Excavations in Azerbaijan (North-western Iran): 1: Haftavan, Period VI 9780860542339, 9781407333281

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Excavations in Azerbaijan (North-western Iran)

1 Haftavan, Period VI Michael Edwards with a foreword by

C. A. Burney

BAR International Series 182 1983

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D .Phil. D .R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. -S182,1983 :'Excavations in Azerbaijan (North-western Iran). 1 : Haftavan,Period VI'

© Michael Edwards, 1983

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542339 paperback ISBN 9781407333281 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542339 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

C ONTENTS

P age

F oreword L ist

o f

f igures

L ist

o f

p lates

_ xi x vii

P reface

x xi

A cknowledgements C hapter

1

x xii

H aftavan V IC S tratigraphy

7

H aftavan V IC

P ottery

1 2

H aftavan V IC

S mall

1 4

F inds

C hapter

2

H aftavan V IB A rchitecture

C hapter

3

H aftavan V IB P ottery

1 41

C hapter

4

H aftavan V IB S mall

2 93

F inds

3 53

A ppendix A bbreviations

4 7

3 58

a nd B ibliography

i ii

F OREWORD H aftavan w estern m erly o f

t he

4 00m o f

M y

t he t o

A zerbaijan,

l argest m ounds

about

" citadel"

i n

s outhwards

o f W est

f our

l ies

S almas p lain,

o f L ake U rmia a nd

S hahpur)

p rovince and

T epe

c orner

f rom

t he m ound

U rmia

( formerly

n orth-western I ran

i n

t he U rmia

b asin,

n orth t o s outh. i s

c lose

t o

t he

n orth-

t o t he m ain r oad f rom S almas R ezaiyeh), ( fig.1.). '

I t

5 50m f rom e ast

T he

h ighest

( fori n

t he

i s o ne t o w est

p oint

o n

t he

2 7m a bove d atum.

b rief e xaminations

o f t he s ite

i n

1 958,

1 959 a nd 1 962

s ug-

g ested t hat i t w as m ainly o f s econd a nd e arly f irst m illennium B .C. d ate, w ith s ome l ater d eposits o n t he c itadel. T he d ating o f m uch o f t he

p ottery

c ollected o n

r eadily a pparent, t he t hen r ecent

s ince

s herd

i t

s urface w as

n ot

d id n ot c losely r esemble t he m aterial

f rom

e xcavations a t

p reviously

t aken

u nscathed,

f or

s urveys o f

H asanlu.

t he m ound

R ecorded e xcavations h ad n ot

p lace a t H aftavan T epe; i n

1 933-4 a n

b ut

i t

h ad

n ot

i ndividual n amed B utamin h ad

t rench s ome e ight m etres w ide a nd

f orty m etres

r emained d riven

a

l ong t hrough t he c entre

o f t he c itadel f rom e ast t o w est. A t rench o f s imilar l ength h ad b een cut o n a p arallel l ine t o t he s outh, t hereby l eaving a g ash o n t he s lope

o f

t his

s econd t rench.

t he m ound.

p ublished:

o ne

h is

t aking

w ork,

t rench.

f ields

f rom

m ainly

i n t he

s coops

i n

o rder

t o

i s

t hat B utamin d eparted b y n ight

O ne m an

i s

a t

s aid t o h ave b een b uried i n

S ubsequently s coops

l ocal v illagers c arted o ff

o f v arious

a reas a nd d epths o ut

s outh-western q uadrant.

c hoice o f

s urface w hen

a ny

i nvolves

o bjectives

s outh o f o f

l eaving t he

o f

A dvantage w as

n ever

t he e nd

s oil

h is

c ollapse f or

t he

t heir m ound,

t aken o f

l ocating e xploratory

i ntending

t o

t hese

t renches,

I

d irect

m yself

f or a s ustained c ampaign o f

t he p ractical f unds,

e quipment

t o

s ite

a n umber o f s eparate

t o r aising o f

p urchase o f E ast.

t he

i n

r educe t he b urden o f e arth-moving.

T he

p ermit

d ug t o

t wo b oxes o f a ntiquities w ith h im a nd

t he m ound

i nevitably g eneral

s quarish a rea w as

W hatever d iscoveries w ere m ade h ere w ere

s tory

w orkmen u npaid! o f o ne

A f urther,

a nd

l ogistics,

f rom r ecruitment

s upplies.

T hese

a m ajor e xcavation, n aturally h ad t o

e xcavations

c onsiderations,

f rom

f rom n egotiations

o f

s taff

t o c ollection o r

q uestions c onfront

n owhere m ore t han

f ace t hem b efore

t he f or a

t he

a nyone

i n t he N ear

f irst

( 1968)

s eason a t H aftavan T epe . I f o f

t he

t he o bjectives o f s ite,

t he e xcavations,

b e c onsidered i nadequate,

b ility.

L ikewise t he c hoice o f

v enture

t o

t he

s uggest

e xcavations,

c ism,

a lthough

u nlikely

t hat

t hat t his, i s

t he m ost

t hus t ake

t he

s ignificance

f ull

r esponsi-

a reas o f e xcavation w as m ine a lone. t he f irst e ffective

i n t he m atter o f

a ny

a nd

I must

i nstalment

o f t he r eport

r efutation o f

a ny

I o n

s uch c riti-

c hoice o f a reas o f e xcavation

i t

i s

t wo m inds w ould t hink p recisely a like.

I n t he b rief a ssertion t hat t he m ain o bjective w as t o e xcavate o ne o f t he m ajor m ulti-period s ettlement s ites i n t he U rmia b asin o f n orth-western I ran - t he p resent-day a dministrative p rovinces ( ostans) o f

W est

a nd E ast A zerbaijan - l ies

p oses

o f

t he w ork a nd o f t he

l ater

s easons

( 1975,

E astern e xpedition p rices

i n

1 973.

1 978).

T hese h ave

d uring t he p ast

T he p resent

t he e xplanation b oth o f

d ifficulties w hich c ame

s lump

t he

t o b eset

p uri t

f aced v irtually e very

d ecade, i n d emand

i n N ear

f rom t he e xplosion o f f or o il

i s

u nlikely

o il t o

d o

m ore

t han

s low

d own t he

u pward t rend

w hich

h ad i ncreased s evenfold b y t he

f irst

t hree

m akes

s easons.

o bjective o f

l east

s uch a n

t he e xcavations

i nvestigation o f o ccupation

t o

s eason,

o f

l ocal

l abour,

c ompared w ith i ncrease

i n

t he c osts

f orward p lanning v ery h ard. T he p rincipal

t he

A t t he v ery

i n t he c ost

1 975

f ill

l evels

o f t he

t he g ap b etween m y e arlier e xcavations

T abriz,

w here

H asanlu I V,

c ontinuous

w ith

b owl,

o f a p eriod

t ion

o f b oth

i ts

o ccupation

b urnt

( Iron

a t

H aftavan T epe

w as

s econd m illennium B .C., a t

Y anik

e nded a round

T epe,

2 000

n ear

B .C.,

a nd

b uildings a nd e nigmatically d ecorated g old

I I)

n ow d ated c irca

l ater a nd e arlier

l evels w as

1 100-800 B .C. i ncidental

T he e xcava-

t o t he

o riginal

p urpose o f t he e xcavations a t H aftavan T epe, e ven t hough a dding s ignif icantly t o t he o verall r esults. I t i s t herefore e ntirely a ppropriate t hat t he f irst i s

p eriod t o b e p ublished s hould b e H aftavan V I.

c haracteristic o f

s eason

t hat

l evels

t his

s ite

t hat

i t w as

n ot u ntil

o f t his p eriod w ere e xposed,

t he

i n A reas X

r espectively

s outh a nd e ast o f

t he c itadel.

t he

o f

h ave b een m entioned a bove:

p urpose

s ited

g aining

i n o ne o f

t heir

l oot,

t renches,

t hus

A rea Y h ad a s imilar a dvantage, S uccessive B ronze/Early

p eriods

o f

o ccupation, I I p eriod)

p eriod) w ere r evealed,

b ut

m ound.

s equence c ould,

i n s eparate

t he m aximum e conomy o f m oney, t he m ore t he

l abour

e xcavation o f

a ny o pen s ide, n ot b e t he

i t a bsorbs:

t ime

a

a ny c onsiderable a rea

c onsiderable 1 978

r eduction

s easons,

t he

f olly. T o

d uring m y o wn a bsence D uring

p articularly

u nder

t his w as

t he t ime

B oth g raphy, v ery

t he

o f

t hese

t wo

r ecent

( 1983)

t he

s ome

e xtent o f

d uring t he t he

a las,

h owever,

U nfortunately,

s upervision

i t

t he

i n

t he

o f

M artin

s urvey

i n E ast

h ad b ecome

t he

p eriod

e vident

t hat

t he t own.

1 971-1978

t echniques a nd c eramic o f

w ithout

d egree,

o n t he M eshkinshahr

t he g reatest

r esults

d eep,

T his c ould,

s easons H aftavan V IB w as s ince

d iscoveries

t wenty-hectare

s cale o f e xcavations

i nvestigation,

b uilding r emains a nd

( Early

( Sasanian

i ts w ork w as n ot h alf c ompleted,

i n t he

C harlesworth,

I

b e r evealed w ith

f our m etres

i s

l atter u nder

A zerbaijan.

V III

f or t he d eeper a t rench

o bjective o f e conomy o f o utlay w as r ealized.

a nd

s easons

- s trati-

t ypology - a nd t he

t ests m ade o n p ottery

s amples

f or

a rchaeomagnetic i ntensity b y t he O xford R esearch A rchaeology a nd t he H istory o f A rt h ave i mplications

L aboratory f or t he a rea

t he

F ull

t own d uring

m ust t here p art Y 1;

s uccessive p eriods

b e r eserved i s

o f t he s ite, a nd

t hat

t he

t he

I ron

d iminished I t

o f t he

w ill

( Area

( Haftavan V )

t he

s tate o f

t he

t he

l evels

w ith c onsequent A ll

s ettlement

o f

t he

i n

e limina-

t he e vidence s eems

t hat l ower

i n A reas Y 2 a nd

u pdating o f

t he g reatest e xtent

f or o f

d iscussion

t o

s lope

e specially

t o

J X),

a s eparate p eriod.

H aftavan V IB marks

I p eriod i n

s ite

i t h ere

t erracing d own t he

s urrounding t he c itadel,

H aftavan V IA a s

i ndicate t hat

s uffice

l aboratory r esults p oint

t he e asternmost p art t ion o f

( see a ppendix).

f or a l ater v olume:

i mpressive e vidence o f

w as

i t m ay r easonably b e c laimed t hat

o il b oom o vertook t he e xpedition w hen 1 975

t he

i t w as h oped,

e ntirely a voided a t H aftavan T epe.

c ausing

A rea X

t o H aftavan

s ectors o f

a t rench m ore t han a bout

o ver

Y , w ith

s urface w ash.

f rom H aftavan u p

a nd e ffort,

i ndeed,

a nd

t o a l esser e xtent.

T rans-Caucasian

T hus a c ultural

o f

i t

( 1971)

E arlier e xcavations,

a voiding r emoval

t hough

Y et

t hird

s eems

t own.

t o h ave

t o B y

g reatly

s ize. b e

r eadily

u nderstood v i

t hat

t he e xcavations

h ave

b een

i nterrupted s ince w ill

h ave

t o b e

e arly s easons. b ility,

t he

m ounds

i n

f unded

t he

1 978

A ny f uture w ork a t

U nless e conomic c ircumstances

d ays

o f

h oped

a nd

f ield

s urveys

a re n umbered,

e njoying r egular

e xpected

t o

b e a ble

T epe

i n

c hange b eyond a ll

e xcept

s tate

t he

p roba—

p erhaps

f or a f ew w ell—

s upport.

i nterim

r eport

f inal r eport,

o n H aftavan V I.

I t w as

I t

s quares

t he

a ll

t renches

o btaining a c ultural

s equence b y

i n d ifferent p arts

a lignment t o

s quare,

n umbered a ccordingly

( e.g.

C l,

w ere

n umber.

s mall

w ere

marked ( thus:

d istinguished T he

t rench

a nd

s tudy t o

Y l

and Y 2.

i n

t erms

l oci

Y 2/5/3,

can b e a ssigned h as

n ot

t here

i dentify a n umber o f i n e ach o f

( thus: 3 ),

a ddition s mall t he

o f o f

a a

i n

e ach

f inds

w ere

l evel

n umber

Y 2/4/3.

i t h as b een p ossible

b uilding p hases w ithin

t hrough T renches

d evelopment h as b een p resented

t he p lans T hus

t heir p rovenances.

i nsufficient

w ere

q uadrants

e xcavated

Y 2),

i .e.

f or e xample,

Y 2/5/6 a nd Y 2/5/12.

b een p ossible

a re

f eatures

s uspension o f e xcavations

t o

i nto

d ifferent p hases

t he p ottery a nd

n umber

b atch n umber h ave b een i ncluded: i ncludes

a nd w here

( thus:

p eriods

t he a lphabet

i ndicated b y t he

i ndividual

t rench a nd i ts

t hose p hases,

s uccessive

C 4).

t o w alls, o r

B ehind i ntention

f rom t op t o b ottom. C ertain h owever, l aid o ut o n a n orth—

A lthough t he a rchitectural

o f

f irst.

a voiding t he n ecessit > y

L etters o f

C 3,

t hey w ere

t he b atch n umber

S ince t he c loser

s ondage w ere,

g iven b atch n umbers:

w ith t he 4 )

i nvestigating

o f t he m ound,

C 2,

i ntention w as

o f e xcavation w as t he

w hich w as t hen s ubdivided

L etters w ere a ssigned w all

T he

i n n ot

T he d rawback o f t he c rumbling

d ictated b y t he g rid.

e ach

a

f or t hat d ay. D r. E dwards.

e xcavations w ould

n ot u nderstood a t

o f a reas

o f t he c lassic b ut c ostly d eep a reas, n otably o n t he c itadel, s outh

t ermed

o nce t his b ecomes

r ather t han t o c oncentrate o n t he

l imited a reas.

s election and a lignment

a ssigned

f airness b e

a nd a reas o f

H aftavan t renches w as

o f o ccupation

i n

i s e nvisaged,

a ligned e xactly w ith a g rid.

s tratigraphy o f c ertain o f

f rom m ade

a m atter o f p olicy o n b eginning e xcavations

u ncover e xtensive b uilding p lans

s ides

c annot

f urther w ork

l ocation o f

b e c onfined t o

m aterial

c ircumstances

s hortcomings m ust p rincipally b e m ine.

d ecided a s

t he

p olitical

i t w ould s urely h ave b een w rong t o w ait i t s tands must r edound t o t he c redit o f

R esponsibility f or a ny

t hat

I ran:

I t b ecame t herefore a ll t he m ore a ppropriate i n t he c ourse o f t ime t o p reparation o f t his

s eeing t hat

p ossible. Y et T he r eport a s

1 968

t o c ollect c omparative

i n n orth—western

t his w ork i mpracticable. t hat h e s hould p roceed

o f

t han

l arge—scale e xcavation o f m ulti—period s ettlement

t he N ear E ast

i nstitutions

H aftavan

m uch m ore s elective b asis

W hen M ichael E dwards e mbarked i n 1 977 o n a s tudy o f H aftavan w ith a v iew t o p reparing a d octoral t hesis i n d ue c ourse, h e h ad

V IB,

t o

s eason.

o n a s maller,

t he o riginal Y 2,

p hase

t he p ottery a nd

I n t hose t renches

l evel

a nd

1 ( fig.

3 4)

s mall

t o p ostulate a s eries o f p hases

o r

r emains,

n umbers

t he c onventional

l evel

f inds

f or w hich i n

i t

w hich h ave

b een u sed. H aftavan " Early a nd

V IB" a nd

b etter

V IB

h as

t wo r eadily

" Late V IB",

p reserved

t he

d istinguishable

f ormer

b uilding r emains a nd

p roportion o f p ainted p ottery o f

t he c lass v ii

m ajor

i ncluding t he m ore t he

l atter

t ermed U rmia

p hases,

i mpressive

t he W are.

g reater E arly

V IB r emains o ccur

i n A reas Y 1,

Y 2,

Y 3,

V IB r emains o ccur i n a ll t hose a reas a lly i n X 1, X 2, X 3 a nd Z XR.

B B1,

C C1,

e xcept

Z X a nd J X,

Y 3 a nd J X,

w hile L ate

a nd a ddition-

M ajor e fforts w ere d irected t owards e stablishing a p ottery s eq uence and r evealing a b uilding p lan i n Y 1/Y2. I t i s f rom .these a reas t hat m uch o f t he r elevant L ate

H aftavan V IB.

w as

a chieved

t he

l evel

s ons:

i n A rea

Z X.

i t

d iffers

a nd

l evels

J X e xcavations w ere e nded o wing- t o

A rea

J X

s hows t he E arly V IB

t he a rchitecture

f or E arly

l imited s ondage o f E arly V IB

I n A rea

o f t he w ater t able.

f irst,

s econd,

i nformation h as b een o btained

O nly a v ery

i s

s ignificant

f or t hree

t own e xtending t hat

i n c haracter f rom t hat

r ea-

f ar

e ast;

o f Y 2;

t hird,

a n i ntelligible a rchitectural p lan w as e xposed, e ven t hough J X/7and J X/8 w ere t he o nly l evels t o e scape t he d amage c aused b y a l arge I ron I p it. I n C C1

t he t wo m ost

w ere

I n B B1, V IB

i ntended h owever,

r ecent

s easons

t o r eveal m ore

g eneral I n

t he p lan o f c ourse

C C1,

o f t he m ajor V IB w alls

t he m ajor

E arly V IB w as

I n b oth B B1

a s

t he

a nd C C1

e ffects o f

d isturbance o f t he

t he E arly

1 978

u nderstood,

b ut

s eason

a lthough

f rom Y 1-Y2 c ould b e

t raced;

a nd

b uildings.

o nly a v ery l evels.

e nforced

t he multiple p hases

l imited t ime w as

N owhere m ore t han

s uspension o f

t he

f ollowed.

d id t he p recise a ssociation o f w alls

e xcavation o f t he E arly V IB a re

T renches B B1

t he Y 1-Y2

a nd b y t he e nd o f

t he m ud b rick w alls w as

w all K e luded s olution, f loors.

1 978),

t here h ad b een c onsiderable

r emains b y t he L ate V IB p its;

l ittle o f

( 1975,

o f t he p lan o f

s pent

i n B B1

e xcavation m ore

o f w ith

i n

t he

a nd

C C1

u nhappily

e vident. T he s ondage n ot

p urpose b ehind

d own

p rove t oo o nerous,

T his w as s wept

t he o pening o f T rench Y 3 w as

t o v irgin s oil,

t o u ndertake

o f

t he e ast e nd o f

I I

( Achaemenid)

t his

T wo

p art o f

l evels

t he

s ite,

t he

c itadel.

d itch,

w hich h ad

s licing t hrough t he

w ere u ncovered,

t he

a

s uch a n o peration m ight

f oot

a cross

t he

a p oint w here

f acilitated b y t he H aftavan

r emains.

a t

a t

l ater o f

L ate

w hich

V IB

p robably

b elongs w ith t he e arliest o f t he V Ib p hases t raced i n Y 1-Y2. T he l owest l evel r eached, Y 3/4, i s v ery d ifferent i n c haracter a nd o f a m uch

l ower a bsolute

p hase

o f

e arlier

p eriod.

a nd o thers n o

l evel,

H aftavan

V IB I t

i s

i ndicating e ither t hat a s eparate, h ad b een r eached o r

u nfortunate

t hat

p erhaps

t he p ottery

a n

f rom t his

i n Y 3 w as n ever s orted o r e xamined p roperly,

i ndication a s

t o w hether

i t

i s

i n

e arlier

a ltogether l evel

a nd t here

t he s tyle o f E arly V Ib o r o f

w ith i ts v ery d ifferent d ark-on-light m att p ainted w are. T his m atter r emaining s ub j udice u ntil w ork c an b e r esumed i n I ran. W ith t he e xception o f J X, V IB r emains a lso y ield t hose o f Z X/5b s tructural h earths,

i n

o f

w alling

o f

t he

a nd g ible s ome

t he e arliest p hase o f o f

t he

l ikewise.

p lan o f o f t he

L ate V IB.

t he a reas

p art

f inest

i ndication o f

t he

T races o f w alls w ere

i n t he X 1-X3 c omplex

a b uilding.

a nd C C1

p ost-holes,

L ate V IB H aftavan T epe.

s ome

b uilding. O nly

o f

g ive

i s

a

a nd

i n

p its a nd F ragments

f unction b ut n ot f ound

t here

F rom t his c omplex,

V IC, i s

y ielding E arly

I n A reas Y 1

t races a mounted t o s take-holes,

i n Y 2 a nd B B1

l ayout

Z X/8

v irtually a ll

i s

a ny

i n

m oreover,

d ecorated p ottery a nd s ome o f t he m ost

Z XR/3

i ntellic ome

i nteresting

f inds. T here

i s

n o c omplete b uilding p lan t o e merge h itherto v iii

f rom

a ny

p hase a llow

o f H aftavan V I; b ut s ufficient a rchitectural r emains e xist t o s peculation o n t he c haracter o f t hose f ragments o f b uildings.

S ubstantial A reas

Y l,

b uildings,

Y 2,

B B1

p erhaps

a nd C C1:

e xcavations w ere e xtended a lone

o ccur

i n A rea

o f p ublic

t his

i nto A reas B B1

J X.

F ollowing i t

t he

s eems

7 50 y ears

a re e vident

i n

t ime—span

b e

D omestic b uildings

t rue o f

A reas

X 1—X3.

b uildings a re e ven h inted a t

d ata p rovided b y t he

t hat t he

L ate V IB w as s ome

a nd C C1.

T he s ame m ay w ell

B ut i t must b e s tressed t hat n o p ublic t he L ate V IB l evels.

t ests,

f unction,

h ad i ndeed b een v ery c lear b efore t he

a rchaeomagnetic

i ntensity

f rom H aftavan V IC t o t he

( circa 2 200 B .C.-1450 B .C.),

i n

a s

e nd

o f

t his c hart

d emonstrates:— P ERIOD

S EASON

A REA

P REDOMINANT

P OTTERY

1 975

C 2,

L evel

6

i ncised w are

1 971

C 4,

L evel

7

b rown—on—buff p ainted w are

1 973

C l,

L evel

8

b lack—on—red w are

E arly V IB

1 971

Y 1,

P hases

1 -6

( c.1900-

1 973

Y 2,

P hases

1 -4

1 978

Y 3,

L evels

2 ,

1 978

B B1,

L evel

5

1 978

C C1,

L evel

4

1 969

J X,

L evels

1 973

Z X,

L evel

1 971

Y 1,

L evel

1 973

Y 2,

L evels 3 ,

3 e

n ated v essels,

1 975

B B1,

L evels

4

d ecoration,

n aturalistic

d ecoration;

s mall a mount

H aftavan V IC ( c.2200— 2 000 B .C.)

1 550 B .C.)

L ate

V IB

( c.16001 450 B .C.)

1 978

C C1,

b lack—on—red w are w ith w avy l ine d ecoration,

b urnished

4

5 -8 9

4

r ed b urnished w ares,

3 ,

L evel 3 L evel 1 -4

o f

1 971

X 1,

1 973

X 2,

L evels

2 -3

1 973

X 3,

L evels

2 -3

1 973

Z X,

L evels

1 975

evel Z XR3 L

5 b,

c ari—

g eometric

g rey w are

8

6

C omparative m aterial a nd d etailed a ssessment o f t he c ultural c ontext o f H aftavan T epe i n t he e arly a nd m id—second m illennium B .C. w ill p rovide t he n ucleus o f s eparate v olume t o b e p ublished b y B .A.R. H ere i s t he b asic r ecord o f t he m aterial f rom H aftavan T epe. O nce a gain

m y t hanks g o

M anchester,

t he R ussell T rust, B ritish w hich must

E dwards,

a s w ell

o f P ersian S tudies,

t he w ork a t

d ebt

o f

f ormer D irector o f

and n ow o f

t he U niversity o f C alifornia,

T epe,

i n t he

a nd l ast

f inancial

s upport

g ratitude

s erved f or

a s A ssistant

o f

B erkley,

f our

i mpossible.

D irector w ith i x

D avid

P ersian S tudies

.f or h is

t he B ritish

s easons

t he

w ithout

P rofessor

t o M artin C harlesworth,

n ow A cting D irector o f

w ho

t o

t he B ritish I nstitute o f

h elp a nd a dvice o n m any o ccasions; P ersian S tudies,

t he U niversity

H aftavan T epe w ould h ave b een q uite

o n r ecord m y s pecial

s tudent

t o

t he A shmolean M useum a nd f or

S tronach,

w hile

a s

t he C alouste G ulbenkian F oundation,

t he B ritish M useum ,

I nstitute

put

t o D r.

t he B ritish A cademy,

( 1971-1978)

i nvaluable m y

e rst—

I nstitute a t

o f

H aftavan

d ay—to—day c harge o f

t he

e xcavations; o f

d ig

must

l ife,

and

t hank t he

helped t he

t o

a ll

t hose m embers

a nd w ho w ill

b e

l isted

o f

s taff w ho e ndured

i n t he n ext

I ranian a uthorities a nd a ll

e xpedition

a t

v arious

t hose

v olume.

t he

r igours

F inally,

I ranian

f riends

I who

t imes.

C HARLES J uly

B URNEY 1 983

L IST O F

F IGURES

F i g.

P age

1 .

N orth

2 .

H aftavan T epe:

t opography.

3 .

H aftavan T epe:

c ontours

4 .

H aftavan

V IC:

C 2

s ections.

1 6

5 .

H aftavan V IC:

C l

a nd C 4

s ections.

1 7

6 .

H aftavan V IC:

C 2,

l evel

6 .

1 8

7 .

H aftavan V IC:

C 2,

l evel

6 ,

8 .

H aftavan V IC:

C l,

l evel

8 .

9 .

H aftavan V IC:

C 2,

l evel

6 ,

1 0.

H aftavan V IC:

C 2,

l evel

6 p ottery.

2 3

1 1.

H aftavan V IC:

C 2,

l evel

6 p ottery.

2 7

1 2.

H aftavan V IC:

C 2,

l evel

6 p ottery.

3 1

1 3.

H aftavan V IC:

C 2,

l evel

6 p ottery.

3 5

1 4.

H aftavan V IC:

C 2,

l evel

6 p ottery.

3 7

H aftavan V IC:

C 2,

l evel

6 ;

C l,

1 5.

w estern

I ran a nd

t he

p rincipal

a rchaeological

s ites.

1 2

a nd

t rench

p its

l ocation.

3

2 and 9 .

1 9 2 0

male b urial.

l evel

8 and C 4,

2 1

l evel

7

3 9

p ottery. 1 6.

H aftavan V IC:

C 2,

l evel

6 ,

s mall

f inds.

4 3

1 7.

H aftavan

C 2,

l evel

6 ,

s mall

f inds.

4 5

1 8.

H aftavan V IB:

Y l/Y2

s ection.

7 9

1 9.

H aftavan V IB:

Y l/Y2

s ections.

8 0

2 0.

H aftavan T epe:

T he

2 1.

E arly V IB:

Y l,

p hase

1 .

8 2

2 2.

E arly V IB:

Y 1,

p hase

2 .

8 3

2 3.

E arly V IB:

Y l,

p hases

2 4.

E arly

V IB:

Y l,

p hase

5 .

8 5

2 5.

E arly V IB:

Y l,

p hase

6 .

8 6

2 6.

E arly

Y 1,

p hase

7 .

8 7

V IC:

V IB:

E arly V IB p hase

3 -4.

i n Y 1/Y2.

8 1

8 4

x i

F ig.

P age

2 7.

E arly V IB:

Y 1,

p hase 8 .

2 8.

E arly V IB:

Y l,

a xonometric

2 9.

E arly V IB:

D etail

3 0.

E arly V IB:

Y l,

o f

8 8 p rojection o f

f allen w all

h ypothetical

H F

i n Y 1,

s tages

n orth s ection.

i n t he c ollapse ( not

o f

o f w all s cale)

D etail

3 2.

E arly V IB:

Y 1,

a rea

3 3.

E arly V IB:

Y l,

e levation o f W all A .

9 4

3 4.

E arly V IB:

Y 2,

p hase

1 .

9 5

3 5.

E arly V IB:

Y 2,

p hase

2 .

9 6

3 6.

E arly V IB:

Y 2,

p hase

3 .

9 7

3 7.

E arly V IB:

Y 2,

p hase

4 .

9 8

3 8.

E arly V IB:

Y 2,

p hase

1 .

D eposits

2 .

C ross

f allen

s ection s howing e arly t imber

f loors.

9 1

E arly V IB:

o f

s outh

t o

9 0

3 1.

I .

Y 1,

8 9

e arly p hases.

i n c ourtyard.

9 2 9 3

9 9

a gainst W all A ( not

t o

s ection o f n orthern p art

s cale). o f w all

L ( not

t o

w all L ( not

t o

s cale). 3 .

C ross

s ection o f

s outhern p art

o f

s cale). 3 9.

E arly V IB:

4 0.

E arly V IB:

Y 2,

p hase

Y 2,

p hase

p ithos p it 4 1.

E arly V IB:

Y 2,

p hase

4 2.

H aftavan V IB:

4 3.

E arly V IB:

Y 3,

l evel

4 4.

E arly V IB:

Y 3,

l evels

4 5.

H aftavan V IB:

4 6.

E arly V IB:

4 7.

H aftavan V IB:

S ketch

4 8.

H aftavan V IB:

C C1,

4 9.

E arly V IB:

5 0.

H aftavan V IB:

Y 3

C C1,

p lan a nd

2 ,

c ross

a nd

l ayout

4 ,

s ketch o f

o ven.

s ection o f b urial o f

p lan a nd

s keletons

4 ,

p hases

1 -4.

S ketch

1 02

1 05 1 06

5 .

1 07 e xcavated

l evels

i n B B1.

1 08 1 09

4 . o f

1 01

1 04

s ection.

l evel

and

1 03

2 a nd 3 .

o f

p ot

s ketch o f h earth.

s ection.

l evel

1 00

i n p ot.

s ection.

B B1

B B1,

1 ,

1 10 e xcavated x ii

l evels

i n

C C1.

1 11

P age 5 1.

h arly V IB: I i 1 31

S ketch and

V IB:

o f m ain E arly V IB w alls

f rom Y l/Y2

i nto

C C1.

1 12

Z X

1 13

5 2.

H attavan

5 3.

E arly V IB:

Z X,

5 4.

E arly V IB:

C ross

5 5.

H ftavan V IB:

5 6.

E arly V IB:

J X,

l evel

8 .

1 17

5 7.

E arly V IB:

J X,

l evel

7 .

1 18

5 8.

E arly V IB:

J X,

l evel

6 .

1 19

5 9.

E arly

J X,

l evel

5 .

1 20

6 0.

L ate V IB:

Y 2,

3 e.

1 21

6 1.

L ate V IB:

B B1,

l evel

4 .

1 22

6 2.

L ate V IB:

BB1,

l evel

4 ,

6 3.

L ate V IB:

C C1,

l evel

3 .

6 4.

L ate

V IB:

Y 2,

l evel

3 ,

p hases

1 -3.

1 25

6 5.

L ate V IB:

Y 2,

l evel

3 ,

p hases

4 -5.

1 26

6 6.

L ate

Y 2,

l evel

3 ,

p lan

V IB:

V IB:

l evel

J X

L ate

V IB:

Y 2,

w all

C .

V IB:

BB1,

9 .

1 14

s ection o f

E arly V IB

d eposits

i n Z X

9 /10.

S ection

l evel

i ncorporated 6 7.

s ection.

1 15 1 16

p it

4 .

1 23 1 24

and

s ection

o f

o ven

1 27

i nto W all B .

l evel

f urnace/oven

i ncorporated

i nto

1 28

6 8.

L ate

6 9.

L ate V IB:

X 1

7 0.

L ate

l ayout

7 1.

L ate V IB:

X 1

7 2.

L ate

X 1,

7 3.

L ate V IB:

Z XR 1, s ection.

7 4.

L ate V IB:

Z XR 3 ,

7 5.

L ate

V IB:

Z X,

l evel

8 .

1 36

7 6.

L ate V IB:

Z X,

l evel

5 .

1 37

V IB:

V IB:

l evel

3 ,

a nd X 2 o f

( TT5), l evel

3 .

1 29

s ections.

1 30

' X'

1 31

t renches.

l evel

3 ;

X 2,

l evel

3 ;

X 3,

l evel

2 .

4 .

l evel

1 32 1 33

6 ,

1 34 p hase

2 a nd

x iii

l evel

6 ,

p hase

3 .

1 35

F ig. 7 7.

P age E arly V IB:

b eakers

1 57

b eakers.

1 59

7 8.

E arly V IB:

7 9.

E arly a nd L ate

V IB:

b eakers.

1 61

8 0.

E arly a nd L ate

V IB:

p lates.

1 63

8 1.

E arly and L ate

V IB:

s mall

1 65

8 2.

E arly and L ate V IB:

t ype

1 a nd

2 b owls.

1 67

8 3.

E arly

t ype

1 a nd

4 b owls.

1 69

8 4.

E arly V IB:

t ype

2 ,

4 and 6 b owls.

1 71

8 5.

E arly V IB:

t ype

4 ,

6 a

1 73

8 6.

E arly V IB:

t ype

3 ,

4 and 6 a b owls.

8 7.

E arly

8 8.

E arly V IB:

8 9.

L ate V IB:

t ype

6 a b owls.

1 81

9 0.

L ate V IB:

t ype

6 a

b owls.

1 83

9 1.

L ate V IB:

t ype

6 a

b owls.

1 85

9 2.

L ate

V IB:

t ype

6 a

b owls.

1 87

9 3.

L ate V IB:

t ype

6 a

b owls.

1 89

9 4.

L ate V IB:

t ype

6 a

b owls.

1 91

9 5.

L ate V IB:

t ype

6 a

a nd

1 93

9 6.

L ate V IB:

t ype

6 b

b owls.

1 95

9 7.

L ate V IB:

t ype

6 a

a nd

1 97

9 8.

L ate V IB:

t ype

6 b

b owls.

1 99

9 9.

L ate V IB:

t ype

6 b b owls.

2 01

a nd

L ate V IB:

a nd L ate V IB:

V IB:

t ype

a nd

t ype

6 a a nd

6 b

6 b

b owls.

6 a a nd

6 b b owls.

7 b owls.

6 b b owls.

L ate

1 01.

E arly

b owls.

1 02.

L ate

V IB:

t ype

6 b

1 03.

L ate V IB:

t ype

5 b owls.

1 04.

E arly and L ate

L ate V IB b owls:

t ype

1 77

2 03 t ype

6 b b owls.

b owls.

V IB:

1 75

1 79

6 b b owls.

1 00.

a nd

t ype

v essels.

2 05 2 07 2 09

5 b owls. xi v

2 11

F ig.

P age

1 05.

E arly a nd L ate V IB:

1 06.

L ate

V IB:

t ype

5 b owls.

1 07.

L ate

V IB:

t ype

5 b owl

1 08.

E arly a nd L ate V IB:

j ar p rofiles.

2 21

1 09.

E arly a nd L ate V IB:

s torage

2 25

1 10.

L ate V IB:

j ar p rofiles.

1 11.

E arly

L ate V IB:

1 12.

E arly V IB:

j ars.

2 33

1 13.

E arly V IB:

j ars.

2 35

1 14.

E arly and L ate V IB:

j ars.

1 15.

E arly

t ype

1 16.

L ate V IB:

t ype

2 b

j ars.

2 41

1 17.

L ate V IB:

t ype

2 b

j ars.

2 43

1 18.

L ate

V IB:

t ype

2 b

j ars.

2 47

1 19.

L ate V IB:

t ype

l c

a nd

1 20.

E arly and L ate V IB:

s torage

b owls.

2 51

1 21.

E arly a nd L ate V IB:

s torage

b owls.

2 53

1 22.

E arly and L ate V IB:

m iscellaneous v essels.

2 55

1 23.

E arly V IB:

J X/7

J X/8.

2 57

1 24.

E arly V IB:

J X/7.

1 25.

E arly V IB:

J X/6

1 26.

E arly V IB:

J X/6.

2 65

1 27.

E arly V IB:

c ooking w are.

2 67

1 28.

E arly V IB:

cooking w are.

2 69

1 29.

E arly V IB:

c ooking w are.

2 71

1 30.

L ate

V IB:

cooking w are.

2 73

1 31.

L ate V IB:

c ooking w are.

2 75

1 32.

L ate V IB:

cooking w are.

2 77

a nd

a nd

L ate V IB:

a nd

t ype

5 b owls

2 15

p rofiles a nd

j ar

2 13

j ar p rofiles.

j ars.

2 17

2 27 p rofiles.

2 30

2 37 2 b

t ype

j ars.

2 b

j ars.

2 39

2 49

2 61 a nd

J X/6a.

2 63

XV

F ig.

P age

1 33.

L ate

V IB:

cooking w are

2 79

1 34.

L ate

V IB:

cooking w are.

2 81

1 35.

E arly and L ate

1 36.

L ate

1 37.

L ate V IB:

1 38.

E arly and L ate V IB:

d ecorated s herds.

2 89

1 39.

L ate V IB:

s herds.

2 91

1 40.

C ontinuity

1 41.

E arly a nd L ate V IB:

p ins.

3 03

1 42.

E arly a nd L ate

V IB:

p ins.

3 05

1 43.

L ate V IB:

a nd a wls.

3 07

1 44.

E arly a nd L ate

V IB:

b eads.

3 09

1 45.

E arly a nd

L ate V IB:

b eads.

3 11

1 46.

E arly and L ate

1 47.

E arly a nd

1 48.

E arly and L ate

1 49.

E arly

1 50.

E arly and

V IB:

a nd

V IB:

d ecorated

d ecorated

s herds.

2 83

s herds.

2 85

d ecorated s herds.

2 87

d ecorated

o f p ottery

p ins

V IB:

L ate V IB: B IV:

t ypes

m etal

f rom E arly

t o L ate V IB.

f ragments.

2 92

3 13

m iscellaneous.

3 15

o bsidian.

3 17

L ate V IB:

c lay a nimal

L ate

V IB:

s pindle w horls.

3 21

1 51.

E arly a nd L ate V IB:

s pindle w horls.

3 23

1 52.

E arly and L ate V IB:

s pindle w horls a nd w eights.

3 25

1 53.

E arly

m iscellaneous

s tone o bjects.

3 27

1 54.

E arly and L ate

m iscellaneous

s tone

3 29

1 55.

E arly V IB:

m iscellaneous.

3 31

1 56.

E arly V IB:

m iscellaneous.

3 33

a nd L ate V IB: V IB:

x vi

f igurines.

o bjects.

3 19

L IST O F P LATES P late I a . b . c . 2 a .

P age H aftavan V II t own w all w ith o verlying s ilt. H aftavan V IC b urial C 2/6. H aftaven V IC P it

2 ,

Y 1,

i nto Y 2 a t t he e nd o f t he

l ooking w est

3 34

C 2/6. 1 973

s eason

3 35

( Early V IB). b .

Y l,

l ooking w est s howing w alls ( Early V IB).

c .

Y l,

p hase 1 , s howing p ithos ( Early V IB).

i n s itu,

3 a .

Y l,

l ooking w est

t he e nd o f

i nto Y 2

a t

B 2,

K ,

G ,

H F a nd C 2

l ooking w est

t he

1 975

s eason

3 36

( Early V IB). b .

Y 1,

p hase 1 , l ooking n orth, s howing p ithos a nd p ot s itu, w all H F a nd r obbed w all K ( Early V IB).

c .

Y l,

p hases 3 -4, l ooking s outh a long p assageway b etween w alls A a nd C l t owards w all B 1 ( Early V IB).

4 a .

Y 2,

p hase 3 , w ith p hase 4 o vens, ( Early V IB).

b . c .

Y 2, Y 2,

p hase 1 , w ith s tone p acked p ostholes, p hase 1 , l ooking n orth ( Early V IB).

5 a .

L ooking n orth f rom C C1/4, t rench B B1

b . c . 6 a .

C C1/4 : C C1/4:

i n

l ooking n orth—west

s howing w alls C 2

l ooking s outh

a nd K a nd

B B1/5

c .

B B1/5

3 38 -

( Early V IB).

w all K c omplex l ooking w est ( Early V IB). w all K , p hase 3 , l ooking n orth ( Early V IB).

Y 3/4 l ooking s outh ( Early V IB).

b .

3 37

l ooking s outh

3 39

( Early V IB).

l ooking n orth,

s howing p ot

i n

s itu a nd b urial

( Early V IB). 7a .

B B1/5,

e xposed c hild b urial w ith c apping s tone

3 40

( Early V IB). b .

B B1/4 w ith p its a nd p ostholes,

c .

Y 1/4 p its a nd p ostholes

8 a .

B B1/4 p it

( Late V IB).

b .

B B1/3

l ooking s outh

B B1/3

d ouble o ven ( Late V IB).

Y 2,

( Late V IB).

p hase 4 o ven ( Early V IB).

b .

Y 2/3

c .

Y 2/3 w ith p ottery s et

1 0a.

( Late V IB)

3 41

c . 9 a .

l ooking n orth

( Late V IB).

3 42

o ven n ear w all B ( Late V IB). i nto w all

C C1/3 p its a nd p ostholes

b .

X 1/4 l ooking w est

c .

X 1/3

B ( Late V IB).

( Late V IB).

3 43

( Late V IB).

l ooking n orth—west

( Late V IB).

ha.

X 2/X3

l ooking w est

b . c .

X 2/X3 Z XR3,

l ooking e ast ( Late V IB). l evel 6 /3, l ooking n orth

3 44

( Late V IB). ( Late V IB).

P late

P age

19 a .

H aftavan V IC p ainted p ottery,

C 2/6.

b .

H aftavan V IC p ainted p ottery,

C 2/6.

c .

L ate V IB p ottery.

1 3a. b . 1 4a.

P ainted p ottery b owl,

Y 2/4/3 n o.

B one a wl,

( Late V IB).

8 52, 6 46,

X /1

9 02,

X 3/1

( Late V IB) 3 47

b .

C lay h oof,

c . d .

P ainted p ottery f ragment, B B1/3 ( Late V IB). P ottery, n os. 7 18-26, X /4 ( Late V IB).

e .

P ottery b eaker,

Y 2/4/3

f .

P ottery s torage

j ar,

1 5a.

n o.

x /3

3 46

( Early V IB).

S tone a rrowhead m ould, n o.

3 45

b .

B one p ins,

H orn h andle,

n os.

5 81-5,

n o.

( Early V IB).

N o.

C lay a nimal f igurines, ( Early V IB).

c .

( Late V IB).

3 02;

9 29,

n os. J X/8 b ead,

Y 2/3A

5 79,

( Late V IB).

5 80,

5 91,

5 98,

J X/8

3 48

( Early V IB). n o.

3 03;

p in n o.

3 04,

J X/5

( Early V IB). d .

B one c omb,

e .

B one k nife h andle,

f .

S pacer b eads,

1 6a.

N o.

B one o bject, p in,

4 46; n o.

n o.

n o.

d isc, n o.

8 18a-b, 8 93,

9 13,

n o.

6 45,

Y 1/7

4 47,

J X/7

( Early V IB).

X /4

( Late V IB).

X 2/2B

( Late V IB).

( Early V IB).

b .

M etal

c . d .

M etal p in, n o. 9 22, Y 2/3e ( Late V IB). B one p in, n o. 8 50, Y 2/3 ( Late V IB).

e .

C lay g aming b oard/tablet,

3 49

Y 2/4 ( Early V IB).

n o.

8 35,

Y 2/3a

( Late V IB).

C olour

P late

P age

a .

L ate V IB d ecorated

j ar

b .

L ate V IB d ecorated

j ar

c .

L ate V IB d ecorated

( fig. ( fig. d .

1 6:1) s herd

1 38:6)

L ate V IB d ecorated ( fig.

j ar

1 16:2)

e .

L ate V IB d ecorated

s herd

f .

L ate V IB d ecorated

s herds

( fig.

3 51

1 38:1;

1 37:1)

xi x

P REFACE I a nd

1 978

p articipated s easons a nd

e xamine

t he m aterial

t ation,

w ith a v iew

i n

i n

f rom o f

O n c onclusion o f d eal

o f

l evel

t he m ain

s ondage

d own

V IC

a nd E arly

t he

l ast

i s

V IB;

a n

a s w as

s ituated,

H aftavan T epe

B urney

d isser-

l ater d ate.

I a ccepted h is

p resented h ere.

i n t he

f ield:

a t

H aftavan-

i ntention o f

i ntensive

t wo

s tudy o f

a s ystematic

a

f resh

e stablishing

s ub-phases

o f

s ome

l evel V I

t he p ottery s tored i n

s tudy o f t he

S almas p lain, s uccessful

-

I ran

i n w hich

a nd o ther a reas n orth a nd n orth-west

P olitical c ircumstances p revented t he

i n

a w ider e xposure

i n Y 1/Y2 h ad j ust c ommenced;

s oil h ad t he

1 975

H aftavan f or m y d octoral

s eason o f e xcavations d one

t he

I m ight

s ome

s uggested

i n t hat

a ssociation b etween t he

H aftavan U rmia.

t hat w ork

V I b uildings v irgin

w as p lanned, i s

V I a t

r emained t o b e

t o

s tratigraphical

l evel

C harles

p ublication a t

to

s uggestion a nd a p art

1 978 a g reat

t he e xcavations a t

1 977 M r.

o f

L ake

c ompletion o f

t hese p rojects. M r. which

B urney

H aftavan

i n I ran a nd

V IB p ottery i n t he

p rovide

o nly a brief g limpse

s tantial

r eport

p ublication t hat

h as p ublished f our p reliminary e xcavation r eports,

h ave a ppeared

o f

i s a n

w hen

w ork a t

s ome t ime

t ory

a nd

t his

t ime

w orked i n

i n

w hether t hat r eport t he

s tratigraphy,

i n

1 968 a nd w ere

t o a s atisfactory

i t

t he c onsideration o f

I ran a nd w ho m ay b e

w as i n

o ther

t he

h ope

a nswers

t o

b uilding p hases a nd T he f irst

e ver p ossible T his

s ub-

w hether

s hould b e p resen-

i s

f inds

s eason

o f

t o b ring t he

c onclusion a p eriod o f

e lapse b efore p ublication.

f or

p roblem

t he

n ecessity,

t he f uture w ould p rovide

i t has b een d ecided t o p resent t he

t wo d ecades

c learly u nsatisfacf rom l evel

a rchaeologists

t aking t his o pportunity

t o

V I

a t

w ho

h ave

r eflect

u pon

o wn d iscoveries. T his

s mall

s ome a spects o f

H aftavan

o f

i ncomplete r eport s hould b e d elayed,

t ook p lace

o r m ore m ight

t hese,

T he

d evelopment a re n ot c learly u nderstood.

e xcavations

t heir

b ut

o f t he w hole a ssemblage a nd a m ore

t he q uestions which r emained o r, t ed n ow ,

j ournal,

o bviously p referable.

f urther w ork a t

c eramic

I h ave p resented a d iscussion o f

s ame

f inds;

m aterial

v olume a

w ill b e

s eeks

t o p resent

d iscussion o f i ncluded

t he

s ignificant

a rchitecture, p roblems

i n a s ubsequent p ublication.

x xi

a nd

p ottery

a nd

c omparative

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS I t

i s m y p leasure h ere

t o a cknowledge m y d ebt

t o

t he

d uals a nd i nstitutions w ho h ave g enerously o ffered t heir d uring t he p reparation o f t his w ork.

M uch o f t he i nitial r esearch w as u ndertaken i n t he a utumn o f w hen I w as a warded t he R ichard A rthur N eedham R esearch S cholar-

1 978, s hip

w hich

J ohn

W atkinson,

b ehalf.

f inanced m y s tay

u pon

o f

r eport.

I

am

a lso

I

m ost g rateful t o

( Consiglio

t o

t he

T hey h ave n ot t he

I nstitute

f or

i ts

m y

B ritish i n

t he

I ran t ypo-

B ritish

s upport

t he A ssistant

D r.

o n

t o c omplete

t his a nd

I

S ecretary,

d ella

M r.

D r .

G hent);

I nstitute,

D avid

( University o f C alifornia);

C uyler Y oung

o we

S tephen K roll; M rs.

a s pecial

D r.

M r.

B rown

D r .

A ltin

P rofessor

E rnie H aerink

L ittauer;

D r.

W right

D r.

J .

P .

I

D avid

W olfram K leiss

M ary

p it-

P ercorella

L yndon C ornwallis;

( University o f

P rofessor H enry T .

f rom t he

B urton-Brown ;

P hiladelphia);

T ehran);

p roblems

I n p articular

E milio

R ome);

A rchaeological S tronach

s tudent.

T herodore

I zmir);

D r .

d iscussed

B iscione a nd

R icharche,

O xford);

( University Museum ,

o f M anchester);

h ave

l etters a nd p l ovided d rawings

i nfrequently s aved m e

R affaelle

( University o f

D yson

I

t hank

s tay

f rom

e nabled m e

i nexperienced r esearch

N azionale

P rofessor T .

t o

f rom t he

l ast m onth's

A f urther g rant

i n 1 980/81

a nswered m y

t o t hank D rs.

C ilingiroglu H .

s upported m y

t o many s cholars w ho

t he p roject,

a wait

l ike

a f ellowship

t hank M rs M ary G ueritz,

i ndebted o f

( Ashmolean Museum , R .

a ward o f

l ike

f or h is m any e fforts

a ssistance o n m any o ccasions.

i nformation.

f alls w hich

I s hould

t o c ontinue w orking o n t he H aftavan V IB p ottery

l ike

a m

a rising o ut

w ould

t he

P ersian S tudies

f or h er p rompt

and

1 979,

r eturning t o E ngland.

I nstitute s hould

i n

o f P ersian S tudies

a llowed m e

l ogy

i n T ehran.

W arden o f N eedham H all,

E arly

I nstitute a nd

i ndivi-

a ssistance

W ild

( German

P rofessor ( University

( University o f M ichigan);

( Royal O ntario M useum). d ebt

o f g ratitude

t o

Mr.

P .

R .

S .

M oorey

( Ashmolean M useum , O xford), w ho a rranged f or m e t o e xamine t he G eoy T epe h oused i n t he A shmolean Museum . O n many o ccasions I h ave b enef ited f rom h is w ide k nowledge o f N ear E astern a rchaeology. D uring t he p resentation o f my t hesis, D r. G eorgina H errmann m ade m any v aluable s uggestions

o n

t he c ontent,

s tyle

w ork

a nd

t o t rim t he

m e

M y g reatest d ebt i s t o M r . C harles B urney w ho f irst i ntroduced I ran, m ade p ossible m y s tudy o f t he H aftavan V I m aterial a nd

t o

o ffered s upport

r agged e dges

a nd p resentation o f m y

h elped

a nd e ncouragement

I s hould a lso f rom

m y

f riends,

t imes

g iven m e

s hould

l ike

t o

o f m y p rose.

l ike

a t

a ll

t o a cknowledge

s tages o f m y r esearch. t he k indness

i n b oth M anchester a nd O xford,

h ospitality, t hank D r.

D avid F leming and D r.

K ate

h elp a nd

i nspiration.

G eoffrey S ummers, F ielden .

D r.

I h ave

w ho h ave a t

r eceived v arious

I n p articular

A nthony

G reen,

I D r.

1

a rchaeo log ica l

L o c v . 0

L c ) t r ) c m .

1 1 1 1- 1 L I I I I

7 : 5

3

c ontours a nd t rench l ocation.

H AFTAVAN V IC T his

p hase

i mmediately

S TRATIGRAPHY

o verlies

t he

P eriod V II

o ccupation

i n

t he c ontexts w here i t h as b een t raced, n otably t renches C 2, C l a nd C 4. S ince many o f t he P eriod V II w alls h ad b een a llowed t o e rode a nd f all i nto t o

r uin b efore t his

p hase

h ave b een d eserted

o f o ccupation,

f or a n,

a s y et,

t his p art

N owhere o n t he s ite h ave t he r emains o f V IC b een g raphical a ssociation w ith t hose o f E arly V IB. T he

m ost

e xtensive

r emains o f V IC

a lthough p ottery a nd o ther

f inds w ere

o f

i ndeterminate

o ccur

f ound

s ite

s eems

l ength o f

t he

t ime.

f ound

i n

i n

t rench C 2

i n t renches

C 4

s trati-

l evel

l evel

6 ,

7 a nd

C l l evel 8 . T he V IC d eposit i s r oughly o ne m etre t hick a nd c onsists m ainly o f b ricky f ill, a sh, a n umber o f p its a nd a s catter o f l arge s tones ( Figs. 4 -5). T here a re n o c lear s tratigraphical b ut t hree p ossible s ub-phases a re p resented h ere.

d istinctions,

S ub-Phase 1 I nitially,

t he t ops o f

a ny o pen s paces w ere f or

c onstruction w ork o n V IC,

o f o ne P eriod V II w all p art

o f

C 2

d ation

l arge

a nd

s tones o r

c ourtyard. o ne

O ne

o r

s everal

p attern

c an b e

a rgument w as

i n

u sed

c an o nly

t hat

c overed

w alls u p

t o

a cted a s

f rom

t here w as

a s

i s

t hat

a s

b y a f ragment

mud-brick

o f

a nd f or a

l evels,

n o

r eal

s tones. t he

s ame

w hen a l arge

A n a rea

a rea

o f

a p latform .

f loor,

s uperstructure

l ong

b ut

f avour o f t he c ourtyard h ypothesis s ubsequent

o f

a c ourtyard a rea w ith t hese

i n

t he

p resent

a s urface

s tone b ased w alls a djacent,

l aid o ut

f oun-

a s eries

1 .10 m etres

s erved w ell

o f

a c ourtyard

t op

o n

t he

i s

l ayout

a s

t he

d educed

f oundation s tones

T he b urial o f a n a dult m ale i n C 2/6 a lso b elongs t o t his f irst

t rench

p resumably,

w hich m easure

s uppose

s urface

C 2/6

I n t he n orthern a nd e astern

t he

d educed f rom t he p resent

l evel mud-bricks w as

t he

o f

t hese w ould h ave

s ubstantial

f orm a l evel

N othing c an b e

w ith t hese

f lagstones,

c entimetres wide;

t o

t he c entre o f

s catters w hich,

c haracter

C ontemporary

i n

( fig 6 ).

f or t he m issing w all.

o rientation

e vidence.

a lthough

r emained

t here a re s tone

s tones

s ize,

8 0

t he P eriod V II w alls w ere p eeled o ff a nd

f illed w ith b ricky d ebris

t he n orth-eastern s ub-phase. I t w as

c orner o f p artially

w hich m ay h ave b een a ssociated

o f

t he

a djacent

s tone

w ith

f oundations.

( Fig

9 ). S ub-Phase

2

I n i nto

t he

s econd

d isuse,

a nd r obbed f or s tone, o f

b rick

p ottery t his

s ub-phase,

w ith t he

a nd w ere

r esult

w est, p ottery

t he w hole

l eaving a f ew

i slands

a sh a nd o ther d ebris. f ound e ither

d umping m aterial.

b rick w all

t he a rea o f

t hat

i n

t he

I n C 4

M ost

l evel

7 ,

( fig

t hrough o ccupation

l evels,

s eems

l evel w as o f

s tone

o f t he

s mall a reas o f

t o h ave

f allen

b adly d isturbed

a nd

t wo

s mall

f looring

f ragments f inds

o r

a nd

a mongst

a s ounding a longside t he mud

( fig 5 ) m easuring 2 .20 m n orth t o

cut

C 2/6

s outh a nd

1 .20 m e ast

r evealing a s mall

q uantity

t o o f

1 5).

S ub-Phase 3 T he

f inal

s ub-phase o f

V IC

a ctivity 7

i nvolves

t he c utting o f

a

s eries

o f p its

t hrough t he d umped m aterial,

t he o riginal V IC s urface

a nd, i n s ome c ases, i nto t he P eriod V II w alls a nd f ill. I n t he a rea o f C 2 w hich w as e xamined, 1 2 p its a ppear t o h ave b een c ut f rom t he s ame

l evel a nd

i n C 1/level

8 ,

8 p its w ere

( C1/8,

s ee

f ig.8),

a lthough

l ater d isturbance m ay h ave r emoved s ome o f t he o riginal e dges o f s ome o f t he p its ( figs 6 -7). T he p its w ere c ut i n a h aphazard m anner a nd i n C 2/6 t he o riginal l ater p it ( Pit 6 ). a lthough

s hape o f a p it ( Pit 1 0) w as a lmost d estroyed b y a T he p its w ere m ostly f illed w ith a sh a nd b rick,

o riginally t hey s eem t o h ave b een u sed f or s torage

s ince

t he s ides a nd f loor h ad b een l ined w ith m atting.

C 2/6,

P it

9 ,

a nd o ne

o n am atted f loor

p urposes

O ne p it,

i n C 1/8 h ad a n a lmost c omplete s torage

( fig

j ar

i n

l ying

7 ).

I n C 2/6 P it 2 w as e xceptional: i t h ad a b ricky l ining w hich h ad b een b urnt, and h eat c racked s tones a nd l arge l umps o f c harcoal l ittered t he b ase o f t he p it ( fig 7 ). O n t he n orthern e dge o f t he p it w as

a s emi-circular a rrangement o f s tones a round a h ollow a nd t o

t he

e ast l ay a f lat s tone, a lmost 5 0 c entimetres l ong a nd 3 5 c entimetres w ide, w hich w as f ractured a nd s howed t races o f b urning. N o s lag o r a ny o ther i ndustrial w aste w as p resent, w hich s uggests t hat t he p it w as u sed f or s ome

f orm o f c ooking.

T he s hone

s urrounded h ollow c ould

h ave b een u sed a s a r esting p lace f or v essels a nd t he f lat s tone c ould h ave b een u sed t o s tand h ot u tensils o n w hich h ad p reviously b een i n t he f ire, s tone w hich

b efore b eing t aken e lsewhere.

f ood a nd

l iquid c ontainers c ould b e p laced.

m ay a lso b e p ostulated i n C 1/level 8 , i n t he b ottom S ince t hat o f

( fig.

t ime

t he f lat

p it,

A d omestic

u pon

f unction

w here o ne p it h ad 3 q uern s tones

t he p ottery i n t he p its b elongs

o f t he p revious

t he

8 ).

s ub-phase,

i t

f ig.

4 l ower s ection:

f ig. f ig.

5 : 5 :

t o

t he s ame t radition a s

i s u nlikely t hat

s eparates t he t wo c ontexts.

S ection d atum l evels: C 2, f ig. 4 u pper s ection:

C l, C 4,

O n t he o ther h and,

m ay h ave b een p art o f a s tructure f or c overing

2 0.41 i n a bove d atum 2 2.90 m a bove d atum

2 4.07 m a bove d atum 2 3.66 m a bove d atum

0

a ny g reat

l ength

H AFTAVAN V IC P ITS

I N C 2/LEVEL 6 ( fig.

6 )

P it D epth - 4 1

c entimetres

W est - E ast - 6 8 c entimetres N orth - S outh - 8 9 c entimetres F eatures - h ard w hite s ilica f loor P it 2 ( fig.7;

p l.

1 c)

D epth - 1 .05 m etres W est - E ast - 8 5 c entimetres N orth - S outh - 8 8

c entimetres,

C ontents - s tones a nd

l arge

t he o ther,

1 .20 m etres

c harcoal p ieces

i ncluding t he e ntrance i n t he n orthern h alf,

w hite/grey a sh a nd b rick f ill a nd b one

i n

a nd

p ottery. F eatures - b urnt b ricky

i nterior w ith w hite

t he s ides a nd f loor. m arks t he

t he n orthern o pening o f e astern

b urning a nd

s ide i s

s ilica

f lecks a dhering

A s emi-circular a rrangement o f t he p it

t he p it.

A nother

i s

s hows

f lat,

o f

s tone

o n

t races

o f

f ractured.

P it 3 D epth - 3 2

c entimetres

W est - E ast - 8 3 c entimetres N orth - S outh - 8 5

c entimetres

C ontents - g rey a sh, F eatures - c ut

b one and p ottery

i nto b rick a nd h as t races o f b urning

P it 4 D epth - 4 6

c entimetres

W est - E ast - 7 5 c entimetres N orth - S outh - 6 2

c entimetres

C ontents - p acked b ricky f ill w ith c apping a nd f looring o f F eatures - cut P it

i nto b rick w ith t races o f

a sh

s ilica

5

D epth - 6 0

c entimetres

W est - E ast - 9 0 c entimetres N orth - S outh - 9 2

c entimetres

C ontents - a sh and p acked b rick F eatures - t races o f w hite p it

s ilica a nd

l enses

i n w all

i nto w hich

t he

i s c ut.

P it 6 D epth - 6 5

c entimetres

W est - E ast - 1 .10 m etres N orth - S outh - 1 .00 m etre C ontents - a sh a nd b rick, w hich packed f loor.

r ests o n a w hite

s ilicated,

h ard

P ottery s herds p laced a t t he b ase o f t he

p it. 9

t o

s tones

P it

7

D epth — 5 0 c entimetres W est — E ast

— 5 6

centimetres

N orth — S outh — 6 2

c entimetres

C ontents

— a sh and b rick

F eatures

— white

P it

s ilicated

l ining.

8

D epth — 6 0

c entimetres

W est — E ast

— 1 .07 m etres

N orth — S outh — 1 .14 m etres C ontents

— a sh a nd p ottery

F eatures — f ragments a gainst

o f a

a l arge wall

b rown b urnished

f ace which

s torage

f orms o ne

o f

t he

j ar

i n s itu

e dges

o f

t he

p it. P it

9 ( fig.

7 )

D epth — 6 0.5 W est — E ast

c entimetres — 9 0 c entimetres

N orth — S outh — 9 3

c entimetres

C ontents

— p ottery and a sh

Features

— j ar

c rushed o n a f loor o f

b elow t he P it

1 0

Cut

b y P it

P it

1 1

D epth — 5 2 — E ast

West North

f ragmented r emains

— white,

centimetres

c entimetres s ilicated c haff and

1 2

D epth — 3 2

c entimetres

W est — E ast — 8 0

c entimetres

N orth — S outh — 8 0 c entimetres Features

t o

c entimetres — 7 0

— s ilica w hite

s ome

2 0

c entimetres

o f t he p it.

t here a re o nly

— S outh — 7 4

C ontents P it

6 ;

t op

w hite matting

c oated b ase

1 0

l arge

s tone

t he w est

o f

Pit

6 .

H AFTAVAN V IC B URIAL

( fig.

9 ;

p l.

l b)

M ale B urial F ound g rave.

a t w as

t he n orth—eastern c orner o f

t rench C 2

i n

s ealed b y a n a sh a nd b rick

d eposit,

b ut

a

s hallow

t he

s ite

n otebook s tates t hat i t w as i mpossible t o d istinguish t he f ill t he s urrounding m aterial. No d efinite e dge t o t he g rave c ut w as

f rom f ound

b ut e dge

I t

i t i s l ikely t hat t he stones i n s itu marked t he n orth—eastern o f t he b urial. At i ts w idest p oint, t he a rea o ccupied b y t he

b urial

m easured

s outh .

T he

1 .25 m etres w est

s keleton w as

a ligned w ith t he h ead b ook

a s

b eing t hat

l arge h ead '.

T he

f ound

t o e ast a nd 1 .10

i n a c rouched,

t o t he w est.

l arge m ale w ith

a

t o

p osition n ote

s trikingly

i n a g ood s tate b ut t he s keleton h ad b een

p oorly p reserved a nd v ertebrae a nd r ib—cage w ere m issing. n o g rave g oods e xcept

n orth

I t w as d escribed i n t he s ite

o f a ' well—formed,

b ones w ere

m etres

a rticulated

f or t hree s herds o f p ottery.

1 1

( fig

T here w ere

1 1:1-3).

H AFTAVAN V IC P OTTERY ( figs. T he r eadily

d istinctions

a pparent

v isible

1 0-15;

1 2a-b)

i n t he s tratigraphic r ecord a re

i n t he c eramic a ssemblage,

b lack o n r ed p ottery c an b e

p l.

n ot

w here b rown o n b uff

s een t hroughout.

T he

a nd

l imited q uantity o f

p ottery d oes n ot p ermit a t ypology t o b e c onstructed. I n t he i nitial

s ub-phase o f V IC

i n t rench C 2

t he o ccupation

i s

marked b y a l ack o f p ainted p ottery. M uch o f t he p ottery i s i n .t he f orm o f s torage j ars, w hich a re u sually c oarse g rit t empered w ith f abrics

r anging

u niform

r im s hapes:

f rom p ink o r r ed t o b rown o r b lack . t hey v ary f rom s imple,

T here

e verted o nes

a re

n o

t o g rooved

e xamples. O ne b owl h as a c ombination o f t wo i ncised g rooves a nd s eed i mpressions ( fig. 1 0 :3). T he f ew p ainted s herds u sually h ave n o m ore t han

one

o r t wo s traight o r w avy p ainted l ines

o uter r im o r u pper b ody o f s herds

( figs.

d esigns b ands

1 0 :15,

w hich o r

1 8;

w hilst

background. o utside ( fig.

1 1:33)

a re

( figs.

s ituated

1 0 :16,

1 7;

a long

1 1:27).

t he T hree

c arry t he h atched a nd t iered w avy l ine

a re c ommonly f ound

t riangles

b ackground,

t he v essel

i n E arly

V IB.

n ormally i n b lack o n

a

T he

c ross-hatched

r ed

o r

r ed/brown

t he w avy b ands a re m ore o ften i n b rown o n a

A n umber 1 0 :4, 9 ,

o f t he s herds 1 0, 1 3, 1 9,

b uff

i llustrated a re b urnt o n t he 2 0; 1 1:26, 2 8.9, 3 4) a nd w ere

p resumably u sed f or c ooking. M ost o f t he

m ajority

t he p ottery b elongs o f

i t

i s

t o t he s econd s ub-phase a nd,

f rom s torage

j ars

o r

d eep-sided

c omplete v essels w ere f ound. M any o f t he j ar r ims s haped w ith g rooves a long t he t op a nd s ide ( fig.

a gain,

b owls.

N o

a re e laborately 1 2:1-10), w hile

o thers a re e ither e verted i n a s imple f ashion ( fig. 1 2:16-24), o r t hey t aper i nwards ( fig . 1 2:25-7). S ome o f t he s maller j ars h ave t hinner p rofiles a nd b ead r ims

( fig.

s herds a nd b ases

i mpossible

v essels.

T he

i t

i s

1 2:14-15).

f abrics a re e ither m edium o r c oarse g rit

t exture a nd o range/brown t o b rown t here

i s

F rom t he g eneral

i n c olour.

a g reater v ariety i n s urface c olour,

b rown t o b uff.

T he m ost

l ack o f b ody

t o p ostulate t he o verall I n t his

f orm o f t he t empered

i n

s econd s ub-phase

w hich r anges f rom r ed,

s triking a spect o f t his p ottery

( figs.

1 2-14)

i s t he b lack o r d ark b rown p ainted d ecoration, w hich i s p resented i n t he f orm o f v ertical o r h orizontal b ands o f w avy l ines, b ands o r b oxes o f c ross-hatching,

h atched o r c ross-hatched c ircles a nd s emi-circles,

b oxes o f a lternate d ecoration a nd p ot-hook s pirals

( fig.

1 3:1).

T he

w avy b and d ecoration i s a lways i n d ark b rown p aint o n a b uff background and, i n g eneral, t his c olour s cheme d ominates t he c eramic r epertoire. I n a ddition t o t he p ainted d ecoration, t here i s s ome f igure

i mpressed

w are

( fig.

i ncised d ecoration ( figs.

P ottery w hich b elongs w holly

f rom

s herds g rit

t he

u sed a s t empered

F rom P it

p ottery,

O f t he

1 2 p its

o nly

2 t here w ere t wo s herds

5

o f

c oarse

e vidently

1 1:4) a nd s ix s herds o f v ery f ine w hich h ave b rown d ecoration o n a

g rit b uff

b ackground b ackground

( fig. ( fig.

d ominant. t empered,

I n P it 3 t here w ere f our j ar r im s herds, e ach c oarse g rit w ith a b rown f abric, t races o f b urnishing a nd b urnt o n t he

i nside

( fig.

1 1:15)

7 , 9 , 1 1).

i s

c ontained

o f v ery

o ne o f w hich w as p art o f a v essel

a s trainer ( fig . p ottery, f our o f 1 1:6, 1 1:8,

l ines

t o t he t hird s ub-phase o f H aftavan V IC

s eries o f p its.

o f p ottery. t empered

1 4:12) a nd s ome p ottery w ith

1 4 :9-14).

o r o utside

1 0) a nd t wo, b lack d ecoration o n a r ed W avy l ine a nd c hevron d ecoration i s

s urface 1 2

( fig.

1 1:12-14).

I n P it

5 t he

r emains

o f

d iamater

o f

s herds

c ms.

( fig.

b adly w ith

a c oarse g rit 4 2

1 1:26-7),

f ired a n

P its

w ere

t empered, c hevron o ther

w ith

P it

1 1:25).

9

O ne

l ine

w ere

f ine g rit

t he

s ite

o f

( fig.

I n

t his

n otebook

a lthough

1 1:16)

o f

a l arge

t hat

s ome

i n

c ontexts,

i nsufficient

a

b uff 8

g rit

h ad a b lack

1 1:21) w ith

a nd

d ark

( Fig.

s torage

t he b rown

1 1:17-18, j ar

( fig.

f ired w ith a n o range/brown

s igns

t ypical

i n o ne

w as s herd

f ine

o f b urnishing.

t hird s ub—phase o f H aftavan V IC

d iscovered

r im

I n P it

b urnishing a nd a lso b lack d ecoration o n

t he o ther t wo V IC

f ound,

e ach

( fig.

a s tyle w hich b ecomes w idespread

t riangle d esign w ere

was

s herd w hich

2 0),

t empered

b adly

s urface r evealed

t he p ottery o f s urface,

i n o ne c ase

t empered,

a

6 h ad t wo

t empered b ody

d ecoration o n a b uff b ackground.

c oarse g rit

u se

1 9,

i ndication o f c ontinuity f rom V IC t o E arly V IB i n

r im

P it

b rown d ecoration o n

1 1:16,

t he c rushed r emains

a nd t he b rown

s lipped

a j ar

b ody s herd h ad a l ug

s herds

h ad

i ncreasing

( fig.

a r ed s lip w hich,

b ody

I t w as

I n a n

1 1:26)

f ound w ith

1 5:1).

t he o ther a c oarse g rit

r im s herds

d ecoration.

h atched a nd w ay

f abric,

( fig.

j ar w as

( fig.

8 a nd 9 h ad t he g reatest q uantity o f p ottery.

t hree

t hree

2 0).

o ne

and b urnt;

f abric

o range/brown f abric a nd a s imple

s urface. t here

t empered s torage

a nd a n o range

t here

i s

a

r ed—

i n E arly V IB.

A n

i s p rovided b y a r eport

V IB

s herds

w ith

p endant

o f t he p its. C 4/7

a nd C 1/8,

q uantity

s imilar p ottery

t o a llow a s tratigraphic

d ivision. I n C 1/8, a ll s herds w ere f rom j ars, o ne o f w hich h ad t he t ypical b rown o n b uff d ecoration. ( fig. 1 5:1-12). I n C 4/7 t here w ere s herds b lack

f rom o n

r ed

h erringbone

s torage ( fig .

j ars, 1 5:33)

s mall s eed

j ars a nd b owls i mpressions

a nd d ecoration i ncluded

( fig.

i ncision o n b lack b urnished p ottery,

T rans—Caucasian I II p eriod

( fig.

1 5:13).

1 3

1 5:14) t ypical

a nd e laborate o f

t he E arly

H AFTAVAN M ost

o f

t he

t he

s urface

a round

t he

f ill

t he

o f

O bject m easures o f

c opper

l ength, i s

1 0.2

t o

p ieces

w ide

( object

1 .6

c ms

a nd

c ms was

( fig.

F rom ( fig.

i s

6 was

i s

t he

s cattered o n

n one was

f ound

i n

i n C 4/7.

a c orroded m etal

a p iece

t he i s

( object

p in p in

o f worked b one

b one a wl

f ound:

o bsidian

t he o ther

w hich i s m ade

6 .1

c ms

i n

5 c ms

l ong.

1 091),

w hich

i s

o ne

( object

i s

a t anged

1 054),

a b lade,

6 .6

which

c ms

l cng

a rrowhead i s

1 .9

c ms

2

c ms

a nd

1 6).

( fig.

1 7:1)

i t m easures

A s pacer b ead

1 053)

1 43:19-20),

f ound

f ound

6 :

a p olished b one p in which

l evel

( fig.

t hick,

t he c orners

1 158).

1 148

i s

l evel

i s n ot known whether

o bsidian w ere

w ide;

1 115

c ms.

a nd

( object

o f

one end;

and 0 .30

r ows

i n

t his p hase w ere

1 6:1)

I t

t ranslucent

1 159)

O bject 0 .4

( fig.

1 6-17)

l ong.

a nd

pierced a t

1 092

( figs.

t rench C 2,

o bjects w ere

O bject

o bject

f rom brown

wide

1 090

f or

o f

l ength.

t his p in

c ms

l ong

i s

i n

S MALL F INDS

f inds

F our

o r b ronze.

T wo m ade

p its.

c ms

and

Adjacent

s mall

t he p its

n umber

5 .00

V IC

a p olished

( object

has

1 2

a re p ieced.

f ound

i s 5 .00

c ms

s tone

p endant w hich

l ong a nd a t

1 093),

t he

1 .80 c ms

t hickest

l ong,

i ncised c ircles o rganised ( fig.

t ogether w ith

1 7:2). t wo q uern

One

c lay

s tones

1 .30 i n

i s p art c ms.

t hree

s pindle w horl ( objects

1 157

1 7:3-5).

C4 /7 a b one

a re

t wo

f rit

l oom weight

b eads,

( fig.

1 52:3).

14

n umbers

1 50:5)

7 45

a nd

a nd a s tone

7 46

p hallus

( fig. p estle

C2

a

I ,

I

i .4'g :.

,‚ "

,

,

,

CX 1 6

,

1 , 1 1 -

.. •_

rr i rT r

, .

1

'

I

, • % 5

0 1. ,

-

1

C

1

.. "!

11

% , fI , 1

L

EART 14C tuA .Ke

wall

charc oal

i n sm e

ce• tc

b ric k

• •

o cc u pation

Z Z

as h

b urnt

m ixe d

c l ay

#1 1

C2

g L x i C

CS

C ?

e ir

• •C

Z

c x

, „,

. m.

, „,

•

1 % !

0

2

me t r e s

F ig.4. Ha ftavan V IC :

1 6

C 2 s ec tions.

` " -

d o

• me

•

. le

b ric k

f i ll

C l

I

C

I n s m e

wal l

' " ' •

I ke I le

occupation

b ri c k

• • ; ' ,

burnt

b rick

I / 1

c harc oa l

c l ay

as h

mixe d

f i ll

C4

1 .

0 C

2 N I

CZZ I M I

m et r e s

F ig.5. Haftavan V IC:

1 7

C l a nd C 4 s ections.

1 1

c n 0

_

e 0

— 0

0

1 8

Ha f tavan

Haftavan V IC:

CO

e › 0

e

0

> -

1 9 Haftavan V IC :

c u

Haft a van

V I C :C l, L eve l

F ig.8. Haftavan V IC,

2 0

C l,

8

l eve l 8 .

6 ,

N

ma le b ur ia l.

L C ' )

‚ nai l

td

c l ;

a — z3 no

2 1

H aftavan V IC F ig.

1 0 : 1 .

R ed

f abric,

2 6cms, 2 .

P ink r im

3 .

f abric, 2 4cms,

B rown

5 .

m edium g rit

C 2/6/B4

B rown

w ell

f ired,

r ed

s lip,

r im

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

w et

s moothed,

( 1975).

m edium g rit

t empered,

C 2/6/B4

t empered,

r ed s trip,

b urnished,

w ell

f ired,

b rown s lip,

b urnt,

r im

( 1975).

f abric,

C 2/6/B4

t empered,

( 1975).

C ourse g rit 2 8cms,

g rit

( 1975).

f abric,

C 2/6/B4 4 .

c oarse

C 2/6/B4

c oarse g rit

t empered,

b rown s lip,

r im 3 6cms,

( 1975).

6 .

B rown f abric,

7 .

B rown

c oarse g rit

f abric,

c oarse

t empered,

g rit

C 2/6/B4

t empered,

( 1975).

r ed

s lip,

C 2/6/B4

( 1975). 8 .

B rown

f abric,

C 2/6/B4 9 .

M edium

g rit

1 4cms, 1 0.

G rey

f abric,

G rey

1 3.

f abric,

m edium

g rit

C 2/6/B4

( 1975).

C oarse

g rit

s lip,

F ine g rit

1 6.

F ine

b urnished,

b urnt,

b adly

f ired,

t empered,

r im

b urnt,

r im

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

b urnished,

w ell

f ired,

b rown s lip,

C 2/6/B4

( 1975).

w ell

b lack

( 1975).

b rown s lip,

r im 3 0cms,

f ired,

b lack

r im

2 8cms,

b urnished,

b urnished,

r im

( 1975).

t empered,

g rit

e xternally

t empered,

g rit

t empered,

C 2/6/B4

1 5.

f ired,

C 2/6/B4

t empered,

g rit

1 6cms,

r ed

( 1975).

r im 2 2cms,

M edium

M edium

w ell

c oarse g rit

e xternally b urnt, 1 4.

t empered,

( 1975).

C 2/6/B4

b urnished, 1 2.

t empered,

C 2/6/B4

4 0cms, 1 1.

c oarse g rit

( 1975).

w ell

t empered,

f ired,

w ell

r ed

f ired,

s lip,

C 2/6/B4

b rown o n

( 1975).

b uff,

C 2/6/B4

b uff,

C 2/6/B4

b rown o n b uff,

C 2/6/B4

( 1975). 1 7.

F ine

g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

b rown

o n

( 1975). 1 8.

M edium

g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

( 1975). 1 9.

G rey

f abric,

C 2/6/B4

c oarse

g rit

( 1975). 2 2

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

b urnt,

% ./

c r i

4

e s

Mi l l 1 11 1 1 s e r

1 1 1 13 1 1 1 c i

0

c o 2

01 1 1 1 1 N :

e

I

i e W , ea ,

, V C O 1-

% 2 3

a s —

1

n i 1 1 1 1 1 i.

.

F ig.10. Ia ftavan V IC:

0

2 0.

C oarse g rit

2 1.

B rown

t empered,

f abric,

w ell

c oarse g rit

f ired,

b urnt,

t empered,

2 5

C 2/6/B4

b urnt,

( 1975).

C 2/6/B4

( 1975).

H aftavan V IC F ig.

1: 1 .

2 .

P ottery

f ound a djacent

f abric, C 2/6/B1

c oarse ( 1975).

P ottery

f ound a djacent

f ine s lip, 3 .

g rit t empered, C 2/6/B1 ( 1975).

P ottery

t o M ale

g rit

B urial,

t empered,

t o M ale

( see

b adly

B urial,

( see

o range/brown f abric,

f ound a djacent

t o M ale

f ig.

B urial,

9 ),

f ired,

f ig.

w ell

( see

b rown

b urnished,

9 ),

v ery

f ired,

b rown

f ig.

9 ),

C 2/6/B1

( 1975). 4 .

P it 2 r ed f abric, v ery c oarse g rit t empered, s moothed, b adly f ired, C 2/6/B1 ( 1975).

5 .

Pit

6 .

P it 2 v ery ( 1975).

7 .

P it 2 ( 2a) o range/brown f abric, b rown o n b uff, C 2/6/B1 ( 1975).

8 .

P it 2 ( 1) o range/brown f abric, s lip, C 2/6/B1 ( 1975).

9 .

P it

2 r ed

2

b uff 1 0.

P it

1 1.

P it

2 ( 4)

P it

f ine

P it

1 5.

P it

3 ( 5)

3 ( 4)

o n

b uff,

v ery f ine g rit

v ery f ine g rit

C 2/6/B1

f abric,

v ery f ine

t empered,

t empered,

g rit

v ery f ine g rit

r ed

t empered,

t empered,

b uff

t empered,

r ed

e xternally

a nd

v ery f ine g rit

P it

( 1)

b urnished,

r im 2 0cms C 2/6/B1 t empered,

r im 2 6cms

b urnt,

r ed/brown

b urnished,

r im

( 1975). b adly

C 2/6/B1

o range/brown f abric,

e xternally

c oarse g rit

1 6cms

f abric,

f ired,

C 2/6/B1

c oarse

i nternally

r ed,

t empered,

P it

1 7.

P it 8 b rown o n b uff,

C 2/6/B1

( 1975).

1 8.

P it

8 b rown o n b uff,

C 2/6/B1

( 1975).

1 9.

P it

8 ( 4)

t empered,

r im

( 1975).

r im 2 6cms, 2 6

C 2/6/B1

b adly

( 1975).

g rit

b urnt,

1 6.

r ed s lip,

C 2/6/B1

b urnished,

( 1975).

( 1975). 8 b lack o n

C 2/6/B1

( 1975).

t empered,

c oarse g rit

f ired, 3

b rown

( 1975).

( 1975).

c oarse g rit

( 2)

f ired,

t empered,

C 2/6/B1

w et

( 1975).

o range/brown C 2/6/B1

3

t empered,

o range/brown f abric,

e xternally b urnt, 1 4.

g rit

b rown p aint,

i nternally b urnt, 1 3.

c oarse g rit

o range/brown f abric,

C 2/6/B1

2

s lip, 1 2.

( 26)

s lip,

s lip,

f abric,

r ed w ash,

( 1975).

1 6cms

b adly C 2/6/B1

t .0

7. ) 1 a ) G N 1

H aftavan V IC:

C . )

4 1 0 4

2 7

c n

2 0.

P it

8 ( 5)

F ine

2 1.

P it

8 ( 8)

b rown o n b uff,

2 2.

P it 8 b rown o n b uff,

2 3.

F ine

g rit

g rit

t empered,

C 2/6/B1

C 2/6/B1

t empered,

r ed

w ell

s lip,

C 2/6/B1

( 1975).

( 1975).

( 1975). f ired,

b rown o n

b uff,

C 2/6/B2

( 1975). 2 4.

O range/brown f abric, s lip,

2 5.

P it

r im 3 2cms,

9

o range/brown

f ired, 2 6.

P it

b urnished,

P it

6

b uff, 2 8.

2 9.

C 2/6/B3

b adly

( 1975).

t empered,

r im 2 0cms,

C 2/6/B3

C oarse g rit

3 2.

B rown

g rit

t empered,

i nternally

c oarse g rit

t empered,

w ell

C 2/6/B3

O range/brown f abric,

3 1.

c oarse

f ired,

f abric,

m edium g rit

s lip,

r ed

b adly

a nd e xternally

t empered,

b rown o n

( 1975).

C 2/6/B3 g rit

f ired,

( 1975).

2 4cms,

b urnt, 3 0.

f abric,

B rown f abric,

C oarse

w ell

( 1975).

O range/brown C 2/6/B3

t empered,

( 1975).

C 2/6/B2

6 b rown f abric,

b urnt, 2 7.

m edium g rit

C 2/6/B1

f ired,

r ed

s lip,

r ed

s lip,

b urnt,

r im

e xternally

( 1975).

c oarse g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

w ell

f ired,

r im 2 0cms,

C 2/6/B3

g rit

t empered,

r ed

( 1975).

t empered,

f abric,

C 2/6/B3

( 1975).

3 3.

C 2/6/B3

( 1975).

3 4.

B rown

f abric,

b urnt,

C 2/6/B3

c oarse

m edium g rit ( 1975).

2 9

t empered,

w ell

r ed

( 1975).

f ired,

r im 1 4cms,

s lip,

e xternally

H aftavan V IC F ig.

1 2: 1 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

2 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

3 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

C 2/6/B1

( 16),

4 .

w ell 5 .

C 2/6/B1 w ell

6 .

f ired,

( 69),

f ired,

C 2/6/B1

C 2/6/B1 f ired,

r im 3 0cms.

o range/brown

r im 3 0cms.

( 68),

b adly f ired, 7 .

o range/brown f abric,

r ed w ash,

m edium g rit

f abric,

s lip,

r im 2 8cms.

o range/brown f abric, b rown s lip,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

m edium g rit

t empered,

( 1975)

o range/brown f abric,

b uff

( 1975)

c oarse g rit

b urnished.

C 2/6/B1

b rown o n b uff,

r im

1 6cms.

( 1975)

9 .

C 2/6/B1

b rown o n b uff,

r im 2 4cms.

( 1975)

1 0.

C 2/6/B1

b rown o n b uff,

r im 2 2cms.

( 1975)

C 2/6/B1 w ell

1 2.

C 2/6/B1 f ired,

1 3.

( 20),

f ired,

C 2/6/B1

o range/brown

b rown s lips,

( 13),

b rown f abric,

o range/brown

r im

1 4 .

C 2/6/B1

b rown o n b uff.

1 5.

C 2/6/B1

b lack o n r ed.

1 6.

C 2/6/B1

1 7.

C 2/6/B1 w ell

1 8.

( 15),

f ired,

C 2/6/B1

b urnished. 1 9.

C 2/6/B1 f ired,

2 0.

C 2/6/B1 f ired.

2 1.

A arse

1 4cms.

g rit

t empered ,

( 1975)

t empered,

b adly

t empered,

b adly

( 1975)

c oarse g rit

( 1975)

( 1975) m edium g rit

t empered,

b adly

f ired ,

( 1975)

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

b rown

b adly

( 1975)

f abric,

e xternally b urnt.

m edium g rit r im

1 3cms.

f abric,

f ired e xternally b urnt.

b rown

f abric,

b urnished,

e xternally b urnt,

t empered,

( 1975)

8 .

1 1.

t empered,

( 1975)

f abric,

b urnished,

f abric,

c oarse

m edium g rit

b urnt, g rit

r im 2 0cms. t empered,

t empered, ( 1975) r ed

s lip,

t empered,

b adly

( 1975)

o range/brown r ed s lip,

f abric,

b urnished,

o range/brown

c oarse g rit

r im 2 4cms.

f abric,

( 1975)

c oarse g rit

t empered,

w ell

( 1975)

C 2/6/B1 b urnished.

o range/brown

f abric,

( 1975)

3 0

c oarse

g rit

t empered,

i w o >

o

c i

c i

g u N 3 d

l eve l 6p o ttery.

N :

C • 1

C _ )

0 , 5

3 1

2 2.

C 2/6/B1 f ired,

2 3.

2 4.

( 81)

b urnt.

( 1975)

C 2/6/B1

C 2/6/B1

( 80) b rown

2 7.

b rown

f abric,

b urnished. f abric,

s lip,

c oarse g rit

c oarse g rit

b urnished.

t empered,

w ell

( 1975)

o range/brown f abric,

b rown f abric,

b urnished. 2 6.

o range/brown

C 2/6/B1

f ired, 2 5.

( 17)

b rown s lip,

t empered,

c oarse g rit

b urnished,

t empered,

w ell

b rown

s lip,

( 1975)

m edium g rit

t empered,

( 1975)

C 2/6/B1

( 18)

b urnt.

( 1975)

b rown

C 2/6/B1

( 11)

f abric,

b rown f abric,

e xternally b urnt.

m edium g rit

c oarse g rit

( 1975)

3 3

t empered,

t empered,

e xternally

b rown s lip,

H AFTAVAN F ig.

V IC

1 3: 1 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

2 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

3 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

4 .

C 2/6/B1

( 29),

b adly f ired, 5 .

C 2/6/B1

( 43),

o range/brown f abric, b rown s lip,

b urnished.

o range/brown f abric,

i nternal

r ed s lip,

6 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

7 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

8 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

9 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

1 0.

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

1 1.

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

1 2.

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

1 3.

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

1 4.

C 2/6/B1

( 12),

r ed s lip.

c oarse g rit

c oarse g rit

e xternal b rown s lip,

o range/brown f abric,

( 1975)

3 4

t empered,

( 1975) t empered,

b urnished.

c oarse g rit

( 1975)

t empered,

0 11 1 1 1 1 1 1e

M ai

c n 2

e l an" 40 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1N

c i

c i

l eve l 6 p o ttery.

0

C . )

0 0 1 1011 * *

r z

c : ( 3

3 5

H AFTAVAN V IC F ig.

1 4 : 1 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

2 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

3 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

4 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

5 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

6 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

7 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

8 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o n b uff.

( 1975)

9 .

C 2/6/B1,

b rown f abric,

1 0.

C 2/6/B1, w ell

1 1. 1 2.

C 2/6/B1, C 2/6/B1, w ell

1 3.

( 44),

C 2/6/B1,

t empered.

o range/brown f abric,

r ed s lip.

( 1975)

c oarse g rit

t empered

c oarse g rit

t empered

c oarse g rit

t empered

( 1975)

b rown o n b uff.

f ired.

b urnt. 1 4 .

( 61),

f ired,

c oarse g rit,

( 1975)

o range/brown f abric,

( 1975)

( 18),

o range/brown f abric,

( 1975)

C 2/6/B1,

m edium g rit

t empered w ell

f ired,

e xternally b urnt.

( 1975) 1 5.

C 2/6/B1, b urnt.

( 31),

c oarse g rit

( 1975)

3 6

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

e xternally

! ew e 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1

%

F ig . 14. Haftavan

, e ee . s e ni Zer 4. 01 1 1. , 04 1 4e

l eve l 6p o ttery.

c d

( 1 5

am il la

3 7

1 1

H AFTAVAN V IC F ig.

1 5 1 .

O range S cale

f abric,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

C 2/6/B1,

P it

5 ( 1975),

1 :8

2 .

abric, O range/grey f ( 1971).

c oarse g rit

t empered,

r im

1 8cms,

C 1/8

3 .

abric, O range/grey f

c oarse g rit

t empered,

r im

1 8cms,

C 1/8

( 1971). f abric,

4 .

O range/grey

5 .

abric, O range/grey f

c oarse g rit t empered,

r im 2 6cms.

c oarse g rit

t empered,

r im 2 2cms,

C 1/8

c oarse g rit

t empered,

r im 2 0cms,

C 1/8

c oarse g rit

t empered,

r im

1 6cms,

C 1/8

c oarse g rit

t empered,

r im 3 0cms,

C 1/8

c oarse g rit

t empered,

( 1971). 6 .

abric, O range/grey f ( 1971).

7 .

abric, O range/grey f ( 1971).

8 .

abric, O range/grey f ( 1971).

9 .

O range/brown f abric,

1 0.

C oarse g rit

t empered,

1 1.

G rey/brown

f abric,

r im 3 0cms, c oarse g rit

C 1/8

C 1/8

( 1971).

( 1971).

t empered,

r im 1 9cms

C 1/8

( 1971). 1 2.

G rey f abric,

1 3.

B lack

c oarse g rit

f abric,

( 1971).

r im 2 3cms,

c oarse g rit t empered,

C 1/8

( 1971).

b lack b urnished,

C 4/7

I ncised d ecoration.

1 4 .

R ed

1 5.

B rown f abric, C 4/7

t empered,

f abric,

C 4/7

( 1971),

S cale

1 ;8.

c oarse g rit t empered,

r ed w ash,

r im

( 1971). f abric,

b urnished,

1 8cms,

C4 /7 ( 1971).

1 6.

R ed

1 7.

G rey

1 8.

G rey f abric,

b urnished,

1 9.

G rey

f abric

b lack b urnished,

r im 9 cms,

2 0.

G rey

f abric,

b lack

C4 /7 ( 1971).

2 1.

G rey f abric

r im 1 2cms,

2 2.

G rey f abric,

b lack b urnished,

f abric

b rown w ash,

r im 2 6cms, r im

1 4cms,

b urnished, C 4/7

3 8

C 4/7 C 4/7

( 1971). ( 1971). C4 /7

( 1971). C4 /7 ( 1971).

( 1971).

1 1cms,

c d

it e t %U w e

t i c r i c \ I 4

4

e

0 1 : : 01

0

/

4 c r )

L r ) c m.

, l le ' i 60

/

1 1 17 11

0

c \ I

c \ J

% . /

3 9

2 3.

B rown

f abric,

r im 2 6cms,

2 4.

B rown

f abric,

c ream w ash,

2 5.

R ed f abric,

c oarse g rit

2 6.

R ed

r im 3 8cms,

2 7.

B rown

f abric,

c oarse g rit

2 8.

B rown

f abric,

r im 2 2cms,

2 9.

G rey

3 0.

R ed f abric,

3 1.

G rey

3 2.

B rown

3 3.

R ed

f abric,

f abric,

r ed w ash, c ream w ash,

f abric,

r ed w ash,

f abric,

f abric,

C 4/7

( 1971).

r im 4 2cms,

t empered, C 4/7

r im 3 8cms,

C 4/7

( 1971).

C 4/7

( 1971).

( 1971). 1 5cms,

C 4/7 C 4/7

t empered,

m edium g rit t empered,

4 1

( 1971).

( 1971).

r im 3 3cms,

c oarse g rit

C 4/7

( 1971).

C 4/7

r im

( 1971).

r im 3 8cms,

t empered,

C 4/7

C 4/7

( 1971). ( 1971).

r im 3 2cms,

C 4/7

( 1971).

F ig.

1 6

H aftavan V IC

:C 2/Level

6 s mall

f inds:

1 .

1 090,

1 975,

C 2/6/B4,

c opper p in.

2 .

1 148,

1 975,

C 2/6/B1,

w orked b one.

3 .

1 092,

1 975,

C 2/6/B3,

b one p in.

4 .

1 054,

1 975,

C 2/6/B1,

b rown o bsidian a rrowhead.

5 .

1 091,

1 975,

C 2/6/B1,

b one a wl.

6 .

1 159,

1 975,

C 2/6/B1,

o bsidian b lade.

1 .

2 .

3 .

4

6 .

F ig.16. Haftavan V IC:

C 2,

l eve l 6 ,

s ma l l f inds.

F i g.

1 7 1 . 2 .

H aftavan V IC:

C 2/level

6 s mall

f inds:

1 115,

1 975,

C 2/6/B1,

s tone

p endant.

1 093,

1 975,

C 2/6/B1,

w hite

i ncised s pacer b ead w ith c orners

p ierced. 3 .

1 053,

1 975,

C 2/6/B1,

g rey c lay s pindle w horl.

4 .

1 157,

1 975,

C 2/6/B1,

q uernstone,

s cale,

1 :8.

5 .

1 158,

1 975,

C 2/6/B1,

q uernstone,

s cale,

1 :8.

4 4

1 .

2 -

3 .

4 .

5 .

F ig.17. Haftavan V IC: 4 5

C 2,

l eve l 6 ,

s ma l l f inds.

HAFTAVAN VIB ARCHITECTURE

4 7

E ARLY V IB ARCHITECTURE

T RENCH Y 1

( Figs.18-33;

E xcavations e ach

s ubsequent

s ix

m etres

p hases p oint

i n

p ls.2-3)

t rench Y 1

s eason u ntil

w as

r eached a t

o f o ccupation w ere f or E arly V IB.

t rench w ill

b e

I nitially,

t he

t hen t he v arious P hase

A s

d iscussed

1 ( fig.

b egan

1 978.

i n

1 971

( pls.

a nd c ontinued t hroughout

2 a,

3 a).

t he e astern e nd o f

t raced, s uch

A d epth o f

t he

t rench

t hus m aking t his

t he r esults o f

t he

a lmost

a nd

e ight

t rench a r eference

i nvestigation

i n

t his

2 1-27)

a nd

i n s ome d etail.

e ight p hases w ill b e

o utlined

( figs

f eatures e xamined.

2 1)

T wo a reas o f b uilding w ere i dentified: i n t he s outh o f t he t rench, a mud b rick w all, d escribed a s B 2' t o t he e ast a nd B 1 t o t he w est,

w hich

h ad o ne r eturn

s outh b aulk, w all

H F,

w hich

c ontinued w ere

c ontinued

s unk t wo p ottery

t he w est

a nd a nother

( Y1/5e).

e nclosed a f loor

s torage v essels

o f w all K .

M ost

t he t rench r emained u nexcavated a t

P hase 2 ( fig.

i nto

( pls.

t he

T o t he e ast, K ,

( Y1/17)

2 c a nd 3 b).

w hich

i nto w hich A b ench r an

o f t he w estern a nd c entral p arts t his

l evel,

a s

d id Y 2.

2 2)

W alls B 1

a nd B 2

c ontinued i n t he

e nclosing t he Y 1/5d f loor. o f

t o

i nto t he n orthern b aulk a nd w all

i n t o t he e astern b aulk,

a long t he n orthside o f

i nto Y 2

e nclosed a n a rea o f s tone p aving

f loors w ere

s outhern s ector o f

T o t he n orth o f t he

t raced a nd n umbered Y 1/5d/4;

t he

B 1/B2' w all,

Y 1/5d/5;

t rench, a s eries

Y 1/5d/6;

Y 1/5d/7.

( fig . 1 8). T hey w ere t raced a long t he l ength o f w alls B 2 1 a nd s outh o f w all K t owards t he s outhern b aulk. W alls K a nd H F r emained, e nclo— s ing a f loor 1 09:6). a lmost

I n

( Y1/20)

i n w hich t he

t he w est,

w all A w as

f our m etres,

w ith w all A ,

l arge p ithos c onstructed,

t owards w all

w hich c ontained t wo

B i.

( pot

T here w ere

w hich h ad b een

p art

a nd Y 2 w ere n ot e xcavated d own t o

t he t rench

P hases 3 -4

( fig.

s till

l ay

s unk i nto t he

( fig.

t o

a l ength o f

f loors

a ssociated

f eatures n orth o f w all B i:

a p ottery v essel, o f

1 )

e xtending

s urface.

a p it

a nd

T he c entral

t his

l evel.

2 3)

I n p hase 3 , w alls B 1 a nd B 2' c ontinued, w ith f loor Y 1/5d/3 t o t he n orth. Walls H F a nd K r emained, e nclosing f loor Y 1/20. I n t he c entre o f

t he

t rench,

i dentified a s l atter

t he a rea p reviously u nexcavated a nd p ossibly

a c ourtyard a rea,

a butting

p assageway

a gainst w alls H F a nd K .

( Y1/7)

a nd w alls G a nd K .

w as e vident b etween w alls C l

w alls A a nd C l b etween

1

w alls

( Y1/12).

f rom

t he e arliest

T he

o nly

( pl.

a nd G a nd

f eature w as

o f w all

B 2'

o f Y l,

t o g ive

p hase w all

4 9

b e t he

B 2

s outh—east

A n a rea o f

t o t he w est

f loor— b etween

t he c onstruction o f w all J

w hich e ffectively s ealed o ff

f eature

t o

a nd G ,

a nd t o t he

3 c).

a nd c ontemporary p hase o f Y 2,

s ignificant

s trengthening

A n ew

A a nd B 1,

C l

T his e ffectively p rovided a

f rom t he n orth b etween w alls A a nd C l

b etween w alls B 1/B2 i ng

c ontained t wo w alls:

Y 2

1 w as 2,

t he

a nd

t he Y 1

p hase a

t rench

1 ( fig.

3 4).

r ebuilding

a nd

f resh

a rea o f

f looring b etween t hat w all a nd w all G ( floor A ). P hase 5 ( fig. A ll t inued,

2 4)

t he

m ajor

w alls a nd f eatures o f

a lthough w all B 2

2

w as r ebuilt

( B2')

t he p revious

p hase

c on-

a nd a s tep w as p laced

i n

t he p assageway b etween w alls A a nd C l. T he m ost s ignificant d evelopm ent w as t he b reaching o f w all J a t t he p oint w here i t a butted w all B l, i n o rder t o a llow a ccess b etween Y 1 a nd Y 2. A ccess f rom, t he h igher t errace o f Y 2, t hree

p hase 2 w as

f acilitated b y t he c onstruction

o f

s teps w hich d escended i nto Y l.

P hase 6 ( fig. A t

2 5)

t he

r esulted

e nd o f p hase 5 t he d estruction o f w alls C l,

i n

t he c learance o f t he c entre o f t he

G

a nd

t rench w hich w as

B 2' n ow

c overed w ith t he 6 a f loor. T o t he e ast, w alls H F a nd K r emained, a nd i n t he w est, w alls A , J a nd B 1 f ormed a n u neven d ivision b etween Y 1 a nd Y 2. P hase

7 ( fig.

2 6)

W all H F c ollapsed w estwards o nto t he 6 a f loor a nd w all K c oll apsed t o p rovide a b asis f or t he Y 1/19 s urface. I t w as a t t his s tage t hat

w all

t umbled

D

w as c onstructed;

i t

r an f rom t he s outh

mud b rick w hich h ad b een w all H F.

W alls A ,

b aulk J ,

t o

t he

B 1 a nd

t he

s teps f rom Y 2 r emained ( fig. 3 6), w ith t he a ddition o f w all C 2 w hich r an f rom t he s outhern b aulk a cross t he e nd o f w all B 1 a nd i nto t he c entre

o f

t he t rench.

( pl.

w hether t his w all a cted a s

2 b).

T here

i s

s ome s peculation a s

a p erimeter w all o r,

p erhaps,

t o

a s a t errace

w all. P hase

8 ( fig. I n

2 7)

t his p hase t he a rea s eems a

r emoved

a s ection o f w all D a nd s ome o f

a nd

r obber

t o h ave f allen i nto f urther

b ecause

t rench s unk i nto t he s outh-eastern

f oundation s tones o f w all K .

p hase w all

7 J ,

e vident f rom Y 2,

o f

s uperstructure

a nd t he 5 b f loor n ow c overed t he a rea f ormerly

o ccupied ( Y1/18)

s teps a nd t he 6 a

f loor.

t he e astern s ide o f

i n a c rumbled

f orm .

p hase 4 i nto Y 1

S ection d atum :

f ig.19,

( fig.

Y 1

Wall J w as d estroyed a t t he e nd o f

t he i n

c ontinued

t he m ud b rick

d isuse

c orner

T he 6 c

t he t rench, T here w as,

s urface

a nd w alls A , a pparently,

B 1

a nd

s till

b y w as C 2

a ccess

3 7).

9 .92m a bove

d atum .

S ummary o f F eatures W all T his w all w all

C 2

T here Y 1,

i s

i s

a nd s eems a r eturn

B 2

c ontinuous w ith w all B i;

i t p asses u nder

t o b e t he n orth w all o f a b uilding i n Y 2,

t o t he s outh ( Cl)

t o t he s outh. 5 0

o r

t he

l ater

c ourtyard.

a nd a p ossible r eturn

i n

D imensions:

T otal

l ength

W idth :

( including B 1)

: 1 0.15m

1 .52m

H eight o f p reservation:

1 1.60m a bove d atum 1 0.26m a bove d atum

1 0.25m a bove d atum T he w all w as n ot e xcavated t o i ts f ull d epth . . C onstruction: i ngs,

T o j udge

w all r ests o n a t u nworked,

f rom c ontemporary w alls

a s many a s a nd

t he

m ade o f c oarse, f our c ourses,

f ound

' stone p aving' O ver

t he

i t

i s

l ikely t hat t here m ay

b e

T he s tones w ere s et f reestanding,

i n m ud,

a s n o

a ppa-

f oundation

i n t he s ection c ut u nder w all C 2 b etween w alls B 2 a nd

O n t he s outh s ide t he s tone

t he

i n Y 1

w ithout p laster a nd t hey w ere

t rench w as G .

f oot-

a lthough o nly o ne c ourse h as b een e xcavated,

a s econd d etected b y p robes.

r ently

l east t wo c ourses o f s tone

m edium-sized s tones w ithout m ortar.

f ootings a ppear t o b e c ontinuous w ith

i nside t he h ypothetical b uilding.

s tone

f ootings t here w ere

w ooden

( fig.

2 8).

b eams

w hich

r an

l engthwise t hrough t he w all. B eamholes w ith f ragments o f w ood w ere f ound a t t hree p oints o n t he s outh f ace o f t he w all, a t a s imilar d epth t o t hat o f t he ' stone p aving'. O n t he n orth f ace, b eamholes w ere f ound i n s everal p laces. T hese b eam h oles w ere 8 5-95cms b elow t he t op o f t he p reserved w all, w hen m easured a t t he w estern e nd o f B 2 ( east o f C 2). I t i s l ikely t hat t he b eams s loped d own t o t he e ast, a s i n

t he

e ast

f ace t wo b eam h oles w ere f ound a t

1 .00m-1.10m b elow

t he

t op o f t he w all. I n t he s outh f ace o f Y 1 a f urther b eamhole w as n oted, e xtending b eyond w all B 2' t o t he e ast ( fig. 3 1). T his c annot b elong

t o

a

f irst p hase.

s econd p hase s ince t he b eamhole e xtends w ell T he o nly p ossible c onclusion i s

t hat

f irst p hase o f w all B 2 a nd p rojected f rom i ts e ast r ests a t

a h igher

t op o f w all T he

T his

t han t he o ther b eamholes:

s uperstructure

t he

1 8cms.

I t

6 6:71cms b elow t he

i s o f g ritty m udbrick w ith

d iscernible o n t he e ast s ame

c ontinuation f oundation

f ace b y

t he

t o

B 2.

p lasterings T he

l evel

i nto

i t b elongs

p attern

( B1) t rench

o f c onstruction w as

t o t he w est w as

t hick,

m ultiple

a nd n orth f aces.

o f w all C 2,

o bserved i n

e xcept t hat

f ound o n t he w est s ide o f

t he

t he

w all's

i n t rench Y 2 w all's

a

r eturn.

i ndicates t hat t he r eturn w as s et a t a p oint w here t he m ound w as

t erraced. I t i s d ifficult t o b e s ure o f t he p recise p hasing o f t he w all. T he s eparate p hases w ere m ostly n ot d istinguished i n t he c ourse o f e xcavation a nd w ere o nly o bserved l ater i n t he s outh s ection o f Y 1: B 2

1:

p reserved t o o nly 3 2cms b elow t he p resent t op o f w all B 2. T he e ast f ace w as f requently t hickened a nd p lastered, a nd a b eamhole p rotruded f rom i t,

B 2

2:

a t

3 4-48cms b elow t he p lastered s urface.

p reserved t o t he s ame h eight a pproximately, t hus i ndicating t hat t he d estruction o f t he w hole w all p ostdates B 2' a nd B 2' . T his s econd p hase c onsists o f a t hickening o f d ue

t o t he r eturn h ere,

s trengthened

a gainst

t he e ast

f ace,

s ince t he w hole w ail w ould

c ollapse

d own t he m ound.

T he

p robably

h ave w all

b een w as

i ncreased i n t hickness h ere b y a bout 5 0cms. A t t his p oint, a d estruction o ccurs, a s s hown b y t he w ashed d own s ilt o ver t he B 22 . 5 1

p rojection B 2

3:

t his

( fig.

w all

s tands h eight

3 1).

r epresents

a n a ddition o ver

p reserved t o a h eight o f 3 6cms. o f a f ull w all, r oom m ust b e

t he

B 22

r emains.

I t

I f i t e ver s tood t o t he f ound f or t wo s eparate

d eposits o f d ebris i n t he s urrounding a reas: o ne f rom B 2 2 a nd t he o ther f rom B 2'. T here m ay b e e vidence f or t his n orth o f w all

B 2.

a nd

t erraced a fter B 2

A s

a n a lternative, 2,

i t

a nd

i s p ossible

t hat B 2

3

i s

t hat

p art

B 2 w as c ut

o f

o peration a nd c ontemporary w ith t he c onstruction o f w all p oint a n

i n

f avour o f

a ltitude

w ith

o f

1 0.25m

( fig.

i s

f ormer c onclusion i s

1 0.30m a bove

f or t he

2 9).

w all B 2

t he

T he

d atum,

w hich

t hat

' loose f ill'

1 0.20m a bove d atum.

I t

i s

t he B 22

D .

A

t op h as

i s c losely c omparable

f loor o ver t he d ebris

t op o f t he

d own

t his t erracing

i n

t he

c ourtyard

i n t he a rea n orth

p ossible,

t herefore,

o f t hat

t he B 22 d estruction i s c ontemporary w ith t he d estruction a nd f illing o f t he c ourtyard, a nd t hat w all B 2 w as d estroyed a t a 3

l ater d ate. S urfaces

a ssociated w ith w all B 2

S outh o f B 2: b uilding. 1 8).

T he

c oal

which,

w hich w as 1 7-20cms r ough,

t his

i s

t he a rea w hich

i s

T he a rea w as e xcavated d own 5 d

t hought

t o t he

f loor h ad b een f ound u nder a 5 cm i n

t urn,

i nside i n

l ayer o f

t he

1 973.

B eneath t he 5 d

w hich c overed a l ayer o f

u nworked s tones

l aid u nevenly

f loor w as

i n m ud;

t he

d ebris,

a n e arth

s tone p aving,

B 2

( fig.

a sh a nd c har-

w as u nder a t hick s tratum o f mudbrick

s ealed b y w all C 2. d eep,

t o b e

5 d f loor

l ayer,

c onsisting

s tones

s lope

o f

d own t o

t he e ast a nd t he n orth a nd a re o n t he s ame l evel a s t he s tone f ootings o f w all B 2. ( figs. 2 1,28). T heir p urpose i s s till u nknown; t hey m ay h ave b een a s olid f oundation f or t he 5 d f loor, a lthough i t s hould b e n oted t hat

t he

f loor w as h orizontal w hile

d efinitely p re-date

t he

r eappear e ither n orth o r e ast W ith b e

l eft

s o

s tructure, b ut

t he 1 .

s ince

t hese a re

a nd E ast

T otal

T he

i s

b uilding,

s tone

n ot.

b ut

t he B 2

T hey

t hey d o n ot

b uilding.

t he p ossibility s hould

f ootings

o f

s ome p revious

s uper-

w hich w as p artially r eplaced b y w all

d eposits a re e numerated f rom t he

i s

t he m udbrick T he t op

e vidence o f d ebris

T his

d epth

t he

6 0cms.

S ome

Y 1/5d/2.

B 2

o utside

B 2,

B 2,

l evel

o f

d ownwards:

T his

p ossibly t he

s tones w ere

s ame a lignment.

o f B 2:

d epth o f

s ions.

2 .

t he

t op o f w all B 2' Y 1/5d/l.

t he

d isappeared,

n ot o n e xactly

N orth

o f w all B 2

l ittle k nown o f t he

o pen t hat

t he

f ull c onstruction o f w all

i s

b urning w as

o f w all l oose

f ill u p

1 0cms

t o

t he

t op o f w all

i ncluded m any r eed f ound

i n

t he

f ill.

B 2.

i mpresI t

i s

B 2'.

f ill,

y ellowish w ith c harcoal

. 60-1.05m b elow t he t op o f w all

B 2.

f ragments.

U ndetected

a t

t he t ime o f e xcavation w as F loor A , w hich i s t o b e f ound w ithin Y 1/5d/2 a t 9 .31m a bove d atum . I t w as d etected i n t rimming b ack t o

f ind

s ection

t he o f Y 1

s outh f ace o f w all G a nd a lso ( fig.

3 1).

c onstruction o f w all B 2 a nd

2

2.

I t h as

a s andy

Y 1/5d/2 m ay b e

.

5 2

t raced

i n

t he

s outh

s urface a nd p recedes

t he

t he d ebris o f w alls B2

3 .

Y 1/5d/3

=

' Floor

e xcavations

h ad

p laster a nd n ot t hought

o riginally

i t

r uns u nder

t han

o ne

f ootings .

F loor

1 A;

5 .

o ther

o f

b ut

a rea.

s ince w all

r un

s o.

i nto

s eparately e xcavated, 1 a nd

i t w as

m ud

I t w as w all

B 2

B 2,

h as

F loor

t he

2 i n

1 973

o f

m ore 1

i s

f reestanding

d etected a midst

t he

s ection,

a t

a

d atum .

Y 1/5d/5 = ' Floor 2 '. I t i s m ade o f p laster a nd b eaten c lay a nd h as c harcoal p atches a nd s andy a reas. T he h eight a bove d atum i s 9 .10-9.18m .

6 .

t he w hole

t his c annot b e

f loors b etween F loor

9 .10m a bove

t he

I t w as

1 d ated t he o rigin o f

f ooting,

f ootings,

i t w as n ot

n umerous

F loor

a t w hich

d atum.

t raced o ver

l ater p lastering w hich h as

s tone

h eight

t hat

s urface

9 .13m a bove

a s tone

c ourse o f

a

T his w as t he

s uccessfully

s ince s imply

4 .

1 '.

t erminated,

Y 1/5d/7 f ace

( fig.

3 1).

= ' Floor 3 '.

b ut

t he

I t w as

s ection d rawing

n o p oint h as

t his

n ot

i ntended t o g o b elow t his

s uggests

t hat

s ur—

i t w as p enetrated.

f loor a ctually b een t raced

t o

t he e dge

A t

o f w all

B 2, s o t heir p recise r elation i s u nknown. I f w all B 2 h ad o nly o ne c ourse o f s tone f ootings i t c ould b e contemporary w ith F loor 3 , b ut i t i s l ikely t o h ave m ore; t he w all, t herefore, p redates e ven t his

f loor.

C onsequently, h as T he

t he

i s

8 .96m a bove d atum.

s urface a ssociated w ith t he o rigin o f w all

B 2

n ot b een f ound a nd t he o riginal c ontext o f t he w all i s n ot k nown. g eneral c haracter o f t he s urface i n t his s treet/passage b etween

w alls a ll

I t

B 2

a nd G i s

f loors b eing

l apping

n ot

c ertain.

i n u se

s trata o r

s teps,

f avours a s equence

o f

T he

p ossibilities w ere c onsidered o f

s imultaneously, b ut

e ither t hrough e rosion,

t he e vidence

s uccessive,

f rom t he

h orizontal

o ver—

s outh s ection o f Y 1

f loors.

W all G T his

i s

c ourtyard. a ssociated

t he

s outh w all

t his p oint

a n a rea p robably

t o b e

i dentified a s

e ast

e nd t he u pper p art H F,

a t

a p oint

a

i t p asses u nder t he l ater w all C 2 a nd i s i s n ot c lear h ow t he t wo w alls j oin a nd

c ould h ave b een c larified o nly b y r emoving w all

w all

w all H F,

o f

A t i ts w est e nd w ith w all C l; i t

o f w all G 's m udbrick

4 5cms a bove Y 1/7.

Wall

C 2.

A t

i ts

s uperstructure

c uts

i nto

G i s c ertainly

l ater

t han

a nd p robably c ontemporary w ith w all C l.

D imensions:

H eight

o f p reservation:

L ength :

c .1.32m

c .6.00m

W idth : 1 .86m T op o f w all: 9 .91-10.10m a bove C onstruction:

i t

r ests

o n

t wo c ourses

d atum

o f r ough s tone

f ootings.

T he

s tones a re u nworked a nd s et i n m ud, n ot m ortar. T he s tone f ootings a re f reestanding, a s n o f oundation t rench w as v isible i n e ither p lan o r

s ection o n e ither

c overing t o b e c ould b egan

f or t he

s ide o f

s tones w as

t he w all.

d etected;

a t hick m udplaster p acking a lso

b e

e xplained a s

t o h ang o ver

i nto

O n t he

( 13cms)

a gainst

a r eplastering

t he c ourtyard.

5 3

s outh

f ace n o p laster

o n t he n orth s ide t here a ppeared o nce

t he

s tones,

t he

b ut

t his

s uperstructure

T he

s uperstructure

i s

o f m udbrick,

i rregular c ondition,

o verhanging

m udplaster

6 cms t hick,

c oating,

p laster r epairs.

T he n orth

n ow i n a v ery c rumbly

t o t he n orth.

O n t he n orth

a nd

f ace

a

w as d etected w ith many o bvious m ud—

f ace w as

i n

s uch p oor c ondition t hat

f or

l ong t ime i t e luded a ttempts t o t race i t. T he s outh f ace a ppears n ot t o h ave h ad a m udplaster c oating o f s uch t hickness, i f a t . a ll; i t w as n ot

d etected

d etected

e ven

i n t he

i n s ection.

1 973

T he t op o f t he

s uperstructure

s eason a nd i nitially c alled t he

w as

' brick p aving

o f

5 b'. O ne

b eamhole w as

m ost c ourse

o f t he

c ollapse o f t he w all, t he f ootings. D eposits

i n t he

f ootings.

t he n orth f ace, I t

i s

t he b eam s lipped f rom i ts o riginal

t op o f W all G d ownwards

w ith

t hree

u pper s ide. i t,

l ayers

o f w hite p lastering e xisted

A n o ccupation d eposit w as

b elieved t o

a s p art

o f t he

f ig.29).

s outh, Y 1/4.

A n

o nly a rea.

t he

o ccupation d eposit

' Floor 2 ',

T he

f loor w as

o f

t raced

c learly

T he w hole

s tratum ,

s urface,

Y 1/6.

G and B 2

l ocated

t o

i n

T his

i s

Y 1/7.

T his

t hough

a

p resence

( strata

1 a nd

f rom n orth

t hickness

a s w ell.

i n p laces, o f

t o

I t c an b e

b ut

i t

o f

c ould

c ourtyard

t he e ntire a rea

i dentified a s t he 6 a

i n p ractice

6 a a nd 5 b

5 cms),

2 0cms

t he

c ontinued o ver

a lthough

( c.

l ying u nder c .

i n t he w estern p arts h owever,

1 973,

a f ill

a nd

t hick p laster

d istinguish b etween t he

t he c ollapse

H F

t he c ourtyard

o f v arying

i ncluding

b e

f or

t o w all G i n t he w est.

and o ver w alls s ible

e xtended a cross

o n and

r ubble.

4 .

o n

o n t op o f

T his c an n ow b e

d ebris a ssociated w ith w all

Y 1/3

b ut not

l ying

3 .

l ie

b ut w as n ever o bserved a nd w as o nly p roposed t o a ccount

s een

2 .

p osition o ver

b ut l ater i dentified 2 9). A t hin g rey

t he p resence o f p ottery a nd b one a mong w all H F. 2 ,

t he u pper—

t he d eposits w ere;

Y 1/3. T his w as f irst c alled ' 5b F loor 1 ', a s t he c ollapsed w all f ace o f w all H F ( fig. s tratum

b eside

l ikely t hat w ith t he g radual

C ourtyard

F rom t he 1 .

n oted a gainst

s tone

i t

p roved i mpos—

s urfaces.

o f mudbrick t umble,

p robably d erived f rom

o f w alls G a nd C l. w as

t he

l owest p oint

c ontinuation o f

o f Y 1/6,

r eached b y e xcavation a nd

a l—

i t was

t he

d istinguished

f allen t imbers o n t he n orth s ide o f

t he

b y

c ourtyard

( fig. 2 0,32). T he t imbers m ay o riginally h ave f ormed a s mall s helter, b ut h ad f allen b urning t o t he g round. T hey w ere p re— s erved a s p owdery f ragments i n s ome p laces a nd h ad l eft i mpres— s ions

a nd

b lack,

a ccumulated

b rown a nd r ed m arks

a round e ach

t he d iameter o f m ost f rom 8 .90m t o

c .

t imber. 7 -8cms.

i n

t he

T hey w ere

s oil.

S alts

o f m odest

T heir h eight

a bove

s ize

d atum

h ad w ith

v aried

9 .07m . W all C l

T his

i s t he w est w all

w alls G a nd H F. w est

f ace

i s

A t

i ts

o f t he

s outh e nd

c overed b y t he

f ill

p robable c ourtyard b ounded a lso i t

d isappears u nder w all

u nderlying w all

5 4

C 2.

I t

C 2

a nd w as

b y i ts n ot

p ossible

t o e xcavate t he

C 2

a nd

s o

T he

n orth e nd o f

i ts

s outh end o f w all

p recise r elation t o w all t he w all c ontinues

C l w ithout e ndangering w all

G h as n ot

b een

i nto t rench B B1.

w est r ace o f t he w all w as a lready p artly e xposed i n u ppermost c ourse o f t he s tone f ootings w as t raced . D imensions:

A ltitude H eight

o f

o f

p reservation

p reservation

L ength e xposed: W idth: C onstruction: o f

s tone

s ide s et

i s c . a t

o n i ts e ast

T he w est 2 6cms

f ace t he w all h as

T he s tones a re

t erracing.

N o

T his

t he

s tone

n ot

e asily t raced.

T he

i ndicates

w hole w all

d o t he

s tone

i s i n

f ootings m ust h ave A t

s everal

p oints

d iscovered

o f

p oorly p reserved m udbrick,

w hich w as

i s

i dentified a s b elonging w ith

c ontemporary w ith w all G ,

f ootings a ppear

T he ' a rea u nder

c er—

s ince

i n

t o d escend b elow Y 1/7.

n either

T he

f allen

C l: c onsideration

f ace

i s

b ounded b y w alls A ,

o f t rench Y l.

T he

J ,

B 1,

C 2,

d eposits a re e numerated f rom

t op o f w all C l: Y 1/9 a nd Y 1/11. n ess.

I t

c onsisted o f m udbrick t umble,

T he t op o f t he

Y 1/12.

T he

a n a verage f loor

a t

b elow .

i ncluded t wo g rey

b ottom o f Y 1/12 a nd, g rey s trata w ere

w hile

s urface

i n

A t

s outh—western c orner o f

f rom

t he

f loor o f 2 2).

n o g rounds

I t

a nd g ave

c arefully e xamined f or f ound

c orner o f

s unk

h ad

T here w as f urther a nd

a

f loors B 1;

t he

i t p assed u nder

t he

C l's c onstruc—

f or a n

I t

w as

n ot

o f w ood,

f loor a t 2 2).

b efore

5 d

a p osthole.

1 .30m n orth o f T he

t op o f

t he u pper

b y

t he

s tratum o f f irst

I t

f ound. s outh—

t he v essel

i t w as

d ug

r ubbish a nd

a nd n one w ere

e stablished w hether

5 5

f ound, c oncealed

d omestic

i nterpretation a s

t races

( fig.

b een d eliberately b roken o ff

a p it w as

s ubsequently

c ontained o nly

i nto t he

t he a rea

t he a rea,

t he a rea a nd

s oil

d eposited.

i t

1 973.

w as

A p ot w as

s trata.

a s

t hick—

p robably t he u pper s tratum w hich w as c alled t he

w alls A a nd J ( fig.

w est

d atum;

l ater t han w alls A C l,

i n

y ellow m ud f ill

t he u pper s tratum p ost—dated w all

I t w as

t he

s oft

a pparently,

s tratum w as e arlier t han w all

f ootings,

1 9cms

d atum .

9 .11m a bove

I t c onsisted o f

t ion .

d own

1 0.05m a bove

t he d eposit w as

2 5cms.

f lecks a nd

t he B oth

l ower

d eposit w as

b ottom o f

d epth o f

w ith c harcoal

3 .

t he w all d etected

d o n ot g o b elow e ither w all.

C l and t he n orth

2 .

t hat

l ayer w ere

N o b eams w ere

D eposits west o f wall

1 .

o f a m atting

n ot

f ootings.

t imbers o f Y 1/7

t he

a nd t he

m ud,

f loor o n t he w est

t he w all.

T he c ase

t he

l aid c ourses i n

f oundation t rench w as

t races

s uperstructure w as

t ainty t o

l aid

l ittle m ud o r p laster.

o f t he wall

o ver

t he

1 0.34m .

f our r oughly

t wo c ourses a nd

h igher t han Y 1/7.

b een c overed w ith o nly v ery s ide

T he

2 .17m .

u nworked a nd

p lan o r s ection o n e ither s ide o f t he w all, o n t he e ast

c . c .

5 1). w hen

5 .6m.

f ace h as o nly

a p oint o f

1 973,

1 .15m .

f ootings.

m ortar.

c .

i n s ection:

i n s ection:

e stablished.

( fig.

h ad

g rey w as l aid

i n

t he g round a t t he t ime o f t he f loor o r a t t he t ime o f t he l ower g rey s tratum . T he c ontents o f t he p ot a re u nknown a s i t w as v andalized i n s itu b efore e xamination. W all A T he

o rigin

o f

t his w all

i s p robably a ssociated w ith t he

f loor

b elow Y 1/12, u pon w hich r est t hree c ourses o f f reestanding s tone f ootings, r oughly l aid, o f u nworked s tones s et i n m ud. T his p laces i t e arlier t han w all C l a nd l ater t han w all B 1. T here w as n o f oundation t rench o n i ts e ast s ide. Y 2 a nd w ill b e

W all A r elates m ainly t o t he a rchitecture o f

d iscussed i n t hat c ontext. W all

B i

T his w all h as a lready b een d iscussed i n t he c ontext o f w all B 2, o f which i t i s a n e xtension . T he s urface u pon w hich i ts f our c ourses o f

s tone f ootings

Y 2

has

s hown

r est

l ies

l ower t han t he f loor b elow Y 1/12.

t hat a f oundation t rench w as c ut

t o

w all

B 1

s urface s lightly h igher t han t hat a ssociated w ith w all A .

W ork i n f rom

a

T his c orro-

b orates t he e vidence f rom Y 1. W all J T his w all

B 1,

w all e xtends

f rom t he s outh e nd o f w all A ,

s outhwards

t o

a gainst which i t a buts.

D imensions:

L ength :

c .

3 .10m

W idth : c . 1 .30m H eight o f p reservation: H eight C onstruction:

T he

6 5cms

o f t op o f wall a bove s tone f ootings o f

d atum :

t his w all

w all A , b ut w ith a n o verhang t o t he e ast. w all h as t hree c ourses o f s tone f ootings;

9 .84m . l ay a s

d eep a s t hose o f

O n i ts e astern f ace, t he t he s tones a re u nworked a nd

l aid i n mud. O n t he e ast s ide t here w as n o s ign o f a f oundation t rench, s o t he f ootings m ust h ave b een f reestanding o n t his s ide a t l east.

T he T he

s uperstructure w as o f mudbrick,

r elationship o f w all J t o w all A r emains u nclear.

f ace o f wall J l ies t his m easurement w as t he

o f w hich l ittle r emained.

1 0cms

t aken a t

t he t op o f w all J 's

f ootings a ppear t o b e p ossibly c ontinuous.

t hat

t he w all

i s

T he e ast

f urther t o t he e ast t han t hat o f w all A , f ootings; I t

a ctually p art o f w all A w hich h as O n

t he o ther h and,

i s n ot l ost

l ower

i mpossible

i ts b eams

l ater

r econstruction.

b reak

w here w all J h as

w hich

c oincides w ith t he p reviously d iscerned w estern e nd o f w all

f allen o ver,

t he p resence o f a

n oticeably b eyond

b ut d own

w all

i n

c lear

A ,

a nd A ,

f avours t he v iew o f w all J a s a s lightly l ater a ddition , t o w all A o r v ice v ersa. W hen w all J w as a dded, h owever, t he m udbrick s uperstruct ure w as b onded i nto t hat o f w all A . i s e arlier t han w all

W ork

i n Y 2

s uggests

t hat w all A

J .

P hasing: T he 1 973 s eason o f e xcavation s howed t hat a t a p eriod c ont emporary w ith t he 5 d s urface w est o f w all C l, t wo s teps l ed o ver w all J t o

t he Y 2,

t ime

o f t he u pper g rey s tratum i n Y 1/12,

p hase 2 a rea.

i nto w hile w alls B 1,

C l

T hus

t he s teps w ere p robably

a nd A w ere a ll s till

. 5 6

i n u se a t

s howing t hat w all J w as s tanding.

t he c ut

C ontemporary

w ith C l,

t he

s teps o ver w all J w as

a lso t he

W all T his w all i ts e ast. s ince s outh

w all

f ormed a b oundary b etween t he c ourtyard a nd a r oom

T he

i t

f ull

e xtent

d isappears

o f t he w all n orthwards h as n ot

i nto t he n orth s ection o f t he Y 1

s tretches

a s

f ar a s w all G ,

p ossible

t hat w all

H F

i s s et

D imensions:

E stimate

o n a l ine

r oom

( Y1.17).

s ide

o f

t he e ast,

l owest.

A t

O ver

T owards s o t hat

C l

o ut

t he w est

r oughly t he

tones l aid s f t he f loor o

f ootings

s tones a re i s

o nly

t races

o riginally

l ying

o f w ood w ere

o f

all t he w

( fig.

o f s ome

f orm o f

a bove

b ut o nly a t

m atting f ound i n e vidence

t he

t he

f loor.

s outhern

P hasing:

o f m udplaster

l ayers

( Y1/3,

W ithin t he s tructure s econd p hase.

o f

s ometime

t he w all

f loor t here

1 '

— F ig.

I t w as

t he w est w all o f

2 .

L ater

i s n o e vidence

d id e xist

t hrough

a t

t he r oom

i t b ecame t he e ast w all

( figs

2 3-4).

O n

2 1-2).

o f t he c ourtyard

( figs

t he w est s ide t he p laster f ace a nd t he s tone b elow Y 1/7 and w ere v isible i n p lan i n Y 1/7.

f ootings

A fter

d ebris o f Y 1/6

t he

d ebris

into

T he

f ig.

t he c ourtyard.

A l arge

a p eriod o f o ccupation a nd a t hin

2 5).

( fig.

c ontinued

a nd l ayer

O nly a fter t his d id w all H F c ollapse 2 6).

f rom e xcavated r emains: s tructure

f ace t o

t he c ourtyard w ith t he

t here w as

( 20cms;

R econstruction

b elieved

f illing o f

f loor Y 1/4,

a nd 2 9).

p hases:

1 .

t he

t he

t hin w hite p laster, ' 5b

o f wall H F i tself

N evertheless,

t hree a rchitectural

o f

h ad

3 0).

s ide) w as c oated w ith t hree

a ny

t he

s light.

s ome 4 3cms

f ound,

r ound

p ivoted

2 8cms e ast

s uperstructure w as o f r egular a nd w ell—laid mudbrick o f g ood E vidence f rom t he w est f ace s hows t hat t he w all ( at l east o n

l ater w ith 2 cms

l east

i ts w estern s ide.

roperly i n s itu. A t t he e astern e nd i t i t p o b eside t he f ootings, a s a r esult o f d own t

a nd

t wisting o f

T he q uality.

f or

1 3.84m

T his m ethod o f c onstruction w as a lso A bove t he l ayer o f m atting t here w as

b eam,

i s

t he w all w as

s lipped g eneral

c .

t he w all h ad

t he u ppermost

tone s lipped s

( see a bove).

I t

2 1).

f or a f oundation t rench o n e ither

t he n orth,

t he

T he b eamhole a nd t races o f

d atum :

u nworked,

s outhern e nd t he o verhang

f or a l engthways e nd

o f

( Fig.

i n m ud a nd o verlay

i ts

r eeds w ere f ound.

w all

s et

T here w as n o e vidence

t he w all.

t owards

o r

t hey w ere

T o t he

i t.

5 .60m

f ully e xposed o n

F our o r f ive c ourses

f ormed t he f ootings;

c .

t o

b een t raced

t rench.

a gainst

o f t erracing.

o riginal h eight a bove 1 .20m ( at b ase)

T he w all w as n ot C onstruction:

w hich a buts

o f o riginal h eight:

E stimate o f W idth: c .

F 2.

o f

H F

i t

3 .

s tep e xcavated w est

w hich w as a ssociated w ith t he u pper g rey s tratum o f Y 1/12.

b e

o f

o f b rickwork w as

t he w all w as k nown

f ound

1 973

f rom t he w est

a ssociated w ith a l ength o f

5 7

i n

b attered

a nd c alled w all

s ide a nd m udbrick

i t

w as w all.

F urther ( figs.

i nvestigations r evealed t hat Y 1/10, Y 1/1, Y 1/2 a nd Y 1/19 2 0,29) p lus ' wall H ' w ere c ontinuous a nd u nbroken a nd r epre-

s ented

t he

w all

f ull h eight

l ay a t

t he b rickwork o f

w all

t owards w all

i n Y 1/19,

H F.

T he

t he e ast,

T he w all

h ad

t hat

w hile

t hus

i s

- w all

t he

t op

o f

s traddled

i ts

o wn

f orced o ut

a s

o f

t he

a r esult

o f

o f

t he

T he t he

f allen

f ooting

A t

f ootings

t he

s tones

t he

f ootings

t o

t he w est.

h ad c ollapsed

f ootings.

t op o f

e astern e nd o f

f allen a way f rom

t he w all

s tone

H F.

b ottom a t

t he e dge

Y 1/19 b rickwork h ad

t he u pper c ourses

8 5cms,

o f a s lipped w all

t he w est e nd o f Y 1/10 a nd t he

t he n orth e nd o f

t he

h ad s lipped e astwards;

t he c ollapsing

s uperstructure.

b y T he

t races o f r eed m atting o n t he s tones a re p art o f t he o riginal w all c onstruction. I t m ay h ave b een t he s hifting o f w all H F b efore i t f ell which

c aused

( fig.

t he

l owering o f

' Floor 2 '

( Y1/4)

a t

i ts

e astern

e dge

2 9). W all K

O riginally, t his w all r an f rom t he s outh c orner o f w all H F e astwards i nto t he f ace o f Y 1. T he r emains c onsist o f s ome s tone f oundations a nd a b ench D imensions:

P reserved

o n

t he n orth s ide.

l ength:

O riginal w idth H eight

C onstruction:

d atum :

U nworked

i n m ud p acking.

t he

I t

i s

s tones w ere p artly r obbed

i s k nown t o h ave e xisted, ( fig.

1 9),

s ide

o f

b ut

i ts

t he w all,

l aid s tone

i n a ntiquity.

t he r oom,

s tone

t rench w hereby m uch o f w all K w as

r obber t rench was

w hose

T he b ench s tone

t he b ench. H F a nd

d ug a t

s ection o f Y 1 O n t he n orth

f ootings.

r emoved

s hows c learly t he

( fig.

f rom w all G t o

a p eriod s ometime

T he

s ubstance

1 9).

t he e ast

a fter t he

I t

a lso

s ide o f Y l. c ollapse

T his

t he s ides

o f

t he

p ass b ehind w all H F,

b ut

o f

( fig.

t rench.

t he r obber t rench

o r d estruction

s hows

o n w all

s ame

p eriod a s w all

2 1).

r elative d ate o f 1 9)

r obber

a re c ontemporary w ith

d ates t he o rigin o f w all K t o t he

o f i ts c ollapse ( fig.

f orms

i s c ontemporary w ith f loor Y 1/17 a nd a buts

f ootings

f loor Y 1/17

s ection

s uperstructure

i n t he e ast

t he t erminus a nte q uem b eing a s tratum o f a shy m udbrick I t a lso p ostdates t he a ccumulation o f w all D a nd t he t umble

P hasing: T he

o n a s

A m udbrick

t he e astern e nd o f Y 1

t hat w all K e xtended f ully

f rom w all B 2',

d ate

s ection a t

t he

t rench:

H F.

s et

t here w ere,

a b ench o f m udbrick c overed w ith

r obber T he

f ootings w ere

p roportions c annot b e e stablished.

R obber

w all H F, t umble.

3 0cms

8 .54m

n ot k nown h ow m any c ourses

white p laster w as p laced a gainst

p roves

2 .5m

c .

f rom t he e vidence

i nside

T he

c .

a nd r oughly

a nd

p 1.3b)

5 .6m

( estimate):

o f p reservation:

H eight a bove

( fig.21;

d eposits

o f

i s

i s

d iscussed a bove.

l ess e asy

t o

b ricky t umble

d etermine.

T he T he

a ppearing o n e ither

s ide o f t he w all q uite e arly: t o t he n orth, w ell b efore t he c ollapse o f w all H F; t o t he s outh, a pparently e ven b efore F loor 3 ( Y1/5d/7) o f w all

B 2'.

O n t he o ther h and,

l ater d eposits a ppear

t o h ave a ccumu-

l ated a gainst b oth s ides o f a s tanding f eature h ere, s o t he p robab ility i s t hat t he w all r emained s tanding a fter t he d eposition o f t he b ricky t umble.

P ossibly

a ny

1 ,

c ase,

p ot

i t w as

i n t he

p artly k nocked d own a nd r ebuilt.

f loor o f t he

5 8

r oom ,

w as

i n u se

u ntil

I n t he

c ollapse t urn,

o f w all

i mplies

D eposits

i n

H F,

w hich

i mplies

t hat

t he c ontinued e xistence

t he

D eposits

r oom e ast

o f wall

u nder

' 6c

t he

t he

r oom w as

i n u se,

w hich,

i n

o f w all K .

H F:

( figs.

s urface'

1 8-19)

a re e numerated

f rom t he

t op

a s

f ollows: 1 .

Y 1/18.

A n a sh

2 .

Y 1/19.

T his

s tratum , i s t he

o ther b rickwork o f

3 5cms.

white

I t

s ilica

s tratum c lose

t hick.

s olid b rickwork o f t he c ollapsed w all H F a nd

f rom

i nside

t he r oom,

w hich h ad a n a verage

i ncludes

t he

s tratum

o f r eed r emains o ver t hem

a ssociated t o t he

1 5-35cms

f allen s tone

f ootings

f ootings

o f w all H F.

I t

a ccumulated o ccupation d ebris u nder

t he

1 0-12cms

Y 1/19

a bove

a nd

w ith t his c ollapse a nd w hich

s tone

t he f loor Y 1/17.

i s

a lso

s tones,

d epth

o f w all H F, t he

t he g rey

o nly

f ound

i ncludes

t he

t o a d epth o f c .

i s t he

s ame d eposit

a s

Y 1/16. 3 .

Y 1/20. I t

A w hite p laster

i s

s eem t o

e xtend b eyond

o ver i t,

b ut

s loping u p Y 1/17.

t he e dge

l ayer,

t hick w hite p laster

w ith

t he

o f w all I t w as

r emained

t he v essel a sh.

b ench o f w all K a nd

P ot

a bove

2 .

i s

A t

b roken

s herds

f ragile

t o

a s a

t rench,

s urface

a lso p asses

d ark

i s a sso-

u nder

t he

w hich

c urved

T he

d own

i n a f oundation t rench.

o ther t han t he a nd

s tood

d iameter a t

c rushed o ut

o f

l eft

b ottom f ew c ms

t o

a h eight

t he

s hape

T he

w hich

t op

i s

o f

o f 3 2-

5 8-67cms.

b y t he c ollapse o f

i n Y 1/17,

f or t he p ot.

1 a nd r emained

I t

i n w hich

i s c ontemporary

i n

i s

a

o rigin

f loor Y 1/20

w as t he

p laced

i nside

l ift a nd w as

' 5b'

t he b ase

f or w alls

W all

T his w as

l eft

o ver w alls

a nd ' 6a'

' 6a'

B 2

t he b ottom h alf. i n

i s

T he

p ot w as

t oo

s itu.

a nd G :

d eposits w ere

s urface C 2

i n u se p robably u ntil

t here

t his p oint t he t op o f t he p ot w as k nocked o ff a nd

a nd s trata

T he

o riginally p laced

h ave e xtended a cross

D :

i t

T his

t he c ollapse o f w all H F,

6 7cms h igh

f loor.

t rench

P ot

w ould

t he

I t w as

l aid.

T he

i t

w hole

H F.

w hich

g uished.

o f t he p ot

i n u se u ntil

v essel

f oundation

F eatures

t he

o riginally p laced i n Y 1/17,

r ed b urnished p ot w as

w all

l ies

H F.

f illed w ith mudbrick,

T he

3 7.5cms T he

n ot

w hich

f loor w ith l arge p atches o f

c iated

v essel

Y 1/17.

d oes

t owards w all K .

A

1 .

f loor

t o b e a ssociated w ith

b lack a nd g rey o ccupation d ebris.

P ot

t he

t he s tone p latform,

a nd t his e xtended a cross

a round t he c ircumference

6 .

o f

a bove

T he w hite p laster

b rown, f ootings 5 .

1 0-12cms

a g rey s tratum a ppears

d estruction

4 .

s urface

p robably a s econdary f loor.

p robably

t he t op

n ot t o b e

o f w alls

s atisfactorily

d istin-

e quated w ith Y 1/4, B 2 a nd G a nd

t hus

w hich f ormed

a nd D .

l argely

t he a ccumulation o f Y 1/5d s trata

5 9

1 -7,

w ith a

f ace c reated b y t he r obber t rench. W hen t he e xtent o f g enuine b rick— w ork w as d etermined, w all D c ould b e s een a s a s mall w all b uilt o ver t he

' 6a

s urface'.

c ollapsed ( fig. 2 6)

O riginally,

s uperstructure,

D imensions:

H eight

l ength

O nly mudbrick

( Section d atum :

( to

L evel

5 w as

s ufficient

w as

( walls A , n o

J ,

B 1 a nd C )

a ccess a t

f ig.19,

1 1.43m a bove

a s

t ion

t he

( pls.

a cted a s

t errace

s uggest t o

d evoid o f W all O n

t he

t hat Y 2 w as i n

i n Y 2

l ater Y 2/4

( fig . l evels,

p redominantly

t he e ast

a

a s olid w all

s tretched a cross t he t rench a nd e vidently t here i nto Y l.

T he

c ourtyard c ontained

t o t he n orth,

a w all

t hree

( wall

a r oom/area w ith a d omestic

I n t he n orth—western p art r etaining w all,

T ,

w hich

t he h igher

T )

f unc—

o f t he t rench,

b eyond w hich

r an i n a n e ast—west d irection

w as

s outhside,

a w ell c onstructed w all

a b eamhole

A u ntil t he w all

w all

L

s urface w as

b eamhole

e xisted w ithout

w ood w ere

f ragment

a lthough

o f

t he

l ength o f

t he w all

n orthern

f oundations. t he w all

i n t he b eamhole.

t he n orthern b aulk,

f rom P .

r evealed t hat h ere

i t c ould n ot h ave b een

d ismantling t he w all.

f ound

A a nd J a nd

r an a long

f rom t he

o n s tone

d isappeared i nto t he b aulk b eneath w all

t he n orth s ide a d amaged c ourse

t he

f eatures.

b aulk i nto w all A , w all

i n

t he w est;

s outhern b oundary o f

4 b—c).

d atum )

l evel e xcavated

i nvestigated t han

t his p oint

a t errace

4 .00m

1 ( Y2/5)

p ostholes a nd a f reestanding o ven a nd, s erved

c .

i s k nown

r evealed t o

c ourtyard w ith a h igher w as

5 0cms

t he e arliest a nd f inal

A s maller a rea w as

b ut

r obber t rench o f w all K .

s outhern b aulk):

P hase

3 4).

b y t he

2 1-31cms

O riginal

T RENCH Y 2

p robably a butted a gainst w all H F's

o f p reservation:

W idth:

C onstruction:

i t

b ut w as c ut

t raced

O n

t oo a

a long

O n t he s outh s ide,

i ts

t races

o f

I n t he t riangular a rea b etween w alls a s eries o f o ccupation

l ayers

2 0-30cms

t hick w ere d iscovered ( Y2/5/7; Y 2/5/9; Y 2/5/10), c omposed o f p acked e arth a nd a sh. T hese d eposits r an u p t o a m udbrick l edge, o ne b rick c ourse t hick, w hich p rotruded 2 5cms f rom t he v ertical s urface o f w all A o n

t he w estern f ace

l edge

i n

b elow

t he

( fig.

Y 2/5/7 w ere t he

l ocated.

s urface I t w as

3 8:1). r emains

o f Y 2/5/9,

f ound

l eft

i n s itu o n a c lay p edestal. w ere a b eaker

T he d efined

f ace b ut

t he

i ntact

t o h ave b een p laced

p ot

o ther c ooking p ots

S cattered a long t he o f a c omplete

( fig.

7 7:8),

O n t he a p in

r im o f

s ame

p ot.

a c ooking

i n Y 2/5/10

( fig.

l ength o f

c ooking

p ot

a s a nd

t he

c ooking

f ragments

o f w all A w as

p oorly p reserved.

i nwards t he

T he

b ricks w ere

f urther t he w all w ent

d own

p art o f t he w all w as c omposed o f a sh a nd b urnt d ebris a s i f a o f t he w all h ad b een d ug i nto a nd u sed a s a h earth. I t w as t hat

w all

w all A ; b rick

o f

a nd p ithoi.

t hey s tepped

T a ctually

w all A h ad b een cut

w as

d eposits a nd w as

s urface 1 41:5)

t he 2 cms

t o

r an i nto w all A a nd a llow w all

i nvestigations

T t o b e b uilt

t he g ate b etween t he b rickwork w ere

d ebris .

6 0

i nside,

t hen

a nd

s ection e vident

s howed

a nd b onded

l oosely

w ell

f illed

t hat t o, w ith

T here

s eems

l ittle

d oubt

t hat

t his a rea d id h ave

a

d omestic

f unction s ince c ooking w ares a nd, t o a l esser e xtent, p ithoi s herds abounded. I n Y 2/4 a n o ven a nd a q uernstone w ere f ound i n t he s ame a rea.

A t

t errace

t his

w ith

l ittle o f e ntrance. I n

p oint

s teps,

i n Y 2/4 a ccess b ut

i n Y 2/5 n o

t he a rea h as b een e xposed

t he c ourtyard,

u p t he m ound w as s uch a ccess t o

i s

i ndicate t he

1 .05m b elow t he p hase

g ained

e vident

b y

a

a nd

t oo

l ocation o f

a ny

2 s urface,

t hree

p ost

s upports w ere l ocated. ( fig. 3 4). I n e ach c ase t here w ere n o r emains o f t he a ctual p osts, b ut t he s ubstantial p acking o f s tone, m udbrick a nd c lay must p ost

i ndicate

s upport

b rick

t hat

t he p osts w ere

s ituated o n t he

T he

o ne

a djacent

p artially

s unk

i nto

t he p hase

f ill a nd

f ragments

i t

T he

mud.

T he o f

t his w as

i n

t o w est and s ions

c omposed o f

o f

t he

1 .10m

i s

t he

o ven

s upport. l ined

w all

s ocket

a m ound o f

e ight

m ud a nd

h ad a s oft

o f w hich

l arge

o nly

m easur—

s tones

s et

i n

a lthough n o d oubt

a n o ven,

p laced

w hich m easured

( fig.

3 9);

I t w as

u nusual

a gainst

a w all.

c lay a nd

b ricky

i mmedi—

1 .20m f rom e ast

t he

i nternal

i n t hat

i t

d imen—

w as

f ree

H alfway d own t he b ack m aterial

s unk i nto t he p hase

w hich h ad b een b aked t o

a

w hich

g ave

1 s urface a nd

r eddish—brown

c olour.

a q uernstone .

t he n orth—western p art s ection,

o f

s tone

a lmost c entrally p laced

i n d iameter,

L ,

f loor o f t he o ven w as

L s tretched s outhwards H i n

i s

i n t his o pen a rea w as

t errace w all,

t he a shy f ill w as

I n

w hich

2 2cms

a nd 8 0cms.

w ith b ricks,

Amongst

w all

w as

T he

l ayers

T he m ud—

f urther p acking.

s tanding and h ad not b een b uilt o f

s ize.

e ntirely

s ubstantial a nd w ell p reserved,

1 .16m f rom n orth t o s outh

w ere

t hick

T he p ost

i s c onstructed o f

s ocket

f eature

f ront

1 s urface.

t hird p ost,

I t

i nner p ost

T he o ther a tely

a lmost

t o w all C w as c onstructed o f

i s t he m ost

1 .10m i n d iameter.

p art

i mpressive

i s

t oo h ad b een c oated w ith mud p laster,

r emained.

i n t he c ourtyard, i ng

a n

s ecured w ith c lay a nd c oated w ith s everal

p laster . a shy

o f

s outhern b aulk

o f

t he t rench o n t he h igher

f rom t he n orthern b aulk,

t he w est.

T he w all w as

1 .30m w ide a nd h ad e vidently b een a s turdy c onstruction

f or t here w ere

b eamholes o n e ither

w ith a r eturn r unning s ide a nd

b een p artially r obbed w as

s tone

s ubstantial

i n a ntiquity.

a mongst mudbrick,

r einforcement

h ad e vidently

t o

t errace,

d irectly b eneath

s tone

f oundations,

w hich h ad

T he m ain c omposition o f t he w all

e xcept

o n

t aken p lace;

t he e astern s ide h ere,

w here

s ome

s andwiched b etween t he

i nitial w all a nd f urther m udbrick f acing w ith a b eam, w as a d eposit o f l oose e arth and s tones, 3 0cms w ide. I f, a s i s p resumed, w all L i s a t errace w all,

t his

r efacing w ould h ave p rovided a dditional

t he e astern s ide w here t he w all T he a lignment

s ection

f ill,

i on g ood

t he w est o ne w as

c ontaining

g ained

i s

b rickwork

c ontrast

o f w alling t o

t o a g reater h eight

t he

s outh o f w all L b ut

h ad a d ifferent c onstruction .

g ood b rickwork, o f

r uns

t o

W hilst

t he w est

o n

o n

3 8:2).

t he

s ame

f ace w as

o f

o f v ery p oor q uality w ith w ide b ands

s herds a nd b one,

b etween t he b ricks.

o f b ricks a nd e arth p iled u p a t

t he e ast

s upport

( fig.

a s light b atter

( fig.

a nd

3 8:3).

T his

f ace o f w all L p reviously m entioned.

6 1

T he

i mpress—

f aced w ith c ourses i s

i n

o f

m arked

P hase 2 ( Y2/4B) I n

t his

l evel

( fig .

3 5)

t he

c haracter

o f

t he

m aintained, w ith t he c ourtyard f lanked b y a h igher t errace a nd

m ore

s ubstantial

w alling

s ignificant d evelopments.

t o t he

F irst,

e ast,

b ut

a rea t o

t here

w as

t he w est

w ere

t he s olid m ass o f w alling

s ome

( walls A ,

J , B 1, a nd C ) t o t he e ast w as b reached t o a llow a ccess t o t he l ower t errace i n Y l; s econdly, t he s tone—packed p ostholes o f p hase 1 w ere, a pparently, n o l onger r equired a nd, t hirdly, t he a rea o f h igher t erracing t o t he w est o f w all L , u sed f or t wo b urials. T he b reach i t m eets w all s teps, c ut a nd m ovement

f rom Y 2

i nto Y 1

d evoid o f

f eatures

i n p hase

o ccurred i n w all A a t

w as

t he p oint w here

B 1. T he p hase 2 s urface s loped d own t o p aved w ith s mall f lat s tones, w hich

d own t he t errace p ast w all J o nto t he p hase

1 ,

m eet t hree f acilitated o f

Y l.

A t t he c orner o f w alls C a nd B 1 a s mooth c oncave i mpression i n m udbrick i ndicates t he f ormer p resence o f a d oor j amb. A p it c ut

5 s urface

t he i nto

w all B i b ut t he

h as r emoved w hatever f ollowed t he d ip i n t he p hase 2 s tone l ined m udbrick p latform i n Y l, p hases 4 -5 i s

c ertainly

t he b ottom o f a s taircase

W all s urviving

m anner

f act

i nner f ace o f

w ith

p art

T he

o ven

a nd w ithout

a ny b eams

o r

a lthough

f oundation

a

l ess

s tones;

i n

t he

w all w as o nly o ne c ourse o f b ricks t hick a nd t hree

T he

t exture,

f rom t his p hase o f Y 2.

T w as r ebuilt o n t he s ame a lignment,

s ubstantial h igh.

l eading

o f

f loor, a lmost

c ourses

t he w all w as p oorly p lastered a nd g ritty

t races o f b urning w here t he o ven h ad b een t he w all h ad b een c ut a way t o a ccomodate

p laced; t he

s uffered c onsiderable d amage a nd t he p resence

o f

i n i n

f eature. v ertical,

u nburnt b ricks i nside i t, s uggests t hat t he w all a gainst w hich i t h ad b een b uilt h ad c ollapsed o nto i t. T he s urface u pon w hich t he o ven l ay w as o f c ompact a shy m aterial a nd f ragments o f b rick . A h and p ounder o f

f lat

s tone a nd a s addle q uern w ere

i n s itu o n t he b ottom

o f

t he

o ven. T he

h ard

c ourtyard,

p acked

h ad t he

b ricky

s urface

s outh

s cattered s keletal r emains

o f

w all

o f a s mall

T ,

i n

c hild,

t he w hich

w ere a ccompanied b y a c oiled m etal e arring.

t errace,

t he n orth—western w hich w as m arked

b urials,

a

I n

c orner o f t he t rench, b y w alls H a nd L , w ere

b urial p ithos a nd a s hort

o n t he h igher f ound t wo p it

s tretch o f w alling

( fig.

4 0).

as a r ebuild o f a p hase 1 c onstruction a nd a t t his l evel i t w all w t wo b ricks w ide, s tood t o ah eight o f t hree b ricks, a nd w as o nly a d istance o f 1 .18m f rom t he n orthern b aulk i n a s outherly e xtended d irection. T he s urface i n t his a rea w as c ompacted a sh a nd b rick w hich e xtended a s f ar w est a s w all R . I nto t his s urface t hree p its h ad b een T he

d ug:

o ne c ontained a nimal b ones,

h oused ( pot

1 ) a nd a t hird,

3 cms d eeper t han t he o ther t wo,

( pot 2 ), w hich a ppears T he b urial v essel w ere

w hich m ay b e t hose o f a d og;

a p ottery v essel w hich c ontained t he r emains o f

t he

b odies o f

t o h ave b een b uried

f our

a b roken p ithos,

i ntact.

h ad a n e verted r im a nd a r ounded b ody.

f our

s mall c hildren w hose

a round o ne s ide o f t he v essel,

s o t hat

t heir

s kulls h ad b een

l ower

I nside p laced

l imbs o verlapped o n

t he

o ther s ide.

T hey h ad b een s ubsequently c overed w ith t he

b ut

t he w hole p ot

h ad n ot b een f illed s ince u pon e xcavation

6 2

a nother c hildren

e arth, t he

t op

t hird o f t he v essel w as e mpty. T he r im o f t he j ar h ad b een w ith a f lat s tone, w hich w as f ound i n s itu ( see l ater n ote o n i n B B1/5).

N o o bjects w ere

T he m anner

b urial

o f

i n p its c ut

f ound

s ealed b urial

i n t he v essel.

t he c hild s keletons a nd t he a nimal

f rom t he s ame

s urface w ould s uggest

i n a t hat

s imilar

t hey

a re

c ontemporary. P hase 3 ( Y2/4/phase I n i n

t his

t he

l evel,

n orthern

s tairways

a s eries o f

p art

1 )

f limsy w alled r ooms w ere c onstructed

o f t he t rench a nd t here

t o h igher t erraces a nd a t errace w all

R oom

1 ,

2 .00m w ide. m ore

s pace

r oom

w as

d efined b y w alls A , T o t he e ast, i nside t his

c overed

p art

D ,

E ,

i s

e vidence

( fig.

a nd F ,

o f

t wo

3 6).

w as

5 .30m l ong a nd

o f w all A h ad b een c ut a way t o c reate

f limsy w alled s tructure.

i n t he c entre w ith s ome

T he

b urnt

f loor o f

o ccupation

t his

d ebris.

H alfway d own t he n orth s ide o f t he r oom, b etween w alls D a nd A , t wo f lat s tones w ere f ound t o b e f lanking m udbricks w hich, t ogether, m ight r epresent l evel f ormed v ery

s tepping s tones u p

o f t he r oom f loor b y t he t op o f broken

f unction o f I t H aftavan

t o a h igher

( fig.

1 8).

l evel,

s ome 5 5cms

a bove

t he

T he t op s tep o f t he s tairway w as

t he p revious

p hase 2 w all,

and h as a n e arth b acking w hich

w all T .

s uggests

W all D

t hat

i s

i t h ad

t he

b eakers w ell a s

f rom t wo

a r etaining w all.

i s o f i nterest t hat t en o f t he t hirty p ottery V I w ere f ound o n t he f loor o f t his r oom a s

q uernstones

( one a s addle

q uern),

a s tone s craper,

a p umice

s tone,

s ome p ainted p ottery a nd a m etal p in . W all F i s a d ividing w all b etween r ooms 1 a nd 2 ; i t i s o f v ery p oor c onstruction, w ith p arts i n b rick, b roken b rick a nd s ome s olely i n m ud p laster.

I t

h ad a s

i ts

f oundation a s ingle c ourse o f m udbricks

a nd w as n ot b uilt i nto e ither w all D o r w all E . W alls D a nd E h ad a s imilar f oundation t o w all F , e xcept t hat i n t his c ase t he b rick f oundation e xtended b y 2 5cms 3

f loor.

T he

i nto t he r oom,

a shy f loor o f

d irectly b eneath t he p hase

r oom 1 d id n ot e xtend b eyond w all F i nto

r oom 2 . R oom 2 , e ast

d efined b y w alls D ,

t o w est a nd

n orth

s ide

l ittered f loor i n

2 .30m w ide

6 0cms w ide.

F ,

G ,

H ,

a nd J ,

w as

f rom n orth t o s outh, w ith a d oorway o n t he A b ricky

s urface w as

f ound

i n t his s ame

i n

t his

r oom,

w ith o ther s tones a nd b ricks, a t t he s ame l evel a s t he a shy r oom 1 . A n arrow , f ragile w all, w all P , e nclosed t he t hird

r oom, w hose f loor w as 5 8cms h igher t han t he o thers, a s t errace. A b reak i n t he m udbrick o n t he s outh s ide p resence r esulted

2 .60m l ong f rom

i t s tood o n t he s uggested t he

o f a d oorway, b ut t he f limsiness o f t he w all c ould h ave i n p remature c ollapse a t t his p oint. N o g ood f loor e merged r oom,

l evel

a lthough

c lose t o

t wo

s mall

b owls a nd a l arge

t he n orthern b aulk

( Y2/4/6).

j ar a ppeared a t W all

H ,

t he

w hich a cted

a s t he e astern w all f or t he a nte—room c ontinued t o s erve a s t he t errace w all a nd a s a r esult w as t he s ubject o f c onstant r emodelling a nd r efacing, s ometimes w ith p is eo r a ppropriate s ized b ricks a nd o n o ther o ccasions w ith t he a ddition o f w ooden b eams T he s tone s teps

a nd m ud p laster.

i n t he w estern p art o f t he t rench a ppear t o h ave

6 3

b een b uilt b een

i n a ssociation w ith t he b ricky f loor

l aid

o ver

s teps,

w hich

e arth .

T he

w all

t he o ccupation d ebris

w ere

t hen

s teps

a re p reserved t o t he

t erraced

i n t hat

w all S i s

p acking

s ame h eight

f or

o f

a s

t he

c ompacted

t he

t erraced

d irection.

c onstructed f rom a b ase o f

i s c ompact a nd b ricky a nd c ontrasts w ith t he e arthy/ashy r egion i mmediate n orth . b aulk

b aulk;

t his

b ecause r eturn

i s

T he t here

f oundation s tones i s

a r eturn a t

s tone

w ith

f acade w estern

T he a rea b ehind t his

s tone

c ourses

t he

mudbrick .

w hich h ad

s olid b ase

u pper t o

o f

t o t he w est,

a m ore

l aid d irectly o nto a

S a nd a re o rientated T he

a s

d o n ot

a nd

r un

4 .60m f rom

b rick

i nto

t he

t he

s outhern

c onstructed o f m udbrick w ith a s tone

c apping .

I n a ssociation w ith t he t erraced w all t here i s a f loor t o t he e ast w hich h as t wo l arge s tones r esting o n i t a nd a s take h ole c ut i nto i t. R unning

a t

r ight

d irectly o n

t op o f

a ngles

t o

t he w hole

t he

d eep which h as a s tone b ase. o f

t he w all r evealed t hat

b ands

o f t he c ourtyard

w alls t he

K a nd L m ay w est,

s outh l ayers

a re

which a rea

t he e ast

W all

R ,

t rench

t erracing,

a n e arlier p hase;

1 8) w hich

s hows

i n t he

t ip

s ection o n

w hich

f lanks

3 6),

b acking o nto a s ingle, a ligned w ith t he

l ine

a t

t he o f

a sh

I t would a ppear

t hat

i s

w ith any o f t he o ther s tructure i nterest

i s

a

t he

r unning d own o ver

t he

T hese

t he o ther t hereby

c leared o f

i n t his

O nly o r

o f

' patched u p '

s ame

s urface

l ength, p hase p hase t he

w hich

o f

o f s tones

T RENCH Y 3 T he t wo

r emains. d ebris o nly

( fig.

B elow t his

3 7).

T he

D .

T o

I n r oom 1 ,

p hase

t his

t he w all w as

o bvious

w hich

s uggests

t hus

o f

I t

a ssociation n o

t hat

t he

i mmediate

d ominant

i n t his

W ith

f eature

t he A chaemenid t he

v ery

l ittle

E ,

s ome

l ay a gainst

2 .70m t he

i n

s econd

4 a;9a):

o n

a nd n orth o f w all D .

o vens

T he

a ny

( pl.

f eatures.

1 0 .37m a bove d atum) t rench,

w hich w as

d itch w hich c ut

e xception o f s ome m udbrick

t o e merge

( figs.

4 2,

r ebuilt

a lso a ssociated w ith a l ater

t hree

d evoid o f

f ig.

w as

a nd

s outh o f w all G ,

L a nd K w as

s urvived

w ere e ither c rudely

t he p hase 4 f loor c overed t he

4 f loor w as

p hase b elong

( Section d atum :

i n Y 3/2/1,

t he d itch.

f ront,

o f r oot h oles.

a rea a nd o verlay t hat p art o f w all

s tructure

t he

o f t he p revious p hase

L a nd K ,

f ormerly a butted w ith w all A ,

o f w alls H ,

s easons,

a t

4 ( Y2/4a/2)

w alls H ,

s outh s ide o f w all E ;

a rea w est

K , t he

i n t he n orth—western c orner

i n t he t rench,

s ubstantial w alls

t hese,

o f w all E . o f w all

w all

p eriod p resently u nder d iscussion.

t he m ore

t his o ne;

s ide o f

i mplying t hat

t o

f or t he d itch a nd

P hase

i nto

o ccupation

o ccupation d ebris

f lat m udbrick .

f eatures

t o

s uggested b y

t he d itch a nd h as n o

r evetment

f oot

i n t he a rea.

t he d itch

o f

a nd

s ome 6 0cms

l ayers

c omposed o f e arth a nd was o nly d efined b y a s eries i s

a rea

t he

l evel.

c onsisted o f a l ine l arge,

w all

1 9)

w ith a n o pen a rea

t his

l ines

a l ower

o f w alls L a nd K w as

( fig.

t he

r ested o n

c onsists w holly o f mudbrick t umble, t o

t erraced ( fig.

i mmediate n orth .

f acilitate t he c onstruction work

t he

t his

a g ully

i nvestigation o f

t o m eet w all K a t

n ot p resent

o f

i s

s tructure

t o t he

S was

( fig.

o f t he w all

An

t he

f orm o ne p hase o f

a nd w all

s ection

f ace

f ace

s tructure

r emained o f

4 2,44).

6 4

t hrough

t umble a nd

t he L ate V IB

f rom t he E arly V IB

e xcavated

a .s wathe

t he

o ccupation

l evels a nd

l evels w as c ut

o ver

t he

i n h alf b y

T he e arliest d eposits e xcavated l ay i n t he w estern s ondage o f t rench and c onsisted m ainly o f a sh, c harcoal, s ome m udbrick a nd

t he

c haff, s ide

w hich

a ppear

t o b e a ccumulated r efuse t hrown d own

d eposits w ere n umbered Y 3/4/1 s mall amount o f w as a b urnt a

t he

s outh

o f t he m ound f rom s tructures p laced h igher o n t he m ound.

f loor

b ase

A —M a nd

i t w as a pparent

b one a nd p ottery w as p resent

l ayer c ontaining a sh,

( fig.

t hat o nly a v ery

4 2).

c harcoal a nd b one

T hese

•A bove

( Y3/3/3)

t his

a nd t hen

s urface w hich w as v ery h ard a nd h ad a s mall p ot w ith a

f lat

r esting u pon i t. T he

e astern

e arliest p art

f eatures e xcavated w ere a s eries o f w alls

o f t he t rench

( Y3/4/1),

i n

t he

d irectly b eneath t he b ottom

o f

t he A chaemenid d itch a nd, c onsequently, n one o f t he w alls w ere s tanding t o a h eight o f m ore t han 2 5cms ( fig. 4 3). T he e arliest p hase t o

t his

a gglomeration o f mudbrick w as w all D w hich r an

w est/south—east s ection

( pl.

d irection

6 a).

a nd T he

t urning

e ast

i nto

C ontained w ithin t his c orner w as

a c lay p linth a nd t o f loor

b efore

t he w est,

w as n ot r eached.

a m udbrick b in

i n

a

t he

n orth—

n orthern

a mudbrick o ven o n

( Y3/4/2).

A n a ssociated

T his p hase w as s ealed b y c ollapsed

mudbrick

c lay t extured b rown s ilt w ith l enses o f c haff a nd a sh ( Y3/4/5). s econd b uilding p hase c onsisted o f w alls A a nd C , b etween w hich

t here

w as

a

c onstructed v isible

f loor

o f

i n t he

e astern e dge

w ith

o ccupation

mudbricks,

b urnt

d ebris.

b rick a nd

A

l umps

b rick o f

f eature,

c harcoal

w as

s ection e ast o f w all C a nd t wo y ellow mudbricks o n t he

o f t his w ere p robably p art

o f t he

s ame

s tructure.

I n t he

t hird p hase, b oth w alls A a nd C w ent o ut o f u se a nd w all B w as b uilt. T he a ccompanying s urface Y 3/4/4 s ealed w all D , t he o ven, t he b in a nd w all A . W all B w as o ne b rick i n w idth a nd p reserved t o t he h eight o f o nly t hree b ricks. T o t he f ourth a nd f inal p hase b elong a s eries o f s tones w hich m ay b e w all B . c learly

t he

f oundation f or a w all o n t he

s ame a lignment a s

T he r elationship o f t hese s tones t o w alls A a nd B i s u nderstood. A fter t he d estruction o f t hese w alls a shy

n ot a nd

c lay d eposits a ccumulated. P ostdating t hese i n t he w estern p art o f

d omestic

f limsy w alls w as

o f t he t rench,

f eatures

( fig.

a m udbrick s tructure

s ituated

c omposed o f t hree w alls a nd a r ange

4 4).

W all A c onsisted o f w ell p reserved

b rickwork a nd r an o n a n orth—south a lignment. T he w estern f ace o f t he w all r etained m ost o f i ts p laster a nd s ituated a t t he s outhern e nd o f t he w all a gainst t he w estern f ace w ere a n o ven a nd s everal b ins. C ontemporary w ith t he w all a nd t o t he w est o f i t w as c ompact

f loor s urface

i n g ood o rder .

p latforms w hich b ecame h igher t owards t hey w all

T he s torage b ins w ere p laced o n t he n orth e nd o f

t he w all,

w here

w ere t ilted e astwards. A djoining t he n orth e nd o f w all A w as B , w hich w as p laced o n a n e ast—west a lignment. T he b rickwork,

w hich w as w ell p reserved, d own

s torage a v ery

t he s ide o f

i ts e ast

s ide.

l eaned s ignificantly t o t he e ast,

t he m ound. A ll

W all C w as b adly e roded,

t he w alls h ad s tone

d ebris w ithin t he t hree w alls w as

f oundations.

t hat

i s

e specially o n T he o ccupation

t ermed Y 3/2/8.

T he r elationship o f t his l atter b uilding t o t he r emains i n Y 2 w as n ot s uccessfully e stablished, y et i t i s p ossible t hat Y 3/2 r epresents t he n ext t errace u p t he s ide o f t he m ound a fter t he d eposits i n c ontemporary t erracing

Y 2, p hase 4 . I f n ot, t hen t he Y 3 b uilding m ust w ith o ne o f t he Y 2 p hases, f rom w hich e vidence

i nto t he a rea o f Y 3 w as n ot u ncovered.

6 5

b e f or

T RENCH B B1:

( Section d atum :

f ig.

4 5,

u pper

f ig.

s ection

4 5,

l ower

1 1.5m

a bove d atum

s ection

1 1.87m a bove

d atum). O nly

n ine

a lthough t he

d ays

f rom t he Y t rench v arious

( figs.

W all

A

a ssociated

w as

4 7,

f ound

e xcavating t hese e arly t racing t he c ourse

w as a chieved,

t he

l evels

f irst

i n s itu.

a nd

o f w alls A a nd C l

i nterrelationship o f t he w ith

a ny

5 1). t raced o n

t wo s ets

s tage e xcavations w ere w ere

o f

o f w alls a nd f loors w as n ot e stablished

4 6,

w ith

s pent

t hat

i nto B B1,

f ragments

c ertainty

w ere

p rimary a im,

o f

t he w est

f loors

t erminated. ( fig.

4 6,

s ide a nd

a ppeared

i n B B1/5/3 a nd B B1/5/4, A t t his p oint,

p l.

6 c).

T he

t o

a t

b e

w hich

t wo p ottery v essels

o ne o n

t he n orthern s ide

o f t he t rench h ad a s tone c apping a nd c ontained o ne a nd p ossibly t wo c hild b urials. ( pl. 7 a). T he r im w as s mashed a nd t he v essel i tself w as

i n a v ery broken s tate,

c ms

b elow t he

v essel

w ere

v essel. s eed

f ound

t o

o rder,

s hells

i t w as

d ismantled

i n

s itu.

o f t he

l ifted a n umber o f

o r g rain.

A t t he b ase o f

E ighteen

t he c rushed s ides l ower

t iny b ones

p art

t he p ot w as

o f

t he

o f

t he

a ppeared,

a long w ith a s mall q uantity o f w hat m ay

i mpressions T he

s o

t he r im h ad b een, s eal t he c ontents

W hen t hese w ere

a pparent w ith

l evel w here

b e

i n n o

d ecayed

a l ayer o f

e arth

o f r eed m atting .

s loping t op

l ayers o f

t he m ound

f rom w est

t o e ast

r esulted

i n a m uch t hicker d eposit o f mudbrick t umble i n t he e astern p art o f t he t rench, w hich h ad t o b e r emoved b efore a ny f loors w ere r eached ( fig.

4 5).

N o r eliable

f looring w as

t he

t rench,

b ut

i t w as

b oth

f aces

C l,

which e ntered B B1

o f

p ossible

t o

e vident o n t he w est

f ace

t he e ast

f rom Y 2.

w all C l, w all C X, 2 .15m i n w idth, N either walls C l o r C X w ere t raced t o s lot w as

r eached o n t he e astern s ide

t race

( pl.

6 b).

c haracter

o f wall F o r h ow i t t he

a buts

e nd

A r eturn f rom

e ntered t he e astern s ection. t heir f oundations, b ut a b eam

o f w all C l.

I n t he n orthern h alf o f t he t rench, t hree m ore a ppeared ( walls D , E a nd F ). I t w as n ot p ossible E

o f

f ace o f w all A a nd

f ragments o f wall t o d etermine t he

i s a ssociated w ith t he o ther t wo.

o f w all A a nd

i s

t hus

s econdary,

W all

a lthough

i ts

f oundation l ies b eneath t he f inal l evel r eached. Wall D , o n t he o ther h and, h as i ts b ase a t a h igher l evel a nd w ould s eem t o p ostdate a ll t he

o ther

w hich t his

w alls

i n t his

c uts t hrough p oint

w hether

i t

c ontinues a t

w alls

A

l ine

T RENCH C C1

( figs.

T he 4 8).

o f

o f o f

r epresents

t rench

t o

n ever t raced e xcavated

o r

s urface.

I t

i s n ot

i n a n orth-south d irection

t he f oundation

f or

a

w all

o r,

t umbled d ebris .

f eature

i nto

C C1,

t he e ast,

( fig.

( into

a t

o f w all A h as b een r eached

i mpression g ained f rom t his

e arliest f rom Y 2

p it

c lear

s tones w hich r uns

i s n ot

4 8-51)

g eneral

T he

l imit

I t

b elow t he p resent

a c ourtyard w ith d efinite

d irection t he

a l evel

a nd C l

w hether t hey a re p art

p art

i t m ay b e c ontemporary w ith t he

w hether t he n orthern

known w hether t he b etween

l evel;

t he n orthern e nd o f w all A .

4 9;

p l.

C C1/4/8)

w as w all C w hich

p resumably a lthough 5 a).

t rench

i s

t hat

i t

b ut v ery o ften u neven s urfaces r an i n

t urning a t

t he e astern e dge

A s mall c ut

p roved t hat

6 6

a

a r ight o f

n orth-south a ngle o ut

t he

t hrough t he

t he w all c ontinued

i s

( fig.

w all

o f w as

l owest

l evel

d own

b elow

that level a nd almost certainly had its foundation on the same level as in Y2. At the level of CCl/4/8, however, wall C had been reused, with the addition of stone footings (phase 1, see section fig. 48) over which the burnt clay floor ran. This floor had much pottery in situ, es pecially in the northe rn part of the trench. Irrrnediately upon this burnt surface lay the first phase of wall K (Kl), which was a mass of tightly packed stones (pl. Sb) which abutted wall C. This was either a stone foundation for the next p�ase of wall K (K2) or, it was a stone platform upon which numerous pottery vessels were placed, since a number of complete vessels were found crushed in situ upon the stones. If the purpose of the stones was to provide a fcundation for wall K2, then the quantities of pottery must have been used as packing. Only a systematic dismantling of the wall K structure would supply a solution. The main phase of wall K, K�, was orie ntated in a north-west/south-e�st direction and was laid on top of KL It was made of mudb rick a nd coated in mud plaster. A slight gap at the western end of wall K2 may indicate either that the wall had two phases which were built b ack to back, the one acting as a reinforcement for th e other or, that the wall cracked and one part moved s lightly to the north. In any casl'�, since the west a nd east se ctions of K2 st ood on th e same level they must have been virtually contemporary. A large slot b etween Kl a nd K2 may have been a beamhole. There was a clear distinction between wall K2 and wall K3, which ran along t he north s ide of K2, since its upper part was of a There were slight traces of a 'herring bone' construction (pl. Sc). plaster surface. Walls K2 and K3 were set upon the CC!/4/3 surface and were thu·s contemporary with the refacing of wall C, at _which time the area to the sout h and west of that wall seems to have been cleared and pr oba bly used as a c ourtyard. It is unclear exactly where in the chronology thP. pit cut intc the t op of wall C fits (fig. 49). During the excavation the assumption had been that it represented a pit belonging to CCl/3, An examination of the eastern which ran ov er the.t op of the wall. section at this point, however, showed that level 3 postdated the top of the pit, which was clearly cut from a lower level. The assumption must be, therefore, that this feature is associated with one of the phases of wall C itself. TRENCH ZX

(figs. 52-4)

Only a very limited sondage was possible in this trench (fig. 53), but the one wall that was located was as substantial as many of the walls in the Early VIB levels in the Y trench. In ZX/9, wall A, which runs in a north-south direction, was traced to a depth of 2.5Om. The upper courses of mudbrick were da maged a nd in a crumbled state, but this gave way to well preserved mudbrick SOcms down. No floor level was reached in this small trench a nd it must be assumed that this wall contin ues down. The wall appears to be of one phase, although one could imply from the vertical pr ofile of the wall that s ome repa irs had taken place. Wall B, which is orie ntated in a west-east direction, terminated

67

at a height of 1.25m a nd overlay the extremely hard fill of ZX/10 (fig. 52 ). Feature C was a pillar of mudbrick which rested against wall A a nd measured 90cms in height. It did not rest upon a floor but on the h ard packed fill of ZX/10 (fig. 54 ). Lying against the lower pa rt of this feature was a s pread of mudbrick, which might represent a surface, thus making the feature part of a doorway, but no occupation a nd very little pottery came from the area. Feature D was constructed of mudb rick and stood to a height of 86cms, but the base was not reached. The wal ls A and B might represent two phases of Early VIB, but the size of this sondage does not allow any conclusions to be drawn. The fill of ZX/9 consisted of light b rown/grey silty soil, broken by occasional deposits of dark grey/black ash and burnt brick. A large crushed storage jar was found in the corner of the trench, resting against the two walls, A and B. TRENCH JX

(Section datum: fig. 55, 5.31m above datum)

Many of the floor levels in this trench were disturbed by a large pit, some 5.00m in diameter, which was sealed by an Iron I (Haftavan V) burial, but it was still possible to discern four levels JX/5, JX/6, JX/7, and JX/8 (fig. 55). In of Early VIB occupation: all three levels the walls were of mudbrick resting on stone foundat­ ions, usually measuring no more than 80cms in width. It is not pos­ sible from the excavated walls in JX/5, JX/6 and JX/7 to determine the over all p lan or function of the s tructures, but in JX/8 parts of three rooms were excavated, one of which had a hearth and a mudbrick featur e, which may have been a storage bin, thus indicating a domestic function. JX/8 Level 8 was the earliest level reached in the trench and the damp nature of the surfaces uncovered suggested that the water table was at some shallow depth beneath. The walls in this level were gener ally in a bad state of preservation as were the surfaces, both probably a result of the penetration of the water. In the northern part of the trench were walls B a nd E, whose width va ried from 80cms to 1.05m, and which stood to a height of about 48cms on stone foundations. The two walls were divided by a doorway, 1.10m wide, which allowed access to a floored area. Upon this floor were some pottery fragments, a semi-circular construction of mudbrick which probably served as a storage bin and a hearth, which measured 1.80m at its greatest diameter. The location of a hearth near the doorway suggests that the doorway was no longer used and had been filled in at the time the hearth was constructed. This conclusion is supported by the level 7 wall lying directly above, which has no doorway. Another room, defined by walls E, F and G, had the base of a coarse ware vessel embedded into the floor. The lower belly of the storage jar a nd the foundation stones gave an indication of the probable level of the floor, which was very sof_t and extensively damaged. stood.

Only the foundation stones remained to indicate where wall D had The nature/function of the area surrounded by walls F, G and D

i s d ifficult t o i nterpret; t he s catter o f s tones a nd t he l ack o f d omestic d ebris s uggests u se a s a c ourtyard, b ut i n l ater l evels t he s ame a rea w as

u sed a s

a n i nternal

d omestic a rea. J X/7

I n

t his

l evel,

m ost

o f

t he w alls a lready r ecognised

r ebuilt w ith m inor a lterations a nd r ealignments 5 7cms i n

i n w idth a nd p reserved t o a h eight

w idth a nd p reserved

t o a h eight

s ourthern b oundaries

o f

s urface.

U pon t his

s urface,

f rom

w estern b aulk,

t he

v essel

w as

a rea.

T he A s

l evel

8 ,

7 0cms

h igh a nd w all e astern

w hich

h ad

b aulk. t he

( wall C ),

w hich w as

t he

6 0cms

G .

W all D ,

w as

f lat;

i t d eteriorated

w hich w as

w est

o f w all D ,

s urface

w hole

t his t his h igh,

w ith n o a pparent

f unct—

7 0cms

i n w idth

1 .27m h igh,

a nd

f ormed

s urface w hich h ad b een c ut b y l ight

a n a rea

o f

i n c olour

t raced o ver t he

f looring

w ith

w hite

s outhern h alf o f

i n t he s outh—eastern c orner n ear

5 4cms w ide a nd p reserved t o a h eight o f

i n e xcellent c ondition.

t he

-a nd

c lay—like

i n w idth a nd 3 8cms

t hick a nd

w as

t his w as

t he

w hich w ere

7 5cms

t exture o f c oncrete,

t rench b ut

B ,

7 5cms

o f

W est o f w alls B a nd F w as

p atches a nd r emarkedly

T he

c leaned d own t o o ver

p erimeter o f a r oom w ith a h ard c lay

t he

c ompact,

a l arge p ot/pithos.

w alls E a nd F ,

G ,

W all

a nd w all E ,

f ormed t he w estern

1 .00m f rom t he n orthern b aulk,

i on. t he

4 0cms,

i n J X/8 w ere

5 7).

1 .53m f rom t he n orthern b aulk a nd 4 .74m

w as

s tretch o f w alling i n

3 8cms,

a n a rea w ith a v ery h ard,

s tanding o n w as

p rotruded b y c .

o f

o f

( fig.

A c onvincing

w here t he

s urface w as n ot

f ill w as v ery s oft w ith

w all 9 6cms,

r eached

t o

c onsiderable

e vidence o f b urning. J X/6 D uring t he e xcavation o f l evel

3

s outhern

w ere

r e—established

p art

o f

l evel s ome

t he t rench.

6 ,

t he s ides

T he p it w as

d eeper t han h ad p reviously b een t hought. i nitially f act, T he

h ad b een t aken t o r epresent

o verlying p it h ad

w ithout, ( fig.

s ofter m aterial

i nitially

i t

s eems,

a lso

I n

t he w all

s outhern

r emoved a l arge c entral

p art

n orthern p art o f E ,

w hich w as

t he 1 5cms

o f

w as,

i n

c omposition.

t he t rench

b ut

a rchitecture

t he t rench,

a s

i n

p erimeter o f o ne o r t o

t wo r ooms.

s ome

m udbrick q uadrant b een a b in

4 5cms

w ide,

f or

w hich

w as

b uffalo

d omestic

s ide

i nside o f w all

d escribed

t he

s tone

s urface w as

o f

m ore t here—

N o o ther

i t

w hich

f rom t he o f o f

' a

m ay w as

f loor

7 0cms.

s keleton w as

i n t he f ield n otebook a s b eing t hat

r eliable

i s,

C ,

t o a h eight

r oom a n a nimal

a nd h orns'.

n o

f loor;

W all

f oundations a nd a ppeared

s kull

o f

t he w all

i nternal

s torage p urposes.

t he a djacent

t he

t he e ast

j unction o f w alls E a nd C ,

t o h ave b een s tanding

E i n

w ith a l arge

A t

p revious

f ormed

t race a nd s tood t o a h eight

c onstruction r ested o n a n

r ested o n

o n t he e ast

t wo

T he m udbrick t o

s peculation.

a m atter o f

t he

5 5cms w ide a nd m ade o f p is ,

t he c ourse a nd c haracter o f

t he

t he p it

a m ainly o rganic

f ore,

l evel

i n

b e

T he h ard c lay m aterial w hich

t han f ive c entimetres; a

d ug f rom

G

t o

r emoving v ery m uch o f t he mudbrick

C w as v ery d ifficult

h ave

w all

f ound

t he b ottom o f

o f

t he p it

t o

5 8).

l evels, w all

a

o f

1 7cms c loser

O n

f ound w ater

i dentification

w as

m ade. N o w alls

C ,

f loor o r E and B ,

w hich w as

f ound

6 0cms w ide,

6 9

i n

t he a rea

6 1cms h igh,

d efined

b y

l aid o n s tone

f oundations a nd m ade o f p is , w hich w as i n p oor c ondition. I n t he n orth-western c orner o f t he t rench, t he f loor o riginally a ssigned t o l evel

6

1 cms

b eneath

a nd t his

w as l ater

d iscovery o f 4 5cms

w as

o f

b e

f alse.

f loor w ere

W all

t hat

o f

t his

p robably

i s

a n

I n

t he

w alls A l

b efore

b elong t o

t he

t rench,

b aulk

a butting

s ame

s tretch

f loors n orth o f w alls A

b y t he

t he

w hich w as

t he o riginal w all

d omestic a rea a nd t he a rea

t he w alls o riginally t he

f ound f loor

t he n orthern

A t erminate

a nd A 2

T he

t hat

i nto

W alls E a nd B w ere c ut

s outh o f

w as

I n a ddition,

o rganic m atter a nd y ellowish

i nternal

a c ourtyard.

5 8)

p roved

e xtend

d id w all

t hem .

l ayers o f

i s a ssumed t hat

n or

a r esult,

As

( fig.

a nd B ,

B d id n ot

p ostulated,

B .

f loor

d eposits b etween t he o riginal

f oundations b elonging t o w alls A ,

i n g ood c ondition,

w all a nd w all B a buts

c onstituted

A m ore c onvincing

T he

t ermed J X/6A .

s tone

i ncorrect.

o riginally

w ith w all

t o

t he o riginal.

f urther

h igh a nd

l ayout a s

f ound

a nd

c lay,

E ,

s uggest

t o t he s outh l arge

p it,

i s

b ut

i t

f ormed a c orner.

w all G ,

w hich w as

6 5cms

t hick,

i n

p laces 4 5cms h igh a nd i n g ood c ondition, a nd w all D , w hich w as 7 08 0cms w ide a nd 2 5cms h igh, f orm a p erimeter t o t he p ossible c ourtyard. W all

F ,

p ise,

w hich w as

p rotruded

b etween

7 0cms t hick,

f rom w all

3 5cms

G a s

h igh a nd m ade

o f p oor

a p ossible p artition.

T he

w alls E a nd G i n t he e astern p art o f t he t rench w ere

c ondition,

b ut

t o

t he w est

t he s urface w as

i nconsistent

q uality s urfaces i n

g ood

a nd g enerally

v ery s oft. J X/5 I n

t his

l evel,

t he

l ast

o f

t he V IB o ccupation

l evels

i n

t he

t rench, o nly a s mall a rea r emained u ndamaged a fter t he p it d igging a nd d isturbances o f t he s ubsequent I ron Age b urials. A ll o f t he v isible w alls w ere f rom

r ebuilt

f rom p revious

t he s outh-west

e astern b aulk, c learly p oor

w as

a verage w idth W all i t

o f

t he w all

h eight o f s uggest

w as

H , i s

( fig.

t rench

a t

a s

6 2cms

a nd

i n

l evel

6 ,

3 6cms.

T he

a c ourtyard

a lternate

w as

o f b urnt

i t w as

a

a shy b ands

t he v ery T he

W all

6 2cms w ide a nd

i n p oor c ondition,

l ayers o f

i n

b rick .

6 0cms h igh.

r uns v irtually p arallel

o f p is ec onstruction

G w hich r an

f ashion t o

b ricks c ould b e

t he w all

i t w as

i n p oor c ondition:

W all

i ndividual

t he e astern e nd

w as

5 9)

i n a d iagonal

a nd c onsisted m ainly o f c hunks

p artition w all, b aulk :

l evels.

t he

i n v ery g ood c ondition;

d istinguished b ut

c ondition

h igh.

c orner o f

t o

F ,

a

6 0cms

t he e astern

w ith a n a verage

a nd c lay s urfaces

f or t his a rea. L ATE V IB A RCHITECTURE

T he l ayer

o f

E arly

b uildings, n ot a

t o

o f p its

( fig.

n umbering

c ontemporary i n t he

d ug

d estroyed b y f ire w hich

d ebris o ver

d istinguished

s l ow s ilting u p

t hat

t own w as

b urnt

i n Y 2/3,

h ave b een c onstructed

s eries

h oles,

V IB

a sh a nd

s urface

s ite

B B1/3,

Z X/5-8,

a nd X 1-3,

l ayer

6 1;

p l.

7 b).

A s eries o f p ostholes a nd

o f

( pl.

a h undred, 7 c),

C C1/3

b eams

i n B B1

r evealed

l ittered t he ( fig.

t hick s eem

t his c onflagration,

b urnt

i n e xcess

w ooden

Z XR/3

a

S ucceeding

t he

i ntervening p eriod t he a rea w as

( fig.

l eft

1 8).

i nto

l evels Y 1/4

w ith

( fig.

i mmediately a fter

o r p rimitive d omestic s tructures. i n o ccupation o ver t he w hole s ite s tone

t he

6 3)

u sed

s igns

s urfaces

a nd B B1,

f or o f

s takeo f

t he

s uggesting

f or f limsy e nclosures

O n t he o ther h and, a l engthy b reak s eems u nlikely s ince a s tructure o f

i n Y 2/3e w as

6 0).

7 0

b uilt

d irectly

o nto

t he

b urnt

T RENCH B B1 T he m ake u p o f

t his u neven s urface w as

b urnt d ebris.

T he u neven

w a lls

j ust b eneath.

o f B B1/5

s take 2 8cms not

p art

o f

t he

i n d epth. p ossible

c haracter e astern t he

t o

s hape; m ight

2

3

P it 4

o f

b ut

t he n umber o f

o f

6

( pit

P it

8

i t

l ayout

t o i s o r

a

h aphazard

a nd a g reater

s ome d welling

t he p its

i n

t his

s emi— s urface

d ensity

( fig.

6 1;

o f p l.

l evel w ere c on—

t rench .

4 .30m 1 .70m

D epth :

1 .15m

( BB1/3/11) 1 .56m

W idth:

1 .10m

D epth :

1 .12m

C ontents:

m udbrick,

( BB1/3/12 ) C ontents:

m udbrick a nd a sh

a sh,

4 7

s herds

o f

c oarse p ottery.

( BB1/3/11) D iameter:

8 5cms

D epth :

1 .05m

F eatures:

t he m udbrick s ide o f

C ontents:

t he

( BB1/ 4 /5 ) D epth : 1 .20m C ontents: s ilt,

b ase

o f

h ad

b urnt b ricks.

a sh a nd

a sh.

( BB1/4/3) 2 .90m 1 .24m

8 a)

s mall a mounts o f

s ilt

D epth :

( pl.

C ontents:

a sh a nd m udbrick.

( BB1/ 4 /1 0 ) C ontents:

m udbrick a nd a sh.

7 1

w ith

w hole

T here w ere a lso

b een c harred a nd c racked

1 .18m

W idth:

t he p it w ere e xtensively b urnt.

t he p it w as c overed

( BB1/4/2) C ontents:

7

5 ),

s outhern e dge o f t he

W idth:

D epth :

P it

i nto

t he t rench,

q uantities o f

P it

s take h oles

l arger s take h oles o n t he

f all

i nterior o f

3 5

i n t he

i n d iameter a nd u p

t his c ombined w ith t he m ore c ompact a nd e ven

w hich

5

c oncentrated

d istribution o f

t he c ollection

f ragmentary

P it

s take h oles,

( BB1/3/15)

L ength:

P it

T he

m easured 1 2-25cms

s uggest t he

L ength:

P it

f or b y t he m udbrick

l evel w as c haracterised b y s ome

F rom t he

W ith o ne e xception,

1

m udbrick a nd g eneral

s uggest w ith a ny c onviction t he p ossible

o f a s tructure,

c entrated o n t he P it

7 h)

n orth—eastern p art

p ottery, 8 a).

t rench,

( pl.

p erimeter

c ircular i n

T his

h oles a nd 8 l arge p its.

w estern

a sh,

s urface c an b e a ccounted

b one.

b y

a nd

s tones

h eat,

a nd

P its 3 ,

l evel f aces

2 ,3 a nd 4 w ere i nitially t hought t o h ave b een c ut f rom B B1, a n a ssumption m ade p rincipally b ecause t he f loors a nd s ur-

i n t he

r epair.

s outhern p art

o f t he

t rench w ere

i n a v ery p oor

s tate o f

T he p its a re n ot c ontemporary b ecause t hey c ut o r,

c ases,

a re c ut b y,

o ther p its,

b ut t hey d o a ll b elong

i n

t o t his

A ll t he p its h ad s ilt d eposits, i ndicating t hat t hey h ad b een s ilt u p b efore b eing f inally f illed i n.

s ome l evel.

l eft

t o

T RENCH C C1 L evel 3 , w hich w as t he o nly l evel a mongst t he L ate V IB s trata w ith a ny r ecognisable f eatures, h ad a n umber o f p ostholes, p its, p ots i n

s itu a nd a f ragment

e astern

p art o f

s lightly

h igher

C CX/4/2. c ircular

T he

t rench P it

1

l evel

( fig.

w as

6 3,

p l.

1 0a).

I n t he n orth-

a n a rea o f p lastered f loor a t

t han t he o ther

f looring

f ashion.

M uch o f t he d ebris w as

o f a f loor.

t he t rench t here w as

f eatures;

i t w as

a ssigned

d elineated b y s tones r unning

N o p recise f unction

f or t his

i n a

a t o

s emi-

f eature w as a pparent.

l evel 3 s urface w as b urnt a nd a q uantity o f a sh a nd b urnt r emoved i n u ncovering i t. I n t he s outhern p art o f t he

t here w ere a n umber o f p its: ( CC1/3/6) D iameter:

6 2cms

D epth :

3 7cms

F eatures:

f lat b ottomed

C ontents:

d ark b rown f ill w ith a s mall

q uantity o f

s herds

a nd

b one. P it 2

( CC1/3/7) D iameter:

P it 3

5 7cms

D epth :

2 6cms

C ontents:

g rey a sh a nd b urnt b rick f ragments.

( CC1/3/8) D iameter:

P it 4

6 4cms

D epth :

3 7cms

C ontents:

p ottery f ragments a nd

( CC1/3/9 ) D iameter:

P it

s ilt.

5

6 9cms

D epth :

3 0cms

C ontents:

g rey a sh a nd

( CC1/3/10) D iameter:

6 2cms

D epth :

3 0cms

C ontents:

m ixed

s ilt.

f ill o f

b rick,

b one a nd p ottery w ith a

s ilt

t opping. S even p ostholes e merged d uring e xcavation a nd g roups:

t he

c entre o f

t he t rench,

e xtended s tones t umbled o f

f irst

g roup o f

i n a s traight

e merged b ut r emains.

C C1/3/5 w ere

a nd l ine

a nother

t hree,

w hich w ere

f ell

s quare

i n t he n orth o f t he t rench.

t hey d id n ot T he

t hey

f our w as c lustered a round p it S ome

i nto t wo 2 i n i n

i solated

s eem t o c onstitute a nything o ther

t wo p ottery v essels

f ound

i n g rey w are a nd b adly b urnt.

7 2

i n

t he p lan,

s itu o n t he

t han f loor

T RENCH Y 2 T his l evel ( Y2/3, f igs. 6 4-7) h ad b een i nterfered w ith b y t he H aftavan I I ( Achaemenid) d itch w hich h ad r emoved t he w estern e nd o f t he

s tanding s tructure,

r ecent

t imes

p roved

i mpossible

p atches o f b urnt t o

a nd a s coop t aken o ut o f

h ad d isturbed t he n orthern p art o f t o

f loor,

i n

t he

t ime

d omestic

f unction m ight

s uggest t hat

o ccurred

i n a ntiquity t he

s hort

i ndustrial

s urface

w as

a r esult o f c onstant u se a nd p oor m aintenance. P hase

S tones

b ut

T he p oor q uality

i n a n a rea e vidently u sed f or s ome i ntensive

i n b ad r epair a s

I t

a rea,

c omposed o f t rampled b rick a nd e arth, t he c entral b uilding a rea.

m ore

b uilding.

t he s tructure a nd t he n umber o f a pparent r ebuildings o ver a

p eriod o f o r

t he

l ocate a c onvincing s urface o ver

t he n orth a nd s outh o f

o f

t he m ound

1 ( fig.

6 4)

b elonging t o t his p hase w ere

l ocated b eneath w alls C a nd

E . N o c onclusions o n t he c haracter o f t he s tructure c ould b e d educed f rom t hese m eagre r emains. P hase 2 ( fig. Wall

B w as b uilt,

d oorway. t his

W alls

d oorway.

r unning f rom w est

T he

mudbrick w alls w ere

o vens b uilt a djacent

w all

B i s c omposed o f

b y s ide,

t o e ast w ith a b reak

E a nd C f ormed r eturns t o t he n orth e ither

l aid o n s tone f oundations. t he

6 4)

T he

f or a

s ide

. 80-1.20m i n w idth a nd

t wo m ain f eatures o f

t o w alls B a nd C .

o f w ere

t his b uilding a re

T he o ven

b uilt

a gainst

t hree r ounded m udbrick c ompartments p laced s ide

w ith a s toke h ole f eeding a c entral c ompartment,

w hich

w as

f ound f ull o f a sh ( fig. 6 6). T he o ven w as l ined w ith s labs o f r ough p ottery a bout 2 .5cms t hick, w hich h ad b een b aked t o a r ed c olour. T heir o riginal h eight w as p robably a bout 3 4cms. T he c entral c ompartm ent

w as

s ections

t he b est p reserved a nd t he s hape o f t he i ndicated t hat

c ylindrical

b rick

t he t op w as

v ertical

o riginally r ounded n ot

mudbrick f lat.

a nd t wo s tone p estles h ad b een p laced i nside

A ( pl.

9 b). T he o ven/furnace b uilt i nto w all C w as l arger i n s ize a nd q uite d ifferent i n c onstruction ( fig. 6 7). I t w as 1 .50m w ide a nd a lmost 2 .00m l ong.

T wo c lay l ined p its,

w hich h ad b een h eavily b urnt, w ere

f ed b y a s toke h ole, w hose o pening w as o n t he w est s ide o f w all C , t he d oorway o r e ntrance h all a rea t o t he b uilding. I nitially, c ourse,

i n o f

t he t op o f t he s toke h ole a nd c hannel w ould h ave b een c overed,

b ut l ittle o f t his c apping h as r emained. T he i nterior o f t he m ost s outherly c lay p it h as s ome s imilarity w ith t he d omed o vens f ound i n m any p arts o f

t he N ear E ast. P hase 3 ( fig.

T he d ifferent t hus a nd

e astern a lignment

s tretch

o f

w all

6 4) B w as

p roviding a m easure o f r einforcement; s o

r endered i t

r ebuilt

a nd p assed t o t he r ear o f i noperable.

a

s lightly w all

i t a lso s ealed t he

I n a ddition,

r oughly m ade w ith v ery c oarse g rit t empering,

o n

t he o ven a nd t wo

p ottery

a pproximately

C ,

o ven, d ishes,

7 4cms

i n

d iameter w ith b ases 4 cms t hick, w ere l eaning a gainst t he o riginal w all B a nd t hey h ad a ctually b een b uilt i nto t he n ew w all. C learly, t hey c annot

h ave b een o verlooked d uring t he c onstruction w ork a nd o ne

7 3

c an

o nly s uggest t hat t hey w ere u sed i n c onjunction w ith t he o ven s ince t hat w as n o l onger i n u se, t here w as n o f urther n eed f or d ishes w hich w ere u sed a s r einforcement f or t he w all ( pl. 9 c). P hase 4 ( fig. A f limsy s tone w all,

w all F ,

a nd t he

6 5)

w as b uilt

t o j oin t he t wo p arts

o f

w all B i nto o ne l ong e ast-west w all, a nd a p arallel w all t o t he n orth, w all D , o f s imilar c onstruction, c ompleted t he l ayout o f a r ectangular r oom,

w ith a p ossible e ntrance

i n t he n orth-east c orner.

T he a bsence

o f b urning i nside t he r oom i s o ne i ndication t hat t his p hase r epres ents a c rudely b uilt s tructure o n t op o f t he b urning o f t he p revious p hases. P hase T he o f

5 ( fig.

p hase 4 s tructure r emained

a s imple

t he r emains T RENCH B B1

o ven i n t he f orm o f

5 )

i n u se a nd r eceived t he a ddition

a n o val-shaped b urnt a rea

s unk

i nto

o f a mudbrick w all. ( fig.

B B1,

6 8)

l evel

3 ( contemporary w ith Y 2/3) w as

t he

f irst

s urface

t o

b e r eached i n t his t rench w hich w as r easonably l evel ( pl. 8 b). i t, c onsiderable q uantities o f b urnt m aterial: m udbrick, a sh,

A bove c har-

c oal

( fig.

and c linker h ad b een f ound,

4 5).

T he

b ricky

s urface

u p

t o

1 .10m t hick

i tself w as n ot h omogeneous,

c omposition w ith

i n

p laces

i t w as

l arge a reas o f b urning.

o f

a n a shy a nd

R esting

u pon

t his

s urface w ere t wo f ragments o f mudbrick w all o n s tone f oundations: o ne f ragment w as 7 .20m l ong a nd 8 0cms w ide, r unning i n a n e asterly d irecti on a nd t he o ther,

o f w hich o nly a s mall p ortion w as

w estern b aulk,

s imilarly c onstructed.

b rown

w as

i n c olour w ith y ellow m ortar.

w as a d ouble o ven o f m udbrick T he

T he

e xposed n ear t he

T he m udbricks w ere g reyish a rea n orth o f

t he m ein w all

f aced w ith s labs o f b aked c lay

( pl.

o ven a nd w alls a re c ontemporary a nd r est u pon t he B B1/3

8 c).

s urface,

i nto w hich w ere c ut a p osthole a nd a p it. T he a pproximately 1 .20m f rom t he s outh f ace o f w all A ,

p osthole, s ituated w as L - s haped w ith

a

a l arge

m aximum

l ength o f

p ositioned s outhern

o n

5 6cms a nd a d epth o f

t he b ase.

e dge

a nd

P it

6 5cms;

s tone

w as

1 h ad a q uern s tone e mbedded i nto

i t c ontained

l ight g rey

s ilt

w ith

i ts

w hite

c halk

T T3 a nd

T T5,

f lecks. T RENCH X ( Section d atum : T rench a nd h ere

t o L ate V IB L evel s tone

X w as

f our

4

6 9,

o f

t wo t rial

t renches,

o ccupation w ere d istinguished,

e ach b elonging

6 9 - 7 2).

w as

t he e arliest

f oundations h ad b een r obbed

m aterial

9 .94m a bove d atum)

a n e xtension o f

l evels

( figs.

f ig.

r emained t o

s uggest

l evel

r eached a nd h ere m any

i n a ntiquity,

a lthough

t hat a d omestic a rea h ad

o f

t he

s ufficient

b een

e xposed.

T hree f limsy w alls r epresented b y t heir s tone f oundations, w hich w ere l ess t han 7 0cms w ide, p ossibly b elong t o t he s ame b uilding. S ome p ottery v essels w ere

f ound

i n s itu o n a n a rea o f f looring w hich

f ragments o f w alling e nclose t here

w as

q uernstone

a

t hick b urnt

( fig.

6 9)

( fig.

7 2;

p l.

1 0b).

A bove

d eposit w hich c ontained s everal

a nd a f inely c arved b one h andle,

7 4

t hose

t his s urface p ieces

p robably

o f

f rom a

k nife

t rial

( pl.

F urther

b uilding r emains w ere f ound

t rench,

TT5,

T he s tone a

1 5e).

f oundations o f a c orner o f

s tructure

l argely

w all i s a lmost 3 .00m l ong, i s p ottery

i n

l evel

a l evel d estroyed b y b urning t o b e s een

3 o f

t he

( fig.

n orthern

6 9;

p l.

1 0c).

a w all w ere f ound w hich b elong

i n X 2 a nd X 3

( fig.

7 1).

t o

' The e astern

6 0cms w ide a nd t he s outhern s tretch o f w alling, o nly 9 6cms w ide. C ontemporary w ith t hese w alls w ere t hree

v essels

f ound

i n s itu.

T here w as a c onsiderable

a mount

o f

b urnt d ebris, i ncluding r oofing m aterials, a mongst w hich w as a c omp lete b roken p ottery v essel w hich m ay h ave f allen f rom t he r oof. T he

l atest

d eposits,

b urnt

t wo

l evels

i n t he t rench w ere c haracterised b y b urnt

s urfaces, w ide a sh-filled h earths a nd a l arge q uantity

o f p ainted p ottery. S urfaces i n t he t rench s loped c onsiderably f rom n orth t o s outh; f or e xample, t he l evel 1 f loor w as 4 5cms l ower i n t he s outh t han t he n orth. T RENCHES X 2 A ND X 3 ( Section d atum : T rench

( fig.

f ig.

X 2

i s

p ls.

1 1a - b )

9 .55m a bove

d atum).

t he n orthern e xtension o f X 1

w estern e xtension o f X 2 r emoved

7 1;

6 9,

( fig.

b y B uteman 's t rench

7 0).

M any o f t he

i n t he

1 930's,

a nd X 3

l ater

i s

a

l ater

l evels h ad b een

t hus m aking

t he L ate

V IB

l evels e asily a ccessible. E xcavations i n X 2/X3 u ncovered a b uilding w hich h ad b een t erraced d own t he s ide o f t he m ound, i n t he m anner o f t he E arly V IB b uildings

i n Y l,

y ard s outh o f w all B ( pls.

s o t hat t he n orthern r oom ( north/court-

1 1a - b ).

T he w alls o f t his b uilding w ere a ssembled i n a h aphazard f ashion a nd t hey s eem t o h ave b een r epaired o n many s eparate o ccasions. T he n orthernmost t wo m etres o f w all A c onsisted o f t wo c ourses o f s tone b locks c apped w ith mudbrick . T he w all c ontinued s outhwards w ith a s ingle l ayer o f s tone f oundations a nd m udbrick s uperstructure. A t t he p oint w here w all A m et w all B t he b rick w as s oft a nd b urnt, w hilst a t t he

s outhern

s ection

t here w ere

s ubstantial

b rickwork w ith y ellow m ud p lastering. w as w hose

a

c onsiderable w hite

a nd

g ood

T o t he e ast o f t his w all

f oundations

t here

a mount o f g rey a sh a nd b urnt b rick a nd

s ilicated s ides c ontained a v ery l oose m ixed

s ome p ainted p ottery.

f our

p its

f ill

w ith

W all B r an i n a n e ast-west d irection f rom w all

A t o w all C a nd r ested o n s tone

f oundations a bout

1 .00m w ide.

A t

t he

e astern e nd t he b rick w as b adly b urnt, b ut t o t he w est t he w all h ad a d ifferent c onstruction: i t w as c omposed o f s tone f oundations w hich h ad

b roken m ud b rick o n t op w hich,

mudbricks. r ust

T he b ricks

c oloured,

i ncluded

a

h ard a nd b rittle.

i ndicates

i n

t urn,

o f

i ntensive b uilding:

T he

l arge q uantity o f b urnt

i mpressions o f b eams, w hich

s howed s igns

w as c apped

d ebris t o

b one,

a lmost

t he

w ith

w hole

t hey w ere

s outh o f w all B

c omplete

c harcoal

b urnt m atting a nd c losed p acked m udbrick t umble,

t hat w all B c ollapsed s outhwards

d own

T he p resent o f w ooden b eam i mpressions o n t he n orth a nd

t he

t errace.

s outh s ides

o f

w all B w ould s uggest t hat b oth t he u pper a nd l ower b uildings w ere r oofed, a lthough t he g ritty i rregular s urface s outh o f w all B s uggests a c ourtyard o r e xternal a rea. A t

s ome s tage

t he c orner o f w alls A a nd B ,

w as r einforced w ith a s ection o f w as

t hen

p lastered.

A djacent

o n t he

s outh

f oundation s tones a nd mudbrick, t o w all B o n t he 7 5

s outh

s ide

s ide, w hich w as

a

c onstruction o f mudbrick c oated

i n m ud p laster,

w hich

i s

a lmost

4 .00m

l ong a nd 7 0cms w ide, a nd p robably s erved a s a b ench. I n t he n orthern p art o f X 3, t he e astern f ace o f w all C w as r ed, a s a r esult o f b urni ng, a nd f urther s outh m uch o f t he m udbrick h as e ither c rumbled o r b een r emoved i n t he s earch f or s tone, a lthough a dequate s tone f oundat ions r emained w ith w hich t o t race t he w all. T he c orner o f f oundation s tones

d iscovered

i n X 1/3 a ssists

l ower r oom/courtyard

i n d etermining t hat

t he

s ize o f t he

i s a pproximately 9 .60m l ong a nd 6 .70m w ide.

T he

l argest f eature w ithin t his a rea w as a c ircular s tructure w hich 7 1cms i n d iameter; i t h ad l ight b rown m udbrick o n t he o utside d ark, a s

d ecayed m udbrick o n t he

a b ase.

a nd C ( X2/3B), i s p robable d esertion

b etween

t he

r eferred r esting

w as

f ound i n t he b ase.

T he a rea b etween w alls A

n orth o f w all B h ad m uch r ich o ccupation m aterial.

o f t he f loor

I t t he

i nside, w ith a b urnt r ectangular s quare

A l arge q uantity o f b urnt a nd s ome u nburnt a nimal b ones,

e specially j aw b ones, t op

was a nd

i n X 2/3B w ere t he c harcoal r emains o f w ooden

t hat t he f iring o f t he r oof f ollowed s ome t ime o f t he b uilding s ince t here w as a t hin l ayer o f

f loor a nd t he c harcoal

t o.

r emains o f

t he

b eams

O n

b eams. a fter e arth

p reviously

O n t op o f t he b eams t here w as a b roken p ottery

v essel

o n d ecomposed m atting.

T he p osition o f

t he s herds

s uggests

t hat t he v essel h ad b een b roken

i n f alling t o i ts

p osition,

p robably

f rom t he r oof. a s

X 2/3B,

a

I n t he X 3 e xtension n orth o f w all B , s ection o f

o n t he s ame

f looring w as c overed w ith s tone

l evel

s labs,

t he

r emainder e vidently h aving b een r obbed i n a ntiquity. I n t he f ill a bove t hese s tones a s tone a rrowhead m ould ( pl. 1 3b) a nd a d oor p ivot s tone

w ere

f ound a longside c harred r oofing

t imbers:

which w ere e vidently r otten b efore b eing b urnt. B

a nd e ast o f w all C ,

h ollow

b eams

T o t he n orth o f w all

t he s herd w ith t wo p ainted e quid

w as

l ocated

j ust b eneath t he l evel o f t he s tone s lab f looring ( colour p late). T o t he w est o f w all C ( X3/2) w as a s outh s loping b urnt s urface. I t h ad a l arge q uantity o f p ottery, a nimal b one, a sh a nd c harcoal r esting u pon i t. T he i rregularity o f t he s urface s uggests a c ourtyard o r e xternal a rea a nd n ot a n i nternal f loor. A t t he c onclusion o f t he e xcavations i t

w as

u nclear w hether o r n ot w alls C a nd A r ested

u pon t he

s urfaces

r eached. X 3, I n b elow

t he

n orth-western

t he m ound

s uface

t wo

l evel

1

c orner o f t he X 3 s hort

e xtension

s tretches o f w all w ere

i mmediately f ound,

o nly

o ne mud b rick i n h eight, e vidently d estroyed b y B uteman 's t rench. w all w as 6 .50m l ong a nd r an f rom t he n orth-western c orner a long

O ne t he

w estern b aulk,

r an

p arallel w ith w all C .

T he o ther,

o nly 2 .00m l ong,

f rom w all C a long t he n orthern b aulk t owards t he n orth-western c orner. C ontemporary w ith t hese f loors w as a n a rea o f b urnt f looring i n t he s outhern

l ower p art o f

t he t rench,

b elonging t o a h igher

l evel

t han

f or a p eriod o f

f ive

t hat r eached e lsewhere. T RENCH Z XR3

( figs.

E xcavations w eeks a

i n 1 975.

s loping

7 3-4) w ere c onducted i n t his t rench

B eneath t he u ppermost

s urface o f b ricky d ebris

s erved mudbrick w all,

w all

I ,

s trata o f t op

( ZXR3/3/2)

o n s tone

s oil a nd s ilt w as

i n w hich a b adly

f oundations,

w as

f ound.

p reT his

w all, w hich r ested o n t hick a shy l ayers, a nd t wo o ther w alls, I IIa a nd I IIb, w hich r ested o n a b ricky s urface ( ZXR3/5), p robably d ate t o t he I ron

A ge,

s ince

t he p ottery i s

t ypical

7 6

o f

t hat

p eriod.

T he

m ain

f eature

o f

t hese

l evels

i s

t heir s teep s lope p arallel

t o

t he

m ound

s urface, s uggesting t hat m uch o f t he m aterial w as ' washed d own ' f rom t he c itadel o r t he o ccupied p arts o f t he m ound a bove Z XR3 ( fig. 7 3). B eneath Z XR3/5 o f c linker,

i s

c harcoal,

t he d estruction l evel b urnt b rick a nd a sh .

o f L ate V IB,

c onsisting

I n t he n orth—eastern p art

o f t he t rench i t f orms a h ard s urface a nd r ests o n a t hick c harcoal b and ( fig. 7 3), w hich s lopes s lightly t o t he e ast. T his d estruction l evel

( ZXR3/6/1)

w estern p art,

r uns

w here

b een

' skimmed

w all

I IIb.

o ff'

t hrough t he w hole t rench,

i t

s eems t hat

a nd

e xcept

i n t he

s ome o f t he d estruction

l evelled w ith m udbrick

U nder t his d estruction

f or t he

s oüth—

l evel

h as

f oundation

l evel w as a s eries

o f

o f

s imilarly

t hick y ellow a nd w hite a sh b ands ( ZXR3/6/2); t his i s t he o nly f eature w hich m ay b e c onsidered a s urface i n t his l evel. C ontemporary w ith t his s urface a re t he L ate V IB w alls: I V, V I a nd V II, o f w hich o nly w all I V w as

r eally p reserved,

c onsisting o f a c arelessly

l aid f ounda—

t ion o f h eavy s tones w ith a f ragmentary m udbrick s uperstructure n orth—western c orner o f

t he t rench.

O f w alls V I a nd V II,

i n t he

o nly a f ew

f oundation s tones w ere p reserved a long t he w estern s ide o f t he t rench, w hich

g ive n o

i ndication o f

t he s ize,

d irection o r

f unction

o f

t he

w alls. T he d eepest l evel r eached i n t he n orth—eastern c orner o f t he t rench ( ZXR3/6/3) r evealed a v ery s olid mudbrick w all, w all V , w hich h ad

t hin

l arge, s tones

l ayers o f y ellow m ortar a nd a f oundation w hich c onsists

c arefully ( pl. 1 1c).

s oft a sh w hich

l aid s tones a nd, A t t he b ase o f

o f

a bove t hem, a c ourse o f s maller t he w all a nd c overed w ith t he s ame

l ay a gainst t he w all w as a s quare mudbrick c onstruction

w hich r ested o n a h ard b ricky s urface. T his c onstruction, w hich w as p robably a n o ven o r a b in, h as o ne o f i ts f our c orners r esting o n a s tone;

a

f unction . s ides o f s eems

n umber

o f

o ther s tones

l ocality

h ave

n o

a pparent

t here i s s ome b urning o n t he i n t he c orner o f t he t rench

t o e xtend u nder t he w all.

T RENCH Z X

( figs.

5 2,

7 5

— 6 ) Z X,

s tone

i n t he

T he s tones a re n ot b urnt, b ut t he o ven/bin a nd a b urnt l ayer

l evel

8

I n t his e arliest l evel o f L ate V IB i n t he t rench, l engths o f w alling w ere t raced w hich f ormed t hree s ides o f a r ectangle,

p ossibly a c ourtyard. ( fig. 7 5). W all A , o n t he e ast s ide o f t he t rench, w as 8 0cms w ide a nd c omposed o f t wo c ourses. W all B , w hich w as o rientated W all C w as w estern

e ast—west,

w as m ore

f ragmentary a nd m easured 6 3cms

w ide.

8 0cms w ide a nd h ad a s ection o f m udbrick w hich r an i nto t he

b aulk .

T he c orner o f w alls B a nd C w as marked b y t wo

l arge

s tones. A s urface f irst d iscovered 4 1cms b elow t he t op o f w all B s tretched u nevenly o ver t he w hole a rea. A s ection o f mudbrick w hich p rotruded p latform; I n n ot

f rom i t

w all

B i nside

t he s outh—east

k nown w hether

t he p resence o f

f ragments o f a t

l east

p art

o f

a

s urface.

c orner t here w as

i t r epresents

w as s uggested a t t he t ime b urnt b eams i n t he a rea. s uggest

t he c ourtyard a rea m ay b e

r ested u pon t he s ame

I t

i s

i ndustrial u se o f d estruction b ut

a n a rea o f b urning.

i t

o f e xcavation t hat t here w ere t races o f T he a bsence o f s tone f ootings h ere m ight

a d oorway.

I n t he

t hree p ottery v essels:

7 7

s ame c orner t here w ere t he o ne w as p ainted a nd o ne

c ontained c arbonized s eeds. A lthough a rea, w hich

t here

i s n o o ccupation d ebris

w ithin

t he

c ourtyard

t o t he s outh o f w all B t here i s a q uantity o f o ccupation d ebris, m ight s uggest t hat t he a reas o f d omestic h abitation l ie

unexcavated t o t he

s outh o f t he c ourtyard . Z X,

T his

f inal

o ven a nd p its

L ate V IB

( fig.

7 6).

l evel T he

l evel i s

5 b

c omposed o f

f limsy f ireplaces,

s urface r eached o ver t he

u neven b ut c ompact a nd h eavily s tained b y t he b urning w ith w hich o f t he f eatures i n t his l evel a re a ssociated: 1 .

T here

a re t he p artial

a n

t rench w as v ery

r emains o f a m udbrick o ven w ith

m ost

a

s tone

p latform f oundation. A l ow p arapet o f m udbrick p artially s ur— r ounded t he o ven, i n w hich a l arge a mount o f a sh a nd o ther b urnt d ebris r emained. F rom e ast t o w est t his f eature w as 1 .27m a nd f rom n orth t o s outh 1 .55m . T he m udbrick w as 1 4cms w ide, 1 2cms d eep o n t he 2 .

3 .

i nside a nd 2 1cms o n t he o utside.

I n

t he c entre o f

b y

c rumbled

t he t rench t here w as

mudbrick;

m udbrick

w as

f rom e ast

t o w est a nd

1 .50m f rom n orth t o

T o t he n orth o f

b rick

t he

o f

T he

w as

6 3cms

2 3cms d eep.

t he p it w as

a v ery s corched a rea w hich w as t o w est.

1 .55m l ong.

1 .39m

O n t he

f ireplace w as b ordered b y a l ine o f b adly

s labs

s urrounded

b urning.

s outh a nd t he p it

f rom n orth t o s outh a nd 1 .97m f rom e ast s ide

a s hallow p it

b oth r evealed t races

s outh

f ired

m ud—

O nly o ne b rick r emained o n t he

n orth

s ide. 4 .

A p it c lose t o t he n orth b aulk, 4 0cms f rom n orth t o s outh 4 8cms e ast t o w est. I t c ontained a n umber o f c harred

a nd a nd

c racked s tones a nd s ome b urnt b rick . 5 .

A s emi—circular b urnt d epression c ut b y t he n orth b aulk; f illed

w ith w hite a sh,

w as

1 .12m f rom e ast

d eep.

7 8

t o w est

a nd

i t w as 2 2cms

mud b r ick

b urn t b r ick

Haftavan V IB

HAFTA VA N

Y1P(2 s ection.

z 2 L ,

EWE I l

7 9

Y2

Haftav an

w e m e u r e -

. 1I1

•

k

1, .

h a r oa l

t I0

n

I

V

07,

b urnt

r n x

h

D itch

h ri

k

L i t i ll

Y1

•

Y IP

. 2 -

-

2 -

y / 3

r e -

•

2 -

R 0 1 38KR

TRENCH

2

I T 1

C t

I

C

F ig.19. Haftavan V IB; Y 1/Y2 s ect ions.

8 0

2 .

11 13

. E

e s . . 1

> •

\

0 0

8 1

. ,

-0

, . -

C D

. , ,. e , • , , , •

; ' ,/

• ; e

-- ‘ ` , '

_ . —

. \ , ' •

\

• \\ s „ \' , \ \ \ , •‘ = .1 ; \ \ \ \ \ . \ s ,

a

\ w

>

,k 4

0

•, \

, , ; ,, , ,\ ,‘``,4„\ , .\ \ ,,

u X C D

C D

, i

c u c o t x $

. .e

a .

. 4 >

4

g C 1

› . T2 4 C o

• c • I • t 2 . 1 ) r . T 4

8 2

C V

8 3

8 4

N

t _ n c u u ) a _ c c t _

E c o

-

>

i 1

8 5

0

I n

( 1 ) C ) ( r ) 0 _ c 0 _ U l

E

> , _ 1 . _ D

8 6

c i w

( f )

8 7

8 8

Ear ly V IB:

-,/

/

/

/ /

. . ,

• •

•

'

. / .

\

."

/

/ / *

HAFTAVAN AXONO METR IC M I 0

F ig . 28. E ar ly V IB:

y i ,

TEPE

P ROJECT ION

M IN I M 1

OF

i i rl i . " 2

a xonon lo tr ie p ro jection o f e ar ly p hases.

8 9

1 975 Y 1/6D

me te

'

f a l len Wa l l HF i n

0

Cr z

U ) ,2 U

3 4 ^

( 1 ) 3 1

• , 1 , 4

( 1 p -1

4 1 • t 1

c l )

li

0

• E

c . / 3

7_ ,


4

B urnt m udbrick

u ) •H

l ater c oated

0 )

E

c l

( 1 )

4i

( 4

( j

4 )

, -Z

3 4

1 1 ▪

c o

, 1

m udpla ter

S oft

R ubble

9 4

. r )

3

W

c o

• r i

u) 0

O

7 7 3

( 1 )

c . r ) t , , .2 0 0 c o C i )

M udbrick f ill.

. 4 ) -H

C ) 4 )

c -•

•

•

i 4

( 1 )

U

C l . c o 41

0 41 . . . .,

44

U )

( i ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 s i , -) > ,

W 0 0

I , 4

• Q ) N . "0 s _ . . ._ c

r . . .,

A )

c t 3

‚ H i

, i

VD

C l)

• CO

9 0

I o )

4 1 0

.0

• •

u ) 0

o p 0 • , +

0 0,

> p -1

w

3

>,

•

• , ) 4-)

>I

• ( -9

c. v . )

hypo thetica l

T I

1 "--

-

9 1

9 2

‘ s

9 3

L P I T BEA M HOLE THROUg H W ALL

B E A MH O L E Ch

c _

_

( LO Nc i

BE AM

HOLE

( THRc pu ,S K

w ALL .)

n

o

W ALL)

r

F-O u Np t c rri o N 5 -7-o n i

0 (

AR i EL

1 3 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 11

ELEVA T Io N

. 1 1

IT f ,

ME T RE

F ig.33. E ar ly V IB:

Y l,

9 4

e leva tion o f Wa l l A .

9 5

F ig.34. E ar ly V IB:

9 6

•+ •

C )

1 . 1

9 7

Ear ly V IB:

L C )

9 8

N4 . -

S

2

E

3

-*

< - -

w

F ig.38. E ar ly V IB. Y 2, p hase 1 : 1 . D eposits a ga inst Wa l l A ( not t o s ca le). 2 . C ross s ection o f n orthern p art o f Wa l l L ( not t o s ca le). 3 . C ross s ect ion o f s outhern p ar t o f Wa l l L ( not t o s ca le).

9 9

0

SO

C Ils

F ig.39. Ear ly V IB:

Y 2,

p hase 1 , p lan a nd s ketch o f o ven.

1 00

I n

0 4 ,

C l)

a

0

0 •

10 1

FLooK 2

/ * A

RA ISK D

F LooR

0

HE AR -TK

i fA

SO

Cr i s

_ S KETCH ( No -i -

ro

-

s c .A .1-a)

F ig.41. E ar ly V IB:

Y 2,

phase 4 ,

1 02

p lan a nd s ketch o f h ear th.

3 ,

3 )

0

c r )

> -

1 03

Haftavan V IB:

mix e d

f i ll

L J

Wall D

P hase 1

•

P hase 4

4 metres

V I B: Y3, Leve l 4

F ig.43. E ar ly V IB:

Y 3,

l eve l 4 , p hases 1 -4.

1 04

Ear ly

V I B: Y3, L eve l 2

F ig.44. E ar ly V IB: Y 3, l eve ls 2 a nd 3 .

1 05

0 3

C l )

1 06

Iaftavan V IB:

o ccupation

Ear ly

V I B . BBI , L eve l

F ig.46. E ar ly V IB: BB1,

1 07

5

l eve l 5 .

e

E c l z

t . z r

S KE TC H

b .0 • r g r 14

1 08

3 / 4

c n

Haftavan V IB:

W ALL

W ALL

K3

K2

c 4 /

metres

Ear ly

V I B :

F ig.49. E ar ly V IB:

10

CCI,

CCI , Level

l eve l 4 .

4

I--'

I--' I--'

cc1

ccx/3/1

CC t/ 4- / 1

CC1/1.t-/1+-

Y1'

'NALL K.

!

Fig .50. Haftavan VIB: Sketch of excavated levels in CCL

cc 1/3/tt

SKETCH

C

WA..LL

S ketch o f ma in

E o z . , 4 ,

11 2

Y 1/Y2 i nto

C r

occ upati on

I

F ig . 52 . Haftavan V IB: ZX

e x.

1 ,

" F y l

( r)

0

14

0

1 r fN

F ig.54.

E ar ly

V IB:

Cross

a4 .

s ection

9/ 10 .

1 15

o f

E ar ly

V IB

d epos its

i n

ZX

n t e wal l

N

R VE

charc oal

bri c k

occ upati on

as h

c l ay

0

• ; . ,

2 metr e s

F ig.55.

Haftavan V IB.

16

JX s ect ion.

burnt

mix e d

b rick

f i ll

5

M ts .

J x,

Level

F ig.56. Ear ly V IB:

1 17

JX .

8

l eve l 8 .

5

0 Mts . Jx

F ig.57. E ar ly V IB:

1 18

Level

7

JX , l eve l 7 .

v

5

0

mts . J x

Level

F ig.58. E ar ly V IB:

1 19

6

JX , l eve l 6 ,

\ 7 '

5

0

m ts Jx

Level

F ig.59. E ar ly V IB:

1 20

5

JX , l eve l 5 .

* . ' •A

C )

% . * ••

0 B I 31

L evel

F ig.61. L a te V IB:

1 22

4

BB1, l eve l 4 .

4

50

0

BM W _ _ _ _M tai li_ __ _1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C .MS

F ig.62. Late V IB:

1 23

BB1,

l eve l 4 , p it 4 .

Po st holes

P it 1 P it

4

5 post hol es 2

pots

P it 3 N

metres

Late

V IB:

F ig.63. L a te V IB:

1 24

CC I ,L eve l 3

CC1, l eve l 3 .

L a te V IB :

1 25

phases 1 -3.

L o

CD

.

r .C 5

> G . )

i n

c n H

c z )

1 26

L a te V IB:

2

F ig . 66.

L ate

V IB :

Y 2,

l eve l

3 ,

i ncorpora ted i nto Wa l l B .

1 27

p lan

a nd

s ect ion

o f

o ven

1

0

ME T R E

F ig.67.

L a te V IB:

Y 2,

l eve l 3 ,

f urnace/oven i ncorpora ted i nto W a l l

C .

1 28

BB 1/ 1/9

W all

B

BB 1/ 3

0

5

m e t r e s

Late

V I B :

%%Ü d b . l

B BI , L evel

F ig.68. L a te V IB:

1 29

3

BB1, l eve l 3 .

La te V I1 3:

X 1 a nd X2 s ect ions.

OcC u patt o n

L J

-5-

1 30 ‘ •


_ o 0

a )

> E o

00

1 37

H AFTAVAN V IB P OTTERY

1 39

T HE P OTTERY T he

p ottery

f rom

H aftaven V I h as a lready

p reliminary r eports a nd p revious a rticles. i n E dwards, p resent i ncreased a nd

I ran X IX

v olume,

( 1981)

b ut

t he

t hreefold.

c ooking

w ares,

p reviously

o f

H aftavan V IA r emains t he

s ignigicant

t rench o n t he

b e

t hat

i nto

b een

h as

a lso

b een

w ares

i ncluded.

i s t he c hronological m ovement

S ince

w hich

h as

a ll t he

' VIA '

i n

p ottery c ame

o f t he m ound t he a ssemblage h as b een i ndividual

l eft

t ypes.

M any o f t he o ccupation l evels h ave t he b urnt d ebris a nd d eposits a ssociated w ith d estruction, o n a s cale w hich w ould r ecommend t he

c atastrophe

s hould b e a ttributed t o a h ostile

t han a d omestic a ccident. a nd

f or t his h as

i nto t he s phere o f E arly V IB,

i n L ate V IB. s kirt

i ntact a nd n ot d ivided

t o

o mitted,

d evelopment

i n

p revious p roblem o f t he a ppearance o f E arly V IB w ares

V IA a fter t heir a bsence f rom o ne

p resented

A c omprehensive s election o f t he c oarse

t he m ost

t he

d escribed

t ypology a dopted

1 01-40 h as n ot b een c hanged

q uantity o f m aterial

P erhaps r esolved

p p.

b een

T he b asic

L ate

r oofs

V IB s ettlements w ith t he r esult

s ealed

t he

w ork a t

H aftavan.

1 4d):

p erhaps

r oom 1 ,

Y 2

t he v essel T he

3 ,

t he r oom

w riter i s

( pl.

t hat c ollapsing

t he b est e xamples o f i s

t he g roup o f

t o s hed

l ight

t ypical

o f

E arly

w alls

t he

a nd

p otter's

t en b eakers

o n b oth t he

( pl.

f ound

i n

f unction o f

1 4e).

h as p reviously u sed t he t erm I t

r ather

a lso c ollections o f c omplete v essels

e xample

which h elps

H aftavan V I p ottery. H aftavan

s ome o f

T here a re

p hase a nd

f ate o f

t he b est

h and

S uch c atastrophes o vertook b oth t he

s hould n ot t he w hole

' Urmia w are'

b e p resumed t hat

o f

f or

t he

t he p ottery f rom

t he U rmia b asin

i n

t he

s econd

m illennium B .C.; i ndeed t hree c eramic r egions e xisted, e ach w ith d istinct p ottery s tyles. P resent e vidence s uggests, h owever, t hat t he t wo

s outhern c eramic r egions w ere e ither

t he

s outh—west

o r

i ntrusive

t hey e xisted i ndependently o f

f rom t he

s outh

t he n orthern

o r

r egion

w ith t heir t rading a nd o ther c onnections t o t he s outh . ' Urmia w are' i s c urrently u sed b ecause s urveys a nd e xcavations i ndicate t hat t he w h er e U rmia b asin r epresents t he a rea o f p robable v igin a nd t he a rea t he H aftavan p ottery w as m ainly d istributed. E arly V IB P ottery T he

b eakers

f orm w ith e verted

( pls.

1 3a;

1 4e)

f rom H aftavan a re c haracteristically c ylindrical r im and b ase.

F ive m ain t ypes a ppeared,

i n

w ith s ome

v ariations ( see f igs. 1 26, 7 7-9), b ut t he i mportance o f t he H aftavan b eakers l ies not o nly i n t he q uantity e xcavated o ver t he l ast f our s easons,

b ut

a lso

o f t he v essels a re s everal t he b ut

1 .

t he

F or

b eakers

s tratigraphical

' cups'

a

H aftavan.

A ll

a s o ne

t he

o f

M any o f

f rom G eoy T epe b ear l ittle r elation i n s hape t o T here a re s imilarities i n s ize

f rom H aftavan V IB. 2

f ull o f

p osition a t

a nd c onsequently a ct

a n E arly a nd L ate s ub—phase w ithin V IB.

G eoy T epe e xamples a re

r egions 2 .

t heir

f rom E arly V IB,

i ndicators o f

s o—called

t hose

i n

t he

B urton—Brown,

o f

a m ore c onvex,

r ounded s hape,

d iscussion o n c omparative p ottery U rmia b asin, f ig.

1 9:405

s ee t he

a nd

f ig.

s econd v olume 2 0:797

a nd

t he

i n t his

w hilst

c eramic s eries.

t he s o

H aftavan p ieces h ave, a ny c omparative

p arison

h ere

i s

G lobular ( see 2 b

o f

f ig.

t han t hirty

o r

t wo

1 13:11,

f requently b eing

i llustrated

f rom a ny o ther

H aftavan,

1 4,

1 7),

f ound

c om—

b eakers

f rom

s ite.

b ut o nly t he

o ccur

t he

s mall o nes,

i n E arly V IB.

d ivided

o f e ither t riangles i n h alf

t riangles a nd d iamonds,

t o

T he

t ype

t otal

t ype

2 a

2 a a nd

o r d iamonds,

f orm t wo t riangles.

w hich a re

E ven

t he

i n E arly V IB h ave a v ery d istinctive

d ecoration w hich c onsists t hese

s ince

f orm a v ery c onsiderable p roportion o f

f ound a t

j ars w hich a re

a ngular p rofile.

b etween m ore

j ars

j ars

a m ore

b e m ade w ith c aution,

H aftavan a nd o nly o ne

n umber

o n t he w hole,

r emarks m ust

t ype

f orm

t he

o f

l atter

T he i nfill

o ften e longated

i n f orm

o f a nd

h ang f rom t he n eck, i s u sually a s eries o f v ertical o r h orizontal, s traight o r w avy l ines. T hese s imple r epetitive d esigns, u sually e xecuted

i n

s urface L ate

b lack o nto t he s lipped

o ver t he

V IB

s lip,

( figs.

s urface o r o nto a

c ream

c ontrast w ith t he m ulti—coloured

1 12-4).

T hese e arly d ecorations

i llustrate

c learly

t han a nything e lse t he c lose c eramic p arallels w hich

b etween

t he

s ites

a nd T rialeti, B owls t he m ost

i n

o f G eoy T epe a nd H aftavan T epe

t he e arly p art

f orm t he

d ifficult

l argest

t o

f it

t ypes w hich o nly o ccur t hroughout

H aftavan

h olemouth b owls t ype

o nly

T hose

b owls

a re n ot

a ssemblages.

T he

s traight

c arinated b owls,

d ecoration

E arly V IB a nd

c omponents

a s

b lack s traight and w avy i n a s emi—circular L ate V IB P ottery T he t here w ith

p ottery

a re

E arly V IB

f ound

i n

t hem

f rom

s ites

i n

t o b e

v essel,

a ssigned i s

w hich

o f many b owls,

a pparent

t hat

B urney,

w edge

1 26:5),

1 975

1 4c;

a s

a nd

1 978 a s

H olemouth

a re

D inkha a re

t he

t ypes s ame

a bove,

a re t his

d eep, 3 a nd 4

d esign a nd

w hich

i ncluded

f rom t he

r im

t riangular f orm.

1 4d)

L ate V IB h as a

1 40);

1

t hat

b owls

a lthough t he d esigns h ang i n

a re t hree

a lthough,

b ase

T hey b oth h ave t he

j ars d escribed

n ot

t he

n umber

i nverted, a re

( figs.

f airly e asily

a n a bundance

t o

o f

c haracteristics:

t o L ate

V IB

c ompared

t riangular r immed u nknown a t

1 04-7).

T he

t ype

s tyles, s tyles

( figs.

e specially t he c arinated e xamples,

b owls,

a ny o f t he

b ut

f or e ach

8 9-100). c ontinue

c on—

6 b owls

w hich

a p articular t ype,

o f w ide—ranging

d efy p recise c ategorisation

i n

e nables i n

L ate

t ype T he

o f

s hapes

i nto

t he

w here t he c arinated s tyles a re s ometimes m anufac— D ecoration t oo k nows n o b ounds a nd a lthough i t i s

a s izeable p ercentage

I ran,

i n

a nd b ead r immed b owls:

t he U rmia b asin

H aftavan V p eriod, t ured i n g rey w are.

3 .

t he

o r

V IB h ave a l imited a rray o f s hapes a nd t here

t ype

i n 1 975

i n d ecoration. 3

f ewer t ypes w hich b elong s olely ( fig.

t here a re

p ublished G eoy T epe a nd

8 2,

s ome q uantity a t H aftavan,

t emporary E arly V IB

f ar

( fig.

l ines,

1 2c;

b asin,

f ew v essels w hich a ppear

e xcavations

b ase

1 25).

f ashion, ( pl.

t he

r aised

o f

1 23

y et

B urney s tated

d ifferences

c haracteristic s ided,

a nd v ery

b ut

r epresented amongst

8 4 a nd 8 6,

t ypology,

i n b oth E arly a nd L ate V IB,

s ignificant

T epe

i n t he U rmia

v essels b elonging t o

1 26:7-8).

t hey e xisted

m ore

e xisted

s ingle c ategory o f p ottery a nd t hey

i n E arly V IB, 8 2,

o f

s econd m illennium B .C.

i nto a p recise

V IB.

( figs.

t here w ere

( figs.

t he

o ccurred i n E arly V IB,

c onfirmed t hat u sual,

o f

p ainted

d esigns

X III

( 1975)

p p.

o f

t he p ottery w as p ainted,

1 60-1.

1 42

t here

i s

v ery

w here

l ittle

a g reat

a pplication s ome

o f

h as

p atterns,

o bservation T he

c eived l evel

a t endency

o f

a ll

( figs.

i nitial

s ome

A lso,

o range/brown

f irst

one

t here

o r

p ottery m anufacture

s kill e xhibited

o n

f ig.

t here

t his t he

r e—

h igher

N early a ll

o f

f abrics

1 35-9) i t

i s v ery d ifficult

i ndication t hat i s

o f

i n

t he

f igures

f lanked b y w hat

s tyle,

s ometimes o f

o f

s pears

t riangles,

a nd

i nfilled

i nterspersed w ith

b irds,

t he b ody o f- t he p ot, t o

a re t he

t he N ear E ast.

t wo m ain t ypes m ay b e i n

c urved t ail

a s, p resumably, i s r ecognisable. T he

a re

s eem t o b e

o ne o f w hich h as a b and

c ross—hatched

t he p ossibility t hat

o r p aws,

t o

r epresented.

o f H aftavan V IB p ainted p ottery a nd a ttest

s ome m otifs

i s

i s

d esign m ight b e c ompared t o t hose o f

d ecoration o n t he u pper p art

l egged c reatures

t eresting,

a nd

o bviously

w ith m ost

a m an o r w oman

' Ardebil'

a nd t riangular o utlines

t here

f eet

i s s ome

o ccurrence

Among q uadrupeds, f our

f ired,

f igure,

s pecific c ase,

o r s pears:

T he

l ongevity o f

T he

h ad

w hich s eem t o b e c lutching a n a ssortment

o f

b irds,

s kill a nd p owers

l ater b owls.

( figs.

1 38:12 w here a f igure

r eminiscent

e quid;

o f

t he w ith

n aturalistic

a nd

f or t here w as a m uch

i n t he

n o c omplete h uman

l ater v essels o f

b ands

h ighly

i s

i n a ny

f lighted a rrows

t riangles

c omparison

1 35-9).

t wo c ases

o f f igures s hields. 4

b owls

i n c olour.

n otably

t he much

t he

d esigns,

t ime,

a d egree

f ine g rit t empered a nd w ell

d ecide w hether, I n

i n

f igures

D iscussion a nd I dentification o f M otifs

m ale;

o f

i ntricate

h uman

o f w hich r eveal

p rocess o f

t echnical

O n m any

i n

f or t he

a ttention s ince E arly V IB,

f abrics a re

S ince

u sed.

t owards b eing s hoddy

a re r epresented w ith a nimals,

g eometric

t he

i n t he m otifs

o f c olour h as b een u sed

t he e arlier e xamples.

s cenes o f

r epetition d eal

f ig. a nd

f ig. 1 38:2 a ttention

i f o nly b ecause

i t

o ne

r ecognised:

f elines a nd

s herd s hows a c aprid

1 38:1 w ith i ts

( 138:8).

f ive—toed o r

s potted c oat m ust b e

c lawed

a f eline

a nimal,

a lthough i ts s hape i s n ot i mmediately p aid t o t he e ye i n f ig. 1 38:2 i s i n— i s r epeated

i n

f ig.

1 38:3,

a nd i s p er—

h aps a r eason f or n ot i dentifying t he c reature i n f ig. 1 38:3 a s a h orse. T he animals o n f ig. 1 35:6 ( see c olour p late) m ay b e h orses, y et

t he

l ong e ars a nd e rect m ane c ould i ndicate a n a ss.

M oorey

has

d istinguishing t ail

s uggested

t hat

t he

b etween h orse a nd a ss,

o f t he o nager

i s

two

s afest

a re t he t ail

s talk—like w ith a t ufted e nd;

c riteria m ane:

' the

t hat

o f t he h orse

b y c ontrast i s c overed w ith l ong h airs f rom i ts r oot t o i ts t ip. m ane o f t he o nager i s g enerally s hort a nd e rect, w hilst t hat o f h orse

i s

l onger,

T hese

f alling d own t he

c riteria h ave

h orse—drawn v ehicle

4 .

E .

H aerinck,

( Iran)', 5 .

P .R.S. i n

I A,

b ack o f

i nteresting

d epicted o n

M oorey,

I raq b efore

( 1978)

f ig.

' Pictorial t he

K assite

T he t he

t he n eck'. 5

i mplications

f or

t he

t he H aftavan V IB s herd.

' Painted P ottery o f X III

f or

a nd

t he A rdebil

S tyle

s upposed

B oth a nimals

i n A zerbaijan

9 :1.

E vidence P eriod ',

1 43

f or t he H istory o f I raq, XXXII

H orse—Riding

( 1970),

p .

3 7.

h ave

s hort,

g ives a re

h orse

i n

b roader

h ooves T he

s hort t he

i n

a

t hat

b e

i s

i n t he t he

t hink

t oo

f ar

f orward

a t

t he

t ime

i s

i mpossible T he

which

d esigns

r eins

i s d ue

6 ;

h ead

' I

a lmost o f

d iagnostic

t wo

p airs

a n o nager b eing r eins

o n t he

i n t he

r ight h and).

t he

i s p ole

o nly l eft

t he r eins

B ut w hether

s herd r eflects

t o t he a rtist's

o f

d riven

s herd

o n

T o b e p ractical

o n t he

a re

d o b elieve

t he d river w ill h ave b oth

r ight r eins

o n

s herds

o f b ands

s eem t o b e

o f

f itted

t he

r eality

l ack o f u nderstanding

i nto a s tandard

r ed and b lack p aint

l ines h ang b lack o r b lack a nd

d epicting

b irds o r,

r ealistic.

t hat

which t he n aturalistic d esign s herds

o f

t he

i t h as

t ell'.

c onsists

F rom t hese

o f s aid,

p resence

c ase

a lthough

r edistributed b y a terret

d istribution o f t o

s ize

e ars h ere a re

t he a pparent

t o b e

o r w hether A t

d oes

a f orelock,

d ifficulty w ith t he b e

( so

l eft h and and b oth

a f orelock w hich t he a ss

L ittauer h as

a ny e xplicit

t o

a nd

t he n eck a nd

s mall

i s

T he

s hould c ross

a pparent

a lso h as

l onger

t he

l egs

d oes n ot h ave

t he

r epresentations:

a s maller h ead,

a h orse.

a s

o f

a lso a ppear

r eins

o f

h orses;

h orse b ridle).

which

i t

O ther c riteria w hich

6

t o a ncient

s ize h as

l ength o f

t rimmed)

c annot

t hey

i nner

a re

c an ( I

t he

r eminiscent

a nimals

r eins

i ts

t han t he a ss; b ut

m ore

( manes

t o

e rect m anes.

t o a pply

H attavan e xample

l egs,

p erhaps

l ess e asy

p roportion

n ot.

7

e ars a nd s hort,

ere ct

M oorey

i s

n aturalistic

s lip.

r ed h atched t riangles,

a round

i n a n e xceptional c ase,

Any a vailable

s eems

o f

f ormat,

t he

f itted. s cenes

o n t op

s pace

o n t hose

t o h ave b een f illed

w hat a ppears

t o b e a n

i nsect

w ith

( 138:3,

1 39). T hese b irds,

w hich a re r eminiscent o f

t he p ottery f rom Y anik T epe a nd o ther s ites, a re l arge i n n umber a nd v ariety. t ion

c lose

t o t he

s hore a t

p otters m ade m uch u se o f t he

b ird l ife r epresented

m ade a t

a l ake

b irds

i dentification,

i s

b ut

a s

i t

t hese

o ften

d epends

t hese

b irds

d rawings o n t he

i s n ot

i s

s urprising

f illing—in m otifs.

s ufficient

o ne m ust b ear

o f b eak

t hat

t he

i n m ind, o f

h owever,

t he m ore

f urther 1uc omplicated b y t heir

b e

t hat

i n

i dentification

a ny a ttempt o ften

i n

t o

r ecent p rimitive

S ince b ird

t o b ody,

l ocal

T he v ariation

f or t entative a ttempts

a re v ery c rude.

a ngle

i ncised d ecoration o n

T ranscaucasian p eriod I n v iew o f H aftavan 's p osi—

c omparison w ith m uch a ncient a rt a nd t hat p eoples,

t he

9E arly

b eing

t o

i dentify

r epresented

c ompletely o ff b alance. T he p arts

o f

s wastika t he

d esign o f

N ear E ast

6 .

B urney,

I ran,

X III

7 .

M oorey,

I raq,

XXXII

8 .

9 .

T he

t ext

C .A.

B urney,

I raq,

X XIII

E dwards,

o f

( 1975)

p .

( 1970)

a p ersonal

1 980.

C ultures 1 0.

o f

A pril

f ig.

c ommunication f rom M rs.

1 975,

a t

( 1981)

p . p p.

s ome

i n

m any

s wastikas h ave

3 7.

p l.LXXI:14,

S hiraka,

I ran X IX

h as m any p arallels

1 61.

p .

' Excavations

( 1961)

1 35:1

f rom a m uch e arlier p eriod;

Y anik T epe, a nd T .S.

6 4,

f ig.

1 08-9.

14 4

M ary L ittauer,

N orth—Western

K hachatrian, 2 1.

1 9

I ran'

T he A ncient

e laborate d esills, c lassic s elves

t o

s quares

f ig.

i s

1 35:4,

i n b uff.

t he

d esign a t H aftavan

i nnumerable

t he

o f

r ed,

b lack

r esult

i s

i s

s ymbols,

( fig.

t he m ost

p art.

O ne

i s

o f

d eciding w hether t he p ot p ainters

t o

r epresent a n a nimal

f or i ts o wn a ppeal,

o r,

a round t he

t herefore, t hat

a re

1 38:1,

s o

8 ,

o n s o m any N ear E ast,

f act

l asting

a ccurate

t hat

t he

f our o r

f ive

f ar r emoved f rom

i nterpretation

i s

a lso p resented w ith t he p roblem

a t H aftavan w ere p ainting a m otif

w hether t hey w ere

i gnorant

b uff

t ransformed b y t he

i nto a nimals

a d evelopment

r epresentation,

a nd

f requently u sed o n E arly V IB

i n L ate V IB

c entred o f

t he

t hem—

s lipped s urface u sually b eing

t ails a nd h eads

p roblems, t he

T he p resent

i dentifiable f or

i s o ne o f

i n E arly V IB r estricted

d evelopment o f m otifs w hich a ppear i n t he s econd m illennium B .C. i n t he

r elevant d esigns a re

i mpossible

7 ),

A m otif w hich

l egs,

T racing t he d ecorated v essels

m illennia.

5 ,

f acing t riangle w hich

s imple a ddition o f 9 , 1 0). 1 2

a ny

s urviving

p roducing c hequer b oard d esigns

( see

p resents

t he

M any o f t he p ainters

p ainted f irst v essels

b ut

t ype.

o f w hat

i t

j ust a pplying t he d esign

i nitially s ymbolised.

P ottery T erminology T echnical

t erms

f or p ottery h ave b een u sed i n a v ariety o f ways

b y N ear E astern a rchaeologists. t he t erms m ost

T he

d efinitions

f requently u sed i n t his

i ncluded b elow a re

o f

s ection:

T emp e r A ny

s ubstance w hich w as

p otter.

B oth o rganic

m atter)

a nd

i norganic

d eliberately a dded t o

t he c lay

b y

t he

s ubstances

( for e xample,

d ung o r v egetable

s ubstances

( for e xample,

s and o r g rit)

a re

r eferred t o a s t emper. S lip A

c oat

s ion

o f

c lay a pplied t o

o f c lay

r espondingly

i n w ater . t hin

t he

s urface o f

T his

l ayer o n

a v essel

a s

t hin w atery s olution

t he e xterior o f

a

s uspen—

f orms

a c or—

t he v essel w all.

Wash A t hin l ayer

o f m ineral

p aint c overing o ne o r b oth

v essel,

t he e ntire

s urface

o r

s pindle w horl i ng a nd/or i t

1 1.

i s

K hachatrian, common

i n

S ardarian, X XXIV

s ee W . 1 ,

T he

f ig.

S tucki,

Z urich,

P rimitive

Y oung,

( 1960)

T he

s ince w ashes

E arly C ultures

d eren O rients,

and T .C.

a n a rtefact t erm

o f S hiraka,

' wash'

i nto

U nterlagen f ig.

3 :3.

1 45

a a

c onfus—

s lips,

y et

t hickness.

f ig.

7 1,

s hows

z ur K eramik

a s tyle I ran

a nd

d es A lten V or—

X III:334-344.

i n A rmenia,

S olduz V alley,

o f

e xample,

c an b e

f or a l arge s election f rom

1 980,

S ociety

s urfaces

( for

t end t o g rade

s ince w ashes h ave a d istinct

S oviet A rmenia;

M esopotamia,

1 2.

o r a nimal m odel).

r edundant

u seful

o f

I ran:

f ig.

L X:1,

a nd R .H.

D yson

P isdeli T epe A nti vity,

B urnished

s urface

A l ustrous s urface, p roduced b y r ubbing t he v essel w ith a h ard, s mooth t ool, s uch a s a p ebble, b one t ool, o r a p iece o f w ood, p robably w hen i t w as r elatively d ry. b e v isible o n t his t ype o f f inish.

S troke m arks m ay o r m ay n ot T he H aftavan v essels w ere

b urnished a fter t hey h ad b een p ainted. f rom t hree p oints: a )

t he

p aint

i s

l ustrous,

T his c an

a p roperty

i t

b e

w ould

i nferred

n ot

p ossess w ithout b urnishing. b )

O n s ome l ustrous,

s herds e xcept

t he s urface i s w ell p reserved a nd i n t hose a reas f ormerly c overed b y a

f ugitive p ainted d esign. c )

T he e dges o f b lurred,

t he p ainted d esigns

w ith

s ome p aint

a re o ften s meared o r

s treaks o n

a djacent

o pen

a reas. W et

s moothed

A m att f ine

s urface

s urface w hich

r idges

s moothing

i s g enerally

i n s ome a reas. t he s urface o f

T his

s mooth b ut w hich m ay a lso h ave t ype o f f inish w as p roduced b y

t he p ot w ith a s oft

s uch a s a h and o r a p iece o f

l eather,

o r y ielding

t ool,

w hile t he v essel w as w et.

P ottery T ypology T he b eakers, t urn. a )

a ssemblage

p lates a nd d ishes,

j ars,

a nd b owls.

p arts:

E ach w ill b e e xamined

i n

B eakers T ype

e verted v aries

1 ( fig.

r im ,

7 7:1)

a nd

t reatment

i s

r ed o r b rown s lip, T ype a n

h as a r ounded p rofile w ith a f lat

a d iameter o f a round 6

f rom b uff/brown,

s urface

a nd

f rom H aftavan h as b een d ivided i nto f our

t o o range/brown,

c entimetres. a nd

u sually a t hin r ed w ash,

a nd o ne v essel

i s

i s g rit b ut

b ase, T he

a n

f abric

t empered.

T he

s ome e xamples h ave a

s lightly b urnished.

2 a h as a l ow c arinated c ylindrical b ody w ith a n e verted r im

e verted

b ase w hose d iameter

i s

o ften c omparable w ith t he

r im

( fig. 7 7:2-5). T he f abric r anges f rom r ed/brown t o b uff i n c olour, o ften w ith f ine g rit t empering a nd a r ed s lip. T his p articular t ype i s f requently d ecorated w ith b lack o r b lack/brown p aint. A ' ladder' d esign p redominates, t wo o ut

v ertical a t

e ach e nd

s traight, z ag

l ines

( fig.

h orizontal ( fig.

f ollows c losely t he s hape r un p arallel

7 7:2,3). l ines

7 7:2,4).

b y t hree v ertical T ype

w hich

l ines s ometimes

l ines.

T he

( fig. T he

( pl.

( fig.

' rungs' 7 7:3),

' ladder'

o f

t he

( fig.

t he p ot;

d esign o n

' ladder' f ig.

t he

o thers s play a re e ither

o r r ather d isorganised, 7 7:3

i s

z ig—

f lanked

1 4e)

2 b h as a c arinated b ody a nd a n e verted r im,

a ngular a ppearance

o f

7 7:4),

7 7:6).

b ut

a m uch

l ess

T he r elatively f ew e xamples o f t his

t ype h ave a b rown f abric a nd a m edium g rit

1 46

t emper.

T ype 2 c ( fig. b ut t he d iameter

r im, i t

a s quat,

s olid l ooking a ppearance.

b rown o r t empered.

b uff,

o ften

T ype 3 i s s eason ( fig.

1 973

e verted b eaker

7 7:7-10 h as a c arinated p rofile a nd a n e verted ( 9-11 c entimetres), h eight a nd r ound b ase g ive T he

w ith a r ed s lip

f abric c an b e o range,

o r

w ash,

a nd

r ed,

m edium

g rit

r epresented b y a u nique e xample, d iscovered i n t he 7 7:11). I t h as a h igh c arination, a f lat b ase, a n

r im, a nd t he r emains o f a h andle. T his f ine g rit t empered i s a m uch m ore s ophisticated e xample t han a ny o f t he o thers

among t he H aftavan a ssemblage a nd,

b ecause o f i ts

d istinctive

s hape,

h as m ore r eadily

i dentifiable p arallels e lsewhere.

T he c losest p iece

w ith w hich

7 7:11

f rom D inkha T epe ,

w hich

f ig.

c an b e c ompared

h as a d isc b ase;

g rey w are,

d efinitive c haracteristic o f

t ype

4 i s

t he c onvex b ase

a ngle b etween t he b ase a nd t he b ody o f t he b eaker .

a re f ine

i n c oarse

h as a v ertical h andle.

T he s harp

i s a n e xample

a nother Hecimen f rom D inkha T epe,

t o m edium g rit

t empered w ith f abrics

a nd

T he v essels

t hat c an b e o range,

r ed,

b rown o r p ink, s lips. T hese

o r s ome e xamples h ave r ed, b rown o r, o ccasionally, b uff v essels a re s ometimes d ecorated i n t he s ame m anner a s

t hose

i n t he

i ncluded

t ype

d esign w ith s traight, f lanked b y a s eries p articular which ( and

i n

A r are a rrangement o f

t hose

v essels

h orizontal v ersion o f m iddle

o f

T he

w hich

b eakers

T he r ed,

b rown,

l argest

a re

b uff,

l ast

t wo b eakers

t o

e arly m odels.

i s

( fig.

T epe,

7 8:7

i n—

h as

' wrapped '

w ith a d istorted

7 9:1-2;

G eoy

d esign i s

F ig.

w hich

i s n ot T his

t o H aftavan V a

a round

z ig—zag

l ine

l ine.

1 26:3-4)

r oughly b rown

m ade,

r ectangular p rofile w ith

a nd

s ome h ave a r ed o r b rown s lip.

m any o f

5 b h ave

t hem c omplete

i llustrated b elong t o

O nly

7 9:7-8),

a nd a n u neven s urface. t he o ther i s b uff ( fig.

o ccurred ( fig.

t ype

t wo e xamples

f rom t he

b oth a re c oarse g rit

p ink

a n

i n

T he t he

7 9:3-6).

5 c a nd a re

l ater p eriod t empered,

f rom

i rferior h ave

h andmade,

O ne h as a g rey/black f abric ( fig. 7 9:7), a nd 7 9:8); t he f ormer h as a r ounded b ase a nd t he

l atter a h eavier,

f latter b ase.

1 3.

H amlim,

X II

1 4.

B urton—Brown,

f ig.

t o

t o m edium g rit t empered f abrics a re o range,

t hey e xhibit a s tandard o f m anufacture m uch

( fig.

I ran,

' ladder' 4 .

f ine g rit t empered a nd h ave a

s eason,

l evels;

t he

d esign,

b een a ssigned t o t ype

L ate V IB

b een e xcavated

5 a

o r p ink,

h ave

q uantity e ach

T he

t he

u nderlined b y a s ingle b lack

T heir f ine

w hich

e quivalent

t ype

5 b e xamples h ave a f lat,

r im .

v essels

' ladder'

t ype

' ladder'

T hey h ave a f lattish b ase w ith r ounded c orners a nd

r im,

t ype

i s

o f

p robably b y h and. a n e verted f abric.

t he

a ssigned t o

t he b ody o f t he p ot,

t he r im,

e verted

t hat t he

b eaker h as a c lose p arallel w ith a s herd f rom

H asanlu V ).14

a round

e xcept

l ines b etween t he v erticals, l ines ( fig. 7 8:6; 1 28:1).

B urton—Brown a ssigned t o G eoy T epe B ,

c luded t he

2 a c lassification,

h orizontal o f v ertical

( 1974)

f ig.

1 :13.

3 2:1528.

1 47

b )

P lates a nd

D ishes

P lates a nd

s hallow d ishes

r arely a ppear a t

t ypology p resented h ere c ould b e d eceptive, t he o f

s um t otal t hem

i s

1 h as

w hich

F igs.

a

i n

8 1:2)

8 1:3-5,

w ith a m uch

f ine

c olour

( fig.

a nd

s o

r epresents

v essels e xcavated a t

t ype

( fig. i s

t he

t he

a lmost

s ite.

a h eavy, g rit

8 1:11).

N one

p lain e verted r immed

t empered T he

t ype

2 a,

r ounder p rofile. w hich a re

2 b t his

f abric

o ther

a nd

v essel

i n

s ometimes

8 1:6-8).

v aries

f ine

t o c oarse

o r

o range/grey,

g rit

s urface

f ine g rit

b ut

t empered,

s lipped a nd b urnished.

O n t he

t aken a s tage

t hree e xamples

t empered,

b ut

i s t his

a lso h ave p lain r ims,

T hey h ave

r ounded p rofile h as b een

( fig.

o range/brown,

i s

s and t empered w ith a p inkish/brown

w ith a t apered r im f rom

o ne

t o m edium

w hich b elong t o

l ighter,

o range/brown f abrics, I n

t ypes o f

t wo e xamples:

h as

o range/brown c ategory c olour.

t hese

i t

d ecorated.

T ype d ish,

o f

H aftavan,

f or

a nd t he

f urther

t he

f abric

i s

e ither

c olour

a lways w ith a r ed s lip a nd a

h igh

b urnish . T ype

3 ( fig.

8 1:9)

i s

a l arger,

h eavier v ersion o f

t he

t ype

2 a

v essels. T ype a lready

4 v essels e xhibit

m entioned.

i nverted,

a ngular r ims,

s ively m ore

a nd

t ype

5 ( fig.

8 1:3)

g erated v ersion o f t ype.

a nd

I t

i s

4 b

t echnical

8 1:10-12).

t han t he o nes

( 4a;

4 b;

4 c)

s eems

8 1:11) t o b e

h ave

h ave p rogres-

T hese p lates h ave m edium g rit

( fig.

t he t ype

s kill

T hey a re w heelmade a nd

t he v ariants

r ounded p rofiles.

b rown f abrics, T ype

r ather m ore

( fig.

t empered,

i s b urnished.

a c omposite m odel,

4 b r im a dded t o

w ith a n e xag-

t he h eavier b ody o f

f ine g rit t empered a nd c an b est

t he 4 a

b e d escribed a s

b lack

b urnished w are. T he V IB.

p lates

T ypes

c ertain

T ype

6

r eferred t o a bove,

w ith t he

( fig.

f abric,

8 1:14)

i s

a p lain,

o f H aftavan V I

a f ine g rit

e verted

8 1:15)

i s

s imilar e xcept

T ype

8 ( fig.

8 1:16)

i s

u nusual

A s mall

c ollection o f

t hem a re 8 1:6

8 1:7,8),

s mall a nd

b ut

i n

a nd a l arger d iameter

( fig.

8 1;

t hat

t hat

h ave

T hese

a re,

s hapes c ontinuing

t empered

v essel

i t

i t h as

i nto

w ith

a n

b ase. h as a s aucer b ase. a s tepped

r im w ith

t han t he o ther e xamples.

t hese v essels w as

o thers

t ypes.

a nd

1 26:6)

s cale v ersions

1 09:2), a ll

1 24 :10;

d esign

r im a nd a f lat

7 ( fig.

V essels

a ll b elong t o E arly i n

l ater H aftavan V

T ype

a t apered p oint

f ig.

1 -5,

j ust f urther e xamples I ron A ge.

o range/brown

o f

t ype

a nd 8 a re m uch m ore d eveloped

s imilarities

p erhaps, t he e arly

S mall

o f

6 ,7

o f

o btained

l arger p ots

a re c rudely

( fig.

s haped a nd u nfinished

s eem t o h ave b een h andmade b y t he 1 48

f rom V IB. 8 1:9 a nd

s imple

S ome 7 7:1; ( fig.

f orefinger

a nd t humb m oulding

t echnique.

O nly t hree

( fig.

8 1:1,

1 4,

1 9)

a ppear

t o h ave b een f inished w ith w et s moothing o r b urnishing. T he f abrics v ary f rom b eing v ery f ine ( fig. 8 1:10) t o v ery c oarse i n t exture ( fig. 8 1:8) and f rom b uff

( fig.

8 1:14)

t o b rown

8 1:15) and o range/grey i n c olour d )

( fig.

( fig.

8 1:3),

r ed/brown

( fig.

8 1:17).

B owls A ll

t he b owls

t o b rown, e xamples

a re

T he

p endant

( fig.

t ype

8 2:2;

1 a re

( figs.

t empered w ith o range/brown 8 2,

r ed a nd b uff,

8 3,

1 3a),

o r

w hich

a re

1 26).

e ither

i s

i n t he

f illed w ith h orizontal,

b lack,

t o

T hese a re

a

p oint

b elow t he a pex o f b lack

( fig.

t he t riangle.

8 2:1;

1 26:8;

1 24:9),

o f

i n b lack

z ig-zag

l ines,

t he

i s s ome f orm

c ross-hatched

which a re f lanked b y t wo v ertical b lack z ig-zag e ither s traight

A ll

a nd u sually t here

d ecoration o f t he e arly v essels

t riangles,

p l.

f ine g rit

f abrics.

s lipped b rown,

b urnishing . b lack

o f

p ink a nd b uff

l ines,

w hich c onverge e ncased

o r r ed l ines

i n

( fig.

8 2:6, 1 26:9, 1 0), c onverging t o t he s ame p oint. T hree u nique b owls h ave d ifferent d ecoration: f ig. 8 2:4 h as a s et o f s even p arallel r ed l ines

w hose

l ength d iminishes o n d escent;

d ecoration s weeping z ag

l ines

s eems

d own f rom t he r im,

t hat c reate a n

t o

i nternal

p ossibly

o f h andled h olemouth 6 ,

a nd

8 2:5 h as a

b and

w hich c onsists o f p arallel

d iamond-shaped p attern;

h ave a t wo t ier d ecoration.

o ccurrence

f ig.

f ig.

C onfined t o E arly V IB

b owls,

a lthough

f ig.

1 26:8 c an b e c lassified a s c ups.

o f z ig-

8 2:11 i s

t he

8 2:7,8,

a nd

C lose

p arallels

e xist f or t hese a t G eoy T epe, a lthough w ith t he r ecurrent p roblem t hat a t t his s ite t hey a re f ound i n T omb K , p eriod B . 15 T he l ater h olemouth b owls h ave

t he s ame

f abric c ontent,

a s t he e arlier o nes; G eometric s ub-phase F ig. 8 2:9

c olouration a nd s urface

o nly t he d ecoration

i s a d istinguishing

t ype

p lain

r ims

T heir

f ine

2 ( fig .

a nd

8 2:14-17;

t o m edium g rit t empered,

8 2:14),

o r

u nusual

d esigns.

f ragment

o f

d ots

A bove a nd c urving

a w edge f ig.

b ase

( fig.

F ig.

8 4 :8 s eems

w ith

8 ,14)

b owls a re

b uff

( fig.

t o o ne s ide o f

l ines.

I t

s hallow w ith 8 2:17

t o

8 4 :15).

T he b owls w ith d ecoration h ave w hilst t he

s how a f lattened b lack t riangle,

t his d esign i s

t he d eep,

( type 3 ),

i s

w ith

i n F ig.

8 3:1.

a s eries o f b lack z ig-zag

f ound o nly

c arinated

i n E arly V IB

( figs.

o range/brown f abric,

w hich a re s ometimes b urnished.

T here

v ery l imited r epertoire o f s hape i n t hese t ype 3 b owls, b ut v ariation i n d ecoration i s a pparent. T he t wo b a “c c omponents

1 5.

B urton-Brown,

f ig.

3 2:13,

1 8,

a nd 3 3:1014.

1 49

a nd

i n E arly V IB.

s traight-sided,

t o m edium g rit t empered,

r ed a nd b rown s lips,

r ed,

t he e xamples i llustrated h ave s lightly 8 4 :8 a nd 1 26:5), r aised b ases ( fig.

T hese v essels h ave o nly b een f ound

h as a f ine

8 3:6).

t o b rown f abrics h ave

d istributed i nternally a long t he p erimeter a s

w ith a n e verted r im

8 6;123).

8 4 :

t he d esign

8 4 :14 h as a b and o f b lack s pots,

A nother c ategory o f b owl, one

8 3;

o ccasionally t hey h ave h andles

b uff a nd b rown s lips. S ome o f t apered r ims ( fig. 8 2:15, 1 6,

b lack

f actor.

a nd c oncentric l ine p atterns p redominate, a lthough i n t his t here a re m ore p lain b owls w ith n o t races o f d ecoration. i s i nteresting, f or i n a ddition t o i ts s eries o f c ross-

h atched t riangles, t here a re a n umber o f p ainted a nimals, o f w hich g ives n o c lue a s t o t heir i dentity. T he

t reatment

i s a s ome a re

b lack s traigh t a nd b lack z ig-zag l ines. T here i s s ometimes a b lack s emi-circle h anging f rom t he r im, f illed i n w ith b lack , h orizontal z ig-zag

l ines

( fig.

8 6:21),

o r b lack,

v ertical

z ig-zag

l ines

( fig.

8 6:27), a nd t hese s emi-circles a re o ften e mphasised b y l ower c urving l ines f ollowing t he d esign a round ( fig. 8 6:23), o r z ig-zag l ines t hat f ollow t he

s emi-circle,

A n a lternative c ircles

i s

t hat

o f b lack,

o f t his c an b e T he r immed

a nd t hese a re u sually e ncased e xhibited

z ig-zag

a bove

8 3,

8 4,

f ig.

l ines a re

8 6:18,

i n b lack

l ines.

w here c oncentric

i ndividually o utlined.

s emi-

E xamples

s een a t G eoy T epe. 16 m entioned

b owls a ssigned t o

( figs.

i n

8 6,

1 26).

r ange

o f

t ype 4 ,

d ecoration o ccurs

w hich a re o nly

T hose f ine

o n

f ound

t he

b ead

i n E arly

V IB.

t o m edium g rit t empered b owls a re

o range/brown t o b rown i n f abric c olour, h ave r ed a nd b rown s lips a nd a re u sually b urnished. T hese p articular b owls a re f inely p roduced w ith

a n e venly a nd h ighly b urnished s urface;

and s ometimes q uite t hin i n p rofile T he

b owls,

t empered,

w hich

b elong t o

( fig. t ype

t he b ody

i s w ell

f ired

8 4:4,7). 5 ,

a re

f ine

t o

a nd h ave a n o range/brown t o b rown f abric.

m edium

( figs.

g rit

1 03-7).

T he e xternal w ash o r s lip i s u sually b urnished a nd t he r im a rea o ften r eceives a g reat d eal o f a ttention. I t i s u nusual t o f ind t he b ody d ecorated

( fig.

1 07:9,

1 05:2,

3 ,

5 ,

6 a nd 1 04:1,

6 ,

9 ,

1 0 a re e xcep-

t ions), b ut t he r im t reatment i s a d istinctive f eature o f t his t ype. T he d ecoration i s m ainly o f a g eometric n ature, w ith d esigns r anging f rom

a

t hick r ed o r b lack l ine,

t o a s eries o f v ertical

r ed

l ines

( fig. 1 06:11), b lack o r r ed t riangles, s ometimes f acing ( fig. 1 06:1), s ometimes i n s equence ( fig. 1 06:10), a nd u sually e ncased w ithin b lack l ines ( fig. 1 06:9). T he r im i tself h as a w ide v ariety o f s tyles, r anging f rom a g entle s lope ( fig. 1 06:3-5), a t hin p rotruding l ine ( fig. s hort, o f

1 06:6), o r a s hort, h orizontal o ne ( fig. 1 06:4), t o a s eries o f r ounded u ndecorated e xamples ( fig. 1 07:1-8). T he r im d iameter

t he b owls

r ange

r anges

f rom 2 0-25

c entimetres.

T ype 6 a v essels ( figs. 8 7, 8 9-95) h ave r ounded p rofiles, a w ide o f r ims, a nd a w ide r ange o f g eometric d ecoration w here h atched

t riangles a nd d iamonds p redominate ( fig. 9 4:2, 5 , 1 4), a long w ith s ome l inear p atterns ( fig. 9 2:8 1 0), b ird d esigns ( fig. 9 4:5), a nd m otifs w hich

a re

d ifficult

t o

i nterpret

( fig.

e ither p ainted d irectly o nto a r ed s lip, c ream p aint w hich c ommon ,

b ut

i n

i s

9 2:5).

s uperimposed o nto t he s lip.

s ome e xamples

i t

c an b e

T his d ecoration

b rown s lip,

o r w ash,

B urnishing

b arely d iscernable,

s o

i s

o r o nto i s

v ery

s uperfi-

c ial

i s t he t reatment .

V IB

T he t ype 6 b c arinated b owls ( figs. 9 5-102) b elong s olely t o L ate and h ave t he s ame f abric, t empering a nd s urface t reatments a s

t hose

v essels

w ith t he m ore r ounded p rofile.

M any o f

t he

v essels

( fig. 1 01:1-6) h ave p lain, i nverted, a nd s ometimes t apering r ims, o r i nverted b ead r ims ( fig. 1 02:1-4,7), a lthough e verted r ims a re c ommon t oo. a rea

O n

t hese c arinated v essels,

a bove t he c arination a nd

i s,

t he d ecoration i s c onfined t o t he o n t he w hole,

t idier

e xecuted t han o n t hose b owls w ith r ounded p rofiles. m otifs a re i dentical t o t hose o n t he t ype 6 a e xamples,

1 6.

B urton-Brown,

f ig.

2 0:1640

1 50

a nd

b etter

M any o f y et t he

t he e nd

r esult

d oes e xhibit T he

c oarse

t ype

s ome e lement o f p lanning.

7

b owls

1 21,

1 25).

a bout

1 5cms

T hey

i n E arly a nd L ate V IB

a re u sually b etween 2 7 a nd 3 8cms

i n d epth .

T he

g rey/brown a nd b rown, b rown s lip. I ncised c ommon.

T here

t apering

f orms

1 25:10,

1 2)

1 20:12;

t hese v essels m ay b e

t o

h old l iquids.

( fig.

a re i n

8 8,

o r 1 20,

d iameter

a nd

f rom b uff o r o range/brown t o

r im s hapes,

1 21:10),

l edge

f orms

s een a s

r anging

c arinated f orms

( fig.

1 21:5:

s torage b owls,

f rom s quare

( fig.

1 21:1-4;

T he

f unction

5 -8).

m ixing b owls o r b asins

1 22)

T here a re t hree v essels w hich p robably f unctioned a s o il l amps: a re r oughly o blong i n s hape ( fig. 1 22:2, 1 6) a nd t he o ther i s a

t wo

n arrow—necked,

b road

b odied j ar w hich

u seful p ouring v essel a b ird

( fig.

a re m odelled

( fig.

1 22:2);

i n c lay,

h ollow i nterior,

1 22:4).

t he b asic

c ould,

a lternatively,

O ne o f t he f eatures,

l amps

a ccess

i s p ierced a t t he end, E arly V IB d eposits. w ith

t o w hich

F igs. V IB,

F igs.

1 22:6, y et

8 ,

1 22:3,

l ike t he h ead a nd

a

f orm t ail,

I t h as a

i s g ained t hrough a n a perture

i n t he

i n d esign: i t l ength, w hich

F ig.

1 22:14 i s a p ottery s lab w ith a s unken

7 ,

1 1,

6 ,

1 3 a re m ade

t hese s orts o f

b e

i n t he

p resumably f or r efilling. B oth l amps a re f rom F ig. 1 22:5 a ppears t o b e a d omed c overing i Ld

a p ierced h andle.

s urface.

i s

a nd t he e yes a nd p lumage a re p ainted.

c entre o f t he b ack . T he o ther l amp i s q uite d ifferent i s b asically c ircular w ith a h ollow e xtention, 9 cms i n

c )

m edium

( figs.

a nd t he s urface t reatment i ncludes a r ed o r l ines a nd s haved o r w et s moothed b ands a re

a nd e verted

M iscellaneous

f abric v aries

i s aw ide v ariety o f ( fig.

o f

o f

f ound

g rit t empered a nd a re g enerally t hick w alled

9 ,

1 3

a re t he b ases o f b owls

i n t he o range/red/brown f abrics

o r

j ars.

t ypical o f

d isc b ases a re r arely f ound.

J ars M ost

c ategory,

j ars y et

f all

i nto t he g lobular j ar c ategory o r

i nevitably

t hey

a re

l ess

w ell

s torage

p reserved

j ar

t han

t he

s maller—sized b eakers. T here a re i n t he p resent p ottery a ssemblage n ine t ypes o f j ar, s ix o f w hich a re p robably f or s torage p urposes.

( fig.

T he v essels o f t ype l a a re r aised n eck j ars w ith e verted r ims 1 14:2-4 , 6 -8), w hose d iameter i s b etween 7 a nd 1 2 c entimeters.

T hese m edium l evels.

a lmost b ottleneck j ars h ave b rown o r g rit T he

r ed f abrics w ith

f ine

t o

t empering, a nd t hey o ccur i n b oth E arly a nd L ate V IB e arlier e xamples a re f requently d ecorated e ither w ith

ro ws o f s olid b lack, p endant t riangles ( fig. 1 13:6), o r o utlined p endant t riangles i n b lack, w avy, h orizontal l ines, h anging f rom a n

a lternatively s traight a nd w avy, r im

( fig.

1 14 :1).

t riangle o utlined

b lack b and o f d ecoration a round

S ome e xamples h ave

t he s traight,

i n r ed a nd t he s pace b etween t he

f illed

b y

d ouble

l ined s tanding t riangle w ith f lanking,

( fig.

a n u pright

1 14 :4).

T he

t riangle

t ype

( fig.

1 14 :1).

b lack

t he

l ines o f

M ore u nusual

i s

b lack h orizontal

t he l ines

l a e xamples f rom t he L ate. V IB s trata h ave

m ore c omplex t iered d esign

( fig.

1 14:2).

t he

i nverted t riangles,

a

B eneath t he b lack r im b and

a nd t he l ower r ed b and, a re a s eries o f i nterlocking b lack t riangles, whose a pex r ests o n a nother b lack b and u nder w hich, s andwiched b etween a

s eries o f v ertical,

r ed

l ines,

a re t wo f acing t riangles,

1 51

o ne

o f

w hich

i s

s olid b lack,

T he

t ype

l b

a nd t he o ther f illed

j ars

( fig.

1 14 :5)

i n w ith r ed p aint.

h ave

s horter n ecks a nd a

l edge

r im, a m edium g rit t empered, b rown f abric a nd r ed s lip. T hey a re s ometimes d ecorated b eneath t he n eck w ith a s eries o f b lack t riangles, s eparated p oint.

b y

T he

d iagonal l ines. A t b elong o f t he t hey

s olid b lack p endant t riangles,

e ach w ith

a n

e xtended

s tanding b lack t riangles a re f illed w ith a s eries o f b lack

l ines a nd,

a t

r ight t riangles,

t his

i t

i s c onvenient

p oint

a s eries

o f

t hin,

r edder

t o m ention t hose v essels

w hich

t o t ype l c. ( fig. 1 14:9, 1 0, 1 19:5) T hey a re s imilar t o s ome t ype 1 a nd 2 e xamples, a nd s ince t hey o ccur o nly i n L ate V IB, a re

i n a s eparate c ategory.

T hese a ngular n ecked j ars h ave

a

t hin, e verted l edge r im , a f ine g rit t empered, o range/brown f abric a nd a r ed o r b rown s lipped s urface, w hich i s s ometimes b urnished. T he b lack p endant t riangle d es7i gn, f illed w ith b lack, w avy l ines, f inds a p arallel i n G eoy T epe D . 1 T he t ype t empered,

g rit

2 a j ars h ave a r im d iameter o f 7 -9cms a re u sually f ine a lthough o ne e xample w as v ery c oarsely m ade, a nd h ave

a n o range/brown f abric a nd a ll v essels

( fig.

1 13:1,

4 ,

w hich a re d ecorated e ither h ave a s imple n eck

( fig.

b etween b ody

1 13:7),

t wo

o f

7 ).

A r ed s lip

h orizontal b lack

w hich

i s

i s c ommon

T hose v essels

r ed a nd b lack b and a round t he

o r t hey h ave a s eries o f d iamond s hapes

t he p ot.

s urface,

5 ,

s eem t o h ave s ome d egree o f b urnishing.

T hese

l ines

r unning

f rom t he n eck

e nclosed a nd

d iamonds a re u sually p ainted o nto

i tself s uperimposed u pon t he r ed s lip.

u pper

a

c ream

T he v ariety

o f d iamond d ecoration i ncludes a b lack o utline f illed w ith r ed ( fig. 1 13:1), o r a s eries o f b lack, p arallel l ines, h alf f illed w ith b lack, v ertical

b lack l ines

t hese d iamond a lthough t here T he

( fig.

1 13:4),

o r

j ust

s olid b lack.

O nly t wo o f

d esigns a re i ncluded i n t he d ecoration o f a ny i s n o c onsistency i n t he c hoice o f c omposition.

l arger

g lobular

j ars

h ave

a n

a verage

v essel,

d iameter

o f

2 3

c entimetres a nd a m edium c oarse g rit t empered f abric, w hich i s u sually o range/brown t o b rown i n c olour. T hese t ype 2 b v essels a re a lso r ed s lipped a nd o ccasionally b urnished, T hese 9 )

j ars

f rom E arly V IB

a re e ither u ndecorated

b lack

p endant

( figs. ( fig.

a nd o ccur t hroughout H aftavan V I.

1 13:2, 1 12:3;

t riangles h anging

3 ,

6 ,

1 13:3;

8 ;

1 15:5,

1 15:5),

f rom a h orizontal

8 ;

1 12:3,

s traight

o r

b lack b and o r b ands a round t he n eck.

T he b lack t riangles a re

w ith

a nd

h orizontal,

b lack

w avy

l ines,

s ome

t imes

8 ,

o r t hey h ave

t he

w avy f illed

i ndividual

t riangles a re s eparated b y o ne o r t wo v ertical, w avy l ines h anging f rom t he s ame n eck b and. I n f ig. 1 13:8, t hese v ertical, w avy l ines a re

e ncased

b y

t wo s traight v ertical

g lobular j ars h ave a n

i nteresting r ange

l ines.

T he

o f p rofiles

l ater

( fig.

t ype

1 17;

2 b

1 18:1-

1 5), b ut t heir m ost s triking a spect i s t heir d istinctive d ecoration, w hich c an r ange f rom a s imple b and o f b lack a nd r ed p aint o n t he u pper b ody

o f

t he

j ar

( figs.

1 15:7;

d esign i ncorporating b ands, 2 9:2).

1 18:4)

T he b asic c olours u sed a re

a nd

r ed.

O n

a ll e xamples

1 7.

B urton—Brown,

f ig.

t o a n i ntricate

g eometric p atterns a nd b irds s hades

1 52

i n t he

p lanned

( fig.

o f b rown a nd b lack,

t he d ecoration i s

2 0:430.

a nd

f orm o f

1 16:2 o range a

b and

w hich

s tretches a round t he u pper b ody o f t he v essel,

l ineated d esign

b y

a n u pper a nd

t akes

t he

f orm o f

f illed

i n w ith b lack,

w hich

c an

b e

C ommon t oo i n

l ower b lack

t ype

1 j ars,

a nd

b and.

f acing t riangles,

f lanked b y v ertical

s een o n t he

i s t he

t wo

l ine o r

l ines

o f b lack,

i s

o ne e mpty

r ed l ines. a nd o n j ars

T his f rom

b lack o utline t riangle o r d iamond,

w ith p arallel

i t

s uperimposed b y

d e—

S ometimes

t he

a nd

o ne

i s a d esieg G eoy T epe.

w hich

i s

f illed

r ed p arallel

l ines

r unning a t r ight a ngles. M ore u nusual i s t he d esign o n f ig. 1 15:6, w hich h as a s eries o f v ertical b lack c hevrons, f lanked b y v ertical b lack t he

l ines,

s uperimposed o n b ands

d esign

f illed

o n

f ig.

1 15:4,

o f

r ed p aint.

A u nique e xample

w hich h as a s eries o f t apering

w ith r ed a nd b lack p ainted c ross h atching.

T he

i s

o blongs,

o blongs

a re

d ivided b y n arrow , e longated t riangles, s ome o f w hich h ave b een p ainted w ithout t wo t riangular p ieces a t t he b ottom. T his v essel i s f ine g rit t empered w ith a h igh b urnish a nd r epresents o ne o f t he f inest e xample o f

t he p ainter's w ork a t

H aftavan.

F ig.

1 16:2

c ombines

many o f t he e lements o f d ecoration s een o n o ther p ots. I t h as b ands o f r ed a nd b lack p aint, p endant t riangles, r ed a nd b lack c ross—hatched t riangles,

l ines

T he

t ype

2 b g lobular t ends o r

o f c hequer b oard d esign, 3 j ar

j ars,

i s

a w ide n ecked v ersion o f

t he t ype

a nd h as a n e verted o r t riangular

t o b e m edium t o c oarse g rit

p ink/buff

a nd b irds.

i n c olour,

a nd

i s

t empered,

I ts

o range/brown,

u sually c oated

2 a a nd t ype

r im .

f abric

o range/grey,

i n a r ed s lip o r w ash.

T he f ew e xamples w hich a re d ecorated h ave p endant b lack t riangles h anging f rom t he r im , f illed w ith b lack h orizontal, z ig—zag l ines ( fig.

1 13:6,

b lack

l ines

8 ),

o r,

a lternatively,

d escending

t riangles c omposed o f

f rom a s traight b lack

l ine o n t he

s traight

r im

( fig .

1 13:9). T he

s ix

t ypes

o f

s torage

t empered

f abrics

r esulting

i n a g reat v ariety o f

j ars h ave

w hich u sually r eveal

m edium

g reat

t o

c oarse

d ifferences

s urface c olour.

M ost

o f

i n t he

g rit

f iring, j ars h ave

f lat, p ierced b ases, a lthough w ith l arge s torage j ars t he n umber c omplete v essels d iscovered i s r emarkably f ew, l imiting e vidence many v essels, f or t he m ost p art, t o t he r im s hape ( fig. 1 09:1-11). 4 a

Type

e verted r im . T he

j ars T he

t ype

( fig.

1 09:1-3)

d iameter v aries

4 b

j ars

( fig.

a re c arinated a nd t end t o h ave

f rom 2 0-26 c entimetres.

1 09:4-5) h ave a l arger a verage

f rom 3 2-36 c entimetres, w ith a n e xtended b ody a nd T here t his i s

i s t he 5 6

i s

o nly o ne

l argest

c entimetres

h andmade t he

f iring r im ,

1 8.

t ype

d iameter a nd 7 7.5

d iameter,

l ower c arination. 5 f rom ( fig.

c entimetres

s tage.

I t

h as

H aftavan 1 09:6), h igh.

i ncised g rain d ecoration o n t he

p ossibly i ndicating i ts c ontents,

t op a nd o utside o f

o f

i n

o f

j ar f rom H aftavan V IB

a n

1 4 0.

a nd w hich

I t

i s

i n t wo p ieces a nd m ust h ave p resented a n umber o f p roblems a t

t he

T he

i ntact e xample

s torage

( pl.

o f f or

t ype

o f

t he r im.

6 j ar

( fig.

1 09:8)

h as a r ounded p rofile a nd a d iameter

2 2-24 c entimetres.

B urton—Brown,

i nside

a nd s ome r ed s lip o n t he

f igs.

2 0,

2 4,

3 1.

1 53

T he t ype 7 j ar ( fig. 1 09:9) h as a n u nusual, w ide, w ith a n o verhanging c arrying b and a round t he c arination .

T he v essels b elonging t o t ypes 8 a nd 9 a re o nly p artially c om— b ut e nough r emains a t l east t o r econstruct t he m ain u pper b ody

p lete,

o f t he v essels. r im ,

b aggy b ody,

a nd

t ype

T ype 8 ( fig.

1 09:10)

i s w ide b odied w ith a t riangular

9 h as a p lain r aised n eck

( fig.

1 09:11).

C ooking W are V essels

i n

m edium/coarse g rit h orizontal l ugs,

t his

c ategory

a re

c haracterised

t emper, t heir w ide n ecks a nd b odies, s trap h andles a nd a b urnt e xterior.

b y

t heir

t heir s pouts, S ome o f t he

v essels a re c rudely m ade ( fig. 1 29:2) w hilst a nother, w hich h as b lack o n r ed d ecoration ( fig. 1 28:6) m ay h ave h ad a m ore d ecorative f unction b efore b eing u sed a s a c ooking v essel. T he s ame t ypes o f b owl c an b e f ound w ith s corched e xteriors i n o ne c ontext a nd i n p ristine c ondition i n

a nother,

w hich

s uggests

t hat

a ll v essels w ere c andidates

c ooking f unction w hen t hey h ad b ecome o ld,

c hipped o r w orn,

f or

a

a lthough

s ome o f t he w ider n ecked a nd b odied b owls s eemed t o h ave b een d esigned w ith f ood p reparation i n m ind. T he o nes s pecifically m ade f or t his p urpose

m ay a lso b e

d istinguished b y t heir

s lightly c oncave n eck,

p laced a round t he t op t o 3 ,

s trongly e verted r ims

w hich w ould a llow a r ope o r f acilitate m oving

( fig.

a nd

l eather t hong t o b e 1 27:1,

5 ,

6 ;

1 28:1,

5 ). A g reater q uantity o f c ooking w ares w ere e xcavated f rom L ate V IB

l evels t han E arly V IB, w hich i s a r eflection o f t he a pparent f unction o f m any o f t he L ate V IB b uildings e xamined. V essels f rom b oth s ub— p hases

s hare

c arinated

t he

b owls

s ame

a re

g eneral

f ound

c haracteristics

i n L ate V IB c ontexts.

e xcept I t

i s

t hat

m ore

d ifficult

t o

c lassify t he E arly V IB c ooking p ottery i n t erms o f t he w are: r ed, b rown o r g rey, s ince m ost v essels h ave b een s ubjected t o d ifferential f iring

i n

t he k iln w ith t he

o ften o ccurs b rown,

o n t he s ame p ot.

p inkish—buff,

u neven. u pper

I n

w ith

s ome c ases

t he v essel

i s

o f t he v essels a ppear

g rey

whole,

t he

s everal

c olours

r eddish—brown,

g reyish—

p atches w here t he

t he v essel

i s

f iring

h as

b een

d ark r ed o r g rey i n t he r im a nd b ase.

I n

g eneral,

t he

r ed s lipped a nd s moothed o r b urnished.

t o b e w heel m ade

w ere p robably c oil b uilt

t he

t hat a r ange o f

F abrics c an b e

b ody a rea a nd a lmost o range n ear t he

s urface o f 7 )

r esult

a lthough s ome

1 29:1,

2 ,

a nd t hen f inished o ff o n a s low w heel.

O n

f abrics a re g ritty a nd t he w alls o f

( fig.

M ost

s ome o f t he

p ots

a re v ery c rumbly. T he

d ifficulty o ver w are c lassification i s

a lso e ncountered w ith

L ate V IB p ottery i n t his c ategory, a lthough t here i s a g reater p ropor— t ion o f f abrics w hich a re o range/brown o r s olely g rey i n c olour ( figs. 1 31:4,7; 6 ,

1 2)

1 32:4; a s

1 34 :7).

a re s imple

a re h andmade

1 5-30cms. S ometimes s pout ( fig. 1 33:11), 1 30:2).

( fig.

1 33:8-10).

f rom c oils a nd w hilst t he o utsides a re w et

i nteriors r emain r ough.

l ugs

C arinated f orms a re m ore c ommon

h olemouth b owls T he

r im d iameter o f

1 30:7,

8 )

1 30:5, l atter

s moothed,

t he

t hese v essels v aries

f rom

a t hick b ead r im h as b een a dded a long w ith a a s trap h andle ( fig. 1 34 : .12) o r a l ug ( fig.

S trainers a re a lso p art o f t he c ooking

( fig.

( fig. T hese

a nd

f inger i mpressions

f requently.

1 54

r epertoire. ( fig.

1 34:8)

B utton o ccur

E arly V IB: F ig.

B EAKERS

7 7 1 .

T ype

1 ,

l ight

b rown

f abric,

m edium g rit

t empered,

b urnt,

Y 2/4/(73). 2 .

T ype

2 a,

p ink

3 .

T ype

2 a,

b rown

f abric,

f ine g rit

4 .

T ype

2 a,

b rown

f abric,

m edium g rit

5 .

T ype

2 a,

b uff

6 .

T ype

2 b,

f abric,

f abric,

l ight

f ine g rit

t empered, t empered,

m edium g rit

b rown

Y 1/6/(75). Y 2/4/3(73).

t empered, t empered,

f abric,

J X/6/(69). Y 2/4/(73).

m edium

g rit

t empered,

Y 2/4/(73). 7 .

T ype

2 c,

8 .

T ype

2 c,

r ed

f abric,

r ed

f abric,

m edium g rit

t empered,

m edium g rit

Y 2/4/3(73).

t empered,

w et

s moothed,

Y 2/5/10(75). 9 . 1 0.

T ype T ype

2 c,

b uff

2 c,

f abric,

m edium g rit

o range/brown

Y 2/4/3(73). 1 1.

T ype

3 ,

Y 2/4/1(73).

1 56

f abric,

t empered, m edium

Y 1/5/(73). g rit

t empered,

3

6 .

5 .

9 .

1 0 C. e n t i

F ig.77. E ar ly V IB:

1 57

b eakers.

m e t r e s

E arly V IB: F ig.

B EAKERS

7 8 2 .

T ype

4 ,

p ink/buff

f abric,

r ed

s moothed,

T T1/5b(71).

s lip,

s and

t empered

Y 2/4/(73). 3 . 4 .

T ype T ype w et

4 ,

r ed w ash,

4 ,

w et

o range/brown

s moothed,

5 .

T ype

4 ,

p ink

6 .

T ype

4 ,

C C1/4/3(78).

7 .

T ype

4 ,

b uff

8 .

T ype

4 ,

B B1/5/4(78).

9 .

T ype

4 ,

b urnt, 1 0.

T ype

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed w ash,

Y 2/4/3(75). f abric,

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s and t empered,

b rown f abric,

s lip,

m edium g rit

Y 2/4/4(75).

Y 2/4/4(73).

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

r ed

s lip,

B B1/5/4(78). 4 ,

o range

f abric,

m edium g rit

t empered,

Y 2/4/6(73). 1 1.

T ype

4 ,

l ight b rown f abric,

Y 2/4(73).

1 58

m edium g rit

t empered,

r ed s lip,

2 .

4 .

3 .

L J . 1 7

6 .

5 .

8 . 9

--

I O .

I . 0

10

1 1 111 1 CMS

F ig.78. E ar ly V IB:

1 59

b eakers.

E arly a nd L ate F ig.

V IB:

B EAKERS

7 9 1 .

T ype

5 a,

b rown

2 .

T ype

5 a,

p ink

3 .

T ype

5 b,

f abric, f abric,

r ed/brown

Y 1/5(73). f ine

f abric,

g rit

t empered,

f ine g rit

Y 2/5/3(75).

t empered,

b urnt

b ase,

Y 2/4/3(73). 4 .

T ype

5 b,

p ink/buff,

5 .

T ype

5 b,

o range/brown

6 .

T ype

5 b,

p ink/buff,

7 .

T ype

5 c,

s and

t empered,

f abric,

f ine g rit

g rey/black

s and

r ed

s lip,

Y 2/4/2(73).

t empered,

Y 2/4/3(73).

t empered,

f abric,

Y 2/4/3.

c oarse

g rit

t empered,

X 2/2B(73). 8 .

T ype

5 c,

b uff

f abric,

c oarse g rit

1 60

t empered,

X /4(73).

1 .

2 .

6 .

1 .

7

L i

8 . 0 MIII M :

1 0 7 1 C MS .

F ig . 79. E ar ly a nd L a te V IB

1 61

b eakers.

11

C 1

E arly a nd L ate

V IB:

P LATES

F ig. 8 0 1 .

2 .

T ype 1 , o range/brown f abric, B B1/5/2/(78). T ype

1 ,

p ink/buff

Y 2/4/3, 3 .

T ype

4 .

T ype

5 .

6 .

7 .

2 a,

l ight

2 a,

b rown

f abric,

o range/brown,

e xternally

b urnt,

T ype

2 a,

o range/brown

s lip,

b urnished,

T ype

2 b,

s lip,

B B1/5/4,

T ype

s and

t empered,

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

i nternally b lack,

f loor 4 a/2(73).

2 b,

T ype

2 b,

9 .

T ype 3 ,

1 0.

T ype

1 1.

T ype 4 b, b urnished,

1 2.

T ype

4 c,

1 3.

T ype

5 ,

f ine g rit

T T1/5b(71).

t empered,

b rown

w ash,

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

b uff

J X6(69). f abric,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

r ed

5 9(75).

o range/brown

8 .

b urnished,

Z X/9(73).

o range/grey

b urnished,

1 4.

f abric,

f ine g rit

B bl/2/2,

f abric,

f ine git

t empered,

r ed s lip,

5 9(75).

B B1/5/4(78). B B1/5/1(78).

4 a,

b rown

f abric,

i nternally b urnt,

g rey f abric, T T1/5b(71).

c oarse

g rit

Y 1/6(75). t empered,

b lack

T T1/6(71). b rown f abric,

T ype

6 ,

B B1/

4 /1 ( 78).

f ine g rit

o range/brown

1 5.

T ype

7 ,

i nternally b urnt,

1 6.

T ype

8 ,

o range

f abric,

t empered,

f abric,

g rit

t empered,

Y 2/3(73).

c oarse g rit

1 62

f ine

Y 2/4/2(73).

t empered,

X 2/1(73).

1 .

inn

2

‚

3 . 4 .

5 .

6 . 7

8 .

nI M ‚

1 0 .

9

I .

1 2 .

no l W

1 3 .

1 4 . 1 5 .

1 6 . 1 0

0 Q

M 1 C MS .

F ig . 80. E ar ly a nd L a te V IB. p lates.

1 63

F ig.

8 1

L ate

V IB 1 .

L ight

E arly a nd L ate

V IB:

b rown

c oarse g rit

h and m ade,

f abric,

B B1/3/1

2 .

X 2/2b

( 1973).

3 .

B rown

f abric,

S MALL V ESSELS

t empered,

w et-smoothed,

( 1975).

m edium g rit

t empered,

e xternally b urnt,

Y 2/3a

( 1973). 4 .

T T1/4

( 1971).

5 .

Y /4

( 1971).

6 .

Y /4

( 1971).

7 .

BB1/ 4 /1

8 .

C oarse g rit

9 .

BB1/3/13

1 0.

B rown

B rown

t empered,

h andmade,

Y 2/3

( 1973).

( 1978).

f abric,

s lips, 1 1.

( 1978).

v ery

BB1/2/5 f abric,

h andmade,

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

b rown

( 1978). c oarse g rit

BB1/3/11,

P it

t empered,

b adly

f ired,

b urnt,

2 ( 1978).

E arly V IB 1 2.

Y 1/4D

( 1973).

1 3.

T T1/4

( 1971).

1 4.

B uff

1 5.

R ed/brown

1 6.

T T1/5

1 7.

O range/grey

1 8.

P ink/brown

1 9.

B B1/5/4

f abric,

b urnt

f abric,

b ase, b urnt,

e xternally b urnished, Y 2/4/3

Y 2/4/8.

( 1973).

( 1971). f abric, f abric,

h andmade, m edium g rit

( 1978).

1 64

Y 1/5

( 1973).

t empered,

Y 2/4/3(1973).

6 .

5 .

7

S

I O .

1 2 .

L I

1 3 . 0

1 0

CMS

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

U : • 1 1 7

1 9

1 8 .

F ig.81, E ar ly a nd L a te V IB .

1 65

sma l l v esse ls.

E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype

1 a nd

2 B OWLS

8 2 1 .

T ype

1 ,

b uff

f abric,

f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

b uff

f abric,

f ine

g rit

t empered,

b urnished,

Y 2/ 4 /7 ( 73). 2 .

T ype

1 ,

Y 2/4/3(73). 3 .

T ype

1 ,

o range/brown

b urnished, 4 . 5 .

T ype

1 ,

T ype

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

B B1/5/6(78).

b rown

1 ,

f abric,

b rown

r ed

f abric,

s lip,

T T1/5b(71).

f ine g rit

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

Y 1/12,20(75). 6 .

T ype

7 .

T ype

1 ,

s lip,

Y 2/4/4(73).

T ype

1 ,

8 .

1 ,

p ink

1 0.

T ype T ype

1 ,

Y 2/5/6(75).

o range/brown

b rown

b urnished, 9 .

f abric,

f abric,

m edium g rit

f ine

g rit

s lip,

b urnished,

f ine

g rit

t empered,

t empered,

r ed

r ed

s lip,

Z X/9(73).

b rown

1 ,

f abric,

f abric,

b rown

r ed

f abric,

T T3/1(73).

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

x /1(71). 1 1.

T ype

1 ,

o range/brown

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

BB1/ 4 /1 ( 78). 1 2.

T ype

1 ,

o range/brown

f abric,

f ine

g rit

t empered,

B B1/ 4 /1 ( 78). 1 3.

T ype

1 ,

o range/brown

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

B B1/4/6(78). 1 4.

T ype

2 ,

o range/brown

Y 2/ 4 /1 ( 73). 1 5.

T ype

2 ,

1 6.

T ype

2 ,

1 7.

B B1/5/4(78). o range/brown

b urnished,

Y 2/4/3(73).

T ype

o range/brown

2 ,

f abric,

T T6/1b(71).

1 66

c oarse

g rit

t empered,

r j

( 7 5

1 67

1a nd 2 b ow ls.

E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype

1 a nd 4 B OWLS

8 3 1 .

T ype

1 ,

T T1/5b

2 .

T ype

1 ,

b rown

3 .

T ype

1 ,

f ired,

( 1971). f abric,

b uff

o range/brown

r ed

s lip,

s lip,

Y 1/6

f abric,

B B1/4/1

f ine g rit

T ype

1 ,

l ight

b rown

f abric,

r ed w ash,

5 .

T ype

1 ,

l ight b rown

f abric,

T T1/5

6 .

T ype

1 ,

7 .

T ype

8 .

T ype

9 .

T ype f ired,

1 0.

T ype f ired,

1 1.

f abric,

w ell

m edium

T T1/5b

( 1971).

( 1971).

g rit

t empered,

b urnished,

( 1973).

1 ,

f ired,

b uff

t empered,

( 1978).

4 .

Y 2/ 4 /7

( 1973).

g rey w are,

4 , r ed 4 , r ed 4 , r ed

Y 1/5

( 1973).

o range/brown s lip,

o range/brown s lip,

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

t empered,

w ell

t empered,

w ell

( 1978).

f abric,

f ine

g rit

B B1/ 4 /1 ( 1978).

o range/brown s lip,

f abric,

B B1/1/13

f abric,

B B1/4/1

m edium g rit

( 1978).

T ype 4 , b rown f abric, v ery f ine g rit b rown s lip, B B1/2/4 ( 1978).

1 68

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

g l ow ( . 5

o z 5

d o s look

4 00 1 1 1 1 1 1

%

c . : .

.

' -_ _ _ _ _/

.a m il e s r • :

c y i

1

1 69

. . - -, . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . ._ .__ _ ___ _ _ _ . . . . . . . .

Ear ly a nd La te V IB:

0

d i

E arly V IB: F ig.

T ypes

2 ,

4 a nd 6 B OWLS

8 4 1 .

T ype

4 ,

2 .

T ype

4 ,

g rey/brown

o range/brown

b urnished, 3 . 4 .

T ype T ype

4 ,

f abric,

f abric,

f ine

T T1/5b(71).

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

Z X/9(73).

b rown

4 ,

b rown w ash,

f abric,

b rown

r ed s lip,

f abric,

T T1/5b(71).

f ine g rit

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

B B1/5/10(78). 5 .

T ype

4 ,

o range/brown

b urnished, 6 .

T ype

4 ,

o range/brown

b urnished, 7 .

T ype

4 ,

T ype

o range/brown

2 ,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

B B1/5/4(78).

b urnished, 8 .

f abric,

B B1/5/4(78).

f abric,

Y 1/12(75). f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

i nternally

b uff,

Y 2/ 4 /7 ( 75). 9 .

T ype

4 ,

o range/brown

b urnished, 1 0.

T ype

4 ,

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed s lip,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed s lip,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed s lip,

Y 1/12,57(75).

o range/brown f abric,

B B1/5/11(78). 1 1.

T ype

4 ,

o range/brown f abric,

b urnished, 1 2.

1 3.

Z X/9(73).

T ype

4 ,

o range/brown

s lip,

w et

s moothed,

T ype

6 b,

o range/brown

b urnished,

f abric,

m edium g rit

t empered,

r ed

Y 2/4/3(73). f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed s lip,

f ine g rit t empered,

r ed s lip,

Y 2/5/11(73).

1 4.

T ype

2 ,

r ed

s lip,

Y 1/5(73).

1 5.

T ype

6 a,

l ight b rown w ash,

1 6.

T ype

6 a,

r ed w ash,

1 7.

T ype

6 a,

o range/brown

T T1/5b(71).

T T1/5b(71). f abric,

B B1/5/5(78).

1 70

c e i

c ;

c \ i

c \ i

a j

./011 1 / 1

d i teg°911111

r-

4

i11 1 4 44

1 71

E arly V IB: F ig.

T ypes

4 ,

6 a a nd 6 b B OWLS

8 5 1 .

T ype

6 a,

e xternal 2 .

T ype

6 a,

f ired, 3 .

b rown r ed

T ype

6 a,

s lip,

4 .

T ype

6 a,

5 .

T ype

6 a,

T T1/5b

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

( 1978).

f abric,

B B1/5/8

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

f ine g rit

B B1/5/4

o range/brown

r ed

f ired,

f abric,

s lip,

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

( 1978). f abric,

B B1/5/8

( 1978).

( 1971).

b rown f abric,

e xternal

a nd

i nternal

r ed w ash,

Y /5

( 1971). 6 .

T ype

6 a,

7 .

T ype

4 ,

f ired,

b rown

f abric,

o range/brown

r ed

s lip,

T ype

6 a,

B B1/X/1

9 .

T ype

6 a,

r ed

1 0.

T ype

4 ,

o range/brown b rown s lip,

T ype

6 a,

Y 1/5

1 2.

T ype

6 a,

b rown

1 3.

T ype

6 a,

g rey

1 4.

T ype f ired,

6 a,

f ine

B B1/5/4

g rit

t empered,

w ell

( 1978).

( 1978).

f abric,

1 1.

( 1971).

f abric,

b urnished,

8 .

f ired,

T T1/4

r ed w ash,

T T1/5(1971).

f abric,

v ery f ine g rit

b urnished,

Y 2/5/11

t empered,

w ell

( 1973).

( 1973). f abric, f abric,

b urnished, r ed s lip,

o range/brown

e xternal

f abric,

r ed s lip,

1 72

T T1/4

( 1971).

b urnished, f ine g rit

B B1/5/10

( 1978).

T T1/5b

( 1971).

t empered,

w ell

2

6 b b ow ls.

c r i

e d ema '

„ w oe

1 73

E arly V IB: F ig.

T ypes

3 ,

4 a nd 6 a

B OWLS

8 6 1 .

T ype

3 ,

r ed

2 .

T ype

3 ,

b rown w ash,

3 .

T ype

4 .

3 ,

f abric,

b uff

Y 2/4(75).

T ype

p ink

T T1/5b(71).

b urnished,

f abric,

b urnished, 3 ,

r ed w ash,

f abric,

T T1/6(71).

f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

Y 2/4/3(73). 5 .

T ype

3 ,

l ight

r ed

6 .

T ype

3 ,

f ine

7 .

T ype

3 ,

b rown

8 .

T ype 3 ,

l ight b rown w ash,

T T1/5b(71).

9 .

T ype

3 ,

l ight

b rown w ash,

T T1/5b(71).

1 0.

T ype

3 ,

b rown

f abric,

1 1.

T ype

6 a,

1 2.

T ype

4 ,

g rit

b rown

T T1/5(71).

t empered,

f abric,

l ight

b urnished,

f abric,

b rown

r ed s lip,

r ed w ash,

r ed w ash, f abric,

f abric,

T T1/5b(71).

T T1/5b(71).

b rown s lip,

m edium g rit

Y 1/12,6a—d(75).

1 74

Y 1/5(71).

T T1/6(71).

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

6 a b ow ls .

c \ i

1 75

E arly and L ate F ig.

V IB:

T ype

6 a a nd 6 b B OWLS

8 7 1 .

T ype

6 a,

B B1/X/1

2 .

T ype

6 a,

Y 1/4D

3 .

T ype

6 a,

r ed

4 .

T ype

6 a,

f ine

5 .

T ype

6 a,

b rown

6 .

T ype

6 a,

r ed w ash,

7 .

T ype

6 a,

B B1/X/1

( 1978).

b rown

f abric,

8 .

9 .

T ype

6 a,

w ash,

T T1/5

T ype

6 b,

f ired, 1 0.

T ype

( 1973).

f abric,

b uff

g rey w are, f abric,

s lip,

T T1/5b

( 1971).

b lack b urnished,

T T1/5b

T T1/5b

T T1/5b

( 1971).

( 1971).

( 1971).

i nternal

r ed w ash,

e xternal

b uff

( 1971).

o range/brown

r ed w ash,

6 a,

Y 2/ 4 /1

( 1978).

f abric,

B B1/5/4

r ed/brown

f abric,

( 1973).

1 76

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

( 1978). m edium g rit

t empered,

r ed w ash,

0

t v i • mm l 44 1 4 ‘

177

AN % E ar ly a nd L a te V IB:

a nd 6 b b ow ls.

, f

c . ;

o

F ig.

E arly V IB:

T ypes

6 a a nd

l ight

f abric,

7 B OWLS

8 8 1 .

T ype

7 ,

T T1/5b

b rown

c oarse g rit

t empered,

r ed w ash,

( 1971).

2 .

T ype

6 a,

l ight

b rown

3 .

T ype

6 a,

b rown

f abric,

4 .

T ype

6 a,

f ired,

f abric, T T1/4

o range/brown i nternal

r ed w ash,

( 1971).

( 1971).

f abric,

r ed s lip,

T T1/5b

c oarse g rit

e xternal

t empered,

r ed s lip,

w ell

b urnt,

Y 1/19

t empered,

w ell

( 1975). 5 .

T ype

6 a,

f ired,

o range/brown e xternal

a nd

f abric,

i nternal

m edium g rit r ed

s lip,

b urnished,

Y 2/5/11

( 1973). 6 .

7 .

T ype

7 , w et

T ype

6 a,

f ired, 8 .

T ype

T ype

f abric,

s moothed,

m edium g rit

Z X/9

o range/brown

r ed

7 ,

f ired, 9 .

p ink

w ash,

s lip,

f abric,

B B1/5/8

6 a,

r ed

w ell

r ed

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

c oarse g rit

t empered,

w ell

( 1973). f abric,

f ired,

( 1978).

o range/brown f abric, Z X/9

t empered,

( 1973).

b uff w ash,

1 78

T T1/5

( 1971).

E ar ly V IB:

a nd 7 b ow ls.

d i

O D

o

o

1 79

L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype

6 a B OWLS

X 3/1

( 1973).

8 9 1 .

T ype

6 a,

b rown

2 .

T ype

6 a,

B B1/1/9

3 .

T ype

6 a,

T ype

6 a,

s lip, 5 .

T ype

6 .

T ype

T ype

9 .

T ype

6 a,

1.

T ype s lip,

w et

r ed s lip,

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

r ed

( 1973).

f abric,

b urnished,

f abric,

X 2/3B

f ine g rit

Y 2/3

t empered,

w ell

t empered,

w ell

( 1973). m edium g rit

( 1973). m edium g rit

t empered,

r ed

( 1973). o range/brown

f abric,

b urnished,

f ine g rit

X 2/3A

o range/brown f abric,

r ed s lip,

6 a,

X 2/3B

o range/brown f abric,

r ed s lip, 6 a,

f ired,

f ine g rit

b urnt,

o range/brown

6 a,

t empered,

( 1973).

r ed s lip,

X 2/3a

m edium g rit

( 1975).

f abric,

s lip,

s lip,

T ype

( 40)

y ellow/brown

T ype

f ired, 1 0.

Y 2/3

r ed

6 a,

f ired, 8 .

b rown

6 a,

f ired, 7 .

B B1/3/3

b urnished, 6 a,

( 1978).

r ed/brown f abric,

b urnished, 4 .

f abric,

p ink

b urnt,

B B1/4/1

f abric,

s moothed,

( 1973).

1 80

w ell

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

( 1978).

f ine g rit

X 3/1

t empered,

( 1973).

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

r od

. 6 e "1 4 *01 3

c a

L ate V IB:

CO

CO

b r . )

0 5

1 81

L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype 6 a B OWLS

9 0 1 .

T ype

6 a,

f ired, 2 .

T ype

6 a,

f ired, 3 .

4 .

5 .

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

f abric,

B B1/3/3

T ype

6 a,

X 3/2

( 1973).

l ight b rown

T ype

6 a,

o range

( 51)

t empered,

w ell

m edium g rit

t empered,

w ell

t empered,

w ell

( 1975).

6 a,

l ight

7 .

T ype

6 a,

l ight b rown

8 .

T ype

6 a,

T ype

b rown f abric,

6 a,

f abric,

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

f ired,

w ell

X 2/3A

t empered,

f ine g rit

r ed w ash,

t empered,

r ed

s moothed,

Y 2/3

( 1973).

w et

s moothed,

Y 2/3

( 1973).

f abric,

r ed s lip,

T ype

6 a,

B B1/1/9

( 1975).

1.

T ype

6 a,

B B1/1/6

( 1975).

T ype

6 a,

g rey/brown

w et

f ine

g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

( 1973).

1 0.

B B1/4/6

f ired,

f abric,

o range/brown

e xternal

f ine g rit

( 1978).

T ype

f ired,

f abric,

f abric,

B B1/1/3/13

6 .

1 2.

f ine g rit

T ype 6 a, o range/brown f abric, m edium g rit f ired, r ed s lip, B B1/3/3 ( 1975).

s lip,

9 .

f abric,

B B1/ 4 /7 ( 1978).

Y 2/3

f abric,

( 1973).

f ine g rit

t empered,

( 1978).

1 3.

T ype

6 a,

l ight

b rown f abric,

1 4.

T ype

6 a,

B B1/3/13

( 1975).

1 82

X 3/1(2)

( 1973).

w ell

f ired,

g i O NN*

c 3

, z )

4 . 0001 1%

6 a b ow ls.

%e N

› . › 4 -,

L a te V IB:

c \ J

do e

1 83

%On

L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype

6 a B OWLS

9 1 1 .

T ype 6 a, ( 1973).

b rown f abric,

m edium g rit

t empered,

r ed w ash,

Y 2/2

2 .

T ype

b rown f abric,

m edium g rit

t empered,

r ed w ash,

Y 2/2

6 a,

( 1973). 3 .

T ype 6 a, o range/brown f abric, f ine g rit t empered, f ired, r ed s lip, b urnished, B B1/3/3 ( 33) ( 1975).

w ell

4 .

T ype

t empered,

w ell

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

6 a,

f ired, 5 .

T ype

6 .

T ype

6 a, 6 a,

f ired, 7 .

T ype

8 .

T ype

6 a,

f abric,

b urnished,

B B/3/13

o range/brown

B B1/1/10

f abric,

( 1975).

o range/brown f abric,

r ed s lip,

b urnished,

X 3/1

T ype

6 a,

X 3/1

1 0.

T ype

6 a,

o range/brown f abric,

1 1.

T ype

1 2.

T ype

1 3.

T ype

1 4.

T ype f ired,

1 5.

T ype f ired,

b urnished,

f ine g rit

Y 2/3

w ell

f abric,

w ell

t empered,

w ell

( 1973).

v ery f ine g rit

X 2/3a

t empered,

t empered,

w ell

( 1973). f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

m edium g rit

t empered,

w ell

B B1/ 4 /1 ( 1978).

r ed/brown

r ed s lip,

t empered,

( 1973). f ine g rit

X 3/1

f abric,

b urnished,

o range/brown

r ed s lip, 6 a,

b urnished,

o range/brown

r ed s lip, 6 a,

v ery f ine g rit

( 1978).

o range/brown f abric,

r ed s lip,

6 a,

f ired,

B B1/2/4

o range/brown f abric,

r ed s lip, 6 a,

f ired,

( 1973).

( 1973).

r ed s lip, 6 a,

f ired,

( 1973).

B B1/ 4 /1 ( 1978).

9 .

f ired,

f ine g rit

Y 2/3

( 1975).

r ed s lip,

6 a,

f ired,

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

f abric,

BB1/3/3

( 48)

1 84

( 1975).

I t e

e l

e/ 1 4

W

I

c ;

1 85

%

G a b ow ls.

ON I N INe

0

4

, w,

L ate F ig.

V IB:

T ype

6 a B OWLS

9 ) 1 .

T ype

9.

T ype

3 .

6 a,

l ight brown

6 a,

b rown

f abric,

b urnished,

X 3/1(73).

T ype

b rown

6 a,

f abric,

b rown w ash,

f ine g rit

f abric,

Y 2/3(73).

t empered,

m edium g rit

b uff

s lip,

r ed

s lip,

t empered,

BB1/2/2,77(75). 4 .

T ype

5 .

T ype

6 a,

brown

6 a,

b urnished, 6 .

7 .

8 .

T ype

6 a,

f abric,

o range/brown

b rown

f abric,

X 1/1(71).

T ype

b rown

f abric,

b urnished,

Z X/6(73).

T ype

b rown

6 a,

s lip,

X /4(73).

f abric,

f ine

g rit

t empered,

X 3/1(73).

b urnished, 6 a,

r ed

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

b uff

s lip,

f ine g rit

t empered,

X 3/1(73). 9 .

T ype

6 a,

o range/brown

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

Z X/6(73). 1 0.

T ype

6 a,

o range/brown

f abric,

B B1/9(75).

1 1.

T ype

6 a,

o range/brown

f abric,

f ine

b urnished,

X 3/1(73).

1 2.

T ype

6 a,

o range

1 3.

T ype

6 a,

o range/brown

b urnished, 1 4.

T ype

6 a,

f abric,

X 2/2B(73).

X 3/1(73).

o range/brown

Y 2/3(73). 1 5.

T ype

6 a,

X 2/2A(73).

1 6.

T ype

6 a,

r ed w ash X /4(73).

1 86

( . 6

c . ; L t

c d

N W . -

q f t i le %

, t

0 , 3

r n

e r n e e ' w c \ J

1 87

b i

L ate F ig.

V IB:

T ype

6 a B OWLS

9 3 1 .

T ype

6 a,

X /4,

( 1973),

S cale,

1 :2.

2 .

T ype

6 a,

X /4,

( 1973),

S cale,

1 :2.

3 .

T ype

6 a,

X /4,

( 1973),

S cale,

1 :2.

4 .

T ype

6 a,

X /4,

( 1973),

S cale,

1 :2.

5 .

T ype

6 a,

g rey

b urnished, 6 .

T ype

7 .

T ype

8 .

6 a,

f abric,

Y 2/3

B B1/1/8

6 a,

m edium

o range/brown X 3/1

T ype

b rown f abric,

6 a,

9 .

T ype

6 a,

1 0.

T ype

6 a,

f ired,

w ell

f ired,

f abric,

f ine

g rit

t empered,

( 1973).

b urnished,

B B1/1/9

t empered,

( 1975).

b urnished,

b rown s lip,

g rit

( 1973).

f ine g rit

X 3/1

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

( 1973).

( 1975).

o range/brown

f abric,

r ed s lip w ith c ream w ash,

1 88

m edium g rit X /2

( 1971).

t empered,

w ell

C I D

c

.

1 89

6 a b ow ls.

o

F ig . 93 . L a te s V IB:

ö —

L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype

6 a B OWLS

9 4 1 .

T ype 6 a, b rown b urnt, Y 2/3(73).

2 .

T ype

6 a,

B B1/1/9(78).

3 .

T ype

6 a,

B B1/1/9(78).

4 .

T ype 6 a, o range/brown f abric, B B1/ 4 /1 ( 78).

5 .

T ype

6 a,

X 2/2A(73).

6 .

T ype

6 a,

o range/brown

7 .

T ype

6 a,

r ed

f abric,

m edium g rit

f abric,

f abric,

t empered,

f ine g rit

t empered,

b urnt,

X 3/2A(73).

m edium g rit

t empered,

r ed

r ed

r ed

s lip,

s lip,

s lip,

Z X/8(73). 8 . 9 .

T ype

6 a,

o range/grey

T ype

6 a,

o range/brown

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

Y 2/3(73).

f abric,

f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed s lip,

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed s lip,

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

Z X/4(73) ..

B B1/1/13(78). 1 0.

T ype

6 a,

o range/brown

B B1/2/4(78). 1 1. 1 2.

T ype

6 a,

T ype

6 a,

o range/brown b rown

T T5/4(71). 1 3.

T ype

6 a,

f abric,

m edium g rit

t empered,

w et

s moothed,

S cale:1:2.

o range/brown

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

Z X/4(73).

B B1/2/12(78). 1 4.

T ype

6 a,

o range/brown

1 90

c i

0

6 a b ow ls.

C , )

F ig . 94 . L ate V I B.

L r i

K i ( . 6

. . . "-", , , , . . . . . . . . .

. . " '

1 91

L ate F ig.

V IB:

T ypes

6 a a nd 6 b B OWLS

9 5 1 .

T ype

6 b,

f ired,

o range/brown

i nternal

b uff

f abric,

s lip,

f ine g rit

e xternal

r ed

t empered,

s lip,

w ell

B B1/3/3

( 41)

( 1975). 2 .

T ype

6 b,

f ired, 3 .

T ype

6 b,

f ired,

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

f abric,

B B1/3/3

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

t empered,

w ell

( 1975). f abric,

b urnished,

Y 2/3

( 1973).

4 .

T ype 6 b, o range/brown f abric, m edium g rit f ired, r ed s lip, b urnished, X 3/1 ( 1973).

5 .

T ype

6 b,

B B1/3/13

6 .

T ype

6 b,

b rown f abric,

s lip, 7 .

T ype

( 1978).

b urnished. 6 b,

r ed s lip,

f ine g rit

B B1/1/13

g rey/brown f abric, b urnished,

b urnt,

8 .

T ype

6 a,

B B1/1/9

( 1978).

9 .

T ype

6 a,

B B1/1/6

( 1978).

1 0.

T ype

6 b,

B B1/1/11

( 1978).

1 1.

T ype

6 a,

B B1/3/13

( 1978).

1 2.

T ype

6 b,

B B1/1/10

( 1978).

1 3.

T ype

6 b,

p ink/grey

f abric,

1 92

t empered,

b adly

f ired,

r ed

( 1978). f ine g rit B B1/1/2

Z X/8

t empered,

( 116)

( 1973).

w ell

( 1975).

f ired,

( . ;

1 93

L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype 6 b B OWLS

9 6 1 .

T ype 6 b,

l ight b rown f abric,

2 .

T ype 6 b,

o range/brown f abric,

b uff s lip,

3 .

T ype 6 b,

o range/brown f abric,

X 3/2

4 .

T ype 6 b, b rown f abric, s lip, B B1/4/6 ( 1978).

5 .

T ype

6 b,

f ired,

b urnished,

T ype

7 .

T ype 6 b, o range/brown f abric, f ired, r ed s lip, b urnished, Y 2/3

8 .

T ype

Z X/5

( 1973).

( 1973). t empered,

f ine g rit

B B1/4/1

6 .

6 b,

B B1/1/8

( 1973).

f ine g rit

o range/brown f abric,

r ed s lip,

6 b,

Y 2/2

w ell

f ired,

r ed

t empered,

w ell

t empered,

w ell

( 1978).

( 1975).

b rown f abric,

f ine g rit ( 1973).

m edium g rit

t empered,

r ed w ash,

Y 2/2

( 1973). 9 .

Type

f ired, 1 0.

T ype

1 1.

T ype

6 b, o range/brown f abric, f ine g rit r ed s lip, b urnished, X 2/3B ( 1973).

6 b, 6 b,

f ired, 1 2.

T ype

B B1/1/9

6 b,

f ired,

6 b,

b urnished,

X 3/1

o range/brown f abric,

r ed s lip,

b urnished,

X 3/1

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

t empered,

w ell

w ell

( 1973). f ine g rit ( 1973).

1 3.

T ype

1 4.

T ype 6 b,

1 5.

T ype 6 b, o range/brown f abric, f ine g rit t empered, f ired, r ed s lip, b urnished, B B1/3/3 ( 60) ( 1975).

1 6.

T ype

6 b,

r ed s lip, 1 7.

T ype

6 b,

B B1/1/10

w ell

( 1978).

o range/brown f abric,

r ed s lip,

t empered,

B B1/1/6

( 1978). ( 1978).

b rown f abric,

m edium g rit t empered,

b urnished,

( 1971).

X /1

b rown f abric,

m edium g rit t empered,

( 1973).

1 94

w ell

f ired,

r ed w ash,

Y 2/2

a/

%p ie

MI

.0 0 1 1 1 1

w

ow

\

10 11 1. 4

C : 7 )

b . 0 • g 1 . 4

g e% c n 2

N .

1 95

L ate V IB: F ig.

T ypes

6 a a nd 6 b B OWLS

9 7 1 .

T ype

6 b,

f ired, 2 .

T ype

3 .

T ype

6 b,

T ype

5 .

T ype

6 a,

7 .

o range/brown

o range

6 a,

T ype

f abric,

f abric,

B B1/4/6

T ype

6 b,

( 1973).

o range

B B1/3/11,

P it

f abric,

8 .

T ype

6 a,

b rown

9 .

T ype

6 a,

X 3/1

1 0.

T ype

6 a,

B B1/1/10

( 1978).

1 1.

T ype

6 a,

B B1/3/16

( 1978).

1 2.

T ype

6 b,

w ell

f abric,

t empered,

w ell

( 1973). t empered,

Y 2/3

( 1973).

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

( 1978).

o range/brown f abric,

r ed s lip,

X 2/3A

t empered,

f ine g rit

X 3/1

m edium g rit

o range/brown

6 a,

c oarse g rit

B B1/ 4 /7 ( 1978).

f abric,

b urnished,

r ed s lip,

f ired,

f abric,

b urnished,

( 1973).

r ed s lip,

f ired, 6 .

X 2/2A

6 b,

f ired, 4 .

o range/brown

b rown s lip,

2 ( 1978).

f ine g rit

m edium g rit

t empered,

t empered,

b uff

Y 2/3e

s lip,

( 1973).

( 1973).

l ight b rown f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

Y 2/3e

( 1973). 1 3. 1 4.

T ype

6 a,

T ype

X 2/2B

6 a,

b rown f abric,

b rown s lip, 1 5.

T ype

6 b,

f ired, 1 6.

T ype

( 1973).

B B1/4/9

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

6 b,

B B1/3/16

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

( 1978). f abric,

B B1/2/2

( 93)

( 1978).

1 96

f ine g rit

( 1978).

t empered,

w ell

1 ( 5

. d o > c \ ;

1 97

L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype

6 b B OWLS

9 8 1 .

T ype

6 b,

f ired, 2 .

T ype

6 b,

f ired, 3 .

T ype

T ype

5 .

T ype

6 .

T ype

7 .

T ype

6 b,

6 h,

f ired,

s lip,

s lip,

Y 2/3

1 0.

T ype

6 b,

B B1/1/9

( 1975).

1 1.

T ype

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

T ype

6 b,

B B1/1/7

1 3.

T ype

6 b,

b lack b urnished,

1 4.

T ype

t empered,

w ell

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

( 91)

( 1975).

f ine g rit

Y 2/3

Y 2/2

t empered,

w ell

t empered,

w ell

t empered,

w ell

( 1973).

( 1973).

f abric,

b urnished,

X 3/1

o range/brown f abric,

r ed s lip,

( 1973).

( 1975).

o range/brown

r ed s lip, 6 b,

w ell

B B1/2/2

f abric,

b urnished,

1 2.

f ired,

t empered,

f ine g rit

Y 2/3

f abric,

b urnished, ( 1975).

T ype

m edium g rit ( 1975).

f abric,

B B1/1/8

1 5.

w ell

( 1975).

( 1973).

6 b,

6 b,

t empered,

( 13)

( 1978).

T ype

f ired,

m edium g rit

f abric,

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

6 b,

( 24)

b urnished,

9 .

f ired,

w ell

B B1/3/3

f abric,

B B1/2/2

o range/brown

r ed

t empered,

( 1973).

B B1/3/13

6 b,

T ype

f abric,

o range/brown

r ed

6 b,

f ired, 8 .

X 3/1

f ine g rit

( 1978).

b urnished,

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

6 b,

f ired,

s lip,

f abric,

B B1/2/3

o range/brown

r ed

6 b,

f ired, 4 .

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

b urnished,

1 98

X 2/3A

f ine g rit ( 1973). f ine g rit ( 1973).

4 0 '4

1 99

L a te V IB.

6 b b ow ls.

L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype 6 b B OWLS

9 9 1 . 2 .

T ype

6 b,

( 1975).

T ype

6 b,

b rown f abric,

w ash,

Y 2/2

( 1973).

3 .

T ype

6 b,

4 .

T ype

6 b,

f ired, 5 .

B B1/1/7

T ype

o range

f abric,

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

6 b,

f ired,

i nternal

c oarse g rit f abric,

B B1/1/2

( 184)

o range/brown f abric,

r ed s lip,

X /2

6 .

T ype

6 b,

r ed

f abric,

7 .

T ype

6 b,

g rey/brown

8 .

T ype

6 b,

o range

r ed w ash,

e xternal

t empered,

m edium g rit

X 2/1

b uff

( 1973).

t empered,

w ell

t empered,

w ell

( 1975). m edium g rit

( 1971). b urnished, f abric,

f abric,

X /1

B B1/2/12

( 1978).

( 1971).

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed s lip,

X 3/1

( 1973). 9 .

T ype

6 b,

X 2/2B

1 0.

T ype

6 b,

B B1/1/10

1 1.

T ype

6 b,

f ired,

( 1973). ( 1978).

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

1 2.

T ype

6 b,

l ight

1 3.

T ype

6 b,

r ed

f abric,

B B1/1/13

b rown f abric,

f abric,

X 3/1

r ed s lip,

2 00

f ine g rit

( 1978). ( 1973).

Z X/8

( 1973).

t empered,

w ell

0

2 01

Late V IR :

6 b b ow ls.

L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype 6 b B OWLS

1 00 1 .

T ype

6 b,

f ired, 2 .

T ype

3 .

T ype

o range/brown f abric,

b urnished,

6 b,

b rown

6 b,

b urnished,

r ed

f abric, ( 1973).

6 b,

Y 2/2

5 .

T ype

6 b,

r ed

6 .

T ype

6 b,

s lip,

b urnished,

T ype

6 b,

f ired, 8 .

T ype

f abric,

T ype

6 b,

1 0.

T ype Y 2/3

6 b, b rown ( 1973).

1 1.

T ype

1 2.

T ype

6 b,

1 3.

T ype

1 4.

T ype

1 5.

1 6.

T ype

r ed

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

X 2/3A

( 1973). t empered,

b rown

f abric,

b urnished,

f abric,

Y 2/3

6 b,

f abric,

f abric,

Z X/5b

X /1

t empered,

w ell

( 1973). t empered,

b rown

s lip,

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ine

( 1971). g rit

Z X/5/22 f ine

g rit

t empered,

e xternal b uff

( 1973). t empered,

w ell

f ired,

r ed

( 1973). f abric,

b urnished,

o range/brown

f ine g rit

X 2/1

f abric,

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

w ell

( 1973).

r ed w ash,

T ype

t empered,

f ine g rit

b urnished,

X 3/1

f ine g rit

( 1973).

f abric,

s lip,

b rown

b urnished,

( 1973).

( 1978).

o range/brown

b urnished,

6 b,

( 10)

f ine g rit

( 1973).

o range

6 b,

w ell

( 1975).

Y 2/2

s lip,

T ype

X 3/1

s lip,

i nternal

f ired, 1 7.

r ed

6 b,

s lip,

B B1/2/3

o range/brown

6 b,

f ired,

f abric,

B B1/3/4

f abric,

r ed s lip,

6 b,

b urnished,

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

9 .

f ired,

f ine

X 3/1

o range/brown f abric,

r ed s lip,

r ed

t empered,

( 1973).

o range/grey

6 b,

f ired,

r ed w ash,

X 2/3B

T ype

f ine g rit

( 1971).

f abric,

4 .

7 .

X /2

Y 2/3

f abric,

( 1973).

2 02

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

( 1973).

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed w ash ,

O

0

( 1 )

1

1

4 1/ 1 1 % , ‘

t r io g i l l

tea%

2 03

E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype 6 b B OWLS

1 01 1 .

T ype

6 b,

2 .

T ype 6 b, o range/brown f abric, B B1/1/2,12(75).

3 .

T ype

6 b,

g rey/brown f abric,

o range/grey

m edium g rit

f abric,

f ine g rit

f ine g rit

t empered,

X 3/1(73).

t empered,

r ed s lip,

t empered,

b urnished,

Z X/5(73). 4 .

T ype

6 b,

b urnished, 5 .

T ype

6 .

T ype

6 b,

g rey/brown

l ight b rown

6 b,

g rey

i nternally b uff, 7 .

T ype

6 b,

f abric,

m edium

g rit

t empered,

Z X/5(73). f abric,

f abric,

X /3(73).

f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

Z X/6(73).

o range/brown

f abric,

r ed

s lip,

s lip,

Y /4b(71).

b urnished,

Y /4b(71). 8 . 9 .

T ype

6 b,

b rown f abric,

T ype

6 b,

o range

r ed

f abric,

s and t empered,

r ed s lip,

b urnished ,

Y /4b(71). 1 0.

T ype

6 b,

m edium g rit

t empered,

b uff

1 1.

T ype

6 b,

m edium g rit

t empered,

X 2/2B(73).

1 2.

T ype

6 b,

b rown

f abric,

s lip,

f ine g rit

Z X/6(73).

t empered,

r ed

w ash,

i nternal

r ed

w ash,

t empered,

r ed

w ash,

T T1/5b(73). 1 3. 1 4.

T ype T ype

6 b, 6 b,

o range/brown f abric, b rown

f abric,

r ed

s lip,

b rown w ash,

X 2/1(73).

x /4(73). 1 5.

T ype

1 6.

T ype

6 b, 6 b,

Y 2/3(73). b rown

f abric,

Y 1/5(73).

2 04

f ine g rit

• C l )

0

a nd L ate V IB:

CL 4

• 01

0

1 0

2 05

,

L ate F ig.

V IB:

T ype 6 b B OWLS

1 02 1 .

T ype 6 b, o range/brown f abric, b urnished, X /2(71).

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed s lip,

2 .

T ype

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed s lip,

6 b,

o range/brown

b urnished, 3 .

T ype

6 b,

i shed, 4 . 5 .

f abric,

Y 2/3(73).

g rey/brown

f abric,

m edium

g rit

f abric,

X /3,14(71).

t empered,

b urn—

B B1/2/2,9(75).

T ype

6 b,

T ype

6 b,

l ight

b rown

l ight

b rown

f abric,

b rown

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed w ash,

Y 2/3(73). 6 .

T ype

6 b,

s moothed, 7 .

T ype

6 b,

b urnt,

o range/brown

b urnished, 8 .

T ype

6 b,

9 .

1 0.

T ype

6 b,

b uff

s lip,

w et

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed s lip,

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed s lip,

f i ne g rit

t empered,

r ed

B B1/2/2(75).

o range/brown

b urnished,

X /2(71).

T ype

p ink

6 b,

t empered,

B B1/2/2(75).

o range/brown

b urnished,

f ine g rit

X 2/3B(73).

f abric,

f abric,

f ine

s lip,

g rit

t empered,

r ed

w ash,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

b uff

s lip,

Y 1/2/1(75). 1 1.

T ype

6 b,

b rown

b urnished, 1 2.

T ype

6 b,

b rown

b urnished, 1 3.

T ype

6 b,

f abric,

Y 2/3(73). f abric,

B B1/2/2,22(75).

o range/grey

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

Y 2/3(73).

Y 2/3(73). 1 4.

T ype

6 b,

f ine g rit

t empered,

1 5.

T ype

6 b,

B B1/1/6(78).

2 06

s lip,

c \ i

0

L ate V IB

c

0

r i

2 07

L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype

5 B OWLS

1 03 1 .

2 .

T ype

5 ,

o range

f abric,

r ed s lip,

b urnished,

T ype

o range/brown

5 ,

f ired,

r ed s lip,

3 .

T ype

5 ,

4 .

T ype 5 , ( 1973).

5 .

T ype

5 ,

f ired,

o range

f ine g rit

f ine g rit

c oarse g rit

f abric,

B B1/1/13

2 08

w ell

f ired,

t empered,

w ell

( 1978).

t empered,

o range/brown

t empered,

( 1973).

f abric,

BB1/3/14

f abric,

r ed s lip,

m edium g rit

Y 2/3

r ed

t empered, s lip,

m edium g rit

( 1978).

X 2/1

( 1973).

b urnished,

Z X/6

t empered,

w ell

\

i ‘

c \ i

0

00 1 1 1 1 1 \

e

2 09

em i n

E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype

5 B OWLS

1 04 1 .

T ype

5 ,

f ired, 2 .

T ype

5 ,

s lip, 3 .

T ype

T ype

5 ,

T ype

T ype

b rown

b rown

BB1/5/5 5 ,

b rown

m edium g rit

m edium g rit

Y 2/3

t empered,

( 114)

f abric,

B B1/4/6

f abric,

t empered,

w ell

( 1978).

B B1/2/2

o range/brown

5 ,

w ash, 6 .

f abric,

b urnished,

f abric,

B B1/4/6

s moothed,

r ed s lip,

5 ,

s lip, 5 .

b uff

w et

f ired, 4 .

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

w ell

f ired,

b uff

( 1975).

c oarse g rit

t empered,

w ell

( 1978). f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

r ed

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

r ed

( 1973).

f abric,

f ine g rit

( 1978). f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

Y 2/3

( 1973). 7 .

T ype

5 ,

f ired, 8 .

T ype

5 ,

3 0cms, 9 .

T ype

o range/brown

r ed

b rown Z X/8

5 ,

f abric,

f ine g rit

Y 2/ 4 /1

5 ,

Y 2/3

( 1973).

1 1.

T ype

5 ,

1 2.

T ype

m edium g rit

T ype

5 ,

b adly

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

r im

l ight

f abric,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

r ed wash,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

( 1973).

b rown

r im 2 7cms, g rey/pink

f abric,

B B1/X/1 f abric,

r im 2 7cms,

B B1/1/10

2 10

s lip,

( 1978). r ed s lip,

( 1973). 1 3.

t empered,

( 1978).

( 1973).

T ype

5 ,

f abric,

BB1/5/11

l ight b rown

r im 2 9cms, 1 0.

s lip,

( 1978).

r im 2 5cms,

Y 2/4/4D

gen e C l )

4 0 0 °

t e'

2 11

0

E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype

5B OWLS

1 05 1 .

T ype

5 ,

b rown

f abric,

c oarse g rit

2 .

T ype

5 ,

p ink

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered, t empered,

T T1/5b r ed

( 1971).

s lip,

Y 2/4/3

( 1973). 3 .

T ype

5 ,

f ired, 4 .

T ype

5 ,

f ired, 5 .

T ype

5 ,

7 .

T ype

5 ,

f ired, T ype

B B1/1/6

f ine

f abric,

f abric,

b urnished,

b urnished,

o range/brown

r ed

w ell

f ine g rit

t empered,

w ell

m edium g rit

t empered,

b adly

( 1973).

( 1978).

b rown s lip,

5 ,

t empered,

Y 2/4/3

o range/brown f abric,

5 ,

g rit

( 1978).

( 1971).

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

f ired, T ype

X /2

r ed s lip,

T ype

9 .

o range/brown

5 ,

6 .

f abric,

B B1/5/8

r ed s lip,

f ired,

8 .

o range/brown

r ed s lip,

f abric,

b urnished,

f abric,

m edium g rit

Y 2/5/11

m edium g rit X /2

c oarse g rit

t empered,

w ell

t empered,

w ell

( 1973).

( 1971). t empered,

r im 3 3cms,

X /2

r ed s lip,

r im

( 1971). 1 0.

T ype

5 ,

3 3cms,

g rey Z X/8

f abric,

m edium g rit

1 1.

T ype

5 ,

r im 3 0cms,

B B1/3/16

1 2.

T ype

5 ,

r im 2 5cms,

B B1/1/6

( 1978).

1 3.

T ype

5 ,

r im 2 0cms,

B B1/1/6

( 1978).

1 4.

T ype

5 ,

p ink/red

r ed

s lip,

t empered,

( 1973).

f abric,

b urnished,

( 1978).

m edium g rit

r im 2 2cms,

X 3/1

t empered,

1 5.

T ype 5 , g rey/brown f abric, f ine g rit t empered, b rown s lip, r im 2 6cms, B B1/2/2 ( 6) ( 1975).

1 6.

T ype s lip,

1 7.

T ype

5 ,

b rown

f abric,

b urnished, 5 ,

g rey

X 3/1

f abric,

m edium g rit

t empered,

( 1971). r ed s lip,

2 12

Y 2/2

w ell

f ired ,

w ell

f ired,

( 1971).

( 1973).

w ell

f ired,

r ed

011

o 0

r ly a nd L ate V IB:

A ro" "" e

de" 4 0

1 . 1

oe 'f f l e

d , c _ o 5 1 • 0

4 011 1.

•0000.

C i

40

1 1

j ew

»

1 .

4 10. 1 ‚

2 13

L ate V IB: F ig.

T ype

5 B OWLS

1 06 1 .

T ype

5 ,

X 3/2B(73).

2 .

T ype

5 ,

X 2/2B(73).

3 .

T ype

5 ,

o range/brown

b urnished, 4 .

T ype

5 ,

T ype

5 ,

T ype

5 ,

T ype

5 ,

8 .

r im

r im

X 3/1(73),

5 ,

s lip,

BB1/1/14(78),

o range/brown

5 ,

o range/brown

1 0.

Type

5 ,

BB1/3/13(78),

T ype

5 ,

p ink

1 2.

5 ,

BB1/2/12(78),

1 4.

T ype

5 ,

T ype

r ed

s lip,

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

1 9cm . f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

1 9cms.

f abric,

f abric,

m edium g rit

t empered,

r ed

X 2/2B(73),

r im 2 1cms.

r im 2 1cms.

o range/brown

f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip -,

f abric,

m edium g rit

t empered,

r ed

r im 2 5cms.

Y 3/2/2(78).

5 ,

b urnished, 1 5.

f ine

f abric,

s lip, T ype

t empered,

r im 2 0cm .

T ype

1 3.

s lip,

r im 2 0cms.

T ype

BB1/3/13(75),

f ine g rit

f abric, r im

9 .

1 1.

r ed

1 9cms.

f abric,

Y 2/3(73),

T ype

t empered,

1 2cms.

f abric,

o range/brown

b urnished,

f ine g rit

f abric, r im

X 3/2(73), b rown

b urnished, 7 .

Y 2/3(73), b rown

b urnished, 6 .

f abric,

r im 2 1cms.

o range/brown

b urnished, 5 .

X 3/1(73),

5 ,

b urnished,

b rown

f abric,

f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

Y 2/3(73). b rown

f abric,

X 3/1(71),

r im

1 8cms.

2 14

en

en_ ps ' a

L . o ' S — • C l ) 0 , • 0 1,

La te V IB:

c . ; T

r

2 15

o i

L ate F ig.

V IB:

T ype

5 B OWLS A ND J AR P ROFILES

1 07 1 .

T ype

5 ,

g rey/brown

b urnished, 2 .

T ype

5 ,

T ype

5 ,

T ype

r im

5 ,

r im

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

1 7cms.

f abric,

m edium g rit

BB1/3/3,52(75), f ine g rit

f ine g rit

1 2cms.

f abric,

X 3/1(71), b rown

b urnished, 4 .

f abric,

g rey/brown

b urnished, 3 .

X /2(71),

r im

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

1 8cms.

t empered,

o range

w ash,

X 3/1(73),

r im

1 5cms. 5 .

T ype

5 ,

b rown

b urnished, 6 .

T ype

5 ,

g rey

b urnished, 7 .

T ype

5 ,

T ype

5 ,

T ype

5 ,

1 0.

T ype

5 ,

f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

1 3cms.

f abric,

B B1/ 4 /1 ( 78),

f ine

r im 2 0cms.

f abric,

BB1/3/3,39(75),

o range/brown

X /2(71), 9 .

r im

o range/brown

b urnished, 8 .

f abric,

X /1(71),

f ine g rit

r im

f abric,

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

1 7cms. f ine g rit

t empered,

b urnished,

r im 2 6cms. B B1/1/6(78). g rey

f abric,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

Y 2/1(73),

r im

1 5cms. 1 1.

T ype

5 ,

B B1/3/16(78),

r im 2 1cms.

1 2.

T ype

5 ,

b rown

b uff

1 3.

T ype

5 ,

B B1/1/8(78),

r im 2 5cms.

T ype

5 ,

o range/brown

f abric,

1 4.

X /2(71), 1 5.

T ype

5 ,

r im b rown

e xternal 1 6.

T ype

f abric,

Y 2/3(73),

m edium g rit

r im 2 1cms.

t empered,

r ed s lip,

i nternal

r ed w ash,

1 2cms. f abric,

b uff w ash,

5 ,

s lip,

b rown

f ine g rit

b urnished,

f abric,

t empered, Y 2/3(73),

f ine

g rit

r im 2 4cms.

t empered,

r ed

w ash,

b uff

s lip,

BB1/3/13(75). 1 7.

T ype

5 ,

g rey/brown

BB1/1/2,243(75), 1 8.

T ype

5 ,

f abric,

r ed/brown

f abric,

B B1/1/2,244(75),

r im

1 9.

T ype

r im 2 2cms.

2 0.

T ype

5 ,

X /1(73),

5 ,

Y 2/3(73),

b rown r im

m edium g rit

t empered,

r im 3 4cms. m edium

g rit

t empered,

t empered,

b urnished,

2 9cms.

f abric,

1 1cms.

2 16

m edium g rit

2 17

2 1.

T ype B B1/

2

5 , o range/brown f abric, /1 2 (78), r im 3 6cms .

2 2.

T ype

5 ,

B B1/1/8(78),

2 3.

T ype

5 ,

B B1/1/16(78),

2 4.

T ype

5 ,

B B1/8(78),

2 5.

T ype

5 ,

B B1/1/16(78),

2 6.

T ype

5 ,

B B1/1/9(78),

r im 2 9cms.

2 7.

T ype

5 ,

g rey

p ink s lip,

2 8.

T ype

5 ,

r im

t empered,

r ed w ash,

1 9cms.

r im 2 8cms.

r im 3 2cms.

f abric,

b rown

B B1/2/2(75),

r im

m edium g rit

r im 2 8cms.

f abric,

Z X/8(73),

m edium g rit

r im 1 8cms.

t empered,

r ed

w ash,

1 9cms.

2 9.

T ype

5 ,

Y 2/2(73),

3 0.

T ype

5 ,

B B1/1(78),

3 1.

T ype

5 ,

B B1/1/6(75),

3 2.

T ype

5 ,

Y 2/2(73),

3 3.

T ype

5 ,

B B1/1/6(75),

r im 2 9cms

T ype

5 ,

o range/brown

f abric,

m edium g rit

t empered,

r ed s liP,

f abric,

c oarsc g rit

t empered,

Y2 /1 ( 73),

3 4.

X /2(71), 3 5.

3 6.

T ype

5 ,

r im

1 2cms .

T ype

5 ,

T ype

5 ,

r im 2 4cms. r im 2 2cms

r im 2 5cms.

1 1cms.

o r::se/brown

r im

b rown

Y 2/2(73), 3 7.

r im 2 8cms.

f abric,

m edium g rit

r im 2 6cms .

B B1/2/3(78),

r im 2 0cms.

2 19

t empered,

r ed

w ash,

E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.

J AR P ROFILES

1 08 1 .

O range/brown

f abric,

B B1/5/11(78),

r im 2 8cms .

2 .

B rown f abric, r im 2 2cms.

f ine g rit

3 .

O range/brown f abric, s moothed,

4 .

B rown

Z X/9(73),

f abric,

r im 2 6cms.

5 .

R ed s lip,

b urnished,

6 .

O range/brown

g rit

t empered,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

r ed s lip,

t empered,

t empered,

T T1/5(71),

f abric,

g rit

C oarse g rit

t empered,

r ed w ash,

f abric,

c oarse

B rown f abric, 2 0cms .

1 1.

B rown f abric, f ine g rit Y 1/2(71), r im 2 4cms .

1 2.

O range/brown

1 3.

O range

1 4 .

O range/brown

1 5.

O range/brown Z X/9(73),

1 6.

b urnished,

r ed

s lip,

r ed s lip,

T T1/4(73), g rit

b urnished ,

2 0cms.

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

f abric,

t empered,

r ed s lip,

t empered,

f ine

g rit

b uff

s lip,

t empered,

B B1/5/8,

r im

b urnished,

r ed

s lip,

r im 2 2cms. T T1/5b(71), f abric,

r im 2 5cms.

f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

r im 2 2cms. f ine

f abric,

g rit

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

f abric,

m edium g rit

t empered,

b rown

w ash,

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

T T1/4(71),

r im 2 7cms.

r im 2 2cms .

P ink/orange B B1/5/5(78),

1 8.

B rown

1 9.

O range/brown

2 0.

s lip,

r im 2 2cms.

O range/brown Z X/9(73),

1 7.

m edium g rit

f abric,

B B1/5/6(78),

w et

r im 2 5cms.

1 0.

Y 2/5/11(73),

r ed w ash,

t empered,

8 .

O range/brown

B B1/5/8(78),

r im 2 4cms.

O range f abric, m edium g rit t empered, Y 2/4/3(73), r im 2 0cms.

B B1/ 4 /5 ( 78),

s lip,

r im 1 9cms.

c oarse

B B1/5/11(78),

b uff

7 .

9 .

r ed

r im 2 5cms.

m edium g rit

Z X/9(73),

b urnished,

c oarse

f abric,

f ine

f abric, r im 2 1cms. r ed

s lip,

f abric,

m edium g rit t empered,

s moothed,

Z X/9(73),

r im 2 5cms.

R ed w ash,

b adly f ired,

Y 1/5(73),

2 20

r im 1 5cms.

b rown w ash,

w et

c m.

c y J

111 1 1 0"

:

e •c o

4

‘

Wi L r i

4‚ .

0

1 1

: c o

/

. 1 00 1 11 11111 c \ i c n

.

0

0 0 11: 5

N -.

a nd L a te

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11. 11

c o '

t o V ' r )

2 21

2 1. 2 2.

O range/grey

f abric,

O range/brown

f abric,

B B1/5/4(78), 2 3.

O range/pink

T T6/1b(73), f ine

r im 1 0cms.

g rit

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

r im 2 4cms . f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

Y 2/ 4 /1 1 (73),

r im

1 9cms. 2 4.

O range/brown Z X/9(73),

2 5.

P ink/orange Z X/9(73),

2 6.

R ed/brown

f abric,

f abric,

O range/brown Z X/9(73),

2 8.

f ine

g rit

f ine

g rit

t empered,

m edium

g rit

t empered,

f abric,

f ine

g rit

O range/brown

f abric,

f ine

3 0.

B rown

c oarse g rit t empered,

3 1.

R ed w ash,

f abric,

m edium g rit

O range/brown X 2/3B(73),

B rown f abric, O range/brown

O range/brown B B1/ 4 /7 ( 78),

3 7.

w ash,

r ed

s lip,

r im 1 3cms. T T6/1b(73),

Z X/9(73), g rit

r im 2 0cms.

r im 2 0cms.

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

f abric,

O range/brown

O range/brown

O range/brown

f abric,

t empered,

Y 1/5(71),

r im 1 9cms.

c oarse

g rit

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

r im 2 0cms. f abric, r im 2 0cms. f abric,

B rown

m edium

c oarse g rit

r im 2 3cms.

B B1/4/6(78), 4 0.

f abric,

P ink/orange

B B1/4/6(78), 3 9.

s moothed,

r ed

t empered,

T T1/5b(71),

t empered,

B B1/5/5(78),

B B1/4/9(78), 3 8.

s lip,

r im 2 0cms.

B B1/4/9(78),

3 6.

w et

t empered,

g rit

r ed w ash,

3 5.

b uff

r im 2 4cms .

B rown f abric,

3 4.

s lip,

r im 2 5cms.

2 9.

3 3.

r ed

r im 2 3cms .

BB1/5/4(78),

3 2.

t empered,

r im 2 3cms.

B B1/5/5(78), 2 7.

f abric,

r im 2 2cms.

f ine

f abric,

g rit

f ine

t empered,

g rit

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

r ed

s lip,

r im 2 3cms. f abric,

c oarse

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

c oarse

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

r im 2 3cms. f abric, r im 2 6cms . m edium g rit

r im 2 0cms .

2 23

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

B B1/4/9(78),

E arly and L ate F ig.

V IB:

S TORAGE

J ARS

1 09 1 .

T ype

4 a,

Y 1/21(75).

2 .

T ype

4 a,

b uff

f ired, 3 .

T ype

f abric,

Y 2/3A(73). 4 a,

b urial,

p ink

p ot

6 ,

b uff

4 b,

TT5/4(71).

5 .

T ype

4 b,

r ed w ash,

6 .

1 :4 .

T ype

5 ,

b rown

Y 1/21(75). 7 .

T ype

5 ,

p ink/red

Y 1/12(75).

f abric,

S cale

S cale

8 .

T ype

6 ,

Y 1/12(75).

9 .

T ype

7 ,

pink

1 0.

T ype

8 ,

Y 2/4(71).

1 1.

T ype

9 ,

b uff

m edium

S cale

r ed

s lip,

b adly

g rit

t empered,

P ot

1 :4.

1 :4.

c oarse g rit

f abric,

S cale

t empered,

1 :4.

Y 2/5/6(75).

Type

1 :4.

c oarse g rit

S cale

4 .

S cale

S cale

t empered,

m edium g rit

Y 2/4D,

t empered,

P it

r ed

9 4(73).

wash,

1 :8. f abric,

s and

t empered,

1 :4 . S cale

f abric,

Y 2/4(73).

S cale

f abric,

1 :4. S cale

1 :4.

S cale

1 :4.

1 :4.

X 3/1(71).

2 24

i ncised p attern,

C )

o c i

c s j

C o

2 25

L ate V IB: F ig.

J AR P ROFILES

1 10 1 .

R ed/pink f abric, r im 3 8cms .

2 .

BB1/1/16(78),

r im 3 8cms.

3 .

BB1/1/12(78),

r im 3 3cms.

O range/brown

f abric,

4 .

BB1/2/2,76(75), 5 .

6 .

7 .

m edium g rit

O range/brown

f abric, r im 3 5cms.

R ed/brown f abric, r im 5 0cms.

9 .

m edium

m edium g rit

f abric,

m edium

B B1/2/2,103(75), 8 .

c oarse

r ed

s lip,

Z X/6(73),

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

r im 3 6cms.

BB1/1/49(75),

B rown

t empered,

t empered,

g rit

b urnt,

t empered,

Z X/6(73),

r ed

s lip,

r im 3 6cms.

B rown/grey

f abric,

BB1/ 4 /7 ( 78),

r im 3 6cms.

c oarse

G rey/brown

f abric,

BB1/3/3(75),

r im 3 3cms.

g rit

c oarse

t empered,

g rit

r ed

t empered,

s lip,

b urnt,

1 0.

Y 2/2(73),

1 1.

BB1/1/6(75),

1 2.

B B1/1/12(75),

r im 3 1cms.

1 3.

B rown f abric,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

X /4(73),

r im 3 5cms.

1 4.

B rown

c oarse g rit t empered,

X /4(73),

r im 3 4cms.

1 5.

R ed

f abric,

c oarse

O range/brown

P ink/red

f abric,

f abric,

O range/brown X 3/1(71),

1 9.

B rown

B rown

r ed

s lip,

b urnt,

c oarse

g rit

t empered,

r ed

m edium

g rit

t empered,

r ed

R ed

s lip,

r im 3 3cms.

f abric,

f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed

f abric,

s lip,

c oarse

f abric,

g rit

t empered,

r ed

f abric,

s lip,

r im 3 5cms.

c oarse g rit

t empered,

r ed w ash,

X /3,21(73),

r im 3 6cms. 2 1.

w ash,

r im 3 6cms.

B B1/1/12,114(78), 2 0.

t empered,

r im 3 0cms.

B B1/3/13,63(75), 1 8.

g rit

r im 3 6cms.

B B1/ 4 /1 ( 78), 1 7.

r im 3 2cms.

f abric,

X 3/1(71), 1 6.

r im 3 2cms.

m edium g rit

t empered,

2 26

Z X/5(73),

r im 5 0cms.

4 / .

% a 41

' • 0 3 C \ J

M

%

,

m

/

m

e

i l

.

7

W .

C M

N

p

I

l ba

°

4

e c g %

/

c r i

. u i c \ I

i , . . ./ 0 " .4 i/ %

1, 5 c n

CY)

dri

C2 4

t : c o

C D . .

c o

4

c ) , i

• z i . —

a d "d h, 4 1 10

c c \ f p i

1 j

c . ; i ri t

i

1

c i

g 4

g 4 0 : 5 •rn

e c \ I

A gr om m

c , . . a ) = c n o

1 „ ;

i

ll

16 00

c Y ) t i

0 ,

t o

• , i g 4

o mc , y , s e4 0 , 2 27

2 2.

O range/brown

f abric,

B B1/2/2,101(75), 2 3.

B uff f abric, r im 3 4cms .

2 4.

B rown

c oarse

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

r im 3 6cms .

m edium g rit

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

B B1/2/2(75),

f abric,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

r ed w ash,

X /4(73),

r im

f abric,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

r ed w ash,

X /4(73),

r im

3 5cms . 2 5.

B rown 3 5cms .

2 6.

C oarse

2 7.

O range/grey

2 8.

B B1/1/9(75),

2 9.

B rown

f abric,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

X 3/1,4(73),

r im 3 icms.

3 0.

B rown

f abric,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

X 3/1,8(73),

r im 4 8cms.

3 1.

B B1/3/16(78),

3 2.

B rown

g rit

f abric,

r ed s lip,

s and

X 3/1(73),

t empered,

r im 6 1cms.

Y 2/3(73),

r im 4 2cms.

r im 4 2cms.

r im 3 3cms.

f abric,

X 3/1(71), 3 3.

t empered,

c oarse

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

b urnt,

r im 3 8cms.

O range/grey f abric,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

X 2/2B(73),

r im

3 0cms . 3 4.

B rown

f abric,

B B1/3/3,32(75), 3 5.

B rown

f abric,

c oarse

g rit

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

r im 3 2cms. c oarse g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

B B1/3/4(78),

r im 3 0cms . 3 6.

P ink/red

f abric,

B B1/2/2,18(75), 3 7.

B rown

f abric,

B B1/4/6(78), 3 8.

B rown

c oarse g rit

f abric,

O range/brown B B1/4/6(78),

g rit

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

b adly

f ired,

r im 3 2cms.

B B1/1/2,3(75), 3 9.

m edium

r im 3 6cms.

c oarse

g rit

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

r im 3 2cms. f abric,

m edium

r im 4 8cms.

2 28

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.

J AR P ROFILES

1 11 1 .

2 . 3 .

g rit

t empered,

Y 2/4D/2(73),

C oarse

r im 5 0cms.

BB1/X/1(78),

r im 4 0cms.

R ed/brown

f abric,

BB1/5/4(78),

r ed

m edium

w ash,

g rit

i nternal

t empered,

w et

B rown

f abric,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

5 .

B rown

f abric,

b rown w ash,

T T1/5b(71),

6 .

R ed/grey

7 .

C oarse

8 .

B rown

f abric,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

T T1/4b(71),

9 .

B rown

f abric,

c oarse

t empered,

T T1/4(71),

1 0.

M edium g rit

1 1.

R ed/brown

f abric,

Z X/9(73),

r im 3 9cms.

1 2. 1 3.

B rown

f abric,

Y 1/5D(73),

t empered,

s moothed,

r ed

s lip,

c oarse

T T1/6(71),

O range/brown

f abric,

BB1/5/10(78),

r im 3 3cms.

T T1/5b(71),

g rit

T T1/4b(71),

b urnt,

r im

3 2cms. r im 6 3cms. r im 3 7cms.

Z X/9(73),

t empered,

r im 3 6cms

r ed w ash,

b urnt,

r im 3 0cms. f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed

G rey

f abric,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

Y 1/5(73),

1 5.

G rey

f abric,

c oarse

t empered,

T T1/5/(71),

1 6.

B rown

1 7.

P ink

1 8.

B B1/X/1(78),

1 9.

B rown

f abric,

c oarse g rit

t empered,

2 0.

B rown

f abric,

T T1/5b(71),

r im 3 4cms.

2 1.

R ed

2 2.

B rown

2 3.

C oarse g rit

2 4.

B rown

f abric,

5 6cms.

r im 4 2cms.

1 4.

f abric,

r im

r im 3 1cms.

r ed s lip,

g rit

t empered,

f abric,

f abric,

w ash,

r im 4 6cms.

4 .

g rit

p ink

g rit

T T1/4(71),

w ash;

r im 4 0cms. r im 3 6cms.

r im 6 0cms.

m edium g rit

t empered,

Y 1/6(73),

r im 3 2cms.

r im 3 2cms.

c oarse g rit

f abric,

r ed s lip,

t empered,

f abric,

t empered, T T1/4(71),

r ed

m edium g rit

r im 3 3cms.

2 29

s lip,

T T1/5b(71),

Y 2/4/4D(75),

r im 3 8cms.

r im 3 0cms.

r im 4 8cms.

X 3/1(73),

t empered,

r im 2 5cms.

b rown w ash,

Y 1/12(75),

j ar p rofiles

e

1 1 1 1 . 1 1

( N I

1

6

.

1

c m \ ;

L c ;

4 0 >

d han im

c \ I

•

; 1 c e i

( I D

. /

2 81

I t o

E arly and L ate V IB: F ig.

1 35 1 .

G rey

f abric,

Y 2/4/11(73).

2 .

B rown

3 .

R ed w ash,

4 .

B rown f abric,

Y 1/5(73).

5 .

B rown f abric,

b rown s lip,

6 .

Y 1/5(73).

7 .

B rown f abric,

8 .

O range/brown

9 .

T T1/6(71).

1 0.

B rown f abric,

1 1.

P ink

D ECORATED S HERDS

f abric,

Y 1/5(73).

T 1/5b(71).

X /4(71).

Y 2/4/1(73). f abric,

b uff

c oarse g rit

f abric,

s lip,

T T1/5b(71).

t empered,

c oarse

B B1/2/2,116(75).

2 82

g rit

X 2/1(73).

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

i r 5 d , -

c \ i

c h

5

2 83

a nd L a te V IB. d ecorated s herds.

« 5

L ate V IB: F ig.

D ECORATED S HERDS

1 36 1 .

Y 2/2(73).

2 .

G rey

3 .

X 3,42(71).

4 .

B rown

5 .

X 2/2A(73).

6 .

O range/brown

f abric,

f abric,

b urnished,

c oarse g rit

f ine g rit t empered,

f abric,

G rey f abric,

8 .

O range/brown f abric,

9 .

Y 2/2(73).

1 0.

BB1/3(75).

1 1.

X 3/1(73). O range/brown w ash,

b uff

Z X/8(73).

1 4.

O range/brown

b uff

g rit

s lip,

X /2(71).

t empered,

b uff

s lip,

t empered,

g rey s lip,

m edium g rit t empered,

f abric,

m edium g rit

b urnished,

f abric,

B B1/2/3(78). Z X/6(73).

t empered,

i nternal

r ed

Z X/8(73).

f ine

g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

Y 2/3(73).

1 5.

B rown f abric,

1 6.

X 3/1(73).

1 7.

O range/brown b urnished,

f ine g rit

s lip,

1 3.

b urnished,

f ine

X 2/1(73).

Z X/8(73).

7 .

1 2.

t empered,

f ine g rit

t empered,

f abric,

f ine

Z X/8(73).

2 84

g rit

b urnished,

t empered,

X 2/3A(73).

b uff

s lip,

c r ; 1-

c 3

o

XII I « M I

2 85

L ate V IB: F ig.

D ECORATED S HERDS

1 37 1 .

O range/grey

2 .

O range/pink i nternal

3 .

O range/brown

5 .

6 .

f ine

Y 2/3

g rit

e xternal b uff

f abric,

X 3/1

B rown f abric, X 2/3A

b urnished,

f abric,

r ed w ash,

b urnished, 4 .

f abric,

f ine

( 1973). t empered,

s lip,

g rit

X 2/3B

w ell

f ired,

( 1973).

t empered,

w ell

f ired,

( 1973).

m edium g rit

t empered,

b adly

f ired,

b urnished,

( 1973).

O range/brown f abric,

f ine g rit

w ash,

( 1973).

b urnished,

B rown f abric,

Y 2/3

m edium g rit

b urnished,

Y 2/3

( 1973).

7 .

B uff s lip,

Y 2/2

( 1973).

8 .

B rown

f abric,

Y 2/2

t empered,

t empered, S eed

( 1973).

2 86

w ell

w ell

f ired,

i mpressions.

f ired,

r ed

b rown s lip,

C

I I I

c ;

I I .

c . ;

MIN IM

2 87

e i si o n

E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.

D ECORATED S HERDS

1 38 1 .

C oarse g rit

2 .

X 2/3B(73).

3 . 4 . 5 .

w et

s moothed,

Y 2/3(73).

O range/brown f abric,

s and

t empered,

b uff

O range/brown f abric,

Y 3/2/6(78).

B rown

t empered,

f abric,

f ine g rit

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

Z X/4(73).

s lip,

b urnished,

x /2(71). 6 .

X 3/1(73).

7 .

X 3/3A(73).

8 .

O range/brown

f abric,

c oarse

g rit

f ine g rit

t empered,

t empered,

r ed

s lip,

Y 1/5(73). 9 .

B rown f abric,

1 0.

P ink

1 1.

X 2/2B(71).

1 2.

O range/brown f abric,

1 3.

R ed s lip,

f abric,

s and t empered,

s and

Y 2/2(73).

2 88

b urnished,

X 2/3A(73).

X 3/1(71).

t empered,

r ed s lip,

X 3/1(71).

c r i

c s i

g o l om

d , -

e

0 1 10 1. 1 13 1. 11 1 1 1. 1 %

m

u m

-

1 1• 1 1 1 1 1 1 1% N . :

2 89

L ate V IB: F ig.

D ECORATED S HERDS

1 39 1 .

X /3(71).

2 .

O range/brown f abric,

3 .

B B1/1/8(78).

4 .

C oarse

5 .

B uff

6 .

O range/brown

7 .

Z X/5(73).

8 .

C oarse g rit

9 .

Y 2/2(73).

1 0.

B B1/1/10(75).

1 1.

X 3/1(71).

1 2.

O range/brown f abric,

1 3.

Y 2/2(73).

1 4.

Y 2/2(73).

1 5.

B rown f abric,

c oarse g rit

1 6.

B rown

b uff s lip,

1 7.

X 2/2B(73).

1 8.

P Q1/47(71).

1 9.

X 2/1(73).

2 0.

B rown f abric,

g rit t empered,

f abric,

s and

t empered,

t empered,

f abric,

Z X/5/X(73).

Z X/6(73).

m edium g rit t empered, f abric,

r ed s lip,

Z X/8(73).

X 2/3A(73).

X 3/1(73).

m edium g rit

f ine g rit

t empered,

t empered,

b uff s lip,

X /3(71).

t empered,

2 90

X 3/1(73).

Y 2/3(73).

Y 2/3(73).

6 -

t r i

go

wn .

og g i l la im

M a ll 1 1 1 1 1• 11 1 1 1 1 1

N :

M ow

MIN I M u 5

2 91

F ig.139. L a te V IB: d ecora ted s herds.

6 c v

-0 L C D LO

t I

0

c s c o

L . c >

= C2 , c s C O

c I n

( r ) L 4

. —D

e+ >' In

0

H AFTAVAN V IB S MALL F INDS

2 93

S MALL F INDS T he

s mall

quality.

I f

f inds

t he

f rom H aftavan a re

E arly V IB

s mall

i n n umber a nd p oor

t own h ad a ny w ealth,

i t

w as

i n

o bviously

r emoved b efore i ts d estruction.

S ome o f t he o bjects h ave p arallels

t he

i n a p eriod m uch

H abur

p erhaps

valley and e lsewhere

i ndicating

t hat

H aftavan w as t he

c hain o f t rading a nd e xchange; cussed

l ater.

p resent

Whilst

t he

l ast

i t

i n

i s

l ong

b e

t o

i n

V IB,

a

t his w ill

i n t his c hapter

d iscussion,

o bjects

t han

r ecipient

i mplications o f

i ntention

t he i nformation w ithout

m ention s pecific p arallel 0

t he

e arlier

d iss imply

s eems a ppropriate

t o

f rom o ther s ites w here r elevant.

P ins O bject

c entimetres 3 04

9 13

( fig.

l ong,

( see f ig.

1 41:2,

P l.

1 6b)

w hose h ead r esembles

1 56:2)

i s

i s

a c opper e yelet p in,

a d istorted mushroom.

a s horter v ersion.

T hree

6 .8

O bject

s imilar

e xamples

w ere 19 f ound i n t ombs a t G eoy T epe, d uring E arp's d iggings t here 1 903. T heir p opularity i s e vident d uring t he f irst q uarter o f s econd m illennium B .C.,

w hen t hey a re

f ound

i n A natolia,

i n t he

t he T alysh,

P alestine a nd M esopotamia. 2° O bject b ead

o n

1 164

t op.

a c opper p in w ith

a

T oggle o r e yelet p ins w ith a p ip-shaped e yelet a nd

( fig.

1 41:4)

i s

a f ragment o f

a

t apering h ead a re o ften d ecorated w ith a b ead.L 1 T his t ype h as a w ide d istribution f rom t he t hird t o t he s econd m illennium B .C., a nd h as b een f ound a t C hagar B azar, i n l evels V -II ( dating t o t he s econd h alf o f t he t hird m illennium B .C.), a nd a t G eoy T epe, L evel D , i n t ombs I a nd

I V.

2 2

O bject c entimetres O bject d ecorated

9 22

( fig.

8 50

( fig.

h ead.

1 9.

C rawford,

2 0.

M .

E .

1 41:1,

T his h ead

o ut a way a t t he t op. V eri, w here a m etal

I raq,

1 41:3,

p l.

1 6c)

i s

a

c opper

p in,

4 .5

l ong w ith a c urled h ead.

I A ,

p l.

1 6d)

i ncised

i s

a p ierced b one p in w ith a

i n a d iamond-like p attern

a nd

I t h as a n umber o f p arallels i n t he T alysh, a t e xample o f t he s ame s tyle o ccurs ( dated 1 900-1750

X I

( 1975)

L . Mallowan, I X

i s

( 1947)

p .13,

f ig.

' Excavations p p.166-8,

3 D.

a t B rak a nd C hagar B azar,

p l.XXXI;

f or e xamples

f rom

S yria'. S yria,

A natolia, and t he T alysh, s ee S tratigraphie C ompar e, f igs. 1 38, 1 64, a nd 1 73; a nd E . H enschel-Simon, ' Toggle P ins i n t he P alest ine A rchaeological Museum ', P alestine D epartment o f A ntiquities

2 1.

Q uarterly,

V I

( 1936),

C rawford,

I A,

X I

p ls.LXVIII-LXXI.

( 1975)

p l.II,

f or p ins

w ithout

t he

b eads

a ttached. 2 2.

M .

E .

L .

M allowan,

A rchaeological 1 936',

I raq,

I V,

S urvey ( 1937)

' Excavations o f

a t

t he H abur

p .132,

f ig.

2 95

T all C hagar B azar a nd R egion,

1 2:1.

S econd

a n

C ampaign,

2 3 2 4 B .C.), a nd a lso a t T epe G awra, l evel V III, h alf o f t he f ourth m illennium B .C.). T he o ther b one p ins n umbers

1 076 a nd 1 073

r espectively, O bjects ( fig. w hose

1 098

w hich ( fig.

1 42:7, l ength

f all

( fig. h ave

i nto f our c ategories: 1 41:5-6),

c onical

1 41:8),

6 56

1 42:6),

h ead,

b ut i s

h eads a nd b elong

( fig.

b oth 1 0.2 c entimetres

a t

l east

2

r eminiscent

1 41:9),

A lso a t

l ong;

c entimetres 7 78

s haped h ead,

t he

( fig.

1 43:1) p l.

e xample

( fig.

( fig. b ody

1 43:3),

w hich

V IB.

1 42:2),

5 81

o bject 6 60

i s t he 1 4a)

s ince

l ongest

i s

i t

1 42:1) a nd 6 32 w ith

s lit-like

T he

( fig.

1 4.1 i s

a t

s imply

f ourth

5 .5 c entimetres

i tems w hich a re,

f our e xamples 1 47:3)

i s

1 6.8 c entimetres,

c entimetres

T he

l ong,

i s n ot p ierced.

H aftavan a re a n umber o f b one s hape:

6 01

g reatly

l east

f ibula

l ong

c entimetres i n l ong; o bject 6 66

a nd o bject

l ong a nd t he

t he e nd o f a

p erhaps,

d iffer

6 .5 c entimetres

a nd t apers t o a p oint f rom t he h ead, w hich i s 1 .1 d iameter; o bject 8 71 ( fig. 1 42:5) i s 8 .0 c entimetres 1 43:6,

l ong

E arly

t hey a re n ot p ierced a t t he

d own

( fig.

m ost a ccurately d escribed a s a wls. s ize a nd

6 00

t o

o f t he e yelet p ins m entioned a bove.

r epresented b y o bject

w hich h as a p olished,

i n

t wo,

p l. 1 5b), a re s imple t apering p ins w ith p ierced h eads, v aries f rom 5 .5 t o 8 .2 c entimetres. T he t hird t ype

( fig.

t ype

t here a re

5 .9 a nd 5 .2 c entimetres

c onsists o f t hose p ins r epresented b y o bjects

a pertures,

, ( dated t o t he s econd

8 52

( fig.

s ophisticated

w hich

h as

b een

s harpened. T here a re p ins a nd a wls t he o nes i dentical s eems

f rom G eoy T epe w hich a re v ery s imilar-to

f ound a t H aftavan. O bject t o G eoy n umber 1 266 ( Geoy C );

t o b e t he s ame s hape,

o bject 6 00 ( fig.

1 42:2)

8 52 ( fig. 1 43:6) i s c opper p in 5 81 ( fig.

a lmost 1 42:4)

s ize a nd d esign a s G eoy 1 274 ( Geoy C );

i s

t he

s a

y l as

a nd

a n u npierced e xample p resented

i n t he G eoy r eport b ut u nnumbered. O f

t he

t wenty p ins o r b one p oints r ecovered f rom H aftavan

e leven belong t o E arly V IB a nd n ine c ome f rom L ate V IB. m etal

p ins h ave b een a nalysed,

a nd

s o

i t

i s

i mpossible

V I,

N one o f t o

t he

s ay w hether

t hey a re m ade o f b ronze o r s ome o ther c opper a lloy. i i)

B eads T he

f our

t hree b eads, 5 ). a nd

s easons w ork o n H aftavan V I

m ade o f

f rit,

s tone,

l evels h ave y ielded

f aience,

T hirty f our b eads w ere f ound i n B B1, 1 45:3,6,9). T he p aucity o f f inds

a nd c arnelian

l evel 3 ( fig. i n E arly V IB

s ixty

( figs.

1 44-

1 44:1-4,15, d eposits i s

e vident: o nly e ight b eads w ere r ecovered. P erhaps t he m ost s triking b eads a re o bjects 8 18a ( fig. 1 47:3), a nd 8 18b ( fig. 1 47:2, p l. 1 5 0, f rom s ame:

L ate V IB l evels i n t rench X 2. t hey a re s quare i n s hape a nd

T hese t wo b eads a re r oughly t he s ix m illimetres t hick; t hey e ach

h ave

t wo h oles b ored t hrough t hem,

a nd t he s urface h as a

2 3.

S tratigraphie

2 4.

G awra I ,

2 5.

B urton-Brown,

p .

C omparee,

2 08, p .

p .

4 28,

p l.LXXXII:15. 2 34,

f ig.

4 5.

2 96

f ig.

2 27:1.

n umber

o f

c oncentric

c ircles

p arallel A ge

l evels

e xamples b ut

i ncised,

f or o bject 8 18a

a t K ordlar T epe, o f b eads

b eads

s piral b eads r oughly a re,

1 47:3) c an b e

s hape.

belong

f ound a t

f ound

m ade o f p olished s tone.

a t K ordlar w hich h ave

a d ifferent o verall

i ncised

p erhaps o riginally i n—filled.

( fig.

I t

2 7

c oncentric p attern

i s t empting t o

s uggest

t o t he s ame t radition a s t he H asanlu,

Z iwiye,

a nd

c ourse,

T rialeti

a n umber o f p ieces

K urgans,

a lmost

e xact

l ater a t N ush—i

G awra,

m ade

o ut

M ost

o f

J an

( dated T here

) .28

r epoussee

s pirals. f ound

i n t he A n

2 9

a t

T epe

( dated t o t he s econd h alf o f

t he

3 0

t he b eads

T he l onger b eads,

o f

f or t he H aftavan b ead c an b e

o f g lazed s teatite

t hird m illennium B .C.).

B .C.

t hese

q uadruple

o f m etalwork w hich a ppear

w hich h ave a s eries

p arallel

t hat

m etal

t o t he f irst q uarter o f t he f irst m illennium

o f

I ron

T here a re o ther

2 6

t he s ame

A n e xact

i n t he L ate

a re r oughly

o bjects

7 61

s haped a nd c rudely

( fig.

1 45:1),

5 92

m anufactured.

( fig.

1 45:4),

1 075

( fig. 1 45:8), 1 078 ( fig. 1 45:7), 1 203 ( fig. 1 44:16), 1 100 ( fig. 1 45:10), and 9 07 ( fig. 1 45:11), w hich p robably a cted a s s pacer b eads, a re g enerally m ore a ttractive t han t he s maller e xamples: t hey a re m ade o f f aience ( objects 1 100 a nd 9 07 3 03), p ainted c lay ( object 1 075), t hey

o r

b rightly c oloured s tone

a re

s eries

s ometimes

o f

b eads

( objects

( fig.

1 45:1) has

i ii)

M etal O bjects M etal

a re

5 92 a nd

i ncised

m etal n ails:

7 42)

5 92,

o bjects

f ound a t

H aftavan

f rom P eriod V I,

o bjects 8 60

( fig.

2 6.

p od

a nd

a re

O bjects

( fig. t wo o f

1 46:7),

compare c losely w ith t wo e xamples

u sed a s

1 203), t hey

j oined t ogether.

a nd

s haped p iece w hich c ould,

1 46). w hich

1 167

f rom G eoy T epe.

f ragments, o bjects 1 170 ( fig. 1 46:1) a nd 8 57 h ave b een u sed a s b lades. O bjects 8 46 ( fig. b ronze,

1 078 a nd

i mpression t hat

a 7 61

l ozenge p attern.

o bjects a re r arely

s eventeen

r ecognised a s t hey

a n

( objects

s haped t o g ive t he

T here c an

( fig. T wo

3 1

b e

1 46:9); m etal

( fig. 1 46:17) a ppear t o 1 46:6) i s a c opper o r

p erhaps,

h ave b een s trung a nd

a n ecklace o rnament.

A . L ippert, ' die O sterreichischen A usgrabungen a m K ordlar T epe i n P ersisch—West A serbaidschan ( 1971-1978)', A MI, X II ( 1979) f ig. 8 :15.

2 7.

i d.,

f ig.

2 8.

K .R.

M axwell—Hyslop,

L ondon,

8 :16,32.

1 971,

e nd B eads H uot, d e

p ls.

W estern A siatic J ewellery, 1 36,

1 65,

i n W estern A sia',

V .

P ardo and A .

L arsa:

L es

2 52;

I raq,

R ougeulle,

a lso

X XVI

s ee W .

( 1964)

' A P ropos

P erles ä Q uatre S pirales',

p p.120-9. 2 9.

T rialeti,

3 0.

G awra

3 1.

C rawford,

1 ,

f ig.

4 9,

p .209, I A ,

X 1

p l.

2 5.

p l.LXXXIII,19. ( 1975)

p l.VI,

2 97

U S2

a nd U S3.

( c.3000-612 B .C.) C ulican,

p p.34-43; d e

' Spiral

a nd J .

l a P erle L .

I raq,

X LII

L .

7 6.5

( 1980)

i v)

M iscellaneous

O bjects 8 35 ( fig. 1 47:1, p late 1 6e) i s a n u nbaked c lay t ablet, 6 .2 c entimetres w ide, a nd 8 .4 c entimetres l ong, w hich h as t hree r ows o f

e ight

h oles,

s ufficient t hat

i t m ight

a s chool

w hich v ary

i n d epth

f rom t hree

t o f ive

t o h old a s plinter o f w ood o r a p in. b e a n umeration t ablet

e xercise. 32

m illimetres,

B urney h as

s uggested

f or a ccounting p urposes,

M r D avid B rown,

h owever,

o r e ven

h as p ointed o ut

t hat

t he l ayout o f t he h oles ( 8x3) i s t ypical o f s ome s econd m illennium g aming b oards. 33 O ther g aming b oards h ave b een f ound i n I ran, a t S usa a nd S ialk ( dating o f a s imilar s ize a r ecent w hich

t o t he s econd m illennium B .C.),34 a nd g aming t ablets t o t he H aftavan e xample h ave b een f ound a t U r.35 I n

p ublication S winy h as p resented t wenty e ight

h as a 1 0x3

l ayout.

F our e xamples

( Swiny's

t ablets,

t ype

2 )

e ach o f

h ad a verage

m easurements o f 4 x12 c entimetres, a nd d ated t o t he s econd m illennium B .C. 36 T he p resent e vidence s uggests t hat t he g ame b oards o riginated i n M esopotamia E gypt

i n t he t hird m illennium B .C.,

a nd m any o ther p arts o f O bjects

c entimetres

6 45

( fig.

l ong,

i s

1 47:5

s imilar

f rom w here t hey s pread t o

t he N ear E ast. 37 p l.

i n

1 5e),

s hape

m ade

o f t he g raves

k nife h andle,

b one,

a nd

f or w hich

i n v )

1 5c)

t wo p laces,

i s

s ide b ars

1 2

t here

i s n o p arallel

o r T ranscaucasia.

i n

t his p eriod

A nother o bject,

( Late V IB) 3 02,

( fig.

a p iece o f h ollowed h orn c ore w hich h as b een p ierced

p robably

f or s ecuring a b lade.

O bsidian T he

w hich

o bsidian

a ssemblage

a re w idely known.

I ran,

X III

f rom H aftavan V IB c ontains

T he h ollow-based a rrowhead,

B urney,

3 3.

I a m i ndebted t o M r. B rown o f t he A shmolean Museum , h is h elp a nd i nformation o n t his m atter.

3 4.

R .

G hirshman,

t ome I I,

C .

J .

p .

1 59,

F ouilles d e S ialk,

P aris,

1 939,

F ouilles d e S use, e n P erse,

( 1975)

X IX,

G add,

p p.42-4,

( 1933-9),

P aris, ' An

1 943,

p l.

p res

f ig.

4 ,

M emoirs f ig.

E gyptian

t wo

t ypes

r epresented b y

3 2.

3 5.

f ound

a t

i n n orth-western I ran, 1 56:6 p l.

t he e quid

o f

i n B eshtasheni a nd e lsewhere, b ut o ther t han t he t hree s mall h oles o n t he w idest p art, t here i s n o w ay o f a ttaching a p air o f c anons. 38 P erhaps t hen, t he o bject i s a n e laborately s haped s ome

t o

I Va. O xford f or

d e K ashan,1933, p l.XXII.8; d e

1 934,

1 937,

R .de M ecquenem,

l a M ission A rcheologique

3 9.

G ame

i n

A ssyria',

I raq,

I

( 1934 )

p l.VIIIb. 3 6.

3 7.

S .

' Bronze

A ge G aming S tones C yprus,

A .

o f

M . 3 8.

S winy,

D epartment o f A ntiquities, J . A .

b erth,

' Gameboards

d issertation,

T rialeti,

p .

3 2,

p l.

f rom C yprus',

1 980,

N icosia,

R eport 1 980,

t he A ncient N ear E ast',

U niversity o f C hicago, X LIII.

2 98

M arch 1 961,

o f t he

p p.54-78.

u npublished p .120

o bjects ( fig.

7 77

( fig.

1 48:2),

w estern G eoy

I ran

T epe,

s ite, 40 d ated

6 61

8 44

( fig.

( fig.

a nd T ranscaucasia. a nd

3 9

T he

d ating

s econd

( fig.

T his

t ype h as

1 48:10);

t apering

a nd

B oth

half

t he t hird m illennium B .C.),

t he

a nd

o bject 9 05

t he e arly/middle

o ne a t

T rialeti.

( fig.

a nd 8 54 ( fig.

n ot e asily r ecognisable a s

F igurines

s ix c lay a nimal c omparable B .C.),

s tanding, i s

a nd a r ounded b ase:

o bject

w ith

1 48:8),

7 31

a nd o bject

l ess ( fig.

( dated t o t he s econd ( dated t o

t he

l ate

T epe H issar

( dated

a nd G eoy T epe

( Geoy

a lso a n a ssortment

( fig.

1 48:14,

f ig.

f igurines

t o

G eoy

f rom H aftavan,

t ypes

o f a nimal,

t hose

f rom A gha E vlar

T epe

( Period

s traight

l egged,

K ),

a ll b ut

i n

c rude 1 166

a nd

f rom E arly V IB,

t he T epe

a nd o bject

1 083

( fig.

s uggesting a b ovine.

a nd

( dated

H issar

( late

f ound

1 49:1)

s eems

t o

S tratigraphically, f rom

a re

p re-dates H aftavan V I.

T he c hronological

d istribution o f

3 9.

B urton-Brown,

f ig.

4 4:16,17.

4 0.

C rawford,

I A ,

X I

4 1.

T rialeti,

p l.CVI b is.

( 1975)

s ize

T alysh

s ome o f t hem f ashioned i n m etal 1 49:1-3,5 a nd f ig. 1 55:1,2) a re

s ome d iscrepancy b etween t hese e xamples

f rom G eoy T epe.

S tratigraphie

o f

1 55:6),

t heir

T he G eoy m odels,

4 2.

a t V eri,

( p1.15a)

b e c arrying a p air o f h orns, t here

a t

s ame

s ite w as

i s s lightly t hicker

i s

1 185

t hird/early s econd m illennia B .C), 45 r ather t han c lay. " T he m odels ( fig.

t hose

t he

1 48:16).

a re

1 450-1350

l evel D

a t t he

T epe G awra

T here

4 4

o bjects

A nimal

a re

1 025

n orth-

a ddition, t here i s o ne t anged a rrowhead f rom H aftavan V I: ( fig. 1 48:5), w hich has n o p arallels i n n orth-western I ran

1 48:15),

T he

i n

i n a c ontext

t hird m illennium B .C.),

v i)

a ll

a nd

l ate t hird/early s econd m illennia B .C.), I n 9 11

o nly

s tyle

f ound i n

o f t hese t ypes o ccur a t T ell B rak

b lades and cutting e dges: ( fig.

t ype w as

s ides

a s ub-type

f laking :

t o

1 48:4),

i s u ncertain. 42

1 48:9). o f

( fig.

d ocumented

a lthough t he c emetery a t

d elicate

f ourth t o

7 04

i s w ell

i n one o f t he t ombs e xcavated b y E arp

1 450-1250 b y S chaeffer,

r e-used and t his

D ). 43 o bject

1 48:3),

1 48:1),

i n K urgans X L a nd X V a t T rialeti, 4 1 t o

1 005

1 48:6),

a nd

H aftavan

i n L evel K ,

a nd w hich

t hese m odels

p l.III.8.

C ompar e,

f ig.

L a P rehistoire O rientale,

2 27:14;

I II,

J .

P aris,

J .

d e M organ,

1 927,

f igs.

2 02,

2 53,

3 14. 4 3.

M allowan,

I raq,

I X

( 1947)

p l.XXXVIII:12-14;

E .F.

S chmidt,

h an), 4 4. 4 5.

T rialeti,

p .219,

p l.XXXVII;

p l.LXIII;

a t

G awra

T epe H issar

B urton-Brown,

1 , ' ( Damg-

f ig.44:18.

p l.CXIX.

S tratigraphie 1 187,

4 6.

P hiladelphia,

p .181,

E xcavations

1 188;

C omparee,

H issar,

B urton-Brown,

p .50,

f ig.

2 21:C;

p p.186-8,

p l.XLV.

n ote

1 8.

2 99

B urton-Brown,

f ig.

1 3:1181,

a t o ther s ites,

h owever,

s uggests t hat a nimal m odels a re

s cattered a mongst m ost p rehistoric

l evels.

O bject 6 46

t o b e

( fig.

f ound

1 49:7)

i s

m ade o f c lay a nd p ainted, a nd i ts s hape s eems t o b e r eminiscent o f a h orse's h oof, b ut n o p arallel e xists t o h elp w ith i ts i dentification ( pl. 1 4b). v ii)

S pindle W horls T he

p resence

o f

s pindle w horls m ade o ut

o f

b one,

s tone

a nd

s herds ( fig.150-152) a ttest t o t he i mportance o f s pinning a t H aftavan. D r. J .P. W ild h as p ointed o ut t hat t hese s pindle w horls s eem t o h ave b een u sed w ith u nusually s lender s pindles, w hich w ould s uggest f ine y arn w as p roduced a nd, t herefore, f ine q uality t extiles. ° o f t he a nd

s pindle w horls:

3 85

m odel

( fig.156:5)

w agons,

h elpful

w hich

o bjects 9 99b

( fig.151:16),

1 264

( fig.152:9)

a re p erhaps m ore a ccurately s een a s a re

s o c ommon

t hat a T hree

w heels

i n t he N ear E ast. 48

o f

I t w ould b e

i f p ublished s pindle w horls a nd m odel w heels h ad b een w eighed

s ince t his, a pparently, i s a c rucial f actor i n d etermining t he p artic ular f unction o f a n o bject o f t his n ature. 49 T wo o f t he h eavier p ierced o bjects: o bjects 1 138 ( fig. 1 47:8), 1 257 ( fig. 1 52:13), m ight b e l oomweights, b ut l oomweights a re o nly

a nd

i dentifiable w ith c onfidence w hen t hey a re

f ound

i n g roups,

w hich

i s

r are. o bject

I n t he c ontext o f t extiles, i t i s t empting t o d escribe t he b one 8 93 ( fig. 1 47:9 p l. 1 6a) a s aw eaving c omb, b ut t here a re n o

o ther

e xamples

m ight

s uggest

w hich h ave

s o

f ew t eeth,

t hat t he o bject w as

a nd t he h oles

i n

a ffixed t o a p iece o f

t he

b one

l eather

o r

c loth, o bject 4 46 ( fig. 1 55:5 p l. 1 5d) w hich m easures 1 4.8 c ms. l ong and 5 .6cms w ide i s m ade f rom h orn a nd p ierced w ith a h ole 2 .6cms w ide. I t

h as t he r emains o f

4 t eeth a nd p robably o riginally h ad 6 a nd m ay b e

a ssociated w ith w eaving. v iii)

S tone O bjects A mongst

t he s tone o bjects,

t here a re a n umber o f p estles:

j ects 8 97 ( fig. 1 52:1) 1 272 ( fig. 1 53:4), 1 260 ( fig. 1 53:5), 7 05 T hey a re o f v arying s hapes: t ed.

T here

a re a lso

1 53:2), 6 64 ( fig. ( fig. 1 53:6), a nd

c ylindrical,

p hallic,

a nd w ais-

s ome p ieces w hich m ay b e d oor o r p ost

f lared,

s ockets,

f or e xample, o bjects 1 225 ( fig. 1 53:9), 1 230 ( fig. 1 54:2), 1 282 ( fig. 1 54:3), a nd 7 50 ( fig . 1 54:8). i s

s upported b y t he

o b-

1 53:3), 1 217 ( fig. 1 222 ( fig. 1 53:8).

s mooth

s urface

1 53:10), 1 226 ( fig. T his i dentification

o f t he c oncave p art

o f t he o bjects.

O bjects 1 227 ( fig. 1 53:7) h as a n arrow o pening a nd t he c oarseness o f t he s urface w ould s uggest t hat i t w as n ot s ubjected t o t he s ame s ort o f

f riction;

t his

i s a lso t he c ase w ith o bject

u nique s tone i tem i s t he m easures 1 8.2x15.6x7.4cms. X 3,

l evel

4 7.

I a m i ndebted t o D r.Wild f or h is p rompt

4 8.

S .

( fig.

1 54:5).

A

1 .

P iggott,

E vidence', 4 9.

1 279

s tone a rrowhead m ould ( pl. 1 3b) w hich a nd w as f ound a mongst t he b urnt d ebris i n

' The P PS,

E arliest

X XXIV ( 1968)

T his w as p ointed o ut

W heeled

V ehicles a nd

p l.XXIII,

t o m e b y D r.

3 00

a ssisstance o n t his p oint.

W ild.

l ower.

t he

C aucasian

E arly a nd L ate V IB p ins: F ig.

1 41 1 .

L ate

V IB n o.

8 50,

1 973,

Y 2/3,

b one.

2 .

E arly V IB n o.

9 13,

1 973,

Y 2/4,

c opper.

3 .

L ate

V IB n o.

9 22,

1 973,

Y 2/3e,

4 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 164,

1 978,

B B1/1/8,

5 .

E arly V IB n o.

1 076,

1 975,

Y 2/5/B10,

6 .

E arly V IB n o.

1 073,

1 978,

Y 2/5/10,

b one.

7 .

E arly V IB n o.

1 239,

1 978,

B B1/5/4,

c opper.

8 .

L ate

1 098,

1 975,

B B1/1,

b one.

9 .

E arly V IB n o.

6 56,

1 971,

T T1/5,

b one.

V IB n o.

3 02

p l.

1 6d.

p l.

c opper.

p l.

1 6b. 1 6c.

c opper w ith b ead. b one.

1 .

6 .

5 .

4 .

-0

•

9 . 8 7 .

•

F ig.141. E ar ly a nd L a te V IB: p ins.

3 03

Early and Late VIB pins: Fig. 142

VIB no. 601,

1971, TTl/2, bone.

1.

Late

2.

Early VIB no. 600,

1971, JX/8, bone.

3.

Early VIB no. 660,

1971, TTl/6, bone.

4.

Early VIB no. 581,

1 971, JX/8, bone.

5.

Late

VIB no. 616,

1971, TTl/3, bone.

6.

Late

VIB no. 632,

1971, TTl /3, bone.

7.

Early VIB no. 588,

1971, JX/8, bone.

304

pl. 15b.

L

2 .

3 .

4

6 . 5 . I ,

•

7 .

F ig . 142 . E ar ly a nd L a te V IB: p ins.

3 05

L ate V IB: F ig.

p ins

a nd a wls :

1 43 1 .

L ate

V IB

2 .

L ate

3 .

n o.

6 66,

1 971,

X /3,

b one.

V IB n o.

1 193,

1 975,

B B1/3/13,

L ate

V IB n o.

7 78,

1 975,

Y /4,

4 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 197,

1 975,

BB1/3/1,

5 .

L ate

V IB n o.

8 71,

1 973,

X 3/1,

6 .

L ate

V IB n o.

8 52,

1 973,

X 2/2B,

b one.

b one. c opper.

b one. b one.

p l.

1 4a

1 .

2 .

3 .

6 .

5 .

4 . •

F ig . 143 . L a te V IB: p ins a nd a w ls.

3 07

E arly a nd L ate V IB b eads: F ig.

1 44 1 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 174,

1 978,

B B1/3/13,

s tone.

2 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 174,

1 978,

B B1/3/13,

s tone.

3 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 191,

1 978,

B B1/3/13,

s tone.

4 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 190,

1 978,

B B1/3/13,

s tone.

5 .

E arly V IB n o.

1 240,

1 978,

B B1/5/4,

s tone.

6 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 188,

1 978,

B B1/2/12,

s tone.

7 .

E arly V IB n o.

1 247,

1 978,

Y 3/3/4,

8 .

E arly V IB n o.

1 020,

1 973,

Y 2/ 4 /1 , s tone.

9 .

E arly V IB n o.

9 25,

1 973,

Y 2/4/6,

1 0.

L ate

V IB n o.

8 48,

1 973,

X 2/2B,

1 1.

L ate

V IB n o.

8 83,

1 973,

Y 2/3/1,

1 2.

E arly V IB n o.

9 09,

1 973,

Y 2/4,

1 3.

E arly V IB n o.

1 249,

1 978,

B B1/5/4,

1 4.

E arly V IB n o.

1 277,

1 978,

Y 3/3/4,

1 5.

L ate

V IB n o.

1 119,

1 978,

B B1/3/13,

f aience.

1 6.

L ate

V IB n o.

1 203,

1 978,

B B1/1/13,

s tone.

1 7.

E arly V IB n o.

1 200,

1 978,

Y 3/2/7,

1 8.

L ate

8 47,

1 973,

X 2/2B,

1 9.

V IC n o.

7 46,

1 973,

C 4/7,

2 0.

V IC n o.

7 45,

1 973,

C4 /7 , f rit.

V IB

n o.

f rit.

s tone.

s tone. f aience. g reen b ead.

f aience. c arnelian. s tone.

s tone. s tone.

e c e

0

1

Si

1

C :,

C 3b

2 . t ie i C C2

C m »

e I e f i

Q b c z, c4 l

" I

•

0

1

1

e I

1 39 e s

e ) i t ve

C Z . •

7

1 .

a

1 0 . 43

0

1 5 .

1 4 .

1 6 .

e I

C Z i i i

1 c za

o 1

C Z O

r

1 9 .

17 1 8 .

dal F ig.144. E ar ly a nd L a te V IB

3 09

4 1 b eads.

o 2 0 .

s,

E arly a nd L ate V IB b eads: F ig.

1 45 1 .

L ate

V IB n o.

7 61,

1 971,

Y /4,

2 .

L ate

V IB n o.

9 00,

1 973,

X 3/2,

3 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 174,

1 978,

B B1/3/13,

4 .

E arly V IB n o.

5 92,

1 969,

J X/8,

g rey s tone.

5 .

E arly V IB n o.

1 022,

1 973,

Z X/9,

s tone.

6 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 210,

1 975,

B B1/3/16,

7 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 078,

1 975,

B B1/4,

s tone.

8 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 075,

1 975,

B B1/1,

c lay.

9 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 203,

1 978,

B B1/3/13,

1 0.

L ate

V IB n o.

1 100,

1 975,

B B1/1,

f aience.

1 1.

L ate

V IB n o.

9 07,

1 973,

Y 2/3d,

f aience.

1 2.

L ate

V IB n o.

7 42,

1 971,

Y 2/3,

1 3.

L ate

V IB n o.

7 76,

1 971,

Y /4,

1 4.

L ate

V IB n o.

9 17,

1 973,

X 3/1,

s tone.

1 5.

L ate

V IB n o.

6 75,

1 973,

X 2/1,

f rit.

1 6.

E arly V IB n o.

1 030,

1 975,

Y 2/5/B1,

1 7.

L ate

V IB n o.

8 19,

1 973,

X 2/2B,

1 8.

E arly V IB n o.

6 75,

1 971,

T T1/5b,

3 10

b one. b one. s tone,

s cale,

s tone.

s tone.

f rit. f rit.

c arnelian.

s tone. f rit.

1 :2.

1

3 .

2

4 . 5 .

9 .

6 .

1 0 .

1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 6 .

1 5 .

1 7

1 8 .

Z F ig.145. E ar ly a nd L a te V IB. 3 I 1

b eads.

E arly a nd L ate V IB M etal F ig.

F ragments:

1 46 1 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 170,

1 975,

B B1/1/11,

2 .

E arly V IB

3 .

n o.

1 250,

1 978,

BB1/5/4,

c opper .

E arly V IB

n o.

1 265,

1 978,

BB1/5/8,

c opper.

4 .

L ate

n o.

1 204,

1 978,

BB1/2/3,

c opper.

5 .

E arly V IB n o.

1 061,

1 975,

Y 2/5/B5,

c opper.

6 .

L ate

V IB n o.

8 46,

1 973,

X 2/3A,

7 .

E arly V IB n o.

8 60,

1 973,

Y 1/5,

8 .

E arly V IB n o.

1 214,

1 978,

Y 3/2/7,

9 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 167,

1 975,

B B1/1,

1 0.

E arly V IB n o.

1 208,

1 978,

C C1/4/4,

1 1.

L ate

V IB n o.

8 49,

1 973,

X 2/3A,

1 2.

L ate

V IB

n o.

1 035,

1 975,

Y 3/1,

1 3.

E arly V IB n o.

1 028,

1 975,

Y 2/5/B7,

1 4.

L ate

V IB

n o.

1 196,

1 975,

BB1/2/12,

c opper.

1 5.

L ate

V IB n o.

1 186,

1 975,

B B1/3/13,

c opper.

1 6.

E arly V IB

1 120,

1 975,

Y 1/19,

1 7.

L ate

8 57,

1 973,

Y 2/3,

V IB

n o.

V IB n o.

3 12

c opper,

s cale,

c opper. c opper. c opper. c opper. c opper.

c opper. c opper. c opper.

c opper. c opper,

s cale,

1 :2.

1 :2.

2

6 . 5 .

3 .

4 .

•

8 .

7

9 .

•

•

1 .

i

1 0 . •

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 5 .

. , V

1 4 .

G

1 7

F ig.146. E ar ly a nd L ate V IB:

meta l f ragments.

1

E arly a nd L ate F ig.

V IB m iscellaneous:

1 47 1 .

L ate

2 .

L ate p l.

3 .

L ate p l.

V IB n o.

8 35,

1 973,

Y 2/3A,

c lay,

s cale,

1 :2.

p l.

1 6e.

V IB n o.

8 18b,

1 973,

X 2/2B,

g reen

s tone,

s cale

1 :2.

8 18a,

1 973,

X 2/2B,

g reen

s tone,

s cale

1 :2.

n o.

8 32,

1 973,

Y 1/5,

V IB n o.

6 45,

1 969,

X /1,

5 87,

1 969,

J X/8,

1 201,

1 978,

C C1/3/5,

1 138,

1 978,

Y 2/5/3,

8 93,

1 973,

Y 1/7,

1 5f. V IB n o. 1 5f.

4 .

E arly V IB

5 .

L ate

6 .

E arly V IB

7 .

L ate

8 .

E arly V IB

9 .

E arly V IB n o.

n o.

V IB n o. n o.

3 1 4

s tone. b one,

s cale,

i ronstone, r ed

1 :2. s cale,

s tone,

p l.

1 5e.

1 :2.

s cale,

r ed

s tone,

s cale,

b one,

s cale,

1 :2.

1 :2. 1 :2.

p l.

1 6a.

2

3 .

IM N IC I I 4

o

o 6 .

7 8 .

9 .

F ig.1 .47. Ear ly a nd L ate V IB:

m isce l laneous.

5 .

E arly a nd L ate F ig.

V IB

o bsidian:

1 48 1 .

E arly V IB

n o.

6 61,

1 973,

T T1/5b,

2 .

E arly V IB

n o.

1 025,

1 973,

Y 1/6,

3 .

L ate

V IB

n o.

8 44,

1 973,

X 2/3A,

o bsidian.

4 .

E arly V IB

n o.

7 01,

1 971,

T T1/7,

o bsidian.

5 .

E arly V IB

n o.

9 11,

1 973,

Y 1/6,

6 .

L ate

n o.

7 77,

1 971,

Y /4,

7 .

E arly V IB n o.

8 31,

1 973,

Y 1/5,

o bsidian.

8 .

E arly V IB n o.

9 05,

1 973,

Y 2/4,

o bsidian.

9 .

L ate

7 31,

1 971,

Y /2,

1 0.

E arly V IB

n o.

1 005,

1 973,

Z X/9,

1 1.

E arly V IB n o.

1 215,

1 978,

B B1/5/3,

1 2.

E arly V IB

4 35,

1 969,

J X/6A,

1 3.

E arly V IB n o.

1 253,

1 978,

B B1/5/7,

1 4.

L ate

n o.

1 185,

1 978,

BB1/2,

1 5.

E arly V IB n o.

1 166,

1 978,

Y 3/8/3,

1 6.

L ate

8 54,

1 973,

X 2/3A,

V IB

V IB n o.

V IB

n o.

V IB n o.

3 16

o bsidian.

o bsidian.

o bsidian. o bsidian.

o bsidian. o bsidian. o bsidian.

o bsidian. o bsidian.

o bsidian. o bsidian. o bsidian.

2

1

3 .

5 .

4 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 . 1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 6 .

1 4 . 1 5 . 41 1 1K

F ig.148.

4 1 1 16 . . E ar ly a nd L ate V IB. obs id ian.

egb

E arly a nd L ate V IB c lay a nimal F ig.

f igures:

1 49 1 .

E arly V IB n o▪ 1 083,

1 975,

Y 2/5/3,

2 .

E arly V IB n o.

5 98,

1 971,

J X/8,

c lay.

p l.

1 5a.

3 .

E arly V IB n o.

5 79,

1 971,

J X/8,

c lay.

p l.

1 5a.

4 .

E arly V IB n o.

7 03,

1 971,

T T1/5,

5 .

E arly V IB n o▪ 5 91,

1 971,

J X/8,

c lay.

p l.

1 5a.

6 .

E arly V IB n o• 5 80,

1 971,

J X/8,

c lay.

p l.

1 5a.

7 .

L ate

1 971,

X /1,

V IB n o.

6 46,

c lay.

c lay.

c lay.

p l.

1 4b.

3

2

5 .

r e d

4 .

6 .

7 •

• •

F ig . 149. Ear ly a nd L ate V 3 19

c lay a nima l f igur ines.

E arly and L ate F ig.

V IB

s pindle w horls:

1 50 1 .

E arly V IB

n o.

1 243,

1 978,

Y 3/2/7,

2 .

L ate

V IB

n o.

1 099,

1 975,

B B1/2,

3 .

L ate

V IB

n o.

1 202,

1 978,

B B1/ 4 /1 , c lay

4 .

E arly V IB

n o.

1 278,

1 978,

B B1/5/7,

c lay,

s cale,

1 :2.

5 .

L ate

V IB

n o.

1 199,

1 978,

BB1/4/4,

c lay,

s cale,

1 :2.

6 .

E arly V IB

n o.

1 252,

1 978,

C C1/ 4 /1 , c lay,

s cale,

1 :2.

7 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 209,

1 978,

B B1/3/16,

8 .

L ate

V IB

n o.

1 080,

1 975,

BB1/1,

9 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 262,

1 978,

B B1/2/15,

c lay,

s cale,

1 :2.

1 0.

L ate

V IB n o.

1 181,

1 978,

BB1/2/12,

c lay,

s cale,

1 :2.

1 1.

L ate

V IB n o.

1 104,

1 975,

B B1/1/2,

c lay,

s cale,

1 :2.

1 2.

L ate

V IB n o.

1 235,

1 978,

C C1/3/4,

c lay,

s cale,

1 :2.

3 20

c lay, c lay,

s cale, s cale,

1 :2.

s cale,

c lay,

c lay,

1 :2.

1 :2.

s cale,

s cale,

1 :2.

1 :2.

5 .

4 .

6 .

•

4 / 1 1 1 1 1 1E 3 1 1 1 1 1b

»

a le 9 .

8 .

Om %

1 M 1 1 1 1E 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.

1 .

12 .

F ig . 150. E ar ly a nd L ate V IB: s p ind le whor ls. 3 21

E arly a nd L ate F ig.

V IB s pindle w horls:

1 51 1 .

E arly V IB n o.

1 103,

1 975,

Y 2/5/B11,

2 .

E arly V IB

n o.

9 89,

1 973,

Y 2/4b,

3 .

L ate

V IB

n o.

9 96,

1 973,

Y 2/3,

b one,

s cale,

1 :2.

4 .

E arly V IB

n o.

5 99,

1 971,

J X/8,

c lay,

s cale,

1 :2.

5 .

V IC n o.

1 969,

C 4/7a,

6 .

L ate

n o.

8 92,

1 973,

Y 2/3,

b one,

s cale,

1 :2.

7 .

E arly V IB n o.

8 90,

1 973,

Y 1/5,

b one,

s cale,

1 :2.

8 .

L ate

V IB

1 244,

1 978,

B B1/3/6,

9 .

L ate

V IB n o.

8 91,

1 973,

Y 2/3,

b one,

1 0.

V IC n o.

1 969,

C 4/7,

b one,

s cale,

1 1.

E arly V IB n o.

9 98,

1 973,

Y 2/4/2,

b one,

s cale,

1 :2.

1 2.

E arly V IB

9 49,

1 973,

Y 2/ 4 /1 , b one,

s cale,

1 :2.

1 3.

L ate

V IB n o.

1 022,

1 975,

B B1/1,

1 4.

L ate

V IB n o.

8 78,

1 973,

X 3/1,

1 5.

E arly V IB n o.

9 97,

1 973,

Y 2/4/6,

b one,

s cale,

1 :2.

1 6.

E arly V IB n o.

9 99b,

1 973,

Y 2/4/4,

c lay,

s cale,

1 :2.

6 53,

V IB

n o.

6 33,

n o.

3 22

c lay,

b one,

b one,

s cale,

s cale,

1 :2.

1 :2.

1 :2.

b one,

s cale,

s cale,

1 :2.

1 :2.

1 :2.

c lay, b one,

s cale,

s cale, s cale,

1 :2. 1 :2.

2 .

1 .

\

9 .

8 .

7

6 .

I

d

Ma d i tt b

c

4 I l ib

i b

1 0 .

1 2 .

1 .

1 4 .

1 3 .

1 6 .

1 5 .

A IN F ig . 151. Ear ly a nd L ate V IB: s p ind le whor ls. 3 23

E arly and F ig.

L ate

V IB

s pindle w horls and w eights:

1 52 1 .

L ate

V IB

n o.

1 207,

1 978,

BB1/4/1,

2 .

L ate

V IB

n o.

6 26,

1 969,

T T1/3,

3 .

E arly V IB n o.

8 06,

1 971,

Y /5b,

4 .

L ate

V IB

n o.

6 27,

1 969,

T T1/3,

5 .

E arly V IB

n o.

9 94,

1 973,

Y 2/4/3,

6 .

L ate

V IB

n o.

6 19,

1 969,

T T1/3,

7 .

L ate

V IB n o.

8 .

E arly V IB

9 .

b one,

b one, b one,

s cale, s cale,

s tone, b one, b one,

s cale,

1 :2. 1 :2.

s cale, s cale,

s cale,

1 :2.

1 :2. 1 :2.

1 :2.

1 097,

1 975,

B B1/1,

8 06,

1 971,

Y /5b,

E arly V IB n o.

1 264,

1 978,

Y 3/3/1,

1 0.

E arly V IB

n o.

1 248,

1 978,

B B1/5/6,

s tone,

s cale,

1 :2.

1 1.

E arly V IB

n o.

1 241,

1 978,

B B1/5/4,

s tone,

s cale,

1 :2.

1 2.

L ate

n o.

6 44,

1 969,

X /1,

1 3.

E arly V IB n o.

1 257,

1 978,

B B1/5/SP,

V IB

n o.

3 24

s tone, b one,

s cale,

c lay,

c lay,

s cale,

1 :2.

s cale,

s cale, c lay,

1 :2.

1 :2.

1 :2.

s cale,

1 :21.

3 .

4 .

1

5 .

6 . 1 3 1 1 13 1• 1

1 . 1 0

'

I W ORD

9 .

1 ) > 1 2 .

1 3 .

F ig . 152. E ar ly a nd L ate V I B:s p ind le whor ls a nd we ights. 3 25

E arly and L ate V IB m iscellaneous F ig.

s tone

o bjects:

1 53 1 .

L ate

V IB n o.

8 97,

1 973,

Y 2/3,

2 .

E arly V IB n o.

s tone p estle,

1 272,

1 978,

C C1/4/4,

1 971,

C 4/7,

s tone p estle,

V IB n o.

1 217,

1 975,

B B1/4/1,

V IB n o.

1 260,

1 978,

B B1/2/15,

s tone

s cale,

p estle,

1 :4.

s cale,

1 :4 . 3 .

V IC n o.

4 .

L ate

6 64,

s cale,

s tone

1 :4.

p estle,

s cale,

1 :4 . 5 .

L ate

s tone

p estle,

s cale,

1 :8. 6 .

L ate

V IB n o.

7 05,

1 971,

Y 2/1,

7 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 227,

1 978,

B B1/4/7,

8 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 222,

1 978,

B B1/4/1

9 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 225,

1 978,

B B1/3/13,

s tone,

1 0.

L ate

V IB n o.

1 230,

1 978,

B B1/3/13,

p ivot

1 :8.

3 26

s tone p estle, p ivot

s cale,

1 :8.

s tone,

s cale,

1 :8.

s tone p estle,

s cale,

1 :4.

s cale, s tone,

1 :8. s cale,

1 .

2 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

F ig . 153. Ear ly a nd L ate V IB:

m isce l laneous s tone o b jects.

177

E arly a nd L ate V IB m iscellaneous F ig.

s tone

o bjects:

1 54 1 .

E arly V IB n o.

1 232,

1 978,

Y 3/2/7,

2 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 226,

1 975,

B B1/1,

3 .

E arly V IB n o.

1 282,

1 978,

B B1/5/4,

p ivot

4 .

L ate

n o.

1 172,

1 975,

B B1/1/9,

s tone,

5 .

E arly V IB n o.

1 279,

1 978,

B B1/5/1,

p ivot

6 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 225,

1 978,

B B1/3/13,

7 .

L ate

V IB n o.

1 273,

1 978,

Y 3/1/7,

s tone,

8 .

E arly V IB

7 50,

1 971,

T T1/5b,

p ivot

9 .

E arly V IB n o.

1 233,

1 978,

Y 3/3/1,

s tone,

V IB

n o.

3 28

q uern p ivot

s tone, s tone,

s cale, s cale,

s tone,

s tone,

s tone, s cale,

1 :4.

1 :4 . s cale,

s cale,

s cale,

1 :8.

s cale,

s cale, s tone,

1 :8.

1 :4.

1 :8 .

1 :4. s cale, 1 :8.

1 :8.

" .•:

4

. : : : : r e . : 4 1 : : • 1 .• -

., ; 4

(

. . :i. I: ', 4

. , 1

:

Z , ZZ I

. . 4.4. a•f, . . ' ter . : •• • •0 1 .1 i t

' .

. .

. .

1; !ir

3 Siii: ii

.

)

F ig . 154. Ear ly a nd Late V IB: 3 29

m isce l laneous s tone o b jects.

E arly V IB m iscellaneous: F ig.

1 55 1 .

E arly V IB

n o.

4 02,

J X/7

r ed

f ired c lay

2 .

E arly V IB

n o.

4 01,

J X/7

l ight

3 .

E arly V IB

n o.

4 58,

J X/7

d ull

4 .

E arly V IB

n o.

4 47,

J X/7

s oapstone

5 .

E arly V IB n o.

4 46,

J X/7

h orncore.

f igurine.

b rown f ired c lay r ed

s tone v eined d isc,

W eaving

c omb,

6 .

E arly V IB n o.

4 25,

J X/7

O bsidian.

7 .

E arly V IB

5 82,

J X/7

h ollow c lay h and m ade.

3 30

b lack .

p 1.15d.

1 5d.

n o.

f igurine.

1 :2.

p l

1

3 .

2

4 .

5

7

6 .

F ig . 155. E ar ly V IB

' 3 31

m isce llaneous.

E arly V IB m iscellaneous F ig.

1 56 1 .

E arly V IB n o.

3 03,

J X/5 b lue

2 .

E arly V IB n o.

3 04,

J X/5 o range

3 .

E arly V IB n o.

3 69,

J X/6 g rey s tone.

4 .

E arly V IB n o.

4 59,

J X/7

s tone.

5 .

E arly V IB

n o.

3 85,

J X/6

s pindle w horl c lay.

E arly V IB n o.

3 02,

J X/5

h orn h andle,

6 .

p l.

1 5c.

3 32

f aience b ead p l. t oggle p in p l.

p ierced

1 5c. 1 5c.

i n

t wo p laces

2

1

3 .

•

4 .

6 .

F ig . 156. Ear ly V I B: m isce l laneous.

3 33

P la te I a. Paf t .avan over ly ing s i lt.

e l e.

V II

t own

w a l l

H aftavan V IC bur ia l ,

C 2/6.

T t af tavan V IC P it 2 ,

C 2/6.

3 34

P la te 2 a. Y l, l ook ing west i nto Y 2 e nd o f t he 1 973 s eason ( Ear ly V IP).

a t

t he

P la te 2 b. Y l, l ook ing west s how ing wa l ls B 2, K , G , HF a nd C 2 ( Ear ly V IP).

P late 2 c. Y l, phase 1 , s how ing s i tu, l ook ing w est ( Ear ly V IP).

3 35

p ithos

i n

3 36

P late 4 a. Y 2, ( Ear ly V IB).

p hase

3 ,

w ith

p hase

4 o vens ,

l ook ing

P late 4 b. Y 2, p hase 1 , w ith s tone p acked p ostho les, l ook ing s outh ( Ear ly V IP). " . .. .. . . 14 1 1 11 4 1 1 1

P late 4 c. V IB).

Y 2,

phase

1 ,

3 37

l ook ing n or th

M

,

( Ear ly

n or th-west

P late 5 a. L ook ing n or th f rom CC1/4, s how ing wa l ls C 2 a nd K a nd t rench 1 3 1 31 ( Ear ly V IB).

P la te 5 b. CC1/4: wa l l K c omp lex l ook ing w est ( Ear ly V IB).

P la te 5 c. CC1/4: wa l l n orth ( Ear ly V IR).

K ,

p hase

3 ,

l ook ing

P late 6 a. Y 3/4 l ook ing s outh ( Ear ly V IE).

P la te 6 b.

B 1/5 l ook ing s outh ( Ear ly V IE).

P la te 6 c. RE1/5 l ook ing n or th , i n s i tu a nd b ur ia l ( Ear ly V IE).

3 39

s how ing

p ot

P la te 7 a. ' nB 1/ 5, e xposed c h i ld c app ing s tone ( Ear ly V IB).

p la te 7 b. 1 /4 w ith p its l ook ing n orth ( Late V IP).

P la te V IP).

7 c.

Y 1/ 4

p its

3 40

a nd

b ur ia l

a nd

w ith

p ostho les,

p ostho les

( La te

P la te

8 a.

T 3 1 31/4

p it

4

( Late

V IP).

k ing s outh ( La te

P la te S c. 1 3 I 31/3 d oub le o ven

( La te V IP).

P late 9 a.

Y 2,

phase 4 o ven

( Ear ly V IP).

P late 9 b .. V 2/3 o ven n ear wa l l P ( Late V IP).

P late 9 c. V 2/3 ( La te V IP).

w ith

p ottery

s et

i nto

wa l l

P ,

P late

1 0a.

CC1/3

p its

a nd

p ostho les

( La te

V IB).

P late 1 0b. X 1/4 l ook ing west ( Late V IB).

P late 1 0c. V IB).

X 1/3

l ook ing

3 43

n or th-west

( La te

P late Ha.

P la te

X 2/X3 l ook ing west ( Late V IP .

X 3 l ook ing e ast ( Late V IP).

P late l ie. ZXR3, ( Late V IP).

l eve l

6/ 3,

l ook ing

n or th

P late

1 2a.

H aftavan

V IC

p a inted

p ottery,

C 2/6.

1 i 1

P la te 1 2b. C 216.

M .- 1-1 1 ra l

Haftavan

Mr i l lrl ine

V IC

p a inted

P la te 1 2c. L ate V IB p ottery.

3 45

p ottery ,

P la te 1 3a. P a inted p o ttery b ow l ,Y21413 ( Far l

P late

a rro whead mou ld,

3 46

V IP)1

,X 311 ( Late V IP).

P la te 1 4a. R one a w l , ( La te V IP).

n o.852,

X /3

P la te 1 4h. C lay X /1 ( La te V IP).

a te 1 4e. P a inted p ottery f ragment, T 11 3 1/3 ( Late V IP).

P late 1 4e. P o ttery Y 2/4/3 ( Ear ly V IP).

h oof ,

P la te 1 4d. P o ttery , X /4 ( La te V IP).

b eaker ,

n o.646,

n os.718-26,

P la te 1 4f . P o ttery s torage n o.929, Y 2/3A ( La te V IP).

3 47

j ar ,

P late 1 5a. C lay a n ima l f igur ines, n os.579, 5 80, 5 91, 5 98, JX/8 ( Ear ly V IE).

P la te 1 5c. Horn h and le, n o.302; b ead , n o.303; p in, n o.304, JX/5 ( Ear ly V IE).

P la te 1 5e. B one k n ife n o.645, X 14 ( La te V IE).

h and le,

3 48

P la te 1 5b. Bone p ins, JX/8 ( Ear ly V IE).

n os.581-5,

P late 1 5d. Bone c omb, n o.446; d isc , n o.447 , JX/7 ( Ear ly V IE).

P late 1 5f . S pacer b eads, n o.818a-b, X 2/2B ( La te V IE).

P late 1 6b. M eta l Y 2/4 ( Ear ly V J ). P late

1 6d.

Bone

p in,

p in,

n o.913,

n o.g50,

Y2/3 ( Late V AR).

P la te

1 6c.

M eta l

Y 2/3e ( La te V IB).

n o

. n22

,

P late 1 6a. Bone Y 1/7 ( Ear ly V IP).

P late 1 6e. C lay g am ing b oard/tab let, Y 2/3A ( Late V IP).

n o.825,

n o. 293

C olour

a .

P late

L ate V IB d ecorated

j ar

b .

L ate V IB d ecorated ( fig.

c .

L ate V IB d ecorated ( fig.

e .

s herd

d .

1 38:6)

L ate V IB d ecorated

L ate V IB d ecorated ( fig.

f .

s herd

3 50

j ar

1 16:2)

L ate V IB d ecorated ( figs.

j ar

1 16:1)

1 38:1;

s herds 1 37:1)

Appendix HAFTAVAN TEPE - Summary of archaeomagnetic intensity results. M J Aitken and GD Bussell, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and The History of Art, Oxford University Archaeomagnetic intensity measurements were made on samples pottery fr om 10 lev els from Haftavan Tepe, Iran.

of

The main ob ject was to see if previously constructed reference cur ve developed for the second millennium BC in the Eastern Medi­ terranean and the Near East cou ld be appplied to sites with particular The material from Haftavan Tepe problems of dating in this period. was problematical in that although it was thought to be in a chrono­ logic al sequence from c irca 2000 BC to the end of the Bronze Age the exact arrangement and lengths of the phases in between was uncertain because of lack of absolute dates. The measurements were carried out at the Research Laboratory for Archaeology a nd The History of Art, Oxford, on 3mm cores of pottery A total of 35 samples were using a SQUID magnetometer system (ref). submitted of which o ne was too weak to be measured. Of the others, 60% were rejected for showing signs of mineral alteration and there­ This percentage is no worse than fore b eing magnetically 'reliable'. many sites; prob ably the unreliability is associated with hydration of iron oxides during burial. The remaining samples were graded on a scale of 1 - 3 on the basis of their quality and repeatability, (grade 1 being highest reliability), and were then plotted as the ratio of ancient field intensity divided by present day intensity at the site (st rictly speaking, this latter was 'the f ield at the site due to an axial centred dipole of strength 8x1022 Am2 ). GRAPH. The reference material which was used for comparison came three areas. 1.

Mesopotamia (stamped

2.

Cyprus a nd Israel (pottery)

3.

Egypt (stamped funerary cones and pottery)

fran

Royal bricks)

By necessity all this material is well-dated and only samples of highest reliability and repeatability were used, the rejection the b eing of t he same order as for Haftavan Tepe. Comparison between rate reference material and the Haftavan samples indicates several the points. 1.

The archaeologically suggested date for the beginning of level VI C whi ch g roup a came from had been put at circa 2000 BC. However, the two reliable samples from this group show higher field inten­ s ity than would be expected at that time, and the indications are that this could be nearer to circa 2200 BC by comparison with pottery samples from Crete and Iraq. These latter are not included in the reference curve because they have not yet been sufficiently investigated.

354

2 .

G roups c a nd d r eference e ach a

o ther.

3 .

G roups

4 .

l evel w hich s ites.

w ith

e ach

f or t hat

d ate.

a re

i s

G roups h a nd

i

1 600 B C

w ith

f rom L ate V I

t han t hose o f

t o c onfirm t his

i nteresting

t he

g .

t he

B a nd

s ince

b y

t hree a cceptable

o ther a nd

b oth

c orrespond w ell

w ith

t he

c orrectly o rdered r elative

d ated a t

T he

e arlier t han g s ince

l ower

B )

t o b e

p articularly

o ther

f a nd g

c ould b e w ere h ere

t o

b oth

m aterial

l evel E arly V I

a nd a ppear

G roup d i s

d estruction

r eference a gree

( both

m aterial

i s

m agnetic

f rom h ere r eference

i t w ould s eem t hat

m ore

t o

f rom

a rchaeological

s amples

i ntensity r atios

H owever,

i t

o btained f or

s amples a re

f f

n eeded

o rdering.

p resent

i nteresting a nomalies a nd a gain n eed

f ur—

t her s ampling t o c onfirm t he i nitial f indings. T he i ndications a re t hat t hese g roups, b oth f rom l evel V I A a re m isplaced b y a s m uch

a s

2 50 y ears,

i ntensity

r atios

i .e.,

s uggested d ate r ange

5 .

t hey c ou ld b e

o btained a re t oo o f

1 450-1300 B C,

w ith t he s amples

f rom g roups

G roup

I ron I a lso n eeds

j ,

l evel

t he values c urve. b efore

e arlier

d ate

1 700 B C,

a s

i n w ith

a nd a gree m uch m ore

f urther

t he t he

r eadily

i nvestigation a s

l ow b y c omparison w ith t he f or

t his g roup

e xplanation a nd m ore r eliable f urther c omment c an b e m ade,

f ar b eing o nly g rade

e arly a s

c a nd d .

o btained w ere t oo

A n

p ossible

a s

l ow t o f it h appily

i s

a pparently

r esults must

t he

t wo r esults

b e

a gain

r eference n ot

a

o btained

o btained

s o

3 .

R eference W alton,

D .

m agnetometer,

1 979,

G eomagnetic

A rchaeometry

1 9

( 2)

i ntensity m easurements u sing a 1 92-200.

3 55

S QUID

H aftavan C hecklist a s

c .2000

B .C.?

s ubmitted

t o A rchaeology L ab.

L evel V IC: H V.75, A 1-4

L evel

2 5

C 2/6/B3

1 OF

C 2/6

P .H.

C 2/6

B LACK

A

E arly V IB: H V.75,

Y 1/6a

b 1-3

L evel

C 2/6/B1

1 3

Y 1/6a

8

Y 1/6

2

E arly V IB: H V.75,

Y 1/5d/6 9

H V.71,TT1/5 H V.75, c 1-4 L evel

Y 1/5d/6

8

Y 1/5d/6

2

E arly V IB: HV.73,

Y /2/4 B atch 3 1 4

B atch D i s

Y /2/4/4D

1 6 1 8

f rom d es-

2 0

l evel

I f

t l

d 1-6

2 2 2 4 L evel

L ate V IB: HV.73,

X 2/3A

1 0 1 2

e l-3

1 4

L evel L ate V IB: H V.73,

X 3/2

1

Z X/4/XXIII f 1-4

X 3/2 X 3/2

t L evel

3 2

L ate V IB: HV.73,

Y 2/2

g 1-2

tI

4 6

L evel V IA: H V.

J X/7

h 1-2

I t

L evel V IA: HV.

J X/6

3 5

1 2 3

i l-3 c .1350 B .C.?

L evel

j 1-3

I ron

I : P Q

2

P Q

3

P Q

4

3 56

t ruction

0 _ 0

\

\

_

_

_

_

_

( eCr « -D e % 4 1. ci

o z

. 0

i -

0 o

c '

0) J2V "/

0

I N1-

3 57

c o Ö

1s-N

5I NI

ö

0 t- ( ö

A BBREVIATIONS T hese a re u sed t hroughout

t he

f ootnotes a nd

A JA

A merican J ournal

A S

A natolian S tudies.

A nt.

J

i n t he b ibliography.

o f A rchaeology .

A ntiquaries J ournal.

A MI

A rchäologische M itteilungen a us

I ran,

N eue F olge. A f0

A rchiv f ür O rientforschung .

B astam I

B astam I , A nlagen,

Ausgrabungen 1 972-5,

i n d en U rartäischen

e dited

T ehraner F orschungen ,

b y

B and

I V,

B elleten

T r irk T arih K urumu B elleten,

B ASOR

B ulletin o f

W .

K leiss,

B erlin,

1 979.

A nkara.

t he American S chool

o f O riental

R esearch . B IA

B ulletin o f t he

I nstitute

o f A rchaeology,

U niversity o f L ondon. B SOAS

B ulletin o f t he

S chool

A frican S tudies, B urney a nd

L ang

C .

A .

B urney a nd D .

H ills:

A ncient

L ondon, B urton-Brown

T .

M .

L ang,

A rarat

L ondon,

s eparate C hronologies

t he

o f t he C aucasus,

E xcavations

i n A zerbaijan,

1 951.

C ambridge A ncient H istory

C AH

P eoples

a nd

1 971.

B urton-Brown,

1 948,

o f O riental a nd

U niversity o f L ondon.

( revised e dition

i n

f ascicles).

C hronologies e dition,

i n O ld W orld A rchaeology,

e dited b y R .

W .

E hrich,

s econd

C hicago,

1 965. E lar-Darani

E .

V .

( in

K hanzadian, A rmenian

E lar-Darani,

w ith

R ussian

E revan, a nd

1 979. G erman

s ummaries) E SA G awra

E urasia S eptentrionalis A ntigua . I

E .

A .

L evels S chool

S peiser,

E xcavations

I - V III,

o f O riental

1 935.

3 58

a t

T epe G awra,

P ublications o f R esearch,

I ,

t he A merican P hiladelphia,

G iyan

G . C ontenau a nd T epe G iyan, p re 's M usee

G odin I

d u L ouvre,

D epartment

d es

A ntiquites

O rientales, 1 935.

S eries A rcheologique,

T .

E xcavations

C .

Y oung,

P rogress

G odin I I

R . G hirshmann, F ouilles d u d e N ehavend, 1 931 e t 1 932,

R eport,

R oyal

O ccasional

T .

D .

Y oung a nd L .

P aris,

a t G odin T epe, O ntario

a nd A rchaeology T oronto, 1 969 . C .

3 ,

A rt

P apers,

L evine,

t he G odin T epe P roject,

F irst

M useum,

1 7,

E xcavations o f

S econd P rogress

R eport, R oyal O ntario Museum , A rchaeology O ccasional P aper, 2 6,

A rt a nd T oronto,

1 974 . H abur W are

C .

H amlin,

T he H abur W are C eramic A ssemblage

o f N orthern M esopotamia,

a n A nalysis o f

i ts

D istribution,

d issertation

1 971,

P h.D

U niversity o f P ennsylvania, f ilms, A nn A rbor, M ichigan,

U niversity M icro1 977.

I A

I ranica A ntigua.

J A

J ournal A siatique.

J AOS

J ournal

o f

J ANESCU

J ournal

o f t he A ncient N ear E astern S ociety

o f

o f

S ociety.

C olumbia U niversity.

J ournal

J ESHO

t he A merican O riental

o f

t he

E conomic a nd S ocial H istory

t he O rient.

J FA

J ournal

o f F ield A rchaeology.

J NES

J ournal

o f N ear E astern S tudies.

K SIA

K ratkie

S oobsheniya

I nstituta A rkheologi,

M oscow . L and o f

I ran

T he o f

C ambridge H istory o f I ran,

e dited

b y W .

I ran, B .

I :

T he L and

F isher,

L ondon,

1 968. L ittauer a nd C rouwel

M .

A .

L ittauer a nd J .

V ehicles

N ear E ast, M IA

M aterialy

H .

C rouwel,

a nd R idden A nimals L eiden/Koln,

W heeled

i n t he A ncient

1 979,

I ssledovaniya p o A rkheologi,

M oscow-Leningrad. MMAB

M etropolitan M useum o f

MMJ

M etropolitan M useum J ournal.

3 59

A rt B ulletin.

Metsamor

E. V. Khanzadian, K. A. Mkrtchian, E. S. Parsamian, Metsamor, Results of the Excava­ tions, 1965-6, Erevan, 1973 (In Armenian with Russian and English Summaries).

Mountains and Lowlands

L. D. Levine and T. C. Yo ung, Mountains and Lowlands, Essays in the Archaeology of Greater Mesopotamia, Bibliotheca Mesopotamica, VII , Malibu, 1977.

OIP

Oriental Institute Publications, Chicago.

Th e Persian Plateau

R. H . Dyson, The Archaeological Evidence of the Second Millennium B.C. on the Persian Plateau, CAH , fascicle numb er 66, Cambridge, 1968.

Le Plateau Iranien

Le Plateau Iranien, et l'Asie Centrale des

a

Origines la Conquete Islamique, by J. Deshayes, CNRS, Paris, 1977 .

edited

PPS

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society.

SA

Sovetskaya Arkheologia, Moscow.

Stratigraphie Comparee

C. F. A. Schaeffer Stratigraphie Comparee et Chronologie de l'Asie Occidentale, (Ille et Ile millenaires), Oxford, 1948.

Trialeti

B. A. Kuftin, Archaeological Excavations in Trialeti, I, Tbilisi, 1941 (In Georgian with Russian and English summaries).

TTKY

Turk Tarih Kurumu Y ayinlarindan.

VDI

Vestnik Drevnei Istorii, Moscow.

360

H AFTAVAN P UBLICATIONS C .A.Burney,

' Haftavan E xcavation R eport,'

A non.,

' Les

C .A .Burney,

F ouilles d e H aft-van,'

' Excavations I ran V III

1 969

a t

H aftavan,

( 1970)

1 57-171,

1 968,

i st

8 f ig,

8 p1.

C .A .Burney,

' Excavations I ran X ( 1972)

I I

( 1969)

3 0

P reliminary R eport',

I ran V III

a t H aftavan 1 969, 1 27-142, 1 3 f ig.,

( 1970)

1 82-3.

2 nd P reliminary R eport', 8 p1.

S EASON:

C .A .Burney, C .A.Burney,

' Haftavan E xcavation R eport', ' Haftavan ', t ion,

C .A .Burney,

i n E xcavations

O xford,

' Excavations

1 972,

1 1-12,

a t H aftavan,

I ran X I,

( 1973),

' Reports

o n t he

T appeh',

P roc.

1 53-172,

I ran X ( 1972)

i n I ran, f ig.

t he B ritish C ontribu-

5 -9

1 971: 1 0

1 69-170

3 rd P reliminary R eport',

f ig.,

8 p1.

S EASON:

C .A.Burney,

B astam Museum, C .A .Burney, C .A.Burney,

1 973 o f

s eason o f E xcavations

2 nd A nn.

1 973,

' Excavations a t I ran X III ( 1975)

( 1972-4)

S ymp.

1 02-111,

' Haftavan E xcavation R eport',

' Excavations

M .Wynen ,

1 975

1 77-179

S EASON: ' Haftavan E xcavation R eport',

1 973

( 1969)

i n B astam C henassi

C .A.Burney,

1 971

I ran V II

H aftavan

R es.

i n I ran

8 f ig. I ran X II

H aftavan 1 973, 1 49-164, 7 f ig.

i n I ran,

a t

o f A rch.

( 1974)

2 13-4

4 th P reliminary R eport', 4 p1.

1 967-1972,

H aftavan'

i n P ersica V I

6 5-7.

S EASON:

C .A.Burney, C .A .Burney,

' Haftavan 1 975 , ' Haftavan

I ran X IV

( 1976)

1 57-8.

T epe a nd e arly s ettlement p atterns

w estern I ran ',

i n P roblems

o logy, Edited b y G . d e G .Seiveking, K .E. W ilson, L ondon, 1 976, 9 7-100. C .A .Burney,

' The

E conomic B asis

W estern I ran ', a nd L owlands: p otamia, 1 977, E dwards,

M .R.,

n orth-

o f S ettled

I .H.

L ongworth

C ommunities

i n

a nd

N orth-

i n B ibliotheca M esopotamica V II, M ountains E ssays i n t he A rchaeology o f G reater M eso-

E dited

b y L .D.

L evine

a nd T .C.

Y oung

M alibu

1 -7.

' The

( 1981)

i n

i n E conomic a nd S ocial A rchae-

P ottery o f H aftavan V IB

1 01-40.

3 61

( Urmia W are)',

I ran,

X IX

B IBLIOGRAPHY

B OOKS: G hirshmann,

R .,

F ouilles d e S ialk p res

d e K ashan,

1 933,

1 934, 1 937, 2 v ols, M usee d u L ouvre, D epartment d es A ntiquites O rientales, S erie A rcheologiques, G ogadze,

E .M.,

4 ,

P aris,

1 938-9.

T he C hronology a nd O rigin o f K urgan C ulture, T bilisi, w ith R ussian s ummary).

G renouillac,

H .de.,

C eramic C appadocienne, L ouvre

D epartment

A .J.,

2

C hicago, B .,

M arch,

( in G eorgian

v ols.

P aris,

G ameboards o f t he A ncient U npublished M .A .

H rouda,

1 972.

M usee

1 926.

N ear E ast,

D issertation,

U niversity o f

1 961.

D ie B emalte K eramik d er Z weiten J ahrtausends i n N ormesopotamian u nd N ordsyrien, F orschung,

K achatrian,

T .S.,

B and 1 9,

K .R.,

C ulture o f A ncient A rtik, ( in R ussian).

1 963

C ultures

E revan,

1 975,

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