colour and markings, which are variable within a species, and between summer and autumn generations. If there is any doubt, examples of these Caloptilia species must be dissected to confirm their identity. C. elongella and C. betulicola are sibling species, as are C. alchimiella and C. robustella. Typical autumn forms of the C. falconipennella and C. semifascia pair, and the C. hemidactylella and C. honoratella pair, which may also occasionally occur in summer, are relatively straightforward to identify. However, the latter four species exhibit overlapping variation in their summer forms, which may also occur rarely in the autumn. Examples of the summer form with a brownish, reddish-brown or orangey forewing, and a yellowish costal blotch that is triangular, quadrate or extended towards the apex, could refer to any of the four species, and require careful examination. Furthermore, there are other cryptic species in this group in Continental Europe which could appear in Britain: C. jurateae (Bengt.), on Norway Maple, is superficially identical to an autumn form of C. semifascia, and C. fribergensis (Fritz.), on Sycamore, resembles some forms of C. falconipennella and C. hemidactylella. Images of these moths can be viewed on the Lepiforum website.

Alder Stilt Plate 7 Caloptilia elongella (Linn.) 15.004 Common. FL 7–8.5mm. Forewing elongate, usually orange-brown or orange, occasionally pale yellowish brown, often unicolorous but sometimes with an obscure paler costal blotch and thinly speckled with darker spots on the costa in the basal half, near the dorsum, and occasionally elsewhere; the cilia are plain and the underside of the forewing is grey-brown.

u

Alder Stilt Caloptilia elongella larval roll on Alder.

Gracillariidae 109 Hindleg coxa, trochanter and femur are the same colour as the forewing, or red-brown, sometimes yellowish. Similar species C. betulicola usually has a costal blotch, sometimes darker edged, the underside of the forewing is dark orange-brown, and the hindleg coxa, trochanter and femur are whitish. C. elongella and C. betulicola have the longest wings of any British Caloptilia species, and neither of them have bands in the cilia. C. rufipennella is smaller than C. elongella and C. betulicola, and has the foreleg mottled chocolate-brown and whitish. FS June–August and September–May, overwintering as an adult. Flies in the late afternoon and comes to light. Hab Fens, gardens and urban parks, marshes, riverbanks, woodland. Fp Alder. LS May–July and August–October. Rolls the leaf in line with the midrib. Larva is unmarked and greenish white or yellowish. Similar larva Final instar larva of C. falconipennella constructs a fold, not a roll. Epinotia immundana (49.240), see C. populetorum.

Birch Stilt Plate 7 (2) Caloptilia betulicola (Hering) 15.005 Common. FL 7–8.5mm. Forewing elongate, usually orange-brown or orange, and typically with a costal blotch. Similar species C. elongella, C. rufipennella. FS June–August and September–May, overwintering as an adult. Flies in the late afternoon and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, heathland, moorland, woodland. Fp Birches. LS May–July and August–September. Rolls the leaf in a transverse manner.

Rufous Stilt Plate 7 (2) Caloptilia rufipennella (Hübn.) 15.006 Common. FL 5.5–6mm. Forewing glossy orange-brown, brown or red-brown with a violet sheen, usually without markings, but may have black dots in lines along the costa and dorsum and/or one or a few black spots in the mid-wing and one before the termen. Femur of foreleg and midleg mottled chocolate-brown and whitish. Similar species C. elongella, C. betulicola. Zelleria hepariella (16.010) has a broader u Rufous Stilt Caloptilia rufipennella leaf-mine. brown forewing, usually with a contrasting pale streak from the base, and sits in a declining posture with the apex of the wing slightly hooked. FS Late June–May in two overlapping generations, overwintering as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Wherever foodplants occur. Fp Sycamore, also Silver Maple, Field Maple. LS June–July and August–September. Young larva makes a triangular mine at the junction of veins or of vein and midrib, visible from both sides of the leaf; when larger, it constructs three neat cones on the leaves. Similar larva C. honoratella initially makes an irregular linear gallery in the upper epidermis of the leaf, leading to or often incorporated within a blotch, hardly visible from the underside.

Azalea Leaf-miner Plate 7 Caloptilia azaleella (Brants) 15.007 Local. A naturalised adventive, extending its range northwards. Very local in Ireland. FL 5–5.5mm. Forewing glossy brown or reddish brown with purplish reflections, sometimes darker towards the base and the apex, with an irregular yellowish costal blotch extending from one-quarter to near the apex. Similar species C. azaleella is usually the smallest Caloptilia species. C. fidella is usually slightly larger and has a yellow blotch which is more sharply defined on its outer margin, and it overwinters as an

110 Gracillariidae adult. FS April–November, in two or occasionally three generations. Flies by day and comes to light. Hab In many situations where Azalea is planted. Fp Azalea cultivars. LS May–June, August–September. Constructs two neat cones on the leaves.

Oak Stilt Plate 7 Caloptilia alchimiella (Scop.) 15.008 Common. FL 5–7mm. Forewing pale reddish brown with purplish reflections, a sharply defined yellow basal blotch extending from the dorsum no more than halfway to the costa, and a large, almost triangular yellow costal blotch that nearly touches the dorsum and extends almost to the apex. Similar species C. robustella has a more diffuse basal blotch, which extends from the dorsum to near the costa, and the yellow triangular blotch does not extend beyond two-thirds of the way along the costa; genitalia examination may be needed to distinguish between these two species; C. alchimiella is more frequent than C. robustella in the north. FS May–early October, in two generations in the south, and one generation further north. Can be disturbed from vegetation by day, flies in the evening and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, parkland, woodland. Fp Deciduous oaks. LS July–October. Constructs up to three neat cones on the leaves.

Shaded Oak Stilt Plate 7 Caloptilia robustella Jäckh 15.009 Common. Scarce in Ireland. FL 5–6.5mm. Forewing pale reddish brown with purplish reflections, a diffuse yellow basal blotch and a yellow triangular costal blotch. Similar species C. alchimiella. FS April–October, in two generations in the south, and one generation further north. Can be disturbed from vegetation by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, parkland, woodland. Fp Deciduous oaks. LS May–July, September–October. Constructs up to three neat cones on the leaves.

Willow Stilt Plate 7 Caloptilia stigmatella (Fabr.) 15.010 Common. FL 6–7mm. Forewing reddish brown with a pale yellow or whitish triangular costal blotch, with an extension narrowing sharply towards the dorsum. FS Late August–May and late June–July in one or occasionally two generations, overwintering as an adult. Easily disturbed from vegetation by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Aspen, poplars, willows, occasionally birches. LS May–July, late July–October. Constructs at least two cones or folds on the leaves, folding downwards on most plants, but upwards on White Poplar.

Dark Alder Stilt Plate 7 (2) Caloptilia falconipennella (Hübn.) 15.011 Rare, but spreading in the south. FL 6–7mm. Summer generation: typical forewing orangey brown to dark reddish brown, glossy with purplish reflections, and a whitish or yellowish almost triangular costal blotch. Autumn generation: typical forewing mottled reddish brown or greyish brown, sometimes mixed with whitish scales that form a pale costal triangle, and pale beyond towards the apex, with a fine line of black-and-white chequering along the dorsum and often the costa. The cilia in both generations are banded. Similar species See note on similar Caloptilia species. C. semifascia is smaller; the summer generation has a quadrate costal blotch, and the autumn generation has an angled white or yellowish streak from the costa at about one-quarter. FS June–May in one generation, or two in southern England, overwintering as an adult. Can be disturbed from vegetation by day, and comes to light. Hab Fens, marshes, riverbanks, planted alders in urban areas. Fp Alder, Grey and Italian alders. LS May–June, August–September. Constructs up to three folds on the margin of the leaves. Similar larva Final instar larva of C. elongella constructs a roll, not a fold.

Gracillariidae 111

Hop Stilt Plate 7 Caloptilia fidella (Reutti) 15.0115 Resident. Recorded as new to Britain from Suffolk in 2020; found in Kent in 2021 and in London in 2022. Expanding in western Europe. FL 5–6mm. Forewing dark reddish brown with a yellow or whitish costal blotch, sharply defined on its inner margin and on the dorsal half of its outer margin, extending and becoming more diffuse towards the apex; if whitish, the blotch is variably speckled black. Similar species u Hop Stilt Caloptilia fidella leaf-mine and C. azaleella. FS Probably mid-July–June, in larval cone. two or more generations, overwintering as an adult. Flies in the evening before dusk and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, urban parks, scrub, woodland. Fp Hop, also Common Hackberry. LS June, September. Constructs three cones on the leaves.

Maple Stilt

Plate 7 (3) Caloptilia semifascia (Haw.) 15.012 Local. FL 5–6mm. Summer generation: typical forewing yellowish brown to dark reddish brown, glossy with purplish reflections, and a whitish or yellowish quadrate costal blotch. Autumn generation: typical forewing brown or dark reddish brown, glossy, often with an angled white or yellowish streak from the costa at about one-quarter to the wing fold, sometimes with black-and-white chequering along the costa. The cilia in both generations are banded. Similar species See note on similar Caloptilia species (p. 108). C. falconipennella. FS Late June–May, in one generation, or two in southern England; overwintering as an adult. Has been found at Ivy blossom and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Field Maple, also Norway Maple, Sycamore. LS May–June, July. Constructs up to three cones on the leaves.

Scarce Maple Stilt Caloptilia hemidactylella ([D. & S.])

Plate 7 15.013

Rare. Rarely found in central England, but recent records from Suffolk and Norfolk suggest that it is established in those counties. FL 5.5–7mm. Summer generation: typical forewing orangey brown with a pale yellow costal blotch extending near the dorsum and near the apex, its inner margin sometimes bordered with a darker oblique crossband. Autumn generation: typical forewing mottled orangey brown, reddish brown or brownish with a costal triangle paler or whitish speckled with brown, its inner and sometimes outer margin bordered with a darker oblique crossband. The cilia in both generations are banded. Similar species See note on similar Caloptilia species (p. 108). FS Late September–May, in two generations, overwintering as an adult. Hab Woodland. Fp In Continental Europe on Field and Norway maples, Sycamore. LS May–June, August in one or two generations. Constructs three cones on the leaves.

Pale Maple Stilt Plate 7 Caloptilia honoratella (Rebel) 15.0131 Immigrant, colonist and spreading. First British record was from Surrey in 2017, now found widely as far north as Yorkshire. FL 5.5–6mm. Occurs in two forms, probably corresponding to different generations. Summer generation: typical forewing orangey brown, yellowish near the base, with a pale yellow quadrate costal blotch extending near the dorsum and in a narrow band towards the apex, the inner and outer margins of the blotch and near apex suffused darker brown. Autumn generation: typical forewing straw

112 Gracillariidae yellow or dirty whitish with dark brown mottling, and a pale yellowish or dirty whitish triangular costal blotch, the inner and outer margins of the blotch and near apex mottled with dark brown. The cilia in both generations are banded. Similar species See note on similar Caloptilia species (p. 108). FS August–May, almost certainly in two generations, overwintering as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban areas, probably wherever the u Pale Maple Stilt Caloptilia honoratella leaf-mine. foodplant grows. Fp Montpellier Maple, Sycamore. LS August, also likely to be found in June. Initially in an irregular blotch with radiating galleries in the upper epidermis of the leaf, hardly visible from the underside. Later constructs at least two cones on the leaves. Similar larva C. rufipennella on Sycamore.

Garden Stilt Plate 7 Gracillaria syringella (Fabr.) 15.014 Common. FL 6–7.5mm. Forewing orangey brown to dark brown, variably mottled with white marks, often with an almost complete white ring at the apex formed of opposing streaks and the cilia. FS Late March–early November, in two generations. Readily disturbed from foodplants by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, scrub, u Garden Stilt Gracillaria syringella larval rolls on Ash. woodland. Fp Ash, Lilac, Garden and Wild privets, less often Summer Jasmine and Snowberry. LS May–July, August– October. Larvae initially mine leaves gregariously, later constructing two successive untidy cones, or rolls. Sometimes abundant. Similar larva Caloptilia cuculipennella constructs small, neat cones.

Ribwort Stilt Plate 7 Aspilapteryx tringipennella (Zell.) 15.015 Common. FL 5–7mm. Head smooth-scaled. Forewing pale yellowish brown, pale greyish along the costa to near the apex, the costal half speckled with numerous small darker dots arranged in rows from the base. Similar species Bedellia somnulentella (24.001) is smaller, sits on its midlegs and hindlegs, the crown of the head has erect scales and the forewing has scattered blackish scales not arranged in rows. FS April–October, in two generations. Flies in afternoon and evening sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Grasslands, old quarries, vegetated shingle, waste ground. Fp Ribwort Plantain. LS October–April, May–July. In a pale-coloured blotch mine on the upper side of a leaf, causing the edges of the leaf to roll inwards.

Ribwort Stilt Aspilapteryx tringipennella leaf-mine on Ribwort Plantain.

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Gracillariidae 113

Yellow-dotted Stilt Plate 8 Euspilapteryx auroguttella Steph. 15.016 Common. FL 4.5–5mm. Forewing shining dark greyish brown with a yellow spot below the costa at one-third, another on the costa at three-quarters and two spots along the dorsum. FS April– October, numbers peaking in June and August, in two generations. Flies in the evening and comes to u Yellow-dotted Stilt Euspilapteryx auroguttella light. Hab Calcareous and rough leaf-mine and larval cone on Perforate St John’s-wort. grasslands, old quarries, open woodland. Fp St John’s-worts. LS June, September–October. Initially mines a leaf, and then constructs one or more small cones on the leaf.

White-marked Stilt Plate 8 (2) Calybites phasianipennella (Hübn.) 15.017 Local. FL 4–5.5mm. Forewing orangey brown to greyish brown, with a narrow whitish dorsal streak from near the base to three-quarters, and a whitish spot near the apex; another form has four large whitish or creamcoloured spots – two on the costa and two on the dorsum. Intermediate forms occur, and the paler markings can be somewhat obscured. FS June–May in two u White-marked Stilt Calybites phasianipennella larval rolls generations, overwintering as an on sorrel. adult. Can be disturbed from vegetation by day and comes to light. Hab Urban gardens, acid grassland, fens, heathland, parkland, damp woodland. Fp Black-bindweed, Common and Sheep’s sorrels, Broad-leaved, Curled and Water docks, Yellow Loosestrife, Redshank, Water-pepper. LS May–July, August–September. Makes a blister mine and then partially cuts a strip from the leaf, rolling it into an untidy coil, making two such coils to complete its feeding.

Scarce Oak Stilt Plate 8 (2) Povolnya leucapennella (Steph.) 15.018 Local. FL 6–7mm. Segment 2 of the labial palp is distinctly tufted beneath. Forewing ranging from very pale yellowish or very pale greenish white to whitish brown, orange-brown or red-brown, mottled with darker dots or marks which are often faint, but sometimes extensive. Similar species C. cuculipennella. Other orange or brown Caloptilia species have segment 2 of the palp smooth beneath. FS Late June–May, possibly in two generations, overwintering as an adult. Can be disturbed by day from dense vegetation in woods during the winter, especially from Yew; comes to light. Hab Oak woodland, wooded undercliffs. Fp Oaks, including Holm Oak; preference for young trees. Has been recorded on Sweet Chestnut in Guernsey. LS May–June, maybe July–September. Constructs at least two cones on the leaves.

114 Gracillariidae

Oak Cloud Plate 8 Acrocercops brongniardella (Fabr.) 15.019 Local. FL 4–5mm. Antenna longer than the forewing. Forewing orangey brown with dark-edged white marks, four along the dorsum and three on the costa, with the basal pair often joined to form a curved crossband; the cilia are banded white and dark brown, with a dark brown pointed extension. FS Any month, probably in one extended u Oak Cloud Acrocercops brongniardella leaf-mines. generation. Occasionally comes to light, and can be found commonly as a leaf-mine. Hab Gardens and urban parks, parkland, open woodland. Fp Oaks, including Holm Oak. Has been recorded on Sweet Chestnut in Guernsey. LS May–August. In large silvery-white blotch mines, with larvae often feeding gregariously in coalesced mines.

Mugwort Stilt Leucospilapteryx omissella (Staint.) 15.021 EC. Local. Has been recorded as far north as Yorkshire, and is not known in the far south-west. Hab Calcareous grassland, road verges, waste ground. Fp Mugwort. LS June–July, August–October. Initially in a long gallery on the underside of a leaf. Later in a blister mine on the upper side; the leaf turns yellow and then purple.

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Mugwort Stilt Leucospilateryx omissella leaf-mine.

Apple Nymph

Plate 8 Callisto denticulella (Thunb.) 15.022 Common. More local in the north and west, and in Ireland. FL 5–6mm. Head with erect, orange-brown scales. Forewing dark brown with whitish almost triangular spots, two on the dorsum and three on the costa. Similar species Parectopa ononidis. FS April–July, in one generation or with a partial second generation. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, orchards. Fp Apples, including domestic cultivars. LS July–September. u Apple Nymph Callisto denticulella leaf-mine. Initially in a whitish gallery leading to a pale unspeckled mixed brownish blotch mine, usually on the upper side of the leaf; later the larva constructs two or three folds along the leaf margin. Similar larva On apples none of the Phyllonorycter species make an initial linear gallery on the upper side of the leaf, but P. corylifoliella forms a dark speckled pale blotch, with an inner mine in the green leaf tissue that is obvious when the leaf is held up to the light, and P. leucographella forms a narrow white unspeckled blotch over the midrib or major vein.

Gracillariidae 115 Note on Parornix species Identification of Parornix species requires particular care. Adults of all species are very similar to each other and are best determined by rearing from foodplants or by examining the genitalia. There are 11 species recorded in Britain and six in Ireland (FL 4–5.5mm), and the larval workings of eight species are described here. The resting posture is inclining, in a similar manner to Caloptilia species. Depending on the species, the forewing may be dull greyish, greyish brown or blackish brown, sometimes speckled whitish and with darker grey patches in the mid-wing, and there are usually short whitish streaks along the costa to the apex, sometimes faint near the base, and a small blackish apical mark; the terminal cilia have alternating narrow dark and broad paler bands. Most species have two generations per year, except in the north where some have one generation. For further details on the differences between Parornix adults, refer to Heath & Emmet (1985) and to the Moth Dissection UK website.

Birch Parornix Parornix betulae (Staint.) 15.025 ESWIC. Common, found widely throughout Britain and Ireland. Hab Heathland, scrub, open woodland; possible preference for seedlings. Fp Birches. LS June–July, August–October. Initially in a gallery on the underside of a leaf leading to a small Phyllonorycter-type mine, but with a rather brown lower u Birch Parornix Parornix betulae leaf-mine and larval fold. epidermis. Later in one or more leaf folds, turning down the leaf at its tip or margin. Similar larva P. loganella (not illustrated), ESWI, a northern and western species, and found in Ireland in the south, on moorland and wooded hillsides, has LS July–September, and is indistinguishable in the field.

Beech Parornix Parornix fagivora (Frey) 15.026 EWC. Local. Found as far north as Yorkshire. Hab Woodland. Fp Beech. LS June, late August–October. Initially in a gallery on the underside of a leaf which develops into a small blotch mine. Later turns down the edge or tip of a leaf.

Hornbeam Parornix Parornix carpinella (Frey) 15.027 E. Very local. South-east England, may be spreading. Hab Woodland. Fp Hornbeam. LS June–July, September–October. Initially in a gallery on the underside of a leaf, expanding into a small elongate blotch. Later folds down the edge of the leaf, often towards the petiole. Similar larva The mine of Phyllonorycter tenerella is much larger and longer.

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Beech Parornix Parornix fagivora larval fold. r

Hornbeam Parornix Parornix carpinella larval fold.

116 Gracillariidae

Hawthorn Parornix Parornix anglicella (Staint.) 15.028 ESWIC. Common. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Hawthorns, Wild Service-tree, occasionally Rowan, Wild Strawberry. LS July, August–September. Initially in a small Phyllonorycter-type mine on the underside of a leaf with a brownish lower epidermis. Later in at least two successive leaf cones, each spun downwards u Hawthorn Parornix Parornix anglicella leaf-mine and larval at a lobe. Similar species cones. P. scoticella on Rowan and Wild Service-tree feeds beneath dense silk, causing the leaf to pucker or fold, and it does not form a neatly spun cone.

Hazel Parornix Parornix devoniella (Staint.) 15.029 ESWI. Common. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Hazel. LS June–July, September– October. Initially in a gallery on the underside of a leaf, then in a small rectangular or triangular Phyllonorycter-like mine with a brownish lower epidermis, the mine hardly being arched on the upper surface. Later in at least two successive, usually upward u Hazel Parornix Parornix devoniella leaf-mine and larval fold. folds on the leaf margin. Similar larva The mine of Phyllonorycter nicellii is much more strongly arched and rarely brown on the lower surface.

Rowan Parornix Parornix scoticella (Staint.) 15.030 ESWI. Common. More local in Ireland. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, moorland, orchards, woodland. Fp Rowan, also apples, Tree Cotoneaster, Wild Service-tree, Common Whitebeam. LS July, August– October in two generations in the south. Initially in a small Phyllonorycter-type mine on u Rowan Parornix Parornix scoticella larval fold on Rowan. the underside of a leaf, with the lower epidermis turning brown. Later under dense silk in the middle or edge of a leaf, causing the leaf to pucker or the edge to fold down. Similar larva P. anglicella.

Gracillariidae 117

Southern Blackthorn Parornix Parornix finitimella (Zell.) 15.032 ESWIC. Common. In Scotland known only from Berwickshire. Seemingly scarce in Ireland. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Blackthorn, Wild Plum. LS June–July, August–October. Larva is whitish with thoracic legs ringed black, and a greyish-white head with four black marks posteriorly. Initially in a gallery on the underside of a leaf, developing into a small narrow whitish blister that strongly contorts the leaf. Later in two successive folds at the leaf edge. Similar larva P. atripalpella (not illustrated), E, known only from Dungeness, Kent, is associated with Blackthorn; the larva and folds are indistinguishable from P. torquillella in the field. The larva of P. torquillella is pale yellowish or pale greenish with concolorous legs and a pale brown head with at most two darker patches posteriorly; it forms a small broad whitish blister that hardly puckers the leaf, and the folds are slightly larger, LS July–August, September–November.

Blackthorn Parornix Parornix torquillella (Zell.) 15.033 ESWIC. Common. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Blackthorn, Wild Plum. Similar larva P. atripalpella (not illustrated), P. finitimella.

Southern Blackthorn Parornix Parornix finitimella larva.

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Blackthorn Parornix Parornix torquillella larva.

Note on Phyllonorycter mines Most Phyllonorycter species make mines that cause leaves to contort, pucker or blister, forming a pocket in which the larva feeds, grows and pupates. The mine has two sides: one is flat and whitish or pale brownish, and may have one or a series of longitudinal creases; the other is domed and green, often with pale or brownish windows or peppering where the larva has been feeding on leaf tissue from below. If the flat side is on the underside of the leaf, it is described as an ‘underside mine’. Larvae do not change mines as they grow, so the early feedings develop into a fully formed mine. A few plant species each support just a single Phyllonorycter species and are straightforward to identify. However, in trees such as alders, birches, oaks and willows there are several Phyllonorycter species on each, forming quite similar mines, and it is not until a mine is fully formed that more subtle differences may become apparent and an identification can be realistically considered. Also, P. messaniella feeds commonly on a few tree species, and more rarely on a wider range, so it should be regularly borne in mind as a potential candidate species. The early mines of Parornix can also be very similar to those of Phyllonorycter.

White Oak Leaf-miner Plate 8 Phyllonorycter harrisella (Linn.) 15.034 Common. FL 3–4mm. Forewing elongate, white, pale orangey brown towards the apex with three costal and two dorsal streaks, all inwardly edged dark brown, and a black dot at the apex; the cilia have a fine dark brown basal line. The dominant whitish ground colour and fine markings help to distinguish this micro-moth from other Phyllonorycter species. FS April–June, late July–early September. Readily disturbed from oak branches by day, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Pedunculate and Sessile oaks. LS June–July, September–October. In a small oval blister on the underside of the leaf. Similar larva Several Phyllonorycter species make similar mines on deciduous oaks.

118 Gracillariidae

Hornbeam Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter tenerella (Joan.) 15.037 EWI. Local. More local away from southeast England, very local in Wales. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2021. Hab Hedgerows, urban parks, woodland. Fp Hornbeam. LS June–July, September–October. In a mine between veins on the underside of a leaf, often extending from the midrib to the margin, almost forming a tube and with one strong crease in the lower epidermis. Similar larva Parornix carpinella. The mine of P. messaniella is small and oval or triangular.

u Hornbeam Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter tenerella leaf-mine.

Ilex Leaf-miner Plate 8 Phyllonorycter messaniella (Zell.) 15.040 Common. FL 3–4.5mm. Forewing shining pale golden brown with four whitish costal and four dorsal streaks, all inwardly edged dark brown, a fine whitish basal streak to about one-half, and a black dot at the apex; the cilia are pale with a fine dark brown basal line. Similar species P. quercifoliella (not illustrated) has a basal u Ilex Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter messaniella leaf-mines streak extending to almost on Holm Oak. two-thirds. FS March–December in three overlapping generations. Flies freely in the early morning and on warm afternoons, is readily disturbed by day and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Mainly Holm Oak, oaks. Also Beech, Roble, Paper-bark Birch, Sweet Chestnut, Hornbeam, Hop-hornbeam, limes. LS March–April, July, October. In a small oval or triangular blister typically on the underside of the leaf. Similar larva P. tenerella. The mine of P. maestingella is long, with the upper surface arched and tube-like. Several Phyllonorycter species make similar mines on deciduous oaks.

Plane Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter platani (Staud.) 15.041 EWI. Local. Colonist, spreading. First recorded in Britain in 1990 in London. Now found as far north as Yorkshire, very local in south Wales. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2021. Hab Wherever the trees are planted. Fp London Plane, Oriental Plane. LS June, August–November. In a large mine usually on the underside of u Plane Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter platani leaf-mines. the leaf, causing mottling of the upper side. If the mine is on the upper side, it can straddle a vein. There are often several mines in a single leaf.

Gracillariidae 119

Common Thorn Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter oxyacanthae (Frey) 15.043 ESWIC. Common. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Hawthorns, Pear, Wild Service-tree. LS July, September–October. In a mine on the underside of a leaf, usually in a lobe causing the tip to fold downwards. Similar larva Adults must be reared and dissected from mines on Pear and Wild Service-tree to avoid confusion with P. mespilella and possibly P. hostis.

Common Thorn Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter oxyacanthae leaf-mine on hawthorn.

u

Cowberry Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter junoniella (Zell.) 15.048 ESW. Local. Not known in southern and much of eastern England. Hab Moorland. Fp Cowberry, especially on small plants low down among heather. LS July, October–April. In a mine on the underside of a leaf, nearly occupying the whole leaf and drawing its edges downwards.

r Cowberry Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter junoniella leaf-mine.

Blackthorn Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter spinicolella (Zell.) 15.049 ESWIC. Common. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Blackthorn, Wild Plum. LS June–July, August–April. In a mine on the underside of a leaf, contorting smaller leaves.

Cherry Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter cerasicolella (Herr.-Schäff.) 15.050 ESWI. Local. Rare in northern England and Scotland as far north as Dunbartonshire. Recorded as new to Ireland (Belfast) in 2018. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, orchards, woodland. Fp Dwarf and Wild cherries. LS July, September–April. In a mine on the underside of a leaf between veins. Several mines can be found on a single leaf.

Blackthorn Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter spinicolella leaf-mine on Blackthorn.

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Cherry Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter cerasicolella leaf-mine on cherry.

120 Gracillariidae

Viburnum Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter lantanella (Schrank) 15.051 ESWIC. Local. In England recorded as far north as south Lancashire and Yorkshire, and in Wales only found in the south. In 2019, recorded as new to Scotland (Fife) and Ireland (Belfast). Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, open woodland. Fp Wayfaring-tree, occasionally Guelder-rose, Laurustinus. LS July–August, September–April. In a mine on the underside of a leaf between two lateral veins; sometimes there are several mines u Viburnum Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter lantanella in a single leaf, resulting in distortion. leaf-mines on Wayfaring-tree. Similar larva Acleris schalleriana (49.073) young larva makes a small silk spinning between veins on the underside of a leaf, closely resembling the underside mine.

Hawthorn Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter corylifoliella (Hübn.) 15.052 ESWIC. Common. Much more local in Ireland. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, open woodland. Fp Apples, hawthorns, Pear, Rowan, Wild Service-tree, whitebeams, occasionally other rosaceous trees. Also birches in the north and west. LS June–August, September–November. On birches in September–November u Hawthorn Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter corylifoliella only. In a mine on the upper side on Hawthorn. of a leaf, often over a vein. The surface of the mine is speckled with dark particles in somewhat concentric rings. The leaf can fold upwards, covering the mine. Similar larva P. leucographella upper-side mine is found on some of the same foodplants; it is a long oval mine over the midrib, clear whitish in colour, or with pale orangey marks and a scattering of black frass also visible.

Firethorn Leaf-miner

Plate 8 Phyllonorycter leucographella (Zell.) 15.053 Common. First found in Britain in 1989, spreading rapidly north and west, reaching Scotland in 2002 and Ireland in 2005. FL 3.5–4.5mm. Head with erect scales, bright white centrally, orangey brown laterally. Forewing bright orangey brown with a white streak from the base to about one-third, four costal and two dorsal white u Firethorn Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter leucographella streaks, with black shading in the leaf-mine. apical area. FS April–October, in two generations. Hab Gardens and urban parks, anywhere where Firethorn is planted.

Gracillariidae 121 Fp Mainly Firethorn. Also apples, hawthorns, Pear, Rowan. Recorded on Beech, Blackthorn, Wild Cherry, cotoneasters, Laburnum, Japanese Quince. LS August–May, June–July. In a long narrow whitish mine on the upper side of the leaf, causing the leaf to curl upwards into a roll. Mines can be abundant. Similar larva Leaf-mine of P. corylifoliella.

Gorse Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter ulicicolella (Staint.) 15.060 E. Local. Possibly overlooked. Hab Heathland, scrub, waste ground. Fp Gorse, Western Gorse. LS September–May. In a long narrow mine on the thinner stems just under the surface of the green bark, causing slight blistering. The mines can be difficult to see.

Broom Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter scopariella (Zell.) 15.061 ESWI. Local. More local in Wales and rare in Ireland, being recorded only in the east. Hab Heathland, scrub, open woodland. Fp Broom, often on small plants. LS September–May. In a narrow, slightly inflated mine in the green bark, usually situated 10–20cm from the tip of a twig.

Beech Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter maestingella (Müll.) 15.063 ESWIC. Common. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Beech. LS July, September–October. In a long mine on the underside of a leaf between veins, the upper surface arched and tube-like. Sometimes at the leaf edge, causing it to fold downwards. Occasionally on the upper side. Similar larva Leaf-mine of P. messaniella.

Nut Leaf Blister Moth Phyllonorycter coryli (Nic.) 15.064 ESWI. Common. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Hazel, once reported on Flowering Currant. LS June–August, September–October. In a mine on the upper side of a leaf over veins, the surface appearing papery white. When a leaf contains several mines, it may curl upwards. Mines can be abundant.

Gorse Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter ulicicolella mine in Gorse stem.

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r Broom Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter scopariella larval mine in stem.

Beech Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter maestingella leaf-mine.

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Nut Leaf Blister Moth Phyllonorycter coryli leaf-mines.

122 Gracillariidae

Dark Hornbeam Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter esperella leafmine.

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Grey Alder Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter strigulatella leaf-mine.

Dark Hornbeam Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter esperella (Goeze)

15.065

EWI. Local. More local in the north. Recorded as new to Ireland (Belfast) in 2019. Hab Hedgerows, urban parks, woodland. Fp Hornbeam. LS June–July, September– October. In a mine on the upper side of a leaf, causing it to curl upwards.

Grey Alder Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter strigulatella (L. & Z.)

15.066

ESWIC. Local. Recorded as new to Ireland (Belfast) in 2016 and Scotland (Fife) in 2020. Hab Gardens and urban parks, field margins, damp woodland. Fp Grey Alder. LS July, late August–October. In a narrow mine on the underside of a leaf, between veins and with many weak creases on the lower epidermis. Often there are several mines in a single leaf. Can be common where found. Similar larva P. klemannella forms an extended oval mine with a smooth underside, and is occasionally found on Grey Alder.

Common Alder Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter rajella (Linn.) 15.067 ESWIC. Common. Hab Marshes, riverbanks, damp woodland. Fp Alder, Italian Alder. LS June–July, August– October. In a small mine on the underside of a leaf, with a single strong central crease on the lower epidermis. There can be several mines in a single leaf. Similar larva P. froelichiella forms a large underside mine from the midrib, with reddish-brown discolouration near the u Common Alder Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter midrib visible from above. P. klemannella rajella leaf-mine on Alder. forms an extended oval mine in the middle of the leaf, rarely near the midrib, without discolouration. For both species the lower surface appears smooth without a central crease.

Sandhill Leaf-miner

Not illustrated Phyllonorycter quinqueguttella (Staint.) 15.070 ESWI. Local. Mainly coastal. Rare in western Ireland. Hab Sand dunes, heathland. Fp Creeping Willow. LS July, September–October. In a mine on the underside of a leaf, and can occupy most of the leaf, causing the edges to curve downwards. Mines can be common where found. Similar larva P. hilarella mine (not illustrated) has been reported on Creeping Willow; the underside mine is likely to be larger and to occupy the whole leaf.

Gracillariidae 123

Vetch Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter nigrescentella (Log.) 15.071 EWI. Rare. Seemingly absent from large parts of central England and much of Wales. Local but widely distributed in Ireland. Hab Hedgerows. Fp Bush Vetch, sometimes Bitter-vetch, White Clover, Common Vetch, Meadow Vetchling. LS July, September–October. In an underside mine, usually occupying a whole leaflet and causing the edges to turn downwards. Usually found in numbers u Vetch Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter nigrescentella low down, hidden among other vegetation. leaf-mines on Bush Vetch. Similar larva P. medicaginella (not illustrated), a species recently established in Kent, is reported on some of the same foodplants; its mines are usually on leaves high up on the plant. P. insignitella (not illustrated), a rare coastal grassland species with a scattered distribution in England, Scotland and Ireland, is reported on Red Clover and Common Restharrow.

Small Oak Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter lautella (Zell.) 15.073 ESWIC. Local. More local in Scotland. Hab Woodland. Fp Oaks, especially seedlings and saplings. LS July–August, September–November. In a large underside mine, extending from the midrib between two veins, the lower surface with a strong central crease, which sometimes divides into a Y-shape. Often there are several mines on a u Small Oak Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter lautella leaf-mines. single leaf, causing it to contort. Similar larva Several Phyllonorycter species make similar mines on deciduous oaks, but the large size of the mine, the strong crease and the preference for very young plants should help to distinguish this species.

Shining Elm Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter schreberella (Fabr.) 15.074 EWC. Common. Recorded as far north as south Lancashire and Yorkshire. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Elms. LS June– August, September–November. In an oval or short oblong and strongly inflated underside mine, sometimes crossing veins. Can contort smaller leaves. Similar larva P. tristrigella forms a long narrow tube-like mine.

Shining Elm Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter schreberella leafmines.

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124 Gracillariidae

Honeysuckle Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter emberizaepenella (Bouch.) 15.076 ESWI. Local. Very local in Ireland. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, moorland, scrub, woodland. Fp Honeysuckle, also Snowberry, Himalayan Honeysuckle. LS June–July, September–October. In a large mine with several strong creases occupying much of the underside of a leaf, often contorting it u Honeysuckle Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter emberizaepenella strongly. Similar larva P. leaf-mines on Snowberry. trifasciella forms a smaller mine that occupies part of the leaf, sometimes twisting it into a cone. Mines found in the early part of the year are those of P. trifasciella.

Elm Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter tristrigella (Haw.) 15.078 ESWIC. Common. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Elms. LS June–July, August–October. In a long thin tubular mine between veins on the underside of a leaf, often from the midrib to the leaf margin. There can be several mines in a single leaf. Similar larva Leaf-mine of P. schreberella.

Lesser Alder Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter stettinensis (Nic.) 15.079 ESW. Common. Very local in Scotland. Hab Damp woodland, riverbanks, marshes. Fp Alder, Italian Alder. LS September–October, June–August. In a flat mine on the upper side of a leaf, normally over a major vein or the midrib, the mine having a strong central crease.

Large Alder Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter froelichiella (Zell. 15.080 ESWI. Common. Scarce in Ireland. Hab Marshes, riverbanks, damp woodland. Fp Alder, Italian Alder. LS June–July, September–October. In a large underside mine, starting at the junction of midrib and vein and extending towards the leaf margin; the lower epidermis has minute creases but appears smooth. The upper surface of the mine becomes discoloured, often reddish brown, close to the midrib. Sometimes there are several mines in a single leaf. Similar larva Leaf-mines of P. rajella, P. klemannella.

u

Elm Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter tristrigella leaf-mine.

Lesser Alder Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter stettinensis leaf-mines.

u

Gracillariidae 125

Large Alder Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter froelichiella leafmines on Alder.

u

u

Hazel Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter nicellii leaf-mines.

Hazel Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter nicellii (Staint.) 15.081 ESWI. Common. Hab Hedgerows, woodland. Fp Hazel. LS July, September–October. In a small oval or rectangular underside mine, with several creases in a usually pale lower epidermis, the upper surface with a central green patch and strongly arched. Similar larva Leaf-mine of Parornix devoniella.

Shining Alder Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter klemannella (Fabr.) 15.082 ESWI. Common. Scarce in Ireland. Hab Marshes, riverbanks, damp woodland. Fp Alder, Italian Alder, occasionally on Grey Alder. LS July–August, September–October. In an extended oval underside mine in the middle of the leaf, rarely touching the midrib. The lower epidermis has many weak creases, but appears smooth. Sometimes there are several mines in a single leaf. Similar larva Leafmine of P. rajella.

Shining Alder Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter klemannella leaf-mine.

u

Banded Honeysuckle Leaf-miner Plate 8 Phyllonorycter trifasciella (Haw.) 15.083 Common. Local in the north. FL 4–4.5mm. Forewing pinkish orangey brown with broad blackish crossbands at one-fifth and one-half, the outer margin edged white with the inner margin irregular, two costal and one dorsal blackish streaks, the costal and the dorsal at about threequarters almost joining to form a u Banded Honeysuckle Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter trifasciella third crossband. Similar species leaf-mine on Honeysuckle. Argyresthia trifasciata (20.005) often rests with its head down, and has a white head. FS April–November and occasionally in winter, in three overlapping generations. Comes to light, most often in late autumn. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Honeysuckle, occasionally Himalayan Honeysuckle, Snowberry. LS March–May, July–August, September–October. In an underside or rarely upper-side mine, occupying part of the leaf and causing it to contort strongly. Similar larva Leaf-mine of P. emberizaepenella.

126 Gracillariidae

Maple Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter acerifoliella (Zell.) 15.084 EW. Local. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Field Maple. LS July, September–October. In a small mine on the underside of a leaf, usually on a lobe, causing it to fold over.

r

Maple Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter acerifoliella leaf-mine.

Norway Maple Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter joannisi (Le Marchand)

15.085

EWI. Local. Spreading. More local in Wales and recorded as new to Ireland (Belfast) in 2015. Hab Gardens and urban parks, woodland. Fp Norway Maple. LS July–August, September–October. In a rounded mine on the underside of a leaf, typically between the veins and away from the leaf margin.

r

Norway Maple Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter joannisi leaf-mine.

Sycamore Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter geniculella (Rag.) 15.086 ESWIC. Local. Very local in Ireland and found mainly in the north and east. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Sycamore. LS June–July, August–September, October. In a mine on the underside of a leaf, usually between two lateral veins. The leaf may fold downwards if the mine is at the edge. u

Sycamore Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter geniculella leaf-mine.

Royal Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter pastorella (Zell.) 15.0862 E. Local. Recent colonist, spreading rapidly, first recorded in Britain in 2014 from Buckingham Palace Garden, London. Hab Urban parks, lakesides. Fp Crack-willow, Bay, Weeping and White willows. LS June, October. In a large mine on the underside of a leaf, often squarish or rectangular with a conspicuous central crease. Similar larva P. pastorella has the largest mine of all the Phyllonorycter species associated with long-leaved willows, and the moth overwinters as an adult, whereas other species on willows overwinter as a pupa.

Gracillariidae 127

u

Royal Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter pastorella leaf-mine.

Poplar Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter comparella leaf-mine on Grey Poplar.

u

Poplar Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter comparella (Dup.)

15.087

EW. Local. Not recorded from the far south-west. Recorded new to Wales (Monmouthshire) in 2017. Hab Urban parks, woodland. Fp Grey and White poplars, infrequently Black-poplar. LS July, September–October. In a mine on the underside of a leaf, the lower epidermis with minute creases but appearing smooth, and the upper surface sometimes mottled. Can be difficult to detect beneath white down on the leaves.

Aspen Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter sagitella (Bjerk.) 15.088 EW. Rare. Spreading. Central England and recently in Kent and East Anglia. Hab Woodland. Fp Aspen. LS July–September. In an underside mine with few epidermal creases, sometimes smooth. The rather oval mine is yellowish, sometimes tinged reddish. Similar larva P. viminiella (not illustrated) is occasionally on Aspen, and the lower epidermis of its mine has a few central longitudinal creases.

u

Aspen Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter sagitella leaf-mine.

Horse-chestnut Leaf-miner

Plate 8 15.089

Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimić Common. First recorded in Britain in 2002, rapidly spreading north and west. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2013 and Scotland in 2015. FL 3.5–5mm. Forewing orangey brown with a short white basal streak, a fine white angled crossband at one-third and another at about one-half, edged darker outwardly, and with two white dark-edged short streaks on the costa towards the apex, with another on the dorsum and a

u Horse-chestnut Leaf-miner Cameraria ohridella leaf-mines.

128 Gracillariidae more obscure one in the cilia. Similar species The basal streak and angled crossbands distinguish this species from similar-looking Phyllonorycter species. Argyresthia trifasciata (20.005) has a white head. FS April–September, in two overlapping generations. Flies by day and comes to light. Often abundant. Hab Gardens and urban parks, roadside trees. Fp Horse-chestnut, occasionally Red Horse-chestnut, Sycamore, Norway Maple. LS Late June–July, August–October. In a blotch mine on the upper side of the leaf. Mines are usually spectacularly abundant on Horse-chestnut.

Willow Maze-miner Phyllocnistis saligna (Zell.) 15.090 EW. Local. Southern England to as far north as Yorkshire, also South Wales. Hab Gardens and urban parks, fens, marshes, riverbanks. Fp Crack-willow, Almond, Bay, Weeping, Purple and White willows. LS June, August–October. In a winding epidermal gallery with a central line of frass on either side of a leaf, leading into u Willow Maze-miner Phyllocnistis saligna leaf-mine the bark of a twig and into another on Crack-willow. leaf. The mines are typically found on the underside of terminal leaves of young shoots. Similar larva P. ramulicola makes a long gallery in the bark of young willow stems, entering a leaf to pupate.

Willow-stem Maze-miner Phyllocnistis ramulicola Langmaid & Corley E. Discovered as new to science in Hampshire in 2006. Very local, but possibly overlooked. Dorset to Kent, as far north as Berkshire, also the Channel Islands. Hab Damp woodland. Fp Eared, Goat and Grey willows, sometimes Aspen, Crack-willow, Osier and White Willow. LS July– September. In a whitish mine up to 30cm long in the bark of a stem, proceeding downwards then turning upwards before mining a petiole and into the base of a leaf to pupate. Typically found on saplings, suckers or young bushes.

r

Willow-stem Maze-miner Phyllocnistis ramulicola larval mine in stem of Grey Willow.

15.091

Gracillariidae 129

Poplar Maze-miner Phyllocnistis unipunctella (Steph.) 15.092 ESWIC. Common. Very local in Scotland as far north as Perthshire. Hab Coastal habitats, gardens and urban parks, woodland. Fp Black-poplar, Hybrid Black-poplar, Lombardy-poplar, occasionally balsam-poplars. LS May–July, August–October. In a long serpentine silvery gallery in the epidermis of either side of the leaf, sometimes covering most of the leaf.

Poplar Maze-miner Phyllocnistis unipunctella leaf-mine.

u

Kent Maze-miner Plate 8 Phyllocnistis xenia Hering 15.093 Rare. First recorded in Kent in 1974, gradually spreading. FL 3–3.5mm. Forewing shining white, yellowish towards the apex, with a greyish spot on the dorsum at one-half, a prominent black dot at the base of the apical cilia and, from three-fifths, a series of silvery-grey lines along the costa, at the apex and near the tornus, sometimes with two of these joining to form a grey u Kent Maze-miner Phyllocnistis xenia leaf-mine. crossband at three-quarters. FS June–July, August–September. Hab Wherever scrub poplars occur. Fp Grey and White poplars; preference for sapling growth. LS Late May–July, August–October. In a long serpentine gallery in the upper epidermis of the leaf. Most easily found as a mine, and can be locally abundant. Species not covered Imperial Stilt Dialectica imperialella (Zell.) 15.020 R/E

Cryptic Apple Leaf-miner P. hostis Triberti 15.047 ESWI

Echium Stilt D. scalariella (Zell.) 15.0201 I/E

Willow Leaf-miner P. viminiella (Sirc.) 15.054 ESWIC

Highland Nymph Callisto coffeella (Zett.) 15.023 R/S

Osier Leaf-miner P. viminetorum (Staint.) 15.055 EWI

Northern Birch Parornix Parornix loganella (Staint.) 15.024 ESWI

Grey Willow Leaf-miner P. salicicolella (Sirc.) 15.056 ESWI

Alpine Parornix P. alpicola (Wocke) 15.031 R/S

Large Willow Leaf-miner P. hilarella (Zett.) 15.058 ESWIC

Goat Willow Leaf-miner P. dubitella (Herr.-Schäff.) 15.057 EW

Dungeness Parornix P. atripalpella Wahlström 15.0321 R/E

Large Birch Leaf-miner P. cavella (Zell.) 15.059 ESW

Beautiful Oak Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter roboris (Zell.) 15.035 ESWI

Cornish Leaf-miner P. staintoniella (Nic.) 15.062 R/E

Pale Oak Leaf-miner P. heegeriella (Zell.) 15.036 ESWI

Small Birch Leaf-miner P. anderidae (Fletch.) 15.069 ESW

Scarce Oak Leaf-miner P. kuhlweiniella (Zell.) 15.038 R/ESW Common Oak Leaf-miner P. quercifoliella (Zell.) 15.039 ESWIC Western Oak Leaf-miner P. muelleriella (Zell.) 15.042 ESW

Splendid Oak Leaf-miner P. distentella (Zell.) 15.068 R/EW Medick Leaf-miner P. medicaginella (Gerasimov) 15.0715 R/E Clover Leaf-miner P. insignitella (Zell.) 15.072 R/ESI

Rowan Leaf-miner P. sorbi (Frey) 15.044 ESWI

Common Birch Leaf-miner P. ulmifoliella (Hübn.) 15.075 ESWI

Service-tree Leaf-miner P. mespilella (Hübn.) 15.045 ESWIC

Scabious Leaf-miner P. scabiosella (Dougl.) 15.077 E

Brown Apple Leaf-miner P. blancardella (Fabr.) 15.046 ESWIC

Vagrant Aspen Leaf-miner P. apparella (Herr.-Schäff.) 15.0861 S

130

Yponomeutidae

T

here are 24 species in this family. In most species the adults rest with the wings held roof-like, at a steep angle, but in a

few species the wings are wrapped around the abdomen. Species

Bird-cherry Ermine Yponomeuta evonymella

vary from small to large, with forewing length 4–13mm. This family includes the distinctive Small Ermines (Yponomeuta species), which are pale with black dots, some species of which are gregarious as larvae, producing characteristic swathes of greyish

Ash Spinner Zelleria hepariella

silk webbing that frequently festoon hedgerow plants in the early summer, the larvae causing defoliation. The adult resting posture varies between species. In Zelleria and Kessleria species it is declining, while it is slightly less so in some Swammerdamia species, but in most species in this family

Copper-fringed Drab Swammerdamia pyrella

the adults rest in a slightly inclining posture. The forewings are elongate, often fairly broad, with or without a distinct tornal angle. The hindwings are almost as long and broad as the forewing, or slightly narrower with a pointed apex and with moderate or long dorsal cilia. The head and face are usually smooth-scaled, but in Swammerdamia species the head is rough-scaled and tufted between the antennae. The antennae are thread-like, and two-thirds to three-quarters the length of the forewing. The labial palps are variable, from very short to moderate, and curved upwards, nearly straight or drooping. A tongue is present, although this is sometimes reduced. Most species are covered in the following accounts. Several are distinctive and can be readily identified. However, the ‘Swammerdamia’ group (Swammerdamia, Pseudoswammerdamia and Paraswammerdamia species) needs particular care, and worn examples usually require genitalia examination to determine their identity. Some examples of Yponomeuta species cannot be readily identified on the basis of external or genitalia features. Rearing these from larvae can aid identification, as most species are restricted to one or a few foodplants. One species, Red-capped Ermine Euhyponomeuta stannella, is now thought to be extinct, and Olive Spinner Zelleria oleastrella, an immigrant and an accidental introduction, is a recent addition to the British fauna. Parnassus Ermine Kessleria fasciapennella was rediscovered in Scotland in 2013, the previous record being in the mid-nineteenth century. Larvae of most species begin as leaf-miners but progress to external feeding as they grow. Those of Yponomeuta, Zelleria and Kessleria species all exhibit communal living within silk webbing to a greater or lesser extent, and Yponomeuta larvae sometimes occur in vast numbers. Larvae of Cedestis and Ocnerostoma species feed singly, and those of Ocnerostoma species remain as leaf-miners throughout. Adults fly at night and come to light; some Yponomeuta species may be found commonly in light traps on warm nights in summer, a long distance from foodplants, and it seems likely that numbers of some species in Britain and Ireland are boosted annually by immigration from Continental Europe. A few Yponomeuta species can also be found by day, emerging in numbers from the larval feeding sites. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet (1996) European species: Bengtsson & Johansson (2011)

Yponomeutidae 131 Note on Small Ermines Yponomeuta evonymella has significantly more black dots than other Yponomeuta species. White forms of Y. padella, Y. malinellus and Y. cagnagella found away from their foodplant cannot be separated with certainty, as wing markings and genitalia show no consistent differences. The grey-and-white forms of Y. padella and Y. malinellus are similarly indistinguishable. To identify these forms of the three species they must be reared from their foodplants. Y. rorrella has a longer and narrower white and grey forewing, smaller-sized dots, is invariably white in the dorsal half and in a thin band along the costa, and in contrast to the three common Yponomeuta species, there is no dot at the base of the middle row of black dots (Plate 8). Moths in other families look similar: Ethmia dodecea (33.001) and E. terminella (33.004) have fewer and larger black spots. Myelois circumvoluta (62.042) is larger and more robust.

Bird-cherry Ermine Plate 8 Yponomeuta evonymella (Linn.) 16.001 Common. Principally an immigrant in the south, but resident from the south Midlands northwards. FL 9.5–12.5mm. Forewing uniformly white with numerous black dots. Similar species See note on Small Ermines. FS Late June–September. Has been recorded in early October. Can occur in large numbers as a larva and adult. Comes to light. Hab Everywhere, often well away u Bird-cherry Ermine Yponomeuta evonymella larval web. from the known foodplant. Fp Bird Cherry. LS May–early July. Larvae feed gregariously in a web, the webbing sometimes enveloping whole trees and adjacent structures.

Orchard Ermine Plate 8 Yponomeuta padella (Linn.) 16.002 Common. FL 9–11mm. Forewing white, or grey and white, or uniformly grey, with black dots. Only examples with all-grey ground colour can be identified as Y. padella. Similar species See note on Small Ermines. Y. sedella is smaller than grey Y. padella and has a small black patch in the termen. FS July–August. Can occur in large numbers as a larva and adult. May be found by day at rest on the foodplant, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows and u Orchard Ermine Yponomeuta padella larva. wherever the foodplants occur. Fp Blackthorn, hawthorns. LS August–June. In spring it feeds gregariously in a web, and lengths of hedgerow can be defoliated and covered in grey webbing.

132 Yponomeutidae

Apple Ermine Plate 8 (2) Yponomeuta malinellus Zell. 16.003 Local. Very local in Ireland. FL 10–11.5mm. Forewing grey and white, or uniformly white, with black dots. Similar species See note on Small Ermines. FS June–August. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, orchards, scrub. Fp Apples, especially domestic cultivars. LS August–June. In spring it feeds gregariously in a web. Rarely occurs in large numbers as a larva. u

Apple Ermine Yponomeuta malinellus larval web.

Spindle Ermine Plate 8 Yponomeuta cagnagella (Hübn.) 16.004 Common. Local and possibly spreading in Scotland. FL 9.5–13mm. Forewing uniformly white with black dots. Similar species See note on Small Ermines. FS Late June–early September. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub. Fp Spindle, Evergreen Spindle. LS May–June. Larva has a black head. Feeds gregariously in a web; the webs are sometimes extensive. Pupa is orangey brown.

u

Spindle Ermine Yponomeuta cagnagella larvae in web.

Willow Ermine Plate 8 (2) Yponomeuta rorrella (Hübn.) 16.005 Regular immigrant that establishes, but perhaps only temporarily. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2014. FL 9.5–12mm. Forewing long and narrow, grey, white in the dorsal half and in a thin band along the costa, with small black dots, and there is no dot at the base of the middle row of black dots. Similar species See note on Small Ermines. FS July–August, mainly from mid-July–mid-August. Locally recorded as a larva in u Willow Ermine Yponomeuta rorrella larval web on White Britain, but adult numbers Willow. fluctuate annually, boosted by sometimes substantial immigration. Hab Plantations, marshes, river valleys. Fp White Willow, occasionally Grey Willow. LS May–June. Larvae feed gregariously in a web.

Yponomeutidae 133

Scarce Spindle Ermine Plate 9 Yponomeuta irrorella (Hübn.) 16.006 Rare. FL 9.5–12.5mm. Forewing white with black dots and diffuse grey patches on the wing fold at one-third and in the mid-wing, and grey along the costa above the middle patch. The large size and grey patch on the fold distinguish this from other Yponomeuta species. FS July–August. Comes to light. Hab Scrub on calcareous grassland. Fp Spindle. LS August–June. Larva has a black head. A few larvae feed together in a web, but they become solitary in the final instar. Pupa is black and orangey yellow.

Black-tipped Ermine Yponomeuta plumbella ([D. & S.])

Plate 9 16.007

Common only in the south. Most frequent in chalky areas in the south, occasionally found dispersing elsewhere. FL 8.5–9.5mm. A short-winged species. Forewing white and greyish white with black dots; a black spot in the mid-wing towards the dorsum, a short black streak above the tornus, and black shading along the termen towards and at the apex. The larger markings are occasionally much reduced. FS July–September. Comes to light. Hab Scrub on calcareous chalk and limestone, hedgerows. Fp Spindle. LS August–June. Larva has a yellowish head, is greenish grey in the middle, and yellowish grey anteriorly and posteriorly. In spring it burrows into a shoot causing it to wilt; in early summer a few larvae feed together in a web.

Orpine Ermine Plate 9 Yponomeuta sedella Treits. 16.008 Very local. Immigrant and transitory resident. FL 7.5–9mm. Forewing uniformly grey with black dots, which are absent towards the apex, and a small black patch in the middle of the termen. Similar species Wholly grey form of Y. padella. FS April–May and July–September in two generations. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, banks beneath hedgerows, ancient woodland. Fp Butterfly Stonecrop cultivars, Orpine. LS June–July, September–October. A few larvae feed together in a web.

Ash Spinner Plate 9 Zelleria hepariella Staint. 16.010 Local. FL 5–7.5mm. Resting posture declining, sometimes steeply. Forewing slightly hooked at the apex, appearing upturned at rest, usually brown or reddish brown, less often orangey or yellowish brown, sometimes with a whitish-brown or yellowish-brown streak from the base to about one-half. Similar species Caloptilia rufipennella (15.006). FS July–April. The adult hibernates. Comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland, mainly on clayey and calcareous soils. Fp Ash, sometimes Wild Privet. LS June. In a silken web among leaf tips, sometimes containing several larvae.

Olive Spinner Plate 9 Zelleria oleastrella (Mill.) 16.011 Immigrant/adventive. First recorded in Britain in 2006 from Dorset and Scilly. FL 7.5–8mm. Resting posture declining. Forewing grey, variably mixed with whitish and orangey brown, with scattered dark grey dots and marks, and a patch of raised dark grey scales at the base and at two-fifths on the dorsum. FS Late May–mid-November. Comes to light. Hab Garden centres. Could potentially appear anywhere. Fp Olive. LS April–May. Initially in a short mine; later rests on webbing spun among shoots, feeding on the leaves.

134 Yponomeutidae

Saxifrage Ermine Plate 9 Kessleria saxifragae (Staint.) 16.012 Rare. A species restricted to limestone hills and mountains, but locally common where it occurs. FL 5.5–7.5mm. Resting posture declining. Forewing whitish with scattered black dots, sometimes indistinct, and with irregular yellowish-brown suffusion from near the dorsum at one-quarter to the apex. FS June–August. Hab Upland wet grassland, streamsides, damp rocky places. Fp Saxifrages. LS May–June. Sometimes in a blotch mine at first. Feeds low down among the plant in a slight web, often gregariously.

Little Buff-tip

Plate 9 Pseudoswammerdamia combinella (Hübn.) 16.014 Common in the south. Very local from northern England northwards. FL 6.5–8mm. Resting posture usually declining. Head and thorax whitish. Forewing whitish grey with several rows of dark dots; the apex has a light coppery patch surrounded by dark scales. At rest, the adult has the appearance of a broken twig. FS April–July. Rarely numerous. Regularly seen at light. Hab Wherever the foodplant occurs. Fp Blackthorn. LS July–September. Larva is yellowish green with subdorsal lines comprising red spots. Older larvae feed in a thick web, sometimes with several larvae in a single web.

Birch Drab Plate 9 Swammerdamia caesiella (Hübn.) 16.015 Common. FL 4.5–6.5mm. Head whitish or brownish, thorax and tegulae grey. Forewing dull grey, speckled black and white, with a white or pale grey spot, sometimes obscure, on the costa before the apex, and an ill-defined oblique dark grey crossband from the dorsum not reaching the costa. Similar species S. compunctella is a larger species with a white head, pale grey and white thorax, a plainer grey forewing often with a white spot on the costa before the apex, and no costal dots near the base. Paraswammerdamia nebulella is very similar, and genitalia dissection is usually required to confirm its identity. FS May–August in two generations. Comes to light. Hab Heathland, scrub, open woodland. Fp Birches. LS June–July, late August–November. Larva is greenish, and paler subdorsally. In a slight web, typically on the upper side of a leaf. The webs can be readily observed on dewy mornings.

Copper-fringed Drab Plate 9 Swammerdamia pyrella (Vill.) 16.017 Common. Rarer in the north and west. More local in Ireland. FL 5–6.5mm. Head whitish and thorax dark grey. Forewing is grey with a darker oblique crossband at one-half and scattered blackish scales, and a small white spot on the costa before the apex; the termen is coppery, distinguishing this species from all others in the group. FS Late April–early September in two generations; recorded u Copper-fringed Drab Swammerdamia pyrella larva. in November. Comes to light. Hab Wherever the foodplants occur. Fp Apples, Blackthorn, Wild Cherry, hawthorns, Pear. LS July, September. The larva rests under a slight web, usually on the upper side of a leaf, and is creamy whitish with reddish-brown subdorsal stripes and transverse bands.

Yponomeutidae 135

Rowan Drab Plate 9 Swammerdamia compunctella Herr.-Schäff. 16.018 Very local in England, slightly more frequent in Scotland. Very local in Ireland, mainly found in the north. FL 7–7.5mm. Head white with thorax white at the front, pale greyish with a white spot towards the back. Forewing is uniformly grey, with a hint of a darker crossband at one-half and with the termen and cilia dark grey, and often a white spot on the costa before the apex. Similar species S. caesiella, Paraswammerdamia nebulella. FS June–July. Comes to light. Hab Open woodland. Fp Rowan, less often hawthorns; preference for seedlings growing under tree canopy. LS August–May. Larva is dark reddish brown with a dark dorsal line thickly edged with white, and a white lateral band. In spring it feeds in a loose web on the leaves, usually with two or three larvae to a web.

White-headed Drab Plate 9 Paraswammerdamia albicapitella (Scharf.) 16.019 Common. Scarce in the north. FL 5–6mm. Head and thorax white. Forewing pale grey, with scattered white and brownish-grey scales, rows of black dots just above the wing fold and near the costa, and a blackish crossband before one-half, broadly interrupted at the wing fold. The white thorax and interrupted crossband distinguish this species from all others in the group. FS May–September in one extended generation or with a partial second generation. Comes to light. Hab Wherever the foodplant occurs. Fp Blackthorn. LS September–June. Larva is dark reddish brown with paired white dorsal lines. Mines the leaves in autumn, and in spring spins a thick web on the leaves, sometimes with several larvae to a web.

Hawthorn Drab Plate 9 Paraswammerdamia nebulella (Goeze) 16.020 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 5.5–7mm. Head white, thorax grey; tegulae mixed grey and blackish brown. Forewing grey, speckled dark brownish grey, with a row of blackish dots on the costa near the base, sometimes more dots in rows elsewhere, and three or four clusters of white scales on the costa before the apex. Similar species Swammerdamia caesiella, S. compunctella. FS May–early u Hawthorn Drab Paraswammerdamia nebulella October. Comes to light. Has been larva. recorded as a non-target species at a pheromone lure. Hab Wherever the foodplants occur. Fp Hawthorn, Rowan, sometimes Wall Cotoneaster, roses. LS September–June. Larva is orangey when mining, reddish brown with a dark dorsal line sometimes edged paler when free-living. In autumn in a short gallery containing almost no frass; in spring in a thick web on the leaves, with several larvae to a web initially. Similar larva Bucculatrix bechsteinella (14.012) larva is a dull greenish colour and makes an initial highly contorted mine mostly filled with frass.

136 Yponomeutidae

Double-barred Needle-miner

Plate 9 Cedestis gysseleniella Zell. 16.021 Common. Absent from the far west and local in the north. FL 5.5–6.5mm. Head and thorax whitish. Forewing white with many dark-tipped scales and two golden crossbands in the basal half; the extent of golden colour is variable and may cover much of the wing. FS June–early August. Comes to light. Hab Pine scrub on heathland, pine woodland. Fp Lodgepole and Scots pines. LS March–April. Initially within a needle, then externally on adjacent needles in a slight web.

Barred Needle-miner Plate 9 Cedestis subfasciella (Steph.) 16.022 Common. Local in the western half of the north. Seemingly rare in Ireland. FL 4.5–5.5mm. Head whitish, thorax whitish to pale brown. Forewing golden brown or dark brown, variably scattered with darktipped white scales, with a white crossband before one-half, broadly shaded with the ground colour on the inner margin, and with indistinct white spots on u Larva of Barred Needle-miner Cedestis the costa before the apex and at the subfasciella. tornus. FS March–October. In one extended generation, probably with a partial second generation in the south. Comes to light. Hab Pine scrub on heathland, pine woodland. Fp Pines. LS December–April, August or possibly earlier. Larva is greenish, and mines a needle.

Ringed Needle-miner Plate 9 Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell. 16.023 Local. Rare in Ireland. Recorded as new to Wales in 2012. FL 4–5mm. Antennae white or ringed white. Forewing of male is whitish grey; that of the female is whiter, especially towards the apex. Similar species O. friesei has entirely grey antennae, but genitalia dissection may be required to separate the two species reliably. FS June–August. Can be tapped from branches during the day, and comes to light. Hab Scrub on heathland, woodland. Fp Scots Pine. LS April–May. Larva is yellowish brown, and mines a needle.

Plain Needle-miner

Plate 9 Ocnerostoma friesei Svensson 16.024 Local. Very local in Ireland. FL 4–5mm. Antennae grey. Forewing of male is uniformly pale grey; that of the female is white with greyish scales along the dorsum. Similar species O. piniariella. FS Late March–May, late June–August, occasionally November, in two or three generations. Can be tapped from branches during the day, and comes to light. Hab Scrub on heathland, woodland. Fp Scots Pine. LS January–April, June–July. Larva is yellowish brown, and mines a needle.

Species not covered Red-capped Ermine Euhyponomeuta stannella (Thunb.) 16.009 R/E Parnassus Ermine Kessleria fasciapennella (Staint.) 16.013 R/S Dwarf Birch Drab Swammerdamia passerella (Zett.) 16.016 R/S

137

Ypsolophidae

T

here are 16 species in this family, split between two genera in Britain and Ireland, Ypsolopha and Honeysuckle Moth Ypsolopha dentella

Ochsenheimeria. Adults of most species rest with the wings held tightly appressed to the body, but are wrapped around the body in a few, particularly Ochsenheimeria species. Ypsolopha species are all medium-sized micro-moths, with forewing length 7–16mm, whereas Ochsenheimeria are

Hairy Stem Moth Ochsenheimeria taurella

small, with forewing length 4.5–6mm. In some species of Ypsolopha the resting position is declining, but in others

and in Ochsenheimeria species the adults lie almost horizontal or slightly inclining. The forewings of Ypsolopha species are elongate with a distinct tornal angle, and the apex of some species is hooked. The forewings of Ochsenheimeria species are short compared with the abdomen, which may extend slightly beyond them, and do not have a tornal angle. The hindwings are about as broad as the forewings. The head of Ypsolopha species has flattened or loose scales, whereas in Ochsenheimeria species it is densely covered with long spiky scales, and has a smooth face. The length of the antennae is between one-half and three-quarters the length of the forewing; in Ochsenheimeria species the antennae may be clothed in scales and are usually held at a wide angle or pointing forward. The labial palps are moderately long and curved, forward pointing or upwardly curved; in Ypsolopha species there is a scale tuft on the underside of the second segment of the labial palp, which is long and forward pointing, giving these species a characteristic furry snout, like that in the genus Crambus (Crambidae). A tongue is present. Larva of Honeysuckle Moth Ypsolopha dentella, showing characteristic tapering at each end.

u

Adult of Cereal Stem Moth Ochsenheimeria vacculella. The characteristic thread-like antenna is just visible adjacent to the forewing costa.

l

138 Ypsolophidae

The Ypsolophidae were formerly treated as part of the Yponomeutidae. Only one species of Ypsolopha is not included in the following accounts, Scarce Tufted Scallop Ypsolopha asperella now being considered extinct; most species are distinctive and readily identified. One of the three Ochsenheimeria species is covered; adults are active during the day, flying in sunshine around midday, but are otherwise difficult to detect. They can be swept from grassland, and aggregations of Cereal Stem Moth O. vacculella are sometimes found under loose bark or in rot holes on trees. Since the adults are rarely encountered, all species may be more numerous than records suggest. The larvae of Ypsolopha species feed on various trees and shrubs. They are long and narrow, and tapered at both ends. Larvae of all species feed in the same way. They rest on a slight web on the underside of a leaf, and when disturbed become very active and drop readily to the ground. They pupate in a papery cocoon shaped like the hull of a boat, usually near the ground. All Ypsolopha species fly at night and come to light; three species hibernate as adults. The larvae of all Ochsenheimeria species feed within grass stems. Although seemingly difficult to find in Britain and Ireland, Ochsenheimeria species can become occasional pests of cereals crops in Eastern Europe. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath & Emmet (1985) for Ochsenheimeria; Emmet (1996) for Ypsolopha European species: Bengtsson & Johansson (2011)

Spindle Moth

Plate 9 Ypsolopha mucronella (Scop.) 17.001 Local. Scarce in Ireland. FL 13–16mm. Forewing long and narrow, pointed at the apex, buff coloured, veins paler, with a narrow brownish or blackish streak of variable density from the base sometimes extending to the tornus, small blackish scale tufts towards the dorsum, and a few blackish dots elsewhere. FS All year, overwintering as an adult. In a single generation or with a partial second generation. Comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, scrub on calcareous soils, woodland. Fp Spindle. LS June–August. In a slight web.

Pale Honeysuckle Moth Plate 9 Ypsolopha nemorella (Linn.) 17.002 Local. Very local in north-west England. FL 10–12mm. Forewing broad and hooked at the apex, buff coloured with darker veins, sometimes with a brownish streak extending from the base to the tornus, a black spot towards the dorsum at one-half, and scattered black scales elsewhere. FS June–August. Comes to light. Hab Scrub, woodland. Fp Honeysuckle. LS April–June. In a web. Larva is grey with black marks and a white dorsal stripe. Similar larva Y. dentella is green, often with a broad reddish band along the dorsum.

Honeysuckle Moth Plate 9 Ypsolopha dentella (Fabr.) 17.003 Common. FL 10–11mm. Forewing broad and hooked at the apex, chestnut brown; a broad band along the dorsum from the base to the tornus, varying from white to pale brownish yellow, with a thin white line extending obliquely into the mid-wing. FS June– September. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, scrub, woodland. Fp Honeysuckle. LS May– June. In a web. Similar larva Y. nemorella.

Ypsolophidae 139

Tufted Scallop Plate 9 Ypsolopha scabrella (Linn.) 17.005 Common in much of England. More local in the west. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2018. FL 7–11mm. Forewing broad, forming a lobe beyond the tornus and pointed at the apex, grey, heavily streaked whitish brown in the costal half, and streaked or marked brownish or blackish in the dorsal half, with several blackish scale tufts towards the dorsum. FS July–September, occasionally February–March, suggesting that some may overwinter as adults. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, scrub, woodland. Fp Apples, hawthorns, occasionally cotoneasters. LS May–June. In a slight web.

Dark Tufted Scallop Plate 9 Ypsolopha horridella (Treits.) 17.006 Local. Scarce in northern England. FL 7–10mm. Forewing extended to a broad point at the apex, brown, variably mottled darker brown and somewhat greyish in a band along the dorsum containing three small black scale tufts. FS July–September. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, scrub, woodland. Fp Blackthorn, apples. LS May–June. In a slight web.

Netted Ochre Plate 9 Ypsolopha lucella (Fabr.) 17.007 Very local. FL 8–9mm. Resting posture steeply declining. Head and thorax white. Forewing very broad with a slightly concave termen, giving the appearance of a hook at the apex, dull yellowish brown, often reticulated darker, sometimes with a narrow white band along the dorsum. Similar species Y. alpella and Y. sylvella both have a strawcoloured thorax and rest horizontally. FS July–September. Comes to light. Hab Scrub, woodland. Fp Oaks, especially young trees. LS May–June. In a slight web.

Short-barred Ochre Ypsolopha alpella ([D. & S.])

Plate 10 17.008

Local in the south. Very local in the north. FL 7–9mm. Thorax straw coloured, head paler. Forewing straw coloured, reticulated darker, with two oblique crossbands extending from the dorsum to near the mid-wing, not beyond. Similar species Y. lucella. Y. sylvella has crossbands which extend to the costa, sometimes interrupted about the mid-wing. FS July–October. Comes to light, sometimes away from woodland. Can be tapped out of oak by day. Hab Woodland. Fp Oaks. LS May–June. In a slight web.

Long-barred Ochre Plate 10 Ypsolopha sylvella (Linn.) 17.009 Local. FL 8–9.5mm. Head and thorax straw coloured. Forewing straw coloured, weakly reticulated darker, with two oblique crossbands extending from the dorsum to the costa, often interrupted in the mid-wing. Similar species Y. lucella, Y. alpella. FS July–October. Comes to light, sometimes found away from woodland. Can occasionally be tapped out of oak by day. Hab Woodland. Fp Oaks. LS June. In a slight web.

White-shouldered Ochre Plate 10 (2) Ypsolopha parenthesella (Linn.) 17.010 Common. FL 7–9mm. Head white or pale yellowish brown, thorax white, yellowish brown, brown or greyish brown. Forewing orangey brown or pale brown, usually with a white patch in the costal half from the base to at least one-half, sometimes unicolorous. Similar species Y. ustella does not have a form with a white costa contrasting with an orangey-brown forewing; in its unicolorous forms the head is concolorous with the forewing; Y. ustella overwinters as an adult, whereas

140 Ypsolophidae Y. parenthesella does not. FS Late June–November. Comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Alders, birches, Bog-myrtle, Hazel, Hornbeam, oaks. LS May–June. In a slight web.

Varied Ochre

Plate 10 (4) Ypsolopha ustella (Clerck) 17.011 Common. FL 7–10mm. Forewing very variable in colour, from whitish, through light greyish to several shades of brown, sometimes unicolorous and almost unmarked, or with variable mottling of brown or black, or streaked whitish along the veins with a black band from the base to near the apex. Similar species Y. parenthesella. FS All year. In a single generation or with a partial second generation in summer. Can be tapped from dense vegetation in the winter, and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Oaks. LS May– June. In a slight web.

Pied Rabbit Moth Plate 10 Ypsolopha sequella (Clerck) 17.012 Common. Spreading in Scotland. FL 8–10mm. Head and thorax white. Forewing white, with several black spots along the dorsum and smaller black marks along the costa and in the mid-wing. FS June–October. Comes to light. Rarely seen in numbers. Hab Scrub, woodland. Fp Field Maple, sometimes Sycamore, especially in Scotland. LS May–June. In a slight web.

Dusky Rabbit Moth Plate 10 (2) Ypsolopha vittella (Linn.) 17.013 Local. Seemingly very local in Ireland. FL 8–10mm. In the typical form, forewing is whitish grey, mottled with darker grey or brownish dots and short oblique lines, with black or brown markings along the dorsum, sometimes joined to form a narrow band. In a darker form, forewing is almost entirely blackish, with a brownish-grey band along the costa. FS July–September. Comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Beech, elms. LS April–June. On leaves or flowers, in a slight web.

Hairy Stem Moth Ochsenheimeria taurella ([D. & S.])

Plate 10 17.014

Local. Scarce in Ireland. FL 5.5–6mm. Head with erect, spade-shaped scales which are split at the apex. Antenna with over half its length heavily thickened with long scales, those near the middle three times the width of the antenna. Forewing yellowish brown or greyish brown, with loose, raised scales in the middle, and in paler examples often scattered with darker scales; cilia dark tipped along the termen, especially noticeable on the underside of the forewing. Similar species O. urella (not illustrated), a widespread species more frequent in the north, has the antenna with scales near the middle less than three times the width of the antenna, with a more uniform pale yellowish-brown forewing with terminal cilia not or hardly dark-tipped. O. vacculella (pp. 137–38), a very local species in England, has thread-like, dark-ringed antennae, and scales on the forewing hardly raised. FS Mid-June–September. Flies in sunshine for a short period around midday. Hab Grasslands. Fp Grasses, including bromes, Cock’s-foot, meadowgrasses. LS May. Mines the lower part of the stem, causing the upper parts to wilt, with the larva changing stems frequently. Species not covered Scarce Tufted Scallop Ypsolopha asperella (Linn.) 17.004 † E Bull’s-horn Stem Moth Ochsenheimeria urella Fisch. v. Rösl. 17.015 ESWIC Cereal Stem Moth O. vacculella Fisch. v. Rösl. 17.016 EW

141

Plutellidae

T

here are seven species in this family. The adults are small to medium sized, with forewing length 6–11.5mm. The adult rests with the wings

Diamond-back Moth Plutella xylostella

held roof-like, at a steep angle, with the antennae characteristically pointing forward. The forewings are elongate, often without a distinct tornus, although the cilia at the tornus may produce a noticeable angle between the dorsum and termen. The hindwings are as wide as the forewings. The head can be smooth-scaled or can have narrow upright scales on the crown. The

White-barred Pointer Eidophasia messingiella

antennae are thread-like, except in the White-barred Pointer Eidophasia messingiella, where they are partly clothed in scales and are about three-quarters the length of the forewing. The labial palps are long, curved and ascending. All species are covered by the following accounts, and most species are readily identified. Several have a more northerly distribution. The family includes the familiar Diamond-back

u

Larva of Diamond-back Moth Plutella xylostella.

Moth Plutella xylostella, which is a regular immigrant to Britain and Ireland. This species sometimes arrives on our shores in huge numbers, and breeds here most summers. P. xylostella has a worldwide distribution; it is a pest of cabbages in sub-tropical regions, and has been recorded in numbers within the Arctic Circle. The larvae of British species feed on many species of the cabbage family (Brassicaceae), typically in a slight web, and pupate in an open, net-like cocoon. Adults of most species fly at night and come to light. All Rhigognostis species found in this country overwinter as adults. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet (1996) European species: Bengtsson & Johansson (2011)

Diamond-back Moth

Plate 10 (2) Plutella xylostella (Linn.) 18.001 Common. FL 6–8.5mm. Typical form: head and thorax white; forewing greyish brown, somewhat mottled, with a whitish dorsal band with a sinuous margin, abruptly edged dark brown fading to the ground colour in the mid-wing. Variant form: head and thorax sometimes pale yellowish brown, pale orangey brown or pale grey; forewing markings may be paler or darker, with or without rows of tiny dark dots in paler examples, and occasionally the dorsal band and ground colour are unicolorous greyish. FS All year in several generations, most frequent in summer. Flies by day, and comes to light. Numbers fluctuate annually; occasionally numerous. Hab Found everywhere. Fp Many species of the cabbage family. LS June–September. In a slight web on the underside of the leaf or among the flowers; it can cause fenestration of the leaves, with the upper epidermis left intact as whitish patches.

Mountain Diamond-back Plate 10 Plutella haasi Staud. 18.002 Rare. Known only from a very few sites in western Scotland. FL 6.5–8mm. Forewing pale brownish, sometimes greyish; a whitish or mixed whitish and pale brownish dorsal band with a gently sinuous margin, abruptly edged with dark brown fading to the ground colour in the mid-wing, less defined towards the tornus, with a row of black marks along the dorsum and termen to the apex, and with a short row of black dots below the costa. FS July. Has been found at rest on Thrift flowers and disturbed from the foodplant.

142 Plutellidae Hab Mountains. Fp Northern Rock-cress. LS September–May. In a silken spinning among the leaves.

Streaked Diamond-back Plate 10 Plutella porrectella (Linn.) 18.003 Common. Local in some parts. FL 7–8.5mm. Forewing cream; a cream dorsal band with a sinuous margin, abruptly edged with pale brownish grey, darker towards the base, and a series of pale brownish-grey streaks elsewhere, with blackish-brown dots on the dorsum and in a band along the termen. FS Late April–October in at least two generations. Can be disturbed from the foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Wherever the foodplant occurs, including gardens, fens, marshes. Fp Dame’s-violet. LS April, June. In a loose web, sometimes feeding gregariously.

Rock-cress Diamond-back

Plate 10 Rhigognostis senilella (Zett.) 18.004 Local. Occasionally found in numbers. Rare in Ireland. FL 9–11mm. Forewing mixed whitish and pale brown or greyish brown; a pale crossband at the base from the dorsum tapering towards but not reaching the costa, and an oblique pale sub-triangular mark before one-half, sometimes joined to a pale area around the tornus, most pale markings edged black, with additional black marks on the termen. FS July–May, overwintering as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Rocky coasts, mountains. Fp Dame’s-violet, Flixweed, rockcresses. LS June–July. In a flimsy web, usually on the underside of leaves.

Coast Diamond-back Plate 10 Rhigognostis annulatella (Curtis) 18.005 Local. Very local in Ireland. FL 8–11.5mm. Forewing mottled greyish brown; a broad greyish brown or creamy dorsal band with a sharply sinuous margin, partly edged black, and with a few black marks along the termen. FS July–early May, overwintering as an adult, and may hide in caves in summer. Comes to light. Hab Mainly rocky coastal grasslands, also coastal caves. Fp Hairy Bitter-cress, Common and Danish scurvygrasses. LS May–June. In a slight web spun among flowers and leaves.

Northern Diamond-back

Plate 10 Rhigognostis incarnatella (Steud.) 18.006 Very local. Recorded as new to Wales in 2004. FL 8.5–10.5mm. Forewing dark pinkish brown; a creamy or pinkish-brown dorsal band with an irregular margin, abruptly and thickly edged black, fading to the ground colour towards the costa, with the terminal area usually paler, reddish brown or creamy brown. FS All year, overwintering as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, rough grassland, woodland. Fp Dame’s-violet, Hoary Whitlowgrass and other Brassicaceae. LS May–July. On the leaves in a slight web.

White-barred Pointer Eidophasia messingiella (Fisch. v. Rösl.)

Plate 10 18.007

Local. FL 7–8mm. Antenna clothed with black scales from the base to three-quarters, and white towards the tip. Forewing dark brown with an inward oblique sandy white crossband, broadest at the dorsum, sometimes interrupted near the costa, and sometimes with a small sandy white spot on the costa at two-thirds. FS June–July. Comes to light. Hab Rough grassland, vegetated shingle, waste ground; recorded in scrub and woodland. Fp Hoary Cress. LS April–May. Initially within a shoot, and then on the underside of a leaf. As the shoot expands, leaves show characteristic peppering with small holes created by larval feeding in the shoot.

143

Glyphipterigidae

T

here are 14 species in this family, and all are covered here. The adults range from small to large micro-moths,

with forewing length 3–14mm. The adult resting position is variable. In Glyphipterix species the wings are slowly

Reed Minor Orthotelia sparganella

raised and lowered, unless the moth is very cold, whereas in all other genera the adult rests motionless with the wings held roof-like and at a steep angle. The forewings are moderately elongate, with a distinct tornus. The hindwings are broad, almost as broad as the forewings, or narrower. The head is smooth or with a tuft of scales on the crown. The antennae

Eyed Rush Moth Glyphipterix thrasonella

are thread-like, about three-fifths the length of the forewing. The labial palps are slender, upwardly curved, strongly so in Orthotelia species, and the tongue is well developed, although it is rudimentary in Orthotelia species. The genera Digitivalva, Acrolepiopsis and Acrolepia

Leek Moth Acrolepiopsis assectella

were formerly included within the Yponomeutidae. Most Glyphipterix species have a series of pale costal streaks and a pale dorsal hook-shaped streak that may lead to confusion with some Cydia species (Tortricidae), and most are superficially similar to each other, so care is needed with identification. Other species are relatively straightforward to identify. Reed Minor Orthotelia sparganella is included in the Glyphipterigidae, although it does not fit well on external morphology; it is much larger than the others, resembling one of the ‘wainscot’ macro-moths in the Noctuidae. The most widespread and abundant Glyphipterix species is the tiny Cocksfoot Moth G. simpliciella, which is often seen flying by day or at rest on tall grasses and on flowers. Larvae feed internally on seeds, within stems, or on flowers and berries, or they mine leaves. Fleabane Moth Digitivalva pulicariae, Acrolepiopsis species and Acrolepia species hibernate as adults. Adults fly by day or at night, and most species are attracted to light. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath & Emmet (1985) for Glyphipterix species; Emmet (1996) for others European species: Bengtsson & Johansson (2011)

Reed Minor Plate 11 Orthotelia sparganella (Thunb.) 19.001 Local. FL 9–14mm. Rests with wings held roof-like. Forewing brown with creamy veins, giving a streaked appearance, and often a few dark brown dots between veins near the dorsum. The female is much larger than the male, and usually paler. FS Late June– August. Flies at dusk and sometimes comes to light. Hab Wetlands. Fp Bur-reeds, irises, Reed Sweet-grass. LS May–June. Mines the leaves and stems.

144 Glyphipterigidae

Eyed Rush Moth

Plate 11 Glyphipterix thrasonella (Scop.) 19.002 Common. FL 5–7.5mm. The female has a narrower forewing than the male, with a more arched costa. Forewing brassy, with streaks that appear shining white or blue depending upon the orientation of the light, with an indented termen producing a distinct lobe at the apex. Markings may be reduced or virtually absent. Similar species G. fuscoviridella does not have an apical lobe. FS May–July. Flies by day in sunshine, and comes to light. Often abundant. Hab Bogs, wet grasslands, mires, moorland. Fp Rushes. LS April–May. In the stem, feeding down towards the base.

Woodrush Moth

Plate 11 Glyphipterix fuscoviridella (Haw.) 19.003 Common. FL 5–8mm. Forewing brassy, unmarked, with straight termen. Similar species Unmarked form of G. thrasonella. FS Late April–June. Flies weakly in sunshine just above the foodplant, at dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Acid and calcareous grassland. Fp Field Wood-rush. LS March–April. Mines down into the centre of the plant.

Stonecrop Moth Plate 11 Glyphipterix equitella (Scop.) 19.004 Rare. FL 4–5mm. Forewing pale greyish brown near the base, darker brown in the rest of the wing, with bold silvery streaks and two silvery spots before the termen. Similar species G. forsterella has a silver dot in the black apical spot. G. simpliciella and G. schoenicolella are smaller and very similar to each other; G. schoenicolella has a bolder dorsal streak, and the hindwing has white cilia towards the base. FS June–August, and late August–early September in Scotland. Flies by day, and comes to light. Hab Sparsely vegetated areas, including coastal cliffs, scree slopes, stone walls. Fp Biting and English stonecrops, probably also other stonecrops. LS May. Mines the stem and leaves, often causing them to turn white, and can result in wilting of the shoot.

Cottongrass Moth Plate 11 Glyphipterix haworthana (Steph.) 19.005 Local. FL 6.5–7.5mm. Forewing greyish dark brown, with a prominent silvery streak on the dorsum at one-half, narrower streaks elsewhere, two silvery spots before the termen, and a black spot at the apex. Similar species Grapholita lunulana (49.351) and G. orobana (49.352) have no streak at the tornus and only short streaks along the costa. FS Late April–May. Rarely u Cottongrass Moth Glyphipterix haworthana larval feeding seen as an adult. Hab Bogs. signs on cotton-grass. Fp Cottongrasses. LS July–April. In the seeds, spinning the tenanted seedhead to the stem or other vegetation so that it remains above ground over winter.

Glyphipterigidae 145

Woodland Sedge-moth Plate 11 Glyphipterix forsterella (Fabr.) 19.006 Local. FL 4–6.5mm. Forewing greyish dark brown, with a prominent silvery streak on the dorsum at one-half, narrower streaks elsewhere, two silvery spots before the termen, and a silver dot within the black spot at the apex. Similar species G. equitella, G. simpliciella, G. schoenicolella. FS May–July. Rests by day on the flowers of sedges, and comes to light. Hab Glades and rides in woodland. Fp True Fox-sedge and other sedges. LS August–April. In the seeds.

Cocksfoot Moth Plate 11 Glyphipterix simpliciella (Steph.) 19.007 Common. FL 3–4.5mm. Forewing dark leaden grey with narrow silvery-white streaks, a single silvery spot before the termen, and a black spot at the apex. Hindwing with cilia grey throughout. Similar species G. equitella, G. forsterella, G. schoenicolella. FS May–early July. Flies in sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Often abundant. Hab Rank grassland. Fp Cock’s-foot, Tall and Meadow fescues. LS July–April. Within the seeds. The larva enters the stem to pupate, and infested stems can be detected by the presence of small holes along their length. u Cocksfoot Moth Glyphipterix simpliciella signs of larvae within a dead stem.

Bog-rush Moth Plate 11 Glyphipterix schoenicolella Boyd 19.008 Very local. FL 3–4mm. Forewing dark leaden grey with silvery-white streaks, a single silvery spot before the termen, and a black spot at the apex. Hindwing with white cilia towards the base. Similar species G. equitella, G. forsterella, and particularly G. simpliciella. FS May–September, in one or possibly two generations. Can be found in abundance by day at rest on or flying around the foodplants, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Wet heaths, moors, less often neutral grasslands. Fp Black Bog-rush, Toad Rush; probably sedges in neutral grassland. LS May–August. In the seeds.

Spikenard Moth Plate 11 Digitivalva perlepidella (Staint.) 19.009 Very local. FL 5–6mm. Forewing purplish; pale brownish creamy markings comprising a narrow crossband before one-half, with one dorsal and two costal spots beyond, sometimes fused and with the markings mixed purplish, and broadly edged with orangey brown except at the tornus. FS May–June. Flies by day. Hab Calcareous grassland. Fp Ploughman’s-spikenard. LS April–May. Mines the lower leaves.

146 Glyphipterigidae

Fleabane Moth Plate 11 Digitivalva pulicariae (Klimesch) 19.010 Local. FL 6–7mm. Forewing greyish brown sometimes mixed with orangey brown towards the dorsum, with scattered blackish, brownish and whitish scales; two rather indistinct whitish marks on the dorsum, at one-quarter and one-half, the latter subquadrate and sometimes extended faintly towards the costa, containing wavy greyish-brown lines. Similar species Acrolepiopsis assectella is usually slightly larger, with the dorsal mark before one-half more triangular, clear white or containing only a short greyish-brown line. FS All year, most frequent in spring and summer; overwinters as an adult. Flies by day in warm weather, in the evening, and comes to light. u Fleabane Moth Digitivalva pulicariae Hab Wherever the foodplants occur. Fp Common leaf-mine on Fleabane. Fleabane, occasionally Hemp-agrimony. LS June–July. Mines the leaves, forming brownish-white inflated blotches.

Leek Moth Plate 11 Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zell.) 19.011 Local, but spreading north. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2016. FL 5.5–7.5mm. Forewing greyish brown with scattered dark brown and white scales, with heavy mottling of white in the terminal area; a distinct clear white triangular mark from the dorsum before one-half, sometimes containing a short brown line or a few brown scales, and occasionally a small oblique white mark nearer the base and one or two small white marks near the tornus. Similar species D. pulicariae. A. betulella is brown, especially near the termen, with a smaller white mark on the dorsum. FS All year, most frequent in summer and autumn; overwinters as an adult. Flies in the evening and comes to light. Hab Allotments, gardens. Fp Garlic, leeks, onions. LS Late May–June, August–October. Mines and feeds within the leaves and shoots. Larvae can be abundant in the south, and an occasional pest on leeks.

r Leek Moth Acrolepiopsis assectella leaf-mine on onion.

Ramsons Moth

Plate 11 Acrolepiopsis betulella (Curtis) 19.012 Rare. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2012. FL 6–7mm. Forewing brown, marbled darker brown, with a small white triangular spot on the dorsum before one-half, sometimes containing one or two blackish dots, white dots scattered elsewhere in the wing and sometimes with a black streak in the middle of the wing before the apex. Similar species A. assectella. FS July–May, overwintering as an adult. Rarely seen as an adult. Hab Woodland. Fp Ramsons. LS May–July. Feeds in a slight web within the flowers and seeds.

Glyphipterigidae 147

Ruscus Moth Plate 11 Acrolepiopsis marcidella (Curtis) 19.013 Rare. FL 6.5–7.5mm. Forewing pale orangey brown with a small white spot on the dorsum before one-half, sometimes edged blackish, usually with an oblique black streak from the costa beyond one-half to the mid-wing, and whitish dots scattered elsewhere; the termen is somewhat sinuate. FS October–June, mainly overwintering as an adult, although some emerge from pupae in u Ruscus Moth Acrolepiopsis marcidella signs of larva within spring. Rests by day deep in berry. bushes of the foodplant; in late spring can be disturbed from them by day, and flies at dusk. Rarely comes to light. Hab Hedgerows and hedge banks, coastal scrub, woodland. Fp Butcher’s-broom. LS July– December. Initially mines the soft green bark and newly formed cladodes; later feeds in a berry, often entering at the base and making a short dark gallery beneath the rind. A mined green berry may also become partly coloured red.

Speckled Bittersweet Moth Plate 11 Acrolepia autumnitella Curtis 19.014 Local. Seemingly becoming more widespread. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2009 and to Scotland in 2013. FL 5–6mm. Forewing coppery brown mottled with blackish-brown marks and a scattering of white scales, a mixed whitish and brown triangular mark on the dorsum before one-half, and a short black streak at about four-fifths. FS All year, in two generations, u Speckled Bittersweet Moth Acrolepia autumnitella overwintering as an adult. Flies on leaf-mine on Bittersweet. warm, still evenings, and comes to light. Hab Wherever the foodplants occur. Fp Bittersweet, occasionally Deadly Nightshade, Potato-tree, Tomato. LS May–July, August–November. Larva is greenish white with a pale brown head. Mines the leaves, forming white or pale brown blotches with no frass; sometimes there are several mines in a single leaf. Similar larva Scobipalpa costella (35.123) is greyish white with a brown head, dark brown prothoracic plate, and reddish dorsal and subdorsal lines; it mines similar plants, forming a greenishwhite mine that sometimes contains frass.

148

Argyresthiidae

T

here are 24 species in this family, comprising the single genus Argyresthia. All of the species are small, with forewing length

3.5–7mm. The wings are held tightly appressed to the body. In almost all species the adult rests in a declining posture, with its

Gold W Argyresthia brockeella

head close to the surface and its abdomen raised. The forewings are elongate, the membrane without a distinct tornal angle, although the cilia at the tornus produce a noticeable angle between the dorsum and termen. The forewings are frequently shining or bronzy and often have pale markings. The hindwings are narrower than the forewings. The head is roughly scaled above, and the face is smooth. The antennae are thread-like, three-fifths to four-fifths the length of the forewing.

Cherry Fruit Moth Argyresthia pruniella

The labial palps are moderately long, curved or forward pointing, and the tongue is not scaled. All of the species are described here. Most are distinctive and relatively straightforward to identify, although care is needed with a few species. The larval habit is variable between species, but is always internal. It includes feeding within the growing shoots of woody shrubs and trees, within the thick leaves of conifers, within catkins and berries, and in the case of Oak Bark Moth A. glaucinella within the bark of mature trees. All species have a single generation. Adults fly about the foodplant in warm weather and can be readily disturbed. Many fly at dusk and into the night, and come to light. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet (1996) European species: Bengtsson & Johansson (2011)

Larch Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia laevigatella Herr.-Schäff. 20.001 Common. More local in Ireland. FL 4.5–6.5mm. Head orangey brown. Forewing shining brownish grey without markings. Similar species A. glabratella is smaller, has a whitish-orange head and paler grey forewing; genitalia examination may be necessary to separate the two species reliably. FS May–July. Hab Plantation woodland. Fp Larches. LS July–April. Mines and kills the woody shoot. A small circular hole at the lower end indicates its presence.

Spruce Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia glabratella (Zell.) 20.002 Local. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2016. FL 4–5.5mm. Head whitish orange. Forewing shining grey without markings. Similar species A. laevigatella. FS May–early July. Sometimes found in numbers in Norway Spruce plantations. Can be tapped from branches during the day, and comes to light. Hab Plantation woodland. Fp Norway Spruce. LS July–April. Mines the woody shoot, discolouring the leaves. A small circular hole in the shoot indicates its presence.

r

Spruce Tip Moth Argyresthia glabratella signs of larva within woody shoot.

Argyresthiidae 149

Juniper Berry Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia praecocella Zell. 20.003 Rare. FL 4–5mm. Head is yellowish white; thorax is pale yellowish brown. Forewing is shining pale yellowish brown, with a slight purplish reflection in the outer half of the wing. FS May. Can be tapped from bushes during the day. Hab Chalk downland in the south, open woodland in the north. Fp Common Juniper. LS July–April. In the green berries. A hole in the berry indicates the presence of the larva.

White-headed Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia arceuthina Zell. 20.004 Local. Often common where Common Juniper is frequent. Rare in Ireland. FL 4–5mm. Head and thorax are white. Forewing is shining pale golden without markings. FS April– June. Can be tapped from bushes during the day, flies freely on warm days, and comes to light. Hab Chalk downland in the south, open woodland in the north. Fp Common Juniper. LS May, possibly April. Mines the shoot, killing affected shoots.

Triple-barred Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia trifasciata Staud. 20.005 Local. Spreading north and west. Often common once established. FL 4–5mm. White head and golden thorax. Forewing shining golden with three narrow white crossbands which are usually complete, the crossband nearest the base often narrowing before the costa, and three white marks in the apical area. Similar species Phyllonorycter trifasciella (15.083) and Cameraria ohridella (15.089), neither of which has a white head. FS April–June. Comes to light. Hab Gardens. Fp Cypress cultivars, Common Juniper. LS Probably June–March. Larva is green with a dark brown or black head. Mines the leaf and shoot, which become discoloured. Similar larva A. dilectella larva is green with reddish intersegmental bands. A. cupressella larva is green with a pale brown head.

Juniper Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia dilectella Zell. 20.006 Local. Fairly widespread in the south, rarer in the north. FL 3.5–4.5mm. Antenna strongly ringed. White head and thorax, and golden tegulae. Forewing mottled golden brown and whitish, with a dark brown apical spot, and two brown cilia lines beyond. Similar species A. cupressella does not have the apical spot and cilia lines in the termen, and occurs earlier in the year. FS June–September. Occasionally numerous in gardens, although not often seen as an adult. Flies during the day, and comes to light. Hab Chalk downland, open woodland, gardens. Fp Common Juniper, cypress cultivars. LS ?August–May. Mines the shoot, which becomes discoloured. Similar larva A. trifasciata, A. cupressella.

Cypress Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia cupressella Wals. 20.007 Local. A North American species first found in Britain in 1997, now spreading north and west. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2003, to Wales in 2009 and to Scotland in 2018. Often common once established. FL 4–5mm. Antenna strongly ringed. White head, golden-brown thorax. Forewing distinctly mottled golden brown and whitish, with dark brown scales at and near the apex. Similar species A. dilectella. FS May–early August. Comes to light.

Cypress Tip Moth Argyresthia cupressella leaf-mine.

u

150 Argyresthiidae Hab Gardens. Fp Cypress cultivars, Common Juniper. LS ?August–May. Mines the shoot, which then turns brown. Similar larva A. trifasciata, A. dilectella.

Streaked Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia abdominalis Zell. 20.008 Rare. Often common among Common Juniper in the south, but rarer in the north. FL 3.5–4.5mm. Antenna slightly ringed. White head and thorax. Forewing pale orangey brown with white markings, including a broad streak from the base, and often with a few dark brown scales below the apex. FS June–August. Can be tapped from bushes during the day. Hab Chalk downland in the south, open woodland in the north. Fp Common Juniper. LS ?Autumn–May. Mines the leaf and adjacent green bark.

Shining Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia aurulentella Staint. 20.009 Local. Uncommon among Common Juniper. FL 3.5–4.5mm. Antenna ringed. Whitish head and thorax. Forewing obscurely marked, shining whitish grey with golden streaks. FS July–August. Can be tapped from bushes during the day. Hab Chalk downland in the south, open woodland in the north. Fp Common Juniper. LS ?Autumn–May. Mines the leaves; affected leaves become discoloured with one or two holes sometimes visible.

Apple Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia ivella (Haw.) 20.010 Local. Rare in the north-west. FL 5–6mm. Forewing white, extensive in the basal area to one-third except along the costa where it is speckled darker, with a brown Y-shaped crossband arising from the dorsum, the outer arm reaching the costa, extending towards the apex and further branched to the tornus. Similar species A. brockeella forewing is golden with white blotches, including a small one at the base. FS July–August. Can be disturbed from the foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, orchards, isolated trees. Fp Apples, Hazel. LS April–May. Mines the shoot.

Gold W

Plate 12 (2) Argyresthia brockeella (Hübn.) 20.011 Common. FL 5–6mm. Forewing shining dark golden, in a W-shape in the outer part of the wing, with white spots from the costa and dorsum, often forming a crossband towards the base. The extent of white markings varies, and a rare unicolorous form occurs in which the markings are faintly visible. Similar species u Gold W Argyresthia brockeella larva. The unicolorous form of A. goedartella is brassy or gold, not golden brown. A. ivella. FS Mid-May–August or early September. Can be tapped from branches during the day, flies in afternoon sunshine, and comes to light. Occasionally seen in numbers. Hab Wherever the foodplants occur. Fp Alder, birches. LS October–April. Larva is pinkish, and greyish green between segments. In the bud in autumn, overwintering almost fully grown in the male catkin, which becomes distorted towards the tip and may shrivel and break off, with the entrance hole then at the tip. Similar larva A. goedartella larva may not be reliably differentiated, but the hole in a catkin is usually more centrally placed and the larva continues feeding into early spring.

Argyresthiidae 151

Brassy Y

Plate 12 (2) Argyresthia goedartella (Linn.) 20.012 Common. FL 5–6mm. Forewing shining golden brassy, in a Y-shape in the mid-wing, with oblique crossbands varying from white to pale gold. The extent of pale markings varies, and forms which are brassy or bright gold, wholly or with the pattern faintly discernible, occur frequently. Similar species The unicolorous form of A. brockeella. FS May– October. Can be tapped from branches during the day, flies in afternoon sunshine, and comes to light. Occasionally seen in u Brassy Y Argyresthia goedartella larva. numbers. Hab Wherever the foodplants occur. Fp Alder, birches. LS November–April. Larva is pinkish, often with greyish-green spots or more extensively greyish green. Feeds from late autumn to spring in a bud or male catkin. Similar larva A. brockeella.

Sallow Tip Moth Argyresthia pygmaeella ([D. & S.])

Plate 12 20.013

Common. Local in places. FL 5–6.5mm. Forewing shining brassy whitish, with a golden oblique crossband from the middle of the dorsum not reaching the costa, and further golden marks along the dorsum and near the base, the extent of all markings varying considerably. FS Late May–early September. Comes to light. Hab Wherever the foodplants occur. Fp Willows. LS ?September–May. Mines the leaf bud at first, then the shoot.

Rowan Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia sorbiella (Treits.) 20.014 Local. Very local in Ireland. FL 5.5–6.5mm. White thorax and tegulae. Forewing white, not shining, with a golden-brown oblique crossband from the dorsum sometimes reaching the costa, other golden-brown marks along the dorsum and short streaks along the costa. Similar species A. bonnetella has golden-brown tegulae and only one dorsal mark. A. curvella is slightly smaller and has greyish-brown markings. FS June–July. Can be tapped from branches during the day, and comes to light. Hab Open woodland. Fp Rowan, Common Whitebeam. LS May–June. In the shoot.

Brindled Apple Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia curvella (Linn.) 20.015 Local. Very local in Ireland. FL 5–6mm. Forewing white with greyish-brown markings, including costal streaks from near the base to one-quarter, often extending into irregular crosslines, and an oblique crossband from the dorsum at one-half reaching the costa, sometimes linked to markings on the tornus and in the apical area. Similar species A. sorbiella. FS June–July. Can be disturbed by day from apple trees, and comes to light. Hab Orchards. Fp Apples. LS April–May. In the flowering shoot.

152 Argyresthiidae

Speckled Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia retinella Zell. 20.016 Common. FL 4.5–5mm. Forewing white with brown or greyishbrown streaks and irregular crosslines throughout; other brown or greyish-brown markings may be present, including a diffuse streak from the base to the mid-wing, and patches beyond one-half and in the u Speckled Tip Moth Argyresthia retinella larval evidence. terminal area; usually with a tiny blackish-brown apical mark. FS June–August. Can be tapped from branches during the day, flies in afternoon sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Wherever the foodplant occurs. Fp Birches. LS ?September–May. In the male catkin, bud or shoot. When in the shoot, the young leaves fail to expand fully, and then wilt or dry.

Oak Bark Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia glaucinella Zell. 20.017 Local. FL 4–5mm. Forewing shining brownish grey, shining greyish white along the dorsum with purplish-grey streaks, a dark brownish-grey crossband at one-half on the dorsum extending obliquely to just beyond the mid-wing and sometimes reaching the costa. FS May–July. The adult may be found at rest on tree trunks, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Open woodland, isolated trees. Fp Oaks, including Holm Oak, also Horse-chestnut, and birches in Scotland. LS March–April. In the bark, exuding reddish frass from crevices. This species is mostly recorded from the signs of frass. However, where Dystebenna stephensi (39.004) occurs, records from feeding signs may be unreliable, as its larval habit is similar.

Blackthorn Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia spinosella Staint. 20.018 Common. FL 4.5–5.5mm. Orangey-brown tegulae. Forewing brownish grey with a slight purplish reflection, darker at the apex; a white streak along the dorsum from the base to the tornus, interrupted by a purplish grey-brown oblique crossband from the dorsum at one-half to the costa at three-fifths, often indistinct in the middle, and whitish streaks in the outer half along the costa. Similar species Typical forms of A. conjugella and A. semifusca are larger and darker with purple-brown or brown tegulae. FS May–July. May be beaten from bushes and trees, and comes to light. Hab Wherever the foodplants occur. Fp Plums, including Blackthorn. LS March–April. In the flowering shoot.

Apple Fruit Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia conjugella Zell. 20.019 Common. Form aerariella (Midlands and North Wales) and f. maculosa (northern Scotland and Ireland) can be found alongside the typical form. FL 5–7mm. Typical form: purplishbrown tegulae; forewing greyish brown with a purplish reflection, creamy white along the dorsum, interrupted by a darker brown oblique crossband at one-half from the dorsum to near the costa, with scattered whitish scales elsewhere, giving the forewing a mottled appearance. F. aerariella has the forewing shining unicolorous brown; f. maculosa has much of the greyish brown of the typical form replaced by creamy yellowish brown, contrasting with the crossband and other dark brown markings. Similar species A. semifusca has a more uniform dark forewing, with the crossband barely discernible, and is pure white on the dorsum. A. spinosella. FS May–July, late June–early September in Scotland.

Argyresthiidae 153 May be beaten from trees, and comes to light. Hab Wherever the foodplant occurs. Fp Apples (especially in Scotland), Rowan, Common Whitebeam. LS June–September. In the green berries of Rowan, which ripen prematurely; in apples, boring into the core.

Purple-washed Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia semifusca (Haw.) 20.020 Local. FL 5–7mm. Forewing dark brown with a purplish reflection and a pure white dorsal streak interrupted by a dark quadrate mark; the mark is sometimes extended towards the costa as a crossband, but is hardly darker than the ground colour. Similar species A. spinosella, A. conjugella. FS June–September. Comes to light. Hab Open woodland. Fp Hawthorns, Rowan, Common Whitebeam. LS May–June. In the shoot, sometimes resulting in a slight swelling or causing the shoot to droop.

Cherry Fruit Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia pruniella (Clerck) 20.021 Common. More local in the north. FL 5–6mm. Forewing rather blunt at the apex, creamy brown mixed with golden brown, with a white dorsal streak interrupted by an orangey brown or dark brown oblique crossband from the dorsum to the costa. Similar species A. bonnetella is not easy to distinguish from A. pruniella, but is narrower and more pointed at the apex, usually paler, and with a more oblique and narrower crossband which does not reach the costa. FS Late May–September. May be beaten from trees, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Wherever the foodplant occurs. Fp Bird Cherry, Wild Cherry and cultivars. LS April– May. Initially mines the flowering shoot, then the heart of the shoot or the developing fruit.

Hawthorn Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia bonnetella (Linn.) 20.022 Common. FL 4.5–6mm. Typical form: forewing rather pointed at the apex, whitish or cream mixed with golden brown or greyish brown, a white dorsal streak interrupted by a dark brown or dark greyish-brown oblique crossband from the dorsum not reaching the costa, and the whitish or cream extensive along the costa to two-thirds. Form ossea is almost uniformly pale yellowish white, and pure white on the dorsum. Similar species A. pruniella. FS May–September. May be beaten from bushes and trees, flies by day, and comes to light. Hab Wherever the foodplant occurs. Fp Hawthorns. LS July–May. In a spinning, and then mines the terminal shoot.

Dark Blackthorn Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia albistria (Haw.) 20.023 Common. FL 4.5–5.5mm. Typical form: forewing dark orangey brown or dark brown with a purplish reflection; on the dorsum a narrow white streak from the base to near one-half, a dark brown mark beyond and creamy brown before the tornus. A unicolorous form occurs with a light brown thorax, plain brown forewings and no dorsal streak. Similar species A. semitestacella is much larger, paler orangey brown, with the white dorsal streak usually interrupted at three-fifths and extending to the tornus. FS June– September. May be beaten from bushes, flies by day, and comes to light. Hab Wherever the foodplant occurs. Fp Blackthorn. LS July–May. Mines the flowering shoot.

Beech Tip Moth Plate 12 Argyresthia semitestacella (Curtis) 20.024 Local. FL 6–7mm. Forewing orangey brown with a slight purplish reflection and a broad white dorsal streak extending to the tornus, often interrupted by the ground colour at about three-fifths. Similar species A. albistria. FS August–October. This species is rarely found in numbers; it may be tapped from branches, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Beech. LS May–June. In the shoot.

154

Lyonetiidae

T

here are nine species in this family. Adults rest with the front end raised, except in Lyonetia species, with the wings held in a

Apple Leaf-miner Lyonetia clerkella

roof-like position, at a steep angle. Members of this family are all very small, with forewing length 2.5–5mm. The forewings are elongate and mostly shining white with short dark lines, not unlike some white Gracillariidae. The hindwings are elongate and narrow, and the apex

Laburnum Leaf-miner Leucoptera laburnella

is pointed, with long dorsal cilia. The head has erect scales on the crown. The antennae are long, threadlike, between two-thirds and the whole length of the forewing, with the scape dilated to form an eye-cap. The labial palps vary in development, from rudimentary to long. The mouthparts are weakly developed. Adults of two species are regularly encountered: Apple Leaf-miner Lyonetia clerkella, a widespread and often abundant moth, is regularly seen in moth traps, and Laburnum Leaf-miner Leucoptera laburnella occurs commonly wherever Laburnum trees are planted. Leucoptera species are superficially similar as adults, and care is needed in their identification. Most are bright white with thin costal and apical lines, orange or yellow markings between, and a patch of leaden metallic scales at the tornus. Leucoptera species tend to rest motionless during the day on leaf tips, where they are conspicuous. This has led some observers to suggest that they may be mimicking tiny wasps, with the thin lines on the forewing representing the legs, the orange marks the thorax, and the metallic tornal spot the eye. Adults fly mainly in evening sunshine, and occasionally come to light. Larvae of the Lyonetiidae form linear or blotch mines on herbaceous, shrub and tree species mainly in the pea family (Fabaceae) and rose family (Rosaceae). The combination of mine shape and foodplant is usually sufficient to determine the species. The pupa of Lyonetia species is in a cocoon suspended from silken threads like a hammock (see photo, right). Pupae of some of the Lyonetiidae can overwinter more than once, which may explain the decline of certain species in some years, in particular Pear Leaf Blister Moth Leucoptera malifoliella, which can be apparently absent in one year, and widespread in the next. Eight species are covered here. Scottish Aspen Blister Moth Leucoptera sinuella is believed to be extinct. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath & Emmet (1985) European species: Bengtsson & Johansson (2011)

r

Cocoon of Blackthorn Blister Moth Lyonetia prunifoliella.

Lyonetiidae 155

Apple Leaf-miner Plate 13 (2) Lyonetia clerkella (Linn.) 21.001 Common. FL 4–4.5mm. Typical form: head white or whitish, forewing elongate, shining white with an orangey brown spot at two-thirds towards the costa, an angular greyish-brown crossband beyond, and a brownish blotch in the apical area; the apex has a distinct black dot, from which a few dark lines radiate out into the cilia. Melanic form: head dark u Apple Leaf-miner Lyonetia clerkella leaf-mine. brown, forewing unicolorous, metallic dark brown, tinged golden. Intermediate forms also occur. Similar species L. prunifoliella is slightly larger, and its most similar form has a shining white forewing with a brown outwardly curved streak from the dorsum at one-half. FS Mainly May–October, but can be found in any month in up to three generations a year. Adults of the autumn generation overwinter, although they are rarely seen. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, orchards, scrub, waste ground, woodland. Fp Apples, birches, Blackthorn, cherries, cockspurthorns, cotoneasters, hawthorns, pears, plums, Rowan, whitebeams, less often Hop, willows. LS May–November. The egg is not visible at the start of the mine. In a very long linear gallery containing a narrow line of frass. Cocoon is suspended like a hammock from silken threads. Mines can be abundant. Similar larva In the Nepticulidae the egg is present at the start of the mine.

Blackthorn Blister Moth Plate 13 (2) Lyonetia prunifoliella (Hübn.) 21.002 Immigrant, rare historic resident and recently established in parts of southern England. FL 4.5–5mm. Typical form: forewing white with a brown outwardly curved streak from the dorsum at one-half, an orangey-brown blotch towards the apex and a black spot in the apex. Melanic form: heavily marked blackish in the costal half, white on much of the rest of the wing, with a blackish oblique crossline at about one-half and u Blackthorn Blister Moth Lyonetia prunifoliella leaf-mines. a black dot in the apex. Similar species L. clerkella. FS Mid-June–May, overwintering as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Scrub. Fp Mainly Blackthorn, also Plum. LS July–early November. Initially in an upper-side gallery and later in a slightly inflated blotch mine, usually in a leaf near the shoot tip, and with strings of ejected frass sometimes visible beneath the mine. Can move from one leaf to another. In a suspended cocoon on the underside of a leaf. Mines may occur in abundance.

156 Lyonetiidae

Trefoil Blister Moth Leucoptera lotella (Staint.) 21.003 EI. Very local. Southern England, and recently refound in Yorkshire. In Ireland only in the west. Hab Calcareous and damp grasslands, marshes, open woodland. Fp Common and Greater bird’sfoot-trefoils. LS June–October. In a broadly circular upper-side blotch mine, sometimes with lobes, with frass arranged in a spiral. Mines can be abundant. u Trefoil Blister Moth Leucoptera lotella egg and leaf-mine.

Laburnum Leaf-miner Plate 13 Leucoptera laburnella (Staint.) 21.004 Form laburnella is common. FL 3.5–4.5mm. Forewing shining white, two oblique dark-edged yellow bars on the costa at two-thirds and four-fifths, three straight dark grey lines in the white cilia at the apex, and a patch of leaden metallic scales at the tornus. F. wailesella FL 2.5–3.5mm, is very local in England, and may be a distinct species. Similar species All u Laburnum Leaf-miner Leucoptera laburnella other Leucoptera species (not illustrated); leaf-mine. presence of the foodplant may aid identification. Species with white forewing: L. spartifoliella; L. lathyrifoliella; L. orobi. Species with grey forewing: L. lotella; L. malifoliella. FS May, July–October in two generations. F. laburnella is sometimes abundant around Laburnum trees, flies at dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Hab F. laburnella: wherever Laburnum trees are planted; f. wailesella: calcareous and neutral grasslands, open woodland. Fp Laburnums, occasionally Garden Lupin; for f. wailesella, Dyer’s Greenweed. LS June–July, September– October. Initially in a small upper-side blotch, then in an irregular gallery; later in a large blotch with black frass in a spiral.

Broom Stem-miner Leucoptera spartifoliella (Hübn.) 21.005 ESWI. Local. Hab Heathland, grasslands, moorland, scrub, waste ground, woodland. Fp Broom, Dyer’s Greenweed. LS September–May. The egg drops off soon after the larva hatches, and the larva mines the bark upwards. White cocoons can be found in late spring among the green stems. Similar species Trifurcula immundella (4.068) egg remains conspicuous throughout the larval mining period, and the larva starts by mining downwards. r Broom Stem-miner Leucoptera spartifoliella cocoon.

Lyonetiidae 157

Everlasting-pea Blister Moth Leucoptera lathyrifoliella leaf-mines.

u

u r Northern Vetch Blister Moth Leucoptera orobi leaf-mines on Bitter-vetch. r Pear Leaf Blister Moth Leucoptera malifoliella leaf-mine.

Everlasting-pea Blister Moth Leucoptera lathyrifoliella (Staint.) 21.006 EW. Very local. Hab Sea cliffs and undercliffs. Fp Narrow-leaved and Broad-leaved everlasting-peas, Meadow Vetchling. LS June–July, August–September. In a broadly oval upper-side blotch mine, with a small area around the egg tinged brown.

Northern Vetch Blister Moth Leucoptera orobi (Staint.) 21.007 ESI. Rare. North-east England, Scottish Highlands and western Ireland. Hab Unimproved grasslands, limestone pavement, moorland, open woodland. Fp Red Clover, Bitter-vetch. LS June, August. In an upper-side blotch mine with frass initially in the centre, later deposited rather haphazardly.

Pear Leaf Blister Moth Leucoptera malifoliella (Costa) 21.008 ESWI. Common. Recorded as far north as central Scotland, rare in Ireland. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, orchards, scrub, woodland. Fp Apples, hawthorns, pear, Rowan, occasionally other trees in the Rose family. LS July–October. In a brown, broadly circular or oval upper-side blotch mine with frass forming arcs around a dark centre. Sometimes there are several mines in one leaf. Mines can be numerous. Species not covered Aspen Blister Moth Leucoptera sinuella (Reutti) 21.009 † S

158

Praydidae

T

here are five native/naturalised species, which are split between two genera, Prays and Atemelia. At rest the wings are held roof-

like, at a steep angle, with the moth in a slightly inclining posture

Ash Bud Moth Prays fraxinella

and the antennae held along the side of the body. Prays species are all medium-sized moths, with forewing length 6–8mm, whereas micro-moths of the genus Atemelia, represented by a single species, are small, with forewing length 4–5mm. The forewings are elongate, moderately broad, and the membrane does not have a distinct tornal angle, although the cilia at the tornus produce a noticeable angle between the dorsum and termen. The hindwings are similar in breadth to the forewings. The antennae are thread-like, about one-half the length of the forewing. The labial palps are curved upwards. Ash Bud Moth P. fraxinella is native and widespread. The slightly smaller, uniformly dark form is recognised as a separate species, Cryptic Ash Bud Moth P. ruficeps, and this may also be widespread. London Stowaway P. peregrina and Olive Stowaway P. oleae are probably accidental imports. P. peregrina is resident, and P. oleae is occasionally imported with nursery stock of Olive trees, with larval mines being the easiest method of recording this species in Britain. Northern Birch Miner Atemelia torquatella is native and a northern species in Britain. All species are described here. Larvae feed within a bud or mine the leaves and bark of the foodplant. Adults fly at night, and come to light. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet (1996) European species: Bengtsson & Johansson (2011)

Northern Birch Miner Atemelia torquatella (L. & Z.)

Plate 13 22.001

Very local. A northern species. FL 4–5mm. Forewing dark brown, with one creamy-white spot on the costa before the apex and one at the tornus, these occasionally being almost joined, with another on the wing at about one-third. The slightly inclining posture distinguishes this species from similar-looking species in the Elachistidae. FS June–July. Adults have been found feeding on flowers of Mountain Everlasting. Hab Moorland, mosses, lower slopes of mountains, among areas of regenerating birch. Fp Birches, especially Downy Birch seedlings; once reported on Bog-myrtle. LS August–March. In a blotch mine in early autumn, sometimes with several larvae in a mine. The larva spins a slight web beneath the mine, and frass ejected from the mine collects in the web. Pupates in the mine in a circular slightly inflated cocoon.

Ash Bud Moth

Plate 13 (2) Prays fraxinella (Bjerk.) 22.002 Common. FL 7–8mm. Typical form: head and thorax predominantly white. Forewing white, with a large triangular blackish-brown blotch on the costa almost reaching the dorsum, and blackish markings along the termen. Melanic form: head orangey brown or dirty whitish, thorax greyish, forewing dark greyish brown, the pale markings of the typical form being replaced with greyish brown and faintly discernible. Similar species P. ruficeps is slightly smaller, with an orangey-brown head and unicolorous dark greyish-brown thorax and forewings. FS May–October, in two generations. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerow trees, woodland. Fp Ash, Wild Privet. LS October–June, July–August. In October in a gallery in a leaf, and in winter in the bark depositing frass next to a bud. In spring it bores within a terminal shoot, causing the leaves to wilt, or it feeds in a spinning in a shoot.

Praydidae 159 Northern Birch Miner Atemelia torquatella leaf-mine.

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Ash Bud Moth Prays fraxinella feeding signs on Ash.

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Ash Bud Moth Prays fraxinella larva.

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In summer it feeds in a spinning, sometimes among Ash Flower Galls caused by the mite Aceria fraxiniflora. Similar larva P. ruficeps larva and feeding signs are indistinguishable.

Cryptic Ash Bud Moth Plate 13 Prays ruficeps (Hein.) 22.003 Local. Distribution not clear, due to previous confusion with P. fraxinella; likely to be widespread. FL 6–7.5mm. Head orangey brown. Forewing unicolorous dark greyish brown. Similar species Dark form of P. fraxinella. FS May–June, late July–September, probably in two generations. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerow trees, woodland. Fp Ash. LS October–early June, July–August. Similar larva P. fraxinella.

Olive Stowaway Plate 13 Prays oleae (Bernard) 22.004 Adventive, probably not yet established in the wild. First recorded in Britain in 2008. FL 5.5–6.5mm. Head and thorax silvery grey, the thorax and wing base sometimes shaded orangey. Forewing shining pale grey, variably speckled with darker spots, sometimes with a darker patch in the mid-wing towards the dorsum and darker shading about the middle of the costa. FS Uncertain in Britain, but has been found in April and June–August. Comes to light. Hab Mainly in garden centres, also gardens and urban streets. Fp Olive. LS Has been found in January and March–May. Initially mines a leaf, then feeds within a spinning among the leaves.

London Stowaway Plate 13 Prays peregrina Agassiz 22.005 Presumed adventive, now resident and spreading slowly. First recorded in London in 2003, and described as new to science in 2007. Recorded outside Britain for the first time in 2017, in the Canary Islands. FL 6mm. Head pale grey, thorax brown. Forewing white, speckled with dark dots, with a brownish curved triangle on the dorsum at about one-half and a brownish mark at the tornus. FS April–November, probably in continuous overlapping generations. Comes to light. Hab Suburban gardens. Fp Rue, Fringed Rue. LS April–October. Initially mines a leaf, then feeds within a spinning among the leaves.

160

Bedelliidae

B

indweed Sleeper Bedellia somnulentella is the sole representative of this family found in Britain and Ireland.

The forewing length is 3.5–4.5mm. The adult rests in an inclining

Bindweed Sleeper Bedellia somnulentella

posture, with the tip of the abdomen and wings on the ground, sometimes standing only on the midlegs and hindlegs, and the wings are held rolled around the abdomen. The forewings are narrow and tapering, without a tornal angle. The hindwings are elongate and narrow, with a pointed apex and long dorsal cilia. The crown of the head has erect hair-like scales. The antennae are thread-like, about as long as the forewing, with a thickened scape. The labial palps are short. The larva of B. somnulentella is a leaf-miner. It pupates outside the mine, attached to the underside of a leaf; the pupa has a keel and a pronounced beak. The adult is sometimes abundant near the southern coastline, and it seems likely that its numbers may be boosted by immigration from Continental Europe during warm summers. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath & Emmet (1985) European species: Bengtsson & Johansson (2011)

Bindweed Sleeper Plate 13 Bedellia somnulentella (Zell.) 24.001 Common in the south. Local further north and in Ireland. FL 3.5–4.5mm. Forewing pale brownish, speckled darker, sometimes with a small dark spot on the dorsum at one-quarter, at one-half and at the tornus. Similar species Aspilapteryx tringipennella (15.015) is larger, sits on its forelegs and midlegs, the head has smooth scales, and the forewing has dots arranged in rows. FS July– September, October–June, in two generations, overwintering as an adult. It flies in warm sunshine, may be disturbed during the day by tapping vegetation, and comes to light. Hab Coastal habitats, gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, waste ground, woodland margins. Fp Field, Hedge, Large and Sea bindweeds, Common Morning-glory. LS Late July–October. It mines the leaf, making irregular pale brown blotches from which frass is expelled, and it frequently changes leaves. A network of loose silken threads beneath the leaf may help the larva to move between mines.

Bindweed Sleeper Bedellia somnulentella leaf-mine on bindweed.

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161

Scythropiidae

U

ntil recently the one species in this family in Britain and Europe, Hawthorn Moth Scythropia crataegella, was included

in the Yponomeutidae. The forewing length is 5–7.5mm. The adult

Hawthorn Moth Scythropia crataegella

rests in an inclining posture, with the tip of the abdomen and wings on the ground, and the wings held roof-like over the abdomen. The forewing is elongate, quite broad and without a distinct tornal angle. The hindwing is shorter and narrower than the forewing, with a pointed apex and long dorsal cilia. The crown of the head has raised hair-like scales. The antennae are thread-like, about three-quarters the length of the forewing. The labial palps are curved upwards around the head. Larvae begin as leaf-miners, but this species is more frequently encountered in the spring, when the larvae live communally within a web on a range of shrubs. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet (1996) European species: Bengtsson & Johansson (2011)

Hawthorn Moth Plate 13 Scythropia crataegella (Linn.) 25.001 Common in the south only. FL 5–7.5mm. Resting posture is inclining. Forewing white or greyish white with two brown crossbands, brown spots along the termen, and rows of small brown spots or streaks on the costa, dorsum and in the mid-wing. FS June–July, sometimes August–September, in a single generation, occasionally with a partial second generation. Comes to light. Habitat Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland margins. Fp Apples, Blackthorn, cotoneasters, hawthorns, plums. LS September–June, August– September. Larva is reddish brown with sparse long whitish hairs. Initially mines a leaf, often with many larvae in a single leaf, later feeding externally in a communal web. Occasionally webs can be extensive. Hawthorn Moth Scythropia crataegella leafmines on Hawthorn.

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Hawthorn Moth Scythropia crataegella larval webbing on Blackthorn.

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162

Douglasiidae

T

here are two species in this family, both belonging to the genus Tinagma. Adults rest with the front end raised and the wings held in a roof-like

position. They are very small, with forewing length 3.5–4mm. The forewing

Speckled Bugloss Moth Tinagma ocnerostomella

is narrow, the membrane without a tornus, although the cilia at the tornus produce a noticeable angle between the dorsum and termen. The hindwing is elongate and very narrow, with a pointed apex and long dorsal cilia. The head has smooth scales. The antennae are thread-like, about two-thirds the length of the forewing and without an eye-cap. The labial palps are short and point forwards, and the tongue is not scaled. Both species are associated with Viper’s-bugloss. Adults are seen in early to mid-summer, and can be found flying around the foodplant in sunshine. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath & Emmet (1985) European species: Bengtsson & Johansson (2011)

Speckled Bugloss Moth

Plate 13 Tinagma ocnerostomella (Staint.) 26.001 Local in the south and east. Perhaps most frequently encountered along the coast and in Breckland. FL 3.5–4mm. Eyes of the living moth are reddish. Forewing grey, finely speckled whitish. Similar species T. balteolella (not illustrated), a rare species confined to the coast of south-east England, is slightly larger and has a white spot on the dorsum, or a crossband. Elachista canapennella (38.037) male is pale grey speckled darker, with blackish eyes. FS May–mid-July. Can be numerous where it occurs. Flies around the foodplant on warm days, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous grassland, coastal cliffs, old quarries, vegetated shingle, waste ground. Fp Viper’s-bugloss. LS August–October. Initially feeds on the flowers, then within the stem, where it later pupates in the pith. Easily reared by collecting dead stems in winter.

Feeding signs of Speckled Bugloss Moth Tinagma ocnerostomella within a dead stem of Viper’sbugloss. Note the pale-coloured frass towards the cocoon, and the exit chamber leading to the outer surface of the stem.

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Species not covered White-marked Bugloss Moth Tinagma balteolella (Fisch. v. Rösl.)  26.002 R/E

163

Autostichidae

T

here are five species in this family. Adults rest almost flat to the ground, with the wings partly overlapping and the antennae over the forewing, curving

towards or above the costa. The forewing length is 5–7.5mm. The forewing of Oegoconia is quite narrow and rounded at the apex, mainly blackish, with pale yellow markings. The hindwing is similar in width to the forewing. The head has

Four-spotted Yellowneck Oegoconia quadripuncta

smooth scales. The antennae are thread-like, about two-thirds the length of the forewing. The labial palps are long, curving upwards in front of the face, and the tongue is scaled at the base. The four superficially similar Oegoconia species are difficult to identify with certainty. New World Yellowneck O. novimundi was first recorded in 2011, although it was not added to the British list until 2016; only a few examples are currently known in Britain from Middlesex and Surrey, although it is probably overlooked. Dockland Moth Symmoca signatella is a rare accidental importation. Larvae are associated with leaf litter or dried vegetable matter. Adults fly at night and come to light. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002a)

Four-spotted Yellowneck Plate 14 Oegoconia quadripuncta (Haw.) 27.001 Local; the most widely distributed of the genus in Britain. FL 6.5–8mm. Segment 3 of the labial palp is mixed pale yellow and blackish brown. Thorax pale yellow, blackish brown towards the head. Forewing blackish brown with pale yellow markings, a spot on the costa towards the base, a broad crossband at one-half, and two spots sometimes narrowly joined in the middle at two-thirds. Similar species The yellow u Larva of Straw Yellowneck Oegoconia caradjai. markings on O. caradjai, O. novimundi and O. deauratella (none illustrated) are so variable and similar to O. quadripuncta that identification often requires genitalia examination. However, the following features may be helpful in separating examples for further investigation: in O. caradjai, segment 3 of the labial palp is all pale, and there are three nearly complete broad crossbands on the forewing; O. novimundi is smaller (FL 5–6.5mm), segment 3 of the labial palp is black, tipped with pale yellow, with a large spot or crossband at one-half and costal spot at two-thirds; O. deauratella is slightly smaller (FL 5.5–7.5mm), segment 3 of the labial palp is mixed pale yellow and blackish brown, with smaller pale markings and a narrower central crossband. O. caradjai is local in the south, east and south-west; O. novimundi is currently known only in the south-east; O. deauratella appears to be spreading north and west from the south-east. FS June–September. Comes to light. Hab A wide range of habitats. Sometimes plentiful at the base of hedgerows. Fp Decaying leaves and other vegetable matter on the ground. LS May–June. In a slight web. Species not covered Straw Yellowneck Oegoconia caradjai Pop.-G. & Căp.  27.002 EC

Barred Yellowneck O. deauratella (Herr.-Schäff.)  27.003 EWC

New World Yellowneck O. novimundi (Busck)  27.0021 E

Dockland Moth Symmoca signatella Herr.-Schäff.  27.004 A/E

164

Oecophoridae

T

wenty-nine species have been recorded in this family. At rest the body is held near to horizontal in most species, slightly

inclining in a few, such as Heath Streak Pleurota bicostella, and distinctively declining in Brown Bark Moth Crassa unitella. The

Silver-streaked Beauty Schiffermuelleria grandis

wings of most species are held in a steep roof-like position, but in

White-shouldered House-moth Endrosis sarcitrella

a few, such as White-shouldered House-moth Endrosis sarcitrella and Brown House-moth Hofmannophila pseudospretella, they are nearly flat and overlapping, and in Pleurota species they are wrapped around the body. The forewing length is in the range 3–11mm. The forewing is elongate, often broad, and several

Lesser Tawny Crescent Batia lunaris

species have a tornal angle. The hindwing can be as broad as the forewing, although it is narrower in some species, with a more pointed apex. The head is smooth scaled, sometimes rough on the crown or tufted at the sides. The antennae are between two-fifths and three-quarters the length of the forewing. They are often held along the sides of the body, but point forwards in some species, such as Sulphur Bark Moth Esperia sulphurella. The labial palps are often strongly curved upwards, but sometimes point forward or are slightly drooping, and are occasionally long or very long, as for example in Hedge Beauty Alabonia geoffrella and P. bicostella.

Hedge Beauty Alabonia geoffrella

Most species are described here. The adults of several species are brightly coloured or distinctively marked and are readily identified, although care may be needed to identify a few species. Some have a restricted distribution and are very localised, but perhaps overlooked, such as Silver-streaked Beauty Schiffermuelleria grandis, whereas others are widely distributed and may be found commonly, at least in southern Britain, such as E. sulphurella. Two species are frequently found in houses, E. sarcitrella and H. pseudospretella. Two species are thought to be extinct, Surrey Concealer Denisia augustella and Beautiful Epicallima Epicallima formosella, whereas Yellow-spot Concealer Borkhausenia minutella, which had declined to the point of extinction by the 1960s, has been recorded a few times in England and Wales since the turn of the century, and is found locally in the Channel Islands. Three species have become

Larva of Silver-streaked Beauty Schiffermuelleria grandis on dead wood.

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Oecophoridae 165

established since 2000 and can be locally numerous: Italian Bark Moth Metalampra italica, Tasmanian Concealer Barea asbolaea and Kiwi Enigma Trachypepla contritella. The Antipodean species, along with the Australian Orange-tip Tachystola acroxantha, do not appear to have been seen elsewhere in Europe, perhaps arriving in Britain through the plant trade. The larvae of most species feed on fungi on dead wood, on dead leaves, or on dry animal or vegetable matter. Several species, such as M. italica and E. sulphurella, can be found as larvae in gardens by searching for them in slight silken tubes between loose bark and the dead wood beneath. Dingy Concealer Borkhausenia fuscescens has been found among a thick layer of decaying needles beneath a cypress hedge. Adults of most species are found in the summer months, with a few also found at other times of the year. Many fly at night and come to light, others fly during the day in sunshine or on warm windless overcast afternoons, and a few are active at or around sunrise. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002a) European species: Palm (1989); Tokár et al. (2005)

Beautiful Silver-mark Promalactis procerella ([D. & S.])

Plate 14 28.001

Rare and occasional immigrant. First recorded in Britain in 1976 from Kent, where it is resident. Slowly spreading, and now colonising East Sussex and Essex. FL 5–6mm. Forewing orange, with an oblique whitish line from the base of the costa to the dorsum, two others from the dorsum, not reaching the costa, at one-quarter and one-half, and a dark, somewhat irregular and suffused leaden metallic crossband from the costa at two-thirds towards the tornus. FS Mid-June–early August. Comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Continental European authors cite lichens on tree trunks, but not known in Britain. LS Possibly overwinters, feeding until May.

Silver-streaked Beauty Plate 14 Schiffermuelleria grandis (Desv.) 28.003 Rare. Perhaps declining, although recently recorded in Shropshire and refound in the New Forest after nearly 80 years. Possibly overlooked. FL 6–8mm. Forewing shining yellowish orange, tinted coppery, edged darker along the costa, termen and dorsum, with three silvery-cream blotches, two metallic-silvery lines, black edged, near the mid-wing, and a black-edged silvery line forming a crossband at one-quarter, this not quite reaching the dorsum or costa. FS May–June. Flies at dawn and in the first few hours of morning sunshine. Occasionally seen at light. Has been disturbed from an ancient Ivy-covered tree stump. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Under bark and within dead wood, including standing dead branches of Beech, gorse, oaks; also in trunks of Common Ivy and in rotten fence posts. LS December–March.

Northern Concealer

Plate 14 Denisia similella (Hübn.) 28.004 Local. Distributed patchily in Scotland and northern England. FL 6–7.5mm. Forewing dark greyish brown, darker in the female, thinly scattered with yellowish scales, and with four variably shaped yellow blotches, the smallest at the tornus. FS June–August. Has been found sitting on tree trunks. Flies at dawn, in the late evening and at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Parkland, woodland, especially where old or decaying birch trees are present. Fp Fungi, including Daedalea quercina on an oak stump, Fomitopsis betulina on dying birch, and Fomes fomentarius. LS September–April. Within the fungus or dead wood.

166 Oecophoridae

Pied Concealer Plate 14 Denisia albimaculea (Haw.) 28.005 Very local. FL 4–5.5mm. Forewing dark greyish brown with whitish or yellowish-white markings, comprising a crossband at one-quarter and one-half, the latter sometimes broken, a spot on the costa at about three-quarters, and another spot at the tornus, this sometimes merging with the central crossband. Similar species D. augustella (not illustrated), little known and believed to be extinct, has a purplish tinge to the forewing, the crossbands broader and more yellow, and the tornal spot confluent with the central crossband. FS May–June. Has been found resting on tree trunks by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, woodland. Fp Under the bark of trees. LS September–April. In a slight silken gallery.

Heath Concealer

Plate 14 Denisia subaquilea (Staint.) 28.007 Local. Predominantly northern. FL 5–6.5mm. Forewing cream, suffused brown or blackish brown with ill-defined darker blotches at one-third, two-thirds and the tornus, the first two sometimes joined. FS Late May–July. Males fly soon after sunrise, and in late afternoon and early evening. Hab Heathland, upland moorland to 1,000m; also limestone grassland in north Wales and cliffs in south-west Britain. Fp Dead leaves of Bilberry, although it also occurs where Bilberry is absent. LS At least January–October, possibly over a two-year life-cycle. In a slight silk spinning that incorporates frass.

Italian Bark Moth Plate 14 Metalampra italica Baldizzone 28.008 Local. First recorded in Britain in 2003 from Devon. Expanding its range and recorded as new to Wales in 2012. FL 5.5–7mm. Forewing orangey brown with pale yellowish markings including a streak from the base to the dorsum before one-half, a spot on the costa at three-quarters, and a small mark at the tornus extending into the cilia. FS June– early September. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, scrub, woodland. Fp Probably on fungi under the bark of a range of dead and decaying trees and shrubs. LS Mid-March–mid-June. In a slight web.

White-shouldered House-moth

Plate 14 Endrosis sarcitrella (Linn.) 28.009 Common. FL 6–9mm. Head and thorax white. Forewing whitish, coarsely speckled dark greyish brown, giving the wing a silvery appearance, with an indistinct whitish spot on the costa at three-quarters and darkish spots at one-quarter, one-half and two-thirds. FS Any month of the year, in a succession of generations. Found at rest on u White-shouldered House-moth Endrosis sarcitrella larva walls in buildings by day, and within cocoon prior to pupation. comes to light. Hab Buildings, sheds and barns, and many outdoor habitats. Fp Dead animal and vegetable matter, including stored cereals, rotten wood, dead insects and detritus in birds’ nests. LS All year round. In a silken gallery encrusted with detritus.

Oecophoridae 167

Brown House-moth Plate 14 Hofmannophila pseudospretella (Staint.) 28.010 Common. FL 7–11mm. Forewing pale brown variably speckled darker, with two dark spots or short dashes at one-third, a more circular spot at two-thirds and a series of short dark dashes, sometimes contiguous, from just before the apex and along the termen. FS Any month of the year, in two or more overlapping generations. Found at rest on u Brown House-moth Hofmannophila pseudospretella larva. walls in buildings by day, flies freely in late evening, and comes to light. Hab Buildings, sheds and barns, and many outdoor habitats. Fp Wide variety of dead animal and vegetable matter, including cotton, seeds, wool, fur, dried skins, birds’ nests, books, and has even been noted feeding on slug bait. LS All year round. In a slight silk web.

Dingy Concealer Plate 14 Borkhausenia fuscescens (Haw.) 28.012 Common. FL 3–5mm. A tiny, rather obscure-looking species. Forewing greyish brown speckled dark greyish brown and shaded darker at the base, apex, tornus and along the costa, with dark spots at one-third, just before one-half, and a larger spot just before two-thirds. FS June–September. Flies freely on warm evenings, frequently alighting on glass windows, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, parkland, woodland; also within barns and outhouses. Fp Leaf litter, and reared from birds’ nests and decaying coniferous wood. LS October–April. Within a frasscovered silken tube.

Plain Bark Moth

Plate 14 Crassa tinctella (Hübn.) 28.013 Local. May be declining. FL 6–7.5mm. Adult rests horizontally. Head, labial palps and thorax greyish yellow. Forewing greyish yellow or greyish brown. Sometimes there is a slight colour gradation from a brighter head to a darker apex. Similar species C. unitella rests in a declining posture, and is a darker species, with the yellowish-orange head and labial palps strongly contrasting with the brown thorax and forewing. FS May–June. Flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Woodland, especially ancient woodland. Fp Dead wood and beneath decaying bark. In Continental Europe the larva has been found on the trunk of planes, and in moss and lichen on rotting willows. It has also been bred from dead elm. LS Probably September– March.

Brown Bark Moth

Plate 14 Crassa unitella (Hübn.) 28.014 Common. More local from the Midlands northwards, but may be spreading in the north. FL 6–8mm. Head and labial palps yellowish orange. Forewing unmarked, golden brown. Similar species C. tinctella. FS June–early September. Hab Wooded heathland, urban parks, parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Fungi, and under dead bark of a range of trees. LS October–May. In a slight silk web.

168 Oecophoridae

Lesser Tawny Crescent

Plate 14 Batia lunaris (Haw.) 28.015 Common. FL 4–5mm. Forewing yellowish, with the base of the dorsum, the costa to about three-quarters, and the terminal area distinctly suffused with reddish brown; an oblique triangular blackish mark near the tornus, the tip in the mid-wing pointed and curving towards the termen. Similar species B. lambdella is much larger and paler, with the base of the dorsum hardly darker than the yellowish ground colour, the triangular mark broader at the base, and the tip rounded. B. internella (Plate 14), a rare species, although perhaps overlooked, is intermediate in size between B. lunaris and B. lambdella, the base of the dorsum is not darker than the yellowish ground colour, the costal suffusion is narrower, and the triangular mark is broader at the base, with the tip pointed. FS June–early September. Comes to light. Hab A range of habitats, including gardens and urban parks, vegetated shingle, woodland. Fp The grey-green crustose lichen Lecanora conizaeoides on tree trunks and old wooden posts; also bred from midge galls on willows. LS August–May. In a frass-covered silk tube on the surface or in a crack.

Tawny Crescent Plate 14 Batia lambdella (Don.) 28.017 Common. Perhaps more frequent in coastal localities. Rare in Scotland. FL 6–9mm. Forewing yellowish, with the costa to about three-quarters and terminal area somewhat suffused reddish brown; an oblique triangular blackish mark near the tornus, the upper process rounded. Similar species B. lunaris, B. internella. FS June–August, occasionally to early September. Comes to light. Hab Scrub, especially where mature gorse grows. Fp Under dead bark of gorse. LS September–May. In a slight silk web.

Sulphur Bark Moth

Plate 15 Esperia sulphurella (Fabr.) 28.019 Common. More local in Scotland. FL 5.5–8.5mm. Forewing bronzy greyish brown with scattered yellow scales; the male has two short yellow longitudinal streaks from the base, a triangular yellow spot at the tornus, and a small vertical yellow mark, sometimes indistinct, on the costa at three-quarters; the female has a straight yellowish streak from the base, almost reaching the triangular tornal mark. In both sexes the hindwing is pale yellow, mostly edged dark greyish brown. FS April–June. Has been recorded in March. Flies u Sulphur Bark Moth Esperia in morning sunshine, and occasionally comes to sulphurella larva. light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Under bark of decaying wood of deciduous and coniferous species, in rotting logs and fence posts, and on decaying hard fungus Daldinia concentrica. LS July–May. In a slight silk web, producing abundant frass.

Cream-spot Bark Moth Plate 15 Dasycera oliviella (Fabr.) 28.020 Very local. FL 6–8mm. Forewing blackish, with variable purple and copper iridescence, a metallic crossband at about one-third, and pale yellow markings comprising a blotch near the base and a straight crossband at about one-half, with pale yellow speckling beyond the crossband. FS June–July. Flies at sunrise and in daytime sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Ancient broadleaf woodland, especially where there are sunny clearings and standing dead wood, and in abandoned coppice; also orchards

Oecophoridae 169 within woodland. Fp Under bark of decaying wood, especially standing dead wood such as branches and trunks of Blackthorn, Hazel, oaks, Pear. LS August–April. In a slight silk web.

Beautiful Bark Moth

Plate 15 Oecophora bractella (Linn.) 28.021 Very local. FL 6–8mm. Head and thorax yellow. Forewing yellow to about one-third, the costa edged blackish blue, with the basal patch bordered by an iridescent bluish or purplish crossband, the rest of the wing blackish, with a yellow spot on the costa at two-thirds and the tips of the cilia white at the apex. FS May–July. Flies from dawn to sunrise, and comes to light. Hab Woodland, including broadleaf and coniferous woodlands where there is abundant standing and fallen dead wood, abandoned coppice, standing dead willows in a fen (in Norfolk). Fp Under bark of decaying wood in dry conditions, including Ash, birches, Blackthorn, various conifers, Hazel, oaks, Sweet Chestnut, willows. LS January–May. In a slight silk web, sometimes in close association with the mycelia of Honey Fungus Armillaria mellea.

Hedge Beauty Plate 15 Alabonia geoffrella (Linn.) 28.022 Common. More local in Wales, scarce in northern England. FL 8–10mm. Labial palps long. Forewing yellowish in the basal third, merging to orangey brown in the mid-wing, darker in the outer third, the veins finely highlighted greyish brown, with two black-edged metallic silver streaks from the base, the upper one angled so that they meet at about one-half; another metallic streak from the costa at about one-half, with two large triangular pale yellow spots, one on the costa at two-thirds and one almost opposite at the tornus. FS May–June. Flies at sunrise and in morning sunshine, and occasionally later in the day; sometimes recorded at light. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Within damp soft decaying twigs of Blackthorn lying on the ground, and in the base of stems of dead Bramble in hedges. Also reared from dead Hazel and a willow. LS February–April, possibly over a two-year life-cycle.

Australian Orange-tip Plate 15 Tachystola acroxantha (Meyr.) 28.024 Local. Probably originated from Australia, and not known elsewhere in Europe. Expanding its range. Recorded as new to Wales in 2002, new to Scotland in 2011 and new to Ireland in 2017. FL 6–9mm. Forewing pinkish brown, shaded darker towards the apex, with three somewhat indistinct dark brown spots; the cilia along the termen largely pinkish orange, contrasting with the forewing colour. FS Mid-April–January, probably in a succession of generations. Found at rest indoors and in sheds, and readily comes to light. Hab Gardens, especially under hedges and in dry leafy compost heaps. Fp Among leaf litter. LS Possibly all year. In a slight silk tube incorporating frass and leaf fragments.

Heath Streak Plate 15 Pleurota bicostella (Clerck) 28.025 Common. Local in the Midlands. FL 7.5–11mm. Labial palps long and forward pointing, with a perpendicular terminal segment. Forewing whitish, variably shaded with greyish-brown scales, with a broad white streak along the costa which nearly reaches the apex and is broadly edged darker dorsally, and a black spot or dash at one-third, with another spot at two-thirds. Similar species Pleurota aristella (not illustrated), FL 7.5–11mm, which has occurred on the Channel Islands, has a white costal streak with another from the base through the mid-wing to the apex, and does not have the two central dark spots. P. bicostella is not known from the Channel Islands. Grass-moths in the genera Agriphila and Crambus (Crambidae) have shorter palps without an erect terminal segment.

170 Oecophoridae FS May–July. Can be numerous where found. Males fly between sunset and dusk, and again from dawn to sunrise. Occasionally recorded at light. Hab Heathland, moorland; preference for damper areas. Also heathy vegetated shingle. Fp Cross-leaved Heath, Bell Heather. LS September–May. In a silken web among shoots.

Gold-flecked Hopper Plate 15 Aplota palpellus (Haw.) 28.027 Rare. Possibly overlooked. FL 5–6.5mm. Labial palps prominent in the male. Forewing blackish brown heavily scattered with yellowish scales, and with four blackish spots arranged in diagonal pairs, the outer pair sometimes joined. FS July–August. Rests by day on moss, jumping when disturbed, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Parkland, preferring isolated veteran trees, and in woodland on standard trees at the edge or in rides; also on old walls. Has been recorded in a conifer plantation. Fp Mosses such as Hypnum cupressiforme, Homalothecium sericeum and Orthotrichum species on trunks of Beech, elms and oaks, or on rocks or walls. LS October–June. In a silk tube in a fissure in the bark and under moss, where the mosses grow sparsely.

Tasmanian Concealer

Plate 15 Barea asbolaea (Meyr.) 28.028 Adventive. A native of Tasmania first found in west Cornwall in 2004, where it is established and may have been present for some time previously. Possibly imported through the tree-fern trade. Recently found on the Isle of Wight and in East Sussex. FL 11mm. Forewing dark brown with paler speckling and, in the mid-wing, a longitudinal pale streak containing three dark spots. Similar species Superficially resembles several species of Depressaria (Depressariidae). FS April–September, possibly in two generations. Comes to light. Has been found resting on tree trunks, including a decaying oak trunk. Hab Ornamental gardens, gardens, woodland. Fp Dead and decaying wood, including that of Ash, Cherry Laurel, Hazel, magnolias, oaks, Sweet Chestnut. LS May–June, possibly at other times. In a slight silken web.

Kiwi Enigma Plate 15 (2) Trachypepla contritella (Walk.) 28.029 Adventive and recent colonist. A native of New Zealand, first recorded in Britain in 2012 from Huntingdonshire. Also recorded from Bedfordshire and Cornwall. FL 10mm. Forewing whitish grey or greyish with a black or mixed black and brownish crossband at one-third, and crosslines at about one-half and three-quarters, often including raised scales. FS Mid-June–early August. Comes to light. Hab Gardens; also recorded from a field margin. Fp Possibly associated with mosses. Species not covered Black-bordered Beauty Schiffermuelleria schaefferella (Linn.) 28.002 ?A/E

Beautiful Epicallima Epicallima formosella ([D. & S.]) 28.018 † E

Surrey Concealer Denisia augustella (Hübn.) 28.006 † E

Yellow-striped Bark Moth Harpella forficella (Scop.) 28.023 A/E

Yellow-spot Concealer Borkhausenia minutella (Linn.) 28.011 R/EWIC Scarce Tawny Crescent Batia internella Jäckh 28.016 R/E

Channel Islands Streak Pleurota aristella (Linn.) 28.026 C

171

Chimabachidae

T





here are three species in this family. All show sexual dimorphism, the male with full wings and the female

having much reduced wings and incapable of flight. The male sits slightly inclining, with the wings held in a shallow, roof-like position, slightly overlapping or curved over the abdomen. Male forewing length is 8–14mm; the forewing is broad, with slight scale tufts, and the hindwing is as broad as or broader than the forewing. The head has narrow or hair-like scales. The antennae

Early Reveller Diurnea fagella

are from one-half to almost two-thirds the length of the forewing. The labial palps are rather short, forward pointing or slightly curved upwards, and the tongue is rudimentary. All three species are covered here and are straightforward to identify. The larvae feed from within spinnings on the leaves of trees and shrubs. Characteristically, the legs on T3 are modified into paddlelike projections, which are easy to spot with a hand lens, and the species are easy to separate based on the colour of the head and prothoracic plate. Pupation takes place in a silken cocoon in detritus or under the soil surface. All species have a single generation each year, and adults are found in spring or late autumn. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002a) European species: Palm (1989); Tokár et al. (2005)

Early Reveller Diurnea fagella ([D. & S.])

Plate 15 29.001

Common. FL Male 13–14mm, female 8–11mm. Male forewing ground colour variable, pale grey, speckled darker, sometimes tinged yellowish grey, ranging from darker grey to brownish black; an outwardly angled black crossline, sometimes Y-shaped, at one-third, often interrupted or absent before the dorsum, the inner edge creamy, which is more noticeable in darker examples; usually several spots between two-fifths and two-thirds, the outer pair sometimes joined into a transverse black mark. Female forewing short and pointed, with markings similar to that of the male, often more defined. FS March–May, occasionally February. Frequently seen in numbers. The male comes to light, and the female can be found on tree trunks after dark. Hab Deciduous woodland, particularly oak woodland, parkland, gardens; also birch woodland in parts of Scotland. Fp Aspen, Beech, birches, Blackthorn, Hazel, Hornbeam, oaks, Sweet Chestnut, willows, probably other deciduous trees and shrubs. LS May–October. Feeds slowly between spun flat leaves. The larva is greyish green with a yellowish-orange head and green prothoracic plate.

Early Reveller Diurnea fagella larva.

r

172 Chimabachidae

Late Reveller Diurnea lipsiella ([D. & S.])

Plate 16 29.002

Local. Very local in Ireland. FL Male 10–12mm, female 7–8mm. Male antenna is finely pectinate. Male forewing light brown, variably shaded grey and yellowish brown, with an obscure dark spot usually present at two-thirds; there is a diagonal line from the costa at about three-fifths to the tornus, sometimes prominent, beyond which the wing is darker; sometimes there is a pale streak u Late Reveller Diurnea lipsiella larva. from the base to about one-half. Female forewing is elongate and pointed, whitish grey with contrasting short black streaks or shading. FS October–early November. The male flies in the afternoon on warm windless days, and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Oaks, particularly Sessile Oak, also Aspen, Bilberry, Small-leaved Lime. LS June–August. Feeds slowly between spun flat leaves. The larva is yellowish green with a brown head and yellow prothoracic plate.

Spring Reveller Plate 16 Dasystoma salicella (Hübn.) 29.003 Local. Scarce in some areas, with a single record in Ireland from County Tyrone. FL Male 8–9mm, female with much reduced wings, 3–4.5mm. Male forewing brownish, with a creamy oblique crossline from the costa at one-quarter not reaching the dorsum, the outer edge often dark brown, a creamy suffusion in the central area edged at two-thirds with a dark brown curved line, and with scattered creamy scales towards the apex. The female has a whitish forewing, with a blackish-brown crossband just beyond one-half, and another before the apex. FS March–April. The male flies in warm sunshine around midday. Hab Bogs, coastal scrub, wet heathland, woodland. Fp A wide range of plants, including Blackthorn, Bog-myrtle, Bramble, Buckthorn, Dogwood, Meadowsweet, Silverweed, willows. LS May–September. Feeds slowly in a spinning among leaves. The larva is greyish green with a dark brown head and a yellowish-green prothoracic plate edged with brown posteriorly.

u

Spring Reveller Dasystoma salicella larva.

173

Lypusidae

T

here are four species in this family. The adult rests slightly inclining, and the wings are held in a slight to moderate roof-like position.

The forewing length is 4.5–11.5mm. The forewings have a gently arched

Orange-headed Concealer Agnoea josephinae

costa and are elongate and moderately broad without a tornal angle. The hindwing is nearly as broad as the forewing. The head has erect scales on the crown. The long, thread-like antennae are three-quarters to fourfifths the length of the forewing. The labial palps are of moderate length, and slightly curved upwards. There are three species of Agnoea (formerly Pseudatemelia), all superficially similar, being pale brownish grey, and all typically found in woodland. The Obscure Concealer Amphisbatis incongruella is widely distributed, but probably overlooked as it is small and dark greyish, and flies in sunshine from March to early May. Larvae of all four species live within a portable case. Agnoea species have a single generation each year, whereas A. incongruella may have a partial second generation. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002a) European species: Palm (1989); Tokár et al. (2005)

Orange-headed Concealer Plate 16 Agnoea josephinae (Toll) 30.003 Local. Very local in Ireland. FL 9–10mm. Forewing is pale brownish grey with scattered paler scales, with two small rather indistinct darker spots at one-third, and another larger spot at two-thirds. Hindwing is pale brownish grey. Abdomen is brownish grey dorsally. Similar species A. flavifrontella (not illustrated), a local species in England and Wales, is usually slightly larger (FL 9.5–11.5mm), with the hindwing slightly paler than the forewing, the abdomen yellowish brown dorsally; it flies from late May to early July. A. subochreella (not illustrated), a local species in England and Wales, is slightly smaller (FL 8–10mm), with the forewing pale yellowish brown, sometimes with a greyish tinge, and unmarked, the hindwing darker than the forewing, and the abdomen yellowish brown dorsally, especially on segments 1–4; it flies from late May to early July. Where there is overlap in time of appearance and geographical range, genitalia examination is likely to be necessary to separate the species reliably. FS Late June–early August. Flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Decaying deciduous leaves. LS July–April. The larval case can be found in early spring by sifting through leaf litter at the base of trees. Similar larva A. subochreella and possibly A. flavifrontella feed in a similar manner.

Obscure Concealer Plate 16 Amphisbatis incongruella (Staint.) 30.004 Local. From southern England to as far north as Easter Ross. Probably overlooked. FL 4.5–6mm. Forewing uniform dark greyish brown speckled with scattered paler scales; the female has reduced wings. FS March–May, sometimes June–September in a partial second generation. Males fly in sunshine on warm windless days, particularly before noon; females may not be able to take flight. Hab Heathland, moorland; also recorded on chalk grassland and a rocky slope near the sea. Fp Dead flowers of Wild Thyme, probably also on heather. LS ?May–September. The larva lives within a cigar-shaped case. Has been reared from cases found in a nest of Narrow-headed Ant Formica exsecta. Species not covered Yellow-headed Concealer Agnoea flavifrontella ([D. & S.]) 30.001 EW Straw Concealer A. subochreella (Doubl.)  30.002 EW

174

Peleopodidae

T

here is just one species in this family in Britain and Ireland, Oak Longhorn Carcina quercana. The adult rests with the wings flat and overlapping. The

forewing length is 8–10mm. The forewing is broad with a curved costa, and the hindwing is almost as broad as the forewing. The head has smooth scales. The pale thread-like antennae are the length of the forewing; at rest they are hidden along the side of the body, but when the moth is alert the antennae are waved in the air.

Oak Longhorn Carcina quercana

The labial palps are moderately long, slender and curved upwards. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002a) European species: Palm (1989); Tokár et al. (2005)

Oak Longhorn Plate 16 Carcina quercana (Fabr.) 31.001 Common. More local in Scotland. FL 8–10mm. Forewing variable in colour, ranging from cream to orangey brown or blackish pink, with an indistinct dark crossband at one-quarter, a narrow yellow blotch on the costa near the base, and another, usually quadrate, at about three-fifths; there are two dark spots, sometimes obscure, at about one-third and two-thirds; the cilia are yellow and the termen is narrowly edged darker. FS Mainly July–August, but has been recorded in May–early December, indicating at least a partial second generation. Readily disturbed by day from trees and shrubs, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Mainly Beech, oaks; also apples, Bramble, roses, Sweet Chestnut, Sycamore. LS September–June. Under a flat silken web on the underside of a leaf.

u

Oak Longhorn Carcina quercana larva.

175

Depressariidae

T

here are 51 species in this family. At rest the body is held horizontally, and the wings

are almost flat over the body and overlapping. The forewing length is 6–14mm. In most species the forewing is elongate and broad; only a few species have a distinct tornal angle, and most have a rounded apex. The hindwing is as broad as the

Hemlock Moth Agonopterix alstromeriana

Parsnip Moth Depressaria radiella

forewing, with dorsal cilia of moderate length. The head is smooth, in some species with forward-projecting scales on the face, rough scales on the crown, or slight tufts on the neck. The thread-like antennae are about two-thirds the length of the forewing, and are directed backwards. The labial palps are usually slender and curved up over the top of the head. The ground colours of these species are mostly shades of white, yellow, grey or brown, with darker markings of dots, dashes or streaks along veins. Some dark examples have contrasting pale markings. The rare Milkwort Beauty Hypercallia citrinalis is a colourful exception. Treatment of the Depressariidae in this guide is partial, with just over half the species described here. Some Agonopterix species and many Depressaria species can be difficult to determine; several species overwinter as adults, and trap-caught examples in spring are often too worn to identify without genitalia examination. The species covered include regular visitors to light traps, such as Common Brindled Brown A. heracliana and Parsnip Moth D. radiella, along with several more local and a few rarer species. Two species of the Depressariidae are considered extinct, and H. citrinalis was rediscovered in 2019 in Britain having formerly been treated as extinct. The larvae of many Depressaria and Agonopterix species feed within slight tubular spinnings among leaves, flowers or seeds on plants belonging to the Apiaceae, Asteraceae or Fabaceae, whereas Semioscopis and some Agonopterix species feed on deciduous trees and shrubs. They usually rest motionless in the spinning, but when disturbed eject themselves remarkably rapidly and fall to the ground. Larvae of A. heracliana can be found abundantly in spring on the leaves of Cow Parsley and Hogweed, and similarly Water-dropwort Brown D. daucella can be found among the flowers of various Water-dropworts. Treble-spot Telechrysis tripuncta is probably associated with dead or decaying wood. Adults mostly fly at dusk and into the night. Several Agonopterix and Depressaria species can be recorded at light traps on mild winter nights. A few species can be disturbed from the resting sites where they overwinter, such as sheds, hay bales or squirrel drays. Black-marked Diviner Semioscopis steinkellneriana and H. citrinalis can be found flying at dawn. Several species seem to be seen rarely as adults and are more readily found by looking for larval spinnings in suitable habitats on specific foodplants – for example, Carline Buff A. nanatella on Carline Thistle in coastal calcareous grasslands, and Greenweed Buff A. atomella on Dyer’s Greenweed in unimproved grasslands. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002a) European species: Palm (1989); Tokár et al. (2005)

176 Depressariidae

Early Diviner

Plate 16 Semioscopis avellanella (Hübn.) 32.001 Local. Rare in Ireland. FL 10–13mm. Forewing pale grey, lightly speckled blackish, with a longitudinal black streak from the base to one-quarter then bending towards the costa, almost reaching one-half, a black chevron at two-thirds and a series of black spots along the termen. Similar species S. steinkellneriana has a broader, slightly darker forewing, with the black streak from one-fifth to about one-half, not starting from the base. FS March–mid-May. Can be found at rest on tree trunks, and comes to light. Hab Woodland containing mature birches or Small-leaved Lime. Fp Birches, Smallleaved Lime, occasionally Hornbeam. LS May–September. In a long narrow tube along the leaf edge, turning the leaf edge downwards.

Black-marked Diviner Semioscopis steinkellneriana ([D. & S.])

Plate 16 32.002

Local. Very local in Scotland. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2010. FL 9–11mm. Forewing grey, sometimes tinged brownish, lightly speckled black, with a broad curved black streak from one-fifth to about one-half, another streak at two-thirds, this resembling an inverted ‘L’, and with black spots along the termen. Similar species S. avellanella. FS Late March–May. Flies at dawn, and comes to light. Hab Old hedgerows, dense scrub, woodland. Fp Blackthorn, Rowan, occasionally hawthorns. LS July–September. Within a leaf folded downwards, forming a tube.

Tufted Blackthorn Moth Luquetia lobella ([D. & S.])

Plate 16 32.003

Local in southern England. FL 8–10mm. Forewing greyish, tinged brownish when freshly emerged, and mottled darker grey, with a series of three small raised tufts of black scales just before one-third and two more at just after one-half; these tufts can become rubbed off with age. FS May–early July. Occasionally disturbed from hedgerows by day, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, woodland edges, scrubby situations. Fp Blackthorn, preferring the lower leaves and low-growing suckers. LS August–September. Under a white silk web on the underside of a leaf, drawing the leaf downwards.

Shrouded Grey

Plate 16 Exaeretia allisella Staint. 32.006 Very local but probably overlooked. Found mainly in northern England and southern Scotland, and very scarce in the north of Scotland. Seemingly rare in Ireland. FL 10–11.5mm. Forewing pale grey, speckled with darker scaling and an oblique creamy line at the base, the outer part of the wing from one-quarter on the costa obliquely to near the tornus variably darker greyish brown. FS July–August. Can be found on or near the foodplant after dark, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Grassland, waste ground; also coastal sites. Fp Mugwort. LS October–May. In the root and stem, mining a new shoot in spring, which causes the stem to wilt. Frass can sometimes be seen around young crowns.

Red-eyed Buff Plate 17 Agonopterix ocellana (Fabr.) 32.007 Common. FL 9–11mm. Forewing pale sandy brown, variably speckled darker, with a pair of black or greyish-brown dots at one-third, often joined and mixed with red, a greyishbrown blotch at one-half bordered below by a short red streak, a white dot edged with red at three-fifths, and a row of greyish-brown dots along the termen. FS Can be found in any month, and overwinters as an adult. In a single generation. Comes to light. Hab A wide range, including fens, marshes, scrub, woodland. Fp Creeping, Goat, Purple and White willows, also Osier. LS June–July. Among spun leaves or in a rolled leaf.

Depressariidae 177

Purple-shaded Brown Plate 17 Agonopterix liturosa (Haw.) 32.008 Local. Very local in Ireland, very scarce in northern Scotland. FL 8–10mm. Thorax creamy brown, contrasting with dark purplish-brown tegulae. Forewing dark purplish brown to reddish brown, shaded black in the basal third and broadly along the costa to threequarters, this variably speckled whitish, with a curved black mark at one-third and a smaller, sometimes rudimentary, black mark at just after one-half, the termen bordered by a black line. Similar species A. conterminella (not illustrated), FL 8.5–9.5mm, a common species on willows, is more brownish, and the thorax and tegulae are pale or dark, but do not contrast with each other. FS June–early September. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Grasslands, scrub, waste ground, open woodland. Fp St John’s-worts. LS May–June. In spun shoots.

Least Brown

Plate 17 Agonopterix purpurea (Haw.) 32.009 Local. Scarce in the north. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2007. FL 6–7mm. A small, dark species. Forewing dark purplish brown, variably speckled blackish towards the termen, broadly speckled whitish and blackish along the costa, more distinctly whitish at the base to the dorsum, with a blackish blotch on the costa at one-half, and with a small white dot, narrowly edged with black, just below the blotch. FS In a single generation. Can be found in any month, and overwinters as an adult. Has been found flying in afternoon sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Calcareous, coastal and neutral grasslands, vegetated shingle, open woodland. Fp Wild Carrot, Rough Chervil, Upright Hedge-parsley, Cow Parsley. LS June–early August. In a slight tube in the leaves.

Blackneck Buff Plate 17 (2) Agonopterix subpropinquella (Staint.) 32.015 Common in the south, scarce in the north. More coastal in Scotland and Ireland. FL 8–11mm. Head and thorax pale brown, dark brown or black. Forewing pale brown, sometimes with a reddish tinge, variably speckled darker, with a pair of blackish dots at one-third and an obscure greyish-brown blotch at one-half. Similar species A. scopariella (not illustrated), FL 9–10.5mm, has two or three white dots centrally. A. propinquella (not illustrated), a slightly smaller species (FL 8–9.5mm), has a more arched costa and rounded apex, and a pale greyish or brownish ground colour with a dark-edged, creamy-brown patch at the base, extending a little way along the costa. A. scopariella is local in England and Wales, widespread in Scotland, and the larva feeds on Broom and Tree Lupin. A propinquella is scarce in the south, widespread in the north as far as southern Scotland, regularly comes to light, and the larva feeds on Creeping and Spear thistles. FS In a single generation. Can be found in any month, and overwinters as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, grasslands, hedgerows, waste ground, vegetated shingle, open woodland. Fp Greater Burdock, Common and Greater knapweeds, Saw-wort, Spear Thistle, also Globe Artichoke, Cardoon. LS June–July. In a slight tube in the leaves, and on thistles the larva feeds under a web on the underside of a leaf.

Brindled Buff Agonopterix arenella ([D. & S.])

Plate 17 32.017

Common. FL 9–11mm. Forewing pale sandy brown, variably shaded reddish brown and finely speckled blackish, with a pair of oblique black dots at one-third, another at just after one-half, a dark greyish blotch between these dots, several dark greyish marks along the costa, and a series of blackish dots along the termen. FS In a single generation. Can be found in any month, and overwinters as an adult. Comes to light. Hab A wide range, including gardens, grasslands, waste ground. Fp Burdocks, knapweeds, Saw-wort,

178 Depressariidae thistles. LS Late May–August. Under a web on the underside of a leaf. On knapweeds and Saw-wort in a leaf rolled downwards.

Common Brindled Brown Plate 17 (3) Agonopterix heracliana (Linn.) 32.018 Common. FL 8–11mm. Forewing pale greyish brown to greyish brown, variably speckled darker, sometimes tinged reddish, the base paler, with a pair of blackish dots at one-third, the lower dot partly edged with white, a white dot just before one-half and another just after one-half, both circled darker, sometimes with an obscure dark greyish blotch above, with an obscure pale u Common Brindled Brown Agonopterix heracliana angled crossband at threelarval spinning on Cow Parsley. quarters, and a series of dark brown dots along the rounded termen. Hindwing with one distinct and up to four faint ciliary lines. Similar species A. ciliella (hindwing, Plate 17), a common species, is larger (FL 9.5–12mm), with about five distinct dark lines in the hindwing cilia, and the cilia are also pink-tinged; the underside of the moth is often strongly tinged with pink. Darker examples of A. scopariella have a straight costa with the apical half of the termen nearly perpendicular. FS In a single generation. Can be found in any month, and overwinters as an adult. Feeds at night at Ivy blossom and on over-ripe blackberries. Readily comes to house and moth-trap lights. Hab Found in most habitats, although not montane. Fp Rough Chervil, Hogweed, Cow Parsley, other umbellifers (Apiaceae). LS May–August. Larva is green with a yellowish or orangey head tinged green. In a slight tube in the leaves, or sometimes in the flowers. Larval workings can be abundant. Similar larva A. ciliella has a black or brown head mottled with black.

Ashen Buff

Plate 17 Agonopterix rotundella (Dougl.) 32.023 Local. Primarily coastal. Rare in Ireland. FL 7–8mm. Forewing creamy, tinged brownish, sometimes greyish towards the termen, variably lightly speckled with darker scales, with a black dot at one-third, another at three-fifths, and a series of dark dots bordering the termen. FS In a single generation. Can be found in any month, and overwinters as an adult. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Coastal cliffs, calcareous grassland. Fp Wild Carrot. LS June–early August. In a slight tube in the leaves, and sometimes also in the flowers.

Speckled Broom Buff Plate 17 Agonopterix assimilella (Treits.) 32.024 Common. Local in the north-west and Ireland. FL 8–10mm. Forewing creamy whitish, variably mottled yellowish brown or brownish and speckled with tiny black marks, with a pair of black dots at two-fifths, although one is sometimes indistinct, a rusty-brown elongate mark at about one-half, this sometimes partly obscure, merging into a greyishbrown blotch of variable intensity, and with a row of brownish dots along the termen. FS April–September. Occasionally comes to light. Hab A wide range, including heathland, hedgerows, scrub, waste ground. Fp Broom. LS October–May. Larva has mixed black and brown head and prothoracic plate, and black pinacula. Overwinters in a short mine, feeding between spun green stems in early spring.

Depressariidae 179

Carline Buff

Plate 17 Agonopterix nanatella (Staint.) 32.025 Very local. Only historically recorded in Ireland. FL 7–9mm. Forewing creamy whitish, lightly mottled greyish brown, with a black dot at about two-fifths and another, sometimes slightly obscure, at three-fifths, usually with an obscure greyish blotch above and between the two, and with the termen rounded. Hindwing greyish. Similar species A. carduella (not illustrated), FL 7–8.5mm, a very local, mainly coastal species, has u Carline Buff Agonopterix nanatella larval feeding signs. a sandy whitish forewing, speckled with black and sometimes tinged orangey or pinkish, with a pair of black dots obliquely aligned at two-fifths, and a whitish hindwing. A. kuznetzovi (not illustrated), FL 7.5–10mm, a rare species on Saw-wort known only from south-west England, is usually larger and has a sandy whitish forewing with a pair of black dots obliquely aligned at two-fifths, and a pale greyish hindwing. FS July–October. Rarely seen as an adult, but occasionally comes to light. More readily found in the larval stage. Hab Calcareous grasslands. Fp Carline Thistle. LS April–June. Mines the leaves of rosette plants, and then rolls a leaf into a tube when larger. Often there are several larvae on a single plant.

Knapweed Buff

Plate 17 Agonopterix kaekeritziana (Linn.) 32.026 Common. FL 9.5–12.5mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown, suffused with pale orangeybrown shading, with a black dot at one-third and at two-thirds, and towards the tornus is a greyish or orangey-brown patch, sometimes indistinct or absent. Similar species A. bipunctosa (not illustrated), FL 9–11mm, a scarce species on Saw-wort in England and Wales, is lightly speckled dark brown along the veins, with the costa edged with black at the base, and has no orangey-brown suffusion. A. pallorella is streaked dark brown along the veins and in a long mark below the dorsum, and has no orangeybrown suffusion. FS July–September. Can be found at night on flowers, and seldom comes to light. Hab Grasslands. Fp Common and Greater knapweeds. LS May–June. Initially in a spun shoot and then in a rolled leaf.

Black-streaked Buff

Plate 17 Agonopterix pallorella (Zell.) 32.028 Very local. Now confined to the south, south Wales and western Ireland, formerly with a few scattered records further north. FL 9–11mm. Forewing pale sandy brown, veins streaked darker, with a black dot near the base, at one-third and at two-thirds, and with a strong dark brown streak below these dots from one-fifth to about three-quarters, and a row of black dots along the termen. Similar species A. kaekeritziana, A. bipunctosa (not illustrated). FS July–May. Overwinters as an adult. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Calcareous grassland, especially near the coast. Fp Greater Knapweed, occasionally Common Knapweed, Saw-wort. LS June–August. In a rolled leaf.

180 Depressariidae

Gorse Buff

Plate 17 Agonopterix umbellana (Fabr.) 32.029 Local. Perhaps more frequent in coastal localities. FL 9–12mm. Forewing pale sandy brown, dorsum and veins variably lined brownish, with a series of blackish dots along the termen. FS August–May. Overwinters as an adult. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Coastal cliffs, heathland, sand dunes, scrub, waste ground. Fp Gorse, Hairy Greenweed. LS May–July. In spun shoots.

Burnt-tip Buff Plate 17 Agonopterix nervosa (Haw.) 32.030 Common. FL 8–10mm. Forewing pale sandy brown, lightly speckled blackish and variably mottled reddish brown or greyish brown except at the base, the veins often streaked with these colours, with a black dot, sometimes two, at one-third followed at one-half by a greyish blotch of variable intensity, below which is a short red streak, and a white dot edged with red beyond one-half, the latter sometimes slightly obscure. Similar species The slightly pointed apex and brownish termen distinguish this micro-moth from other Agonopterix species. FS June–September, and has been found in January. Comes to light. Hab A wide range, including heathland, hedgerows, scrub, waste ground, woodland. Fp Broom, gorses, Dyer’s Greenweed, Tree Lupin, Petty Whin. LS May–June. In spun shoots or withered flowerheads.

Hemlock Moth Plate 17 Agonopterix alstromeriana (Clerck) 32.031 Common. More local from north-west England northwards and in Ireland. FL 8–10mm. Head and thorax white, sometimes tinged pale brownish. Forewing white, variably mottled greyish, with a pair of black spots at one-third, a blackish blotch on the costa at one-half, bordered below by a short thick rusty-red streak, and with a row of black dots along the termen. FS In a single generation. Can be found in any month, and overwinters as an adult. Comes to light. Hab A wide range, including rough grasslands, hedgerows, field margins, marshes, riverbanks, waste ground, woodland. Fp Hemlock. LS May–early July. In a slight tube in the leaves, and sometimes also in the flowers.

Angelica Brown

Plate 17 Agonopterix angelicella (Hübn.) 32.032 Local. Seemingly more local in Ireland. FL 7.5–9.5mm. Head and thorax creamy white tinged brownish or brownish yellow, the pale colour extending on to the base of the forewing. Forewing sandy brown suffused orangey or orangey brown, variably speckled with darker scales, a pair of black dots obliquely aligned at one-third, a more diffuse blackish dot at about one-half, and a series of dark dots bordering the termen. The costa is often tinged pinkish. Similar species A. astrantiae (not illustrated), a very local species on Sanicle, is larger

Angelica Brown Agonopterix angelicella larval feeding signs.

u

Depressariidae 181 (FL 9.5–11mm) and usually has one or two white discal dots. FS July–September. Comes to light. Hab Fens, marshes, wet meadows, riverbanks, damp woodland rides. Fp Wild Angelica, occasionally Hogweed or Milk-parsley. LS May–early July. In large untidy bunches of spun shoots and leaves, often feeding gregariously.

Coastal Buff Plate 17 Agonopterix yeatiana (Fabr.) 32.035 Local. More frequent near the coast, especially in northern England, Scotland and Ireland. FL 9–11mm. Forewing pale sandy brown to light greyish brown, lightly speckled black, the base paler and edged blackish towards the dorsum, with a pair of black dots at one-third and a white dot, edged darker, at three-fifths, between these an obscure greyish blotch, the termen with a row of black dots. FS In a single generation. Can be found in any month, and overwinters as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Ditches, coastal and inland grasslands, marshes, scrub, woodland. Fp Umbellifers (Apiaceae), including Wild Carrot, Wild Celery, Rough Chervil, Hemlock, Milk-parsley, Pepper-saxifrage, water-dropworts. LS June–July. In a shoot or a slight tube in terminal leaves, and sometimes also in the flowers.

Parsnip Moth

Plate 18 Depressaria radiella (Goeze) 32.036 Common. FL 12–14mm. Thorax and tegulae the same colour as forewing, sometimes paler. Forewing pale greyish brown, speckled sandy brown and greyish brown, shaded darker at the base, with many short blackish streaks mostly from one-half, a paler crossband at three-quarters angled at 80–100°, and a series of distinct blackish dots along the termen. Similar species D. daucella is usually smaller, the thorax and tegulae are the same colour as the forewing, with no conspicuous blackish dots along the termen, and if visible, the paler crossband at three-quarters is angled more acutely. D. ultimella is much smaller, with thorax and tegulae usually markedly paler than the forewing, and an often distinct creamy-white longitudinal streak in the central area. FS Late July–early June. Overwinters as an adult. Occasionally disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Grasslands, field margins, scrub, waste ground, woodland rides. Fp Hogweed, Wild Parsnip. On the Channel Islands reported on Fool’s-water-cress. LS June–August. In a silk tube in the flowers and seeds, sometimes feeding gregariously. Pupates in the stem, a hole indicating its presence within.

u

Parsnip Moth Depressaria radiella larva.

Parsnip Moth Depressaria radiella pupal exit hole in dead Hogweed stem.

u

182 Depressariidae

Water-dropwort Brown Depressaria daucella ([D. & S.])

Plate 18 32.039

Common. FL 10.5–12mm. Thorax and tegulae the same colour as forewing, or slightly paler. Forewing brown, reddish brown or greyish brown, with a small often obscure black mark at the base, numerous short black streaks, and a faint paler brown crossband at three-quarters angled at 40–60°; the black streaks may be faint or absent, sometimes there are scattered whitish scales and a whitish central streak, and any dark terminal dots are not prominent. Similar species D. radiella, D. ultimella. FS Late July–May. Overwinters as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Ditches, fens, u Water-dropwort Brown Depressaria daucella larva and marshes, wet meadows, spinning on Hemlock Water-dropwort. moorland, margins of watercourses, waste ground, wet woodland. Fp Mainly water-dropworts, also Whorled Caraway, Stone Parsley. LS Late May–July. In a silk spinning in the flowers and seeds, the larva pupating in the stem. On Tubular Water-dropwort the larva may feed in the stem until the final instar, and then pupate in litter on the ground.

Marsh Brown

Plate 18 Depressaria ultimella Staint. 32.040 Local. Seemingly very local in south and east Ireland. FL 8–10.5mm. Thorax and tegulae pale brownish, sometimes whitish posteriorly. Forewing reddish brown, brown or greyish brown, and shaded blackish at the base, with many blackish streaks, a creamy white streak speckled darker about the middle and a series of blackish dots along the termen; if a crossband at three-quarters is discernible, it is angled at 40–60°. Similar species D. radiella, D. daucella. FS August–May. Overwinters as an adult. Comes to light. Has been reported flying in late spring in warm weather in the late afternoon. Hab Ditches, fens, marshes, wet meadows, riverbanks, streamsides. Fp Fool’s-water-cress, sometimes Fine-leaved and Hemlock water-dropworts, Greater Water-parsnip. LS June–August. Initially in the flowers, then moving into the stem, eating a hole in the stem prior to pupation, and capping it with silk and frass.

Pignut Brown Plate 18 Depressaria pulcherrimella Staint. 32.042 Local. FL 8–10mm. Head and thorax creamy brown. Forewing pale pinkish brown, with a scattering of greyish-brown and blackish scales, an oblique black mark at one-third with a cream mark beyond, two short black streaks before one-half, a creamy dot at about two-thirds with an obscure pale crossband beyond at a right angle around this dot, and a row of black spots along the termen. Similar species D. douglasella has a slightly broader, more greyish-brown and mottled forewing, and the rather obscure pale crossband is obtusely angled. FS June–September. Flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Grasslands with dense growth of the foodplants. Fp Mainly Pignut,

Depressariidae 183 less often Burnet-saxifrage, Moon and Wild carrots, Spignel. LS Late May–June. In the flowers and developing seeds, distorting the umbel. In spun leaves on Wild Carrot and Burnet-saxifrage.

Carrot Brown

Plate 18 Depressaria douglasella Staint. 32.044 Local. Perhaps more frequent in coastal localities. Very local or scarce in northern England and in Wales, and rare in Ireland. FL 8–10mm. Head and thorax predominantly whitish, sometimes tinted pale sandy brown. Forewing greyish brown, variably mottled greyish white, brown and black, with an obscure oblique blackish ‘V’-shaped mark at about one-third, an obscure greyish-white dot at two-thirds, and an obscure pale crossband beyond, obtusely angled around this dot. Similar species D. pulcherrimella. FS July–September. Comes to light. Hab Grassland, rough ground, chalk quarries. Fp Wild Carrot, Wild Parsnip, occasionally Upright Hedge-parsley. LS Late May–June. In a tube in the leaves.

Treble-spot Plate 18 Telechrysis tripuncta (Haw.) 32.050 Local. Scarce in northern England. Found as new to Ireland in 2014. FL 5.5–7mm. Forewing dark greyish brown, with two pale cream spots on the costa and one above the dorsum near the tornus. FS Late May–early July. Flies at dawn and at dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Usually seen only in small numbers. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, woodland, usually at low elevations, but has been recorded from a hawthorn hedge at 300m. Fp Has been bred from a rotten stump of Hazel. LS Unknown.

Milkwort Beauty Plate 18 Hypercallia citrinalis (Scop.) 32.051 Rare. Rediscovered in Kent in 2019; the previous record was in 1979. In Ireland found in the Burren, County Clare, and recorded as new to Northern Ireland in 2021. FL 6–9mm. Forewing bright yellow, patterned with red markings. FS Mid-June–July. Flies at dawn and at dusk, has been seen at other times of day, and comes to light. Hab Short-turf calcareous grassland, limestone pavement, possibly also grassy woodland rides. Fp Common Milkwort, Chalk Milkwort. LS May–early June. In an inconspicuous spinning among flower buds and leaves. Species not covered Scarce Highlander Levipalpus hepatariella (L. & Z.) 32.004 R/S

Twin-spot Buff A. bipunctosa (Curtis) 32.027 EWC

Caledonian Grey Exaeretia ciniflonella (L. & Z.) 32.005 R/S

Sea-holly Brown A. cnicella (Treits.) 32.034 EC

Willow Brown Agonopterix conterminella (Zell.) 32.010 ESWI

Pimpinel Brown Depressaria pimpinellae Zell. 32.037 E

Broom Buff A. scopariella (Hein.) 32.011 ESWIC

Highland Yarrow Brown D. silesiaca Hein. 32.041 R/S

Greenweed Buff A. atomella ([D. & S.]) 32.012 EWC Thistle Buff A. carduella (Hübn.) 32.013 ESWC Cornish Buff A. kuznetzovi Lvovsky 32.014 R/E Black-spot Buff A. propinquella (Treits.) 32.016 ESWI Banded Brindled Brown A. ciliella (Staint.) 32.019 ESWIC Powdered Buff A. curvipunctosa (Haw.) 32.020 R/EC Estuarine Buff A. putridella ([D. & S.]) 32.021 R/E Small Burnet Brown A. capreolella (Zell.) 32.022 R/EWI

Sanicle Brown A. astrantiae (Hein.) 32.033 R/EWI

Varied Brown D. badiella (Hübn.) 32.038 ESWIC Chervil Brown D. sordidatella Tengst. 32.043 ESW White-spot Brown D. albipunctella ([D. & S.]) 32.045 EW Yarrow Brown D. olerella Zell. 32.046 R/ES Tabby Brown D. chaerophylli Zell. 32.047 EW White-headed Brown D. depressana (Fabr.) 32.048 † E Oxford Brown D. discipunctella Herr.-Schäff. 32.049 † EW

184

Ethmiidae

T

here are six species in this family. The wings are held in a moderate to steep roof-like position. The forewing length varies

considerably, in the range 7–13mm, and the wings are typically distinctively patterned black and white, although Mountain Ermine

Gromwell Ermine Ethmia dodecea

Ethmia pyrausta is uniformly greyish black with black spots. The hindwings are slightly broader than the forewings. The head is smooth, and the thread-like antennae are about two-thirds the length of the forewing. The labial palps are curved upwards. In a few species the legs and abdomen can be yellowish. Four species are localised or very localised, although they are known to disperse and do appear at some distance from breeding sites. E. pyrausta is not known to wander. Striped Ermine Ethmia pusiella, if it was ever found in Britain, is now considered extinct. Ethmia larvae are typically brightly coloured, feed externally and are mainly associated with the borage family (Boraginaceae). Two species, Scarce Bugloss Ermine E. terminella and Bugloss Ermine E. bipunctella, are associated with Viper’s-bugloss, with Dungeness in Kent being a favoured site for both. E. pyrausta is a montane species that is almost certainly overlooked. Adults fly at dusk and into the night, although adults of E. pyrausta can be found by day. Adults of E. terminella and E. bipunctella can occasionally be found at rest by day on the foodplant, wooden fence posts or telegraph poles. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002a) European species: Palm (1989)

Gromwell Ermine Plate 18 Ethmia dodecea (Haw.) 33.001 Local. An occasional immigrant or wanderer. In Wales recorded only from Monmouthshire. FL 8–10mm. Forewing whitish with about ten blackish dots of variable size. FS May– August. Comes to light. Hab Wooded fenland, coastal grassland, scrub, woodland rides. Fp Common Gromwell. LS August–October. Often feeds gregariously within slight webs, the larvae sometimes stripping the plant of its leaves.

Comfrey Ermine

Plate 18 Ethmia quadrillella (Goeze) 33.002 Very local. Predominantly eastern. Possibly an occasional immigrant or wanderer. FL 7–9mm. Forewing patterned black and white, the apex black, with another strong black blotch from the costa to the mid-wing, and two smaller black dots towards the base. FS May–August. Has been found flying by day, but most often comes to light. Hab Fenland, gardens, riverbanks, wetlands, waste ground, damp open woodland. Fp Common and Tuberous comfreys, Common Gromwell, lungworts, also on Wood Forget-me-not. LS August–October. Makes a slight web on the underside of a leaf, often resting some distance from feeding signs.

Scarce Bugloss Ermine

Plate 18 Ethmia terminella Fletch. 33.004 Rare. Resident in East Sussex, Kent and probably Suffolk; likely to be an immigrant or wanderer elsewhere. FL 8–10mm. Forewing whitish, the costa and dorsum greyish, with two rows of three small black dots and a series of black dots along the termen. Similar species Could be mistaken for a small Yponomeuta species (Yponomeutidae), but readily separated by the series of dots along the termen. FS Late May– mid-July. Has been found on the foodplant, fence posts and telegraph poles by day, and

Ethmiidae 185 comes to light. Hab Vegetated shingle, also coastal chalk downland and recorded from a sand dune. Fp Viper’s-bugloss. LS Late July–September. In a silken gallery on the flowers and unripe seeds.

Mountain Ermine Plate 18 Ethmia pyrausta (Pall.) 33.005 Rare. Known from a single example in the nineteenth century until it was rediscovered in 1996. Probably overlooked. FL 7.5–10.5mm. Forewing greyish black with black spots at about one-quarter, one-half and three-quarters. Abdomen with a yellowish tip. Has been found in a water trap and caught in a spider’s web. FS Probably varies from year to year. Late April–June. Rather sedentary. Hab Mountains, recorded from 330m to c. 1,000m. Adults and larvae have been found in a wet grassy flush at c. 350m. Fp Alpine Meadow-rue. LS June–August. On the leaves, sometimes under a slight web.

Bugloss Ermine Plate 18 Ethmia bipunctella (Fabr.) 33.006 Rare. Resident in East Sussex, Kent and as far north as Suffolk, where it is now well established, possibly also West Sussex. An occasional immigrant or wanderer inland. FL 9–13mm. Forewing blackish brown in costal half and white dorsally with an irregular margin between a series of black dots along the termen. Abdomen orange-yellow. FS Mid-April–early October, probably in two generations. Can be found by day at rest on the foodplant, fence posts and telegraph poles, and comes to light. Hab Vegetated shingle, also coastal chalk cliffs. Fp Viper’s-bugloss. LS June–July, September. On the flowers and leaves under a slight web.

Gromwell Ermine Ethmia dodecea larva.

c

Comfrey Ermine Ethmia quadrillella larva and feeding signs.

r

Scarce Bugloss Ermine Ethmia terminella larva.

c

Species not covered Striped Ermine Ethmia pusiella (Linn.) 33.003 † E

u

Mountain Ermine Ethmia pyrausta larva.

c

Bugloss Ermine Ethmia bipunctella larva.

186

Cosmopterigidae

T

here are 14 species in this family. The adult resting position is variable between genera, being

slightly declining in Cosmopterix species and almost horizontal in Limnaecia, Pancalia and Sorhagenia species, whereas in Pyroderces species it can be either declining or inclining. Most species rest with the wings

Violet Beauty Pancalia leuwenhoekella

Bulrush Down Moth Limnaecia phragmitella

held steeply roof-like and slightly rolled around the abdomen, although Limnaecia, Pancalia and Sorhagenia species hold their wings in a moderately shallow rooflike position. The forewing length is 3.5–11mm. The forewings are elongate or very elongate and sometimes very narrow, the membrane without an obvious tornal angle, although the long cilia at the tornus produce

Canary-grass Beauty Cosmopterix orichalcea

a noticeable angle between the dorsum and termen. The forewings are smooth or have scale tufts, and sometimes the crossbands may be metallic. The hindwings are usually very narrow. The head is smooth. The antennae are thread-like, three-quarters to four-fifths the length of the forewing. The labial palps are long, thin and sharply curved upwards. The species in this family are attractive, if small, micro-moths. Pellitory Beauty Cosmopterix pulchrimella has been added to the British list since the turn of the millennium. The distinctive Guernsey Beauty Pyroderces argyrogrammos, a southern European species, is known from a single example found in a light trap on Guernsey, in the Channel Islands, in May 2002. Two species, Manchester Moth Euclemensia woodiella and Scarce Vetch Beauty Cosmopterix schmidiella, are now considered to be extinct. Coverage of this family in this guide is partial. The three Sorhagenia species are all small brownish or greyish moths with three bands of prominent scale tufts. Unless reared from the early stages they are very difficult to separate reliably based on external characters, and require genitalia examination to confirm their identity. They are all associated with buckthorns. Although superficially very similar, Cosmopterix species are usually readily identifiable. Both Pancalia species need particular care to distinguish them, with Violet Beauty P. leuwenhoekella being the more widespread of the two. The larvae of Cosmopterix species are leaf-miners, and are much easier to find in this stage than as adults. The larva may vacate the mine during feeding to create a new mine on the same or another leaf, and typically much of the frass is ejected from the mine. Where the moth occurs the mines of C. pulchrimella can be found in abundance in winter. The larvae of Sorhagenia species feed in young twigs, buds and spun terminal leaves from late spring to early summer. Evidence of the presence of larvae of Bulrush Down Moth Limnaecia phragmitella can be spotted in spring from the large amounts of down hanging out of the previous year’s flower spikes of bulrushes; the down and seeds in uninfested flower spikes disperse much earlier in the year. Adults of some species fly by day in sunshine – for example, Pancalia species, which fly low among their foodplants; others are nocturnal, and occasionally come to light. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002a) European species: Koster & Sinev (2003)

Cosmopterigidae 187

Violet Beauty Plate 18 Pancalia leuwenhoekella (Linn.) 34.001 Local. FL 4.5–5.5mm. Antenna in both sexes is thread-like, with a white section below the tip. Forewing orange-brown, variably edged with blackish brown; a raised silver crossband at one-fifth, not reaching the dorsum and sometimes interrupted in the middle, two costal and two dorsal raised silver spots beyond, and a silver mark along the termen; the silver spot at the tornus is perpendicular to the dorsum. Similar species P. schwarzella is typically larger, with the silver spot at the tornus oblique; the antenna in the male is unicolorous, and in the female the shaft thickens towards the middle below a white section. Genitalia examination may be necessary to confirm the identity of the species. FS Late April–June, and noted in July–early August. Flies in sunshine. Hab Calcareous grassland, railway embankments, woodland clearings. Fp Dog-violets, Hairy Violet. LS June–August. Mines a petiole and then feeds in the rootstock, the larva living in a silken gallery.

Scarce Violet Beauty

Plate 18 Pancalia schwarzella (Fabr.) 34.002 Rare. Distribution poorly understood due to confusion with P. leuwenhoekella. Rare in the south, possibly more widespread in Scotland. FL 5–7mm. Antenna in the male is unicolorous, and in the female it thickens towards the middle below a white section. Forewing with the silver spot at the tornus oblique. Similar species P. leuwenhoekella. FS March–July, possibly in two generations in southern England, and may start flying earlier than P. leuwenhoekella. Flies in sunshine, visiting yellow flowers such as dandelions, hawkweeds and bird’s-foot-trefoils. Hab Grasslands, sand dunes. Fp Common and Heath dog-violets, Hairy and probably Marsh violets, sometimes Wild Pansy (on dunes). LS June–August. On the basal leaves, the larva forming a silken tube below in soil or among mosses.

Bulrush Down Moth Plate 19 Limnaecia phragmitella Staint. 34.004 Common. More local in the north. FL 8–11mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown, with an indistinct brownish line from about one-third to just beyond two-thirds, this encompassing a white-edged darker spot at nearly one-half and another at about two-thirds. FS Late June–September. Comes to light. Hab Lake and river margins, freshwater ponds, ditches. Occasionally wanders from breeding sites. Fp Bulrush, Lesser Bulrush. LS September– May. In the seeds among the flowering spike, the larval silk preventing seeds and down from dispersing. Also found in the stems. Larvae are often gregarious and can be abundant.

Bulrush Down Moth Limnaecia phragmitella larva in bulrush head.

u

r Bulrush Down Moth Limnaecia phragmitella infested bulrush heads.

188 Cosmopterigidae Note on Cosmopterix adults Cosmopterix species are superficially similar, apart from C. lienigiella. C. orichalcea has a large brassy basal patch on the forewing. C. scribaiella has white streaks in the basal area, the orange crossband extended towards the apex, and has an unbroken apical line. C. pulchrimella is typically the smallest species, with white streaks in the basal area and the apical line broken into two short dashes. C. schmidiella (not illustrated), extinct in Britain, is most like C. zieglerella, but has an uninterrupted apical line, and the antenna has a broader white ring below the tip.

Hop Beauty

Plate 19 Cosmopterix zieglerella (Hübn.) 34.005 Very local. FL 4–5mm. Forewing shining dark brown, with a metallic golden crossband near the base and an orange crossband just beyond one-half, this bordered each side by a raised metallic pale golden crossband, with a silver spot towards the apex and a shining white spot extending into the cilia. Similar species See note on Cosmopterix adults. FS Late May–July. Can be disturbed by day from the foodplant, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, open woodland. Fp Hop. LS July–May. In autumn in a whitish upper-side blotch mine with branches along leaf veins.

Canary-grass Beauty

Plate 19 Cosmopterix orichalcea Staint. 34.007 Very local. Although the most widespread species in the group, it is infrequently encountered. FL 4–5mm. Similar species See note on Cosmopterix adults. FS Late May–August. Can be swept from the foodplant by day, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Fens, ditches, streamsides, damp woodland rides. Fp Reed Canary-grass, Tall Fescue, Holy-grass, millets, Common Reed, Sweet Vernal-grass. LS August–May. In a long narrow white mine in a leaf, sometimes with several larvae in a single leaf.

Reed Beauty Plate 19 Cosmopterix scribaiella Zell. 34.008 Very local. First discovered in Britain in 1996, and slowly spreading. FL 5–5.5mm. Similar species See note on Cosmopterix adults. FS June–October. Can be swept from the foodplant, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, ditches, ponds, reedbeds, river margins, carr woodland, where the foodplant grows in drier situations. Fp Common Reed. LS August–April. Mines the leaf. The larva is mobile in the mine at night, and usually hides by day in a silk retreat near the base. Mines can be abundant, often with multiple mines in a single leaf.

Pellitory Beauty Plate 19 Cosmopterix pulchrimella Chambers 34.009 Very local. First discovered in Britain in 2001, spreading and has been found as far north as Cambridge and Norfolk. Predominantly coastal, although increasingly found inland. FL 3.5–4mm. Similar species See note on Cosmopterix adults. FS May–November, possibly in two generations. Can be found flying over the foodplant by day, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Cliffs and entrances to caves, gardens and adjacent to buildings, scrub, stone walls, woodland edges. Fp Pellitory-of-the-wall. LS November–April. In a leaf-mine, preferring leaves on plants growing in shade, where mines can be abundant.

Pale Reed Beauty Cosmopterix lienigiella L. & Z.

Plate 19 34.010

Very local, with a single record in Ireland. FL 4.5–6mm. Forewing yellowish brown, with a series of narrow white lines near the base, a raised metallic silver crossband at about one-half, and another just beyond, with a white line beyond to the apex. FS Mid-May– October. Can be swept from the foodplant by day, and has been found at night on the leaves. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Mainly reedbeds in both fresh and brackish water, soft cliffs. Fp Common Reed. LS September–April. Mines the leaf. The larva moves

Cosmopterigidae 189 slowly in the mine and does not hide by day. Often only one mine per leaf, and rarely observed in numbers.

Buckthorn Twig-borer Sorhagenia janiszewskae Riedl 34.014 E. Very local with a scattered distribution over England to as far north as southern Cumbria, but possibly overlooked. Unlike S. rhamniella and S. lophyrella it is not known from Ireland. Hab Heathland, woodland. Fp Alder Buckthorn, Buckthorn. LS Mid-April– June. In a young twig, causing the terminal leaves to wilt. Similar larva S. lophyrella feeds in the buds and loosely spun leaves during April–May. S. rhamniella feeds in a spun shoot and in flowers during June.

Hop Beauty Cosmopterix zieglerella leaf-mine.

c

Canary-grass Beauty Cosmopterix orichalcea leafmines on Canary Reed-grass.

r

Pellitory Beauty Cosmopterix pulchrimella leafmines.

u

Pale Reed Beauty Cosmopterix lienigiella leafmines. r

Buckthorn Twigborer Sorhagenia janiszewskae feeding signs.

c

Reed Beauty Cosmopterix scribaiella leaf-mine.

u

Species not covered Manchester Moth Euclemensia woodiella (Curtis) 34.003 † E

Buckthorn Shoot-borer Sorhagenia rhamniella (Zell.) 34.012 EI

Scarce Vetch Beauty Cosmopterix schmidiella Frey 34.006 † E

Buckthorn Bud-borer S. lophyrella (Dougl.) 34.013 EI

Guernsey Beauty Pyroderces argyrogrammos (Zell.) 34.011 I/C

190

Gelechiidae

T

here are 165 species in this family, a few of which are naturalised or scarcer immigrants. It is often

considered to be a difficult group to get to grips with, since it contains so many species, a large number of which are small and superficially similar, and many fit the colloquial description of ‘small brown jobs’.

Common White-barred Aproaerema taeniolella

Juniper Webber Dichomeris marginella

However, the family contains considerable diversity in morphology and life history. In this guide, over half

Heath Elder Aristotelia ericenella

the species are covered by accounts, but full coverage of the trickiest genera has been avoided. Accounts include adults of distinctive, easily recognised species and some that require more care for identification, along with several species that are easily identified from their larvae or larval workings. Adult resting positions are variable; they are almost horizontal to slightly inclining in most genera, strongly inclining in a few, such as Metzneria and Chrysoesthia,

White-barred Apple Moth Recurvaria leucatella

Pied Oak Moth Pseudotelphusa scalella

and a few species seem to prefer to sit horizontally but with the wings above the ground, such as Black-spotted Snout Dichomeris alacella. The wings may be held roof-like, as in Heath Elder Aristotelia ericinella, slightly rolled around the body, as in White-streaked Snout Sophronia semicostella, or held flat, as in Common Zebra Moth Helcystogramma rufescens. The antennae tend to lie along the dorsum, along the costa, or frequently are held at a backward-pointing angle from the head, above and to the side of the forewings. The forewing length is 3–11mm. The forewings are moderately to strongly elongate, and are generally white, grey, brown or blackish, the colouration and markings being very varied. General characters include the presence of a distinct fold, or crease, in the wing membrane, which runs from the base nearly to the tornus, often with a spot part way along the fold. Also, in the disc, the flat area of wing membrane in the middle of the forewing without veins, there are often two spots. Several species have scale tufts on the wing, such as White-barred Apple Moth Recurvaria leucatella, and a few have metallic markings, such as Fiery Miner Chrysoesthia drurella. The hindwings may be narrower or wider than the forewings, and have the termen concave and the apex often extended to a point or finger-like projection, this being characteristic of the Gelechiidae, although this feature is less pronounced in a few species, such as those of the genus Anacampsis. Only when the wings are fully spread does the hindwing character become apparent. The head is smooth scaled. The antennae are thread-like, about two-thirds to three-quarters the length of the forewing. The labial palps curve strongly upwards, often reaching above the head, the second segment frequently with a conspicuous tuft of scales, S. semicostella being a striking example. Occasionally these palps are elongate and point straight forward. The tongue is long and mostly scaled. Many species of gelechiid are localised, some exceedingly so. Highland White-barred Aproaerema albifrontella was added to the British list from a single example in 2001 from Aberdeenshire; it is probably resident in Scotland, but the nearest known location elsewhere in Europe is Switzerland. Cornish White-

Gelechiidae 191

barred A. suecicella is known only from one small part of the Lizard Peninsula, in Cornwall, and Scarce Zebra Moth Helcystogramma lutatella from the coastal cliffs between Lulworth and Portland in Dorset, and on Jersey, in the Channel Islands. Other species are more widely distributed and are regularly encountered in light traps, such as Gorse Wanderer Brachmia blandella and Bittersweet Moth Scrobipalpa costella. There are a few adventive species, such as Peach Twig Borer Anarsia lineatella, which is associated with imported plums, peaches and apricots. Cypress Gelechia Gelechia senticetella, thought

u Feeding signs of Pale Seedhead Moth Ptocheuusa paupella. Note disc florets have been pushed up indicating the presence of a larva in the middle flower head.

to have been introduced in the horticultural trade, has now become established in south-east Britain. Pretty White-barred Aproaerema polychromella has been seen on several occasions, most recently as an immigrant, but earlier examples appear to have been accidental imports. Tomato Leaf-miner Tuta absoluta is a South American species associated with tomato crops which has only recently been recorded in Europe. It has been accidentally imported into Britain, but is currently occurring as a primary immigrant from Europe, and may have become at least temporarily established in the Midlands. Nine species are thought to have become extinct, including Scarce Blackthorn Snout Dichomeris derasella and Fen Elder Aristotelia subdecurtella. A few others have not been seen for several years despite searches, and may now be extinct, such as Broken White-barred Aproaerema albipalpella. However, Greenweed White-barred Aproaerema vinella was formerly considered extinct until it was rediscovered in Britain in 2013 on the Isle of Wight, a county where it had not been seen previously. There are several genera or groups of species that can be difficult to determine, such as Aproaerema, Bryotropha, Metzneria, Scrobipalpa and Caryocolum species, and reference to the genitalia is often required, as it can be for any gelechiid specimen that is worn. Many species are perhaps best found in the larval stage, the foodplant often being a useful guide to the identity of a species. Larvae of several species feed internally in seedheads, stems or roots, a few are leaf-miners, with many others feeding from within a spinning among leaves of herbaceous plants, bushes or trees. A few species are associated with mosses or lichens. Most species are restricted to one or a very few foodplants. Pupation typically takes place within a cocoon. Adults of most species are nocturnal, and some are attracted readily to light, although a few fly by day. Some species can be disturbed from their resting place by day, but they are more likely to run or drop to the ground than to fly. Most have a single generation each year, a few have two generations, and a very few overwinter as adults. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002b) European species: Elsner et al. (1999); Huemer & Karsholt (1999, 2010) (Gelechiidae part) Gelechiid Recording Scheme: www.gelechiid.co.uk

192 Gelechiidae Note on Aproaerema and Oxypteryx species Several small blackish species of gelechiid moths look superficially similar and could be confused. These are Aproaerema sangiella, A. vinella (not illustrated), A. albipalpella (not illustrated), A. anthyllidella, Oxypteryx unicolorella (not illustrated), O. atrella (not illustrated) and O. immaculatella (not illustrated). A. cinctella (not illustrated), A. larseniella and A. taeniolella usually have a whitish fascia, although this can be absent. A. anthyllidella (widely distributed), O. atrella (associated with St John’s-worts), O. immaculatella (very local) and A. sangiella (very local) all rest with the forewings at a steep angle. A. cinctella, A. larseniella and A. taeniolella rest with the wings much flatter. When in good condition, A. anthyllidella usually has a small patch of yellowish scales in the mid-wing. A. vinella (on Dyer’s Greenweed) is highly restricted, and A. albipalpella (on Petty Whin) is probably extinct. O. unicolorella (associated with St John’s-worts) and Monochroa tenebrella (widely distributed, on sorrels) both have bronzy forewings. M. tenebrella has white-tipped antennae, distinctly so in the female.

Obscure White-barred Plate 19 Aproaerema sangiella (Staint.) 35.001 Very local. Mainly south-east and north-east England, Scotland and Ireland. FL 5.5–7.5mm. Forewing blackish brown, sometimes with scattered creamy scales, having black spots near the mid-wing at one-third, one-half and about two-thirds, a creamy white spot on the costa at about three-quarters and one opposite on the dorsum, these sometimes nearly joining to form a broken fascia. When fresh the forewing has a bluish or purplish tinge. Similar species A. sangiella is broader winged and slightly larger than the unicolorous form of A. cinctella (not illustrated), male A. vinella (not illustrated) on Dyer’s Greenweed and A. albipalpella (not illustrated) on Petty Whin. A. anthyllidella, Oxypteryx immaculatella (not illustrated). Also see note on Aproaerema and Oxypteryx species. FS Late May–early September. Comes to light. Hab Calcareous grasslands, limestone pavement, sand dunes, and in Scotland on dry heathland. Fp Common Bird’s-foot-trefoil. LS ?Late March–June. In spun leaves, usually at the tip of a stem.

Meadow White-barred Plate 19 Aproaerema larseniella (Gozm.) 35.003 Local. Very local in the south-west and rare in northern England. FL 5.5–7mm. Forewing black, faintly speckled greyish, with a straight, whitish or yellowish-white crossband at two-thirds, although rarely this is obsolete; the underside of the forewing has a small yellowish costal spot. Similar species A. cinctella (not illustrated) forewing broadens slightly in the outer half and has a slightly inwardly curved crossband. A. taeniolella has a slightly inwardly curved or sometimes straight crossband, and the underside of the forewing has a yellowish-white crossband; there is a similarly coloured costal spot on the underside of the hindwing. Female A. vinella (not illustrated) on Dyer’s Greenweed. Also see note on Aproaerema and Oxypteryx species. FS June–early August. Can be disturbed in the late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Fens, grasslands, marshes, woodland margins. Fp Common and Greater bird’s-foot-trefoils. LS April–June. Between spun terminal shoots and leaves.

Common White-barred Plate 19 Aproaerema taeniolella (Zell.) 35.004 Local. Very local from the Midlands northwards, rare in Scotland. FL 5.5–7mm. Similar species A. cinctella (not illustrated), A. larseniella. Also see note on Aproaerema and Oxypteryx species. FS June–August. Can be disturbed in the late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, calcareous and neutral grasslands, rough ground. Fp Common and occasionally Greater bird’s-foot-trefoils. LS ?May–early June, sometimes from mid-April. Between spun shoots and leaves.

Gelechiidae 193

Pretty White-barred Plate 19 Aproaerema polychromella (Reb.) 35.009 Scarce immigrant and possible adventive. Irregular in appearance, and in late 2015 at least 76 individuals were recorded. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2009 and to Wales in 2019. FL 3.5–5mm. Forewing yellowish brown to golden brown before a broad white fascia which narrows towards the dorsum at two-thirds, and darker brown, speckled paler, in the apical third. FS February, May–July, December. Comes to light. Hab Largely coastal, but can occur inland. Fp Lotus sessilifolius, which does not occur in the British Isles.

Vetch Moth Plate 19 Aproaerema anthyllidella (Hübn.) 35.010 Common. More local in Scotland. FL 5–6mm. Wings rest roof-like at a steep angle. Labial palp segment 2 is pale grey. Forewing blackish or dark greyish brown, faintly speckled greyish, usually with a small yellowish spot on the costa at two-thirds, and sometimes a smaller one opposite on the dorsum; often there is a small yellowish mark on u Vetch Moth Aproaerema anthyllidella leaf-mine on Kidney the fold before one-half, and there is always a thin blackish line Vetch. in the cilia. Similar species A. sangiella. A. albipalpella (not illustrated) on Petty Whin. Oxypteryx immaculatella (not illustrated), a very local species, has a dark brown outer edge to labial palp segment 2, and lacks yellowish-brown scales in the fold and the dark line in the cilia. O. atrella (not illustrated), a widespread species associated with St John’sworts, is larger (FL 5.5–6.5mm), has a pale yellowish labial palp, the costal and dorsal yellowish markings are larger, and it lacks a cilial line. Also see note on Aproaerema and Oxypteryx species. FS April–early October, probably in two or more generations. Flies from late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Coastal habitats, grasslands, old quarries, waste ground. Fp Usually Kidney Vetch, also clovers, Lucerne, restharrows, Sainfoin. LS March–May, July–August, rarely December–February. In spring the larva forms a blotch mine in leaves, causing them to fold upwards. In summer it feeds in the flowers and seeds, although on restharrows it feeds within spun leaves.

Poplar Roller Plate 19 (2) Anacampsis populella (Clerck) 35.011 Common. More local in the north. FL 7–9mm. Forewing variable, from almost unmarked pale greyish to contrasting black and whitish grey. The comparatively unmarked form has ill-defined blackish spots along the fold at one-fifth and one-third, another spot obliquely above in the disc, and a further spot at two-thirds, with others along the termen. The more strongly marked form is blackish in the dorsal half to two-thirds, speckled whitish grey elsewhere, with a creamy-grey band along the costa from the base to beyond one-half. Both forms usually have an angled whitish-grey crossband from the tornus to the costa. In the female, segments 2–4 of the abdomen are pale yellowish brown. Similar species A. blattariella is on average slightly smaller, the crossband is more abruptly angled, and some examples are more strongly marked than A. populella. However, examination of the genitalia is needed to confirm the

194 Gelechiidae identity of either species, unless they have been reared. FS Late June– mid-September. Can be disturbed from vegetation by day, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Aspen, poplars, willows, including Creeping Willow. LS May–June. Within a rolled leaf.

Birch Roller Plate 19 Anacampsis blattariella (Hübn.) 35.012 Local over much of England except in the south-west, very local in Wales, very rare in south-east Scotland. FL 7–9mm. Similar species A. populella. FS July–early September. Rests by day on the trunks of large birches, and comes to light. Hab Parkland, wooded heathland, scrub, woodland. Fp Birches, occasionally Alder. LS May–June. Larva is pale greyish green with a black head. Within a leaf rolled in line with the midrib. Similar larva Epinotia solandriana (49.233) makes a similar spinning and has a similar coloured larva, but the head is yellowish brown, with darker mottling.

Cornish Snout

Plate 19 Nothris congressariella (Bruand) 35.016 Rare. Well-known from Lundy Island. FL 7–10mm. Forewing brown, yellowish brown towards the costa, with a blackish brown streak in the mid-wing, interrupted by two yellowish-brown spots, with black speckling edging the veins towards the apex, and a series of blackish spots near the base of the cilia. FS Late May–early July, September– October, in two generations. Hab Coastal habitats including sand dunes, soft cliffs, scree slopes, waste ground. Fp Balm-leaved Figwort. LS October–early June, July–September. Between two spun leaves; larger larvae feed under a folded leaf.

Heather Grey Plate 20 Neofaculta ericetella (Geyer) 35.017 Common. FL 7–9mm. Forewing pale to dark grey, veins variably speckled white and black, especially in the outer third, with an indistinct black spot along the fold at one-third, another obliquely above in the disc, often linked to a further spot at two-thirds by small black and white dashes or dots, and with black spots along the termen. FS Mid-April– August, rarely March–mid-October. Easily disturbed from heather by day, and comes to light. Can be abundant. Hab Heathland, moorland, sometimes gardens. Fp Heather, Bell Heather, Cross-leaved Heath. LS Late August–March. Feeds at night, and hides by day in a slight spinning made between grass blades.

Black Rhomboid Grey Plate 20 Hypatima rhomboidella (Linn.) 35.018 Common. FL 7–9mm. Rests with front end slightly raised. Forewing elongate, pale greyish, mottled darker, with a large blackish, almost triangular blotch on the costa at about one-half, this preceded by one or two small costal spots, and with a small blackish streak just below the apex. FS July–mid-October, rarely May–mid-November. Flies at night and comes to light. Hab Heathland, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Birches, Hazel. LS May–early July. In a longitudinally rolled leaf.

Maple Snout Anarsia innoxiella Gregersen & Karsholt

Plate 20 35.0191

Local. Mainly south-east England. Described as new to science in 2017, when it was separated from Anarsia lineatella, with the earliest British record from Sussex in 1991. Extending its range. FL 7–8mm. Forewing greyish with whitish marks and lines, and several longitudinal blackish streaks over the wing, including a long one in the middle and another towards the tornus. Similar species A. lineatella (not illustrated), an adventive and probable scarce immigrant, is often rather plainer grey, has a shorter black streak in the mid-wing, and lacks the streak towards the tornus. FS June–mid-August. Also

Gelechiidae 195 recorded in late May. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, probably hedgerows, woodland edges. Fp Likely to be associated with Field Maple and possibly other Acer species. LS April–June.

Obscure Snout

Plate 20 Anarsia spartiella (Schrank) 35.020 Local. Very local in northern England and Scotland. FL 6–8mm. Forewing variable, grey to dark grey, sometimes paler along the costa and between the veins, often with several short dark oblique streaks or spots on the costa towards the apex, the largest and most distinctive at about one-half. FS Mid-June–mid-August. Can be disturbed from vegetation by day, and comes to light. Hab Grasslands, heathland, scrub, vegetated shingle, waste ground. Fp Broom, gorse, Dyer’s Greenweed. LS Mid-May–June. In spun shoots.

Highland Webber

Plate 20 Dichomeris juniperella (Linn.) 35.021 Rare. Central and eastern Highlands of Scotland. FL 9–11mm. Forewing grey, finely speckled darker, with blackish spots, sometimes indistinct, on the fold at one-third, another obliquely above in the disc, a further spot at two-thirds, and blackish dots along the termen; there is a paler slightly obscure crossband at three-quarters, and a series of black spots at the base of the cilia. FS Mid-June–July, rarely in early September. Can be disturbed from the foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Scrub on moorland, open woodland on the lower slopes of mountains. Fp Common Juniper. LS August–June. Feeds from within a dense web among the needles.

Juniper Webber

Plate 20 Dichomeris marginella (Fabr.) 35.022 Local. Very local in northern England. FL 7–8mm. White head. Forewing reddish brown, with a white costal streak from the base to near the apex, and a white dorsal streak from the base to the termen. FS June–August, rarely recorded in late April and late September. Can be disturbed from the foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, calcareous grasslands. Fp Common Juniper, including garden cultivars. LS September– mid-June. Initially mines a needle; after hibernation it feeds from within a dense web among the needles, the web sometimes supporting more than one larva.

Lime Snout

Plate 20 Dichomeris ustalella (Fabr.) 35.023 Rare. Recently discovered in Lincolnshire. FL 7–10.5mm. Forewing dark reddish brown, darker towards the termen, and variably yellowish brown in the costal half from about one-fifth to nearly three-quarters; the cilia are yellowish brown, tinged reddish. FS May– June, occasionally early July. Has been noted resting on a leaf of lime in sunny conditions. Comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Small-leaved Lime. LS August–April. Between flatly spun leaves.

Black-spotted Snout

Plate 20 Dichomeris alacella (Zell.) 35.025 Local. Southern and eastern England, and south-eastern Wales. Appears to have been increasing since the turn of the century. FL 6.5–7mm. Rests with forewings nearly flat and above the resting surface, not overlapping and slightly rolled. Forewing dark grey with three prominent black stigmata, two slightly obliquely placed at just after one-third, the other at two-thirds, these edged creamy white, and with an additional dark mark towards the base. A pale triangular mark on the costa at about three-quarters sometimes forms an indistinct fascia. FS July–August. Comes to light. Rests on tree trunks by day, and has been recorded at sugar. Hab Woodland. Fp Possibly on lichens on tree trunks.

196 Gelechiidae

The Cinereous

Plate 20 Acompsia cinerella (Clerck) 35.026 Local. Most frequent in parts of southern England and the central Highlands of Scotland. FL 8–9.5mm. Forewing uniform greyish brown without distinct markings. FS June–August, sometimes late May–September. Comes to light. Hab Unimproved grasslands, soft cliffs, open areas in woodland. Fp Mosses. LS May–June. Has been found in moss at the base of a tree.

Marjoram Snout Plate 20 Acompsia schmidtiellus (Heyd.) 35.027 Very local, with old records from Derbyshire and Lincolnshire. FL 7–8mm. A broadwinged species. Forewing yellowish brown, partially suffused reddish brown in the outer third, the costa finely edged with black at the base, usually with two black spots at about one-third, one above the other, another just before two-thirds and one near the tornus. FS Late June–mid-August, rarely mid-June–late August. The adult is rarely seen, but sometimes comes to light. Can be numerous in the larval stage. Hab Calcareous grasslands, old quarries. Fp Wild Marjoram. LS May–early July. In a folded or rolled leaf.

Gorse Wanderer

Plate 20 Brachmia blandella (Fabr.) 35.028 Common in much of England. Local in Wales, and a single record in Scotland. FL 5–6.5mm. Forewing with the termen slightly sinuate, yellowish brown, variably shaded darker, with an obscure crossband from the costa at about three-fifths to the tornus; there are usually a few black marks, comprising a small raised scale tuft above the dorsum at three-fifths, a dot obliquely above in the disc, and a further spot at two-thirds, with a pale line at the base of the cilia. FS Late June–early August, occasionally September. Can be disturbed from vegetation by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, grasslands, heathland, parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Gorse. LS July–May. In a slight silk web among withered flowers, loose bark and dead spines. The fully grown larva has been found feeding in flowers, spinning two together. Has also been reared from the seedheads of Marsh Thistle and an insect gall on Giant Fir.

Common Zebra Moth

Plate 20 Helcystogramma rufescens (Haw.) 35.031 Common. More local in parts of northern England and western Scotland. FL 7–9mm. Outer edge of labial palp with brown scales. Forewing yellowish brown, often unicolorous, sometimes darker between the veins, occasionally with an obscure angled paler crossband at two-thirds, and up to three fine dark brown or black dots in the mid-wing, these often obsolete. Similar species Brachmia inornatella (not illustrated), FL 7–9mm, a scarce species of reedbeds in south-east England and East Anglia, is pale

u

Marjoram Snout Acompsia schmidtiellus larva. r

Common Zebra Moth Helcystogramma rufescens larva.

Gelechiidae 197 greyish brown with a blackish central stripe on the thorax, three distinct black dots in the mid-wing, often white edged, and a greyish-brown terminal line. H. lutatella (not illustrated), a rare species confined to the Dorset coast and the Channel Islands, has the labial palp white above and below, with no brown scales on the outer edge, and the forewing is plain grey-brown or brown, and usually has three fine dots. FS Mid-June– August, sometimes September–early October. Can be disturbed from vegetation by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, grasslands dominated by coarse grasses, old quarries, vegetated shingle, woodland rides. Fp Grasses, including Cock’s-foot, False Oat-grass, meadow-grasses, Tor-grass. LS Late March–June, occasionally late July–mid-September; once recorded in mid-October. The striking black-and-white-striped larva feeds from within a spun twisted leaf roll, sometimes bleaching the leaf tip.

Hollyhock Seed Moth

Plate 20 Pexicopia malvella (Hübn.) 35.032 Very local. Possibly declining. Most frequent in the south-east. FL 9–10mm. Forewing yellowish brown, speckled darker, with a broad, sometimes faint, brownish crossband from the tornus to the costa and similar shading before the apex, and with an ill-defined dark spot on the fold at about one-third, another obliquely above in the disc, and a further spot at about two-thirds. Similar species Platyedra subcinerea is paler and has a narrower forewing, with blackish spots at the base of the dorsum and at one-third, the latter usually ringed paler. FS June–August, occasionally early September. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, grazing marshes, river margins. Fp Hollyhock, Marsh-mallow, sometimes Musk-mallow. LS August–April, sometimes feeding from July. In the seedheads, overwintering in a cocoon in the larval workings.

Mallow Seed Moth

Plate 20 Platyedra subcinerea (Haw.) 35.033 Very local. Possibly declining. FL 8–9mm. Forewing pale greyish brown, mixed darker, with blackish spots at the base of the dorsum and at one-third, usually ringed paler, and another, sometimes obsolete, at two-thirds. Similar species Pexicopia malvella. FS Potentially found all year round. Overwinters as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, grassland margins, coastal marshes, waste ground. Fp Common Mallow, sometimes Hollyhock, Tree-mallow. LS June–July. Feeds in the flowers and seeds.

Fiery Miner

Plate 20 Chrysoesthia drurella (Fabr.) 35.035 Local. Very local in northern England, the south-west and parts of Wales. FL 4–5mm. Head and thorax silvery. Forewing orangey red with silver markings, partly edged with black, and with blackish cilia. FS Late April–mid-September in two generations, sometimes with a partial third generation. Visits flowers, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Allotments, arable field margins, waste ground. Fp Goosefoots, oraches. LS September–May, June–August. In a broad pale green serpentine gallery with greenish frass which darkens with age.

r

Fiery Miner Chrysoesthia drurella leaf-mine.

198 Gelechiidae

Orange-spotted Miner

Plate 20 Chrysoesthia sexguttella (Thunb.) 35.036 Local. More local in northern England and Scotland. FL 4–5mm. Forewing mottled black and greyish with small or large orange spots and pale orange marks on the costa at about three-quarters and at the tornus. FS Late April–August, sometimes mid-October, in two to three overlapping generations. Rests on the foodplant by day, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Allotments, arable field margins, edges of saltmarshes, urban areas, waste ground. Fp Goosefoots, oraches. LS Mid-May–late October. In a large white blotch mine with black frass partly expelled and partly packed irregularly towards the centre of the mine. The larva may move from one mine to another.

Orange-spotted Miner Chrysoesthia sexguttella leaf-mine.

u

Marjoram Case-bearer Plate 21 Thiotricha subocellea (Steph.) 35.037 Local. Very local in Wales, and scarce in northern England and eastern Scotland. FL 5–5.5mm. Forewing largely white, grey in the dorsal half from the base interrupted at about one-half, then narrowing and extending around the apex, with two greyish dashes in the apical half and a blackish mark in the apex. Markings can be darker, paler or sometimes absent. FS Mid-June– u Marjoram Case-bearer Thiotricha subocellea larval case. mid-August, also recorded in late May. Can be swept from the foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, calcareous grasslands, fens, margins of lakes, damp meadows, old quarries, sand dunes, streamsides. Fp Wild Marjoram, occasionally Water Mint, Wild Thyme. LS August–November. Feeds on the seedhead from within a portable case constructed of several stacked calyces.

House Moss-moth Plate 21 Bryotropha domestica (Haw.) 35.038 Common. Local and possibly spreading in Scotland. FL 5–6.5mm. Forewing yellowish brown, finely speckled darker, with several prominent black spots, usually including one near the base, a pair at about one-third, one above the other or placed slightly obliquely, sometimes fused, and another at three-fifths, and with a paler angled crossband at about three-quarters, sometimes obscure. Similar species B. basaltinella (not illustrated) and B. dryadella (not illustrated) are darker species, more heavily speckled, with a black smudge near the base, a pair at one-third, one above the other in B. basaltinella, placed obliquely in B. dryadella, and a further smudge at three-fifths. If there is any doubt, genitalia examination should be used to identify the species. FS May–early September, rarely in October. A common species in urban areas, and regularly comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban areas, less often woodland. Fp Mosses, including Tortula muralis, growing on walls. LS February–April. In a silk tube in the moss.

Gelechiidae 199

Satin Moss-moth

Plate 21 Bryotropha politella (Staint.) 35.039 Common in the north, very local in the south. FL 6–8mm. Forewing glossy, brownish grey, usually with one black dot on the fold at one-third, another obliquely above in the disc, and a further spot in the disc at two-thirds, these spots often very small or obsolete; a faint acutely angled paler crossband is sometimes discernible from the tornus to the costa, and there are usually dark brown scales along the termen. Similar species B. terrella, B. desertella (not illustrated). FS Late May–mid-August, recorded in late September. Comes to light. Hab Dry grasslands in the north (where it can be abundant), dune heathland, and calcareous grassland in the south (where it is rare). Fp Probably the moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus and other mosses and grasses. LS April–May. In a silken tube in moss among grass.

Brown Moss-moth Bryotropha terrella ([D. & S.])

Plate 21 35.040

Common. FL 7–8mm. Forewing light, dark or greyish brown, usually with one black dot on the fold at one-third, another obliquely above in the disc, and a further spot in the disc at two-thirds, these spots sometimes pronounced and sometimes obsolete; a faint acutely angled paler crossband is often discernible from the tornus to the costa, with darker brown speckling towards the apex. Similar species B. desertella (not illustrated), a local species most often found on sand dunes and sandy heaths, is smaller (FL 5.5–7.5mm) and narrower, frequently yellowish brown, and silkier in appearance. B. politella ground colour is uniformly greyish brown, normally without an angled crossband and darker speckling towards the apex. Larger and darker forms of B. desertella are similar to B. politella, and both may be confused with paler forms of B. terrella. If there is any doubt, the species should be determined by genitalia examination. FS Late May–August, rarely April–September. Flies from dusk, and frequently comes to light. Can be disturbed by day in warm conditions. Hab A wide range of open habitats, particularly short grassland sites. Can be abundant in dry sandy grasslands. Fp Has been observed eating Common Bent and the moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus; also the mosses Calliergonella cuspidata, Hypnum jutlandicum and Syntrichia ruralis subspecies ruraliformis. LS Late September– mid-March, and late September–mid-May in Shetland. Within an opaque silken tube in early instars, and within a flimsier tube in the final instar, in moss among grass.

Grizzled Moss-moth Plate 21 Bryotropha senectella (Zell.) 35.046 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 4.5–6mm. Sides of the head and labial palp are yellowish brown. Forewing brown, mottled with darker brown scales; four dark brown spots, sometimes ill defined, often with small patches of yellowish-brown scales adjacent, one spot at about one-quarter, one towards the costa at one-third, one towards the dorsum at one-half and another at two-thirds; paler patches of scales are usually discernible at the tornus and opposite on the costa, and are sometimes joined to form an angled faint crossband. Similar species B. umbrosella form mundella (not illustrated) has similar dark markings but on a sandy grey or pale grey background, often without any darker speckling. FS Mid-June–mid-September. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Has been found nectaring on flowers, including ragworts and Oxeye Daisy. Hab Open habitats, including soft cliffs, grasslands, sand dunes, open woodland. Fp Mosses on rocks and walls, including Homalothecium lutescens and Bryum species. LS March–April in southern England, May–mid-June in Scotland. In a delicate silk tube on or near the surface of the moss, descending into the substrate.

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Dark Moss-moth Plate 21 Bryotropha affinis (Haw.) 35.047 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 4.5–6.5mm. Forewing dark brown with yellowish bases to the scales, giving the moth a speckled appearance; four blackish-brown spots, often with small patches of yellowish scales adjacent, one spot at about one-quarter, one towards the costa at one-third, one towards the dorsum at one-half and another at two-thirds; there are patches of yellow scales at the tornus and opposite on the costa, sometimes joined to form an angled crossband. Examples from coastal locations can be much paler. Similar species B. umbrosella (not illustrated) and B. similis (not illustrated) lack yellowish speckling; the dark form of B. umbrosella has white markings, and B. similis is glossy in appearance. If there is any doubt, the species should be determined by genitalia examination. FS Mid-April–early September, recorded in early October. Possibly in two overlapping generations. Flies at dusk, and regularly comes to light. Hab Urban areas, parkland, rural buildings. Fp Mosses, including Bryum capillare and Tortula muralis, growing on walls, sometimes roofs and thatch. LS January–May. In a silk tube in the moss.

Heath Elder Plate 21 Aristotelia ericinella (Zell.) 35.050 Local. Very local in Scotland. FL 6–6.5mm. Forewing shining dark brown, reddish brown towards the dorsum, with silvery-white markings, including four oblique, sometimes partly obscure, crossbands, the middle two meeting to form a V-shape, and other small irregular spots in the apical area. FS Late June–mid-September. Can be numerous. Flies in the afternoon and early evening, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, moorland, mosses. Fp Heather. LS Late May–mid-July. Feeds on the leaves, hiding in a slender silk tube among twigs of the plant.

Thrift Elder

Plate 21 Aristotelia brizella (Treits.) 35.052 Very local. Coastal. Historically from Lancashire and Durham. FL 4–5.5mm. Forewing yellowish brown to darker brown, particularly in the costal half, with narrow irregular transverse silvery-grey lines, which are sometimes obscure, and up to three black spots, one at about one-half, the others towards the tornus, but which may be absent. FS Late April–August, in two generations. Flies at sunrise and in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Cliffs, saltmarshes, vegetated shingle. Fp Thrift, occasionally Common Sea-lavender. LS June–July, September–October, occasionally late March–April. In a silken tunnel in a flowerhead.

Tansy Stem Borer Isophrictis striatella ([D. & S.])

Plate 21 35.053

Local. Mainly southern and eastern England, rare in Wales and a single record in Scotland. FL 6–8mm. Forewing brownish with a white streak from the base to near the dorsum at three-fifths, a black dot in the middle at about three-quarters and an oblique white line from the costa towards the apex at about four-fifths. Other markings are variable. Similar species I. anthemidella (not illustrated), newly recorded in Britain from Kent in 2020, is on average slightly larger (FL 5.5–8.5mm), pale greyish brown with a lighter grey patch in the middle of the wing above the white basal streak; if this species is suspected it must be dissected to confirm its identity. FS Late June–August. Comes to light, and can be found among the foodplant or on the flowerheads. Hab Waste ground, road verges, embankments, riversides, fens, marshes, damp meadows, also gardens. Fp Tansy, also Sneezewort. LS Late August–May. In the upper parts of the stem and seedhead, sometimes with several larvae in a single stem.

Gelechiidae 201 Note on Metzneria species M. lappella, M. littorella and M. metzneriella have distinct black dots in the mid-wing, although these dots can disappear in worn individuals. M. neuropterella (not illustrated), M. aestivella and M. aprilella lack these dots. Two rare southern and mainly coastal species are not illustrated: M. neuropterella (Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and formerly from Dorset), on Dwarf Thistle, is the largest (FL 7–12mm), with veins broadly edged with dark grey-brown, and M. littorella (not illustrated, recorded from Isle of Wight, East Sussex and the Channel Islands), on Buck’s-horn Plantain, is the smallest (FL 4.5–7mm), pale with about six black dots.

Carline Seedhead Moth

Plate 21 Metzneria aestivella (Zell.) 35.055 Local, mainly coastal, becoming more local further north. FL 5.5–7.5mm. Forewing yellowish brown, variably mottled orangey to reddish brown, with the veins greyish brown and a pale crossline nearly parallel to the termen at about three-quarters. Similar species See note on Metzneria. M. aprilella is shaded reddish orange. FS Mid-June– u Carline Seedhead Moth Metzneria aestivella larval mid-August. Flies at night, and comes to light. Hab Coastal cliffs, chamber beneath seeds in head of Carline Thistle. calcareous grasslands, vegetated shingle. Fp Carline Thistle. LS Mid-September–April. Feeds on the seeds, with raised florets indicating the presence of the larva. Overwinters and pupates in the seedhead. Sometimes found in numbers.

Burdock Seedhead Moth Plate 21 Metzneria lappella (Linn.) 35.056 Common. Local in the west and north. FL 8–10mm. Forewing sandy brown, variably mottled darker, especially towards the base, with greyish-brown veins, and blackish dots at one-third, about one-half, and another just beyond, although these vary in intensity and are sometimes almost obsolete. Similar species See note on Metzneria species. u Burdock Seedhead Moth Metzneria lappella larva in M. metzneriella is typically burdock seedhead. smaller and darker, with orangey or reddish-brown markings. FS June–July, occasionally late April– mid-August. Flies at night, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous grassland, hedgerows, field margins, waste ground, open woodland. Fp Greater and Lesser burdocks. LS Late August–April. Feeds on the seeds, pupating within the seedhead.

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Knapweed Seedhead Moth Plate 21 Metzneria metzneriella (Staint.) 35.058 Common. More local in south-west and northern England, and in Scotland. FL 7–9.5mm. Forewing yellowish brown, with orangey or reddish-brown shading in the middle and towards the costa, and veins highlighted greyish and whitish; blackish dots at one-third, about one-half, and another just beyond. Similar species See note on Metzneria species. M. lappella. FS Late May–mid-August, rarely early May–mid-September. Flies at u Knapweed Seedhead Moth Metzneria metzneriella night, and comes to light. Hab Grasslands, waste ground, woodland edges. Fp Common larva and feeding signs within seedhead. Knapweed, Saw-wort. LS September–April. Feeds on the seeds, overwintering and pupating within the seedhead. The larvae of some flies (Diptera) feed in a similar way.

Flame Seedhead Moth Plate 21 Metzneria aprilella (Herr.-Schäff.) 35.059 Local. Very local in south-east and eastern England, rare in south Wales. FL 7–9mm. Forewing sandy brown, heavily shaded reddish orange, the veins greyish brown and with yellow streaks near the base, on the costa at one-quarter and at the tornus. Similar species See note on Metzneria species. M. aestivella. FS Late May–early August. Flies at night, and comes to light. Hab Grasslands, waste ground, particularly on chalky soils. Fp Greater Knapweed. LS August–April. Feeds on the seeds, the seedhead remaining closed. It overwinters and pupates within the seedhead.

Dark Seedhead Moth Plate 21 Apodia martinii Petry 35.060 Common in the south. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2018. FL 4.5–6mm. Head orangeyellow. Forewing blackish brown, lightly speckled grey, with an orangey zigzag crossline from the tornus to the costa at four-fifths, this often obsolete in the middle, and sometimes visible only as a u Dark Seedhead Moth Apodia martinii larva. pale mark on the costa. FS Late June– mid-September. Active from late afternoon, and can be found resting on flowers of the foodplants. Comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, ditches, fens, damp and dry grasslands, marshes, quarries, saltmarshes, woodland rides. Fp Sea Aster, Common Fleabane, Ploughman’s-spikenard. LS Mid-August–April. In the seedhead, with little external sign of its presence. It pupates within the seedhead.

Pale Seedhead Moth Plate 21 Ptocheuusa paupella (Zell.) 35.061 Common in the south. FL 4.5–6mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown, finely speckled darker, with variable white markings, including a costal streak and an oblique streak towards the apex at about two-thirds, and with a darker spot at about one-half, this sometimes obsolete. FS Late May–early September, rarely early October. Readily disturbed from vegetation by day, can be found on the flowers of the foodplants, and comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, ditches, damp grasslands, edges of saltmarshes, waste

Gelechiidae 203 r

Pale Seedhead Moth Ptocheuusa paupella feeding signs in seedhead of Common Fleabane (see also photo on p. 191).

ground, woodland rides. Fp Common Fleabane, Golden-samphire, sometimes Common Knapweed and mints. LS September–May, July. In the seedhead, with a raised section of florets indicating the presence of a larva. It overwinters and pupates within the seedhead.

Bramble Bronze Argolamprotes micella ([D. & S.])

Plate 21 35.064

Very local. Spreading, with recent records in the south-east. FL 5–7mm. Forewing shining dark brown, with an oblique whitish streak from the costa near the base, not reaching the dorsum and sometimes reduced, and a few scattered whitish spots beyond, including one at the tornus and another opposite on the costa. FS Mid-June–early August. Easily disturbed by day, flies at night, and comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, gardens, hedgerows, scrub, woodland rides. Fp Raspberry, Bramble. LS Mid-March–mid-May. In a bud or shoot, causing the shoot to become whitened and withered.

Bracken Gall Moth Plate 21 Monochroa cytisella (Curtis) 35.065 Local. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2000. FL 5–6mm. Forewing yellowish brown, darker in the costal half, sometimes more uniformly darker brown throughout, with a fine oblique whitish streak from the costa at about three-quarters. FS Late June–August, rarely early September. Readily disturbed from the foodplant by day, and u Bracken Gall Moth Monochroa cytisella comes to light. Hab Coastal cliffs larval gall in deformed shoot of Bracken. and slopes, heathland, scrub, open woodland, possibly preferring warm sheltered places. Fp Bracken. LS ?May–June. Within a slight swelling in the stem, or in a side shoot, sometimes causing it to wilt.

Burnished Sorrel Moth Plate 21 Monochroa tenebrella (Hübn.) 35.066 Local. Found widely across Britain and Ireland. FL 5–6mm. Antenna tipped white in male, apical third white in female. Labial palp segment 3 is shorter than segment 2. Forewing unicolorous, bronzy green, tinged purplish. Similar species See note on p.192. Oxypteryx unicolorella (not illustrated), a local species associated with St John’s-worts, has wholly dark antennae, and labial palp segments 2 and 3 are of equal length. FS Late May–mid-August. Flies in sunshine, and at dusk among the foodplant. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Acid and calcareous grasslands, dry heathland, dry banks on marshes, scrub, vegetated shingle, clear-felled areas in conifer plantations. Fp Common and Sheep’s sorrels. LS September–early May. In the rootstock.

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Spike-rush Borer Plate 21 Monochroa lucidella (Steph.) 35.071 Local. Found widely across England and Wales, scarce in south-west Scotland. Also occurs in the southern half of Ireland. Possibly spreading. FL 4.5–8.5mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown or dark brown, with paler patches towards the mid-wing, sometimes forming an ill-defined pale fascia at three-quarters, with a black spot beyond. Paler examples often have additional darker patches. FS Mid-June–August, occasionally late May–September. Flies in late afternoon and evening, can be swept from the foodplant, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, ditches, fens, wet grasslands, margins of ponds and lakes, marshes, valley mires, saltmarshes, dune slacks. Fp Common and Many-stalked spikerushes. In Dorset, larger examples (FL 6.3–8.5mm) feed on Common Spike-rush, and smaller examples (FL 4.3–5.9mm) are found on Many-stalked Spike-rush; the two forms are likely to represent distinct species. LS September–June. In the stem.

Dock Streak Plate 21 Monochroa palustrellus (Dougl.) 35.073 Very local. Mainly found in south-east England. Recorded as new to Wales and Ireland in 2006. FL 7–10mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown, with blackish streaks between the veins and an elongated, sometimes oval, black spot at about one-half, and a round black spot at about two-thirds, both spots outlined paler. FS Late June–August, recorded late May–September, in one generation or possibly with a partial second generation. Comes to light. Hab Dry and damp grasslands, fens, marshes, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, waste ground. Fp Curled Dock, possibly other docks. LS April–June. Feeds in the rootstock, stem and leaf petiole.

Club-rush Miner Monochroa moyses Uffen 35.074 E. Very local. Dorset to Suffolk. First recorded in Britain in 1971, but not described as new to science until 1991. Hab Coastal; ditches, brackish marshes, saltmarshes. Fp Sea Club-rush. LS Mid-August–April. Mines a leaf, often upwards and up to 10cm long, with frass ejected through the entrance hole; may move from one leaf to another. Overwinters fully fed in the mine or vacates the mine in autumn. Can be found in numbers. Similar larva Elachista scirpi (38.043) feeds in spring.

r Club-rush Miner Monochroa moyses leaf-mine.

Cottongrass Borer Plate 21 Monochroa suffusella (Dougl.) 35.076 Rare. Recorded as far north as south Cumbria. FL 5–6.5mm. Forewing pale greyish brown with a sometimes slightly elongate black dot mid-wing at about three-quarters, and a small black mark above this on the costa. Similar species Could be confused with a pale species of Coleophora (Coleophoridae). FS May–early August, also recorded in late August. Flies in the evening sunshine, and comes to light. Can be disturbed from the foodplant by day. Hab Bogs, fens, marshes, valley mires, riverbanks, saltmarshes. There are a few records of it occurring away from these habitats. Fp Common Cottongrass. Has been found at sites where this plant is considered absent. LS September–May. Larva is dull yellow with a translucent brown head. Mines the stem and the lowest part of a leaf in

Gelechiidae 205 autumn, but only the leaf in spring, filling much of the width. Similar larva Elachista albidella (38.046) is pale green or greyish green with a shining greyish-black head.

Silver-barred Moss-moth

Plate 21 Oxypteryx wilkella (Linn.) 35.079 Very local. Mainly coastal, occasionally found inland, including in Breckland. FL 4–6.5mm. Head creamy white. Forewing dark brown with three silvery crossbands from the costa, the outer one only reaching the dorsum, and a silvery spot at the apex. Occasionally the silvery markings are much reduced. FS June–early September. Can be disturbed by day, has been found among thyme, and comes to light. Hab Sparsely vegetated grasslands, sand dunes, old sand quarries, vegetated shingle. Fp The mosses Syntrichia ruralis subspecies ruraliformis, Hypnum lacunosum var. lacunosum and Dicranum scoparium. LS March–May. In whitish silken tubes among the moss. The frass is sometimes visible on the surface of the moss.

Cotoneaster Webworm Plate 22 Athrips rancidella (Herr.-Schäff.) 35.084 Very local. A naturalised adventive. First found in Kent in 1971. Primarily confined to urban and suburban areas of London, but recently found at a site in Northamptonshire. FL 5.5–6mm. Forewing dark grey somewhat mottled paler, particularly along the dorsum and towards the apex, with a short pale mark at the tornus and on the costa which can join to form an indistinct fascia. FS June–July, recorded up to mid-August. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks. Fp Wall Cotoneaster; noted on other plants in Continental Europe. LS May–June. In a messy whitish silken tube along a twig.

Honeysuckle Grey

Plate 22 Athrips mouffetella (Linn.) 35.085 Local, more local in south-west and northern England, west Wales and Ireland. FL 7–8.5mm. Forewing greyish, slightly darker along the costa, with two pairs of blackish transversely placed spots, at about one-quarter and at about two-thirds; other smaller blackish spots variably present. FS Mid-June–early September, rarely in May. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Honeysuckle, Fly Honeysuckle, Snowberry. LS Mid-April–early June. In a dense white silk spinning in a shoot.

Mottled Groundling

Plate 22 Neofriseria singula (Staud.) 35.088 Very local. South-east England and East Anglia. FL 6.5–8mm. Forewing dark grey, heavily speckled with pale grey or white, with two black dots at about two-fifths, one above the other, another in the middle at three-fifths, and whitish marks on the costa and dorsum at about three-quarters. Similar species N. peliella (not illustrated) is rare and largely confined to vegetated shingle on the Kent coast, is more blackish with fewer whitish scales, and the two black dots at two-fifths are obliquely aligned. FS June–mid-August. Occasionally flies by day. Comes to light. Hab Breckland, heathland. Fp Sheep’s Sorrel. LS May–June. Larva is dull pale green. In a silken tube at the base of the stem. Sometimes associated with plants on anthills. Similar larva N. peliella is chocolate brown.

Six-spotted Groundling

Plate 22 Prolita sexpunctella (Fabr.) 35.089 Local. Has declined in some areas. FL 8–10.5mm. Forewing dark greyish brown mixed with reddish brown, with several irregular whitish crossbands, and black marks in the mid-wing; cilia are silver-grey. FS May–early July. Flies in sunshine. Can be abundant where heather is short, especially in areas that are regenerating after fire. Hab Heathland, moorland, mosses. Fp Heather. LS August–May. In spun leaves, overwintering in a dense spinning.

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Genista Groundling

Plate 22 Prolita solutella (Zell.) 35.090 Rare. Found in west Cornwall and central and north-east Scotland. No recent records from northern England. FL 8–10.5mm. Forewing pale to dark greyish brown, speckled greyish white from the base to about four-fifths, with prominent black spots at one-quarter and one-third, which are sometimes joined, and also at just beyond one-half; a whitish crossband at three-quarters, which is sometimes broken and indistinct. Examples from Cornwall tend to be paler than those from Scotland. FS Mid-May–early July. Flies in sunshine, can be disturbed from the foodplants in dull weather, and comes to light. Hab Cliffs, dry unimproved grassland, dry grassy heathland. Fp Dyer’s and Hairy greenweeds, Petty Whin. LS Late June–September. Feeds from within a dense silken tube on the ground leading into the foodplant.

White-streaked Snout

Plate 22 Sophronia semicostella (Hübn.) 35.091 Common. Rare in north-west England. FL 8–9mm. Labial palps distinct, segment 2 strongly tufted. Forewing elongate, greyish brown, faintly streaked with reddish brown and variably speckled whitish, with a white streak along the costa from the base to about two-thirds, a pair of darker spots, one above the other, at two-thirds, and distinctly banded cilia. FS June–August, recorded in mid-May. Flies in the early afternoon and at dusk, and sometimes comes to light. Seldom seen in numbers. Hab Dry grassland, heathland, vegetated shingle. Fp Not known in Britain and Ireland. In Continental Europe on a wide range of low-growing plants, including campions, pinks and Sweet Vernal-grass.

Greenweed Smith

Plate 22 Mirificarma lentiginosella (Zell.) 35.092 Local. Declining, but possibly overlooked. Very local in central and north England and Wales. FL 6–8.5mm. Forewing dark brown with two black spots in the mid-wing at about one-third, and with another at just over one-half, all edged with orangey brown, often with a pale pinkish mark on the costa at about three-quarters. FS August–early September. Comes to light. Hab Unimproved grasslands, grassy heathland. Fp Dyer’s Greenweed. LS Late April–June. In a spun shoot. Larvae have occasionally been found in numbers, and are probably more readily observed than the adults.

Gorse Streak

Plate 22 Mirificarma mulinella (Zell.) 35.093 Common. FL 6–7mm. Variable. Forewing brown, sometimes slightly paler along the costa and in the dorsal half, with a blackish spot at one-third and two others at about two-thirds, although these can be obscure; there is often a longitudinal dark streak from one-third to the apex, and another from the base to beyond one-third, these sometimes merging. FS July–mid-September, occasionally late June–mid-October. Comes to light. Hab Heathland, scrub, waste ground. Fp Gorse, Broom, also Tree Lupin and a cultivar of Dyer’s Greenweed. LS April–May. Feeds in the flowers, and on tree lupin it spins a leaflet into a pod.

Striped Sorrel Moth

Plate 22 Aroga velocella (Zell.) 35.094 Local. More local in the Midlands and northern England, rare in southern Scotland. FL 7–8.5mm. Variable. Forewing greyish brown to blackish brown, sometimes tinged with yellowish brown or reddish brown, the veins often highlighted paler, with a tapered pale greyish or creamy streak on the dorsum and a whitish spot on the tornus with another opposite on the costa; sometimes there is a black spot on the fold at about one-third, with another obliquely above, a further spot at two-thirds, and black dots

Gelechiidae 207 around the termen. All markings can be obscure. FS Mid-April–mid-September, in two generations. Can be found in numbers. Flies in the afternoon in warm weather, and comes to light. Hab Acid grassland, heathland, hedgerows, moorland, parkland, vegetated shingle, woodland clearings. Fp Sheep’s Sorrel. LS September–April, late May–June. Feeds from within a silken tube at the base of the stem, sometimes extending it higher up the stem.

Spotted Gelechia Gelechia rhombella ([D. & S.])

Plate 22 35.097

Local. Very local in northern England and Wales. FL 6–8mm. Forewing pale grey, finely speckled blackish, with a distinct black mark at the base on the costa, two blackish spots, one oblique at about one-third, the other beyond one-half, and a small blackish mark on the costa at about two-thirds. Similar species G. hippophaella (not illustrated), a scarce species on Sea-buckthorn on sandhills in south-east and eastern England, is slightly larger (FL 7.5–9mm), with a pale yellowish-grey forewing and small black spots in the centre of the wing. FS Late June–early September. Can be disturbed from the foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, old orchards, parkland, open woodland. Fp Apples, pears. LS May–mid-June. In a flat spinning between two leaves or a turneddown leaf edge.

Cypress Gelechia

Plate 22 Gelechia senticetella (Staud.) 35.099 Local. A naturalised adventive, spreading out from south-east England and recorded as far north as Staffordshire and South Yorkshire. FL 6–7.5mm. Forewing greyish, tinged pale yellowish brown to reddish brown, and densely speckled blackish, with veins variably outlined blackish and dark spots or streaks in the centre of the wing, sometimes joined to form a longitudinal streak. FS Mid-June–early September. Noted in late October. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, plant nurseries. Fp Cypresses, including Lawson’s Cypress, junipers. LS October–early April. Older larvae feed from a conspicuous silken tube between leaflets, causing these to turn brown.

Eyed Gelechia

Plate 22 Gelechia sororculella (Hübn.) 35.101 Common. Local in the north. FL 6.5–7.5mm. Thorax dark reddish brown. Forewing dark brown or blackish brown, with a longitudinal black band in the mid-wing and a white-ringed black dot just before the middle, and with scattered whitish scales forming a pale angled crossband from the tornus to the costa opposite. Markings may be more defined or obscure. FS Mid-June–August, and recorded once in September. Rests on tree trunks, may be tapped from bushes by day, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Fens, wet heathland, scrub, riverbanks, woodland. Fp Willows, mainly Goat and Grey willows. LS May–June. In a spinning in the leaves or in female catkins.

Black Gelechia

Plate 22 Gelechia nigra (Haw.) 35.105 Very local. Recent records are mainly from south-east England to Worcestershire, but it has extended its range to north-west England. FL 6–9mm. Forewing blackish brown to blackish, with a few whitish scales, a black longitudinal streak at about one-half, and a faint whitish angled crossband at about three-quarters. FS Late June–early September. Rests on tree trunks by day, often flying off when approached, and comes to light. Hab Riverbanks, urban trees, woodland. Fp Aspen, Grey and White poplars. LS May–early June. Between flatly spun leaves.

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Poplar Gelechia Gelechia turpella ([D. & S.])

Plate 22 35.106

Rare. Declining and now extremely local in south-east England, but recently recorded in Wiltshire. FL 8–10mm. Forewing dark greyish brown with scattered paler scales, a blackish mark at the base and at one-half on the costa, two blackish spots in the mid-wing, and a paler, slightly obscure, angled crossband at about three-quarters. FS Late June–early August. Can be found by day resting on the trunks of old poplars, although it is difficult to see as it runs up the trunk when approached. Comes to light. Hab Urban trees, woodland. Fp Black-poplar, Lombardy-poplar, possibly also Crackwillow. LS May. Feeds within a leaf spun into a pod.

Tufted Oak Roller

Plate 22 Psoricoptera gibbosella (Zell.) 35.107 Local. Very local in Wales and northern England. FL 7.5–8.5mm. Variable. Forewing can appear quite pale, with darker mottling, and ranging from strongly contrasting dark markings to examples that appear more blackish brown, and others with brownish shading. A paler, sometimes whitish, angulated fascia is usually present towards the apex, and blackish shading at the base of the forewing edging the thorax can be seen in most examples. Many raised scale tufts are present in freshly emerged examples, giving this species a tufted appearance. FS Late June–early October. Can be found at rest on oak trunks by day, and comes to light. Hab Parkland, woodland. Fp Deciduous oaks. LS May–June. In a leaf rolled longitudinally.

Common Thistle Miner

Plate 22 Scrobipalpa acuminatella (Sirc.) 35.109 Common. Seemingly very local in Ireland. FL 5–7mm. Variable. Dark yellowish brown to greyish brown, sometimes mixed with orangey brown along the veins, with three black dots in the mid-wing. Markings are often obscure or obsolete, and the ground colour can be mixed or unicolorous. A form occurs in Scotland that has a pale greyish-brown forewing u Common Thistle Miner Scrobipalpa with orangey streaks towards acuminatella leaf-mine on Creeping Thistle. the base. The female is usually smaller than the male and has a more pointed forewing. FS Late March–September, in two generations, although possibly one in the far north. Regularly comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, fens, grasslands, field margins, urban parks, waste ground. Fp Thistles. LS June–early November. Within the lower leaves in a pale brownish and branched leaf-mine, usually starting near the base.

Southern Blite Moth Scrobipalpa suaedella (Rich.)

35.112

EC. Very local. Dorset to Norfolk. Recorded on Jersey, in the Channel Islands. Hab Saltmarshes. Fp Shrubby Sea-blite, occasionally Annual Sea-blite in August. LS May–early June, rarely into August. In a silken gallery among leaves or flowers, usually at the tips, the leaves sometimes appearing white, and the shoots withering and turning brown. Similar larva S. salicorniae occasionally feeds on sea-blites. If there is uncertainty, larvae should be reared to confirm the identity of the species.

Gelechiidae 209

Southern Blite Moth Scrobipalpa suaedella larva and spinning.

u

u

Beet Moth Scobipalpa ocellatella leaf-mine on Sea Beet.

Glasswort Moth Plate 22 Scrobipalpa salicorniae (Hering) 35.113 Very local. Rare in Scotland. FL 6.5–7.5mm. Forewing sandy brown, occasionally pale greyish, sometimes mottled with dark grey scales, and usually with three well-defined orangey-brown or dark brown blotches in the mid-wing. FS June–mid-September. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Can be numerous. Occasionally wanders inland. Hab Saltmarshes. Fp Mainly glassworts, occasionally Sea Aster, sea-blites, Common Sea-lavender, sea-spurreys. LS April–June. On glassworts in spun shoots, or in a dense silk tunnel on or in the ground; on Sea Aster in galleries in the leaves; among spun leaves or shoots of other plants. Similar larva S. suaedella; also Bucculatrix maritima (14.003).

Beet Moth Scrobipalpa ocellatella (Boyd)

35.118

EWIC. Local. Predominantly coastal in southern England and south Wales. A single record in southern Ireland. Occasionally migrates and then establishes in abnormally high numbers, being found away from coastal breeding areas. Hab Upper saltmarsh, vegetated shingle, also arable fields in summer. Fp Sea Beet, also cultivated Sugar Beet in summer. LS June–August, October–May. On a bud or stem, in a leaf-mine or spun folded leaf edge. Spinning is often untidy. Similar larva S. nitentella (not illustrated), widely distributed on saltmarshes, sometimes feeds on Sea Beet, initially mining the leaf and then spinning a silken tube among flowers and seeds in September–October.

Buck’s-horn Root Miner Scrobipalpa samadensis (Pfaffenzeller) ESWIC. Local. Found around the coast of Britain and Ireland. Hab Saltmarshes, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Plantains, mainly Buck’s-horn and Sea, rarely Ribwort. LS Mid-March– August, possibly in two generations. In the root, the presence of the larva is indicated by wilting leaves and frass at the centre of the plant. Occasionally in blotch mines in leaves, and has been found between two spun leaves of Sea Plantain.

35.119

Buck’s-horn Root Miner Scrobipalpa samadensis larval workings on Sea Plantain.

u

210 Gelechiidae

Atlantic Dock Moth Scrobipalpa clintoni Povolný

35.122

S. Very local. Coastal in western Scotland only. Hab Sandy beaches, vegetated shingle. Fp Curled and Broad-leaved docks; preference for plants close to the high-tide mark. LS July– early August. In the stem. Pale brown frass is ejected from holes, mostly at the nodes. Pupates in the stem where it overwinters, its presence indicated by a small hole. Can be locally abundant. u

Bittersweet Moth Scrobipalpa costella (H. & W.)

Atlantic Dock Moth Scrobipalpa clintoni larval workings.

Plate 22 35.123

Common. More local in northern parts of its range. FL 6–7mm. Forewing yellowish brown to reddish brown, variably shaded greyish, with an almost triangular blotch extending from one-fifth to about two-thirds along the costa, not reaching the dorsum; the costal triangle is obscure in darker examples, but usually retains its outline, at least in part. FS Recorded every month, probably in two generations. Emerges over a long period. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, marshes, vegetated shingle. Fp Bittersweet, occasionally Deadly Nightshade, Tomato, and has been recorded mining a shoot of Aubergine. LS April–November, once recorded in December, and may overwinter. Larva is greyish white with a brown head, dark brown prothoracic plate and brown thoracic segment 2, and with reddish dorsal and subdorsal lines. The mine is greenish white and sometimes contains frass. Occasionally in spun leaves, a berry or a stem. Similar larva Acrolepia autumnitella (19.014) is pale green with a pale brown head.

Colt’s-foot Miner Scrobipalpula tussilaginis (Staint.) 35.125 E. Rare. Devon, Dorset and Hampshire. Hab Soft cliffs. Fp Colt’s-foot. LS July–August, mid-September–November. Mines the upper side of a leaf, resulting in an irregular blotch, and often turning the surrounding area purplish. Prefers plants on bare earth and on landslips. Larva is apple green. Presence of silk within the mine distinguishes it from the mines of flies (Diptera). Can be common where found.

u

Bittersweet Moth Scrobipalpa costella leaf-mine.

u

Colt’s-foot Miner Scrobipalpula tussilaginis larva and leaf-mine.

Gelechiidae 211

Tomato Leaf-miner

Plate 23 Tuta absoluta (Meyr.) 35.127 Immigrant, adventive and possibly naturalised. A South American species first reported in Britain in 2009 and in Ireland in 2011, following its first detection in Continental Europe (from Spain) in 2006. FL 4–5mm. Antenna brownish yellow, distinctly ringed blackish. Labial palp segment 3 has two distinct dark rings. Forewing mottled brown and dark brown speckled with brownish yellow, with an obliquely placed pair of dark dots before the middle, and one after the middle, these outlined paler. Similar species Dark examples of Scrobipalpa species are larger, with broader wings, and do not have distinctively ringed antennae. Genitalia dissection may be required to confirm identification. FS April–December, most regularly recorded in the wild in autumn. Can have continuous generations in greenhouses. Comes to light. Hab Mainly coastal, also in gardens. Fp Tomato. LS Potentially any month. Mines the leaves and bores into buds, stalks and fruit. Can cause considerable damage to tomato crops.

Note on Caryocolum species Adult Caryocolum species can vary in colour and extent of markings. C. alsinella, C. viscariella, C. marmorea, C. fraternella, C. proxima and C. junctella are very similar, with forewing mottled brownish and blackish with white spots. C. alsinella (not illustrated) and C. marmorea are largely coastal, the former being very local, whereas C. viscariella (not illustrated) and C. fraternella are more widely distributed. C. proxima (not illustrated) is rare and declining, now occurring mainly in eastern and south-eastern England. C. junctella (not illustrated), a very local mainly northern species, is the only member of the genus that hibernates as an adult. Genitalia examination may be required to confirm the identity of field-caught adults.

Coast Groundling

Plate 23 Caryocolum vicinella (Dougl.) 35.130 Local. Coastal. Very local in Scotland and Ireland. Has been found at one inland site (a former lead mine) in Wales. FL 5–7.5mm. Forewing grey, mottled darker, usually with four white spots, two large and triangular from the dorsum near the base and at one-half, these often joined by a narrow white dorsal band, and spots on the costa and dorsum just beyond three-quarters. Forms occur with much reduced white markings, and these may require genitalia dissection to confirm identity unless they have been reared from larvae. FS Late June–mid-September. Comes to light. Hab Rocky coasts and cliffs, vegetated shingle. Fp Sea Campion. LS Late March–early June. Within a spinning among shoots and leaves, causing withering.

Mouse-ear Groundling Plate 23 Caryocolum marmorea (Haw.) 35.131 Local. Predominantly coastal, rare inland. FL 4.5–6mm. Variable, and almost unicolorous examples can occur. Forewing with areas of brownish and blackish brown, usually with whitish markings, a spot mid-wing at one-quarter, a triangle mid-wing, and tornal and costal spots sometimes joined; there is blackish shading between the whitish markings. Similar species See note on Caryocolum species. FS Late May–early September. Noted early May–late September. Can be readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Sandy coastal areas, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Formerly found in Breckland and old sand quarries. Fp Common and Little mouse-ears. LS January–early May. Initially mines a leaf, moving into the stem, and then within a sand-covered tube on the basal leaves.

212 Gelechiidae

Stitchwort Groundling Plate 23 Caryocolum fraternella (Dougl.) 35.132 Local. Very local in south-west England, much of Wales, southern Scotland and Ireland. FL 4.5–6.5mm. Forewing mainly reddish brown, with blackish-brown spots, one near the base, sometimes a large oblique one from the costa at one-third, one mid-wing at threefifths, and more diffuse dark shading in the apical area, with white costal and tornal spots at about four-fifths. Similar species See note on Caryocolum species. C. viscariella (not illustrated), a widespread species on campions, is slightly larger (FL 5–7mm), the oblique dark mark at one-third is more defined, and the costal and tornal spots are dirty yellowish. FS Mid-June–August, also early September. Comes to light. Hab Sandy coastal areas, rough grasslands, heathland, hedgerows, scrub, vegetated shingle, woodland. Fp Bog, Greater, Lesser and Wood stitchworts, also Common and Field mouse-ears. LS April–May. In spun shoots, boring down and causing a gall-like growth.

Barred Groundling

Plate 23 Caryocolum blandella (Dougl.) 35.133 Local. Very local in southern Scotland and Ireland. FL 4.5–7mm. Forewing whitish with greyish speckling, a distinctive oblique blackish bar from the dorsum at one-quarter not reaching the costa, usually with two blackish marks in the mid-wing beyond, the outer one often slightly curved towards the tornus, and a row of spots along the termen. Similar species C. blandulella (not illustrated), a rare species on sand dunes in southern England and south Wales, is slightly smaller (FL 4–6.5mm) and darker, and lacks the row of terminal spots. C. blandelloides (not illustrated), FL 5–6mm, restricted to sand dunes in north-east Scotland, is typically mottled pale brownish, and the oblique blackish bar is narrower. FS Late June–mid-September, recorded early June–early October. Rests on trunks by day, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, hedge banks, woodland. Fp Greater Stitchwort. LS April–mid-June. Initially in a leaf-mine, later in a spun shoot or bud, and finally within seed capsules.

Beautiful Groundling

Plate 23 Caryocolum tricolorella (Haw.) 35.137 Local. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2019 in the Highlands. Rare in Ireland. FL 5–7.5mm. Forewing orangey brown at the base and along the basal half of the dorsum, with a large blackishbrown triangle or two overlapping triangles along the costa, inwardly edged whitish and with white costal and tornal spots at about four-fifths, the apical area blackish. Similar species The large size, large black triangle on the costa, and contrasting u Beautiful Groundling Caryocolum tricolorella larval working. orangey-brown base and dorsum help to distinguish this micro-moth from other Caryocolum species. FS Mid-July–mid-September, noted in early June. Has been recorded at sugar, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, hedge banks, open woodland. Fp Greater Stitchwort. LS December–May. Larva is whitish with red markings. Initially in a leaf-mine, later in a bud and spun terminal shoot, causing the shoot to bend at an angle.

Gelechiidae 213

Black-spotted Grey Teleiodes vulgella ([D. & S.])

Plate 23 35.141

Common in England and Wales, more local in northern England. FL 5.5–6.5mm. Forewing costa with slight outward curve at two-thirds, the outer third of the wing appearing broader; grey, mottled with dark greyish brown, with a variable number of black marks, including a raised scale tuft at one-third and a pair of raised tufts, usually joined into a bar at two-thirds, with one or two spots in the middle, and blackish shading along the costa. FS Mid-May–August, occasionally a second generation in late August–early October. Rests on tree trunks and fences by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Mainly Blackthorn, hawthorns, also Wall Cotoneaster, Rowan; once reared from junipers. LS ?September–May, rarely observed in autumn. In flatly spun leaves.

White Crescent Plate 23 Teleiodes luculella (Hübn.) 35.143 Common. Local in the south-west and the north. FL 5–6mm. Forewing dark grey to blackish, with a large semicircular white blotch reaching the costa at one-fifth and one-half, this often with a yellowish or orangey tinge in the mid-wing, and a white costal spot at about two-thirds. Similar species In T. flavimaculella (not illustrated), a scarce species in south and south-east England, the pale mark near the mid-wing is distinctly orange, rather triangular, and does not reach the costa. FS Late April–September. Rests on tree trunks by day, and comes to light. Hab Parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Deciduous oaks. LS September–mid-October. Between spun leaves or on the underside of a leaf from a silken tube.

Rock-rose Moth Plate 23 Neotelphusa sequax (Haw.) 35.145 Local. More coastal in Wales, very local in Scotland. FL 5.5–7mm. Forewing whitish, pale brown or pale grey partly shaded brown in the basal one-quarter, outwardly edged by a blackish line of raised scales, with a mottled brown and black area not reaching the dorsum in the central section of the wing and paler in the apical part, this containing a black streak. FS Mid-June–early u Rock-rose Moth Neotelphusa sequax larval spinning. September, and noted in late May. Can be found among the foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Short calcareous grassland. In Scotland on dry acid and limestone grasslands, heaths. Fp Rock-roses. LS Late April–early June. In a spun shoot, often drawn together into a ball shape. Can be common where found.

Common Groundling

Plate 23 Teleiopsis diffinis (Haw.) 35.146 Common. Local over much of Scotland and Ireland. FL 7–9mm. A long-winged species. Forewing greyish brown or greyish, variably spotted blackish and faintly speckled whitish; at one-fifth there are three obliquely placed raised black spots, sometimes joined into a crossline, with two raised spots at about one-half in the mid-wing, and another pair at three-quarters, beyond which a whitish crossband is sometimes discernible. FS May– October, also recorded in March–November, in at least two generations. Comes to light.

214 Gelechiidae Hab Dry grassland, heathland, vegetated shingle. Fp Common and Sheep’s sorrels. LS ?September–May, July–August. On the basal leaves. The larva folds a leaf edge into a slight tube, eats windows in a leaf from below, or lives in a silken tube at the base of the stem. In autumn it has been reported mining a leaf of Common Sorrel.

Elm Grey

Plate 23 Carpatolechia fugitivella (Zell.) 35.148 Local. Very local in northern Scotland and Ireland. FL 6–7.5mm. Variable in shade. Forewing greyish with blackish speckling, and suffused black marks on the costa near the base and before and beyond the middle; sometimes an interrupted sinuate black streak in the basal half of the wing with a pair of oblique black spots beyond, although these spots can be obscure in darker examples. Up to three small patches of whitish or dark raised scales in the mid-wing. Similar species C. decorella (not illustrated), a widespread but infrequently encountered species on oaks, is very variable; pale forms have a more prominent black bar at the base of the costa, whereas dark forms have a series of diffuse dark spots along the margin on either side of the apex. It overwinters as an adult. C. notatella is a more uniform grey colour, lacks raised scales, and usually has a prominent black spot near the base. C. proximella lacks a black streak in the basal half. Dissection may be necessary to confirm identification. FS June–early September, rarely April–early October. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Elm, including Wych Elm. LS April–May, but probably from the previous August. In a folded leaf or spun leaves and shoots.

Birch Grey Plate 23 (2) Carpatolechia alburnella (Zell.) 35.149 Local. Very local in Scotland where it occurs in the Highlands, and rare in Wales. FL 6–7mm. Labial palp segment 2 is pure white. Forewing whitish, speckled grey, and grey and blackish towards the apex, with pale yellowish-brown or greyish marks in the central part of the wing, sometimes visible as a raised tuft of scales at about one-quarter and three-quarters; black spots of varying intensity on the costa, the one at about two-thirds typically being the largest. Examples from the Scottish Highlands have more blackish scaling in the central part of the wing. Similar species C. decorella (not illustrated) has a long black bar at the base of the costa. C. proximella has whitish labial palp segment 2 with darker speckling, and the forewing is greyish with black spots in the mid-wing. FS June–August, rarely mid-May–mid-September. Comes to light. Usually occurs at low density. Hab Heathland, parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Birches. LS May–June. In spun leaves or a folded leaf.

Willow Grey

Plate 23 Carpatolechia notatella (Hübn.) 35.150 Local. Possibly more local in Ireland. FL 6–7.5mm. Forewing greyish variably speckled darker with a black dot near the base, two black dots at one-fifth, two black streaks at one-half, two dots at two-thirds, and a black streak in the apical part of the wing. Markings are generally small and fine, and some may be reduced or absent. Similar species C. fugitivella. C. proximella is usually paler grey, with black markings larger and better defined, without a black dot at the base. FS May–July, noted mid-April–early September. Can be disturbed from the foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, fens, scrub, woodland. Fp Willows, especially Goat and Grey; in Scotland, often Eared Willow. LS Mid-August–mid-October. On the underside of a leaf, sometimes curling the edge, or between spun leaves.

Gelechiidae 215

Spotted Birch Grey

Plate 23 Carpatolechia proximella (Hübn.) 35.151 Local. FL 6.5–8mm. Labial palp segment 2 is white, with greyish-brown speckling. Forewing whitish, speckled black and grey, with an oblique line of black spots from the costa at one-fifth, a pair of black spots at one-third and another pair at two-thirds, and with a whitish-grey angled crossband from the tornus to the costa. Examples from the Scottish Highlands have more blackish scaling in the central part of the wing. Similar species C. alburnella, C. notatella. FS Mid-April–July, occasionally mid-March–early September. Comes to light. Usually occurs at low density. Hab Heathland, moorland, river valleys, scrub, woodland. Fp Alders, birches. LS Late July–early October. In an upwardly folded leaf.

Pied Oak Moth Plate 23 Pseudotelphusa scalella (Scop.) 35.152 Local. FL 5–7mm. Head white. Forewing white with blackish markings, including a basal spot, an oblique crossband at about one-fifth, a triangular costal spot at two-fifths, a spot at three-fifths, and a triangular spot on the dorsum near the tornus, with smaller spots in the apical area. FS Late April–mid-July. Rests on tree trunks by day, and comes to light. Hab Parkland, deciduous woodland. Fp Unknown with certainty, but possibly oaks.

Domino Groundling

Plate 23 Pseudotelphusa paripunctella (Thunb.) 35.153 Local. FL 5–7mm. Thorax usually with five black dots. Forewing grey, brown or pale yellowish brown, with a blackish spot or patch near the base of the costa, and two similar patches at two-fifths and three-fifths, these sometimes obscure; there are three pairs of fine black raised dots at one-fifth, two-fifths and three-fifths, a pale rather angular crossband beyond, and black spots around the termen. The ground colour varies according to the foodplant: from oak it tends to be yellowish brown; from Bog-myrtle it tends to be grey-brown. Similar species Teleiodes wagae (not illustrated), a very local species on Hazel, has no dots on the thorax and has a greyish-brown forewing with four dots in a row at two-fifths. FS May–mid-July, rarely mid-April–early August. Comes to light. Hab Bogs, fens, heathland, hedgerows, moorland, woodland margins. Fp Mainly oaks in southern England and Wales, Bog-myrtle in northern England and Scotland, also Dwarf Birch in Scotland. LS Late July–October, sometimes earlier on oak. Between flatly spun leaves. Prefers saplings.

Marbled Maple Moth Plate 23 Altenia scriptella (Hübn.) 35.155 Very local. Declining, and recently found only south of a line from Worcestershire to Norfolk. FL 6–7mm. Head white. Forewing white, partly tinged greyish, and finely speckled black, with a yellowish-brown costal spot at the base and a dark greyish blotch from one-fifth to three-fifths, extending from the dorsum over much of the wing and meeting the costa as a black mark. FS Late May–mid-August. Often rests on a tree trunk or fence paling by day, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, woodland margins. Fp Field Maple. LS Late July–September. In an upwardly folded leaf. Prefers lower branches of saplings.

216 Gelechiidae

Southern Apple Moth Recurvaria nanella ([D. & S.])

Plate 23 35.156

Local or very local. Possibly declining. FL 5.5–6.5mm. Forewing dark grey, mottled whitish with scattered black marks including a streak in the middle, an oblique fascia at about one-third, outwardly curved and edged whitish, and a dark mark towards the apex. Fresh examples have several scale tufts. Darker examples occur with markings obscured. FS Mid-June–August, rarely late May–early October. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, orchards, woodland. Fp Apples, Blackthorn, Pear, Plum. LS August–May. Mines a leaf in autumn, and then in spring feeds in a bud, on blossom or on a young leaf.

White-barred Apple Moth

Plate 23 Recurvaria leucatella (Clerck) 35.157 Local. Very local north of the Midlands. FL 6–7mm. Head white. Forewing blackish, with a broad white crossband at one-quarter, broader on the dorsum than the costa, a white tornal spot and a similar smaller spot opposite on the costa, with white speckling towards the apex. FS Mid-June–August, rarely late April–early September. Can be disturbed from hedgerows by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, orchards, parkland. Fp Apples, Hawthorn, occasionally Rowan. LS ?September–June. In spun leaves.

Tufted Pine Moth Plate 23 Exoteleia dodecella (Linn.) 35.159 Local. FL 6–7mm. Forewing greyish brown with paler mottling, and with indistinct bands of greyish brown at about one-third and two-thirds, and similar shading towards the apex and an indistinct whitish angulated fascia at three-quarters. Fresh examples have several raised tufts across the wing. FS June–mid-August, rarely May–early September. Can be disturbed from trees by day, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, mosses, woodland, parks, gardens. Fp Scots Pine, occasionally European Larch; has been bred from Lodgepole Pine. LS September–mid-May. Larva is reddish. Mines a needle in autumn, and then in spring bores into buds and shoots, forming small whitish webs among the needles. r

Tufted Pine Moth Exoteleia dodecella larval mine in needle of Scots Pine.

Black V Bud Moth

Plate 23 Stenolechia gemmella (Linn.) 35.160 Local. Recorded once in Ireland. FL 5–5.5mm. Forewing white with variable fine darker speckling, with a darker dorsal and costal spot at the base, an almost complete blackish oblique crossband at one-half, and a small grey spot on the tornus. FS Late June– September; once recorded in early May. Has been found resting in crevices on oak trunks, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, parkland, woodland. Fp Deciduous oaks. LS April–June. Bores into a bud or shoot, causing the leaf to wither.

Hazel Bud Moth Plate 23 Parachronistis albiceps (Zell.) 35.161 Local. Very local in the south-west and Wales. FL 5–6mm. Head white. Forewing dark greyish brown to blackish, with scattered white spots, including three along the costa, the one near the base often extended to form a narrow oblique crossband, joining an elongate white streak on the dorsum to near the tornus; weak scale tufts are usually present at one-third and two-thirds. FS June–early August, rarely mid-May–late August. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, woodland. Fp Hazel; has also been recorded on a willow. LS ?March–May. In a bud.

Gelechiidae 217 Species not covered Scarce White-barred Aproaerema cinctella (Clerck) 35.002 ESWI

Highland Groundling Xystophora pulveratella (Herr.-Schäff.) 35.083 R/ES

Highland White-barred A. albifrontella (Hein.) 35.005 R/S Greenweed White-barred A. vinella Bankes 35.006 R/E

Scarce Vetch Moth Athrips tetrapunctella (Thunb.) 35.086 R/ESI

Broken White-barred A. albipalpella (Herr.-Schäff.) 35.007 R/E

White-spot Groundling Neofriseria peliella (Treits.) 35.087 R/E

Cornish White-barred A. suecicella (Wolff) 35.008 R/E

Moss Groundling Chionodes distinctella (Zell.) 35.095 ESWIC

Dwarf Willow Roller Anacampsis temerella (L. & Z.) 35.013 R/ESWI Brighton Snout Mesophleps silacella (Hübn.) 35.014 † E Norfolk Snout Nothris verbascella ([D. & S.]) 35.015 † E

Smoky Groundling C. fumatella (Dougl.) 35.096 ESWI Blackthorn Gelechia Gelechia scotinella Herr.-Schäff. 35.098 R/E

Peach Twig Borer Anarsia lineatella Zell. 35.019 A/EWC

Juniper Gelechia G. sabinellus (Zell.) 35.100 A/E

Vagrant Snout Dichomeris acuminatus (Staud.) 35.0205 I/E

Dusky Willow Gelechia G. muscosella Zell. 35.102 R/EW Willow Spinner G. cuneatella Dougl. 35.103 R/E

Scarce Blackthorn Snout D. derasella ([D. & S.]) 35.024 † E

Seathorn Spinner G. hippophaella (Schrank) 35.104 R/E

Fen Snout Brachmia inornatella (Dougl.) 35.029 E

Granish Miner Gnorimoschema streliciella (Herr.-Schäff.) 35.108 † S

Bindweed Zebra Moth Helcystogramma triannulella (Herr.-Schäff.) 35.0299 I/E

The Pauper Scrobipalpa pauperella (Hein.) 35.110 R/E

Scarce Zebra Moth H. lutatella (Herr.-Schäff.) 35.030 R/E

Everlasting Miner S. murinella (Dup.) 35.111 R/SI

Angoumois Grain Moth Sitotroga cerealella (Ol.) 35.034 A/ES

Purslane Moth S. instabilella (Dougl.) 35.114 ESWIC

Coast Moss-moth Bryotropha desertella (Dougl.) 35.041 ESWIC

Grey Orache Miner S. obsoletella (Fisch. V. Rösl.) 35.116 ESWI

Upland Moss-moth B. boreella (Dougl.) 35.042 ESW Northern Moss-moth B. galbanella (Zell.) 35.043 ES

Mottled Orache Moth S. atriplicella (Fisch. V. Rösl.) 35.117 ESWIC

Scarce Moss-moth B. dryadella (Zell.) 35.044 R/EC

Thyme Moth S. artemisiella (Treits.) 35.120 ESWI

Dark-spotted Moss-moth B. basaltinella (Zell.) 35.045 ESWC

Arrowgrass Miner S. stangei (Hering) 35.121 † E

Sandhill Moss-moth B. umbrosella (Zell.) 35.048 ESWIC

Potato Tuber Moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) 35.126 A/ESWIC

Obscure Moss-moth B. similis (Staint.) 35.049 ESWI Fen Elder Aristotelia subdecurtella (Staint.) 35.051 † E Anthemis Flower Moth Isophrictis anthemidella (Wocke) 35.0531 ?I?R/E

Coast Orache Miner S. nitentella (Fuchs) 35.115 ESWI

Fleabane Miner Scrobipalpula diffluella (Frey) 35.124 † E

Narrow Groundling Caryocolum alsinella (Zell.) 35.128 ESWIC Campion Groundling C. viscariella (Staint.) 35.129 ESWI

Dwarf Thistle Seedhead Moth Metzneria neuropterella (Zell.) 35.054 R/E

Northern Barred Groundling C. blandelloides Karsholt 35.134 R/S

Wight Seedhead Moth M. littorella (Dougl.) 35.057 R/EC

Meadow Groundling C. proxima (Haw.) 35.135 R/E

The Cryptic Psamathocrita osseella (Staint.) 35.062 † E

Southern Barred Groundling C. blandulella (Tutt) 35.136 R/EW

Sea Couch Silver P. argentella P. & M. 35.063 R/E Loosestrife Miner Monochroa conspersella (Herr.-Schäff.) 35.067 R/E

Winter Groundling C. junctella (Dougl.) 35.138 R/ESW

Milkwort Borer M. tetragonella (Staint.) 35.068 R/EW

Scarce Groundling C. kroesmanniella (Herr.-Schäff.) 35.140 R/EW

Silverweed Borer M. elongella (Hein.) 35.069 R/EW Meadowsweet Borer M. lutulentella (Zell.) 35.070 EWI Iris Miner M. divisella (Dougl.) 35.072 R/E Pond-sedge Miner M. arundinetella 35.075 (Boyd) E Persicaria Borer M. hornigi (Staud.) 25.077 E Bistort Borer M. niphognatha (Gozm.) 35.078 R/E Bronze Neb Oxypteryx unicolorella (Dup.) 35.080 ESWIC Hypericum Neb O. atrella ([D. & S.]) 35.081 EWI Obscure Neb O. immaculatella (Dougl.) 35.082 R/ESWI

Hedge Groundling C. huebneri (Haw.) 35.139 † E

Hazel Grey Teleiodes wagae (Nowicki) 35.142 EWI Orange-marked T. flavimaculella (Herr.-Schäff.) 35.144 R/E Black-shouldered Grey Carpatolechia decorella (Haw.) 35.147 ESWIC Scorched Heath Xenolechia aethiops (H. & W.) 35.154 R/ ESWI Orange Spruce Needle-miner Coleotechnites piceaella (Kearfott) 35.158 A/E

PLATE 1

Micropterigidae 

x4

Red-barred Pollen-moth Micropterix tunbergella (p.52)

Black-headed Pollen-moth Micropterix mansuetella (p.52)



Yellow-barred Pollen-moth Micropterix aureatella (p.53)



White-line Pollen-moth Micropterix aruncella (p.53)

Plain Pollen-moth Micropterix calthella (p.53)

Eriocraniidae

x4

Common Spring Jewel Dyseriocrania subpurpurella (p.54)

Hazel Spring Jewel Paracrania chrysolepidella (p.54) & Small Spring Jewel Eriocrania cicatricella (p.56)

White-spotted Spring Jewel Eriocrania unimaculella (p.55)

Large Spring Jewel Eriocrania semipurpurella (p.56) & Purple Spring Jewel Eriocrania sangii (p.56)

Yellow-headed Spring Jewel Eriocrania salopiella (p.55)

Nepticulidae

Golden Dot Stigmella aurella (p.61)

Splendid Spring Jewel Eriocrania sparrmannella (p.55)

x6

Sycamore Seed Dot Etainia decentella (p.65)

Opostegidae

Sorrel Cap Opostega salaciella (p.71)

Heliozelidae

x4

Mint Cap Pseudopostega crepusculella (p.71)

x6

Shining Dogwood Cutter Antispila metallella (p.72)

PLATE 2

Adelidae 

x3

Yellow-banded Longhorn Nemophora degeerella (p.74)

Copper-tip Longhorn Nemophora cupriacella (p.75)

Scabious Longhorn Nemophora metallica (p.75) Horehound Longhorn Nemophora fasciella (p.75)

Small Scabious Longhorn Nemophora minimella (p.75)

Sallow Longhorn Adela cuprella (p.76)

Green Longhorn Adela reaumurella (p.76)

Meadow Longhorn Cauchas rufimitrella (p.77)

Lesser Banded Longhorn Adela croesella (p.76)

Speedwell Longhorn Cauchas fibulella (p.76)

Large Longhorn Nematopogon swammerdamella (p.77)

Sandy Longhorn Nematopogon schwarziellus (p.77)

Dark-dotted Longhorn Nematopogon metaxella (p.77)

PLATE 3

Incurvariidae 

Pale Feathered Cutter Incurvaria pectinea (p.79)

x4

Feathered Cutter Incurvaria masculella (p.79)

Strawberry Cutter Incurvaria praelatella (p.80)

Purple-tinged Cutter Incurvaria oehlmanniella (p.79)

Striped Cutter Phylloporia bistrigella (p.80)

Prodoxidae 

Currant Shoot Borer Lampronia capitella (p.81)

Scarce Shoot Borer Lampronia flavimitrella (p.82)

x4

Raspberry Shoot Borer Lampronia luzella (p.81)

Raspberry Moth Lampronia corticella (p.82)

Birch Gall Moth Lampronia fuscatella (p.82)

Rose Shoot Borer Lampronia morosa (p.82)

Dusky Rose Moth Lampronia pubicornis (p.82)

Tischeriidae 

x4

Oak Blotch-miner Tischeria ekebladella (p.83)

Bramble Blotch-miner Coptotriche marginea (p.84)

Psychidae 

moths x 3, cases x 2.5

Narrow Lichen Case-bearer Dahlica triquetrella (p.87) Yellow-headed Bagworm Diplodoma laichartingella (p.87)

White-speckled Bagworm Narycia duplicella (p.87)

Lesser Lichen Case-bearer Dahlica inconspicuella (p.87)

PLATE 4

 moths x 3, cases x 2.5

Lichen Case-bearer Dahlica lichenella (p.88)

Brown Bagworm Taleporia tubulosa (p.88)

Scarce Bagworm Bankesia conspurcatella (p.88)

Shining Bagworm Bacotia claustrella (p.89)

Ramshorn Bagworm Luffia lapidella (p.88)

Birch Bagworm Proutia betulina (p.89)

Common Bagworm Psyche casta (p.89) case life size





Plumed Bagworm Epichnopterix plumella (p.89)

Netted Bagworm Whittleia retiella (p.90)

Lesser Heath Bagworm Acanthopsyche atra (p.90)

case life size x 1.5

Large Heath Bagworm Pachythelia villosella (p.90)

Dusky Heath Bagworm Sterrhopterix fusca (p.90)

PLATE 5

Tineidae 

x4 x3

Silver-barred Lichen Moth Infurcitinea argentimaculella (p.92)

Cyan Marbled Stenoptinea cyaneimarmorella (p.92)

Great Fungus Moth Morophaga choragella (p.92)

Four-spotted Fungus Moth Triaxomera fulvimitrella (p.93)

Brindled Fungus Moth Triaxomera parasitella (p.93)

Streaked Fungus Moth Archinemapogon yildizae (p.93)

Gold-speckled Fungus Moth Nemaxera betulinella (p.93)

Cork Moth Nemapogon cloacella (p.93)

White-speckled Fungus Moth Nemapogon koenigi (p.94)

Black-barred Fungus Moth Nemapogon clematella (p.94)

Pied Fungus Moth Nemapogon picarella (p.94)

Tree Hollow Moth Triaxomasia caprimulgella (p.95)

Tapestry Moth Trichophaga tapetzella (p.95)

Large Pale Clothes Moth Tinea pallescentella (p.96)

Common Clothes Moth Tineola bisselliella (p.95)

Orange-tipped Nest Moth Tinea semifulvella (p.96)

Case-bearing Clothes Moth Tinea pellionella (p.95)

Triple-spotted Nest Moth Tinea trinotella (p.96)

PLATE 6 x4

Skin Moth Monopis laevigella (p.97)

Carrion Moth Monopis weaverella (p.97)

Yellow-backed Detritus Moth Monopis obviella (p.97)

Pale-backed Detritus Moth Monopis crocicapitella (p.97)

Coastal Detritus Moth Monopis imella (p.98)

Monk Moth Monopis monachella (p.98)

Eastern Detritus Moth Opogona omoscopa (p.98)

Yellow V Moth Oinophila v-flava (p.98)

Roeslerstammiidae 

Hart’s-tongue Moth Psychoides verhuella (p.99)

x4

Common Fern Moth Psychoides filicivora (p.99) Burnished Copper Roeslerstammia erxlebella (p.100)

Bucculatricidae 

x5

Daisy Tuft Bucculatrix nigricomella (p.102)

Lime Tuft Bucculatrix thoracella (p.104)

Saltern Tuft Bucculatrix maritima (p.102)

Oak Tuft Bucculatrix ulmella (p.104)

PLATE 7

Gracillariidae 

x4

x6

Clover Stilt Parectopa ononidis (p.107)

Privet Stilt Caloptilia cuculipennella (p.107)

Birch Stilt Caloptilia betulicola (p.109)

Azalea Leaf-miner Caloptilia azaleella (p.109)

Oak Stilt Caloptilia alchimiella (p.110)

Alder Stilt Caloptilia elongella (p.108)

Black-dot Stilt Caloptilia populetorum (p.108)

Rufous Stilt Caloptilia rufipennella (p.109)

Willow Stilt Caloptilia stigmatella (p.110)

Shaded Oak Stilt Caloptilia robustella (p.110)

autumn generation

autumn generation

summer generation

summer generation Dark Alder Stilt Caloptilia falconipennella (p.110)

Scarce Maple Stilt Caloptilia hemidactylella (p.111)

Hop Stilt Caloptilia fidella (p.111)

Pale Maple Stilt Caloptilia honoratella (p.111)

Maple Stilt Caloptilia semifascia (p.111)

Garden Stilt Gracillaria syringella (p.112)

Ribwort Stilt Aspilapteryx tringipennella (p.112)

PLATE 8 x4

Yellow-dotted Stilt Euspilapteryx auroguttella (p.113)

White-marked Stilt Calybites phasianipennella (p.113)

x6

Oak Cloud Acrocercops brongniardella (p.114)

Scarce Oak Stilt Povolnya leucapennella (p.113) x5

Parornix species Parornix spp. (p.115)

Apple Nymph Callisto denticulella (p.114)

x5

White Oak Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter harrisella (p.117)

x5

Ilex Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter messaniella (p.118)

Firethorn Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter leucographella (p.120)

x5

x5

x5

Banded Honeysuckle Leaf-miner Phyllonorycter trifasciella (p.125)

Horse-chestnut Leaf-miner Cameraria ohridella (p.127)

Kent Maze-miner Phyllocnistis xenia (p.129)

Yponomeutidae 

x3

spot Orchard Ermine Yponomeuta padella (p.131) & Apple Ermine Yponomeuta malinellus (p.132) & Spindle Ermine Yponomeuta cagnagella (p.132)

Bird-cherry Ermine Yponomeuta evonymella (p.131)

no spot Orchard Ermine Yponomeuta padella (p.131) & Apple Ermine Yponomeuta malinellus (p.132)

Willow Ermine Yponomeuta rorrella (p.132)

PLATE 9 x3

Black-tipped Ermine Yponomeuta plumbella (p.133)

Scarce Spindle Ermine Yponomeuta irrorella (p.133)

Olive Spinner Zelleria oleastrella (p.133)

Ash Spinner Zelleria hepariella (p.133)

Little Buff-tip Pseudoswammerdamia combinella (p.134)

White-headed Drab Paraswammerdamia albicapitella (p.135)

Orpine Ermine Yponomeuta sedella (p.133)

Birch Drab Swammerdamia caesiella (p.134) & Hawthorn Drab Paraswammerdamia nebulella (p.135)

Double-barred Needle-miner Cedestis gysseleniella (p.136)

Saxifrage Ermine Kessleria saxifragae (p.134)

Copper-fringed Drab Swammerdamia pyrella (p.134)

Barred Needle-miner Cedestis subfasciella (p.136)

Rowan Drab Swammerdamia compunctella (p.135)

Ringed Needle-miner Ocnerostoma piniariella (p.136) & Plain Needle-miner Ocnerostoma friesei (p.136)

Ypsolophidae 

Spindle Moth Ypsolopha mucronella (p.138)

x 2.5

Pale Honeysuckle Moth Ypsolopha nemorella (p.138)

Honeysuckle Moth Ypsolopha dentella (p.138)

Tufted Scallop Ypsolopha scabrella (p.139)

Dark Tufted Scallop Ypsolopha horridella (p.139)

Netted Ochre Ypsolopha lucella (p.139)

PLATE 10 x 2.5

Short-barred Ochre Ypsolopha alpella (p.139)

Long-barred Ochre Ypsolopha sylvella (p.139) White-shouldered Ochre Ypsolopha parenthesella (p.139)

Pied Rabbit Moth Ypsolopha sequella (p.140)

Varied Ochre Ypsolopha ustella (p.140)

x4

Dusky Rabbit Moth Ypsolopha vittella (p.140)

Hairy Stem Moth Ochsenheimeria taurella (p.140)

Plutellidae 

x 2.5

Diamond-back Moth Plutella xylostella (p.141)

Rock-cress Diamond-back Rhigognostis senilella (p.142)

Northern Diamond-back Rhigognostis incarnatella (p.142)

Mountain Diamond-back Plutella haasi (p.141)

Streaked Diamond-back Plutella porrectella (p.142)

Coast Diamond-back Rhigognostis annulatella (p.142)

White-barred Pointer Eidophasia messingiella (p.142)

PLATE 11

Glyphipterigidae 

x3

Reed Minor Orthotelia sparganella (p.143)

x4

Eyed Rush Moth Glyphipterix thrasonella (p.144)

x4

Woodrush Moth Glyphipterix fuscoviridella (p.144)

x4

Stonecrop Moth Glyphipterix equitella (p.144)

x4

x4

Cottongrass Moth Glyphipterix haworthana (p.144)

x4

x4

Woodland Sedge-moth Glyphipterix forsterella (p.145)

Cocksfoot Moth Glyphipterix simpliciella (p.145)

Bog-rush Moth Glyphipterix schoenicolella (p.145)

Spikenard Moth Digitivalva perlepidella (p.145)

Fleabane Moth Digitivalva pulicariae (p.146)

Leek Moth Acrolepiopsis assectella (p.146)

Ramsons Moth Acrolepiopsis betulella (p.146)

Ruscus Moth Acrolepiopsis marcidella (p.147)

Speckled Bittersweet Moth Acrolepia autumnitella (p.147)

PLATE 12

Argyresthiidae 

x4

Larch Tip Moth White-headed Tip Moth Juniper Berry Moth Spruce Tip Moth Argyresthia laevigatella (p.148) Argyresthia glabratella (p.148) Argyresthia praecocella (p.149) Argyresthia arceuthina (p.149)

Triple-barred Tip Moth Argyresthia trifasciata (p.149)

Juniper Tip Moth Argyresthia dilectella (p.149)

Apple Tip Moth Argyresthia ivella (p.150)

Gold W Argyresthia brockeella (p.150)

Sallow Tip Moth Argyresthia pygmaeella (p.151)

Oak Bark Moth Argyresthia glaucinella (p.152)

Cherry Fruit Moth Argyresthia pruniella (p.153)

Streaked Tip Moth Shining Tip Moth Cypress Tip Moth Argyresthia cupressella Argyresthia abdominalis Argyresthia aurulentella (p.150) (p.150) (p.149)

Rowan Tip Moth Argyresthia sorbiella (p.151)

Brassy Y Argyresthia goedartella (p.151)

Brindled Apple Tip Moth Argyresthia curvella (p.151)

Apple Fruit Moth Blackthorn Tip Moth Argyresthia spinosella (p.152) Argyresthia conjugella (p.152)

Hawthorn Tip Moth Argyresthia bonnetella (p.153)

Dark Blackthorn Tip Moth Argyresthia albistria (p.153)

Speckled Tip Moth Argyresthia retinella (p.152)

Purple-washed Tip Moth Argyresthia semifusca (p.153)

Beech Tip Moth Argyresthia semitestacella (p.153)

PLATE 13

Lyonetiidae 

x5

Apple Leaf-miner Lyonetia clerkella (p.155)

Blackthorn Blister Moth Lyonetia prunifoliella (p.155)

Laburnum Leaf-miner Leucoptera laburnella (p.156)

Praydidae 

x3

Northern Birch Miner Atemelia torquatella (p.158)

Cryptic Ash Bud Moth Prays ruficeps (p.159)

Ash Bud Moth Prays fraxinella (p.158)

Olive Stowaway Prays oleae (p.159)

London Stowaway Prays peregrina (p.159)

Bedelliidae 

x4

Bindweed Sleeper Bedellia somnulentella (p.160)

Scythropiidae 

x3

Hawthorn Moth Scythropia crataegella (p.161)

Douglasiidae 

x5

Speckled Bugloss Moth Tinagma ocnerostomella (p.162)

PLATE 14

Autostichidae 

x3

Four-spotted Yellowneck Oegoconia quadripuncta (p.163)

Oecophoridae 

x3

Beautiful Silver-mark Promalactis procerella (p.165)

Silver-streaked Beauty Schiffermuelleria grandis (p.165)

Northern Concealer Denisia similella (p.165)

Pied Concealer Denisia albimaculea (p.166)

Heath Concealer Denisia subaquilea (p.166)

Italian Bark Moth Metalampra italica (p.166)

White-shouldered House-moth Endrosis sarcitrella (p.166)

Brown Bark Moth Crassa unitella (p.167)

Brown House-moth Hofmannophila pseudospretella (p.167)

Lesser Tawny Crescent Batia lunaris (p.168)

Dingy Concealer Borkhausenia fuscescens (p.167)

Scarce Tawny Crescent Batia internella (p.168)

Plain Bark Moth Crassa tinctella (p.167)

Tawny Crescent Batia lambdella (p.168)

PLATE 15 x3

Sulphur Bark Moth Esperia sulphurella (p.168)

Cream-spot Bark Moth Dasycera oliviella (p.168)

Hedge Beauty Alabonia geoffrella (p.169)

Heath Streak Pleurota bicostella (p.169)

Beautiful Bark Moth Oecophora bractella (p.169)

Australian Orange-tip Tachystola acroxantha (p.169)

Gold-flecked Hopper Aplota palpellus (p.170)

Tasmanian Concealer Barea asbolaea (p.170) Kiwi Enigma Trachypepla contritella (p.170)

Chimabachidae  

x2



Early Reveller Diurnea fagella (p.171)





PLATE 16 x2  

 

Late Reveller Diurnea lipsiella (p.172)

Spring Reveller Dasystoma salicella (p.172)

Lypusidae 

x3

Orange-headed Concealer Agnoea josephinae (p.173)

Obscure Concealer Amphisbatis incongruella (p.173)

Peleopodidae 

x3

Oak Longhorn Carcina quercana (p.174)

Depressariidae 

Early Diviner Semioscopis avellanella (p.176)

x2

Black-marked Diviner Semioscopis steinkellneriana (p.176)

Tufted Blackthorn Moth Luquetia lobella (p.176)

Shrouded Grey Exaeretia allisella (p.176)

PLATE 17 x 2.5

Red-eyed Buff Agonopterix ocellana (p.176)

Brindled Buff Agonopterix arenella (p.177)

Carline Buff Agonopterix nanatella (p.179)

Burnt-tip Buff Agonopterix nervosa (p.180)

Purple-shaded Brown Agonopterix liturosa (p.177)

Least Brown Agonopterix purpurea (p.177)

Common Brindled Brown Agonopterix heracliana (p.178)

Knapweed Buff Agonopterix kaekeritziana (p.179)

Hemlock Moth Agonopterix alstromeriana (p.180)

Banded Brindled Brown Agonopterix ciliella (p.178)

Blackneck Buff Agonopterix subpropinquella (p.177)

Ashen Buff Speckled Broom Buff Agonopterix Agonopterix rotundella (p.178) assimilella (p.178)

Black-streaked Buff Agonopterix pallorella (p.179)

Angelica Brown Agonopterix angelicella (p.180)

Gorse Buff Agonopterix umbellana (p.180)

Coastal Buff Agonopterix yeatiana (p.181)

PLATE 18 x 2.5

Parsnip Moth Depressaria radiella (p.181)

Water-dropwort Brown Depressaria daucella (p.182)

Marsh Brown Depressaria ultimella (p.182)

Pignut Brown Depressaria pulcherrimella (p.182)

x3

Carrot Brown Depressaria douglasella (p.183)

Treble-spot Telechrysis tripuncta (p.183)

Milkwort Beauty Hypercallia citrinalis (p.183)

Ethmiidae 

x 2.5

Gromwell Ermine Ethmia dodecea (p.184)

Scarce Bugloss Ermine Ethmia terminella (p.184)

Mountain Ermine Ethmia pyrausta (p.185)

Comfrey Ermine Ethmia quadrillella (p.184)

Bugloss Ermine Ethmia bipunctella (p.185)

Cosmopterigidae 

Violet Beauty Pancalia leuwenhoekella (p.187)

x6

Scarce Violet Beauty Pancalia schwarzella (p.187)

PLATE 19 x6

x4

Bulrush Down Moth Limnaecia phragmitella (p.187)

Hop Beauty Cosmopterix zieglerella (p.188)

Canary-grass Beauty Cosmopterix orichalcea (p.188)

Reed Beauty Cosmopterix scribaiella (p.188)

Pellitory Beauty Cosmopterix pulchrimella (p.188)

Pale Reed Beauty Cosmopterix lienigiella (p.188)

Gelechiidae 

Obscure White-barred Aproaerema sangiella (p.192)

x3

Meadow White-barred Aproaerema larseniella (p.192)

Poplar Roller Anacampsis populella (p.193)

Common White-barred Aproaerema taeniolella (p.192)

Pretty White-barred Aproaerema polychromella (p.193)

Birch Roller Anacampsis blattariella (p.194)

Vetch Moth Aproaerema anthyllidella (p.193)

Cornish Snout Nothris congressariella (p.194)

PLATE 20 x3

Heather Grey Neofaculta ericetella (p.194)

Black Rhomboid Grey Hypatima rhomboidella (p.194)

Maple Snout Anarsia innoxiella (p.194)

Obscure Snout Anarsia spartiella (p.195)

Highland Webber Dichomeris juniperella (p.195)

Juniper Webber Dichomeris marginella (p.195)

Lime Snout Dichomeris ustalella (p.195)

Black-spotted Snout Dichomeris alacella (p.195)

The Cinereous Acompsia cinerella (p.196)

Marjoram Snout Acompsia schmidtiellus (p.196)

Hollyhock Seed Moth Pexicopia malvella (p.197)

Mallow Seed Moth Platyedra subcinerea (p.197)

Gorse Wanderer Brachmia blandella (p.196)

Fiery Miner Chrysoesthia drurella (p.197)

Common Zebra Moth Helcystogramma rufescens (p.196)

Orange-spotted Miner Chrysoesthia sexguttella (p.198)

PLATE 21 x3

x4

House Moss-moth Bryotropha domestica (p.198)

Marjoram Case-bearer Thiotricha subocellea (p.198)

Brown Moss-moth Satin Moss-moth Bryotropha politella Bryotropha terrella (p.199) (p.199)

x4

Dark Moss-moth Bryotropha affinis (p.200)

x4

x4

Thrift Elder Aristotelia brizella (p.200)

Heath Elder Aristotelia ericinella (p.200)

Grizzled Moss-moth Bryotropha senectella (p.199)

Tansy Stem Borer Isophrictis striatella (p.200)

x4

Carline Seedhead Moth Burdock Seedhead Moth Metzneria lappella Metzneria aestivella (p.201) (p.201)

x4

Knapweed Seedhead Moth Metzneria metzneriella (p.202)

x4

Flame Seedhead Moth Metzneria aprilella (p.202)

Dark Seedhead Moth Apodia martinii (p.202)

x4 x4

Bramble Bronze Argolamprotes micella (p.203)

Pale Seedhead Moth Ptocheuusa paupella (p.202)

x4

x4

Spike-rush Borer Monochroa lucidella (p.204)

Bracken Gall Moth Monochroa cytisella (p.203)

Dock Streak Monochroa palustrellus (p.204)

Cottongrass Borer Monochroa suffusella (p.204)

Burnished Sorrel Moth Monochroa tenebrella (p.203)

x4

Silver-barred Moss-moth Oxypteryx wilkella (p.205)

PLATE 22 x3

Cotoneaster Webworm Athrips rancidella (p.205)

Genista Groundling Prolita solutella (p.206)

Striped Sorrel Moth Aroga velocella (p.206)

Poplar Gelechia Gelechia turpella (p.208)

Mottled Groundling Neofriseria singula (p.205)

Honeysuckle Grey Athrips mouffetella (p.205)

White-streaked Snout Sophronia semicostella (p.206)

Spotted Gelechia Gelechia rhombella (p.207)

Tufted Oak Roller Psoricoptera gibbosella (p.208)

Six-spotted Groundling Prolita sexpunctella (p.205)

Greenweed Smith Mirificarma lentiginosella (p.206)

Cypress Gelechia Gelechia senticetella (p.207)

Common Thistle Miner Scrobipalpa acuminatella (p.208)

Gorse Streak Mirificarma mulinella (p.206)

Eyed Gelechia Gelechia sororculella (p.207)

Glasswort Moth Scrobipalpa salicorniae (p.209)

Black Gelechia Gelechia nigra (p.207)

Bittersweet Moth Scrobipalpa costella (p.210)

PLATE 23 x3

Tomato Leaf-miner Tuta absoluta (p.211)

Beautiful Groundling Caryocolum tricolorella (p.212)

Coast Groundling Caryocolum vicinella (p.211)

Black-spotted Grey Teleiodes vulgella (p.213)

Elm Grey Carpatolechia fugitivella (p.214)

Mouse-ear Groundling Stitchwort Groundling Caryocolum marmorea Caryocolum fraternella (p.211) (p.212)

Barred Groundling Caryocolum blandella (p.212)

White Crescent Teleiodes luculella (p.213)

Common Groundling Teleiopsis diffinis (p.213)

Birch Grey Carpatolechia alburnella (p.214)

Rock-rose Moth Neotelphusa sequax (p.213)

Willow Grey Carpatolechia notatella (p.214)

Spotted Birch Grey Carpatolechia proximella (p.215)

x4

Domino Pied Oak Moth Groundling Pseudotelphusa scalella (p.215) Pseudotelphusa paripunctella (p.215)

Marbled Maple Moth Altenia scriptella (p.215)

x4

Tufted Pine Moth Exoteleia dodecella (p.216)

Southern Apple Moth Recurvaria nanella (p.216)

x4

Black V Bud Moth Stenolechia gemmella (p.216)

x4

White-barred Apple Moth Recurvaria leucatella (p.216)

x4

Hazel Bud Moth Parachronistis albiceps (p.216)

PLATE 24

Batrachedridae 

x4

Poplar Needle-moth Batrachedra praeangusta (p.280)

Spruce Needle-moth Batrachedra confusella (p.280) & Pine Needle-moth Batrachedra pinicolella (p.280)

Coleophoridae 

x4

Sea-lavender Case-bearer Coleophora limoniella (p.283)

Stitchwort Flower Moth Coleophora lutarea (p.282)

Least Case-bearer Coleophora juncicolella (p.287)

Rose Case-bearer Coleophora gryphipennella (p.283)

White-legged Case-bearer Coleophora albitarsella (p.288)

Woundwort Case-bearer Coleophora lineolea (p.289)

Pistol Case-bearer Coleophora anatipennella (p.290)

Heath Case-bearer Coleophora pyrrhulipennella (p.291)

Oak Case-bearer Coleophora lutipennella (p.283)

Common Case-bearer Coleophora serratella (p.284)

Apple & Plum Case-bearer Coleophora spinella (p.285)

Melilot Case-bearer Coleophora trifolii (p.288)

Black-spot Case-bearer Coleophora hemerobiella (p.289)

Lotus Case-bearer Coleophora discordella (p.290)

Large Gold Case-bearer Coleophora vibicella (p.292)

PLATE 25 x4

Large Buff Case-bearer Coleophora ochrea (p.292)

Gorse Case-bearer Coleophora albicosta (p.293)

Thistle Case-bearer Coleophora peribenanderi (p.296)

Fat Hen Case-bearer Coleophora clypeiferella (p.298)

Larch Case-bearer Coleophora laricella (p.293)

Hedge Case-bearer Coleophora striatipennella (p.296)

Glasswort Case-bearer Coleophora salicorniae (p.298)

Downland Case-bearer Coleophora lixella (p.292)

Wood-rush Case-bearer Coleophora otidipennella (p.294)

Bronze Case-bearer Coleophora paripennella (p.297)

Betony Case-bearer Coleophora wockeella (p.298)

Elachistidae 

Honeysuckle Blotch-miner Perittia obscurepunctella (p.300)

Common Rush Casebearer Coleophora alticolella (p.294)

x5

Basil Blotch-miner Stephensia brunnichella (p.301)

Silver Grass-miner Elachista argentella (p.301)

Triple-spotted Grass-miner Elachista triatomea (p.301)

PLATE 26 x5

Brown-barred Grass-miner Elachista subocellea (p.302)

Buff Grass-miner Elachista subalbidella (p.302)

Yellow-edged Grass-miner Elachista bisulcella (p.302)



Cock’s-foot Miner Elachista atricomella (p.304)

White-headed Grass-miner Elachista albifrontella (p.304)

Twin-spot Sedge-miner Elachista biatomella (p.303)



Common Grass-miner Elachista canapennella (p.304)

Speckled Grass-miner Elachista rufocinerea (p.305) Canary-grass Miner Elachista maculicerusella (p.305)

Parametriotidae 

Hawthorn Berry Moth Blastodacna hellerella (p.308)

Apple Pith Moth Blastodacna atra (p.309)

Lime Flame Chrysoclista linneella (p.310)

x4

Yellow Cap Spuleria flavicaput (p.309)

Willow Flame Chrysoclista lathamella (p.310)

Tufted Oak Moth Dystebenna stephensi (p.310)

PLATE 27

Momphidae 

x5

Great Mompha Mompha conturbatella (p.312)

Amber Mompha Mompha ochraceella (p.312)

Buff-headed Mompha Mompha lacteella (p.312)

White-headed Mompha Mompha propinquella (p.313)

Hourglass Mompha Mompha divisella (p.313)

Obscure Mompha Mompha jurassicella (p.313)

Buff Mompha Mompha epilobiella (p.315)

Dusky Hourglass Mompha Mompha bradleyi (p.314)

Garden Mompha Mompha subbistrigella (p.314)

Rock-rose Mompha Mompha miscella (p.316)

Flame Mompha Mompha locupletella (p.316)

Rosebay Gall Mompha Mompha sturnipennella (p.315)

Enchanter’s Mompha Mompha terminella (p.317)

White-spot Mompha Mompha langiella (p.316)

Fireweed Mompha Mompha raschkiella (p.317)

Blastobasidae 

Common Masoner Blastobasis adustella (p.318)

x3

Large Pale Masoner Blastobasis lacticolella (p.319)

Dotted Masoner Blastobasis vittata (p.319)

Black-banded Masoner Blastobasis rebeli (p.319)

PLATE 28

Stathmopodidae 

x4

Alder Signaller Stathmopoda pedella (p.320)

Fern Signaller Pachyrhabda steropodes (p.320)

Scythrididae 

Gorse Runner Scythris grandipennis (p.322)

Goosefoot Runner Scythris limbella (p.323)

x4

White-dusted Runner Scythris picaepennis (p.322)

Rock-rose Runner Scythris subcinctella (p.322)

Rosebay Runner Scythris inspersella (p.323)

Ling Runner Scythris empetrella (p.323)

Alucitidae 

x 2.5

Twenty-plume Moth/ Many-plumed Moth Alucita hexadactyla (p.324)

Pterophoridae 

x 1.5

x3

Cliff Plume Agdistis meridionalis (p.326) x3

Saltmarsh Plume Agdistis bennetii (p.326)

Saltmarsh Plume Agdistis bennetii (p.326)

PLATE 29 x 1.5

Triangle Plume Platyptilia gonodactyla (p.327)

Goldenrod Plume Platyptilia calodactyla (p.327)

x2

Hoary Plume Platyptilia isodactylus (p.327)

Yarrow Plume Gillmeria pallidactyla (p.328)

Beautiful Plume Amblyptilia acanthadactyla (p.328)

Irish Plume Platyptilia tesseradactyla (p.327)

Tansy Plume Gillmeria ochrodactyla (p.328)

Brindled Plume Amblyptilia punctidactyla (p.328)

PLATE 30 x 1.5

Brown Plume Stenoptilia pterodactyla (p.329)

Dowdy Plume Stenoptilia zophodactylus (p.330)

Twin-spot Plume Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla (p.329)

Rose Plume Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla (p.330)

Saxifrage Plume Stenoptilia millieridactyla (p.329)

Crescent Plume Marasmarcha lunaedactyla (p.330)

x2

Small Plume Oxyptilus parvidactyla (p.330)

Breckland Plume Oxyptilus distans (p.331) x2

Scarce Light Plume Oxyptilus laetus (p.331) Wood Sage Plume Capperia britanniodactylus (p.331)

White Plume Pterophorus pentadactyla (p.332)

Spotted-white Plume Porrittia galactodactyla (p.332)

Sundew Plume Buckleria paludum (p.331)

Thyme Plume Merrifieldia leucodactyla (p.332)

PLATE 31 x 1.5

Dingy White Plume Merrifieldia baliodactylus (p.333)

Dusky Plume Oidaematophorus lithodactyla (p.333)

Horehound Plume Wheeleria spilodactylus (p.333)

Plain Plume Hellinsia tephradactyla (p.334)

Short-winged Plume Pselnophorus heterodactyla (p.333)

Citron Plume Hellinsia carphodactyla (p.334) x2

Mugwort Plume Hellinsia lienigianus (p.334)

Small Goldenrod Plume Hellinsia osteodactylus (p.334)

Hemp Agrimony Plume Adaina microdactyla (p.335)

Common Plume Emmelina monodactyla (p.335)

Schreckensteiniidae 

x4

Blackberry Skeletoniser Schreckensteinia festaliella (p.336)

PLATE 32

Epermeniidae 

Yellow-spotted Drab Phaulernis fulviguttella (p.337)

Common Ridge-back Epermenia chaerophyllella (p.338)

x4

Dusky Ridge-back Phaulernis dentella (p.337)

Streaked Ridge-back Epermenia falciformis (p.339)

Chalk Hill Ridge-back Epermenia insecurella (p.338)

White-spotted Drab Epermenia farreni (p.339)

Carrot Ridge-back Epermenia aequidentellus (p.338)

Tawny Drab Epermenia profugella (p.339)

Choreutidae 

Nettle-tap Anthophila fabriciana (p.340)

x3

Skullcap Skeletoniser Prochoreutis myllerana (p.341)

Affric Twitcher Choreutis diana (p.342)

Banded Skullcap Skeletoniser Prochoreutis sehestediana (p.341)

Apple-leaf Skeletoniser Choreutis pariana (p.342)

Beautiful Twitcher Tebenna micalis (p.341)

Fig-leaf Skeletoniser Choreutis nemorana (p.342)

PLATE 33

Tortricidae 

x 2.5



White-barred Tortrix Olindia schumacherana (p.344)

Banded Hedge Grey Isotrias rectifasciana (p.344)

Brown-barred Tortrix Epagoge grotiana (p.345)

Bog Snout Sparganothis pilleriana (p.344)

Tiree Twist Periclepsis cinctana (p.345)





Red-barred Tortrix Ditula angustiorana (p.345)

Northern Reveller Philedone gerningana (p.345)







Pale-shouldered Tortrix Capua vulgana (p.346)





Northern Heath Tortrix Philedonides lunana (p.346) Great Pine Tortrix Archips oporana (p.346)

Large Fruit-tree Tortrix Archips podana (p.346)



Brown Oak Tortrix Archips crataegana (p.347)

Variegated Golden Tortrix Archips xylosteana (p.347)

Rose Tortrix Archips rosana (p.347)



Wood Tortrix Choristoneura diversana (p.347)

PLATE 34 x 2.5

Great Tortrix Choristoneura hebenstreitella (p.348)

White-faced Tortrix Pandemis cinnamomeana (p.349)

Dark Fruit-tree Tortrix Pandemis heparana (p.350)



Heather Tortrix Argyrotaenia ljungiana (p.348)

Chequered Fruit-tree Tortrix Pandemis corylana (p.349)

Beaked Tortrix Pandemis dumetana (p.350)

Yellow Larch Tortrix Ptycholomoides aeriferana (p.348)

Brindled Tortrix Ptycholoma lecheana (p.348)

Barred Fruit-tree Tortrix Pandemis cerasana (p.349)

Dark-barred Tortrix Syndemis musculana (p.350)

Large Ivy Tortrix Lozotaenia forsterana (p.350)



Carnation Tortrix Cacoecimorpha pronubana (p.351)

Timothy Tortrix Zelotherses paleana (p.351)

Northern Grey Tortrix Zelotherses unitana (p.351)

PLATE 35 x 2.5

Bilberry Tortrix Aphelia viburnana (p.352)

Tawny Tortrix Clepsis senecionana (p.352)

Scarce Pale Tortrix Clepsis rurinana (p.352)

Cyclamen Tortrix Clepsis spectrana (p.352)

  



Banded Ivy Tortrix Clepsis dumicolana (p.352)

Rufous Tortrix Clepsis consimilana (p.353)

Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana (p.353)

Orange Pine Tortrix Lozotaeniodes formosana (p.353) Summer Fruit Tortrix Adoxophyes orana (p.353)



Frost Tortrix Exapate congelatella (p.354)

Dingy Hedge Grey Neosphaleroptera nubilana (p.354)



Spring Harbinger Tortricodes alternella (p.354)

Dotted Cloak Eana osseana (p.354)

PLATE 36 x 2.5

Bluebell Moth Eana incanana (p.355)

Northern Mottled Cloak Eana penziana (p.355)

Cnephasia species (p.355)

Flax Tortrix Cnephasia asseclana (p.356)

Light Grey Tortrix Cnephasia incertana (p.355)

Common Grey Tortrix Cnephasia stephensiana (p.355)

Meadow Grey Tortrix Cnephasia pasiuana (p.356)

Cereal Tortrix Cnephasia pumicana (p.356)

Scarce Grey Tortrix Cnephasia genitalana (p.356)

Southern Grey Tortrix Cnephasia communana (p.356)



 Coast Grey Tortrix Cnephasia conspersana (p.356)

Buff Grey Tortrix Cnephasia longana (p.356)

Scarce Yellow-spot Tortrix Spatalistis bifasciana (p.356)

Green Oak Tortrix Tortrix viridana (p.357)

PLATE 37 x 2.5

Yellow Oak Tortrix Aleimma loeflingiana (p.357)

White-marked Tortrix Acleris holmiana (p.357)

Netted Tortrix Acleris forsskaleana (p357)

Caledonian Tortrix Acleris caledoniana (p.358)

Yellow Rose Tortrix Acleris bergmanniana (p.358)

Dark-marked Tortrix Acleris laterana (p.358)

Lead-coloured Tortrix Acleris sparsana (p.359)

Strawberry Tortrix Acleris comariana (p.358)

Fir Tortrix Acleris abietana (p.359)

Northern Marbled Tortrix Acleris maccana (p.359)

Rhomboid Tortrix Acleris rhombana (p.359)

PLATE 38 x 2.5

Scalloped Tortrix Acleris emargana (p.360)

Viburnum Tortrix Acleris schalleriana (p.360)

Northern Scalloped Tortrix Acleris effractana (p.360)

Marsh Tortrix Acleris lorquiniana (p.361)

Dark-streaked Tortrix Acleris umbrana (p.361)

Tufted Tortrix Acleris cristana (p.361)



Garden Rose Tortrix Acleris variegana (p.362)

Small Rufous Tortrix Acleris aspersana (p.362)



PLATE 39 x 2.5

Fen Tortrix Acleris shepherdana (p.362)

Varied Tortrix Acleris hastiana (p.362)



Burnet Rose Tortrix Acleris permutana (p.363)

Elm Tortrix Acleris kochiella (p.364)

Mountain Tortrix Acleris lipsiana (p.365)



Heath Tortrix Acleris hyemana (p.363)

White Birch Tortrix Acleris logiana (p.364)

Sweet-gale Tortrix Acleris rufana (p.365)

Tawny Oak Tortrix Acleris ferrugana (p.363) & Tawny Birch Tortrix Acleris notana (p.364)

Lichen Tortrix Acleris literana (p.365)

The Minister Eulia ministrana (p.365)

PLATE 40 x 2.5



Yellow-spotted Tortrix Pseudargyrotoza conwagana (p.366)

Bright Straw Agapeta zoegana (p.370)

Small Bluebell Beauty Hysterophora maculosana (p.367)

Rugged Bryony Beauty Phtheochroa rugosana (p.367)

Kent Straw Cochylimorpha alternana (p.367)

Coast Straw Gynnidomorpha permixtana (p.369)

Gold Cloak Phtheochroa schreibersiana (p.366)

Fleabane Drab Phtheochroa inopiana (p.366)

Pied Buckthorn Beauty Phtheochroa sodaliana (p.366)

Aster Straw Phalonidia affinitana (p.368)

/

Wall Lettuce Straw Phalonidia gilvicomana (p.368)

Bartsia Straw Gynnidomorpha luridana (p.369)

Common Straw Cochylimorpha straminea (p.367)

Banded Goldenrod Straw Water Mint Straw Phalonidia curvistrigana Phalonidia manniana (p.368) (p.368) & Loosestrife Straw Phalonidia udana (p.368)

Saltern Straw Gynnidomorpha vectisana (p.369)

Water-plantain Straw Gynnidomorpha alismana (p.370)

Dark-barred Straw Eupoecilia angustana (p.370)

Fen Straw Gynnidomorpha minimana (p.369)

Garden Straw Agapeta hamana (p.370)

Vine Moth Eupoecilia ambiguella (p.371)

PLATE 41 x 2.5

Orange Beauty Commophila aeneana (p.371)

Silver-striped Straw Aethes margaritana (p.372)

Short-barred Straw Aethes dilucidana (p.372)

Thistle Straw Aethes cnicana (p.373)

Blue Fleabane Straw Cochylidia heydeniana (p.374)

Pink-shaded Straw Cochylis flaviciliana (p.375)

Black-fronted Straw Cochylichroa atricapitana (p.376)

Lesser Marbled Straw Aethes hartmanniana (p.371)

Common Marbled Straw Aethes smeathmanniana (p.372)

Broad-barred Straw Aethes beatricella (p.372)

Burdock Straw Aethes rubigana (p.373)

Chamomile Straw Cochylidia implicitana (p.374)

White-fronted Straw Neocochylis hybridella (p.375)

Sheep’s-bit Straw Brevicornutia pallidana (p.377)

Greater Marbled Straw Aethes piercei (p.371)

Silver-speckled Straw Aethes williana (p.371)

Four-spotted Straw Aethes tesserana (p.372)

Alexanders Straw Aethes deaurana (p.373)

Agrimony Straw Cochylidia rupicola (p.374)

Birch Straw Thyralia nana (p.375)

White-faced Straw Neocochylis dubitana (p.376)

Rusty-tipped Straw Falseuncaria ruficiliana (p.377)

Narrow-barred Straw Aethes francillana (p.373)

Goldenrod Straw Cochylidia subroseana (p.374)

Rosy Straw Cochylis roseana (p.375)

Tawny-fronted Straw Neocochylis molliculana (p.376)

Apple Marble Eudemis porphyrana (p.377)

PLATE 42 x 2.5

Aspen Marble Pseudosciaphila branderiana (p.378)

Oak Marble Eudemis profundana (p.378)

Scarce Willow Marble Apotomis lineana (p.378)

Short-barred Marble Apotomis semifasciana (p.378)

Birch Marble Apotomis betuletana (p.379)

Willow Marble Apotomis capreana (p.379)

Dusky Marble Orthotaenia undulana (p.380)

Plum Tortrix Hedya pruniana (p.381)

White-shouldered Marble Apotomis turbidana (p.379)

Lesser Birch Marble Apotomis sororculana (p.379)

White-backed Tortrix Hedya salicella (p.380)

Buff-tipped Marble Hedya ochroleucana (p.381)

Rufous Marble Celypha rufana (p.381)

Roseate Marble Celypha rosaceana (p.382)

Least Marble Apotomis sauciana (p.380)

Marbled Orchard Tortrix Hedya nubiferana (p.380)

Black-spot Marble Hedya atropunctana (p.381)

Barred Marble Celypha striana (p.382)

Thyme Marble Celypha cespitana (p.382)

Mistletoe Marble Celypha woodiana (p.382)

PLATE 43 x 2.5

Silver-striped Marble Celypha rivulana (p.383)

Common Marble Celypha lacunana (p.383)

Mountain Marble Phiaris obsoletana (p.384)

Olive Marble Phiaris micana (p.384)

Coppice Beauty Olethreutes arcuella (p.385)

Highland Marble Phiaris metallicana (p.384)

Northern Marble Phiaris palustrana (p.385)

Pine Marble Piniphila bifasciana (p.385)

Wood Marble Lobesia reliquana (p.386)

Plantain Marble Endothenia oblongana (p.387) & Bordered Marble Endothenia marginana (p.387)

Gold-barred Marble Celypha aurofasciana (p.383)

Large Marble Phiaris schulziana (p.384)

Bearberry Marble Argyroploce arbutella (p.385)

Cowberry Marble Stictea mygindiana (p.385)

Spurge Marble Lobesia occidentis (p.386)

Thistle Marble Lobesia abscisana (p.386)

Shore Marble Lobesia littoralis (p.386)

Bugle Marble Endothenia ustulana (p.388)

Teasel Marble Endothenia gentianaeana (p.387)

Hedge Marble Endothenia nigricostana (p.388)

PLATE 44 x 2.5

Field Marble Endothenia ericetana (p.388)

Sedge Lance Bactra lacteana (p.389)

Marsh Marble Endothenia quadrimaculana (p.388)

Saltern Lance Bactra robustana (p.390)

Common Lance Bactra lancealana (p.389)

Honeysuckle Beauty Eucosmomorpha albersana (p.390)

Heath Hook-wing Ancylis unguicella (p.390)

Heather Hook-wing Ancylis uncella (p.391)

Aspen Hook-wing Ancylis laetana (p.391)

Least Hook-wing Ancylis comptana (p.391)

Southern Hook-wing Ancylis upupana (p.391)

Willow Hook-wing Ancylis geminana (p.392)

Rufous Hook-wing Ancylis diminutana (p.392)

Buckthorn Hook-wing Ancylis unculana (p.392)

Bilberry Hook-wing Ancylis myrtillana (p.393)

Fen Hook-wing Ancylis paludana (p.393)

Meadow Hook-wing Ancylis badiana (p.393)

Hedge Hook-wing Ancylis achatana (p.394)

Northern Hook-wing Ancylis tineana (p.394)

Goldenrod Marble Eriopsela quadrana (p.394)

Canary Tortrix Thiodia citrana (p.395)

Marsh Lance Bactra furfurana (p.389)

Cherry Bark Tortrix Enarmonia formosana (p.390)

Lesser Hook-wing Ancylis obtusana (p.391)

Grey Hook-wing Ancylis subarcuana (p.392)

Streaked Hook-wing Ancylis apicella (p.393)

Amber Hook-wing Ancylis mitterbacheriana (p.394)

Small Bilberry Marble Rhopobota myrtillana (p.395)

PLATE 45 x 2.5





Scabious Marble Rhopobota stagnana (p.395)

Larch Bud Moth Spilonota laricana (p.396)

Small Cowberry Marble Rhopobota ustomaculana (p.395)

Sea Spurge Tortrix Acroclita subsequana (p.397)

Holly Tortrix Rhopobota naevana (p.396)

Bud Moth Spilonota ocellana (p.396)

Brown Alder Roller Epinotia sordidana (p.397)

White-blotched Roller Epinotia trigonella (p.397)

Large Willow Roller Epinotia caprana (p.397)

Dark Aspen Roller Epinotia maculana (p.398)

Large Birch Roller Epinotia brunnichana (p.398)

Varied Birch Roller Epinotia solandriana (p.398)

Brown Elm Tortrix Epinotia abbreviana (p.398)

Bearberry Tortrix Epinotia nemorivaga (p.399)

Black-streaked Tortrix Epinotia signatana (p.399)

PLATE 46 x 2.5

Willow Tortrix Epinotia cruciana (p.399)

Moorland Tortrix Epinotia mercuriana (p.400)

Highland Tortrix Epinotia crenana (p.400)

Small Spruce Tortrix Epinotia nanana (p.400)

Birch-borer Tortrix Epinotia tetraquetrana (p.401)

Birch Tortrix Epinotia immundana (p.400)

Blotched Tortrix Epinotia demarniana (p.401)

Dingy Spruce Tortrix Epinotia pygmaeana (p.401)

Nut Bud Moth Epinotia tenerana (p.402)

Pine Tortrix Epinotia rubiginosana (p.402)

Crescent Tortrix Epinotia bilunana (p.403)

Larch Tortrix Zeiraphera griseana (p.404)

Pale Willow Tortrix Epinotia subocellana (p.401)

Dark Spruce Tortrix Epinotia subsequana (p.402)

Black-marked Tortrix Epinotia ramella (p.402)

Common Spruce Tortrix Epinotia tedella (p.403)

Brindled Poplar Tortrix Epinotia nisella (p.403)

Fir-shoot Tortrix Zeiraphera rufimitrana (p.404)

Silver-barred Tortrix Epinotia fraternana (p.403)

Grey Aspen Tortrix Epinotia cinereana (p.404)

Spruce Bud Moth Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana (p.404)

PLATE 47 x 2.5

Mottled Oak Tortrix Zeiraphera isertana (p.404)

Chalk Hill Tortrix Pelochrista caecimaculana (p.405)

Tawny Knapweed Tortrix Eucosma fulvana (p.406)

Grey Saltern Tortrix Eucosma lacteana (p.407)

Eyed Tortrix Eucosma pupillana (p.408)

Mottled Grey Tortrix Gypsonoma oppressana (p.409)

Shaded Tortrix Eucosma obumbratana (p.405)

Pied Tortrix Eucosma campoliliana (p.406)

Mugwort Tortrix Eucosma metzneriana (p.408)

Small Brindled Tortrix Gypsonoma minutana (p.409)

Mottled White Tortrix Gypsonoma sociana (p.410)

Tree-mallow Tortrix Crocidosema plebejana (p.405)

Hoary Tortrix Eucosma cana (p.405)

Scarce Rose Tortrix Phaneta pauperana (p.405)

Common Knapweed Tortrix Eucosma hohenwartiana (p.406) & Saw-wort Tortrix Eucosma parvulana (p.406)

Mottled Goldenrod Tortrix Eucosma aemulana (p.407)

Lettuce Tortrix Eucosma conterminana (p.408)

Saltern Tortrix Eucosma tripoliana (p.407)

Goldenrod Tortrix Eucosma aspidiscana (p.408)

Common Cloaked Tortrix Gypsonoma dealbana (p.409)

White Cloaked Tortrix Gypsonoma aceriana (p.410)

Colt’s-foot Root-borer Epiblema sticticana (p.411)

PLATE 48 x 2.5

Thistle Root-borer Epiblema scutulana (p.411)

Knapweed Root-borer Epiblema cirsiana (p.411)

Ragwort Root-borer Epiblema costipunctana (p.412)

Butterbur Root-borer Epiblema turbidana (p.412)

Dark Rose Shoot Moth Notocelia tetragonana (p.413)

Bramble Shoot Moth Notocelia uddmanniana (p.413)

Rose Shoot Moth Notocelia rosaecolana (p.414)

Hawthorn Shoot Moth Notocelia trimaculana (p.414)

Pine Resin-gall Moth Retinia resinella (p.414)

Pine Shoot Moth Rhyacionia buoliana (p.415)

Fleabane Stem-borer Epiblema cnicicolana (p.411)

Great Root-borer Epiblema grandaevana (p.412)

Large Rose Shoot Moth Notocelia roborana (p.413)

Dark Pine Shoot Moth Pseudococcyx posticana (p.414)

Pine Cone Moth Gravitarmata margarotana (p.415)

Smooth Pine Shoot Moth Rhyacionia pinicolana (p.416)

Small Pine Shoot Moth Clavigesta sylvestrana (p.415)

Spotted Shoot Moth Rhyacionia pinivorana (p.416)

White-foot Moth Epiblema foenella (p.412)

Black Cloak Notocelia cynosbatella (p.412)

Scarce Rose Shoot Moth Notocelia incarnatana (p.413)

Pine Bud Moth Pseudococcyx turionella (p.414)

Pine Leaf-mining Moth Clavigesta purdeyi (p.415)

Elgin Shoot Moth Rhyacionia logaea (p.416)

PLATE 49 x 2.5

Lead-coloured Daisy Moth Dichrorampha plumbana (p.417)

Chalk Hill Daisy Moth Dichrorampha consortana (p.417)

Mugwort Moth Dichrorampha simpliciana (p.418)

White-spot Yarrow Moth Dichrorampha sequana (p.418)

Orange-spot Daisy Moth Dichrorampha alpinana (p.419)

Yellow-spot Yarrow Moth Dichrorampha petiverella (p.419)

Plain Daisy Moth Dichrorampha senectana (p.418)

Lead-coloured Yarrow Moth Dichrorampha plumbagana (p.419)

Common Gorse Moth Cydia ulicetana (p.420)

Pea Moth Cydia nigricana (p.420)

Beautiful Juniper Piercer Cydia interscindana (p.421)

Common Daisy Moth Dichrorampha acuminatana (p.417)

Highland Pine Moth Cydia cognatana (p.421)

Pine Resin Moth Cydia cosmophorana (p.422)

Codling Moth Cydia pomonella (p.423)

Larch Cone Moth Cydia illutana (p.421)

Spruce Seed Moth Cydia strobilella (p.423)

Sallow Gall Moth Cydia servillana (p.424)

Sneezewort Moth Dichrorampha sylvicolana (p.418)

Orange-spot Yarrow Moth Dichrorampha vancouverana (p.418)

Northern Yarrow Moth Dichrorampha alpestrana (p.419)

Rest-harrow Piercer Cydia microgrammana (p.420)

Pine Nut Moth Cydia conicolana (p.422)

Scarce Spruce Bark Moth Cydia pactolana (p.423)

Pine Bark Moth Cydia coniferana (p.422)

Larch Gall Moth Cydia millenniana (p.423)

Marbled Piercer Cydia splendana (p.424)

PLATE 50 x 2.5

Beech Mast Piercer Cydia fagiglandana (p.424)

Coast Piercer Selania leplastriana (p.425)

Rusty Acorn Piercer Cydia amplana (p.425)

Meadow Tortrix Grapholita compositella (p.426)

Scarce Maple Piercer Cydia inquinatana (p.425)

Liquorice Piercer Grapholita pallifrontana (p.426)

Slender Rufous Tortrix Lathronympha strigana (p.425)

White-underwing Piercer Grapholita internana (p.426)

Sainfoin Piercer Grapholita caecana (p.427)

Northern Crescent Grapholita lunulana (p.427)

Southern Crescent Grapholita orobana (p.427)

Wight Pea Moth Grapholita gemmiferana (p.427)

Beautiful Crescent Grapholita jungiella (p.428)

Greenweed Tortrix Grapholita lathyrana (p.428)

Small Fruit Moth Grapholita lobarzewskii (p.428)

Plum Fruit Moth Grapholita funebrana (p.428)

Rose Piercer Grapholita tenebrosana (p.429)

Hawthorn Piercer Grapholita janthinana (p.429)

Shining Oak Tortrix Pammene splendidulana (p.430)

Obscure Tortrix Pammene ignorata (p.430)

Early Oak Gall Moth Pammene giganteana (p.430)

Oak Gall Moth Pammene argyrana (p.431)

Acorn Piercer Pammene fasciana (p.432)

Early Mast Piercer Pammene herrichiana (p.432)

Scarce Oak Gall Moth Pammene albuginana (p.431)

Fruitlet Mining Tortrix Pammene rhediella (p.432)

Birch Catkin Tortrix Pammene obscurana (p.431)

Willow Y Moth Pammene populana (p.433)

PLATE 51 x 2.5

Blackthorn Flower Moth Pammene spiniana (p.433)

Maple Piercer Pammene trauniana (p.433)

Regal Piercer Pammene regiana (p.433)

Dusted Fir Moth Pammene ochsenheimeriana (p.434)

Dark Oak Tortrix Pammene germmana (p.434)

Little Beech Tortrix Strophedra weirana (p.435)

Tawny Sycamore Piercer Pammene aurita (p.434)

Double Orange-spot Pammene aurana (p.434)

Purple Marbled Tortrix Pammene gallicana (p.434)

Little Oak Tortrix Strophedra nitidana (p.435)

Pyralidae 

x2 





x 1.5

x 1.5

x 1.5

x 1.5



Bee Moth Aphomia sociella (p.437)

Double-striped Knot-horn Cryptoblabes bistriga (p.438)

Dusky Knot-horn Pyla fusca (p.438)

Sandhill Double-spot Lamoria zelleri (p.437)

Lime Knot-horn Salebriopsis albicilla (p.438)

Lesser Wax Moth Achroia grisella (p.437)

Wax Moth Galleria mellonella (p.437)

White-barred Knot-horn Elegia similella (p.438)

Marjoram Knot-horn Uncinus obductella (p.439)

Birch Knot-horn Ortholepis betulae (p.438)

Ornate Knot-horn Pempeliella ornatella (p.439)

PLATE 52 x2

Western Thyme Knot-horn Delplanqueia dilutella (p.439)

Willow Knot-horn Sciota adelphella (p.440)

Thyme Knot-horn Delplanqueia inscriptella (p.440)

Sea Pea Knot-horn Pima boisduvaliella (p.440)

Rosy Knot-horn Oncocera semirubella (p.441)

Heather Knot-horn Pempelia palumbella (p.441)

Spruce Knot-horn Dioryctria schuetzeella (p.442)

Pine Knot-horn Dioryctria abietella (p.443)

Aspen Knot-horn Sciota hostilis (p.440)

Legume Knot-horn Etiella zinckenella (p.441)

Gorse Knot-horn Pempelia genistella (p.441)

Beautiful Knot-horn Rhodophaea formosa (p.442)

Chequered Pine Knot-horn Dioryctria sylvestrella (p.442)

Drab Pine Knot-horn Dioryctria simplicella (p.442)

Oak Knot-horn Phycita roborella (p.443)

Dingy Knot-horn Hypochalcia ahenella (p.443)

PLATE 53 x2

Samphire Knot-horn Epischnia asteris (p.443)

Spindle Knot-horn Nephopterix angustella (p.444)

Beautiful Oak Knot-horn Acrobasis repandana (p.444)

Grey Oak Knot-horn Acrobasis consociella (p.445)

Hawthorn Knot-horn Acrobasis advenella (p.444)

Phoenix Knot-horn Apomyelois bistriatella (p.446)

Shore Knot-horn Gymnancyla canella (p.447)

Wormwood Knot-horn Euzophera cinerosella (p.447)

Clouded Knot-horn Homoeosoma nebulella (p.448)

Blackthorn Knot-horn Acrobasis suavella (p.445)

Scabious Knot-horn Eurhodope cirrigerella (p.446)

Dark Spruce Knot-horn Assara terebrella (p.447)

Agate Knot-horn Nyctegretis lineana (p.448)

Sheep’s-bit/Coast/ Lesser Clouded Knot-horn Homoeosoma nimbella (p.449)/ Phycitodes maritima (p.449)/ P. saxicola (p.449)

Tufted Oak Knot-horn Acrobasis tumidana (p.444)

Thistle Ermine Myelois circumvoluta (p.446)

Ash-bark Knot-horn Euzophera pinguis (p.447)

Saltmarsh Knot-horn Ancylosis oblitella (p.448)

Spotted Knot-horn Phycitodes binaevella (p.449)

Marbled Knot-horn Acrobasis marmorea (p.445)

Twin-barred Knot-horn Homoeosoma sinuella (p.448)

Beehive Honey Moth Vitula serratilineella (p.450)

PLATE 54 x2

Pine-blossom Knot-horn Vitula biviella (p.450)

Mediterranean Flour Moth Cacao Moth Blushed Knot-horn Indian Meal Moth Plodia interpunctella Ephestia kuehniella (p.451) Ephestia elutella (p.451) Ephestia woodiella (p.451) (p.450)





x 1.5

x 1.5

Sandhill Knot-horn Anerastia lotella (p.451) Scarce Meal Moth Pyralis lienigialis (p.452)

Long-legged Tabby Synaphe punctalis (p.452)

x 1.5

Meal Moth Pyralis farinalis (p.452)

x 1.5

x 1.5

Gold Triangle Hypsopygia costalis (p.453)

Large Tabby Aglossa pinguinalis (p.452)

x 1.5

Double-striped Tabby Hypsopygia glaucinalis (p.453)

x 1.5

Rosy Tabby Endotricha flammealis (p.453)

Crambidae 

Mugwort Pearl Loxostege sticticalis (p.455)

x 1.5

Silver-barred Sable Pyrausta cingulata (p.455)

Scarce Crimson & Gold Pyrausta sanguinalis (p.455)

Straw-barred Pearl Pyrausta despicata (p.456)

PLATE 55 x 1.5

underside Mint Moth Pyrausta aurata (p.456)

Common Purple & Gold Pyrausta purpuralis (p.457)

underside Scarce Purple & Gold Pyrausta ostrinalis (p.457)

Yellow-underwing Pearl Uresiphita gilvata (p.457)

Rattle Pearl Anania fuscalis (p.458)

Woundwort Pearl Anania stachydalis (p.459)

Orange-rayed Pearl Nascia cilialis (p.457)

Long-winged Pearl Anania lancealis (p.458)

Marsh Pearl Anania perlucidalis (p.459)

Wavy-barred Sable Pyrausta nigrata (p.457)

Sulphur Pearl Sitochroa palealis (p.458)

Lesser Pearl Sitochroa verticalis (p.458)

Elder Pearl Anania coronata (p.459)

Goldenrod Pearl Anania terrealis (p.459)

PLATE 56 x 1.5

Fleabane Pearl Anania crocealis (p.460)

Wood Sage Pearl Anania verbascalis (p.460)

White-spotted Sable Anania funebris (p.460)

Small Magpie Anania hortulata (p.460)



Reed Pearl Sclerocona acutellus (p.461)

Bordered Pearl Paratalanta pandalis (p.461)

Pale Straw Pearl Udea lutealis (p.462)

Powdered Pearl Psammotis pulveralis (p.461)

Knapweed Pearl Paratalanta hyalinalis (p.462)

Dusky Pearl Udea prunalis (p.463)



European Corn-borer Ostrinia nubilalis (p.461)

Rusty-dot Pearl Udea ferrugalis (p.462)

Mountain Pearl Udea uliginosalis (p.463)

Scottish Pearl Udea decrepitalis (p.463)

Rufous Pearl Udea fulvalis (p.462)

Garden Pearl Udea olivalis (p.463)

PLATE 57 x 1.5

Mother of Pearl Patania ruralis (p.463)

Beautiful Pearl Agrotera nemoralis (p.464)

Banded Sable Spoladea recurvalis (p.465)

Chalk Hill Pearl Mecyna flavalis (p.464)

Palm Tabby Diplopseustis perieresalis (p.465)

Migrant Sable Diasemiopsis ramburialis (p.465)

Olive-tree Pearl Palpita vitrealis (p.466)

Toadflax Pearl Antigastra catalaunalis (p.466)

Box-tree Moth Cydalima perspectalis (p.467)

Madder Pearl Mecyna asinalis (p.464)

European Pepper Moth Duponchelia fovealis (p.465)

Long-legged Pearl Dolicharthria punctalis (p.466)

Rush Veneer Nomophila noctuella (p.466)

PLATE 58 x 1.5

Starry Pearl Cynaeda dentalis (p.467)

Garden Pebble Evergestis forficalis (p.468)

Marbled Yellow Pearl Evergestis extimalis (p.468)

Dark-bordered Pearl Evergestis limbata (p.468)

x2

x 1.5

Chequered Pearl Evergestis pallidata (p.468)

x 1.5

Old World Webworm Hellula undalis (p.469)

Common Grey Scoparia ambigualis (p.470)

Tawny Grey Eudonia lacustrata (p.471)

Moorland Grey Eudonia murana (p.471)

Large Grey Scoparia subfusca (p.469)

Northern Grey Scoparia ancipitella (p.470)

Narrow-winged Grey Eudonia angustea (p.471)

Chequered Grey Scoparia basistrigalis (p.469)

Brown-spot Grey Scoparia pyralella (p.470)

Highland Grey Eudonia alpina (p.472)

PLATE 59 x2

Coast Grey Eudonia lineola (p.472)

Pied Grey Eudonia delunella (p.472)

Peppered Grey Eudonia truncicolella (p.472)

Garden Grey Eudonia mercurella (p.473)

x 2.5





Silver-spotted Veneer Euchromius ocellea (p.473) Pallid Grey Eudonia pallida (p.473)

Reed Veneer Chilo phragmitella (p.473) x 2.5 x 2.5

White-banded Grass-moth Crambus pascuella (p.474)

Garden Grass-moth Chrysoteuchia culmella (p.474)

Bulrush Veneer Calamotropha paludella (p.474)

x 2.5

Bog Grass-moth Crambus silvella (p.474)

x 2.5

Marsh Grass-moth Crambus uliginosellus (p.475)

x 2.5

Northern Heath Grass-moth Crambus ericella (p.475)

PLATE 60 x 2.5

Scarce Grass-moth Crambus pratella (p.475)

Southern Heath Grass-moth Crambus hamella (p.476)

Meadow Grass-moth Crambus lathoniellus (p.475)

Satin Grass-moth Crambus perlella (p.476)

Common Grass-moth Agriphila tristella (p.476)

Barred Grass-moth Agriphila inquinatella (p.476)

White-streaked Grass-moth Agriphila latistria (p.477)

Pale-streaked Grass-moth Agriphila selasella (p.477)

Straw Grass-moth Agriphila straminella (p.477)

Chevron Grass-moth Agriphila geniculea (p.477)

PLATE 61 x 2.5

Scottish Grass-moth Catoptria permutatellus (p.477)

Pearl Grass-moth Catoptria pinella (p.478)

Pearl-banded Grass-moth Catoptria margaritella (p.478)

Mountain Grass-moth Catoptria furcatellus (p.478)

Chequered Grass-moth Catoptria falsella (p.478)

Marbled Grass-moth Catoptria verellus (p.479)

Powdered Grass-moth Thisanotia chrysonuchella (p.479)

Dune Grass-moth Pediasia fascelinella (p.479)

Rolled Grass-moth Pediasia contaminella (p.479)



Little Grass-moth Platytes cerussella (p.480)

Saltern Grass-moth Pediasia aridella (p.480)

x 1.5

Hook-tipped Grass-moth Platytes alpinella (p.480)



Brown China-mark Elophila nymphaeata (p.480)

x 1.5

x1.5

Irish China-mark Elophila rivulalis (p.481)

Water Veneer Acentria ephemerella (p.481)

PLATE 62 x 1.5





Small China-mark Cataclysta lemnata (p.481)



Ringed China-mark Parapoynx stratiotata (p.482)



Beautiful China-mark Nymphula nitidulata (p.482)





Marbled Fern Musotima nitidalis (p.482)



Pale Water-veneer Donacaula forficella (p.483)



Giant Water-veneer Schoenobius gigantella (p.482)

Streaked Water-veneer Donacaula mucronella (p.483)

280

Batrachedridae

T

here are three resident species in this family. The adult rests with the front end slightly raised, the wings rolled around the

abdomen, and the antennae held over the back. The forewing length is 4–8mm. The forewings are particularly narrow and elongate,

Poplar Needle-moth Batrachedra praeangusta

without a distinct tornal angle. The hindwings are similarly narrow, with long dorsal cilia. The head has smooth scales. The antennae are four-fifths the length of the forewing and are held over the back. The labial palps are curved upwards, and the tongue is scaled. Poplar Needle-moth Batrachedra praeangusta, Pine Needle-moth B. confusella and Spruce Needlemoth B. pinicolella are native. B. confusella is a cryptic species that has been separated recently from B. pinicolella based on DNA barcoding; the distribution map shown here covers records for both species. These micro-moths are mainly associated with woodlands and mature trees. Adults can be disturbed from the foodplants by day, and are attracted to light. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002a)

Poplar Needle-moth

Plate 24 Batrachedra praeangusta (Haw.) 36.001 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 7–8mm. Forewing elongate, appearing greyish, variably shaded yellowish white, with a short longitudinal blackish streak at around one-third and another from about two-fifths to threequarters, interrupted at about two-thirds by a yellowish-white spot. FS Mid-June–early October. Can be disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, scrub, u Poplar Needle-moth Batrachedra praeangusta larva. woodland. Fp Aspen, White Poplar, Goat, Grey and White willows. LS April–June. Initially in a female catkin, then feeds on a bud or young leaf under cover of a silk web or part of the catkin.

Pine Needle-moth/Spruce Needle-moth B. confusella Berggren et al./Batrachedra pinicolella (Zell.)

Plate 24 36.0019 / 36.002

Map includes records of both species. It is likely that both species are local in England. FL 4–6mm. Forewing elongate, pale yellowish with fine dark brown speckling, stronger on the costa, and with a small dark brown spot at about four-fifths. Some B. confusella examples lack the brown spot. Adults of the two species can only be reliably separated by genitalia examination. FS Mid-June–August. Can be tapped from branches during the day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, scrub on heathlands, coniferous woodland. Fp B. pinicolella on Norway Spruce, B. confusella on Scots Pine. LS September–May. Mines the needles from a silken gallery on the surface of a twig.

281

Coleophoridae

T

here are 109 species in this family, virtually all of them belonging to the genus Coleophora.

The adults rest in a slightly inclining position. The

Melilot Case-bearer Coleophora trifolii

wings are held variably between species, in a shallow to moderately steep roof-like position, or more closely wrapped around the abdomen, and the apex of the wings of some species rests on the substrate. The antennae point forwards or are diverging. The forewing length is 3–11mm. The forewings are narrow and elongate, without a tornal angle.

Downland Case-bearer Coleophora lixella

They are generally plainly coloured, lightly speckled or have pale streaks. The hindwings are narrower than the forewings, with very long dorsal cilia. The head is smooth scaled. The long antennae are thread-like, the base in a few species being thickened with scales or hairs, and two-thirds to three-quarters the length of the forewing. The labial palps are slender and moderately curved upwards. The tongue is functional but short. Many species are very widely distributed, such as Common Case-bearer C. serratella, Rose Case-bearer C. gryphipennella and Common Rush Case-bearer C. alticolella. Others are extremely restricted: Catchfly Case-bearer C. galbulipennella is resident only in a very few coastal sites in south Kent, although it can be extremely abundant. Four species are now thought to be extinct, including Knotgrass Gall Moth Augasma aeratella, which forms a gall rather than a case, and Ragged-Robin Case-bearer C. albella, believed to be the only British moth with a larviparous female – that is, she lays young larvae, not eggs, in the flowers of Ragged-Robin. New species to our shores are found from time to time. For example, Surrey Broom Casebearer C. calycotomella was discovered on Broom in Surrey in 2004, and Red Clover Case-bearer C. frischella is now acknowledged to occur locally in Britain and Ireland, having been recognised among the very similar and more widespread species, Clover Case-bearer C. alcyonipennella. Rearing adults from the larval stage is probably the most satisfactory way to become familiar with the Coleophoridae, and photographs of the feeding signs of 53 species are shown. Larvae construct portable cases in characteristic ways, and with knowledge of the foodplant, feeding pattern, how the case is made from the leaves or seeds, and the angle at which the case attaches to a leaf, most species can be determined from the larval stage. The length of the case of the final-instar larva is given in parentheses where this is helpful for diagnosis. For several species the shape of the ends of the case is key. At the anterior end attached to the leaf the case may have an abrupt bend, sometimes with a distinct narrowing, or neck, before the oral opening, whereas posteriorly the case may be dorso-ventrally flattened with two sides, known as a bivalved case, or it may be rounded with three joined flaps, known as a trivalved case. There may be a silk or leaf extension dorsally or ventrally, known as a keel. Several species form cases that resemble seventeenth- and eighteenthcentury pistols with curved handles and a straight barrel, and which are referred to as ‘pistol shaped’. As the larva grows, the case may be replaced entirely, or lengthened with additional leaf or seed fragments, or with silk. All species overwinter in the larval stage, a few species having a two-year life-cycle. However, only a few can be found easily over the winter months, such as Yarrow Case-bearer C. argentula on the old flowerheads of Yarrow. Several species change cases between autumn and spring, and the shape of the case may be radically different. For example, the larva of Downland Case-bearer C. lixella uses a

282 Coleophoridae

single calyx from the flower of thyme as its case while feeding on thyme flowers in the autumn, and then abandons this case after resuming feeding in spring, when it feeds on a range of grasses, constructing a case from part of a hollowed-out blade. Larvae of many of the leaf-feeding species feed in short bouts, moving to new parts of the same leaf, or to a different leaf, fixing the case with silk, usually to the underside, and then mining the leaf for a short time. The size and frequency of these small mines, which typically resemble small blotches with a small opening where the larval case was attached, can help to determine the species, even if the case cannot be found. Normally the upper epidermis remains intact, although the larva of Keeled Case-bearer C. siccifolia uniquely severs this wholly or partially when it has finished mining. A few species only form a case at the end of their final instar, such as Stitchwort Flower Moth C. lutarea, which makes its case from a hollowed-out seed capsule of Greater Stitchwort – a huge structure by comparison with the diminutive larva. Most species pupate within the case, although there are exceptions, such as C. lutarea, which makes a cocoon in bark, or Glasswort Case-bearer C. salicorniae and Fat Hen Case-bearer C. clypeiferella, both of which make a cocoon in the ground. In most species, adults are active at dusk and fly at night, and some species come readily to light. A few species are active during the day, such as C. alticolella and Grey Rush Case-bearer C. glaucicolella, which can be observed in numbers flying around rush flowers on a warm summer afternoon. Comprehensive coverage of the Coleophoridae is not feasible in this field guide. It happens that most of the species that are easily recognised as adults are the larger and rarer ones. Conversely, those most regularly encountered in moth traps are the smaller and more widespread species, many of which are superficially so similar that they require genitalia examination to determine the species. Full accounts and illustrations of some of the most striking albeit rare species, and the most readily identifiable species, are included. There are also abbreviated descriptions and forewing-only illustrations for some of the more widespread species, to enable identification in the field to a group of similar species (e.g., C. spinella group) that then require additional verification to confirm the identity of the species. For most of the species that are illustrated as an adult, a photograph of the larval case is also provided. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet (1996)

Stitchwort Flower Moth

Plate 24 Coleophora lutarea (Haw.) 37.002 Very local. FL 4.5–6mm. Forewing shining grey. Similar species Several Coleophora species are superficially similar, but behaviour, time of year and presence of the foodplant are usually diagnostic. FS Late April–early June. Can be numerous. Flies over the foodplant in sunshine and rests in its flowers. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, woodland. Fp Greater Stitchwort. LS June. On the ripening seeds, and when fully fed it makes a case from the seed capsule.

u

Stitchwort Flower Moth Coleophora lutarea larva and case.

c

Stitchwort Flower Moth Coleophora lutarea adult.

Coleophoridae 283

Sea-lavender Case-bearer Coleophora limoniella (Staint.) Local. FL 5–6mm. Forewing curved at the tip, reddish brown, with a series of irregularly dark-edged leaden metallic markings, including streaks in the basal half, along the costa, dorsum and in the mid-wing, with spots beyond and a line along the termen to the apex. FS June–August. Can be numerous. Flies in afternoon sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Drier parts of saltmarshes where the foodplant occurs. Fp Common Sea-lavender. LS September–May. On the seeds in the flowers, using a calyx as a case. When fully fed in autumn, it fixes the case to a stem and bores within it to overwinter.

Plate 24 37.003

u Sea-lavender Case-bearer Coleophora limoniella larval case.

Oak Case-bearer

Plate 24 Coleophora lutipennella (Zell.) 37.005 ESWIC. Common. Very local in southern Scotland and rare in southern Ireland. FL 5–6mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown. Similar species C. flavipennella (not illustrated) is superficially identical, and similarly common in oak woodland. FS June– August. Hab Woodland. Fp Oaks. LS October–May. After hatching the larva constructs a silk case, and only at this stage can it be reliably distinguished from C. flavipennella. After winter the cases of these two species (both not illustrated) are almost indistinguishable (c. 7mm).

Rose Case-bearer

Plate 24 Coleophora gryphipennella (Hübn.) 37.006 ESWI. Common. More local in Scotland and Ireland. FL 5–6.5mm. Antenna wholly ringed with white and greyish brown. Forewing yellowish brown, tinged greyish. Similar species Greyish-brown form of C. serratella and C. spinella group. FS June–July. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Roses. LS September– May. Case is serrated in autumn and more cylindrical in spring (7mm).

Birch Case-bearer Coleophora milvipennis Zell. 37.009 ESWI. Locally common. Very local in Ireland. Hab Heathland, open woodland. Fp Birches. LS August–May. Case is straight or slightly curved, pale reddish or yellowish brown, usually with a serrated dorsal keel when small, and more tubular when larger (8–11mm). Most larvae overwinter fully fed. Typically it is the longest coleophorid case found on birch, easiest to find on small trees. Similar larva Case of C. serratella.

Rose Case-bearer Coleophora gryphipennella larval case.

r

rr Birch Case-bearer Coleophora milvipennis larval case.

284 Coleophoridae

Scarce Alder Case-bearer Coleophora alnifoliae Barasch 37.010 ESW. Very local. Southern England, parts of Wales, and a population in Perthshire in Scotland. Hab Streamsides, carr woodland; preference for larger trees. Fp Alder. LS September–July. Annual life-cycle in the south, spanning two years further north. Case dark brown, rather long, tubular anteriorly, becoming flattened and bivalved posteriorly (13mm). Makes large conspicuous blotches in a leaf. r Scarce Alder Case-bearer Coleophora alnifoliae larval case.

Elm Case-bearer Coleophora limosipennella (Dup.) 37.012 EWC. Local. Scarcer further north. Hab Hedgerows with elm saplings, woodland margins. Fp Elms. LS September–mid-July, spanning two years, although life-cycle may be annual in southern England in some years. Initially in a short mine. Case dark brown with a serrate dorsal keel (11.5mm). Larvae tend u Elm Case-bearer Coleophora limosipennella to be gregarious, and feeding damage can larval case. be conspicuous. Similar larva On elms the case of C. serratella is smaller and trivalved (7mm), and the case of C. badiipennella (not illustrated) is smaller (6mm), grey, and has at the oral end a constriction and a near 90° angle so the body of the case sits parallel to the leaf surface.

Keeled Case-bearer Coleophora siccifolia Staint. 37.013 ESWI. Very local, found as far north as Perthshire in Scotland. Very rare in western Ireland. Hab Heathland, hedgerows, woodland margins. Fp Apples, birches, hawthorns, Rowan. LS September–August, possibly over two years. The case comprises a silken tube with a large section of leaf attached, which turns brown and curls around the case (11mm). Can be abundant.

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Keeled Case-bearer Coleophora siccifolia larval case.

Common Case-bearer

Plate 24 Coleophora serratella (Linn.) 37.015 ESWIC. Common. FL 5–7mm. Antenna with white and brown or greyish-brown bars on the proximal half. Forewing dark brown or greyish brown. Similar species C. spinella group. FS June–August. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Mainly Alder, birches, Hazel, Hornbeam, elms. LS September–May. In spring, case is orangey brown or greyish brown and somewhat cylindrical, usually with a serrated dorsal keel (7mm). Can be numerous where found. Similar larva Case of C. milvipennis on birches is longer

Coleophoridae 285

Common Case-bearer Coleophora serratella larval case on birch.

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Apple & Plum Case-bearer Coleophora spinella larval case.

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(8–11mm), slender and often slightly curved with a serrated dorsal keel, and larva is usually fully fed in autumn. Case of C. orbitella (not illustrated), on Alder and birches, is formed of three separate leaf fragments, and larva is fully fed in autumn. Case of C. binderella is formed of three separate untidy leaf fragments, and larva is fully fed in spring.

Apple & Plum Case-bearer

Plate 24 Coleophora spinella (Schrank) 37.016 ESWIC. Common. Rare in southern Scotland. FL 5–6mm. Antenna barred and ringed white and greyish brown. Forewing greyish brown, scales darker tipped. Similar species C. spinella is the most widespread of three in a group of very similar species that also includes C. coracipennella (not illustrated) and C. prunifoliae (not illustrated). FS June–July. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Mainly apples, hawthorns, less often Blackthorn, plums. LS September–May. The case of C. spinella (c. 6mm) is indistinguishable from that of the other species in the group.

Water Dock Case-bearer Coleophora hydrolapathella Hering 37.018 E. Rare. First recorded in 1974. Primarily known from the Norfolk Broads and Suffolk coastal marshes. Hab Fens, marshes. Fp Water Dock. LS September–June. Case is dark purplish brown and slender, with an angled neck (8mm). Larva feeds on the seeds, and attaches the case to the old stem in autumn.

Bearberry Case-bearer Coleophora arctostaphyli Meder 37.021 S. Rare. Hab Moorland. Fp Bearberry. LS September–April, over two years. Larva feeds within a contorted gallery until the spring of the second year, and then makes an elongate oval case (8mm) resembling a dried leaflet. It usually fixes the case to the upper side of a leaf for pupation.

cl Water Dock Case-bearer Coleophora hydrolapathella larval case.

Bearberry Case-bearer Coleophora arctostaphyli leaf-mine.

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286 Coleophoridae

Willow Case-bearer Coleophora lusciniaepennella (Treits.) ESWIC. Common. Hab Wherever willows occur, bogs and fens where Bog-myrtle occurs. Fp Bog-myrtle, willows, occasionally Aspen, birches, Hybrid Blackpoplar. LS September–May. Case is slender, slightly curved and often tricoloured, comprising a dark tip, a reddish-brown central section and a greenish-brown or brown anterior section (10mm).

37.022

Willow Case-bearer Coleophora lusciniaepennella larval case.

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Caledonian Case-bearer Coleophora idaeella Hofm. 37.023 S. Rare. Hab Scots Pine woodland, heathland and moorland with pine and birch scrub. Fp Cowberry. LS August–April, over two years. Case comprises three pieces of leaf placed end to end (10mm). By the second year the larval feeding is apparent on both sides of a leaf. Feeds from the underside of the leaf. Usually fixes the case to the upper side of a leaf for pupation.

Caledonian Case-bearer Coleophora idaeella larval case.

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Cowberry Case-bearer Coleophora vitisella Gregs. 37.024 ESW. Very local. Known from the Pennines in England, and from North Wales and the Scottish Highlands. Possibly overlooked. Hab Scots Pine woodland, heathland and moorland with pine and birch scrub; preference for more sheltered sites. u Cowberry Case-bearer Coleophora vitisella larval case. Fp Cowberry. LS August–May, over two years. Case is brownish or dark purplish brown, constructed of rings cut from leaf, and pistol shaped (7mm). Larva only mines mature leaves.

Highland Case-bearer Coleophora glitzella Hofm. 37.025 S. Very local. Scottish Highlands. Hab Heathland, moorland, preferring shade of pine and birch trees or sheltered ledges; mature Scots Pine woodland. Fp Cowberry. LS September–April, over two years. The case is tubular and flattened laterally (8mm). Mines are readily recognised as they cover the majority of the leaf, and usually contain scattered frass.

Highland Case-bearer Coleophora glitzella larval case.

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Coleophoridae 287

Potentilla Case-bearer Coleophora potentillae Elisha 37.027 ESWI. Local. Rarer in south Wales, northern England, Scotland and western Ireland. Hab Fens, unmanaged grasslands, ditch margins, limestone pavement, open woodland. Fp Plants in the rose family (Rosaceae) including Agrimony, Bramble, hawthorns, Meadowsweet, roses, and other plants including birches, Common Rock-rose, Grey Willow. u Potentilla Case-bearer Coleophora potentillae LS September–May. Usually larval case. overwinters fully fed, although some feed the following spring. Case is narrow, keeled ventrally and tapering posteriorly, adorned with evenly spaced frills made of leaf fragments arranged at 90° to the case (8mm) and attached to a leaf at c. 30°. Often a single leaf may have several small blotches and a few large ones. Cases of widely differing size are often found in abundance within a tiny area. Similar larva Case of C. violacea (6–7mm) (not illustrated) is somewhat squat, swollen in the middle and strongly keeled ventrally, rather irregularly adorned with leaf fragments and attached to the leaf near 0°; it is seldom seen in abundance.

Least Case-bearer

Plate 24 Coleophora juncicolella Staint. 37.028 ESWI. Local. Very local in Ireland. FL 3–4mm. The smallest Coleophora species. Antenna ringed whitish and dark grey. Forewing narrow, pale brownish, tinged greyish. FS June–July. Hab Heathland, moorland. Fp Heather, Bell Heather. LS September–April. In a small case made from several leaves, resembling a heather shoot (4mm). Best recorded by sweeping. r Least Case-bearer Coleophora juncicolella larval case.

Alder Case-bearer Coleophora binderella (Kollar) 37.030 ESWIC. Common. Seemingly rare in Ireland. Hab Alder carr, wooded heathland, woodland. Fp Alders, including Grey and Italian, birches, Hazel, Hornbeam. LS September–May. Fully fed in spring. Case is laterally compressed, the overwintered part is dull yellowish or greyish brown, and the spring additions are reddish brown, often including untidy leaf fragments (7–8mm). Larva often feeds high up. Similar larva Case of C. serratella. r

Alder Case-bearer Coleophora binderella larval case.

288 Coleophoridae

Buckthorn Case-bearer Coleophora ahenella Hein. 37.031 EI. Very local. Dorset, Wiltshire, Hampshire and Sussex. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2012. Hab Calcareous grassland, limestone pavement, scrub, woodland. Fp Buckthorn, Alder Buckthorn, also Dogwood, Wayfaring-tree. LS August–May, over two years. Case is brown to dark grey, rather ornate with irregular projections of leaf fragments anteriorly, and slightly curved with a strong ventral keel posteriorly (7mm). Larva makes large blotches in the leaves.

Buckthorn Case-bearer Coleophora ahenella larval case.

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White-legged Case-bearer

Plate 24 Coleophora albitarsella Zell. 37.032 Common. Much more local in the north. FL 5–6.5mm. Antenna is white, ringed darker in the basal half. Forewing particularly narrow, shining greyish brown. All tarsi of the male and the middle of the hind tarsi of the female are whitish. FS Late May–mid-August. Sometimes flies in sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Fens, gardens and urban parks, grasslands, hedgerows, scrub, open woodland. Fp Wild Basil, calamints, Wild Clary, Ground-ivy, Wild Marjoram, mints, Selfheal. LS September–May. Case is glossy dark brown and slightly curved, constructed of leaf and silk (9mm).

White-legged Case-bearer Coleophora albitarsella larval case.

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Note on the green metallic Coleophora group There are six species in this group, the largest and most widespread of which is described below. The others need careful examination, and two species usually require dissection to confirm their identity. A guide to identification of this group is provided in Appendix 1 (p.484).

Melilot Case-bearer

Plate 24 Coleophora trifolii (Curt.) 37.033 Common. More local in northern England. Rare in Ireland. FL 7–10mm. Upper and hind margins of the eye edged with yellow. Antenna blackish, whitish towards the apex. Forewing metallic golden green, with a purplish sheen towards the apex, this more prominent in the female. Similar species See Appendix 1 (p.484). C. paripennella is smaller and shining greyish brown with a metallic bronze u Melilot Case-bearer Coleophora reflection, not green. FS May–August. trifolii larval cases. Flies in sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Rough grassland, waste ground, gardens, marshes, sand dunes, downland, roadside verges. Fp Ribbed, Tall, White melilots. LS August–May. Feeds on the seeds in a somewhat hairy case composed of one or more seed pods (8mm).

Coleophoridae 289

Spikenard Case-bearer Coleophora conyzae Zell. 37.036 EWC. Local. Southern England, very local in south Wales, with an isolated population in Yorkshire. Hab Soft cliffs, calcareous grassland, marshes, damp pastures. Fp Common Fleabane, Ploughman’s-spikenard, also Elecampane. LS September–May. At least two cases are u Spikenard Case-bearer Coleophora conyzae constructed from the mined leaf larval case on Common Fleabane. as the larva grows. Case is brown, hairy, rather flattened and bivalved (12.5mm). Similar larva Two species share some of the same foodplants, although their cases are not hairy. C. inulae (not illustrated), a rare species, has a larva with a yellowish-brown head and prothoracic plate, and makes a long silken tubular case (15mm) with a neck, attached at an angle of near 0° to the leaf. C. follicularis (not illustrated) has a larva with a black or brown head and plate, and makes a silken tubular case that is hardly necked, usually 7–9mm, but on Hemp-agrimony sometimes up to 14mm; cases can be found in numbers.

Woundwort Case-bearer

Plate 24 Coleophora lineolea (Haw.) 37.038 EW. Local. FL 5.5–7mm. The all-white antennae help to separate this from similar species. Forewing whitish, with most veins highlighted yellowish brown. FS June– September. Hab Gardens and urban parks, dry grasslands, waste ground. Fp Mainly Black Horehound, Hedge Woundwort, Lamb’s-ear. LS September–May. In a brownish flattened case constructed of mined leaf fragments (10mm), its hairiness varying depending on the foodplant.

Woundwort Case-bearer Coleophora lineolea larval case.

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Black-spot Case-bearer Plate 24 Coleophora hemerobiella (Scop.) 37.039 EWC. Local. Southern England, south Yorkshire and south Wales. FL 6–7.5mm. Forewing whitish, heavily speckled grey, with a dark grey dot at four-fifths. FS July. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Mainly apples, cherries, hawthorns, plums. LS September–June, over two years. Initially in a small gallery before constructing a case in the first autumn; the larva feeds in the following spring, adding leaf rings to form a short pistol-shaped case. In the second spring the larva constructs a dark brown tubular case (10mm), attached at an angle of around 90° to the leaf.

r Black-spot Case-bearer Coleophora hemerobiella larval case.

290 Coleophoridae

Petty Whin Case-bearer Coleophora genistae Staint. 37.041 ESW. Local. Declining. Hab Damp unimproved grassland, heathland, moorland. Fp Petty Whin. LS September–June. Case is light and dark brown, rather flattened, and made from leaf fragments arranged in a herring-bone pattern (8mm). The larva feeds on the leaves, causing them to whiten, and on the flowers. Can be found in numbers.

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Petty Whin Case-bearer Coleophora genistae larval case.

Lotus Case-bearer

Plate 24 Coleophora discordella Zell. 37.044 ESWIC. Common. FL 5.5–7mm. One of several similar species with white streaks on a darker background. Antenna is ringed white and greyish brown. Forewing brown, tinged yellowish, darker towards the apex, with four white streaks, one broad along the costa, one narrow along the dorsum and two in the mid-wing. FS May–August. Hab Grasslands, old quarries, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Common and Greater bird’s-foot-trefoils. LS August–May. u Lotus Case-bearer Coleophora discordella larval Initially mines a leaf and then forms a case. case. Case is blackish brown often with whitish frills, somewhat flattened and curved towards the tip, made from transversely placed bands of mined leaf (6mm).

Pistol Case-bearer

Plate 24 Coleophora anatipennella (Hübn.) 37.049 ESWIC. Local. Rare in Scotland and Ireland. FL 6–8.5mm. One of a group of five moderately large species, all with white forewings. Forewing white with scattered dark greyish-brown scales. FS June–July. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Mainly Blackthorn, also apples, hawthorns, plums. LS August–May. Initially in a series of small mines on a leaf. Case is black, pistol-shaped (7mm), and upright when fixed to a leaf.

Pistol Case-bearer Coleophora anatipennella larval case.

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Sallow Pistol Case-bearer Coleophora albidella ([D. & S.)]

37.050

EWIC. Local. Hab Where the foodplants occur, especially bogs, fens, damp woodland. Fp Creeping, Eared, Goat and Grey willows, also Osier. LS September–May. In spring the larva feeds on the expanding buds, and then skeletonises young leaves. Case is black, pistol-shaped (7mm), and covered with white woolly hairs.

Coleophoridae 291

Sallow Pistol Case-bearer Coleophora albidella larval case.

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Cloaked Case-bearer Coleophora kuehnella larval case.

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u Oak Pistol Case-bearer Coleophora ibipennella larval case.

Cloaked Case-bearer Coleophora kuehnella (Goeze) 37.051 EW. Local. Becoming rare further north, and found just into south Wales. Hab Scrub, open woodland rides. Fp Deciduous oaks. LS September–May. In spring on the leaves, but also noted feeding on male catkins. Case is black, pistol-shaped, and almost enclosed by a greyish translucent scaly cloak or ‘pallium’ (8mm), perhaps resembling a bird dropping.

Oak Pistol Case-bearer Coleophora ibipennella Zell. 37.052 EWIC. Local. Found just into south Wales. Rare in Ireland. Hab Scrub, open woodland rides. Fp Oaks, occasionally Holm Oak. LS September–June. In spring the larva feeds on buds and male catkins, then on the leaves. The case is slender, black and sparsely spotted brown, and pistol-shaped (7mm).

Birch Pistol Case-bearer Coleophora betulella Hein. 37.053 ESWI. Local. Recently recorded as new to Scotland. Rare in Ireland. Hab Heathland with scattered birches, open woodland rides. Fp Birches. LS August–May. The small case overwinters on a twig near a leaf bud, and in spring the larva feeds on leaves. Case is black and pistol-shaped (7mm).

Heath Case-bearer

Plate 24 Coleophora pyrrhulipennella Zell. 37.055 ESWI. Local. FL 5.5–7mm. One of several similar species with white streaks on a darker background. Forewing pale yellowish grey, tinged brownish, with broad white streaks. FS May–August. Hab Bogs, heathland, moorland. Fp Heather, Bell Heather. LS July–May. In an elongate shining black silken case (9mm).

Birch Pistol Case-bearer Coleophora betulella larval case.

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Heath Case-bearer Coleophora pyrrhulipennella larval case.

292 Coleophoridae

Knapweed Case-bearer Coleophora conspicuella Zell. 37.058 E. South-east England, increasing. Hab Grasslands, scrub. Fp Common Knapweed. LS August–May. Case is curved dorsally with a ventral keel, shiny black and slightly glossy (15mm). Usually fixes to a grass stem for pupation. Can be found in numbers. Similar larva Case of C. paripennella is much shorter, tubular and matt black.

Knapweed Case-bearer Coleophora conspicuella larval case.

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Large Gold Case-bearer

Plate 24 Coleophora vibicella (Hübn.) 37.059 Rare. Declining, with a few sites currently known in Hampshire, Isle of Wight and West Sussex. FL 8–11mm. Forewing elongate, pale yellowish brown, darker brown towards the costa, with a silvery-white streak from the base to just over one-half, another just below the costa from about one-third to two-thirds, and one from about one-half angled towards the apex. FS Late June–August. Cases can be numerous. Recorded at light. Hab Neutral grassland near the coast, woodland rides. Fp Dyer’s Greenweed. LS September–June. Case is pistol-shaped, elongate and glossy black (19mm).

Large Gold Case-bearer Coleophora vibicella larval case.

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Large Buff Case-bearer Plate 25 Coleophora ochrea (Haw.) 37.060 Rare. FL 7–9mm. Forewing elongate, pale yellowish brown with up to four pale silvery streaks, usually with one on the dorsum to about one-half and another from the base to beyond the middle, approaching the dorsum at about two-thirds; darker reddish-brown scales form u Large Buff Case-bearer Coleophora ochrea larval case. indistinct streaks over the wing. FS July–August. Most readily found in spring, when the larva mines leaves, causing pale brown blotches. Cases can be numerous. Hab Calcareous habitats; preference for rocky, barren and sunny situations, particularly where the foodplant overhangs ledges. Fp Common Rock-rose. LS September–May. In a tubular case formed of leaf pieces (15mm).

Downland Case-bearer Plate 25 Coleophora lixella Zell. 37.061 Local. Very local in Scotland and Ireland. FL 8–10mm. Antenna white on the upper side towards the apex. Forewing elongate, curved at the tip, pale yellow or yellowish brown with a few longitudinal silvery-white streaks, which are finely and partially edged with blackish brown; blackish-brown scaling is more prevalent towards the apex. Similar species C. tricolor (not illustrated), a rare species in Breckland, East Anglia, has white antenna ringed greyish brown throughout; trap-caught examples will normally need

Coleophoridae 293

Gorse Case-bearer Coleophora albicosta overwintering larval case.

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Downland Case-bearer Coleophora lixella larval case and feeding signs.

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Bugloss Case-bearer Coleophora pennella larval case.

to be confirmed by genitalia examination. FS Mid-June–August. Readily disturbed from vegetation by day, flies freely in afternoon sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous grasslands, old quarries, sand dunes, rocky slopes. Fp/LS August–May. Flowers of thymes in autumn, the larva forming a case from the calyx; grasses in spring, the larva constructing a case from the middle of a grass blade (11mm). Similar larva Case of C. tricolor is made from the calyx of a Basil Thyme flower in autumn, and from a grass blade in spring.

Gorse Case-bearer Plate 25 Coleophora albicosta (Haw.) 37.063 Common. FL 6–7.5mm. One of several similar species with white streaks on a darker background. Forewing yellowish brown with scattered light greyish-brown scales, with a broad white streak along the costa, a narrow white streak from the base to near the tornus, and another in the middle of the wing, angled above the tornus. FS April–August. Hab Wherever the foodplant is frequent. Fp Gorse. LS July–April. Initially feeds on green seeds within a pod, then constructs a cigar-shaped case, boring into further seed pods. In November when fully fed the larva constructs a new case (7mm) in which to overwinter.

Bugloss Case-bearer Coleophora pennella ([D. & S.)]

37.065

E. Very local. Southern England. Hab Breckland and calcareous grasslands, old quarries, vegetated shingle. Fp Viper’s-bugloss, also Alkanet, Hound’s-tongue. LS September–May. Feeds on a leaf from the underside or from an edge. Case is broad and flattened (12mm), blackish brown with greyish hairs. Attaches to a stem or a nearby post for pupation.

Larch Case-bearer Coleophora laricella (Hübn.) ESWI. Common. More local in Ireland. FL 4–5.5mm. Antenna grey and somewhat ringed. Forewing grey. FS May–July. Hab Gardens, plantation woodland. Fp European Larch. LS July–May. Initially mines the needles. The larva forms a case in mid-September, overwinters attached to a twig at the base of a bud, and resumes feeding in early spring. Mined leaves turn white and shrivel. Case is pale brownish or dirty whitish and squat (5mm).

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Larch Case-bearer Coleophora laricella larval case.

Plate 25 37.066

294 Coleophoridae

Saltern Rush Case-bearer Coleophora adjunctella Hodgk. 37.068 ESWI. Local, scarce in Scotland and rare in Ireland. Hab Saltmarshes. Fp Saltmarsh Rush. LS Late July–May. Feeds on the seeds, and is fully fed by late summer. Case is enclosed within a floret, with a short white silken extension posteriorly. Similar larva C. glaucicolella (case not illustrated) and C. alticolella (case not illustrated) feed on a range of rushes, including Saltmarsh Rush; both species have tubular silken cases and begin feeding slightly later in the year.

Wood-rush Case-bearer Plate 25 Coleophora otidipennella (Hübn.) 37.072 ESWIC. Local. FL 5–6.5mm. The earliest flight period of species in the C. alticolella group. Forewing greyish with whitish veins. Easily disturbed by day, rarely seen at light. FS April– June. Hab Grasslands, heathland, moorland, woodland rides. Fp Field Wood-rush, Heath Wood-rush. LS June–April. In a seed capsule, later on fallen seeds on the ground until September. The tubular case (not illustrated) is pale brownish and decorated with seed debris (5.5–6mm).

Common Rush Case-bearer Plate 25 Coleophora alticolella Zell. 37.073 ESWIC. Common. FL 5–6mm. Forewing greyish brown, usually with a narrow, dirty whitish streak along the costa. Similar species C. alticolella is in a group of superficially similar species which usually require genitalia examination to separate. FS May–August. Hab Fens, wet heathland, wet grasslands, marshes, moorland. Fp Rushes. LS July–May. Initially in the seed capsule, then on the seeds. The tubular case (not illustrated) is pale yellowish-brown with scattered yellowish-brown granules attached (6mm). Overwinters in litter, sometimes feeding again in spring. Several cases can be found on a seedhead. Similar larva C. glaucicolella (case not illustrated) is identical.

Large Rush Case-bearer Coleophora sylvaticella Wood 37.076 ESWI. Very local. Rare in northern and eastern England, and in Ireland. Hab Woodland on acidic soils, with a preference for plants growing in partial shade; occasionally open moorland. Fp Great Wood-rush. LS Late July–August, over two years. Feeds on seeds and flower panicles. Case is enclosed within a floret, with pale greyish-brown silken extensions anteriorly and posteriorly (7mm).

Sea Rush Case-bearer Coleophora maritimella Newm. 37.078 ESWI. Coastal. Local. Found as far north as southern Scotland, rare in eastern Ireland. Hab Saltmarshes. Fp Sea Rush. LS September–May. Feeds on the seeds in autumn. Case is completely enclosed in a seed capsule (4–5mm). Can be found fully fed on living and

Saltern Rush Case-bearer Coleophora adjunctella larval case.

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rr Large Rush Case-bearer Coleophora sylvaticella larval case.

Coleophoridae 295 Sea Rush Case-bearer Coleophora maritimella larval case.

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rr Goldenrod Case-bearer Coleophora virgaureae larval case on Goldenrod.

dead stems of the foodplant in autumn and spring. Similar larva C. glaucicolella (not illustrated) and C. alticolella (not illustrated) feed on a range of rushes, including Sea Rush; both species have tubular silken cases.

Goldenrod Case-bearer Coleophora virgaureae Staint. 37.080 ESWI. Local. Hab Cliffs, grasslands, old quarries, saltmarshes, sand dunes, woodland rides. Fp Goldenrod, Sea Aster. LS September–May. Feeds on the seeds. Case is whitish at first, turning brown (6mm), with long hairs near the oral end when feeding on Goldenrod, and decorated with bract fragments and some long hairs when feeding on Sea Aster. Attaches to vegetation at an angle of 40–70°. Similar larva Case of C. asteris attaches to vegetation at an angle of 80–90°, and is hardly ornamented with hairs.

Sea Aster Case-bearer Coleophora asteris Mühl. 37.082 ESW. Very local. Coastal. Rare in Wales and Scotland. Hab Saltmarshes. Fp Sea Aster. LS September–May. On the seeds, in a case hidden in the mass of hairs surrounding the developing seeds, leaving the plant before winter. Case is cigar-shaped (6mm), brown and undecorated except for a few long hairs. Can be common. Similar larva Case of C. virgaureae.

r Sea Aster Case-bearer Coleophora asteris larval case.

Mugwort Case-bearer Coleophora artemisicolella Bruand 37.090

Mugwort Case-bearer Coleophora artemisicolella larval case.

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EWC. Local. Perhaps most frequent in the south and east. Probably overlooked. Hab Rough ground in coastal areas, unmanaged grasslands, waste ground. Fp Mugwort. LS August–June. Case is formed from an excavated seedhead (6mm), the larva feeding on the seeds and leaving a conspicuous

296 Coleophoridae hole after moving. Fixes low down on a stem for pupation. Similar larva C. trochilella (not illustrated) and C. gardesanella (not illustrated) are scarce species associated with Mugwort; the larvae of both make tubular silken cases and feed on leaves.

Catchfly Case-bearer Coleophora galbulipennella

37.092

E. Rare. First discovered in 1940 and restricted as a breeding species to south-east Kent. Dungeness in Kent is a well-known site for this species. There is a single record for Suffolk. Hab Vegetated shingle. Fp Nottingham Catchfly. LS September–July. Case is greyish white with darker longitudinal stripes, rather slender and cylindrical (12mm). Larvae can be abundant and cause whitening of the leaves.

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Catchfly Case-bearer Coleophora galbulipennella larval case.

Thistle Case-bearer Plate 25 Coleophora peribenanderi Toll 37.093 ESWIC. Common. Rare in Scotland as far north as Kincardineshire, very local in Ireland. FL 6–7.5mm. Forewing yellowish brown with whitish veins. Similar species One of several species in the C. alticolella group. FS May–August. Hab Fens, grasslands, woodland rides. Fp Thistles, especially Creeping, Marsh and Spear thistles, also burdocks. LS August–May. Initially mines a leaf, then forms a cylindrical greyish-brown case (12mm). Usually fully fed in autumn. Similar larva C. paripennella forms a smaller matt-black tubular case. r

Thistle Case-bearer Coleophora peribenanderi larval case.

Hedge Case-bearer Plate 25 Coleophora striatipennella Nyl. 37.099 ESWI. Common. FL 5.5–6.5mm. One of many species in the C. alticolella group. Forewing whitish, veins yellowish brown, tinged grey. FS May–August. Hab Fens, grasslands, hedgerows, woodland rides. Fp Common and Water chickweeds, Common Mouse-ear, Lesser Stitchwort. LS August–May. Case is pale greyish brown or pale brown, usually with darker longitudinal stripes and adorned with granules (6mm). Feeds in late summer on the developing seeds within the inflated calyx, with the posterior end of the case often observed protruding.

Hedge Case-bearer Coleophora striatipennella larval case.

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Coleophoridae 297

Yarrow Case-bearer Coleophora argentula (Steph.) 37.102 ESWC. Common. Local in south-eastern Scotland. Hab A wide variety of habitats, including rough ground in coastal areas, unmanaged grasslands, unimproved grasslands, waste ground. Fp Yarrow, Sneezewort, possibly Ribwort Plantain. LS September–May. Feeds on the seeds. In a stout light u Yarrow Case-bearer Coleophora argentula brown case (6mm) with a rough larval case. appearance. Several cases can be found on a single seedhead. Similar larva C. trochilella (not illustrated) on Yarrow and C. gardesanella (not illustrated) on Yarrow and Sneezewort; the larvae of both species make tubular silken cases and feed on leaves.

Campion Case-bearer Coleophora nutantella Mühlig & Frey

37.105

ESW. Very local. Mainly southern and eastern. In Wales recorded only from Glamorgan, and in Scotland only from Berwickshire. Hab Coastal areas, unmanaged calcareous grasslands, waste ground. Fp Bladder Campion, Nottingham Catchfly. LS August–May. Feeds on the developing seeds within the calyx, constructing its case after u Campion Case-bearer Coleophora nutantella larval cases. it is fully fed. The tubular rather stout silken case (8mm) is yellowish brown, matching the colour of the calyx to which it attaches, often on the side.

Bronze Case-bearer Plate 25 Coleophora paripennella Zell. 37.106 Common. FL 5–6.5mm. Antenna is dark greyish brown, white towards the apex. Labial palp is dark greyish brown. Forewing is shining greyish brown with a bronzy metallic reflection. Legs are shining greyish brown. Similar species C. fuscocuprella (not illustrated) and C. violacea (not illustrated) have antennae u Bronze Case-bearer Coleophora paripennella that are white towards the apex, larval case. but neither species has a metallic reflective forewing. Green metallic Coleophora group; see Appendix 1 (p.484). FS Late June–early August. Comes to light. Hab Grasslands, waste ground, woodland rides. Fp Knapweeds, especially Common Knapweed, and thistles, especially Creeping Thistle.

298 Coleophoridae LS September–June. In a narrow matt-black tubular case (8mm). Similar larva Cases of C. conspicuella on Common Knapweed and C. peribenanderi on thistles.

Fat Hen Case-bearer Plate 25 Coleophora clypeiferella Hofm. 37.107

u

Clypeus.

EC. Very local. Mainly southern and eastern England. FL 6–7.5mm. Antenna clothed with pale scales to one-quarter, the remainder of the shaft dark grey with white rings. Forewing pale brownish yellow, somewhat darker speckled, with a weakly defined dark mark at three-quarters, and sometimes a similar mark at one-third. The first abdominal segment has a clypeus on the dorsal surface, which distinguishes this species from all others. (The clypeus is a shield of blunt peg-like spines that are used by the adult to open the cocoon and push up to the surface of the ground. The clypeus cannot be seen unless the forewings are parted to show the abdomen.) FS July–August. Hab Arable field margins, waste ground, but disperses widely. Fp Fat-hen. LS August–June. Initially the larva spins a flimsy tube among seedheads, cutting spun seeds off to form a crude case in the final instar, the case becoming more obvious as the spun seeds turn brown, contrasting with the green seedhead. Fully fed in October, and overwinters in a tough cocoon in loose soil.

Glasswort Case-bearer Coleophora salicorniae Heinemann & Wocke

Plate 25 37.108

EWIC. Local. Rare in south-east Ireland. FL 6–7mm. Antenna clothed with pale scales to one-quarter, the remainder of the shaft black with white rings. Forewing pale brownish yellow, somewhat darker speckled, with a weakly defined round dark dot at three-quarters. FS July–August. Hab Saltmarshes, but disperses widely. Fp Glassworts. LS September– June. Initially feeds within a fleshy spike and within seeds, with no evidence of its presence. In the final instar it cuts off the tip of a mined spike as a case, attaches to another stem and feeds for a few days from this case, typically in early October. Overwinters in a parchment cocoon in a silken tube in mud.

Betony Case-bearer Plate 25 Coleophora wockeella Zell. 37.109 Rare. Much declined, and currently known only from Surrey. FL 9–11mm. Antenna clothed in scales to just over one-half. Forewing elongate, curved slightly at the tip, the dorsal half pale reddish brown, slightly darker towards the costa, with a fine white costal streak from the base to nearly one-half, and another from the base approaching the dorsum at about one-half. FS June–July. Recorded at light. Hab Woodland rides. Fp Betony. LS October– May. In a tubular case formed of leaf sections (10mm), completing its growth in spring. c

Glasswort Case-bearer Coleophora salicorniae larval case.

d

Betony Case-bearer Coleophora wockeella larval case.

Coleophoridae 299 Species not covered Knotgrass Gall Moth Augasma aeratella (Zell.) 37.001 † E

Basil Thyme Case-bearer C. tricolor Wals. 37.062 R/E

Ragged-Robin Case-bearer Coleophora albella (Thunb.) 37.004 R/E

Oxford Case-bearer C. antennariella Herr.-Schäff. 37.067 † E

Yellow Oak Case-bearer C. flavipennella (Dup.) 37.007 ESWI

Buff Rush Case-bearer C. caespititiella Zell. 37.069 ESWIC

Southern Case-bearer C. adjectella Herr.-Schäff. 37.008 R/E Small Elm Case-bearer C. badiipennella (Dup.) 37.011 ESWC Blackthorn Case-bearer C. coracipennella (Hübn.) 37.014 ESWC Sloe Case-bearer C. prunifoliae Doets 37.017 EWC Scarce Thorn Case-bearer C. trigeminella Fuchs 37.019 EC Hazel Case-bearer C. fuscocuprella Herr.-Schäff. 37.020 EWI White-tipped Case-bearer C. violacea (Ström) 37.026 ESW Dusky Case-bearer C. orbitella Zell. 37.029 ESWI Red Clover Case-bearer C. frischella (Linn.) 37.034 ESWIC Clover Case-bearer C. alcyonipennella (Kollar) 37.035 ESWC Surrey Broom Case-bearer C. calycotomella Staint. 37.037 R/E Stitchwort Case-bearer C. lithargyrinella Zell. 37.040 ESWI Broom Case-bearer C. saturatella Staint. 37.042 R/EW Thyme Case-bearer C. niveicostella Zell. 37.043 R/E Mouse-ear Case-bearer C. chalcogrammella Zell. 37.045 R/E Purple-shot Case-bearer C. deauratella L. & Z. 37.046 ESWIC Tare Case-bearer C. amethystinella Rag. 37.047 R/E Clothed Case-bearer C. mayrella (Hübn.) 37.048 ESWIC Wood Pistol Case-bearer C. currucipennella Zell. 37.054 E Cliff Case-bearer C. serpylletorum Hering 37.056 R/EW Scarce Saltern Case-bearer C. vibicigerella Zell. 37.057 R/E

Bird’s Case-bearer C. vulnerariae Zell. 37.064 † E

Jointed Rush Case-bearer C. tamesis Waters 37.070 ESWIC Grey Rush Case-bearer C. glaucicolella Wood 37.071 ESWIC Small Rush Case-bearer C. taeniipennella Herr.-Schäff. 37.074 ESWIC Sea-purslane Case-bearer C. salinella Staint. 37.075 E Toad Rush Case-bearer C. lassella Staud. 37.077 EWIC Kent Blite Case-bearer C. aestuariella Bradley 37.079 R/E Black Bindweed Case-bearer C. therinella Tengst. 37.081 EIC Orache Case-bearer C. saxicolella (Dup.) 37.083 ESWIC Goosefoot Case-bearer C. sternipennella (Zett.) 37.084 ESWC Blue Fleabane Case-bearer C. squamosella Staint. 37.085 R/E Pale Orache Case-bearer C. versurella Zell. 37.086 ESWIC Scarce Orache Case-bearer C. vestianella (Linn.) 37.087 ESC Saltern Case-bearer C. atriplicis Meyr. 37.088 ESWI Pappus Case-bearer C. pappiferella Hofm. 37.089 R/SI Blite Case-bearer C. deviella Zell. 37.091 R/E Daisy Case-bearer C. ramosella Zell. 37.094 R/EI Verge Case-bearer C. trochilella (Dup.) 37.095 ESWIC Small Streaked Case-bearer C. gardesanella Toll 37.096 E Goldilocks Case-bearer C. linosyridella Fuchs 37.097 R/E Fleabane Case-bearer C. inulae Wocke 37.098 EW Southern Stitchwort Case-bearer C. solitariella Zell. 37.100 EW Wormwood Case-bearer C. albicans Zell. 37.101 ES Agrimony Case-bearer C. follicularis (Vallot) 37.103 ESWIC Large Orache Case-bearer C. adspersella Benander 37.104 EWIC

300

Elachistidae

T

here are 49 species in this family. Adult resting positions are almost all roof-like at a steep angle. The forewing length is in the

Cock’s-foot Miner Elachista atricomella

range 3.5–7mm. The forewings are elongate, about three times as long as broad, with a tornal angle, although this is sometimes indistinct. The forewing colouration is either pale greyish or whitish with darker dots or shading, or blackish with pale markings, and in a few species there are metallic silver marks or bands. The hindwings are narrow with a pointed apex and long dorsal cilia. The head is smooth, with thread-like

Speckled Grass-miner Elachista rufocinerea

antennae that are shorter than the forewing length and directed backwards. The labial palps are short and curved upwards. Treatment of the Elachistidae in this guide is partial, and 23 species are described here as adults or larvae, or both. Many Elachista species are very small and superficially similar, and thus can be difficult to identify, requiring examination of the genitalia. Male Common Grass-miner E. canapennella is a very regular visitor to light traps, and Silver Grass-miner E. argentella is readily encountered by day. Surrey Grass-miner Elachista nobilella was discovered in Britain for the first time in 2003, in Surrey. Larvae of Elachista are leaf-miners on grasses, sedges and rushes. Their mines can be easily confused with those of true flies (Diptera), although moth larvae have chewing mouthparts whereas the flies have sucking mouthparts. Looking for leaf-mines is a good way of getting to know the Elachistidae. Larvae of some species are easy to rear so long as the leaf being mined can be kept alive and green so that the larva can complete its feeding. The larva pupates outside the mine, on the ground or a stem, or on the leaf blade close to the mine. Some species make a cocoon, whereas others pupate openly, secured to the substrate by a girdle of silk. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet (1996) European species: Traugott-Olsen & Schmidt Nielsen (1977)

Honeysuckle Blotch-miner Plate 25 Perittia obscurepunctella (Staint.) 38.001 Local. Widely distributed in southern England, scarcer as far north as Cumbria. Very local in Wales and Ireland. FL 4–5mm. Forewing pale greyish with an indistinct creamy-white mark on the dorsum near the tornus joined to a dark grey streak in the mid-wing. Similar species Male Elachista canapennella u Honeysuckle Blotch-miner Perittia is narrower winged with faint obscurepunctella leaf-mine. whitish spots at the tornus and on the dorsum opposite, and a crossband just before one-half. FS Late March–May. Flies in sunshine, rests on leaves, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Scrub, open woodland. Fp Honeysuckle. LS June–August. In a large inflated blotch mine which has a darker central spot. Sometimes there are two or three larvae in a single mine.

Elachistidae 301

Basil Blotch-miner Plate 25 Stephensia brunnichella (Linn.) 38.003 Local. Widely distributed in southern England. Very local in parts of northern England and Wales. FL 4–4.5mm. The antenna has a broad white band at two-thirds. Forewing is blackish brown with shining silvery markings, including a fascia near the base and just before one-half, a spot in the tornus reaching the mid-wing, and an oblique costal spot. Similar species Elachista gleichenella (not illustrated) has all-dark antennae, and costal and tornal spots joined to form an oblique fascia. FS May–June, late July–September, in two generations. The adult may be swept from the foodplant. Hab Calcareous grasslands, scrub, woodland edges. Fp Wild Basil. LS July–August, September–May. Initially in a fine gallery, and later in a brownish blotch mine.

Basil Blotch-miner Stephensia brunnichella leaf-mine.

u

Silver Grass-miner Plate 25 Elachista argentella (Clerck) 38.004 Common. Perhaps most frequent near the coast. FL 5–6mm. Head and forewing white, sometimes slightly darker near the base. Similar species Opostega salaciella (5.001) rests with the wings held roof-like at a shallow angle, and has a distinctive eye-cap at the base of the antenna. FS May–early August, recorded in April. Can be disturbed from vegetation by day, frequently seen sitting on grass stems, flies in late afternoon and evening, and comes to light. Occasionally abundant. Hab Wide range of coastal and inland grasslands, especially cliffs, saltmarshes, vegetated shingle. Fp Various grasses, including Cock’s-foot, Red Fescue, Sheep’s-fescue, Yorkshire-fog. LS Autumn–early May. Larva is fat and greyish. Easy to see in a fine grass blade in early spring. In broad-leaved grasses the mine is short, and as broad as the leaf blade.

r Silver Grass-miner Elachista argentella leaf-mine.

Triple-spotted Grass-miner Plate 25 Elachista triatomea (Haw.) 38.005 Local. Very local in Wales, Scotland and Ireland. FL 4–4.5mm. Forewing white, the base of the costa greyish, with a sparse scattering of darker scales and two elongate dark spots, one towards the dorsum at about one-half, the other near the mid-wing at three-quarters, and a slightly obscure dark line in the cilia. FS June–July. Hab Open habitats, including cliffs, grasslands, old chalk quarries. Fp Red Fescue, Sheep’s-fescue, Fine-leaved Sheep’s-fescue. LS April–June. In a long whitish mine, the larva moving from one leaf to another.

302 Elachistidae Brown-barred Grass-miner Elachista subocellea larva leaving Tor-grass leafmine.

r

rr Yellow-barred Grass-miner Elachista gangabella leaf-mines. rrr Buff Grass-miner Elachista subalbidella leaf-mine.

Brown-barred Grass-miner

Plate 26 Elachista subocellea (Steph.) 38.007 Local in the south, rare in the north. FL 4–5.5mm. Forewing white, shaded yellowish brown, faintly speckled blackish, and greyish or greyish brown on the costa, particularly from the base, with whitish crossbands at one-third and two-thirds. FS Mid-May–early August. Can be found at rest by day, especially in the early morning, and comes to light. Hab Coastal and limestone grasslands, woodland edges and clearings. Fp False Brome, Tor-grass. LS April–early June. Feeds within a greenish blister mine which can be difficult to see. Larva is dull green.

Yellow-barred Grass-miner Elachista gangabella Zell.

38.015

EWIC. Local. Scarcer further north, and rare in Ireland. Hab Calcareous grasslands, shady woodland. Fp False Brome, Cock’s-foot, soft-grasses. LS September–April. Mines downwards in an irregular transparent gallery with a characteristic central tube of silk mixed with frass. There are often several mines in a single leaf. Overwinters fully fed. Larva is greyish green.

Buff Grass-miner Plate 26 Elachista subalbidella Schläg. 38.016 Local. Widely distributed in Britain, seemingly more local in Ireland. FL 5–6.5mm. Forewing unmarked and pale yellowish brown, with darker shading restricted to the base of the costa or extended across the costal half of the wing. FS May–July. Comes to light. Hab Heathland, moorland. Fp Purple Moor-grass, possibly other grasses. LS August– April. In a long narrow flat mine with smooth sides, broadening towards the leaf base. Fully fed in autumn. Can move from one leaf to another. Larva is dark greyish green.

Yellow-edged Grass-miner

Plate 26 Elachista bisulcella (Dup.) 38.018 Local. FL 4–5mm. Forewing dark brown, with a creamy-white crossband at one-half which broadens towards the dorsum, the inner margin sharply defined, the outer margin suffused with yellow, with a yellowish patch in the cilia below the apex. The yellowish outer margin of the crossband is diagnostic. FS July–August in one generation in the north, May–September in two generations in the south. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Coastal grasslands, woodland. Fp Tufted Hair-grass, Tall Fescue. LS Autumn–July. Within a slightly inflated blotch mine, which later becomes long and broad. Larva is whitish grey.

Elachistidae 303

Yellow-edged Grass-miner Elachista bisulcella leaf-mine.

u

Wood-rush Miner Elachista regificella leaf-mines.

l

Twin-barred Sedge-miner Elachista gleichenella leafmine on Glaucous Sedge.

r

r

Twin-spot Sedge-miner Elachista biatomella leaf-mine on Glaucous Sedge.

Wood-rush Miner Elachista regificella Sirc. 38.019 ESWI. Local. Scarcer further north, and rare in Ireland. Hab Open woodland. Fp Great Wood-rush. LS September– June. Initially in a narrow gallery; after winter in a broad long inflated white mine, puckering the leaf surface. Sometimes moves to a second leaf. Larva is greenish brown. Similar larva E. trapeziella is pink or reddish dorsally, and makes a flat irregular blotch in spring.

Twin-barred Sedge-miner Elachista gleichenella (Fabr.)

38.022

ESWI. Local. Hab Calcareous grasslands, hedgerows, shady woodland. Fp Various sedges, including Carnation, Glaucous and Pendulous sedges, also Hairy and Great wood-rushes. LS September–May. In spring the mine expands, resulting in an elongate blotch that is often as broad as the leaf, if it is in a narrow leaf. Can move from one leaf to another. Larva is whitish grey.

Twin-spot Sedge-miner

Plate 26 Elachista biatomella (Staint.) 38.023 Local. Widely scattered in England and Wales, with a single old record in Scotland. FL 3.5–4.5mm. Forewing whitish with scattered darker scales, this scaling most dense near the base, a small blackish-brown elongate dash at about one-third, and a spot at just under two-thirds. FS May–June, July–August, in two generations. Hab Grasslands, heathland, sand dunes. Fp Sedges, including Sand and Glaucous sedges. LS September– May, late June–July. In an elongate whitish mine that puckers the upper leaf surface longitudinally.

304 Elachistidae

Sweet-grass Miner Elachista poae Staint. 38.024 ESWI. Local. In Ireland only recorded from County Wicklow. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2014 from the south-west. Hab Marshes, margins of lakes, ponds and slow-moving streams. Fp Reed Sweet-grass. LS March–May, July– August. Mines downwards in a relatively narrow gallery paler than the leaf, the area around the mine becoming reddish brown. Can move from one leaf to another. Larva is whitish yellow.

r

Sweet-grass Miner Elachista poae leaf-mine on Reed Sweet-grass.

Cock’s-foot Miner

Plate 26 Elachista atricomella Staint. 38.025 Common. FL 5.5–6.5mm. The male has a dark grey head and blackish-brown thorax. Forewing blackish brown, somewhat mottled paler, with an oblique creamy crossband from the costa at one-third to the dorsum before one-half, often interrupted in the middle, a creamy white triangular tornal spot, another opposite on the costa, and sometimes a small patch of whitish scales beyond. The female has a yellowish-brown head with broader white markings on the forewing. The relatively large size, dark head, blackish-brown forewing and interrupted pale crossband of the male are diagnostic. FS May–September. Can be disturbed by day, flies in the evening, and regularly comes to light. Hab Unmanaged rank grasslands, waste ground, woodland rides. Fp Cock’s-foot. LS Late autumn–May. Feeds within a long narrow whitish mine, the larva moving from one leaf to another as it grows.

White-headed Grass-miner

Plate 26 Elachista albifrontella (Hübn.) 38.030 Common. FL 4–4.5mm. Head and neck tufts are white, and thorax is blackish brown. Forewing blackish brown with a slightly oblique white crossband from the costa at one-third to the dorsum before one-half, a small white tornal spot, and a larger one on the costa beyond. Similar species E. luticomella (not illustrated), a common species, is slightly larger (FL 5–5.5mm), with a yellowish head and neck tufts. E. apicipunctella (not illustrated), a local species, is slightly larger (FL 5–5.5mm), with a white head, greyish-brown neck tufts, and shining white markings usually including a streak or spot before the apex. FS May–July. Can be seen at rest or swept from grasses by day, and comes to light. Hab Unmanaged rank grasslands, woodland rides, sometimes gardens. Fp Cock’s-foot, Tufted Hair-grass, Creeping Soft-grass, Yorkshire-fog; probably other grasses. LS September–May. Feeds within a whitish blotch and mines several leaves.

Common Grass-miner

Plate 26 (2) Elachista canapennella (Hübn.) 38.037 Common. FL 4–5mm. Male forewing dark greyish brown, mottled paler, the markings usually faint, with hints of a whitish spot at the tornus and on the dorsum opposite, and a crossband just before one-half. Female is smaller, the forewing blackish brown with white markings, including a crossband just before one-half, a spot on the costa at three-quarters, and another almost opposite on the dorsum. Similar species (none illustrated, all of similar size) E. subnigrella, a dry grassland species, has a slightly broader

Elachistidae 305 and more mottled forewing, the scales distinctly dark tipped with pale bases. E. freyerella, a damp grassland and woodland species, E. consortella, a dry grassland and sand-dune species, and E. stabilella, a grassland species in England and Wales, all have a white patch in the terminal area extending into the cilia, and E. stabilella also has a white face. Examination of the genitalia may be required to confirm identification. FS June– August in a single generation in parts of Scotland, April–September in two generations in the south. The male comes to light, sometimes in numbers; the female is rarely seen. Hab Many habitats that contain grasses, including gardens. Fp Creeping Bent, False Oat-grass, Creeping Soft-grass; probably other grasses. LS March–May, July–August. Feeds within a linear flat mine which broadens as the larva grows.

Speckled Grass-miner Plate 26 Elachista rufocinerea (Haw.) 38.038 Common. FL 5–6mm. Forewing pale cream, the base of the costa reddish brown, and much of the wing sprinkled with pale reddish-brown scales with a few longitudinal stripes of the ground colour showing through. FS April–early July, flying earlier in the south than in the north. Flies at sunset, and readily disturbed from vegetation by day. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Bogs, grasslands, heathlands, vegetated shingle, woodland rides. Fp Smaller Cat’s-tail, Tall Fescue, False Oat-grass, Creeping Soft-grass. LS December–April. Feeds within a broad flat rather transparent mine, readily moving from one leaf to another. The mines are rarely observed.

Canary-grass Miner

Plate 26 (2) Elachista maculicerusella (Bruand) 38.039 Common. FL 4.5–6mm. Forewing white, variably shaded greyish brown, with an irregular dark brownish crossband at about one-half, a blotch at about two-thirds, and a blackish spot on the dorsum at about one-half. FS July–September in a single generation in the north, late April–August in two generations as far north as Lancashire. Comes to light. Hab Fens, wet grasslands, marshes, margins of water bodies, wet woodland. Fp Reed Canary-grass, Common Reed, less frequently other grasses. LS October–June, July. Feeds within a large whitish mine. Larva is pale yellow. Several species of Diptera (true flies) can make similar mines. r

Canary-grass Miner Elachista maculicerusella leaf-mine.

Scarce Wood-rush Miner Elachista trapeziella Staint. 38.040 ESWI. Very local. Absent from large parts of eastern England, and scarce in Wales and Ireland. Hab Gorges and ravines, shady deciduous woodland. Fp Great Wood-rush, occasionally Hairy Wood-rush. LS September–May. Initially in a linear gallery. Mines a fresh leaf after winter, creating a broad gallery which becomes a flat irregular blotch mine. The mines are rarely at the leaf tip. Larva is pink to reddish dorsally, with a fine creamy dorsal line. Similar larva Leaf-mine of E. regificella. r

Scarce Wood-rush Miner Elachista trapeziella leaf-mine on Hairy Wood-rush.

306 Elachistidae cc Glaucous Sedge-miner Elachista cinereopunctella leaf-mine on Glaucous Sedge.

Saltern Rush-miner Elachista scirpi leaf-mine on Saltmarsh Rush.

c

d Bog Sedge-miner Elachista utonella leaf-mines on Greater Pond-sedge.

Glaucous Sedge-miner Elachista cinereopunctella (Haw.) 38.041 ESWI. Local, scarce in Scotland. Hab Fens, calcareous grasslands, sand dunes. Fp Sedges, especially Glaucous Sedge. LS September–April. In a long gallery generally downwards from the leaf tip, typically mining between the midrib and leaf edge. Larva is whitish with reddish lateral lines or rows of spots.

Saltern Rush-miner Elachista scirpi Staint. 38.043 ESWIC. Very local. Coastal. In Scotland known only from the south-west. Hab Brackish ditches, saltmarshes. Fp Sea Club-rush, occasionally Saltmarsh Rush, Round-fruited Rush. LS April–June. In a short broad greenish-white mine in the upper part of the leaf, the frass initially deposited at the start of the mine, but later in a central line. Larva is pale greenish yellow. Similar larva Monochroa moyses (35.074) feeds in autumn.

Bog Sedge-miner Elachista utonella Frey 38.045 ESWI. Local, scarce in Scotland, very local in Ireland. Recently found in south Wales. Hab Bogs, fens, heathlands, marshes, margins of ponds. Fp Sedges, especially Bladdersedge, and Lesser and Greater pond-sedges. LS March–May, sometimes in two generations in the extreme south-west of England. In a short elongate flat blotch mine occupying half the blade’s width, often situated halfway along the leaf. Larva is yellowish green or grey. Similar larva E. alpinella (not illustrated), a local species in sedges and pond-sedges, makes an extremely long narrow mine from below the leaf tip to below ground, where it feeds between the leaves.

Cottongrass Sedge-miner Elachista albidella Nyl.

38.046

ESWI. Local. Hab Bogs, mires, wet heathlands. Fp Common Cottongrass, deergrasses, Greater Pond-sedge, Common Spike-rush, Slender Tufted-sedge. LS April–June. Larva is pale green or greyish green with a shining greyish-black head. Mines downwards in leaves or stems, the mine initially whitish, turning yellowish grey and becoming more transparent. Similar larva Two species on Common Cottongrass. The very local

Elachistidae 307 rr Southern Grass-miner Elachista stabilella leaf-mine on Tall Fescue.

Cottongrass Sedge-miner Elachista albidella leaf-mine on Common Cottongrass.

r

E. serricornis (not illustrated) mines a stem near ground level, forming an elongate irregular blotch mine, or sometimes feeds between the leaf sheath and stem; the mines are rarely seen. Larva is greyish green with a pale brown head. Monochroa suffusella (35.076) larva is dull yellow with a translucent brown head.

Southern Grass-miner Elachista stabilella Staint. 38.049 EWC. Local. Recorded as far north as Yorkshire. Hab Grasslands, woodland. Fp Bents, Tall Fescue, Tufted Hair-grass, Tor-grass. Has been reared from a sedge. LS December– May, July, in two or three generations. In a long narrow yellowish gallery, mining downwards. Sometimes there is more than one larva in a single leaf. Larva is yellowish. Species not covered Dover Perittia Perittia farinella (Staint.) 38.002 † E Coast Grass-miner Elachista collitella (Dup.) 38.006 R/EW

Scottish Grass-miner E. eskoi Kyrki & Karvonen 38.027 R/S

Least Grass-miner E. triseriatella Staint. 38.008 ESW

Marsh Sedge-miner E. alpinella Staint. 38.028 ESWI

Western Grass-miner E. dispunctella (Dup.) 38.009 R/EWIC

Yellow-headed Grass-miner E. luticomella Zell. 38.029 ESWIC

Oat-grass Miner E. bedellella (Sirc.) 38.010 ESW

Surrey Grass-miner E. nobilella Zell. 38.031 R/E

Shingle Grass-miner E. littoricola Le Marchand 38.011 R/E

Pearly Grass-miner E. apicipunctella Staint. 38.032 ESWI

Woodland Grass-miner E. obliquella Staint. 38.012 EWI

Dingy Grass-miner E. subnigrella Dougl. 38.033 ESWI

Millet Grass-miner E. cingillella (Herr.-Schäff.) 38.013 R/E

Obscure Grass-miner E. orstadii Palm 38.034 R/ES

Blister Grass-miner E. unifasciella (Haw.) 38.014 R/E

Fen Grass-miner E. pomerana Frey 38.035 R/E

Oblique-barred Grass-miner E. adscitella Staint. 38.017 EWIC

Dusky Sedge-miner E. serricornis Staint. 38.042 ESWI

Norfolk Wood-rush Miner E. geminatella (Herr.-Schäff.) 38.020 † E

Small Bog Sedge-miner E. eleochariella Staint. 38.044 ESWIC

Hairy Wood-rush Miner E. tengstromi Kaila, Bengtsson, Šulcs & Junnilainen 38.021 R/ESW

Dark Meadow Grass-miner E. freyerella (Hübn.) 38.047 ESWIC

Moorland Sedge-miner E. kilmunella Staint. 38.026 ESWI

Meadow Grass-miner E. consortella Staint. 38.048 ESWIC

Dusky Grass-miner E. humilis Zell. 38.036 ESWIC

308

Parametriotidae

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ix species of this family occur in Britain and four occur in Ireland. All six species are described here. The forewing length is 4–7mm. The adult rests in a gently

inclining to horizontal posture, the tip of the abdomen and wings on the ground or parallel to the surface. The wings are held roof-like over the abdomen at a shallow

Hawthorn Berry Moth Blastodacna hellerella

angle. The forewings have raised scale tufts or patches, with no discernible tornal angle, and the outer margin of the costa curves to meet the dorsum at the apex,

giving the forewing (including the cilia) a rounded outer edge. The hindwings are elongate, narrower than the forewings, with a pointed apex and long dorsal cilia. The head and face are smooth scaled. The antennae are thread-like, about four-fifths the length of the forewing, and in most species are tucked alongside the moth when at rest. The labial palps are curved upwards. Larvae live within a fruit, within or under bark, or in a twig or a shoot. Adults fly at night and come to light, although Yellow Cap Spuleria flavicaput flies in morning sunshine, and Tufted Oak Moth Dystebenna stephensi has been noted flying around oaks. Some species are most frequently encountered by day, at rest on the trunks of their foodplant, such as Lime Flame Chrysoclista linneella. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002)

Hawthorn Berry Moth

Plate 26 Blastodacna hellerella (Dup.) 39.001 Common. More local in Scotland. FL 4.5–6mm. Forewing blackish brown with a broad white mark on the dorsum, often edged brown in the mid-wing, narrowing before one-half and extended irregularly in the outer half of the wing; there are patches of raised scales above the dorsum before one-half and at three-quarters. Sometimes the white area is more extensive. Similar species B. atra can be very similar, and some forms may be indistinguishable with regard to external characters, but it is often slightly larger with more extensive brown or orangey-brown markings in the mid-wing, or dark grey or blackish in ground colour with the white heavily speckled darker and obscured. FS May–August. Rests by day on tree trunks and fences, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Hawthorn, Midland Hawthorn, Common Whitebeam. LS Late August–October. Larva is dull reddish. In a single berry with a small hole in the side.

Hawthorn Berry Moth Blastodacna hellerella larval feeding signs.

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Parametriotidae 309

Apple Pith Moth Plate 26 Blastodacna atra (Haw.) 39.002 Local. Seemingly rare in Ireland. FL 5–6mm. Similar species B. hellerella. FS Late May–September. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, orchards, woodland. Fp Apples. LS August–May. In a shoot. An entrance hole at the base of a young shoot in spring, with shrivelled leaves above, indicates larval feeding.

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Apple Pith Moth Blastodacna atra larval feeding signs.

Yellow Cap

Plate 26 Spuleria flavicaput (Haw.) 39.003 Local. Rare in Scotland and Ireland. FL 6–7mm. Head is bright yellow. Forewing is shining dark brown, with two small patches of raised darker scales, on the dorsum at one-third and above the tornus. FS May–June. Flies in morning sunshine, and has been recorded at light. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland margins. Fp Hawthorn, Midland u Yellow Cap Spuleria flavicaput empty pupa extracted from Hawthorn. LS August–October. Hawthorn twig. Feeds within a green twig, often one that is branching from a main stem, preferring bushes growing in a sunny situation. Pupates in the twig above a fork, creating an elongate oval exit hole on the underside of the twig, covered with a thin layer of bark which may fall away over winter.

Yellow Cap Spuleria flavicaput exit hole in Hawthorn twig.

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310 Parametriotidae

Tufted Oak Moth

Plate 26 Dystebenna stephensi (Staint.) 39.004 Very local. Found mainly in south-eastern England. FL 4–5mm. Head and thorax predominantly white. Forewing whitish, variably shaded orange-brown and greyish brown, with a dark greyish-brown mark on the costa at the base and at about one-half, and a more elongate dark greyish-brown mark at the apex; there are two patches of raised black and white scales above the dorsum, at one-third and two-thirds. FS Late June–September. Can be found in numbers on the trunks of old oak trees. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Parkland, open woodland. Fp Oaks. LS Probably feeds over winter until spring. In the living bark, exuding reddish frass. Where the distribution of Argyresthia glaucinella (20.017) overlaps, records from feeding signs may be unreliable, as its larval habit is similar.

Lime Flame

Plate 26 Chrysoclista linneella (Clerck) 39.005 Very local. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2019. FL 5–6mm. Antennae tipped white. Forewing orange bordered shining blackish brown, with three slightly raised silver spots, each edged with blackish brown. FS Late May–August. Can be found resting on tree trunks of the host tree by day, waving its antennae. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Planted trees in urban and suburban areas, parkland, woodland. Fp Limes. LS August–May. Feeds under the bark, exuding reddish frass.

r Lime Flame Chrysoclista linneella larval frass on surface of lime bark.

Willow Flame

Plate 26 Chrysoclista lathamella Fletch. 39.006 Rare. Infrequently recorded. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2005. FL 5–6mm. Forewing orange, bordered with shining blackish brown, this broader from the base of the costa to almost one-half where it joins the dorsal border, separating the orange into two patches, with three round metallic silvery-white slightly raised spots, the first at one-third, the second slightly beyond, and the third at two-thirds. FS June–August. Flies by day around the host tree, rests on the bark, has been captured in a Malaise trap, and is occasionally recorded at light. Hab Bogs, soft cliffs, willow carr, woodland. Fp Willows, including Grey Willow. LS Probably feeds over winter until spring. Lives in the bark, exuding reddish frass.

311

Momphidae

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here are 15 species in this family, all of which are described here. The adults rest in a horizontal

position and the wings are held roof-like at a moderate

White-headed Mompha Mompha propinquella

to steep angle, curling slightly around the body, giving a distinctive tapered appearance to micro-moths of this group when viewed from above. The forewing length is 3–8.5mm. The forewings are elongate without a distinct tornal angle, although the cilia at the tornus may produce

Flame Mompha Mompha locupletella

Garden Mompha Mompha subbistrigella

an angle between the dorsum and termen. The forewings usually have scale tufts and sometimes have metallic markings. The hindwings are narrower than the forewings. The head is smooth. The antennae are thread-like, three-quarters the length of the forewing, and are held along the side of the body. The labial palps are ascending, segment 3 sometimes reaching above the head, and the tongue is scaled. Most species are associated with open habitats, such as grassland, marshland and open woodland. Several species are found widely throughout Britain, and to a lesser extent Ireland, with ten species having been recorded. A few, such as Dusky Hourglass Mompha Mompha bradleyi, are localised; this species was recognised in Britain in the early 1990s, and appears to be spreading. Providing adults are in good condition, most species can be identified on external characters, although care is needed with a few superficially similar species pairs, especially Buff-headed Mompha M. lacteella and White-headed Mompha M. propinquella, Hourglass Mompha M. divisella and M. bradleyi, and Garden Mompha M. subbistrigella and Rosebay Gall Mompha M. sturnipennella. If examples are worn, identification by genitalia examination is likely to be necessary. All but one species is associated with plant species in the willowherb family. Several species are easiest to find in the larval stage. The larval habits are variable between species and include leaf mining, feeding within spun shoots or seed pods, forming a gall within a small stem, or living within a larger stem of the foodplant. Adults of many species can be found at light. In southern Britain, M. subbistrigella and Buff Mompha M. epilobiella are probably the most frequently encountered at light, and the former is also regularly seen indoors and in sheds, hibernating in late autumn and winter. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002a) European species: Koster & Sinev (2003) Leaf-mine of Fireweed Mompha Mompha raschkiella on Rosebay Willowherb.

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Leaf-mine of Flame Mompha Mompha locupletella on a willowherb.

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312 Momphidae

Great Mompha Plate 27 Mompha conturbatella (Hübn.) 40.001 Local. FL 7–8.5mm. Typically the largest Mompha species. Forewing dark grey, mottled with brownish and blackish spots, with a greyish basal patch, two black scale tufts on the dorsum, an almost square white mark on the costa at four-fifths, and a smaller white scale tuft on the dorsum at two-thirds. FS June–August. Can be disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Unmanaged and u Great Mompha Mompha conturbatella larva and spinning. scrubby grasslands, waste ground, woodland clearings. Fp Broad-leaved and Rosebay willowherbs. LS Late April– June. Larva is light reddish brown, rather greenish towards the head. Within a tight spinning in the terminal shoot.

Amber Mompha

Plate 27 Mompha ochraceella (Curtis) 40.002 Common. Very local in Ireland. FL 6.5–7mm. Forewing yellowish orange, mottled darker, with an indistinct yellowish costal spot at three-quarters, and with small tufts of dark brown scales at one-fifth and one-half, although these can become obscure in worn examples. Similar species M. epilobiella is smaller and duller, with the forewing yellowish brown, not orange. FS Late May–July. Comes to light. Hab Damp habitats, including fens, ditches, streambanks. Fp Great Willowherb. LS September–May. Larva is yellowish white. Overwinters in the root, mining the lower stem and leaves in spring.

Amber Mompha Mompha ochraceella larva within stem.

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Buff-headed Mompha Plate 27 Mompha lacteella (Steph.) 40.003 Very local. Rare in Ireland. FL 4.5–6mm. Head and thorax are pale yellowish brown. Forewing dark greyish brown to blackish brown, with a pale yellowish-brown basal blotch and several orange-brown marks, one beyond the basal blotch, others in the middle and apical half, and with a large black scale tuft on the dorsum at one-half, a white costal spot at three-quarters and a white scale tuft almost opposite; dark brownish grey towards the termen and apex. Similar species M. propinquella has a white head, thorax and basal blotch, and is reddish brown towards the apex. Genitalia examination may be needed to confirm identification. FS May–August. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Waste ground, woodland. Fp Broad-leaved Willowherb, probably Marsh Willowherb, and possibly other willowherbs. LS September–April. Larva is pinkish or purplish. In a blotch mine in leaves of a young plant. Similar larva M. propinquella.

Momphidae 313

White-headed Mompha

Plate 27 Mompha propinquella (Staint.) 40.004 Local. FL 5–6mm. Head and thorax are white. Forewing brownish grey to blackish brown, the base whitish, this almost reaching the costa, with reddish-brown blotches beyond the whitish basal area, near the middle and in the apical half, and with a large black scale tuft on the dorsum at one-half, a whitish costal spot at three-quarters and a white scale tuft almost opposite; reddish brown towards the termen and apex. Similar species M. lacteella. FS June–early September. Regularly comes to light, and has been found flying at dawn. Hab Gardens, waste ground, open woodland. Fp Broad-leaved, Great, Marsh, Square-stalked willowherbs. LS September–April. Larva is brownish red. Mines the leaves, making a blotch. Similar larva M. lacteella.

White-headed Mompha Mompha propinquella leaf-mine on Great Willowherb.

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Hourglass Mompha

Plate 27 Mompha divisella Herr.-Schäff. 40.005 Very local. Now spreading after decades of considerable scarcity. FL 5–6mm. Forewing rather long and narrow; dark greyish brown, finely speckled whitish, with the dorsal area bright white in the shape of an hourglass (when viewed from above), and a white crossband at three-quarters, sometimes with a brown streak on either side. Similar species M. bradleyi usually has a slightly shorter and broader forewing, and the dorsal hourglass is duller white, mixed with pale brown. The identity of trap-caught examples should be confirmed by genitalia examination. FS August–June. u Hourglass Mompha Mompha divisella larval gall. Overwinters as an adult. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Prefers dry and sparsely vegetated areas such as uncultivated field margins, cracks in urban paving and at the base of walls, cemeteries, waste ground; also damp woodland and some shady situations. Fp Broad-leaved, Great, Marsh, Spearleaved willowherbs. LS June–July. Feeds within a stem, sometimes forming a distinct gall, and causing branching and reddening of the plant above the gall. There are often several larvae per stem.

Obscure Mompha

Plate 27 Mompha jurassicella (Frey) 40.006 Very local. Predominantly south-eastern. May be spreading. FL 5–6.5mm. Forewing dark greyish brown, finely speckled whitish, with the basal half of the dorsum yellowish brown, a yellowish-brown oblique crossband at three-quarters, this sometimes narrowed or interrupted at the middle, and sometimes a yellowish-brown spot at the apex. FS September–May, also recorded in June. Overwinters as an adult. May be found at rest by day, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Dry habitats, including allotments, dry

314 Momphidae

Obscure Mompha Mompha jurassicella larva and feeding signs in stem of Great Willowherb. r Dusky Hourglass Mompha Mompha bradleyi larval gall on Great Willowherb.

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ditches, waste ground. Fp Great Willowherb. LS July–August. Mines the stem, sometimes with several larvae per stem. The only external evidence is a small oval depression in the stem epidermis, slightly perforated around the margin, below which is the silk-lined pupal exit chamber.

Dusky Hourglass Mompha

Plate 27 Mompha bradleyi Riedl 40.007 Very local. Seemingly spreading. FL 5–6mm. Similar species M. divisella. FS September– May. Overwinters as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Ditches, tall-herb fens, unmanaged grasslands, marshes, waste ground. Fp Great Willowherb. LS May–July. Feeds within a stem, forming a small gall, with a preference for stalks just below the flowers.

Garden Mompha

Plate 27 (2) Mompha subbistrigella (Haw.) 40.008 Common. More local in the north, Scotland and Ireland. FL 3.5–5.5mm. Forewing rather short, dark grey, with an irregular white crossband before one-half that broadens towards the dorsum, and an oblique whitish crossband at three-quarters, sometimes interrupted in the middle. Similar species M. sturnipennella has a longer forewing, with black streaks in the mid-wing sometimes edged brownish, and with white-tipped scales or short white costal streaks at the apex. FS Recorded throughout the year, in a single generation. Overwinters as an adult. Frequently found u Garden Mompha Mompha subbistrigella indoors and in sheds, and comes to light. feeding signs on willowherb seed pod. Hab Ditches, gardens and urban parks, margins of ponds, waste ground, woodland clearings. Fp Broad-leaved Willowherb, sometimes Square-stalked Willowherb. LS July–August. Within a developing seed pod. Pods containing larvae can be distorted, and may turn red prematurely.

Momphidae 315

Rosebay Gall Mompha

Plate 27 (2) Mompha sturnipennella (Treits.) 40.009 Very local. Well established in the south-east. Seems to occur in discrete colonies and is occasionally numerous. FL 4–6mm. Similar species M. subbistrigella. FS July–May, in two generations. Overwinters as an adult. Can be found flying around the foodplant in sunshine, and sometimes comes to light. Hab Heathland, waste ground. Fp Rosebay Willowherb. LS May–June, July–August. In the first generation the larva feeds in a stem, forming a gall, usually in the flowering part of the stem; in the second generation the larva usually feeds within a developing seed pod, but sometimes in a stem gall close to seed pods.

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Rosebay Gall Mompha Mompha sturnipennella larval gall.

Buff Mompha

Plate 27 40.010

Mompha epilobiella ([D. & S.]) Common. More local as far north as southern Scotland, and in Ireland. FL 5–6mm. Forewing yellowish brown, the costa more greyish, with indistinct yellowish markings, including a faint costal spot at three-quarters, and up to three very small dark brown scale tufts along the dorsum. Similar species M. ochraceella. FS Found throughout the year, in two generations. Overwinters as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Wide range of damp and dry habitats, including gardens and urban parks, coastal grasslands, marshes, waste ground, woodland rides. Fp Great Willowherb. LS May–June, July–August. Larva is pale yellow. In a spun shoot, often causing the shoot to grow sideways.

Buff Mompha Mompha epilobiella larval spinning on Great Willowherb.

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316 Momphidae

White-spot Mompha

Plate 27 Mompha langiella (Hübn.) 40.011 Local, more local in Ireland. FL 4.5–5mm. Forewing shining dark brown, with an irregular white spot beyond one-half and a scatter of white scales along the costa in the apical half and towards the apex. FS August– May. Overwinters as an adult. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Enchanter’snightshade, Great Willowherb, u White-spot Mompha Mompha langiella leaf-mine on sometimes Broad-leaved, Hoary, Enchanter’s-nightshade. Rosebay willowherbs. LS June– September. Larva is pale yellow with a dark brown head. It mines the leaves, forming a short irregular gallery that widens into a whitish blotch which may contort the leaf slightly. Similar larva M. locupletella is greyish green and makes blotch mines in the leaves, usually low down in spring, although in summer high up and on small leaves, and sometimes on the developing seed pod. M. terminella is whitish green and forms a contorted linear or serpentine mine, this sometimes remaining somewhat green and not distorting the leaf. M. raschkiella is yellow with a pale brown head, and initially makes a narrow gallery, which widens to a yellowish blotch that turns white after the larva has left; it readily moves from one leaf to another.

Rock-rose Mompha Mompha miscella ([D. & S.])

Plate 27 40.012

Local. FL 3.5–4.5mm. Forewing brownish, greyish at the base, with greyish crossbands from the costa at one-fifth to the dorsum at one-third, sometimes merged with the greyish base, and at two-thirds, these outwardly edged with patches of black raised scales; a whitish spot on the costa at about three-quarters and often another at about one-half; the apical area is u Rock-rose Mompha Mompha miscella leaf-mine. greyish. FS May–June, August– September, in two generations. Rests by day on the foodplant, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous grasslands, locally on acid soils in Scotland. Fp Common Rock-rose, also Hoary, White rock-roses. LS May–July, October–April. Mines the leaves, making a blotch.

Flame Mompha Mompha locupletella ([D. & S.])

Plate 27 40.013

Common. Local in Scotland. FL 4.5–5.5mm. Forewing bright orange, with shining grey leaden markings, including a basal blotch edged blackish, costal spots at one-quarter and one-half, a dorsal spot at one-half edged with a black scale tuft, and another spot at the tornus with a whitish spot on the costa opposite; the apex is dark brown. FS May– September, and recorded in mid-October, in two generations in England and Wales, and possibly one generation further north. May be found at rest by day on leaves, and

Momphidae 317 Flame Mompha Mompha locupletella leaf-mine on a willowherb.

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occasionally comes to light. Hab A variety of damp habitats. Fp Willowherbs, including Broad-leaved, Chickweed, Marsh, Short-fruited, Spear-leaved. LS July–early August, September–May. Similar larva M. langiella.

Enchanter’s Mompha Mompha terminella (H. & W.) Very local. Perhaps more frequent in the west. FL 3–4.5mm. Forewing dark orange, with markings including a leaden-grey blotch enclosing a blackish spot near the base, a white costal spot at three-quarters, and a leaden-grey dorsal blotch with two small black scale tufts. FS June–July. Can be swept by day, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Enchanter’s-nightshade. LS August–September. Similar species M. langiella.

Plate 27 40.014

Enchanter’s Mompha Mompha terminella leaf-mines on Enchanter’s-nightshade.

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Fireweed Mompha

Plate 27 Mompha raschkiella (Zell.) 40.015 Common. FL 3.5–5mm. Forewing shining leaden grey, a bright orange patch at one-quarter and orange-brown marks in the mid-wing, with raised black scale tufts below the dorsum at one-half and three-quarters, and a white costal spot at three-quarters, blackish beyond. FS May–early September, in two generations or a partial third generation. Can be found by day at rest on leaves, and occasionally u Fireweed Mompha Mompha raschkiella leaf-mine. comes to light. Hab Heathlands, waste ground, woodland clearings. Fp Rosebay Willowherb. LS September–October, June–August. Similar larva M. langiella.

318

Blastobasidae

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here are currently six species in this family. Adults rest flat to the ground with the wings overlapping and usually wrapped around the abdomen,

sometimes more splayed, and the antennae are held alongside the body. The forewing length is 6–11mm. The forewings are elongate without a tornal angle, dull grey, brown or yellowish brown and with faint markings. The hindwings are nearly the width of the forewings. The head is smooth, with flattened

Common Masoner Blastobasis adustella

scales. The antennae are thread-like, two-thirds the length of the forewing, the scape with a pecten, this partly concealed by scales; the second segment of the antenna in the male is notched (see p.45). The labial palps are long, strongly curved upwards, with the third segment pointed, and the tongue is developed. All species in Britain and Ireland are thought to be adventives, possibly having been accidentally introduced through the horticultural trade. Two of the four species described here have spread rapidly and are now found widely across Britain and to a lesser extent Ireland. A further two species, Black-banded Masoner Blastobasis rebeli and Dotted Masoner B. vittata, are now resident, although scarce, but are both gradually extending their ranges. Southern Masoner B. phycidella may still be resident in Guernsey in the Channel Islands, but has not been observed there recently, while there is just a single record of Blackspotted Masoner Hypatopa binotella from Hampshire in 2006. More species may arrive in due course, so unusual-looking Blastobasis examples should be retained for critical examination. Adults are obscurely marked, can show variation in colour and markings between individuals, and in some species between male and female, and some examples can be difficult to determine based on wing pattern. Larvae feed on a diverse range of vegetable matter. Adults fly at night, mostly during the summer months, sometimes later, and come to light. They can also be readily disturbed from their resting place by day, when they typically drop to the ground. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002a)

Common Masoner

Plate 27 (2) Blastobasis adustella Wals. 41.002 Common. FL 6–9mm. Forewing elongate, cream to brown, variably marked dark brownish, with a pale oblique streak from the dorsum at one-third, shaded darker along its margins in paler examples. Similar species B. vittata is typically a little smaller and more obscurely marked, often has a warmer, orangey-brown ground colour, or is brownish grey, with two to five dark dots in the mid-wing and a faint oblique streak at one-third, and sometimes has a broad dark crossband before the streak. Plainly marked forms, including blackish ones, occur. This species can be separated reliably only by examination of the genitalia, which are similar to those of B. adustella. B. rebeli is greyish with a

Common Masoner Blastobasis adustella larva among heather leaves.

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Blastobasidae 319 broad blackish crossband at one-third. FS Late June–mid-November. Can be abundant in Yew woodland. Most often seen at light, but can be disturbed from cover by day. Hab Gardens and urban parks, heathland, scrub, woodland. Fp A wide variety of vegetable matter, including spun fruits of trees and shrubs of the rose family (Rosaceae), dead leaves of junipers, empty seed pods of gorse, spongy oak-galls, old woody aphid galls on Norway Spruce, and a bird dropping containing bramble seeds. LS September– June. Larva is dark pinkish brown with a dark brown or blackish prothoracic plate. In a silken gallery. Similar larva B. lacticolella larva has a paler brown or orangey-brown prothoracic plate.

Large Pale Masoner Plate 27 Blastobasis lacticolella Rebel 41.003 Common. Expanding its range. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2002. FL 6–11mm. Forewing cream to straw yellow, variably shaded brown, with a darker oblique streak from the dorsum at about one-third, this sometimes reduced to a spot, with two spots, placed vertically together, at u Large Pale Masoner Blastobasis lacticolella larva. about two-thirds. Obscurely marked or unmarked forms occur. FS Mid-May–November, and recorded in late December, possibly in two generations. Can be numerous. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, coastal scrub, woodland. Fp Recorded on a range of unrelated foodstuffs, including dried skin of apples, berries of hawthorns, dead insects, mosses, rosehips, spongy oak-galls, shoots of Tamarisk. LS June–August, September–May. In a silken gallery. Similar larva B. adustella.

Dotted Masoner Plate 27 Blastobasis vittata (Wollaston) 41.004 Recent colonist, and spreading. Formally added to the British list in 2010, the earliest record being from East Sussex in 2008. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2015, and new to Scotland in 2018. FL 6–10 mm. Similar species B. adustella. FS Mid-June–September, occasionally October–December, and in March, probably in two generations. Comes to light. Hab Found in a range of habitats, including gardens. Fp/LS Early stages unknown, possibly associated with detritus.

Black-banded Masoner Blastobasis rebeli Karsholt & Sinev

Plate 27 41.005

Recent colonist, and spreading. First found in Britain in Hampshire in 1998, but only described as new to science in 2004. FL 6–8mm. Forewing pale grey, mottled dark grey and blackish, particularly towards the base, with a dark fascia at about one-third, this inwardly edged whitish and broadest at the dorsum, and a narrower black fascia at about two-thirds. Similar species B. adustella. FS July–September, sometimes late June. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban areas, parkland trees. Fp Probably lichens. LS Probably autumn to spring. Larvae have been found by day openly sitting on lichens on the bark of large Sycamore trees. Species not covered Southern Masoner Blastobasis phycidella (Zell.) 41.001 IA/EC Black-spotted Masoner Hypatopa binotella (Thunb.) 41.006 I/E

320

Stathmopodidae

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here are two species on the British list that are established in the wild. Adults rest in a characteristic fashion, horizontal but

standing on the forelegs and midlegs, with the hindlegs held out at an angle to the body and pointing slightly upwards, and the wings rolled around the abdomen. The forewing length is 4–7mm. The forewings are elongate, and taper towards the apex. The hindwings are narrow and pointed, with very long dorsal cilia. The head has smooth scales. The antennae are thread-like, about three-quarters the

Alder Signaller Stathmopoda pedella

length of the forewing. The labial palps are long, slender and curved upwards. Alder Signaller S. pedella is native, whereas Fern Signaller Pachyrhabda steropodes is an Antipodean species that was accidentally introduced to England and Wales on ferns, and has now naturalised. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002a) European species: Palm (1989)

Fern Signaller Plate 28 Pachyrhabda steropodes Meyr. 42.001 Established adventive. First recorded in 2006, now spreading rapidly in south-west England and south Wales. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2020 from County Wicklow. It is thought to have originated from Australia. FL 4–5mm. Forewing pale yellow with a series of brown markings, including an indistinct oblique fascia near the mid-wing and a blotch towards the apex at three-quarters. FS April–early June; has been recorded in September. Flies by day, and occasionally comes to light. Can occur in swarms around the foodplants. Hab Gardens, ornamental gardens, shaded hedgerows, woodland. Fp Soft Shield-fern, and has been recorded on Male-fern; probably other ferns. LS May–July. Larva is pale yellow with a black head. Feeds on sporangia from a flimsy silken tube that incorporates chewed fragments.

Alder Signaller Plate 28 Stathmopoda pedella (Linn.) 42.002 Local. Very local in northern England. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2018. FL 5–7mm. Head yellowish. Forewing yellowish with irregular dark brownish crossbands at the base, at one-third and at four-fifths, these sometimes linked with dark brownish lines along the costa and in the mid-wing. Hindlegs yellowish, banded dark brown. FS June–mid-August. Can be tapped from the underside of leaves of the foodplant by day, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Alder carr, fens, marshes, parkland, woodland. Fp Alder, Grey Alder, possibly other alder species. LS September. In the green fruits, exuding orange frass when almost fully grown.

Fern Signaller Pachyrhabda steropodes larva and larval tube.

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rr Alder Signaller Stathmopoda pedella larval frass on Alder cone.

321

Scythrididae

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here are 11 naturally occurring species, although only two species are currently known in Ireland. The adults rest in an inclining position and the

White-dusted Runner Scythris picaepennis

wings are held roof-like at a steep angle and wrapped close to the abdomen, with the antennae alongside the body. The forewing length is 3.5–9mm. The forewings are elongate, the membrane with the tornal angle indistinct, although the long cilia at the tornus produce an angle between the dorsum and termen. The forewings are typically dull brown or glossy bronze, often without markings. The pointed hindwings are slightly narrower than the forewings. The head is smooth, with long flattened scales. The antennae are thread-like, one-half to two-thirds the length of the forewing, the scape having a pecten. The labial palps are curved, ascending, but not reaching above the head, and the tongue is covered in scales at the base. This is a group of rather obscure micro-moths, with several species probably overlooked and underrecorded due to their retiring habits. They are more prevalent in the southern half of Britain, with Whitedusted Runner Scythris picaepennis probably being the most widespread species. Several species are scarce or rare, including Northern Runner S. fallacella, Ling Runner S. empetrella and Sorrel Runner S. potentillella. Least Runner S. siccella was confined to one small site in Britain and is now probably extinct, as are Burnished Runner S. fuscoaenea and Sand Runner S. cicadella. Conversely, Rosebay Runner S. inspersella, although very local, appears to be spreading. Coverage of this family is partial, and includes a few of the more recognisable species that may be encountered. Care is needed to identify to family and species levels, as superficially some of these micromoths are similar to species of Coleophora (Coleophoridae) and Elachista (Elachistidae). The smaller, more uniformly coloured species may require genitalia examination to confirm identification. Larvae feed from within a web or silk tube on or close to the foodplant, typically a low-growing plant, although S. inspersella is found high up in spun shoots and flowering stalks of various willowherbs. Larvae of several species live in delicate silk tubes adorned with sand that lie on the ground, attaching the tube to the vegetation on which they feed. Adults are usually active in sunshine, but tend to run and hop rather than to fly, especially when disturbed. Some species can be found at rest on flowers, and a few are occasionally seen at light. Typically, members of the Scythrididae are found in warm dry well-drained habitats. Perhaps the best way to record them, other than by searching for the larval stage, is with the aid of a sweep net. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet & Langmaid (2002a) European species: Bengtsson (1997)

Larva of Gorse Runner Scythris grandipennis.

r

rr Larva of Ling Runner Scythris empetrella.

322 Scythrididae

Gorse Runner Plate 28 Scythris grandipennis (Haw.) 43.002 Local. Scarce in northern England. Seemingly rare in Ireland. FL 5–9mm. Forewing bronzy dark grey or brown, sometimes greenish tinged, occasionally with a thin scattering of paler scales, particularly towards the apex. FS Late May– August. Flies in sunshine, and is occasionally recorded at light. Perhaps more readily seen in the larval stage. Hab In dry areas, especially dry grasslands, heathland, scrub, waste ground. Fp Gorse, preferring Dwarf and Western gorses. LS October–May. Larva is greenish brown with paler and darker stripes and large black and black-ringed pinacula. Larva lives in a small silk web at a node; larvae are sometimes u Gorse Runner Scythris grandipennis larval spinning on gregarious with silk more Western Gorse. extensive. Similar larva Pempelia genistella (62.022) is brownish with paler and darker stripes and tiny dark pinacula, and is much larger when fully fed.

White-dusted Runner

Plate 28 Scythris picaepennis (Haw.) 43.004 Local. Very local in Scotland, more frequent in the southern half of England. Very local in Ireland. FL 4–6mm. Forewing appearing somewhat roughly scaled, dark greyish brown, sometimes with a purplish tinge, usually with a thin scattering of pale brown scales, especially in the apical half of the wing. Examples from the west coast of Scotland have a more vivid purplish tinge. In the female the two penultimate segments of the underside of the abdomen are white. Similar species S. subcinctella appears smoother scaled and unicolorous without pale brown scales towards the apex, and in the female the two penultimate segments of the underside of the abdomen are yellowish brown or dirty whitish. Examination of genitalia may be needed to confirm identification. FS Late May–September, possibly in two generations. Often found resting on yellow flowers, and very occasionally seen at light. Hab Soft cliffs, calcareous and sandy grasslands. Fp Common Bird’s-foot-trefoil, Wild Thyme. LS Late April–June, September. In a silken web or tube on the leaves, extending into the ground, where the larva hides when disturbed.

Rock-rose Runner Plate 28 Scythris subcinctella (Bruand) 43.005 Local. FL 4–6mm, the female usually smaller. Forewing unicolorous dark bronzy green or bronzy brown. Similar species S. picaepennis. FS May–September, in two generations in at least part of its range. It is active in sunshine and rests by day on the foodplant and on flowers, especially yellow flowers in the daisy family (Asteraceae). Hab Calcareous grasslands. Fp Common Rock-rose, possibly other rock-roses. LS May–June. In a loose web that extends over several shoots of the plant.

Scythrididae 323

Goosefoot Runner

Plate 28 Scythris limbella (Fabr.) 43.007 Rare. Possibly declining. FL 6–8mm. Forewing brownish, tinged yellowish grey, with cream markings of variable intensity, including a streak from the dorsum at about one-quarter and a distinct blotch near the tornus. FS June–September, in one or possibly two generations. Occasionally found on walls or fences, and comes to light. Hab Arable fields, dry grasslands, waste ground. Fp Goosefoots, oraches. LS April–May, July–August. Among spun shoots and flowers.

Rosebay Runner

Plate 28 Scythris inspersella (Hübn.) 43.008 Very local. First recorded in Britain from Norfolk in 1977, now known in the east from East Sussex as far north as Yorkshire. Possibly overlooked. FL 6.5–7.5mm. Forewing blackish or brownish black, typically with scattered white scales, these sometimes forming a small streak or blotch. FS Late June–August. Flies in sunshine and feeds at flowers, including those of the foodplant. Has been swept from the flowers. Hab Dry grasslands, sand dunes, waste ground. Fp Rosebay Willowherb and probably other willowherbs. LS Late May–July. In a loose spinning, often feeding gregariously, among the upper leaves and flowers, which may become discoloured.

Ling Runner Scythris empetrella Karsholt & Nielsen Rare. FL 4–5mm. Forewing blackish or dark greyish with a short white streak near the base, a spot at about one-half, and a blotch on the tornus. FS June–July, and has been noted in November. Adults tend to run around the foodplant rather than fly. Hab Heathlands with loose or wind-blown sand, sand dunes. Fp Heather, Bell Heather, also Crowberry. LS April–May, also August and October. In a silken tube incorporating sand, lying on the ground and often extending up into the foodplant. Larvae can be abundant.

r

Ling Runner Scythris empetrella larval tube among heather.

Species not covered Northern Runner Scythris fallacella (Schläg.) 43.001 R/E Burnished Runner S. fuscoaenea (Haw.) 43.003 † E Sorrel Runner S. potentillella (Zell.) 43.006 R/E Least Runner S. siccella (Zell.) 43.010 ?† E Sand Runner S. cicadella (Zell.) 43.011 † E

Plate 28 43.009

324

Alucitidae

T

here is one species in this family. The forewing length is 7.5–9mm. All wings of the sole British species are

divided into six ‘fingers’, or ‘plumes’. At rest the wings may be spread out, revealing the plumes, or closed together over the dorsum, so that the plumes are not obvious. The antennae are thread-like and about one-half the length of the forewing. The tongue base is not scaled. Adults fly from dusk and come to light.

Twenty-plume Moth Alucita hexadactyla

Further reading British and Irish species: Beirne (1952); Hart (2011)

Twenty-plume Moth/Many-plumed Moth

Plate 28 Alucita hexadactyla Linn. 44.001

Twenty-plume Moth Alucita hexadactyla larva.

r

Twenty-plume Moth Alucita hexadactyla larval feeding signs.

r

Common. FL 7.5–9mm. Forewing and hindwing deeply divided into six feathery plumes, greyish brown, with the appearance of a dark brown crossband at about one-half, followed by a dark bar from the costa at about three-quarters. FS Recorded every month, in one generation. Easily disturbed from its foodplant by day, is often found hibernating in sheds and dense vegetation, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Honeysuckle. LS June–July. Feeds in the flower buds and flowers, and mines the leaves.

325

Pterophoridae

T

here are 44 species in this family, referred to as the plume moths, which contains the familiar and frequently

encountered Common Plume Emmelina monodactyla and White Plume Pterophorus pentadactyla. All species stand up on their legs, resting the wings horizontally above the

Beautiful Plume Amblyptilia acanthadactyla

substrate, extended at or nearly at right angles to the body; in some species the forewing and hindwing are visible in this position, whereas in others the forewing completely overlaps the hindwing. Agdistis species rest with the wings rolled into a tube and extended upwards and forwards, well above horizontal, and stand high up on long slender legs. The forewing length is 5–16mm. Only in Agdistis are the forewings and hindwings undivided. In all other genera the forewings are narrow and

Common Plume Emmelina monodactyla

cleft into two lobes, referred to here as costal and dorsal lobes, towards the apex. The position of this cleft and the shape of the lobes are important features for identification. The hindwings are divided into three lobes, and sometimes have specialised scales on the third, or dorsal, lobe, known as a scale-tooth. The head is smooth, with a variable number of erect scales around the collar. The antennae are thread-like and are one-half to about three-quarters the length of the forewing. The labial palps point forward or are gently curved upwards, and the tongue is well developed. The legs and abdomen are typically long and slender. Several species have been added to the British list in recent years as a result of detailed fieldwork and analysis. Mountain Plume Stenoptilia islandicus has been found on saxifrages in one mountainous part of the Scottish Highlands, and Small Scabious Plume S. annadactyla has been found in East Anglia and Northamptonshire. Further Stenoptilia species may yet be added to the British list; the genus contains many species in Europe, and they are hard to separate even on genitalia characters, and the taxonomic status of some requires clarification. Reedbed Plume Emmelina argoteles, a very close relative of E. monodactyla, occurs in the Cambridgeshire fens, and Tamarisk Plume Agdistis tamaricis is resident in Jersey in the Channel Islands. Several species are very restricted in distribution or have a disjunct distribution, and even some of the more widespread species appear to occur in discrete colonies. One species, Gentian Plume Stenoptilia pneumonanthes, is now considered extinct in this country. Although listed as a British species, S. gallobritannodactyla (45.016) is probably a synonym of Scarce Plume S. inopinata. The larvae feed on herbaceous plants, although one species, Rose Plume Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla, is associated with Dog-rose. Several feed internally in flowerheads or in growing stems. A few others, such as Wood Sage Plume Capperia britanniodactylus and Dingy White Plume Merrifieldia baliodactylus, bite the stem of the foodplant on which they feed, causing the section above to wilt, the larva preferring to feed on the wilted leaves. Perhaps the most remarkable feeding habit is that of Sundew Plume Buckleria paludum, the larva of which feeds on the leaves and petioles of the insectivorous plant Roundleaved Sundew; how the moth, both as an adult and as a larva, avoids becoming entrapped in the sticky hairs on the leaves is not understood. The larvae of plume moths tend to be louse-shaped and slightly or moderately hairy, resembling the larva of the blue butterflies in the Lycaenidae; they are often similarly coloured to the leaves of the

326 Pterophoridae

foodplant, and are well camouflaged in this respect. Adults of some species fly naturally by day, although the majority fly from dusk and into the night, with only a few species seen regularly at light, and typically in small numbers. Many species are perhaps best found in the larval stage, knowledge of the foodplant aiding their identification. Adult moths of some species can be difficult to identify, particularly those of the genera Stenoptilia, Merrifieldia and Hellinsia, but many species are straightforward. Further reading British and Irish species: Beirne (1952); Hart (2011) European species: Gielis (1996)

Saltmarsh Plume Plate 28 (2) Agdistis bennetii (Curtis) 45.001 Local. Coastal, but occasionally wanders inland. Sometimes common. FL 12–14mm. Forewing with the apex and termen somewhat rounded, not cleft into lobes; pale greyish brown, usually with an indistinct dark spot at three-quarters just below the costa, and a series of three or u Saltmarsh Plume Agdistis bennetii larva. four dark spots just above the dorsum. Similar species A. meridionalis is usually smaller, pale greyish brown with more speckling along the costa and dorsum. FS Late May–September, in two generations. Can be disturbed on warm days, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Saltmarsh, chalk cliffs in Kent. Fp Common Sea-lavender; at one site, Rock Sea-lavender. LS June–July, September–May. The larva eats large arcs from the leaves and often rests by day along the midrib.

Cliff Plume

Plate 28 Agdistis meridionalis (Zell.) 45.002 Very local. Coastal. FL 10–12mm. Forewing with a pointed apex and straight termen, not cleft into lobes; pale greyish brown, whitish or creamy, heavily speckled with dark brown scales in a band along the costa and dorsum, with a small dark spot just below the costa at three-quarters, and a series of three or four obscure dark spots just above the dorsum. Similar species A. bennetii. FS Mid-May–October, in two generations. Rests by day with the wings rolled, pointing forwards and upwards. Hab Cliffs, undercliffs, grassy coastal slopes. Fp Rock Sea-lavender. LS June, July–May. On the leaves and flowers, preferring plants on cliff ledges and in crevices.

Cliff Plume Agdistis meridionalis larva.

r

rr Triangle Plume Platyptilia gonodactyla larva.

Pterophoridae 327

Triangle Plume Platyptilia gonodactyla ([D. & S.])

Plate 29 45.004

Common. FL 9–13mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from about three-quarters, the costal lobe long and pointed. Pale brown with whitish scales often arranged in very fine oblique crosslines in the mid-wing, a darker triangular costal mark just before the cleft and a paler transverse line across the wing lobes, most obvious on the costal lobe. Hindwing dorsal lobe with a narrow scale-tooth before one-half. Similar species P. tesseradactyla is a small pale species. P. calodactyla is darker, with the forewing costal lobe relatively short and blunt, and the hindwing dorsal lobe with a wide scale-tooth at one-half. FS May–October, in two generations. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, sparsely vegetated grassland, quarries, waste ground. Fp Colt’s-foot, possibly butterburs. LS July–August, September–May. In spring the larva feeds on buds and flowers, causing stunted growth, and on the seeds. In summer the larva feeds on the underside of the leaves, its feeding making windows visible from the upper side.

Goldenrod Plume Platyptilia calodactyla ([D. & S.])

Plate 29 45.005

Very local. Mainly coastal. FL 9–12.5mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from about three-quarters; pale orangey brown with whitish scales scattered in the mid-wing, usually richer reddish brown in the outer half, especially on the costal lobe, a dark brown triangular costal mark just before the cleft and a pale transverse line across the wing lobes, most obvious on the costal lobe. Similar species P. gonodactyla, P. tesseradactyla. FS June–July. Recorded rarely at light. Hab Grasslands near the coast, grassy areas in open woodland. Fp Goldenrod. LS July–May. In spring the larva feeds in the upper part of several stems, causing distorted growth and withering.

Hoary Plume Plate 29 Platyptilia isodactylus (Zell.) 45.006 Very local. Scarce over western and northern Scotland. FL 9–14mm. An obscurely marked species with a blunt forewing apex. Forewing cleft into lobes from about three-quarters, the costal lobe short and blunt; ground colour greyish brown or yellowish brown, with indistinct brown marks on the costa before the cleft and at one-third. Examples of the second generation are often smaller, greyer and plainer than those of the first generation, with a pair of dark dots at the base of the lobes. FS Late May–September, in two generations. Occasionally flies in the late afternoon, usually flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Ditches, fens, wet grasslands, grazed lawns (in the New Forest), marshes, riverbanks, damp woodland. Fp Marsh Ragwort. LS July–August, September–May. In spring and summer the larva feeds in stems, often low down, exuding frass from where a leaf joins the stem; in summer it also feeds in the flowerhead.

Irish Plume Plate 29 Platyptilia tesseradactyla (Linn.) 45.007 Scarce. Ireland only. The single specimen from Kent is correctly identified but considered to have been mislabelled rather than a wanderer. FL 8.5–10mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from about three-quarters; greyish brown, with whitish scales most prominent along the costa and somewhat arranged in very fine oblique crosslines in the mid-wing, a darker brown triangular costal mark just before the cleft, and a pale transverse line across both wing lobes. Similar species P. gonodactyla, P. calodactyla. FS May–June. Lives in discrete colonies. Easily disturbed on sunny days, and flies in the evening around the foodplant. Hab Sparsely vegetated limestone grassland and pavement. Fp Mountain Everlasting. LS June–May. Initially in the flower, and later in the stem. After winter in the flower buds and stems.

328 Pterophoridae

Yarrow Plume Plate 29 Gillmeria pallidactyla (Haw.) 45.008 Common. FL 11–13mm. Labial palps visible beyond a tuft of hairs on the face. Forewing cleft into lobes from about three-quarters, pale yellowish or whitish brown, darker along the costa from the base to a diffuse triangular costal spot just before the cleft. Dorsal lobe of hindwing with a relatively narrow scale-tooth. Hindleg tibia between the spurs uniformly grey or pale brownish. Similar species G. ochrodactyla has a longer thicker tuft of hairs on the face, obscuring the palps, the forewing markings are more sharply defined, the hindwing dorsal lobe has a relatively wide scaletooth, and the hindleg tibia between the spurs is distinctly banded whitish and brownish. FS June–August. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Grasslands, hedgerows, old quarries, waste ground. Fp Sneezewort, Yarrow, occasionally Tansy. LS September–June. Probably overwinters in the root; in spring the larva feeds in a succession of shoots, causing them to wilt.

Tansy Plume Gillmeria ochrodactyla ([D. & S.])

Plate 29 45.009

Very local. FL 12–14mm. Similar species G. pallidactyla. FS Late June–August. Rests on flowers of the foodplant from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Dry grasslands, old quarries, riverbanks, vegetated shingle, waste ground. Fp Tansy. LS August–June. Overwinters in the root; in spring the larva feeds in a growing shoot, causing it to wilt.

Beautiful Plume Plate 29 (2) Amblyptilia acanthadactyla (Hübn.) 45.010

Beautiful Plume Amblyptilia acanthadactyla larva.

r

Common. FL 9–11mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from just beyond two-thirds; reddish brown lightly speckled with whitish scales, with a darker triangular mark on the costa just before the cleft, and a pale transverse line across both lobes; the scale-tooth on the hindwing dorsal lobe is wide and short. Similar species A. punctidactyla is greyish brown and more variegated with distinct whitish speckling, a darker triangular mark on the costa just before the cleft and a pale transverse line across both lobes; the scale-tooth on the hindwing dorsal lobe is narrow and tall. FS All year, in two generations. Overwinters as an adult. Adults nectar on Ivy blossom. Flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Arable field margins, gardens and urban parks, heathland, hedgerows, moorland, waste ground, woodland. Fp A wide range, including crane’s-bills, goosefoots, heathers, lavenders, mints, restharrows, Hedge Woundwort. LS May– September. Feeds on the buds, flowers and unripe seeds.

Brindled Plume

Plate 29 (2) Amblyptilia punctidactyla (Haw.) 45.011 Local. FL 9–11mm. Examples from Scotland may be paler, with a whitish thorax. Similar species A. acanthadactyla. FS All year, in two generations. Overwinters as an adult. Adult visits blossoms of Ivy, ragworts, willows and Hedge Woundwort, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, woodland. Fp Mainly Hedge Woundwort, also columbines, crane’s-bills, Primrose, Common Stork’s-bill. LS May–September. Feeds on the flowers and unripe seeds in shaded locations.

Pterophoridae 329 Note on the Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla group and other similar Stenoptilia species Currently there are four very closely related species recognised in this group. Only S. bipunctidactyla, a widespread species on Devil’s-bit and Field scabiouses is described here. S. scabiodactylus (not illustrated) is a very local species in England on Small Scabious; S. inopinata (not illustrated) is a rare immigrant; S. annadactyla (not illustrated) is known only from Breckland in East Anglia, on Small Scabious. Another similar species is S. islandicus (not illustrated), known from one mountain range in Scotland, on Mossy Saxifrage. If any of these rarer species are suspected, confirmation of identity is likely to require genitalia examination. S. pterodactyla and S. zophodactylus are usually separable from S. bipunctidactyla on external features, provided that the examples are in perfect condition.

Brown Plume Plate 30 Stenoptilia pterodactyla (Linn.) 45.012 Common. More local in the north. FL 10–13mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from about two-thirds; pale reddish brown to yellowish brown, with two small separated or rarely fused dark spots at the base of the cleft, these sometimes absent; the costal lobe is brown and has a dark dot in the terminal cilia and white cilia along the costal margin. Similar species See note on the Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla group. S. bipunctidactyla has greyish-brown forewings, and the costal lobe is grey with dark cilia on the costal margin. FS Late May–August, also recorded in late September. Easily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, visits flowers at night, and comes to light. Hab Dry grasslands, hedgerows, woodland margins. Fp Germander Speedwell. LS Late June–May. Overwinters in a stem, and feeds on new shoots and flowers in spring.

Twin-spot Plume

Plate 30 Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla (Scop.) 45.013 Common. More local in the north. FL 9–12mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from just beyond two-thirds; greyish brown fading to orangey brown along the dorsum, with a dark spot at one-third, a fused double spot at the base of the cleft and a single black spot in the cilia of the costal lobe. The abdominal saddle (waisted section adjacent to the thorax) is usually yellowish brown edged whitish, although the whitish may be more extensive. Similar species See note on the Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla group. S. pterodactyla. S. zophodactylus is on average slightly smaller, the terminal cilia of the costal lobe have at least two patches of dark scales, and the saddle is white. FS May–early October, in two overlapping generations, probably one generation in Scotland. Easily disturbed by day, flies in the afternoon and at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Grasslands, moorlands, woodland rides. Fp Devil’s-bit, Field and probably Small scabiouses. LS Late June– mid-August, September–May. In the flowers in summer and autumn, and in young shoots in spring.

Saxifrage Plume

Plate 30 Stenoptilia millieridactyla (Bruand) 45.019 Very local. Native in Ireland. Accidentally introduced to Britain in the late 1960s, and spreading. FL 8–10mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from just beyond two-thirds; greyish brown becoming reddish or orangey brown towards the dorsum, with a dark fused double spot at the base of the cleft, a small dark spot just beyond one-third, and a longitudinal spot in the dorsal half of the costal lobe. Hindwings tinged bronze or reddish. FS Mainly June–July, with a partial second generation in late August–early September. Can be numerous in gardens. Readily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Rockeries in gardens, limestone pavement. Fp Mossy Saxifrage, including garden cultivars. LS July–June. Mines the leaves, and then feeds externally on flowers and developing seeds when nearly full fed.

330 Pterophoridae

Dowdy Plume

Plate 30 Stenoptilia zophodactylus (Dup.) 45.021 Common. More local in Wales, and scarce in Scotland and Ireland. FL 9–11mm. Forewing cleft into lobes, relatively widely separated, from about two-thirds; pale greyish brown, fading to orange-brown or sandy brown along the dorsum, a dark brown spot at one-third and either one spot just before the cleft, or if there are two spots, the second of these fainter and obliquely displaced towards the costa; the cilia of the costal lobe have at least two patches of dark scales. There is a whitish band on the abdominal saddle. Similar species See note on the Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla group. S. bipunctidactyla. FS May– November, in at least two generations. Occasionally can be numerous. Easily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Cliffs, dry grasslands, wet heathland, old quarries, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, waste ground, open woodland. Fp Common Centaury, Yellow-wort, occasionally Autumn Gentian, Marsh Gentian. LS June–April. In shoots in spring, and in developing seeds in summer.

Rose Plume Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla ([D. & S.])

Plate 30 45.022

Very local. Probably an occasional immigrant. FL 9–12mm. Legs white, joints banded reddish brown. Forewing cleft into lobes from about two-thirds; orangey brown with a transverse white line at the base of the cleft and a whitish blotch just below the costa at about one-half. Hindwing with a scale-tooth at the apex of the lobe. FS Late June– August. Comes to light. Usually occurs in small colonies. Hab Hedgerows, scrub on dry grasslands, woodland margins. Fp Dog-rose. LS August–June. In spring in an open spinning, feeding on flower buds and shoots.

Crescent Plume Plate 30 Marasmarcha lunaedactyla (Haw.) 45.023 Common in southern England. Very local further north. FL 9–10mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from about two-thirds; orangey dark brown in the male, orangey brown in the female, with an incomplete pale crescent-shaped transverse band at the base of the cleft. FS Mid-June–mid-August. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Cliffs, dry grasslands, old quarries, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Common and Spiny restharrows. LS August–June. On the buds, fleshy stems and leaves.

u

Crescent Plume Marasmarcha lunaedactyla larva.

Small Plume

Plate 30 Oxyptilus parvidactyla (Haw.) 45.025 Local. Scarce away from southern England. FL 6–8mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from near one-half; dark reddish to blackish brown with two transverse white lines on the lobes, most obvious on the costal lobe. The hindwing dorsal lobe has a black scaletooth in the cilia at the apex, and the dorsal margin has a row of broad white scales. Similar species O. pilosellae (not illustrated), a rare species on calcareous grasslands thought to have been extinct but recently rediscovered in Buckinghamshire, is larger (FL 7.5–10.5mm), paler brown or reddish, the dorsal margin of the hindwing dorsal lobe has mixed black and white scales, and the black scale-tooth does not reach the apex. FS Late May–August. Flies in afternoon sunshine and at dusk, visiting thyme flowers, and very occasionally comes to light. Hab Dry (especially calcareous) grasslands, heathland,

Pterophoridae 331 vegetated shingle. Fp Mouse-ear-hawkweed. LS August–May. In spring the larva feeds in the centre of a rosette, leaving a pile of frass and causing leaves to wither.

Breckland Plume

Plate 30 (2) Oxyptilus distans (Zell.) 45.026 Very local. Probably an occasional immigrant. FL 7–10.5mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from near one-half; pale to dark reddish brown or greyish brown, with two pale transverse lines on the costal lobe; termen of the dorsal lobe of the forewing usually with a row of dark scales on its dorsal margin; the hindwing dorsal lobe has irregularly spaced dark scales mostly shorter than the dark scales of the scale-tooth. Similar species O. laetus is paler, with faint markings; termen of the dorsal lobe of the forewing usually without a row of dark scales, and hindwing dorsal lobe with evenly spaced dark scales at least as tall as the dark scales of the scale-tooth; genitalia examination is normally required to confirm the identity of O. laetus. FS May–September, in two generations. Easily disturbed by day, flies freely from dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Breckland, dry grasslands, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Mainly Smooth Hawk’s-beard, also Mouse-ear-hawkweed, possibly Hawkweed Oxtongue. LS July, September–May. In spring the larva feeds on the rosette leaves; in summer the larva feeds mainly on the buds and flowers.

Scarce Light Plume Plate 30 Oxyptilus laetus (Zell.) 45.027 Scarce immigrant. Recorded from south-east Ireland, and rare in Scotland, where it has been recorded in the south-west. FL 7–12.5mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from near one-half, pale yellowish brown or orangey brown with faint markings. Similar species O. distans. FS May–October. Comes to light. Hab Mainly recorded in coastal locations. Fp Known foodplants do not occur in Britain.

Wood Sage Plume Plate 30 Capperia britanniodactylus (Gregs.) 45.028 Local. Very local in northern England. Rare in Ireland. FL 8–10mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from near one-half; dark brown with two transverse white lines, these most obvious on the costal lobe. The hindwing dorsal lobe has a distinct dark brown scaletooth towards the apex which extends into the dorsal and costal margins, with white u Wood Sage Plume Capperia britanniodactylus scaling at the apex and along the dorsal larva. margin towards the base. FS June–mid-August. Can be disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Dry grasslands, heathland, parkland, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, open woodland. Fp Wood Sage. LS August–June. Large larvae eat through part of the stem, causing wilting, and then feed on both wilted and unaffected leaves.

Sundew Plume Plate 30 Buckleria paludum (Zell.) 45.029 Very local. FL 5–7mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from just before one-half; dark brown, with two transverse white lines across the costal lobe. Hindwing without an obvious scale-tooth. FS June–August, in two generations. Flies low down on warm windless afternoons, and is easily disturbed from vegetation; also flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Wet heathland, mires. Fp Round-leaved Sundew. LS June–July, August–May. In spring on the leaves; in summer on the leaves, flowers and developing seeds.

332 Pterophoridae

White Plume

Plate 30 Pterophorus pentadactyla (Linn.) 45.030 Common. Local and possibly spreading in Scotland. FL 12–16mm. Forewing white, cleft into lobes from about one-half, the lobes tapering. Hindwing white. FS May– September, in two generations in the far south, and one or occasionally two generations further north. Easily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Can be found at night on flowers such as Red Valerian. Hab Gardens, dry grasslands, hedgerows, waste ground. Fp Field, Hedge and probably Sea bindweeds. LS August– June. In spring on the leaves and flowers.

Spotted-white Plume Porrittia galactodactyla ([D. & S.])

u

White Plume Pterophorus pentadactyla larva.

Plate 30 45.031

Local. Possibly declining. FL 10–12mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from about one-half, the lobes tapering; whitish with dark markings, including a blackish dot at one-third, a pair of black spots at the base of the cleft, appearing V-shaped, and a dark spot on the costa at about two-thirds. FS June–July. Rarely seen as an adult. Flies at dusk and after dark, and occasionally comes to light. u Spotted-white Plume Porrittia galactodactyla larva and Hab Dry grasslands, woodland feeding signs. rides. Fp Greater and Lesser burdocks. LS August–June. The larvae are gregarious, making dozens of small holes in a leaf from the underside, scraping away the white down into a semicircle at the edge of the hole.

Thyme Plume Merrifieldia leucodactyla ([D. & S.])

Plate 30 45.033

Local. FL 9–12mm. Basal third of the antenna with a line of dark brown scales on the upper surface, bounded on each side by rows of pale yellow scales. Forewing cleft into lobes from about one-half, the lobes tapering; pale yellowish in the dorsal half, yellowish brown in the costal half, the extent of each variable, edged darker brown along much of the costa, and with dark cilia. Similar species M. tridactyla (not illustrated), FL 9–11mm, a rare species on thymes that is confined to western Ireland and west Cornwall, has the basal third of the antenna ringed pale yellow and dark brown, with the yellow forewing more variable in tone, often pale sulphur yellow, and with less contrasting cilia. The scales on the antenna rub off easily. FS Late May–early August, occasionally September. Easily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Rocky coasts, calcareous grasslands. Fp Wild Thyme. LS July–June. On the leaves, resting exposed on the foodplant, especially in sunny weather in early spring.

Pterophoridae 333

Dingy White Plume Plate 31 Merrifieldia baliodactylus (Zell.) 45.034 Local. Rare outside southern England. FL 10–13mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from about one-half, the lobes tapering; pale yellowish, with an indistinct fine dark brown line along the costa joined to a more prominent narrow mark or spot at about or just beyond one-half. FS Mid-June–August, in one generation, with an occasional partial second generation. Easily disturbed by day from the foodplant, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Cliffs, calcareous grasslands, old quarries, waste ground. Fp Wild Marjoram. LS August–June. In spring the larva eats through a stem near the top, causing the leaves above to wilt, and then feeds on the wilted leaves.

Horehound Plume

Plate 31 Wheeleria spilodactylus (Curtis) 45.035 Rare. FL 9–12mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from about one-half, the lobes tapering; pale yellowish white, tinged greyish, with greyish-brown markings, including a small blotch at the cleft and a costal spot just beyond the cleft. FS June–August, in one generation, with an occasional partial second generation in September. Occurs in discrete colonies. Can be disturbed by day, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Cliff-top and other calcareous grasslands where the ground has been disturbed, Breckland field margins, suburban habitats, vegetated shingle. Fp White Horehound. LS August–July. On the leaves, often resting on the upper side.

Short-winged Plume Plate 31 Pselnophorus heterodactyla (Müll.) 45.036 Rare. FL 9–11mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from just beyond one-half; reddish brown, darker towards the apex, around the cleft and towards the base, with white costal spots, including one at about one-half, another just beyond the cleft and one at the apex; the cilia of the dorsal lobe are chequered white and dark brown. FS June–mid-July. Hab Partly shaded areas of woods in the Cotswolds, shaded mountain gullies in Scotland. Fp Marsh Hawk’s-beard, Wall Lettuce, Nipplewort. LS July–May. In spring the larva bites through the midrib of a leaf and rests on the part that subsequently wilts.

Dusky Plume Plate 31 Oidaematophorus lithodactyla (Treits.) 45.037 Local. Very local further north towards the Scottish Borders, and in Ireland. FL 12–14mm. The tibia of the midleg is thickened with scales in the middle, the hindleg is banded dark brown above the joints, and its tibial spurs are of equal length. Forewing cleft into lobes from about two-thirds; greyish brown to reddish brown, sometimes variably shaded greyish, with a dark brown oblique mark before the base of the cleft, the upper part of which curves away towards a longitudinal blackish-brown spot on the costa above the cleft base. Similar species Emmelina monodactyla has no dark bands on the hindleg, and its tibial spurs are of unequal u Dusky Plume Oidaemotophorus length. FS Late June–September. Flies at dusk, and lithodactylus larva. occasionally comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, ditches, dry grasslands, hedgerows, riverbanks, open woodland. Fp Common Fleabane, Ploughman’s-spikenard. LS Mid-April–July. Initially in the shoots, then openly on the leaves, making many small holes.

334 Pterophoridae

Plain Plume Plate 31 Hellinsia tephradactyla (Hübn.) 45.038 Local. Very local in Scotland. FL 9–11mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from just beyond one-half; greyish or pale brownish white, sometimes darker, speckled with darker scales, these loosely grouped into three or four longitudinal rows from the base to the lobes, with two dots at the base of the cleft and more defined dots at the margins of the lobes. Examples from western Ireland are not as speckled. FS June–July. Easily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Rocky coasts, limestone pavement, woodland; there is a preference for foodplants growing in shade or on north-facing slopes. Fp Goldenrod. LS July–May. In spring on the leaves, making holes.

Citron Plume Plate 31 Hellinsia carphodactyla (Hübn.) 45.039 Local. FL 8–11mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from just beyond one-half; yellow or pale yellow, scattered with dark brown scales, especially in the basal half, and with dark spots usually at one-third, at the base of the cleft, and on the costa just beyond the base of the cleft; there are small dark marks, one on the dorsal edge of the costal lobe and three on the dorsal edge of the dorsal lobe. FS Late May–September, in two generations. Flies from dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Soft and rocky cliffs, calcareous grasslands, occasionally open woodland. Fp Ploughman’s-spikenard, occasionally Common Fleabane. LS July–August, September–May. In spring in the heart of the plant rosette; in summer on the developing seeds.

Mugwort Plume

Plate 31 Hellinsia lienigianus (Zell.) 45.040 Very local. Scarce in the northern part of its range. FL 8–10mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from about two-thirds; creamy white, tinged greyish and sometimes slightly reddish, scattered with dark brown scales, and with a large arched or oblique dark spot before the base of the cleft, one dark spot on the dorsal edge of the costal lobe, and two dark spots on the costal edge, the one nearest the cleft being longer. FS June–August. Flies at dusk, and u Mugwort Plume Hellinsia lienigianus larval tent. occasionally recorded at light. Hab Dry grasslands, waste ground, woodland rides. Fp Mugwort. LS July–June. In spring the larva feeds from within a tent-like spun leaf, blotching the leaves, and making up to four successive tents.

Small Goldenrod Plume

Plate 31 Hellinsia osteodactylus (Zell.) 45.041 Local. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2014. FL 8–11mm. Forewing cleft into lobes from just beyond one-half; yellowish white to bright yellow, an ill-defined and faint brownish streak from the base extending towards the cleft but not reaching it, with a small dark brown spot at the base of the cleft and a brown dash, sometimes indistinct, extending halfway along the costa of the costal lobe. Similar species H. chrysocomae (not illustrated), a rare species in south-east England on Goldenrod, is usually brownish yellow, has a larger, more diffuse spot centred just below the cleft base, and a faint streak from the forewing base extending to the cleft or beyond. Genitalia examination may be needed if H. chrysocomae is suspected. FS July–August. Easily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and

Pterophoridae 335 Hemp Agrimony Plume Adaina microdactyla larva.

r

rr Common Plume Emmelina monodactyla larva.

comes to light. Hab Cliffs, coastal grasslands, waste ground (restored mine waste), open woodland. Fp Goldenrod, occasionally on Sea Aster, Glabrous-headed Hawkweed, Common Ragwort. LS August–April. On the flowers and seedheads, fully fed in autumn.

Hemp Agrimony Plume

Plate 31 Adaina microdactyla (Hübn.) 45.043 Common. More local further north. FL 6–8mm. A small pale species. Forewing cleft into lobes from just beyond one-half; pale yellowish, sometimes yellowish white, pale brown or pale grey, with a small brown spot at the base of the cleft and two spots on the costa of the costal lobe. FS May–early September, in two generations. Easily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, dry and wet grasslands, marshes, old quarries. Fp Hemp-agrimony. LS July–August, September–April. Makes a gall at the base of the flower stalks and overwinters fully fed in the stem. Small holes seen in dead stems in winter indicate the presence of larvae.

Common Plume Plate 31 Emmelina monodactyla (Linn.) 45.044 Common. More local from southern Scotland northwards. FL 9–13mm. Rests with its wings tightly rolled, resembling a small cross. Forewing cleft into lobes from about two-thirds; pale greyish white to dark reddish brown, the dark brown markings usually including a small spot at one-third, a larger spot before the cleft, a streak on the costa of the costal lobe, and three spots on the dorsal margin of the dorsal lobe. Similar species Oidaematophorus lithodactyla. E. argoteles (not illustrated), FL 9–12.5mm, a rare species on Hedge Bindweed in the Cambridgeshire fens, is on average slightly smaller, usually plainer in appearance, and the costa of the costal lobe is straighter. Genitalia examination will be needed if E. argoteles is suspected. FS All year round, in one or more overlapping generations. Often seen on fence posts, walls and indoors. Flies at dusk, comes to light, and can be found at Ivy blossom, ripe blackberries and, in spring, at willow catkins. Hab A wide range of habitats, including gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Bindweeds, especially Hedge and Large bindweeds. LS June–October. On small leaves, flowers and developing seeds. Species not covered Tamarisk Plume Agdistis tamaricis (Zell.) 45.003 C

Gentian Plume S. pneumonanthes (Büttner) 45.020 † E

Gregson’s Plume Stenoptilia scabiodactylus (Gregs.) 45.014 Status uncertain/EW

Downland Plume Oxyptilus pilosellae (Zell.) 45.024 R/E

Scarce Plume S. inopinata Bigot & Picard 45.015 Status uncertain/ES Small Scabious Plume S. annadactyla Sutter 45.017 Status uncertain/E Mountain Plume S. islandicus (Staud.) 45.018 Status uncertain/S

Western Thyme Plume Merrifieldia tridactyla (Linn.) 45.032 R/EI Scarce Goldenrod Plume Hellinsia chrysocomae (Rag.) 45.042 R/E Reedbed Plume Emmelina argoteles (Meyr.) 45.045 R/E

336

Schreckensteiniidae

T

here is one species in this family. The adult rests with the body horizontal, the wings flat and slightly diverging, and the hindlegs

held at an angle to the body and pointing slightly upwards, in a somewhat similar manner to the Stathmopodidae. The forewing length is 4.5–5.5mm. The forewings are narrow. The hindwings are narrow and pointed, not as broad as the forewings, and the dorsal cilia are moderately long. The head is smooth scaled. The antennae are thread-like, three-fifths the length of the forewing. The labial palps are slightly upwardly curved.

Blackberry Skeletoniser Schreckensteinia festaliella

Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet (1996)

Blackberry Skeletoniser Plate 31 Schreckensteinia festaliella (Hübn.) 46.001 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 4.5–5.5mm. Rests on the forelegs and midlegs, with the hindlegs held obliquely to the abdomen. Forewing whitish to yellowish brown, the costa, dorsum and termen being darker brown, with a similarly coloured streak from near the base almost to the apex, this expanded at about two-thirds. FS March– September, in overlapping generations. Flies in the afternoon, and occasionally u Blackberry Skeletoniser Schreckensteinia festaliella comes to light. Hab A wide larval feeding signs. range of habitats, frequent in open woodland. FP Bramble, Raspberry, occasionally Hazel, rose. LS July, September. Beneath a slight web on either side of a leaf, skeletonising it. Pupates in a silken latticework cocoon attached to a stem or the underside of a leaf.

Blackberry Skeletoniser Schreckensteinia festaliella larva.

r

337

Epermeniidae

T

here are eight species in this family. The adult rests in a slightly inclining posture, with the wings held roof-like at a steep angle

over the body, and the antennae mostly along the side of the wings. The forewing length is 3.5–7.5mm. The forewings are elongate, sometimes

Yellow-spotted Drab Phaulernis fulviguttella

with one or more scale tufts along the dorsal margin which appear as a conspicuous ridge, or ridges, when at rest and viewed side on. In some species the wing has a hooked apex. The hindwings are narrower than the forewings, and the dorsal cilia are usually long. The head is smooth scaled. The antennae are thread-like, three-fifths the length of the

Common Ridge-back Epermenia chaerophyllella

forewing. The labial palps are curved upwards, and the tongue base is not scaled. Two species, Yellow-spotted Drab Phaulernis fulviguttella and Common Ridge-back Epermenia chaerophyllella, are widely distributed; the remaining species are found predominantly in the southern half of the country, and two are rare. The larvae are mostly associated with umbellifers, with one found on Bastard-toadflax. They mostly feed externally under silken webbing, in some cases gregariously, or within seeds of the foodplant spun together, except for Streaked Ridge-back E. falciformis, which feeds in leaves spun together and in the flower stems. Pupation takes place within a silken latticework cocoon. Adults of some species can be found by day on umbellifer flowers; others fly at night, and occasionally come to light. The species are usually straightforward to identify. Further reading British and Irish species: Emmet (1996)

Yellow-spotted Drab Plate 32 Phaulernis fulviguttella (Zell.) 47.001 Common. More local in north-west England and in Ireland. FL 4.5–5mm, slightly larger in Shetland. Forewing is dark brown with a yellowish-orange spot before the tornus, and another above the tornus, with other more-or-less distinct spots near the base and on the dorsum. Similar species Pammene aurana (49.379) has a shorter and broader forewing with larger spots. FS Late June–September. Can be found at rest on the flowers of the foodplant. Hab Fens, wet grasslands, marshes, woodland rides. Fp Wild Angelica, Hogweed, Scots Lovage. LS September–October. In a spinning among the developing seeds.

Dusky Ridge-back

Plate 32 Phaulernis dentella (Zell.) 47.002 Very local. FL 4–4.5mm. Forewing is nearly unicolorous, blackish brown with a scattering of white scales, sometimes with obscure paler patches above the tornus and on the dorsum at one-quarter; there is a distinct scale tuft on the dorsum at one-third. FS Late May–June. Found on sunny days resting briefly on the flowers of umbellifers. Hab Dry grasslands, hedgerows, chalk pits, waste ground. Fp Rough Chervil, Burnet-saxifrage, Ground-elder. LS July–August. In a slight spinning among developing seeds.

338 Epermeniidae

Chalk Hill Ridge-back

Plate 32 Epermenia insecurella (Staint.) 47.003 Rare. Possibly declining. FL 4–5mm. Forewing is variable, usually whitish and mottled greyish, especially along the costa and towards the apex, with scattered black dots, and sometimes with orangey-brown marks at and beyond one-half; the dorsum has two scale tufts, the largest at about one-half, the second sometimes indistinct. FS May–August, in two generations. Flies in late afternoon sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Calcareous grasslands. Fp Bastard-toadflax. LS April–June, July–mid-August. Mines the shoots and leaves when young, later feeding in a slight web among leaves, flowers and unripe seeds.

Carrot Ridge-back

Plate 32 Epermenia aequidentellus (Hofm.) 47.004 Very local. Recorded as new to Wales and Ireland in 2006, and new to Scotland in 2008. FL 4.5–5.5mm. Forewing white, speckled blackish or, in darker examples, shaded yellowish brown or blackish brown, with a blackish spot or dash at threequarters; the dorsum has up to four small black scale tufts, the largest at one-third. Similar species E. chaerophyllella has a broader forewing, with the apex slightly hooked. FS June–October, in two generations. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Mainly coastal. Calcareous grasslands, sometimes from gardens, woodland. Fp Burnet-saxifrage, Wild Carrot, also reported from Moon Carrot. LS May–June, August–October, also in January. Often a leaf-miner throughout, but large larvae may feed in a slight web on the underside of the leaf.

Carrot Ridge-back Epermenia aequidentellus feeding signs on Wild Carrot.

u

Common Ridge-back

Plate 32 Epermenia chaerophyllella (Goeze) 47.005 Common. FL 5.5–6mm. Forewing variable, usually blackish brown with one to three white dots in the mid-wing; paler examples are greyish or brownish, sometimes mixed whitish, near the base, with a dark brownish oblique crossband at one-half, and a patch of pale yellowish brown or mixed whitish beyond; the dorsum has a large mixed black and brown scale tuft at one-third, another slightly smaller scale tuft at one-half, and two small ones beyond; the wing

Common Ridge-back Epermenia chaerophyllella feeding signs on Hogweed.

u

Epermeniidae 339 Common Ridge-back Epermenia chaerophyllella larvae on the underside of a leaf.

r

apex is slightly hooked. Similar species E. aequidentellus. FS All year, in two or more generations, overwintering as an adult. Occasionally flies in the evening, and regularly comes to light. Hab A wide range of habitats, including gardens and urban parks, grasslands, hedgerows, scrub, waste ground, woodland. Fp Species of the carrot family (Apiaceae), including Wild Angelica, Wild Carrot, Hogweed, Cow Parsley, Wild Parsnip. LS May–October. Larvae initially mine the leaves; older larvae feed in a slight web on the underside of the leaf, sometimes with several larvae on a single leaf.

Streaked Ridge-back

Plate 32 Epermenia falciformis (Haw.) 47.006 Common. Local in northern England, very local in Scotland. Recently recorded from eastern and northern Ireland. FL 6–7.5mm. Forewing yellowish brown, mottled darker at the base, along the costa and towards the apex, with an oblique dark brown crossband from the dorsum at one-third to the costa at two-thirds, the apex hooked and edged blackish brown; the dorsum has two or sometimes three black scale tufts, the largest at one-third. FS May–September, in two generations. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Wet grasslands, marshland, damp woodland rides. Fp Wild Angelica. LS May–August. In spring the larva feeds within spun leaflets; in summer the larva feeds within a branch stem below the inflorescence, causing it to wilt.

White-spotted Drab Plate 32 Epermenia farreni Wals. 47.007 Rare. The disjunct distribution suggests that this species could be overlooked. FL 4–4.5mm. Forewing greyish brown with scattered white scales, a whitish spot on the dorsum at one-third and another on the costa before the middle, these sometimes joined, and with a whitish spot at the tornus and a whitish patch at the apex. FS June–July. Can be found at rest on the flowers of the foodplant or surrounding vegetation. Hab Dry grasslands, waste ground. Fp Wild Parsnip in England, Hogweed in eastern Scotland. LS August–September. Feeds within an individual seed, usually with no external sign of its presence.

Tawny Drab

Plate 32 Epermenia profugella (Staint.) 47.008 Rare. Scarce in northern England. FL 3.5–4.5mm. Forewing unicolorous greyish brown with a bronze sheen when fresh. FS July–August. Can be found flying around the foodplant in early evening sunshine. Hab Calcareous and other dry grasslands, waste ground. Fp Wild Angelica, Burnet-saxifrage, Wild Carrot, Ground-elder. LS August–October. Feeds within two or three developing seeds, which are spun together.

340

Choreutidae

T

here are seven species in this family. The adult rests with the body horizontal, standing on its legs well above the

substrate, with most species holding the wings flat and slightly diverging; in Tebenna species the wings are held somewhat roof-like, with the apices tucked down and pressed together, as if protecting the back end of the body. The general shape of the

Nettle-tap Anthophila fabriciana

Choreutidae is like that of the Tortricidae, especially the broad

Beautiful Twitcher Tebenna micalis

hindwing. The forewing length is 4–10mm. The forewing and hindwing are broad, with a few species having metallic scales. The head is smooth scaled. The antennae are thread-like, one-half to two-thirds the length of the forewing. The labial palps point forwards or are ascending, and some genera have scale tufts beneath the second segment. The tongue is well developed and scaled at the base. This family includes one of the most widespread and common micro-moths, the Nettle-tap Anthophila fabriciana. The other species are much more restricted in range, and Affric Twitcher Choreutis diana is confined to a single area in the Highlands of Scotland. Most species are straightforward to identify, but the two Prochoreutis species require careful attention. Fig-leaf Skeletoniser Choreutis nemorana, a recent arrival, is now established in London and is spreading; it was probably accidentally introduced through the horticultural trade. Although listed as a British species, Tebenna bjerkandrella (48.004) probably does not occur in Britain or Ireland. The larvae feed externally on leaves from within a web. They pupate in dense spindle-shaped cocoons. The adults fly by day in sunshine, and sometimes settle on flowerheads and leaves, walking to new positions in erratic bouts, pausing momentarily between movements. Most species have been recorded at light. Further reading British and Irish species: Heath & Emmet (1985)

Nettle-tap

Plate 32 Anthophila fabriciana (Linn.) 48.001 Common. FL 5–7mm. Forewing dark brown, variably speckled white, with dark crossbands and whitish spots on the costa, one at about one-third and another at two-thirds, this usually extended, forming a fine line to the tornus. FS April–November, in at least two generations. Flies by day, is frequently seen in numbers around the foodplant, and rests on flowers such as Common Ragwort. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban u Nettle-tap Anthophila fabriciana larval spinning on parks, rough ground, hedgerows, Common Nettle. woodland margins and rides. Fp Nettles, occasionally Pellitory-of-the-wall. LS June–July, August–May. In a web on the upper side of the leaf, drawing the edges together.

Choreutidae 341

Skullcap Skeletoniser

Plate 32 Prochoreutis myllerana (Fabr.) 48.002 Local. Very local in Ireland. FL 4.5–6mm. Forewings relatively short, the apex somewhat rounded. Forewing dark brown, variably shaded blackish, typically with several rounded white spots, and white speckling from the dorsum at about one-half extending towards the costa u Skullcap Skeletoniser Prochoreutis myllerana hardly beyond the mid-wing; larval feeding signs. beyond the silvery-blue outer crossline the ground colour is usually paler brown, but does not form a distinct crossband. Similar species P. sehestediana has relatively long forewings, with the apex acutely angled; the forewing typically has small white flecks, and the patch of white speckling is more extensive in the mid-wing; beyond the silvery-blue outer crossline there is a distinct paler brown crossband. This difference in the crossband is best seen by observing the wings at an angle in bright daylight. Worn examples are likely to require genitalia examination to confirm identification. FS May–September, in at least two generations. Flies by day, especially around the foodplant, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Ditches, fens, wet heathland, marshes, margins of ponds, woodland rides. Fp Skullcap, Lesser Skullcap. LS May–June, July–August. Initially mines a leaf, and later feeds in a loose silken web.

Banded Skullcap Skeletoniser

Plate 32 Prochoreutis sehestediana (Fabr.) 48.003 Very local. FL 4–5.5mm. Similar species P. myllerana. FS May–September, in at least two generations. Flies by day, especially around the foodplant. Has been recorded at light. Hab Fens, wet heathland, marshes, woodland rides. Fp Skullcap, Lesser Skullcap. LS May–June, July–August. Initially mines a leaf, and later feeds in a loose silken web.

Beautiful Twitcher Plate 32 Tebenna micalis (Mann) 48.005 Scarce, with records mainly from southern coastal counties. An immigrant that may become temporarily established but appears not to survive over winter. FL 4.5–6mm. The resting posture is characteristic. Forewing brown with two speckled white broad crossbands, these sometimes linked in the middle, the outer one curving around a black-outlined silver spot in the mid-wing. FS Late u Beautiful Twitcher Tebenna micalis larva. July–October. Flies in sunshine and visits flowers of the foodplant. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, ditches, wet grasslands, margins of ponds, occasionally gardens. Fp Common Fleabane.

342 Choreutidae LS July–September. On the underside of the leaf, within a silk web spun between the stem and the leaf; it prefers lower leaves, and the feeding causes the upper epidermis to turn brown.

Affric Twitcher

Plate 32 Choreutis diana (Hübn.) 48.006 Rare. Known from a single Scottish glen. FL 7–8.5mm. Pale olive green, sometimes mixed brownish, with a wavy whitish crossline at about one-third and a broad rather diffuse band at about two-thirds, this outwardly edged blackish. Variable black markings include a crescent mark near the dorsum at about one-half. Similar species C. pariana. FS Late July–August. Flies in sunshine and visits flowers, such as those of Creeping Thistle. Hab Open woodland, woodland rides on hill slopes. Fp Silver Birch, with a preference for small to medium-sized trees in sheltered locations. LS June–July. Under a web on the upper side of a leaf, causing the edges to curl upwards.

Apple-leaf Skeletoniser Plate 32 Choreutis pariana (Clerck) 48.007 Local. Very local in some areas, especially further north and in Wales. FL 5–7mm. Forewing variable, shaded bright orangey or reddish brown to greyish brown, often with a wavy blackish line near the base and a blackish or reddish-brown line at five-sixths. Similar species C. diana is larger, with forewing pale olive green variably shaded brownish, u Apple-leaf Skeletoniser Choreutis pariana larva and web. and an irregular whitish crossline at one-third and a similar crossband at two-thirds. C. nemorana has fine whitish crosslines. FS June–August, September–May, in two generations. Overwinters as an adult. Rests by day on leaves, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban trees, scrub, woodland. Fp Apples, occasionally hawthorns, Wild Pear, Rowan. LS May–October. In a silk web on the upper leaf surface, skeletonising the leaf, curling the edges upwards.

Fig-leaf Skeletoniser Plate 32 Choreutis nemorana (Hübn.) 48.0071 Adventive. Established in the London area, where it was first recorded in 2014, spreading and now found in East Anglia, Hertfordshire, Kent, the Isle of Wight and Dorset. FL 8–10mm. Forewing reddish brown, variably speckled white towards the base and around two-thirds, and variably shaded darker and paler u Fig-leaf Skeletoniser Choreutis nemorana larva and web. in parts, with a whitish crossline at one-third, a wavier crossline at two-thirds, and a scalloped termen. Similar species C. pariana. FS July–August. Probably overwinters as an adult. Hab Urban areas. Fp Fig. LS July–August. In a spinning on the upper side of a leaf, skeletonising the feeding area and often causing the edge of the leaf to curl upwards.

343

Tortricidae

T





his is a very diverse family of moths,

Bright Straw Agapeta zoegana

with 388 species occurring naturally,

most of which are covered in this field guide. The resting positions of adults are variable, and although the body is always held horizontally, the wings may be flat

Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana

and overlapping, tent-like or wrapped

White-shouldered Marble Apotomis turbidana

around the body, and the antennae can be laid back above the wings, hidden beneath them, or diverging and pointing upwards. These species vary from small to large micro-moths, with a forewing

Pine Shoot Moth Rhyacionia buoliana

Tawny Sycamore Piercer Pammene aurita

length of 3.5–15mm. A key characteristic of the family is the rather broad forewing, with a distinct tornal angle. Many species have a wide base to the wing, giving a typical bell shape to the adult at rest. Some species have raised scales, such as Tufted Tortrix Acleris cristana. The males of many species have a flap of scaled wing membrane from the base reaching a short way along the costa, known as the costal fold, and this can be helpful in species identification; examples include Pale-shouldered Tortrix Capua vulgana and Dichrorampha species. The hindwings are as broad as or broader than the forewings. The wings are much reduced in the female of Frost Tortrix Exapate congelatella. The head has erect or raised scales on the crown, the face being smooth. The antennae are short, less than two-thirds the length of the forewing. A very few species have bipectinate antennae, such as Northern Reveller Philedone gerningana and Northern Heath Tortrix Philedonides lunana. The labial palps are short, drooping, forward pointing or slightly curved upwards, and the second segment is densely scaled or tufted, with the third segment short and blunt, except in Bog Snout Sparganothis pilleriana, which has long palps that point straight forward. The tongue is variably developed, but is not scaled. New species are regularly added to the British list. Since the turn of the century several species appear to have established at least temporarily, including Banded Ivy Tortrix Clepsis dumicolana, Alexanders Straw Aethes deaurana and Scarce Maple Piercer C. inquinatana. Grey Aspen Tortrix Epinotia cinereana is now treated as a separate species, having formerly been treated as a form of Brindled Poplar Tortrix E. nisella. Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana is perhaps one of our most readily encountered species at present, occurring over much of Britain. It is an adventive here, and native to Australia; it was first found breeding in Britain in Newquay, Cornwall, in 1936, and has now spread east and north. Several species are experiencing a change of fortune, many of these increasing in range or becoming more frequently recorded, such as Dark-streaked Tortrix Acleris umbrana, Mugwort Tortrix Eucosma metzneriana, Small Fruit Moth Grapholita lobarzewskii and Obscure Tortrix Pammene ignorata. Some species have a very restricted distribution, such as Greenweed Tortrix Grapholita lathyrana, which has declined to the point of near extinction because of loss of unimproved neutral grasslands. A few species are considered extinct, including Balsam Tortrix Pristerognatha penthinana and Scarce Clouded Tortrix Gibberifera simplana. Many species are distinctive and can be readily identified on the basis of external characters. However, there are some difficult groupings. A common trait across several genera in the Tortricidae is to mimic

344 Tortricidae

bird droppings, and these species, numbering 60 at least, need careful examination. For some genera or species groups, such as Cnephasia species, or Scalloped Tortrix Acleris emargana and Northern Scalloped Tortrix A. effractana, genitalia examination is often needed to confirm identification. One regular misidentification made by newcomers to micro-moths is to try to find the macro-moth Oak Nycteoline Nycteola reveyana (Nolidae) among the Tortricidae, especially Acleris. It isn’t there! In such a large group it is not surprising that the life histories are diverse. Larvae of many species are internal feeders, boring into flowerheads, seeds, stems or roots, whereas others feed from spinnings on the foliage of their foodplant. Several species are polyphagous, whereas others are restricted to one or a very few foodplants. The majority have a single generation per year, but many have two generations, the second of which can be partial, as in Large Fruit-tree Tortrix Archips podana. Most species overwinter as a young larva or a fully fed larva in a cocoon; several Acleris species hibernate as adults. Some species can be encountered in large numbers and occur widely, such as Spring Harbinger Tortricodes alternella and Common Gorse Moth Cydia ulicetana. Some adults fly mainly by day, others fly from dusk and at night, and many are attracted to light, sometimes in abundance. Further reading British and Irish species: Bradley et al. (1973, 1979); Clifton & Wheeler (2011, 2012); Bland (2014) European species: Razowski (2002, 2003)

White-barred Tortrix Plate 33 Olindia schumacherana (Fabr.) 49.001 Local. Most frequent in southern England. FL 5–8mm. The male is usually smaller than the female. Forewing blackish brown, speckled black, mottled leaden grey near the base and towards the apex; the male has a narrow white crossband before one-half, often interrupted below the costa, sometimes reduced to two spots; in the female the crossband is usually wide and complete, but is sometimes narrow. FS Late May–July, with an occasional partial second generation in September–early October. Flies in afternoon sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Fens, grasslands, marshes, woodland, occasionally gardens. Fp Mainly Lesser Celandine, also other herbaceous plants including columbines, mercuries, Hedge Woundwort; recorded on Bilberry. LS April–June. In a spun or folded leaf.

Banded Hedge Grey Plate 33 Isotrias rectifasciana (Haw.) 49.002 Common. Local in parts of northern England, very local in Scotland. FL 5–8mm. Forewing creamy white, speckled yellowish brown, with dark brown or dark grey crossbands at the base, transverse at one-half, and oblique between the tornus and the costa at four-fifths, the last usually interrupted. Similar species Smaller Cnephasia species have an oblique central crossband at one-half, if present. FS May–July, and has been recorded in August. Flies from sunset, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, scrub, open woodland. Fp Poorly known in Britain, but once reared from Cock’s-foot. In Continental Europe on a range of woody plants, including hawthorns and oaks. LS From July. In a silken tube on a leaf.

Bog Snout Sparganothis pilleriana ([D. & S.])

Plate 33 49.003

Very local. FL 7–10mm. Rests with the wings flat. Labial palps very long. Male forewing yellowish brown, sometimes tinged greyish, with brown markings including an oblique narrow crossband from the costa at one-third to the dorsum at one-half, and a dark quadrate mark on the costa at about two-thirds, often with a narrow extension towards the tornus; markings can be obscure. Female forewing almost uniform reddish brown, sometimes yellowish brown. Darker forms predominate on saltmarshes; paler forms predominate on heathlands. FS Late June–September. Flies from dusk, and comes to

Tortricidae 345 light. Hab Bogs, coastal cliffs, fens, heathland, saltmarshes. Fp Many herbaceous plants, including Bog Asphodel, Common Sea-lavender, knapweeds, plantains, woundworts. LS September–June. In folded or spun leaves.

Red-barred Tortrix Plate 33 (2) Ditula angustiorana (Haw.) 49.004 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 6–8mm. The male is smaller than the female. Male forewing brown, with a dull yellowish-brown semicircular patch on the dorsum before one-half, a narrow reddish-brown crossband at about one-half, obscure towards the costa, and an ill-defined reddish-brown mark on the costa just before the apex, extended towards the tornus. Female forewing orangey brown, with a small yellowish-brown patch on the costa at one-half, and less black in the outer half of the wing. FS Mid-May–August, with an occasional partial second generation in September–October. Also recorded in April. Flies in sunshine and at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, orchards, scrub, woodland. Fp A wide range of woody and occasionally herbaceous plants, including apples, Common Ivy, junipers, larches, Mistletoe, oaks. LS August–May. In spun leaves and fruit buds.

Brown-barred Tortrix Plate 33 Epagoge grotiana (Fabr.) 49.005 Common. Very local in northern England, rare in Scotland. FL 6–8mm. Forewing yellowish brown, coarsely speckled reddish brown, with dark reddish-brown markings, including an ill-defined basal patch, an oblique crossband from just before one-half on the costa, broadest towards the dorsum, and a large quadrate mark on the costa before the apex. FS June–August, occasionally in late May. Flies at dawn and at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, sand dunes, woodland. Fp Bramble, hawthorns, oaks. LS August–May. In a spinning in the leaves. Also feeds on dead oak leaves on the ground.

Tiree Twist Periclepsis cinctana ([D. & S.])

Plate 33 49.007

Rare. On Tiree in the Inner Hebrides. Formerly in Kent. FL 7–8mm. Forewing white, speckled silvery grey, with reddish-brown markings speckled blackish, comprising a basal patch, a crossband near one-half, and a costal spot just before the apex. FS Late June– July. Flies in sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Herb-rich grassland on hill slopes on Tiree, calcareous grassland. Fp Probably Common Bird’s-foot-trefoil on Tiree; a wide range of plants in Continental Europe. LS Possibly September–June. In a silken gallery.

Northern Reveller Philedone gerningana ([D. & S.])

Plate 33 (2) 49.008

Local. More local in parts of its range, and very local in East Anglia. FL 6–9mm. The male has bipectinate antennae. Male forewing is pale yellowish brown suffused with reddish brown near the base, the outer half reddish brown, sometimes with yellowish brown bordering the outer margin of an oblique reddish-brown crossband at about one-half. Female forewing is narrower and extended to a point at the apex, and suffused with dull purplish brown. Similar species The male of Epiphyas postvittana is typically larger, with a strongly arched costa and thread-like antennae. FS July–September, and has been recorded in late June. Flies by day in sunshine from sunrise, and in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, calcareous grassland, heathland, moorland. Fp Bilberries, cinquefoils, rock-roses, Thrift, occasionally Sitka Spruce. LS May–June. In spun leaves and flowerheads.

346 Tortricidae

Pale-shouldered Tortrix

Plate 33 Capua vulgana (Fröl.) 49.009 Common. More frequent in the south. FL 7–9mm. Labial palps are long. Forewing with evenly arched costa. Male with costal fold to near one-half, greyish brown variably mottled and marked blackish brown and suffused yellowish, with a pale yellowish-brown triangular patch from the base to the costa at one-third. Female plain greyish, sometimes mottled darker with a dark grey base and quadrate mark on the costa at one-third. FS May–July, and has been recorded in late April. Flies by day around trees and over Bilberry, also flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, moorland, scrub, woodland, occasionally gardens. Fp A range of woody plants, including alders, Bilberry, Hornbeam, whitebeams. LS July–September or July–April. On the leaves.

Northern Heath Tortrix Plate 33 (2) Philedonides lunana (Thunb.) 49.010 Local. FL 6–8mm. The male is larger than the female, and the forewing costa of both sexes is shallowly concave. The male has bipectinate antennae. Male forewing pale greyish, with dark brown or reddish-brown markings, sparsely speckled black, including a diffuse basal patch, a well-defined crossband from the costa just before one-half to near the tornus, broadening towards the dorsum, and a diffuse spot on the costa before the apex. Female forewing is similar, the ground colour being whitish. FS March–May, and has been recorded in late February and mid-June. Males fly by day from sunrise to sunset. Hab Bogs, acid grassland, heathland, moorland. Fp Many low-growing plants, including Alexanders, Bilberry, Bog-myrtle, cinquefoils, heather, and various conifers in Scotland and Wales. LS May–June. In spun or folded leaves and flowers.

Great Pine Tortrix Plate 33 (2) Archips oporana (Linn.) 49.011 Very local. FL Male 9–10mm, female 11–14mm. Male forewing purplish brown, with reddish-brown markings, thinly edged with white, including an oblique crossband at one-half, a mark on the costa before the apex, and a mark along the termen; the apex is slightly pointed. Female forewing pale purplish brown, having reddish-brown markings with a coarse net-like pattern over much of the wing; the apex is strongly pointed. FS June–August. Flies from mid-afternoon, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Coniferous woodland. Fp Common Juniper, Scots Pine, European Silver and Giant firs, White Spruce. LS September–June. In a silken tube among the needles, severing a needle and drawing it into the spinning to feed. In a thick white web on Common Juniper.

Large Fruit-tree Tortrix Plate 33 (2) Archips podana (Scop.) 49.013 Common. Very local in southern Scotland. FL Male 9–11mm, female 9–14mm. Male forewing yellowish brown, suffused pale purplish in the basal two-thirds, the veins finely lined in the outer one-third, with dark reddish-brown markings, including a short bar from the dorsum near the base, and an obscure crossband at about one-half; the apex is extended to a point. Female forewing has an extensive net-like pattern, the darker markings faint, and the apex is strongly extended to a point. A dark purplish-brown form occurs in which the markings are obscured. FS Late May–July, with a partial second generation in mid-August–mid-October. Flies from late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, orchards, woodland, occasionally more open habitats. Fp Many deciduous trees, shrubs and occasionally conifers. LS July–May. In spun leaves or flowers. Overwinters when small.

Tortricidae 347

Brown Oak Tortrix Plate 33 Archips crataegana (Hübn.) 49.014 Common. More frequent in the south. Very local in Ireland. FL Male 9–10mm, female 11–13mm. Male forewing light greyish brown, with dark purplish-brown markings, variably suffused darker, including a short bar from the dorsum near the base, a broad oblique crossband from the dorsum beyond the middle not reaching the costa, the inner margin edged paler, with an almost triangular mark on the costa before the apex extended towards the termen; the apex is slightly extended to a point. Female forewing usually darker than that of the male, often with a net-like pattern, the crossband narrowing before it reaches the costa, and the apex extended to a point. Similar species A. xylosteana is slightly narrower-winged and smaller, more yellowish brown and variegated, and in the male the crossband reaches the costa. FS June–July, sometimes in August. Can be disturbed by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, orchards, scrub, woodland. Fp Many woody plants, including Ash, elms, limes, oaks, willows. LS April–May. Older larvae roll a leaf into a tube.

Variegated Golden Tortrix Plate 33 Archips xylosteana (Linn.) 49.015 Common. Local in northern England, and very local in Scotland. FL 7–11mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown, sometimes darker, suffused greyish brown, with reddish-brown markings including a short bar from the dorsum near the base, and an oblique crossband at one-half, usually joined to a mark on the costa before the apex, this sometimes extended towards the tornus. The female is longer-winged than the male, and the wing has a more pointed apex. Similar species A. crataegana. FS Late May–mid-August, and has been recorded in mid-September. Occasionally seen in numbers. Readily disturbed by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Many woody plants, including apples, Ash, Bramble, elms, Hazel, Honeysuckle, oaks, plums, also St John’s-worts. LS April–June. In a rolled leaf.

Rose Tortrix Plate 33 (2) Archips rosana (Linn.) 49.016 Common. Local in northern England, and very local in Scotland. Appears to be declining. FL Male 7–8mm, female 8–11mm. Male forewing is very broad, light brown to purplish brown, with darker brown markings, including a basal patch, an oblique crossband at about one-half and a mark on the costa just before the apex, this with a dark line extending towards the tornus. Female forewing is longer, the apex extended to a point, with a slight net-like pattern and fainter markings. FS June–September, and has been recorded in early October. Readily disturbed by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, orchards, scrub, woodland. Fp Many woody plants, especially apples, Black Currant, Hop, Pear, plums, Raspberry, occasionally conifers. LS April–June. Initially in a bud, then in a rolled leaf, spun leaves or on flowers and young fruit.

Wood Tortrix Plate 33 Choristoneura diversana (Hübn.) 49.017 Very local. FL 7–10mm. Forewing yellowish brown, sometimes greyish brown, with darker brown markings, sometimes purplish brown, including a basal patch, and an oblique crossband at about one-half with the inner margin straight, the outer margin irregular and sometimes diffuse, especially above the tornus, and the band often interrupted above the middle and narrowing to the costa. Similar species Syndemis musculana has greyish-white ground colour. In Pandemis cerasana and P. heparana the outer margin of the crossband is relatively straight or gently curved and well

348 Tortricidae defined. FS June–July. Flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Orchards, scrub, woodland. Fp A wide range, including apples, birches, clovers, Field Maple, Honeysuckle, oaks, willows. LS August–May. In spun leaves. Overwinters when small.

Great Tortrix

Plate 34 Choristoneura hebenstreitella (Müll.) 49.018 Common. Rare in northern England and Ireland. Possibly declining. FL Male 9–12mm, female 11–15mm. Forewing yellowish brown, tinged greyish, faintly lined with brown, resulting in a net-like pattern, with brownish markings, including a basal patch, an oblique crossband at about one-half with the inner margin fairly straight, the outer margin irregular and expanded above the tornus, the band sometimes interrupted above the middle and narrowing to the costa, and with an almost semicircular mark on the costa at about two-thirds; in the female the apex is pointed. Similar species Lozotaenia forsterana has a broader forewing, the crossband is always widely interrupted in the middle, and there is no basal patch. FS May–July, and has been recorded in August. Occasionally seen in numbers. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, moorland, woodland. Fp A range of woody plants, including Bilberry, birches, Bog-myrtle, Common Ivy, oaks. LS September–May. In spun or rolled leaves. Overwinters when small.

Heather Tortrix Plate 34 Argyrotaenia ljungiana (Thunb.) 49.020 Common. FL 6–8mm. Forewing silvery white, suffused with grey, with reddish-brown markings, speckled black, including a basal patch, a broad oblique crossband at about one-half and a mark on the costa just before the apex, sometimes extended to the tornus. The population in urban areas in south-east England has a brighter silver ground colour than the heathland and moorland populations elsewhere. FS In two generations in the south, April–May and June–August, and has also been recorded in February, March and October, and in one generation in the north, mid-April–June. Flies in the late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, heathland, marshes, moorland. Fp A wide range, including Bilberry, birches, Bog-myrtle, heaths, heather, knapweeds, larches, pines, Wood Sage. LS June–September. In spun leaves.

Yellow Larch Tortrix

Plate 34 Ptycholomoides aeriferana (Herr.-Schäff.) 49.021 Common, spreading slowly. First recorded in Britain in 1951 in Kent. FL 8–10mm. Forewing pale golden yellow with blackish-brown markings, comprising a basal patch, a broad oblique crossband at about one-half, and a mark on the costa just before the apex, often with faint greyish iridescent mottling. FS Mid-June–August, and has been recorded in May. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, woodland, occasionally elsewhere. Fp Larches. LS May–June. Among spun needles.

Brindled Tortrix Plate 34 Ptycholoma lecheana (Linn.) 49.022 Common. More local in northern England, Scotland and Ireland. FL 7–11mm. The female is usually larger than the male. Forewing dark brown, variably suffused with greenish yellow, the outer half shaded yellowish brown to pale reddish brown, with an obscure slightly darker crossband at one-half, partially edged with metallic grey, this occasionally absent, the outer line sometimes extended as a line towards the apex. Hindwing blackish brown. FS Mid-May–mid-August. Flies in the afternoon and in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Woodland, parks, orchards, hedgerows, gardens. Fp On a range of trees and shrubs, including apples, larches, poplars, oaks, willows. LS August–May. On young shoots and buds, then in rolled or spun leaves. Overwinters when small.

Tortricidae 349 Note on labial palps of Pandemis species The length of the labial palps varies among Pandemis species; see drawings of P. cerasana and P. corylana on Plate 47. They are shortest in P. cerasana, long in P. corylana, and intermediate in length in P. cinnamomeana and P. heparana. They are very long in P. dumetana. The differences are best viewed by examining live examples from the underside. Palp length is helpful for separating both sexes of P. cerasana and P. corylana, but less so for separating female P. cinnamomeana from female P. cerasana, due to the more subtle difference in length.

White-faced Tortrix Plate 34 Pandemis cinnamomeana (Treits.) 49.023 Local. Possibly spreading further north. FL 8–11mm. Male with white face and parts of labial palps white. Forewing reddish brown with darker brown markings, including a basal patch, an oblique crossband, the inner margin of which is nearly straight or gently sinuous, and a mark on the costa just before the apex. Hindwing of the female is tinged reddish brown towards the apex. Similar species See note on labial palps of Pandemis species. P. heparana has an angular projection on the inner margin of the crossband, the male does not have a white head, and the female does not have a reddish-brown tinge towards the hindwing apex. FS June–early August, with a partial second generation in late August–mid-October. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, woodland. Fp Many woody plants, including Bilberry, birches, larches, plums, Rowan. LS May–June. Among spun leaves.

Chequered Fruit-tree Tortrix

Plate 34 (2) Pandemis corylana (Fabr.) 49.024 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 9–12mm. The female is usually larger than the male. Forewing pale yellowish brown, sometimes reddish brown, lined with brown to dark brown, resulting in a net-like pattern, with a basal patch, the outer edge of which is almost parallel to the oblique crossband at about one-half, these markings outlined darker; the cilia are often reddish brown. The intensity of the forewing markings can vary. Similar species See note on labial palps of Pandemis species. P. cerasana has a fainter net-like pattern, and the margins of the basal patch and the crossband are usually more strongly divergent towards the dorsum. P. corylana is rarely on the wing before mid-July. FS July–September, occasionally recorded up to mid-October. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, scrub, deciduous woodland. Fp A range of woody plants, including Ash, Bramble, Hazel, Honeysuckle, oaks. LS May–July. In spun leaves or a folded leaf.

Barred Fruit-tree Tortrix Plate 34 (3) Pandemis cerasana (Hübn.) 49.025 Common. FL 8–11mm. Forewing yellowish brown to pale greyish brown with brown markings, including a faint net-like pattern, a basal patch and an oblique crossband, often edged with reddish brown. The intensity of the markings varies, and some examples have a dark greyish-brown suffusion in the dorsal half of the wing. The hindwing is uniform pale grey. Similar species See note on labial palps of Pandemis species. Choristoneura diversana, P. corylana. P. heparana is typically reddish brown and has an angular projection on the inner margin of the crossband. Clepsis rurinana has the central crossband well defined only along the inner margin, and the hindwing has a white wedge-shaped widening towards the apex. FS Mid-May– mid-September. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, orchards, scrub, open woodland. Fp Many woody plants, including alders, Bilberry, birches, oaks, willows, also loosestrifes. LS September–May. In a rolled or folded leaf. Some larvae hatch in late summer, others hatch in spring.

350 Tortricidae

Dark Fruit-tree Tortrix Pandemis heparana ([D. & S.])

Plate 34 49.026

Common. FL 8–12mm. Forewing yellowish brown to reddish brown with darker markings, including a faint net-like pattern, a basal patch, an oblique crossband at about one-half, this typically with an angled projection on the inner margin near the mid-wing, and a mark on the costa towards the apex. Similar species See note on labial palps of Pandemis species. Choristoneura diversana, P. cinnamomeana, P. cerasana. FS June–September, sometimes recorded in late May; in Scotland, August–September. Can be found in numbers. Readily disturbed by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Many woody plants, including apples, birches, Blackthorn, Bog-myrtle, Honeysuckle, oaks, Pear, limes, willows, also Hop. LS July–June. Usually in a rolled leaf, occasionally on flowers. Overwinters when small.

Beaked Tortrix

Plate 34 Pandemis dumetana (Treits.) 49.027 Rare. FL 8–10mm. Labial palps very long. Forewing broader than in other Pandemis species, dull brown, the veins lined with dark greyish brown resulting in a net-like pattern, with dark greyish-brown markings, including a basal patch, a crossband at about one-half and a mark on the costa just before the apex, with a dark line extending from this mark towards the tornus. Hindwing is light grey in the basal half, and whitish grey with a slight net-like pattern in the outer half. FS July–August. Flies from sunset, and comes to light. Hab Fens, calcareous grasslands, damp woodland, occasionally gardens. Fp A wide range, mainly herbaceous plants, including Bramble, Common Ivy, knapweeds, loosestrifes, mints, oaks. LS September–June. In rolled leaves, occasionally in flowerheads. Overwinters as a small larva.

Dark-barred Tortrix Plate 34 Syndemis musculana (Hübn.) 49.028 Common. Represented by subspecies musculinana on Orkney, Shetland and the Outer Hebrides. FL 8–10mm. Forewing greyish white, silvery grey to greyish brown, sparsely speckled black, with dark brown markings comprising an indistinct basal patch, a broad oblique crossband at about one-half, and a spot on the costa before the apex. The intensity of the markings varies. Similar species Choristoneura diversana. Clepsis dumicolana has raised scales towards the base, and dark brown markings edged with creamy white. FS Mid-April–mid-July. Easily disturbed by day, flies freely from late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, moorland, scrub, open woodland. Fp A wide range of woody plants, including birches, Bog-myrtle, Bramble, oaks. LS July–April. Larva is blackish brown with an orangey-brown head, grey pinacula and pale grey venter. In a tube of spun leaves or a folded leaf.

Large Ivy Tortrix

Plate 34 Lozotaenia forsterana (Fabr.) 49.029 Common. FL 10–14mm. A broad-winged species. The female is often larger than the male. Forewing light greyish brown, sparsely marked with darker greyish brown, resulting in a faint net-like pattern, with an oblique crossband from the costa at about one-half to the tornus, usually widely interrupted in the middle, but sometimes faintly discernible, with the outer margin diffuse near the tornus, and with a mark just before the apex. Similar species Choristoneura hebenstreitella. FS May–August, and has been recorded in December. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, moorland, orchards, scrub, woodland. Fp Mainly Common Ivy; also other woody plants, including Bilberry, Honeysuckle, larches, pines. LS September–May. Between spun leaves.

Tortricidae 351

Carnation Tortrix Plate 34 (3) Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hübn.) 49.030 Common. First recorded at Bognor in Sussex in 1905. May have declined after a period of abundance. Rather local in Ireland. FL Male 7–9mm, female 8–12mm. Male forewing dark yellowish brown, with a faint dark brown net-like pattern on the outer part of the wing; markings dark brown to purplish brown, including an oblique crossband from just before the costa at one-half, the termen broadly shaded darker. Hindwing orange, u Carnation Tortrix Cacoecimorpha pronubana larval spinning with black suffusion at least along on Portland Spurge. the termen. Female forewing is long, extended to a point at the apex, like that of the male, with a clearer net-like pattern and without darker shading on the termen. Hindwing is orange, and brownish towards the base. The characteristic orange hindwing is easily seen when in flight. FS Recorded all year round in at least two generations. Flies by day in sunshine, and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, woodland, more coastal in some areas. Fp Many woody and herbaceous plants, including fuchsias, pinks, Sea-buckthorn, Evergreen Spindle, spurges, Tamarisk. LS September–April, May–August. In a spinning.

Timothy Tortrix Plate 34 Zelotherses paleana (Hübn.) 49.031 Common. More coastal in parts of Scotland. FL 8–12mm. Forewing whitish grey to pale yellowish brown, with greyish cilia; in the male, the base of the wing, thorax and head are suffused with orangey yellow. The underside of the forewing is pale greyish brown. The female has a pointed apex and often a narrower forewing than the male. Similar species Z. unitana male is silvery grey with whitish cilia and without an orangey-yellow suffusion, and the underside of the forewing is greyish. Separation of males by genitalia examination is difficult, and females are hard to distinguish by external or internal characters. Plain forms of A. viburnana are suffused with brown. FS June–August, and has been recorded in May. Readily disturbed by day, flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous and other grasslands, sand dunes, scrub, waste ground, woodland rides. Fp Various herbaceous plants, including grasses, knapweeds, Meadowsweet, plantains; occasionally woody plants, including Beech, oaks. LS August–June. In spun leaves.

Northern Grey Tortrix

Plate 34 Zelotherses unitana (Hübn.) 49.032 Very local. Distribution poorly understood due to confusion with Z. paleana. FL 9–12mm. Similar species Z. paleana, A. viburnana. FS June–early August. Readily disturbed by day. Hab Bogs, limestone grassland, moorland. Fp A range of herbaceous plants, including Wild Angelica, Bramble, Hogweed. LS Late April–June. In spun leaves.

352 Tortricidae

Bilberry Tortrix Aphelia viburnana ([D. & S.])

Plate 35 49.033

Common. Local in the south. FL 8–11mm. Forewing greyish brown to reddish brown, sometimes paler, unmarked or occasionally with dark brown or reddish-brown markings, including an oblique crossband from just before one-half on the costa, approaching the tornus. The female has a pointed apex. Similar species Z. paleana, Z. unitana. FS July– September, and has been recorded in June. Can be found in numbers. Readily disturbed by day, flying in sunny conditions, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Bogs, coastal calcareous grasslands, heathland, moorland, mosses, saltmarshes. Fp Many woody and herbaceous plants, including Bilberry, Bog-myrtle, cinquefoils, firs, knapweeds, Meadowsweet, Sea Aster, pines, willows. LS August–June. In spun leaves.

Tawny Tortrix

Plate 35 Clepsis senecionana (Hübn.) 49.035 Local. FL 6–8mm. Male forewing grey, brownish towards the base, faintly speckled greyish brown or with faint short crosslines towards the apex. Female forewing pale yellowish brown, sometimes darker towards the base, and faintly speckled greyish brown. The female has a narrower and more pointed forewing than the male. FS Late April–June. Flies in afternoon sunshine and in the evening. Hab Bogs, fens, damp grasslands in woods, rough grasslands, marshes, moorland, mosses. Fp Bilberry, Bog-myrtle, Cowberry, also European Larch, pines, spruces. LS July–April. In a rolled leaf or spun terminal leaves.

Scarce Pale Tortrix

Plate 35 Clepsis rurinana (Linn.) 49.036 Rare. Not recorded recently in England or Wales. FL 8–10mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown, markings slightly darker, including an oblique crossband, well defined only along the inner margin, from the costa just before one-half, and with a mark on the costa just before the apex with a line extended towards the tornus. Hindwing pale grey, whitish in a wedge-shaped widening towards the apex. Similar species Pandemis cerasana. FS June–July. Hab Hedgerows, limestone pavement, open woodland. Fp A wide range of deciduous and herbaceous plants, including Beech, Honeysuckle, oaks, roses, Wood Sage. LS August–June. From spring in rolled or spun leaves.

Cyclamen Tortrix Plate 35 Clepsis spectrana (Treits.) 49.037 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 8–11mm. Variable. Forewing pale yellowish brown, sometimes reddish brown, variably speckled brown, with a brown oblique crossband from before one-half on the costa, well defined on the costa, becoming diffuse towards the dorsum, and with a brown wedge-shaped mark just before the apex. Dark brown and unmarked orangey examples occur. FS May–September, in two generations. Occasionally recorded in numbers. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, fens, gardens, wet grasslands, marshes, damp woodland. Fp Many plants, including Sea Aster, brideworts, cinquefoils, Hop, oaks, Common Sea-lavender, willowherbs, Saltmarsh Rush, Sitka Spruce, Sycamore. LS ?May–June. In spun leaves and flowers.

Banded Ivy Tortrix

Plate 35 Clepsis dumicolana (Zell.) 49.0372 Adventive and recent colonist. Recorded as new to Britain in 2014, and now found in London, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire. FL 7–9mm. Forewing greyish brown, with a short ridge of raised darker tufts in the mid-wing at about one-fifth, a darker brown central section, this tapering towards the costa and bordered by creamy-white crosslines, and a small dark brown patch on the costa towards the apex. Similar species Syndemis musculana. FS May–mid-July, and early September, probably in two generations. Flies by

Tortricidae 353 day, and comes to light. Hab Urban areas, including gardens and parks. Fp Common Ivy in Continental Europe. LS June. Among spun leaves, skeletonising them.

Rufous Tortrix

Plate 35 (2) Clepsis consimilana (Hübn.) 49.038 Common. FL 7–8mm. Male forewing yellowish brown, typically with faint markings, including a darker oblique crossband on the costa at about one-half, rarely yellowish with a reddish crossband. Female forewing orangey brown speckled with darker brown, without markings except for a few small dark spots along the dorsum. FS Late May– mid-November in two generations in the south, June–early July in one generation in Scotland. Can be disturbed by day, flies in the afternoon and evening, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, waste ground. Fp Many woody plants, including apples, Honeysuckle, Common Ivy, Lilac, privets. LS August–June. Feeds on dead or withered leaves in a dense untidy spinning.

Light Brown Apple Moth

Plate 35 (2) Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) 49.039 Common. Spreading. An adventive from Australia, first recorded in Cornwall, in 1936. Populations are suppressed after a cold winter. FL 7–12mm. The male is smaller than the female. Variable. Male forewing with the basal half pale yellowish, sharply contrasting with the rest of the wing, this reddish brown, sometimes darker. Female forewing u Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas yellowish brown to orangey brown, obscurely postvittana larva. speckled darker, with variable darker markings, including an oblique mark on the costa at about one-third and a mark near one-half, with one on the dorsum at about one-quarter and at the tornus. Similar species Male Philedone gerningana. FS All year round, in at least two overlapping generations. Can be abundant, especially in autumn. Readily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab A wide range, especially gardens. Fp Many woody and herbaceous plants. LS Year round. In a spinning among living and dead plant tissues, including flowers, leaves, fruits and seeds, and a leaf-mine in Mistletoe. Similar larva Celypha woodiana mine does not have silk adjacent to the mine entrance.

Orange Pine Tortrix

Plate 35 Lozotaeniodes formosana (Fröl.) 49.040 Common. Expanding its range. First recorded in 1945, in Surrey. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2017. FL 10–12mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown traversed by numerous interconnecting orange-brown crosslines, extensively edged with dark reddish brown, forming a strong net-like pattern. FS May–August, with an occasional partial second generation in October. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Woodland, occasionally wanders elsewhere (for example, to gardens). Fp Scots Pine. LS September–June. After winter in a silk tube along a twig.

Summer Fruit Tortrix Adoxophyes orana (Fisch. v. Rösl.)

Plate 35 49.041

Very local. First recorded in 1950, in Kent. FL 7–10mm. The male is usually smaller than the female. Male forewing yellowish brown with darker brown markings, including a basal patch, an oblique, irregularly margined, rather narrow crossband from the costa just before one-half to the dorsum before the tornus, a crossline from a mark on the costa at about two-thirds to the tornus, and another thin line parallel to the termen. Female forewing slightly darker and with fainter markings than the male. FS Late May–October,

354 Tortricidae in two generations. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, orchards. Fp Many woody plants, including apples, Honeysuckle, pears, plums, roses, willows. LS June–July, September–May. In a spinning on the leaves and fruits.

Dingy Hedge Grey

Plate 35 Neosphaleroptera nubilana (Hübn.) 49.042 Local. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2015. FL 6–8mm. Male forewing dark greyish brown, sparsely and finely speckled whitish, with blackish brown somewhat obscure markings, usually including a crossband from the costa at one-half to the dorsum before the tornus. The female forewing is usually lighter, speckled greyish brown, with dark greyish-brown markings, including a crossband from the costa at one-quarter not reaching the dorsum, a slightly oblique crossband at one-half, and a mark on the costa before the apex extended towards the tornus. Hindwing of both sexes is greyish brown. Similar species Cnephasia species are grey without brownish shading. FS Mid-June–August. Flies in sunshine, towards dusk, and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, scrub. Fp Blackthorn, hawthorns, occasionally apples. LS September–June. In spun shoots.

Frost Tortrix

Plate 35 (2) Exapate congelatella (Clerck) 49.043 Common. Very local in the south. FL Male 10–11mm, female 5mm. Male forewing slate grey, suffused whitish in a narrow wedge from the base to near the apex, markings including a dark blotch at about one-third and a smaller blotch at about two-thirds, and with a short diagonal streak on the costa before the apex. In examples from Scotland the forewing is plain dark grey with obscure markings. In the female, wings are much reduced, whitish grey with a dark spot on the costa at about one-half. FS October– December. Can be found at rest on posts or vegetation, flies on windless afternoons, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, hedgerows, moorland, mosses, scrub, woodland edges; frequents scrub and woodland in the south, and moorland and mosses further north. Fp Many woody plants, including bilberries, Bog-myrtle, Buckthorn, hawthorns, heathers. LS May–July. In spun shoots.

Spring Harbinger Tortricodes alternella ([D. & S.])

Plate 35 49.044

Common. Local in Scotland, where it is possibly spreading, and Ireland. FL 9–11mm. Variable. Male forewing creamy white, silvery grey to pale yellowish brown, variably marked brown and blackish brown, with a yellowish-brown to brown basal patch, a broad crossband at about one-half, sometimes rather obscure, and a wedge-shaped mark on the costa just before the apex. Female forewing extensively shaded blackish brown, with markings less distinct. Obscurely marked grey forms occur. FS Late January–early April, and has been recorded in May. Sometimes abundant. Flies weakly in sunshine, rests on tree trunks, and comes to light. Hab Scrub, woodland, occasionally gardens. Fp Many deciduous trees and shrubs. LS May–June. In spun leaves or under a turned-down leaf.

Dotted Cloak

Plate 35 Eana osseana (Scop.) 49.045 Local. FL 8–11mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown, variably shaded darker, sometimes tinged reddish brown, speckled with blackish-brown scales, with a few diffuse brown spots in the mid-wing. Almost unicolorous examples occur. Forewing is pointed in both sexes, more so in the female. Similar species Male Cnephasia longana is comparatively blunt-winged, and does not have diffuse brown spots in the mid-wing. FS June–August, and June–October in Scotland. Can be found in numbers. May be disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous and rough grasslands,

Tortricidae 355 heathland, moorland. Fp Many herbaceous plants. LS ?August–June. From May in a silken tube among rootstocks, roots and under stones.

Bluebell Moth

Plate 36 Eana incanana (Steph.) 49.047 Local. Very local in northern England and south-eastern Scotland, where it appears to be spreading. FL 8–11mm. Forewing light grey, lightly speckled darker grey, the markings dark greyish sometimes mixed with orangey brown, variably edged with black, including a crossband at one-quarter not reaching the dorsum with the inner margin evenly curved, an oblique crossband from the costa at about one-half, and a spot, which can be obscure, on the costa just before the apex. Similar species Cnephasia stephensiana has the crossband at one-quarter with an irregular angled inner margin. FS June–August. Can be found in numbers. Comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Bluebell, Oxeye Daisy. LS April–June. In a silken web over the flowers.

Northern Mottled Cloak Eana penziana (Thunb. & Becklin)

Plate 36 (2) 49.048

Local. Two variations occur in Britain: subspecies colquhounana (Barrett) is quite widespread on the coast; form bellana (Curtis) is found inland and is apparently rare. FL 9–13mm. Inland form: forewing whitish, speckled blackish, with black markings, including a crossband at one-quarter, disappearing towards the dorsum, an oblique crossband from the costa at about one-half, sometimes broken near the middle, and a line or diffuse mark from just before the apex towards the termen. Coastal subspecies: extensively suffused with grey, and markings less distinct. The intensity of markings in both is variable. FS June–July (inland form), May–September (coastal subspecies). Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Inland hills, mountains, coastal cliffs, road cuttings, rocks. Fp Sheep’s-fescue (inland form); Sea Plantain, Thrift (coastal subspecies). LS July–June, in a silken gallery at the roots (inland form). August–July, in a silken tube feeding on the root crowns, roots and leaves (coastal subspecies). Note on the Cnephasia group There are eight similar species with a grey forewing in this genus, and the general colour and pattern are shown on Plate 44 under Cnephasia species. Several species show considerable variability in pattern and intensity of darker markings, to the extent that the only reliable means of identifying most species is by genitalia examination. A guide to identification of this group can be found in Appendix 2 (p.486), which provides notes to help to identify two species with certainty in the field, and to narrow down those examples that require more detailed examination. The following accounts provide additional information and should be read in conjunction with the appendix. Cnephasia species can also be confused with two other species of the family Tortricidae: Isotrias rectifasciana and Neosphaloptera nubilana.

Light Grey Tortrix Plate 36 Cnephasia incertana (Treits.) 49.049 ESWIC. Can be disturbed by day, and regularly comes to light. Fp Many herbaceous plants, including Oxeye Daisy, plantains, docks, buttercups. LS September–June. After winter the larva twists young leaves together in a spinning.

Common Grey Tortrix

Plate 36 (2) Cnephasia stephensiana (Doubl.) 49.050 ESWIC. Occasionally seen in numbers. Flies at dusk, and regularly comes to light. An almost unicolorous white form occurs on the Kent coast. Another form, frequent in northern England and Scotland, has a white forewing with well-defined markings. Fp Many herbaceous plants, including buttercups, daisies, docks, plantains. LS September–June. In spring, in a spun tube or folded leaf.

356 Tortricidae

Flax Tortrix Cnephasia asseclana ([D. & S.])

Plate 36 49.051

ESWIC. Readily disturbed by day, flies at dusk, and regularly comes to light. Fp On a range of herbaceous plants, including buttercups, docks, Oxeye Daisy, peas. LS September–June. After winter, in a spinning of the leaves and flowers.

Meadow Grey Tortrix Plate 36 Cnephasia pasiuana (Hübn.) 49.052 ESWC. Can be numerous where it occurs. Flies in the evening, and comes to light. Fp Daisies, including Oxeye Daisy. LS Mid-May–June. Draws the petals together in a spinning.

Cereal Tortrix

Plate 36 Cnephasia pumicana (Zell.) 49.053 E. Comes to light. Fp Rough Hawkbit, probably on a range of herbaceous plants. LS ?September–June. In a spinning in a flowerhead, drawing petals together.

Scarce Grey Tortrix Cnephasia genitalana P. & M.

Plate 36 49.054

EWC. Comes to light. Fp Buttercups, daisies including Oxeye Daisy, Grass-leaved Orache, Dyer’s Greenweed, peas; once reared from flowers of Foxglove. LS June. In spun flowers and leaves.

Southern Grey Tortrix

Plate 36 Cnephasia communana (Herr.-Schäff.) 49.055 EWIC. Easily disturbed by day, flies in the early morning, rests on tree trunks, and comes to light. Fp/LS Unknown in Britain; various herbaceous plants in Continental Europe.

Coast Grey Tortrix

Plate 36 Cnephasia conspersana Dougl. 49.056 ESWI. A chalk-white form without markings occurs on calcareous grasslands. Easily disturbed by day in sunny weather, rests on posts, and comes to light. Fp Common Bird’s-foot-trefoil, Sea Campion, daisies including Oxeye Daisy, medicks, thymes, roses. LS Mid-May–June. In a spinning in leaves and flowers.

Buff Grey Tortrix

Plate 36 (2) Cnephasia longana (Haw.) 49.057 Common. Very local in northern England, rare in Scotland. Confirmed from Ireland in 2015. FL 7–11mm. Male forewing unicolorous, whitish grey, pale yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown, rarely speckled with black scales. Female forewing pale yellowish brown, sometimes darker, with darker rather diffuse markings, including an oblique crossband at one-quarter, an oblique crossband from the costa at about one-half, the inner margin deeply indented below and above the mid-wing. Similar species Eana osseana with male C. longana. FS June–August. Readily disturbed by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Coastal and calcareous grasslands, vegetated shingle, waste ground. Fp Many herbaceous plants, including Wild Carrot, Thrift, Sea Aster, chamomiles. LS August–June. Older larvae in a spinning on plant tips, particularly flowers. Overwinters as a small larva.

Scarce Yellow-spot Tortrix

Plate 36 Spatalistis bifasciana (Hübn.) 49.058 Local, but more widespread in the south in recent years. FL 6–7mm. Forewing blackish brown with metallic grey and bluish-grey scales, with an obscure yellowish-brown mark on the costa near one-half, sometimes extended towards the mid-wing, a small yellowish-brown blotch at about one-quarter on the dorsum, and with the termen bordered yellowish brown, narrowing towards the tornus. Similar species Dark examples of Pseudargyrotoza conwagana have yellowish cilia, but do not have

Tortricidae 357 a yellowish terminal band. FS May–July. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, open woodland. Fp Many trees, including Beech, Silver Birch, Sweet Chestnut, Wild Cherry, Hornbeam, oaks. LS Mid-August–mid-April. In brown withered leaves hanging above ground, the larva feeding from within folded or rolled leaf edges or a spun case of leaf fragments.

Green Oak Tortrix

Plate 36 Tortrix viridana Linn. 49.059 Common. An occasional wanderer or immigrant. FL 9–12mm, occasionally smaller. Rests flat. Forewing light green narrowly edged with yellow along the costa; whitish cilia. Forewing rarely yellowish. Hindwing grey. Similar species Unlike any other species of micro-moth. The macro-moth Cream-bordered Green Pea Earias clorana (Nolidae) rests tent-like, and has a white-edged costa and a white hindwing. FS Mid-May–July, occasionally in August. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Numbers fluctuate annually; sometimes abundant as an adult and larva in southern England. Hab Hedgerow trees, scrub, woodland. Fp Oak; sometimes other woody plants, including Beech, Bilberry, Sweet Chestnut, Hornbeam, willows. LS April–June. In a rolled or folded leaf.

Yellow Oak Tortrix Plate 37 (2) Aleimma loeflingiana (Linn.) 49.060 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 7–9mm. Variable. Forewing yellowish brown, with net-like brown markings, these varying in intensity from virtually absent to heavily marked, but usually with a brown costal mark at one-third and one-half, sometimes joined, and the cilia typically with a broad brown basal line. FS June–August, occasionally in late May. Sometimes seen in numbers. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, woodland. Fp Oaks, occasionally Hornbeam, maples. LS May. In a rolled leaf or pocket formed from a rolled leaf.

White-marked Tortrix Plate 37 Acleris holmiana (Linn.) 49.061 Common. Local in the north. FL 6–7mm. Forewing yellowish brown, shaded reddish brown, paler towards the base and apex, with a large triangular white mark on the costa just beyond one-half. FS Mid-June–early September. Easily disturbed by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, orchards, scrub, open woodland. Fp Apples, Blackthorn, Bramble, hawthorns, Pear, plums, roses. LS May–June. Between two spun leaves.

Netted Tortrix Plate 37 (2) Acleris forsskaleana (Linn.) 49.062 Common. Local in southern Scotland and possibly spreading northwards. FL 6–8mm. Forewing yellow, with reddish-brown net-like markings, a dark greyish-brown crossline at one-half, angled near the mid-wing, varying in intensity; sometimes there is a dark greyish-brown dorsal blotch covering part of the crossline and extending over much of the mid-wing, with a dark greyish-brown line bordering the termen. FS Late May– mid-September, with a partial second generation in October. Can be recorded in numbers. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, orchards, scrub, woodland. Fp Field Maple, Sycamore. LS September–June. Initially in spun leaves or flowers, and later in a rolled leaf.

358 Tortricidae

Yellow Rose Tortrix

Plate 37 Acleris bergmanniana (Linn.) 49.063 Local. Very local in Scotland. FL 6–7mm. Head and thorax yellow. Forewing yellow, speckled with orange, particularly in the outer two-thirds, with bluish-grey markings edged dark brown, comprising a basal mark and narrow crossbands from the costa at one-third to the dorsum at one-half, strongest on the costa, another on the costa just beyond one-half curving to the tornus, and one along the termen. Lightly marked and almost unicolorous examples occur. FS Late May–mid-August. Flies from late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, sand dunes, scrub, open woodland. Fp Roses. LS April–May. In spun leaves and shoots.

Caledonian Tortrix

Plate 37 Acleris caledoniana (Steph.) 49.064 Common in Scotland, local in northern England and Wales, and very local in the southwest. FL 6–8mm. Forewing relatively narrow and pointed, usually reddish brown, tinged grey or yellowish brown, with an almost triangular, slightly darker costal blotch, the markings often indistinct. Similar species A. comariana has a shorter blunter forewing. FS July–September. Flies by day in warm or sunny weather. Hab Coastal heathland (in Scotland), mosses, moorland. Fp Bilberry, also Bog-myrtle, Cloudberry, cinquefoils, Cowberry, Alpine Lady’s-mantle, Lodgepole Pine. LS Late May–June. Between spun leaves or in the upper shoots.

Strawberry Tortrix Acleris comariana (L. & Z.)

Plate 37 (4) 49.065

Common. Local in the south-west, Ireland and Scotland. FL 6–8.5mm. Labial palp segment 2 is short. Forewing variable, pale yellowish brown, whitish grey or light grey, with a bluish-black or light brown to reddish-brown triangular costal blotch. One form is dark grey or dark greyish brown with the markings obscure, but sometimes outlined with raised blackish scales. Similar species A. caledoniana. A. laterana is on average larger, more brightly marked, and segment 2 of the labial palp is longer. A. schalleriana is more oblong in shape, with a larger costal blotch that extends further towards the apex. Genitalia examination may be required to confirm identification within this group. FS June–early November, in two generations. Flies in the afternoon and at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Allotments, gardens, bogs, marshes, wet heathland. Can be common in cultivated strawberry beds. Fp Water Avens, Great Burnet, Marsh Cinquefoil, Garden and Wild strawberries. LS May–June, July–August. In folded or spun leaves.

Dark-marked Tortrix

Plate 37 (3) Acleris laterana (Fabr.) 49.066 Common. FL 7–9.5mm. Variable. Forewing silvery grey, grey, pale yellowish brown or greyish brown, variably mixed with grey and black scales; markings reddish brown, with a large triangular costal blotch, sometimes obscure, sometimes extending diffusely towards the tornus, the inner edge usually well defined. The most typical colour combinations are yellowish brown with a dark brown blotch, and greyish with a reddishbrown blotch. Similar species A. comariana, A. schalleriana. FS Late June–early October. Readily disturbed by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Bilberry, Blackthorn, Bramble, hawthorns, plums, roses, Rowan, willows. LS May–June. Between spun leaves and flowers.

Tortricidae 359

Fir Tortrix Plate 37 Acleris abietana (Hübn.) 49.067 Very local. May be spreading. Recorded as new to Britain in 1965, from Perthshire. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2010, and new to Wales in 2020. FL 9–11mm. Variable. Forewing costal fringe clothed with cilia-like scales from base to apex, giving a roughedged appearance. Forewing dark brown with paler brown or whitish patches edged with blackish-brown lines, giving the wing a marbled appearance, with a ridge of raised scales at one-quarter, extended in the middle as a short spur, another ridge at one-half, sometimes including a prominent scale tuft in the middle, with further scale tufts in the outer half of the wing. One form is more unicolorous brown, with whitish scales along the dorsum and near the short spur. Similar species A. hastiana has fringing cilial scales along the costa most obvious only from near base to one-third, fewer small scale tufts, and does not exhibit a marbled form. FS September–May, overwintering as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Coniferous woodland. Fp Noble Fir; other firs and pines in Continental Europe. LS Probably June–July. In a slight web between needles.

Northern Marbled Tortrix Plate 37 Acleris maccana (Treits.) 49.068 Local. Resident in Scotland only. Recorded as new to England in Suffolk in 2014, presumably an immigrant example. FL 8–10mm. Variable. Forewing with costa gently curving, without fringing cilial scales from base to one-third, dark grey with reddish-brown or purplish-brown markings, including an oblique crossband from the costa at one-third to the tornus, the inner margin edged with roughened dark reddishbrown and/or white scales and the outer margin diffuse, with crossbands near the base and the apex usually present. One form is whitish with the darker markings developed in the costal half of the wing. Similar species A. hastiana has fringing cilial scales obvious from near base to one-third, and the costa slightly concave beyond. FS August–May, overwintering as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Moorland, open woodland on high ground. Fp Bilberry, Bog-myrtle, Cowberry. LS June–July. In a short twisted untidy tube constructed of spun leaves.

Lead-coloured Tortrix Acleris sparsana ([D. & S.])

Plate 37 (2) 49.069

Common. FL 8–10mm. Variable. Forewing relatively broad; the typical form is grey with faintly darker oblique crossbands from the costa, and a few scattered raised black scales; one form has the forewing finely speckled whitish, sometimes with obscure reddishbrown streaks towards the costa; another form has a large reddish-brown triangular blotch on the costa at about one-half, and there may be reddish suffusion over a greater part of the wing; a further form has a whitish-grey forewing with a greyish-black blotch. FS Has been noted in every month, but mainly August–January, and most frequently recorded in late autumn. Flies from dusk, and comes to light and Ivy blossom. Hab Gardens and urban parks, woodland. Fp Beech, Sycamore. LS June–August. Initially in a slight web on the underside of a leaf, and later between two spun leaves.

Rhomboid Tortrix Acleris rhombana ([D. & S.])

Plate 37 (2) 49.070

Common. FL 6–9mm. Variable. Forewing extended to a point at the apex, the costa shallowly concave beyond the middle; yellowish brown to reddish brown, veins and fine crosslines darker, resulting in a net-like pattern that is especially prominent on pale examples, with a darker crossband at about one-half, variable in extent, narrow or broad, sometimes Y-shaped, often narrow or obscure before the dorsum, sometimes strong on the dorsum and faint towards the costa; the cilia along the termen are pale yellow or

360 Tortricidae whitish, and those at the apex and around the tornus are brownish. One form has a dark-brown forewing with markings almost obsolete. Similar species A. shepherdana does not have such a strongly pointed wing apex, does not have a distinct crossband, and the cilia are the same colour as the forewing. FS August– mid-November, and has also been recorded in June–July, December and February. Readily disturbed by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light and Ivy blossom. Hab Hedgerows, orchards, scrub, occasionally gardens. Fp Woody plants, including apples, Blackthorn, hawthorns, Pear, plums, roses. LS April–June. Initially in the buds, and later within a spinning among leaves.

Scalloped Tortrix Plate 38 (2) Acleris emargana (Fabr.) 49.071 Common. Due to confusion with A. effractana, its distribution is not fully understood. FL 8–11mm. Variable. Forewing with the apex extended to a point, the costa scalloped, pale yellowish brown to reddish brown, the veins variably lined with brown or greyish brown, sometimes obscure, with a dark or greyish-brown crossband at about one-half, occasionally obscure, which is diffuse on the outer margin, with the brownish colour sometimes extending towards the termen. Similar species A. effractana can be determined only by genitalia examination. However, examples with a shallow costal scallop that are dull grey or dull greyish brown and almost unmarked except for groups of blackish raised scales are likely to be A. effractana. Examples with a deep costal scallop that are well patterned, or pale yellowish brown, are likely to be A. emargana. FS July–October. Comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, marshes, scrub, woodland. Fp Willows; also Alder, birches, Hazel, poplars. LS May–July. In folded leaves or spun shoots.

Northern Scalloped Tortrix Plate 38 Acleris effractana (Hübn.) 49.072 Local. As it is closely related to A. emargana, its distribution is not fully understood. It appears to be more widespread in the north. FL 8–11mm. Similar species A. emargana. FS July–October. Hab Wet grasslands, moorland, scrub. Fp Creeping, Grey, Purple willows. LS June. In spun leaves, which are sometimes formed into a tube.

Viburnum Tortrix Plate 38 (2) Acleris schalleriana (Linn.) 49.073 Local. Very local in northern England and Ireland. FL 6–9mm. Variable. Forewing whitish grey, yellowish brown, reddish brown or greyish brown, variably speckled brownish, with a broadly triangular darker costal blotch, this sometimes incomplete or obscure, nearly reaching the apex, and with a broken line of raised scales on its inner margin, a raised scale tuft towards the mid-wing near the point of the triangle, u Viburnum Tortrix Acleris schalleriana larval and another at about one-third above the feeding signs on Guelder-rose. dorsum. Darker forms with more indistinct markings occur. Similar species A. comariana, A. laterana. FS June–August, September–May, in two generations, overwintering as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, scrub, open woodland, mainly on calcareous or damp soils.

Tortricidae 361 Fp Guelder-rose, cultivated viburnums, Wayfaring-tree. LS May–June, August–September. Initially in a small silk spinning between veins on the underside of a leaf, similar to a leafmine, and later in a spinning, twisting the leaf. Similar larva Phyllonorycter lantanella (15.051) larva makes a mine within the leaf between two lateral veins, with no external silk visible.

Marsh Tortrix Plate 38 Acleris lorquiniana (Dup.) 49.074 Rare. Most frequent in the fens and Broads of East Anglia. FL 7–10mm. Forewing with a pointed apex, light yellowish brown, with scattered blackish scales and a prominent blackish spot in the mid-wing, although this can be reduced. One form has a longitudinal reddish-brown streak from the base to the apex, this sometimes darkened blackish brown. Another form is almost unicolorous, with a few black scales in the mid-wing. FS June–August, September–October, in two generations. Comes to light. Hab Fens, marshes. Fp Purple-loosestrife. LS May–June, July–August. The first generation feeds in young shoots, and the second generation feeds in the flower spikes.

Dark-streaked Tortrix Plate 38 (2) Acleris umbrana (Hübn.) 49.075 Very local. Has become more frequent in recent years. FL 8–10mm. Variable. Forewing pale brown, greyish brown or reddish brown, with a broad blackish streak from base to apex, interrupted at least partially at two-fifths by a short creamy streak or short whitish lines; there is a tuft of ridge-like scales near the middle, with a broad scale tuft above the dorsum towards the base, and sometimes small tufts in the outer part of the wing. One form without the blackish streak is dark purplish grey in the mid-wing, this sometimes being more extensive over the dorsum, with the short creamy streak, pale brownish along the costa and termen, and with black raised scale tufts. In another form the forewing is almost unicolorous dark purplish grey. Similar species A. hastiana is on average larger and the costa is shallowly concave, and if the dark streak from base to apex is present it is not interrupted with a short pale streak or lines as are usually present in A. umbrana. FS July–August, September–April, overwintering as an adult. Comes to light, and has been recorded at Ivy and willow catkins. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland rides, occasionally orchards. Fp Blackthorn, rarely Plum. LS June, August–September. Among flatly spun or longitudinally rolled leaves; in late summer it prefers shoots of the current year’s growth, often low down.

Tufted Tortrix Acleris cristana ([D. & S.])

Plate 38 (5) 49.076

Common from the Midlands southwards. Local in Wales. Rare in Ireland. FL 9–11mm. Extremely variable, with over 130 forms known. The forewing costa is somewhat concave near one-half, with a large tuft of raised scales in the mid-wing, although sometimes reduced, and with other scattered smaller tufts, including several in the tornal area, two approaching the apex and two towards the base. Forms with prominent longitudinal markings on the dorsum are frequently encountered, some of which are contrastingly coloured. Similar species A. hastiana has no large raised tuft in the mid-wing, the costa is less deeply concave and the apex is slightly more pointed. FS Recorded every month of the year, with peaks in March–May and August–September. Overwinters as an adult. Can be tapped from scrub by day, flies at dusk, comes to light, and has been recorded at Ivy. Hab Thick hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Blackthorn, also apples, hawthorns. LS April–July. Initially in an expanding bud, and later in a folded leaf or spun leaves.

362 Tortricidae

Garden Rose Tortrix Acleris variegana ([D. & S.])

Plate 38 (3) 49.077

Common. FL 6–9mm. Extremely variable. Forewing white, occasionally yellowish brown, speckled greyish, the outer half pale reddish brown, sometimes brown, with raised scales along the junction, several raised scales towards the apex and in the tornal area, and with a reddish-brown patch on the dorsum near the base containing a large scale tuft. In one form the basal half is almost wholly white and the outer half is blackish brown; in another form the basal half is yellowish brown, sometimes with a darker mark towards the base on the dorsum and an almost triangular dark greyish-brown or blackish blotch on the costa; yet another form is whitish, speckled with blackish scales, with a dark greyishbrown triangular costal blotch. A melanic form has a bluish-black forewing with black marbling and raised scale tufts, sometimes with orangey-brown cilia. Similar species A. permutana has the forewing costa shallowly concave towards the apex, is whitish speckled yellowish in the basal half, orangey brown beyond, and less variable in colour than the similar form of A. variegana. FS Mid-June–early November, and has also been recorded in April–May. Easily disturbed by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, orchards, scrub, woodland margins. Fp A wide range, including apples, Blackthorn, Bramble, hawthorns, Pear, roses (and garden cultivars), Salad Burnet. LS April–July. In a folded leaf or loosely spun leaves.

Small Rufous Tortrix

Plate 38 (2) Acleris aspersana (Hübn.) 49.078 Common. FL 5–8mm. Variable. Forewing relatively narrow, the apex slightly pointed; yellowish brown, the veins faintly orangey brown, with a reddish-brown broadly triangular costal blotch, extending to the apex, usually better defined in the male. One form has the veins strongly outlined, resulting in a net-like pattern. FS July–August, and has also been recorded in June and early September. Flies in the afternoon and evening, and comes to light. Hab Coastal cliff and slope, calcareous grasslands, heathland, marshes. Fp A range of plants, such as Mountain Avens, Salad Burnet, cinquefoils, Meadowsweet, Wild Strawberry, Common Rock-rose. LS May–July. In a folded leaf or spun leaves.

Fen Tortrix Plate 39 Acleris shepherdana (Steph.) 49.079 Very local. Perhaps most frequent in East Anglia. FL 6–8mm. Forewing slightly pointed with a sinuate termen; reddish brown with darker brown wavy crosslines, the triangular costal blotch usually blackish in outline only from the mid-wing, and sometimes with a black scale tuft just above the dorsum at one-quarter, and a scale tuft that is whitish mixed with black in the mid-wing. Similar species A. rhombana. FS July–September. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Fens, wet grasslands, marshes. Fp Meadowsweet. LS May–June. In a spinning among the young shoots.

Varied Tortrix

Plate 39 (4) Acleris hastiana (Linn.) 49.080 Common. FL 9–11mm. Extremely variable, with many named forms. Forewing costa strongly curved from the base, coarsely fringed with scales, and shallowly concave from before the middle towards the apex; the inner margin of the crossband, if visible, is edged by roughened scales, with a scale tuft near the mid-wing, usually with two small scale tufts near the base, and minute scale tufts near the tornus, although these can become lost with wear. Pattern broadly conforms to one of three types: longitudinal markings, typically a stripe or stripes from the base to the apex and/or along the dorsum; transverse markings, often in the form of a crossband from the costa at one-fifth to the dorsum before one-half; or uniform in appearance. Similar species A. cristana,

Tortricidae 363 A. abietana, A. maccana, A. umbrana. FS June–early May in two generations, mainly one generation in Scotland, appearing in September, overwintering as an adult. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Fens, wet heathland, hedgerows, sand dunes, scrub, woodland. Fp Willows, also Bog-myrtle, White Poplar. LS April–June, July–October, or July–early August where there is one generation. Between spun or folded leaves, often in the young shoots.

Burnet Rose Tortrix

Plate 39 Acleris permutana (Dup.) 49.081 Rare. FL 6–9mm. Forewing whitish speckled yellowish, or pale yellowish brown speckled with yellowish brown, black and grey scales, with a reddish-brown triangular mark, mixed silvery grey, from the dorsum at one-quarter to the mid-wing, supporting a large tuft of reddish-brown scales near its apex; the outer half of the wing is shaded darker yellowish brown or orangey brown, with a darker triangular mark on the costa before the apex, extending towards the tornus. Similar species One form of A. variegana. FS August– September. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous grassland, limestone pavement, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Burnet Rose. LS June–August. In spun leaves and shoots.

Heath Tortrix

Plate 39 (2) Acleris hyemana (Haw.) 49.082 Local, perhaps more common further north. FL 6–9mm. The female is smaller than the male. Variable. A narrow-winged species with a pointed apex. Forewing silvery grey, with reddish-brown to purplish-brown markings, variably speckled blackish, usually including a mark on the costa at the base, an obscure narrow crossband at about one-half, a large mark on the costa before the apex, and diffuse markings on the dorsum. The reddish-brown shading is sometimes extensive, covering much of the wing, leaving a few silvery-grey patches. Unicolorous reddish-brown examples occur. FS September– mid-April, and has been recorded in May–June and August, overwintering as an adult. Flies in afternoon sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, moorland. Fp Mountain Avens, bilberries, heather, heaths; also recorded on Lodgepole Pine, Sitka Spruce. LS June–August. In a slight web on the shoots and among the flowers.

Tawny Oak Tortrix Acleris ferrugana ([D. & S.])

Plate 39 49.083

Common. Local in northern England. Scarce in Scotland, where it is confined to oak woods. FL 6–8mm. Variable. Forewing yellowish brown to dark reddish brown, variably speckled with black scales, occasionally coarsely speckled with black, with a rather obscure almost triangular brown costal blotch at about one-half, the tip approaching the mid-wing, this triangle sometimes comprising two or three separate marks; there is a black scale tuft just above the dorsum at about one-third, and a scale tuft, black mixed with white, at about one-half. Rarely the forewing colour is creamy white. Similar species Very difficult to distinguish from A. notana on external characters. In fresh examples, A. ferrugana has a straighter termen and a small prominent black scale tuft just above the dorsum at one-third, whereas in A. notana the apex is slightly more pointed, and the black mark above the dorsum is very small or absent. In most cases, genitalia examination will be required to confirm identification. FS June–September, October–May, in two generations, overwintering as an adult. Can be tapped from dense cover in winter. Comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Oaks, also Beech, Goat Willow. LS May–July, August–September. Between two spun leaves.

364 Tortricidae

Tawny Birch Tortrix Plate 39 Acleris notana (Don.) 49.084 Common. FL 6–9mm. Variable. Similar species A. ferrugana. FS June–August, September–April, in two generations, in Scotland one generation, August–May, overwintering as an adult. Comes to light. Hab Urban parks, heathland, scrub, woodland. Fp Birches; also Alder, Bog-myrtle. LS April–June, August–October, in Scotland June–July. In spun leaves.

Elm Tortrix

Plate 39 (2) Acleris kochiella (Goeze) 49.085 Local. Recorded as new to Wales in 2015. FL 7–9mm. Variable. Forewing costa is shallowly concave. Summer generation: forewing creamy white, sparsely speckled with small black scale tufts, a triangular blotch represented by three dark brownish blotches, two on the costa and one in the middle below. Autumn generation: forewing grey to silver grey, sometimes with yellowish and black scales, the surface roughened throughout with u Elm Tortrix Acleris kochiella spinning. raised scales, and the blotches dark greyish or purplish brown, the middle blotch with raised black scales sometimes forming a streak. Similar species A. logiana is on average larger and less strongly marked; in Scotland only A. logiana occurs. The summer generations of the two species are harder to separate than the autumn generations, and if there is any doubt, identity should be confirmed by genitalia examination. FS June–August, September–April, in two generations, overwintering as an adult. Can be disturbed from elm by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp English and Wych elms. LS May–June, August–September. Initially in a folded or curled leaf, later between two spun leaves.

White Birch Tortrix

Plate 39 Acleris logiana (Clerck) 49.086 Local. Formerly confined to Scotland, but in recent years has been found in southern England and is spreading there. Recorded as new to Wales in 2012. FL 8–10mm. Variable. Forewing powder white, pale greyish white or dusky cream, variably speckled with small black scale tufts arranged in oblique lines, the markings typically reduced to small dark patches on the costa. One form has a triangular blotch represented by two dark marks on the costa and one in the middle below. Another form has longitudinal orangey-brown streaks or patches, these sometimes reduced to one patch on the dorsum. Similar species A. kochiella. FS June–August, September–May, in two generations in England, and September–April, in one generation in Scotland, overwintering as an adult. Can be found at rest on branches and tree trunks by day, and comes to light. Hab Scrub, woodland. Fp Downy and Silver birches. LS June–July, and September. In spun leaves.

Tortricidae 365

Lichen Tortrix Plate 39 (2) Acleris literana (Linn.) 49.087 Local. More local in northern England and southern Scotland, very local further north. FL 9–11mm. Very variable. Forewing pale green, sometimes partly suffused with pale yellowish brown or reddish brown, with variable black markings, ranging from much reduced to sharply defined shapes. In some forms the forewing is relatively smooth scaled, with scattered groups of raised scales, these sometimes with whitish tips. Other forms are rough scaled throughout, with the scale tufts less prominent. In some forms the green can be darker or is replaced with light grey or, rarely, yellowish brown. FS Mid-July–May, overwintering as an adult. Can be abundant in oak woodland in some years. Can be tapped from tree trunks and branches by day, comes to light, and is occasionally recorded at sugar. Hab Woodland, sometimes gardens. Fp Oaks. LS May–June. In a spinning between the leaves.

Mountain Tortrix Acleris lipsiana ([D. & S.])

Plate 39 49.088

Rare. FL 8–11mm. Broad wings without a sinuate termen, rarely appearing pointed at the apex. Forewing variable, reddish brown to greyish purple, variably speckled blackish, sometimes with two small yellowish scale tufts near the mid-wing. Similar species A. rufana, greyish-purple form, has a sinuate termen and rather pointed apex, and usually has some whitish scaling along the costa. FS August–May, overwintering as an adult. Hab Bogs, moorland, usually at high altitude. Fp Bilberry, Bog-myrtle, Cowberry; also apples, birches. LS June–July. In a long tube of spun leaves.

Sweet-gale Tortrix Acleris rufana ([D. & S.])

Plate 39 (2) 49.089

Very local. Local in Scotland. FL 8–10mm. Pointed wings with a slightly sinuate termen. Variable. Forewing pale yellowish brown, variably sparsely speckled black and reddish brown, sometimes with a darker mark on the dorsum at about one-third and a large pale grey triangular mark, suffused with leaden grey, on the costa. There are three other distinct forms: forewing almost unicolorous purplish brown; forewing with the costa shaded whitish basally, and the rest of the wing pale yellowish brown; and forewing greyish white, with a longitudinal streak from near the base to the apex, sometimes with a similar streak along the dorsum. Similar species A. lipsiana. FS August–April, overwintering as an adult. Can be tapped from the foodplant by day, flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, wet heathland, moorland, damp woodland. Fp Bog-myrtle; also reported on Labrador-tea, Meadowsweet, White Poplar, Goat Willow. LS June–August. In a short tube of leaves spun round the stem.

The Minister

Plate 39 Eulia ministrana (Linn.) 49.090 Common. FL 8–10mm. Variable, markings ill defined. Forewing pale yellow, overlaid with orangey brown to reddish brown in the basal area, mid-wing and towards the termen, the suffusion in the basal and central areas connected, usually with a conspicuous white spot or mark at three-quarters. One form is almost entirely reddish brown. FS Late April–mid-July. Readily disturbed by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, hedgerows, mosses, scrub, woodland. Often on isolated trees in open habitats. Fp Many woody plants, including Ash, Bilberry, Hazel, but mainly birches in Scotland. LS July–April, overwintering fully fed. Older larvae in a tubular spinning between two leaves.

366 Tortricidae

Yellow-spotted Tortrix

Plate 40 Pseudargyrotoza conwagana (Fabr.) 49.091 Common. FL 5–7mm. Forewing yellowish, variably suffused with pale reddish brown, with rather ill-defined dark greyish-brown markings and metallic grey streaks or spots, and a small pale yellow dorsal blotch at about one-half. In dark examples the small yellowish dorsal blotch contrasts distinctly with the blackish suffusion. Rarely a form occurs with a deep orange forewing and bright silvery spots. Similar species Spatalistis bifasciana. FS May–August, and has been recorded in September–November. Can be u Yellow-spotted Tortrix numerous where found. Flies around treetops on Pseudargyrotoza conwagana larval exit holes on Ash samaras. warm sunny days, at dusk, and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Ash, privets, sometimes Lilac. LS July–October. In the seeds or berries, the larvae descending on silk threads from the canopy when fully fed. Larval exit holes are conspicuous in the samaras of Ash.

Fleabane Drab

Plate 40 (2) Phtheochroa inopiana (Haw.) 49.092 Local. Rare in the north and in Ireland. FL 8–10mm. Male forewing pale greyish brown, mottled brown in the middle, with wavy brown crosslines in the outer half of the wing; a paler triangular area from the base to the costa at one-third, outwardly edged with brown, and a black dot at two-thirds, beyond which the wing is concavely creased to the apex and tornus. The female is usually unicolorous brown or brownish orange, with the forewing narrower than in the male. FS May–August. Sits on the foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, damp neutral grasslands, ditches, woodland rides. Fp Common Fleabane, Field Wormwood. LS September–April. In a silken tube in the roots.

Gold Cloak Plate 40 Phtheochroa schreibersiana (Fröl.) 49.093 Rare and had declined, although recent records in southern England suggest a resurgence. Possible immigrant or adventive. FL 7–8mm. Forewing blackish brown with curved lines of dark silvery grey in the mid-wing and towards the apex, with the basal patch pale yellow mixed with pale orange reaching just beyond one-third on the costa, and a squarish pale yellow spot on the costa at two-thirds. FS May–June. Flies at dusk, sometimes in warm sunshine, and comes to light. Has been found at rest on poplar. Hab Fens, hedgerows, marshes, riverbanks. Fp Black-poplar, Bird Cherry, elms. LS June–April. Initially between spun leaves, then burrowing into a shoot or leaf stalk, overwintering in a cocoon.

Pied Buckthorn Beauty Plate 40 Phtheochroa sodaliana (Haw.) 49.094 Very local. FL 7–8mm. Head, thorax and palps white. Forewing white, dappled grey, white near the base with a black mark on the costa; a greyish-brown crossband before one-half, incorporating at least one black mark, and interrupted towards the costa, a blackish band before the termen and an orange or red apical spot. Hindwing whitish and grey, with darker wavy crosslines. Similar species Hysterophora maculosana has a dark head and thorax. Neocochylis hybridella is smaller, with a much smaller reddish mark at the apex, and a plain grey hindwing. FS Late May–July. Comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, scrub on chalk soils. Fp Buckthorn. LS July–May. In the berries, spinning a few together. Overwinters in a cocoon in a crevice in the bark.

Tortricidae 367

Rugged Bryony Beauty

Plate 40 Phtheochroa rugosana (Hübn.) 49.095 Local. FL 6–9mm. Head, thorax and palps white, tegulae mottled brownish and white. Forewing with raised scales, giving a rough texture, mottled greyish brown with darker brown forming an ill-defined crossband at one-half, with reddish-brown marks in the middle and three short white marks reaching the costa. FS Late April–July, and recorded in November. Comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, open woodland. Fp White Bryony. LS June–April. Initially in the flowers and unripe berries, and later in the stem. Overwinters in a cocoon on the ground.

Small Bluebell Beauty Plate 40 Hysterophora maculosana (Haw.) 49.096 Local. Very local in Scotland and Ireland. FL 5–7mm. Head, thorax and palps mottled dark brown and blackish; the crest on the back of the thorax is mixed orangey or reddish brown and blackish. Forewing whitish, dappled grey, especially at the base, with a grey crossband before one-half, the outer margin mixed with black and orangey-brown marks and deeply indented before the costa, an oblique dark grey band or dappling before the apex and orangey brown at the apex, sometimes extending along the termen. Hindwing whitish in the dorsal half in the male, and grey throughout in the female. Similar species Phtheochroa sodaliana. Neocochylis hybridella has a whitish head and thorax. FS Late April–June. Can be numerous in woodland. Flies by day, when the white colouration of the male is conspicuous, and comes to light. Hab Woodland, especially ancient woodland; occasionally gardens. Fp Bluebell, possibly Spanish Bluebell. LS June–April. In the seed capsule. Overwinters fully fed. Note on Cochylimorpha and Aethes species with straw-coloured forewing and brownish crossbands Eleven similar species with straw-coloured or yellowish forewing and brownish crossbands are covered in Appendix 3, which provides a further guide to the identification of this group. With careful inspection, most species can be identified with confidence based on wing markings. There are many similar species in Continental Europe that may be recorded here in future, and three species described in Appendix 3 have occurred in Britain for the first time since 2000, so genitalia examination is advised if there is any uncertainty. The following text provides more detailed descriptions of nine species (excluding the rarely recorded A. bilbaensis and A. fennicana), and should be read in conjunction with the appendix.

Common Straw

Plate 40 Cochylimorpha straminea (Haw.) 49.097 Common. Local and mostly coastal in Scotland. FL 7–10mm. Forewing dull whitish yellow with darker yellowish-brown or brownish markings and an oblique crossband before one-half from the dorsum to the mid-wing, interrupted or faint towards the costa, and often with a brown mark before the tornus. In strongly marked examples there may be raised blackish scale tufts in the mid-wing. Similar species See Appendix 3 (p.488). FS May–July, August–September, in two generations. Comes to light. Hab Grasslands, but not at high altitude. Fp Common Knapweed. LS September–May, July–early August. In the stem below the shoots and flowers.

Kent Straw

Plate 40 Cochylimorpha alternana (Steph.) 49.098 Rare. FL 9–13mm. Forewing dull whitish yellow with darker yellowish-brown or brownish markings and blackish scale tufts along the crossband. Similar species See Appendix 3 (p.488). FS July–August, recorded in late May. Can be numerous. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous grassland, sand dunes. Fp Greater Knapweed. LS September– July. Overwinters in the crown of the plant, feeding in spring on flower buds.

368 Tortricidae

Wall Lettuce Straw

Plate 40 Phalonidia gilvicomana (Zell.) 49.099 Rare in the south, but probably overlooked. FL 5–6mm. Forewing deep yellowish brown from the base to the central crossband and at the tornus; the crossband and most of the outer part of the wing is blackish brown. Similar species P. curvistrigana is larger and paler, with the yellowish colour more extensive beyond the crossband. The arched costa of P. gilvicomana and P. curvistrigana separates these two species from others in related genera. FS June–July. Flies over the foodplants in the evening, but is rarely seen as an adult. Hab Open calcareous soils in woodland, walls. Fp Wall Lettuce, Nipplewort. LS July–May. On the flowers and developing seeds. Overwinters from mid-summer in a slight cocoon on the ground.

Banded Goldenrod Straw

Plate 40 Phalonidia curvistrigana (Staint.) 49.100 Rare. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2015. FL 6–7mm. Forewing yellowish, mixed orangey brown from the base to the central crossband and beyond; the crossband and area before the apex are mixed brown and blackish brown. Similar species P. gilvicomana. FS July–August. Flies over the foodplant in the evening, but rarely comes to light. Hab Coastal cliffs, old quarries, woodland. Fp Goldenrod. LS August–April. In the flowers and unripe seeds. Overwinters in a cocoon on the ground.

Water Mint Straw Phalonidia manniana (Fisch. V. Rösl.)

Plate 40 49.101

Local. Very local further north and in Ireland. FL 5–6mm. Forewing creamy white or pale brown suffused with darker brown, often with a hint of pale greenish brown; a pale greenish-brown crossband from the dorsum before one-half, with blackish markings towards the middle and often near the costa, the band narrowing before the costa; the crossband before the apex is usually well defined, curving and narrowing towards the tornus. Similar species P. udana is superficially very similar, slightly larger, without dark grey shading on the costa towards the base, and having a less mottled appearance towards the apex. However, genitalia examination is required to confirm identification unless reared from larvae. Gynnidomorpha alismana is larger, and has the crossband before the apex pronounced only near the costa. FS Mid-May– mid-September, possibly in two generations. Flies over the foodplants in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Ditches, fens, wet grasslands, ponds, reedbeds, wet woodland rides. Fp Gypsywort, Water Mint. LS July–May. Initially in the tips of the stems and on leaves, then in the stem where it overwinters fully fed.

Loosestrife Straw Plate 40 Phalonidia udana (Guen.) 49.102 Distribution uncertain, as this species has only recently been separated from P. manniana. Has been recorded in Hampshire, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Norfolk. FL 5.5–6.5mm. Similar species P. manniana. FS June–July. Comes to light. Hab Fens. Fp Tufted and Yellow loosestrifes in Europe. LS Probably July–May. In the stem, usually in the lower part.

Aster Straw

Plate 40 Phalonidia affinitana (Dougl.) 49.103 Local. Very scarce in Scotland and Ireland. FL 5–7mm. Forewing dirty white, pale yellowish or pale brownish; an oblique orangey-brown or brown crossband from before one-half on the dorsum to near the middle only, often obscure, sometimes blackish edged, and a blackish-brown tornal dot. This is a plain species, usually with ill-defined markings, especially in the female; the tornal dot is visible even in poorly marked examples. Similar species Gynnidomorpha vectisana is smaller, with the central

Tortricidae 369 crossband reaching the costa. FS May–August, probably in one extended generation. Hab Saltmarshes. Fp Sea Aster. LS July–March. In the flowers, overwintering fully fed in the ground or in the rootstock.

Bartsia Straw

Plate 40 Gynnidomorpha luridana (Gregs.) 49.104 Very local. FL 5–6mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown or pale brownish, with darker orangey-brown markings; an oblique narrow crossband from the dorsum at one-third to near the costa, angled back to meet the costa at one-half, with a blackish-brown smudge at the outer angle and with a pre-apical crossband, this pronounced only near the costa; there is no extension of the crossband to the tornus. The pale colour and markings of this species are characteristic. FS June–August. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Rough dry ground on calcareous soils. Fp Red Bartsia, possibly eyebrights. LS July–August. In the developing seeds, overwintering in a cocoon on the ground.

Saltern Straw Gynnidomorpha vectisana (H. & W.)

Plate 40 49.105

Local. FL 4–6mm. A small and often obscurely marked species. Variable. Forewing creamy brown, with darker brown or orangey-brown markings, sometimes heavily reticulated in the outer half of the wing; the central crossband is narrow and nearly perpendicular to the dorsum, usually darker in the middle and with an extension from the middle to the tornus. Similar species Phalonidia affinitana. FS May–June, July– September, in two generations. Can be abundant. Flies over the foodplants at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Mainly saltmarshes; also bogs, fens, wet heathland, rocky shorelines. Fp Marsh and Sea arrowgrasses. LS June, September–April. In the summer in the flowerheads, and in the autumn in the shoots and the top of the roots, overwintering in the roots.

Fen Straw

Plate 40 Gynnidomorpha minimana (Caradja) 49.106 Rare. Best known from the fens of East Anglia. Recorded as new to Wales in 2017. FL 6–7mm. Forewing creamy orangey brown, suffused with darker orangey-brown or brown markings; an oblique dark crossband from the dorsum at one-third to near the costa, slightly angled back to meet the costa at one-half, often with an irregular extension from the outer angle to the tornus. Similar species G. permixtana is slightly smaller, has greyish or brownish shading along the costa, especially in the basal half, and has more suffused markings generally. FS May–June, July–August, in two generations. Flies over the foodplant on warm evenings, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, fens, wet heathland. Fp Marsh Lousewort. LS July, September–April. In the developing seed capsules, overwintering in a cocoon on the ground.

Coast Straw Gynnidomorpha permixtana ([D. & S.])

Plate 40 49.107

Rare, but likely to be overlooked. FL 5–6mm. Forewing creamy orangey brown, suffused with darker brown or grey, especially along the costa; an oblique dark crossband from the dorsum at one-third to near the costa, angled back to meet the costa at one-half, often with an extension from the outer angle to the tornus. Similar species G. minimana. FS May–June, July–August, in two generations. Can be disturbed by day, flies over the foodplant in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Sparsely vegetated grasslands, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Red Bartsia, Yellow-rattle. LS June, mid-August–early September. In the flowers, developing seeds and stems.

370 Tortricidae

Water-plantain Straw

Plate 40 Gynnidomorpha alismana (Rag.) 49.108 Local. Very local in Scotland and rare in Ireland. FL 6–7mm. Forewing creamy brown, with darker brown markings; a slightly oblique crossband from the dorsum at one-third to near the costa, angled back to meet the costa at one-half, often with a blackish-brown band near the middle, and with a crossband before the apex, this pronounced only near the costa; there is no extension of the crossband to the tornus. Similar species Phalonidia manniana. FS Late May–August. Flies at dusk and comes to light, sometimes well away from typical habitat. Hab Ponds, slow-flowing waterbodies. Fp Water-plantain. LS September–April. In the pith of the flowering stem, often with several larvae to a stem. Small holes in dead stems in winter indicate the presence of larvae.

Water-plantain Straw Gynnidomorpha alismana larval entry hole into stem.

u

Garden Straw

Plate 40 Agapeta hamana (Linn.) 49.109 Common. FL 8–12mm. Forewing usually whitish yellow, occasionally bright or deep yellow, with a variable number and intensity of orangey or brownish marks, but always including a distinct broad line from beyond the mid-wing to the tornus. Similar species A. zoegana has an almost circular brownish ring in the outer half of the wing. FS May– September. Occasionally seen in numbers. Can be disturbed by day, flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Wherever thistles occur, except at high elevations. Fp Reared from Musk Thistle, probably on other thistles. LS August–April. In the roots, fully fed in autumn.

Bright Straw Plate 40 Agapeta zoegana (Linn.) 49.110 Common. Very local in Scotland. FL 8–12mm. Forewing usually bright yellow, occasionally brownish orange; a characteristic almost circular brownish ring beyond the middle, incorporating the termen, and enclosing a patch of the ground colour. In examples with brownish-orange ground colour the ring often includes leaden-grey scales. Similar species A. hamana. FS May–mid-September. Flies from sunset, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Grasslands, old quarries, mainly on calcareous soils. Fp Common Knapweed, Small Scabious, probably other knapweeds and Field Scabious. LS September–April. In the roots, fully fed in autumn.

Dark-barred Straw

Plate 40 (2) Eupoecilia angustana (Hübn.) 49.111 Common. FL 5–8mm. Forewing creamy whitish with patches of orangey-brown suffusion; a crossband at one-half, narrow about the middle, and a mixed black and brown subterminal crossband. There are two named variations: form fasciella, on heaths and moors, is smaller, white, and the central crossband does not have brown colouration; subspecies thuleana, confined to Shetland, has a narrower more pointed forewing, and is pale brown with indistinct darker brown or reddish-brown markings. Similar species Neocochylis hybridella, N. dubitana and Cochylichroa atricapitana all have an interrupted or incomplete crossband. FS Mid-May–September, late July–August on moorland, July in Shetland. Flies on warm afternoons, and comes to light. Hab Grasslands, heathland, moorland, open woodland. Fp Many plants, including heather (on heaths and moors), Wild Marjoram, plantains, Sitka Spruce (in Scotland), Yarrow. LS July–April. In spun flowers and developing seeds, overwintering fully fed in the spinning.

Tortricidae 371

Vine Moth

Plate 40 Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hübn.) 49.112 Very local. An occasional immigrant. FL 6–8mm. Forewing whitish yellow, with whitishorange suffusion in patches; a mixed blackish and brown crossband at one-half, usually complete and wider on the costa, narrowing at or ending before the dorsum; a small dark mark is usually present on the tornus. FS May–September, probably in one generation or with a partial second generation. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Scrub on wet heaths, wet woodland; immigrant examples usually in coastal areas. Fp Alder Buckthorn, less often on Dogwood, Honeysuckle, Common Ivy. LS July–April. Feeds within a few berries spun together, and overwinters in a case cut from a leaf which is attached to a branch or to the ground. A pest of grape vines in Europe.

Orange Beauty

Plate 41 Commophila aeneana (Hübn.) 49.113 Very local. FL 6–8mm. Forewing bright orange with scattered shining white scales, and broad crossbands at one-half and near the termen comprising patches of raised black scales reflecting silvery blue. FS May–July, and has been recorded in April. Can be disturbed on sunny days, and sits on the foodplant at dusk. Hab Damp rough grassland on clay soils. Fp Hoary Ragwort, probably Common Ragwort. LS September–April. In the roots, overwintering fully fed towards the base of a dead stem, which may break at the top of the burrow.

Lesser Marbled Straw

Plate 41 Aethes hartmanniana (Clerck) 49.114 Local. Very local in the north. FL 6–9mm. Forewing pale brownish yellow, sometimes suffused greyish, with orangey-brown or reddish-brown markings, edged with slightly raised white or silver metallic spots or lines; an oblique crossband from the dorsum beyond one-third, interrupted near the costa, and angled back to meet the costa at one-half. Similar species A. piercei, considered by some authorities to be the same species, is usually much larger, brighter and more contrasting in colour, and occurs mostly in damp habitats and slightly earlier in the year. FS May–early August. Can be disturbed by day, and flies at dusk. Hab Calcareous grasslands. Fp Probably Field and Small scabiouses. LS Probably overwinters as a larva, possibly in the rootstock.

Greater Marbled Straw Plate 41 Aethes piercei Obraztsov 49.115 Very local. Coastal in northern Scotland. FL 7–12mm. Forewing reddish brown, markings blackish brown, contrasting strongly with white or silvery edging. Similar species A. hartmanniana. FS May–July. Can be disturbed by day, flies in the late afternoon, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Bogs, fens, wet neutral grasslands, limestone pavement (the Burren, Ireland). Fp Devil’s-bit Scabious. LS August–April. In the roots.

Silver-speckled Straw

Plate 41 Aethes williana (Brahm) 49.116 Very local. FL 5–8mm. The female is larger than the male. Forewing with a rounded apex and termen, pale yellow suffused with grey, with shining white spots or lines; the crossband at one-half, greyish brown or blackish brown, interrupted below the costa, with raised scale tufts around the middle. FS May–August. Flies by day and at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Coastal cliffs and slopes, sparsely vegetated and calcareous grasslands, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Wild Carrot. LS August–April. In the lower part of the stem and the top of the root, overwintering fully fed.

372 Tortricidae

Silver-striped Straw

Plate 41 Aethes margaritana (Haw.) 49.118 Rare. FL 6–8mm. Forewing silvery white, contrasting strongly with several oblique yellowish-brown crossbands, these sometimes interrupted. FS July–August. Readily disturbed on warm days, and flies at dusk. Hab Calcareous grassland, vegetated shingle, waste ground. Fp Mainly Yarrow, also Oxeye Daisy, Scented Mayweed. LS September– April. In the flowers and seeds, overwintering fully fed in the seedhead.

Common Marbled Straw

Plate 41 Aethes smeathmanniana (Fabr.) 49.120 Common. FL 6–9mm. Forewing pale yellowish, with some yellowish-brown suffusion; two orangey-brown or reddish-brown oblique crossbands from the dorsum, indistinct beyond the middle except for paler brown markings on the costa at one-half and before the apex. Similar species See Appendix 3 (p.488). FS May–early October, in two overlapping generations. Can be disturbed on warm days, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Coastal cliffs and slopes, grasslands, old quarries, waste ground. Fp Corn Chamomile, Common Knapweed, Yarrow. LS September–May. In spun flowers or in the seedhead, the larva remaining in the seedhead over winter.

Four-spotted Straw Aethes tesserana ([D. & S.])

Plate 41 (2) 49.121

Local. Rare in northern England and in Scotland. FL 5–8mm. Variable. Forewing yellowish to greenish yellow, with orangey-brown or brown markings, often appearing as four quadrate blotches, but sometimes as crosslines, or as crossbands which may be darker edged. FS May–August. Flies in sunshine by day, and comes to light. Hab Sparsely vegetated grasslands, calcareous grasslands, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Hawk’sbeards, hawkweeds, Bristly and Hawkweed oxtongues, Ploughman’s-spikenard. LS September–April. In the roots.

Short-barred Straw

Plate 41 Aethes dilucidana (Steph.) 49.122 Local. Rare in northern England. FL 6–8mm. Forewing pale yellow, with two narrow brown oblique crossbands from the dorsum, the outer one reaching the costa, and the inner one obsolete beyond the mid-wing except for a narrow mark on the costa. Similar species See Appendix 3 (p.488). FS June–early September. Can be disturbed by day, flies weakly around the foodplant at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous grasslands, old quarries. Fp Hogweed, Wild Parsnip. LS August–May. In the seeds, spinning several together. Overwinters fully fed in the stem from autumn.

Broad-barred Straw

Plate 41 Aethes beatricella (Wals.) 49.123

Broad-barred Straw Aethes beatricella pupal exit holes in dead Hemlock stem.

r

Local. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2020. FL 7–9mm. Forewing pale yellow, with two brown oblique crossbands from the dorsum reaching the costa. Similar species See Appendix 3 (p.488). FS June–mid-August, and has been recorded in September. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Rough grassland in coastal areas and inland, field margins, open woodland. Fp Hemlock, sometimes Alexanders. LS August–early May. In the seeds, and later in the upper part of the stem where the larva overwinters fully fed.

Tortricidae 373

Alexanders Straw

Plate 41 Aethes deaurana (Peyerimhoff) 49.1231 Recorded as new to Britain in 2017. An immigrant and recent colonist, established in coastal areas of Devon and Dorset. FL 7.5–9.5mm. Forewing dull orangey yellow, paler towards the apex, with two brown oblique crossbands, usually broadest on the dorsum and narrowing to the costa, the outer band sometimes interrupted in the mid-wing or not reaching the costa. Similar species See Appendix 3 (p.488). FS Mid-May–early July. Rests on the foodplant by day, flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Coastal grasslands, u Alexanders Straw Aethes deaurana larval hedgerows. Fp Alexanders. LS July–April. feeding signs. Eggs are laid in small overlapping batches on an unripe seed pod, the larva feeding within one or more seed pods, vacating them when fully fed in late summer, and overwintering within a thick part of the stem or on the ground.

Narrow-barred Straw

Plate 41 Aethes francillana (Fabr.) 49.124 Local. Very local in the north, and in Wales and Ireland, and rare in southern Scotland. Sometimes very common on the coast. FL 7–9mm. Forewing pale yellow, with two narrow brown oblique crossbands from the dorsum reaching the costa, the costal end of the inner crossband extending beyond the dorsal end of the outer crossband. Similar species See Appendix 3 (p.488). FS June–September. Can be disturbed by day, flies around the foodplants at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Coastal cliffs and slopes, calcareous grasslands, old quarries, vegetated shingle. Fp Wild Carrot, Rock Samphire, sometimes Hog’s Fennel, rarely Hemlock. LS September–May. In the flowers and seeds, and later in the lower part of the stem, where the larva overwinters fully fed.

Thistle Straw

Plate 41 Aethes cnicana (Westw.) 49.127 Common. FL 7–8mm. Forewing creamy whitish, more rarely yellowish, usually suffused with patches of brownish yellow and greyish; an orangey-brown or reddish-brown oblique crossband from the dorsum beyond one-third, sometimes narrowly interrupted and angled back to meet the costa at one-half, the outer margin hardly indented near the dorsum. Similar species See Appendix 3 (p.488). FS Late May–August. Can be disturbed by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Many habitats, wherever the foodplants occur. Fp Thistles. LS September–April. Initially in the seeds, and later in the pith of the stem, where the larva overwinters fully fed.

Burdock Straw

Plate 41 Aethes rubigana (Treits.) 49.128 Common. More local in Scotland. FL 7–10mm. Forewing creamy whitish suffused with patches of brownish yellow and greyish, with a brown, dark brown or reddish-brown crossband that is broadly interrupted in the mid-wing, with the outer margin deeply indented before the dorsum. Similar species See Appendix 3 (p.488). FS June–August. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Grasslands, field margins, scrub, waste ground, open woodland. Fp Greater Burdock, possibly other burdocks. LS September–May. In the seeds. Overwinters in a cocoon on the ground, or sometimes in the seedhead.

374 Tortricidae

Agrimony Straw

Plate 41 Cochylidia rupicola (Curtis) 49.129 Common in the south. Local or very local further north and in Ireland. FL 5–7mm. A broad-winged dark species with a somewhat arched costa and rounded apex, distinguishing this micro-moth from other Cochylidia species. Forewing ground colour varying from yellowish white to brownish white, paler examples with orangeybrown markings, darker ones with dark brown markings, and with a slightly oblique broad median crossband at one-half from the dorsum, narrowing before the costa, usually with a diffuse or narrow extension to the tornus, and a narrow dark subterminal crossband. FS June–early August. Flies on warm days, at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Cliffs, fens, grasslands, marshes, riverbanks. Fp Hemp-agrimony. LS August–May. In the flowers and seeds. Overwinters fully fed in a broken stem, or in a dead stem lying on the ground.

Goldenrod Straw

Plate 41 Cochylidia subroseana (Haw.) 49.130 Rare. FL 5–7mm. Forewing creamy whitish suffused with pale orangey brown, with a broad orangey-brown oblique crossband from the dorsum, narrowing before the costa, and orangey-brown shading before the termen. Similar species C. heydeniana is usually smaller, lacks the pinkish flush, and has a more mottled appearance towards the apex, with a black tornal mark and distinct grey bars in the cilia. C. implicitana is usually slightly smaller, has a narrower central crossband and is slightly flushed pinkish orange, with fine greyish lines or mottling towards the apex. FS June–August. Can be numerous. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Open woodland. Fp Goldenrod. LS August–April. In the flowers and seeds. Overwinters in a cocoon among detritus on the ground.

Blue Fleabane Straw

Plate 41 Cochylidia heydeniana (Herr.-Schäff.) 49.131 Very local. FL 4–6mm. Forewing creamy whitish, with a reddish-brown oblique crossband from the dorsum, narrowing before the costa. Similar species C. implicitana, C. subroseana. FS June, late July–August, in two generations. Can be disturbed during the afternoon, and flies at dusk. Hab Sand dunes, walls, waste ground. Fp Blue and Canadian fleabanes. LS June–July, August–April. First generation in the flowers and seeds in summer, and second generation in the central shoot beneath the flowerhead, overwintering fully fed.

Chamomile Straw

Plate 41 Cochylidia implicitana (Wocke) 49.132 Local. Very local in the north and west. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2016. FL 4–7mm. Forewing creamy whitish, sometimes greyish towards the base, slightly flushed with pinkish orange, often with indistinct fine darker lines before the apex; a reddish-brown or brown oblique crossband from the dorsum at one-third, narrowed or interrupted and slightly angled before the costa, and often a brownish mark before the tornus; cilia concolorous with the ground colour except at the tornus, where they are grey and sometimes barred. Similar species C. heydeniana, C. subroseana. FS May–early September, possibly in a single generation. Can be disturbed during the afternoon, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Rough open grasslands, saltmarshes, waste ground, open woodland. Fp Stinking Chamomile, Goldenrod, Scented, Scentless and Sea mayweeds. LS June–April. In the flowers, seeds, shoot or stem, overwintering fully fed.

Tortricidae 375

Birch Straw Plate 41 Thyraylia nana (Haw.) 49.133 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 4–7.5mm. Head white. Forewing whitish, heavily suffused with pale yellowish brown, grey in the basal area extending along the costa, with a mixed greyish and black crossband, very broad on the dorsum, narrowing to the costa, the outer margin indented in the middle. FS May–early July. Sometimes common around birch trees. Can be disturbed by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Woodland, especially mature birch woodland. Fp Birches. LS July–April. In the catkin. Overwinters in a cocoon spun in a crevice in the bark.

Rosy Straw

Plate 41 Cochylis roseana (Haw.) 49.134 Common. Local in northern England. FL 5–8mm. Forewing whitish, suffused orangey in the basal third, and orangey pink or pink mainly along the costa and in the outer half of the wing, with an orangeybrown or brown oblique crossband of variable width from the dorsum before one-half, extending to near the middle, then faint to the costa, and usually with a blackish mark at the tornus; cilia orangey brown with grey bars. Similar species u Rosy Straw Cochylis roseana larva and feeding C. flaviciliana has a clear creamysigns in Wild Teasel seedhead. white ground colour near the base and between the crossband and the tornus, an orangey-brown crossband suffused with pink, and a strong pink flush in the outer half of the wing, darker pink at the apex, and without grey bars in the cilia. Falseuncaria ruficiliana has a narrower whitish mottled grey forewing with a broad brown or reddish-brown crossband, and with a broad band of reddish-brown shading before the termen. FS Late May–August. Flies in afternoon sunshine and at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, grasslands, field margins, scrub, waste ground, open woodland. Fp Wild Teasel. LS August–May. In the seeds, overwintering fully fed in the seedhead.

Pink-shaded Straw

Plate 41 Cochylis flaviciliana (Westw.) 49.135 Very local. FL 5–8mm. Forewing creamy white near the base and between the crossband and the tornus, with an orangey-brown crossband suffused with pink, and a strong pink flush in the outer half of the wing. Similar species C. roseana, Falseuncaria ruficiliana. FS June–mid-August. Rests by day under a flowerhead, flies in the evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Calcareous grasslands. Fp Field Scabious. LS July–April. In the flowers and seeds, overwintering in a cocoon on the ground.

White-fronted Straw

Plate 41 Neocochylis hybridella (Hübn.) 49.136 Local. Very local in northern England. FL 6–8mm. Head and thorax whitish. Forewing whitish with brownish or grey suffusion, with a mixed blackish, dark grey and reddishbrown oblique crossband from the dorsum at one-half, narrow on the costa and usually widely interrupted beneath, and a very small reddish or reddish-brown mark at the apex. Similar species Phtheochroa sodaliana, Eupoecilia angustana. N. dubitana has a whitish head and dark thorax. N. molliculana has a yellowish-brown head and thorax, the forewing ground colour is creamy, not whitish, and the forewing pattern is less contrasting.

376 Tortricidae Cochylichroa atricapitana has broad wings, a blackish head, thorax and wing base, and a blackish and brown central crossband which is irregularly margined and narrowly interrupted before the costa. FS June–September. Flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Allotments, coastal cliffs and slopes, gardens, field margins, sparsely vegetated grasslands, waste ground. Fp Bristly and Hawkweed oxtongues, hawk’s-beards. LS August–April. In the flowers and seeds. Overwinters in a cocoon on the ground.

White-faced Straw

Plate 41 Neocochylis dubitana (Hübn.) 49.137 Common. Very local in Scotland. FL 5–7mm. Head white, thorax dark grey. Forewing whitish with pale brown or grey suffusion, with a blackish basal crossband extending a short distance along the costa, a blackish broad quadrate mark on the dorsum at one-half, a narrow mark on the costa opposite, and blackish before the termen and apex. Similar species Eupoecilia angustana, N. hybridella, Cochylichroa atricapitana. FS May– September, in two generations. Can be disturbed in the afternoon, flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Sparsely vegetated grasslands, vegetated shingle, waste ground. Fp Hawk’s-beards, hawkweeds, Goldenrod, ragworts. LS July, September–April. In the flowers and seeds. Overwinters in a cocoon spun among detritus.

Tawny-fronted Straw

Plate 41 Neocochylis molliculana Zell. 49.138 Local. A recent colonist, first recorded in 1993. Now well established along the south coast, spreading inland and recorded as far north as Yorkshire. FL 6–8mm. Head and thorax yellowish brown, with darker brown mottling. Forewing creamy and suffused with pale orangey brown and pale greyish brown, especially before the termen; a broad oblique crossband from the dorsum at one-half, narrower on the costa and u Tawny-fronted Straw Neocochylis molliculana somewhat interrupted beneath, this larval feeding signs and empty pupa. orangey brown with blackish flecks, and greyish brown at the costa. Similar species N. hybridella. Brevicornutia pallidana is smaller, and has a clear white head. FS May–early October, in two generations. Can be abundant both as an adult and as a larva. Easily disturbed on warm afternoons, flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Allotments, coastal cliffs and slopes, gardens, field margins, sparsely vegetated grasslands, waste ground. Fp Bristly Oxtongue. LS July–August, September–May. In the flowers and seeds. Overwinters in a cocoon spun among detritus.

Black-fronted Straw

Plate 41 Cochylichroa atricapitana (Steph.) 49.139 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 6–9mm. Head and thorax blackish. Forewing rather broad, whitish in the male and whitish with a pinkish hue in the female, with brownish or grey suffusions and pale lines, greyish or black at the base, a broad irregularly margined blackish and brown crossband from the dorsum at one-half, narrowly interrupted before the costa, and blackish before the termen and apex. Hindwing whitish in the male and grey in the female. Similar species Eupoecilia angustana. Neocochylis hybridella, N. dubitana. FS April–early October, in two overlapping generations. Can be disturbed by day, flies at sunset, and comes to light. Hab Allotments, coastal cliffs and slopes, grasslands, field margins, waste ground. Fp Common Ragwort. LS July, September–April. In the flowers and seeds, with the second generation in the lower stem and rootstock.

Tortricidae 377

Sheep’s-bit Straw

Plate 41 Brevicornutia pallidana Zell. 49.140 Very local. Mainly a coastal species. FL 5–7mm. Head white, thorax mixed dark greyish brown and whitish. Forewing whitish with pale greyish suffusion, with an oblique crossband from the dorsum before one-half, narrower on the costa beyond one-half, and widely interrupted beneath, brown mixed with black, greyish black only on the costa, and with a blackish dot before the tornus. Similar species Neocochylis molliculana. FS June. Flies at dusk. Hab Coastal cliffs, sand dunes, stone walls. Fp Sheep’s-bit. LS July–April. In the flowers and seeds. Overwinters from late summer in a cocoon on the ground.

Rusty-tipped Straw

Plate 41 Falseuncaria ruficiliana (Haw.) 49.142 Local. Very local in north-west England. FL 5–7mm. The narrow forewing is characteristic of the genus. Forewing ground colour whitish grey, sometimes pale orangey brown or reddish, with a broad brown or reddish-brown oblique crossband from the dorsum at one-third extending to beyond the middle, whitish edged, suffused and paler to the costa, and with the area before the termen reddish brown; the cilia are contrasting yellowish or orangey brown. Similar species Cochylis roseana, C. flaviciliana. F. degreyana (not illustrated); FL 5–7mm, a rare species of the East Anglian Breckland, has a rosy flush to the whitish-grey ground colour, and a narrow crossband; it is associated with Common Toadflax and Ribwort Plantain. FS Late April–August, in two generations. Can be disturbed during the day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, heathland, calcareous grasslands, moorland. Fp Cowslip, Goldenrod, Lousewort, Yellowrattle. LS May–June, July–April. In the flowers and seeds, overwintering in a cocoon on the ground.

Apple Marble

Plate 41 Eudemis porphyrana (Hübn.) 49.143 Very local, in the south only. FL 8–10mm. Forewing brownish grey or blackish brown, with a plainly coloured basal patch, brownish or greyish, with silverygrey markings including a crossband at two-fifths, sometimes fused to a dorsal mark at three-fifths, often forming an obtuse angle or a deeply concave inner margin, and an oblique crossband from the costa at one-half to the tornus. Similar species E. profundana u Apple Marble Eudemis porphyrana larval spinning. is more variable in colour, often having an orangey-brown thorax and a large white mark on the dorsum, or the forewing is suffused blackish, obscuring the markings, with the inner margin of the fused dorsal mark and crossband shallowly concave or forming an acute angle. FS July–August. Flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, orchards, woodland. Fp Apples, particularly Crab Apple. LS May–June. In a rolled leaf, or two or more leaves rolled together along a twig.

378 Tortricidae

Oak Marble Eudemis profundana ([D. & S.])

Plate 42 49.144

Common. Very local in northern England, but may be spreading, and recorded as new to Scotland in 2014. FL 6–9mm. Variable. Thorax orangey brown or greyish. Forewing brownish or brownish grey, the basal patch mottled greyish or brownish, and often blackish brown on the dorsum, with a crossband from the costa at one-third where greyish brown, to the dorsum at one-half where often whitish or silvery grey, usually joined to a whitish or silvery-grey mark at three-fifths, forming an acute angle or a shallowly concave inner margin. Obscurely marked dark brown or blackish forms occur. Similar species E. porphyrana. FS June–early September. Occasionally seen in numbers. Can be found resting on oak trunks, is readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Oaks. LS May–June. In a rolled leaf.

Aspen Marble Plate 42 (2) Pseudosciaphila branderiana (Linn.) 49.145 Local. Scarce or extinct in the north of its range. FL 10–13mm. A large species. Forewing greyish brown with greyish-white to light brownish-grey crossbands from the costa at one-third and in the apical third. A unicolorous form has the forewing light brownish grey, faintly tinged pale greyish. FS June–August, sometimes reported in early September. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, scrub, open woodland. Fp Aspen. LS May. In a folded or rolled leaf, or between two spun leaves.

Short-barred Marble Plate 42 Apotomis semifasciana (Haw.) 49.146 Local. Very local in Scotland. FL 8–9.5mm. Forewing whitish grey to grey, sparsely speckled black, with a darker basal patch, this sometimes obscure, and a large, almost triangular, greyish-brown to blackish-brown blotch on the costa, the inner margin nearly perpendicular to the costa. The intensity of the markings can vary. Similar species A. infida (not illustrated), a very rare Scottish species, is typically lighter in colour, with the inner edge of the costal mark much more oblique to the costa; if suspected, genitalia examination will be necessary to confirm identification. Paler forms can resemble A. lineana, which is narrower-winged and suffused with dark grey along the dorsum. FS Late June–August. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, fens, wet heathland, margins of ponds, rivers and streams, scrub, osier beds, carr and damp woodland. Fp Willows. LS May–June. On catkins, and later in spun leaves.

Scarce Willow Marble Apotomis lineana ([D. & S.])

Plate 42 49.148

Very local. FL 8–10mm. Forewing dark grey, especially in a broad band along the dorsum to the tornus, and dark grey mixed with brownish and black in the mid-wing, a broad greyish-white crossband from the costa at one-third, ending before the dorsum in an incomplete oval, the outer margin of the crossband with a projection that almost links to the greyish-white apical third. Similar species A. semifasciana. A. turbidana has whitish, not greyish-white, markings and has no oval. FS June–August. Readily disturbed by day. Hab Bogs, gardens, damp grasslands, marshes, margins of rivers and streams. Fp Crack-willow and White Willow. LS May. Between spun leaves.

Tortricidae 379

White-shouldered Marble

Plate 42 Apotomis turbidana Hübn. 49.149 Common. FL 9–10.5mm. Forewing dark grey, especially in a broad band along the dorsum to the tornus, and in a central crossband where it is mixed with brownish and black, with distinct whitish markings near the base extending in a broad streak into the mid-wing at about one-half, and in a blotch on the costa at one-third; the apical third is whitish, sometimes tinged yellowish. Similar species A. lineana. FS Late May–July, occasionally recorded in late August–September. Locally numerous in areas of birch woodland, rarely found elsewhere. Flies towards dusk, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, mosses, parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Birches. LS April–May. In spun leaves.

Birch Marble

Plate 42 Apotomis betuletana (Haw.) 49.150 Common. FL 8–10.5mm. Forewing blackish brown in the basal two-thirds, mixed leaden and blackish, with the apical third white, sometimes with patches of yellowish brown, and with the outer edge of the basal area oblique, almost straight, with a small whitish indentation near the middle, this sometimes hook-like; the cilia are white, tipped with grey. Similar species A. capreana is broader winged, has a more strongly arched costa, a greyish white blotch on the costa at one-third, with a distinct hook-like white indentation in the outer margin of the dark basal patch, the margin being concave. A. sororculana is slightly smaller and narrower-winged, with the outer edge of the dark basal patch more oblique, and a blackish apex and darker cilia. FS June–September. Can be disturbed by day, flies towards dusk, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, scrub, waste ground, woodland rides, open woodland. Fp Birches. LS April–June. Between spun leaves.

Willow Marble Plate 42 Apotomis capreana (Hübn.) 49.151 Local. Rare in northern England, Scotland and Ireland. FL 8–10.5mm. Forewing dark brown in the basal two-thirds, variably marked leaden and black, with a rather indistinct greyish-white blotch from the costa at one-third to the mid-wing, the outer edge of the basal area somewhat concave, with a hook-like indentation extending into the dark area near the middle, and with the apical third white with a short series of black dots towards the apex; the cilia are pale brownish yellow, with greyish tips. Similar species A. betuletana, A. sororculana. FS Late May–August, also recorded in September. Flies towards dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gravel pits, heathland, marshes, streambanks, woodland rides, open woodland. Fp Goat Willow, probably Grey Willow. LS April–May. In tightly spun leaves in young terminal shoots.

Lesser Birch Marble Plate 42 Apotomis sororculana (Zett.) 49.152 Local. Very local in Ireland. FL 8–9.5mm. Forewing dark brown in the basal two-thirds, mixed silvery grey and spotted black, in part faintly shaded greyish white, with a small whitish blotch on the costa at one-third, sometimes extended towards the mid-wing, the outer edge of the basal area oblique, almost straight, the apical third white, somewhat suffused grey and with several black spots, and dark brown towards the apex; the cilia are dark grey. Similar species A. betuletana, A. capreana. FS May–July. Flies towards dusk, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, mosses, woodland. Fp Birches. LS July– September. Between flatly spun leaves.

380 Tortricidae

Least Marble

Plate 42 Apotomis sauciana (Fröl.) 49.153 Local. Very local in southern England. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2019. FL 6.5–8mm. Forewing with the basal two-thirds blackish brown, mixed black and grey, the outer edge oblique, with a hook-like indentation extending into the dark area, the apical third creamy white, usually shaded blackish brown towards the apex and bordering the termen. Subspecies grevillana in Scotland is typically smaller, with the basal two-thirds paler. FS May–August. Rests on leaves by day, flies in the afternoon and evening, and comes to light. Hab Moorland, including high moorland (650–950m elevation), open woodland. Fp Bearberry, Bilberry, also Mountain Willow. LS April–June. In upland areas of Scotland in June–August or August–May. In a loose spinning in the terminal leaves of a shoot.

Dusky Marble Orthotaenia undulana ([D. & S.])

Plate 42 49.154

Common. Local in Scotland. FL 7–9.5mm. Forewing dark brown, variably overlaid with yellowish brown or yellowish grey, with two broad pale brownish-white or dirty cream crossbands from the costa at one-third and beyond one-half, the outer crossband curving to the tornus, a yellowish-brown bar beyond, sometimes interrupted, from below the costa to below the mid-point of the termen. Similar species Celypha lacunana has the outer edge of the inner crossband with a finger-like projection into the mid-wing. O. undulana is typically paler in the apical third, and the dark markings are more clearly defined. FS May–July, occasionally recorded in August. Readily disturbed by day, flies towards sunset, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, wet heathland, hedgerows, scrub, woodland rides, open woodland. Fp A range of plants, including Bilberry, birches, Bog-myrtle, Honeysuckle. LS April–June. In loosely spun leaves.

White-backed Tortrix Plate 42 Hedya salicella (Linn.) 49.155 Local. Very local in northern England. FL 9–11mm. Thorax white, with darker markings. Forewing basal area and dorsal third whitish, thinly speckled black and shaded greyish near the dorsum, the remaining part of the wing blackish brown, overlaid with black and mottled pale bluish grey. FS June–August, occasionally recorded in September. Comes to light. Hab Heathland, hedgerows, marshes, parkland, scrub, open woodland, sometimes gardens and urban parks. Fp Mainly White Willow; also Aspen, Black-poplar, Grey and other willows. LS May–June. In spun shoots or a folded leaf.

Marbled Orchard Tortrix Plate 42 Hedya nubiferana (Haw.) 49.156 Common. Very local in northern Scotland. FL 7–10mm. Forewing with the basal two-thirds dark brown or dark yellowish brown, mixed bluish grey and blackish, with the apical third white with pale greyish or greyish-brown patches; there are two small black marks, one above the other, close to the outer margin of the basal patch. A rare form occurs which is largely pale whitish grey, with the markings almost absent. Similar species H. pruniana is typically shorter-winged, with a rounded black mark along the outer edge of the basal patch, and two obliquely placed black dots beyond. FS May–August. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, moorland, orchards, parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Mainly Crab Apple, hawthorns, plums; less often other woody plants. LS August–June. In spun flowers, leaves and shoots. Overwinters in a hibernaculum in a bark crevice.

Tortricidae 381

Plum Tortrix

Plate 42 Hedya pruniana (Hübn.) 49.157 Common. FL 7–8.5mm. Forewing with the basal two-thirds blackish and silvery bluish grey, sparsely speckled whitish, the outer edge of the dark basal patch angled in the middle with a rounded black mark joined to the angle; the apical third whitish, mottled silvery greyish, with two obliquely placed blackish dots in the mid-wing, and blackish shading beyond, near the termen; a blackish quarter-circle mark at the apex. Rarely a pale form with dark markings almost absent occurs. Similar species H. nubiferana. FS May–August. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Open woodland, hedgerows, scrub, vegetated shingle, orchards, gardens. Fp Blackthorn, Wild Plum, Wild Cherry; less often apples, pears, hawthorns, Hazel. LS April–June. Initially on the young shoots, and later in a folded leaf or between two spun leaves.

Buff-tipped Marble Plate 42 Hedya ochroleucana (Fröl.) 49.158 Common. More local in the west, and very local in northern England and the Scottish Borders. Rare in Ireland. FL 7.5–10mm. Forewing with the basal two-thirds brown, mixed leaden and black, sparsely speckled pale yellowish brown, the outer edge of the basal patch slightly convex, the apical third pale yellowish brown. The yellowish-brown shading fades over time and may become faint, in which case the two small pale indentations in the outer margin of the dark basal patch help to determine this species. FS Mid-May–August. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, calcareous grassland, hedgerows, orchards, scrub, waste ground, woodland. Fp Roses, occasionally apples. LS April–June. In a spinning among leaves.

Black-spot Marble Plate 42 Hedya atropunctana (Zett.) 49.159 Common. Mainly a northern species, more local in the south. FL 6–7.5mm. Forewing with the basal two-thirds dark brown, mixed blackish, silvery grey and pale yellowish brown, with a pale yellowish-brown mark usually present on the costa at one-third, sometimes indistinct, with the outer edge of the dark basal patch slightly convex, and the apical third creamy, mixed yellowish brown in patches, often with a pinkish tinge, and a distinct black spot just above the middle beyond the outer edge of the dark basal patch. FS May–August in one or occasionally two generations in the south, May–July in the north. Flies in the evening. Hab Wet heathland, moorland, mosses, damp woodland, occasionally hedgerows. Fp Birches, Bog-myrtle, willows; occasionally other trees. LS Late June–October. In a spinning, the leaf spun into a pod on birches and willows.

Rufous Marble Plate 42 (2) Celypha rufana (Scop.) 49.160 Very local in north-west England and Wales, wanderers elsewhere, but may now be established in Suffolk. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2022. FL 7.5–9mm. Forewing dull yellowish brown to dark greyish brown, variably tinged reddish brown, sometimes with scattered whitish scales resulting in a fine net-like pattern, especially in the outer half of the wing; the cilia are yellowish brown or reddish brown. Similar species C. rosaceana is narrower-winged, paler and usually has a pink hue when fresh, although C. rufana can look pinkish when worn. FS May–July, and has also been noted in August–early September. Flies in midday sunshine, in the late afternoon and evening, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, open stony ground, vegetated river shingle, waste ground. Fp Barren and Wild strawberries, Mouse-ear-hawkweed, Common Ragwort. In captivity has fed on the rootstock and decaying leaves of dandelions. LS July–May. On fresh, withered and decaying leaves in a silken spinning, usually among moss.

382 Tortricidae

Barred Marble Celypha striana ([D. & S.])

Plate 42 49.161

Common. Local in parts of northern England, and may be spreading. Rare in Ireland. FL 7.5–10.5mm. Forewing pale brown to reddish brown, with an irregularly edged, brown or greyish brown crossband at about one-half, and another, angled and often less distinct, from the apex along the termen. FS May–September. Male flies by day in sunshine. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, grasslands, hedgerows, field margins, vegetated shingle, waste ground, woodland. Fp Dandelions. LS September–May. Initially under a silken web on the surface of the tap root, and later in the roots.

Roseate Marble Plate 42 Celypha rosaceana Schläg. 49.162 Local. Rare in Ireland. FL 7–9mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown, tinged pinkish brown or pinkish, often lightly dusted darker in the outer part of the wing; the cilia are yellowish brown to pink. The intensity of the pink colouration varies, and can be bright purplish pink, or faint, with the forewing more yellowish. Similar species C. rufana. FS June– mid-September. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, rough open grasslands, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, waste ground. Fp Dandelions, Perennial and Prickly sowthistles. LS May–June. On the roots, in a silken tube.

Thyme Marble Plate 42 Celypha cespitana (Hübn.) 49.164 Local. Most frequent on the coast. FL 5.5–7.5mm. Variable. A narrow-winged species. Forewing greyish to dull yellowish brown, mixed blackish and reddish brown, with two white or silvery-white crossbands from the costa at one-third and beyond one-half, these sometimes shaded yellowish brown; the inner edge of the outer crossband has a deep narrow indentation near the middle and sometimes another towards the costa, and the blotch before the tornus is variable, but often triangular and oblique. Forewing markings can be diffuse. Similar species C. rivulana is generally broader-winged and larger, with well-defined markings, and the dark mark near the tornus is triangular or arch shaped. FS May–early September. Flies in sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Cliffs, calcareous grasslands, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, waste ground. Fp Common Bird’s-foot-trefoil, clovers, Mouse-ear-hawkweed, sea-lavenders, rock-roses, Thrift, thymes, also the moss Dicranum scoparium. LS September–May. In a silken tube, usually along the ground, fully fed in the spring.

Mistletoe Marble

Plate 42 Celypha woodiana (Barr.) 49.165 Rare. Recently confirmed in Wales. FL 7.5–8.5mm. Forewing whitish, lightly mottled blackish, grey, pale greyish brown and dorsally bluish grey, with a prominent bluish-grey blotch on the costa at about one-half, and a black mark below. FS July–August. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Gardens, u Mistletoe Marble Celypha woodiana leaf-mine. hedgerows (in Somerset), orchards. Fp Mistletoe. LS September–May. In a mine on a leaf, making large blotches when fully grown. Similar larva On Mistletoe, Epiphyas postivittana will mine a leaf, but silk is visible adjacent to the mine entrance.

Tortricidae 383

Common Marble Celypha lacunana ([D. & S.])

Plate 43 (3) 49.166

Common. FL 6.5–8.5mm. Variable. Forewing mainly blackish brown, variably overlaid with yellowish brown or greyish brown, often extensive in the outer half of the wing, with two creamy-white or silvery-white crossbands from the costa at one-third and beyond one-half, the outer edge of the inner crossband with a finger-like u Common Marble Celypha lacunana larva projection into the mid-wing, on Rosebay Willowherb. rarely reaching the outer crossband, the projection sometimes obscure, but rarely obliterated. An almost unicolorous form occurs in which the forewing is blackish, speckled with metallic grey. Similar species Orthotaenia undulana. C. rurestrana (not illustrated), a rare species found in the south-west and in south Wales, has noticeably whiter crossbands, and the outer edge of the inner crossband is straighter, with a weakly defined projection; if suspected, confirmation by genitalia examination is likely to be required. FS May–early November, in two generations. Can be numerous where found. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, grasslands, hedgerows, marshes, waste ground, woodland rides, open woodland. Fp Many herbaceous plants; occasionally trees and shrubs. LS August–June. In spun leaves, shoots and flowers, fully fed in late spring.

Silver-striped Marble Plate 43 Celypha rivulana (Scop.) 49.167 Local. Perhaps most frequent in southern England. FL 7–9mm. Forewing mainly reddish brown or chocolate brown, with silvery-white crossbands from the costa at one-third and beyond one-half, these containing yellowish-brown crosslines, and with a distinct and usually large brown blotch, almost triangular or arch shaped, just before the tornus. Similar species C. cespitana. FS Mid-June–August. Flies in sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Calcareous and damp grasslands, marshes, wet heathland, sand dunes, scrub, open woodland. Fp On a range of herbaceous plants, including Dyer’s Greenweed, hawkweeds, Meadowsweet, Wild Marjoram, orchids, plantains; occasionally trees and shrubs. LS May–June. In the flowers and on terminal shoots.

Gold-barred Marble

Plate 43 Celypha aurofasciana (Haw.) 49.169 Very local, including in southern Ireland. Becoming more widespread after decades of scarcity. Recorded as new to Wales in 2016. FL 5.5–6.5mm. A small species. Labial palps and face white, crown yellow. Forewing rather narrow, with the costa smoothly arched and the termen rounded; blackish brown, sometimes shaded greyish, with a pair of narrow yellowish crossbands from the costa at about one-third, each containing a silvery-grey crossline, and a similar single crossband, outwardly curved, beyond one-half; the cilia are mainly yellowish. A form occurs with orange scales scattered over the blackish brown, with silvery-grey crossbands and the yellowish colouring much reduced. FS June–August. Flies in late afternoon and early evening, and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Under moss or liverworts growing on old or rotten bark of trees. LS April–May. In silken galleries.

384 Tortricidae

Mountain Marble Plate 43 (2) Phiaris obsoletana (Zett.) 49.170 Very local. A northern and upland species. FL 7–8.5mm. Forewing dark brown, variably suffused with yellowish-brown scales, two creamy-white or pale brownish-white crossbands from the costa at one-third and at two-thirds, sometimes scattered with silvery scales, the inner margin of the outer crossband with a narrow projection into the mid-wing, sometimes linked to the inner crossband, and often creamy white along the termen. A unicolorous pale form occurs. Similar species P. metallicana has a broader forewing with a less acute apex, and occurs at lower elevations. FS June–July. Readily disturbed in sunny weather from Bearberry and low-growing vegetation, and flies from dawn until after sunrise. Hab High moorland, mountains (650–1,000m). Fp Continental European literature cites Bearberry and bilberries.

Highland Marble Plate 43 Phiaris metallicana (Hübn.) 49.171 Local. A northern species. FL 7.5–9mm. Variable. Forewing dark brown, heavily suffused with pale yellowish grey, with poorly defined pale yellowish-grey crossbands from the costa at one-third and at two-thirds, these edged with sparse metallic silver scales. An almost unicolorous form occurs, and in well-marked examples the silvery metallic spots can be more conspicuous. Similar species P. obsoletana. FS June–July. Flies from late evening and at dusk. Hab Hillsides, woodland, occurring at lower elevations (200–300m). Can be especially numerous where Caledonian pinewoods have a Bilberry ground layer. Fp Bilberry, possibly Cowberry. LS July–June. Between flatly spun leaves, feeding on leaves, stems, dead leaves and mosses, and overwintering in a hibernaculum in a folded leaf.

Large Marble Plate 43 Phiaris schulziana (Fabr.) 49.172 Local. Predominantly northern, and rare in southern England. FL 6.5–11mm. Forewing reddish brown to orangey brown, variably speckled black, with narrow white crossbands or spots, these overlaid with shining metallic grey, and a white spot just above the mid-wing beyond one-half; the cilia are white, chequered with blackish brown. FS June– August. Easily disturbed by day, and flies in evening sunshine. Hab Heathland, mosses, high moorland, occurring up to 1,000m or more. Fp Bearberry, Cranberry, Crowberry, heather; has been reared from Trailing Azalea. LS July or August–May. In a silken tube.

Olive Marble Phiaris micana ([D. & S.])

Plate 43 49.173

Very local. Predominantly a Scottish species, very local in England (East Anglia) and Wales. FL 6–8.5mm. A small broad-winged species with a rather rounded apex. Forewing dark brown suffused with yellowish grey or orangey brown, or with scattered paler patches, and two white crossbands from the costa at one-third and at two-thirds, with a white spot adjacent to the inner margin of the outer crossband near the middle, these markings usually with ill-defined margins; the paler markings may be speckled with silvery or grey metallic scales. A dull greyish-brown form occurs. Similar species P. palustrana has a narrower forewing, a less rounded apex, and more clearly defined markings, which usually include a single pale crossband. FS Mid-June–August. Easily disturbed in sunshine, and flies towards sunset. Hab Bogs. Fp Possibly among herbaceous plants and mosses. LS Possibly August–June.

Tortricidae 385

Northern Marble Phiaris palustrana (L. & Z.)

Plate 43 49.174

Local in Scotland. Very local or scarce elsewhere. FL 6–7.5mm. Forewing reddish brown or orangey brown, variably mixed blackish brown and black, with a white crossband from the costa at one-third speckled with silvery-grey scales, a whitish spot, and irregular whitish crosslines in the outer half of the wing, sometimes forming a crossband. Similar species P. micana. FS Late May–August. Locally numerous at lower elevations in the Scottish Highlands. Flies on sunny afternoons, in the evening, and at dusk. Hab Heathland with mixed birch and pine; preference for sheltered situations. Fp Mosses. LS April–June. In a tubular silken spinning.

Bearberry Marble Plate 43 Argyroploce arbutella (Linn.) 49.177 A northern species. Rare in Ireland. Reported once from Essex as a vagrant. FL 6–7mm. Forewing reddish purple, suffused with reddish brown in the basal half, with irregular whitish-edged silvery-grey crosslines. Similar species Stictea mygindiana is generally larger and has a broader forewing, with a duller reddish-purple colour. FS May–early July, and has been recorded once in August. Flies around the foodplant in afternoon sunshine. Hab Sheltered hollows on the higher parts of mountains. Fp Bearberry. LS August–May. In terminal shoots spun together.

Cowberry Marble Stictea mygindiana ([D. & S.])

Plate 43 49.178

Local in Scotland. Very local in the Midlands and northern England. Rare in Ireland. FL 8–9.5mm. Forewing purplish brown, with a net-like pattern, speckled leaden grey and darker grey, with a rather obscure dark purplish-brown crossband at one-half, although this can be more developed in some examples. The wing colour varies, and sometimes any pattern can be obscured by greyish colouring. Similar species Argyroploce arbutella. FS May–June. Flies from late afternoon, sometimes earlier in sunshine. Hab Heathland, moorland, mosses. Fp Cowberry, occasionally Bearberry, Bog-myrtle. LS June–May. In an untidy spinning at the tip of a shoot. Similar larva Rhopobota ustomaculana (49.222).

Coppice Beauty Plate 43 Olethreutes arcuella (Clerck) 49.179 Very local. FL 6.5–8.5mm. Forewing deep orangey brown with several silver marks, including three short streaks near the base, a crossline at one-third, and three short transverse marks towards the apex, and beyond the crossline an ocellus-like marking comprising a pale yellowish area and a short thick black streak containing four silver spots; all silver markings reflect blue in bright light. FS May–August. Flies by day in sunshine, may be found at rest on leaves, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Open woodland, woodland rides, recently coppiced areas in woodland, wooded heathland. Fp Dead and decaying leaves on the ground. LS June–April. In a spinning.

Pine Marble

Plate 43 Piniphila bifasciana (Haw.) 49.180 Common. Local in northern England and eastern Ireland, and scarce in Scotland. Expanding its range. FL 5.5–7.5mm. Forewing brownish grey, sometimes darker, with two broad crossbands from the costa at one-third and occupying the apical third, greyish white, suffused with pale yellowish brown, orangey or salmon pink, particularly towards the apex. FS June–August. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, conifer scrub on heathland, coniferous woodland. Fp Maritime and Scots pines. LS May–June. In a loose spinning in the shoots and among the male flowers.

386 Tortricidae

Spurge Marble Plate 43 Lobesia occidentis Falkovitsh 49.181 Rare. Possibly declining. Recorded as new to Wales in 2019. FL 4–6mm. Forewing dark brown with a broad crossband from the costa at one-third curving gently to the dorsum before one-half, pale yellowish in the dorsal half, darker and mixed leaden in the costal half, a narrow yellowish crossband from the tornus to the costa at two-thirds, and pale yellowish along the termen. FS June–August, in two or occasionally three generations. Flies in afternoon sunshine and at dusk. Hab Coastal cliffs, sand dunes, open and coppiced woodland. Fp Sea and Wood spurges. LS July, August–September. In spun shoots, preferring young plants.

Thistle Marble Plate 43 Lobesia abscisana (Doubl.) 49.183 Common across most of England. Spreading northwards. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2009. FL 5–6mm. Forewing dark brown, sometimes patchily suffused with yellowish grey, with two whitish crossbands speckled dark brown, one on the dorsum just before one-half to the costa at one-third, and another, slightly more obscure, from the tornus to the costa at about two-thirds, this angled on the outer margin, with a small rounded brown spot along the inner margin of the outer crossband; the apex is dark brown. FS May–early September, in two generations. Occasionally flies in the afternoon, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Grasslands, vegetated shingle, waste ground, open woodland. Fp Creeping Thistle. LS June, August–September. In the shoot, spinning leaves together and burrowing into the centre of the plant.

Wood Marble Plate 43 Lobesia reliquana (Hübn.) 49.184 Local. Scarcer in northern England, Scotland and Ireland. Possibly an occasional immigrant. FL 5–6mm. Forewing relatively narrow and pointed, orangey brown, with a crossband formed of a brown, dark grey or black triangular mark on the dorsum just before one-half and extended to the costa at one-third by a pale yellowish band, and another crossband, rather irregular, formed of a blackish triangular mark at the tornus merging with a diffuse broad dark grey, brown or blackish triangular patch on the costa just beyond one-half. The male has a whitish hindwing, shaded darker towards the apex. FS May–June, and has been noted in August. Flies by day, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, parkland, scrub, open woodland, occasionally gardens. Fp Birches, Blackthorn, Hornbeam, oaks; probably other woody plants. LS July–April. Has been found in a spinning on withered and brown leaves caught in the lower branches of trees and shrubs. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Shore Marble Lobesia littoralis (W. & H.)

Plate 43 49.185

Local. FL 5–8mm. Forewing rather narrow and pointed, whitish, speckled darker, the markings yellowish brown to reddish brown, comprising a diffuse basal patch with a darker patch on the dorsum at about one-third to the mid-wing, a crossband from the dorsum at about two-thirds to the costa near one-half, and a large, usually obscure patch before the termen. Can be numerous. Flies in afternoon sunshine, and comes to light. FS May–October, in two generations. Hab Gardens, cliffs, rocky coastlines, saltmarshes, vegetated shingle. Fp Thrift, also Common Bird’s-foot-trefoil. LS April–May, August. The first generation in the young shoots or flowerheads, and the second generation in the flowerheads and on the seeds.

Tortricidae 387

Teasel Marble

Plate 43 Endothenia gentianaeana (Hübn.) 49.186 Common. Very local in the north and west. Possibly spreading north, and recorded as new to Scotland in 2019. FL 7–9.5mm. Forewing basal two-thirds blackish and reddish brown, mixed silvery grey with a slight bluish or purplish reflection, with scattered black spots; often there is a pale blotch on the dorsum just before one-half, this in-filled u Teasel Marble Endothenia gentianaeana larva in teasel stem. darker, an obscure pale mark on the costa at about one-third, and a somewhat obscure whitish spot near the mid-wing at about two-thirds, beyond which is a broad whitish crossband, the band often tinged pale yellowish brown and greyish; the apex is dark. Similar species E. oblongana and E. marginana are smaller than most E. gentianaeana, and typically have a narrower and more whitish band in the outer part of the forewing. E. oblongana and E. marginana are indistinguishable with regard to forewing characters, although male E. marginana has a mainly white hindwing. Unless reared from larvae, all three species may require genitalia examination to confirm identification. FS May–September, and has been recorded in late April; possibly in two overlapping generations. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, rough grasslands, old quarries, waste ground, open woodland. Fp Wild Teasel. LS September–June. Larva is pale greenish with a brown head and thoracic legs, and has no anal comb. In the pith in the centre of the seedhead, overwintering fully fed in the old seedhead or in the stem beneath. Similar larva E. marginana larva is whitish, sometimes tinged with pink, with a black head and thoracic legs, and has an anal comb (structure hidden beneath anal plate, used to flick away faecal pellets).

Plantain Marble Plate 43 Endothenia oblongana (Haw.) 49.187 Local. Scarce in the north. FL 5–7.5mm. Hindwing of both sexes is brownish grey, sometimes paler towards the base. Similar species E. gentianaeana, E. marginana. FS May–September. Readily disturbed by day. Flies in the evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, calcareous and sparsely vegetated grasslands, old quarries. Fp Ribwort Plantain. LS August–May. In the rootstock.

Bordered Marble

Plate 43 Endothenia marginana (Haw.) 49.188 Common. Local or very local in the north. FL 5–7.5mm. Hindwing of male is bright white with a broad greyish border. Hindwing of female is brownish grey, paler towards the base. Similar species E. gentianaeana, E. oblongana. FS May–September, in two generations. Readily disturbed by day, flies in the evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Bogs, fens, rough grasslands, wet heathlands, damp woodland. Fp Betony, Marsh Gentian, hemp-nettles, Lousewort, Marsh Lousewort, Ribwort Plantain, Yellow-rattle, Wild Teasel. LS September–April. In seedheads or seed capsules, internally or externally in a silken gallery, depending on the foodplant. Overwinters fully fed. Similar larva E. gentianaeana.

388 Tortricidae

Bugle Marble Plate 43 Endothenia ustulana (Haw.) 49.190 Very local. Rare in Ireland. FL 4–6mm. Forewing heavily mixed silvery grey and black, with an obscure paler blotch on the dorsum just before one-half, this in-filled darker, and with an indistinct narrow paler crossband, mixed leaden and whitish, from the costa at about three-quarters to the tornus; orangey brown along the termen and around the apex. Similar species E. pullana (not illustrated), a scarce species in southern England on Marsh Woundwort, is typically slightly paler, with less well-defined markings; genitalia examination is likely to be needed to confirm identification. FS May–August, and has been recorded in early September. Flies in the afternoon, and u Bugle Marble Endothenia ustulana occasionally comes to light. Hab Gardens, damp larval feeding signs in Bugle stem. grasslands, hedgerows, waste ground, damp open woodland. Fp Bugle, including garden cultivars. LS September–May. Initially in the roots, and later in the central stem, causing stunting of growth and sometimes wilting.

Hedge Marble Plate 43 Endothenia nigricostana (Haw.) 49.191 Local. Very local in northern England. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2015. FL 5–7mm. Forewing blackish grey, finely speckled white, particularly in the apical half, with a diffuse, occasionally obscure, large pale yellowish-brown or yellowish blotch on the dorsum at about one-half. FS Late May–July. Sometimes flies in the afternoon and at dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Shaded grasslands, hedgerows, woodland rides, open woodland. Fp Hedge Woundwort. LS July–May. Feeds in the flower stalk and roots; the larva ascends to near the top of an old stem to pupate in spring.

Field Marble Endothenia ericetana (H. & W.)

Plate 44 49.192

Local. Very local in northern England and in Scotland, and rare in Ireland. FL 7–9mm. Forewing pale greyish brown, sometimes brown tinged with orangey brown, usually indistinctly marked with a darker brown triangle in the mid-wing which has an acute or right angle nearest the dorsum. Similar species E. quadrimaculana is longerwinged, with a paler forewing contrasting with a dark triangle in the mid-wing which has an obtuse angle nearest the dorsum. FS June–September, and occasionally noted in early October. Flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Rough grasslands, field margins, open woodland. Fp Marsh Woundwort; possibly Corn Mint, Hedge Woundwort. LS August–May. In the lower stem and roots.

Marsh Marble Plate 44 Endothenia quadrimaculana (Haw.) 49.193 Common. Local in northern England and in Scotland. FL 9–11mm. Forewing whitish brown or pale orangey brown, usually having a dark brown triangular marking in the mid-wing with the angle nearest to the dorsum obtuse, and further dark marks towards the termen. Brown obscurely marked forms occur. Similar species E. ericetana. FS June–mid-August, and occasionally noted in September. Flies from late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Fens, ditches, damp grasslands, hedgerows, marshes, woodland rides. Fp Marsh Woundwort; sometimes Spearmint, possibly Hedge Woundwort. LS August–May. In the roots and underground stems.

Tortricidae 389

Common Lance Plate 44 Bactra lancealana (Hübn.) 49.194 Common. FL 5–10mm. Very variable. Male forewing brown, pale greyish brown, yellowish brown or orangey brown with darker markings varying from almost uniform to a brown net-like pattern, often with a dark brown crescent-shaped mark in the mid-wing at two-thirds, sometimes with one or two dark marks at one-third; there may be two short dark streaks towards the apex. The female forewing may be plain pale brownish, or with the dorsal two-thirds dark brownish, the costal third pale brownish, or pale brownish with a dark brownish streak from base to termen. In upland areas, very small pale examples occur regularly. Similar species B. furfurana is small and narrow-winged, mottled, usually with a pale curved crossband before one-half. B. lacteana is slightly smaller, and the male usually has two short parallel streaks towards the apex; forms of male B. lancealana with a dark mark in the mid-wing may be indistinguishable, and genitalia examination is likely to be required to confirm identification of B. lacteana. B. robustana is typically larger, although there is overlap in size, and usually has darker hindwings. B. venosana (not illustrated), a suspected scarce immigrant, has a rather broader forewing, with the veins in the outer half streaked brownish. If there is any doubt, Bactra species require genitalia examination to confirm identification. FS May–October, in two generations. Can be abundant in rushy fields. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Many inland habitats where rushes occur, including bogs, wet grasslands, wet heathland, marshes, moorland, mountains, open wet woodland. Fp Rushes, including Compact Rush; also Common Club-rush, Northern Deergrass, Galingale. LS April–May; July–August. In the stems.

Marsh Lance Plate 44 Bactra furfurana (Haw.) 49.195 Local. FL 6–9mm. A small, narrow-winged species. Forewing yellowish brown or orangey brown, with whitish or pale yellowish-brown markings, including an irregular curved crossband at about one-third and patches from the costa at two-thirds towards the tornus, sometimes forming an irregular crossband; often there is a dark brown crescentshaped mark in the mid-wing at two-thirds. Similar species B. lancealana. FS May–early September. Flies in the afternoon and at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, soft cliffs, marshes, ponds. Fp Compact Rush, Common Spike-rush. LS April–May, ?June–July. In the stem, causing it to turn brown; the larva moves from one stem to another.

Sedge Lance Plate 44 Bactra lacteana Caradja 49.196 Very local. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2016. Likely to be overlooked. FL 5–7mm. Male forewing is usually pale greyish brown with a distinct dark brown crescent-shaped mark in the mid-wing at two-thirds, and two short dark streaks towards the apex. Female forewing is plain dark reddish brown, or paler with a darker streak from base to termen, sometimes with two dark streaks discernible. Similar species B. lancealana. FS Late May–August, and has been recorded in early September; probably in two generations in the south. Can be common very locally. Flies low to the ground on warm afternoons, and very occasionally comes to light. Hab Wet grasslands, grazed sedge lawns, moorland. Fp Carnation Sedge; possibly other low-growing sedges. LS Late August–May. Mines the centre of the shoot just below ground level, causing the youngest leaves to wilt and die.

390 Tortricidae

Saltern Lance Plate 44 Bactra robustana (Christoph) 49.197 Very local, and occasionally wanders from typical habitats. FL 8–11mm. Variable, showing a similar range of colours and markings to B. lancealana but on average larger. The most frequent form has the dorsal two-thirds dark with the costal third pale, and the pale form with a dark brown crescent mark in the mid-wing is rare. Similar species B. lancealana. FS Mid-May–early September, and has been recorded in October; in two overlapping generations. Flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Saltmarshes; also coastal ditches, coastal gravel pits. Fp Sea Club-rush. LS August–June, ?July–August. Mines the leaves and stems.

Honeysuckle Beauty Plate 44 Eucosmomorpha albersana (Hübn.) 49.199 Local. Becoming increasingly scarce further north. FL 6–7mm. Forewing brownish or reddish brown in the basal two-thirds, pale orangey brown in the apical third, with metallic grey streaks on the costa; there is a faint ocellus laterally edged with metallic grey, containing two or three black dashes. FS May–June. Flies in afternoon sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Wooded heathland, woodland clearings, woodland rides. Fp Honeysuckle. LS August–April. In a pod constructed from a folded leaf or two spun leaves, overwintering in a cocoon in the spinning or in leaf litter.

Cherry Bark Tortrix Plate 44 Enarmonia formosana (Scop.) 49.200

Cherry Bark Moth Enarmonia formosana feeding signs in cherry bark.

r

Local. More local in Scotland. Expanding its range. FL 6–9mm. Forewing orangey brown, patterned with dark brownish and metallic grey, with a few small white streaks on the costa, these more distinctive towards the apex; the ocellus is thickly edged with silvery grey laterally, containing three or four thick black dashes, and the cilia are dark grey with three or four distinct orangey patches. Similar species Grapholita lobarzewskii is typically smaller and narrower-winged, lacks the metallic and contrasting white markings, and the cilia are brown with a creamy basal line. FS May–September. Flies in the afternoon and evening sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Gardens, urban parks and trees, hedgerows, orchards, parkland, woodland near moorland. Fp Various trees in the rose family (Rosaceae), especially mature trees of apples, Dwarf and Wild cherries and cultivars, Rowan. LS September–May. Often in a wound in the bark, exuding reddish frass, and sometimes under loose bark.

Heath Hook-wing Plate 44 Ancylis unguicella (Linn.) 49.201 Local. More frequent in the north of its range. FL 6–9mm. Forewing extended into a small lobe at the apex, dull orangey brown or pale reddish brown, with whitish or whitish-grey markings, sometimes obscure, including two fairly straight oblique crossbands from the dorsum beyond one-half to the costa at one-third, and from the tornus to the costa at two-thirds, sometimes two or three dark brown dashes in the mid-wing, and with whitish paired streaks on the costa. FS May–July. Flies in the late afternoon and in the evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Heathland, moorland. Fp Bearberry, heathers, Bell Heather. LS July–April. Feeds on leaves from a tubular spinning among the leaves or on the ground on heather, or among silk threads between the soil and the leaves on Bearberry. Overwinters in a cocoon spun among leaf litter.

Tortricidae 391

Heather Hook-wing Ancylis uncella ([D. & S.])

Plate 44 49.202

Local. FL 7–9mm. Forewing extended into a small lobe at the apex, reddish brown, variably shaded paler and darker, with one large pale greyish patch on the dorsum at one-half, and another, irregularly shaped, at the tornus, extending just over halfway across the wing, and with short paired whitish streaks on the costa. FS May–mid-August, and has been recorded in late April; in a single generation, or sometimes two generations in the south. Can be disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Damp heathland, wet moorland, mosses, open woodland, scrub. Fp Birches (with a preference for young trees), heaths. LS July–April. Spins leaves together. Overwinters in a cocoon spun in a dead leaf.

Aspen Hook-wing Plate 44 Ancylis laetana (Fabr.) 49.203 Local. Very local in western and northern England, and in Scotland. FL 6–7mm. Forewing extended into a small lobe at the apex, white at the base and broadly along the costa, grey to dark grey or black dorsally, with an obscure bluish-grey ocellus, edged with black along the costal margin, and shaded reddish brown towards the apex. FS May–mid-July, with a partial second generation in August–September. Flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, parkland, open woodland, occasionally gardens. Fp Aspen, rarely Black-poplar. LS July–April. Within a folded leaf or between two spun leaves. Overwinters in a spinning between leaves on the ground.

Lesser Hook-wing Plate 44 Ancylis obtusana (Haw.) 49.204 Very local. FL 5–6mm. A small, broad-winged species. Forewing hardly extended at the apex, orangey brown shaded reddish brown, with a narrow whitish crossband from the costa at one-third curved to the dorsum beyond one-half, extending beyond and looping around a narrow, almost triangular, brown mark near the tornus, and with small whitish costal streaks. FS Late April–July. Flies in afternoon sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Heathland, woodland. Fp Buckthorn, Alder Buckthorn. LS September–April. Larva is yellowish. Between spun leaves. Overwinters in the spinning, which falls to the ground.

Least Hook-wing Plate 44 Ancylis comptana (Fröl.) 49.205 Local. Very local in the west. FL 5–6mm. A small, narrow-winged species. Forewing extended into a distinct lobe at the apex, brownish, with a narrow greyish crossband from the costa at one-third to the dorsum at three-quarters, extending beyond and looping over a brown patch near the tornus, and with small whitish streaks along the outer half of the costa. FS April–September, in two generations. Can be abundant and disperses widely. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Cliffs, calcareous grasslands, old quarries. Fp Salad Burnet, cinquefoils, strawberries, thymes. LS July, September–April. In a folded leaf. Some larvae are fully fed in autumn; others continue to feed over winter.

Southern Hook-wing Plate 44 Ancylis upupana (Treits.) 49.206 Very local. FL 5–8mm. Forewing slightly extended into a small lobe at the apex, dark brown, the apical area and termen orangey brown, with small white costal streaks in the apical half. FS May–June, and has been recorded in July. Flies from early afternoon until just before sunset, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Heathland, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Birches, elms, occasionally Goat Willow. LS July–April. In a folded leaf or between two spun leaves, partly skeletonising the leaves. Overwinters in the spinning, which falls to the ground.

392 Tortricidae

Willow Hook-wing Plate 44 Ancylis geminana (Don.) 49.207 Local. FL 6–8mm. Forewing extended into a small lobe at the apex, pale greyish brown, sometimes tinged with reddish brown, the dorsum broadly bordered pale greyish by an undulating streak from the base to the termen, although this may be obscure towards the base, this streak broadened at about one-half into the mid-wing and arched above the tornus, extending to beyond halfway across the wing. Similar species A. geminana, A. subarcuana and A. diminutana are similar, and in the past all three species have been treated as forms of A. geminana. A. subarcuana is pale grey to whitish grey, with faint brown markings restricted to the mid-wing, and the dorsal streak is more obscure. A diminutana is more reddish brown, and the dorsal streak is speckled dark brown and nearly straight, not arched, above the tornus. FS May–August, in one generation or with a partial second generation. Flies at dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Bogs, fens, wet heathland, marshes, moorland, damp woodland. Fp Willows, but not Creeping Willow. LS July–April. Spins a leaf into a pod. Overwinters in a cocoon among leaf litter.

Grey Hook-wing Plate 44 Ancylis subarcuana (Dougl.) 49.208 Very local. Rare in Ireland. FL 6–8mm. Similar species A. geminana, A. diminutana. FS May–August, in one or possibly two generations. Flies in the afternoon, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Sparsely vegetated grasslands, heathland, sand dunes. Can be locally numerous in coastal areas of Scotland. Fp Creeping Willow. LS July–April. Spins a leaf into a pod.

Rufous Hook-wing Plate 44 Ancylis diminutana (Haw.) 49.209 Local in England. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2014, and as new to Ireland in 2010. FL 6–8mm. Similar species A. geminana, A. subarcuana. FS May–August. Flies at dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Heathland, open woodland. Fp Willows, but not Creeping Willow. LS July–April. Spins a leaf into a pod. Overwinters in a cocoon among leaf litter.

Buckthorn Hook-wing Plate 44 Ancylis unculana (Haw.) 49.210 Local. Much scarcer away from southern and eastern counties. FL 6–8mm. Forewing extended into a small lobe at the apex, reddish brown, with a narrow whitish crossband, speckled brown or grey, from the dorsum at three-quarters to the costa before one-half, with a creamy extension along the costa to the base, and fused with a large irregular greyish patch above the tornus; there are short paired whitish streaks along the apical half of the costa. FS Late April–early September, in one or possibly two generations in some areas. Flies from early evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Calcareous grasslands, hedgerows, scrub, damp woodland. Fp Buckthorn, Alder Buckthorn. LS August–May, ?June–July. Larva is dark grey with white dots. Spins a leaf edge to form a pod, and overwinters in a cocoon in the leaf pod on the ground.

Tortricidae 393

Bilberry Hook-wing Plate 44 Ancylis myrtillana (Treits.) 49.211 Local. Scarce in the south and east. Can be locally numerous in Scotland. FL 6–8mm. Forewing extended into a small lobe at the apex, brown to dark brown dorsally in a patch from the base to beyond one-half, a broad pale brownish-white or greyish-white crossband from the dorsum at three-quarters to the costa before one-half, and extended along the costa to the base, with the outer third of the wing pale brownish white, mixed with a few darker markings. The pale markings can be suffused with short wavy brown lines. FS Mid-May–early July. Readily disturbed by day, and flies in sunshine and towards sunset. Hab Heathland, moorland, mosses, open woodland. Fp Bilberry, Bog Bilberry, Cowberry. LS July–April. Spins leaf edges together to form a pod. Overwinters in a cocoon in a folded leaf or on the ground.

Streaked Hook-wing Ancylis apicella ([D. & S.])

Plate 44 49.212

Very local. FL 6–9mm. Forewing extended into a lobe at the apex, appearing distinctly hooked; pale yellowish brown along the costa, dark brown or mixed dark brown and pale yellowish or greyish brown along the dorsum, with a creamy-white suffused pale brownish longitudinal streak from the base to about three-quarters, a narrow extension from the mid-wing to the dorsum at three-quarters joined to a pale ocellus containing at least one dark brown mark, and with short pale yellowish-brown streaks on the costa. FS May–August, in two generations. Readily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, fens, heathland, marshes, damp open woodland. Fp Buckthorn, Alder Buckthorn. LS June–July, September–April. Larva is greyish green. Initially in a folded leaf, and later between two leaves flatly spun together, discolouring them in patches. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon in the final spinning or among leaf litter.

Fen Hook-wing Plate 44 Ancylis paludana Barr. 49.213 Rare. East Anglia, and formerly Northumberland. FL 6–7mm. Similar species A. badiana is darker, with a narrower creamy band along the costa to the base; there is never more than one black dot at the base of the cilia before the apex, whereas A. paludana has three to four dots. FS Mid-May–August, in two generations. Flies at dusk. Hab Fens. Fp Marsh Pea. LS June, September–April. Spins two leaves together to form a pod. Overwinters in a cocoon among leaf litter.

Meadow Hook-wing Ancylis badiana ([D. & S.])

Plate 44 49.214

Common. FL 5–8mm. Forewing extended into a broad lobe at the apex, appearing distinctly hooked, dark brown, suffused orangey towards the apex, with a broad creamy whitish or greyish-white crossband, rather indistinct on the dorsum at three-quarters, broadening and distinct towards the mid-wing and extended along the costa to the base, and with short whitish streaks along the apical half of the costa, and long creamy cilia along the termen before the apex. Similar species A. paludana. FS Mid-April–September, in two r Bilberry Hook-wing Ancylis myrtillana larval feeding signs on Bilberry. rr Meadow Hook-wing Ancylis badiana larval feeding signs on Red Clover.

394 Tortricidae generations. Flies at sunrise and in the afternoon and evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Grasslands, old quarries, vegetated shingle, waste ground, woodland rides. Fp Clovers, peas, vetches. LS June–July, August–April. Spins leaves together to form a pod. Overwinters fully fed.

Hedge Hook-wing Ancylis achatana ([D. & S.])

Plate 44 49.215

Common. Possibly spreading slowly northwards. Very local in Ireland. FL 6–9mm. Forewing reddish brown to dark brown with two greyish-white to silvery-grey crossbands, one from the dorsum before one-half to the costa at one-third, angled in the middle, linked obliquely from the outer margin by a thin band to the second crossband, from the tornus to the costa at two-thirds, with a large brown near-triangular blotch on the dorsum before the tornus. FS Late May–August, and has been recorded in late August. Flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Blackthorn, cotoneasters, hawthorns. LS ?September–May, feeding mainly in the spring. Spins leaves into a tube, and feeds on adjacent leaves.

Amber Hook-wing Ancylis mitterbacheriana ([D. & S.])

Plate 44 49.216

Common. Very local in northern England and in Scotland and Ireland. FL 6–8mm. Forewing slightly extended into a small lobe at the apex, yellowish brown over most of the wing and along the costa towards the base, with a dark reddishbrown area from the base along the dorsum, edged with a fine white line just u Amber Hook-wing Ancylis mitterbacheriana before one-half, and with small whitish larval feeding signs on oak. streaks on the costa in the apical half. FS Late April–mid-July, in one generation, with a partial second generation in the south in late July–September. Readily disturbed by day, flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Beech, Sweet Chestnut, oaks; sometimes birches. LS July–April. Spins a leaf into a pod. Overwinters fully fed in the final pod, which falls to the ground.

Northern Hook-wing Plate 44 Ancylis tineana (Hübn.) 49.217 Rare. Found only in the Scottish Highlands and at one site on the English/Welsh border. FL 5–7mm. Forewing extended into a small lobe at the apex, greyish, variably speckled dark brown, with a distinct large whitish ocellus, extending to near the apex, and with greyish-white costal streaks in the apical half, interspersed darker. FS May–June. Flies by day. Hab Grassland, heathland, moorland, mosses. Fp Birches; preference for young trees and small trees stunted by waterlogging or grazing. LS July–May. In a long silken tube making an untidy spinning among leaves. Overwinters from September in a neat spinning among leaves on the plant.

Goldenrod Marble Plate 44 Eriopsela quadrana (Hübn.) 49.218 Rare. FL 5.5–7.5mm. Forewing whitish or greyish white, coarsely mixed with dark brown, with a dark brown dorsal blotch at about one-third, this sometimes curved outwards, and another large brown blotch just before the tornus, the blotches edged orangey brown in the mid-wing (in some examples the orangey brown is more extensive in the outer third of the wing), and with a short black streak in the mid-wing at four-fifths. FS Late April– early June. Flies in the late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous and sparsely

Tortricidae 395 vegetated grasslands, limestone pavement, open woodland. Fp Goldenrod. LS June– April. Folds the lower leaves upwards, forming a pod. Overwinters in a cocoon among leaf litter.

Canary Tortrix Plate 44 Thiodia citrana (Hübn.) 49.219 Local. Most widely found in the south-east. FL 7.5–10mm. Forewing pale yellow, variably overlaid with yellowish-brown or brown markings, including an oblique crossband towards the base, an irregular crossband from the tornus to the costa at about one-half, sometimes narrow or absent at the costa, with an extension from the middle to the apex. FS Mid-June–August, and has been recorded in May. Occasionally sits on flowers of the foodplants on sunny afternoons. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Sparsely vegetated ground, especially near the coast, including Breckland grassland, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, waste ground. Fp Stinking Chamomile, Field Wormwood, Yarrow. LS August–early June. In a spinning in the flowerheads. Overwinters in a cocoon among leaf litter.

Small Bilberry Marble Rhopobota myrtillana (H. & W.)

Plate 44 49.220

Local. Mainly a northern species, but occurs very locally in southern England and Wales. FL 4.5–6mm. Forewing dark reddish brown, variably suffused greyish, especially towards the base, with a silvery greyish-white crossband at one-half, somewhat angled in the middle or towards the costa, reaching the costa at one-third, with another angled crossband from just before the tornus reaching the costa at two-thirds, and usually with a blackish-brown apical mark. FS May–June. Flies in late afternoon and evening sunshine. Occasionally abundant. Hab Heathland, moorland, mountains. Fp Bilberry. LS July– August. Between two or three leaves flatly spun together. Overwinters fully fed.

Scabious Marble Rhopobota stagnana ([D. & S.])

Plate 45 (2) 49.221

Local. Very local from the Midlands northwards and in Ireland. FL 5–9mm. The female is usually smaller than the male, with a narrower forewing. Forewing greyish, a narrow crossband at one-quarter and a broader one angled from the tornus to the costa at one-half, these often slightly darker greyish brown, sometimes hardly discernible; in the female the crossbands are much darker, contrasting strongly with the ground colour. FS April–September, in two generations. Can be disturbed on warm days, flies in the early evening, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, Breckland, calcareous and wet grasslands, limestone pavement, scrub, damp woodland. Fp Devil’s-bit and Small scabiouses. LS June–July, September–March. Summer larvae feed on rosette leaves among silk webbing spun to the ground; in autumn in the flowerhead, later boring into the stem.

Small Cowberry Marble Plate 45 Rhopobota ustomaculana (Curtis) 49.222 Local. A northern species. FL 5.5–7mm. Forewing dark brown with silvery-white markings, including a broad, somewhat triangular dorsal blotch, and a bar from the tornus sometimes forming an angled crossband to the costa at two-thirds, and with a dark dot at the apex. FS June–July. Flies in afternoon sunshine and in the evening. Hab Moorland. Fp Cowberry; possibly Bilberry. LS July–June. Initially in a brown gallery that often runs perpendicular to the midrib, with frass attached to the underside. Later between spun leaves with silk hardly visible. Similar larva Stictea mygindiana (49.178).

396 Tortricidae

Holly Tortrix

Plate 45 Rhopobota naevana (Hübn.) 49.223 Common. FL 5.5–7.5mm. Although the wing pattern is extremely variable, this moth rests with a characteristic crease in the wing from the apex to the middle at two-thirds, and the forewing is extended to a lobe at the apex with a distinct notch below on the termen. Forewing typically brown and blackish brown, variably suffused greyish, with a greyish-white crossband from the dorsum beyond one-half, obtusely angled in the middle, reaching the costa at one-third, the inner margin clearly defined, the outer margin rather more rounded and less distinct, and with a black dot or short streak just beyond the outer angle, and a large whitish ocellus. In lighter forms the ground colour is shining white, with the markings contrasting strongly. Uniform dull yellowish-brown, reddish-brown or blackish examples occur, but the black streak or dot is usually visible. FS Late May–mid-September, and rarely reported in early October. Can occur in numbers. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Found in a wide variety of habitats, including gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, moorland, orchards, woodland. Fp Many woody plants, including Blackthorn, Holly, and Bilberry on moorland. LS May– June. In a spinning, sometimes in spun flowers.

Bud Moth Spilonota ocellana ([D. & S.])

Plate 45 49.224

Common. Local in Scotland. FL 5.5–7.5mm. Variable. Forewing typically whitish, sometimes tinged pale yellowish brown, variably suffused with grey, with the basal third blackish brown and a usually prominent blackish triangular mark just before the tornus; the ocellus is elongate, nearly reaching the apex, and is partially edged with metallic grey, containing several black dashes towards the apex. A unicolorous dark form with a black triangle near the tornus is frequent, as are intermediate forms with greyish-brown or greyish-white central areas. Similar species S. laricana is very similar, and confirmation of identity is likely to require genitalia examination, although differences between the males are subtle, and differences between the females may not be reliable. S. laricana has a narrower forewing than most S. ocellana examples, although this feature alone is not reliable. Examples that have a mainly white forewing, tinged yellowish brown, are likely to be S. ocellana. Gypsonoma dealbana has a small black streak in the mid-wing at two-thirds. FS Late May–mid-September, and sometimes recorded in early May. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, orchards, scrub, open woodland. Fp A range of woody plants, including apples, Bog-myrtle, hawthorns, oaks, Sea-buckthorn, willows; also recorded on Sea Spurge. LS August–May. Larva is reddish brown. In autumn it feeds in a narrow frass-covered silken tube, grazing on the underside of a leaf; in spring it spins leaves together in an untidy spinning.

Larch Bud Moth

Plate 45 Spilonota laricana (Hein.) 49.225 Local, but its distribution is not fully understood due to confusion with S. ocellana. FL 5–7.5mm. Formerly treated as a form of S. ocellana. Similar species S. ocellana. FS June–August, sometimes recorded in September. Comes to light. Hab Coniferous woodland. Fp European Larch, occasionally Sitka Spruce. LS August–June. Larva is greyish brown. At first it mines the leaves, and later it feeds in a spinning among the expanding buds.

Tortricidae 397

Sea Spurge Tortrix Plate 45 Acroclita subsequana (Herr.-Schäff.) 49.226 Very local. FL 5–8.5mm. Forewing yellowish brown, with small patches of somewhat raised scales in the mid-wing between one-third and the termen, with thinly distributed black speckling and a slightly darker basal patch angled and marked blackish along the outer edge. A form occurs with more extensive blackish marking at one-third and at the tornus. FS April–October, in two generations. Flies from evening onwards, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Calcareous cliffs, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Portland and Sea spurges. LS June, September–March. In a silken gallery in the shoot, or spins leaves to the stem.

Brown Alder Roller

Plate 45 Epinotia sordidana (Hübn.) 49.228 Local. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2002. FL 8.5–11mm. Forewing creamy brownish to pale greyish brown, suffused with darker brown, with poorly defined markings, including a slightly paler dorsal blotch that is often edged darker, especially along the inner margin; the cilia are the same colour as the forewing. The hindwing is uniformly grey. Similar species Unmarked forms of E. caprana and E. solandriana: E. caprana is usually slightly smaller with a greyish-white hindwing, grey towards the apex; E. solandriana often has contrasting darker and lighter patches in the cilia. If there is any doubt, genitalia examination will be required to confirm identification. FS August–October. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, fens, margins of lakes and watercourses, marshes. Fp Alder; preference for young coppice regrowth or saplings in open situations. LS May–June. In a rolled or puckered leaf, later spinning a leaf (usually a terminal one) into a pod.

Large Willow Roller

Plate 45 (2) Epinotia caprana (Fabr.) 49.229 Common. FL 8–10.5mm. Variable. Forewing ranging from dark yellowish brown through brownish to reddish brown, occasionally darker, sometimes with greyish suffusion, especially along the costa; markings are generally indistinct, in most forms with an obscure, large and slightly paler triangular dorsal blotch, edged somewhat darker, especially along the inner margin. One form has a blackish-brown costal half and a whitish dorsal half, with an irregular margin between the two. Another has the costal third dark brown, with much of the rest of the wing reddish brown extending towards the apex, and a dark brown triangular dorsal blotch that extends towards the base. Similar species E. sordidana, E. solandriana. FS Late July–October. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Fens, gravel pits, marshes, moorland, mosses. Fp Bog-myrtle, willows; recorded on Lodgepole Pine. LS April–June. In spun terminal leaves.

White-blotched Roller

Plate 45 Epinotia trigonella (Linn.) 49.230 Common. Local in north-west England. FL 7.5–10mm. Forewing with the costa evenly arched, blackish brown, mixed paler brown and speckled black, silvery grey and whitish, with an almost square, sometimes triangular, white dorsal blotch just before one-half, often containing yellowish-brown or blackish-brown markings from the dorsum, and a similar almost round blotch at the tornus. Similar species E. demarniana is smaller, with narrower wings, has a pair of bright white costal streaks near the apex, and generally flies earlier in the year. FS Late July–September. Flies at dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Bogs, heathland, hedgerows, mosses, scrub, woodland. Fp Birches; preference for small trees. LS June–July. In spun or folded leaves, usually at the end of a shoot.

398 Tortricidae

Large Birch Roller

Plate 45 (2) Epinotia brunnichana (Linn.) 49.231 Common. FL 8.5–10.5mm. Variable. Forewing pale brownish, orangey brown or pale greyish brown, with a large, usually four-sided dorsal blotch, white or the same as the ground colour, often edged with black, sometimes strongly along the inner edge, and with black marks elsewhere on the wing. One form has a semicircular black dorsal blotch. In another the general colour is greyish, mixed with blackish, with a paler dorsal blotch visible and a paler area in the tornus, this often containing a series of blackish dots. Similar species E. solandriana is sometimes similar, but has a distinctive triangular dorsal blotch. FS July–September, sometimes later. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Parkland, scrub, woodland, occasionally gardens. Fp Birches, Hazel, willows. LS April–June. In a transversely rolled leaf, sealed at each end of the roll.

Dark Aspen Roller

Plate 45 Epinotia maculana (Fabr.) 49.232 Local. Very local in Scotland. Rare in northern England and in Ireland. FL 8–11mm. Forewing dark brown, purplish brown or greyish brown, more or less overlaid with whitish, with a black mark of varying size, sometimes outwardly curved and triangular, on the dorsum at one-third, and an ill-defined blackish blotch just before the tornus; the paler ocellus is dotted with a series of black marks. FS August–October. May be tapped from trees by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Aspen; sometimes poplars. LS June. In a rolled leaf, feeding on adjacent leaves at night.

Varied Birch Roller Plate 45 (4) Epinotia solandriana (Linn.) 49.233 Common. FL 7.5–10mm. Extremely variable. Typical forms: forewing yellowish brown, reddish brown, dark brown or grey, with a large dorsal blotch, usually triangular, either slightly paler than the ground colour, or white. Another range of forms has the forewing white, creamy, orangey white or brownish white, with a brown or dark brown elongate dorsal blotch with a concave margin in the mid-wing. A scarce form has the forewing dark brown with a yellowish-brown longitudinal streak through the mid-wing. Similar species E. sordidana, E. caprana, E. brunnichana. FS July–August, occasionally recorded in mid-June and early September. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Scrub, open woodland. Fp Birches, Hazel, Goat Willow; occasionally roses. LS May–June. Larva is pale greyish green with a pale brown head mottled darker. In a leaf rolled in line with the midrib. Similar larva Anacampsis blattariella (35.012) makes a similar spinning and has a similar-coloured larva, but the head is black.

Brown Elm Tortrix

Plate 45 (2) Epinotia abbreviana (Fabr.) 49.234 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 5.5–7.5mm. Variable. Forewing is orangey brown to dark reddish brown, with a whitish, creamy-white or yellowish-brown oblique crossband from the dorsum at one-third, sharply angled in the middle, then inwardly oblique to the costa at one-third, and a similar narrow crossband from the tornus to the costa beyond one-half, overlaid with silvery-leaden scales; the costa has a series of paired whitish streaks, more prominent in the apical half. An almost unicolorous dark reddish-brown form also occurs. FS Mid-May–August, occasionally recorded in September. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Woodland, scrub, hedgerows, gardens. Fp English and Wych elms; occasionally Field Maple. Recorded on Common Nettle, Greater Stitchwort. LS April–June. In a developing bud, resulting in a characteristic arc of holes near the base of the leaf after it has expanded. Later in a spun shoot or between spun leaves.

Tortricidae 399 Brown Elm Tortrix Epinotia abbreviana larval feeding signs.

r

rr Bearberry Tortrix Epinotia nemorivaga leafmine.

Bearberry Tortrix

Plate 45 Epinotia nemorivaga (Tengst.) 49.235 Very local. A northern species, also recorded in western Ireland. FL 4.5–5.5mm. Head and labial palps are greyish brown. Forewing is greyish brown to blackish brown, with silvery-white markings, including a triangular dorsal blotch at one-half, often obscurely extended in a crossband to the costa, and another crossband from the tornus to about two-thirds on the costa; the silvery-white markings are speckled or contain fine lines of greyish brown or blackish brown. Similar species E. tedella (49.252) has a creamywhite head and labial palps, and a brownish, not greyish-brown, forewing. FS June–July. Flies in afternoon sunshine. Hab High moorland; sometimes at lower elevations. Fp Bearberry. LS September–June. Initially mines a leaf, often forming a gallery across the leaf, with the distal leaf portion turning reddish or black. In spring it spins the young leaves of a shoot, forming bladder-like mines.

Black-streaked Tortrix

Plate 45 Epinotia signatana (Dougl.) 49.237 Local. Very local or scarce from the Midlands northwards and in Ireland. FL 6.5–7.5mm. Forewing dark brown, heavily shaded greyish brown, speckled pale yellowish and flecked with blackish brown, with two rather diffuse whitish crossbands often discernible, the inner margin of the inner band indented around the middle, and a prominent, sometimes interrupted, black streak from near the mid-wing through the outer crossband into the apical area. FS June–July. Flies at dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, open woodland. Fp Crab Apple, Blackthorn; possibly hawthorns. LS April–May. In a folded leaf or spun shoot.

Willow Tortrix

Plate 46 Epinotia cruciana (Linn.) 49.238 Common. In north-west England it is numerous only where Creeping Willow grows. FL 5.5–7mm. Forewing orangey brown or reddish brown, suffused with yellowish brown at the base, with a creamy-white or yellowish-grey crossband, sometimes with silvery scales, from the dorsum at two-thirds to the costa at one-third, sometimes broad along the dorsum and extended towards the base along the costa, and a pale blotch on the costa at three-quarters. Unicolorous orangey-brown or dark reddish-brown forms occur rarely. FS Mid-May–early August. Flies in late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, soft cliffs, wet heathland, moorland, margins of streams, scrub, open woodland, sand dunes. Fp Creeping, Eared, Grey and other willows. LS April–June. In spun leaves, particularly the terminal shoot.

400 Tortricidae

Moorland Tortrix Plate 46 Epinotia mercuriana (Fröl.) 49.239 Local. Scarce in north-west England and in Ireland. FL 5–6.5mm. A narrow-winged species. Forewing reddish brown, with pale yellowish-brown to yellowish-brown markings, these thickly edged with silver and thinly speckled blackish. FS July–September. Flies in afternoon sunshine and at dusk. Hab Moorland; sometimes found near sea level. Fp Mountain Avens, Bilberry, heather, willows; possibly other herbaceous plants. LS September–June. In spun leaves.

Birch Tortrix Epinotia immundana (Fisch. v. Rösl.)

Plate 46 (2) 49.240

Common. FL 5.5–7mm. A narrow-winged species with a shallow evenly arched costa. Variable. Forewing blackish brown and greyish brown, mixed with orangey brown, with a usually conspicuous, almost triangular, whitish, greyish or orangey-brown dorsal blotch distinctly marked blackish brown along the inner margin; the ocellus is faintly leaden grey. Sometimes the dorsal blotch is obscure. Similar species E. tetraquetrana is typically slightly larger, although there is overlap in size, and is usually lighter, with the paler dorsal mark nearly perpendicular to the dorsum along the inner margin; there is usually a conspicuous blackish mark on the inner margin of the ocellus. FS April–September, in two generations. Flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, heathland, moorland, old quarries, margins of watercourses, open woodland. Fp Alders, birches; recorded on roses. LS July, September–March. Larva is pale brownish with a darker brown head, prothoracic plate and pinacula. First generation in catkins or buds; second generation in leaves rolled in line with the midrib. Similar larva Caloptilia populetorum (15.003) is greenish white without markings.

Highland Tortrix Plate 46 Epinotia crenana (Hübn.) 49.241 Rare, with a thinly scattered distribution in Scotland. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2004. FL 6–7mm. Variable. Forewing with the dorsal third white, orangey brown or dark grey, sometimes broken into two or three blotches, and the costal two-thirds blackish. Forms occur with the forewing entirely suffused with grey or blackish brown. FS August–April, overwintering as an adult. Flies in sunshine around the foodplant. Hab Bogs, high moorland, margins of streams. Fp Eared, Grey and possibly other willows. LS May–July. In spun terminal shoots.

Small Spruce Tortrix

Plate 46 Epinotia nanana (Treits.) 49.242 Local. Scarce in northern England, very local in Scotland and rare in Ireland. FL 4–5mm. A very small species. Forewing blackish brown, somewhat suffused greyish or with poorly defined whitish speckled crossbands, narrow near the base, at one-third, and from the tornus to the costa at two-thirds. Similar species E. nigricana (not illustrated), a rare species on European Silver Fir, is slightly larger (FL 5.5–6.5mm), and has a costal fold in the male and a slender protruding ovipositor in the female, neither character being present in E. nanana. FS June–August. Flies towards dusk, and comes to light. Can be tapped from host trees by day. Hab Gardens, parkland, woodland. Fp Norway and Sitka spruces. LS September–May. Mines the needles, spinning a silken tube between them. Overwinters in the mine.

Tortricidae 401

Blotched Tortrix Epinotia demarniana (Fisch. v. Rösl.)

Plate 46 49.243

Local. FL 6–7.5mm. Head and labial palps are yellowish white. Forewing blackish brown with a large white dorsal blotch at one-half incorporating a small vertical dark line from the dorsum, another smaller and more irregular whitish patch above the tornus, and the apical area tinged reddish brown, with paired pale streaks along the outer half of the costa, larger and whiter before the apex. Similar species E. trigonella. FS Late May–July, occasionally recorded in early August. Flies high above the trees in the evening, and later comes to light. Hab Fens, moorland, parkland, old quarries, riverbanks, open woodland. Fp Alder, birches, Goat Willow. LS September–May. In a catkin.

Pale Willow Tortrix

Plate 46 Epinotia subocellana (Don.) 49.244 Common. FL 4.5–6.5mm. Forewing whitish, sprinkled with blackish brown, with a faint darker basal patch bordered by a broad whitish crossband and darker in the apical half, with a series of paired whitish costal streaks and a large ocellar patch with metallic bluish-grey streaks mixed with black spots and dashes; the apical area is tinged reddish or orangey brown. FS May–early August, and has been recorded in mid-April. Rarely seen in numbers. Flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, fens, wet heathland, scrub, woodland. Fp Eared, Goat and Grey willows. LS August–April. Between two leaves spun flatly together. While growing the larva has been found using a vacated sawfly gall as shelter.

Birch-borer Tortrix Plate 46 Epinotia tetraquetrana (Haw.) 49.245 Common. FL 5.5–7.5mm. A narrow-winged species with a rather straight costa. Variable. Forewing yellowish brown with a few blackish-brown markings, a rather obscure greyish-white quadrate blotch on the dorsum, sometimes extended into a crossband to the costa; the ocellus is greyish white with a blackish mark on the inner margin. Dark examples can occur, the wing appearing almost entirely blackish. Similar species E. immundana. FS April–June. Occasionally numerous. Can be tapped from trees by day, flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, moorland, woodland. Fp Alder, birches. LS July–October. Initially in a twig, resulting in a slight swelling, and later in a turned-down edge of a leaf.

Dingy Spruce Tortrix Plate 46 (2) Epinotia pygmaeana (Hübn.) 49.246 Local. Very local in northern England and in Scotland. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2009. FL 5.5–6.5mm. Antenna of the male has long diverging cilia. Forewing brownish, variably suffused with whitish grey and blackish brown, with a pale dorsal blotch, sometimes obscure, and an obscure ocellus, this often formed of just a few black dots or short dashes. The intensity of the markings can vary, with reddish-brown examples occurring. Hindwing white, darker in the apical third. Similar species E. subsequana has an ocellus with silvery-grey margins and incorporating several short black streaks, the hindwing has darker scales streaked across the white area, and the antenna of the male has very short cilia. FS March–early June. Can be tapped from host trees, and flies in midday sunshine around treetops. Hab Woodland, sometimes isolated trees. Fp European Silver Fir, spruces. LS June–July. Initially mines a young needle; older larvae feed from a spinning among the leaves.

402 Tortricidae

Dark Spruce Tortrix Plate 46 Epinotia subsequana (Haw.) 49.247 Rare. FL 5–6mm. Similar species E. pygmaeana. FS April–May. Sometimes locally numerous. Can be tapped from host trees, and flies high up around the host tree in afternoon sunshine and until late evening. Hab Woodland. Fp Giant, Noble and European Silver firs, Norway Spruce. LS June–July. Initially mines the leaves; older larvae feed from spun terminal shoots.

Nut Bud Moth Epinotia tenerana ([D. & S.])

Plate 46 (2) 49.248

Common. FL 5.5–7.5mm. Variable. Forewing orangey brown or dark brown, suffused with yellowish brown, with a whitish quadrate blotch containing fine brownish lines on the dorsum at about one-half, the inner edge sharply defined and nearly perpendicular to the dorsum, the blotch sometimes linked diagonally to a suffused whitish blotch on the costa to form a crossband, constricted near the middle; the ocellus is faint, containing three or four black dashes, these often reduced or absent. One form is obscurely marked, with the whitish colouring replaced by pale orangey brown. FS Mid-June–early October, occasionally recorded in May, in one or possibly two generations. Flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, margins of watercourses, woodland. Fp Alder, Hazel. LS October–May. Initially in a catkin, and later in the buds.

Black-marked Tortrix Plate 46 (2) Epinotia ramella (Linn.) 49.249 Common. FL 6–7.5mm. Forewing whitish grey or greyish, variably suffused with pale grey and blackish brown, with a large, sharply defined, blackish triangular dorsal mark at one-third, and a dark mark towards the tornus; the ocellus is faint, containing a series of black streaks. One common form has a broad blackish band from near the base to the apex, with only a narrow whitish-grey area along the costa and the dorsal triangle just discernible. Similar species E. bilunana, which is similar to one form of E. ramella, flies earlier in the year, and has a black mark inwardly shaded brownish grey, rather than a solid blackish triangle on the dorsum. FS July– October, occasionally recorded in November. Flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, moorland, mosses, scrub, woodland. Fp Birches. LS April–May. In a twig or catkin.

Pine Tortrix Plate 46 Epinotia rubiginosana (Herr.-Schäff.) 49.251 Local. Very local in Ireland. FL 6–7mm. Forewing blackish brown, shaded grey, speckled pale orangey brown or reddish brown, this pronounced in the outer part of the wing, with a whitish dorsal blotch that extends to the costa in a greyish band, and with a diffuse dark brown mark before the faint ocellus. FS Late May–July, and also recorded in August. Can be disturbed from the branches of the host trees by day, flies around the tops of trees in afternoon sunshine until sunset, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, moorland, scrub, woodland; in Scotland it is particularly associated with stunted Scots Pine on wet moorland. Fp Corsican, Lodgepole, Scots and Stone pines. LS September–April. In a tubular spinning, slightly twisting the needles.

Tortricidae 403

Common Spruce Tortrix Plate 46 (2) Epinotia tedella (Clerck) 49.252 Common. FL 4.5–6.5mm. Head and labial palps are creamy white. Forewing brown to blackish brown, overlaid with whitish crossbands or crosslines. There is considerable variation in the intensity of the paler markings; in some these appear net-like, in other forms the whitish colouration is suffused greyish, with the markings blurred, and in extreme cases the whole wing is almost uniformly blackish brown. Similar species E. nemorivaga. E. fraternana is often slightly larger, the forewing is suffused with orangey brown, and there is usually a more clearly contrasting narrow crossband at one-third. FS May–early July, and has also been recorded in August. Can be tapped from the branches of host trees by day, flies in afternoon sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, woodland. Fp Norway and Sitka spruces, occasionally firs. LS August–April. Initially mines the leaves, later in an untidy spinning among the needles. Overwinters in a cocoon that is usually spun in leaf litter.

Silver-barred Tortrix Plate 46 Epinotia fraternana (Haw.) 49.253 Local. Very local in some areas. Rare in Ireland. FL 4.5–6.5mm. Head and labial palps are creamy white. Forewing dark brown, variably suffused orangey brown, with two narrow silvery-white crossbands, one at one-third, the other from the tornus to the costa at two-thirds, both outwardly angled in the middle. Similar species E. tedella. FS May–mid-August. Can be tapped from branches of the host trees by day, and flies high around them in afternoon sunshine. Hab Gardens, parkland, woodland. Fp Giant, European Silver and occasionally other firs. LS August–April. Mines the leaves, laterinstar larvae constructing a neat spinning. Overwinters in a cocoon among leaf litter.

Crescent Tortrix Plate 46 Epinotia bilunana (Haw.) 49.254 Common. More local in Scotland. FL 6–8mm. Forewing creamy white to greyish white, sparsely speckled blackish brown, with a black mark on the dorsum at one-third, inwardly shaded brownish grey, and another prominent blackish mark on the dorsum just before the tornus. There is variation in the intensity of the dark markings. Similar species E. ramella. FS Mid-May–July, and sometimes reported in August. Hab Gardens, heathland, moorland, mosses, parkland, scrub, open woodland. Fp Birches. LS September–April. In a catkin.

Brindled Poplar Tortrix Plate 46 (2) Epinotia nisella (Clerck) 49.255 Common. FL 5.5–8mm. Very variable, with several different forms. Forewing typically with a blackish-brown basal patch, its outer edge acutely angled near the middle, and with a broad area to the termen, whitish mixed with greyish and blackish, or blackish brown mixed with whitish, or pale orangey brown; typically the ocellus is blackish brown mixed with whitish, with some leaden markings. One frequent form has a triangular or oblong black or reddish-brown blotch on the dorsum, sometimes extending into the basal patch. In another form the reddish-brown colouration extends over much of the wing. Similar species E. cinereana has recently been confirmed as a separate species, based on DNA barcoding; it is like the typical form of E. nisella, but without any brownish colouration. Genitalia examination is likely to be required to confirm the identity of more uniformly greyish examples; this is easier in the female than in the male. FS July–early October, sometimes in late June and November. Rests on trees, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Bogs, gardens, wet heathland, hedgerows, parkland, margins of rivers, woodland. Fp Willows, especially Grey and Goat willows; also poplars. LS April–June. In the catkins, between two leaves spun flatly together, or in the shoot.

404 Tortricidae

Grey Aspen Tortrix Plate 46 Epinotia cinereana (Haw.) 49.256 Distribution uncertain, due to confusion with E. nisella. FL 7.5–8.5mm. Forewing mixed blackish, greyish and whitish giving an overall greyish appearance, sometimes with a darker basal patch the outer edge of which is acutely angled near the middle. The ocellus is blackish mixed with greyish, with some silvery-grey markings. Similar species E. granitana (not illustrated), a possible recent colonist, is pale grey mottled with black, having two black streaks in the mid-wing, and flies in May–June; it feeds on Norway Spruce in Continental Europe. E. nisella. FS July–September. Rests on trees, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, moorland, woodland. Fp Aspen. LS April–June. Life-cycle is similar to that of E. nisella.

Larch Tortrix

Plate 46 Zeiraphera griseana (Hübn.) 49.257 Local. FL 7.5–10.5mm. A long-winged species with a straight costa. Forewing greyish brown, heavily speckled with pale yellowish brown, with a large, almost quadrate or triangular, speckled whitish dorsal blotch to beyond the mid-wing, often obscurely extended and inwardly angled to the costa. Almost unicolorous examples occur. Similar species Z. isertana is typically smaller, with shorter wings and an evenly arched costa. FS June–September. Flies high around host trees in the late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, parkland, woodland. Fp Larches, pines, Sitka Spruce, occasionally European Silver Fir. LS May–June. In needles spun into a neat tube, the larva spinning several tubes.

Fir-shoot Tortrix

Plate 46 Zeiraphera rufimitrana (Herr.-Schäff.) 49.258 Very local. FL 5.5–7.5mm. Forewing blackish brown, well defined in the basal area, with a pale yellowish-brown crossband, outwardly angled or constricted in the middle, and usually more distinct towards the dorsum, and a similarly coloured, more or less defined crossband from the tornus to the costa at three-quarters. Similar species Z. ratzeburgiana is slightly smaller, and has a pale dorsal triangle, not a crossband. FS July. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Greek and European Silver firs, Stone Pine. LS April–June. Spins a terminal shoot.

Spruce Bud Moth Plate 46 Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana (Saxesen) 49.259 Local. FL 5.5–7mm. Forewing orangey brown, an almost triangular blotch on the dorsum at one-half, pale orangey brown or whitish, with scattered blackish marks, these sometimes much more extensive in the mid-wing. Similar species Z. rufimitrana. FS Late June–September. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, woodland. Fp Morinda, Norway and Sitka spruces, occasionally Greek Fir, Scots and Stone pines. LS May–June. In a shoot.

Mottled Oak Tortrix Plate 47 (2) Zeiraphera isertana (Fabr.) 49.260 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 7–9.5mm. Variable. Costa smoothly arched. Forewing blackish or blackish brown with whitish or greyish markings, including an oblique dorsal blotch not extending beyond the mid-wing; the forewing may be heavily suffused with yellowish brown, brown or yellowish grey. The markings can be obscure, and an almost unicolorous blackish-brown form occurs. Similar species Z. griseana. FS Late May– mid-September. Can be found in numbers. Rests on tree trunks, from which it readily flies if disturbed, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, parkland, woodland. Fp Oaks. LS May–June. Between spun leaves or in a folded leaf. Has been recorded feeding in the soft galls of cynipid wasps (Hymenoptera).

Tortricidae 405

Tree-mallow Tortrix Plate 47 Crocidosema plebejana Zell. 49.261 Very local. Breeds in coastal areas but is regularly recorded inland, where it may be an immigrant or wanderer. FL 5.5–8mm. Male forewing is blackish brown, especially along the dorsum towards the base and in the outer half along the costa, with a creamy-white to pale yellowish-brown triangular dorsal mark with a finger-like projection towards the apex, meeting the silver-edged whitish ocellus, which contains two or three black dots or dashes. Female forewing is similar, with extensive yellowish-brown suffusion. FS Recorded all year round, but mainly in autumn, in overlapping generations. Flies from late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Cliffs, gardens, rocky coastlines, vegetated shingle. Fp Mainly Tree-mallow, also Hollyhock. LS ?June–July, August–March. On the seeds, and burrows into the shoots and soft stems, often close to the main stem, stunting their growth.

Scarce Rose Tortrix Plate 47 Phaneta pauperana (Dup.) 49.262 Rare. FL 6–8mm. A narrow-winged species. Forewing is greyish white, suffused with creamy white towards the apex, the basal third grey, mixed with dark grey, black and reddish brown, the outer edge of this basal patch being oblique from the costa to just below the mid-wing, with a short series of raised black scales near the apex; the ocellus is obscure, and suffused with grey. FS April–early June. Can be tapped from vegetation on cool days, flies on warm evenings, and later comes to light. Hab Cliffs, gardens, calcareous grasslands, gravel pits. Fp Dog-rose. LS June. In spun flowers and unripe hips.

Chalk Hill Tortrix Plate 47 Pelochrista caecimaculana (Hübn.) 49.263 Very local. FL 6–9.5mm. Forewing pale greyish brown, tinged with yellowish brown, speckled darker brown, with paired pale costal streaks and a dirty whitish ocellus, sometimes containing a few black marks. Similar species This moth can be distinguished from Eucosma species by the obscure ocellus, which lacks silver edging. FS Late June– July, and has been recorded in August. Readily disturbed by day, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Cliffs, calcareous grasslands, old quarries, waste ground. Fp Common Knapweed, probably Greater Knapweed, possibly Saw-wort. LS September–May. In the roots.

Shaded Tortrix Eucosma obumbratana (L. & Z.)

Plate 47 49.264

Local. Very local in Wales, northern England, Scotland and Ireland. FL 7–9.5mm. Male forewing yellowish brown in the dorsal third, and brown to reddish brown over the rest of the wing; the ocellus is pale, sometimes edged laterally with silver, and usually containing two or three long black dashes, often broken. The female is often more unicolorous, with a pale ocellus. FS Mid-June–August. Flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Arable field margins, calcareous and sparsely vegetated grasslands, old quarries, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, waste ground. Fp Perennial Sowthistle. LS August–May. On the developing seeds in the flowerhead. Overwinters in a cocoon in the soil.

Hoary Tortrix Plate 47 Eucosma cana (Haw.) 49.265 Common. FL 7–11mm. Forewing greyish brown or dark brown, heavily suffused with whitish brown or pale yellowish brown, the dark colouration forming diffuse longitudinal or slightly oblique streaks in the dorsal half of the wing and through the dorsal blotch; the dorsal blotch is pale greyish or whitish brown, sometimes obscure, and the pale costal streaks are sometimes fused to form a long whitish mark before the apex; the ocellus is edged with metallic silver, and contains up to four broken dashes. Similar species E. hohenwartiana group: see following note. E. cana is paler, with a streaky appearance,

406 Tortricidae especially in the mid-wing. FS Late May–August, occasionally recorded in mid-September. Flies from late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Cliffs (including soft cliffs), grasslands, rough ground, vegetated shingle, waste ground. Fp Spear Thistle, Carduus thistles, also Common Knapweed. LS August–May. In the flowerheads and seedheads. Overwinters in a cocoon in the soil or in leaf litter. Note on the Eucosma hohenwartiana group There are three very similar species in this group, all of which were formerly treated as E. hohenwartiana. E. parvulana (not illustrated) is most like E. hohenwartiana, but is smaller and more uniformly greyish brown, overlaid with yellowish-grey scales in the outer half of the forewing. E. fulvana is the largest and palest species in the group, being pale yellowish brown or pale orangey brown. E. hohenwartiana is greyish brown or reddish brown, and intermediate in size between the other two species, although there is overlap. Confirmation of identification requires dissection where these species overlap in geographical range. There are consistent differences between the female genitalia, but not between the male genitalia, or between the genetic barcodes.

Common Knapweed Tortrix Eucosma hohenwartiana ([D. & S.])

Plate 47 49.266

Common. FL 7–11mm. Forewing greyish brown to reddish brown, somewhat suffused with pale brownish white, often along the costa, with a greyish-white or pale brownishwhite dorsal blotch; the ocellus is pale brownish white, laterally edged silvery or shining pale golden, containing three fragmented black dashes. Similar species E. cana. See note on the Eucosma hohenwartiana group. FS June–August, occasionally from mid-May. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Sparsely vegetated and other grasslands, marshes, woodland rides. Fp Common Knapweed. LS August–May. In the flowerheads and seedheads. Overwinters in a cocoon in the soil or in leaf litter.

Tawny Knapweed Tortrix

Plate 47 Eucosma fulvana Steph. 49.267 Distribution uncertain due to previous confusion with E. hohenwartiana, but it is widespread in southern England, becoming scarcer further north as far as mid-Scotland. FL 9.5–12mm. Similar species E. cana. See note on the Eucosma hohenwartiana group. FS Late May–early August. Flies at night, and comes to light. Hab Grasslands, including Breckland, calcareous and coastal grasslands. Fp Greater Knapweed. LS August–May. In the flowerhead or seedhead. Overwinters in a cocoon in leaf litter.

Saw-wort Tortrix

Not illustrated Eucosma parvulana (Wilk.) 49.268 Distribution uncertain due to previous confusion with E. hohenwartiana, but it appears to be scarce and largely restricted to central southern England. FL 7–9mm. Similar species E. cana. See note on the Eucosma hohenwartiana group. FS June–July. Readily disturbed from the foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Grasslands (including coastal grasslands), open woodland. Fp Saw-wort, but occasionally recorded where this foodplant is absent. LS August–?May. In the flowerhead or seedhead. Probably overwinters in a cocoon in leaf litter.

Pied Tortrix Eucosma campoliliana ([D. & S.])

Plate 47 49.269

Common. More local in northern England and in Scotland. Most frequent near the coast. FL 6.5–8.5mm. Forewing white, sometimes faintly tinged grey, with a distinct black dorsal mark at about one-third, and another smaller dorsal mark, blackish mixed with orangey brown, at three-quarters; the ocellus is edged with silvery grey and contains two or three black dashes, with a black mark towards the apex; the costa has several blackish or reddish-brown marks, with a reddish-brown apical spot. FS June–September,

Tortricidae 407 occasionally from mid-May. Flies from late evening, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous grasslands, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, waste ground, open woodland. Fp Common Ragwort. LS August–May. In the flowerheads, feeding on the developing seeds, and occasionally burrowing into the stem. Overwinters in a cocoon in the soil.

Mottled Goldenrod Tortrix Plate 47 Eucosma aemulana (Schläg.) 49.270 Rare. Possibly declining. Predominantly south-eastern. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2010. FL 5–7.5mm. Variable. Forewing whitish to pale yellowish brown, tinged greyish and usually mottled dark brown; the markings in the central part of the wing are often rather diffuse or obscure, but a dirty creamy dorsal blotch and paler costal streaks are usually discernible; the ocellus is laterally edged with metallic silver, and contains two to four black dashes. Similar species E. tripoliana is a saltmarsh species, and is slightly larger (although there is size overlap), with the forewing often paler overall, and mostly orangey brown or yellowish brown; forms mottled with dark brown like most E. aemulana species tend to be rare. Habitat is the most reliable means of distinguishing between these two species. FS July–August. Flies in late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Cliffs, calcareous grasslands, open woodland, especially in recent coppice. Fp Goldenrod. LS August–June. In the flowerheads, feeding on unripe seeds. Moves from one flower to another. Overwinters in a cocoon in the soil or in leaf litter.

Saltern Tortrix Plate 47 Eucosma tripoliana (Barr.) 49.272 Local. Coastal, but occasionally wanders inland. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2005. FL 6–8mm. Variable. Forewing pale yellowish brown or orangey brown, sometimes mottled with dark brown, the basal patch obscure and diffuse, with a dirty creamy dorsal blotch, this often rather diffuse and sometimes marked with fine brown lines, and the costa with a series of creamy streaks; the ocellus is well developed, laterally edged with metallic silver, and contains two or three black dashes. The markings are occasionally indistinct, and darker examples can occur. Similar species E. aemulana. E. rubescana (not illustrated), a rare saltmarsh species on Sea Aster in east and south-east England, is larger (FL 8–10mm), reddish brown or orangey brown, and more plainly marked except for a pale outlined ocellus and short pale grey costal streaks towards the apex; it starts flying in June, earlier than E. tripoliana. If there is any doubt, identification should be confirmed by genitalia examination. FS July–August, sometimes recorded in early September. Flies in late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Saltmarshes. Fp Sea Aster. LS September–May. In a loose spinning in the flowerheads. Overwinters in a cocoon among leaf litter on the ground.

Grey Saltern Tortrix Plate 47 Eucosma lacteana (Treits.) 49.273 Very local. Coastal. FL 6.5–8mm. Forewing white variably suffused with pale greyish brown, with whitish costal streaks, shaded dark grey between the streaks, with other markings faint, although in more strongly marked examples the inner edge of the paler dorsal blotch is partly edged with dark brown or black; the ocellus is weakly developed, laterally edged with metallic silver, and contains two or three broken black dashes. FS July–August. Flies from late afternoon onwards. Hab Drier margins of saltmarshes. Fp Sea Wormwood. LS September–June. In a tubular spinning in the flower spike. Overwinters in a cocoon among leaf litter on the ground, or in soil.

408 Tortricidae

Mugwort Tortrix

Plate 47 Eucosma metzneriana (Treits.) 49.274 Rare. Established in Kent and East Anglia, and seemingly spreading; it is probably an immigrant elsewhere. First recorded in Britain in Cambridgeshire in 1977. FL 9–11.5mm. Forewing greyish white with a grey or dark grey band angled from the dorsum near the base to the mid-wing at one-half, a grey band from the costa at one-half to the ocellus, and a broad grey dorsal blotch at the tornus; the ocellus contains two broken black lines. Similar species E. pupillana is smaller, with the oblique grey band from the dorsum at one-half to the mid-wing at one-third, parallel to u Mugwort Tortrix the crossband in the outer half. FS July–August, and has Eucosma metzneriana larval been recorded in June. Flies at night, and comes to light. feeding signs. Hab Breckland and rough grasslands, field margins, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Mugwort. LS August–May. In the upper part of the main stem, sometimes causing it to form a gall, and exuding copious pale-coloured frass granules.

Lettuce Tortrix Plate 47 Eucosma conterminana (Guen.) 49.275 Local. Expanding its range; sometimes a wanderer or immigrant. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2017, possibly an immigrant example. FL 7–9mm. Forewing brown suffused with pale yellowish brown, especially along the costa, with a conspicuous large dorsal blotch, almost triangular and dirty yellowish white, sharply defined along the inner margin and somewhat more diffuse along the outer margin; the ocellus is conspicuous, laterally edged with metallic pale golden or metallic silver, and containing two or three broken black dashes. FS May–early September, and has been recorded in early October. Readily disturbed by day, flies at sunset, and comes to light. Hab Allotments, calcareous and rough grasslands, old quarries, waste ground. Fp Great and Prickly lettuces. LS August– May. Initially in the flowerheads, then burrowing in the seedheads. Overwinters in a cocoon among leaf litter or in the soil.

Goldenrod Tortrix

Plate 47 Eucosma aspidiscana (Hübn.) 49.276 Very local. FL 6–9mm. Forewing light golden brown mixed with dark brown, the basal area dark dorsally and paler towards the costa, with a pale grey dorsal blotch sometimes extended and inwardly angled to the costa, and whitish costal streaks prominent in the apical half; the ocellus is well developed, laterally edged with metallic grey, and containing three black dashes. FS Mid-April–June. Easily disturbed in sunshine, flies at sunset, and comes to light. Hab Cliffs, limestone pavement, old quarries, open woodland. Fp Goldenrod, occasionally Confused Michaelmas-daisy. LS August–April. In the flowerheads, later burrowing into the stem. Overwinters in a cocoon among leaf litter or in the soil.

Eyed Tortrix Plate 47 Eucosma pupillana (Clerck) 49.277 Very local. Possibly declining, but recorded as new to Scotland in 2019. FL 7–9mm. Forewing whitish, suffused with pale brownish grey, with a narrow inwardly angled brownish-grey crossband from the dorsum at about one-half, blackish brown near the middle, not quite reaching the costa, and another from the costa at one-half merging with a triangular mark near the tornus; the ocellus is distinct, white with a longitudinal metallic silvery bar marked with a series of black dots. Similar species E. metzneriana. FS June–August. Flies at dusk, and has been recorded at light. Hab Field margins, gravel

Tortricidae 409 pits, old quarries, sand dunes, waste ground. Fp Wormwood. LS September–June. Bores into the stems beneath the lower shoots, and into the rootstock.

Small Brindled Tortrix Plate 47 Gypsonoma minutana (Hübn.) 49.278 Very local. FL 5–7mm. Forewing pale reddish brown or orangey brown, overlaid with many rather diffuse darker brown crosslines, with an obscure basal patch, its outer edge angled; the ocellus is distinct, and includes up to seven horizontal parallel black dashes. Flies on warm sunny afternoons, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Urban parks, scrub, woodland rides. FS July–August, and occasionally recorded in early September. Fp Aspen, Black-poplar, White Poplar and other poplars. LS May–June. Between two leaves spun flatly together, resulting in patches of brown discolouration.

Common Cloaked Tortrix Plate 47 (2) Gypsonoma dealbana (Fröl.) 49.279 Common. Very local in southern Scotland. FL 5–6mm. Variable. Head is brown, sometimes mixed greyish white. The typical form has a white forewing with a dark brown basal patch, the outer margin angled, with a broad area of greyish suffusion from the tornus to the costa incorporating a small black streak near the mid-wing at two-thirds, and an orangey-brown apical spot. Darker forms can occur, in which the whitish markings are partially or totally obscured by greyish or purplish grey, although the black streak usually remains a prominent diagnostic feature. Similar species Spilonota ocellana. G. aceriana is whiter in the outer half of the wing, and has a brownish apical spot with a black centre. G. sociana has a white face, and the forewing has an apical spot that is reddish brown mixed with blackish. FS Late May–September, and has been recorded in mid-October. Flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, open woodland. Fp Hawthorn, Hazel, oaks, willows, occasionally poplars, Sycamore. LS September–June. Larva is whitish grey. Lives within a frass-covered tube on the underside of a leaf in the autumn, and overwinters at the base of a bud; the following spring it feeds on buds and shoots, and the catkins of poplars and willows.

Mottled Grey Tortrix Plate 47 Gypsonoma oppressana (Treits.) 49.280 Very local. Scarce in north-west England, and recorded as new to Scotland in 2021. FL 6–7mm. Forewing with a shallow arched costa and a rather rounded apex, dark brown, suffused whitish and greyish, sometimes mixed with yellowish brown, especially in the outer third, with a whitish speckled brownish and greyish crossband from the dorsum before one-half to the costa at one-third, with short blackish streaks or marks towards the termen, and with a diffuse dark greyish apical spot. FS June–July, and occasionally recorded to mid-August. Can be found sitting on poplar trunks, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Urban parks, hedgerow trees, woodland rides. Fp Black-poplar,

Common Cloaked Tortrix Gypsonoma dealbana larval feeding signs in autumn.

u

Mottled Grey Tortrix Gypsonoma oppressana autumn larval feeding signs on Hybrid Black-poplar.

u

410 Tortricidae Hybrid Black-poplar, Lombardy-poplar, Grey and White poplars. LS September–May. Larva is reddish brown. Initially makes a short brownish mine, usually close to the midrib, and this expands into a frass-covered tube on the underside of a leaf. In spring it feeds on the buds, a tube of frass from the boring indicating the presence of the larva, and later constructs another tube of frass along a twig in which the larva hides.

Mottled White Tortrix Plate 47 Gypsonoma sociana (Haw.) 49.281 Local. Very local in Scotland, and scarce in Ireland. FL 5–7mm. Face is white. Forewing is white, occasionally tinged pale yellowish brown, with a dark brown or blackish basal patch, suffused with whitish scales, the outer margin sometimes angled, with a diffuse blackish mark on the costa at about one-half, an often obscure blackish triangular mark near the tornus, and a reddish-brown mixed blackish apical spot. Similar species G. dealbana, G. aceriana. FS May–early August. Can be found sitting on poplar trunks, flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, ponds, margins of watercourses, open woodland. Fp Aspen, Black-poplar, Grey Poplar, sometimes willows. LS September–May. In spring in an expanding leaf bud, causing it to wilt; the larva then pupates in a brown cocoon within a leaf bract below the wilted shoot; also feeds in a willow catkin.

White Cloaked Tortrix

Plate 47 Gypsonoma aceriana (Dup.) 49.283 Local. Very local in Wales and northern England. FL 5–7mm. Labial palps and face are brownish. Forewing is creamy white, with a dark brown or blackish basal patch, paler at the base on the costa, the outer margin weakly angled, with a small blackish mark near the tornus and suffused greyish along the termen, with a black spot at the apex. A form occurs in which the wing is heavily suffused with pale greyish brown. Similar species G. sociana, G. dealbana. FS Late June–August. Can be found sitting on poplar trunks, flies from u White Cloaked Tortrix Gypsonoma aceriana dusk, and occasionally comes to light. larval feeding signs on poplar. Hab Open woodland, parkland, hedgerows, suburban habitats. Fp Various poplars, including Black-poplar, Lombardy-poplar, White Poplar, Eastern Balsam-poplar. LS May–June. In the shoots and leaf stalks, a tube of frass indicating the presence of the larva. Note on the Epiblema sticticana group There are five species in this group. E. sticticana, E. cirsiana and E. scutulana are broad-winged, E. cnicicolana and E. costipunctana are narrower-winged, and all of these species have a roughly square-shaped dorsal blotch at one-half. The male of E. sticticana is typically the palest of the group, with the forewing heavily suffused with yellowish brown or yellowish grey. The male of E. scutulana is the only one with a large white ocellus, and it has a pale grey hindwing. Males of E. cirsiana are often smaller than males of other broad-winged species, with a dark brown forewing and a dark greyish-brown hindwing. E. cnicicolana is typically small and narrow-winged, with the whitish blotch narrow and extending nearer to the costa than in other species. E. costipunctana is a narrow-winged species, and typically the white blotch is overlaid with wavy brown lines or speckles. Females of E. sticticana, E. cirsiana and E. scutulana require genitalia examination to separate them, and if there is doubt the males and females of any member of the group will require dissection.

Tortricidae 411

Colt’s-foot Root-borer Plate 47 Epiblema sticticana (Fabr.) 49.284 Common. Local in northern Scotland. FL 7–9mm. Forewing dark brown, heavily suffused with yellowish brown or yellowish grey in the male only, with fine silver-leaden lines, and a large creamy-white dorsal blotch at about one-half; the ocellus is laterally edged with metallic grey and contains a series of black dots. Occasionally darker forms occur, with the dorsal blotch suffused grey and appearing less pronounced. Similar species See note on the Epiblema sticticana group. FS May–July, sometimes recorded to mid-August. Flies in afternoon sunshine until dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, sparsely vegetated grasslands, bare ground, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, waste ground, open woodland. Fp Colt’s-foot, occasionally Winter Heliotrope. LS July–April. In the roots, and in spring in the flowering stems.

Thistle Root-borer Epiblema scutulana ([D. & S.])

Plate 48 49.285

Common. FL 8.5–11mm. The male is usually larger than the female. Male forewing is mottled pale to dark grey, leaden, black, brown, sometimes mixed with yellowish brown and speckled whitish, and often tinged with reddish brown towards the apex; there is a prominent, almost square, creamy white dorsal blotch at one-half, and a large ocellus, variably shaded creamy white, light yellowish brown and leaden, containing a series of black dots. Male hindwing is pale greyish brown. Female forewing is mottled blackish and leaden, sometimes with scattered yellowish-brown scales, with a contrasting white dorsal blotch and the ocellus mainly leaden, with white along the termen. Female hindwing is blackish brown. Similar species See note on the Epiblema sticticana group. FS May–mid-August, in one extended generation or possibly two generations. Comes to light. Hab Cliffs (including soft cliffs), rough grassland, scrub, waste ground, open woodland; preference for damp or marshy ground. Fp Marsh, Musk and Spear thistles. LS August–April. In the roots and stems.

Knapweed Root-borer Plate 48 Epiblema cirsiana (Zell.) 49.286 Common. Formerly considered to be a form of E. scutulana, so historic records should be treated with caution. FL 5.5–9.5mm. Similar species See note on the Epiblema sticticana group. FS May–July. Comes to light. Hab Grasslands, marshes, woodland. Fp Common Knapweed. LS August–April. In the roots and stems.

Fleabane Stem-borer Plate 48 Epiblema cnicicolana (Zell.) 49.287 Rare. FL 6–8.5mm. Forewing blackish brown and silvery grey, sometimes mixed with yellowish brown and reddish brown, with a narrow, almost oblong, whitish dorsal blotch at about one-half reaching beyond the mid-wing; the ocellus is ill-defined, whitish or greyish, edged laterally with two broad silvery lines. Similar species See note on the Epiblema sticticana group. Notocelia tetragonana (49.293) is broader-winged and darker, and has metallic bluish-grey reflections, especially in the outer half of the wing, and the dorsal blotch is arch shaped, not oblong. FS Mid-May–June. Sits on the leaves of the foodplant in the afternoon, flies freely in the evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, ditches, wet grasslands. Fp Common Fleabane. LS July–April. In the lower part of the stem.

412 Tortricidae

White-foot Moth Plate 48 Epiblema foenella (Linn.) 49.288 Common. Local in Wales and north-west England, and scarce in Scotland. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2021. May be spreading. FL 8–12mm. Forewing purplish brown to reddish brown, with a conspicuous large white angled mark from the dorsum, and a pale ocellus, usually containing three or four black or brown dots, just above the tornus. The white dorsal mark can vary and is sometimes extended, sometimes suffused grey, or occasionally obliterated. FS Late June–September. Flies from late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, Breckland and rough grasslands, field margins, marshes, riverbanks, waste ground, disturbed ground in open woodland. Fp Mugwort, Southernwood. LS August–May. In the roots and stems. Overwinters in the roots.

Ragwort Root-borer Plate 48 Epiblema costipunctana (Haw.) 49.289 Common. Local in north-west England. FL 6–8.5mm. Forewing dark brown, variably suffused with yellowish brown or reddish brown, with a diffuse paler basal patch, a square whitish dorsal blotch at about one-half, this faintly lined or speckled darker and occasionally weakly extended, greyish, towards the costa; the ocellus is rather obscure, paler, laterally edged leaden grey, and contains a series of black dashes. Similar species See note on the Epiblema sticticana group. FS May–August, in one generation in the north, two in the south. Flies in afternoon sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Sparsely vegetated and rough grasslands, sand dunes, waste ground, disturbed ground in open woodland. Fp Common Ragwort. LS June–July, September–April. In summer in the stem, in autumn in the rootstock, and overwintering in a cocoon in leaf litter.

Butterbur Root-borer Plate 48 Epiblema turbidana (Treits.) 49.290 Very local. FL 8–11.5mm. The male is usually smaller than the female. Forewing brown suffused pale greyish, with the dorsal area sometimes darker brown either side of a pale greyish-brown dorsal blotch; the ocellus is weakly developed, and contains a series of black dashes. FS Late June–July. Flies from late afternoon and sunset on warm evenings, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Wet grasslands, marshes, streambanks, occasionally gardens. Fp Butterbur, possibly Winter Heliotrope. LS August–April. In the root and crown of the plant, silk tunnels in the crown indicating the presence of the larva.

Great Root-borer Epiblema grandaevana (L. & Z.)

Plate 48 49.291

Rare. FL 10–15mm. A large, pale and obscurely marked species. The male is usually smaller than the female. Forewing light brownish, obscurely speckled darker brown, greyish white and white. FS June–July. Comes to light. Hab Former mineral extraction sites, such as ballast tips, sand pits, spoil tips and old brickyards; also soft cliffs. Fp Butterbur, Colt’s-foot. LS August–May. In the roots, or in a silken tube on the surface of a root, affected plants usually wilting.

Black Cloak Plate 48 Notocelia cynosbatella (Linn.) 49.292 Common. FL 7.5–10.5mm. Labial palps are yellowish. Forewing basal third blackish brown, slightly extended along the costa; much of the rest of the wing creamy white, suffused with pale yellowish brown or pale greyish brown, with a pale greyish-brown blotch near the tornus, the apex being greyish brown. FS May–July, and recorded in early August. Flies from late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, orchards, scrub. Fp Blackthorn, Bramble, hawthorns, roses, including cultivars. LS April– May. In flower buds, young shoots or between two leaves.

Tortricidae 413

Dark Rose Shoot Moth Plate 48 Notocelia tetragonana (Steph.) 49.293 Very local. Scarce in Wales, northern England and Scotland, and recorded once in Ireland. FL 6–7.5mm. Forewing relatively broad, blackish brown, with metallic bluish-grey reflections and a scattering of yellowish-brown scales, especially in the outer half of the wing, and with a small white arch-shaped dorsal blotch at about one-half. Similar species E. cnicicolana. FS Mid-June–July. Flies from late afternoon, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland rides, open woodland. Fp Roses. LS May–June. In spun leaves.

Bramble Shoot Moth Plate 48 Notocelia uddmanniana (Linn.) 49.294 Common. More local in Scotland. FL 7–10mm. Forewing grey, with a large arch-shaped chocolate-brown blotch near the tornus, edged with broad pale grey crossbands along the inner and outer margins, which may extend to the costa. FS Mid-May–September, and has been recorded in October, in one generation, with an occasional second generation in some years. Comes to light. Hab Wherever Bramble grows in thickets, including gardens, hedgerows, scrub, open woodland. Fp Bramble; also Loganberry, Raspberry. LS July–June. In an untidy spinning. Overwinters as a small larva in a hibernaculum near the base of a stem. Note on the Notocelia roborana group There are four species in this group: N. roborana, N. rosaecolana, N. trimaculana and N. incarnatana. N. roborana is usually the largest species of the group, the male having a dark brown costal fold extending the colour of the basal patch along the costa to about one-half. Compared with N. rosaecolana and N. trimaculana, in both sexes of N. roborana the outer two-thirds of the forewing are typically more uniform, with a short dark triangular mark at the tornus. Males of N. rosaecolana have a shorter costal fold to two-fifths, and in males of N. trimaculana the costal fold extends to one-half. Both sexes of N. rosaecolana typically have a slightly broader paler forewing with an evenly arched costa, compared with the narrower-winged, darker N. trimaculana, and N. rosaecolana has more costal streaks (10–14), which are finer and more oblique than in N. trimaculana, which has fewer (8–10) and more upright streaks. N. incarnatana, a scarce species, is narrower-winged with a more pointed apex, and has a pronounced pink suffusion compared with the other three species. On roses, larvae of Notocelia species are greyish brown, sometimes tinged pinkish, and may be confused with the larva of Lampronia morosa (9.004), which is bright red.

Large Rose Shoot Moth Notocelia roborana ([D. & S.])

Plate 48 49.295

Common. Local in Scotland. FL 7.5–11mm. A broad-winged species. Forewing ground colour white, partly suffused with leaden grey, with a dark brown basal patch and a small brownish mark with a few black dots on the dorsum at three-quarters; the ill-defined ocellus is white, edged silvery. Similar species See note on the Notocelia roborana group. FS Late May–August. Comes to light. Hab Cliffs, gardens, calcareous grasslands, hedgerows, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, open woodland. Fp Roses, including cultivars. LS April–June. In tightly spun shoots, sometimes feeding on the flower buds.

Scarce Rose Shoot Moth Plate 48 Notocelia incarnatana (Hübn.) 49.296 Very local. Predominantly coastal. FL 6.5–8mm. A narrow-winged species. Similar species See note on the Notocelia roborana group. FS June–early September. Flies from late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Coastal and rarely inland calcareous grasslands, limestone pavement, sand dunes, occasionally open woodland. Fp Roses, including Burnet Rose. LS May–June. In spun leaves.

414 Tortricidae

Rose Shoot Moth Plate 48 Notocelia rosaecolana (Doubl.) 49.297 Common. Scarce in Scotland. FL 7.5–9.5mm. Similar species See note on the Notocelia roborana group. FS Late May–mid-August. Comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, calcareous grasslands, hedgerows, open woodland. Fp Roses, especially Sweetbriar, and including cultivars. LS May–June. In a spinning on young shoots.

Hawthorn Shoot Moth Plate 48 Notocelia trimaculana (Haw.) 49.298 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 7–8.5mm. Similar species See note on the Notocelia roborana group. FS May–August. Comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, open woodland, chalk downland. Fp Hawthorn. LS April–May. In spun shoots, preferring those high in the bush.

Dark Pine Shoot Moth Plate 48 Pseudococcyx posticana (Zett.) 49.299 Local. More frequent in the east. FL 6–7mm. Head and labial palps are dark orangey brown. Forewing blackish brown, mottled pale greyish, suffused with orangey brown towards the apex. The hindwing is dark greyish brown. Similar species P. turionella is larger and paler, with the hindwing whitish in the male and pale grey in the female. Clavigesta sylvestrana is slightly smaller, has a grey head and labial palps, a paler forewing and hindwing, and flies later in the year. FS Late April– June. Flies in the evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Heathland with scattered trees, woodland, sometimes gardens. Fp Scots Pine, seemingly preferring smaller trees. LS September–April. In the stem of a lateral shoot, aborting the bud above, which appears dull brown in comparison with adjacent orangey buds.

Pine Bud Moth Plate 48 Pseudococcyx turionella (Linn.) 49.300 Local. Scarce in north-west England and in Scotland. Perhaps most frequent in the southeast and in East Anglia. FL 7–10mm. Labial palps, head and much of the thorax are pale orangey brown. Forewing dark greyish brown near the base and along the costa to about one-half, the rest of the wing suffused with orangey brown, especially in the apical third; the markings are mottled greyish white, giving the effect of paler crossbands, with an obscure pale mark above the tornus. The hindwing is whitish in the male and pale grey in the female. Similar species P. posticana. FS Late April–June. Flies from late afternoon, and later comes to light. Hab Heathland with scattered trees, woodland. Fp Scots Pine, sometimes Corsican and Lodgepole pines. LS August–March. In a large central bud or a whorl of buds, including the terminal bud of the tree, tunnelling a short distance into the stem, aborting its growth.

Pine Resin-gall Moth Plate 48 Retinia resinella (Linn.) 49.301 Very local. Predominantly northern, with a few scattered records in England. FL 7.5–10.5mm. A broad-winged species. Forewing blackish brown, metallic silvery and leaden, and speckled whitish, resulting in a pattern of irregular incomplete bands across the wing. The hindwing cilia are white. Similar species Gravitarmata margarotana appears earlier in the year, is narrower-winged, and typically has a black zigzag band in the apical half of the wing, resembling the letter ‘W’.

Tortricidae 415 r

Pine Resin-gall Moth Retinia resinella larval gall.

FS June–early July. Peak emergences are in odd-numbered years. Can be locally numerous. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Scrub on moorland, woodland. Fp Lodgepole, Monterey and Scots pines. LS July–April. Has a two-year life-cycle. Usually on young trees, forming a large resinous gall on a twig.

Pine Cone Moth Plate 48 Gravitarmata margarotana (Hein.) 49.302 Scarce immigrant and recent colonist. First noted in Kent in 2011, and subsequently recorded from West Sussex, Essex, Hertfordshire, Berkshire, Suffolk, Norfolk and Leicestershire. Seemingly spreading in Europe. FL 7–9mm. A narrow-winged species. Head is reddish brown. Forewing is silvery grey with a series of black-edged reddishbrown markings across the wing, perhaps the most distinct being a zigzag crossline at one-half. Similar species Retinia resinella. FS April–May. Comes to light, and has been noted flying by day. Hab Woodland. Fp In Continental Europe this species is associated with pines, firs and possibly spruces. LS Overwinters as a larva. In the twigs and cones.

Small Pine Shoot Moth Plate 48 Clavigesta sylvestrana (Curtis) 49.303 Very local. FL 5.5–7mm. Labial palps, head and thorax are grey. Forewing is brownish grey mixed with silvery grey, forming obscure paler irregular bands across the wing, with obscure greyish streaks on the costa; in some examples the outer third of the wing is speckled or suffused with yellowish brown. Similar species Pseudococcyx posticana. FS June–August. Flies in the late afternoon, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Scrub on heathland, urban cemeteries and parks, woodland, parkland. Fp Maritime, Stone and possibly Scots pines. LS August–June. In a silken gallery on the shoots, buds and male flowers.

Pine Leaf-mining Moth Plate 48 Clavigesta purdeyi (Durr.) 49.304 Common, spreading in England but local in the north. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2004, and new to Scotland in 2018. FL 4.5–6mm. Forewing narrow and rather pointed, greyish brown mixed with whitish grey, forming obscure paler irregular lines across the wing, and orangey brown in at least the apical third, sometimes with a brownish blotch at the tornus. FS Late June–September. Flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, urban cemeteries and parks, woodland. Fp Corsican, Lodgepole and Scots pines. LS September–July. Initially mines a needle, feeding in spring on the base of the new needles, causing them to drop to the ground.

Pine Shoot Moth Rhyacionia buoliana ([D. & S.])

Plate 48 49.305

Common. Local in northern England. Seemingly very local in Ireland. FL 8–11.5mm. Thorax with a distinct posterior crest. Forewing bright orange, somewhat suffused with yellowish brown or reddish brown, with irregular silvery crosslines; the orange mark before the tornus is tall and triangular, although the sides of the triangle are not always joined near the costa. The hindwing is dark grey. Similar species R. pinicolana has an insignificant thoracic crest, is duller orange, is more strongly marked along the

416 Tortricidae Pine Shoot Moth Rhyacionia buoliana larval feeding in the shoots of Scots Pine, causing resinous exudation.

r

costa, and the mark before the tornus is arch shaped, not extending beyond the mid-wing; the hindwing is grey. FS June–August, rarely recorded in early September. Flies in the late evening, and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Scots and other pines. LS September–June. In the shoots. If the leading shoot is attacked, this results in a subsequent characteristic bend in the main stem.

Smooth Pine Shoot Moth Plate 48 Rhyacionia pinicolana (Doubl.) 49.306 Common. Local in western and northern England, rare in Scotland. FL 8–11.5mm. Similar species R. buoliana. FS June–early September. Flies from dusk, later coming to light. Hab Scrub on heathland, woodland, occasionally gardens. Fp Scots Pine. LS April–May. In the shoots, causing them to become distorted as they grow.

Spotted Shoot Moth Rhyacionia pinivorana (L. & Z.)

Plate 48 49.307

Common. More local in Scotland. FL 7–9mm. Forewing dull orangey brown or reddish brown, somewhat mixed with blackish brown, with silvery-grey markings resulting in a pattern of ill-defined bands across the wing. FS Mid-May–July, and has been recorded in late April and early August. Flies in bright sunshine occasionally, flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Scattered scrub on heathland, woodland, occasionally urban parks. Fp Scots Pine. LS August–April. In spring in young side shoots.

Elgin Shoot Moth Plate 48 Rhyacionia logaea Durr. 49.308 Very local. Confined to Scotland. FL 6.5–9mm. Forewing narrow and pointed, dark brown with obscure greyish crosslines, with at least the apical third suffused with dull reddish brown, reflecting yellowish brown in bright light. FS April–early May. Flies freely during the day in mild conditions. Hab Woodland; possible preference for younger trees. Fp Lodgepole and Scots pines, Sitka Spruce. LS May–August. In the buds and mines young shoots, later boring into the stem. Note on the Dichrorampha group At first glance the 15 species in this group appear difficult to identify, as most of them are dull brownish without a distinctive pattern. Under magnification, however, all of the species are revealed to be much more attractive, and several are straightforward to identify to species level. The scales on the forewing have pale-coloured tips, usually yellowish or orangey, which appear as speckling, and some species have a short white or yellowish dorsal bar. A guide to identification of all 15 species is provided in Appendix 4 (p.492). The group can be divided into two, based on whether the male has a costal fold. The three species without a costal fold normally require genitalia examination to confirm their identity, and worn examples of any Dichrorampha species may require similar dissection. D. alpinana and D. flavidorsana are also like Pammene regiana and P. trauniana, as all four species have conspicuous pale dorsal marks; the marks in the Pammene species are more substantial, and contrast with blackish-brown rather than dull orangey-brown forewings. Only one species, D. acuminatana, is regularly seen at light; the others are just occasionally seen, and usually only on very warm nights. Dichrorampha species are best observed during the day, on warm afternoons when the adults fly close to or rest on the foodplants.

Tortricidae 417

Lead-coloured Daisy Moth Plate 49 Dichrorampha plumbana (Scop.) 49.309 Common. Local in Scotland. Distribution uncertain, due to confusion with D. aeratana. FL 6–7mm. Male without costal fold. Forewing dark brown, densely speckled dull yellowish brown on the outer two-thirds only, speckling very faint on the inner third, with a greyish-brown dorsal blotch, sometimes extending to near the costa, hardly contrasting with the ground colour, and with several black dots on the termen. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS Mainly May–July, occasionally recorded in September. Flies in warm or sunny weather, in the evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Grasslands, rough ground, coastal areas including sand dunes. Fp Oxeye Daisy, Yarrow. LS August– April. Initially in the roots, and later under a silken web on the surface of the roots.

Tansy Moth Not illustrated Dichrorampha sedatana Busck 49.310 Local. Very local in northern England. FL 7–8mm. Male without costal fold. Forewing dark brown, densely speckled dull yellowish brown across the entire wing. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS Late April–July. Can be seen in numbers. Flies in sunshine, in the evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Grasslands, rough ground, coastal areas. Fp Tansy. LS October–April. In the roots.

Dingy Daisy Moth Dichrorampha aeratana (P. & M.)

Not illustrated 49.311

Local. FL 6–8mm. Male without costal fold. Forewing dark brown, densely speckled dull yellowish brown on the outer two-thirds only. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS May–June. Can be seen in numbers. Flies in sunshine and sits on the flowers of the foodplant, flies in the evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Grasslands, rough ground. Fp Oxeye Daisy. LS October–April. In the roots.

Chalk Hill Daisy Moth

Plate 49 Dichrorampha consortana Steph. 49.312 Very local. Scarce in northern England, rare in Scotland. FL 4.5–6mm. Male with costal fold to one-third. Forewing blackish brown with dull yellowish-brown speckling and a narrow whitish almost triangular blotch from the dorsum to beyond the mid-wing, and with metallic silvery-blue oblique streaks from the costa in the outer third, a silvery-grey ocellus, sometimes white-edged, and three to five black dots on the termen. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS July–August. Flies in the afternoon, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Calcareous grasslands, rough ground. Fp Oxeye Daisy. LS May–June. In the lower part of the stem, stunting growth and causing the lateral shoots to grow taller than the tenanted shoot. Sometimes in a flower.

Common Daisy Moth Dichrorampha acuminatana (L. & Z.)

Plate 49 49.313

Common. Local in northern England, very local in Scotland. FL 5–7.5mm. Forewing distinctly pointed, male with costal fold to one-third, dark greyish brown with a faint purplish or pinkish hue, and speckled dull yellowish brown, and with a broad brownishwhite almost triangular blotch from the dorsum to beyond the mid-wing; there are three to six black dots on the termen, these sometimes obscure, and the cilia are shining dark grey, with a central white band. Underside of forewing is greyish brown, with greyishwhite and bronzy reflections. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS Mid-April– September, in two generations. Flies in the afternoon and evening, and regularly comes to light. Hab Gardens, calcareous and other grasslands, rough sparsely vegetated

418 Tortricidae ground, old quarries. Fp Oxeye Daisy, Tansy, Yarrow. LS June–July, October–April. In the roots, and also in the flowerhead and adjoining stem.

Sneezewort Moth

Plate 49 Dichrorampha sylvicolana Hein. 49.314 Scarce. FL 5–6mm. Male with costal fold to near one-half. Forewing short and blunt, dark brown, densely speckled with dull orange on the outer half of the wing, with a broad dull yellowish-orange almost triangular blotch from the dorsum to the mid-wing, hardly contrasting with the ground colour, and with three black dots along the termen. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS June–July. Can occasionally be disturbed by day, but prefers to hide among vegetation. Rarely seen at light. Hab Ditches, wet grasslands, riverbanks, woodland rides. Fp Sneezewort. LS August–April. In the roots, with the larvae sometimes living gregariously.

Mugwort Moth Plate 49 Dichrorampha simpliciana (Haw.) 49.315 Local. Scarce in Scotland and Ireland. FL 6–8mm. Male with costal fold to near one-half. Forewing greyish brown speckled with dull pale grey or yellowish grey, with a broad pale greyish-brown almost triangular blotch from the dorsum to the mid-wing, and with three to five black dots on the termen. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS July– mid-September. Can be disturbed by day, flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Unmanaged grasslands, rough ground, field margins. Fp Mugwort. LS October–June. In the roots and lower part of the stem, with the larvae sometimes living gregariously.

White-spot Yarrow Moth Plate 49 Dichrorampha sequana (Hübn.) 49.316 Local from the Midlands southwards. FL 4.5–6.5mm. Male with costal fold to near one-half. Forewing dark brown with dense yellowish-brown speckling, especially on the outer half of the wing, and with a broad creamy-whitish blotch perpendicular from the dorsum to beyond the mid-wing; there are three or four black dots on the termen. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS May–June. Sits on the foodplant in the afternoon, flies at sunset, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Calcareous and neutral grasslands, rough ground, open woodland. Fp Tansy, Yarrow. LS August–April. In the roots.

Plain Daisy Moth

Plate 49 Dichrorampha senectana Guen. 49.317 Rare. FL 6–8mm. Male with costal fold to near one-half. Forewing brown, finely and densely speckled yellowish, with a rather obscure almost triangular blotch from the dorsum to near the mid-wing, and a few streaks in the outer third of the costa, these contrasting somewhat with the ground colour. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS June–July. Flies in the afternoon and at dusk. Hab Cliffs and undercliffs (including chalk scree), old quarries, particularly where vegetation is sparse. Fp Oxeye Daisy. LS September–April. In the roots and stem.

Orange-spot Yarrow Moth

Plate 49 Dichrorampha vancouverana McDunnough 49.318 Common. Local in northern England, scarce in Scotland and Ireland. FL 6–7.5mm. Male with costal fold to near one-half. Forewing narrow, dark brown, densely speckled dull orangey brown or dull yellowish brown, with a sharply oblique dull pale orangey-brown or yellowish-brown blotch from the dorsum to the mid-wing, hardly contrasting with the ground colour, and with none to five black dots on the termen. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS June–mid-August. Flies by day in sunshine, and in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, calcareous and neutral grasslands, rough ground, open coastal habitats. Fp Tansy, Yarrow. LS September–May. In the roots.

Tortricidae 419

Orange-spot Tansy Moth Dichrorampha flavidorsana

Not illustrated 49.319

Local. Very local in northern England, and scarce in Scotland. FL 6.5–8mm. Male with costal fold to one-third. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS Mid-June– August. Rests on leaves and flowers of the foodplant, flies in sunshine and in the evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Gardens, rough ground, open coastal habitats. Fp Tansy. LS September–June. In the roots.

Orange-spot Daisy Moth Plate 49 Dichrorampha alpinana (Treits.) 49.320 Common. Local in northern England, scarce in Scotland. FL 6.5–7.5mm. Male with costal fold to one-half. Forewing dark brown, with dense dull or bright orange speckling on the outer third, a curved yellow or yellowish-orange blotch from the dorsum to near the mid-wing, and black dots along the termen. Hindwing dark brown, paler near the base. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS Mid-May–mid-August. Flies in sunshine and sits on the flowers of the foodplant, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, calcareous and neutral grasslands, rough ground. Fp Oxeye and Shasta daisies. LS July–June. In the roots, and probably in the flowerhead. Possibly burrows down the stem to reach the rootstock.

Yellow-spot Yarrow Moth Plate 49 Dichrorampha petiverella (Linn.) 49.321 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 5–6.5mm. Male with costal fold to one-third. Forewing dark brown, a pale yellowish blotch slightly curved from the dorsum to the mid-wing, with dense yellowish-brown speckling, a few pale yellowish marks on the costa before the apex, and black dots or short streaks along the termen. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS Late May–August. Flies around the foodplant in sunshine and in the evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Grasslands, rough ground. Fp Sneezewort, Tansy, Yarrow. LS September–April. In the roots.

Lead-coloured Yarrow Moth Plate 49 Dichrorampha plumbagana (Treits.) 49.322 Common. Very local in parts of northern England, local and mainly coastal in Scotland. FL 5–7.5mm. Male with costal fold to near one-half. Forewing dark brown, densely speckled yellowish grey, with pale greyish markings comprising an oblique almost triangular blotch from the dorsum to the mid-wing or beyond, and a few streaks in the outer third, these contrasting somewhat with the ground colour, and marked with silvery scales; there are three black dots along the termen. The underside of the forewing is dark greyish brown, speckled greyish white toward the termen, with greenish-bronzy reflections. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS April–July. Sits on flowers of the foodplant, flies in sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Calcareous and neutral grasslands, rough ground, sand dunes. Fp Yarrow. LS July–April. In the roots and lower part of a flower stalk.

Northern Yarrow Moth

Plate 49 Dichrorampha alpestrana ([Zell.]) 49.323 Common from Wales and the Midlands northwards. The most widespread species of the genus in Scotland. FL 5.5–7mm. Male with costal fold to one-third. Forewing pale greyish brown, sometimes darker in the female, densely speckled dull yellowish brown, with a broad dull whitish-grey almost triangular blotch from the dorsum to beyond the mid-wing, hardly contrasting with the ground colour, and with small pale greyish marks on the costa, and up to five black dots on the termen; the cilia are dark greyish brown with a central whitish band. Similar species See Appendix 4 (p.492). FS May–August.

420 Tortricidae May be disturbed by day, and flies in the evening. Hab Acid, calcareous and neutral grasslands, rough ground. Fp Tansy, Yarrow. LS October–April. In the roots.

Pea Moth Plate 49 Cydia nigricana (Fabr.) 49.324 Common. Local in northern England, scarce in Scotland. FL 5.5–7.5mm. Labial palps mottled pale brownish or dark greyish above, and whitish below. Forewing rather uniform in appearance, greyish brown or dark brown, sometimes slightly tinged yellowish grey, with a series of short whitish streaks along the costa, these shaded blackish between the streaks; the ocellus is u Pea Moth Cydia nigricana larva and feeding signs rather obscure, containing three or four in vetch pod. black dots or dashes. Hindwing dark brown with contrasting white cilia. Similar species Grapholita funebrana and G. tenebrosana have obscure costal streaks and pale greyish-brown hindwings; G. funebrana has dark greyish-brown palps, a more rounded apex and termen, and an obscure whitish ocellus and dorsal blotch; G. tenebrosana has whitish palps, the third segment tinged brownish. FS May–August, in one generation, with a partial second generation in some years. Flies in afternoon sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Soft cliffs, gardens, grasslands, rough ground, waste ground, open woodland. Fp Peas, including Garden Pea; also vetches. LS July–April. Larva is dirty whitish with grey pinacula. In the seed pods. Overwinters in a cocoon in soil.

Common Gorse Moth

Plate 49 (3) Cydia ulicetana (Haw.) 49.325 Common. FL 5–7mm. Variable. Forewing pale grey to dark grey, variably speckled pale yellowish brown or yellowish grey, the costa with several small whitish streaks, darker in between; the ocellus is somewhat obscure and laterally edged with silvery grey, typically contains three black dashes, and there is a black dash or a few dots on the wing near the ocellus. Markings can be virtually obsolete except for the costal streaks and ocellus. In a form which occurs in coastal areas of Ireland and Scotland the central part of the forewing is white, the basal third is grey, and the ocellus is well developed. Similar species The black-and-white form of C. ulicetana is similar to the whitish form of Pammene fasciana (49.367), which is usually larger, with a more curved costa and less whitish in the costal half. FS April–September, rarely recorded in late March, in one generation in the north and two further south. Can be abundant, flying around gorse bushes in sunshine, is easily disturbed from the foodplant, and comes to light. Hab Grasslands, heathland, moorland, sand dunes, scrub, woodland margins. Fp Bird’s-foot-trefoils, Broom, gorses, greenweeds. LS June, September–April. On unripe seeds in the pods. Overwinters in a cocoon in leaf litter or in the soil.

Rest-harrow Piercer Plate 49 Cydia microgrammana (Guen.) 49.327 Very local. Rare in Ireland. Mainly coastal. FL 4.5–6mm. Head grey or whitish grey, labial palps whitish with a grey terminal segment. Forewing short and blunt, grey, slightly tinged brownish, the outer third densely speckled pale yellowish grey, the rest of the wing speckled greyish white, somewhat arranged into wavy crosslines, although this speckling may be reduced, the costa with many short whitish streaks, interspersed with darker grey, with a few extended into oblique leaden lines in the outer half; the ocellus is

Tortricidae 421 obscure, laterally edged with metallic grey, and contains two or three black dashes. Similar species C. medicaginis (not illustrated), a rare species on medicks, including Sickle Medick, recorded from the Channel Islands, Hampshire, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Suffolk, has a slightly narrower, more pointed forewing (similar to C. ulicetana), and whitish labial palps with a yellowish-white terminal segment. Grapholita caecana is a long-winged species, usually larger, with several narrow dark brown streaks in the mid-wing and running obliquely from the costa. G. gemmiferana has scales tipped with yellowish brown in the outer third, with strong silvery-grey lines. FS Late May–July. Flies in the afternoon and at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Cliffs (including soft cliffs), calcareous grasslands, old quarries, sand dunes, waste ground. Fp Common Restharrow. LS August–September. In the unripe seed pods.

Beautiful Juniper Piercer

Plate 49 Cydia interscindana (Möschler) 49.3275 Adventive. First recorded in Britain from Kent in 2014, and a recent colonist. Also recorded from Essex, Middlesex, Berkshire and Buckinghamshire. FL 5–6mm. Forewing greyish to pinkish with a sharply angled whitish crossband at one-half, this bisected darker in the middle and inwardly edged black, a straighter silvery-grey crossband at three-quarters inwardly edged blackish, and a few whitish costal streaks towards the apex; the ocellus is pale and laterally edged silvery grey, containing three or four short black dashes. FS Late July–October, probably in one generation. Comes to light. In Continental Europe it has been attracted to the pheromone lure for C. pomonella. Hab Gardens. Fp In Continental Europe on Lawson’s and Leyland cypresses, Prickly Juniper, Chinese Thuja. LS In Continental Europe, feeding in a gallery in a twig or the bark near a node, sometimes causing deformation of the twig or resinous exudation, and overwintering fully fed, pupating in the feeding place in spring. Note on similar-looking, conifer-feeding Cydia species There are eight species in this group, which have dark grey or dark brown forewings and a curved white dorsal mark or silvery fascia. A guide to their identification is provided in Appendix 5 (p.494) with more details on seven species below excluding the rarely recorded C. indivisa. This group could also be confused with C. inquinatana, which has a cream or pale brown head and palps.

Highland Pine Moth

Plate 49 Cydia cognatana (Barr.) 49.328 Rare. Confined to Scotland. FL 5.5–7mm. Forewing dark greyish brown, tinged greyish yellow, with a slender curved white dorsal blotch, this bisected blackish brown vertically, and with a series of short paired whitish streaks along the costa; the ocellus is laterally edged with silvery bluish grey, containing four or five often fragmented black dashes. Similar species See Appendix 5 (p.494). FS June. Flies around the tops of pines in afternoon sunshine. Hab Old pine forests, isolated old pine trees. Fp Scots Pine. LS August–April. In the bark. Reddish-brown frass in the bark crevices can betray the presence of the larva.

Larch Cone Moth

Plate 49 Cydia illutana (Herr.-Schäff.) 49.329 Very local. First recorded in Britain in 1975. Expanding its range, and recorded as new to Wales in 2018. FL 5.5–6.5mm. Forewing blackish brown, usually with ill-defined paler markings, including a narrow whitish dorsal blotch, curving just before the middle and sometimes containing dark brown marks, and small white marks on the costa, some interspersed faintly silvery grey or bluish; the ocellus is laterally edged faintly silvery grey or bluish, with four or five black dashes. Similar species See Appendix 5 (p.494).

422 Tortricidae FS May–June. Comes to light. Hab Woodland, also gardens. Fp European Larch. LS July– August. In the immature green cones, exuding frass on the outside of the cone.

Pine Nut Moth Plate 49 Cydia conicolana (Heylaerts) 49.330 Very local. FL 4.5–6mm. Forewing dark greyish brown, finely speckled pale yellowish brown across the outer two-thirds, with two narrow metallic grey crossbands from the dorsum just beyond one-half and from the tornus, and short white streaks along the costa; the ocellus is laterally edged silvery bluish grey, with three or four long black dashes. Similar species See Appendix 5 (p.494). FS May–June. Flies around the tops of pines by day, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Small copses and isolated trees on heathland and moorland, woodland. Fp Corsican and Scots pines. LS July–March. In a cone. Emergence holes in the wings of fallen cones indicate the presence of the moth on that tree.

Pine Bark Moth Plate 49 Cydia coniferana (Saxesen) 49.332 Local. Very local in Ireland. FL 4.5–7mm. Forewing dark greyish brown, faintly speckled yellowish grey in the outer half, with a narrow whitish dorsal blotch containing a short dark brown vertical line, curved around the middle and often weakly joined to form a silvery-white crossband to the costa at one-third, and a weakly defined silvery crossband from the tornus to the costa at two-thirds, and with almost paired small white streaks along the costa and a small white mark on the termen below the apex; the ocellus is laterally edged metallic grey, with three or four long black dashes. Similar species See Appendix 5 (p.494). FS Mid-May–August, in one generation in the north, and probably two in the south. Flies around pines in afternoon sunshine and at dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Woodland; also cemeteries, and trees in other urban situations. Fp Douglas Fir, Corsican and Scots pines, Norway, Serbian and Sitka spruces. LS September–April. In a silk-lined tunnel under the bark, exuding reddish frass.

Pine Resin Moth

Plate 49 Cydia cosmophorana (Treits.) 49.334 Local. Very local in northern England. FL 4–6.5mm. Forewing dark greyish brown, densely speckled yellowish brown or yellowish grey over the ocellus, with two conspicuous silvery-whitish crossbands, the inner one at one-half narrowed or interrupted near the middle, and with short whitish marks on the costa and one on the termen below the apex, those on the costa interspersed with metallic bluish or leaden-purplish streaks; the ocellus is distinct and laterally edged metallic bluish leaden, with four or five black dashes. Similar species See Appendix 5 (p.494). FS May–July, occasionally recorded up to September. Flies in afternoon sunshine around the tops of pines, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Heathland with scattered young trees, scrub, woodland. Fp Corsican and Scots

Pine Nut Moth Cydia conicolana pupal exit holes in cone.

u

u Pine Bark Moth Cydia coniferana larval feeding signs.

Pine Resin Moth Cydia cosmophorana larval feeding signs.

u

Tortricidae 423 pines. LS September–April. In a resinous nodule on the bark, in the one-year-old gall of Retinia resinella, in resinous exudate from a wound on young pines, such as that resulting from bark stripping by deer, and associated with feeding damage caused by a species of Dioryctria (Pyralidae).

Spruce Seed Moth Plate 49 Cydia strobilella (Linn.) 49.335 Local. Very local away from southern England. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2017. Possibly an occasional immigrant. FL 5–7mm. Forewing dark brown, speckled golden yellowish brown over much of the outer half, densest towards the termen, the costa with silvery-whitish or yellowish streaks, some extended as faint metallic grey crosslines, with a pair of crosslines at one-half, often joined in the middle; the ocellus is obscure, laterally edged metallic grey, and containing up to four black dots. The hindwing is brown. Similar species See Appendix 5 (p.494). FS April–May. Occasionally seen in numbers. Flies in afternoon sunshine around spruces, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, woodland. Fp Norway and Serbian spruces. LS August–April. In a cone.

Scarce Spruce Bark Moth Plate 49 Cydia pactolana (Zell.) 49.336 Rare. First recorded in Britain in 1965. FL 5.5–8mm. A broad-winged species without a distinct dorsal blotch. Forewing dark brown, the outer third densely speckled yellowish brown and often suffused with yellowish grey or pale grey towards the base, with an S-shaped crossband from the costa at one-third, formed of two pale greyish crosslines with dark brown between, diverging before the dorsum, and with silvery-whitish or yellowish costal streaks, some interspersed with metallic violet; the ocellus is laterally edged silvery grey, sometimes with violet reflections, and contains three or four black dashes or a series of dots. Similar species See Appendix 5 (p.494). FS May–July. May be disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Larches, Norway Spruce. LS Probably July–April. Under the bark of a tree trunk below a whorl of small branches, exuding reddish frass.

Larch Gall Moth Plate 49 Cydia millenniana (Adamczewski) 49.337 Rare. FL 6.5–8.5mm. Forewing blackish grey, with a blackish blotch in the mid-wing at about two-thirds, the costa with several short white streaks; the ocellus is laterally edged leaden, and contains four often wedge-shaped blackish dashes. FS May– June. Flies in afternoon sunshine. Hab Woodland. Fp European Larch. LS July–April. In a resinous gall at a junction of twigs, taking two years to develop. r

Larch Gall Moth Cydia millenniana larval gall.

Codling Moth

Plate 49 Cydia pomonella (Linn.) 49.338 Common. Very local in Scotland. FL 6.5–10.5mm. Forewing grey, with fine brownish transverse lines and a large dark purplish-brown ocellus, this thickly edged coppery or golden, with a triangular black wedge from the tornus wrapping round the inner margin of the ocellus. Similar species The dark form of C. splendana has a shorter forewing and is usually plainly coloured, without fine transverse brownish lines. FS May– September, in one or possibly two generations. Flies at dusk, and comes to light.

424 Tortricidae Codling Moth Cydia pomonella larval feeding signs.

r

rr Sallow Gall Moth Cydia servillana larval gall.

Hab Allotments, gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, orchards, woodland. Fp Mainly apples; less often Sweet Chestnut, Fig, pears, Plum, Quince, Walnut, Common Whitebeam. LS August–April. In the fruit or spun berries. Overwinters fully fed under bark or in leaf litter.

Sallow Gall Moth Plate 49 Cydia servillana (Dup.) 49.339 Local from the Midlands southwards. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2022. FL 5.5–7mm. Forewing whitish, variably suffused with grey or creamy white, the basal area and apical third variably shaded blackish grey; the ocellus is somewhat obscure, laterally edged metallic bluish, and containing three or four black dashes. The hindwing of the male is white, darker towards the apex. FS May–June. Males fly in afternoon sunshine, and both sexes fly in the evening. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Open woodland, woodland edges, parkland, scrub, margins of ponds and rivers, coastal cliffs. Fp Goat and Grey willows. LS August–April. In a slender gall on a twig.

Marbled Piercer Plate 49 (2) Cydia splendana (Hübn.) 49.341 Common. Very local in Scotland but possibly spreading. Numbers may be boosted by immigration. FL 7–10mm. Forewing with the base greyish, speckled paler, and a whitishgrey crossband from the dorsum at about one-half, narrowing about the mid-wing, then broadening to the costa between one-third and two-thirds, the costa with often paired slender greyish streaks, interspersed darker; the ocellus is large, laterally edged metallic grey, and contains four or five blackish dashes, with a triangular black wedge from the tornus wrapping round the inner margin of the ocellus. A form occurs which is blackish brown with a slight purplish hue, with most of the markings obscure except for the ocellus and black wedge. Similar species C. pomonella. C. fagiglandana has a more uniformly grey forewing with a more obscure ocellus and without a tall dark triangular wedge along the inner edge of the ocellus. FS Mid-June–early October. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, woodland. Fp Sweet Chestnut, oaks, occasionally Walnut. LS August–May. Larva is translucent whitish. In an acorn or nut. Overwinters in a cocoon in the soil, leaf litter or moss, or on bark.

Beech Mast Piercer

Plate 50 Cydia fagiglandana (Zell.) 49.342 Common. Local in northern England, where it is slowly spreading. Rare in Scotland. FL 6–9mm. Forewing blackish, variably speckled whitish grey or greyish, with a whitishgrey crossband from the dorsum before one-half, angled in the mid-wing, to the costa at one-third, the inner margin usually distinctly edged blackish, the rest often obscured by dense speckling, and the costa with whitish streaks of variable length and intensity; the ocellus is large, laterally edged metallic grey, and contains three or four black dashes or dots, these occasionally obsolete. Similar species C. splendana. FS May–early September. Occasionally seen in numbers. Flies in the evening, and comes to light.

Tortricidae 425 Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Isolated trees in grasslands, hedgerow trees, woodland. Fp Beech. LS August–April. In the nuts. The larval stage may take two years to complete. Overwinters in a cocoon in the soil, leaf litter, rotten wood, moss or under bark.

Rusty Acorn Piercer Plate 50 Cydia amplana (Hübn.) 49.343 Scarce immigrant. Has become more frequent in recent years. Possibly now resident in parts of the south. FL 7.5–10mm. Forewing orangey brown, dark brown over much of the dorsal half, with a cream-coloured dorsal blotch at one-half, this containing a few narrow and vertical brownish lines. FS July–early October, but mainly seen in August. Comes to light, occasionally in numbers. Hab Larvae have been recorded in woodland, and adults in a range of mainly coastal habitats. Fp Oaks; in Continental Europe it is also associated with Sweet Chestnut, Walnut, and possibly Beech and Hazel. LS September– July. Larva is translucent whitish, tinged pinkish or orangey. In an acorn or a nut.

Scarce Maple Piercer Plate 50 Cydia inquinatana (Hübn.) 49.344 Scarce immigrant and recent colonist. Now established in Suffolk and possibly in Norfolk. The first authenticated record in Britain was in 2009. FL 6–8mm. Face and palps cream or pale brown. Forewing dark brown with a prominent cream or whitish dorsal blotch which curves slightly towards the termen at one-half, with similarly coloured, almost paired, short costal streaks, and two weakly defined silvery-grey crossbands from below the costa joining or nearly joining the silvery-grey edges to the ocellus, which contains three or four black dashes. Similar species See note on similar-looking, conifer-feeding Cydia species. FS Late May–mid-July, probably in one generation. Comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp In Continental Europe it is associated with Field and Norway maples, and Sycamore. LS Probably June–April. In the seeds, fully fed in summer.

Slender Rufous Tortrix

Plate 50 Lathronympha strigana (Fabr.) 49.345 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 5.5–8mm. Forewing orangey brown, sometimes suffused with brown, the costa with a few obscure short brown streaks, these becoming more leaden in the apical half; the ocellus is laterally edged metallic pale golden, and contains two or three fine black dashes. FS Late May–September, in two generations. Occasionally found in numbers. Flies at sunrise and in the evening, is readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous grasslands, scrub, open woodland. Fp St John’s-worts, particularly Perforate St John’s-wort; also Common Bird’s-foot-trefoil, Rosebay Willowherb. LS April–May, July. First generation in an untidy spinning in a shoot, causing the latter to bend at right angles as it continues to grow; second generation on flowers and seeds.

Coast Piercer Plate 50 Selania leplastriana (Curtis) 49.346 Very local. Recorded as new to Wales in 2022. FL 5.5–6.5mm. Forewing dark brown, suffused with yellowish grey and yellowish brown towards the costa and termen, with a dorsal blotch at about one-half to beyond the middle, comprising a curving triangular whitish mark containing a thin brown line, several short pale yellowish-white transverse lines between the dorsal blotch and the base reaching the mid-wing, and a series of distinct pale streaks, some leaden, on the costa; the ocellus is laterally edged silvery, and contains two or three black dashes. The hindwing is greyish brown. Similar species Grapholita jungiella is smaller, has no short transverse lines between the dorsal blotch and the base, the pale markings are silvery, and the male has

426 Tortricidae white hindwings. FS July, and occasionally recorded in October, indicating a partial second generation. Flies in afternoon sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Coastal cliffs and slopes, vegetated shingle. Fp Wild Cabbage. LS September–May. In the stem, side shoots, flowers and seed pods.

Meadow Tortrix Plate 50 Grapholita compositella (Fabr.) 49.347 Common. Local in upland parts of northern England, and very local in Scotland. FL 4–4.5mm. Forewing blackish brown with a dorsal blotch beyond one-half, represented by four short whitish lines reaching the mid-wing, the costa with distinct short whitish streaks. The hindwing of the male is white, with the apex and termen darker. FS May–August, and occasionally recorded in late April and early September, in two generations. Often seen in small numbers. The males fly in afternoon sunshine, and the females fly towards sunset. Very occasionally u Meadow Tortrix Grapholita recorded at light. Hab Acid, calcareous, neutral compositella larval feeding signs. and unmanaged grasslands, sand dunes, open woodland. Fp Common Bird’s-foot-trefoil, clovers, Dyer’s Greenweed, Saw-wort. LS June–July, August–April. First generation in the stems, shoots or flowerheads; second generation in spun leaves and flowerheads, or sometimes in the seed pods.

Liquorice Piercer

Plate 50 Grapholita pallifrontana Zell. 49.348 Very local. Possibly declining. FL 4.5–5.5mm. Face and palps white or greyish white. Forewing blackish brown, the dorsal blotch at about one-half represented by two distinct short slightly curved pale yellowish lines reaching the mid-wing, and with a series of shorter pale yellowish streaks along the costa. Similar species G. internana has a greyish face and palps, greyish thorax, and is brown with creamy-white markings in the inner third, and speckled u Liquorice Piercer Grapholita yellowish brown in the outer third; pallifrontana larval feeding signs. the male has white hindwings. FS May–July. The males fly over the foodplant in afternoon sunshine. Hab Rough grassland, margins of scrub, particularly on calcareous grasslands. Fp Wild Liquorice. LS July–April. In the seed pods. Overwinters in a cocoon in the seed pod or in the soil.

White-underwing Piercer Plate 50 Grapholita internana (Guen.) 49.349 Local. FL 4–5.5mm. Face and palps greyish. Forewing dark brown, greyish on the thorax and inner third, with the dorsal blotch at about one-half represented by two distinct short curved creamy-white lines reaching the mid-wing, and with a series of short mixed silvery and creamy-white streaks along the costa. The hindwing of the male is white, and the apex is darker. Similar species G. pallifrontana. FS April–June, and has been recorded in August. Occasionally found in numbers flying in sunshine around gorse

Tortricidae 427 bushes, when the white hindwings are obvious. Flies alongside Cydia ulicetana. Very occasionally seen at light. Hab Heathland, moorland, scrub on coastal grasslands, old quarries. Fp Gorse. LS July–March. In the seed pods. Overwinters in a cocoon in the seed pod or among leaves of the foodplant.

Sainfoin Piercer

Plate 50 Grapholita caecana Schläg. 49.350 Rare. An occasional wanderer or immigrant. FL 5.5–8mm. A long-winged species. Forewing grey, speckled yellowish grey, with several very thin dark brown streaks in the mid-wing, creamy whitish along the costa with a series of short dark brown streaks, two or three of which are obliquely extended into the wing towards the termen, with metallic grey lines between; the silvery ocellus is faint. Similar species Cydia microgrammana, C. medicaginis (not illustrated), G. gemmiferana. FS May–July. Flies in afternoon and evening sunshine. Hab Cliff-top and calcareous grasslands. Fp Sainfoin (native species, not fodder cultivars). LS August–May. In the stem, overwintering fully fed at the base of the stem. Infested stems often break above a larva, and are capped with silk and granular material.

Northern Crescent Grapholita lunulana ([D. & S.])

Plate 50 49.351

Very local. Local in northern England, where in the recent past it was spreading and quite common for a while. Rare in Ireland. FL 5–8mm. A narrow-winged species. Forewing blackish brown tinged greyish or yellowish grey in the inner third, with a narrow curved whitish dorsal blotch at one-half, this approaching the mid-wing, and with a series of fine short whitish markings along the costa; the ocellus contains three or four small black dots or dashes. Similar species G. orobana is broader-winged, with the dorsal blotch more strongly curved and often broader, and with a more obvious ocellus. Glyphipterix haworthana (19.005). FS May–June. Can be found in numbers. Flies in sunshine. Hab Grasslands, hedgerows, limestone pavement, sand dunes, woodland margins. Fp Bitter-vetch, probably Meadow Vetchling and other vetches; also Tufted Vetch, Garden Pea. LS June–April. Larva is orangey yellow. Initially in spun leaves or mining the stems, and later in the pods. Overwinters in a cocoon in the seed pod, in the soil or among leaf litter.

Southern Crescent

Plate 50 Grapholita orobana Treits. 49.352 Rare. 5–7mm. Similar species G. lunulana, Glyphipterix haworthana (19.005). FS July– August. Flies in late afternoon sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Cliffs, marshes, woodland. Fp Vetches, especially Tufted and Wood vetches, Meadow Vetchling, Marsh Pea. LS August–April. In the seed pods. Overwinters in a cocoon in the soil or among leaf litter.

Wight Pea Moth

Plate 50 Grapholita gemmiferana Treits. 49.353 Rare. Recently found in Kent. FL 5–6mm. Forewing greyish brown, densely speckled pale orangey brown in the outer third, with a series of short whitish or pale yellowish and greyish-black streaks along the costa; the ocellus is laterally edged silvery, and contains four or five black dots. Similar species Cydia microgrammana, C. medicaginis (not illustrated), G. caecana. FS May–June. Flies in sunshine. Hab Soft cliffs, cliff-tops or undercliff of hard cliffs. Fp Narrow-leaved Everlasting-pea. LS July–April. In a spun leaf or between two spun leaves. Overwinters in a cocoon among leaf litter.

428 Tortricidae

Beautiful Crescent Plate 50 Grapholita jungiella (Clerck) 49.354 Common. FL 4.5–6mm. Forewing greyish brown to yellowish brown along the costa and in the outer third, dark brown in much of the dorsal area, with a distinct dorsal blotch at about one-half, represented by two white curved lines reaching the mid-wing, and with white costal streaks, a few extended as silvery-grey lines into the wing; the pale ocellus is laterally edged silvery grey, and usually contains three or four black dashes, these sometimes broken. The hindwing of the male is whitish, shaded darker at the apex. Similar species Selania leplastriana. FS April–June, and sometimes recorded in August in a partial second generation in the south. Flies in the early morning and in afternoon sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous and damp grasslands, scrub, woodland. Fp Bitter-vetch, Bush Vetch. LS June–March. Larva is greyish white without noticeable pinacula. In the seed pods or between tightly spun leaves. Overwinters in a cocoon in the soil or among leaf litter.

Greenweed Tortrix

Plate 50 Grapholita lathyrana (Hübn.) 49.355 Rare. Now restricted to very few sites. FL 4–5mm. Forewing dark brown, suffused with yellowish brown and yellowish grey in the apical third, with two silvery-whitish crosslines from the dorsum at about one-half to the costa at one-third, often interrupted in the middle, and another from the tornus to the costa at two-thirds, again sometimes interrupted; the ocellus is laterally edged silvery or golden, and usually contains four black dashes. FS Late March–May. Flies in sunshine. Hab Grassland. Fp Dyer’s Greenweed. LS Late May–March. In a spinning on unexpanded flower buds, flowers or young shoots. Overwinters in a cocoon at the base of the foodplant.

Small Fruit Moth Plate 50 Grapholita lobarzewskii (Nowicki) 49.356

Small Fruit Moth Grapholita lobarzewskii larval feeding signs.

r

Local. A colonist that is spreading and has reached as far north as Cheshire. FL 6–6.5mm. Thorax orangey brown. Forewing suffused with orangey, pinkish or reddish brown, mixed brownish, with a few obscure white costal streaks and an obscure dorsal blotch, this divided into four lines; the ocellus is poorly developed, laterally edged bluish leaden, and contains three or four black dashes. Similar species Enarmonia formosana. G. janthinana is shorter-winged, dark brown with bluish or purplish reflections, contrasting with the orangey-brown termen. FS Late May– July. Comes to light. Recorded at the pheromone lure for this species. Hab Gardens, scrub, roadside trees. Fp Apple; recorded once on plums. LS July–?March. In the fruit, one or more small holes closely spaced and exuding frass indicates the presence of the larva. Overwinters in a cocoon under bark or in rotten wood.

Plum Fruit Moth

Plate 50 Grapholita funebrana Treits. 49.357 Common. Local in northern England and Ireland, and recorded as new to Scotland in 2006. Slowly spreading northwards. FL 5.5–7mm. Forewing with a rather rounded apex and termen, blackish brown, suffused with greyish scales forming an indistinct greyish dorsal blotch and an ocellus, and with faint pale streaks on the costa; the ocellus usually contains four black dots. Similar species Cydia nigricana. G. tenebrosana. The Oriental Fruit Moth G. molesta (not illustrated), an occasional accidental import on fruits, is often larger with

Tortricidae 429 better defined markings and an obscure whitish spot near the mid-wing. FS May–September, occasionally recorded up to October. Flies in the evening, and comes to light. Recorded at the pheromone lure for this species. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, orchards, scrub, woodland margins. Fp Blackthorn, plums (including cultivars). LS July–April. In the fruit. Overwinters in a cocoon in a crevice of bark, under moss or in the soil.

u Plum Fruit Moth Grapholita funebrana larva feeding signs in Blackthorn fruit.

Rose Piercer Plate 50 Grapholita tenebrosana Dup. 49.358 Local. Scarce in northern England and in Scotland, and rare in Ireland. FL 5–6.5mm. Labial palps whitish, the third segment tinged brownish. Forewing dark purplish brown, sometimes tinged reddish, with faint bluish-leaden streaks and faintly speckled greyish white along the costa; the ocellus is obscure, laterally edged bluish leaden, and usually contains four irregular black spots. Similar species Cydia nigricana, G. funebrana. FS June–July. Flies in sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub on calcareous grasslands, moorland, woodland. Fp Roses, especially Dog-rose, Rowan; has been recorded from Plum. LS August–April. In the fruit, causing the hip to wrinkle and turn purple. Overwinters in a cocoon in dead wood or under bark.

Hawthorn Piercer

Plate 50 Grapholita janthinana (Dup.) 49.359 Common. Very local in southern Scotland. FL 5–6mm. A shortwinged species with a rounded termen. Head and thorax orangey brown, sometimes dark brown. Forewing dark brown, suffused bluish, purplish or sometimes pinkish, mixed reddish brown, the termen and apex yellowish brown or orangey brown, with a rather obscure, slightly curved dorsal blotch formed from four short greyish lines; the ocellus is poorly developed, and contains three or u Hawthorn Piercer Grapholita janthinana larval feeding signs four black dashes. Similar in Hawthorn berries. species G. lobarzewskii. FS Late June–August, occasionally to mid-September. Flies in afternoon sunshine until dusk, and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland margins. Fp Hawthorn. LS Late August–May. Larva is orangey yellow. In the berries, spinning two or three together. Overwinters in a cocoon in dead wood or under bark.

430 Tortricidae

Shining Oak Tortrix Plate 50 Pammene splendidulana (Guen.) 49.360 Local. Scarce in northern England, Scotland and Ireland. FL 4.5–5.5mm. Forewing dark brown, speckled greyish yellow, densely in the outer third, with two silvery-white or metallic greyish crossbands, broad on the dorsum at one-half to the costa beyond one-third, narrowing to the middle and usually interrupted, the other from the tornus to the costa, incorporating a distinct black spot near the middle. The hindwing of the male is whitish basally, and broadly darker towards the apex and along the margin. FS April– early June. Flies in afternoon and evening sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Heathland, parkland, woodland. Fp Oaks. LS June–July. In a silken gallery between two leaves flatly spun together. Note on similar-looking Pammene species There are 11 species in the group characterised by the presence of a whitish dorsal mark at one-half which usually contains darker scales or lines. Until recently, some of these species have rarely been observed in Britain and Ireland. However, with the use of pheromone lures, they are proving to be more widespread than was previously believed. Many examples can be identified to species level on external characters and time of year of appearance, but if there is any doubt, genitalia examination will be required to confirm identity. A guide to identification of all the species in this group is provided in Appendix 6 (p.496).

Obscure Tortrix Plate 50 Pammene ignorata Kuznetzov 49.361 Scarce immigrant and probable resident. First recorded in Britain in Devon in 1986, and has now been recorded over a wide area. Recorded as new to Scotland in 1993, and as new to Ireland in 2000. FL 5–7mm. Forewing dark purplish brown with a whitish dorsal spot containing a small dark mark in the middle at the dorsum, and heavily marked with leaden spots and crossbands over the wing, particularly in the basal two-thirds, with fine, almost paired, whitish costal streaks and scattered orangey scales in the outer third; ocellus is laterally edged leaden, and contains four black streaks. Similar species See Appendix 6 (p.496). FS Mid-May–early July, and has been recorded once in March. Can be found by day at rest on tree trunks, and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Possibly Ash, elms, limes or oaks. LS Early stages unknown.

Early Oak Gall Moth Plate 50 Pammene giganteana (Pey.) 49.362 Local. Scarce in Wales and Scotland. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2011. FL 6.5–7.5mm. A long, narrow-winged species. Forewing blackish brown, faintly speckled whitish grey, with a small oblique mixed whitish and grey dorsal blotch; the ocellus is laterally edged silvery grey, and contains indistinct black dashes. Hindwing creamy white, broadly darker towards the apex and along the margin. Similar species See Appendix 6 (p.496). FS Mid-March–May. Flies in afternoon sunshine, visits willow catkins, and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Heathland, parkland, woodland. Fp Oaks. LS June–August. In a young oak apple or spongy gall.

Tortricidae 431

Oak Gall Moth Plate 50 Pammene argyrana (Hübn.) 49.363 Common. Local in Wales and Scotland. FL 4.5–6mm. Forewing blackish brown, mottled whitish near the base and towards the termen, and variably speckled yellowish brown and yellowish grey throughout, with a conspicuous whitish dorsal blotch, variably marked blackish, sometimes slightly extended beyond the middle towards the costa; the ocellus is laterally edged metallic grey, and contains indistinct black dashes or scales. The hindwing of the male is whitish or pale greyish brown, in a broad wedge shape from the base, broadly margined dark brownish. Similar species See Appendix 6 (p.496). FS April–June. Can be found at rest on oak trunks by day, flies in the afternoon, and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Oaks. LS June–March. In a spongy gall or other wasp gall. Overwinters in a cocoon in an old gall, or under bark or moss.

Ash Bark Tortrix Pammene suspectana (L. & Z.)

Not illustrated 49.364

E. Very local, but likely to be overlooked. FL 5–6mm. Very similar to a dark form of P. albuginana. Similar species See Appendix 6 (p.496). FS Late April–June, also reported in late July. Rarely seen at rest by day. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Gardens, scrub, woodland. Fp/LS Unknown, but believed to be associated with the bark of Ash.

Scarce Oak Gall Moth

Plate 50 Pammene albuginana (Guen.) 49.365 Local. Scarce from the Midlands northwards. Recorded as new to Wales in 2007. Rare in Ireland. FL 5–6mm. Forewing blackish brown, mottled brownish near the base, distinctly speckled orangey brown usually in small patches in the outer half, with a large creamy or dirty whitish dorsal patch, containing up to three fine blackish lines and the dorsal patch may be much obscured by these lines; the ocellus is laterally edged leaden, and contains several fine black dashes. Similar species See Appendix 6 (p.496). FS May–July. Flies in late afternoon and in the evening, and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Woodland. Fp Oaks. LS August–March. In a spongy gall or other wasp gall. Overwinters in a cocoon in an old gall or in a crevice in bark.

Birch Catkin Tortrix

Plate 50 Pammene obscurana (Steph.) 49.366 Very local. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2010. FL 5–6mm. Forewing with an evenly curved costa, dark greyish with a variably distinct, sometimes obscure, whitish dorsal patch containing one central grey line and up to two more dark lines, all perpendicular to the dorsum; costal streaks short and whitish, extended into faint silvery streaks; the ocellus is obscure, with three or four black lines. Similar species See Appendix 6 (p.496). FS Late April–June. Flies in the afternoon and evening sunshine, and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Heathland, moorland, woodland. Fp Birches. LS Possibly July. In the catkins.

432 Tortricidae

Acorn Piercer Plate 50 Pammene fasciana (Linn.) 49.367 Common. Very local but possibly spreading in Scotland. FL 6.5–8mm. Forewing variably mottled greyish, blackish and white near the base, usually with a large whitish dorsal blotch extended and curved towards the apex, and with a series of short paired costal streaks; the large ocellus is laterally edged metallic bluish, usually contains six or seven black dashes, these often broken, and the area around the ocellus is variably shaded orangey brown; there are a few irregular black spots between the ocellus and the dorsal blotch. Similar species Black-and-white form of Cydia ulicetana (49.325). FS June–August, occasionally recorded in early September. Males fly at sunrise and in afternoon sunshine. Comes to light. Hab Urban parks, scrub, woodland. Fp Sweet Chestnut, Oaks. LS August– May. Larva is pale greyish green with dark brown pinacula. In an acorn or nut. Overwinters in a cocoon in rotten wood, under bark, among leaf litter or in an old spongy gall.

Early Mast Piercer Plate 50 Pammene herrichiana (Hein.) 49.368 Very local. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2017. Formerly considered to be a dark form of P. fasciana. FL 5.5–8mm. Forewing dark greyish brown, greyer in the basal half, with a whitish irregularly margined dorsal patch, extending in a rough point to the mid-wing, and containing one or two dark marks from and perpendicular to the dorsum; scattered dull orangey-brown speckling in the outer third; the ocellus has dull silvery-grey margins. Similar species See Appendix 6 (p.496). FS Late April–June. Comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Beech. LS August–April. In the mast. Overwinters in a cocoon in rotten wood, under bark or among leaf litter.

Hawthorn Bark Tortrix Not illustrated Pammene agnotana Reb. 49.369 E. Rare. Southern half of England, but likely to be more widespread. FL 4–6mm. A small, narrow-winged species. Similar species See Appendix 6 (p.496). FS March–May. Can be beaten from solitary hawthorn bushes. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Gardens, ancient hedgerows, scrub in grasslands, woodland. Fp Hawthorn; preference for old trees. LS ?Late summer–early spring. In Continental Europe it is known to feed under the bark.

Myrtle Shoot Tortrix Not illustrated Pammene luedersiana (Sorh.) 49.370 S. Rare. FL 4–5mm. A small, narrow-winged species. Similar species See Appendix 6 (p.496). FS May–June. Flies in the evening over the foodplant. Hab Moorland. Fp Bog-myrtle. LS July–August. Hides in a spinning made of a dead leaf which is attached to green leaves. Overwinters in the spinning or other vegetation on the ground.

Fruitlet Mining Tortrix Plate 50 Pammene rhediella (Clerck) 49.371 Common. Local in Scotland. FL 4–5.5mm. Forewing dark purplish brown, the outer third reddish brown, paler towards the termen, with an angled leaden crossline from the costa to the tornus. FS April–June. Flies in sunshine, typically high along hawthorn hedges. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, orchards, scrub, urban parks, woodland margins. Fp Hawthorns, sometimes apples, Dwarf Cherry, Dogwood, Pear, Wild Plum. LS June–March. In spun flowers or on the surface of the fruit. Overwinters in a cocoon in bark, dead wood or soil.

Tortricidae 433

Willow Y Moth Plate 50 Pammene populana (Fabr.) 49.372 Local. Very local in northern England and scarce in Scotland. FL 4.5–6.5mm. Forewing brownish or brownish grey, variably speckled orangey brown in the outer two-thirds, with a white or pale yellow dorsal patch at about one-half, the inner margin evenly curved to the mid-wing, and including a small dark brown mark on the dorsum, an oblique metallic grey crossband from the tornus to the costa at two-thirds, and other shorter leaden streaks near the costa; the ocellus is laterally edged metallic grey, and contains three or four obscure black dashes. Similar species See Appendix 6 (p.496). FS July–September. Comes to light. Hab Fens, hedgerows, marshes, sand dunes, scrub, woodland. Fp Willows, especially Creeping and Goat willows, and Osier. LS May–June. In a spinning in the shoots.

Blackthorn Flower Moth Plate 51 Pammene spiniana (Dup.) 49.373 Local. Very local in Wales and northern England. FL 4.5–5.5mm. Forewing blackish brown, the outer third of the wing variably speckled yellowish brown, with a small triangular white dorsal blotch at about one-half, the apex of the triangle pointing towards the costa, and sometimes interrupted by a short dark brown streak at the dorsum; the ocellus is laterally edged with metallic violet, and contains two or three black dashes. Similar species See Appendix 6 (p.496). FS July–September. Very occasionally found in numbers. Flies in sunshine. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland margins. Fp Blackthorn, hawthorns. LS May–June. In spun flowers.

Maple Piercer Pammene trauniana ([D. & S.])

Plate 51 49.374

Very local. Perhaps most frequent in the south-east. Recorded as new to Wales in 2016. FL 4.5–6mm. Forewing blackish brown, with a large pale yellow, rarely orangey-yellow, dorsal blotch, usually half-moon shaped, and a series of bold pale yellowish costal streaks. Similar species P. regiana typically has a pale yellow or orangey-yellow dorsal blotch, usually with a distinct angle along its outer margin and less pronounced costal streaks. Some examples may require genitalia examination to confirm identification. FS May–July. Flies in sunshine high around Field Maple trees, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Field Maple. LS August–April. In the seeds. Overwinters in a cocoon under bark.

Regal Piercer Plate 51 Pammene regiana (Zell.) 49.375 Common. More local in Ireland. FL 6–7.5mm. Forewing dark brown sometimes tinged slightly orange, with a large pale yellow to orangey-yellow dorsal blotch, its outer margin typically with a distinct angle, and the outer edge perpendicular or slightly oblique to the dorsum, and with a series of short whitish or creamy-white costal streaks. Similar species P. trauniana. FS May–mid-August, sometimes u Regal Piercer Pammene regiana cocoons and larva. recorded in late August. Occasionally comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, woodland.

434 Tortricidae Fp Sycamore; also Norway Maple and possibly Field Maple. LS August–April. In the seeds. Overwinters in a cocoon under bark.

Tawny Sycamore Piercer Plate 51 Pammene aurita Razowski 49.376 Common. Expanding its range in the north. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2013. FL 6.5–7mm. Forewing brownish, variably shaded orangey brown, with a broad orangeyyellow dorsal patch and a series of short whitish costal streaks. FS Mid-June–August. Flies in the afternoon, and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Sycamore. LS August–September. In the seeds.

Dark Oak Tortrix Plate 51 Pammene germmana (Hübn.) 49.377 Local. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2009. FL 5–6.5mm. Forewing pointed, with the termen obtusely angled to the dorsum, dark brown with a satin sheen and a series of short creamy costal streaks, some faintly extended metallic grey a short way into the wing, and with the cilia greyish brown. Similar species Strophedra weirana is usually smaller, the forewing is slightly shorter and rounded at the apex, and the cilia at the apex have a whitish central band. FS May–July, and has been recorded in November. Flies early in the morning, in the afternoon and evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, woodland. Fp Hawthorns, oaks, Wild Plum. LS Life history not known. Possibly in the fruits or shoots.

Dusted Fir Moth Pammene ochsenheimeriana (L. & Z.)

Plate 51 49.378

Rare. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2011. FL 3.5–5mm. Forewing blackish grey, evenly but very sparsely speckled whitish across the mid-wing and in the outer third, with two narrow black crossbands, the inner one at one-third obscure, and the outer one, between the tornus and the costa beyond one-half, edged with silver scales, and with a series of short whitish costal streaks. FS May–June. Can be tapped from branches by day, flies in the late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Giant Fir, Sitka Spruce, possibly Scots Pine, Norway Spruce. LS July–April. Has been reared from aborted buds and from an old aphid gall on spruce. Possibly feeds in dead or dying twigs.

Double Orange-spot Plate 51 Pammene aurana (Fabr.) 49.379 Common. Local in Scotland. Often absent from areas where the foodplant occurs. FL 4–6mm. Forewing dark brown with two rounded orangey-yellow blotches, one on the dorsum before one-half, the other towards the apex. Similar species Phaulernis fulviguttella (47.001). FS May–August. Rests on flowerheads of the foodplant, flies in sunshine, and occasionally comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Grasslands, hedgerows, urban parks, waste ground, open woodland. Fp Hogweed. LS July–April. In a spinning on the seeds. Overwinters in a cocoon in the soil.

Purple Marbled Tortrix

Plate 51 Pammene gallicana (Guen.) 49.380 Local. Very local in northern England and scarce in Scotland. FL 5–6mm. Forewing pale brown with a violet hue, variably suffused with dark brown, with scattered violet-leaden markings, an obscure dorsal blotch, and a series of obscure whitish costal streaks; the ocellus is obscure, narrow, laterally edged metallic violet leaden, and contains three to five thick black dashes, these sometimes joined. FS July–August. Flies in afternoon sunshine and at dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Has been recorded as a

Tortricidae 435 non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Dry grasslands, marshes, sand dunes, waste ground. Fp Umbellifers, including Wild Angelica, Wild Carrot and Hogweed. LS September–April. In a loose spinning among the seeds. Overwinters in a cocoon in the soil or among the fruits of an umbel.

Little Beech Tortrix Plate 51 Strophedra weirana (Dougl.) 49.381 Local. FL 4.5–5.5mm. Forewing relatively slender, rounded at the apex, dark brown, sometimes with a very faint slightly paler crossband, and with a few small whitish marks on the costa. Similar species Pammene germmana. FS May–August, with an occasional second generation in some areas. Flies at sunrise, in afternoon and evening sunshine, u Little Beech Tortrix Strophedra weirana larval feeding signs. and comes to light. Has been recorded as a non-target species at pheromone lures. Hab Woodland, particularly on calcareous soils. Fp Beech. LS August–October. Between two spun leaves.

Little Oak Tortrix Plate 51 Strophedra nitidana (Fabr.) 49.382 Local. Scarcer from the Midlands northwards. FL 4–4.5mm. Forewing rounded at the apex, dark brown, with a faint curved crossband at about one-half, pale greyish brown containing a central dark brown line, and with a few short white costal streaks. FS May–early August. Flies in sunshine in the afternoon and early evening, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Oaks. LS July–October. In a spinning between two leaves. Species not covered Scarce Straw Tortrix Paramesia gnomana (Clerck) 49.006 R/E

European Vine Moth Lobesia botrana ([D. & S.]) 49.182 ?AI/E

Norfolk Bog Tortrix Archips betulana (Hübn.) 49.012 † E

Woundwort Marble Endothenia pullana (Haw.) 49.189 E

Norfolk Myrtle Tortrix Choristoneura lafauryana (Rag.) 49.019 † E

Galingale Lance Bactra venosana (Zell.) 49.198 I/EI

Scarce Spruce Tortrix Dichelia histrionana (Fröl.) 49.034 A/E

Scarce Clouded Tortrix Gibberifera simplana (Fisch. v. Rösl.) 49.227 † E

Silver Cloak Eana argentana (Clerck) 49.046 R/S Sea-holly Straw Aethes margarotana (Dup.) 49.117 † E

Suffolk Spruce Tortrix Epinotia granitana (Herr.-Schäff.) 49.236 I/E

Beautiful Straw A. rutilana (Hübn.) 49.119 R/ES

Fir-bud Tortrix E. nigricana (Herr.-Schäff.) 49.250 R/EW

Samphire Straw A. bilbaensis (Rössl.) 49.125 ?/E Essex Straw A. fennicana (Hering) 49.126 ?/E

Rufous Saltern Tortrix Eucosma rubescana (Constant) 49.271 R/E

Breckland Straw Falseuncaria degreyana (McLach.) 49.141 R/E

Inverness Tortrix Gypsonoma nitidulana (L. & Z.) 49.282 † S

Rannoch Marble Apotomis infida (Heinrich) 49.147 R/S

Yarrow Root-borer Epiblema graphana (Treits.) 49.2912 I/E

Devon Marble Celypha rurestrana (Dup.) 49.163 R/EW

Alfalfa Moth Cydia medicaginis (Kuznetzov) 49.326 R/EC

Fen Marble C. doubledayana (Barr.) 49.168 † E

Aspen Gall Moth C. corollana (Hübn.) 49.331 R/E

Balsam Tortrix Pristerognatha penthinana (Guen.) 49.175 † E

Spruce Bark Moth C. indivisa (Danilevsky) 49.333 ?I/E

Plumbeous Spruce Tortrix Cymolomia hartigiana (Saxesen) 49.176 ?A/E

Juniper Berry Piercer Pammene juniperana (Mill.) 49.3771 A/E

Bamboo Tortrix Tetramoera langmaidi Plant 49.2001 A/E

Elm Bark Moth C. leguminana (L. & Z.) 49.340 † E

436

Pyralidae

T

here are currently 82 native/naturalised and immigrant species in this family,

Rosy Knot-horn Oncocera semirubella

which includes familiar and regularly encountered species such as the Bee Moth

Gold Triangle Hypsopygia costalis

Aphomia sociella. The group also contains the ‘tabbies’ and ‘knot-horns’. The forewing length is variable within the family, in the range 5–19mm. Several resting postures are exhibited, and a few species sit with the lower part of the abdomen curved into the air, rather like some species of macro-moths in the Geometridae. However, most sit with the wings held roof-like, appressed to or around the abdomen. The antennae are typically laid back over the thorax and abdomen. The forewings range from elongate to broadly triangular, are varied in markings, and have a distinct tornal angle. The hindwings are broad, typically broader than the forewings, with short dorsal cilia. The head has raised scales on the crown, and the face is smooth or has raised or erect scales. The antennae are long, from one-half to about three-fifths the length of the forewing. The males of some species have a scale tuft at the base of the antennae, the so-called ‘knot-horn’. The labial palps are short to long, forward pointing or slightly upwardly curved, and the tongue is typically covered with scales at the base. A characteristic of species in the Pyraloidea (Pyralidae and Crambidae) is the presence of tympanal organs on the second abdominal segment, although these are difficult to discern. Many species in the family are more prevalent in the southern half of Britain, such as Grey Oak Knot-horn Acrobasis consociella and Rosy Tabby Endotricha flammealis. Several species appear to be expanding their range; for example, Thistle Ermine Myelois circumvoluta is spreading north and west, and has now been recorded in Ireland. Pine-blossom Knot-horn Vitula biviella is an example of a recent colonist; it gained a foothold in south-east England and is now spreading. A few species do not appear to be as frequent as formerly, including the Large Tabby Aglossa pinguinalis, while its very scarce relative, the Small Tabby A. caprealis, does not appear to have been recorded since 2006. These species have possibly declined as a result of changing farming practices, including the tidying up of outbuildings and barns. Legume Knot-horn Etiella zinckenella is a scarce immigrant, whereas Tufted Oak Knot-horn Acrobasis tumidana may now have become established, at least temporarily, in parts of the south-east. A few species are minor pests of stored food products, such as the Indian Meal Moth Plodia interpunctella and Mediterranean Flour Moth Ephestia kuehniella. Several others are scarce adventives, such as Pomegranate Moth Cryptoblabes gnidiella, which is sometimes found on imported pomegranates. The larvae of several species feed on dried vegetable matter, some being associated with human habitations, and a few are associated with the nests of bees and wasps. Others are associated with the foliage of herbaceous plants, including various trees and shrubs, feeding within stems, cones, berries or fungi. Many feed from within silken tubes, galleries or webs, and a few feed gregariously. Adults fly from dusk or at night, and many come to light. Some fly naturally by day or can be easily disturbed by day from their resting place. A few species can be found at rest in shady places on walls in buildings. Many are familiar, distinctive and readily identified, although there are some groups of species, such as Ephestia/Cadra and Homoeosoma/ Phycitodes, that require care to ensure accurate identification, which may require genitalia examination. Further reading British and Irish species: Goater (1986) European species: Leraut (2014); Palm (1986); Slamka (1997) (covers most British and Irish species); Slamka (2006) (Pyralidae part); Slamka (2019) (Phycitinae part)

Pyralidae 437

Bee Moth

Plate 51 (2) Aphomia sociella (Linn.) 62.001 Common. FL 12–17mm. The male is usually smaller than the female. Male forewing creamy buff in the basal third, variably shaded greyish brown beyond, with darker dentate crosslines at one-third and about three-quarters. Female forewing browner, usually greenish along the costa and termen, more extensively shaded greyish brown than in the male, the crosslines being more conspicuous and with a prominent round u Bee Moth Aphomia sociella mass of pupal black spot between the crosslines. FS May– cocoons. mid-September, and has been recorded from March to mid-November, and infrequently indoors at other times. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Nests of bumblebees and wasps; preference for nests above ground. LS August–April. Larvae feed on old cells and debris, as well as the brood itself, and have been found feeding on dead insects. Overwinter fully fed in a cocoon. Larvae can be abundant, and masses of pupal cocoons made of dense tough silk can be found in dry dark places, such as among stacked wooden slats.

Sandhill Double-spot Plate 51 Lamoria zelleri (Joan.) 62.002 Rare. Resident in a few coastal sites, rarely seen elsewhere. Perhaps formerly resident on the Isle of Wight. FL 9–17mm. Forewing pale sandy brown, often reddish towards the costa, variably shaded darker and can appear almost blackish; the crossline at about threequarters is elbowed, usually weak, and typically there are two dark spots each side of one-half. FS June–August. On warm windless evenings the females are reported to make short flights, with the males found on sand or low vegetation; also flies in early morning sunshine. Comes to light. Hab Sand dunes, vegetated sandy shingle. Fp The moss Brachythecium albicans. LS August–June. In a vertical silk tube in sand beneath the plant.

Lesser Wax Moth Plate 51 Achroia grisella (Fabr.) 62.005 Local. Very local in Scotland. Possibly declining. FL 7–11mm. The female is larger than the male. Oval shaped at rest. Head is golden yellow. Forewing pale shining greyish brown, unmarked. FS Late May–August, occasionally in September–October, in one generation or possibly with a partial second generation; has been recorded in January, April and November. Hab Beehives. Found in a range of habitats, including gardens. Fp Wax in beehives; preference for old wax. The larva has also been found in a wasps’ nest, and breeding in a bag of old potting compost in a garage. LS July–May. Feeds within a silken tube. Larvae can occur in large numbers.

Wax Moth Plate 51 (2) Galleria mellonella (Linn.) 62.006 Common. More local in northern England, and infrequently recorded in Scotland. FL 14–19mm. Rests in a characteristic fashion resembling a noctuid moth. The female is usually larger and darker than the male. Forewing brownish, a crossline at about two-thirds comprising a series of short dark streaks, often with a dark basal streak and several dark marks along the dorsum. Markings can be obscure. FS June–October, probably in two overlapping generations. Comes to light, and has been recorded at sugar. Hab Beehives and probably the nests of other bees and wasps. Found in a range of

438 Pyralidae habitats. Fp Honeycomb (preference for old combs). LS August–May. Larvae feed on cells of the comb, creating silken webbing and may be abundant.

Double-striped Knot-horn Plate 51 Cryptoblabes bistriga (Haw.) 62.007 Local. More local in the north, with scattered records in Scotland. FL 8–9mm. Forewing reddish brown to purplish, darker between two whitish crosslines, sometimes greyer or whitish in the basal area and towards the termen. FS Late April–mid-September in the south, June–July in the north. Can be disturbed by day from tall bushes and trees, and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Oaks; sometimes alders and other deciduous trees. LS August–October. Feeds within a folded leaf or loose spinning between leaves.

Lime Knot-horn Plate 51 Salebriopsis albicilla (Herr.-Schäff.) 62.008 Rare. FL 8–10mm. Male has white head and white thickly scaled base of antennae, female has pale greyish-brown head, without white thickened antennal scales. Forewing grey, speckled darker, appearing sooty black. FS Mid-May–July. Hab Woodland. Fp Smallleaved Lime. LS August–October. Feeds in rolled or spun leaves.

White-barred Knot-horn Plate 51 Elegia similella (Zinck.) 62.010 Very local. Probably spreading, and considered to be an occasional immigrant. FL 9–10mm. Forewing with a straight costa, sooty black, slightly tinged purplish when fresh, with a conspicuous white crossband almost reaching the costa at one-third. Similar species Apomyelois bistriatella (62.039) has an arched costa, and a narrow, usually curved whitish crossline from the dorsum, which is obscure or absent beyond the mid-wing. FS Mid–May–mid-August. Comes to light. Hab Parkland, woodland. Fp Oaks. LS July–August. Feeds in a silk web between two spun leaves.

Birch Knot-horn

Plate 51 Ortholepis betulae (Goeze) 62.011 Local, declining. FL 9–13mm. Forewing broadly arched from the base to the apex, sooty grey, finely speckled paler, with a tuft of raised black scales before a rather obscure whitish crossline just beyond one-third, this line most conspicuous near the dorsum. The tuft can be reduced or absent in worn examples. The pair of dark dots in the mid-wing are usually joined and aligned perpendicular to the dorsum. Similar species Pyla fusca is narrow-winged with a straight costa, obscurely marked with a pale grey crossline, sometimes whitish near the dorsum. Apomyelois bistriatella (62.039) is smaller and usually paler, without raised scales, and with two separated dots obliquely placed in the mid-wing. FS Mid-June–early September. Comes to light. Hab Heathland with scattered birches, sometimes parkland, woodland. Fp Birches. LS May–June. In a web on the upper side of a leaf.

Dusky Knot-horn

Plate 51 Pyla fusca (Haw.) 62.012 Local. FL 11–13mm. Forewing narrow and elongate with a straight costa, sooty black, finely speckled paler, with an obscure oblique pale grey crossline at one-third, this being most obvious and sometimes whitish near the dorsum, and with another obscure paler crossline at about four-fifths. Between these lines are two darker dots. Similar species Ortholepis betulae, Apomyelois bistriatella (62.039). FS May–September, in one or possibly two generations in parts of its range. Can be disturbed from heather and burnt

Pyralidae 439 twigs by day, and sometimes congregates in burnt areas. Found at flowers, including Common Ragwort, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, moorland, woodland, also gardens. Fp Heathers, possibly including garden varieties. LS Late June–May. Lives in a fine ilken web.

Marjoram Knot-horn

Plate 51 Uncinus obductella (Zell.) 62.013 Rare. Expanding its range, and recently recorded in several English counties as far north as Leicestershire. FL 10–12mm. Forewing deep purple to orangey brown, paler and finely speckled whitish along the costa, and paler brown or pale orange along the dorsum; the crosslines are obscure, indicated by white scales. FS Late June–August. Can be disturbed from vegetation by day. Flies above the foodplant before dusk, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous grassland. Fp Wild Marjoram. LS Probably from late summer to June. Larger larvae feed on terminal shoots in a web mixed with dead leaves.

Ornate Knot-horn Pempeliella ornatella ([D. & S.])

Plate 51 62.014

Rare. Only recently recorded from Kent and Ireland. FL 11–13mm. Forewing yellowish brown, mixed with reddish brown along the costa and veins, especially towards the termen; the crossline at about one-third is indistinct, consisting of whitish dots or arrowhead markings on the veins, and the whitish crossline at four-fifths is oblique and nearly straight. Similar species Delplanqueia dilutella and D. inscriptella tend to be smaller and darker, with a more defined crossline at one-third, and an angled crossline at four-fifths. Genitalia examination may be required to identify faintly marked examples of any of these species. FS Late June–August. Can be disturbed from grassy vegetation by day, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous grasslands (particularly steeper slopes with broken ground), limestone pavement in Ireland. Fp Wild Thyme.LS Probably September– June. Has been found in a web among roots.

Western Thyme Knot-horn Delplanqueia dilutella ([D. & S.])

Map of D. dilutella/ inscriptella.

u

Plate 52 (2) 62.015

Local. Distribution uncertain, due to confusion with the very similar species D. inscriptella. Records indicate that D. dilutella is probably more coastal and rather more frequent in the west, and as far north as parts of Scotland. FL 8–11mm. Forewing yellowish brown, mixed crimson and/or blackish brown, often in part shaded paler towards the costa, with a whitish crossline at one-third and another at four-fifths, the latter with a near right-angled bend before the tornus; between these two lines are two black spots, these more conspicuous when the surrounding area is suffused with white. Examples from the west of Ireland tend to be larger and more brightly marked. Similar species D. inscriptella is duller, reddish brown to yellowish brown, with greyer markings, and usually lacks a more distinct pale area towards the base. Dissection may be required to confirm identification, although the differences are slight in some examples. Pempeliella ornatella. FS Mid-June–mid-September. Easily disturbed by day from short grassland turf, flies in the evening, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous grasslands, rocky habitats supporting the foodplant, old quarries, sand dunes. Fp Probably Wild Thyme growing on anthills. LS Probably August–July. In a silken tube among the foodplant.

440 Pyralidae

Thyme Knot-horn

Plate 52 Delplanqueia inscriptella (Dup.) 62.0151

See map under D. dilutella on p.439.

Local. Distribution uncertain, but this species appears to be more widely distributed than D. dilutella. FL 9–11mm. Forewing reddish brown to yellowish brown, mixed with crimson and/or blackish brown, the costal half is variably greyish to greyish white, with a sometimes faint greyish-white crossline at about one-third, and a usually more prominent sinuate crossline at four-fifths. Between these two lines are two black spots, these more conspicuous when the surrounding area is suffused with white. Similar species D. dilutella, P. ornatella. FS Late June–July, also recorded August–September. Readily disturbed from calcareous turf by day, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous grasslands, rocky habitats supporting the foodplant, limestone pavement, old quarries, sand dunes. Fp Wild Thyme. LS Probably August–July. Has been found in silken tubes among the foodplant on anthills.

Aspen Knot-horn

Plate 52 Sciota hostilis (Steph.) 62.016 Rare. Perhaps resident only in Warwickshire and Kent. An infrequent immigrant to southeast England. FL 10–12mm. Forewing grey, speckled darker, usually with a dull reddish patch at the base, and a blackish crossband at one-third incorporating a pale greyish line from the dorsum to the mid-wing along its outer margin, and another pale crossline, sometimes obscure, at four-fifths. Similar species S. adelphella is typically a brighter moth, with salmon pink or orange at the base and usually along part of the dorsum. S. rhenella (not illustrated), a rare immigrant, is usually slightly paler with a more contrasting blackish bar near the base, and an orangey basal patch. FS Late May–July. Comes to light. Occurs at low density. Hab Woodland. Fp Aspen. LS July–September. In a silken tube between two leaves, one of which is often dead.

Willow Knot-horn Sciota adelphella (Fisch. v. Rösl.)

Plate 52 62.017

Very local. Probably now resident in East Sussex, Kent and Suffolk. Elsewhere likely to be a scarce immigrant or wanderer. FL 10–12mm. Forewing grey with a prominent salmonpink or orange basal patch, and usually similarly coloured along part of the dorsum to the pale crossline at four-fifths, with the pale crossline at one-third broadly edged blackish towards the base, giving a defined convex outer edge to the basal patch. Similar species S. hostilis, S. rhenella (not illustrated). FS Late May–mid-August, and has been recorded into September. Comes to light. Hab Open woodland, also gardens. Fp White Willow. In Continental Europe on willows and occasionally poplars. LS Late July–October. Feeds within a spinning between two leaves.

Sea Pea Knot-horn

Plate 52 Pima boisduvaliella (Guen.) 62.019 Rare. Resident on parts of the Kent, Suffolk and Norfolk coasts, and probably on the north Yorkshire coast, with wanderers or immigrants recorded elsewhere. FL 10–12mm. Forewing brown, the costa with a conspicuous white streak, this edged darker on each side, and with a weakly defined yellowish-brown dorsal streak. Similar species Anerastia lotella has a broader forewing with a less distinctive duller costal streak. FS Late May–August, in one or possibly two generations in at least part of its range. Flies close to the ground on warm sunny evenings, and comes to light. Hab Sand dunes, vegetated shingle beaches. Fp Sea Pea; also reported on Common Bird’s-foot-trefoil, Kidney Vetch, Spiny Restharrow. LS July–May. Feeds in a seed pod, overwintering fully fed in a sand-covered hibernaculum.

Pyralidae 441

Legume Knot-horn Plate 52 Etiella zinckenella (Treits.) 62.020 Scarce immigrant and rare adventive. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2017. FL 11–12mm. Palps long and pointing diagonally upwards. Forewing greyish brown to dark grey, with a longitudinal white stripe just below the costa, not quite reaching the apex, and an orange-brown crossbar at about one-quarter, not reaching the dorsum, and inwardly edged with brownish raised scales. FS Mid-July–October. Comes to light. Hab Most likely to be encountered in coastal locations, but could occur anywhere. Fp In Continental Europe on a variety of legumes. LS In Continental Europe, late June–early October, in the seed pods of various legumes.

Rosy Knot-horn

Plate 52 (2) Oncocera semirubella (Scop.) 62.021 Colloquially referred to as ‘Rhubarb & Custard moth’. Very local. Predominantly southern but spreading, and recently recorded in Northumberland. Occasional wanders from breeding sites, and is probably a scarce immigrant. FL 11–14mm. Forewing pale crimson or pink, occasionally tinged greyish to greyish brown, with the dorsum yellow, the costa usually having a white or grey stripe. FS June–August, occasionally to mid-October. Easily disturbed from vegetation in sunny weather, comes to light, and has been recorded at sugar. Hab Cliffs, calcareous and coastal grasslands, sparse grassland near heathland, vegetated shingle. Fp Common Bird’s-foot-trefoil, White Clover; possibly Black Medick, restharrows, Horseshoe Vetch. LS August–June. Feeds in a dense web among the foodplant, sometimes with several larvae to a web.

Gorse Knot-horn

Plate 52 Pempelia genistella (Dup.) 62.022 Very local. Primarily coastal. Expanding its range, and recorded as new to Wales in 2001. FL 12–13mm. Forewing pale brown with thinly scattered black marks; the crossline at one-third, elbowed inwards towards the costa, is slightly paler than the ground colour and partly edged black, with the crossline at four-fifths sinuate near the middle and edged black. FS Late June–September, with individuals of a u Gorse Knot-horn Pempelia genistella possible second generation recorded in larva in spinning on gorse. October. Can be beaten from gorse by day, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, scrub on calcareous grasslands, vegetated shingle. Fp Gorse; also Dwarf and Western gorses. LS ?September–June. In a silken web, sometimes with more than one larva to a web. Larvae may bask on the outside of the web in sunny weather. Similar larva Scythris grandipennis (43.002) is greyish with darker stripes and large dark pinacula, and is smaller when fully fed.

Heather Knot-horn Pempelia palumbella ([D. & S.])

Plate 52 62.023

Local. Recently found again in Scotland, the first record since the nineteenth century. FL 11–13mm. Forewing grey mixed with greyish white, particularly towards the costa, with a pale reddish-brown crossline at one-third, inwardly angled near the costa, and a second crossline at three-quarters, reddish brown and distinctly sinuate. FS Late May–mid-September. Rarely recorded in early October. Readily disturbed from heathers on sunny days, more sluggish in dull weather. Flies from dusk, and comes to light.

442 Pyralidae Hab Heathland (including coastal heathland), occasionally calcareous grasslands, woodland. Fp Heather, heaths. LS July–June. In a silk tube spun from below ground into the foodplant.

Beautiful Knot-horn

Plate 52 Rhodophaea formosa (Haw.) 62.024 Local. Spreading, and recently recorded as far north as Yorkshire and Northumberland. Recorded as new to Wales in 2006. FL 9–11mm. Forewing pinkish red or brownish red, with a whitish crossline beyond one-half almost obscured by a broad blackish crossband, broadest towards the costa and often incorporating a black dot, and with a whitish crossline at three-quarters, faint and sinuate, edged blackish and reddish. FS Late May– September. Hab Hedgerows. Fp Elms (preferring hedges and bushes). LS July–early October. In a slight web on the upper side of the leaf.

Note on the Dioryctria species group D. sylvestrella is often the largest member of this group, but overlaps with D. abietella in size. D. sylvestrella has the angled crossline at four-fifths composed of a short relatively smooth line, and appears more chequered when viewed from above, with the orangey-brown or brick-red patch joining the inner margin of the crossline before one-half being more obvious, and the white mark in the mid-wing at two-thirds squarish. D. simplicella has a rather straighter costa than the other three species, and is more uniform grey, with the kidney-shaped spot in the midwing hardly paler than the ground colour. D. schuetzeella is the smallest species in the group, appearing brighter, with the broadest and whitest crosslines relative to forewing size, the one at four-fifths being the most dentate.

Chequered Pine Knot-horn Plate 52 Dioryctria sylvestrella (Ratz.) 62.025 Local. Recently established, the first British record being from Kent in 1995. An occasional immigrant. FL 13–17mm. Forewing silvery grey, mottled darker, with a whitish-grey crossline at one-third, outwardly edged black, particularly towards the dorsum, and adjacent to a reddish-brown patch, with a whitish-grey crossline at four-fifths; between these lines is a typically conspicuous kidney-shaped to oblong silvery-grey or whitish spot. Similar species See note on the Dioryctria species group. FS June–early October. Comes to light. Hab Scrub on heathland, plantations, woodland. Fp Corsican, Maritime, Scots and Weymouth pines; also White Spruce. LS ?August–June. Feeds within a cavity in living wood, adjacent to a wound and surrounded by soft resinous exudate. Completes feeding in the spring.

Spruce Knot-horn Plate 52 Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs 62.026 Very local. First recorded in Britain in 1980 from Kent. Most regularly found in the south-east. FL 10–13mm. Similar species See note on the Dioryctria species group. FS Late June–August. Comes to light. Hab Plantation woodland. Fp Norway and White spruces, European Silver Fir. LS ?September–June. Within a spinning.

Drab Pine Knot-horn Plate 52 (2) Dioryctria simplicella Hein. 62.027 Local. Very local in Scotland, and recorded as new to Ireland in 2007. FL 11–14mm. Occasional melanic examples can occur. Similar species See note on the Dioryctria species group. FS Late April–September, and has been recorded in early October. Comes to light. Hab Scrub on heathland, plantations, woodland, occasionally gardens. Fp Corsican and Scots pines. LS ?September–June. Feeds in shoots, and has been found within a cavity in living wood, adjacent to a wound, completing feeding in the spring. Has been reared from the gall of Retinia resinella (49.301).

Pyralidae 443

Pine Knot-horn Dioryctria abietella ([D. & S.])

Plate 52 62.028

Common. An occasional immigrant. FL 12–15mm. Similar species See note on the Dioryctria species group. FS June–mid-October, and also recorded in late April–May. Comes to light. Hab Scrub and trees in open habitats, plantations, woodland, occasionally gardens. Fp Douglas and Noble firs, European Larch, Monterey and Scots pines, Norway Spruce. LS August–May. In shoots and cones, extruding copious quantities of frass when in a cone. Larva is fully fed in autumn. Has been reared from the gall of Retinia resinella (49.301).

Oak Knot-horn Phycita roborella ([D. & S.])

Plate 52 62.029

Common. Local in the north, and just reaches Scotland. FL 11–14mm. Forewing dark reddish brown, variably shaded pale pinkish grey or blackish brown, with an obscure triangular dark patch extending from the dorsum at one-third towards the costa; the first crossline at about two-fifths is obscure and oblique, and the crossline at four-fifths is indented below the costa. FS June–October, in one generation or sometimes with a partial second generation. Comes to light, and has been recorded at sugar and at flowers. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland; also gardens. Fp Oaks; also Crab Apple, Hazel, pears. LS September–early June. In spun leaves. Larva is fully fed in spring.

Dingy Knot-horn Hypochalcia ahenella ([D. & S.])

Plate 52 62.030

Local. More local in the north. FL 9–14mm. Forewing greyish brown, brownish or reddish brown, with two faint darker crosslines converging towards the dorsum. FS May–August. Easily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Usually seen only singly or in small numbers. Hab Sparsely vegetated habitats, including dry calcareous grasslands, sand dunes, old quarries. Fp Not known, but possibly including Common Rock-rose. LS Not known.

Samphire Knot-horn

Plate 53 Epischnia asteris Staud. 62.031 Very local. Coastal. Formerly recorded in Hampshire and Pembrokeshire. FL 11–14mm. Forewing pale grey, veins variably highlighted darker, with the dorsum, particularly near the base, finely marked yellowish brown. FS June–August, and recorded in September– mid-October, in one generation, possibly with a second generation in the Channel Islands. Occasionally disturbed from the u Samphire Knot-horn Epischnia asteris larval web. foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Rocky coasts and shores, including limestone cliffs. Fp Golden-samphire. LS August–early June. Overwinters when small. Often makes a conspicuous web among the shoots in spring.

444 Pyralidae

Spindle Knot-horn

Plate 53 Nephopterix angustella (Hübn.) 62.032 Very local, and probably spreading. An occasional immigrant. FL 9–11mm. Forewing narrow, greyish, variably speckled with reddish brown and whitish, the veins beyond one-half variably highlighted blackish; the crossline at one-third pale, edged reddish and blackish, and preceded by a bar of raised black scales from the dorsum to just beyond the middle. FS Late April–November, probably in two overlapping generations. Comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, urban parks, scrub. Fp Spindle. LS July–early November, and has been recorded in early December and January. In the berries, spinning two together.

Tufted Oak Knot-horn Acrobasis tumidana ([D. & S.])

Spindle Knot-horn Nephopterix angustella larval feeding signs.

u

Plate 53 62.033

Scarce immigrant and probable recent colonist. Recorded predominantly in southern coastal counties, but occasionally inland. FL 9.5–12mm. Forewing grey, shaded dull orangey red in the basal area to a whitish crossline at about one-third, outwardly bordered by ridges of black and reddish scales beyond, and with a raised reddish scale tuft near the thorax. Similar species A. repandana does not have the ridge of raised scales at about one-third or near the thorax, although worn examples may require dissection for confirmation. FS Late June–mid-September. Comes to light, and has been recorded at sugar. Numbers fluctuate annually. Hab Could potentially occur anywhere, particularly in woodland. Fp Pedunculate Oak in Europe. LS ?September–June. Between spun leaves in a frass-covered tube, skeletonising the leaves.

Beautiful Oak Knot-horn Plate 53 Acrobasis repandana (Fabr.) 62.034 Common. Local in the north and south-west. A suspected occasional immigrant. FL 9–11mm. Forewing grey, shaded dark pinkish or orangey red in the basal area to an oblique whitish crossline at one-third, this outwardly edged blackish. Similar species A. tumidana. FS Mid-June–early September. Can be disturbed by day in warm weather. Comes to light, and has been recorded at sugar. Hab Parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp Oaks. LS May–June. Between spun leaves, usually high up in a tree.

Hawthorn Knot-horn Plate 53 Acrobasis advenella (Zinck.) 62.035 Common. More local in southern and central Scotland, possible wanderers further north. FL 9–10mm. Forewing grey, shaded reddish brown or blackish brown, the basal area usually darker than the rest of the wing, with a greyish-white crossline from the costa at one-third, divided in two towards the mid-wing, one arm running obliquely in the mid-wing then angled to the dorsum where it is broader and distinctly whitish, the other arm continuing straight, with a wedge of coppery red and black between the arms; a reddish-brown or dark brown area on the costa before the apex; the dots in the mid-wing are obliquely aligned with the tornus. Similar species A. suavella is usually larger than A. advenella, and A. marmorea is typically the smallest of the three species. A. suavella has a black apical patch, and a distinct silvery-white area surrounding the dots in the mid-wing which are aligned nearly perpendicular to the dorsum. A. advenella appears broader-winged than A. marmorea, and the head and collar are reddish brown.

Pyralidae 445 A. marmorea has a whitish patch on the dorsum, the crossline at one-third reaches the dorsum at a near right angle, and the dots in the mid-wing are usually joined. FS June– September. Flies from dusk, comes to light, and has been recorded at sugar. Hab Hedgerows (preferably old and uncut), woodland, also gardens. Fp Hawthorns; less often Rowan. LS September–June. Larva is yellowish green with red subdorsal stripes. In early autumn in a berry; in spring in a spinning among leaves.

Blackthorn Knot-horn

Plate 53 Acrobasis suavella (Zinck.) 62.036 Local in southern England and south Wales, with a scattering of records elsewhere. Recorded as new to Scotland (from Shetland) in 2003. FL 10–12mm. Forewing grey, shaded coppery red or reddish brown, particularly towards the dorsum, with a slightly arched, oblique whitish crossline at one-third, edged by an obscure blackish triangle on the costa, and with a fine whitish crossline at four-fifths; a distinct silvery-greyish patch in the mid-wing surrounding two dark dots aligned near perpendicular to the dorsum; a blackish mark on the costa before the apex. Similar species A. advenella, A. marmorea. FS June–August, and also reported in May. Comes to light. Hab Cliffs, gardens, calcareous grasslands, old quarries, scrub, vegetated shingle. Fp Blackthorn, Wall Cotoneaster and other cotoneasters; less often hawthorns, whitebeams (preference for stunted isolated bushes). LS September– June. In a dense silk gallery on a stem, covered with frass and leaf fragments.

Marbled Knot-horn Plate 53 Acrobasis marmorea (Haw.) 62.037 Local. Very local in the north. FL 8–10mm. Forewing dark grey in the outer three-fifths, often with a diagonal silvery-grey wash enclosing two slightly oblique dots which are usually joined together; dark crimson or reddish brown in the basal fifth and in a band before the termen; a pale grey crossline at two-fifths, angled near the mid-wing and reaching the dorsum almost at right angles, this line expanding into an oblong or triangular whitish patch in the dorsal half, with a further whitish crossline at four-fifths. Similar species A. advenella, A. suavella. FS Late May–mid-September. Hab Hedgerows, scrub, woodland, particularly near the coast. Fp Blackthorn; also hawthorns, whitebeams (preference for young or stunted bushes). LS Late February– May. In a web among twigs, resembling sheep’s wool.

Grey Oak Knot-horn

Plate 53 Acrobasis consociella (Hübn.) 62.038 Common. Local in the north. FL 9–11mm. Forewing greyish with a faint coppery sheen or mauve shade, pale greyish to the first crossline, this oblique and whitish, outwardly edged black. FS Late May–early September, and has been recorded in October–November. Hides by day among clusters of oak leaves, and falls to the ground if disturbed. Comes to light, and occasionally recorded at sugar. Hab Hedgerows, parkland, scrub, woodland, also gardens. Fp Oaks; larvae also reared from Hornbeam. LS September–June. Feeds gregariously in a mass of spun leaves, preferring saplings, young coppice or scrubby oak.

u Grey Oak Knot-horn Acrobasis consociella larval spinning on oak.

446 Pyralidae

Phoenix Knot-horn

Plate 53 Apomyelois bistriatella (Hulst) 62.039 Very local. Late-season examples may be immigrants. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2014. FL 7–12mm. Forewing with the costa arched, especially towards the apex, dark grey, the first crossline at one-third forming a conspicuous short whitish bar from the dorsum, usually curved u Phoenix Knot-horn Apomyelois bistriatella larva. or somewhat sinuate, with the crossline at four-fifths being somewhat obscure. Similar species Ortholepis betulae, Pyla fusca. FS Mid-May–September, and has been seen rarely in late April. Comes to light. Usually found singly or in small numbers. Hab Heathland, downland, occasionally elsewhere. Fp Within the fungus Daldinia vernicosa and probably other Daldinia species, growing on burnt, sickly or dead birches or on charred gorse. LS September–May. In a silken tube within the fungus or nearby wood.

Scabious Knot-horn

Plate 53 Eurhodope cirrigerella (Zinck.) 62.041 Formerly considered extinct, but recently rediscovered in Wiltshire. FL 8.5–10mm. Head and thorax are golden yellow in the male and yellowish grey or whitish grey in the female. Forewing yellowish, yellowish brown, grey or whitish grey. FS Late June–mid-August. Rests on the flowerheads of the foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous grassland. Fp Field Scabious; possibly also Greater Knapweed. LS August–May. Within a silken tube in a flowerhead, feeding on the seeds. Overwinters fully fed in a tough cocoon.

Thistle Ermine Plate 53 Myelois circumvoluta (Fourcroy) 62.042 Common over much of England and Wales. First recorded in Scotland in 1992, and in Ireland in 1999. FL 13–17mm. Forewing glossy silvery white, sparsely covered with black dots, those nearer the base usually larger, with a row of fine black dots along the termen. Similar species White species in the genus Yponomeuta are always smaller, with finer-sized dots (see Note on Small Ermines, p.131). FS May–mid-September. Can sometimes be found on thistles by day and after dark, and comes to light. Hab A wide range of habitats, including coastal areas, grasslands, field margins, waste ground, also gardens. Fp Cotton, Creeping, Spear and Woolly thistles, also Greater Burdock (preference for larger plants), and Common Knapweed. LS August–April. Initially feeds on the developing seeds, ejecting piles of frass; later burrows into the stems, where it hibernates almost full-grown.

Thistle Ermine Myelois circumvoluta larvae in dead stem of Spear Thistle.

u

Pyralidae 447

Shore Knot-horn

Plate 53 (2) 62.043

Gymnancyla canella ([D. & S.])

Very local. Coastal. Can be common in the larval stage. FL 10–12mm. Variable. Forewing ranges from sandy white to pale brick red, through shades of pale grey and salmon pink, with the costa usually paler, and between the two crosslines are two blackish dots at about two-thirds; some examples are heavily shaded darker brown, or thinly but extensively speckled blackish. FS June–September, and has also been recorded in late May. Comes to light. Hab Sand dunes, sandy coastlines just above the high-tide mark. Fp Prickly Saltwort. LS August–October. In a web in which sand grains become trapped. Initially burrows into a side stem; later feeds on the seeds or within the main stem.

Dark Spruce Knot-horn

Plate 53 Assara terebrella (Zinck.) 62.047 Very local. Probably an occasional immigrant. FL 8–12mm. Forewing blackish brown with an oblique whitish crossline at one-third and another narrower line at four-fifths, with a whitish patch extending from the middle of the costa to the mid-wing, enclosing two transversely placed dark dots. FS June–August, and has also been recorded in late May and September–early October. Comes to light. Hab Woodland, occasionally gardens. Fp Norway Spruce. LS September–June, possibly in a life-cycle spanning two years. Feeds in a developing cone, stunting the growth of the cone and causing it to fall prematurely.

Ash-bark Knot-horn Plate 53 Euzophera pinguis (Haw.) 62.048 Local. Extending its range, and recorded as new to Scotland in 2018 and new to Ireland in 2021. FL 11–13mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown, sometimes pinkish tinged, the basal half blackish with an indistinct yellowish-brown basal patch and a usually pronounced crossline at one-third, the crossline at about two-thirds surrounded by blackish clouding. FS June–September, and has also been recorded in mid-October. Comes to light. Hab Hedgerows, woodland. Fp Ash. LS September–July, possibly in a life-cycle spanning two years. In a gallery in the wood, feeding from within on the living bark.

Wormwood Knot-horn Plate 53 Euzophera cinerosella (Zell.) 62.050 Very local. FL 9–12mm. Obscurely marked. Forewing pale greyish brown shaded paler in the costal half and towards the termen, with a darker zigzag crossline at one-third, this strongly oblique and often obscure, and a whitish crossline at four-fifths; between these lines is an outline of a narrow oval, this dark-edged and pale-centred. FS May– mid-August, and has also been recorded in early September. Comes to light. Hab Coastal habitats, waste ground. Fp Wormwood. LS September–May. Feeds in the crown of the root, and in spring burrows into old stems of the foodplant to pupate.

u

Shore Knot-horn Gymnancyla canella larva.

u

Wormwood Knot-horn Euzophera cinerosella larva.

448 Pyralidae

Agate Knot-horn

Plate 53 Nyctegretis lineana (Scop.) 62.051 Rare. A probable vagrant in Lincolnshire, Essex and East Sussex, but formerly resident in Essex. FL 8–9mm. Forewing pale brown or reddish brown, darker basally, with two white crosslines, one oblique at one-third, the other at four-fifths; often in the mid-wing is a white spot, this black-edged towards the costa. FS July–August, and occasionally recorded in mid-May and up to mid-September. Flies over the foodplant at dusk, and comes to light. Can be found visiting flowers of Viper’s-bugloss and other plants after dark. Hab Flat sandy ground behind coastal sand dunes. Fp Common Restharrow; possibly clovers and other low-growing plants. LS August–May. In a loose silken tube under the foodplant.

Saltmarsh Knot-horn

Plate 53 Ancylosis oblitella (Zell.) 62.053 Very local. Resident, immigrant and temporary colonist. Probably only resident in parts of south-east England. FL 7–10mm. Forewing pale greyish brown, variably shaded darker, with a pale crossline at one-third, often not reaching the costa and sometimes preceded on the dorsum by an irregular darker brownish blotch, and another crossline at fourfifths, this dentate; between the two lines are two sometimes obscure black dots. FS May–mid-October, in two generations. Readily disturbed by day, flies at night, and comes to light. Has been found on the flowers of Common Fleabane. Hab Saltmarshes, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, waste ground, occasionally elsewhere. Fp Goosefoots. LS The early stages appear to be unknown in Britain.

Twin-barred Knot-horn Plate 53 Homoeosoma sinuella (Fabr.) 62.054 Local. Extending its range. Recently recorded in Northumberland, and reported as new to Scotland in 2015 and new to Ireland in 1999. FL 8–11mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown, sometimes reddish tinged, variably darker along the costa, with two broad and irregular brownish or reddish crosslines, broadest on the costa, occasionally broken. FS May– mid-September. Easily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Can be numerous where found. Hab Dry sparsely vegetated areas on cliffs, acidic, Breckland, calcareous and coastal grasslands, heathland, old quarries, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, waste ground; also scrubby habitats. Fp Ribwort Plantain, other plantains. LS August–April. Becomes fully fed between late autumn and early spring. Feeds in the rootstock, causing the central leaves to droop in autumn, and stunting growth in spring. Note on similar-looking Homoeosoma and Phycitodes species Care is required to separate H. nebulella and P. binaevella, especially when examples are faintly marked or worn. The same applies to the group comprising H. nimbella, P. maritima and P. saxicola (unless reared from larvae), and identity should usually be confirmed by genitalia examination. For the latter group, little reliance can be placed on identification from photographs.

Clouded Knot-horn Homoeosoma nebulella ([D. & S.])

Plate 53 62.055

Very local. Probably an occasional immigrant. FL 9–13mm. Forewing pale brownish grey, speckled lighter, with a pale streak along the costa tapering towards the apex, the outer half finely edged with dark grey along the leading edge of the costa, and with two faint spots representing a crossline at nearly one-half, and two faint slightly elongate spots at about two-thirds. Similar species See note on similar-looking Homoeosoma and Phycitodes species. Phycitodes binaevella has three spots, not two, near one-half, does not have a fine dark edge along the costa, and is more robust-looking and strongly

Pyralidae 449 marked. FS Late May–September. Flies from dusk, comes to light, and visits flowers such as ragworts and thistles. Hab Breckland, rough ground on calcareous and sandy soils. Fp Common Ragwort, Spear Thistle; possibly Oxeye Daisy, Tansy. LS August–September. On the flowers and developing seeds, probably overwintering in its cocoon.

Sheep’s-bit Knot-horn Not illustrated Homoeosoma nimbella (Dup.) 62.056 Scarce. Recently found only in Cornwall, Dorset, Hampshire, Norfolk and County Waterford, Ireland. FL 8–11mm. Forewing narrow with the costa straight-edged, pale yellowish brown with a whitish costal streak. Similar species See note on similar-looking Homoeosoma and Phycitodes species. Phycitodes maritima, P. saxicola. FS Late May– July, and has been reported into August. Has been found at rest on flowers by day, flies at dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Cliffs, sand dunes, stone walls on the coast. Fp Sheep’s-bit. LS July–early August, and sometimes recorded later. In flowers and developing seeds, overwintering in its cocoon. Larva is whitish with reddish markings.

Coast Knot-horn Plate 53 Phycitodes maritima (Tengst.) 62.057 Local. Possibly extending its range. Predominantly coastal. FL 8–10mm. Forewing with the costa arched, pale yellowish brown mixed with grey, with a broad whitish costal streak, the crossline at about one-third represented by three dots arranged in an angled line, these occasionally rather obscure, and with two black spots at about two-thirds. Similar species See note on similar-looking Homoeosoma and Phycitodes species. Homoeosoma nimbella, P. saxicola. FS May–October, in one or possibly two generations. Comes to light, and visits flowers, such as Common Ragwort, at night. Hab Coastal habitats, including vegetated shingle, waste ground, occasionally gardens; increasingly found inland in a variety of open habitats. Fp Most frequently Common Ragwort; also Feverfew, Tansy, Yarrow. LS June, August–April. Initially in the leaf axils and upper parts of the stems; later on the flowerheads. Overwinters fully fed in its cocoon. Larva is dull brownish grey, sometimes tinged reddish, and can be gregarious.

Spotted Knot-horn Plate 53 Phycitodes binaevella (Hübn.) 62.058 Common. More local in the north, and scarce in Scotland. FL 10–13mm. Forewing chalky white, shaded pale brown in the dorsal half and towards the termen, with a crossline at about one-third comprising three elongate black spots arranged in a straight line, the middle and costal spots being close together or fused, and with two prominent blackish spots at about two-thirds, these sometimes close together. Similar species See note on similar-looking Homoeosoma and Phycitodes species. Homoeosoma nebulella. FS Late May–mid-September. Comes to light, and visits flowers such as Common Ragwort and thistles at night. Hab A wide variety of habitats, especially on calcareous and sandy soils, including coastal areas, grasslands, waste ground, woodland. Fp Spear Thistle; also Plymouth Thistle. LS August–September. On the seeds in a flowerhead, overwintering fully fed in its cocoon.

Lesser Clouded Knot-horn Plate 53 Phycitodes saxicola (Vaugh.) 62.059 Common. Predominantly coastal. FL 7–10mm. Forewing narrow with the costa straightedged, pale greyish brown with a whitish-grey costal streak, the crossline at about one-third represented by three round dots arranged in an angled line, these often small or even obsolete, and usually with one or two small black marks at about two-thirds, and a further faint pale straight crossline at four-fifths. Similar species See note on similar-looking Homoeosoma and Phycitodes species. Homoeosoma nimbella,

450 Pyralidae P. maritima. FS May–October, and has been recorded in mid-April. In one or possibly two generations. Comes to light, and visits flowers such as Red Valerian at night. Hab Mainly in coastal areas, including soft cliffs, gardens, calcareous grasslands, vegetated shingle, sand dunes, waste ground; found inland occasionally, including on lowland heathland. Fp Jersey Cudweed, Common Fleabane, Golden-samphire, Scentless Mayweed, Ploughman’s-spikenard; recorded on Yarrow. LS April–August. In the flowerheads, overwintering fully fed in its cocoon. Larva is dull yellowish white. Note on Vitula, Ephestia and Cadra species Determination to species level within these three genera requires careful examination. E. elutella and E. woodiella are very similar, and little reliance can be placed on identification from photographs. However, E. woodiella is more likely to be encountered outdoors and in moth traps than is E. elutella. E. woodiella is usually slightly larger and darker, with a rich reddish-brown tone, the crosslines tending to converge towards the dorsum more strongly than in E. elutella, which lacks the rich tone, apart from a reddish tinge on the dorsum in some examples. V. serratilineella can have a pinkish flush along the dorsum, and is larger and narrower-winged than E. elutella and E. woodiella. V. serratilineella has the two dots in the mid-wing joined; these dots are separated in the three Ephestia species, and there is a strongly defined V-shaped crossline at about one-half, which is a zigzag line in E. kuehniella and nearly straight in E. elutella and E. woodiella. Vitula biviella is a small broad-winged species without the reddish tone. The identity of species in these genera may need to be confirmed by genitalia examination.

Beehive Honey Moth

Plate 53 Vitula serratilineella (Rag.) 62.060 Scarce immigrant and recent colonist. First recorded in Britain from Yorkshire in 1997. Now established very locally in north-east England. Recently recorded in Norfolk. Apparently spreading north-west in Europe. FL 10–12.5mm. Forewing grey speckled darker, often with a pinkish flush along the dorsum, and with two dark crosslines at one-third and two-thirds, and a short dark shallow ‘V’ mark near the mid-wing. Similar species See note on Vitula, Ephestia and Cadra species. FS Late April–mid-October, probably in two generations. Comes to light. Hab Gardens. Fp On the wax and combs of wild bumblebees (Bombus species). LS The larva has been found in August, and overwinters in this stage.

Pine-blossom Knot-horn

Plate 54 Vitula biviella (Zell.) 62.061 Very local. A recent colonist, first recorded in Britain in 1997 from Kent, and now spreading. FL 6–9mm. Forewing relatively broad, grey to greyish brown, with whitish crosslines at one-third and at about four-fifths; between the lines are two dark dots, joined to form a transverse dash or faint crescent. Similar species See note on Vitula, Ephestia and Cadra species. FS Mid-June–mid-August. Comes to light. Hab Pine trees growing in gardens, urban parks and other open spaces. Fp Probably associated with pines, including Corsican and Maritime pines. LS In Continental Europe, in spring in a spinning among the male inflorescences.

Indian Meal Moth

Plate 54 Plodia interpunctella (Hübn.) 62.062 Local. Synanthropic and an adventive. An occasional minor pest. FL 7–10mm. Forewing reddish brown with a contrasting creamy-white to pale yellow basal patch inside the first crossline. FS Potentially all year, in several overlapping generations. Comes to light. Hab Usually found indoors in barns, houses, food stores, pet shops and warehouses; occasionally recorded outdoors. Fp A wide range of stored foodstuffs, including cereals, flour, dried fruit, grain, nuts, rice and chicken feed. LS Potentially all year. In a silken web among the foodstuff, sometimes gregariously.

Pyralidae 451

Mediterranean Flour Moth

Plate 54 Ephestia kuehniella Zell. 62.063 Local. Synanthropic and possibly a scarce immigrant. An occasional minor pest. FL 8–13mm. Forewing grey to greyish brown, with paler ill-defined crosslines at one-third and four-fifths, both dark-edged, the first strongly angled above the dorsum. Similar species See note on Vitula, Ephestia and Cadra species. FS Potentially all year, in several overlapping generations in heated buildings. Comes to light. Hab Found where foodstuffs are stored in bakeries, flour mills, kitchens and warehouses. Fp Stored products, such as dried dog food, small animal pet food, chicken feed, cereal, dried currants, flour, oatmeal, rice and walnuts. LS Potentially all year. In a silken gallery, sometimes massed together forming larger webs.

Cacao Moth

Plate 54 Ephestia elutella (Hübn.) 62.064 Local. Synanthropic and adventive, but possibly able to sustain populations in the wild. FL 6–10mm. Forewing grey to greyish brown with pale crosslines at one-third and about four-fifths, these weakly convergent as they approach the dorsum, which can be tinged reddish; between these lines are two dark dots, which are sometimes weakly joined. Similar species See note on Vitula, Ephestia and Cadra species. FS January–November, in two or three overlapping generations. Comes to light, and has been recorded on flowers. Hab Usually found in buildings, breeding in barns, outhouses, animal shelters or warehouses. Occasionally found in the wild. Fp Associated with a wide range of stored products, including bird seed, cereals, chocolate, coffee, dried fruit, nuts and tobacco. LS Potentially all year. In a frass-covered silken web among the foodstuff. Often gregarious. Has been reared from dead insects found in an Insect-O-Cutor. The larva usually overwinters fully fed in its cocoon.

Blushed Knot-horn Ephestia woodiella Richards & Thomson

Plate 54 62.065

Local but spreading. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2017. FL 6–10mm. Forewing brownish grey, variably shaded darker, with the dorsum and, to a lesser extent, the termen of the male suffused reddish or reddish brown, and with pale crosslines at one-third and about four-fifths which converge towards the dorsum; between these lines are two small black dots. Similar species See note on Vitula, Ephestia and Cadra species. FS May–September. Comes to light, sometimes frequently. Hab Gardens and urban parks, coastal habitats, woodland. Fp Probably dried plant material, such as old berries, or dead stems of Common Ivy. Has been recorded as being reared from an old wasps’ nest on one occasion. LS Fully fed in autumn, overwintering in a silken cocoon.

Sandhill Knot-horn Plate 54 Anerastia lotella (Hübn.) 62.069 Local. Very local in Scotland. Mostly coastal, but found inland in Breckland in East Anglia, and in Worcestershire and Yorkshire. FL 9–12mm. Forewing sandy brown, often tinted reddish, variably speckled darker, sometimes with darker longitudinal streaks, and usually with a pale creamy or whitish costal streak. Some inland examples are smaller and darker. Similar species Pima boisduvaliella. FS Late May–August, occasionally in early September. Easily disturbed by day. After dark can be found sitting on Marram and other maritime grasses, and comes to light. Can be locally abundant. Hab Sandy heathland, Breckland grassland, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Grey Hair-grass, Marram, Sheep’s-fescue; possibly other grasses. LS Feeds until May–June, probably from the previous autumn. In a silken tube at the stem base and among the rootstock.

452 Pyralidae

Long-legged Tabby Plate 54 (2) Synaphe punctalis (Fabr.) 62.070 Very local in the south. Expanding its range. Predominantly coastal, but found inland. FL 10–13mm. A long-legged species. Forewing brownish, the male variably shaded darker, the first crossline brown and the second crossline, at two-thirds, yellowish brown. The female is paler yellowish brown, smaller, and narrower-winged than the male. FS Late May–mid-September. The male frequently flies by day, and comes to light; the female can be disturbed on warm afternoons, but is seldom seen. Can be locally abundant. Hab Sparsely vegetated habitats, including heathland, acid, neutral and calcareous grasslands, saltmarsh, stabilised sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Mosses, including Hypnum cupressiforme and Dicranum scoparium. LS Feeds until June, probably from the previous autumn. In a silk tube in the moss, most likely to be found under stones, bricks and other debris lying over mosses.

Scarce Meal Moth Pyralis lienigialis

Plate 54 62.071

Scarce. Declining, with few recent records. FL 10–13mm. Similar species P. farinalis. FS June–October, and rarely recorded in May. Sits on walls indoors by day, flies at dusk, and occasionally comes to light. Hab Farm buildings, especially where hay and grains stored. Fp Most likely to be grain and grain refuse. LS Not known.

Meal Moth

Plate 54 Pyralis farinalis (Linn.) 62.072 Common. In Scotland, recently recorded only in the south. FL 11–14mm. Forewing yellowish brown between two white crosslines, the inner crossline usually smoothly curved, comprising two almost straight lines or slightly indented in the dorsal half, with the basal and apical areas darker brown, the latter tinged lilac. Often rests with its abdomen upturned. Similar species Males of P. lienigialis are slightly smaller and often darker, in both sexes the dorsal half of the inner crossline is sinuate, and there is less colour contrast between the central and basal areas compared with P. farinalis. P. farinalis has a paler hindwing. FS Late April–October, in one generation or sometimes with a partial second generation. Flies at dusk, and comes to light. Occasionally recorded at sugar and inside buildings, resting on walls. Hab Farm buildings, including barns, animal shelters, mills and stables, sometimes in houses and gardens, occasionally in the wider countryside. Fp Stored cereals, cereal refuse; possibly garden refuse. LS September–May, sometimes in a life-cycle spanning two years. Within a silken gallery covered with cereal debris.

Large Tabby

Plate 54 Aglossa pinguinalis (Linn.) 62.074 Local. Declining in parts of the country and apparently not recently recorded from Scotland. FL 12–18mm. Forewing drab yellowish brown, heavily shaded blackish brown, with two yellowish-brown crosslines, the serrate crossline at about two-thirds strongly curving around a blackish dot. Similar species A. caprealis (not illustrated), a scarce species with very few recent records, is smaller, FL 8–11mm, with a blackish-marked forewing contrasting with a paler hindwing. FS June–September, and has also been reported in May and October. Rests by day in dark corners of outhouses and barns, and if disturbed it runs rather than flies. Comes to light in small numbers. Hab Farm buildings, including old barns and animal shelters, stables, and wartime pillboxes now used as sheep shelters in open countryside; occasionally in gardens and towns. Fp Cereal refuse,

Pyralidae 453 animal feed, hay, seeds; also sheep and rabbit dung. LS August–May, sometimes in a lifecycle spanning two years. Within a thick silken gallery, with larvae of various sizes sometimes being found together.

Gold Triangle Plate 54 Hypsopygia costalis (Fabr.) 62.075 Common. Possibly spreading. Very local in southern Scotland. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2006. FL 8–10mm. Forewing rosy purplish with two fine yellow crosslines, these enlarged at the costa to form conspicuous yellow spots; the termen and cilia are yellow. Darker examples occur rarely, with reddish or purplish cilia. FS April–mid-November, in one generation or sometimes with a partial second generation in parts of its range. Occasionally recorded at sugar, and comes to light. Hab A range of habitats, including farmland, gardens and woodland. Fp Stored clover and hay, probably also thatch; feeds on dead vegetation, and has been recorded in squirrels’ dreys. LS September–May. In a silken tube.

Double-striped Tabby

Plate 54 Hypsopygia glaucinalis (Linn.) 62.076 Common. Spreading northwards. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2009, new to Ireland in 2012 and new to the Isle of Man in 1998. FL 10–14mm. Forewing brownish grey, tinged reddish brown, with two narrow yellow crosslines. FS June–November, also reported in mid-May, in one generation or sometimes with a partial second generation in parts of its range. Comes to light, and recorded at sugar. Hab A range of habitats, including gardens, farmland, scrubby grassland and woodland. Fp Dead and decaying vegetable matter, including haystacks, thatch, birds’ nests, piles of leaves and mown grass clippings. LS Feeds until early June, overwintering as a larva. Lives in a silken gallery.

Rosy Tabby Endotricha flammealis ([D. & S.])

Plate 54 62.077

Local. Scarce in the north. Expanding its range northwards. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2013. FL 8–10mm. Forewing orangey yellow, variably shaded reddish brown in the basal and outer areas, with whitish crosslines at one-third and three-quarters. Darker forms occur rarely, varying from purplish red to almost black. FS June–August, sometimes recorded up to October, in one generation or occasionally with a partial second generation. Can be numerous in the south. Easily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Has been recorded at sugar, and visiting flowers such as ragworts. Hab Gardens and urban parks, heathland, scrub (especially near the sea), waste ground, wetland habitats, woodland. Fp Mainly decaying coniferous or deciduous leaves on the ground; when young usually feeds on living vegetation, on trees, shrubs and low plants. LS August– May. The larva rests in a curved or coiled position within a light silk web in leaf litter. Species not covered Southern Double-spot Lamoria anella ([D. & S.]) 62.0025 I/E

Gooseberry Knot-horn Zophodia grossulariella (Hübn.) 62.045 I/E

Stored Nut Moth Aphomia gularis (Zell.) 62.003 A/EW

Royal Knot-horn Eccopisa effractella Zell. 62.046 I/E

Rice Moth A. cephalonica (Staint.) 62.004 A/EW

Peach Knot-horn Euzophera bigella (Zell.) 62.049 AI/ES

Scarce White-barred Knot-horn Elegia atrifasciella Rag. 62.009 I/EC

Cinnamon Knot-horn Ancylosis cinnamomella (Dup.) 62.052 I/E

Poplar Knot-horn Sciota rhenella (Zinck.) 62.018 I/E

Raisin Moth Cadra figulilella (Gregson) 62.066 A/EWC

Silvery Knot-horn Selagia argyrella ([D. & S.]) 62.0181 I/E

Dried Currant Moth C. cautella (Walk.) 62.067 A/ESWIC

Acacia Knot-horn Ceutholopha isidis (Zell.) 62.0291 I/E

Dried Fruit Moth C. calidella (Guen.) 62.068 A/ESI

Pale Knot-horn Acrobasis fallouella (Rag.) 62.0382 I/E

Small Tabby Aglossa caprealis (Hübn.) 62.073 R/EC

Locust Bean Moth Apomyelois ceratoniae (Zell.) 62.040 A/EW Desert Knot-horn Ancylodes pallens Rag. 62.044 I/E

454

Crambidae

A

very diverse group containing 125 species, including the

familiar grass-moths as well as the china-marks, which have aquatic or

Common Purple & Gold Pyrausta purpuralis

sub-aquatic larvae. Species vary from

Small Magpie Anania hortulata

Brown-spot Grey Scoparia pyralella

small to large, with forewing length in the range 4.5–22mm, although the female Water Veneer Acentria ephemerella has a wingless form. Most grass-moths – Crambus and Agriphila species and related genera – rest with the wings almost

Pearl Grass-moth Catoptria pinella

Beautiful China-mark Nymphula nitidulata

roof-like or rolled slightly around the body, with the antennae laid back over the thorax and abdomen. However, there are other resting postures, including flat (e.g. Udea species) and extended (e.g. Wavy-barred Sable Pyrausta nigrata) postures. The forewings range from very elongate to broadly triangular, with very varied markings and a distinct tornal angle. The hindwings are broad, often broader than the forewings, sometimes with markings resembling those of the forewings, and with short dorsal cilia. The head has raised scales on the crown, and the face is smooth or with raised or erect scales. The antennae are long, from one-half to almost the whole length of the forewing. The labial palps are short to long, forward pointing or slightly downwardly or upwardly curved, and the tongue is typically covered with scales at the base. A characteristic of the superfamily Pyraloidea (Crambidae and Pyralidae) is the presence of tympanal organs on the second abdominal segment, although these are difficult to discern. The Crambidae were formerly included within the Pyralidae. Within the Crambidae are two frequently encountered immigrants, Rusty-dot Pearl Udea ferrugalis and Rush Veneer Nomophila noctuella. The family also includes several scarcer immigrants, among them long-distance travellers from the far south of Europe or from North Africa, such as Silver-spotted Veneer Euchromius ocellea, Toadflax Pearl Antigastra catalaunalis and Yellow-underwing Pearl Uresiphita gilvata, all of which have become more frequent in occurrence since the late twentieth century. There are several adventives; the recently noted Box-tree Moth Cydalima perspectalis is now well established, both the larval and adult stages can be abundant, and it is spreading, with immigrant examples from Continental Europe also appearing. The yellow and pink Scarce Crimson & Gold Pyrausta sanguinalis is extinct in Britain, but can still be found very locally in parts of Ireland, including Northern Ireland, and occurs on the Isle of Man. Also on the British list are a very few species which are doubtfully British, such as American Pearl Herpetogramma centrostrigalis, which until recently was known to science from only a single specimen; it is now known to be a native of the south-eastern United States. Several species are associated with grasses or sedges, and their life histories are not fully understood. The larvae of others feed on mosses, lichens, various water plants or other herbaceous plants, and in a few cases on shrubs and trees. Several species bore into stems of the foodplant. Many of the grass-moths feed from within silken tubes or galleries, whereas some other species feed from a slight web under leaves, or loosely spin or roll leaves together. Adults of some species can be readily disturbed by day, sometimes in abundance, and fly a short distance before settling again. Some members of the Scoparia/Eudonia group are easily encountered by day resting on tree trunks, and fly readily when approached. Others fly naturally

Crambidae 455

by day in sunshine, such as the various species of Pyrausta, or fly naturally from dusk and after dark. Many are attracted to light, and can be found at some distance from their breeding site. Many species are distinctive and readily identifiable, although within the Scoparia/Eudonia group, the grass-moths, and Udea and Anania species there are small groups or species pairs that look superficially similar, particularly when worn. Further reading British and Irish species: Goater (1986) European species: Goater et al. (2005) (Crambidae part); Leraut (2012); Palm (1986); Slamka (1997) (covers most British and Irish species); Slamka (2006) (Crambidae part); Slamka (2008) (Crambidae part); Slamka (2013) (Pyraustinae and Spilomelinae)

Mugwort Pearl

Plate 54 Loxostege sticticalis (Linn.) 63.002 Scarce immigrant and extinct resident. Formerly resident, at least temporarily, in eastern England. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2019. FL 11–14mm. Forewing greyish brown with a pale creamy-white spot at about one-half, and a pale creamy streak bordering the termen. The intensity of the markings can vary. Similar species Some forms of Pyrausta despicata are similar but distinctly smaller, and do not have a pale streak along the termen. FS Late May–October, and rarely recorded into November, in one generation or with a partial second generation. Readily disturbed from vegetation by day, and comes to light. Has been recorded feeding at flowers by day. Hab Potentially anywhere, but perhaps most frequent in coastal locations. Fp Mugwort; possibly Field Wormwood and other herbaceous plants. LS June–July and August–April. In a slight spinning on the upper side of the leaf.

Silver-barred Sable

Plate 54 Pyrausta cingulata (Linn.) 63.003 Local. Very local in Scotland and scarce in Ireland. Declining. FL 7–8mm. Forewing brownish black with a narrow white crossband which is almost straight or gently curved, and occasionally with some white scales on the dorsum towards the base. The white crossline continues in the hindwing. Similar species P. nigrata has a narrower forewing with a distinctly curved and angled white crossband, and has a white spot near one-half. FS Late April–June, July–August, and has been recorded in September, in two generations, or possibly one in parts of its range. Flies in sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous and coastal grasslands, sand dunes. Fp Wild Thyme; possibly Meadow Clary. LS June, August–April. In a slight silken web under the leaves. Overwinters fully fed in a papery silken cocoon.

Scarce Crimson & Gold

Plate 54 Pyrausta sanguinalis (Linn.) 63.004 Rare. Formerly on the west coast of mainland Britain, but now restricted to parts of Ireland, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man. FL 7–9mm. Forewing yellow, with a crimson crossband from the middle of the dorsum, widening near the costa, merging with crimson along the costa and termen. FS Late May–July, and rarely recorded in August, probably in one extended generation. Flies in sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Limestone pavement, sand dunes. Fp Thymes. LS Probably July–April. In a silken tube among flowers and spun along the ground. Overwinters fully fed in a tough cocoon.

456 Crambidae

Straw-barred Pearl

Plate 54 (2) Pyrausta despicata (Scop.) 63.005 Common. Local in north-west England. FL 7–9mm. Forewing mottled greyish brown, brown or sandy brown, with two dots near the mid-wing, indistinct paler markings between these dots, and with slightly paler crossbands before the termen and along the termen. Darker forms have contrasting buff or yellowish markings, and are found mainly in Shetland and Scilly. The female is usually smaller and darker. Similar species Loxostege sticticalis. FS Late March–early October, in two generations. Flies in sunshine, and comes to light. Can be seen in numbers where it occurs. Hab Grasslands, heathland, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Plantains. LS June, August–April. Feeds gregariously in galleries at the base of the leaves. Overwinters fully fed in its cocoon.

Note on Pyrausta aurata, P. purpuralis and P. ostrinalis These three species are often confused. A combination of key characters, as described here, is likely to be required for reliable identification of any one individual. P. aurata is usually a small moth, with a broad forewing and often with a single orange or orangey-yellow blotch towards the costa. Further pale dorsal markings can be present, which may be small or large, and divided into several marks with a darker wavy line between them near the dorsum; the forewing underside sometimes has slightly paler subterminal shading; the hindwing upper side has a broad yellowish band and is mostly blackish basally. P. purpuralis is usually a larger moth, with a broad forewing and bright yellow or orangey-yellow markings, including a large dorsal blotch with a darker line along the inner margin; the forewing underside has a pale subterminal line directed towards but ending well short of the apex; the underside markings are somewhat diffuse and less clearly defined than in P. ostrinalis; the hindwing upper side has a narrow curved yellowish or creamy-yellow band, occasionally with a pale subterminal line. P. ostrinalis is usually a small moth, having a narrow forewing with a slightly concave costa, with pale yellowish markings including a crossband, which is hardly interrupted; the forewing underside has a pale subterminal line that curves towards and sometimes reaches the costa; the underside markings are well defined and contrasting; the hindwing upper side has a narrow curved pale yellowish or creamy-yellow band and subterminal line.

Mint Moth

Plate 55 (2) Pyrausta aurata (Scop.) 63.006 Common. Rare in Scotland. There is a single record for Ireland, which is considered to be an accidental importation. FL 7–9mm. Forewing dark purple, usually with a single deep orange spot beyond the mid-wing, sometimes with further small spots at the base and forming an interrupted crossband from the dorsum at one-half to the costa at three-quarters. Similar species u Mint Moth Pyrausta aurata larva. See note on Pyrausta aurata, P. purpuralis and P. ostrinalis. FS Mid-March–early October, in two generations. Flies in sunshine, rests on leaves and flowers of the foodplants, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, calcareous and other grasslands, wetlands. Fp Calamints, cat-mints, claries, Wild Marjoram, mints, thymes. LS June–July, September–April. Larger larvae feed from a silken web on the under-surface of leaves or among the flowers. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Crambidae 457

Common Purple & Gold

Plate 55 (3) Pyrausta purpuralis (Linn.) 63.007 Common. More local in northern Britain. FL 7–11mm. Forewing bright purple or reddish violet, with an oblique irregular yellowish-orange crossband from the dorsum at one-half to the costa at three-quarters, sometimes broken into three spots, the middle spot being the largest. Similar species See note on Pyrausta aurata, P. purpuralis and P. ostrinalis. FS Late March–September, in two generations, possibly one generation at higher elevations. Flies in sunshine, sometimes with P. ostrinalis, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous, coastal and other grasslands, occasionally gardens. Fp Selfheal is the only confirmed foodplant in Britain. LS May–September. Between spun leaves. The autumn larva probably overwinters fully fed.

Scarce Purple & Gold Plate 55 (3) Pyrausta ostrinalis (Hübn.) 63.008 Local. Distribution confused with that of P. purpuralis. FL 7–10mm. Forewing with costa slightly concave, dull reddish violet, an oblique pale yellowish crossband from the dorsum at one-half to the costa at three-quarters, with small spots below the costa. Similar species See note on Pyrausta aurata, P. purpuralis and P. ostrinalis. FS April– mid-August, in two generations. Flies in sunshine and comes to light. Hab Short turf, especially in calcareous and coastal grasslands. Fp Wild Thyme is the only confirmed foodplant in Britain; recorded on other thymes in Continental Europe. LS Probably June– September. Feeds among spun leaves. Overwinters fully fed.

Wavy-barred Sable

Plate 55 Pyrausta nigrata (Scop.) 63.009 Local. Has probably declined. An occasional wanderer. FL 7–8mm. Forewing black, with a distinctly angled creamy-white crossband before the termen, thickened in places, usually with other white marks in the wing, including a spot in the mid-wing. The creamy-white crossband continues in the hindwing. Similar species P. cingulata. FS Mid-April–October, and has been recorded in late March, in two overlapping generations. Flies in sunshine, and comes to light. Can be seen in numbers where it occurs. Hab Chalk grassland; less often limestone grassland. Fp Wild Marjoram, Corn Mint, Squinancywort, Wild Thyme, Woodruff. LS June–July, September–October. In a slight silken web under the leaves.

Yellow-underwing Pearl

Plate 55 (2) Uresiphita gilvata (Fabr.) 63.011 Scarce immigrant and possible occasional adventive. Appears to have become more frequent, most regularly in south-west England. Recorded as far north as Scotland, with the first record from Ireland in 2006. FL 13.5–18.5mm. Forewing a variable shade of brown with a yellow hindwing, this edged with a dark band. FS August–October, recorded rarely in November, and as a probable adventive in July. Comes to light. Numbers fluctuate annually. Hab Potentially anywhere, but predominantly southern coastal localities. Fp In Continental Europe on brooms, gorses, greenweeds and peas. LS March–October. In Continental Europe in spun flowers and leaves.

Orange-rayed Pearl

Plate 55 Nascia cilialis (Hübn.) 63.013 Very local. Most widely found in parts of East Anglia. FL 11–13mm. Forewing slightly pointed, pale orangey yellow, the costa, termen and veins brown to reddish brown, with the crosslines faint. Similar species Sclerocona acutellus is usually slightly larger and more uniformly yellowish brown, with a white edge to the costa. Antigastra catalaunalis is smaller, with much longer legs. FS Mainly June–July, but has been recorded in May–September. Can be disturbed from its resting site by day, and

458 Crambidae comes to light. Hab Fens, wet meadows. Fp Great Fen-sedge, Greater Pond-sedge, other small narrow-leaved sedges. LS August–May. Feeds openly on the leaves, dropping to the ground if disturbed. Overwinters fully fed within a cocoon.

Sulphur Pearl Sitochroa palealis ([D. & S.])

Plate 55 63.014

Local and occasional immigrant. Resident in southern counties from Devon to Kent, possibly parts of the east coast as far north as Lincolnshire, and may colonise temporarily elsewhere. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2014 from Fair Isle. FL 13–16mm. Forewing pale sulphur yellow to whitish, the veins variably darker, with a central darker patch, although this can be obscure. FS Late May–mid-September. Can be disturbed from vegetation by day, and comes to light. Hab Cliffs, Breckland and calcareous grasslands, old quarries, vegetated shingle. Fp Wild Carrot, Fennel; also Moon Carrot. LS Late July– May. In a web in the seedhead. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Lesser Pearl

Plate 55 Sitochroa verticalis (Linn.) 63.015 Local. Probably resident only in East Anglia, the southern East Midlands, the London area and along the Thames Estuary. A probable occasional immigrant. FL 12–15mm. Forewing light yellow with orangey-yellow markings, the crossline at about two-thirds gently curved and serrate, with another slightly broader crossline adjacent towards the termen; just beyond one-half is an almost kidney-shaped mark, preceded by a more dot-like mark. The undersides of the wings have strongly contrasting dark markings. FS May– September, in one generation or possibly with a partial second generation. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Breckland, coastal and rough grasslands, arable field margins, waste ground; also gardens. Fp Perennial Wall-rocket; probably other herbaceous plants. LS ?July–May. In a silk spinning among the flowers and developing seeds. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Rattle Pearl Anania fuscalis ([D. & S.])

Plate 55 63.016

Common. Absent in some areas, and more local in northern parts. FL 10–13mm. Forewing grey with a yellowish-grey gloss and two darker crosslines, the outer one at about two-thirds serrate and curving around a faint linear dark mark, the paler edging to the crossline resulting in a small pale costal spot. FS May–mid-August. Easily disturbed from the foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Coastal, dry and wet grasslands, marshes, moorland, open woodland. Fp Common Cow-wheat, louseworts, Yellow-rattle; reported on Goldenrod. LS July–April, and probably earlier. In a web among flowers and seed capsules. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Long-winged Pearl Anania lancealis ([D. & S.])

Plate 55 63.017

Common. Rarely recorded in northern England. Re-recorded in Ireland in 2020 after an absence of 80 years. FL 13–16mm. Forewing relatively elongate, pale yellowish white, heavily tinged light greyish brown, with a strongly oblique greyish-brown curved and serrate crossline at about two-thirds, and a narrow crescent-shaped mark at about one-half, which is preceded by a small dot. FS June–August, and has been recorded in mid-May. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Prefers damp situations on soft cliffs, heathland, grasslands, fens, marshes, scrub and woodland rides; also occurs on drier ground, including old quarries. Fp Hemp-agrimony, Wood Sage, ragworts, Hedge Woundwort. LS August–May. Spins the margins of a lower leaf downwards, feeding from the underside near the leaf tip. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Crambidae 459

Elder Pearl

Plate 55 Anania coronata (Hufn.) 63.018 Common. Scarce in southern Scotland. FL 11–13mm. Forewing evenly curved from the dorsum into the termen, dark greyish brown, finely speckled whitish, with three white spots in the mid-wing, one squarish near one-half, a small triangular one obliquely beyond, and a large oval at about two-thirds. Similar species u Elder Pearl Anania coronata larva on Elder. A. stachydalis has a shorter blunter forewing with a distinct tornal angle and a slightly falcate wing tip, and two white blotches in the mid-wing. The brown terminal line on the forewing is represented by spots or dashes in A. coronata, but is a continuous line in A. stachydalis. FS May–September, and has been recorded in February and late April, in one generation, or possibly with a partial second generation in the south. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, waste ground, woodland. Fp Elder, Lilac, privets, viburnums (with a preference for young plants); also Hedge Bindweed. LS July–May. In a spun fold on the underside of a leaf. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Woundwort Pearl Plate 55 Anania stachydalis (Zinck.) 63.019 Very local. Mainly southern, and probably overlooked. FL 11–12mm. Forewing has a tornal angle and slightly falcate wing tip; dark greyish brown, finely speckled whitish, with indistinct darker crosslines and two white spots in the mid-wing, one squarish near one-half, the other oval at about two-thirds. Similar species A. coronata. FS June– August. Can be disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Overgrown ditches, hedgerows, shaded tracksides, damp or shaded woodland. Fp Woundworts, including Hedge Woundwort. LS August–April. Spins the margins of a lower leaf downwards, feeding from the underside near the leaf tip. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Marsh Pearl

Plate 55 Anania perlucidalis (Hübn.) 63.020 Common. Expanding its range, and recorded as new to Wales in 2009 and new to Scotland in 2020. FL 10–12mm. Forewing rounded, pearly, translucent whitish, with slightly darker rather obscure crosslines and a prominent dark almost crescent-shaped mark at one-half. FS Late May–early September. Occasionally disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Wetland habitats, including fens, damp grasslands, marshes, margins of ditches and ponds, reedbeds and damp woodland. Fp Creeping and Marsh thistles, and probably other thistles. LS August–?May. Spins the margins of a lower leaf downwards, feeding from the underside near the tip and making windows in the leaf. Overwinters fully fed.

Goldenrod Pearl

Plate 55 Anania terrealis (Treits.) 63.021 Very local. Primarily a western species. Its occurrence in Ireland requires confirmation. FL 12–13mm. Forewing mauvish grey, speckled chocolate brown, darker towards the termen with the markings obscure; a darker crossline at about two-thirds curves around a faint crescent-shaped mark. FS Late May–July, and occasionally recorded in August– early October. Can be disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Rocky coasts and hillsides. Fp Goldenrod. LS July–May. In a slight web on the underside of the lower leaves or among the flowers. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

460 Crambidae

Fleabane Pearl Plate 56 Anania crocealis (Hübn.) 63.022 Common. More local in Wales and north-west England, and very local in parts of western Scotland. FL 11–12mm. Forewing shades of yellow, paler examples faintly darker along the costa; the two brownish crosslines are usually distinct, the outer at about two-thirds curves outwards around a small linear mark, this sometimes preceded by a small dot. FS Late May–September, rarely recorded in November, in one generation or possibly with a second generation in parts of the south. Easily disturbed from the foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Dry and damp habitats, including soft cliffs, ditches, grasslands, marshes, old quarries and other sparsely vegetated areas, woodland. Fp Common Fleabane, Ploughman’s-spikenard. LS September–June. In spring, large larvae feed in the heart of a shoot spun together with silk.

Wood Sage Pearl Anania verbascalis ([D. & S.])

Plate 56 63.023

Very local. FL 11–13mm. Forewing deep brownish yellow, variably speckled brown, with brown crosslines, the crossline at about two-thirds strongly curved around a yellow quadrate mark, this more prominent on darker, more suffused examples. FS Mainly mid-June–July, but also recorded from late May to September. Usually seen singly or in small numbers. Comes to light. Hab Open situations, including Breckland and coastal grasslands, heathland, coppice and felled woodland and woodland rides, vegetated shingle. Fp Wood Sage; possibly also Great Mullein. LS August–April. Spins the margins of a lower leaf downwards, or spins two leaves together, feeding from the underside. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

White-spotted Sable Plate 56 Anania funebris (Ström) 63.024 Very local. Possibly declining. Still found in some south-eastern woodland, parts of western England, Wales, western Scotland, and southern and western Ireland. Also reported from Lincolnshire. FL 10–11mm. Thorax black, flanked with yellow. Forewing black, with two large white blotches and occasionally an additional tiny white mark between the basal spot and the costa. FS Mainly June–July, sometimes recorded in May, in one generation; late April–September in the Burren, Ireland, in one generation with a possible partial second generation. Flies by day in a spinning motion that can be difficult to follow. Hab Limestone cliffs and grasslands, limestone pavement, woodland glades, woodland rides. Fp Goldenrod. LS Mid-June–April. In a slight web on the flowers and the underside of the leaves. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Small Magpie Plate 56 Anania hortulata (Linn.) 63.025 Common. More local in central and northern Scotland. FL 13–16mm. Head and thorax yellow, spotted with black; abdomen black and narrowly banded with yellow. Forewing white; the costa, much of the basal area and other wing markings dark brownish grey. FS May–September, also recorded in February–April and October–November. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab A range of habitats, including gardens and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, waste ground, woodland rides. Fp Common Nettle; occasionally Field and Hedge bindweeds, Black and White horehounds, mints, woundworts. LS July–May. In a rolled or spun leaf. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Crambidae 461

Reed Pearl Plate 56 Sclerocona acutellus (Ev.) 63.026 Scarce immigrant, adventive and possible temporary colonist. Briefly resident on the Isle of Wight and possibly now resident in Dorset and Norfolk. First recorded in Britain in 1988. FL 10–12.5mm. Forewing yellowish brown, the venation slightly paler, with a distinct fine white edge to the costa nearly reaching the apex. Similar species Nascia cilialis. FS June–early August. Comes to light. Hab Marshes, and found near recently re-thatched buildings. Fp/LS In Continental Europe on Common Reed, feeding in late summer in the stem and rolled leaves, and found after winter in the previous year’s stem.

Powdered Pearl Plate 56 Psammotis pulveralis (Hübn.) 63.027 Scarce immigrant and possible former colonist. It may have temporarily colonised parts of southern England in the latter part of the nineteenth century. FL 11–12mm. Forewing pale grey to yellowish brown, speckled darker, with weakly angled crosslines at one-third and two-thirds, and a linear or crescent-shaped discal spot between these lines. The markings are usually stronger in the female. FS July–August. Comes to light. Hab Predominantly southern coastal locations. Fp In Continental Europe it is associated with Gypsywort, and Corn and Water mints. LS Probably July, August–May. On the underside of the leaves, skeletonising them. In captivity, larger larvae have been noted to feed within the stems of a garden mint in late summer.

European Corn-borer Plate 56 (2) Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.) 63.028 Local. Immigrant. Also resident in parts of the southern half of Britain. FL 13–18mm. Male forewing brown or greyish brown, with a prominent pale yellowish crossband at about two-thirds; two brownish dots just before and just beyond one-half, usually with a yellowish patch between them. Female forewing largely yellowish, with toothed crosslines at about one-third and two-thirds, and two dark dots or marks just before and just beyond one-half. FS June–mid-October, occasionally recorded in late May, in one generation or possibly with a partial second generation. Rarely recorded in November–December on the Channel Islands. Comes to light. Hab A wide range of habitats, including gardens, rough grasslands, field margins, waste ground. Fp Mugwort; also reported from Hop, Maize, mallows. LS July–April. In a stem, often near ground level, exuding copious amounts of white chewed pith and frass. Overwinters fully fed.

Bordered Pearl Plate 56 Paratalanta pandalis (Hübn.) 63.029 Very local. Rare in Wales. Possibly declining, but recorded as new to Scotland in 2002. FL 12–14mm. Forewing slightly glossy, pale whitish yellow, pale greyish brown along the costa, veins and bordering the termen, with somewhat obscure crosslines. FS Late May–July, and also recorded in early August. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Woodland glades on light soils, also unimproved grasslands. Fp Goldenrod, Wild Marjoram, Wood Sage. LS July–September. Feeds from a portable case constructed of leaves, overwintering fully fed in the final case.

462 Crambidae

Knapweed Pearl Plate 56 Paratalanta hyalinalis (Hübn.) 63.030 Very local. Possibly declining. Confined to southern counties, but formerly recorded as far north as Leicestershire. FL 14–16mm. Forewing slightly glossy, light yellow, shaded greyish yellow or orangey yellow along the costa, with brown crosslines, the outer one curving strongly around an oblong mark at about one-half, with another smaller mark preceding this at about one-third, but this can be obscure. FS June–mid-September. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Sheltered places on chalk grassland and in woodland clearings. Fp Common Knapweed; possibly also Great Mullein. LS August–June. In spring in a silk gallery at the base of the plant.

Rusty-dot Pearl Plate 56 Udea ferrugalis (Hübn.) 63.031 Common. Immigrant. Now probably resident on Scilly and possibly in other parts of south-west England. FL 9–11mm. Forewing orangey brown to chestnut, with a fine, sometimes slightly obscure, darker crossline at about two-thirds which curves around and is strongly indented below a usually prominent squarish or kidney-shaped grey mark at about one-half; the apex has a short grey streak. FS Any month of the year, but most often in late summer and autumn. Readily disturbed by day, comes to light, and visits nectar sources. Numbers fluctuate annually, but can be high. Hab Any habitat, but usually commonest in coastal localities. Fp Feeds on a wide range of plants, including burdocks, Hemp-agrimony, lettuces, Dark Mullein, mints, woundworts. LS Where resident it has continuous generations and larvae can occur in any month, often overwintering as a larva or pupa in greenhouses. In a slight spinning on the underside of a leaf or in a spinning among leaves, folding the edge of a leaf in which it makes a cocoon.

Rufous Pearl Plate 56 Udea fulvalis (Hübn.) 63.032 Very local. Currently resident in parts of central southern England, and spreading slowly. Scattered records elsewhere, including in Oxfordshire and Surrey. Also a scarce immigrant. FL 10–14mm. Forewing orangey brown, slightly darker beyond the crossline at two-thirds, this line serrate and curved around a darker kidney-shaped mark, with a strong inward loop just above the dorsum. FS July–mid-September. Easily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Can also be found in abundance from dusk feeding on Buddleia and Lavender flowers and at sugar. Hab Gardens and urban parks, waste ground. Fp Cat-mints, White Dead-nettle, Black Horehound; also Meadow Clary, and has been reared from Common Parsley, growing in a greenhouse. LS August–June. Overwinters as a small larva.

Pale Straw Pearl

Plate 56 Udea lutealis (Hübn.) 63.033 Common. Local, and possibly declining within parts of its range. FL 11–12mm. Forewing pale yellowish white, darker along the costa, the oval and kidney-shaped markings yellowish brown and sometimes faint, with the darker subterminal crossline strongly curving into the mid-wing. Similar species U. decrepitalis, particularly when worn, although U. lutealis has a lighter ground colour and lacks the dark banding towards the termen. U. decrepitalis starts flying much earlier in the season than U. lutealis. FS June–September. Easily disturbed by day from low-growing vegetation, flies from dusk, visiting flowers such as thistles, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and allotments, calcareous and rough grasslands, hedgerows, field margins, marshes, waste ground, woodland rides. Fp A wide range of mainly herbaceous plants, including Mugwort, knapweeds, plantains, Wild Strawberry; also Bramble. LS ?September–June. In spring in a web on the underside of the lower leaves.

Crambidae 463

Dusky Pearl Udea prunalis ([D. & S.])

Plate 56 63.034

Common. Local in Scotland. FL 11–13mm. Forewing greyish brown, darker on the costa and termen, the indistinct crossline at two-thirds darker than the ground colour and slightly indented below a dark 8-shaped mark. FS Late May–August, and has been recorded in November. Easily disturbed from scrub by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, scrub, woodland. Fp Feeds on a wide range of plants, including Alexanders, Blackthorn, dead-nettles, Elder, Black Horehound, Common Knapweed, Dog’s Mercury, Common Nettle, woundworts. LS October–May. In spring, in spun leaves.

Mountain Pearl Plate 56 Udea uliginosalis (Steph.) 63.035 Very local. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2004 from County Mayo. FL 11–14mm. Forewing light greyish brown to pale reddish brown, virtually unmarked except for an often obscure small paler patch at about three-quarters. FS June–July, and occasionally August–early September. Easily disturbed by day, when it usually flies uphill before settling again. Comes to light. Hab Grassland or boggy ground on mountains, most frequently in grassy hollows beside streams. Fp Unknown; possibly on various herbaceous plants, including Alpine Bistort. LS A larva has been recorded in June in a loose silken tube on the ground. Possibly overwinters as a small larva.

Scottish Pearl Plate 56 Udea decrepitalis (Herr.-Schäff.) 63.036 Very local. A single record in Wales. FL 11–13mm. Forewing whitish brown, slightly darker on the costa and towards the termen, with a brownish wavy subterminal crossline, and obscure brownish oval and kidney-shaped marks in the mid-wing. Similar species U. lutealis. FS Late May–August. Flies readily in the early evening towards dusk, and is occasionally found sunning itself on bracken. Hab Damp partially shaded habitats, including wet hillsides, loch-side slopes, mountain ravines. Fp Narrow Buckler-fern, Lemon-scented Fern; probably other ferns. LS July–September. In a slight web on the underside of a frond. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Garden Pearl Udea olivalis ([D. & S.])

Plate 56 63.037

Common. FL 12–13mm. Forewing brownish, the crosslines indistinct, with a prominent almost square white spot at about one-half, and a scattering of other small white spots over the wing, particularly in the apical area. FS Mid-May–August, sometimes recorded from mid-April and into September. Easily disturbed from bushes by day, and comes to light. Hab Garden and urban parks, hedgerows, scrub, waste ground, woodland. Fp Feeds on a wide range of herbaceous plants, including Yellow Archangel, Red Campion, Common Comfrey, Dog’s Mercury. LS September–May. In a spun or turned down leaf, overwintering as a small larva.

Mother of Pearl Plate 57 Patania ruralis (Scop.) 63.038

Mother of Pearl Patania ruralis larva.

r

Common. FL 15–17mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown, mottled greyish and with a pearly sheen, with darker crosslines at one-third and two-thirds, the latter curving strongly around a small elongate mark, sometimes faintly crescent shaped, which is preceded by a

464 Crambidae smaller round spot. FS Mid-June–October, in one generation or possibly with a partial second generation. Readily disturbed by day from nettle patches, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab A wide range of habitats, including gardens and urban parks, rough grasslands, hedgerows, waste ground, woodland. Fp Mainly Common Nettle; also English and Wych elms. LS September–June. In a leaf rolled in line with the midrib. Overwinters as a partially grown larva.

Chalk Hill Pearl Mecyna flavalis ([D. & S.])

Plate 57 63.039

Rare. Perhaps resident only in southern England as far north as Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire, and a rare immigrant elsewhere. FL 11–14mm. Forewing yellow, usually darker along the costa, the crosslines and markings greyish brown, with the crossline at about two-thirds wavy, indented below the middle, and curving around an oblong or curved pale-centred mark, this preceded by a round pale-centred mark; the cilia are greyish brown, usually contrasting with the rest of the wing. FS Late July–August, and has been recorded in late June and early September. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Can be locally abundant. Hab Short turf on chalk grassland. Fp/LS Unknown.

Madder Pearl

Plate 57 Mecyna asinalis (Hübn.) 63.040 Very local. Mostly coastal. FL 11–15mm. Forewing bluish grey to dove grey, rather elongate and pointed at the apex, with a large dark greyish-brown patch, sometimes obscure, which can extend to the costa, and a small dark blotch at one-third and one-half. FS May–November, in at least two overlapping generations. Flies at night, visits flowers, and comes to light. Hab Coastal cliffs and scrub, old coastal quarries, hedgerows inland, occasionally elsewhere. Fp Wild Madder; recently found on Tree Bedstraw. LS July–August, September–May. Makes large whitish u Madder Pearl Mecyna asinalis larval windows in the leaves by feeding from feeding signs on Wild Madder. below, leaving the upper epidermis intact (other invertebrates cause similar, usually more greyish, damage to leaves). Some autumn larvae overwinter in dead leaves and resume feeding in spring.

Beautiful Pearl

Plate 57 Agrotera nemoralis (Scop.) 63.041 Rare. Occasional immigrant. Has recently become established in several sites in Cornwall, Dorset, Kent, Sussex and possibly the Isle of Wight. Prior to this recent colonisation, it was resident at perhaps just a single site in Kent. FL 9–11mm. Thorax yellowish, spotted with orange. Forewing rather broad, with the basal area yellow, finely reticulated orange, the remainder of the wing light brown to orange brown, darker near the basal patch, and with white cilia irregularly chequered blackish. FS May–June, and recorded to mid-July and in August. Hides among trees, from which it can be disturbed, flies at night, and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Hornbeam. LS Late June–July. Between two leaves spun together, making small round holes in the leaves as it feeds. Overwinters as a pupa in a cocoon that incorporates a cut section of a living leaf, the cocoon falling with the leaf in autumn.

Crambidae 465

Palm Tabby Plate 57 Diplopseustis perieresalis (Walk.) 63.042 Adventive and scarce immigrant. Native to South-East Asia and Australasia. First recorded in Britain in 2001. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2016, and as new to Wales and Scotland in 2020. FL 7.5–9mm. Forewing dark grey to blackish, with fine pale marks on the costa and a strongly scalloped termen which is finely edged white. Similar species Could be mistaken for a species of Choreutidae, although these are all shorter-winged with shorter palps. FS Can occur in any month, but in the wild from late May to November. Comes to light. Hab Potentially anywhere, but as an immigrant it is more likely to be found in coastal localities. Fp Possibly various species of sedge, Canary Palm and fan palms.

Migrant Sable

Plate 57 Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Dup.) 63.044 Scarce immigrant. Most frequently recorded in south-west England, but has been recorded as far north as Perthshire. FL 8–11mm. Palps short. Forewing brown to dark brown, heavily speckled with tiny white dashes, a white crossline at three-quarters with an outward loop near the middle, fading to the tornus, and a white spot in the mid-wing. Similar species Diasemia reticularis (not illustrated), FL 9–11mm, a scarcer immigrant, has longer palps, the crossline at three-quarters curves towards the tornus, and the forewing is not speckled white. FS Mainly August–October, but also recorded in June– November, in two generations. Flies by day in open habitats, and comes to light. Numbers fluctuate annually. Hab Predominantly southern coastal locations. Fp In Iran has been found associated with Water Fern.

European Pepper Moth Plate 57 Duponchelia fovealis Zell. 63.046 Adventive and probable scarce immigrant. First recorded in Britain in 1996, and has since been recorded widely, including from Shetland. Found new to Ireland in 2010. FL 9–10.5mm. Forewing dark grey to greyish brown, with a whitish crossline at about three-quarters, this with an obvious outward loop at its mid-point. FS Recorded in February, May and July–October in the wild. Probably has continuous generations when conditions allow. Comes to light. Hab Found indoors, in plant nurseries and in greenhouses; also recorded in the wild in gardens. Fp A wide range of cultivated plants, including Begonia, Coralbells, Fig. LS On leaves, flowers and in compost around the base of the plant, often covered by protective webbing. Also bores into stems.

Banded Sable Plate 57 Spoladea recurvalis (Fabr.) 63.047 A scarce immigrant. Has appeared more regularly since around 2005. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2009 and new to Ireland in 2011. FL 9.5–12mm. Forewing dark chocolate brown with a broad white fascia at one-half, not quite reaching the costa, and a white band from the costa to the mid-wing at about three-quarters. FS July–December, but most frequently recorded in October. Comes to light, and has rarely been seen flying by day. Numbers fluctuate annually. Hab Mainly coastal locations. Fp Not known to breed in Britain or Ireland. On a wide range of plants in Continental Europe, and an occasional pest of crops such as beet and pigweeds.

466 Crambidae

Olive-tree Pearl Plate 57 Palpita vitrealis (Rossi) 63.048 Immigrant. Typically found in southern coastal counties, rarely elsewhere. Increasing in frequency in recent years. FL 13–15mm. Wings translucent white, the costal edge of the forewing yellowish brown. Flies at night, comes to light, and is occasionally found at flowers, such as those of Buddleia and Ivy. FS Usually late summer to autumn, and recorded in late May–early December. Numbers fluctuate annually. Hab Potentially anywhere, but primarily coastal localities. Fp In Continental Europe on Ash, forsythias, Summer Jasmine, Olive, privets, Strawberry-tree. Egg laying has been observed on Garden Privet in Britain, but the moth is not known to have bred in the wild here. LS Feeds in spun leaves, buds and fruits.

Long-legged Pearl Dolicharthria punctalis ([D. & S.])

Plate 57 63.050

Very local. Coastal. FL 10–12mm. A long-legged species. Forewing brown, sometimes rather paler along the middle of the dorsum, with darker brown indistinct crosslines converging towards the dorsum, and a prominent crescent-shaped or V-shaped white mark at one-half. FS Mainly mid-June–mid-August, and has been recorded in late May–early October. Can be disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Coastal, including cliffs, calcareous grasslands, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Dead and decaying leaves of herbaceous plants, such as bird’s-foot-trefoils, knapweeds, plantains, Common Ragwort. LS September–May. In a slight silk spinning under a leaf on the ground.

Toadflax Pearl Plate 57 Antigastra catalaunalis (Dup.) 63.051 Scarce immigrant. More regularly noted since around 2005. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2005. FL 9.5–11mm. A long-legged species. Forewing orangey yellow with darker venation and a darker costa, and with a rather pointed apex. The crosslines at one-third and two-thirds are rather indistinct. Similar species Nascia cilialis. FS Most frequent in September–October, and recorded in June–early November. Comes to light, and has been seen flying at dusk. Numbers fluctuate annually. Hab Mainly coastal localities. Fp In Continental Europe it is mainly associated with Sesame crops, Snapdragon and toadflaxes. LS On a young shoot or in spun leaves, overwintering as a larva.

Rush Veneer Nomophila noctuella ([D. & S.])

Plate 57 63.052

Common. Immigrant. Usually most frequent in southern counties. FL 12–15mm. Forewing long and narrow, ranging from greyish brown with darker markings to brownish or reddish brown with slightly darker and more obscure markings. In contrasting examples there is an 8-shaped mark just before one-half, with a kidney-shaped mark at about two-thirds. u Rush Veneer Nomophila noctuella larva. Similar species N. nearctica (not illustrated), an American species recorded once in Britain, is usually slightly larger. FS Has been recorded in every month, with larger numbers usually found in the late

Crambidae 467 summer and autumn. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Numbers fluctuate from year to year, and it can be abundant. Hab Can occur anywhere, but typically most frequent in coastal localities. Fp On a wide range of herbaceous plants, including White Clover, Greater Plantain, Selfheal. LS In a silk-lined tunnel. Not known to survive the winter in Britain or Ireland.

Box-tree Moth Plate 57 (2) Cydalima perspectalis (Walk.) 63.054 Established adventive, spreading. Also an immigrant. A native of south-east Asia. First recorded in Britain in 2007 from Kent. Well established in south-east England, with populations elsewhere in parts of England and Wales. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2017 and new to Scotland in 2018. FL 20–22.5mm. Forewing white with a broad greyish-brown band along the costa and termen, indented white along the costa at about one-half. There can be a similarly coloured band along part of the dorsum. A melanic form occurs frequently, this dark brownish with a purplish sheen, u Box-tree Moth Cydalima perspectalis larva. and with a whitish dot at about one-half. FS May–October, and recorded into November, in two generations. Sometimes seen flying by day, and comes to light. Occasionally seen in numbers. Hab Urban and suburban areas, including cemeteries, gardens, parks. Fp Box. LS August–June. In a silken spinning among the leaves and shoots. Overwinters as a small larva. An occasional pest of box topiary and hedges, and can defoliate bushes.

Starry Pearl Cynaeda dentalis ([D. & S.])

Plate 58 63.056

Rare. Coastal. Resident from Devon to Kent and Suffolk. FL 10–14mm. Forewing creamy white, shaded light orangey brown, with a very strongly and irregularly toothed dark brown crossband at about one-half; the cilia are strongly chequered. FS Late May–August, September– October, in one generation, with an occasional partial second u Starry Pearl Cynaeda dentalis leaf-mine. generation. Can be disturbed from the foodplant by day, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous cliffs, old quarries, vegetated shingle, occasionally sand dunes; currently also known from one inland site in Kent. Fp Viper’s-bugloss. LS ?August–June. In spring the larva mines leaves when small, and then the leaf stalks and stems. The hard pupal cocoon is covered with dried leaf fragments and attached to the surface of a dead leaf, usually near the base of the plant.

468 Crambidae

Garden Pebble

Plate 58 Evergestis forficalis (Linn.) 63.057

Garden Pebble Evergestis forficalis larva.

r

Common. More local in Scotland. FL 13–15mm. Forewing pale yellowish brown or straw-coloured, with several oblique, weakly curved or undulating darker crosslines, that from the apex to the dorsum being strongest, and with two transversely placed dark brown spots just beyond one-half. FS Late April–mid-October, in two generations, with an occasional third generation. Comes to light. Hab Gardens, allotments, waste ground. Fp Various plants in the cabbage family (Brassicaceae), especially cultivated varieties, also Horse-radish, radishes, swedes. LS June–early August, September–May. In a slight silk web among the leaves. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Marbled Yellow Pearl Plate 58 Evergestis extimalis (Scop.) 63.058 Local. Resident in the Channel Islands and probably several southern coastal counties and parts of eastern England. Elsewhere it is an immigrant. Recorded as new to Wales in 2020, and new to Scotland (from Shetland) in 2007. FL 12–16mm. Forewing pale yellow, the crosslines obscurely indicated by a series of small rusty dots, with a short oblique rusty-brown apical streak. FS Late April–September, rarely recorded into October, in one generation, with a possible second generation in some years. Comes to light. Hab Coastal areas including cliffs, sparsely vegetated calcareous grasslands, waste ground. Fp Various plants in the cabbage family (Brassicaceae), especially Charlock, White Mustard, Perennial Wall-rocket. LS July–August. In a web on shoot tips, flowers and seed pods. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Dark-bordered Pearl

Plate 58 Evergestis limbata (Linn.) 63.059 Very local. First recorded on mainland Britain in 1994, on the Isle of Wight. Expanding its range. FL 10–11mm. Forewing yellow, with crosslines at one-third and two-thirds, dark greyish brown beyond the outer crossline; at about one-half is a kidney-shaped or 8-shaped mark. FS May–September, recorded occasionally in early October and rarely in November, in one generation, with a possible second generation in some years. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, hedgerows, open woodland. Fp Garlic and Hedge mustards. LS July–August, and probably from September. On the underside of the leaves. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Chequered Pearl Plate 58 Evergestis pallidata (Hufn.) 63.060 Common. Very local, but possibly spreading in northern England and Scotland. FL 12–14mm. Forewing pale yellow, glossy, lightly speckled brown, with brown crosslines, and just before one-half an almost circular outline adjoining a crossline. FS Late May–September. Can be disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Marshy places, including damp grasslands, scrub, damp open woodland. Fp Plants in the cabbage family (Brassicaceae), mainly Winter-cress. LS August–May. Larvae feed gregariously on the leaves. Each larva overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

Crambidae 469

Old World Webworm

Plate 58 Hellula undalis (Fabr.) 63.061 Scarce immigrant and occasional adventive. First recorded in Britain in 1967. Possibly more regularly recorded since the mid-1990s, and most frequently seen in the southwest. FL 7.5–9 mm. Forewing shaded pale yellowish brown to brown, sometimes darker, with whitish crosslines at one-third and two-thirds, and a distinct oblique kidney-shaped spot at just after one-half, this in-filled darker. FS August–December. On the Channel Islands has been recorded in July. Comes to light. Numbers fluctuate annually. Hab Largely coastal. Fp In Continental Europe associated with various plants in the cabbage family (Brassicaceae), including cultivated cabbages. LS Feeds on the underside of leaves from a web which accumulates frass. Can bore into the stems.

Note on the Scoparia and Eudonia group The 14 species within the genera Scoparia and Eudonia can be difficult to identify, especially when worn. However, there are three subgroups of species which can usually be easily recognised based on wing shape and pattern: E. alpina, E. angustea and E. lineola are relatively narrow-winged species; E. delunella is typically well marked; and E. pallida and some forms of S. subfusca are plainly marked. This leaves eight species that require careful attention: S. ambigualis, S. basistrigalis, S. ancipitella, S. pyralella, E. murana, E. truncicolella, E. lacustrata and E. mercurella.

Large Grey

Plate 58 (2) Scoparia subfusca Haw. 63.062 Common. More local away from the coast in northern England and Scotland. FL 10–13mm. Variable, markings sometimes obscure. Forewing whitish grey, speckled pale brownish grey, generally with two whitish crosslines, one before one-third, the other beyond two-thirds, with an X- or 8-shaped darker marking at two-thirds. A darker brownish-grey form almost without markings occurs, with smaller and darker examples usually found in the north, west and in montane districts. Those on Orkney and Shetland are small and dark, with the pale crosslines fairly distinct. FS May–August, occasionally recorded in late April and early September. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Open habitats, including sparsely vegetated grasslands, working and old quarries, vegetated shingle, waste ground; less often in gardens, heathland, woodland. Fp Colt’s-foot, Hawkweed Oxtongue. LS September–May. In a silk tube at the base of the plant, probably feeding on wilted leaves and the root.

Chequered Grey

Plate 58 Scoparia basistrigalis Knaggs 63.063 Local. There is uncertainty about the authenticity of many northern and Irish records. FL 10–11mm. Forewing long and broad, with a blunt apex, greyish white, often with a faint yellowish-brown hue, heavily speckled darker grey and blackish, with whitish crosslines at one-third and two-thirds, and a partly obscure whitish line near the termen forming a broad X-shape with the second crossline; between the first two crosslines is a blackish blotch or an obscure X, sometimes with an obscure 8-shape touching the first crossline; the cilia are whitish and usually distinctly chequered. Similar species S. ambigualis. FS Late May–mid-August, also recorded to early September. Rests by day on tree trunks, flies at night, and comes to light. Hab Woodland; also gardens, marshes. Fp Has been found on the mosses Mnium hornum (growing on the ground away from the base of a tree) and Dicranum scoparium (at the base of an alder); probably also found on other mosses. LS August–?June. In a slight silken web among the moss.

470 Crambidae

Common Grey

Plate 58 (2) Scoparia ambigualis (Treits.) 63.064 Common. FL 8–11mm. Forewing relatively long (length 2.5–2.75 times the width). Typically the forewing is greyish white, sometimes tinged with yellowish brown, speckled darker grey, with whitish crosslines at one-third and two-thirds, between which is a yellowishbrown or greyish 8-shape with blackish edging, forming a small X; a whitish line near the termen forms a rough X with the outer crossline, and there is broad dark grey tornal blotch beneath this. Smaller, darker and almost unmarked forms occur, and in the Burren, Ireland there is a brightly marked form with a plain greyish-white base. Similar species S. basistrigalis is typically a larger species, with a longer and broader forewing with a blunt apex, and is blacker, with the cilia more strongly chequered. S. ancipitella has a relatively short forewing (length 2.5 times the width), with a plain greyish-white base, and a wide irregular whitish or greyish-white cloud between the outer crossline and the termen. S. pyralella has a shorter, generally whitish forewing (length 2.25–2.5 times the width) with a brownish discal spot, often appearing to be a more colourful species. Eudonia murana and E. truncicolella both have a more pointed forewing. FS Late April– August, also recorded in October and rarely in December, probably in one generation. Easily disturbed by day from tree trunks and rocks, and comes to light. Hab Gardens, heathland, moorland, parkland, scrub, woodland. Fp On a wide range of mosses, including Polytrichum commune and Mnium hornum, and possibly on dead plant material; once recorded at the base of a stem and the upper part of the rootstock of Common Valerian. LS Has been recorded in November, December and March–June. In a slight silken tube deep in the moss.

Northern Grey Scoparia ancipitella (La Harpe)

Plate 58 63.065

Very local. Mainly northern and western. FL 9–11mm. Forewing relatively short (length 2.5 times the width), greyish white, sometimes faintly tinged yellowish brown, speckled darker, plain greyish white near the base with whitish crosslines, edged darker, at one-third and two-thirds, the latter being notched near the costa, an obscure line near the termen merging with the second crossline, resulting in a wide irregular whitish or greyish-white cloud; between the first two crossbands is an X-shaped or 8-shaped greyish-brown mark, with a yellowish-brown 8-shaped mark touching the first crossline. Similar species S. ambigualis. FS Late June–August. Flies at night, and comes to light. Hab Woodland. Fp Continental European authors list the mosses Polytrichum commune and Mnium hornum. LS In spring, feeds on moss from a frass-covered tube in leaf litter. Overwinters as a larva.

Brown-spot Grey Scoparia pyralella ([D. & S.])

Plate 58 (2) 63.066

Common. More local in the north. FL 8–10mm. Forewing relatively short (length 2.25–2.5 times the width), whitish, variably mottled brown or greyish brown, with generally conspicuous white crosslines at one-third and two-thirds, an 8-shaped or kidney-shaped mark just beyond one-third, and another at about two-thirds, these shaded orangebrown, brown or greyish brown, the outer mark incompletely ringed darker. Paler forms occur, in which the darker mottling is reduced or absent and the brownish markings are enlarged, forming two short crossbands; another form is almost pure white, with much reduced markings. Similar species S. ambigualis has a form with the forewing tinged yellowish brown, especially when freshly emerged. FS May–mid-August. Readily disturbed by day, flies in warm dry weather from late afternoon to dusk, and comes to light. Also found at night on the flowers of Common Ragwort. Hab Open country on light soils, including calcareous grasslands, old quarries, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, waste

Crambidae 471 ground; occasionally gardens, woodland clearings. Fp Dead leaves at the base of Ribwort Plantain; possibly also on roots, and probably on other plants. LS March–May, and young larvae in captivity have been noted to feed in June. In a slight web.

Tawny Grey Plate 58 Eudonia lacustrata (Panzer) 63.067 Common. FL 8–9mm. Forewing whitish to yellowish brown, speckled darker, with crosslines of ground colour at one-third and four-fifths, shaded black beyond to the termen except for two whitish blotches hardly touching the second crossline; the central part of the wing is usually paler, sometimes whitish or tinged yellowish brown, contrasting with a pair of black marks beyond the first crossline, and a black X-shape in the mid-wing. Similar species E. mercurella has a slightly narrower forewing, with the broad blackish shading along the outer margin of the inner crossline often partly obscuring the pair of blackish marks, and the pale line near the termen usually complete, joined to and forming a large whitish X with the second crossline; E. mercurella does not have yellowish-brown colouration on the forewing. FS Mid-May–August, also recorded in October and rarely in November. Rests by day on tree trunks, stone walls and fences, flies at night, and comes to light. Hab Open habitats, including gardens and urban parks, parkland, woodland. Fp Mosses, including Hypnum cupressiforme. LS February–May. In a slight silken tube among the moss.

Moorland Grey

Plate 58 Eudonia murana (Curtis) 63.068 Local. Very local in the southern part of its range. Records from south-west and lowland north-west England are considered doubtful. FL 9–12mm. Posterior of the thorax often with a round white mark. Forewing elongate and pointed, white, speckled or peppered blackish, partly obscuring the outlines of the markings, with two whitish crosslines at one-third and just beyond two-thirds, curving around an obscure blackish 8- or X-shape, the first with two sometimes obscure dark spots adjacent to its outer edge; an obscure whitish line near the termen forms a broad X-shape with the second crossline. In some examples the markings between the crosslines are more prominent and may include a round black smudge, an elongate black mark with a pale centre, and a distinct 8-shape. Similar species S. ambigualis. E. truncicolella is less elongate and pointed, the dark markings are thinner and usually slightly more distinct, less speckled or peppered, and the distance between the two crosslines at the dorsum is wider. Where these species occur together, E. murana usually starts flying much earlier in the season than E. truncicolella. The genitalia of both species are very similar. FS Late May–mid-September. Sometimes flies freely before dusk, and comes to light. Hab Moorland, mountains, often in rocky situations. Fp Probably mosses such as Hypnum cupressiforme, Dicranum scoparium, Bryum capillare and Grimmia pulvinata. LS February–July. In a silken tube.

Narrow-winged Grey

Plate 58 Eudonia angustea (Curtis) 63.069 Common. Local in Scotland. Probably more frequent in coastal counties. FL 8–10mm. Forewing narrow, sharply pointed at the apex, whitish, tinted brownish, and lightly speckled blackish, usually with whitish crosslines at about one-quarter and just beyond two-thirds, the latter strongly angled around an X-shaped mark, and with a narrow oval mark, sometimes heavily edged with black, at one-third. FS January–December, peaking over the summer months. Flies from dusk, comes to light, and found on flowers such as Ivy blossom and Buddleia. Hab Gardens and urban areas, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, woodland. Fp Mosses such as Syntrichia ruralis var. ruraliformis, Tortula muralis,

472 Crambidae Pseudocrossidium revolutum, Homalothecium sericeum. LS March–September. In a silk tube adorned with moss fragments.

Highland Grey Plate 58 (2) Eudonia alpina (Curtis) 63.070 Very local. FL 10–12mm. Forewing long, narrow, grey, lightly speckled darker, with indistinct greyish-white crosslines at one-third and two-thirds; between the crosslines is a black X-shaped mark, preceded by an obscure black-ringed spot. A form occurs in Shetland in which the ground colour is clear whitish and grey. Usually the largest of the narrower-winged species. FS Mid-May–July. Flies in afternoon sun, is readily disturbed from vegetation, and comes to light. Hab High mountains (above 700m); occurs locally at lower elevations on Speyside and Shetland. Fp Not known.

Coast Grey Plate 59 Eudonia lineola (Curtis) 63.071 Very local. Primarily coastal, spreading inland from these locations in some areas. FL 9–10mm. Forewing pointed, whitish, tinted pale yellowish grey, speckled darker, with a whitish crossline just before one-third, and another just beyond two-thirds, the second crossline curving around a black X-shaped mark, this often with a white dot above it, visible even in worn examples; the termen has a series of black dots or short dashes along its length. FS June–August, sometimes recorded in early September and also in November. Can be disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Coastal scrub, rocks, isolated trees. Fp The lichen Xanthoria parietina. LS January– early July, possibly overwintering from the previous autumn. In a slight web under and around the lichen lobes, creating bare patches where the larva has been feeding.

Pied Grey Plate 59 Eudonia delunella (Staint.) 63.072 Very local, but probably increasing. Possibly a scarce immigrant. FL 8–9mm. Forewing white or whitish, lightly speckled blackish, with two somewhat obscure white crosslines, just before one-third and just beyond two-thirds, the first thickly edged with black on the outer margin and with two black marks beyond, and a prominent black X before the second, the black marks usually expanded to the costa, forming quadrate dark brown or black blotches. The contrasting black-and-white pattern helps to distinguish this species. FS Late May–mid-September. Found at rest on trees, comes to light, and has been recorded at sugar. Hab Woodland, usually ancient woodland; also gardens with apple trees. Fp In Continental Europe has been reared from the moss Leucodon sciuroides. LS Probably autumn–May. On lichens and other mosses on trees.

Peppered Grey

Plate 59 Eudonia truncicolella (Staint.) 63.073 Common. FL 9–11mm. Posterior of thorax often has a round grey mark edged with white, or black and white. Forewing white, unevenly speckled blackish, resulting in a mottled appearance, with two whitish crosslines, one before one-third and the other just beyond two-thirds, with an obscure line near the termen meeting the second crossline near the middle, giving rise to a broad X-shape, the dark tornal mark below the whitish X usually narrow; a blackish-edged mark, forming an X-shape, is usually visible at two-thirds, and is preceded by two small oval or slightly elongate blackish marks adjacent to the first crossline. Similar species Scoparia ambigualis, E. murana. FS Mid-June–October. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Upland grassland, heathland, moorland, parkland, scrub, woodland, occasionally gardens. Fp Mosses, including Dicranum scoparium, Hypnum cupressiforme and Campylopus species. LS September–June. In a silk tube among the moss on the ground or on rocks or stone walls.

Crambidae 473

Garden Grey Plate 59 (2) Eudonia mercurella (Linn.) 63.074 Common. More local in northern Scotland. FL 7–9mm. Forewing whitish, variably speckled darker, with whitish crosslines at one-third and four-fifths, broadly shaded blackish along the outer margin of the first crossline, and partly obscuring the pair of black marks towards the mid-wing; an entire whitish line towards the termen joined to and forming a broad X-shape with the second crossline, this more distinct in darker examples; a variably distinct blackish X-shape in the mid-wing. A melanic form occurs in which only the terminal white X-shape is visible. Another form that occurs rarely on the south coast of Britain has a contrasting dark central third, with a white base and terminal area. Similar species E. lacustrata. FS June–mid-October, occasionally recorded from May. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Gardens and urban parks, grasslands, moorland, old quarries, scrub, woodland, grasslands. Fp Mosses such as Hypnum cupressiforme and Homalothecium sericeum. LS ?September–April. In spring, in a silk tube among the moss on tree trunks, rocks and stone walls.

Pallid Grey Plate 59 (2) Eudonia pallida (Curtis) 63.075 Local. More local in Scotland. A possible occasional immigrant. FL 8–9mm. Forewing whitish to pale yellowish brown, with a whitish crossline just beyond two-thirds, and at two-thirds a dot-like, star-shaped or elongate spot, dark brown or blackish, which is preceded by two often elongate spots, which are sometimes obscure. One of the smallest species of the group, generally distinguished by the faint markings. FS May–early October, occasionally recorded in November, in one or possibly two generations. Easily disturbed by day, flies freely on warm evenings, and comes to light. Hab Dry and wet habitats, including sparsely vegetated and long grasslands, fens, marshes, bogs. Fp Has been noted on the moss Calliergonella cuspidata, but is probably found on a range of mosses. LS ?September–May. In a silken tube among moss.

Silver-spotted Veneer

Plate 59 Euchromius ocellea (Haw.) 63.076 Scarce immigrant and occasional adventive. Predominantly southern, but recorded as far north as Shetland. Appears to have become more regular since the mid-1990s. FL 8–13.5mm. Forewing elongate, pale yellowish brown to greyish brown, with two parallel yellowish-brown crosslines at about two-thirds, enclosing a silvery band, and a series of black and silver dots along the dorsal half of the termen. Similar species (not illustrated) E. ramburiellus, a very rare immigrant, is shorter-winged and has only one crossline. FS Every month, but most frequently recorded in January–March. Comes to light. Numbers fluctuate annually. Hab Largely coastal. Fp Has been reared from grapes and, in captivity, on culms of common grasses. In Continental Europe on the rootstocks of cereal crops, including Sorghum. Also reported to feed on plant detritus and stored food products.

Reed Veneer Plate 59 (2) Chilo phragmitella (Hübn.) 63.077 Local. Few records in Scotland. FL 12–19mm. Sexually dimorphic, the female usually being larger than the male. Male forewing light, dark or reddish brown, sometimes suffused darker, the apex slightly pointed. Female forewing straw yellow, longer and narrower than that of the male, slightly concave near the apex. Similar species The female of this species is similar to the female of Donacaula forficella, in which the costa is convex near the apex. FS May–mid-September, and recorded in October. Comes to light. Hab Ditches, fens, gravel pits, reedbeds, riverbanks; occasionally

474 Crambidae wanders. Fp Common Reed, Reed Sweet-grass. LS September–June. Within the stem and rootstock, often below the surface of the water.

Bulrush Veneer Plate 59 Calamotropha paludella (Hübn.) 63.079 Local. Expanding its range. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2013. FL 12–15mm. Palps long. Forewing whitish brown to pale sandy brown, with an obscure row of dark dots at two-thirds, some or all of which can be absent. FS June–mid-September, and recorded in early October. Comes to light. Hab Broads, fens, marshes, margins of gravel pits; wanders occasionally and appears in gardens. Fp Bulrush; occasionally Lesser Bulrush. LS September–June. Initially mines the lower part of a leaf, overwintering near the base. In spring it mines a dead leaf or feeds in a dead stem. The larvae are sometimes gregarious.

Garden Grass-moth Plate 59 (2) Chrysoteuchia culmella (Linn.) 63.080 Common. FL 9–12mm. Forewing sandy brown, variably suffused with leaden grey, with a strongly elbowed crossline towards the termen, and a short series of blackish dots near the base of the termen; the cilia are metallic golden. In darker examples the veins are paler except towards the costa. FS May–September, and sometimes recorded into October or rarely to mid-November in the south; the flight season ends in early August in the north. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Can be abundant. Hab Grasslands, waste ground. Fp Grasses. LS Late summer–April. At the base of the culms, without silk. Overwinters fully fed in a cocoon.

White-banded Grass-moth

Plate 59 Crambus pascuella (Linn.) 63.081 Common. FL 11–13mm. Forewing with a triangularly produced apex, yellowish brown, sometimes paler, with a broad shining white longitudinal streak extending from the base to about four-fifths, narrowing from about one-half; the cilia are partly silvery metallic. A more uniform dark brown form occurs regularly in the New Forest and occasionally in Kent and Sussex. Similar species In C. silvella the white longitudinal streak barely touches the costa and extends to the base of the cilia. C. uliginosellus is usually smaller, broader-winged and paler, with the longitudinal streak touching the costa to about one-half, and a tooth-mark on the dorsal edge near one-half, this sometimes obscure; the adult appears particularly whitish in flight. FS May–August, sometimes into September, and recorded in early October. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Fens, damp grasslands, wet heathland, marshes, moorland, damp woodland rides. Fp Deergrasses, Sheep’s-fescue, possibly other grasses and sedges. LS Probably August–May. In a slight silken tube at the base of the plant.

Bog Grass-moth Plate 59 Crambus silvella (Hübn.) 63.082 Rare. Restricted to the New Forest, east Dorset, east Norfolk and a site in Cardiganshire, with occasional examples found elsewhere. FL 10–13mm. Forewing brown to light brown, with a white longitudinal streak approaching the costa at the base and extending to the termen, usually broken by an oblique line at about two-thirds and an elbowed crossline near the termen; the cilia are partly metallic. Similar species C. pascuella, C. uliginosellus. FS July–mid-September. Flies in the late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Wet heathland, mires. Fp Sedges. LS Not well known, but probably August–June. In a web at the base of the plant.

Crambidae 475

Marsh Grass-moth Plate 59 Crambus uliginosellus Zell. 63.083 Very local. FL 9–11mm. Forewing whitish to yellowish brown, with a broad white longitudinal streak touching the costa from the base to about one-half, extending to and sometimes beyond an elbowed crossline near the termen, and interrupted by an oblique brownish line at about two-thirds; the cilia are partly metallic. Similar species C. pascuella, C. silvella. FS Late May–mid-August. Readily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Fens, damp grasslands, wet heathland, mires. Fp Common Cottongrass, Carnation Sedge, probably other grasses and sedges. LS ?Autumn–mid-June. Has been found from late April in a silken tube among mosses, usually where only a few grass or sedge stems grow through the moss.

Northern Heath Grass-moth Plate 59 Crambus ericella (Hübn.) 63.084 Very local. Recently found in Northern Ireland. FL 10–14mm. Forewing yellowish brown, with a narrow white longitudinal streak from the base to an elbowed crossline near the termen, broken by an oblique line at about two-thirds, with a tapering whitish streak along the dorsum; the cilia are partly metallic. FS June–August, and recorded in late May. Readily disturbed by day, flies freely in the late afternoon, and comes to light. Hab Heathland, limestone crags, moorland, mountains. Fp Possibly hair-grasses, Sheep’s-fescue. LS ?Autumn–early June. Probably overwinters as a small larva, feeding in spring.

Scarce Grass-moth Plate 60 Crambus pratella (Linn.) 63.085 Very local, but somewhat commoner in the north on coasts. Predominantly a northern species, and probably resident in Wales, but an occasional immigrant or wanderer elsewhere. FL 10–12mm. Forewing with a distinct short fold perpendicular to the termen, and the apex particularly pointed; light reddish brown with a white longitudinal streak broadening from the base, interrupted at about two-thirds by an oblique line, its dorsal margin with a tooth-mark at about one-half, and the leading edge of the streak tapered towards an elbowed crossline near the termen; the brown patch between the median and costal streaks is near parallel sided; the cilia are whitish metallic. Similar species C. lathoniellus is generally slightly smaller, does not have the costal margin of the longitudinal streak angled before the interruption, and has a less pointed apex. FS June–early September. Readily disturbed by day, has been found flying in evening sunshine, and comes to light. Hab Dry, short-turfed grassland, including heathland, sand dunes. Fp Grasses, particularly hair-grasses. LS July–May. In a silken tube at the roots and stem bases.

Meadow Grass-moth

Plate 60 (2) Crambus lathoniellus (Zinck.) 63.086 Common. FL 9–11mm. Forewing whitish brown to reddish brown with greyish or whitish streaks, a narrow white longitudinal streak widening from the base, interrupted at about two-thirds by an oblique line, the costal margin straight and the dorsal margin with a tooth-like mark at about one-half; the cilia are partly metallic. Similar species C. pratella. FS May–August. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Sometimes abundant. Hab A wide range of grasslands. Fp Various grasses, including Tufted Hair-grass. LS July–April. In a silken tube at the stem bases.

476 Crambidae

Southern Heath Grass-moth Plate 60 Crambus hamella (Thunb.) 63.087 Very local. FL 12–13mm. Forewing greyish brown, with a broad white longitudinal streak not touching the costa, and a tooth-mark on the dorsal margin at just over one-half, the streak ending in a point just before an elbowed crossline near the termen. FS August– mid-September. Occasionally flies by day but more usually from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Dry heathland. Fp Not known, but possibly fine-leaved grasses.

Satin Grass-moth Plate 60 (2) Crambus perlella (Scop.) 63.088 Common. FL 11–14mm. Forewing bright shining white or pale yellowish white. A streaked form occurs in most populations, sometimes predominantly, with the veins and ground colour of the forewing variably shaded dusky grey. FS Late May–September. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Can be abundant. Hab Grassy areas in a variety of habitats, including bogs, calcareous grasslands, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, woodland glades. Fp Various grasses, including fescues and hair-grasses, and possibly with a preference for coarser grasses. LS September–June. In a silken tube at the stem bases.

Common Grass-moth Agriphila tristella ([D. & S.])

Plate 60 (2) 63.089

Common. FL 12–14mm. Forewing pale sandy brown to dark brown, variably shaded darker towards the costa, with a white, pale creamy or yellowish longitudinal streak, although rarely this can be obsolete, narrowing towards the mid-wing and branched towards the termen, and sometimes with a rather indistinct weakly elbowed crossline at just over five-sixths. Similar species A. selasella has a smoother texture and a squarer wing tip, with a whitish longitudinal streak that does not narrow towards the mid-wing; also the face is rounded, not slightly pointed, although this can be difficult to see. FS June–September, and rarely recorded in October. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Calcareous and sandy grasslands, heathland, waste ground. Fp Various grasses, including Wavy Hair-grass and meadowgrasses. LS September–June. Towards the base of a stem in a vertical silken tube.

Barred Grass-moth Agriphila inquinatella ([D. & S.])

Plate 60 63.090

Common. More local in the north. FL 11–14mm. Forewing pale sandy brown to greyish brown, variably darker along the veins, with a fine pale longitudinal streak, this usually more prominent in darker examples, and with an oblique crossline, frequently obsolete in part, passing through a short dark longitudinal dash near the mid-wing, with another crossline at about five-sixths, this curved and often thickened to form a chevron-like mark near the dorsum. Similar species A. geniculea has more strongly elbowed crosslines, and the forewing appears generally smoother and glossier, with shiny cilia. Pediasia contaminella typically rests head down in a declining posture, and is more uniform in appearance, with the crosslines less clear and a dot in the mid-wing which, if visible, is small and round, not a short bar; the cilia are dull grey, not shiny. FS Mid-June–October, and has been recorded in late May. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Occasionally numerous. Hab Grasslands on light soils, including calcareous grasslands, grassy heathland, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, waste ground. Fp Grasses, including Bristle Bent, meadow-grasses, Sheep’s-fescue. LS ?September–May. In spring in a slight silken tube among roots and stem bases.

Crambidae 477

White-streaked Grass-moth Plate 60 Agriphila latistria (Haw.) 63.091 Local. Scarce in Scotland and the Channel Islands, and rare in Ireland. Occasionally wanders from breeding sites. FL 11–13mm. Forewing reddish brown, tinged greyish, with a broad white longitudinal streak extending into the cilia. FS July–September. Comes to light. Hab Open dry habitats, including calcareous grasslands, dry heathland, sand dunes. Fp Grasses, especially bromes. LS ?September–June. In spring in a silken tube on the soil leading into the roots.

Pale-streaked Grass-moth

Plate 60 Agriphila selasella (Hübn.) 63.092 Local. More local in the north and in Scotland. FL 11–15mm. Forewing sandy yellow or yellowish brown, with a whitish longitudinal streak, this dividing into three or four fine branches that extend along the veins, often bordered with darker brown along the costal margin. Similar species A. tristella. FS Late June–September. Can be disturbed by day, and comes to light. Hab Fens, wet grasslands, marshes, saltmarshes; occasionally drier habitats, including calcareous grasslands. Fp Various grasses, including Small Cordgrass, Common Saltmarsh-grass, Sheep’s-fescue. LS ?September–June. In spring in a silken gallery incorporating chewed grass, on the ground among stem bases.

Straw Grass-moth Agriphila straminella ([D. & S.])

Plate 60 63.093

Common. FL 8–10mm. Forewing pale sandy brown, darker towards the costa, with a series of dark brown or blackish dots along the termen; the cilia are metallic. FS June– September. Flies by day, and comes to light. Often abundant. Hab Calcareous and other grasslands, heathland, marshes. Fp Various grasses, such as Sheep’s-fescue; has been reared from Glaucous Sedge. LS September–June. Towards the base of a stem in a vertical silken tube.

Chevron Grass-moth Plate 60 (2) Agriphila geniculea (Haw.) 63.095 Common. More local in Scotland. FL 10–13mm. Forewing pale sandy brown, appearing slightly glossy, variably speckled brownish or greyish brown, with an indistinct pale longitudinal streak, and with an oblique elbowed crossline at about one-half, thickened and darkened to form a short dash near the middle, with another crossline at about three-quarters, strongly elbowed near the apex, less so near the tornus, and sometimes thickened near the middle; the cilia are silvery metallic. Similar species A. inquinatella, Pediasia contaminella. FS Late June–October. Readily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Occasionally abundant. Hab Dry areas, including calcareous and sandy grasslands, grassy heathland, sand dunes, vegetated shingle, occasionally gardens. Fp Grasses. LS September–June. In a slight silken tube at the stem base.

Scottish Grass-moth Plate 61 Catoptria permutatellus (Herr.-Schäff.) 63.096 Very local. Formerly recorded in Cumbria. A single recent example in Norfolk, presumed immigrant. FL 11–14mm. Forewing golden brown and darker brown bordering the white longitudinal streak which is trisected by oblique dark brown stripes at one-half and fivesixths; the cilia are whitish, banded with brown and faintly chequered. Similar species C. pinella has the white longitudinal streak bisected only, so does not have a narrow white line towards the termen. Also C. osthelderi (not illustrated), a very scarce immigrant, and C. speculalis (not illustrated), recorded once in the nineteenth century; if either is suspected, genitalia examination will be necessary to confirm identification. FS July–early September. Can be disturbed from the foliage of small pines

478 Crambidae and sometimes birches, preferring more isolated trees. Comes to light. Hab Glens, mountain valleys. Fp Probably mosses. In captivity has fed on several species of moss and at least one sedge. LS Probably August–May. Within silken tubes or spinnings.

Pearl Grass-moth

Plate 61 Catoptria pinella (Linn.) 63.099 Common. More local in northern England and Scotland. FL 10–13mm. Forewing golden brown, with a broad white median longitudinal streak, edged with reddish brown and bisected by an oblique reddish-brown line at about one-half, resulting in two broad white patches. Similar species C. permutatellus. FS June–September. Comes to light. Hab Heathland, marshes, waste ground, woodland rides, woodland clearings. Fp Tufted Hair-grass, Hare’s-tail Cottongrass, probably other grasses and sedges. LS September– June. In a vertical silken tube among tufts of the foodplant, and recorded among moss.

Pearl-banded Grass-moth Catoptria margaritella ([D. & S.])

Plate 61 63.100

Local. Except for parts of Devon and Cornwall, scarce over southern and eastern England, where it is a probable immigrant or wanderer. FL 10–12mm. Forewing light brown to reddish brown, with a broad white longitudinal streak, broadest at about four-fifths and tapering towards the apex, ending just short of the termen. FS Late June–early September. Easily disturbed by day, and comes to light. Sometimes numerous. Hab Wet heathland, mosses, moorland, usually in upland situations. Fp Has been found among the moss Campylopus flexuosus, later feeding on the moss and Common Cottongrass in captivity. LS ?September–May. In a slight spinning.

Mountain Grass-moth Plate 61 Catoptria furcatellus (Zett.) 63.101 Very local. Scotland, and recently found in a few sites in North Wales and Cumbria. FL 9–11mm. Forewing brown, with a narrow dull white longitudinal streak tapering towards but not reaching the termen; the cilia are white. FS June–August, tending to fly earlier in the south of its range. Makes short flights by day in calm conditions. Hab Mountains at elevations of 400–900m, but has been found up to c. 1,150m; occurs at lower elevations further north. Fp/LS Possibly Racomitrium languinosum and other mosses. Overwinters as a larva.

Chequered Grass-moth Catoptria falsella ([D. & S.])

Plate 61 63.102

Common. Local in Scotland. Probably spreading. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2005. FL 9–12mm. Forewing pale straw yellow, heavily speckled with dark brown between the veins, with a white longitudinal streak, broadly and obliquely divided by a crossline at about two-thirds; at about four-fifths is another crossline, which is strongly elbowed near the apex and double-angled near the dorsum. Similar species C. verellus is usually slightly smaller, with a short white basal streak and black suffusion in the mid-wing. FS June–September. Comes to light. Hab Places where thick mosses grow, including coastal locations, gardens, farm buildings, woodland. Fp Mosses, including Syntrichia ruralis and Barbula species on moss-covered roofs. LS ?September–May. In a silk tube deep within the moss.

Crambidae 479

Marbled Grass-moth Plate 61 Catoptria verellus (Zinck.) 63.103 Scarce immigrant and likely to be a colonist. Probably at least temporarily resident in Kent and Suffolk. Unrecorded in Britain from the end of the nineteenth century until 2001, when it was seen in Hampshire and Kent. FL 8.5–9mm. Forewing pale brown, suffused with black between the veins in the mid-wing, with a short white basal streak and a short white streak at seven-eighths. Similar species C. falsella. FS Late May–August. Comes to light. Hab Orchards, open broad-leaved woodland; as an immigrant, mainly coastal locations. Fp In Continental Europe it is found on mosses on the ground and on tree trunks and branches. LS Possibly August–May.

Powdered Grass-moth Plate 61 Thisanotia chrysonuchella (Scop.) 63.107 Very local. Probably declining. FL 11–13mm. Forewing whitish, finely speckled black, with brown shading in a broad band along the costa and two narrower longitudinal bands towards the dorsum, and an oblique weakly elbowed brown crossline at just beyond one-half merging with the bands of brown shading, and another thinner brown crossline at five-sixths which curves towards the costa, the whole wing having a faintly chequered appearance; the cilia are metallic. FS Late April–June, and recorded up to mid-July. Readily disturbed by day, particularly in the afternoon, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Short-turfed areas of cliffs, Breckland and calcareous grasslands, sand dunes. Fp Probably Sheep’s-fescue, other grasses and possibly mosses. In captivity has been reported feeding on the moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus. LS Mid-June–May. On stem bases and the upper parts of the roots, feeding from within a silken tube.

Dune Grass-moth Plate 61 Pediasia fascelinella (Hübn.) 63.108 Rare. Coastal Suffolk and Norfolk. Occasionally found elsewhere, probably as scarce immigrants or wanderers from the East Anglian coast. FL 12–15mm. Forewing pale sandy brown, the veins paler, with ill-defined dark longitudinal streaks from the mid-wing towards the dorsum, and a series of brownish spots separated by paler veins at about one-half and two-thirds, these curved towards the costa; the cilia are chequered white and brown. FS June–mid-September. Comes to light. Hab Stabilised sand dunes. Fp Grasses, including Sand Couch, Lyme-grass, possibly also hair-grasses. LS September– June. In a long tube composed of silk and sand particles, feeding on the roots.

Rolled Grass-moth

Plate 61 Pediasia contaminella (Hübn.) 63.109 Very local. Predominantly southern and eastern, with a population on Scilly. Possibly spreading. FL 10–14mm. Rests in a declining posture with the wings slightly rolled around the abdomen. Forewing dull sandy brown, greyish brown or reddish brown, variably speckled darker, usually with a small dark point at about one-half; the crosslines are faint, often obscure, and angled towards the costa, with one just beyond one-half and another at about five-sixths, both of these oblique. A melanic form occurs. Similar species Agriphila inquinatella, A. geniculea. FS Late June–mid-October. Comes to light. Hab Dry grasslands, including grassy heathland, parkland, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Grasses, such as Sheep’s-fescue. LS September–May. Feeds among grass tufts from a vertical funnel-shaped silken tube.

480 Crambidae

Saltern Grass-moth Plate 61 Pediasia aridella (Thunb.) 63.110 Very local. Coastal, rarely found in inland locations, such as valley mires in the New Forest. A rare vagrant on Shetland. Recorded as new to Ireland in 2007. FL 10–13mm. Rests in a declining posture. Forewing sandy brown, the veins paler, slightly glossy with a blackish longitudinal streak from the base to about one-half, where it meets an oblique blackish crossline, with a sometimes obscure crossline at about five-sixths, this elbowed towards the costa, and a chevron-shaped mark near the mid-point. The intensity of the blackish markings varies. The hindwing has a dark spot or short line towards the termen. FS Late May–mid-September. Comes to light. Hab Dry grasslands, dry margins of saltmarshes, sand dunes; also recorded in a valley mire. Fp Borrer’s and Common saltmarsh-grasses, possibly other grasses. LS September–May. Feeds on stem bases from a frass-covered silken tube on the ground.

Little Grass-moth Platytes cerussella ([D. & S.])

Plate 61 (2) 63.111

Local. Predominantly coastal but also found in inland locations, such as Breckland in East Anglia. FL 5–8mm. Male forewing ranges from sandy brown to dark greyish brown, with oblique reddish-brown crosslines at one-half and four-fifths, these sometimes obscure; the cilia are metallic. The female has a narrower forewing, whitish to pale yellowish brown, variably speckled brown, particularly towards the apex, with the crosslines edged brownish, sometimes partly obscure. FS Late May–July, sometimes recorded up to early September. Readily disturbed by day from grasses, and comes to light. Can be numerous. Hab Dry sparsely vegetated areas, including crumbling cliffs and rocky places near the sea, Breckland, calcareous and sandy grasslands, heathlands, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Stiff grasses such as fescues, possibly Sand Sedge or other sedges. LS ?August–June. Feeds on roots from a slight silk tube deep within a tussock, or under stones.

Hook-tipped Grass-moth Plate 61 Platytes alpinella (Hübn.) 63.112 Very local. Predominantly coastal, from south-east England to Yorkshire; very locally in south Devon and southern Ireland. Occasionally found elsewhere as a wanderer or immigrant. FL 9–11mm. Forewing brownish, the apex pointed, with a fine white longitudinal streak most clearly defined in the basal two-thirds, and with two oblique brown zigzag crosslines, at one-half and at four-fifths, the outer crossline outwardly edged whitish; the cilia are partly metallic. FS Late June–mid-September, and has been recorded in late May. Flies from dusk, visits flowers of ragworts, and comes to light. Hab Sandy grassland, sand dunes, vegetated shingle. Fp Probably the moss Syntrichia ruralis var. ruraliformis and other mosses. LS ?September–?May.

Brown China-mark Plate 61 Elophila nymphaeata (Linn.) 63.114 Common. More local in northern Scotland. FL 12–16mm. The female is larger and paler than the male. Forewing variably shaded pale to dark brown with three large white blotches, ringed with brown lines, several smaller white blotches in the subterminal area, and a pale brown terminal band. A form occurs in which the forewing is suffused brownish throughout, and the subterminal area is dark brown. Similar species E. rivulalis is smaller and whiter, with dark brown lines and shading, and the terminal band is white or chequered brown and white. FS Late May–early October. Readily disturbed by day from waterside vegetation, and comes to light. Hab Bog pools, ditches, lakes, marshes, gravel pits, ponds, slow-flowing rivers and canals; occasionally elsewhere. Fp A range of water plants, including Bur-reeds, Frogbit,

Crambidae 481

u Brown China-mark Elophila nymphaeata larval case.

Small China-mark Cataclysta lemnata larva in its case made from duckweed leaves.

u

pondweeds, water-plantains. LS July–June. Aquatic. The young larva mines a leaf, and later lives in a floating case constructed of two leaf fragments.

Irish China-mark Plate 61 Elophila rivulalis (Dup.) 63.1145 Confined to Ireland, where it was discovered in 2017. FL 10–12.5mm. Forewing white with brown crosslines near the base, at one-third, and a sinuate crossline at three-quarters, this strongly curved inwards in the mid-wing, and sometimes broken. Similar species E. nymphaeata. FS April–September, probably in two generations. Readily disturbed by day. Hab Known from a calcareous marsh fed by a thermal spring. Fp/LS Unknown, but likely to be aquatic or semi-aquatic plants.

Water Veneer Acentria ephemerella ([D. & S.])

Plate 61 63.115

Common. Very local in Scotland. FL 6–8mm. The winged female is larger than the male. Forewing pale grey. The female typically has rudimentary wings, although a winged form occurs. Similar species Could be overlooked as a caddis-fly (Trichoptera). FS Late May– mid-October, in one generation or with a second generation in at least part of its range. Flies at night over the water surface, and comes to light. Can be abundant, occasionally swarming on warm nights. Adults are short-lived. Hab Marshes, lakes, ponds; disperses widely. Fp Filamentous algae, pondweeds, stoneworts, Canadian Waterweed, and possibly other aquatic plants. LS September–June. Aquatic. Inhabits a loose spinning among the foodplant. Has been found at a depth of up to 2m.

Small China-mark

Plate 62 (2) Cataclysta lemnata (Linn.) 63.116 Common. In Scotland, found at a site in Glasgow and recently recorded from a few sites in the south of the country. FL 8–11mm. Male forewing shining white, with a minute dark spot at two-thirds; the cilia are chequered. Male hindwing white, with a conspicuous black band with bluish-silvery dots bordering the termen. Female forewing suffused with yellowish brown, with a darker, sometimes obscure spot at two-thirds. Female hindwing is like that of the male, but with more brownish shading. FS May–October, in one generation or with an occasional partial second generation. Readily disturbed by day from waterside vegetation, and comes to light. Hab Ditches, grazing levels, ponds, open water within reedbeds; occasionally elsewhere. Fp Duckweeds, including Greater Duckweed; possibly on a range of other aquatic plants. LS August–May. Aquatic. Feeds below the water surface within a case made from duckweed leaf fragments. Overwinters partially grown.

482 Crambidae

Ringed China-mark

Plate 62 (2) Parapoynx stratiotata (Linn.) 63.117 Common. Rare in western Scotland. FL 10–14mm. Male forewing whitish, shaded yellowish brown, with broken or diffused darker crossbands at about one-third and at about two-thirds, the outer one curving around a dark-ringed spot beyond one-half. Male hindwing is white with a broken darker line. The female is usually larger and longer-winged, the forewing heavily shaded orange-brown, brown or dark brown, with the crossbands obscure but the darker-ringed white spot usually still obvious, and the hindwing similar to that of the male, but with more brownish shading. FS May–October. The male can be readily disturbed by day from waterside vegetation. Comes to light. Hab Ditches, margins of lakes and ponds, marshes, slow-flowing rivers and canals; occasionally elsewhere. Fp Hornworts, pondweeds, Canadian Waterweed, and other water plants. LS July–May. Aquatic. Spins leaves together and lives in an open web.

Beautiful China-mark Plate 62 Nymphula nitidulata (Hufn.) 63.118 Local. More local north from central Scotland. FL 10–12mm. Intensity of the markings is variable. Forewing shining white with brown markings, including three large broadly rounded white blotches in the middle part of the wing. FS May–September. Easily disturbed by day from waterside vegetation, and comes to light. Hab Fens, marshes, margins of lakes, rivers and streams; occasionally elsewhere. Fp Bur-reeds, Yellow Water-lily, possibly other water plants. LS August–May. Aquatic. Feeds below the water surface within a case of spun leaves or in the stem.

Marbled Fern

Plate 62 Musotima nitidalis (Walk.) 63.119 Established adventive and spreading. A native of Australia and New Zealand, now resident locally in Dorset, Hampshire and parts of south-east England. First recorded in this country in 2009. FL 7–8mm. Forewing with a scalloped termen, orangey brown, variably shaded darker, with a distinct, usually curved, white mark from the costa at about threequarters, and variably distinct elongate u Marbled Fern Musotima nitidalis larva. white markings along the dorsum. FS April–early December, in one extended generation or possibly with two generations. Can be easily disturbed by day, flies at dusk, and comes to light. Nectars on a range of plants, including Mountain Fleece and Russian Vine. Can occur in numbers. Hab Bracken understorey in wooded heathland and in woodland. Fp Mainly Bracken; also recorded on Broad Buckler-fern, Hard-fern. LS Has been recorded in June–December, but is also likely to be found at other times of the year. Grazes openly on the underside of a frond.

Giant Water-veneer Schoenobius gigantella ([D. & S.])

Plate 62 (2) 63.120

Local but possibly spreading. Predominantly south-eastern and more frequent in coastal counties. An occasional wanderer. FL 12–23mm. The male is usually smaller than the female. Male forewing is rather broad, with a blunt apex, and light brownish to brown, sometimes tinted reddish or thinly speckled blackish; two small dark dots are usually present at about two-thirds, and other dots are variably present. Female forewing is brown, relatively narrow compared with that of the male, and the termen is oblique,

Crambidae 483 ranging from almost unmarked, sometimes with a blackish dot at about two-thirds along with other scattered dots, to heavy black shading from the base to the apex; a dark brown subapical streak, which may be faint in the female, meets the costa before the apex. Similar species Both sexes of Donacaula forficella are usually slightly smaller, narrower and more pointed-winged, and the dark subapical streak curves to meet the apex. FS May–July, and occasionally recorded to mid-September. Comes to light. Hab Broads, grazing levels, gravel pits, reedbeds. Fp Common Reed, Reed Sweet-grass. LS May–June, and possibly later in the year. Feeds within young shoots and stems, usually below water, cutting off a section of reed to enable it to float to a new stem.

Pale Water-veneer Plate 62 (2) Donacaula forficella (Thunb.) 63.121 Local. Recorded as new to Scotland in 2018. FL 11–17mm. The female is usually larger than the male. Male forewing pale straw yellow with a black dot at about two-thirds, a brownish longitudinal streak below the costa, and a dark brown subapical streak that curves to meet the apex, the streaks varying in intensity. Female forewing light yellowish brown, longer, strongly pointed, with the termen slightly concave, markings like the male and varying in intensity. Similar species Chilo phragmitella female; Schoenobius gigantella. FS Late May–July, occasionally late August–September, in one generation, with a possible partial second generation. Readily disturbed by day, flies from dusk, and comes to light. Hab Ditches, fens, marshes, gravel pits, reedbeds. Fp Bur-reeds, Common Reed, sedges, Reed Sweet-grass. LS May–June, and probably earlier. Young larvae mine the leaves before feeding within stems, creating characteristic pin holes where the larva has entered. Can move between stems on an excised section of leaf, or construct a portable case from a hollow stem which the larva then fixes to another stem at right angles.

Streaked Water-veneer Donacaula mucronella ([D. & S.])

Plate 62 63.122

Local. FL 11–17mm. Male forewing dull greyish brown to brownish; female forewing more yellowish brown, with a pointed apex and an oblique termen. Both sexes have a broad pale coastal streak, edged below by a dark brown streak and extending to the wing apex. FS May–July, occasionally recorded up to early September, in one generation, or with a possible partial second generation. Comes to light. Hab Ditches, fens, marshes, reedbeds. Fp Greater Pond-sedge and other sedges, Common Reed, Reed Sweet-grass. LS July–May. Feeds within a stem above the root. Species not covered Straw Pearl Paracorsia repandalis ([D. & S.]) 63.001 I/E

Scarce Silver-spotted Veneer Euchromius ramburiellus (Dup.) 63.0762 I/E

Large Straw-barred Pearl Pyrausta aerealis (Hübn.) 63.010 I/E

Club-rush Veneer Friedlanderia cicatricella (Hübn.) 63.078 I/E

American Yellow-underwing Pearl Uresiphita reversalis (Guen.) 63.012 I/E

Drab Grass-moth Agriphila poliellus (Treits.) 63.094 I/E

Lettered Sable Diasemia reticularis (Linn.) 63.043 I/EW

Eastern Grass-moth Catoptria osthelderi (Lattin) 63.097 I/E

Mung Moth Maruca vitrata (Fabr.) 63.045 I & A/EW

Alpine Grass-moth C. speculalis Hübn. 63.098 I/S

Cream Pearl Hodebertia testalis (Fabr.) 63.049 I/E

Yellow Grass-moth C. lythargyrella (Hübn.) 63.104 I/E

American Rush Veneer Nomophila nearctica Munroe 63.053 I/E

Orange-barred Grass-moth Chrysocrambus linetella (Fabr.) 63.105 I/E

Grass Webworm Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walk.) 63.055 I/E

Latticed Grass-moth C. craterella (Scop.) 63.106 I/E

Desert Pearl Cornifrons ulceratalis Led. 63.0605 I/EWI

Giant Grass-moth Ancylolomia tentaculella (Hübn.) 63.113 I/EC

APPENDIX 1.

Identification of green metallic Coleophora species Species

Forewing length (mm)

Distribution

Flight period

Foodplant

C. trifolii  37.033 Plate 24

7.5–10

Widespread in England, more local in Wales and Ireland

June–August

Ribbed, Tall and White melilots

5.5–7

Very local in England, Wales and Ireland, with one recent record in Scotland (from Fife)

May and August

?Red Clover

5.5–7

Widely distributed in England, although more local outside the south and east, local in Wales and very local in Scotland

May–September

White and Alsike clovers

5–6

Widespread in England, Wales and Ireland, very local in Scotland

June–August

Red Clover

7–9

Very local in southern England, as far north as Northamptonshire

Late May–June

Smooth Tare

5–6

Widespread throughout much of Britain and Ireland

June–July

White Clover

C. frischella 37.034 Not illustrated

C. alcyonipennella  37.035 Not illustrated

C. deauratella  37.046 Not illustrated

C. amethystinella  37.047 Not illustrated

C. mayrella  37.048 Not illustrated

Appendix 1   485



Other key features

Comments

Metallic golden green, slight purple reflection towards apex

Upper margin of eye with orangey-yellow scales

Identifiable from external features

Apical 20% greyish white, remainder brownish grey. Slightly thickened shining dark scales only at the very base

Metallic bronzy green, purple reflection towards apex

Ovipositor in female extends beyond wings at rest

Usually requires genitalia examination to confirm identity

Apical 20% greyish white, remainder brownish grey. Slightly thickened shining dark scales only at the very base

Metallic bronzy green, purple reflection towards apex

Ovipositor in female not visible at rest

Usually requires genitalia examination to confirm identity

Apical 20% greyish white, remainder brownish grey. Basal 10–25% with thick shining dark scales

Metallic golden green with conspicuous purple sheen, especially towards apex

Identifiable from external features

Brownish grey throughout

Metallic golden green, purple reflection towards apex

Identifiable from external features

Apical 60% white ringed with Metallic golden green, purple blackish, remainder with thick reflection towards apex dark scales reflecting purple

Identifiable from external features

Antenna

Forewing

Apical 25–35% greyish white, remainder dark brownish grey

APPENDIX 2.

Identification of Cnephasia species with a grey forewing Species

Forewing length (mm)

Distribution

Flight period

Habitat

6–9

Common. Local in Scotland

Late May–mid-August, and recorded in September. Usually the earliest of the smaller species to appear

Gardens and urban parks, grasslands, hedgerows, woodland

9–11

Common. Local in Scotland

June–August, and recorded in April–May and October

Fens, gardens, grasslands, hedgerows, marshes, scrub, open woodland

7–10

Common. The most widespread Cnephasia in Scotland

Late May–August. In Scotland it emerges later than C. incertana

Gardens, grasslands, hedgerows, scrub, open woodland

7–9

Local from the Midlands southwards; very local or rare elsewhere

June–July, and recorded in May and August

Fens, rough grasslands, marshes

7–9

Local. Currently recorded south of a line between Dorset and Suffolk

Late June–mid-August

Poorly understood. Recorded in open countryside and in urban areas

8–11

Local. Resident in coastal counties in central southern and south-east England, probably immigrant / wanderer elsewhere

Late June–August, and recorded in early September. Often the latest of the plain species to appear

Cliffs, coastal slopes, calcareous and rough grasslands, open woodland, occasionally gardens

9–11

Local in the south and east, rare elsewhere. Recorded new to Ireland in 2003

May–July. Usually the only large species flying in May

Fens, calcareous and rough grasslands

8–11

Local. Very local in Scotland, widespread in Ireland. Often numerous in coastal areas

June–mid-August, and recorded in early September. In Ireland, May–September, possibly in two generations

Coastal cliffs, calcareous and other herb-rich coastal grasslands

C. incertana 49.049 Plate 36

C. stephensiana 49.050 Plate 36

C. asseclana  49.051 Plate 36

C. pasiuana  49.052 Plate 36

C. pumicana  49.053 Plate 36

C. genitalana  49.054 Plate 36

C. communana  49.055 Plate 36

C. conspersana  49.056 Plate 36

Appendix 2   487



Forewing

Other key features

Comment

Typically the pale areas are less speckled dark grey than in C. asseclana

Ovipositor exceptionally long, and can be seen protruding from the abdomen, unlike that in the females of other Cnephasia species

Usually requires genitalia examination to confirm identity

Variable, from pale grey to blackish brown, often mid-grey; markings can be well defined or obscured

Forewing broad with a rather blunted apex

Usually requires genitalia examination to confirm identity. Also confused with Eana incanana (49.047)

Usually more variegated or mottled than other small species, with a narrower central crossband and a costal mark near the apex often extending to the termen

In Scotland, examples can be as large as C. stephensiana. A melanic form occurs in which most wing markings are obscured

Usually requires genitalia examination to confirm identity

Usually greyish brown and obscurely patterned, but with a relatively broad central crossband, the inner margin being more strongly defined

Usually requires genitalia examination to confirm identity

Uniformly grey, with only a hint of typical Cnephasia markings. Most similar to C. pasiuana

Usually requires genitalia examination to confirm identity

Typically whitish grey with faint markings

Usually slightly larger than other pale obscurely marked species

Usually requires genitalia examination to confirm identity

Pale grey with well-defined blackish markings. Most similar to but less variable than C. stephensiana

Forewing narrow and pointed

Identifiable from external features if seen in May

Often whitish grey with contrasting blackish markings, sometimes mid-grey and obscurely marked. The crossband at one-quarter extends to the dorsum; this is not apparent in the other large Cnephasia species

Forewing narrow and pointed

Well-marked examples are identifiable from external features

APPENDIX 3.

Identification of Cochylimorpha and Aethes species with a straw-coloured forewing and brownish crossbands Species

Forewing length (mm)

Distribution

Forewing

7–10

Common. Local in Scotland

Forewing dull whitish yellow with a brown oblique crossband before one-half from the dorsum to the mid-wing, interrupted or faint towards the costa, and often with a brown mark before the tornus

9–13

Rare. Confined to Kent

Forewing dull whitish yellow with a brown oblique crossband before one-half from the dorsum to the mid-wing, interrupted or faint towards the costa, with blackish scale tufts along the inner and outer margins of the crossband

6–9

Common

Forewing pale yellowish with two orangeybrown or reddish-brown oblique crossbands from the dorsum, indistinct beyond the mid-wing except for paler brown marks on the costa at one-half and before the apex

7–9

Local. Rare in northern England

Forewing pale yellow, with two narrow brown oblique crossbands from the dorsum, the outer one reaching the costa, the inner one obsolete beyond the mid-wing except for a narrow mark on the costa. A narrow-winged species

7–9

Local. Possibly spreading north and west

Forewing pale yellow, with two brown oblique crossbands from the dorsum reaching the costa. A narrow-winged species

7.5–9.5

Immigrant and colonist. Now established in Devon and Dorset

Forewing dull orangey yellow, paler towards the apex, with two brown oblique crossbands, the inner one usually broadest on the dorsum and narrowing to the costa, the outer one sometimes interrupted or not reaching the costa

7–9

Local. Very local or rare in northern England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland

Forewing pale yellow, with two narrow brown oblique crossbands from the dorsum reaching the costa. A narrow-winged species

C. straminea 49.097 Plate 40

C. alternana 49.098 Plate 40

A. smeathmanniana 49.120 Plate 41

A. dilucidana 49.122 Plate 41

A. beatricella 49.123 Plate 41

A. deaurana 49.1231 Plate 41

A. francillana 49.124 Plate 41

Appendix 3   489



Key features

Comment

Single crossband. C. alternana is almost identical, but larger

Identifiable from external features

Single crossband. Very similar to C. straminea, but larger

May require genitalia examination to confirm identity

Two interrupted crossbands

Identifiable from external features

Two crossbands, the inner band incomplete and the outer band complete

Identifiable from external features

Two complete crossbands, slightly broader and less oblique than in A. francillana. The costal end of the inner band does not extend beyond the dorsal end of the outer band

Identifiable from external features

Forewing ground colour more orangey yellow than in similar species. The inner crossband is broader and has straighter margins than in A. beatricella, and is much broader than in A. francillana

Identifiable from external features

Two complete crossbands. The costal end of the inner band extends just beyond the dorsal end of the outer band

Identifiable from external features

(continued overleaf)

490   Appendix 3

APPENDIX 3 (continued).

Species

Forewing length (mm)

Distribution

Forewing

5–6

Single examples recorded during July–August in Devon, Dorset and Norfolk

Forewing pale yellow with two irregularly margined brown oblique crossbands, the inner one sometimes interrupted before the costa. A narrow-winged species

7.5–8

One example recorded in Essex in 2006

Forewing pale yellow with two brown oblique crossbands from the dorsum to the costa. A narrow-winged species

7–8

Common

Forewing creamy whitish with patches of brownish yellow and greyish, and an orangeybrown oblique crossband from the dorsum, sometimes interrupted towards the costa. A broad-winged species

7–10

Common. Local in Scotland

Forewing creamy whitish with patches of brownish yellow and greyish, and a brown or dark brown crossband which is usually broadly interrupted towards the costa. A broad-winged species

A. bilbaensis 49.125 Not illustrated

A. fennicana 49.126 Not illustrated

A. cnicana 49.127 Plate 41

A. rubigana 49.128 Plate 41

Appendix 3   491



Key features

Comment

Smaller than similar species. More strongly marked brown If suspected, identity must be confirmed by genitalia along the costa from the base to the inner band, with the outer examination band closer to the termen and often slightly curved. In A. dilucidana the inner band is shorter than in A. bilbaensis

Very similar to A. beatricella, but the crossbands are often interrupted near the costa

If suspected, identity must be determined by genitalia examination

The outer margin of the crossband is hardly indented near the dorsum. Compared with A. rubigana it is slightly smaller, narrower-winged, and has a narrower and less oblique orangey-brown crossband

Identifiable from external features

The outer margin of the crossband is deeply indented before the dorsum. Compared with A. cnicana it is slightly larger, broader-winged, and has a broader and more oblique brown crossband

Identifiable from external features

APPENDIX 4.

Identification of Dichrorampha species Species

Costal fold in male

Forewing dorsal blotch

No

Obscure; triangular and greyish brown

No

Obscure; triangular and greyish brown

No

Obscure; triangular and greyish brown

Yes, to one-third

Obscure; narrowly triangular and whitish

Yes, to one-third

Triangular and brownish white, contrasting with the ground colour

Yes, to one-half

Obscure; triangular and dull yellowish orange

Yes, to one-half

Obscure; triangular and pale greyish brown

Yes, to one-half

Contrasting creamy whitish and squarish

Yes, to one-half

Hardly discernible

Yes, to one-half

Oblique, dull orangey brown or yellowish brown, sometimes obscured by pale ground colour

Yes, to one-third

Contrasting yellow or yellowish orange and slightly curved

Yes, to one-half

Contrasting yellow or yellowish orange and slightly curved

Yes, to one-third

Contrasting pale yellow and curved

Yes, to one-half

Oblique, triangular and pale grey; sometimes hard to discern

Yes, to one-third

Obscure; triangular and whitish grey

D. plumbana 49.309 Plate 49 D. sedatana 49.310 Not illustrated

D. aeratana 49.311 Not illustrated D. consortana 49.312 Plate 49 D. acuminatana 49.313 Plate 49

D. sylvicolana 49.314 Plate 49 D. simpliciana 49.315 Plate 49

D. sequana 49.316 Plate 49

D. senectana 49.317 Plate 49 D. vancouverana 49.318 Plate 49

D. flavidorsana 49.319 Not illustrated

D. alpinana 49.320 Plate 49

D. petiverella 49.321 Plate 49 D. plumbagana 49.322 Plate 49

D. alpestrana 49.323 Plate 49

Appendix 4   493



Other key features

Comment

Dense dull yellowish-brown speckling in outer two-thirds only

Usually determined by genitalia examination

Dense dull yellowish-brown speckling extends across the whole wing; slightly larger than D. plumbana and D. aeratana

Usually determined by genitalia examination

Dense dull yellowish-brown speckling in outer two-thirds only

Usually determined by genitalia examination

Small species, with contrasting whitish and dark brown markings

Identifiable from external features

Forewing pointed and purplish brown, cilia shining dark grey with a central white band; underside of forewing greyish brown with bronzy reflections (cf. D. alpestrana)

Identifiable from external features

Short forewing, blunt at the apex

Identifiable from external features

Large species, having broad wings with a rounded apex, and often obscurely marked

Identifiable from external features

Dorsal blotch perpendicular to the dorsum, extending beyond the mid-wing towards the costa (cf. D. petiverella)

Identifiable from external features

Forewing densely and evenly speckled, with black terminal dots tiny or absent

Usually determined by genitalia examination

Narrow-winged species; forewing dull orangey brown or yellowish brown

Identifiable from external features

Hindwing uniform dark greyish brown or dark brown

Male costal fold is diagnostic; female can be identified only by genitalia examination

Hindwing greyish brown, paler near the base

Male costal fold diagnostic; female can be identified only by examination of genitalia

Dorsal blotch curved and extended just as far as the mid-wing (cf. D. sequana)

Identifiable from external features

Narrow-winged species. Forewing densely speckled yellowish grey, with three black terminal dots and other black streaks in the outer one-third

Identifiable from external features

Forewing yellowish brown, rounded at the apex; underside of forewing dark greyish brown with greyish-white scales between dark veins near the apex, and greenish and coppery reflections (cf. D. acuminatana)

Identifiable from external features

APPENDIX 5.

Identification of similar-looking, conifer-feeding Cydia species Species

Forewing length (mm)

Distribution

5.5–7

Confined to Scotland

5.5–6.5

Very local in England and Wales

4.5–6

Very local in the southern half of England and Wales; also in the Channel Islands

4.5–7

Local in England, Scotland and Wales; very local in Ireland; recorded in the Channel Islands

6.5–8.5

Recorded in Buckinghamshire in 2010, and in Kent in 2011

4–6.5

Local in southern England and Wales. Very local in northern England and in Scotland

5–7

Local in southern England, very local elsewhere, possibly an occasional immigrant; also recorded in the Channel Islands

5.5–8

Rare. Confined to southern England

C. cognatana 49.328 Plate 49

C. illutana 49.329 Plate 49

C. conicolana 49.330 Plate 49

C. coniferana 49.332 Plate 49

C. indivisa 49.333 Not illustrated

C. cosmophorana 49.334 Plate 49

C. strobilella 49.335 Plate 49

C. pactolana 49.336 Plate 49

Appendix 5   495



Forewing dorsal mark

Other key features

White, extending to the mid-wing, narrow and curving; dark scales centrally near the dorsum

One of the larger species. Ocellus well defined, containing three black streaks

Whitish, not extending to the mid-wing, narrow and usually curving, with ill-defined margins

Blackish-brown forewings with ill-defined markings other than the dorsal mark and short costal streaks

Narrow silvery-grey crossband extending to the costa

A narrow-winged species. Outer two-thirds finely speckled yellowish, the basal third greyish brown. Ocellus containing three or four long black streaks

Narrow and curving, white at the dorsum, fading to grey in the mid-wing where right angled, then white again near the costa at one-third; the white marks contain a narrow dark line centrally

Ocellus well defined, containing three or more black streaks

Sharply curving, white at the dorsum, hardly visible in the mid-wing where acutely angled, then white near the costa at two-fifths; the white marks often contain a dark line centrally

The largest species in the group, with a broad forewing. Ocellus well defined, containing three or more black streaks

Narrow silvery-white crossband extending to the costa, angled in the mid-wing and sometimes interrupted

The smallest species in the group. Distinct white mark on the termen below the apex, and a well-defined ocellus, yellowish brown with black streaks. Outer two-thirds with goldenyellowish speckling, which is most distinct beyond the central crossline

Paired silvery-grey crossbands extending to the costa where white, angled in the mid-wing

A narrow-winged species. Forewing dark brown, speckled golden yellowish brown in the outer half, with an obscurely marked ocellus

Variable. Whitish-brown triangular marks, or paired whitish lines extending to the costa, angled in the mid-wing

A broad-winged species. Forewing dark brown, with the outer third densely speckled yellowish brown, and a well-defined ocellus

APPENDIX 6.

Identification of similar-looking Pammene species Species

Forewing length (mm)

Distribution

Flight period

5–7

Scarce immigrant, probable resident. Recorded in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland

Mid-May–early July

6.5–7.5

Local in England, very local in Wales and Scotland. Rare in Ireland

Mid-March–May

4.5–6

Common. More local further west and north

April–mid-June

5–6

Very local in southern England, but likely to be more widespread

Late April–July

5–6

Local in England and Wales. Scarce from the Midlands northwards. Rare in Scotland and Ireland

May–July

5–6

Local. Very local in northern England, Wales and Scotland. Rare in Ireland

Late April–June

6.5–7.5

Very local in England and south-east Wales. Rare in Ireland

May–June

4–6

Rare. Confined to the southern half of England

March–May

4–5

Rare. Confined to Scotland

May–June

4.5–6.5

Local in England and Wales, very local in northern England and Ireland, and scarce in Scotland

July–mid-September

4.5–5.5

Local or very local in England and Wales, and rare in Ireland

Late July–September

P. ignorata 49.361 Plate 50

P. giganteana 49.362 Plate 50

P. argyrana 49.363 Plate 50

P. suspectana 49.364 Not illustrated

P. albuginana 49.365 Plate 50

P. obscurana 49.366 Plate 50

P. herrichiana 49.368 Plate 50

P. agnotana 49.369 Not illustrated

P. luedersiana 49.370 Not illustrated

P. populana 49.372 Plate 50

P. spiniana 49.373 Plate 51

Appendix 6   497



Forewing dorsal mark

Other features

Broad five-sided white spot with a narrow extension to the A broad-winged species. Forewing dark purplish brown. mid-wing, and a small dark mark on the dorsum in the middle Hindwing dark brown, paler towards the base in the male

Small and ill-defined, mixed whitish and grey, not reaching the mid-wing

A long narrow-winged species. Hindwing creamy white with dark margins

White quadrate blotch with a small extension to the mid-wing. The blotch contains some black markings

A small short-winged species. Forewing blackish brown mottled with whitish and grey, and speckled yellowish brown in the outer half. Male hindwing whitish in a broad wedge shape

Dirty whitish dorsal patch, heavily obscured by three oblique Forewing with a speckling of orangey-brown scales in the outer dark lines. Indistinguishable from the form of P. albuginana half. Male hindwing dark greyish brown throughout with an obscured dorsal patch

Large creamy or dirty whitish dorsal patch, sometimes obscured by up to three oblique fine dark lines. If the dorsal patch is obscure, this species is indistinguishable from P. suspectana

Forewing with a speckling of orangey-brown scales in the outer half. Male hindwing pale towards the base

Ill-defined, whitish, not reaching the mid-wing, containing one central grey line and sometimes up to two more fine lines, all perpendicular to the dorsum

A broad-winged species. Forewing dark greyish, obscurely marked. Most similar to P. agnotana

Whitish, irregularly margined, extending in a rough point to the mid-wing, and containing one or two dark marks from and perpendicular to the dorsum

A large broad-winged species. Forewing with some dark orangey speckling in the outer third

Usually ill-defined, whitish heavily mottled with pale greyish brown, and reaching the mid-wing; contains a curved central grey band and sometimes another finer line. In wellmarked examples the whitish dorsal mark is extended as a greyish fascia to the costa

A small narrow-winged obscurely marked species. Most similar to P. obscurana

Whitish mixed with greyish and extended in a crossband to the costa with an angle in the mid-wing and containing one or more dark greyish-brown lines

A small narrow-winged species. Forewing heavily speckled with dull yellowish brown towards the apex

Large, white or pale yellow, with the inner margin evenly curved to a point in the mid-wing, and a small dark mark on the dorsum in the middle

P. populana and P. spiniana fly later in the year than other species

Small triangular white patch with sides of equal length, often without a blackish-brown mark on the dorsum

P. populana and P. spiniana fly later in the year than other species

498   List of English–scientific names of plants

List of English–scientific names of plants Nomenclature follows Stace (2019) where names are included in that reference. English names are ordered alphabetically by the generic equivalent followed by the specific (e.g. ‘Apple, Crab’ for ‘Crab Apple’). Scientific names in common usage as the English vernaculars (e.g. Buddleia) are not included.

English name

Scientific name

English name

Scientific name

Agrimony

Agrimonia eupatoria

Beech

Fagus sylvatica

Alder

Alnus glutinosa

Beet

Beta vulgaris

Alder, Grey

Alnus incana

Beet, Sea

Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima

Alder, Italian

Alnus cordata

Beet, Sugar

Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris

Alders

Alnus spp.

Bent, Bristle

Agrostis curtisii

Alexanders

Smyrnium olusatrum

Bent, Common

Agrostis capillaris

Alkanet

Anchusa officinalis

Bent, Creeping

Agrostis stolonifera

Almond

Prunus dulcis

Bents

Agrostis spp.

Angelica, Wild

Angelica sylvestris

Betony

Betonica officinalis

Apple

Malus domestica

Bilberries

Vaccinium spp.

Apple, Crab

Malus sylvestris

Bilberry

Vaccinium myrtillus

Apples

Malus spp.

Bilberry, Bog

Vaccinium uliginosum

Apricot

Prunus armeniaca

Bindweed, Field

Convolvulus arvensis

Archangel, Yellow

Lamiastrum galeobdolon

Bindweed, Hedge

Calystegia sepium

Arrowgrass, Marsh

Triglochin palustris

Bindweed, Large

Calystegia silvatica

Arrowgrass, Sea

Triglochin maritima

Bindweed, Sea

Calystegia soldanella

Artichoke, Globe

Cynara cardunculus

Birch, Downy

Betula pubescens

Ash

Fraxinus excelsior

Birch, Dwarf

Betula nana

Aspen

Populus tremula

Birch, Paper-bark

Betula papyrifera

Asphodel, Bog

Narthecium ossifragum

Birch, Silver

Betula pendula

Aster, Sea

Tripolium pannonicum

Birches

Betula spp.

Aubergine

Solanum melongena

Lotus corniculatus

Avens

Geum spp.

Bird’s-foot-trefoil, Common

Avens, Mountain

Dryas octopetala

Bird’s-foot-trefoil, Greater

Lotus pedunculatus

Avens, Water

Geum rivale

Bird’s-foot-trefoils

Lotus spp.

Azalea

Rhododendron spp.

Bistort, Alpine

Bistorta vivipara

Azalea, Trailing

Kalmia procumbens

Bitter-cress, Hairy

Cardamine hirsuta

Balsam-poplar, Eastern

Populus balsamifera

Bittersweet

Solanum dulcamara

Balsam-poplars

Populus spp.

Bitter-vetch

Lathyrus linifolius

Bartsia, Red

Odontites vernus

Black-bindweed

Fallopia convolvulus

Basil, Wild

Clinopodium vulgare

Black-poplar

Populus nigra

Bastard-toadflax

Thesium humifusum

Black-poplar, Hybrid

Populus x canadensis

Bay

Laurus nobilis

Bearberry

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Blackthorn

Prunus spinosa

Bedstraw, Tree

Coprosma repens

Bladder-sedge

Carex vesicaria

Bluebell

Hyacinthoides non-scripta

List of English–scientific names of plants   499

English name

Scientific name

English name

Scientific name

Bluebell, Spanish

Hyacinthoides hispanicus

Carrot, Moon

Seseli libanotis

Bog-myrtle

Myrica gale

Carrot, Wild

Daucus carota

Bog-rush, Black

Schoenus nigricans

Cat’s-tail, Smaller

Phleum bertolonii

Box

Buxus sempervirens

Catchfly, Nottingham

Silene nutans

Bracken

Pteridium aquilinum

Cat-mints

Nepeta spp.

Bramble

Rubus fruticosus agg.

Celandine, Lesser

Ficaria verna

Brideworts

Spiraea spp.

Celery, Wild

Apium graveolens

Bromes

Bromus spp.

Centaury, Common

Centaurium erythraea

Brome, False

Brachypodium sylvaticum

Chamomile, Corn

Anthemis arvensis

Broom

Cytisus scoparius

Chamomile, Stinking

Anthemis cotula

Brooms

Cytisus spp.

Chamomiles

Anthemis spp.

Bryony, White

Bryonia dioica

Charlock

Sinapis arvensis

Buckler-fern, Broad

Dryopteris dilatata

Cherries

Prunus spp.

Buckler-fern, Narrow

Dryopteris carthusiana

Cherry, Bird

Prunus padus

Buckthorn

Rhamnus cathartica

Cornelian-cherry

Cornus mas

Buckthorn, Alder

Frangula alnus

Cherry, Dwarf

Prunus cerasus

Bugle

Ajuga reptans

Cherry, Wild

Prunus avium

Bulrush

Typha latifolia

Chervil, Rough

Chaerophyllum temulum

Bulrush, Lesser

Typha angustifolia

Chestnut, Sweet

Castanea sativa

Burdock, Greater

Arctium lappa

Chickweed, Common

Stellaria media

Burdock, Lesser

Arctium minus

Chickweed, Water

Stellaria aquatica

Burdocks

Arctium spp.

Cinquefoil, Creeping

Potentilla reptans

Burnet, Great

Sanguisorba officinalis

Cinquefoil, Marsh

Comarum palustre

Burnet, Salad

Poterium sanguisorba

Cinquefoils

Potentilla spp.

Burnet-saxifrage

Pimpinella saxifraga

Claries

Salvia spp.

Bur-reeds

Sparganium spp.

Clary, Meadow

Salvia pratensis

Butcher’s-broom

Ruscus aculeatus

Cloudberry

Rubus chamaemorus

Butterbur

Petasites hybridus

Clover, Alsike

Trifolium hybridum

Butterburs

Petasites spp.

Clover, Red

Trifolium pratense

Buttercups

Ranunculus spp.

Clover, Strawberry

Trifolium fragiferum

Cabbage

Brassica oleracea

Clover, White

Trifolium repens

Cabbage, Wild

Brassica oleracea var. oleracea

Clovers

Trifolium spp.

Club-rush, Common

Schoenoplectus lacustris

Club-rush, Sea

Bolboschoenus maritimus

Cock’s-foot

Dactylis glomerata

Cockspurthorns

Crataegus crus-galli/ persimilis

Calamints

Calamintha spp.

Campion, Bladder

Silene vulgaris

Campion, Red

Silene dioica

Campion, Sea

Silene uniflora

Canary-grass, Reed

Phalaris arundinacea

Colt’s-foot

Tussilago farfara

Caraway, Whorled

Trocdaris verticillata

Columbines

Aquilegia spp.

Cardoon

Cynara cardunculus var. cardunculus

Comfrey, Common

Symphytum officinale

500   List of English–scientific names of plants English name

Scientific name

English name

Scientific name

Comfrey, Tuberous

Symphytum tuberosum

Dewberry

Rubus caesius

Conifers

Clade Gymnosperms

Dock, Broad-leaved

Rumex obtusifolius

Coralbells

Heuchera sanguinea

Dock, Curled

Rumex crispus

Cord-grass, Small

Spartina maritima

Dock, Water

Rumex hydrolapathum

Cord-grasses

Spartina spp.

Docks

Rumex spp.

Cotoneaster, Tree

Cotoneaster frigidus

Dog-rose

Rosa canina

Cotoneaster, Wall

Cotoneaster horizontalis

Dog-violet, Common

Viola riviniana

Cotoneasters

Cotoneaster spp.

Dog-violet, Heath

Viola canina

Cottongrass, Common

Eriophorum angustifolium

Dog-violets

Viola spp.

Cottongrass, Hare’s-tail

Eriophorum vaginatum

Dogwood

Cornus sanguinea

Cottongrasses

Eriophorum spp.

Downy-rose, Sherard’s

Rosa sherardii

Couch, Sand

Elymus junceiformis

Dropwort

Filipendula vulgaris

Cowberry

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

Duckweed, Greater

Spirodela polyrhiza

Cowslip

Primula veris

Duckweeds

Lemna spp.

Cow-wheat, Common

Melampyrum pratense

Elder

Sambucus nigra

Crack-willow

Salix fragilis

Elecampane

Inula helenium

Cranberry

Vaccinium oxycoccos

Elm, English

Ulmus procera

Crane’s-bills

Geranium spp.

Elm, Wych

Ulmus glabra

Cress, Hoary

Lepidium draba

Elms

Ulmus spp.

Crowberry

Empetrum nigrum

Enchanter’s-nightshade

Circaea lutetiana

Cuckooflower

Cardamine pratensis

Everlasting, Mountain

Antennaria dioica

Cudweed, Jersey

Laphangium luteoalbum Ribes nigrum

Everlasting-pea, Broad-leaved

Lathyrus latifolius

Currant, Black Currant, Flowering

Ribes sanguineum

Everlasting-pea, Narrow-leaved

Lathyrus sylvestris

Currant, Red

Ribes rubrum

Eyebrights

Euphrasia spp.

Currant, White

Ribes rubrum var.

Fat-hen

Chenopodium album

Cypress

Cupressus spp.

Fennel

Foeniculum vulgare

Cypress, Lawson’s

Cupressus lawsoniana

Fennel, Hog’s

Peucedanum officinale

Cypress, Leyland

Cupressus x leylandii

Fen-sedge, Great

Cladium mariscus

Cypresses

Cupressus spp.

Fern, Lemon-scented

Oreopteris limbosperma

Daisies

Bellis/Leucanthemum

Fern, Water

Azolla filiculoides

Daisy, Oxeye

Leucanthemum vulgare

Ferns

Division Pteridophyta

Daisy, Shasta

Leucanthemum x superbum

Fescue, Meadow

Schenodorus pratensis

Fescue, Red

Festuca rubra

Fescue, Tall

Schedonorus arundinaceus

Fescues

Festuca spp.

Feverfew

Tanacetum parthenium

Fig

Ficus carica

Figwort, Balm-leaved

Scrophularia scorodonia

Dame’s-violet

Hesperis matronalis

Dandelions

Taraxacum spp.

Dead-nettle, White

Lamium album

Dead-nettles

Lamium spp.

Deergrass, Northern

Trichophorum cespitosum

Deergrasses

Trichophorum spp.

List of English–scientific names of plants   501

English name

Scientific name

English name

Scientific name

Fir, Douglas

Pseudotsuga menziesii

Hair-grass, Grey

Corynephorus canescens

Fir, Giant

Abies grandis

Hair-grass, Tufted

Deschampsia cespitosa

Fir, Greek

Abies cephalonica

Hair-grass, Wavy

Avenella flexuosa

Fir, Noble

Abies procera

Hair-grasses

Fir, European Silver

Abies alba

Deschampsia/Avenella/ Corynephorus spp.

Firethorn

Pyracantha coccinea

Hard-fern

Blechnum spicant

Firs

Abies spp.

Hart’s-tongue

Asplenium scolopendrium

Hawk’s-beard, Marsh

Crepis paludosa

Hawk’s-beard, Smooth

Crepis capillaris

Hawk’s-beards

Crepis spp.

Hawkbit, Rough

Leontodon hispidus

Hawkweed, Glabrousheaded

Hieracium section Sabauda

Hawkweeds

Hieracium spp.

Hawthorn

Crataegus monogyna

Hawthorn, Midland

Crataegus laevigata

Hawthorns

Crataegus spp.

Hazel

Corylus avellana

Heath, Cross-leaved

Erica tetralix

Heather

Calluna vulgaris

Heather, Bell

Erica cinerea

Heathers

Calluna vulgaris/Erica spp.

Heaths

Erica spp.

Hedge-parsley, Upright

Torilis japonica

Heliotrope, Winter

Petasites pyrenaicus

Hemlock

Conium maculatum

Hemp-agrimony

Eupatorium cannabinum

Hemp-nettles

Galeopsis spp.

Hogweed

Heracleum sphondylium

Holly

Ilex aquifolium

Hollyhock

Alcea rosea

Holy-grass

Hierochloe odorata

Honeysuckle

Lonicera periclymenum

Honeysuckle, Fly

Lonicera xylosteum

Honeysuckle, Himalayan

Leycesteria formosa

Hop

Humulus lupulus

Hop-hornbeam

Ostrya carpinifolia

Horehound, Black

Ballota nigra

Horehound, White

Marrubium vulgare

Hornbeam

Carpinus betulus

Hornworts

Ceratophyllum spp.

Fleabane, Blue Fleabane, Canadian

Erigeron acris Erigeron canadensis

Fleabane, Common

Pulicaria dysenterica

Flixweed

Descurainia sophia

Fool’s-water-cress

Helosciadium nodiflorum

Forget-me-not, Wood

Myosotis sylvatica

Forsythias

Forsythia spp.

Foxglove

Digitalis purpurea

Fox-sedge, True

Carex vulpina

Frogbit

Hydrocharis morsus-ranae

Fungi, Bracket

mostly Order Polyporales

Galingale

Cyperus longus

Garlic

Allium sativum

Gentian, Autumn

Gentianella amarella

Gentian, Marsh

Gentiana pneumonanthe

Glassworts

Salicornia spp.

Goldenrod

Solidago virgaurea

Golden-samphire

Limbarda crithmoides

Gooseberry

Ribes uva-crispa

Goosefoots

Chenopodium/Dysphania spp.

Gorse, Dwarf

Ulex minor

Gorse, Western

Ulex galii

Gorse Gorses

Ulex europaeus Ulex spp.

Grasses

Family Poaceae

Greenweed, Dyer’s

Genista tinctoria

Greenweed, Hairy

Genista pilosa

Greenweeds

Genista spp.

Gromwell, Common

Lithospermum officinale

Ground-elder Guelder-rose

Aegopodium podagraria Viburnum opulus

Gypsywort

Lycopus europaeus

Hackberry, Common

Celtis occidentalis

502   List of English–scientific names of plants English name

Scientific name

English name

Scientific name

Horse-chestnut

Aesculus hippocastanum

Lovage, Scots

Ligusticum scoticum

Horse-chestnut, Red

Aesculus carnea

Lucerne

Medicago sativa

Horse-radish

Armoracia rusticana

Lungworts

Pulmonaria spp.

Hound’s-tongue

Cynoglossum officinale

Lupin, Garden

Lupinus polyphyllus

Ivy, Common

Hedera helix

Lupin, Tree

Lupinus arboreus

Jasmine, Summer

Jasminum officinale

Lyme-grass

Leymus arenarius

Juniper, Common

Juniperus communis

Madder, Wild

Rubia peregrina

Juniper, Prickly

Juniperus oxycedrus

Maize

Zea mays

Junipers

Juniperus spp.

Male-fern

Dryopteris filix-mas

Knapweed, Common

Centaurea nigra

Mallow, Common

Malva sylvestris

Knapweed, Greater

Centaurea scabiosa

Mallows

Malva spp.

Knapweeds

Centaurea spp.

Maple, Field

Acer campestre

Labrador-tea

Rhododendron groenlandicum

Maple, Montpellier

Acer monspessulanum

Maple, Norway

Acer platanoides

Lady’s-mantle, Alpine

Alchemilla alpina

Maple, Painted

Acer mono

Lamb’s-ear

Stachys byzantina

Maple, Silver

Acer saccharinum

Larch, European

Larix decidua

Maples

Acer spp.

Larches

Larix spp.

Marjoram, Wild

Origanum vulgare

Laurel, Cherry

Prunus laurocerasus

Marram

Ammophila arenaria

Laurustinus

Viburnum tinus

Marsh-mallow

Althaea officinalis

Lavenders

Lavandula spp.

Marsh-marigold

Caltha palustris

Leeks

Allium spp.

Mayweed, Scented

Matricaria chamomilla

Lettuce, Great

Lactuca virosa

Mayweed, Scentless

Lettuce, Prickly

Lactuca serriola

Tripleurospermum inodorum

Lettuce, Wall

Mycelis muralis

Mayweed, Sea

Lettuces

Lactuca spp.

Tripleurospermum maritimum

Lilac

Syringa vulgaris

Meadow-grasses

Poa spp.

Meadow-rue, Alpine

Thalictrum alpinum

Meadowsweet

Filipendula ulmaria

Medick, Black

Medicago lupulina

Medick, Sickle

Medicago sativa spp. falcata

Medicks

Medicago spp.

Melilot, Ribbed

Melilotus officinalis

Melilot, Tall

Melilotus altissimus

Melilot, White

Melilotus alba

Mercuries

Mercurialis spp.

Mercury, Dog’s

Mercurialis perennis Symphyotrichum novibelgii Thysselinum palustre

Lime

Tilia x europaea

Lime, Small-leaved

Tilia cordata

Limes

Tilia spp.

Liquorice, Wild

Astragalus glycyphyllos

Liverworts

Division Marchantiophyta

Loganberry

Rubus loganobaccus

Lombardy-poplar

Populus nigra ‘Italica’

Loosestrife, Tufted

Lysimachia thyrsiflora

Loosestrife, Yellow

Lysimachia vulgaris

Loosestrifes

Lysimachia spp.

Lousewort

Pedicularis sylvatica

Lousewort, Marsh

Pedicularis palustris

Michaelmas-daisy, Confused

Louseworts

Pedicularis spp.

Milk-parsley

List of English–scientific names of plants   503

English name

Scientific name

English name

Scientific name

Milkwort, Chalk

Polygala calcarea

Palms, Fan

Milkwort, Common

Polygala vulgaris

Mainly Chamaerops humilis

Millets

Milium spp.

Pansy, Wild

Viola tricolor

Parsley, Garden

Petroselinum crispum

Parsley, Cow

Anthriscus sylvestris

Parsley, Stone

Sison amomum

Parsnip, Wild

Pastinaca sativa

Pea, Garden

Lathyrus oleraceus

Pea, Marsh

Lathyrus palustris

Pea, Sea

Lathyrus japonicus

Peach

Prunus persica

Pear

Pyrus communis

Pear, Wild

Pyrus pyraster

Mint, Corn Mint, Water

Mentha arvensis Mentha aquatica

Mints

Mentha spp.

Mistletoe

Viscum album

Moor-grass, Purple Morning-glory, Common

Molinia caerulea Ipomoea purpurea

Mosses

Group Bryophyta

Mouse-ear, Common

Cerastium fontanum

Mouse-ear, Little

Cerastium semidecandrum

Mouse-ear-hawkweed

Pilosella officinarum

Pears

Pyrus spp.

Mugwort

Artemisia vulgaris

Peas

Lathyrus spp.

Mullein, Dark

Verbascum nigrum

Pellitory-of-the-wall

Parietaria judaica

Mullein, Great

Verbascum thapsus

Pepper-saxifrage

Silaum silaus

Musk-mallow

Malva moschata

Pignut

Conopodium majus

Mustard, Garlic

Alliaria petiolata

Pigweeds

Amaranthus spp.

Mustard, Hedge

Sisymbrium officinale

Pine, Corsican

Pinus nigra

Mustard, White

Sinapis alba

Pine, Lodgepole

Pinus contorta

Myrtle, Chilean

Luma apiculata

Pine, Maritime

Pinus pinaster

Nettle, Common

Urtica dioica

Pine, Monterey

Pinus radiata

Nettles

Urtica spp.

Pine, Scots

Pinus sylvestris

Nightshade, Deadly

Atropa belladonna

Pine, Stone

Pinus pinea

Nipplewort

Lapsana communis

Pine, Weymouth

Pinus strobus

Oak, Holm

Quercus ilex

Pines

Pinus spp.

Oak, Pedunculate

Quercus robur

Pinks

Dianthus spp.

Oak, Sessile

Quercus petraea

Plane, London

Platanus x hispanica

Oaks

Quercus spp.

Plane, Oriental

Platanus orientalis

Oat-grass, False

Arrhenatherum elatius

Plantain, Buck’s-horn

Plantago coronopus

Olive

Olea europaea

Plantain, Greater

Plantago major

Onions

Allium spp.

Plantain, Ribwort

Plantago lanceolata

Orache, Grass-leaved

Atriplex littoralis

Plantain, Sea

Plantago maritima

Oraches

Atriplex spp.

Plantains

Plantago spp.

Orchids

Family Orchidaceae

Ploughman’s-spikenard

Inula conyzae

Orpine

Hylotelephium telephium

Plum

Osier

Salix viminalis

Prunus domestica ssp. domestica

Oxtongue, Bristly

Helminthotheca echioides

Plum, Wild

Prunus domestica

Plums

Prunus spp.

Pomegranate

Punica granatum

Oxtongue, Hawkweed

Picris hieracioides

Palm, Canary

Phoenix canariensis

504   List of English–scientific names of plants English name

Scientific name

English name

Scientific name

Pond-sedge, Greater

Carex riparia

Rush, Compact

Juncus conglomeratus

Pond-sedge, Lesser

Carex acutiformis

Rush, Round-fruited

Juncus compressus

Pondweeds

Potamogeton spp.

Rush, Saltmarsh

Juncus gerardii

Poplar, Grey

Populus x canescens

Rush, Sea

Juncus maritimus

Poplar, White

Populus alba

Rush, Toad

Juncus bufonius

Poplars

Populus spp.

Rushes

Juncus spp.

Potato-tree

Solanum crispum

Sage, Wood

Teucrium scorodonia

Primrose

Primula vulgaris

Sainfoin

Onobrychis viciifolia

Privet, Garden

Ligustrum ovalifolium

Sallow

Salix spp.

Privet, Wild

Ligustrum vulgare

Puccinellia fasciculata

Privets

Ligustrum spp.

Saltmarsh-grass, Borrer’s

Purple-loosestrife

Lythrum salicaria

Saltmarsh-grass, Common

Puccinellia maritima

Quince

Cydonia oblonga

Saltwort, Prickly

Salsola kali

Quince, Japanese

Chaenomeles japonica

Samphire, Rock

Crithmum maritimum

Radishes

Rhaphanus spp.

Saw-wort

Serratula tinctoria

Ragged-Robin

Silene flos-cuculi

Saxifrage, Mossy

Saxifraga hypnoides

Ragwort, Common

Jacobaea vulgaris

Saxifrages

Saxifraga spp.

Ragwort, Hoary

Jacobaea erucifolia

Scabious, Devil’s-bit

Succisa pratensis

Ragwort, Marsh

Jacobaea aquatica

Scabious, Field

Knautia arvensis

Ragworts

Senecio/Jacobaea spp.

Scabious, Small

Scabiosa columbaria

Ramsons

Allium ursinum

Scurvygrass, Common

Cochlearia officinalis

Raspberry

Rubus idaeus

Scurvygrass, Danish

Cochlearia danica

Reed, Common

Phragmites australis

Sea-blite, Annual

Suaeda maritima

Restharrow, Common

Ononis repens

Sea-blites

Suaeda spp.

Restharrow, Spiny

Ononis spinosa

Sea-buckthorn

Hippophae rhamnoides

Restharrows

Ononis spp.

Sea-holly

Eryngium maritimum

Roble

Nothofagus obliqua

Sea-lavender, Common

Limonium vulgare

Rock-cress, Northern

Arabidopsis petraea

Sea-lavender, Rock

Limonium binervosum

Rock-cresses

Arabis spp.

Sea-lavenders

Limonium spp.

Rock-rose, Common

Helianthemum nummularium

Sea-milkwort

Lysimachia maritima

Sea-spurreys

Spergularia spp.

Sedge, Carnation

Carex panicea

Rock-rose, Hoary

Helianthemum oelandicum

Rock-rose, White

Helianthemum apenninum

Sedge, Glaucous

Carex flacca

Rock-roses

Helianthemum spp.

Sedge, Pendulous

Carex pendula

Rose, Burnet

Rosa spinosissima

Sedge, Sand

Carex arenaria

Rosehips

fruit of Rosa spp.

Sedges

Carex spp.

Roses

Rosa spp.

Selfheal

Prunella vulgaris

Rowan

Sorbus aucuparia

Service-tree, Wild

Sorbus torminalis

Rue

Ruta graveolens

Sesame

Sesamum spp.

Rue, Fringed

Ruta bracteosa

Sheep’s-bit

Jasione montana

List of English–scientific names of plants   505

English name

Scientific name

English name

Scientific name

Sheep’s-fescue

Festuca ovina

Stitchwort, Greater

Stellaria holostea

Sheep’s-fescue, Fineleaved

Festuca filiformis

Stitchwort, Lesser

Stellaria graminea

Stitchwort, Wood

Stellaria nemorum

Shield-fern, Soft

Polystichum setiferum

Stonecrop, Biting

Sedum acre

Silverweed

Potentilla anserina

Stonecrop, Butterfly

Hylotelephium spectabile

Skullcap

Scutellaria galericulata

Stonecrop, English

Sedum anglicum

Skullcap, Lesser

Scutellaria minor

Stonecrops

Sedum spp.

Snapdragon

Antirrhinum majus

Stoneworts

Order Charales

Sneezewort

Achillea ptarmica

Stork’s-bill, Common

Erodium cicutarium

Snowberry

Symphoricarpos albus

Strawberries

Fragaria spp.

Soft-grass, Creeping

Holcus mollis

Strawberry, Barren

Potentilla sterilis

Soft-grasses

Holcus spp.

Strawberry, Garden

Fragaria ananassa

Sorrel, Common

Rumex acetosa

Strawberry, Wild

Fragaria vesca

Sorrel, Sheep’s

Rumex acetosella

Strawberry-tree

Arbutus unedo

Southernwood

Artemisia abrotanum

Sundew, Round-leaved

Drosera rotundifolia

Sowthistle, Perennial

Sonchus arvensis

Swede

Sowthistles, Prickly

Sonchus asper

Brassica oleracea ssp. rapifera

Spearmint

Mentha spicata

Sweet-briar

Rosa rubiginosa

Speedwell, Germander

Veronica chamaedrys

Sweet-grass, Reed

Glyceria maxima

Speedwells

Veronica spp.

Sycamore

Acer pseudoplatanus

Spignel

Meum athamanticum

Tamarisk

Tamarix gallica

Spike-rush, Common

Eleocharis palustris

Tansy

Tanacetum vulgare

Spike-rush, Manystalked

Eleocharis multicaulis

Tare, Smooth

Ervum tetraspermum

Teasel, Wild

Dipsacus fullonum

Spindle

Euonymus europaeus

Thistle, Carline

Carlina vulgaris

Spindle, Evergreen

Euonymus japonicus

Thistle, Cotton

Onopordum acanthium

Spleenworts

Asplenium spp.

Thistle, Creeping

Cirsium arvense

Spruce, Morinda

Picea smithiana

Thistle, Marsh

Cirsium palustre

Spruce, Norway

Picea abies

Thistle, Musk

Carduus nutans

Spruce, Serbian

Picea omorika

Thistle, Plymouth

Carduus pycnocephalus

Spruce, Sitka

Picea sitchensis

Thistle, Spear

Cirsium vulgare

Spruce, White

Picea glauca

Thistle, Woolly

Cirsium eriophorum

Spruces

Picea spp.

Thistles

Cirsium/Carduus spp.

Spurge, Portland

Euphorbia portlandica

Thrift

Armeria maritima

Spurge, Sea

Euphorbia paralias

Thuja, Chinese

Platycladus orientalis

Spurge, Wood

Euphorbia amygdaloides

Thyme, Basil

Clinopodium acinos

Squinancywort

Asperula cynanchica

Thyme, Wild

Thymus drucei

St John’s-wort, Perforate

Hypericum perforatum

Thymes

Thymus spp.

St John’s-worts

Hypericum spp.

Toadflaxes

Linaria spp.

Stitchwort, Bog

Stellaria alsine

Tomato

Solanum lycopersicum

506   List of English–scientific names of plants English name

Scientific name

English name

Scientific name

Tor-grass

Brachypodium rupestre agg.

Willow, Eared

Salix aurita

Willow, Goat

Salix caprea

Willow, Grey

Salix cinerea

Willow, Mountain

Salix arbuscula

Willow, Purple

Salix purpurea

Willow, Weeping

Salix x sepulcralis

Willow, White

Salix alba Epilobium montanum

Tormentil

Potentilla erecta

Tree-mallow

Malva arborea

Tufted-sedge, Slender

Carex acuta

Umbellifers

Family Apiaceae

Valerian, Common

Valeriana officinalis

Valerian, Red

Centranthus ruber

Vernal-grass, Sweet

Anthoxanthum odoratum

Willowherb, Broadleaved

Vetch, Bush

Vicia sepium

Willowherb, Chickweed

Epilobium alsinifolium

Vetch, Common

Vicia sativa

Willowherb, Great

Epilobium hirsutum

Vetch, Horseshoe

Hippocrepis comosa

Willowherb, Hoary

Epilobium parviflorum

Vetch, Kidney

Anthyllis vulneraria

Willowherb, Marsh

Epilobium palustre

Vetch, Tufted

Vicia cracca

Willowherb, Rosebay

Vetch, Wood

Ervilia sylvatica

Chamaenerion angustifolium

Vetches

Vicia spp.

Vetchling, Meadow

Lathyrus pratensis

Violet, Hairy

Viola hirta

Violet, Marsh

Willowherb, Short-fruited Epilobium obscurum Willowherb, Spearleaved

Epilobium lanceolatum

Willowherb, Squarestalked

Epilobium tetragonum

Viola palustris

Viper’s-bugloss

Echium vulgare

Willowherbs

Epilobium spp.

Wall-rocket, Perennial

Diplotaxis tenuifolia

Willows

Salix spp.

Walnut

Juglans regia

Winter-cress

Barbarea vulgaris

Water-dropwort, Fineleaved

Oenanthe aquatica

Woodruff

Galium odoratum

Wood-rush, Field

Luzula campestris

Water-dropwort, Hemlock

Oenanthe crocata

Wood-rush, Great

Luzula sylvatica

Wood-rush, Hairy

Luzula pilosa

Wood-rush, Heath

Luzula multiflora

Wood-sedge

Carex sylvatica

Wormwood

Artemisia absinthium

Wormwood, Field

Artemisia campestris

Wormwood, Sea

Artemisia maritima

Woundwort, Hedge

Stachys sylvatica

Woundwort, Marsh

Stachys palustris

Woundworts

Stachys spp.

Yarrow

Achillea millefolium

Yellow-rattle

Rhinanthus minor

Yellow-wort

Blackstonia perfoliata

Yew

Taxus baccata

Yorkshire-fog

Holcus lanatus

Water-dropwort, Tubular Water-dropworts

Oenanthe fistulosa Oenanthe spp.

Water-lily, Yellow

Nuphar lutea

Water-parsnip, Greater

Sium latifolium

Water-plantain Water-plantains

Alisma plantago-aquatica Alisma spp.

Waterweed, Canadian

Elodea canadensis

Wayfaring-tree

Viburnum lantana

Whin, Petty Whitebeam, Common

Genista anglica Sorbus aria

Whitebeams

Sorbus spp.

Whitlowgrass, Hoary

Draba incana

Willow, Bay Willow, Creeping

Salix pentandra Salix repens



Photographic acknowledgements   507

Photographic acknowledgements Bloomsbury Publishing would like to thank the following for providing photographs and permission to produce copyright material. While every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge all copyright holders, we would like to apologise for any errors or omissions and invite readers to inform us so that corrections can be made in any future editions of the book. Key T = Top; L = Left; R = Right; TL = Top Left; TR = Top Right; M = Middle; ML = Middle Left; MR = Middle Right; MT = Middle Top; MB = Middle Bottom; B = Bottom; BL = Bottom Left; BR = Bottom Right; UML = Upper Middle Left; UMR = Upper Middle Right; LMR = Lower Middle Right. 5 Paul Harris; 6 Ben Smart; 20 Jan Bailey; 24 Hannah Sterling; 26 Dave Green; 27 Barry Henwood; 28 TL Ben Smart, TR Patrick Clement, B Mark Parsons; 29 TL Ben Smart, TR Phil Sterling; 37 Ben Smart; 52 Franziska Bauer; 53 Mark Parsons; 54 Ben Smart; 55 TL Phil Sterling, TR Ben Smart, BL Ben Smart, BR Ben Smart; 56 TL Ben Smart, TR Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 58 TL Ben Smart, TR Ben Smart, BL Ben Smart, BR Ben Smart; 59 T Patrick Clement, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 60 L Ben Smart, TR Ben Smart, BR Ben Smart; 61 TL Ben Smart, TR Melissa Banthorpe, B Ben Smart; 62 T Ben Smart, UML Ian Thirlwell, UMR Nigel Voaden, LML Ben Smart, LMR Ben Smart, BL Ben Smart, BR Ben Smart; 64 T Ben Smart, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 65 TL Ben Smart, TR Melissa Banthorpe, B Ben Smart; 66 T Ben Smart, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 67 T Rob Edmunds, M Phil Sterling, B Ben Smart; 68 T Rob Edmunds, M Phil Sterling, B Ben Smart; 69 TL Ben Smart, TR Ben Smart, BL Ben Smart, BR Ben Smart; 70 Ben Smart; 71 Chris Manley; 72 Ben Smart; 73 TL Ben Smart, TR Melissa Banthorpe, ML Ben Smart, BL Ben Smart, BR Ben Smart; 74 T Adrian Bicker, B Ben Smart; 76 Rudolf Bryner; 78 Patrick Clement; 79 Ben Smart; 80 Ben Smart; 82 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 83 Ben Smart; 84 TL Ben Smart, TR Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 85 T Ben Smart, B Janet Graham; 86 T Patrick Clement, B Phil Sterling; 90 Phil Sterling; 92 T Mark Parsons, B Ben Smart; 94 Ben Smart; 95 Ben Smart; 96 L Patrick Clement, R Phil Sterling; 99 L Ben Smart, R Ben Smart; 100 L Ben Smart, R Ben Smart; 101 T Phil Sterling, B Ben Smart; 102 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 103 TL Phil Sterling, TR Tom Prescott, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 104 T Ben Smart, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 105 T Phil Sterling, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 107 T Ben Smart, M Ben Smart, B Phil Sterling; 108 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 109 Phil Sterling; 111 Phil Sterling; 112 T Phil Sterling, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 113 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 114 T Ben Smart, M Rob Edmunds, B Ben Smart; 115 T Ben Smart, BL David Shenton, BR David Shenton; 116 T Ben Smart, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 117 L Ben Smart, R Ben Smart; 118 T Will Langdon, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 119 T Ben Smart, M Ben Smart, BL Ben Smart, BR Ben Smart; 120 T Phil Sterling, M Ben Smart, B Mark Parsons; 121 TL Phil Sterling, TR Ben Smart, BL Ben Smart, BR Ben Smart; 122 TL Ben Smart, TR Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 123 T Ben Smart, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 124 T Ben Smart, BL Ben Smart, BR Ben Smart; 125 TL Ben Smart, TR Ben Smart, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 126 T Ben Smart, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 127 TL Mark Parsons, TR Mark Parsons, M David Shenton, B Ben Smart; 128 T Ben Smart, B Ian Thirlwell; 129 T Ben Smart, B Mark Parsons; 131 T Ben Smart, B Mark Parsons; 132 T Phil Sterling, M Mark Parsons, B Ben Smart; 134 Ben Smart; 135 Ben Smart; 136 Ben Smart; 137 T Ben Smart, B Peter Bolson; 141 Ben Smart; 144 Ben Smart; 145 Ben Smart; 146 T Ben Smart, B Phil Sterling; 147 T Phil Sterling, B Ben Smart; 148 Phil Sterling; 149 Ben Smart; 150 Ben Smart; 151 Ben Smart; 152 Ben Smart; 154 Phil Sterling; 155 T Ben Smart, B Phil Sterling; 156 T Jenny Seawright, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 157 L Janet Graham, TR Phil Sterling, BR Ben Smart; 159 TL Phil Sterling, BL Ben Smart, R Ben Smart; 160 Ben Smart; 161 T Ben Smart, B Phil Sterling; 162 Phil Sterling; 163 Phil Sterling; 164 Phil Sterling; 166 Ben Smart; 167 Patrick Clement; 168 Ben Smart; 171 Ben Smart; 172 T Heidrun Melzer, B Heidrun Melzer; 174 Ben Smart; 178 Ben Smart; 179 Guy Meredith; 180 Ben Smart; 181 L Ben Smart, R Ben Smart; 182 Ben Smart; 185 TL Mark Parsons, TR Phil Sterling, ML Gabrielle Kemus, BL Heidrun Melzer, BR Nigel Richards; 187 L Ben Smart, R Ben Smart; 189 TL Mark Parsons, TR Maarten Willems, M Phil Sterling, BL Phil Sterling, BM Ben Smart, BR Phil Sterling; 191 Ben Smart; 193 Ben Smart; 196 L K. and S. Hand, R Ben Smart; 197 Ben Smart; 198 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 201 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 202 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 203 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 204 Phil Sterling; 208 Ben Smart; 209 TL Ben Smart, TR Mark Parsons, B Ben Smart; 210 T Phil Sterling, BL Ben Smart, BR Mark Parsons; 212 Ben Smart; 213 Ben Smart; 216 Ben Smart; 280 Patrick Clement; 282 L Barry Henwood, R Barry Henwood; 283 T Will Langdon, BL Ben Smart, BR Ben Smart; 284 T Phil Sterling, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 285 TL Ben Smart, TR Ben Smart, BL Tony Pritchard, BR Nigel Voaden; 286 T Ben Smart, UM Nigel Voaden, LM Ben Smart, B Patrick Cook; 287 T Will Langdon, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 288 T Mark Parsons, M Patrick

508   Photographic acknowledgements Clement, B Ben Smart; 289 T Nigel Voaden, M Mark Parsons, B Ben Smart; 290 T Phil Sterling, M Phil Sterling, B Ben Smart; 291 TL Ben Smart, TM Melissa Banthorpe, TR Will Langdon, BL Ben Smart, BR Ben Smart; 292 T Ben Sale, M Phil Sterling, B Phil Sterling; 293 TL Phil Sterling, TM Ben Smart, TR Mark Parsons, B Ben Smart; 294 L Ben Smart, R Mike Shurmer; 295 TL Rob Edmunds, TR Ben Smart, M Patrick Clement, B Ben Smart; 296 T Mark Parsons, M Mark Parsons, B Ben Smart; 297 T Ben Smart, M Ian Barton, B Ben Smart; 298 L Will Langdon, R David Green; 300 Ben Smart; 301 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 302 L Guy Meredith, M Ben Smart, R Ben Smart; 303 TL Andrey Ponomarev, TR Ben Smart, BL Ben Smart, BR Phil Sterling; 304 Ben Smart; 305 T Ben Smart, B Steve Palmer; 306 L Ben Smart, M Ben Smart, R Will Langdon; 307 L Ben Smart, R Ben Smart; 308 Ben Smart; 309 T Alan T. Eaton/University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension, M Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 310 Ruben Meert; 311 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 312 T Ben Smart, B Ruben Meert; 313 T Ben Smart, B Mark Parsons; 314 TL Ben Smart, TR Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 315 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 316 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 317 T Ben Smart, M Phil Sterling, B Ben Smart; 318 Ben Smart; 319 Ben Smart; 320 L Phil Sterling, R Phil Sterling; 321 L S. D. Beavan & R J. Heckford, R Ben Smart; 322 Phil Sterling; 323 Ben Smart; 324 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 326 T David Shenton, BL Mark Parsons, BR Ben Smart; 328 Ben Smart; 330 Patrick Clement; 331 Ben Smart; 332 T Patrick Clement, B Mark Parsons; 333 Ben Smart; 334 Phil Sterling; 335 L Ben Smart, R Ben Smart; 336 T Kjeld Brem Sørensen, B Kjeld Brem Sørensen; 338 T George Tordoff, B Ben Smart; 339 Rob Edmunds; 340 Ben Smart; 341 T Ben Smart, B S. D. Beavan & R. J. Heckford; 342 T Phil Sterling, B Mark Parsons; 351 Ben Smart; 353 Ben Smart; 360 Ben Smart; 364 Phil Sterling; 366 Ben Smart; 370 Ruben Meert; 372 Phil Sterling; 373 Phil Sterling; 375 Ben Smart; 376 Phil Sterling; 377 Phil Sterling; 382 Mark Parsons; 383 Ben Smart; 387 Ben Smart; 388 Ruben Meert; 390 Ben Smart; 393 L Ben Smart, R Ben Smart; 394 Ben Smart; 399 L Phil Sterling, R Phil Sterling; 408 Dave Foot; 409 L Ben Smart, R Ben Smart; 410 Ben Smart; 415 Rudolf Bryner; 416 Phil Sterling; 420 Ben Smart; 422 L Mark Parsons, M Ruben Meert, R Phil Sterling; 423 Dave Foot; 424 L Ben Smart, R Phil Sterling; 426 T Ruben Meert, B Oliver Wadsworth; 428 Phil Sterling; 429 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 433 Ben Smart; 435 Ben Smart; 437 Ben Smart; 441 Ben Smart; 443 Ben Smart; 444 Mark Parsons; 445 Mark Parsons; 446 T Mark Parsons, B Ben Smart; 447 L Phil Sterling, R Heidrun Melzer; 456 Ben Smart; 459 Ben Smart; 463 Mark Parsons; 464 Ben Smart; 466 Phil Sterling; 467 T Ben Smart, B Ben Smart; 468 Ben Smart; 481 L Mark Parsons, R Ben Smart; 482 Phil Sterling.

Index of scientific names   509



Index of scientific names A abbreviana, Epinotia  398, Pl 45 abdominalis, Argyresthia  150, Pl 12 abietana, Acleris  359, Pl 37 abietella, Dioryctria  443, Pl 52 abscisana, Lobesia  386, Pl 43 absoluta, Tuta  211, Pl 23 acanthadactyla, Amblyptilia  328, Pl 29 Acanthopsyche  85, 86, 90, Pl 4 Acentria  481, Pl 61 aceriana, Gypsonoma  410, Pl 47 acerifoliella, Phyllonorycter  126 aceris, Stigmella  59 acetosae, Enteucha  29, 58 achatana, Ancylis  394, Pl 44 Achroia  437, Pl 51 Acleris  34, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, Pls 37–9 Acompsia  196, Pl 20 Acrobasis  444, 445, 453, Pl 53 Acrocercops  114, Pl 8 Acroclita  397, Pl 45 Acrolepia  147, Pl 11 Acrolepiopsis  146, 147, Pl 11 acroxantha, Tachystola  169, Pl 15 acuminatana, Dichrorampha  417, Pl 49 acuminatella, Scrobipalpa  208, Pl 22 acuminatus, Dichomeris  217 acutellus, Sclerocona  461, Pl 56 Adaina  335, Pl 31 Adela  74, 76, Pl 2 Adelidae  38, 46, 74–7, Pl 2 adelphella, Sciota  440, Pl 52 adjectella, Coleophora  299 adjunctella, Coleophora  294 Adoxophyes  353, Pl 35 adscitella, Elachista  307 adspersella, Coleophora  299 adustella, Blastobasis  318, Pl 27 advenella, Acrobasis  444, Pl 53 aemulana, Eucosma  407, Pl 47 aeneana, Commophila  371, Pl 41 aeneofasciella, Stigmella  63 aequidentellus, Epermenia  338, Pl 32 aeratana, Dichrorampha  417 aeratella, Augasma  299 aerealis, Pyrausta  483 aeriferana, Ptycholomoides  348, Pl 34 aestivella, Metzneria  201, Pl 21 aestuariella, Coleophora  299 Aethes  371, 372, 373, 435, Pl 41 aethiops, Xenolechia  217 affinis, Bryotropha  200, Pl 21 affinitana, Phalonidia  368, Pl 40 Agapeta  370, Pl 40 Agdistis  326, 335, Pl 28 Aglossa  452, 453, Pl 54 Agnoea  173, Pl 16 agnotana, Pammene  432 Agonopterix  37, 48, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, Pl 17 agrimoniae, Ectoedemia  70 Agriphila  476, 477, 483, Pl 60

Agrotera  464, Pl 57 ahenella, Coleophora  288 ahenella, Hypochalcia  443, Pl 52 Alabonia  169, Pl 15 alacella, Dichomeris  195, Pl 20 albedinella, Bucculatrix  103 albella, Coleophora  299 albersana, Eucosmomorpha  390, Pl 44 albicans, Coleophora  299 albicapitella, Paraswammerdamia  135, Pl 9 albiceps, Parachronistis  216, Pl 23 albicilla, Salebriopsis  438, Pl 51 albicomella, Infurcitinea  99 albicosta, Coleophora  293, Pl 25 albidella, Coleophora  290 albidella, Elachista  306 albifasciella, Ectoedemia  68 albifrontella, Aproaerema.  217 albifrontella, Elachista  304, Pl 26 albimaculea, Denisia  166, Pl 14 albipalpella, Aproaerema  217 albipunctella, Depressaria  183 albistria, Argyresthia  153, Pl 12 albitarsella, Coleophora  288, Pl 24 albuginana, Pammene  431, Pl 50 alburnella, Carpatolechia  214, Pl 23 alchimiella, Caloptilia  110, Pl 7 alcyonipennella, Coleophora  299 Aleimma  357, Pl 37 alismana, Gynnidomorpha  370, Pl 40 allisella, Exaeretia  176, Pl 16 alnetella, Stigmella  70 alnifoliae, Coleophora  29, 284 alpella, Ypsolopha  139, Pl 10 alpestrana, Dichrorampha  419, Pl 49 alpicola, Parornix  129 alpina, Eudonia  472, Pl 58 alpinana, Dichrorampha  419, Pl 49 alpinella, Elachista  307 alpinella, Platytes  480, Pl 61 alsinella, Caryocolum  217 alstromeriana, Agonopterix  180, Pl 17 Altenia  215, Pl 23 alternana, Cochylimorpha  367, Pl 40 alternella, Tortricodes  354, Pl 35 alticolella, Coleophora  294, Pl 25 Alucita  324, Pl 28 Alucitidae  38, 324, Pl 28 amani, Zimmermannia  70 ambigualis, Scoparia  470, Pl 58 ambiguella, Eupoecilia  371, Pl 40 Amblyptilia  328, Pl 29 amethystinella, Coleophora  299 Amphisbatis  173, Pl 16 amplana, Cydia  425, Pl 50 Anacampsis  193, 194, 217, Pl 19 Anania  458, 459, 460, Pls 55–6 Anarsia  194, 195, 217, Pl 20 anatipennella, Coleophora  290, Pl 24 ancipitella, Scoparia  470, Pl 58 Ancylis  390, 391, 392, 393, 394, Pl 44 Ancylodes  453

Ancylolomia  483 Ancylosis  448, 453, Pl 53 anderidae, Phyllonorycter  129 anella, Lamoria  453 Anerastia  451, Pl 54 angelicella, Agonopterix  180, Pl 17 anglicella, Parornix  116 angulifasciella, Ectoedemia  69 angustana, Eupoecilia  370, Pl 40 angustea, Eudonia  471, Pl 58 angustella, Nephopterix  444, Pl 53 angusticollella, Coptotriche  84 angustiorana, Ditula  345, Pl 33 annadactyla, Stenoptilia  335 annulatella, Rhigognostis  142, Pl 10 anomalella, Stigmella  70 antennariella, Coleophora  299 anthemidella, Isophrictis  217 Anthophila  340, Pl 32 anthyllidella, Aproaerema  193, Pl 19 Antigastra  466, Pl 57 Antispila  72, 73, Pl 1 Aphelia  352, Pl 35 Aphomia  437, 453, Pl 51 apicella, Ancylis  393, Pl 44 apicipunctella, Elachista  307 Aplota  170, Pl 15 Apodia  202, Pl 21 Apomyelois  446, 453, Pl 53 Apotomis  378, 379, 380, 435, Pl 42 apparella, Phyllonorycter  129 aprilella, Metzneria  202, Pl 21 Aproaerema  192, 193, 217, Pl 19 arbutella, Argyroploce  385, Pl 43 arceuthina, Argyresthia  149, Pl 12 Archinemapogon  93, Pl 5 Archips  346, 347, 435, Pl 33 arctostaphyli, Coleophora  285 arcuatella, Ectoedemia  70 arcuella, Olethreutes  385, Pl 43 arenella, Agonopterix  177, Pl 17 argentana, Eana  435 argentella, Elachista  301, Pl 25 argentella, Psamathocrita  217 argentimaculella, Infurcitinea  92, Pl 5 argentula, Coleophora  297 Argolamprotes  203, Pl 21 argoteles, Emmelina  335 argyrana, Pammene  431, Pl 50 argyrella, Selagia  453 Argyresthia  148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, Pl 12 Argyresthiidae  42, 148–53, Pl 12 argyrogrammos, Pyroderces  189 argyropeza, Ectoedemia  67 Argyroploce  385, Pl 43 Argyrotaenia  348, Pl 34 aridella, Pediasia  480, Pl 61 aristella, Pleurota  170 Aristotelia  200, 217, Pl 21 Aroga  206, Pl 22 artemisicolella, Coleophora  295 artemisiella, Scrobipalpa  217

510   Index of scientific names aruncella, Micropterix  53, Pl 1 arundinetella, Monochroa  217 asbolaea, Barea  170, Pl 15 asinalis, Mecyna  464, Pl 57 asperella, Ypsolopha  140 aspersana, Acleris  362, Pl 38 aspidiscana, Eucosma  408, Pl 47 Aspilapteryx  112, Pl 7 Assara  447, Pl 53 asseclana, Cnephasia  356, Pl 36 assectella, Acrolepiopsis  146, Pl 11 assimilella, Agonopterix  178, Pl 17 assimilella, Stigmella  61 asteris, Coleophora  295 asteris, Epischnia  443, Pl 53 astrantiae, Agonopterix  183 Atemelia  158, Pl 13 Athrips  205, 217, Pl 22 atomella, Agonopterix  183 atra, Acanthopsyche  85, 86, 90, Pl 4 atra, Blastodacna  309, Pl 26 atrella, Oxypteryx  217 atricapitana, Cochylichroa  376, Pl 41 atricapitella, Stigmella  70 atricollis, Ectoedemia  69 atricomella, Elachista  304, Pl 26 atrifasciella, Elegia  453 atrifrontella, Zimmermannia  66 atripalpella, Parornix  129 atriplicella, Scrobipalpa  217 atriplicis, Coleophora  299 atropunctana, Hedya  381, Pl 42 Augasma  299 augustella, Denisia  170 aurana, Pammene  434, Pl 51 aurata, Pyrausta  456, Pl 55 aureatella, Micropterix  53, Pl 1 aurella, Stigmella  61, Pl 1 auriciliella, Bohemannia  70 aurita, Pammene  434, Pl 51 auritella, Pseudopostega  71 aurofasciana, Celypha  383, Pl 43 auroguttella, Euspilapteryx  113, Pl 8 auromarginella, Stigmella  70 aurulentella, Argyresthia  150, Pl 12 Autostichidae  45, 163, Pl 14 autumnitella, Acrolepia  147, Pl 11 avellanella, Semioscopis  176, Pl 16 azaleella, Caloptilia  109, Pl 7

B Bacotia  89, Pl 4 Bactra  389, 390, 435, Pl 44 badiana, Ancylis  393, Pl 44 badiella, Depressaria  183 badiipennella, Coleophora  299 baliodactylus, Merrifieldia  333, Pl 31 balteolella, Tinagma  162 Bankesia  88, Pl 4 Barea  170, Pl 15 basaltinella, Bryotropha  217 basiguttella, Stigmella  63 basistrigalis, Scoparia  469, Pl 58 Batia  168, 170, Pl 14 Batrachedra  280, Pl 24 Batrachedridae  46, 280, Pl 24 beatricella, Aethes  372, Pl 41

bechsteinella, Bucculatrix  105 bedellella, Elachista  307 Bedellia  160, Pl 13 Bedelliidae  43, 160, Pl 13 beirnei, Trifurcula  70 bennetii, Agdistis  326, Pl 28 bergmanniana, Acleris  358, Pl 37 betulae, Ortholepis  438, Pl 51 betulae, Parornix  115 betulana, Archips  435 betulella, Acrolepiopsis  146, Pl 11 betulella, Coleophora  291 betuletana, Apotomis  379, Pl 42 betulicola, Caloptilia  109, Pl 7 betulicola, Stigmella  70 betulina, Proutia  89, Pl 4 betulinella, Nemaxera  93, Pl 5 biatomella, Elachista  303, Pl 26 bicostella, Pleurota  169, Pl 15 bifasciana, Piniphila  385, Pl 43 bifasciana, Spatalistis  356, Pl 36 bigella, Euzophera  453 bilbaensis, Aethes  435 bilunana, Epinotia  403, Pl 46 binaevella, Phycitodes  449, Pl 53 binderella, Coleophora  287 binotella, Hypatopa  319 bipunctella, Ethmia  185, Pl 18 bipunctidactyla, Stenoptilia  329, Pl 30 bipunctosa, Agonopterix  183 bisselliella, Tineola  95, Pl 5 bistriatella, Apomyelois  446, Pl 53 bistriga, Cryptoblabes  438, Pl 51 bistrigella, Phylloporia  80, Pl 3 bisulcella, Elachista  302, Pl 26 biviella, Vitula  450, Pl 54 blancardella, Phyllonorycter  129 blandella, Brachmia  196, Pl 20 blandella, Caryocolum  212, Pl 23 blandelloides, Caryocolum  217 blandulella, Caryocolum  217 Blastobasidae  45, 318–19, Pl 27 Blastobasis  318, 319, Pl 27 Blastodacna  308, 309, Pl 26 blattariella, Anacampsis  194, Pl 19 Bohemannia  64, 70 boisduvaliella, Pima  440, Pl 52 bonnetella, Argyresthia  153, Pl 12 boreella, Bryotropha  217 Borkhausenia  167, 170, Pl 14 borreonella, Ischnoscia  99 botrana, Lobesia  435 Brachmia  196, 217, Pl 20 Brachmia blandella bractella, Oecophora  169, Pl 15 bradleyi, Mompha  314, Pl 27 branderiana, Pseudosciaphila  378, Pl 42 Brevicornutia  377, Pl 41 britanniodactylus, Capperia  331, Pl 30 brizella, Aristotelia  200, Pl 21 brockeella, Argyresthia  150, Pl 12 brongniardella, Acrocercops  114, Pl 8 brunnichana, Epinotia  398, Pl 45 brunnichella, Stephensia  301, Pl 25 Bryotropha  198, 199, 200, 217, Pl 21 Bucculatricidae  41, 101–5, Pl 6 Bucculatrix  101, 102, 104, 105, Pl 6

Bucculatrix nigricomella  102 Buckleria  331, Pl 30 buoliana, Rhyacionia  415, Pl 48

C Cacoecimorpha  351, Pl 34 Cadra  453 caecana, Grapholita  427, Pl 50 caecimaculana, Pelochrista  405, Pl 47 caesiella, Swammerdamia  134, Pl 9 caespititiella, Coleophora  299 cagnagella, Yponomeuta  132, Pl 8 Calamotropha  474, Pl 59 caledoniana, Acleris  358, Pl 37 calidella, Cadra  453 Callisto  114, 129, Pl 8 calodactyla, Platyptilia  327, Pl 29 Caloptilia  11, 43, 44, 47, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, Pl 7 calthella, Micropterix  52, 53, Pl 1 Calybites  113, Pl 8 calycotomella, Coleophora  299 Cameraria  127, Pl 8 campoliliana, Eucosma  406, Pl 47 cana, Eucosma  405, Pl 47 canapennella, Elachista  304, Pl 26 canella, Gymnancyla  447, Pl 53 capitella, Lampronia  81, Pl 3 Capperia  331, Pl 30 caprana, Epinotia  397, Pl 45 caprealis, Aglossa  453 capreana, Apotomis  379, Pl 42 capreolella, Agonopterix  183 caprimulgella, Triaxomasia  95, Pl 5 captans, Infurcitinea  99 Capua  346, Pl 33 caradjai, Oegoconia  163 Carcina  174, Pl 16 carduella, Agonopterix  183 Carpatolechia  214, 215, 217, Pl 23 carphodactyla, Hellinsia  334, Pl 31 carpinella, Parornix  115 carpinella, Stigmella  70 Caryocolum  211, 212, 217, Pl 23 casta, Psyche  89, Pl 4 Cataclysta  481, Pl 62 catalaunalis, Antigastra  466, Pl 57 catharticella, Stigmella  59 Catoptria  477, 478, 479, 483, Pl 61 Cauchas  76, 77, Pl 2 cautella, Cadra  453 cavella, Phyllonorycter  129 Cedestis  136, Pl 9 Celypha  381, 382, 383, 435, Pls 42–3 centifoliella, Stigmella  70 cephalonica, Aphomia  453 Cephimallota  99 cerasana, Pandemis  349, Pl 34 cerasicolella, Phyllonorycter  119 ceratoniae, Apomyelois  453 cerealella, Sitotroga  217 cerussella, Platytes  480, Pl 61 cespitana, Celypha  382, Pl 42 Ceutholopha  453 chaerophyllella, Epermenia  338, Pl 32 chaerophylli, Depressaria  183 chalcogrammella, Coleophora  299

Index of scientific names   511

Chilo  473, Pl 59 Chimabachidae  38, 171–2, Pls 15–16 Chionodes  217 choragella, Morophaga  92, Pl 5 Choreutidae  40, 340–2, Pl 32 Choreutis  342, Pl 32 Choristoneura  347, 348, 435, Pls 33–4 chrysanthemella, Bucculatrix  105 Chrysoclista  310, Pl 26 chrysocomae, Hellinsia  335 Chrysocrambus  483 Chrysoesthia  197, 198, Pl 20 chrysolepidella, Paracrania  54, Pl 1 chrysonuchella, Thisanotia  479, Pl 61 Chrysoteuchia  474, Pl 59 cicadella, Scythris  323 cicatricella, Eriocrania  56, Pl 1 cicatricella, Friedlanderia  483 cidarella, Bucculatrix  104 cilialis, Nascia  457, Pl 55 ciliella, Agonopterix  183, Pl 17 cinctana, Periclepsis  345, Pl 33 cinctella, Aproaerema  217 cinereana, Epinotia  404, Pl 46 cinerella, Acompsia  196, Pl 20 cinereopunctella, Elachista  306 cinerosella, Euzophera  447, Pl 53 cingillella, Elachista  307 cingulata, Pyrausta  6, 455, Pl 54 ciniflonella, Exaeretia  183 cinnamomeana, Pandemis  349, Pl 34 cinnamomella, Ancylosis  453 circumvoluta, Myelois  446, Pl 53 cirrigerella, Eurhodope  446, Pl 53 cirsiana, Epiblema  411, Pl 48 citrana, Thiodia  395, Pl 44 citrinalis, Hypercallia  183, Pl 18 claustrella, Bacotia  89, Pl 4 Clavigesta  415, Pl 48 clematella, Nemapogon  94, Pl 5 Clepsis  352, 353, Pl 35 clerkella, Lyonetia  155, Pl 13 clintoni, Scrobipalpa  210 cloacella, Nemapogon  93, Pl 5 clorana, Earias  34 clypeiferella, Coleophora  298, Pl 25 Cnaemidophorus  330, Pl 30 Cnephasia  355, 356, Pl 36 cnicana, Aethes  373, Pl 41 cnicella, Agonopterix  183 cnicicolana, Epiblema  411, Pl 48 Cochylichroa  376, Pl 41 Cochylidia  374, Pl 41 Cochylimorpha  367, Pl 40 Cochylis  375, Pl 41 coffeella, Callisto  129 cognatana, Cydia  421, Pl 49 Coleophora  29, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, Pls 24–5 Coleophoridae  40, 281–99, Pls 24–5 collitella, Elachista  307 columbariella, Tinea  99 comariana, Acleris  358, Pl 37 combinella, Pseudo­ swammerdamia  134, Pl 9

Commophila  371, Pl 41 communana, Cnephasia  356, Pl 36 comparella, Phyllonorycter  127 compositella, Grapholita  426, Pl 50 comptana, Ancylis  391, Pl 44 compunctella, Swammerdamia  135, Pl 9 confusella, Batrachedra  280, Pl 24 confusella, Stigmella  70 congelatella, Exapate  354, Pl 35 congressariella, Nothris  194, Pl 19 conicolana, Cydia  422, Pl 49 coniferana, Cydia  422, Pl 49 conjugella, Argyresthia  152, Pl 12 consimilana, Clepsis  353, Pl 35 consociella, Acrobasis  445, Pl 53 consortana, Dichrorampha  417, Pl 49 consortella, Elachista  307 conspersana, Cnephasia  356, Pl 36 conspersella, Monochroa  217 conspicuella, Coleophora  292 conspurcatella, Bankesia  88, Pl 4 contaminella, Pediasia  479, Pl 61 conterminana, Eucosma  408, Pl 47 conterminella, Agonopterix  183 continuella, Stigmella  70 contritella, Trachypepla  170, Pl 15 conturbatella, Mompha  312, Pl 27 conwagana, Pseudargyrotoza  366, Pl 40 conyzae, Coleophora  289 Coptotriche  84, Pl 3 coracipennella, Coleophora.  299 Cornifrons  483 corollana, Cydia  435 coronata, Anania  459, Pl 55 corticella, Lampronia  82, Pl 3 corylana, Pandemis  349, Pl 34 corylifoliella, Phyllonorycter  120 coryli, Phyllonorycter  121 cosmophorana, Cydia  422, Pl 49 Cosmopterigidae  12, 45, 46, 186–9, Pls 18–19 Cosmopterix  188, 189, Pl 19 costaestrigalis, Schrankia  34 costalis, Hypsopygia  453, Pl 54 costella, Scrobipalpa  210, Pl 22 costipunctana, Epiblema  412, Pl 48 Crambidae  39, 454–83, Pls 54–62 Crambus  474, 475, 476, Pls 59–60 Crassa  11, 45, 48, 167, Pl 14 crassiflavella, Cephimallota  99 crassiorella, Psyche  90 crataegana, Archips  347, Pl 33 crataegella, Scythropia  161, Pl 13 crataegella, Stigmella  70 craterella, Chrysocrambus  483 crenana, Epinotia  400, Pl 46 crepusculella, Opostega  47 crepusculella, Pseudopostega  71, Pl 1 cristana, Acleris  361, Pl 38 cristatella, Bucculatrix  101, 102 crocealis, Anania  460, Pl 56 crocicapitella, Monopis  97, Pl 6 Crocidosema  405, Pl 47 croesella, Adela  76, Pl 2 cruciana, Epinotia  399, Pl 46 cryptella, Trifurcula  70

Cryptoblabes  438, Pl 51 cuculipennella, Caloptilia  107, Pl 7 culmella, Chrysoteuchia  474, Pl 59 cuneatella, Gelechia  217 cuprella, Adela  76, Pl 2 cupressella, Argyresthia  149, Pl 12 cupriacella, Nemophora  75, Pl 2 currucipennella, Coleophora  299 curvella, Argyresthia  151, Pl 12 curvipunctosa, Agonopterix  183 curvistrigana, Phalonidia  368, Pl 40 cyaneimarmorella, Stenoptinea  92, Pl 5 Cydalima  467, Pl 57 Cydia  420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 435, Pls 49–50 Cymolomia  435 Cynaeda  467, Pl 58 cynosbatella, Notocelia  412, Pl 48 cytisella, Monochroa  203, Pl 21

D Dahlica  87, 88, Pls 3–4 Dasycera  168, Pl 15 Dasystoma  172, Pl 16 daucella, Depressaria  182, Pl 18 dealbana, Gypsonoma  409, Pl 47 deaurana, Aethes  373, Pl 41 deauratella, Coleophora  299 deauratella, Oegoconia  163 decentella, Etainia  65, Pl 1 decorella, Carpatolechia  217 decrepitalis, Udea  463, Pl 56 degeerella, Nemophora  74, Pl 2 degreyana, Falseuncaria  435 Delplanqueia  439, 440, Pl 52 delunella, Eudonia  472, Pl 59 demarniana, Epinotia  401, Pl 46 demaryella, Bucculatrix  105 Denisia  165, 166, 170, Pl 14 dentalis, Cynaeda  467, Pl 58 dentella, Phaulernis  337, Pl 32 dentella, Ypsolopha  137, 138, Pl 9 denticulella, Callisto  114, Pl 8 depressana, Depressaria  183 Depressaria  181, 182, 183, Pl 18 Depressariidae  45, 175–83, Pls 16–18 derasella, Dichomeris  217 desertella, Bryotropha  217 desperatella, Stigmella  70 despicata, Pyrausta  456, Pl 54 deviella, Coleophora  299 devoniella, Parornix  116 Dialectica  129 diana, Choreutis  342, Pl 32 Diasemia  483 Diasemiopsis  465, Pl 57 Dichelia  435 Dichomeris  195, 217, Pl 20 Dichrorampha  417, 418, 419, Pl 49 dicommatias, Simacauda  80 diffinis, Teleiopsis  213, Pl 23 diffluella, Scrobipalpula  217 Digitivalva  145, 146, Pl 11 dilectella, Argyresthia  149, Pl 12 dilucidana, Aethes  372, Pl 41 dilutella, Delplanqueia  439, Pl 52 diminutana, Ancylis  392, Pl 44

512   Index of scientific names Dioryctria  442, 443, Pl 52 Diplodoma  87, Pl 3 Diplopseustis  465, Pl 57 discipunctella, Depressaria  183 discordella, Coleophora  290, Pl 24 dispunctella, Elachista  307 distans, Oxyptilus  331, Pl 30 distentella, Phyllonorycter  129 distinctella, Chionodes  217 ditella, Haplotinea  99 Ditula  345, Pl 33 Diurnea  171, 172, Pls 15–16 diversana, Choristoneura  347, Pl 33 divisella, Mompha  313, Pl 27 divisella, Monochroa  217 dodecea, Ethmia  184, Pl 18 dodecella, Exoteleia  216, Pl 23 dodonaea, Tischeria  84 Dolicharthria  466, Pl 57 domestica, Bryotropha  198, Pl 21 Donacaula  483, Pl 62 doubledayana, Celypha  435 douglasella, Depressaria  183, Pl 18 Douglasiidae  43, 162, Pl 13 drurella, Chrysoesthia  197, Pl 20 Dryadaula  99 dryadella, Bryotropha  217 dryadella, Stigmella  70 dubiella, Tinea  99 dubitana, Neocochylis  376, Pl 41 dubitella, Phyllonorycter  129 dumetana, Pandemis  350, Pl 34 dumicolana, Clepsis  352, Pl 35 duplicella, Narycia  87, Pl 3 Duponchelia  465, Pl 57 Dyseriocrania  54, Pl 1 Dystebenna  310, Pl 26

E Eana  354, 355, 435, Pls 35–6 Earias  34 Eccopisa  453 Ectoedemia  66, 67, 68, 69, 70 effractana, Acleris  360, Pl 38 effractella, Eccopisa  453 Eidophasia  142, Pl 10 ekebladella, Tischeria  83, Pl 3 Elachista  12, 43, 49, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, Pls 25–6 Elachistidae  12, 43, 300–7, Pls 25–6 Elegia  438, 453, Pl 51 eleochariella, Elachista  307 elongella, Caloptilia  108, Pl 7 elongella, Monochroa  217 Elophila  480, 481, Pl 61 elutella, Ephestia  451, Pl 54 emargana, Acleris  360, Pl 38 emberizaepenella, Phyllonorycter  124 Emmelina  335, Pl 31 empetrella, Scythris  321, 323, Pl 28 Enarmonia  390, Pl 44 Endothenia  387, 388, 435, Pls 43–4 Endotricha  453, Pl 54 Endrosis  166, Pl 14 Enteucha  29, 58 Epagoge  345, Pl 33 Epermenia  338, 339, Pl 32

Epermeniidae  44, 337–9, Pl 32 ephemerella, Acentria  481, Pl 61 Ephestia  451, Pl 54 Epiblema  411, 412, 435, Pls 47–8 Epicallima  170 Epichnopterix  89, Pl 4 epilobiella, Mompha  315 Epinotia  397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 435, Pls 45–6 Epiphyas  353, Pl 35 Epischnia  443, Pl 53 equitella, Glyphipterix  144, Pl 11 ericella, Crambus  475, Pl 59 ericetana, Endothenia  388, Pl 44 ericetella, Neofaculta  194, Pl 20 ericinella, Aristotelia  200, Pl 21 Eriocrania  55, 56, Pl 1 Eriocraniidae  12, 42, 54–6, Pl 1 Eriopsela  394, Pl 44 erxlebella, Roeslerstammia  100, Pl 6 erythrogenella, Ectoedemia  69 eskoi, Elachista  307 esperella, Phyllonorycter  122 Esperia  5, 40, 48, 168, Pl 15 Etainia  64, 65, Pl 1 Ethmia  12, 45, 49, 184, 185, Pl 18 Ethmiidae  12, 45, 184–5, Pl 18 Etiella  441, Pl 52 Eublemma  34 Euchromius  473, 483, Pl 59 Euclemensia  189 Eucosma  405, 406, 407, 408, 435, Pl 47 Eucosmomorpha  390, Pl 44 Eudarcia  92 Eudemis  377, 378, Pls 41–2 Eudonia  471, 472, 473, Pls 58–9 Euhyponomeuta  136 Eulia  365, Pl 39 Eupoecilia  370, 371, Pl 40 eurema, Trifurcula  70 Eurhodope  446, Pl 53 Euspilapteryx  113, Pl 8 Euzophera  447, 453, Pl 53 Evergestis  468, Pl 58 evonymella, Yponomeuta  28, 131, Pl 8 Exaeretia  176, 183, Pl 16 Exapate  354, Pl 35 Exoteleia  216, Pl 23 extimalis, Evergestis  468, Pl 58

F fabriciana, Anthophila  340, Pl 32 fagella, Diurnea  171, Pl 15 fagiglandana, Cydia  424, Pl 50 fagivora, Parornix  115 falciformis, Epermenia  339, Pl 32 falconipennella, Caloptilia  110, Pl 7 fallacella, Scythris  323 fallouella, Acrobasis  453 falsella, Catoptria  478, Pl 61 Falseuncaria  377, 435, Pl 41 farinalis, Pyralis  11, 452, Pl 54 farinella, Perittia  307 farreni, Epermenia  339, Pl 32 fascelinella, Pediasia  479, Pl 61 fasciana, Pammene  432, Pl 50

fasciapennella, Kessleria  136 fasciella, Nemophora  75, Pl 2 fenestratella, Monopis  99 fennicana, Aethes  435 ferrugalis, Udea  462, Pl 56 ferrugana, Acleris  363, Pl 39 festaliella, Schreckensteinia  336, Pl 31 fibulella, Cauchas  76, Pl 2 fidella, Caloptilia  111, Pl 7 figulilella, Cadra  453 filicivora, Psychoides  99, Pl 6 filipendulae, Stigmella  63 finitimella, Parornix  117 flammealis, Endotricha  453, Pl 54 flavalis, Mecyna  464, Pl 57 flavescentella, Tinea  99 flavicaput, Spuleria  309, Pl 26 flaviciliana, Cochylis  375, Pl 41 flavidorsana, Dichrorampha  419 flavifrontella, Agnoea  173 flavimaculella, Teleiodes  217 flavimitrella, Lampronia  82, Pl 3 flavipennella, Coleophora  299 floslactella, Stigmella  59 foenella, Epiblema  412, Pl 48 follicularis, Coleophora  299 Fomoria  65, 66 forficalis, Evergestis  468, Pl 58 forficella, Donacaula  483, Pl 62 forficella, Harpella  170 formosana, Enarmonia  390, Pl 44 formosana, Lozotaeniodes  353, Pl 35 formosa, Rhodophaea  442, Pl 52 formosella, Epicallima  170 forsskaleana, Acleris  357, Pl 37 forsterana, Lozotaenia  350, Pl 34 forsterella, Glyphipterix  145, Pl 11 fovealis, Duponchelia  465, Pl 57 francillana, Aethes  373, Pl 41 frangutella, Bucculatrix  103 fraternana, Epinotia  403, Pl 46 fraternella, Caryocolum  212, Pl 23 fraxinella, Prays  158, Pl 13 freyerella, Elachista  307 Friedlanderia  483 friesei, Ocnerostoma  136, Pl 9 frischella, Coleophora  299 froelichiella, Phyllonorycter  124 fugitivella, Carpatolechia  214, Pl 23 fulvalis, Udea  462, Pl 56 fulvana, Eucosma  406, Pl 47 fulviguttella, Phaulernis  337, Pl 32 fulvimitrella, Triaxomera  93, Pl 5 fumatella, Chionodes  217 funebrana, Grapholita  428, Pl 50 funebris, Anania  460, Pl 56 furcatellus, Catoptria  478, Pl 61 furfurana, Bactra  389, Pl 44 fuscalis, Anania  458, Pl 55 fusca, Pyla  438, Pl 51 fusca, Sterrhopterix  90, Pl 4 fuscatella, Lampronia  82, Pl 3 fuscella, Niditinea  99 fuscescens, Borkhausenia  167, Pl 14 fuscoaenea, Scythris  323 fuscocuprella, Coleophora  299 fuscoviridella, Glyphipterix  144, Pl 11

Index of scientific names   513



G

H

galactodactyla, Porrittia  332, Pl 30 galbanella, Bryotropha  217 galbulipennella, Coleophora  296 Galleria  437, Pl 51 gallicana, Pammene  434, Pl 51 gangabella, Elachista  302 gardesanella, Coleophora  299 gaunacella, Coptotriche  84 Gelechia  207, 208, 217, Pl 22 Gelechiidae  44, 190–217, Pls 19–23 geminana, Ancylis  392, Pl 44 geminatella, Elachista  307 gemmella, Stenolechia  216, Pl 23 gemmiferana, Grapholita  427, Pl 50 geniculea, Agriphila  477, Pl 60 geniculella, Phyllonorycter  126 genistae, Coleophora  290 genistella, Pempelia  441, Pl 52 genitalana, Cnephasia  356, Pl 36 gentianaeana, Endothenia  387, Pl 43 geoffrella, Alabonia  169, Pl 15 germmana, Pammene  434, Pl 51 gerningana, Philedone  345, Pl 33 Gibberifera  435 gibbosella, Psoricoptera  208, Pl 22 giganteana, Pammene  430, Pl 50 gigantella, Schoenobius  482, Pl 62 Gillmeria  328, Pl 29 gilvata, Uresiphita  457, Pl 55 gilvicomana, Phalonidia  368, Pl 40 glabratella, Argyresthia  148, Pl 12 glaucicolella, Coleophora  299 glaucinalis, Hypsopygia  453, Pl 54 glaucinella, Argyresthia  152, Pl 12 Glaucolepis  70 gleichenella, Elachista  303 glitzella, Coleophora  286 glutinosae, Stigmella  70 Glyphipterigidae  12, 40, 44, 143–7, Pl 11 Glyphipterix  12, 40, 48, 144, 145, Pl 11 gnomana, Paramesia  435 Gnorimoschema  217 goedartella, Argyresthia  151, Pl 12 gonodactyla, Platyptilia  327, Pl 29 Gracillaria  112, Pl 7 Gracillariidae  41, 43, 44, 46, 106–29, Pls 7–8 grandaevana, Epiblema  412, Pl 48 grandipennis, Scythris  321, 322, Pl 28 grandis, Schiffermuelleria  164, 165, Pl 14 granella, Nemapogon  99 granitana, Epinotia  435 graphana, Epiblema  435 Grapholita  426, 427, 428, 429, Pl 50 Gravitarmata  415, Pl 48 griseana, Zeiraphera  404, Pl 46 grisella, Achroia  437, Pl 51 grossulariella, Zophodia  453 grotiana, Epagoge  345, Pl 33 gryphipennella, Coleophora  283, Pl 24 gularis, Aphomia  453 Gymnancyla  447, Pl 53 Gynnidomorpha  369, 370, Pl 40 Gypsonoma  409, 410, 435, Pl 47 gysseleniella, Cedestis  136, Pl 9

haasi, Plutella  141, Pl 10 hamana, Agapeta  370, Pl 40 hamella, Crambus  476, Pl 60 hammoniella, Heliozela  73 hannoverella, Ectoedemia  67 Haplotinea  99 Harpella  170 harrisella, Phyllonorycter  117, Pl 8 hartigiana, Cymolomia  435 hartmanniana, Aethes  371, Pl 41 hastiana, Acleris  34, 362, Pl 39 haworthana, Glyphipterix  144, Pl 11 headleyella, Glaucolepis  70 hebenstreitella, Choristoneura  348, Pl 34 heckfordi, Ectoedemia  70 Hedya  380, 381, Pl 42 heegeriella, Phyllonorycter  129 heinemanni, Coptotriche  84 Helcystogramma  196, 217, Pl 20 Heliozela  73 Heliozelidae  43, 72–3, Pl 1 hellerella, Blastodacna  308, Pl 26 Hellinsia  334, 335, Pl 31 Hellula  469, Pl 58 hemargyrella, Stigmella  63 hemerobiella, Coleophora  289, Pl 24 hemidactylella, Caloptilia  111, Pl 7 heparana, Pandemis  350, Pl 34 hepariella, Zelleria  133, Pl 9 hepatariella, Levipalpus  183 heracliana, Agonopterix  178, Pl 17 heringella, Ectoedemia  68 heringi, Ectoedemia  70 Herpetogramma  483 herrichiana, Pammene  432, Pl 50 heterodactyla, Pselnophorus  333, Pl 31 hexadactyla, Alucita  324, Pl 28 heydeniana, Cochylidia  374, Pl 41 hilarella, Phyllonorycter  129 hippophaella, Gelechia  217 histrionana, Dichelia  435 Hodebertia  483 Hofmannophila  167, Pl 14 hohenwartiana, Eucosma  406, Pl 47 holmiana, Acleris  357, Pl 37 Homoeosoma  448, 449, Pl 53 honoratella, Caloptilia  111, Pl 7 hornigi, Monochroa  217 horridella, Ypsolopha  139, Pl 9 hortulata, Anania  460, Pl 56 hostilis, Sciota  440, Pl 52 hostis, Phyllonorycter  129 huebneri, Caryocolum  217 humidalis, Hypenodes  34 humiliella, Bucculatrix  103 humilis, Elachista  307 hyalinalis, Paratalanta  462, Pl 56 hybnerella, Stigmella  70 hybridella, Neocochylis  375, Pl 41 hydrolapathella, Coleophora  285 hyemana, Acleris  363, Pl 39 Hypatima  194, Pl 20 Hypatopa  319 Hypenodes  34 Hypercallia  183, Pl 18

Hypochalcia  443, Pl 52 Hypsopygia  453, Pl 54 Hysterophora  367, Pl 40

I ibipennella, Coleophora  291 idaeella, Coleophora  286 ignorata, Pammene  430, Pl 50 illutana, Cydia  421, Pl 49 imella, Monopis  98, Pl 6 immaculatella, Oxypteryx  217 immundana, Epinotia  400, Pl 46 immundella, Trifurcula  64 imperialella, Dialectica  129 implicitana, Cochylidia  374, Pl 41 incanana, Eana  355, Pl 36 incarnatana, Notocelia  413, Pl 48 incarnatella, Rhigognostis  142, Pl 10 incertana, Cnephasia  355, Pl 36 incognitella, Stigmella  70 inconditella, Nemapogon  99 incongruella, Amphisbatis  173, Pl 16 inconspicuella, Dahlica  87, Pl 3 Incurvaria  11, 39, 47, 78, 79, 80, Pl 3 Incurvariidae  39, 78–80, Pl 3 indivisa, Cydia  435 infida, Apotomis  435 Infurcitinea  92, 99, Pl 5 innoxiella, Anarsia  194, Pl 20 inopiana, Phtheochroa  366, Pl 40 inopinata, Stenoptilia  335 inornatella, Brachmia  217 inquinatana, Cydia  425, Pl 50 inquinatella, Agriphila  476, Pl 60 inscriptella, Delplanqueia  440, Pl 52 insectella, Haplotinea  99 insecurella, Epermenia  338, Pl 32 insignitella, Phyllonorycter  129 inspersella, Scythris  323, Pl 28 instabilella, Scrobipalpa  217 internana, Grapholita  426, Pl 50 internella, Batia  170, Pl 14 interpunctella, Plodia  450, Pl 54 interscindana, Cydia  421, Pl 49 intimella, Ectoedemia  66 inulae, Coleophora  299 irrorella, Yponomeuta  133, Pl 9 Ischnoscia  99 isertana, Zeiraphera  404, Pl 47 isidis, Ceutholopha  453 islandicus, Stenoptilia  335 isodactylus, Platyptilia  327, Pl 29 Isophrictis  200, 217, Pl 21 Isotrias  344, Pl 33 italica, Metalampra  166, Pl 14 ivella, Argyresthia  150, Pl 12

J janiszewskae, Sorhagenia  189 janthinana, Grapholita  429, Pl 50 joannisi, Phyllonorycter  126 josephinae, Agnoea  173, Pl 16 juncicolella, Coleophora  287, Pl 24 junctella, Caryocolum  217 jungiella, Grapholita  428, Pl 50 juniperana, Pammene  435 juniperella, Dichomeris  195, Pl 20

514   Index of scientific names junoniella, Phyllonorycter  119 jurassicella, Mompha  313, Pl 27

K kaekeritziana, Agonopterix  179, Pl 17 Kessleria  134, 136, Pl 9 kilmunella, Elachista  307 klemannella, Phyllonorycter  125 kochiella, Acleris  364, Pl 39 koenigi, Nemapogon  94, Pl 5 kroesmanniella, Caryocolum  217 kuehnella, Coleophora  291 kuehniella, Ephestia  451, Pl 54 kuhlweiniella, Phyllonorycter  129 kuznetzovi, Agonopterix  183

L laburnella, Leucoptera  156, Pl 13 lacteana, Bactra  389, Pl 44 lacteana, Eucosma  407, Pl 47 lacteella, Mompha  312, Pl 27 lacticolella, Blastobasis  319, Pl 27 lacunana, Celypha  383, Pl 43 lacustrata, Eudonia  471, Pl 58 laetana, Ancylis  391, Pl 44 laetus, Oxyptilus  331, Pl 30 laevigatella, Argyresthia  148, Pl 12 laevigella, Monopis  97, Pl 6 lafauryana, Choristoneura  435 laichartingella, Diplodoma  87, Pl 3 lambdella, Batia  168, Pl 14 Lamoria  437, 453, Pl 51 Lampronia  81, 82, Pl 3 lancealana, Bactra  389, Pl 44 lancealis, Anania  458, Pl 55 langiella, Mompha  316, Pl 27 langmaidi, Tetramoera  435 lantanella, Phyllonorycter  120 lapidella, Luffia  85, 88, Pl 4 lappella, Metzneria  201, Pl 21 lapponica, Stigmella  70 laricana, Spilonota  396, Pl 45 laricella, Coleophora  293, Pl 25 larseniella, Aproaerema  192, Pl 19 lassella, Coleophora  299 laterana, Acleris  358, Pl 37 lathamella, Chrysoclista  310, Pl 26 lathoniellus, Crambus  475, Pl 60 Lathronympha  425, Pl 50 lathyrana, Grapholita  428, Pl 50 lathyrifoliella, Leucoptera  157 latistria, Agriphila  477, Pl 60 lautella, Phyllonorycter  123 lecheana, Ptycholoma  348, Pl 34 leguminana, Cydia  435 lemnata, Cataclysta  481, Pl 62 lemniscella, Stigmella  70 lentiginosella, Mirificarma  206, Pl 22 leplastriana, Selania  425, Pl 50 leucapennella, Povolnya  113, Pl 8 leucatella, Recurvaria  216, Pl 23 leucodactyla, Merrifieldia  332, Pl 30 leucographella, Phyllonorycter  120, Pl 8 Leucoptera  156, 157, Pl 13 Leucospilapteryx  114 leuwenhoekella, Pancalia  187, Pl 18 Levipalpus  183

licarsisalis, Herpetogramma  483 lichenella, Dahlica  88, Pl 4 lienigialis, Pyralis  452, Pl 54 lienigianus, Hellinsia  334, Pl 31 lienigiella, Cosmopterix  188, Pl 19 limbata, Evergestis  468, Pl 58 limbella, Scythris  323, Pl 28 Limnaecia  187, Pl 19 limoniella, Coleophora  283, Pl 24 limosipennella, Coleophora  284 lineana, Apotomis  378, Pl 42 lineana, Nyctegretis  448, Pl 53 lineatella, Anarsia  217 lineola, Eudonia  472, Pl 59 lineolea, Coleophora  289, Pl 24 linetella, Chrysocrambus  483 linneella, Chrysoclista  310, Pl 26 linosyridella, Coleophora  299 lipsiana, Acleris  365, Pl 39 lipsiella, Diurnea  172, Pl 16 literana, Acleris  365, Pl 39 lithargyrinella, Coleophora  299 lithodactyla, Oidaematophorus  333, Pl 31 littoralis, Lobesia  386, Pl 43 littorella, Metzneria  217 littoricola, Elachista  307 liturosa, Agonopterix  177, Pl 17 lixella, Coleophora  292, Pl 25 ljungiana, Argyrotaenia  348, Pl 34 lobarzewskii, Grapholita  428, Pl 50 lobella, Luquetia  176, Pl 16 Lobesia  386, 435, Pl 43 locupletella, Mompha  311, 316, Pl 27 loeflingiana, Aleimma  357, Pl 37 logaea, Rhyacionia  416, Pl 48 loganella, Parornix  129 logiana, Acleris  364, Pl 39 longana, Cnephasia  356, Pl 36 longicaudella, Zimmermannia  66 lophyrella, Sorhagenia  189 lorquiniana, Acleris  361, Pl 38 lotella, Anerastia  451, Pl 54 lotella, Leucoptera  156 louisella, Etainia  65 Loxostege  455, Pl 54 Lozotaenia  350, Pl 34 Lozotaeniodes  353, Pl 35 lucella, Ypsolopha  139, Pl 9 lucidella, Monochroa  204, Pl 21 luculella, Teleiodes  213, Pl 23 luedersiana, Pammene  432 Luffia  85, 88, Pl 4 lunaedactyla, Marasmarcha  330, Pl 30 lunana, Philedonides  346, Pl 33 lunaris, Batia  168, Pl 14 lunulana, Grapholita  427, Pl 50 Luquetia  176, Pl 16 luridana, Gynnidomorpha  369, Pl 40 lusciniaepennella, Coleophora  286 lutarea, Coleophora  282, Pl 24 lutatella, Helcystogramma  217 lutealis, Udea  462, Pl 56 luteella, Stigmella  70 luticomella, Elachista  307 lutipennella, Coleophora  283, Pl 24 lutulentella, Monochroa  217

luzella, Lampronia  81, Pl 3 Lyonetia  154, 155, Pl 13 Lyonetiidae  41, 154–7, Pl 13 Lypusidae  42, 45, 173, Pl 16 lythargyrella, Catoptria  483

M maccana, Acleris  359, Pl 37 maculana, Epinotia  398, Pl 45 maculicerusella, Elachista  305, Pl 26 maculosana, Hysterophora  367, Pl 40 maestingella, Phyllonorycter  121 magdalenae, Stigmella  70 magna, Nematopogon  77 malella, Stigmella  59 malifoliella, Leucoptera  157 malinellus, Yponomeuta  132, Pl 8 malvella, Pexicopia  197, Pl 20 manniana, Phalonidia  368, Pl 40 mansuetella, Micropterix  52, Pl 1 Marasmarcha  330, Pl 30 marcidella, Acrolepiopsis  147, Pl 11 margaritana, Aethes  372, Pl 41 margaritella, Catoptria  478, Pl 61 margarotana, Aethes  435 margarotana, Gravitarmata  415, Pl 48 marginana, Endothenia  387, Pl 43 marginea, Coptotriche  84, Pl 3 marginella, Dichomeris  195, Pl 20 maritima, Bucculatrix  102, Pl 6 maritima, Phycitodes  449, Pl 53 maritima/saxicola, Phycitodes  51 maritimella, Coleophora  294 marmorea, Acrobasis  445, Pl 53 marmorea, Caryocolum  211, Pl 23 martinii, Apodia  202, Pl 21 Maruca  483 masculella, Incurvaria  11, 47, 79, Pl 3 mayrella, Coleophora  299 Mecyna  464, Pl 57 medicaginella, Phyllonorycter  129 medicaginis, Cydia  435 mellonella, Galleria  437, Pl 51 mercurella, Eudonia  473, Pl 59 mercuriana, Epinotia  400, Pl 46 meridionalis, Agdistis  326, Pl 28 Merrifieldia  332, 333, 335, Pls 30–1 Mesophleps  217 mespilella, Phyllonorycter  129 mespilicola, Stigmella  70 messaniella, Phyllonorycter  118, Pl 8 messingiella, Eidophasia  142, Pl 10 Metalampra  166, Pl 14 metalella, Antispila  43 metallella, Antispila  72, Pl 1 metallicana, Phiaris  384, Pl 43 metallica, Nemophora  75, Pl 2 metaxella, Nematopogon  77, Pl 2 Metzneria  201, 202, 217, Pl 21 metzneriana, Eucosma  408, Pl 47 metzneriella, Metzneria  202, Pl 21 micalis, Tebenna  341, Pl 32 micana, Phiaris  384, Pl 43 micella, Argolamprotes  203, Pl 21 microdactyla, Adaina  335, Pl 31 microgrammana, Cydia  420, Pl 49 Micropterigidae  42, 46, 52–3, Pl 1

Index of scientific names   515

Micropterix  52, 53, Pl 1 microtheriella, Stigmella  58 millenniana, Cydia  423, Pl 49 millieridactyla, Stenoptilia  329, Pl 30 milvipennis, Coleophora  283 minimana, Gynnidomorpha  369, Pl 40 minimella, Ectoedemia  70 minimella, Nemophora  75, Pl 2 ministrana, Eulia  365, Pl 39 minusculella, Stigmella  70 minutana, Gypsonoma  409, Pl 47 minutella, Borkhausenia  170 Mirificarma  206, Pl 22 miscella, Mompha  316, Pl 27 mitterbacheriana, Ancylis  394, Pl 44 molliculana, Neocochylis  376, Pl 41 Mompha  28, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, Pl 27 Momphidae  45, 46, 311–17, Pl 27 monachella, Monopis  98, Pl 6 Monochroa  203, 204, 217, Pl 21 monodactyla, Emmelina  335, Pl 31 Monopis  97, 98, 99, Pl 6 Morophaga  92, Pl 5 morosa, Lampronia  82, Pl 3 mouffetella, Athrips  205, Pl 22 moyses, Monochroa  204 mucronella, Donacaula  483, Pl 62 mucronella, Ypsolopha  11, 138, Pl 9 muelleriella, Phyllonorycter  129 mulinella, Mirificarma  206, Pl 22 murana, Eudonia  471, Pl 58 murinella, Scrobipalpa  217 muscosella, Gelechia  217 musculana, Syndemis  350, Pl 34 Musotima  482, Pl 62 Myelois  446, Pl 53 mygindiana, Stictea  385, Pl 43 myllerana, Prochoreutis  341, Pl 32 Myrmecozela  99 myrtillana, Ancylis  393, Pl 44 myrtillana, Rhopobota  395, Pl 44 myrtillella, Stigmella  60

Neosphaleroptera  354, Pl 35 Neotelphusa  213, Pl 23 Nephopterix  444, Pl 53 Nepticulidae  41, 57–70, Pl 1 nervosa, Agonopterix  180, Pl 17 neuropterella, Metzneria  217 nicellii, Phyllonorycter  125 Niditinea  99 nigra, Gelechia  207, Pl 22 nigrata, Pyrausta  11, 39, 457, Pl 55 nigrescentella, Phyllonorycter  123 nigricana, Cydia  420, Pl 49 nigricana, Epinotia  435 nigricomella, Bucculatrix  Pl 6 nigricostana, Endothenia  388, Pl 43 nigripunctella, Tenaga  99 nimbella, Homoeosoma  449, Pl 53 niphognatha, Monochroa  217 nisella, Epinotia  403, Pl 46 nitentella, Scrobipalpa  217 nitidalis, Musotima  482, Pl 62 nitidana, Strophedra  435, Pl 51 nitidulana, Gypsonoma  435 nitidulata, Nymphula  482, Pl 62 niveicostella, Coleophora  299 nobilella, Elachista  307 noctuella, Nomophila  466, Pl 57 Nomophila  466, 483, Pl 57 notana, Acleris  364, Pl 39 notatella, Carpatolechia  214, Pl 23 Nothris  194, 217, Pl 19 Notocelia  412, 413, 414, Pl 48 novimundi, Oegoconia  163 nubiferana, Hedya  380, Pl 42 nubilalis, Ostrinia  461, Pl 56 nubilana, Neosphaleroptera  354, Pl 35 nutantella, Coleophora  297 Nyctegretis  448, Pl 53 Nycteola  34 nylandriella, Stigmella  70 nymphaeata, Elophila  480, Pl 61 Nymphula  482, Pl 62

N

obductella, Uncinus  439, Pl 51 obliquella, Elachista  307 obliquella, Stigmella  70 oblitella, Ancylosis  448, Pl 53 oblongana, Endothenia  387, Pl 43 obscurana, Pammene  431, Pl 50 obscurepunctella, Perittia  300, Pl 25 obsoletana, Phiaris  384, Pl 43 obsoletella, Scrobipalpa  217 obtusana, Ancylis  391, Pl 44 obumbratana, Eucosma  405, Pl 47 obviella, Monopis  97, Pl 6 occidentis, Lobesia  386, Pl 43 occultella, Ectoedemia  70 ocellana, Agonopterix  176, Pl 17 ocellana, Spilonota  396, Pl 45 ocellatella, Scrobipalpa  209 ocellea, Euchromius  473, Pl 59 ochraceella, Mompha  312, Pl 27 ochraceella, Myrmecozela  99 ochrea, Coleophora  292, Pl 25 ochrodactyla, Gillmeria  328, Pl 29 ochroleucana, Hedya  381, Pl 42

naevana, Rhopobota  396, Pl 45 nanana, Epinotia  400, Pl 46 nanatella, Agonopterix  179, Pl 17 nana, Thyralia  Pl 41 nana, Thyraylia  375 nanella, Recurvaria  216, Pl 23 Narycia  87, Pl 3 Nascia  457, Pl 55 nearctica, Nomophila  483 nebulella, Homoeosoma  448, Pl 53 nebulella, Paraswammerdamia  135, Pl 9 Nemapogon  93, 94, 99, Pl 5 Nematopogon  77, Pl 2 Nemaxera  93, Pl 5 Nemophora  74, 75, Pl 2 nemoralis, Agrotera  464, Pl 57 nemorana, Choreutis  342, Pl 32 nemorella, Ypsolopha  138, Pl 9 nemorivaga, Epinotia  399, Pl 45 Neocochylis  375, 376, Pl 41 Neofaculta  194, Pl 20 Neofriseria  205, 217, Pl 22

O

Ochsenheimeria  137, 140, Pl 10 ochsenheimeriana, Pammene  434, Pl 51 Ocnerostoma  136, Pl 9 ocnerostomella, Tinagma  162, Pl 13 Oecophora  169, Pl 15 Oecophoridae  40, 43, 164–70, Pls 14–15 Oegoconia  163, Pl 14 oehlmanniella, Incurvaria  79, Pl 3 ohridella, Cameraria  127, Pl 8 Oidaematophorus  333, Pl 31 Oinophila  98, Pl 6 oleae, Prays  159, Pl 13 oleastrella, Zelleria  133, Pl 9 olerella, Depressaria  183 Olethreutes  385, Pl 43 Olindia  344, Pl 33 olivalis, Udea  463, Pl 56 oliviella, Dasycera  168, Pl 15 omissella, Leucospilapteryx  114 omoscopa, Opogona  98, Pl 6 Oncocera  441, Pl 52 ononidis, Parectopa  107, Pl 7 operculella, Phthorimaea  217 Opogona  98, Pl 6 oporana, Archips  346, Pl 33 Opostega  71, Pl 1 Opostegidae  41, 71, Pl 1 oppressana, Gypsonoma  409, Pl 47 orana, Adoxophyes  353, Pl 35 orbitella, Coleophora  299 orichalcea, Cosmopterix  188, Pl 19 ornatella, Pempeliella  439, Pl 51 orobana, Grapholita  427, Pl 50 orobi, Leucoptera  157 orstadii, Elachista  307 Ortholepis  438, Pl 51 Orthotaenia  380, Pl 42 Orthotelia  143, Pl 11 osseana, Eana  354, Pl 35 osseella, Psamathocrita  217 osteodactylus, Hellinsia  334, Pl 31 osthelderi, Catoptria  483 ostrinalis, Pyrausta  457, Pl 55 Ostrinia  461, Pl 56 otidipennella, Coleophora  294, Pl 25 oxyacanthae, Phyllonorycter  119 oxyacanthella, Stigmella  70 Oxypteryx  205, 217, Pl 21 Oxyptilus  330, 331, 335, Pl 30

P Pachyrhabda  320, Pl 28 Pachythelia  90, Pl 4 pactolana, Cydia  423, Pl 49 pactolia, Dryadaula  99 padella, Yponomeuta  131, Pl 8 palealis, Sitochroa  458, Pl 55 paleana, Zelotherses  351, Pl 34 pallens, Ancylodes  453 pallescentella, Tinea  96, Pl 5 pallidactyla, Gillmeria  328, Pl 29 pallida, Eudonia  473, Pl 59 pallidana, Brevicornutia  377, Pl 41 pallidata, Evergestis  468, Pl 58 pallifrontana, Grapholita  426, Pl 50

516   Index of scientific names pallorella, Agonopterix  179, Pl 17 palpellus, Aplota  170, Pl 15 Palpita  466, Pl 57 paludana, Ancylis  393, Pl 44 paludella, Calamotropha  474, Pl 59 paludum, Buckleria  331, Pl 30 palumbella, Pempelia  441, Pl 52 palustrana, Phiaris  385, Pl 43 palustrellus, Monochroa  204, Pl 21 Pammene  430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, Pls 50–1 Pancalia  187, Pl 18 pandalis, Paratalanta  461, Pl 56 Pandemis  349, 350, Pl 34 pappiferella, Coleophora  299 Parachronistis  216, Pl 23 Paracorsia  483 Paracrania  54, Pl 1 paradoxa, Stigmella  70 Paramesia  435 Parametriotidae  45, 308–10, Pl 26 Parapoynx  482, Pl 62 parasitella, Triaxomera  93, Pl 5 Paraswammerdamia  135, Pl 9 Paratalanta  461, 462, Pl 56 Parectopa  107, Pl 7 parenthesella, Ypsolopha  139, Pl 10 pariana, Choreutis  342, Pl 32 paripennella, Coleophora  297, Pl 25 paripunctella, Pseudotelphusa  215, Pl 23 Parornix  115, 116, 117, 129, Pl 8 parva, Eublemma  34 parvidactyla, Oxyptilus  330, Pl 30 parvulana, Eucosma  406, Pl 47 pascuella, Crambus  474, Pl 59 pasiuana, Cnephasia  356, Pl 36 passerella, Swammerdamia  136 pastorella, Phyllonorycter  126 Patania  463, Pl 57 paupella, Ptocheuusa  191, 202, Pl 21 pauperana, Phaneta  405, Pl 47 pauperella, Scrobipalpa  217 pectinea, Incurvaria  78, 79, Pl 3 pedella, Stathmopoda  320, Pl 28 Pediasia  479, 480, Pl 61 Peleopodidae  45, 174, Pl 16 peliella, Neofriseria  217 pellionella, Tinea  95, Pl 5 Pelochrista  405, Pl 47 Pempelia  441, Pl 52 Pempeliella  439, Pl 51 pennella, Coleophora  293 pentadactyla, Pterophorus  28, 332, Pl 30 penthinana, Pristerognatha  435 penziana, Eana  355 penziana, Eana penziana  Pl 36 peregrina, Prays  159, Pl 13 peribenanderi, Coleophora  296, Pl 25 Periclepsis  345, Pl 33 perieresalis, Diplopseustis  465, Pl 57 Perittia  300, 307, Pl 25 perlella, Crambus  476, Pl 60 perlepidella, Digitivalva  145, Pl 11 perlucidalis, Anania  459, Pl 55 permixtana, Gynnidomorpha  369, Pl 40 permutana, Acleris  363, Pl 39

permutatellus, Catoptria  477, Pl 61 perpygmaeella, Stigmella  70 perspectalis, Cydalima  467, Pl 57 petiverella, Dichrorampha  419, Pl 49 petryi, Antispila  72 Pexicopia  197, Pl 20 Phalonidia  368, Pl 40 Phaneta  405, Pl 47 phasianipennella, Calybites  113, Pl 8 Phaulernis  337, Pl 32 Phiaris  384, 385, Pl 43 Philedone  345, Pl 33 Philedonides  346, Pl 33 phragmitella, Chilo  473, Pl 59 phragmitella, Limnaecia  187, Pl 19 Phtheochroa  366, 367, Pl 40 Phthorimaea  217 phycidella, Blastobasis  319 Phycita  443, Pl 52 Phycitodes  449, Pl 53 Phyllocnistis  128, 129, Pl 8 Phyllonorycter  117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, Pl 8 Phylloporia  80, Pl 3 picaepennis, Scythris  322, Pl 28 picarella, Nemapogon  94, Pl 5 piceaella, Coleotechnites  217 piercei, Aethes  371, Pl 41 pilella, Nematopogon  77 pilleriana, Sparganothis  344, Pl 33 pilosellae, Oxyptilus  335 Pima  440, Pl 52 pimpinellae, Depressaria  183 pinella, Catoptria  478, Pl 61 pinguinalis, Aglossa  452, Pl 54 pinguis, Euzophera  447, Pl 53 piniariella, Ocnerostoma  136, Pl 9 pinicolana, Rhyacionia  416, Pl 48 pinicolella, Batrachedra  280, 280 Piniphila  385, Pl 43 pinivorana, Rhyacionia  416, Pl 48 plagicolella, Stigmella  61 platani, Phyllonorycter  118 Platyedra  197, Pl 20 Platyptilia  327, Pl 29 Platytes  480, Pl 61 plebejana, Crocidosema  405, Pl 47 Pleurota  169, 170, Pl 15 Plodia  450, Pl 54 plumbagana, Dichrorampha  419, Pl 49 plumbana, Dichrorampha  417, Pl 49 plumbella, Yponomeuta  133, Pl 9 plumella, Epichnopterix  89, Pl 4 Plutella  141, 142, Pl 10 Plutellidae  40, 141–2, Pl 10 pneumonanthes, Stenoptilia  335 poae, Elachista  304 podana, Archips  346, Pl 33 poliellus, Agriphila  483 politella, Bryotropha  199, Pl 21 polychromella, Aproaerema  193, Pl 19 pomerana, Elachista  307 pomonella, Cydia  423, Pl 49 populana, Pammene  433, Pl 50 populella, Anacampsis  193, Pl 19 populetorum, Caloptilia  108, Pl 7

porphyrana, Eudemis  377, Pl 41 porrectella, Plutella  142, Pl 10 Porrittia  332, Pl 30 posticana, Pseudococcyx  414, Pl 48 postvittana, Epiphyas  353, Pl 35 potentillae, Coleophora  287 potentillella, Scythris  323 poterii, Stigmella  70 Povolnya  113, Pl 8 praeangusta, Batrachedra  280, Pl 24 praecocella, Argyresthia  149, Pl 12 praelatella, Incurvaria  80, Pl 3 pratella, Crambus  475, Pl 60 Praydidae  158–9, Pl 13 Prays  158, 159, Pl 13 pretiosa, Stigmella  70 Pristerognatha  435 procerella, Promalactis  165, Pl 14 Prochoreutis  341, Pl 32 Prodoxidae  12, 42, 81–2, Pl 3 profugella, Epermenia  339, Pl 32 profundana, Eudemis  378, Pl 42 Prolita  205, 206, Pl 22 Promalactis  165, Pl 14 pronubana, Cacoecimorpha  351, Pl 34 pronubella, Roeslerstammia  100 propinquella, Agonopterix  183 propinquella, Mompha  313, Pl 27 Proutia  89, Pl 4 proxima, Caryocolum  217 proximella, Carpatolechia  215, Pl 23 prunalis, Udea  463, Pl 56 prunetorum, Stigmella  70 pruniana, Hedya  381, Pl 42 pruniella, Argyresthia  153, Pl 12 prunifoliae, Coleophora  299 prunifoliella, Lyonetia  154, 155, Pl 13 Psamathocrita  217 Psammotis  461, Pl 56 Pselnophorus  333, Pl 31 Pseudargyrotoza  366, Pl 40 Pseudococcyx  414, Pl 48 Pseudopostega  71, Pl 1 Pseudosciaphila  378, Pl 42 pseudospretella, Hofmannophila  167, Pl 14 Pseudoswammerdamia  134, Pl 9 Pseudotelphusa  215, Pl 23 Psoricoptera  208, Pl 22 Psyche  89, 90, Pl 4 Psychidae  38, 39, 42, 85–90, Pls 3–4 Psychoides  99, Pl 6 pterodactyla, Stenoptilia  329, Pl 30 Pterophoridae  38, 325–35, Pls 28–31 Pterophorus  28, 332, Pl 30 Ptocheuusa  191, 202, Pl 21 Ptycholoma  348, Pl 34 Ptycholomoides  348, Pl 34 pubicornis, Lampronia  82, Pl 3 pulcherrimella, Depressaria  182, Pl 18 pulchrimella, Cosmopterix  188, Pl 19 pulicariae, Digitivalva  146, Pl 11 pullana, Endothenia  435 pulveralis, Psammotis  461, Pl 56 pulveratella, Xystophora  217 pulverosella, Bohemannia  64 pumicana, Cnephasia  356, Pl 36

Index of scientific names   517

punctalis, Dolicharthria  466, Pl 57 punctalis, Synaphe  452, Pl 54 punctidactyla, Amblyptilia  328, Pl 29 pupillana, Eucosma  408, Pl 47 purdeyi, Clavigesta  415, Pl 48 purpuralis, Pyrausta  457, Pl 55 purpurea, Agonopterix  177, Pl 17 pusiella, Ethmia  185 putridella, Agonopterix  183 pygmaeana, Epinotia  401, Pl 46 pygmaeella, Argyresthia  151, Pl 12 Pyla  438, Pl 51 pyralella, Scoparia  470, Pl 58 Pyralidae  39, 436–53, Pls 51–4 Pyralis  11, 452, Pl 54 Pyrausta  6, 455, 456, 457, 483, Pls 54–5 pyrausta, Ethmia  185, Pl 18 pyrella, Swammerdamia  134, Pl 9 pyri, Stigmella  70 Pyroderces  189 pyrrhulipennella, Coleophora  291, Pl 24

Q quadrana, Eriopsela  394, Pl 44 quadrillella, Ethmia  184, Pl 18 quadrimaculana, Endothenia  388, Pl 44 quadrimaculella, Bohemannia  70 quadripuncta, Oegoconia  163, Pl 14 quercana, Carcina  174, Pl 16 quercifoliella, Phyllonorycter  129 quinqueguttella, Phyllonorycter  122 quinquella, Ectoedemia  68

R radiella, Depressaria  181, Pl 18 rajella, Phyllonorycter  122 ramburialis, Diasemiopsis  465, Pl 57 ramburiellus, Euchromius  483 ramella, Epinotia  402, Pl 46 ramosella, Coleophora  299 ramulicola, Phyllocnistis  128 rancidella, Athrips  205, Pl 22 raschkiella, Mompha  311, 317, Pl 27 ratzeburgiana, Zeiraphera  404, Pl 46 reaumurella, Adela  74, 76, Pl 2 rebeli, Blastobasis  319, Pl 27 rectifasciana, Isotrias  344, Pl 33 recurvalis, Spoladea  465, Pl 57 Recurvaria  216, Pl 23 regiana, Pammene  433, Pl 51 regiella, Stigmella  70 regificella, Elachista  303 reliquana, Lobesia  386, Pl 43 repandalis, Paracorsia  483 repandana, Acrobasis  444, Pl 53 resinella, Retinia  414, Pl 48 resplendella, Heliozela  73 reticularis, Diasemia  483 retiella, Whittleia  90, Pl 4 retinella, Argyresthia  152, Pl 12 Retinia  414, Pl 48 revayana, Nycteola  34 reversalis, Uresiphita  483 rhamniella, Sorhagenia  189 rhediella, Pammene  432, Pl 50 rhenella, Sciota  453 Rhigognostis  142, Pl 10

rhododactyla, Cnaemidophorus  330, Pl 30 Rhodophaea  442, Pl 52 rhombana, Acleris  359, Pl 37 rhombella, Gelechia  207, Pl 22 rhomboidella, Hypatima  194, Pl 20 Rhopobota  395, 396, Pls 44–5 Rhyacionia  415, 416, Pl 48 richardsoni, Eudarcia  92 Rivula  34 rivulalis, Elophila  481, Pl 61 rivulana, Celypha  383, Pl 43 roborana, Notocelia  413, Pl 48 roborella, Phycita  443, Pl 52 roborella, Stigmella  70 roboris, Phyllonorycter  129 robustana, Bactra  390, Pl 44 robustella, Caloptilia  110, Pl 7 Roeslerstammia  100, Pl 6 Roeslerstammiidae  44, 100, Pl 6 rorrella, Yponomeuta  132, Pl 8 rosaceana, Celypha  382, Pl 42 rosaecolana, Notocelia  414, Pl 48 rosana, Archips  347, Pl 33 roseana, Cochylis  375, Pl 41 rotundella, Agonopterix  178, Pl 17 rubescana, Eucosma  435 rubigana, Aethes  373, Pl 41 rubiginosana, Epinotia  402, Pl 46 rubivora, Ectoedemia  70 rufana, Acleris  365, Pl 39 rufana, Celypha  381, Pl 42 rufescens, Helcystogramma  196, Pl 20 ruficapitella, Stigmella  70 ruficeps, Prays  159, Pl 13 ruficiliana, Falseuncaria  377, Pl 41 rufimitrana, Zeiraphera  404, Pl 46 rufimitrella, Cauchas  77, Pl 2 rufipennella, Caloptilia  109, Pl 7 rufocinerea, Elachista  305, Pl 26 rugosana, Phtheochroa  367, Pl 40 rupicola, Cochylidia  374, Pl 41 ruralis, Patania  463, Pl 57 rurestrana, Celypha  435 ruricolella, Nemapogon  99 rurinana, Clepsis  352, Pl 35 rutilana, Aethes  435

S sabinellus, Gelechia  217 sagitella, Phyllonorycter  127 sakhalinella, Stigmella  70 salaciella, Opostega  71, Pl 1 Salebriopsis  438, Pl 51 salicella, Dasystoma  172, Pl 16 salicella, Hedya  380, Pl 42 salicicolella, Phyllonorycter  129 salicis, Stigmella  70 salicorniae, Coleophora  298, Pl 25 salicorniae, Scrobipalpa  209, Pl 22 saligna, Phyllocnistis  128 salinella, Coleophora  299 salopiella, Eriocrania  55, Pl 1 samadensis, Scrobipalpa  209 samiatella, Stigmella  70 sangiella, Aproaerema  192, Pl 19 sangii, Eriocrania  56, Pl 1

sanguinalis, Pyrausta  455, Pl 54 sarcitrella, Endrosis  166, Pl 14 saturatella, Coleophora  299 sauciana, Apotomis  380, Pl 42 saxicola, Phycitodes  449, Pl 53 saxicolella, Coleophora  299 saxifragae, Kessleria  134, Pl 9 scabiodactylus, Stenoptilia  335 scabiosella, Phyllonorycter  129 scabrella, Ypsolopha  139, Pl 9 scalariella, Dialectica  129 scalella, Pseudotelphusa  215, Pl 23 schaefferella, Schiffermuelleria  170 schalleriana, Acleris  360, Pl 38 Schiffermuelleria  164, 165, 170, Pl 14 schmidiella, Cosmopterix  189 schmidtiellus, Acompsia  196, Pl 20 schoenicolella, Glyphipterix  145, Pl 11 Schoenobius  482, Pl 62 Schrankia  34 schreberella, Phyllonorycter  123 Schreckensteinia  336, Pl 31 Schreckensteiniidae  39, 336, Pl 31 schreibersiana, Phtheochroa  366, Pl 40 schuetzeella, Dioryctria  442, Pl 52 schulziana, Phiaris  384, Pl 43 schumacherana, Olindia  344, Pl 33 schwarzella, Pancalia  187, Pl 18 schwarziellus, Nematopogon  77, Pl 2 Sciota  440, 453, Pl 52 scirpi, Elachista  306 Sclerocona  461, Pl 56 Scoparia  469, 470, Pl 58 scopariella, Agonopterix  183 scopariella, Phyllonorycter  121 scoticella, Parornix  116 scotinella, Gelechia  217 scribaiella, Cosmopterix  188, Pl 19 scriptella, Altenia  215, Pl 23 Scrobipalpa  208, 209, 210, 217, Pl 22 Scrobipalpula  210, 217 scutulana, Epiblema  411, Pl 48 Scythrididae  46, 321–3, Pl 28 Scythris  321, 322, 323, Pl 28 Scythropia  161, Pl 13 Scythropiidae  161, Pl 13 sedatana, Dichrorampha  417 sedella, Yponomeuta  133, Pl 9 sehestediana, Prochoreutis  341, Pl 32 Selagia  453 Selania  425, Pl 50 selasella, Agriphila  477, Pl 60 semicostella, Sophronia  206, Pl 22 semifascia, Caloptilia  111, Pl 7 semifasciana, Apotomis  378, Pl 42 semifulvella, Tinea  96, Pl 5 semifusca, Argyresthia  153, Pl 12 Semioscopis  176, Pl 16 semipurpurella, Eriocrania  56, Pl 1 semirubella, Oncocera  441, Pl 52 semitestacella, Argyresthia  153, Pl 12 senecionana, Clepsis  352, Pl 35 senectana, Dichrorampha  418, Pl 49 senectella, Bryotropha  199, Pl 21 senilella, Rhigognostis  142, Pl 10 senticetella, Gelechia  207, Pl 22 septembrella, Fomoria  66

518   Index of scientific names sequana, Dichrorampha  418, Pl 49 sequax, Neotelphusa  213, Pl 23 sequella, Ypsolopha  140, Pl 10 sericealis, Rivula  34 sericiella, Heliozela  73 sericopeza, Etainia  64 serpylletorum, Coleophora  299 serratella, Coleophora  284, Pl 24 serratilineella, Vitula  450, Pl 53 serricornis, Elachista  307 servillana, Cydia  424, Pl 49 sexguttella, Chrysoesthia  198, Pl 20 sexpunctella, Prolita  205, Pl 22 shepherdana, Acleris  362, Pl 39 siccella, Scythris  323 siccifolia, Coleophora  284 signatana, Epinotia  399, Pl 45 signatella, Symmoca  163 silacella, Mesophleps  217 silesiaca, Depressaria  183 silvella, Crambus  474, Pl 59 Simacauda  80 similella, Denisia  165, Pl 14 similella, Elegia  438, Pl 51 similis, Bryotropha  217 simplana, Gibberifera  435 simplicella, Dioryctria  442, Pl 52 simpliciana, Dichrorampha  418, Pl 49 simpliciella, Glyphipterix  145, Pl 11 singula, Neofriseria  205, Pl 22 sinuella, Homoeosoma  448, Pl 53 sinuella, Leucoptera  157 Sitochroa  458, Pl 55 Sitotroga  217 smeathmanniana, Aethes  372, Pl 41 sociana, Gypsonoma  410, Pl 47 sociella, Aphomia  437, Pl 51 sodaliana, Phtheochroa  366, Pl 40 solandriana, Epinotia  398, Pl 45 solitariella, Coleophora  299 solutella, Prolita  206, Pl 22 somnulentella, Bedellia  160, Pl 13 Sophronia  206, Pl 22 sorbiella, Argyresthia  151, Pl 12 sorbi, Phyllonorycter  129 sorbi, Stigmella  70 sordidana, Epinotia  397, Pl 45 sordidatella, Depressaria  183 Sorhagenia  189 sororculana, Apotomis  379, Pl 42 sororculella, Gelechia  207, Pl 22 sparganella, Orthotelia  143, Pl 11 Sparganothis  344, Pl 33 sparrmannella, Eriocrania  55, Pl 1 sparsana, Acleris  359, Pl 37 spartiella, Anarsia  195, Pl 20 spartifoliella, Leucoptera  156 Spatalistis  356, Pl 36 spatulella, Opostega  71 speciosa, Stigmella  63 spectrana, Clepsis  352, Pl 35 speculalis, Catoptria  483 spilodactylus, Wheeleria  333, Pl 31 Spilonota  396, Pl 45 spinella, Coleophora  285, Pl 24 spiniana, Pammene  433, Pl 51

spinicolella, Phyllonorycter  119 spinosella, Argyresthia  152, Pl 12 spinosella, Ectoedemia  70 spinosissimae, Stigmella  70 splendana, Cydia  424, Pl 49 splendidissimella, Stigmella  70 splendidulana, Pammene  430, Pl 50 Spoladea  465, Pl 57 Spuleria  309, Pl 26 squamatella, Trifurcula  70 squamosella, Coleophora  299 stabilella, Elachista  307 stachydalis, Anania  459, Pl 55 stagnana, Rhopobota  395, Pl 45 staintoniella, Phyllonorycter  129 stangei, Scrobipalpa  217 stannella, Euhyponomeuta  136 Stathmopoda  320, Pl 28 Stathmopodidae  39, 320, Pl 28 steinkellneriana, Semioscopis  176, Pl 16 Stenolechia  216, Pl 23 Stenoptilia  329, 330, 335, Pl 30 Stenoptinea  92, Pl 5 Stephensia  301, Pl 25 stephensiana, Cnephasia  355, Pl 36 stephensi, Dystebenna  310, Pl 26 sternipennella, Coleophora  299 steropodes, Pachyrhabda  320, Pl 28 Sterrhopterix  90, Pl 4 stettinensis, Phyllonorycter  124 Stictea  385, Pl 43 sticticalis, Loxostege  455, Pl 54 sticticana, Epiblema  411, Pl 47 stigmatella, Caloptilia  11, 47, 107, 110, Pl 7 Stigmella  58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 70, Pl 1 straminea, Cochylimorpha  367, Pl 40 straminella, Agriphila  477, Pl 60 stratiotata, Parapoynx  482, Pl 62 streliciella, Gnorimoschema  217 striana, Celypha  382, Pl 42 striatella, Isophrictis  200, Pl 21 striatipennella, Coleophora  296, Pl 25 strigana, Lathronympha  425, Pl 50 strigulatella, Phyllonorycter  122 striolella, Niditinea  99 strobilella, Cydia  423, Pl 49 Strophedra  435, Pl 51 sturnipennella, Mompha  28, 315, Pl 27 suaedella, Scrobipalpa  208 suavella, Acrobasis  445, Pl 53 subalbidella, Elachista  302, Pl 26 subaquilea, Denisia  166, Pl 14 subarcuana, Ancylis  392, Pl 44 subbimaculella, Ectoedemia  68 subbistrigella, Mompha  314, Pl 27 subcinctella, Scythris  322, Pl 28 subcinerea, Platyedra  197, Pl 20 subdecurtella, Aristotelia  217 suberivora, Stigmella  63 subfasciella, Cedestis  136, Pl 9 subfusca, Scoparia  469, Pl 58 subnigrella, Elachista  307 subnitidella, Trifurcula  70 subocellana, Epinotia  401, Pl 46

subocellea, Elachista  302, Pl 26 subocellea, Thiotricha  198, Pl 21 subochreella, Agnoea  173 subpropinquella, Agonopterix  177, Pl 17 subpurpurella, Dyseriocrania  54, Pl 1 subroseana, Cochylidia  374, Pl 41 subsequana, Acroclita  397, Pl 45 subsequana, Epinotia  402, Pl 46 suecicella, Aproaerema  217 suffusella, Monochroa  204, Pl 21 sulphurella, Esperia  5, 40, 48, 168, Pl 15 suspectana, Pammene  431 svenssoni, Stigmella  70 swammerdamella, Nematopogon  77, Pl 2 Swammerdamia  134, 135, 136, Pl 9 sylvaticella, Coleophora  294 sylvella, Ypsolopha  139, Pl 10 sylvestrana, Clavigesta  415, Pl 48 sylvestrella, Dioryctria  442, Pl 52 sylvicolana, Dichrorampha  418, Pl 49 Symmoca  163 Synaphe  452, Pl 54 Syndemis  350, Pl 34 syringella, Gracillaria  112, Pl 7

T Tachystola  169, Pl 15 taeniipennella, Coleophora  299 taeniolella, Aproaerema  192, Pl 19 Taleporia  88, Pl 4 tamaricis, Agdistis  335 tamesis, Coleophora  299 tapetzella, Trichophaga  95, Pl 5 taurella, Ochsenheimeria  140, Pl 10 Tebenna  341, Pl 32 tedella, Epinotia  403, Pl 46 Telechrysis  183, Pl 18 Teleiodes  213, 217, Pl 23 Teleiopsis  213, Pl 23 temerella, Anacampsis  217 Tenaga  99 tenebrella, Monochroa  203, Pl 21 tenebrosana, Grapholita  429, Pl 50 tenerana, Epinotia  402, Pl 46 tenerella, Phyllonorycter  118 tengstromi, Elachista  307 tentaculella, Ancylolomia  483 tephradactyla, Hellinsia  334, Pl 31 terebrella, Assara  447, Pl 53 teriolella, Infurcitinea  99 terminella, Ethmia  184, Pl 18 terminella, Mompha  317, Pl 27 terrealis, Anania  459, Pl 55 terrella, Bryotropha  199, Pl 21 tesseradactyla, Platyptilia  327, Pl 29 tesserana, Aethes  372, Pl 41 testalis, Hodebertia  483 tetragonana, Notocelia  413, Pl 48 tetragonella, Monochroa  217 Tetramoera  435 tetrapunctella, Athrips  217 tetraquetrana, Epinotia  401, Pl 46 therinella, Coleophora  299

Index of scientific names   519

Thiodia  395, Pl 44 Thiotricha  198, Pl 21 Thisanotia  479, Pl 61 thoracella, Bucculatrix  101, 104, Pl 6 thrasonella, Glyphipterix  144, Pl 11 Thyralia  Pl 41 Thyraylia  375 tiliae, Stigmella  58 Tinagma  162, Pl 13 tinctella, Crassa  167, Pl 14 Tinea  95, 96, 99, Pl 5 tineana, Ancylis  394, Pl 44 Tineidae  41, 42, 91–9, Pls 5–6 Tineola  95, Pl 5 Tischeria  83, 84, Pl 3 Tischeriidae  12, 41, 83–4, Pl 3 tityrella, Stigmella  60 torminalis, Stigmella  70 torquatella, Atemelia  158, Pl 13 torquillella, Parornix  117 Tortricidae  12, 38, 39, 46, 343–435, Pls 33–51 Tortricodes  354, Pl 35 Tortrix  34, 357, Pl 36 Trachypepla  170, Pl 15 trapeziella, Elachista  305 trauniana, Pammene  433, Pl 51 treitschkiella, Antispila  73 triannulella, Helcystogramma  217 triatomea, Elachista  301, Pl 25 Triaxomasia  95, Pl 5 Triaxomera  93, Pl 5 Trichophaga  95, Pl 5 tricolor, Coleophora  299 tricolorella, Caryocolum  212, Pl 23 tridactyla, Merrifieldia  335 trifasciata, Argyresthia  149, Pl 12 trifasciella, Phyllonorycter  125, Pl 8 trifolii, Coleophora  288, Pl 24 Trifurcula  64, 70 trigeminella, Coleophora  299 trigonella, Epinotia  397, Pl 45 trimaculana, Notocelia  414, Pl 48 trimaculella, Stigmella  60 tringipennella, Aspilapteryx  112, Pl 7 trinotella, Tinea  96, Pl 5 tripoliana, Eucosma  407, Pl 47 tripuncta, Telechrysis  183, Pl 18 triquetrella  Pl 3 triquetrella, Dahlica  87 triseriatella, Elachista  307 tristella, Agriphila  476, Pl 60 tristrigella, Phyllonorycter  124 trochilella, Coleophora  299 truncicolella, Eudonia  472, Pl 59 tubulosa, Taleporia  88, Pl 4 tumidana, Acrobasis  444, Pl 53 tunbergella, Micropterix  52, Pl 1 turbidana, Apotomis  379, Pl 42 turbidana, Epiblema  412, Pl 48 turbidella, Ectoedemia  67 turionella, Pseudococcyx  414, Pl 48

turpella, Gelechia  208, Pl 22 tussilaginis, Scrobipalpula  210 Tuta  211, Pl 23

U udana, Phalonidia  368, Pl 40 uddmanniana, Notocelia  413, Pl 48 Udea  462, 463, Pl 56 ulceratalis, Cornifrons  483 ulicetana, Cydia  420, Pl 49 ulicicolella, Phyllonorycter  121 uliginosalis, Udea  463, Pl 56 uliginosellus, Crambus  475, Pl 59 ulmella, Bucculatrix  104, Pl 6 ulmifoliae, Bucculatrix  105 ulmifoliella, Phyllonorycter  129 ulmivora, Stigmella  70 ultimella, Depressaria  182, Pl 18 umbellana, Agonopterix  37, 180, Pl 17 umbrana, Acleris  361, Pl 38 umbrosella, Bryotropha  217 uncella, Ancylis  391, Pl 44 Uncinus  439, Pl 51 unculana, Ancylis  392, Pl 44 undalis, Hellula  469, Pl 58 undulana, Orthotaenia  380, Pl 42 unguicella, Ancylis  390, Pl 44 unicolorella, Oxypteryx  217 unifasciella, Elachista  307 unimaculella, Eriocrania  55, Pl 1 unipunctella, Phyllocnistis  129 unitana, Zelotherses  351, Pl 34 unitella, Crassa  11, 48, 167, Pl 14 upupana, Ancylis  391, Pl 44 urella, Ochsenheimeria  140 Uresiphita  457, 483, Pl 55 ustalella, Dichomeris  195, Pl 20 ustella, Ypsolopha  140, Pl 10 ustomaculana, Rhopobota  395, Pl 45 ustulana, Endothenia  388, Pl 43 utonella, Elachista  306

V vacculella, Ochsenheimeria  137, 140 vancouverana, Dichrorampha  418, Pl 49 variatella, Nemapogon  99 variegana, Acleris  362, Pl 38 vectisana, Gynnidomorpha  369, Pl 40 velocella, Aroga  206, Pl 22 venosana, Bactra  435 verbascalis, Anania  460, Pl 56 verbascella, Nothris  217 verellus, Catoptria  479, Pl 61 verhuella, Psychoides  99, Pl 6 versurella, Coleophora  299 verticalis, Sitochroa  458, Pl 55 vestianella, Coleophora  299 v-flava, Oinophila  98, Pl 6 vibicella, Coleophora  292, Pl 24 vibicigerella, Coleophora  299 viburnana, Aphelia  352, Pl 35 vicinella, Caryocolum  211, Pl 23

villosella, Pachythelia  90, Pl 4 viminetorum, Phyllonorycter  129 viminiella, Phyllonorycter  129 vinella, Aproaerema  217 violacea, Coleophora  299 virgaureae, Coleophora  295 viridana, Tortrix  34, 357, Pl 36 viscariella, Caryocolum  217 viscerella, Stigmella  70 vitisella, Coleophora  286 vitrata, Maruca  483 vitrealis, Palpita  466, Pl 57 vittata, Blastobasis  319, Pl 27 vittella, Ypsolopha  140, Pl 10 Vitula  450, Pls 53–4 vulgana, Capua  346, Pl 33 vulgella, Teleiodes  213, Pl 23 vulnerariae, Coleophora  299

W wagae, Teleiodes  217 weaverella, Monopis  97, Pl 6 weaveri, Fomoria  65 weirana, Strophedra  435, Pl 51 Wheeleria  333, Pl 31 Whittleia  90, Pl 4 wilkella, Oxypteryx  205, Pl 21 williana, Aethes  371, Pl 41 wockeella, Coleophora  298, Pl 25 woodiana, Celypha  382, Pl 42 woodiella, Ephestia  451, Pl 54 woodiella, Euclemensia  189

X xenia, Phyllocnistis  129, Pl 8 Xenolechia  217 xylosteana, Archips  347, Pl 33 xylostella, Plutella  141, Pl 10 Xystophora  217

Y yeatiana, Agonopterix  181, Pl 17 yildizae, Archinemapogon  93, Pl 5 Yponomeuta  28, 131, 132, 133, Pls 8–9 Yponomeutidae  42, 46, 130–6, Pls 8–9 Ypsolopha  11, 40, 46, 48, 137, 138, 139, 140, Pls 9–10 Ypsolophidae  40, 42, 46, 137–40, Pls 9–10

Z Zeiraphera  404, Pls 46–7 Zelleria  133, Pl 9 zelleriella, Stigmella  70 zelleri, Lamoria  437, Pl 51 Zelotherses  351, Pl 34 zieglerella, Cosmopterix  188, Pl 19 Zimmermannia  66, 70 zinckenella, Etiella  441, Pl 52 zoegana, Agapeta  370, Pl 40 zophodactylus, Stenoptilia  330, Pl 30 Zophodia  453

520   Index of English names

Index of English names A Acacia Knot-horn  453 Acorn Piercer  432, Pl 50 Affric Twitcher  342, Pl 32 Agate Knot-horn  448, Pl 53 Agrimony Case-bearer  299 Agrimony Dot  70 Agrimony Straw  374, Pl 41 Alder Case-bearer  29, 287 Alder Cutter  73 Alder Signaller  320, Pl 28 Alder Stilt  108, Pl 7 Alder Tuft  104 Alexanders Straw  373, Pl 41 Alfalfa Moth  435 Alpine Grass-moth  483 Alpine Parornix  129 Amber Hook-wing  394, Pl 44 Amber Mompha  312, Pl 27 American Rush Veneer  483 American Yellow-underwing  483 Angelica Brown  180, Pl 17 Angle-barred Rose Dot  69 Angoumois Grain Moth  217 Anthemis Flower Moth  217 Apple Dot  59 Apple Ermine  132, Pl 8 Apple Fruit Moth  152, Pl 12 Apple Leaf-miner  155, Pl 13 Apple-leaf Skeletoniser  342, Pl 32 Apple Marble  377, Pl 41 Apple Nymph  114, Pl 8 Apple Pith Moth  309, Pl 26 Apple & Plum Case-bearer  285, Pl 24 Apple Tip Moth  150, Pl 12 Arrowgrass Miner  217 Ash-bark Knot-horn  447, Pl 53 Ash Bark Tortrix  431 Ash Bud Moth  158, Pl 13 Ashen Buff  178, Pl 17 Ash Spinner  133, Pl 9 Aspen Blister Moth  157 Aspen Dot  67 Aspen Gall Moth  435 Aspen Hook-wing  391, Pl 44 Aspen Knot-horn  440, Pl 52 Aspen Leaf-miner  127 Aspen Marble  378, Pl 42 Aster Straw  368, Pl 40 Atlantic Dock Moth  210 Australian Orange-tip  169, Pl 15 Azalea Leaf-miner  109, Pl 7

B Balsam Tortrix  435 Bamboo Tortrix  435 Banded Brindled Brown  183, Pl 17 Banded Goldenrod Straw  368, Pl 40 Banded Hedge Grey  344, Pl 33 Banded Honeysuckle Leaf-miner  125, Pl 8 Banded Ivy Tortrix  352, Pl 35 Banded Sable  465, Pl 57

Banded Skullcap Skeletoniser  341, Pl 32 Barred Birch Dot  70 Barred Elm Dot  70 Barred Fruit-tree Dot  69 Barred Fruit-tree Tortrix  349, Pl 34 Barred Grass-moth  476, Pl 60 Barred Groundling  212, Pl 23 Barred Marble  385, Pl 42 Barred Needle-miner  136, Pl 9 Barred Rowan Dot  70 Barred Yellowneck  163 Bartsia Straw  369, Pl 40 Basil Blotch-miner  301, Pl 25 Basil Thyme Case-bearer  299 Beaked Tortrix  350, Pl 34 Bearberry Case-bearer  285 Bearberry Marble  385, Pl 43 Bearberry Tortrix  399, Pl 45 Beautiful Bark Moth  169, Pl 15 Beautiful China-mark  482, Pl 62 Beautiful Crescent  428, Pl 50 Beautiful Elm Dot  70 Beautiful Epicallima  170 Beautiful Groundling  212, Pl 23 Beautiful Juniper Piercer  421, Pl 49 Beautiful Knot-horn  442, Pl 52 Beautiful Oak Knot-horn  444, Pl 53 Beautiful Oak Leaf-miner  129 Beautiful Pearl  464, Pl 57 Beautiful Plume  328, Pl 29 Beautiful Silver-mark  165, Pl 14 Beautiful Straw  435 Beautiful Sycamore Dot  63 Beautiful Twitcher  341, Pl 32 Beech Dot  63 Beech Leaf-miner  121 Beech Mast Piercer  424, Pl 50 Beech Parornix  115 Beech Tip Moth  153, Pl 12 Beehive Honey Moth  450, Pl 53 Bee Moth  437, Pl 51 Beet Moth  209 Betony Case-bearer  298, Pl 25 Bilberry Dot  60 Bilberry Hook-wing  393, Pl 44 Bilberry Tortrix  352, Pl 35 Bindweed Sleeper  160, Pl 13 Bindweed Zebra Moth  217 Birch Bagworm  89, Pl 4 Birch-borer Tortrix  401, Pl 46 Birch Case-bearer  283 Birch Catkin Tortrix  431, Pl 50 Birch Cutter  73 Birch Dot  70 Birch Drab  134, Pl 9 Birch Gall Moth  82, Pl 3 Birch Grey  214, Pl 23 Birch Knot-horn  438, Pl 51 Birch Marble  379, Pl 42 Birch Parornix  115 Birch Pistol Case-bearer  291 Birch Roller  194, Pl 19

Birch Stilt  109, Pl 7 Birch Straw  375, Pl 41 Birch Tortrix  400, Pl 46 Birch Tuft  105 Bird-cherry Ermine  28, 131, Pl 8 Bird’s Case-bearer  299 Bistort Borer  217 Bittersweet Moth  210, Pl 22 Black-banded Masoner  319, Pl 27 Black-barred Fungus Moth  94, Pl 5 Blackberry Skeletoniser  336, Pl 31 Black Bindweed Case-bearer  299 Black-bordered Beauty  170 Black Cloak  412, Pl 48 Black-dot Stilt  108, Pl 7 Black-fronted Straw  376, Pl 41 Black Gelechia  207, Pl 22 Black-headed Dot  70 Black-headed Pollen-moth  52, Pl 1 Black-marked Diviner  176, Pl 16 Black-marked Tortrix  402, Pl 46 Blackneck Buff  177, Pl 17 Black-poplar Dot  67 Black Rhomboid Grey  194, Pl 20 Black-shouldered Grey  217 Black-spot Buff  183 Black-spot Case-bearer  289, Pl 24 Black-spot Marble  381, Pl 42 Black-spotted Grey  213, Pl 23 Black-spotted Masoner  319 Black-spotted Nest Moth  99 Black-spotted Snout  195, Pl 20 Black-streaked Buff  179, Pl 17 Black-streaked Tortrix  399, Pl 45 Blackthorn Blister Moth  154, 155, Pl 13 Blackthorn Case-bearer  299 Blackthorn Flower Moth  433, Pl 51 Blackthorn Gelechia  217 Blackthorn Knot-horn  445, Pl 53 Blackthorn Leaf-miner  119 Blackthorn Parornix  117 Blackthorn Tip Moth  152, Pl 12 Black-tipped Ermine  133, Pl 9 Black V Bud Moth  216, Pl 23 Blister Grass-miner  307 Blite Case-bearer  299 Blotched Tortrix  401, Pl 46 Bluebell Moth  355, Pl 36 Blue Fleabane Case-bearer  299 Blue Fleabane Straw  374, Pl 41 Blue-shot Dot  61 Blushed Knot-horn  451, Pl 54 Bog Grass-moth  474, Pl 59 Bog-rush Moth  145, Pl 11 Bog Sedge-miner  306 Bog Snout  344, Pl 33 Bordered Marble  387, Pl 43 Bordered Pearl  461, Pl 56 Box-tree Moth  467, Pl 57 Bracken Gall Moth  203, Pl 21 Bramble Blotch-miner  84, Pl 3 Bramble Bronze  203, Pl 21 Bramble Shoot Moth  413, Pl 48

Index of English names   521

Brassy Dot  63 Brassy Y  151, Pl 12 Breckland Plume  331, Pl 30 Breckland Straw  435 Brighton Snout  217 Bright Straw  370, Pl 40 Brindled Apple Tip Moth  151, Pl 12 Brindled Buff  177, Pl 17 Brindled Fungus Moth  93, Pl 5 Brindled Nest Moth  99 Brindled Plume  328, Pl 29 Brindled Poplar Tortrix  403, Pl 46 Brindled Tortrix  348, Pl 34 Broad-barred Straw  372, Pl 41 Broken-barred Oak Dot  68 Broken White-barred  217 Bronze Case-bearer  297, Pl 25 Bronze Neb  217 Broom Buff  183 Broom Case-bearer  299 Broom Dot  64 Broom Leaf-miner  121 Broom Stem-miner  156 Brown Alder Roller  397, Pl 45 Brown Apple Leaf-miner  129 Brown Bagworm  88, Pl 4 Brown Bark Moth  11, 48, 167, Pl 14 Brown-barred Grass-miner  302, Pl 26 Brown-barred Tortrix  345, Pl 33 Brown China-mark  480, Pl 61 Brown-dotted Nest Moth  99 Brown Elm Tortrix  398, Pl 45 Brown House-moth  167, Pl 14 Brown Longhorn  77 Brown Moss-moth  199, Pl 21 Brown Oak Tortrix  347, Pl 33 Brown Plume  329, Pl 30 Brown-spot Grey  470, Pl 58 Buck’s-horn Root Miner  209 Buckthorn Bud-borer  189 Buckthorn Case-bearer  288 Buckthorn Dot  59 Buckthorn Hook-wing  392, Pl 44 Buckthorn Shoot-borer  189 Buckthorn Tuft  103 Buckthorn Twig-borer  189 Bud Moth  396, Pl 45 Buff Grass-miner  302, Pl 26 Buff Grey Tortrix  356, Pl 36 Buff-headed Mompha  312, Pl 27 Buff Mompha  315, Pl 27 Buff Rush Case-bearer  299 Buff-tipped Marble  381, Pl 42 Bugle Marble  388, Pl 43 Bugloss Case-bearer  293 Bugloss Ermine  185, Pl 18 Bull’s-horn Stem Moth  140 Bulrush Down Moth  187, Pl 19 Bulrush Veneer  474, Pl 59 Burdock Seedhead Moth  201, Pl 21 Burdock Straw  373, Pl 41 Burnet Dot  70 Burnet Rose Tortrix  363, Pl 39 Burnished Copper  100, Pl 6 Burnished Runner  323 Burnished Sorrel Moth  203, Pl 21

Burnt-tip Buff  180, Pl 17 Butterbur Root-borer  412, Pl 48

C Cacao Moth  451, Pl 54 Caledonian Case-bearer  286 Caledonian Grey  183 Caledonian Tortrix  358, Pl 37 Campion Case-bearer  297 Campion Groundling  217 Canaries Tuft  105 Canary-grass Beauty  188, Pl 19 Canary-grass Miner  305, Pl 26 Canary Tortrix  395, Pl 44 Carline Buff  179, Pl 17 Carline Seedhead Moth  201, Pl 21 Carnation Tortrix  351, Pl 34 Carrion Moth  97, Pl 6 Carrot Brown  183, Pl 18 Carrot Ridge-back  338, Pl 32 Case-bearing Clothes Moth  95, Pl 5 Catchfly Case-bearer  296 Cellar Moth  99 Cereal Stem Moth  137, 140 Cereal Tortrix  356, Pl 36 Chalk Hill Daisy Moth  417, Pl 49 Chalk Hill Pearl  464, Pl 57 Chalk Hill Ridge-back  338, Pl 32 Chalk Hill Tortrix  405, Pl 47 Chamomile Straw  374, Pl 41 Channel Islands Streak  170 Chequered Fruit-tree Tortrix  349, Pl 34 Chequered Grass-moth  478, Pl 61 Chequered Grey  469, Pl 58 Chequered Pearl  468, Pl 58 Chequered Pine Knot-horn  442, Pl 52 Cherry Bark Tortrix  390, Pl 44 Cherry Fruit Moth  153, Pl 12 Cherry Leaf-miner  119 Chervil Brown  183 Chestnut Dot  70 Chevron Grass-moth  477, Pl 60 Chilean Myrtle Moth  80 Cinnamon Knot-horn  453 Citron Plume  334, Pl 31 Cliff Case-bearer  299 Cliff Plume  326, Pl 28 Cloaked Case-bearer  291 Clothed Case-bearer  299 Clouded Knot-horn  448, Pl 53 Clover Case-bearer  299 Clover Leaf-miner  129 Clover Stilt  107, Pl 7 Club-rush Miner  204 Club-rush Veneer  483 Coastal Buff  181, Pl 17 Coastal Detritus Moth  98, Pl 6 Coast Diamond-back  142, Pl 10 Coast Dot  69 Coast Grass-miner  307 Coast Grey  472, Pl 59 Coast Grey Tortrix  356, Pl 36 Coast Groundling  211, Pl 23 Coast Knot-horn  449, Pl 53 Coast Moss-moth  217 Coast Orache Miner  217

Coast Piercer  425, Pl 50 Coast Straw  369, Pl 40 Cock’s-foot Miner  304, Pl 26 Cocksfoot Moth  145, Pl 11 Codling Moth  423, Pl 49 Colt’s-foot Miner  210 Colt’s-foot Root-borer  411, Pl 47 Comfrey Ermine  184, Pl 18 Common Alder Leaf-miner  122 Common Bagworm  89, Pl 4 Common Birch  129 Common Brindled Brown  178, Pl 17 Common Case-bearer  284, Pl 24 Common Cloaked Tortrix  409, Pl 47 Common Clothes Moth  95, Pl 5 Common Daisy Moth  417, Pl 49 Common Fern Moth  99, Pl 6 Common Gorse Moth  420, Pl 49 Common Grass-miner  34, 304, Pl 26 Common Grass-moth  476, Pl 60 Common Grey  470, Pl 58 Common Grey Tortrix  355, Pl 36 Common Groundling  213, Pl 23 Common Knapweed Tortrix  406, Pl 47 Common Lance  389, Pl 44 Common Marble  Pl 43 Common Marbled Straw  372, Pl 41 Common Masoner  318, Pl 27 Common Oak Leaf-miner  129 Common Plume  335, Pl 31 Common Purple & Gold  457, Pl 55 Common Ridge-back  338, Pl 32 Common Rush Case-bearer  294, Pl 25 Common Spring Jewel  54, Pl 1 Common Spruce Tortrix  403, Pl 46 Common Straw  367, Pl 40 Common Thistle Miner  208, Pl 22 Common Thorn Leaf-miner  119 Common White-barred  192, Pl 19 Common Zebra Moth  196, Pl 20 Copper-fringed Drab  134, Pl 9 Copper-tip Longhorn  75, Pl 2 Coppice Beauty  385, Pl 43 Cork Moth  93, Pl 5 Cornel Cutter  73 Cornish Buff  183 Cornish Detritus Moth  99 Cornish Leaf-miner  129 Cornish Snout  194, Pl 19 Cornish White-barred  217 Corn Moth  99 Cotoneaster Webworm  205, Pl 22 Cottongrass Borer  204, Pl 21 Cottongrass Moth  144, Pl 11 Cottongrass Sedge-miner  306 Cowberry Case-bearer  286 Cowberry Dot  65 Cowberry Leaf-miner  119 Cowberry Marble  385, Pl 43 Cream-bordered Green Pea  34 Cream Pearl  483 Cream-spot Bark Moth  168, Pl 15 Crescent Plume  330, Pl 30 Crescent Tortrix  403, Pl 46 Cryptic Apple Leaf-miner  129 Cryptic Ash Bud Moth  159, Pl 13

522   Index of English names Cryptic Dot  70 Currant Shoot Borer  81, Pl 3 Cyan Marbled  92, Pl 5 Cyclamen Tortrix  352, Pl 35 Cypress Gelechia  207, Pl 22 Cypress Tip Moth  149, Pl 12

D Daisy Case-bearer  299 Daisy Tuft  102, Pl 6 Dark Alder Stilt  110, Pl 7 Dark Aspen Roller  398, Pl 45 Dark-barred Straw  370, Pl 40 Dark-barred Tortrix  350, Pl 34 Dark Blackthorn Tip Moth  153, Pl 12 Dark-bordered Pearl  468, Pl 58 Dark-dotted Longhorn  77, Pl 2 Dark Fruit-tree Tortrix  350, Pl 34 Dark Hornbeam Leaf-miner  122 Dark-marked Tortrix  358, Pl 37 Dark Meadow Grass-miner  307 Dark Moss-moth  200, Pl 21 Dark Oak-bark Dot  66 Dark Oak Tortrix  434, Pl 51 Dark Pine Shoot Moth  414, Pl 48 Dark Rose Shoot Moth  413, Pl 48 Dark Seedhead Moth  202, Pl 21 Dark-spotted Moss-moth  217 Dark Spruce Knot-horn  447, Pl 53 Dark Spruce Tortrix  402, Pl 46 Dark-streaked Tortrix  361, Pl 38 Dark Tufted Scallop  139, Pl 9 Desert Knot-horn  453 Desert Pearl  483 Devon Dot  70 Devon Marble  435 Dewberry Dot  70 Diamond-back Moth  141, Pl 10 Dingy Concealer  167, Pl 14 Dingy Daisy Moth  417 Dingy Grass-miner  307 Dingy Hedge Grey  354, Pl 35 Dingy Knot-horn  443, Pl 52 Dingy Spruce Tortrix  401, Pl 46 Dingy White Plume  333, Pl 31 Dockland Moth  163 Dock Streak  204, Pl 21 Dogwood Cutter  72 Domino Groundling  215, Pl 23 Dotted Cloak  354, Pl 35 Dotted Masoner  319, Pl 27 Double-barred Needle-miner  136, Pl 9 Double Orange-spot  434, Pl 51 Double-striped Knot-horn  438, Pl 51 Double-striped Tabby  453, Pl 54 Dovecot Moth  99 Dover Perittia  307 Dowdy Plume  330, Pl 30 Downland Case-bearer  292, Pl 25 Downland Plume  335 Drab Grass-moth  483 Drab Pine Knot-horn  442, Pl 52 Dried Currant Moth  453 Dried Fruit Moth  453 Dropwort Dot  63 Dune Grass-moth  479, Pl 61

Dungeness Parornix  129 Dusky Case-bearer  299 Dusky Grass-miner  307 Dusky Heath Bagworm  90, Pl 4 Dusky Hourglass Mompha  314, Pl 27 Dusky Knot-horn  438, Pl 51 Dusky Marble  380, Pl 42 Dusky Pearl  463, Pl 56 Dusky Plume  333, Pl 31 Dusky Rabbit Moth  140, Pl 10 Dusky Ridge-back  337, Pl 32 Dusky Rose Moth  82, Pl 3 Dusky Sedge-miner  307 Dusky Willow Gelechia  217 Dusted Fir Moth  434, Pl 51 Dwarf Birch Drab  136 Dwarf Thistle Seedhead Moth  217 Dwarf Willow Roller  217

E Early Diviner  176, Pl 16 Early Mast Piercer  432, Pl 50 Early Oak Gall Moth  430, Pl 50 Early Reveller  171, Pl 15 Eastern Detritus Moth  98, Pl 6 Eastern Grass-moth  483 Echium Stilt  129 Elder Pearl  459, Pl 55 Elgin Shoot Moth  416, Pl 48 Elm-bark Dot  70 Elm Bark Moth  435 Elm Case-bearer  284 Elm Grey  214, Pl 23 Elm Leaf-miner  124 Elm Tortrix  364, Pl 39 Elm Tuft  103 Enchanter’s Mompha  317, Pl 27 Essex Cap  71 Essex Straw  435 Estuarine Buff  183 European Corn-borer  461, Pl 56 European Pepper Moth  465, Pl 57 European Vine Moth  435 Everlasting Miner  217 Everlasting-pea Blister Moth  157 Eyed Gelechia  207, Pl 22 Eyed Rush Moth  144, Pl 11 Eyed Tortrix  408, Pl 47

F Fat Hen Case-bearer  298, Pl 25 Feathered Cutter  11, 47, 79, Pl 3 Fen Cap  71 Fen Elder  217 Fen Grass-miner  307 Fen Hook-wing  393, Pl 44 Fen Marble  435 Fen Snout  217 Fen Straw  369, Pl 40 Fen Tortrix  362, Pl 39 Fern Signaller  320, Pl 28 Field Marble  388, Pl 44 Fiery Miner  197, Pl 20 Fig-leaf Skeletoniser  342, Pl 32 Fir-bud Tortrix  435 Firethorn Leaf-miner  120, Pl 8

Fireweed Mompha  311, 317, Pl 27 Fir-shoot Tortrix  404, Pl 46 Fir Tortrix  359, Pl 37 Five-spot Dot  68 Flame Mompha  311, 316, Pl 27 Flame Seedhead Moth  202, Pl 21 Flax Tortrix  356, Pl 36 Fleabane Case-bearer  299 Fleabane Drab  366, Pl 40 Fleabane Miner  217 Fleabane Moth  146, Pl 11 Fleabane Pearl  460, Pl 56 Fleabane Stem-borer  411, Pl 48 Four-spot Dot  70 Four-spotted Fungus Moth  93, Pl 5 Four-spotted Straw  372, Pl 41 Four-spotted Yellowneck  163, Pl 14 Frost Tortrix  354, Pl 35 Fruitlet Mining Tortrix  432, Pl 50 Fruit-tree Dot  70

G Galingale Lance  435 Garden Grass-moth  474, Pl 59 Garden Grey  473, Pl 59 Garden Mompha  314, Pl 27 Garden Pearl  463, Pl 56 Garden Pebble  468, Pl 58 Garden Rose Tortrix  362, Pl 38 Garden Stilt  112, Pl 7 Garden Straw  370, Pl 40 Genista Groundling  206, Pl 22 Gentian Plume  335 Giant Grass-moth  483 Giant Water-veneer  482, Pl 62 Glasswort Case-bearer  298, Pl 25 Glasswort Moth  209, Pl 22 Glaucous Sedge-miner  306 Glossy Birch Dot  70 Goat Willow Leaf-miner  129 Gold-barred Marble  383, Pl 43 Gold Cloak  366, Pl 40 Gold-edged Dot  70 Golden Dot  61, Pl 1 Goldenrod Case-bearer  295 Goldenrod Marble  394, Pl 44 Goldenrod Pearl  459, Pl 55 Goldenrod Plume  327, Pl 29 Goldenrod Straw  374, Pl 41 Goldenrod Tortrix  408, Pl 47 Gold-flecked Hopper  170, Pl 15 Gold-fringed Dot  70 Goldilocks Case-bearer  299 Gold-speckled Fungus Moth  93, Pl 5 Gold Triangle  453, Pl 54 Gold W  150, Pl 12 Gooseberry Knot-horn  453 Goosefoot Case-bearer  299 Goosefoot Runner  323, Pl 28 Gorse Buff  37, 180, Pl 17 Gorse Case-bearer  293, Pl 25 Gorse Knot-horn  441, Pl 52 Gorse Leaf-miner  121 Gorse Runner  321, 322, Pl 28 Gorse Streak  206, Pl 22 Gorse Wanderer  196, Pl 20

Index of English names   523

Granish Miner  217 Grass Webworm  483 Greater Marbled Straw  371, Pl 41 Great Fungus Moth  92, Pl 5 Great Mompha  312, Pl 27 Great Pine Tortrix  346, Pl 33 Great Root-borer  412, Pl 48 Great Tortrix  348, Pl 34 Green Longhorn  74, 76, Pl 2 Green Oak Tortrix  34, 357, Pl 36 Greenweed Buff  183 Greenweed Dot  70 Greenweed Smith  206, Pl 22 Greenweed Tortrix  428, Pl 50 Greenweed White-barred  217 Gregson’s Plume  335 Grey Alder Leaf-miner  122 Grey Apple Dot  70 Grey Aspen Tortrix  404, Pl 46 Grey Birch Dot  70 Grey Hook-wing  392, Pl 44 Grey Oak Knot-horn  445, Pl 53 Grey Orache Miner  217 Grey Poplar Dot  67 Grey Rush Case-bearer  299 Grey Saltern Tortrix  407, Pl 47 Grey Willow Leaf-miner  129 Grizzled Moss-moth  199, Pl 21 Gromwell Ermine  184, Pl 18 Guernsey Beauty  189

H Hairy Stem Moth  140, Pl 10 Hairy Wood-rush Miner  307 Hart’s-tongue Moth  99, Pl 6 Hawthorn Bark Tortrix  432 Hawthorn Berry Moth  308, Pl 26 Hawthorn Dot  70 Hawthorn Drab  135, Pl 9 Hawthorn Knot-horn  444, Pl 53 Hawthorn Leaf-miner  120 Hawthorn Moth  161, Pl 13 Hawthorn Parornix  116 Hawthorn Piercer  429, Pl 50 Hawthorn Shoot Moth  414, Pl 48 Hawthorn Tip Moth  153, Pl 12 Hawthorn Tuft  105 Hazel Bud Moth  216, Pl 23 Hazel Case-bearer  299 Hazel Grey  217 Hazel Leaf-miner  125 Hazel Parornix  116 Hazel Spring Jewel  54, Pl 1 Heath Case-bearer  291, Pl 24 Heath Concealer  166, Pl 14 Heath Elder  200, Pl 21 Heather Grey  194, Pl 20 Heather Hook-wing  391, Pl 44 Heather Knot-horn  441, Pl 52 Heather Tortrix  348, Pl 34 Heath Hook-wing  391, Pl 44 Heath Streak  169, Pl 15 Heath Tortrix  363, Pl 39 Hedge Beauty  169, Pl 15 Hedge Case-bearer  296, Pl 25 Hedge Groundling  217

Hedge Hook-wing  394, Pl 44 Hedge Marble  388, Pl 43 Hemlock Moth  180, Pl 17 Hemp Agrimony Plume  335, Pl 31 Hereford Dot  70 Highland Case-bearer  286 Highland Grey  472, Pl 58 Highland Groundling  217 Highland Marble  384, Pl 43 Highland Nymph  129 Highland Pine Moth  421, Pl 49 Highland Tortrix  400, Pl 46 Highland Tuft  103 Highland Webber  195, Pl 20 Highland White-barred  217 Highland Yarrow Brown  183 Hoary Plume  327, Pl 29 Hoary Tortrix  405, Pl 47 Hollyhock Seed Moth  197, Pl 20 Holly Tortrix  396, Pl 45 Honeysuckle Beauty  390, Pl 44 Honeysuckle Blotch-miner  300, Pl 25 Honeysuckle Grey  205, Pl 22 Honeysuckle Leaf-miner  124 Honeysuckle Moth  137, 138, Pl 9 Hook-tipped Grass-moth  480, Pl 61 Hop Beauty  188, Pl 19 Hop Stilt  111, Pl 7 Horehound Longhorn  75, Pl 2 Horehound Plume  333, Pl 31 Hornbeam Dot  70 Hornbeam Leaf-miner  118 Hornbeam Parornix  115 Horse-chestnut Leaf-miner  127, Pl 8 Hourglass Mompha  313, Pl 27 House Moss-moth  198, Pl 21 Hypericum Dot  66 Hypericum Neb  217

I Ilex Leaf-miner  118, Pl 8 Imperial Stilt  129 Indian Meal Moth  450, Pl 54 Inverness Tortrix  435 Irish China-mark  481, Pl 61 Irish Plume  327, Pl 29 Iris Miner  217 Italian Bark Moth  166, Pl 14

J Jointed Rush Case-bearer  299 Juniper Berry Moth  149, Pl 12 Juniper Berry Piercer  435 Juniper Gelechia  217 Juniper Tip Moth  149, Pl 12 Juniper Webber  195, Pl 20

K Keeled Case-bearer  284 Kent Blite Case-bearer  299 Kent Maze-miner  129, Pl 8 Kent Straw  367, Pl 40 Kiwi Enigma  170, Pl 15 Knapweed Buff  179, Pl 17 Knapweed Case-bearer  292 Knapweed Pearl  462, Pl 56

Knapweed Root-borer  411, Pl 48 Knapweed Seedhead Moth  202, Pl 21 Knotgrass Gall Moth  299

L Laburnum Leaf-miner  156, Pl 13 Larch Bud Moth  396, Pl 45 Larch Case-bearer  293, Pl 25 Larch Cone Moth  421, Pl 49 Larch Gall Moth  423, Pl 49 Larch Tip Moth  148, Pl 12 Larch Tortrix  404, Pl 46 Large Alder Leaf-miner  124 Large Birch Dot  70 Large Birch Leaf-miner  129 Large Birch Roller  398, Pl 45 Large Buff Case-bearer  292, Pl 25 Large Fruit-tree Tortrix  346, Pl 33 Large Gold Case-bearer  292, Pl 24 Large Grey  469, Pl 58 Large Heath Bagworm  90, Pl 4 Large Ivy Tortrix  350, Pl 34 Large Longhorn  77, Pl 2 Large Marble  384, Pl 43 Large Orache Case-bearer  299 Large Pale Clothes Moth  96, Pl 5 Large Pale Masoner  319, Pl 27 Large Rose Shoot Moth  413, Pl 48 Large Rush Case-bearer  294 Large Spring Jewel  56, Pl 1 Large Straw-barred Pearl  483 Large Tabby  452, Pl 54 Large Willow Leaf-miner  129 Large Willow Roller  397, Pl 45 Late Reveller  172, Pl 16 Latticed Grass-moth  483 Lead-coloured Daisy Moth  417, Pl 49 Lead-coloured Tortrix  359, Pl 37 Lead-coloured Yarrow Moth  419, Pl 49 Least Blackthorn Dot  70 Least Brown  177, Pl 17 Least Case-bearer  287, Pl 24 Least Grass-miner  307 Least Hawthorn Dot  70 Least Hook-wing  391, Pl 44 Least Marble  380, Pl 42 Least Runner  323 Leek Moth  146, Pl 11 Legume Knot-horn  441, Pl 52 Lesser Alder Leaf-miner  124 Lesser Banded Longhorn  76, Pl 2 Lesser Birch Marble  379, Pl 42 Lesser Clouded Knot-horn  449, Pl 53 Lesser Heath Bagworm  85, 86, 90, Pl 4 Lesser Hook-wing  391, Pl 44 Lesser Lichen Case-bearer  87, Pl 3 Lesser Marbled Straw  371, Pl 41 Lesser Pearl  458, Pl 55 Lesser Tawny Crescent  168, Pl 14 Lesser Wax Moth  437, Pl 51 Lettered Sable  483 Lettuce Tortrix  408, Pl 47 Lichen Case-bearer  88, Pl 4 Lichen Tortrix  365, Pl 39 Light Brown Apple Moth  353, Pl 35 Light Grey Tortrix  355, Pl 36

524   Index of English names Lime Dot  58 Lime Flame  310, Pl 26 Lime Knot-horn  438, Pl 51 Lime Snout  195, Pl 20 Lime Tuft  104, Pl 6 Ling Runner  321, 323, Pl 28 Liquorice Piercer  426, Pl 50 Little Beech Tortrix  435, Pl 51 Little Buff-tip  134, Pl 9 Little Ghost  99 Little Grass-moth  480, Pl 61 Little Oak Tortrix  435, Pl 51 Little Pear-tree  70 Locust Bean Moth  453 London Lichen Moth  99 London Stowaway  159, Pl 13 Long-barred Ochre  139, Pl 10 Long-legged Pearl  466, Pl 57 Long-legged Tabby  452, Pl 54 Long-winged Pearl  458, Pl 55 Loosestrife Miner  217 Loosestrife Straw  368, Pl 40 Lotus Case-bearer  290, Pl 24 Lotus Dot  70

M Madder Pearl  464, Pl 57 Mallow Seed Moth  197, Pl 20 Manchester Moth  189 Many-plumed Moth  324, Pl 28 Maple Dot  59 Maple Leaf-miner  126 Maple Piercer  433, Pl 51 Maple Seed Dot  65 Maple Snout  194, Pl 20 Maple Stilt  111, Pl 7 Marbled Fern  482, Pl 62 Marbled Grass-moth  479, Pl 61 Marbled Knot-horn  445, Pl 53 Marbled Maple Moth  215, Pl 23 Marbled Orchard Tortrix  380, Pl 42 Marbled Piercer  424, Pl 49 Marbled Yellow Pearl  468, Pl 58 Marjoram Case-bearer  198, Pl 21 Marjoram Knot-horn  439, Pl 51 Marjoram Snout  196, Pl 20 Marsh Brown  182, Pl 18 Marsh Grass-moth  475, Pl 59 Marsh Lance  389, Pl 44 Marsh Marble  388, Pl 44 Marsh Oblique-barred 34 Marsh Pearl  459, Pl 55 Marsh Sedge-miner  307 Marsh Tortrix  361, Pl 38 Meadow Grass-miner  307 Meadow Grass-moth  475, Pl 60 Meadow Grey Tortrix  356, Pl 36 Meadow Groundling  217 Meadow Hook-wing  393, Pl 44 Meadow Longhorn  77, Pl 2 Meadowsweet Borer  217 Meadow Tortrix  426, Pl 50 Meadow White-barred  192, Pl 19 Meal Moth  11, 452, Pl 54 Medick Leaf-miner  129 Mediterranean Flour Moth  451, Pl 54

Melilot Case-bearer  288, Pl 24 Migrant Sable  465, Pl 57 Milkwort Beauty  183, Pl 18 Milkwort Borer  217 Millet Grass-miner  307 Mint Cap  71, Pl 1 Mint Moth  456, Pl 55 Mistletoe Marble  382, Pl 42 Monk Moth  98, Pl 6 Moorland Grey  471, Pl 58 Moorland Sedge-miner  307 Moorland Tortrix  400, Pl 46 Moss Groundling  217 Mother of Pearl  463, Pl 57 Mottled Goldenrod Tortrix  407, Pl 47 Mottled Grey Tortrix  409, Pl 47 Mottled Groundling  205, Pl 22 Mottled Oak Tortrix  404, Pl 47 Mottled Orache Moth  217 Mottled White Tortrix  410, Pl 47 Mountain Avens Dot  70 Mountain Diamond-back  141, Pl 10 Mountain Ermine  185, Pl 18 Mountain Grass-moth  478, Pl 61 Mountain Marble  384, Pl 43 Mountain Pearl  463, Pl 56 Mountain Plume  335 Mountain Tortrix  365, Pl 39 Mouse-ear Case-bearer  299 Mouse-ear Groundling  211, Pl 23 Mugwort Case-bearer  295 Mugwort Moth  418, Pl 49 Mugwort Pearl  455, Pl 54 Mugwort Plume  334, Pl 31 Mugwort Stilt  114 Mugwort Tortrix  408, Pl 47 Mung Moth  483 Myrtle Shoot Tortrix  432

N Narrow-barred Dot  70 Narrow-barred Straw  373, Pl 41 Narrow Groundling  217 Narrow Lichen Case-bearer  87, Pl 3 Narrow-winged Grey  471, Pl 58 Netted Bagworm  90, Pl 4 Netted Ochre  139, Pl 9 Netted Tortrix  357, Pl 37 Nettle-tap  340, Pl 32 New World Yellowneck  163 Norfolk Bog Tortrix  435 Norfolk Myrtle Tortrix  435 Norfolk Snout  217 Norfolk Wood-rush Miner  307 Northern Barred Groundling  217 Northern Birch Miner  158, Pl 13 Northern Birch Parornix  129 Northern Concealer  165, Pl 14 Northern Crescent  427, Pl 50 Northern Diamond-back  142, Pl 10 Northern Grey  470, Pl 58 Northern Grey Tortrix  351, Pl 34 Northern Heath Grass-moth  475, Pl 59 Northern Heath Tortrix  346, Pl 33 Northern Hook-wing  394, Pl 44 Northern Marble  385, Pl 43

Northern Marbled Tortrix  359, Pl 37 Northern Moss-moth  217 Northern Mottled Cloak  355, Pl 36 Northern Reveller  345, Pl 33 Northern Rowan Dot  70 Northern Runner  323 Northern Scalloped Tortrix  360, Pl 38 Northern Vetch Blister Moth  157 Northern Yarrow Moth  419, Pl 49 Norway Maple Dot  64 Norway Maple Leaf-miner  126 Nut Bud Moth  402, Pl 46 Nut Leaf Blister Moth  121 Nut-tree Dot  58

O Oak-bark Dot  66 Oak Bark Moth  152, Pl 12 Oak Blotch-miner  83, Pl 3 Oak Case-bearer  283, Pl 24 Oak Cloud  114, Pl 8 Oak Cutter  73 Oak Dot  70 Oak Gall Moth  431, Pl 50 Oak Knot-horn  443, Pl 52 Oak Longhorn  174, Pl 16 Oak Marble  378, Pl 42 Oak Nycteoline  34 Oak Pistol Case-bearer  291 Oak Stilt  110, Pl 7 Oak Tuft  104, Pl 6 Oat-grass Miner  307 Oblique-barred Grass-miner  307 Obscure Concealer  173, Pl 16 Obscure Grass-miner  307 Obscure Mompha  313, Pl 27 Obscure Moss-moth  217 Obscure Neb  217 Obscure Snout  195, Pl 20 Obscure Tortrix  430, Pl 50 Obscure White-barred  192, Pl 19 Old World Webworm  469, Pl 58 Olive Marble  384, Pl 43 Olive Spinner  133, Pl 9 Olive Stowaway  159, Pl 13 Olive-tree Pearl  466, Pl 57 Orache Case-bearer  299 Orange-barred Grass-moth  483 Orange Beauty  371, Pl 41 Orange-headed Concealer  173, Pl 16 Orange-headed Dot  70 Orange-marked 217 Orange Pine Tortrix  353, Pl 35 Orange-rayed Pearl  457, Pl 55 Orange-spot Daisy Moth  419, Pl 49 Orange-spot Tansy Moth  419 Orange-spotted Miner  198, Pl 20 Orange-spot Yarrow Moth  418, Pl 49 Orange Spruce Needle-miner  217 Orange-tipped Nest Moth  96, Pl 5 Orchard Ermine  131, Pl 8 Ornate Knot-horn  439, Pl 51 Orpine Ermine  133, Pl 9 Osier Leaf-miner  129 Oxford Brown  183 Oxford Case-bearer  299

Index of English names   525



P Pale-backed Detritus Moth  97, Pl 6 Pale Birch Dot  70 Pale Clothes Moth  99 Pale Feathered Cutter  78, 79, Pl 3 Pale Fungus Moth  99 Pale Honeysuckle Moth  138, Pl 9 Pale Knot-horn  453 Pale Maple Stilt  111, Pl 7 Pale Oak Leaf-miner  129 Pale Orache Case-bearer  299 Pale Reed Beauty  188, Pl 19 Pale Seedhead Moth  191, 202, Pl 21 Pale-shouldered Tortrix  346, Pl 33 Pale Straw Pearl  462, Pl 56 Pale-streaked Grass-moth  477, Pl 60 Pale Water-veneer  483, Pl 62 Pale Willow Tortrix  401, Pl 46 Pallid Grey  473, Pl 59 Palm Tabby  465, Pl 57 Pappus Case-bearer  299 Parnassus Ermine  136 Parsnip Moth  181, Pl 18 Peach Knot-horn  453 Peach Twig Borer  217 Pea Moth  420, Pl 49 Pearl-banded Grass-moth  478, Pl 61 Pear Leaf Blister Moth  157 Pearl Grass-moth  478, Pl 61 Pearly Grass-miner  307 Pear-tree Dot  70 Pellitory Beauty  188, Pl 19 Peppered Grey  472, Pl 59 Persicaria Borer  217 Petty Whin Case-bearer  290 Phoenix Knot-horn  446, Pl 53 Pied Buckthorn Beauty  366, Pl 40 Pied Concealer  166, Pl 14 Pied Fungus Moth  94, Pl 5 Pied Grey  472, Pl 59 Pied Oak Moth  215, Pl 23 Pied Rabbit Moth  140, Pl 10 Pied Tortrix  406, Pl 47 Pignut Brown  182, Pl 18 Pimpinel Brown  183 Pine Bark Moth  422, Pl 49 Pine-blossom Knot-horn  450, Pl 54 Pine Bud Moth  414, Pl 48 Pine Cone Moth  415, Pl 48 Pine Knot-horn  443, Pl 52 Pine Leaf-mining Moth  415, Pl 48 Pine Marble  385, Pl 43 Pine Needle-moth  280, Pl 24 Pine Nut Moth  422, Pl 49 Pine Resin-gall Moth  414, Pl 48 Pine Resin Moth  422, Pl 49 Pine Shoot Moth  415, Pl 48 Pine Tortrix  402, Pl 46 Pinion-streaked Snout  34 Pink-shaded Straw  375, Pl 41 Pistol Case-bearer  290, Pl 24 Plain Bark Moth  167, Pl 14 Plain Daisy Moth  418, Pl 49 Plain Elm Dot  70 Plain Holm Oak Dot  63 Plain Needle-miner  136, Pl 9

Plain Plume  334, Pl 31 Plain Pollen-moth  52, 53, Pl 1 Plain Rose Dot  70 Plane Leaf-miner  118 Plantain Marble  387, Pl 43 Plumbeous Spruce Tortrix  435 Plumed Bagworm  89, Pl 4 Plum Fruit Moth  428, Pl 50 Plum Tortrix  381, Pl 42 Pond-sedge Miner  217 Poplar Gelechia  208, Pl 22 Poplar Knot-horn  453 Poplar Leaf-miner  127 Poplar Maze-miner  129 Poplar Needle-moth  280, Pl 24 Poplar Roller  193, Pl 19 Potato Tuber Moth  217 Potentilla Case-bearer  287 Powdered Buff  183 Powdered Grass-moth  479, Pl 61 Powdered Pearl  461, Pl 56 Pretty White-barred  193, Pl 19 Privet Stilt  107, Pl 7 Purple Marbled Tortrix  434, Pl 51 Purple-shaded Brown  177, Pl 17 Purple-shot Case-bearer  299 Purple-shot Dot  70 Purple Spring Jewel  56, Pl 1 Purple-tinged Cutter  79, Pl 3 Purple-washed Tip Moth  153, Pl 12 Purslane Moth  217

R Ragged-Robin Case-bearer  299 Ragwort Root-borer  412, Pl 48 Raisin Moth  453 Ramshorn Bagworm  85, 88, Pl 4 Ramsons Moth  146, Pl 11 Rannoch Marble  435 Raptor Nest Moth  99 Raspberry Moth  82, Pl 3 Raspberry Shoot Borer  81, Pl 3 Rattle Pearl  458, Pl 55 Red-barred Pollen-moth  52, Pl 1 Red-barred Tortrix  345, Pl 33 Red-capped Ermine  136 Red Clover Case-bearer  299 Red-eyed Buff  176, Pl 17 Red-headed Bee Moth  99 Red-headed Dot  70 Reed Beauty  188, Pl 19 Reedbed Plume  335 Reed Minor  143, Pl 11 Reed Pearl  461, Pl 56 Reed Veneer  473, Pl 59 Regal Piercer  433, Pl 51 Rest-harrow Piercer  420, Pl 49 Rhomboid Tortrix  359, Pl 37 Ribwort Stilt  112, Pl 7 Rice Moth  453 Richardson’s Case-bearer  92 Ringed China-mark  482, Pl 62 Ringed Needle-miner  136, Pl 9 Rock-cress Diamond-back  142, Pl 10 Rock-rose Mompha  316, Pl 27 Rock-rose Moth  213, Pl 23

Rock-rose Runner  322, Pl 28 Rolled Grass-moth  479, Pl 61 Roseate Marble  382, Pl 42 Rosebay Gall Mompha  28, 315, Pl 27 Rosebay Runner  323, Pl 28 Rose Blotch-miner  84 Rose Case-bearer  283, Pl 24 Rose Dot  70 Rose Piercer  429, Pl 50 Rose Plume  330, Pl 30 Rose Shoot Borer  82, Pl 3 Rose Shoot Moth  414, Pl 48 Rose Tortrix  347, Pl 33 Rosy Knot-horn  441, Pl 52 Rosy Straw  375, Pl 41 Rosy Tabby  453, Pl 54 Rowan Dot  70 Rowan Drab  135, Pl 9 Rowan Leaf-miner  129 Rowan Parornix  116 Rowan Tip Moth  151, Pl 12 Royal Knot-horn  453 Royal Leaf-miner  126 Rufous Fungus Moth  99 Rufous Hook-wing  392, Pl 44 Rufous Marble  381, Pl 42 Rufous Pearl  462, Pl 56 Rufous Saltern Tortrix  435 Rufous Stilt  109, Pl 7 Rufous Tortrix  353, Pl 35 Rugged Bryony Beauty  367, Pl 40 Ruscus Moth  147, Pl 11 Rush Veneer  466, Pl 57 Rusty Acorn Piercer  425, Pl 50 Rusty-dot Pearl  462, Pl 56 Rusty-tipped Straw  377, Pl 41

S Sainfoin Piercer  427, Pl 50 Sallow Dot  70 Sallow Gall Moth  424, Pl 49 Sallow Longhorn  76, Pl 2 Sallow Pistol Case-bearer  290 Sallow Tip Moth  151, Pl 12 Saltern Case-bearer  299 Saltern Grass-moth  480, Pl 61 Saltern Lance  390, Pl 44 Saltern Rush Case-bearer  294 Saltern Rush-miner  306 Saltern Straw  369, Pl 40 Saltern Tortrix  407, Pl 47 Saltern Tuft  102, Pl 6 Saltmarsh Knot-horn  448, Pl 53 Saltmarsh Plume  326, Pl 28 Samphire Knot-horn  443, Pl 53 Samphire Straw  435 Sandhill Dot  70 Sandhill Double-spot  437, Pl 51 Sandhill Knot-horn  451, Pl 54 Sandhill Leaf-miner  122 Sandhill Moss-moth  217 Sand Runner  323 Sandy Longhorn  77, Pl 2 Sanicle Brown  183 Satin Grass-moth  476, Pl 60 Satin Moss-moth  199, Pl 21

526   Index of English names Saw-wort Tortrix  406, Pl 47 Saxifrage Ermine  134, Pl 9 Saxifrage Plume  329, Pl 30 Scabious Knot-horn  446, Pl 53 Scabious Leaf-miner  129 Scabious Longhorn  75, Pl 2 Scabious Marble  395, Pl 45 Scalloped Tortrix  360, Pl 38 Scarce Alder Case-bearer  29, 284 Scarce Apple Dot  70 Scarce Bagworm  88, Pl 4 Scarce Blackthorn Blotch-miner  84 Scarce Blackthorn Dot  70 Scarce Blackthorn Snout  217 Scarce Bramble Blotch-miner  84 Scarce Broom Dot  70 Scarce Bugloss Ermine  184, Pl 18 Scarce Burnished Copper  100 Scarce Clouded Tortrix  435 Scarce Crimson & Gold  455, Pl 54 Scarce Goldenrod Plume  335 Scarce Grass Bagworm  90 Scarce Grass-moth  475, Pl 60 Scarce Grey Tortrix  356, Pl 36 Scarce Groundling  217 Scarce Hawthorn Dot  70 Scarce Highlander  183 Scarce Light Plume  331, Pl 30 Scarce Longhorn  77 Scarce Maple Piercer  425, Pl 50 Scarce Maple Stilt  111, Pl 7 Scarce Meal Moth  452, Pl 54 Scarce Moss-moth  217 Scarce Oak Gall Moth  431, Pl 50 Scarce Oak Leaf-miner  129 Scarce Oak Stilt  113, Pl 8 Scarce Orache Case-bearer  299 Scarce Pale Tortrix  352, Pl 35 Scarce Plume  335 Scarce Purple & Gold  457, Pl 55 Scarce Rose Shoot Moth  413, Pl 48 Scarce Rose Tortrix  405, Pl 47 Scarce Saltern Case-bearer  299 Scarce Shoot Borer  82, Pl 3 Scarce Silver-spotted Veneer  483 Scarce Spindle Ermine  133, Pl 9 Scarce Spruce Bark Moth  423, Pl 49 Scarce Spruce Tortrix  435 Scarce Straw Tortrix  435 Scarce Tawny Crescent  170, Pl 14 Scarce Thorn Case-bearer  299 Scarce Tufted Scallop  140 Scarce Vetch Beauty  189 Scarce Vetch Moth  217 Scarce Violet Beauty  187, Pl 18 Scarce Warehouse Moth  99 Scarce White-barred  217 Scarce White-barred Knot-horn  453 Scarce Willow Marble  378, Pl 42 Scarce Wood-rush Miner  305 Scarce Yellow-spot Tortrix  356, Pl 36 Scarce Zebra Moth  217 Scorched Heath  217 Scottish Grass-miner  307 Scottish Grass-moth  477, Pl 61 Scottish Pearl  463, Pl 56

Sea Aster Case-bearer  295 Sea Couch Silver  217 Sea-holly Brown  183 Sea-holly Straw  435 Sea-lavender Case-bearer  283, Pl 24 Sea Pea Knot-horn  440, Pl 52 Sea-purslane Case-bearer  299 Sea Rush Case-bearer  294 Sea Spurge Tortrix  397, Pl 45 Seathorn Spinner  217 Sedge Lance  389, Pl 44 Self-heal Dot  70 Service-tree Leaf-miner  129 Shaded Oak Stilt  110, Pl 7 Shaded Tortrix  405, Pl 47 Sheep’s-bit Knot-horn  449, Pl 53 Sheep’s-bit Straw  377, Pl 41 Shingle Grass-miner  307 Shining Alder Leaf-miner  125 Shining Bagworm  89, Pl 4 Shining Bramble Dot  70 Shining Dogwood Cutter  72, Pl 1 Shining Elm Leaf-miner  123 Shining Fungus Moth  99 Shining Hawthorn Dot  70 Shining Oak Tortrix  430, Pl 50 Shining Tip Moth  150, Pl 12 Shore Knot-horn  447, Pl 53 Shore Marble  386, Pl 43 Short-barred Dot  70 Short-barred Marble  378, Pl 42 Short-barred Ochre  139, Pl 10 Short-barred Straw  372, Pl 41 Short-winged Plume  333, Pl 31 Shoulder-spot Dot  63 Shrouded Grey  176, Pl 16 Silver-barred Alder Dot  70 Silver-barred Birch Dot  70 Silver-barred Lichen Moth  92, Pl 5 Silver-barred Moss-moth  205, Pl 21 Silver-barred Sable  6, 455, Pl 54 Silver-barred Tortrix  403, Pl 46 Silver Cloak  435 Silver Grass-miner  35, 301, Pl 25 Silver-speckled Straw  371, Pl 41 Silver-spotted Veneer  473, Pl 59 Silver-streaked Beauty  164, 165, Pl 14 Silver-striped Marble  383, Pl 43 Silver-striped Straw  372, Pl 41 Silverweed Borer  217 Silvery Knot-horn  453 Six-spotted Groundling  205, Pl 22 Skin Moth  97, Pl 6 Skullcap Skeletoniser  341, Pl 32 Slender Rufous Tortrix  425, Pl 50 Sloe Case-bearer  299 Small Beech Dot  60 Small Bilberry Marble  395, Pl 44 Small Birch Leaf-miner  129 Small Bluebell Beauty  367, Pl 40 Small Bog Sedge-miner  307 Small Brindled Tortrix  409, Pl 47 Small Burnet Brown  183 Small China-mark  481, Pl 62 Small Cowberry Marble  395, Pl 45 Small Elm Case-bearer  299

Small Fruit Moth  428, Pl 50 Small Goldenrod Plume  334, Pl 31 Small Magpie  460, Pl 56 Small Marbled  34 Small Oak Blotch-miner  84 Small Oak Leaf-miner  123 Small Pine Shoot Moth  415, Pl 48 Small Plume  330, Pl 30 Small Rufous Tortrix  362, Pl 38 Small Rush Case-bearer  299 Small Scabious Longhorn  75, Pl 2 Small Scabious Plume  335 Small Spring Jewel  56, Pl 1 Small Spruce Tortrix  400, Pl 46 Small Streaked Case-bearer  299 Small Tabby  453 Smoky Groundling  217 Smooth Pine Shoot Moth  416, Pl 48 Sneezewort Moth  418, Pl 49 Sorrel Cap  71, Pl 1 Sorrel Dot  29, 58 Sorrel Runner  323 Southern Apple Moth  216, Pl 23 Southern Barred Groundling  217 Southern Blackthorn Parornix  117 Southern Blite Moth  208 Southern Case-bearer  299 Southern Crescent  427, Pl 50 Southern Double-spot  453 Southern Grass-miner  307 Southern Grey Tortrix  356, Pl 36 Southern Heath Grass-moth  476, Pl 60 Southern Hook-wing  391, Pl 44 Southern Masoner  319 Southern Stitchwort Case-bearer  299 Speckled Apple Dot  64 Speckled Bittersweet Moth  147, Pl 11 Speckled Broom Buff  178, Pl 17 Speckled Bugloss Moth  162, Pl 13 Speckled Clothes Moth  99 Speckled Grass-miner  305, Pl 26 Speckled Hazel Dot  59 Speckled Holm Oak Dot  68 Speckled Tip Moth  152, Pl 12 Speedwell Longhorn  76, Pl 2 Spikenard Case-bearer  289 Spikenard Moth  145, Pl 11 Spike-rush Borer  204, Pl 21 Spindle Ermine  132, Pl 8 Spindle Knot-horn  444, Pl 53 Spindle Moth  11, 138, Pl 9 Splendid Oak Leaf-miner  129 Splendid Spring Jewel  55, Pl 1 Spotted Birch Grey  215, Pl 23 Spotted Gelechia  207, Pl 22 Spotted Knot-horn  449, Pl 53 Spotted Shoot Moth  416, Pl 48 Spotted-white Plume  332, Pl 30 Spring Harbinger  354, Pl 35 Spring Reveller  172, Pl 16 Spruce Bark Moth  435 Spruce Bud Moth  404, Pl 46 Spruce Knot-horn  442, Pl 52 Spruce Needle-moth  280, Pl 24 Spruce Seed Moth  423, Pl 49 Spruce Tip Moth  148, Pl 12

Index of English names   527

Spurge Marble  386, Pl 43 Starry Pearl  467, Pl 58 Stitchwort Case-bearer  299 Stitchwort Flower Moth  282, Pl 24 Stitchwort Groundling  212, Pl 23 Stonecrop Moth  144, Pl 11 Stored Nut Moth  453 Straw-barred Pearl  456, Pl 54 Strawberry Cutter  80, Pl 3 Strawberry Dot  70 Strawberry Tortrix  358, Pl 37 Straw Concealer  173 Straw Dot  34 Straw Grass-moth  477, Pl 60 Straw Pearl  483 Straw Yellowneck  163 Streaked Diamond-back  142, Pl 10 Streaked Fungus Moth  93, Pl 5 Streaked Hook-wing  393, Pl 44 Streaked Ridge-back  339, Pl 32 Streaked Tip Moth  150, Pl 12 Streaked Water-veneer  483, Pl 62 Striped Cutter  80, Pl 3 Striped Ermine  185 Striped Sorrel Moth  206, Pl 22 Suffolk Spruce Tortrix  435 Sulphur Bark Moth  5, 48, 168, Pl 15 Sulphur Pearl  458, Pl 55 Summer Fruit Tortrix  353, Pl 35 Sundew Plume  331, Pl 30 Surrey Broom Case-bearer  299 Surrey Concealer  170 Surrey Elm Tuft  105 Surrey Grass-miner  307 Sweet-gale Tortrix  365, Pl 39 Sweet-grass Miner  304 Sycamore Leaf-miner  126 Sycamore Seed Dot  65, Pl 1

Thistle Root-borer  411, Pl 48 Thistle Straw  373, Pl 41 Three-spot Dot  60 Thrift Elder  200, Pl 21 Thyme Case-bearer  299 Thyme Knot-horn  440, Pl 52 Thyme Marble  382, Pl 42 Thyme Moth  217 Thyme Plume  332, Pl 30 Timothy Tortrix  351, Pl 34 Tiree Twist  345, Pl 33 Toadflax Pearl  466, Pl 57 Toad Rush Case-bearer  299 Tomato Leaf-miner  211, Pl 23 Treble-spot  183, Pl 18 Tree Hollow Moth  95, Pl 5 Tree-mallow Tortrix  405, Pl 47 Trefoil Blister Moth  156 Triangle Plume  327, Pl 29 Triple-barred Tip Moth  149, Pl 12 Triple-spotted Grass-miner  301, Pl 25 Triple-spotted Nest Moth  96, Pl 5 Tufted Blackthorn Moth  176, Pl 16 Tufted Oak Knot-horn  444, Pl 53 Tufted Oak Moth  310, Pl 26 Tufted Oak Roller  208, Pl 22 Tufted Pine Moth  216, Pl 23 Tufted Scallop  139, Pl 9 Tufted Tortrix  361, Pl 38 Twenty-plume Moth  324, Pl 28 Twin-barred Knot-horn  448, Pl 53 Twin-barred Sedge-miner  303 Twin-spot Buff  183 Twin-spot Plume  329, Pl 30 Twin-spot Sedge-miner  303, Pl 26

T

V

Tabby Brown  183 Tamarisk Plume  335 Tansy Moth  417 Tansy Plume  328, Pl 29 Tansy Stem Borer  200, Pl 21 Tapestry Moth  95, Pl 5 Tare Case-bearer  299 Tasmanian Concealer  170, Pl 15 Tawny Birch Tortrix  364, Pl 39 Tawny Crescent  168, Pl 14 Tawny Drab  339, Pl 32 Tawny-fronted Straw  376, Pl 41 Tawny Grey  471, Pl 58 Tawny Knapweed Tortrix  406, Pl 47 Tawny Oak Tortrix  363, Pl 39 Tawny Sycamore Piercer  434, Pl 51 Tawny Tortrix  352, Pl 35 Teasel Marble  387, Pl 43 The Cinereous  196, Pl 20 The Cryptic  217 The Minister  365, Pl 39 The Pauper  217 Thistle Buff  183 Thistle Case-bearer  296, Pl 25 Thistle Ermine  446, Pl 53 Thistle Marble  386, Pl 43

Vagrant Aspen Leaf-miner  129 Vagrant Snout  217 Varied Birch Roller  398, Pl 45 Varied Brown  183 Varied Ochre  140, Pl 10 Varied Tortrix  34, 362, Pl 39 Variegated Fungus Moth  99 Variegated Golden Tortrix  347, Pl 33 Verge Case-bearer  299 Vetch Leaf-miner  123 Vetch Moth  193, Pl 19 Viburnum Leaf-miner  120 Viburnum Tortrix  360, Pl 38 Vine Moth  371, Pl 40 Violet Beauty  187, Pl 18

U Upland Moss-moth  217

W Wall Lettuce Straw  368, Pl 40 Water Avens Dot  70 Water Dock Case-bearer  285 Water-dropwort Brown  182, Pl 18 Water Mint Straw  368, Pl 40 Water-plantain Straw  370, Pl 40 Water Veneer  481, Pl 61 Wavy-barred Sable  11, 457, Pl 55 Wax Moth  437, Pl 51

Western Grass-miner  307 Western Oak Leaf-miner  129 Western Thyme Knot-horn  439, Pl 52 Western Thyme Plume  335 White-backed Tortrix  380, Pl 42 White-banded Dot  68 White-banded Grass-moth  474, Pl 59 White-barred Alder Dot  70 White-barred Apple Moth  216, Pl 23 White-barred Knot-horn  438, Pl 51 White-barred Pointer  142, Pl 10 White-barred Tortrix  344, Pl 33 White Birch Tortrix  364, Pl 39 White-blotched Roller  397, Pl 45 White Cloaked Tortrix  410, Pl 47 White Crescent  213, Pl 23 White-dusted Runner  322, Pl 28 White-faced Straw  376, Pl 41 White-faced Tortrix  349, Pl 34 White-foot Moth  412, Pl 48 White-fronted Straw  375, Pl 41 White-headed Brown  183 White-headed Detritus Moth  99 White-headed Drab  135, Pl 9 White-headed Grass-miner  304, Pl 26 White-headed Mompha  313, Pl 27 White-headed Tip Moth  149, Pl 12 White-legged Case-bearer  288, Pl 24 White-line Pollen-moth  53, Pl 1 White-marked Bugloss Moth  162 White-marked Stilt  113, Pl 8 White-marked Tortrix  357, Pl 37 White Oak Leaf-miner  117, Pl 8 White Plume  28, 332, Pl 30 White-shouldered House-moth  166, Pl 14 White-shouldered Marble  379, Pl 42 White-shouldered Ochre  139, Pl 10 White-speckled Bagworm  87, Pl 3 White-speckled Fungus Moth  94, Pl 5 White-spot Brown  183 White-spot Dot  70 White-spot Groundling  217 White-spot Mompha  316, Pl 27 White-spot Sallow Dot  66 White-spotted Drab  339, Pl 32 White-spotted Sable  460, Pl 56 White-spotted Spring Jewel  55, Pl 1 White-spot Yarrow Moth  418, Pl 49 White-streaked Grass-moth  477, Pl 60 White-streaked Snout  206, Pl 22 White-tipped Case-bearer  299 White-tipped Dot  61 White-underwing Piercer  426, Pl 50 Wight Pea Moth  427, Pl 50 Wight Seedhead Moth  217 Wild-service Dot  70 Willow Brown  183 Willow Case-bearer  286 Willow Dot  70 Willow Ermine  132, Pl 8 Willow Flame  310, Pl 26 Willow Grey  214, Pl 23 Willow Hook-wing  392, Pl 44 Willow Knot-horn  440, Pl 52 Willow Leaf-miner  129

528   Index of English names Willow Marble  379, Pl 42 Willow Maze-miner  128 Willow Spinner  217 Willow-stem Maze-miner  128 Willow Stilt  11, 47, 107, 110, Pl 7 Willow Tortrix  399, Pl 46 Willow Y Moth  433, Pl 50 Winter Groundling  217 Wood-ant Moth  99 Woodland Grass-miner  307 Woodland Sedge-moth  145, Pl 11 Wood Marble  386, Pl 43 Wood Pistol Case-bearer  299 Wood-rush Case-bearer  294, Pl 25 Wood-rush Miner  303 Woodrush Moth  144, Pl 11 Wood Sage Pearl  460, Pl 56 Wood Sage Plume  331, Pl 30 Wood Tortrix  347, Pl 33

Wormwood Case-bearer  299 Wormwood Knot-horn  447, Pl 53 Woundwort Case-bearer  289, Pl 24 Woundwort Marble  435 Woundwort Pearl  459, Pl 55

Y Yarrow Brown  183 Yarrow Case-bearer  297 Yarrow Plume  328, Pl 29 Yarrow Root-borer  435 Yarrow Tuft  102 Yellow-backed Detritus Moth  97, Pl 6 Yellow-banded Longhorn  74, Pl 2 Yellow-barred Grass-miner  302 Yellow-barred Pollen-moth  53, Pl 1 Yellow Cap  309, Pl 26 Yellow-dotted Stilt  113, Pl 8 Yellow-edged Grass-miner  302, Pl 26

Yellow Grass-moth  483 Yellow-headed Bagworm  87, Pl 3 Yellow-headed Concealer  173 Yellow-headed Grass-miner  307 Yellow-headed Spring Jewel  55, Pl 1 Yellow Larch Tortrix  348, Pl 34 Yellow Oak Case-bearer  299 Yellow Oak Tortrix  357, Pl 37 Yellow Rose Tortrix  358, Pl 37 Yellow-spot Concealer  170 Yellow-spot Dot  70 Yellow-spotted Drab  337, Pl 32 Yellow-spotted Tortrix  366, Pl 40 Yellow-spot Yarrow Moth  419, Pl 49 Yellow-striped Bark Moth  170 Yellow-underwing Pearl  457, Pl 55 Yellow V Moth  98, Pl 6