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English Pages [386] Year 1983
Excavations in Azerbaijan (North-western Iran)
1 Haftavan, Period VI Michael Edwards with a foreword by
C. A. Burney
BAR International Series 182 1983
B.A.R.
122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England
GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D .Phil. D .R. Walker, M.A.
B.A.R. -S182,1983 :'Excavations in Azerbaijan (North-western Iran). 1 : Haftavan,Period VI'
© Michael Edwards, 1983
The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542339 paperback ISBN 9781407333281 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542339 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
C ONTENTS
P age
F oreword L ist
o f
f igures
L ist
o f
p lates
_ xi x vii
P reface
x xi
A cknowledgements C hapter
1
x xii
H aftavan V IC S tratigraphy
7
H aftavan V IC
P ottery
1 2
H aftavan V IC
S mall
1 4
F inds
C hapter
2
H aftavan V IB A rchitecture
C hapter
3
H aftavan V IB P ottery
1 41
C hapter
4
H aftavan V IB S mall
2 93
F inds
3 53
A ppendix A bbreviations
4 7
3 58
a nd B ibliography
i ii
F OREWORD H aftavan w estern m erly o f
t he
4 00m o f
M y
t he t o
A zerbaijan,
l argest m ounds
about
" citadel"
i n
s outhwards
o f W est
f our
l ies
S almas p lain,
o f L ake U rmia a nd
S hahpur)
p rovince and
T epe
c orner
f rom
t he m ound
U rmia
( formerly
n orth-western I ran
i n
t he U rmia
b asin,
n orth t o s outh. i s
c lose
t o
t he
n orth-
t o t he m ain r oad f rom S almas R ezaiyeh), ( fig.1.). '
I t
5 50m f rom e ast
T he
h ighest
( fori n
t he
i s o ne t o w est
p oint
o n
t he
2 7m a bove d atum.
b rief e xaminations
o f t he s ite
i n
1 958,
1 959 a nd 1 962
s ug-
g ested t hat i t w as m ainly o f s econd a nd e arly f irst m illennium B .C. d ate, w ith s ome l ater d eposits o n t he c itadel. T he d ating o f m uch o f t he
p ottery
c ollected o n
r eadily a pparent, t he t hen r ecent
s ince
s herd
i t
s urface w as
n ot
d id n ot c losely r esemble t he m aterial
f rom
e xcavations a t
p reviously
t aken
u nscathed,
f or
s urveys o f
H asanlu.
t he m ound
R ecorded e xcavations h ad n ot
p lace a t H aftavan T epe; i n
1 933-4 a n
b ut
i t
h ad
n ot
i ndividual n amed B utamin h ad
t rench s ome e ight m etres w ide a nd
f orty m etres
r emained d riven
a
l ong t hrough t he c entre
o f t he c itadel f rom e ast t o w est. A t rench o f s imilar l ength h ad b een cut o n a p arallel l ine t o t he s outh, t hereby l eaving a g ash o n t he s lope
o f
t his
s econd t rench.
t he m ound.
p ublished:
o ne
h is
t aking
w ork,
t rench.
f ields
f rom
m ainly
i n t he
s coops
i n
o rder
t o
i s
t hat B utamin d eparted b y n ight
O ne m an
i s
a t
s aid t o h ave b een b uried i n
S ubsequently s coops
l ocal v illagers c arted o ff
o f v arious
a reas a nd d epths o ut
s outh-western q uadrant.
c hoice o f
s urface w hen
a ny
i nvolves
o bjectives
s outh o f o f
l eaving t he
o f
A dvantage w as
n ever
t he e nd
s oil
h is
c ollapse f or
t he
t heir m ound,
t aken o f
l ocating e xploratory
i ntending
t o
t hese
t renches,
I
d irect
m yself
f or a s ustained c ampaign o f
t he p ractical f unds,
e quipment
t o
s ite
a n umber o f s eparate
t o r aising o f
p urchase o f E ast.
t he
i n
r educe t he b urden o f e arth-moving.
T he
p ermit
d ug t o
t wo b oxes o f a ntiquities w ith h im a nd
t he m ound
i nevitably g eneral
s quarish a rea w as
W hatever d iscoveries w ere m ade h ere w ere
s tory
w orkmen u npaid! o f o ne
A f urther,
a nd
l ogistics,
f rom r ecruitment
s upplies.
T hese
a m ajor e xcavation, n aturally h ad t o
e xcavations
c onsiderations,
f rom
f rom n egotiations
o f
s taff
t o c ollection o r
q uestions c onfront
n owhere m ore t han
f ace t hem b efore
t he f or a
t he
a nyone
i n t he N ear
f irst
( 1968)
s eason a t H aftavan T epe . I f o f
t he
t he o bjectives o f s ite,
t he e xcavations,
b e c onsidered i nadequate,
b ility.
L ikewise t he c hoice o f
v enture
t o
t he
s uggest
e xcavations,
c ism,
a lthough
u nlikely
t hat
t hat t his, i s
t he m ost
t hus t ake
t he
s ignificance
f ull
r esponsi-
a reas o f e xcavation w as m ine a lone. t he f irst e ffective
i n t he m atter o f
a ny
a nd
I must
i nstalment
o f t he r eport
r efutation o f
a ny
I o n
s uch c riti-
c hoice o f a reas o f e xcavation
i t
i s
t wo m inds w ould t hink p recisely a like.
I n t he b rief a ssertion t hat t he m ain o bjective w as t o e xcavate o ne o f t he m ajor m ulti-period s ettlement s ites i n t he U rmia b asin o f n orth-western I ran - t he p resent-day a dministrative p rovinces ( ostans) o f
W est
a nd E ast A zerbaijan - l ies
p oses
o f
t he w ork a nd o f t he
l ater
s easons
( 1975,
E astern e xpedition p rices
i n
1 973.
1 978).
T hese h ave
d uring t he p ast
T he p resent
t he e xplanation b oth o f
d ifficulties w hich c ame
s lump
t he
t o b eset
p uri t
f aced v irtually e very
d ecade, i n d emand
i n N ear
f rom t he e xplosion o f f or o il
i s
u nlikely
o il t o
d o
m ore
t han
s low
d own t he
u pward t rend
w hich
h ad i ncreased s evenfold b y t he
f irst
t hree
m akes
s easons.
o bjective o f
l east
s uch a n
t he e xcavations
i nvestigation o f o ccupation
t o
s eason,
o f
l ocal
l abour,
c ompared w ith i ncrease
i n
t he c osts
f orward p lanning v ery h ard. T he p rincipal
t he
A t t he v ery
i n t he c ost
1 975
f ill
l evels
o f t he
t he g ap b etween m y e arlier e xcavations
T abriz,
w here
H asanlu I V,
c ontinuous
w ith
b owl,
o f a p eriod
t ion
o f b oth
i ts
o ccupation
b urnt
( Iron
a t
H aftavan T epe
w as
s econd m illennium B .C., a t
Y anik
e nded a round
T epe,
2 000
n ear
B .C.,
a nd
b uildings a nd e nigmatically d ecorated g old
I I)
n ow d ated c irca
l ater a nd e arlier
l evels w as
1 100-800 B .C. i ncidental
T he e xcava-
t o t he
o riginal
p urpose o f t he e xcavations a t H aftavan T epe, e ven t hough a dding s ignif icantly t o t he o verall r esults. I t i s t herefore e ntirely a ppropriate t hat t he f irst i s
p eriod t o b e p ublished s hould b e H aftavan V I.
c haracteristic o f
s eason
t hat
l evels
t his
s ite
t hat
i t w as
n ot u ntil
o f t his p eriod w ere e xposed,
t he
i n A reas X
r espectively
s outh a nd e ast o f
t he c itadel.
t he
o f
h ave b een m entioned a bove:
p urpose
s ited
g aining
i n o ne o f
t heir
l oot,
t renches,
t hus
A rea Y h ad a s imilar a dvantage, S uccessive B ronze/Early
p eriods
o f
o ccupation, I I p eriod)
p eriod) w ere r evealed,
b ut
m ound.
s equence c ould,
i n s eparate
t he m aximum e conomy o f m oney, t he m ore t he
l abour
e xcavation o f
a ny o pen s ide, n ot b e t he
i t a bsorbs:
t ime
a
a ny c onsiderable a rea
c onsiderable 1 978
r eduction
s easons,
t he
f olly. T o
d uring m y o wn a bsence D uring
p articularly
u nder
t his w as
t he t ime
B oth g raphy, v ery
t he
o f
t hese
t wo
r ecent
( 1983)
t he
s ome
e xtent o f
d uring t he t he
a las,
h owever,
U nfortunately,
s upervision
i t
t he
i n
t he
o f
M artin
s urvey
i n E ast
h ad b ecome
t he
p eriod
e vident
t hat
t he t own.
1 971-1978
t echniques a nd c eramic o f
w ithout
d egree,
o n t he M eshkinshahr
t he g reatest
r esults
d eep,
T his c ould,
s easons H aftavan V IB w as s ince
d iscoveries
t wenty-hectare
s cale o f e xcavations
i nvestigation,
b uilding r emains a nd
( Early
( Sasanian
i ts w ork w as n ot h alf c ompleted,
i n t he
C harlesworth,
I
b e r evealed w ith
f our m etres
i s
l atter u nder
A zerbaijan.
V III
f or t he d eeper a t rench
o bjective o f e conomy o f o utlay w as r ealized.
a nd
s easons
- s trati-
t ypology - a nd t he
t ests m ade o n p ottery
s amples
f or
a rchaeomagnetic i ntensity b y t he O xford R esearch A rchaeology a nd t he H istory o f A rt h ave i mplications
L aboratory f or t he a rea
t he
F ull
t own d uring
m ust t here p art Y 1;
s uccessive p eriods
b e r eserved i s
o f t he s ite, a nd
t hat
t he
t he
I ron
d iminished I t
o f t he
w ill
( Area
( Haftavan V )
t he
s tate o f
t he
t he
l evels
w ith c onsequent A ll
s ettlement
o f
t he
i n
e limina-
t he e vidence s eems
t hat l ower
i n A reas Y 2 a nd
u pdating o f
t he g reatest e xtent
f or o f
d iscussion
t o
s lope
e specially
t o
J X),
a s eparate p eriod.
H aftavan V IB marks
I p eriod i n
s ite
i t h ere
t erracing d own t he
s urrounding t he c itadel,
H aftavan V IA a s
i ndicate t hat
s uffice
l aboratory r esults p oint
t he e asternmost p art t ion o f
( see a ppendix).
f or a l ater v olume:
i mpressive e vidence o f
w as
i t m ay r easonably b e c laimed t hat
o il b oom o vertook t he e xpedition w hen 1 975
t he
i t w as h oped,
e ntirely a voided a t H aftavan T epe.
c ausing
A rea X
t o H aftavan
s ectors o f
a t rench m ore t han a bout
o ver
Y , w ith
s urface w ash.
f rom H aftavan u p
a nd e ffort,
i ndeed,
a nd
t o a l esser e xtent.
T rans-Caucasian
T hus a c ultural
o f
i t
( 1971)
E arlier e xcavations,
a voiding r emoval
t hough
Y et
t hird
s eems
t own.
t o h ave
t o B y
g reatly
s ize. b e
r eadily
u nderstood v i
t hat
t he e xcavations
h ave
b een
i nterrupted s ince w ill
h ave
t o b e
e arly s easons. b ility,
t he
m ounds
i n
f unded
t he
1 978
A ny f uture w ork a t
U nless e conomic c ircumstances
d ays
o f
h oped
a nd
f ield
s urveys
a re n umbered,
e njoying r egular
e xpected
t o
b e a ble
T epe
i n
c hange b eyond a ll
e xcept
s tate
t he
p roba—
p erhaps
f or a f ew w ell—
s upport.
i nterim
r eport
f inal r eport,
o n H aftavan V I.
I t w as
I t
s quares
t he
a ll
t renches
o btaining a c ultural
s equence b y
i n d ifferent p arts
a lignment t o
s quare,
n umbered a ccordingly
( e.g.
C l,
w ere
n umber.
s mall
w ere
marked ( thus:
d istinguished T he
t rench
a nd
s tudy t o
Y l
and Y 2.
i n
t erms
l oci
Y 2/5/3,
can b e a ssigned h as
n ot
t here
i dentify a n umber o f i n e ach o f
( thus: 3 ),
a ddition s mall t he
o f o f
a a
i n
e ach
f inds
w ere
l evel
n umber
Y 2/4/3.
i t h as b een p ossible
b uilding p hases w ithin
t hrough T renches
d evelopment h as b een p resented
t he p lans T hus
t heir p rovenances.
i nsufficient
w ere
q uadrants
e xcavated
Y 2),
i .e.
f or e xample,
Y 2/5/6 a nd Y 2/5/12.
b een p ossible
a re
f eatures
s uspension o f e xcavations
t o
i nto
d ifferent p hases
t he p ottery a nd
n umber
b atch n umber h ave b een i ncluded: i ncludes
a nd w here
( thus:
p eriods
t he a lphabet
i ndicated b y t he
i ndividual
t rench a nd i ts
t hose p hases,
s uccessive
C 4).
t o w alls, o r
B ehind i ntention
f rom t op t o b ottom. C ertain h owever, l aid o ut o n a n orth—
A lthough t he a rchitectural
o f
f irst.
a voiding t he n ecessit > y
L etters o f
C 3,
t hey w ere
t he b atch n umber
S ince t he c loser
s ondage w ere,
g iven b atch n umbers:
w ith t he 4 )
i nvestigating
o f t he m ound,
C 2,
i ntention w as
o f e xcavation w as t he
w hich w as t hen s ubdivided
L etters w ere a ssigned w all
T he
i n n ot
T he d rawback o f t he c rumbling
d ictated b y t he g rid.
e ach
a
f or t hat d ay. D r. E dwards.
e xcavations w ould
n ot u nderstood a t
o f a reas
o f t he c lassic b ut c ostly d eep a reas, n otably o n t he c itadel, s outh
t ermed
o nce t his b ecomes
r ather t han t o c oncentrate o n t he
l imited a reas.
s election and a lignment
a ssigned
f airness b e
a nd a reas o f
H aftavan t renches w as
o f o ccupation
i n
i s e nvisaged,
a ligned e xactly w ith a g rid.
s tratigraphy o f c ertain o f
f rom m ade
a m atter o f p olicy o n b eginning e xcavations
u ncover e xtensive b uilding p lans
s ides
c annot
f urther w ork
l ocation o f
b e c onfined t o
m aterial
c ircumstances
s hortcomings m ust p rincipally b e m ine.
d ecided a s
t he
p olitical
i t w ould s urely h ave b een w rong t o w ait i t s tands must r edound t o t he c redit o f
R esponsibility f or a ny
t hat
I ran:
I t b ecame t herefore a ll t he m ore a ppropriate i n t he c ourse o f t ime t o p reparation o f t his
s eeing t hat
p ossible. Y et T he r eport a s
1 968
t o c ollect c omparative
i n n orth—western
t his w ork i mpracticable. t hat h e s hould p roceed
o f
t han
l arge—scale e xcavation o f m ulti—period s ettlement
t he N ear E ast
i nstitutions
H aftavan
m uch m ore s elective b asis
W hen M ichael E dwards e mbarked i n 1 977 o n a s tudy o f H aftavan w ith a v iew t o p reparing a d octoral t hesis i n d ue c ourse, h e h ad
V IB,
t o
s eason.
o n a s maller,
t he o riginal Y 2,
p hase
t he p ottery a nd
I n t hose t renches
l evel
a nd
1 ( fig.
3 4)
s mall
t o p ostulate a s eries o f p hases
o r
r emains,
n umbers
t he c onventional
l evel
f inds
f or w hich i n
i t
w hich h ave
b een u sed. H aftavan " Early a nd
V IB" a nd
b etter
V IB
h as
t wo r eadily
" Late V IB",
p reserved
t he
d istinguishable
f ormer
b uilding r emains a nd
p roportion o f p ainted p ottery o f
t he c lass v ii
m ajor
i ncluding t he m ore t he
l atter
t ermed U rmia
p hases,
i mpressive
t he W are.
g reater E arly
V IB r emains o ccur
i n A reas Y 1,
Y 2,
Y 3,
V IB r emains o ccur i n a ll t hose a reas a lly i n X 1, X 2, X 3 a nd Z XR.
B B1,
C C1,
e xcept
Z X a nd J X,
Y 3 a nd J X,
w hile L ate
a nd a ddition-
M ajor e fforts w ere d irected t owards e stablishing a p ottery s eq uence and r evealing a b uilding p lan i n Y 1/Y2. I t i s f rom .these a reas t hat m uch o f t he r elevant L ate
H aftavan V IB.
w as
a chieved
t he
l evel
s ons:
i n A rea
Z X.
i t
d iffers
a nd
l evels
J X e xcavations w ere e nded o wing- t o
A rea
J X
s hows t he E arly V IB
t he a rchitecture
f or E arly
l imited s ondage o f E arly V IB
I n A rea
o f t he w ater t able.
f irst,
s econd,
i nformation h as b een o btained
O nly a v ery
i s
s ignificant
f or t hree
t own e xtending t hat
i n c haracter f rom t hat
r ea-
f ar
e ast;
o f Y 2;
t hird,
a n i ntelligible a rchitectural p lan w as e xposed, e ven t hough J X/7and J X/8 w ere t he o nly l evels t o e scape t he d amage c aused b y a l arge I ron I p it. I n C C1
t he t wo m ost
w ere
I n B B1, V IB
i ntended h owever,
r ecent
s easons
t o r eveal m ore
g eneral I n
t he p lan o f c ourse
C C1,
o f t he m ajor V IB w alls
t he m ajor
E arly V IB w as
I n b oth B B1
a s
t he
a nd C C1
e ffects o f
d isturbance o f t he
t he E arly
1 978
u nderstood,
b ut
s eason
a lthough
f rom Y 1-Y2 c ould b e
t raced;
a nd
b uildings.
o nly a v ery l evels.
e nforced
t he multiple p hases
l imited t ime w as
N owhere m ore t han
s uspension o f
t he
f ollowed.
d id t he p recise a ssociation o f w alls
e xcavation o f t he E arly V IB a re
T renches B B1
t he Y 1-Y2
a nd b y t he e nd o f
t he m ud b rick w alls w as
w all K e luded s olution, f loors.
1 978),
t here h ad b een c onsiderable
r emains b y t he L ate V IB p its;
l ittle o f
( 1975,
o f t he p lan o f
s pent
i n B B1
e xcavation m ore
o f w ith
i n
t he
a nd
C C1
u nhappily
e vident. T he s ondage n ot
p urpose b ehind
d own
p rove t oo o nerous,
T his w as s wept
t he o pening o f T rench Y 3 w as
t o v irgin s oil,
t o u ndertake
o f
t he e ast e nd o f
I I
( Achaemenid)
t his
T wo
p art o f
l evels
t he
s ite,
t he
c itadel.
d itch,
w hich h ad
s licing t hrough t he
w ere u ncovered,
t he
a
s uch a n o peration m ight
f oot
a cross
t he
a p oint w here
f acilitated b y t he H aftavan
r emains.
a t
a t
l ater o f
L ate
w hich
V IB
p robably
b elongs w ith t he e arliest o f t he V Ib p hases t raced i n Y 1-Y2. T he l owest l evel r eached, Y 3/4, i s v ery d ifferent i n c haracter a nd o f a m uch
l ower a bsolute
p hase
o f
e arlier
p eriod.
a nd o thers n o
l evel,
H aftavan
V IB I t
i s
i ndicating e ither t hat a s eparate, h ad b een r eached o r
u nfortunate
t hat
p erhaps
t he p ottery
a n
f rom t his
i n Y 3 w as n ever s orted o r e xamined p roperly,
i ndication a s
t o w hether
i t
i s
i n
e arlier
a ltogether l evel
a nd t here
t he s tyle o f E arly V Ib o r o f
w ith i ts v ery d ifferent d ark-on-light m att p ainted w are. T his m atter r emaining s ub j udice u ntil w ork c an b e r esumed i n I ran. W ith t he e xception o f J X, V IB r emains a lso y ield t hose o f Z X/5b s tructural h earths,
i n
o f
w alling
o f
t he
a nd g ible s ome
t he e arliest p hase o f o f
t he
l ikewise.
p lan o f o f t he
L ate V IB.
t he a reas
p art
f inest
i ndication o f
t he
T races o f w alls w ere
i n t he X 1-X3 c omplex
a b uilding.
a nd C C1
p ost-holes,
L ate V IB H aftavan T epe.
s ome
b uilding. O nly
o f
g ive
i s
a
a nd
i n
p its a nd F ragments
f unction b ut n ot f ound
t here
F rom t his c omplex,
V IC, i s
y ielding E arly
I n A reas Y 1
t races a mounted t o s take-holes,
i n Y 2 a nd B B1
l ayout
Z X/8
v irtually a ll
i s
a ny
i n
m oreover,
d ecorated p ottery a nd s ome o f t he m ost
Z XR/3
i ntellic ome
i nteresting
f inds. T here
i s
n o c omplete b uilding p lan t o e merge h itherto v iii
f rom
a ny
p hase a llow
o f H aftavan V I; b ut s ufficient a rchitectural r emains e xist t o s peculation o n t he c haracter o f t hose f ragments o f b uildings.
S ubstantial A reas
Y l,
b uildings,
Y 2,
B B1
p erhaps
a nd C C1:
e xcavations w ere e xtended a lone
o ccur
i n A rea
o f p ublic
t his
i nto A reas B B1
J X.
F ollowing i t
t he
s eems
7 50 y ears
a re e vident
i n
t ime—span
b e
D omestic b uildings
t rue o f
A reas
X 1—X3.
b uildings a re e ven h inted a t
d ata p rovided b y t he
t hat t he
L ate V IB w as s ome
a nd C C1.
T he s ame m ay w ell
B ut i t must b e s tressed t hat n o p ublic t he L ate V IB l evels.
t ests,
f unction,
h ad i ndeed b een v ery c lear b efore t he
a rchaeomagnetic
i ntensity
f rom H aftavan V IC t o t he
( circa 2 200 B .C.-1450 B .C.),
i n
a s
e nd
o f
t his c hart
d emonstrates:— P ERIOD
S EASON
A REA
P REDOMINANT
P OTTERY
1 975
C 2,
L evel
6
i ncised w are
1 971
C 4,
L evel
7
b rown—on—buff p ainted w are
1 973
C l,
L evel
8
b lack—on—red w are
E arly V IB
1 971
Y 1,
P hases
1 -6
( c.1900-
1 973
Y 2,
P hases
1 -4
1 978
Y 3,
L evels
2 ,
1 978
B B1,
L evel
5
1 978
C C1,
L evel
4
1 969
J X,
L evels
1 973
Z X,
L evel
1 971
Y 1,
L evel
1 973
Y 2,
L evels 3 ,
3 e
n ated v essels,
1 975
B B1,
L evels
4
d ecoration,
n aturalistic
d ecoration;
s mall a mount
H aftavan V IC ( c.2200— 2 000 B .C.)
1 550 B .C.)
L ate
V IB
( c.16001 450 B .C.)
1 978
C C1,
b lack—on—red w are w ith w avy l ine d ecoration,
b urnished
4
5 -8 9
4
r ed b urnished w ares,
3 ,
L evel 3 L evel 1 -4
o f
1 971
X 1,
1 973
X 2,
L evels
2 -3
1 973
X 3,
L evels
2 -3
1 973
Z X,
L evels
1 975
evel Z XR3 L
5 b,
c ari—
g eometric
g rey w are
8
6
C omparative m aterial a nd d etailed a ssessment o f t he c ultural c ontext o f H aftavan T epe i n t he e arly a nd m id—second m illennium B .C. w ill p rovide t he n ucleus o f s eparate v olume t o b e p ublished b y B .A.R. H ere i s t he b asic r ecord o f t he m aterial f rom H aftavan T epe. O nce a gain
m y t hanks g o
M anchester,
t he R ussell T rust, B ritish w hich must
E dwards,
a s w ell
o f P ersian S tudies,
t he w ork a t
d ebt
o f
f ormer D irector o f
and n ow o f
t he U niversity o f C alifornia,
T epe,
i n t he
a nd l ast
f inancial
s upport
g ratitude
s erved f or
a s A ssistant
o f
B erkley,
f our
i mpossible.
D irector w ith i x
D avid
P ersian S tudies
.f or h is
t he B ritish
s easons
t he
w ithout
P rofessor
t o M artin C harlesworth,
n ow A cting D irector o f
w ho
t o
t he B ritish I nstitute o f
h elp a nd a dvice o n m any o ccasions; P ersian S tudies,
t he U niversity
H aftavan T epe w ould h ave b een q uite
o n r ecord m y s pecial
s tudent
t o
t he A shmolean M useum a nd f or
S tronach,
w hile
a s
t he C alouste G ulbenkian F oundation,
t he B ritish M useum ,
I nstitute
put
t o D r.
t he B ritish A cademy,
( 1971-1978)
i nvaluable m y
e rst—
I nstitute a t
o f
H aftavan
d ay—to—day c harge o f
t he
e xcavations; o f
d ig
must
l ife,
and
t hank t he
helped t he
t o
a ll
t hose m embers
a nd w ho w ill
b e
l isted
o f
s taff w ho e ndured
i n t he n ext
I ranian a uthorities a nd a ll
e xpedition
a t
v arious
t hose
v olume.
t he
r igours
F inally,
I ranian
f riends
I who
t imes.
C HARLES J uly
B URNEY 1 983
L IST O F
F IGURES
F i g.
P age
1 .
N orth
2 .
H aftavan T epe:
t opography.
3 .
H aftavan T epe:
c ontours
4 .
H aftavan
V IC:
C 2
s ections.
1 6
5 .
H aftavan V IC:
C l
a nd C 4
s ections.
1 7
6 .
H aftavan V IC:
C 2,
l evel
6 .
1 8
7 .
H aftavan V IC:
C 2,
l evel
6 ,
8 .
H aftavan V IC:
C l,
l evel
8 .
9 .
H aftavan V IC:
C 2,
l evel
6 ,
1 0.
H aftavan V IC:
C 2,
l evel
6 p ottery.
2 3
1 1.
H aftavan V IC:
C 2,
l evel
6 p ottery.
2 7
1 2.
H aftavan V IC:
C 2,
l evel
6 p ottery.
3 1
1 3.
H aftavan V IC:
C 2,
l evel
6 p ottery.
3 5
1 4.
H aftavan V IC:
C 2,
l evel
6 p ottery.
3 7
H aftavan V IC:
C 2,
l evel
6 ;
C l,
1 5.
w estern
I ran a nd
t he
p rincipal
a rchaeological
s ites.
1 2
a nd
t rench
p its
l ocation.
3
2 and 9 .
1 9 2 0
male b urial.
l evel
8 and C 4,
2 1
l evel
7
3 9
p ottery. 1 6.
H aftavan V IC:
C 2,
l evel
6 ,
s mall
f inds.
4 3
1 7.
H aftavan
C 2,
l evel
6 ,
s mall
f inds.
4 5
1 8.
H aftavan V IB:
Y l/Y2
s ection.
7 9
1 9.
H aftavan V IB:
Y l/Y2
s ections.
8 0
2 0.
H aftavan T epe:
T he
2 1.
E arly V IB:
Y l,
p hase
1 .
8 2
2 2.
E arly V IB:
Y 1,
p hase
2 .
8 3
2 3.
E arly V IB:
Y l,
p hases
2 4.
E arly
V IB:
Y l,
p hase
5 .
8 5
2 5.
E arly V IB:
Y l,
p hase
6 .
8 6
2 6.
E arly
Y 1,
p hase
7 .
8 7
V IC:
V IB:
E arly V IB p hase
3 -4.
i n Y 1/Y2.
8 1
8 4
x i
F ig.
P age
2 7.
E arly V IB:
Y 1,
p hase 8 .
2 8.
E arly V IB:
Y l,
a xonometric
2 9.
E arly V IB:
D etail
3 0.
E arly V IB:
Y l,
o f
8 8 p rojection o f
f allen w all
h ypothetical
H F
i n Y 1,
s tages
n orth s ection.
i n t he c ollapse ( not
o f
o f w all s cale)
D etail
3 2.
E arly V IB:
Y 1,
a rea
3 3.
E arly V IB:
Y l,
e levation o f W all A .
9 4
3 4.
E arly V IB:
Y 2,
p hase
1 .
9 5
3 5.
E arly V IB:
Y 2,
p hase
2 .
9 6
3 6.
E arly V IB:
Y 2,
p hase
3 .
9 7
3 7.
E arly V IB:
Y 2,
p hase
4 .
9 8
3 8.
E arly V IB:
Y 2,
p hase
1 .
D eposits
2 .
C ross
f allen
s ection s howing e arly t imber
f loors.
9 1
E arly V IB:
o f
s outh
t o
9 0
3 1.
I .
Y 1,
8 9
e arly p hases.
i n c ourtyard.
9 2 9 3
9 9
a gainst W all A ( not
t o
s ection o f n orthern p art
s cale). o f w all
L ( not
t o
w all L ( not
t o
s cale). 3 .
C ross
s ection o f
s outhern p art
o f
s cale). 3 9.
E arly V IB:
4 0.
E arly V IB:
Y 2,
p hase
Y 2,
p hase
p ithos p it 4 1.
E arly V IB:
Y 2,
p hase
4 2.
H aftavan V IB:
4 3.
E arly V IB:
Y 3,
l evel
4 4.
E arly V IB:
Y 3,
l evels
4 5.
H aftavan V IB:
4 6.
E arly V IB:
4 7.
H aftavan V IB:
S ketch
4 8.
H aftavan V IB:
C C1,
4 9.
E arly V IB:
5 0.
H aftavan V IB:
Y 3
C C1,
p lan a nd
2 ,
c ross
a nd
l ayout
4 ,
s ketch o f
o ven.
s ection o f b urial o f
p lan a nd
s keletons
4 ,
p hases
1 -4.
S ketch
1 02
1 05 1 06
5 .
1 07 e xcavated
l evels
i n B B1.
1 08 1 09
4 . o f
1 01
1 04
s ection.
l evel
and
1 03
2 a nd 3 .
o f
p ot
s ketch o f h earth.
s ection.
l evel
1 00
i n p ot.
s ection.
B B1
B B1,
1 ,
1 10 e xcavated x ii
l evels
i n
C C1.
1 11
P age 5 1.
h arly V IB: I i 1 31
S ketch and
V IB:
o f m ain E arly V IB w alls
f rom Y l/Y2
i nto
C C1.
1 12
Z X
1 13
5 2.
H attavan
5 3.
E arly V IB:
Z X,
5 4.
E arly V IB:
C ross
5 5.
H ftavan V IB:
5 6.
E arly V IB:
J X,
l evel
8 .
1 17
5 7.
E arly V IB:
J X,
l evel
7 .
1 18
5 8.
E arly V IB:
J X,
l evel
6 .
1 19
5 9.
E arly
J X,
l evel
5 .
1 20
6 0.
L ate V IB:
Y 2,
3 e.
1 21
6 1.
L ate V IB:
B B1,
l evel
4 .
1 22
6 2.
L ate V IB:
BB1,
l evel
4 ,
6 3.
L ate V IB:
C C1,
l evel
3 .
6 4.
L ate
V IB:
Y 2,
l evel
3 ,
p hases
1 -3.
1 25
6 5.
L ate V IB:
Y 2,
l evel
3 ,
p hases
4 -5.
1 26
6 6.
L ate
Y 2,
l evel
3 ,
p lan
V IB:
V IB:
l evel
J X
L ate
V IB:
Y 2,
w all
C .
V IB:
BB1,
9 .
1 14
s ection o f
E arly V IB
d eposits
i n Z X
9 /10.
S ection
l evel
i ncorporated 6 7.
s ection.
1 15 1 16
p it
4 .
1 23 1 24
and
s ection
o f
o ven
1 27
i nto W all B .
l evel
f urnace/oven
i ncorporated
i nto
1 28
6 8.
L ate
6 9.
L ate V IB:
X 1
7 0.
L ate
l ayout
7 1.
L ate V IB:
X 1
7 2.
L ate
X 1,
7 3.
L ate V IB:
Z XR 1, s ection.
7 4.
L ate V IB:
Z XR 3 ,
7 5.
L ate
V IB:
Z X,
l evel
8 .
1 36
7 6.
L ate V IB:
Z X,
l evel
5 .
1 37
V IB:
V IB:
l evel
3 ,
a nd X 2 o f
( TT5), l evel
3 .
1 29
s ections.
1 30
' X'
1 31
t renches.
l evel
3 ;
X 2,
l evel
3 ;
X 3,
l evel
2 .
4 .
l evel
1 32 1 33
6 ,
1 34 p hase
2 a nd
x iii
l evel
6 ,
p hase
3 .
1 35
F ig. 7 7.
P age E arly V IB:
b eakers
1 57
b eakers.
1 59
7 8.
E arly V IB:
7 9.
E arly a nd L ate
V IB:
b eakers.
1 61
8 0.
E arly a nd L ate
V IB:
p lates.
1 63
8 1.
E arly and L ate
V IB:
s mall
1 65
8 2.
E arly and L ate V IB:
t ype
1 a nd
2 b owls.
1 67
8 3.
E arly
t ype
1 a nd
4 b owls.
1 69
8 4.
E arly V IB:
t ype
2 ,
4 and 6 b owls.
1 71
8 5.
E arly V IB:
t ype
4 ,
6 a
1 73
8 6.
E arly V IB:
t ype
3 ,
4 and 6 a b owls.
8 7.
E arly
8 8.
E arly V IB:
8 9.
L ate V IB:
t ype
6 a b owls.
1 81
9 0.
L ate V IB:
t ype
6 a
b owls.
1 83
9 1.
L ate V IB:
t ype
6 a
b owls.
1 85
9 2.
L ate
V IB:
t ype
6 a
b owls.
1 87
9 3.
L ate V IB:
t ype
6 a
b owls.
1 89
9 4.
L ate V IB:
t ype
6 a
b owls.
1 91
9 5.
L ate V IB:
t ype
6 a
a nd
1 93
9 6.
L ate V IB:
t ype
6 b
b owls.
1 95
9 7.
L ate V IB:
t ype
6 a
a nd
1 97
9 8.
L ate V IB:
t ype
6 b
b owls.
1 99
9 9.
L ate V IB:
t ype
6 b b owls.
2 01
a nd
L ate V IB:
a nd L ate V IB:
V IB:
t ype
a nd
t ype
6 a a nd
6 b
6 b
b owls.
6 a a nd
6 b b owls.
7 b owls.
6 b b owls.
L ate
1 01.
E arly
b owls.
1 02.
L ate
V IB:
t ype
6 b
1 03.
L ate V IB:
t ype
5 b owls.
1 04.
E arly and L ate
L ate V IB b owls:
t ype
1 77
2 03 t ype
6 b b owls.
b owls.
V IB:
1 75
1 79
6 b b owls.
1 00.
a nd
t ype
v essels.
2 05 2 07 2 09
5 b owls. xi v
2 11
F ig.
P age
1 05.
E arly a nd L ate V IB:
1 06.
L ate
V IB:
t ype
5 b owls.
1 07.
L ate
V IB:
t ype
5 b owl
1 08.
E arly a nd L ate V IB:
j ar p rofiles.
2 21
1 09.
E arly a nd L ate V IB:
s torage
2 25
1 10.
L ate V IB:
j ar p rofiles.
1 11.
E arly
L ate V IB:
1 12.
E arly V IB:
j ars.
2 33
1 13.
E arly V IB:
j ars.
2 35
1 14.
E arly and L ate V IB:
j ars.
1 15.
E arly
t ype
1 16.
L ate V IB:
t ype
2 b
j ars.
2 41
1 17.
L ate V IB:
t ype
2 b
j ars.
2 43
1 18.
L ate
V IB:
t ype
2 b
j ars.
2 47
1 19.
L ate V IB:
t ype
l c
a nd
1 20.
E arly and L ate V IB:
s torage
b owls.
2 51
1 21.
E arly a nd L ate V IB:
s torage
b owls.
2 53
1 22.
E arly and L ate V IB:
m iscellaneous v essels.
2 55
1 23.
E arly V IB:
J X/7
J X/8.
2 57
1 24.
E arly V IB:
J X/7.
1 25.
E arly V IB:
J X/6
1 26.
E arly V IB:
J X/6.
2 65
1 27.
E arly V IB:
c ooking w are.
2 67
1 28.
E arly V IB:
cooking w are.
2 69
1 29.
E arly V IB:
c ooking w are.
2 71
1 30.
L ate
V IB:
cooking w are.
2 73
1 31.
L ate V IB:
c ooking w are.
2 75
1 32.
L ate V IB:
cooking w are.
2 77
a nd
a nd
L ate V IB:
a nd
t ype
5 b owls
2 15
p rofiles a nd
j ar
2 13
j ar p rofiles.
j ars.
2 17
2 27 p rofiles.
2 30
2 37 2 b
t ype
j ars.
2 b
j ars.
2 39
2 49
2 61 a nd
J X/6a.
2 63
XV
F ig.
P age
1 33.
L ate
V IB:
cooking w are
2 79
1 34.
L ate
V IB:
cooking w are.
2 81
1 35.
E arly and L ate
1 36.
L ate
1 37.
L ate V IB:
1 38.
E arly and L ate V IB:
d ecorated s herds.
2 89
1 39.
L ate V IB:
s herds.
2 91
1 40.
C ontinuity
1 41.
E arly a nd L ate V IB:
p ins.
3 03
1 42.
E arly a nd L ate
V IB:
p ins.
3 05
1 43.
L ate V IB:
a nd a wls.
3 07
1 44.
E arly a nd L ate
V IB:
b eads.
3 09
1 45.
E arly a nd
L ate V IB:
b eads.
3 11
1 46.
E arly and L ate
1 47.
E arly a nd
1 48.
E arly and L ate
1 49.
E arly
1 50.
E arly and
V IB:
a nd
V IB:
d ecorated
d ecorated
s herds.
2 83
s herds.
2 85
d ecorated s herds.
2 87
d ecorated
o f p ottery
p ins
V IB:
L ate V IB: B IV:
t ypes
m etal
f rom E arly
t o L ate V IB.
f ragments.
2 92
3 13
m iscellaneous.
3 15
o bsidian.
3 17
L ate V IB:
c lay a nimal
L ate
V IB:
s pindle w horls.
3 21
1 51.
E arly a nd L ate V IB:
s pindle w horls.
3 23
1 52.
E arly and L ate V IB:
s pindle w horls a nd w eights.
3 25
1 53.
E arly
m iscellaneous
s tone o bjects.
3 27
1 54.
E arly and L ate
m iscellaneous
s tone
3 29
1 55.
E arly V IB:
m iscellaneous.
3 31
1 56.
E arly V IB:
m iscellaneous.
3 33
a nd L ate V IB: V IB:
x vi
f igurines.
o bjects.
3 19
L IST O F P LATES P late I a . b . c . 2 a .
P age H aftavan V II t own w all w ith o verlying s ilt. H aftavan V IC b urial C 2/6. H aftaven V IC P it
2 ,
Y 1,
i nto Y 2 a t t he e nd o f t he
l ooking w est
3 34
C 2/6. 1 973
s eason
3 35
( Early V IB). b .
Y l,
l ooking w est s howing w alls ( Early V IB).
c .
Y l,
p hase 1 , s howing p ithos ( Early V IB).
i n s itu,
3 a .
Y l,
l ooking w est
t he e nd o f
i nto Y 2
a t
B 2,
K ,
G ,
H F a nd C 2
l ooking w est
t he
1 975
s eason
3 36
( Early V IB). b .
Y 1,
p hase 1 , l ooking n orth, s howing p ithos a nd p ot s itu, w all H F a nd r obbed w all K ( Early V IB).
c .
Y l,
p hases 3 -4, l ooking s outh a long p assageway b etween w alls A a nd C l t owards w all B 1 ( Early V IB).
4 a .
Y 2,
p hase 3 , w ith p hase 4 o vens, ( Early V IB).
b . c .
Y 2, Y 2,
p hase 1 , w ith s tone p acked p ostholes, p hase 1 , l ooking n orth ( Early V IB).
5 a .
L ooking n orth f rom C C1/4, t rench B B1
b . c . 6 a .
C C1/4 : C C1/4:
i n
l ooking n orth—west
s howing w alls C 2
l ooking s outh
a nd K a nd
B B1/5
c .
B B1/5
3 38 -
( Early V IB).
w all K c omplex l ooking w est ( Early V IB). w all K , p hase 3 , l ooking n orth ( Early V IB).
Y 3/4 l ooking s outh ( Early V IB).
b .
3 37
l ooking s outh
3 39
( Early V IB).
l ooking n orth,
s howing p ot
i n
s itu a nd b urial
( Early V IB). 7a .
B B1/5,
e xposed c hild b urial w ith c apping s tone
3 40
( Early V IB). b .
B B1/4 w ith p its a nd p ostholes,
c .
Y 1/4 p its a nd p ostholes
8 a .
B B1/4 p it
( Late V IB).
b .
B B1/3
l ooking s outh
B B1/3
d ouble o ven ( Late V IB).
Y 2,
( Late V IB).
p hase 4 o ven ( Early V IB).
b .
Y 2/3
c .
Y 2/3 w ith p ottery s et
1 0a.
( Late V IB)
3 41
c . 9 a .
l ooking n orth
( Late V IB).
3 42
o ven n ear w all B ( Late V IB). i nto w all
C C1/3 p its a nd p ostholes
b .
X 1/4 l ooking w est
c .
X 1/3
B ( Late V IB).
( Late V IB).
3 43
( Late V IB).
l ooking n orth—west
( Late V IB).
ha.
X 2/X3
l ooking w est
b . c .
X 2/X3 Z XR3,
l ooking e ast ( Late V IB). l evel 6 /3, l ooking n orth
3 44
( Late V IB). ( Late V IB).
P late
P age
19 a .
H aftavan V IC p ainted p ottery,
C 2/6.
b .
H aftavan V IC p ainted p ottery,
C 2/6.
c .
L ate V IB p ottery.
1 3a. b . 1 4a.
P ainted p ottery b owl,
Y 2/4/3 n o.
B one a wl,
( Late V IB).
8 52, 6 46,
X /1
9 02,
X 3/1
( Late V IB) 3 47
b .
C lay h oof,
c . d .
P ainted p ottery f ragment, B B1/3 ( Late V IB). P ottery, n os. 7 18-26, X /4 ( Late V IB).
e .
P ottery b eaker,
Y 2/4/3
f .
P ottery s torage
j ar,
1 5a.
n o.
x /3
3 46
( Early V IB).
S tone a rrowhead m ould, n o.
3 45
b .
B one p ins,
H orn h andle,
n os.
5 81-5,
n o.
( Early V IB).
N o.
C lay a nimal f igurines, ( Early V IB).
c .
( Late V IB).
3 02;
9 29,
n os. J X/8 b ead,
Y 2/3A
5 79,
( Late V IB).
5 80,
5 91,
5 98,
J X/8
3 48
( Early V IB). n o.
3 03;
p in n o.
3 04,
J X/5
( Early V IB). d .
B one c omb,
e .
B one k nife h andle,
f .
S pacer b eads,
1 6a.
N o.
B one o bject, p in,
4 46; n o.
n o.
n o.
d isc, n o.
8 18a-b, 8 93,
9 13,
n o.
6 45,
Y 1/7
4 47,
J X/7
( Early V IB).
X /4
( Late V IB).
X 2/2B
( Late V IB).
( Early V IB).
b .
M etal
c . d .
M etal p in, n o. 9 22, Y 2/3e ( Late V IB). B one p in, n o. 8 50, Y 2/3 ( Late V IB).
e .
C lay g aming b oard/tablet,
3 49
Y 2/4 ( Early V IB).
n o.
8 35,
Y 2/3a
( Late V IB).
C olour
P late
P age
a .
L ate V IB d ecorated
j ar
b .
L ate V IB d ecorated
j ar
c .
L ate V IB d ecorated
( fig. ( fig. d .
1 6:1) s herd
1 38:6)
L ate V IB d ecorated ( fig.
j ar
1 16:2)
e .
L ate V IB d ecorated
s herd
f .
L ate V IB d ecorated
s herds
( fig.
3 51
1 38:1;
1 37:1)
xi x
P REFACE I a nd
1 978
p articipated s easons a nd
e xamine
t he m aterial
t ation,
w ith a v iew
i n
i n
f rom o f
O n c onclusion o f d eal
o f
l evel
t he m ain
s ondage
d own
V IC
a nd E arly
t he
l ast
i s
V IB;
a n
a s w as
s ituated,
H aftavan T epe
B urney
d isser-
l ater d ate.
I a ccepted h is
p resented h ere.
i n t he
f ield:
a t
H aftavan-
i ntention o f
i ntensive
t wo
s tudy o f
a s ystematic
a
f resh
e stablishing
s ub-phases
o f
s ome
l evel V I
t he p ottery s tored i n
s tudy o f t he
S almas p lain, s uccessful
-
I ran
i n w hich
a nd o ther a reas n orth a nd n orth-west
P olitical c ircumstances p revented t he
i n
a w ider e xposure
i n Y 1/Y2 h ad j ust c ommenced;
s oil h ad t he
1 975
H aftavan f or m y d octoral
s eason o f e xcavations d one
t he
I m ight
s ome
s uggested
i n t hat
a ssociation b etween t he
H aftavan U rmia.
t hat w ork
V I b uildings v irgin
w as p lanned, i s
V I a t
r emained t o b e
t o
s tratigraphical
l evel
C harles
p ublication a t
to
s uggestion a nd a p art
1 978 a g reat
t he e xcavations a t
1 977 M r.
o f
L ake
c ompletion o f
t hese p rojects. M r. which
B urney
H aftavan
i n I ran a nd
V IB p ottery i n t he
p rovide
o nly a brief g limpse
s tantial
r eport
p ublication t hat
h as p ublished f our p reliminary e xcavation r eports,
h ave a ppeared
o f
i s a n
w hen
w ork a t
s ome t ime
t ory
a nd
t his
t ime
w orked i n
i n
w hether t hat r eport t he
s tratigraphy,
i n
1 968 a nd w ere
t o a s atisfactory
i t
t he c onsideration o f
I ran a nd w ho m ay b e
w as i n
o ther
t he
h ope
a nswers
t o
b uilding p hases a nd T he f irst
e ver p ossible T his
s ub-
w hether
s hould b e p resen-
i s
f inds
s eason
o f
t o b ring t he
c onclusion a p eriod o f
e lapse b efore p ublication.
f or
p roblem
t he
n ecessity,
t he f uture w ould p rovide
i t has b een d ecided t o p resent t he
t wo d ecades
c learly u nsatisfacf rom l evel
a rchaeologists
t aking t his o pportunity
t o
V I
a t
w ho
h ave
r eflect
u pon
o wn d iscoveries. T his
s mall
s ome a spects o f
H aftavan
o f
i ncomplete r eport s hould b e d elayed,
t ook p lace
o r m ore m ight
t hese,
T he
d evelopment a re n ot c learly u nderstood.
e xcavations
t heir
b ut
o f t he w hole a ssemblage a nd a m ore
t he q uestions which r emained o r, t ed n ow ,
j ournal,
o bviously p referable.
f urther w ork a t
c eramic
I h ave p resented a d iscussion o f
s ame
f inds;
m aterial
v olume a
w ill b e
s eeks
t o p resent
d iscussion o f i ncluded
t he
s ignificant
a rchitecture, p roblems
i n a s ubsequent p ublication.
x xi
a nd
p ottery
a nd
c omparative
A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS I t
i s m y p leasure h ere
t o a cknowledge m y d ebt
t o
t he
d uals a nd i nstitutions w ho h ave g enerously o ffered t heir d uring t he p reparation o f t his w ork.
M uch o f t he i nitial r esearch w as u ndertaken i n t he a utumn o f w hen I w as a warded t he R ichard A rthur N eedham R esearch S cholar-
1 978, s hip
w hich
J ohn
W atkinson,
b ehalf.
f inanced m y s tay
u pon
o f
r eport.
I
am
a lso
I
m ost g rateful t o
( Consiglio
t o
t he
T hey h ave n ot t he
I nstitute
f or
i ts
m y
B ritish i n
t he
I ran t ypo-
B ritish
s upport
t he A ssistant
D r.
o n
t o c omplete
t his a nd
I
S ecretary,
d ella
M r.
D r .
G hent);
I nstitute,
D avid
( University o f C alifornia);
C uyler Y oung
o we
S tephen K roll; M rs.
a s pecial
D r.
M r.
B rown
D r .
A ltin
P rofessor
E rnie H aerink
L ittauer;
D r.
W right
D r.
J .
P .
I
D avid
W olfram K leiss
M ary
p it-
P ercorella
L yndon C ornwallis;
( University o f
P rofessor H enry T .
f rom t he
B urton-Brown ;
P hiladelphia);
T ehran);
p roblems
I n p articular
E milio
R ome);
A rchaeological S tronach
s tudent.
T herodore
I zmir);
D r .
d iscussed
B iscione a nd
R icharche,
O xford);
( University Museum ,
o f M anchester);
h ave
l etters a nd p l ovided d rawings
i nfrequently s aved m e
R affaelle
( University o f
D yson
I
t hank
s tay
f rom
e nabled m e
i nexperienced r esearch
N azionale
P rofessor T .
t o
f rom t he
l ast m onth's
A f urther g rant
i n 1 980/81
a nswered m y
t o t hank D rs.
C ilingiroglu H .
s upported m y
t o many s cholars w ho
t he p roject,
a wait
l ike
a f ellowship
t hank M rs M ary G ueritz,
i ndebted o f
( Ashmolean Museum , R .
a ward o f
l ike
f or h is m any e fforts
a ssistance o n m any o ccasions.
i nformation.
f alls w hich
I s hould
t o c ontinue w orking o n t he H aftavan V IB p ottery
l ike
a m
a rising o ut
w ould
t he
P ersian S tudies
f or h er p rompt
and
1 979,
r eturning t o E ngland.
I nstitute s hould
i n
o f P ersian S tudies
a llowed m e
l ogy
i n T ehran.
W arden o f N eedham H all,
E arly
I nstitute a nd
i ndivi-
a ssistance
W ild
( German
P rofessor ( University
( University o f M ichigan);
( Royal O ntario M useum). d ebt
o f g ratitude
t o
Mr.
P .
R .
S .
M oorey
( Ashmolean M useum , O xford), w ho a rranged f or m e t o e xamine t he G eoy T epe h oused i n t he A shmolean Museum . O n many o ccasions I h ave b enef ited f rom h is w ide k nowledge o f N ear E astern a rchaeology. D uring t he p resentation o f my t hesis, D r. G eorgina H errmann m ade m any v aluable s uggestions
o n
t he c ontent,
s tyle
w ork
a nd
t o t rim t he
m e
M y g reatest d ebt i s t o M r . C harles B urney w ho f irst i ntroduced I ran, m ade p ossible m y s tudy o f t he H aftavan V I m aterial a nd
t o
o ffered s upport
r agged e dges
a nd p resentation o f m y
h elped
a nd e ncouragement
I s hould a lso f rom
m y
f riends,
t imes
g iven m e
s hould
l ike
t o
o f m y p rose.
l ike
a t
a ll
t o a cknowledge
s tages o f m y r esearch. t he k indness
i n b oth M anchester a nd O xford,
h ospitality, t hank D r.
D avid F leming and D r.
K ate
h elp a nd
i nspiration.
G eoffrey S ummers, F ielden .
D r.
I h ave
w ho h ave a t
r eceived v arious
I n p articular
A nthony
G reen,
I D r.
1
a rchaeo log ica l
L o c v . 0
L c ) t r ) c m .
1 1 1 1- 1 L I I I I
7 : 5
3
c ontours a nd t rench l ocation.
H AFTAVAN V IC T his
p hase
i mmediately
S TRATIGRAPHY
o verlies
t he
P eriod V II
o ccupation
i n
t he c ontexts w here i t h as b een t raced, n otably t renches C 2, C l a nd C 4. S ince many o f t he P eriod V II w alls h ad b een a llowed t o e rode a nd f all i nto t o
r uin b efore t his
p hase
h ave b een d eserted
o f o ccupation,
f or a n,
a s y et,
t his p art
N owhere o n t he s ite h ave t he r emains o f V IC b een g raphical a ssociation w ith t hose o f E arly V IB. T he
m ost
e xtensive
r emains o f V IC
a lthough p ottery a nd o ther
f inds w ere
o f
i ndeterminate
o ccur
f ound
s ite
s eems
l ength o f
t he
t ime.
f ound
i n
i n
t rench C 2
i n t renches
C 4
s trati-
l evel
l evel
6 ,
7 a nd
C l l evel 8 . T he V IC d eposit i s r oughly o ne m etre t hick a nd c onsists m ainly o f b ricky f ill, a sh, a n umber o f p its a nd a s catter o f l arge s tones ( Figs. 4 -5). T here a re n o c lear s tratigraphical b ut t hree p ossible s ub-phases a re p resented h ere.
d istinctions,
S ub-Phase 1 I nitially,
t he t ops o f
a ny o pen s paces w ere f or
c onstruction w ork o n V IC,
o f o ne P eriod V II w all p art
o f
C 2
d ation
l arge
a nd
s tones o r
c ourtyard. o ne
O ne
o r
s everal
p attern
c an b e
a rgument w as
i n
u sed
c an o nly
t hat
c overed
w alls u p
t o
a cted a s
f rom
t here w as
a s
i s
t hat
a s
b y a f ragment
mud-brick
o f
a nd f or a
l evels,
n o
r eal
s tones. t he
s ame
w hen a l arge
A n a rea
a rea
o f
a p latform .
f loor,
s uperstructure
l ong
b ut
f avour o f t he c ourtyard h ypothesis s ubsequent
o f
a c ourtyard a rea w ith t hese
i n
t he
p resent
a s urface
s tone b ased w alls a djacent,
l aid o ut
f oun-
a s eries
1 .10 m etres
s erved w ell
o f
a c ourtyard
t op
o n
t he
i s
l ayout
a s
t he
d educed
f oundation s tones
T he b urial o f a n a dult m ale i n C 2/6 a lso b elongs t o t his f irst
t rench
p resumably,
w hich m easure
s uppose
s urface
C 2/6
I n t he n orthern a nd e astern
t he
d educed f rom t he p resent
l evel mud-bricks w as
t he
o f
t hese w ould h ave
s ubstantial
f orm a l evel
N othing c an b e
w ith t hese
f lagstones,
c entimetres wide;
t o
t he c entre o f
s catters w hich,
c haracter
C ontemporary
i n
( fig 6 ).
f or t he m issing w all.
o rientation
e vidence.
a lthough
r emained
t here a re s tone
s tones
s ize,
8 0
t he P eriod V II w alls w ere p eeled o ff a nd
f illed w ith b ricky d ebris
t he n orth-eastern s ub-phase. I t w as
c orner o f p artially
w hich m ay h ave b een a ssociated
o f
t he
a djacent
s tone
w ith
f oundations.
( Fig
9 ). S ub-Phase
2
I n i nto
t he
s econd
d isuse,
a nd r obbed f or s tone, o f
b rick
p ottery t his
s ub-phase,
w ith t he
a nd w ere
r esult
w est, p ottery
t he w hole
l eaving a f ew
i slands
a sh a nd o ther d ebris. f ound e ither
d umping m aterial.
b rick w all
t he a rea o f
t hat
i n
t he
I n C 4
M ost
l evel
7 ,
( fig
t hrough o ccupation
l evels,
s eems
l evel w as o f
s tone
o f t he
s mall a reas o f
t o h ave
f allen
b adly d isturbed
a nd
t wo
s mall
f looring
f ragments f inds
o r
a nd
a mongst
a s ounding a longside t he mud
( fig 5 ) m easuring 2 .20 m n orth t o
cut
C 2/6
s outh a nd
1 .20 m e ast
r evealing a s mall
q uantity
t o o f
1 5).
S ub-Phase 3 T he
f inal
s ub-phase o f
V IC
a ctivity 7
i nvolves
t he c utting o f
a
s eries
o f p its
t hrough t he d umped m aterial,
t he o riginal V IC s urface
a nd, i n s ome c ases, i nto t he P eriod V II w alls a nd f ill. I n t he a rea o f C 2 w hich w as e xamined, 1 2 p its a ppear t o h ave b een c ut f rom t he s ame
l evel a nd
i n C 1/level
8 ,
8 p its w ere
( C1/8,
s ee
f ig.8),
a lthough
l ater d isturbance m ay h ave r emoved s ome o f t he o riginal e dges o f s ome o f t he p its ( figs 6 -7). T he p its w ere c ut i n a h aphazard m anner a nd i n C 2/6 t he o riginal l ater p it ( Pit 6 ). a lthough
s hape o f a p it ( Pit 1 0) w as a lmost d estroyed b y a T he p its w ere m ostly f illed w ith a sh a nd b rick,
o riginally t hey s eem t o h ave b een u sed f or s torage
s ince
t he s ides a nd f loor h ad b een l ined w ith m atting.
C 2/6,
P it
9 ,
a nd o ne
o n am atted f loor
p urposes
O ne p it,
i n C 1/8 h ad a n a lmost c omplete s torage
( fig
j ar
i n
l ying
7 ).
I n C 2/6 P it 2 w as e xceptional: i t h ad a b ricky l ining w hich h ad b een b urnt, and h eat c racked s tones a nd l arge l umps o f c harcoal l ittered t he b ase o f t he p it ( fig 7 ). O n t he n orthern e dge o f t he p it w as
a s emi-circular a rrangement o f s tones a round a h ollow a nd t o
t he
e ast l ay a f lat s tone, a lmost 5 0 c entimetres l ong a nd 3 5 c entimetres w ide, w hich w as f ractured a nd s howed t races o f b urning. N o s lag o r a ny o ther i ndustrial w aste w as p resent, w hich s uggests t hat t he p it w as u sed f or s ome
f orm o f c ooking.
T he s hone
s urrounded h ollow c ould
h ave b een u sed a s a r esting p lace f or v essels a nd t he f lat s tone c ould h ave b een u sed t o s tand h ot u tensils o n w hich h ad p reviously b een i n t he f ire, s tone w hich
b efore b eing t aken e lsewhere.
f ood a nd
l iquid c ontainers c ould b e p laced.
m ay a lso b e p ostulated i n C 1/level 8 , i n t he b ottom S ince t hat o f
( fig.
t ime
t he f lat
p it,
A d omestic
u pon
f unction
w here o ne p it h ad 3 q uern s tones
t he p ottery i n t he p its b elongs
o f t he p revious
t he
8 ).
s ub-phase,
i t
f ig.
4 l ower s ection:
f ig. f ig.
5 : 5 :
t o
t he s ame t radition a s
i s u nlikely t hat
s eparates t he t wo c ontexts.
S ection d atum l evels: C 2, f ig. 4 u pper s ection:
C l, C 4,
O n t he o ther h and,
m ay h ave b een p art o f a s tructure f or c overing
2 0.41 i n a bove d atum 2 2.90 m a bove d atum
2 4.07 m a bove d atum 2 3.66 m a bove d atum
0
a ny g reat
l ength
H AFTAVAN V IC P ITS
I N C 2/LEVEL 6 ( fig.
6 )
P it D epth - 4 1
c entimetres
W est - E ast - 6 8 c entimetres N orth - S outh - 8 9 c entimetres F eatures - h ard w hite s ilica f loor P it 2 ( fig.7;
p l.
1 c)
D epth - 1 .05 m etres W est - E ast - 8 5 c entimetres N orth - S outh - 8 8
c entimetres,
C ontents - s tones a nd
l arge
t he o ther,
1 .20 m etres
c harcoal p ieces
i ncluding t he e ntrance i n t he n orthern h alf,
w hite/grey a sh a nd b rick f ill a nd b one
i n
a nd
p ottery. F eatures - b urnt b ricky
i nterior w ith w hite
t he s ides a nd f loor. m arks t he
t he n orthern o pening o f e astern
b urning a nd
s ide i s
s ilica
f lecks a dhering
A s emi-circular a rrangement o f t he p it
t he p it.
A nother
i s
s hows
f lat,
o f
s tone
o n
t races
o f
f ractured.
P it 3 D epth - 3 2
c entimetres
W est - E ast - 8 3 c entimetres N orth - S outh - 8 5
c entimetres
C ontents - g rey a sh, F eatures - c ut
b one and p ottery
i nto b rick a nd h as t races o f b urning
P it 4 D epth - 4 6
c entimetres
W est - E ast - 7 5 c entimetres N orth - S outh - 6 2
c entimetres
C ontents - p acked b ricky f ill w ith c apping a nd f looring o f F eatures - cut P it
i nto b rick w ith t races o f
a sh
s ilica
5
D epth - 6 0
c entimetres
W est - E ast - 9 0 c entimetres N orth - S outh - 9 2
c entimetres
C ontents - a sh and p acked b rick F eatures - t races o f w hite p it
s ilica a nd
l enses
i n w all
i nto w hich
t he
i s c ut.
P it 6 D epth - 6 5
c entimetres
W est - E ast - 1 .10 m etres N orth - S outh - 1 .00 m etre C ontents - a sh a nd b rick, w hich packed f loor.
r ests o n a w hite
s ilicated,
h ard
P ottery s herds p laced a t t he b ase o f t he
p it. 9
t o
s tones
P it
7
D epth — 5 0 c entimetres W est — E ast
— 5 6
centimetres
N orth — S outh — 6 2
c entimetres
C ontents
— a sh and b rick
F eatures
— white
P it
s ilicated
l ining.
8
D epth — 6 0
c entimetres
W est — E ast
— 1 .07 m etres
N orth — S outh — 1 .14 m etres C ontents
— a sh a nd p ottery
F eatures — f ragments a gainst
o f a
a l arge wall
b rown b urnished
f ace which
s torage
f orms o ne
o f
t he
j ar
i n s itu
e dges
o f
t he
p it. P it
9 ( fig.
7 )
D epth — 6 0.5 W est — E ast
c entimetres — 9 0 c entimetres
N orth — S outh — 9 3
c entimetres
C ontents
— p ottery and a sh
Features
— j ar
c rushed o n a f loor o f
b elow t he P it
1 0
Cut
b y P it
P it
1 1
D epth — 5 2 — E ast
West North
f ragmented r emains
— white,
centimetres
c entimetres s ilicated c haff and
1 2
D epth — 3 2
c entimetres
W est — E ast — 8 0
c entimetres
N orth — S outh — 8 0 c entimetres Features
t o
c entimetres — 7 0
— s ilica w hite
s ome
2 0
c entimetres
o f t he p it.
t here a re o nly
— S outh — 7 4
C ontents P it
6 ;
t op
w hite matting
c oated b ase
1 0
l arge
s tone
t he w est
o f
Pit
6 .
H AFTAVAN V IC B URIAL
( fig.
9 ;
p l.
l b)
M ale B urial F ound g rave.
a t w as
t he n orth—eastern c orner o f
t rench C 2
i n
s ealed b y a n a sh a nd b rick
d eposit,
b ut
a
s hallow
t he
s ite
n otebook s tates t hat i t w as i mpossible t o d istinguish t he f ill t he s urrounding m aterial. No d efinite e dge t o t he g rave c ut w as
f rom f ound
b ut e dge
I t
i t i s l ikely t hat t he stones i n s itu marked t he n orth—eastern o f t he b urial. At i ts w idest p oint, t he a rea o ccupied b y t he
b urial
m easured
s outh .
T he
1 .25 m etres w est
s keleton w as
a ligned w ith t he h ead b ook
a s
b eing t hat
l arge h ead '.
T he
f ound
t o e ast a nd 1 .10
i n a c rouched,
t o t he w est.
l arge m ale w ith
a
t o
p osition n ote
s trikingly
i n a g ood s tate b ut t he s keleton h ad b een
p oorly p reserved a nd v ertebrae a nd r ib—cage w ere m issing. n o g rave g oods e xcept
n orth
I t w as d escribed i n t he s ite
o f a ' well—formed,
b ones w ere
m etres
a rticulated
f or t hree s herds o f p ottery.
1 1
( fig
T here w ere
1 1:1-3).
H AFTAVAN V IC P OTTERY ( figs. T he r eadily
d istinctions
a pparent
v isible
1 0-15;
1 2a-b)
i n t he s tratigraphic r ecord a re
i n t he c eramic a ssemblage,
b lack o n r ed p ottery c an b e
p l.
n ot
w here b rown o n b uff
s een t hroughout.
T he
a nd
l imited q uantity o f
p ottery d oes n ot p ermit a t ypology t o b e c onstructed. I n t he i nitial
s ub-phase o f V IC
i n t rench C 2
t he o ccupation
i s
marked b y a l ack o f p ainted p ottery. M uch o f t he p ottery i s i n .t he f orm o f s torage j ars, w hich a re u sually c oarse g rit t empered w ith f abrics
r anging
u niform
r im s hapes:
f rom p ink o r r ed t o b rown o r b lack . t hey v ary f rom s imple,
T here
e verted o nes
a re
n o
t o g rooved
e xamples. O ne b owl h as a c ombination o f t wo i ncised g rooves a nd s eed i mpressions ( fig. 1 0 :3). T he f ew p ainted s herds u sually h ave n o m ore t han
one
o r t wo s traight o r w avy p ainted l ines
o uter r im o r u pper b ody o f s herds
( figs.
d esigns b ands
1 0 :15,
w hich o r
1 8;
w hilst
background. o utside ( fig.
1 1:33)
a re
( figs.
s ituated
1 0 :16,
1 7;
a long
1 1:27).
t he T hree
c arry t he h atched a nd t iered w avy l ine
a re c ommonly f ound
t riangles
b ackground,
t he v essel
i n E arly
V IB.
n ormally i n b lack o n
a
T he
c ross-hatched
r ed
o r
r ed/brown
t he w avy b ands a re m ore o ften i n b rown o n a
A n umber 1 0 :4, 9 ,
o f t he s herds 1 0, 1 3, 1 9,
b uff
i llustrated a re b urnt o n t he 2 0; 1 1:26, 2 8.9, 3 4) a nd w ere
p resumably u sed f or c ooking. M ost o f t he
m ajority
t he p ottery b elongs o f
i t
i s
t o t he s econd s ub-phase a nd,
f rom s torage
j ars
o r
d eep-sided
c omplete v essels w ere f ound. M any o f t he j ar r ims s haped w ith g rooves a long t he t op a nd s ide ( fig.
a gain,
b owls.
N o
a re e laborately 1 2:1-10), w hile
o thers a re e ither e verted i n a s imple f ashion ( fig. 1 2:16-24), o r t hey t aper i nwards ( fig . 1 2:25-7). S ome o f t he s maller j ars h ave t hinner p rofiles a nd b ead r ims
( fig.
s herds a nd b ases
i mpossible
v essels.
T he
i t
i s
1 2:14-15).
f abrics a re e ither m edium o r c oarse g rit
t exture a nd o range/brown t o b rown t here
i s
F rom t he g eneral
i n c olour.
a g reater v ariety i n s urface c olour,
b rown t o b uff.
T he m ost
l ack o f b ody
t o p ostulate t he o verall I n t his
f orm o f t he t empered
i n
s econd s ub-phase
w hich r anges f rom r ed,
s triking a spect o f t his p ottery
( figs.
1 2-14)
i s t he b lack o r d ark b rown p ainted d ecoration, w hich i s p resented i n t he f orm o f v ertical o r h orizontal b ands o f w avy l ines, b ands o r b oxes o f c ross-hatching,
h atched o r c ross-hatched c ircles a nd s emi-circles,
b oxes o f a lternate d ecoration a nd p ot-hook s pirals
( fig.
1 3:1).
T he
w avy b and d ecoration i s a lways i n d ark b rown p aint o n a b uff background and, i n g eneral, t his c olour s cheme d ominates t he c eramic r epertoire. I n a ddition t o t he p ainted d ecoration, t here i s s ome f igure
i mpressed
w are
( fig.
i ncised d ecoration ( figs.
P ottery w hich b elongs w holly
f rom
s herds g rit
t he
u sed a s t empered
F rom P it
p ottery,
O f t he
1 2 p its
o nly
2 t here w ere t wo s herds
5
o f
c oarse
e vidently
1 1:4) a nd s ix s herds o f v ery f ine w hich h ave b rown d ecoration o n a
g rit b uff
b ackground b ackground
( fig. ( fig.
d ominant. t empered,
I n P it 3 t here w ere f our j ar r im s herds, e ach c oarse g rit w ith a b rown f abric, t races o f b urnishing a nd b urnt o n t he
i nside
( fig.
1 1:15)
7 , 9 , 1 1).
i s
c ontained
o f v ery
o ne o f w hich w as p art o f a v essel
a s trainer ( fig . p ottery, f our o f 1 1:6, 1 1:8,
l ines
t o t he t hird s ub-phase o f H aftavan V IC
s eries o f p its.
o f p ottery. t empered
1 4:12) a nd s ome p ottery w ith
1 4 :9-14).
o r o utside
1 0) a nd t wo, b lack d ecoration o n a r ed W avy l ine a nd c hevron d ecoration i s
s urface 1 2
( fig.
1 1:12-14).
I n P it
5 t he
r emains
o f
d iamater
o f
s herds
c ms.
( fig.
b adly w ith
a c oarse g rit 4 2
1 1:26-7),
f ired a n
P its
w ere
t empered, c hevron o ther
w ith
P it
1 1:25).
9
O ne
l ine
w ere
f ine g rit
t he
s ite
o f
( fig.
I n
t his
n otebook
a lthough
1 1:16)
o f
a l arge
t hat
s ome
i n
c ontexts,
i nsufficient
a
b uff 8
g rit
h ad a b lack
1 1:21) w ith
a nd
d ark
( Fig.
s torage
t he b rown
1 1:17-18, j ar
( fig.
f ired w ith a n o range/brown
s igns
t ypical
i n o ne
w as s herd
f ine
o f b urnishing.
t hird s ub—phase o f H aftavan V IC
d iscovered
r im
I n P it
b urnishing a nd a lso b lack d ecoration o n
t he o ther t wo V IC
f ound,
e ach
( fig.
a s tyle w hich b ecomes w idespread
t riangle d esign w ere
was
s herd w hich
2 0),
t empered
b adly
s urface r evealed
t he p ottery o f s urface,
i n o ne c ase
t empered,
a
6 h ad t wo
t empered b ody
d ecoration o n a b uff b ackground.
c oarse g rit
u se
1 9,
i ndication o f c ontinuity f rom V IC t o E arly V IB i n
r im
P it
b rown d ecoration o n
1 1:16,
t he c rushed r emains
a nd t he b rown
s lipped
a j ar
b ody s herd h ad a l ug
s herds
h ad
i ncreasing
( fig.
a r ed s lip w hich,
b ody
I t w as
I n a n
1 1:26)
f ound w ith
1 5:1).
t he o ther a c oarse g rit
r im s herds
d ecoration.
h atched a nd w ay
f abric,
( fig.
j ar w as
( fig.
8 a nd 9 h ad t he g reatest q uantity o f p ottery.
t hree
t hree
2 0).
o ne
and b urnt;
f abric
o range/brown f abric a nd a s imple
s urface. t here
t empered s torage
a nd a n o range
t here
i s
a
r ed—
i n E arly V IB.
A n
i s p rovided b y a r eport
V IB
s herds
w ith
p endant
o f t he p its. C 4/7
a nd C 1/8,
q uantity
s imilar p ottery
t o a llow a s tratigraphic
d ivision. I n C 1/8, a ll s herds w ere f rom j ars, o ne o f w hich h ad t he t ypical b rown o n b uff d ecoration. ( fig. 1 5:1-12). I n C 4/7 t here w ere s herds b lack
f rom o n
r ed
h erringbone
s torage ( fig .
j ars, 1 5:33)
s mall s eed
j ars a nd b owls i mpressions
a nd d ecoration i ncluded
( fig.
i ncision o n b lack b urnished p ottery,
T rans—Caucasian I II p eriod
( fig.
1 5:13).
1 3
1 5:14) t ypical
a nd e laborate o f
t he E arly
H AFTAVAN M ost
o f
t he
t he
s urface
a round
t he
f ill
t he
o f
O bject m easures o f
c opper
l ength, i s
1 0.2
t o
p ieces
w ide
( object
1 .6
c ms
a nd
c ms was
( fig.
F rom ( fig.
i s
6 was
i s
t he
s cattered o n
n one was
f ound
i n
i n C 4/7.
a c orroded m etal
a p iece
t he i s
( object
p in p in
o f worked b one
b one a wl
f ound:
o bsidian
t he o ther
w hich i s m ade
6 .1
c ms
i n
5 c ms
l ong.
1 091),
w hich
i s
o ne
( object
i s
a t anged
1 054),
a b lade,
6 .6
which
c ms
l cng
a rrowhead i s
1 .9
c ms
2
c ms
a nd
1 6).
( fig.
1 7:1)
i t m easures
A s pacer b ead
1 053)
1 43:19-20),
f ound
f ound
6 :
a p olished b one p in which
l evel
( fig.
t hick,
t he c orners
1 158).
1 148
i s
l evel
i s n ot known whether
o bsidian w ere
w ide;
1 115
c ms.
a nd
( object
o f
one end;
and 0 .30
r ows
i n
t his p hase w ere
1 6:1)
I t
t ranslucent
1 159)
O bject 0 .4
( fig.
1 6-17)
l ong.
a nd
pierced a t
1 092
( figs.
t rench C 2,
o bjects w ere
O bject
o bject
f rom brown
wide
1 090
f or
o f
l ength.
t his p in
c ms
l ong
i s
i n
S MALL F INDS
f inds
F our
o r b ronze.
T wo m ade
p its.
c ms
and
Adjacent
s mall
t he p its
n umber
5 .00
V IC
a p olished
( object
has
1 2
a re p ieced.
f ound
i s 5 .00
c ms
s tone
p endant w hich
l ong a nd a t
1 093),
t he
1 .80 c ms
t hickest
l ong,
i ncised c ircles o rganised ( fig.
t ogether w ith
1 7:2). t wo q uern
One
c lay
s tones
1 .30 i n
i s p art c ms.
t hree
s pindle w horl ( objects
1 157
1 7:3-5).
C4 /7 a b one
a re
t wo
f rit
l oom weight
b eads,
( fig.
1 52:3).
14
n umbers
1 50:5)
7 45
a nd
a nd a s tone
7 46
p hallus
( fig. p estle
C2
a
I ,
I
i .4'g :.
,‚ "
,
,
,
CX 1 6
,
1 , 1 1 -
.. •_
rr i rT r
, .
1
'
I
, • % 5
0 1. ,
-
1
C
1
.. "!
11
% , fI , 1
L
EART 14C tuA .Ke
wall
charc oal
i n sm e
ce• tc
b ric k
• •
o cc u pation
Z Z
as h
b urnt
m ixe d
c l ay
#1 1
C2
g L x i C
CS
C ?
e ir
• •C
Z
c x
, „,
. m.
, „,
•
1 % !
0
2
me t r e s
F ig.4. Ha ftavan V IC :
1 6
C 2 s ec tions.
` " -
d o
• me
•
. le
b ric k
f i ll
C l
I
C
I n s m e
wal l
' " ' •
I ke I le
occupation
b ri c k
• • ; ' ,
burnt
b rick
I / 1
c harc oa l
c l ay
as h
mixe d
f i ll
C4
1 .
0 C
2 N I
CZZ I M I
m et r e s
F ig.5. Haftavan V IC:
1 7
C l a nd C 4 s ections.
1 1
c n 0
_
e 0
— 0
0
1 8
Ha f tavan
Haftavan V IC:
CO
e › 0
e
0
> -
1 9 Haftavan V IC :
c u
Haft a van
V I C :C l, L eve l
F ig.8. Haftavan V IC,
2 0
C l,
8
l eve l 8 .
6 ,
N
ma le b ur ia l.
L C ' )
‚ nai l
td
c l ;
a — z3 no
2 1
H aftavan V IC F ig.
1 0 : 1 .
R ed
f abric,
2 6cms, 2 .
P ink r im
3 .
f abric, 2 4cms,
B rown
5 .
m edium g rit
C 2/6/B4
B rown
w ell
f ired,
r ed
s lip,
r im
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
w et
s moothed,
( 1975).
m edium g rit
t empered,
C 2/6/B4
t empered,
r ed s trip,
b urnished,
w ell
f ired,
b rown s lip,
b urnt,
r im
( 1975).
f abric,
C 2/6/B4
t empered,
( 1975).
C ourse g rit 2 8cms,
g rit
( 1975).
f abric,
C 2/6/B4 4 .
c oarse
C 2/6/B4
c oarse g rit
t empered,
b rown s lip,
r im 3 6cms,
( 1975).
6 .
B rown f abric,
7 .
B rown
c oarse g rit
f abric,
c oarse
t empered,
g rit
C 2/6/B4
t empered,
( 1975).
r ed
s lip,
C 2/6/B4
( 1975). 8 .
B rown
f abric,
C 2/6/B4 9 .
M edium
g rit
1 4cms, 1 0.
G rey
f abric,
G rey
1 3.
f abric,
m edium
g rit
C 2/6/B4
( 1975).
C oarse
g rit
s lip,
F ine g rit
1 6.
F ine
b urnished,
b urnt,
b adly
f ired,
t empered,
r im
b urnt,
r im
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
b urnished,
w ell
f ired,
b rown s lip,
C 2/6/B4
( 1975).
w ell
b lack
( 1975).
b rown s lip,
r im 3 0cms,
f ired,
b lack
r im
2 8cms,
b urnished,
b urnished,
r im
( 1975).
t empered,
g rit
e xternally
t empered,
g rit
t empered,
C 2/6/B4
1 5.
f ired,
C 2/6/B4
t empered,
g rit
1 6cms,
r ed
( 1975).
r im 2 2cms,
M edium
M edium
w ell
c oarse g rit
e xternally b urnt, 1 4.
t empered,
( 1975).
C 2/6/B4
b urnished, 1 2.
t empered,
C 2/6/B4
4 0cms, 1 1.
c oarse g rit
( 1975).
w ell
t empered,
f ired,
w ell
r ed
f ired,
s lip,
C 2/6/B4
b rown o n
( 1975).
b uff,
C 2/6/B4
b uff,
C 2/6/B4
b rown o n b uff,
C 2/6/B4
( 1975). 1 7.
F ine
g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
b rown
o n
( 1975). 1 8.
M edium
g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
( 1975). 1 9.
G rey
f abric,
C 2/6/B4
c oarse
g rit
( 1975). 2 2
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
b urnt,
% ./
c r i
4
e s
Mi l l 1 11 1 1 s e r
1 1 1 13 1 1 1 c i
0
c o 2
01 1 1 1 1 N :
e
I
i e W , ea ,
, V C O 1-
% 2 3
a s —
1
n i 1 1 1 1 1 i.
.
F ig.10. Ia ftavan V IC:
0
2 0.
C oarse g rit
2 1.
B rown
t empered,
f abric,
w ell
c oarse g rit
f ired,
b urnt,
t empered,
2 5
C 2/6/B4
b urnt,
( 1975).
C 2/6/B4
( 1975).
H aftavan V IC F ig.
1: 1 .
2 .
P ottery
f ound a djacent
f abric, C 2/6/B1
c oarse ( 1975).
P ottery
f ound a djacent
f ine s lip, 3 .
g rit t empered, C 2/6/B1 ( 1975).
P ottery
t o M ale
g rit
B urial,
t empered,
t o M ale
( see
b adly
B urial,
( see
o range/brown f abric,
f ound a djacent
t o M ale
f ig.
B urial,
9 ),
f ired,
f ig.
w ell
( see
b rown
b urnished,
9 ),
v ery
f ired,
b rown
f ig.
9 ),
C 2/6/B1
( 1975). 4 .
P it 2 r ed f abric, v ery c oarse g rit t empered, s moothed, b adly f ired, C 2/6/B1 ( 1975).
5 .
Pit
6 .
P it 2 v ery ( 1975).
7 .
P it 2 ( 2a) o range/brown f abric, b rown o n b uff, C 2/6/B1 ( 1975).
8 .
P it 2 ( 1) o range/brown f abric, s lip, C 2/6/B1 ( 1975).
9 .
P it
2 r ed
2
b uff 1 0.
P it
1 1.
P it
2 ( 4)
P it
f ine
P it
1 5.
P it
3 ( 5)
3 ( 4)
o n
b uff,
v ery f ine g rit
v ery f ine g rit
C 2/6/B1
f abric,
v ery f ine
t empered,
t empered,
g rit
v ery f ine g rit
r ed
t empered,
t empered,
b uff
t empered,
r ed
e xternally
a nd
v ery f ine g rit
P it
( 1)
b urnished,
r im 2 0cms C 2/6/B1 t empered,
r im 2 6cms
b urnt,
r ed/brown
b urnished,
r im
( 1975). b adly
C 2/6/B1
o range/brown f abric,
e xternally
c oarse g rit
1 6cms
f abric,
f ired,
C 2/6/B1
c oarse
i nternally
r ed,
t empered,
P it
1 7.
P it 8 b rown o n b uff,
C 2/6/B1
( 1975).
1 8.
P it
8 b rown o n b uff,
C 2/6/B1
( 1975).
1 9.
P it
8 ( 4)
t empered,
r im
( 1975).
r im 2 6cms, 2 6
C 2/6/B1
b adly
( 1975).
g rit
b urnt,
1 6.
r ed s lip,
C 2/6/B1
b urnished,
( 1975).
( 1975). 8 b lack o n
C 2/6/B1
( 1975).
t empered,
c oarse g rit
f ired, 3
b rown
( 1975).
( 1975).
c oarse g rit
( 2)
f ired,
t empered,
C 2/6/B1
w et
( 1975).
o range/brown C 2/6/B1
3
t empered,
o range/brown f abric,
e xternally b urnt, 1 4.
g rit
b rown p aint,
i nternally b urnt, 1 3.
c oarse g rit
o range/brown f abric,
C 2/6/B1
2
s lip, 1 2.
( 26)
s lip,
s lip,
f abric,
r ed w ash,
( 1975).
1 6cms
b adly C 2/6/B1
t .0
7. ) 1 a ) G N 1
H aftavan V IC:
C . )
4 1 0 4
2 7
c n
2 0.
P it
8 ( 5)
F ine
2 1.
P it
8 ( 8)
b rown o n b uff,
2 2.
P it 8 b rown o n b uff,
2 3.
F ine
g rit
g rit
t empered,
C 2/6/B1
C 2/6/B1
t empered,
r ed
w ell
s lip,
C 2/6/B1
( 1975).
( 1975).
( 1975). f ired,
b rown o n
b uff,
C 2/6/B2
( 1975). 2 4.
O range/brown f abric, s lip,
2 5.
P it
r im 3 2cms,
9
o range/brown
f ired, 2 6.
P it
b urnished,
P it
6
b uff, 2 8.
2 9.
C 2/6/B3
b adly
( 1975).
t empered,
r im 2 0cms,
C 2/6/B3
C oarse g rit
3 2.
B rown
g rit
t empered,
i nternally
c oarse g rit
t empered,
w ell
C 2/6/B3
O range/brown f abric,
3 1.
c oarse
f ired,
f abric,
m edium g rit
s lip,
r ed
b adly
a nd e xternally
t empered,
b rown o n
( 1975).
C 2/6/B3 g rit
f ired,
( 1975).
2 4cms,
b urnt, 3 0.
f abric,
B rown f abric,
C oarse
w ell
( 1975).
O range/brown C 2/6/B3
t empered,
( 1975).
C 2/6/B2
6 b rown f abric,
b urnt, 2 7.
m edium g rit
C 2/6/B1
f ired,
r ed
s lip,
r ed
s lip,
b urnt,
r im
e xternally
( 1975).
c oarse g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
w ell
f ired,
r im 2 0cms,
C 2/6/B3
g rit
t empered,
r ed
( 1975).
t empered,
f abric,
C 2/6/B3
( 1975).
3 3.
C 2/6/B3
( 1975).
3 4.
B rown
f abric,
b urnt,
C 2/6/B3
c oarse
m edium g rit ( 1975).
2 9
t empered,
w ell
r ed
( 1975).
f ired,
r im 1 4cms,
s lip,
e xternally
H aftavan V IC F ig.
1 2: 1 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
2 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
3 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
C 2/6/B1
( 16),
4 .
w ell 5 .
C 2/6/B1 w ell
6 .
f ired,
( 69),
f ired,
C 2/6/B1
C 2/6/B1 f ired,
r im 3 0cms.
o range/brown
r im 3 0cms.
( 68),
b adly f ired, 7 .
o range/brown f abric,
r ed w ash,
m edium g rit
f abric,
s lip,
r im 2 8cms.
o range/brown f abric, b rown s lip,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
m edium g rit
t empered,
( 1975)
o range/brown f abric,
b uff
( 1975)
c oarse g rit
b urnished.
C 2/6/B1
b rown o n b uff,
r im
1 6cms.
( 1975)
9 .
C 2/6/B1
b rown o n b uff,
r im 2 4cms.
( 1975)
1 0.
C 2/6/B1
b rown o n b uff,
r im 2 2cms.
( 1975)
C 2/6/B1 w ell
1 2.
C 2/6/B1 f ired,
1 3.
( 20),
f ired,
C 2/6/B1
o range/brown
b rown s lips,
( 13),
b rown f abric,
o range/brown
r im
1 4 .
C 2/6/B1
b rown o n b uff.
1 5.
C 2/6/B1
b lack o n r ed.
1 6.
C 2/6/B1
1 7.
C 2/6/B1 w ell
1 8.
( 15),
f ired,
C 2/6/B1
b urnished. 1 9.
C 2/6/B1 f ired,
2 0.
C 2/6/B1 f ired.
2 1.
A arse
1 4cms.
g rit
t empered ,
( 1975)
t empered,
b adly
t empered,
b adly
( 1975)
c oarse g rit
( 1975)
( 1975) m edium g rit
t empered,
b adly
f ired ,
( 1975)
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
b rown
b adly
( 1975)
f abric,
e xternally b urnt.
m edium g rit r im
1 3cms.
f abric,
f ired e xternally b urnt.
b rown
f abric,
b urnished,
e xternally b urnt,
t empered,
( 1975)
8 .
1 1.
t empered,
( 1975)
f abric,
b urnished,
f abric,
c oarse
m edium g rit
b urnt, g rit
r im 2 0cms. t empered,
t empered, ( 1975) r ed
s lip,
t empered,
b adly
( 1975)
o range/brown r ed s lip,
f abric,
b urnished,
o range/brown
c oarse g rit
r im 2 4cms.
f abric,
( 1975)
c oarse g rit
t empered,
w ell
( 1975)
C 2/6/B1 b urnished.
o range/brown
f abric,
( 1975)
3 0
c oarse
g rit
t empered,
i w o >
o
c i
c i
g u N 3 d
l eve l 6p o ttery.
N :
C • 1
C _ )
0 , 5
3 1
2 2.
C 2/6/B1 f ired,
2 3.
2 4.
( 81)
b urnt.
( 1975)
C 2/6/B1
C 2/6/B1
( 80) b rown
2 7.
b rown
f abric,
b urnished. f abric,
s lip,
c oarse g rit
c oarse g rit
b urnished.
t empered,
w ell
( 1975)
o range/brown f abric,
b rown f abric,
b urnished. 2 6.
o range/brown
C 2/6/B1
f ired, 2 5.
( 17)
b rown s lip,
t empered,
c oarse g rit
b urnished,
t empered,
w ell
b rown
s lip,
( 1975)
m edium g rit
t empered,
( 1975)
C 2/6/B1
( 18)
b urnt.
( 1975)
b rown
C 2/6/B1
( 11)
f abric,
b rown f abric,
e xternally b urnt.
m edium g rit
c oarse g rit
( 1975)
3 3
t empered,
t empered,
e xternally
b rown s lip,
H AFTAVAN F ig.
V IC
1 3: 1 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
2 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
3 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
4 .
C 2/6/B1
( 29),
b adly f ired, 5 .
C 2/6/B1
( 43),
o range/brown f abric, b rown s lip,
b urnished.
o range/brown f abric,
i nternal
r ed s lip,
6 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
7 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
8 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
9 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
1 0.
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
1 1.
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
1 2.
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
1 3.
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
1 4.
C 2/6/B1
( 12),
r ed s lip.
c oarse g rit
c oarse g rit
e xternal b rown s lip,
o range/brown f abric,
( 1975)
3 4
t empered,
( 1975) t empered,
b urnished.
c oarse g rit
( 1975)
t empered,
0 11 1 1 1 1 1 1e
M ai
c n 2
e l an" 40 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1N
c i
c i
l eve l 6 p o ttery.
0
C . )
0 0 1 1011 * *
r z
c : ( 3
3 5
H AFTAVAN V IC F ig.
1 4 : 1 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
2 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
3 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
4 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
5 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
6 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
7 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
8 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o n b uff.
( 1975)
9 .
C 2/6/B1,
b rown f abric,
1 0.
C 2/6/B1, w ell
1 1. 1 2.
C 2/6/B1, C 2/6/B1, w ell
1 3.
( 44),
C 2/6/B1,
t empered.
o range/brown f abric,
r ed s lip.
( 1975)
c oarse g rit
t empered
c oarse g rit
t empered
c oarse g rit
t empered
( 1975)
b rown o n b uff.
f ired.
b urnt. 1 4 .
( 61),
f ired,
c oarse g rit,
( 1975)
o range/brown f abric,
( 1975)
( 18),
o range/brown f abric,
( 1975)
C 2/6/B1,
m edium g rit
t empered w ell
f ired,
e xternally b urnt.
( 1975) 1 5.
C 2/6/B1, b urnt.
( 31),
c oarse g rit
( 1975)
3 6
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
e xternally
! ew e 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1
%
F ig . 14. Haftavan
, e ee . s e ni Zer 4. 01 1 1. , 04 1 4e
l eve l 6p o ttery.
c d
( 1 5
am il la
3 7
1 1
H AFTAVAN V IC F ig.
1 5 1 .
O range S cale
f abric,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
C 2/6/B1,
P it
5 ( 1975),
1 :8
2 .
abric, O range/grey f ( 1971).
c oarse g rit
t empered,
r im
1 8cms,
C 1/8
3 .
abric, O range/grey f
c oarse g rit
t empered,
r im
1 8cms,
C 1/8
( 1971). f abric,
4 .
O range/grey
5 .
abric, O range/grey f
c oarse g rit t empered,
r im 2 6cms.
c oarse g rit
t empered,
r im 2 2cms,
C 1/8
c oarse g rit
t empered,
r im 2 0cms,
C 1/8
c oarse g rit
t empered,
r im
1 6cms,
C 1/8
c oarse g rit
t empered,
r im 3 0cms,
C 1/8
c oarse g rit
t empered,
( 1971). 6 .
abric, O range/grey f ( 1971).
7 .
abric, O range/grey f ( 1971).
8 .
abric, O range/grey f ( 1971).
9 .
O range/brown f abric,
1 0.
C oarse g rit
t empered,
1 1.
G rey/brown
f abric,
r im 3 0cms, c oarse g rit
C 1/8
C 1/8
( 1971).
( 1971).
t empered,
r im 1 9cms
C 1/8
( 1971). 1 2.
G rey f abric,
1 3.
B lack
c oarse g rit
f abric,
( 1971).
r im 2 3cms,
c oarse g rit t empered,
C 1/8
( 1971).
b lack b urnished,
C 4/7
I ncised d ecoration.
1 4 .
R ed
1 5.
B rown f abric, C 4/7
t empered,
f abric,
C 4/7
( 1971),
S cale
1 ;8.
c oarse g rit t empered,
r ed w ash,
r im
( 1971). f abric,
b urnished,
1 8cms,
C4 /7 ( 1971).
1 6.
R ed
1 7.
G rey
1 8.
G rey f abric,
b urnished,
1 9.
G rey
f abric
b lack b urnished,
r im 9 cms,
2 0.
G rey
f abric,
b lack
C4 /7 ( 1971).
2 1.
G rey f abric
r im 1 2cms,
2 2.
G rey f abric,
b lack b urnished,
f abric
b rown w ash,
r im 2 6cms, r im
1 4cms,
b urnished, C 4/7
3 8
C 4/7 C 4/7
( 1971). ( 1971). C4 /7
( 1971). C4 /7 ( 1971).
( 1971).
1 1cms,
c d
it e t %U w e
t i c r i c \ I 4
4
e
0 1 : : 01
0
/
4 c r )
L r ) c m.
, l le ' i 60
/
1 1 17 11
0
c \ I
c \ J
% . /
3 9
2 3.
B rown
f abric,
r im 2 6cms,
2 4.
B rown
f abric,
c ream w ash,
2 5.
R ed f abric,
c oarse g rit
2 6.
R ed
r im 3 8cms,
2 7.
B rown
f abric,
c oarse g rit
2 8.
B rown
f abric,
r im 2 2cms,
2 9.
G rey
3 0.
R ed f abric,
3 1.
G rey
3 2.
B rown
3 3.
R ed
f abric,
f abric,
r ed w ash, c ream w ash,
f abric,
r ed w ash,
f abric,
f abric,
C 4/7
( 1971).
r im 4 2cms,
t empered, C 4/7
r im 3 8cms,
C 4/7
( 1971).
C 4/7
( 1971).
( 1971). 1 5cms,
C 4/7 C 4/7
t empered,
m edium g rit t empered,
4 1
( 1971).
( 1971).
r im 3 3cms,
c oarse g rit
C 4/7
( 1971).
C 4/7
r im
( 1971).
r im 3 8cms,
t empered,
C 4/7
C 4/7
( 1971). ( 1971).
r im 3 2cms,
C 4/7
( 1971).
F ig.
1 6
H aftavan V IC
:C 2/Level
6 s mall
f inds:
1 .
1 090,
1 975,
C 2/6/B4,
c opper p in.
2 .
1 148,
1 975,
C 2/6/B1,
w orked b one.
3 .
1 092,
1 975,
C 2/6/B3,
b one p in.
4 .
1 054,
1 975,
C 2/6/B1,
b rown o bsidian a rrowhead.
5 .
1 091,
1 975,
C 2/6/B1,
b one a wl.
6 .
1 159,
1 975,
C 2/6/B1,
o bsidian b lade.
1 .
2 .
3 .
4
6 .
F ig.16. Haftavan V IC:
C 2,
l eve l 6 ,
s ma l l f inds.
F i g.
1 7 1 . 2 .
H aftavan V IC:
C 2/level
6 s mall
f inds:
1 115,
1 975,
C 2/6/B1,
s tone
p endant.
1 093,
1 975,
C 2/6/B1,
w hite
i ncised s pacer b ead w ith c orners
p ierced. 3 .
1 053,
1 975,
C 2/6/B1,
g rey c lay s pindle w horl.
4 .
1 157,
1 975,
C 2/6/B1,
q uernstone,
s cale,
1 :8.
5 .
1 158,
1 975,
C 2/6/B1,
q uernstone,
s cale,
1 :8.
4 4
1 .
2 -
3 .
4 .
5 .
F ig.17. Haftavan V IC: 4 5
C 2,
l eve l 6 ,
s ma l l f inds.
HAFTAVAN VIB ARCHITECTURE
4 7
E ARLY V IB ARCHITECTURE
T RENCH Y 1
( Figs.18-33;
E xcavations e ach
s ubsequent
s ix
m etres
p hases p oint
i n
p ls.2-3)
t rench Y 1
s eason u ntil
w as
r eached a t
o f o ccupation w ere f or E arly V IB.
t rench w ill
b e
I nitially,
t he
t hen t he v arious P hase
A s
d iscussed
1 ( fig.
b egan
1 978.
i n
1 971
( pls.
a nd c ontinued t hroughout
2 a,
3 a).
t he e astern e nd o f
t raced, s uch
A d epth o f
t he
t rench
t hus m aking t his
t he r esults o f
t he
a lmost
a nd
e ight
t rench a r eference
i nvestigation
i n
t his
2 1-27)
a nd
i n s ome d etail.
e ight p hases w ill b e
o utlined
( figs
f eatures e xamined.
2 1)
T wo a reas o f b uilding w ere i dentified: i n t he s outh o f t he t rench, a mud b rick w all, d escribed a s B 2' t o t he e ast a nd B 1 t o t he w est,
w hich
h ad o ne r eturn
s outh b aulk, w all
H F,
w hich
c ontinued w ere
c ontinued
s unk t wo p ottery
t he w est
a nd a nother
( Y1/5e).
e nclosed a f loor
s torage v essels
o f w all K .
M ost
t he t rench r emained u nexcavated a t
P hase 2 ( fig.
i nto
( pls.
t he
T o t he e ast, K ,
( Y1/17)
2 c a nd 3 b).
w hich
i nto w hich A b ench r an
o f t he w estern a nd c entral p arts t his
l evel,
a s
d id Y 2.
2 2)
W alls B 1
a nd B 2
c ontinued i n t he
e nclosing t he Y 1/5d f loor. o f
t o
i nto t he n orthern b aulk a nd w all
i n t o t he e astern b aulk,
a long t he n orthside o f
i nto Y 2
e nclosed a n a rea o f s tone p aving
f loors w ere
s outhern s ector o f
T o t he n orth o f t he
t raced a nd n umbered Y 1/5d/4;
t he
B 1/B2' w all,
Y 1/5d/5;
t rench, a s eries
Y 1/5d/6;
Y 1/5d/7.
( fig . 1 8). T hey w ere t raced a long t he l ength o f w alls B 2 1 a nd s outh o f w all K t owards t he s outhern b aulk. W alls K a nd H F r emained, e nclo— s ing a f loor 1 09:6). a lmost
I n
( Y1/20)
i n w hich t he
t he w est,
w all A w as
f our m etres,
w ith w all A ,
l arge p ithos c onstructed,
t owards w all
w hich c ontained t wo
B i.
( pot
T here w ere
w hich h ad b een
p art
a nd Y 2 w ere n ot e xcavated d own t o
t he t rench
P hases 3 -4
( fig.
s till
l ay
s unk i nto t he
( fig.
t o
a l ength o f
f loors
a ssociated
f eatures n orth o f w all B i:
a p ottery v essel, o f
1 )
e xtending
s urface.
a p it
a nd
T he c entral
t his
l evel.
2 3)
I n p hase 3 , w alls B 1 a nd B 2' c ontinued, w ith f loor Y 1/5d/3 t o t he n orth. Walls H F a nd K r emained, e nclosing f loor Y 1/20. I n t he c entre o f
t he
t rench,
i dentified a s l atter
t he a rea p reviously u nexcavated a nd p ossibly
a c ourtyard a rea,
a butting
p assageway
a gainst w alls H F a nd K .
( Y1/7)
a nd w alls G a nd K .
w as e vident b etween w alls C l
w alls A a nd C l b etween
1
w alls
( Y1/12).
f rom
t he e arliest
T he
o nly
( pl.
a nd G a nd
f eature w as
o f w all
B 2'
o f Y l,
t o g ive
p hase w all
4 9
b e t he
B 2
s outh—east
A n a rea o f
t o t he w est
f loor— b etween
t he c onstruction o f w all J
w hich e ffectively s ealed o ff
f eature
t o
a nd G ,
a nd t o t he
3 c).
a nd c ontemporary p hase o f Y 2,
s ignificant
s trengthening
A n ew
A a nd B 1,
C l
T his e ffectively p rovided a
f rom t he n orth b etween w alls A a nd C l
b etween w alls B 1/B2 i ng
c ontained t wo w alls:
Y 2
1 w as 2,
t he
a nd
t he Y 1
p hase a
t rench
1 ( fig.
3 4).
r ebuilding
a nd
f resh
a rea o f
f looring b etween t hat w all a nd w all G ( floor A ). P hase 5 ( fig. A ll t inued,
2 4)
t he
m ajor
w alls a nd f eatures o f
a lthough w all B 2
2
w as r ebuilt
( B2')
t he p revious
p hase
c on-
a nd a s tep w as p laced
i n
t he p assageway b etween w alls A a nd C l. T he m ost s ignificant d evelopm ent w as t he b reaching o f w all J a t t he p oint w here i t a butted w all B l, i n o rder t o a llow a ccess b etween Y 1 a nd Y 2. A ccess f rom, t he h igher t errace o f Y 2, t hree
p hase 2 w as
f acilitated b y t he c onstruction
o f
s teps w hich d escended i nto Y l.
P hase 6 ( fig. A t
2 5)
t he
r esulted
e nd o f p hase 5 t he d estruction o f w alls C l,
i n
t he c learance o f t he c entre o f t he
G
a nd
t rench w hich w as
B 2' n ow
c overed w ith t he 6 a f loor. T o t he e ast, w alls H F a nd K r emained, a nd i n t he w est, w alls A , J a nd B 1 f ormed a n u neven d ivision b etween Y 1 a nd Y 2. P hase
7 ( fig.
2 6)
W all H F c ollapsed w estwards o nto t he 6 a f loor a nd w all K c oll apsed t o p rovide a b asis f or t he Y 1/19 s urface. I t w as a t t his s tage t hat
w all
t umbled
D
w as c onstructed;
i t
r an f rom t he s outh
mud b rick w hich h ad b een w all H F.
W alls A ,
b aulk J ,
t o
t he
B 1 a nd
t he
s teps f rom Y 2 r emained ( fig. 3 6), w ith t he a ddition o f w all C 2 w hich r an f rom t he s outhern b aulk a cross t he e nd o f w all B 1 a nd i nto t he c entre
o f
t he t rench.
( pl.
w hether t his w all a cted a s
2 b).
T here
i s
s ome s peculation a s
a p erimeter w all o r,
p erhaps,
t o
a s a t errace
w all. P hase
8 ( fig. I n
2 7)
t his p hase t he a rea s eems a
r emoved
a s ection o f w all D a nd s ome o f
a nd
r obber
t o h ave f allen i nto f urther
b ecause
t rench s unk i nto t he s outh-eastern
f oundation s tones o f w all K .
p hase w all
7 J ,
e vident f rom Y 2,
o f
s uperstructure
a nd t he 5 b f loor n ow c overed t he a rea f ormerly
o ccupied ( Y1/18)
s teps a nd t he 6 a
f loor.
t he e astern s ide o f
i n a c rumbled
f orm .
p hase 4 i nto Y 1
S ection d atum :
f ig.19,
( fig.
Y 1
Wall J w as d estroyed a t t he e nd o f
t he i n
c ontinued
t he m ud b rick
d isuse
c orner
T he 6 c
t he t rench, T here w as,
s urface
a nd w alls A , a pparently,
B 1
a nd
s till
b y w as C 2
a ccess
3 7).
9 .92m a bove
d atum .
S ummary o f F eatures W all T his w all w all
C 2
T here Y 1,
i s
i s
a nd s eems a r eturn
B 2
c ontinuous w ith w all B i;
i t p asses u nder
t o b e t he n orth w all o f a b uilding i n Y 2,
t o t he s outh ( Cl)
t o t he s outh. 5 0
o r
t he
l ater
c ourtyard.
a nd a p ossible r eturn
i n
D imensions:
T otal
l ength
W idth :
( including B 1)
: 1 0.15m
1 .52m
H eight o f p reservation:
1 1.60m a bove d atum 1 0.26m a bove d atum
1 0.25m a bove d atum T he w all w as n ot e xcavated t o i ts f ull d epth . . C onstruction: i ngs,
T o j udge
w all r ests o n a t u nworked,
f rom c ontemporary w alls
a s many a s a nd
t he
m ade o f c oarse, f our c ourses,
f ound
' stone p aving' O ver
t he
i t
i s
l ikely t hat t here m ay
b e
T he s tones w ere s et f reestanding,
i n m ud,
a s n o
a ppa-
f oundation
i n t he s ection c ut u nder w all C 2 b etween w alls B 2 a nd
O n t he s outh s ide t he s tone
t he
i n Y 1
w ithout p laster a nd t hey w ere
t rench w as G .
f oot-
a lthough o nly o ne c ourse h as b een e xcavated,
a s econd d etected b y p robes.
r ently
l east t wo c ourses o f s tone
m edium-sized s tones w ithout m ortar.
f ootings a ppear t o b e c ontinuous w ith
i nside t he h ypothetical b uilding.
s tone
f ootings t here w ere
w ooden
( fig.
2 8).
b eams
w hich
r an
l engthwise t hrough t he w all. B eamholes w ith f ragments o f w ood w ere f ound a t t hree p oints o n t he s outh f ace o f t he w all, a t a s imilar d epth t o t hat o f t he ' stone p aving'. O n t he n orth f ace, b eamholes w ere f ound i n s everal p laces. T hese b eam h oles w ere 8 5-95cms b elow t he t op o f t he p reserved w all, w hen m easured a t t he w estern e nd o f B 2 ( east o f C 2). I t i s l ikely t hat t he b eams s loped d own t o t he e ast, a s i n
t he
e ast
f ace t wo b eam h oles w ere f ound a t
1 .00m-1.10m b elow
t he
t op o f t he w all. I n t he s outh f ace o f Y 1 a f urther b eamhole w as n oted, e xtending b eyond w all B 2' t o t he e ast ( fig. 3 1). T his c annot b elong
t o
a
f irst p hase.
s econd p hase s ince t he b eamhole e xtends w ell T he o nly p ossible c onclusion i s
t hat
f irst p hase o f w all B 2 a nd p rojected f rom i ts e ast r ests a t
a h igher
t op o f w all T he
T his
t han t he o ther b eamholes:
s uperstructure
t he
1 8cms.
I t
6 6:71cms b elow t he
i s o f g ritty m udbrick w ith
d iscernible o n t he e ast s ame
c ontinuation f oundation
f ace b y
t he
t o
B 2.
p lasterings T he
l evel
i nto
i t b elongs
p attern
( B1) t rench
o f c onstruction w as
t o t he w est w as
t hick,
m ultiple
a nd n orth f aces.
o f w all C 2,
o bserved i n
e xcept t hat
f ound o n t he w est s ide o f
t he
t he
w all's
i n t rench Y 2 w all's
a
r eturn.
i ndicates t hat t he r eturn w as s et a t a p oint w here t he m ound w as
t erraced. I t i s d ifficult t o b e s ure o f t he p recise p hasing o f t he w all. T he s eparate p hases w ere m ostly n ot d istinguished i n t he c ourse o f e xcavation a nd w ere o nly o bserved l ater i n t he s outh s ection o f Y 1: B 2
1:
p reserved t o o nly 3 2cms b elow t he p resent t op o f w all B 2. T he e ast f ace w as f requently t hickened a nd p lastered, a nd a b eamhole p rotruded f rom i t,
B 2
2:
a t
3 4-48cms b elow t he p lastered s urface.
p reserved t o t he s ame h eight a pproximately, t hus i ndicating t hat t he d estruction o f t he w hole w all p ostdates B 2' a nd B 2' . T his s econd p hase c onsists o f a t hickening o f d ue
t o t he r eturn h ere,
s trengthened
a gainst
t he e ast
f ace,
s ince t he w hole w ail w ould
c ollapse
d own t he m ound.
T he
p robably
h ave w all
b een w as
i ncreased i n t hickness h ere b y a bout 5 0cms. A t t his p oint, a d estruction o ccurs, a s s hown b y t he w ashed d own s ilt o ver t he B 22 . 5 1
p rojection B 2
3:
t his
( fig.
w all
s tands h eight
3 1).
r epresents
a n a ddition o ver
p reserved t o a h eight o f 3 6cms. o f a f ull w all, r oom m ust b e
t he
B 22
r emains.
I t
I f i t e ver s tood t o t he f ound f or t wo s eparate
d eposits o f d ebris i n t he s urrounding a reas: o ne f rom B 2 2 a nd t he o ther f rom B 2'. T here m ay b e e vidence f or t his n orth o f w all
B 2.
a nd
t erraced a fter B 2
A s
a n a lternative, 2,
i t
a nd
i s p ossible
t hat B 2
3
i s
t hat
p art
B 2 w as c ut
o f
o peration a nd c ontemporary w ith t he c onstruction o f w all p oint a n
i n
f avour o f
a ltitude
w ith
o f
1 0.25m
( fig.
i s
f ormer c onclusion i s
1 0.30m a bove
f or t he
2 9).
w all B 2
t he
T he
d atum,
w hich
t hat
' loose f ill'
1 0.20m a bove d atum.
I t
i s
t he B 22
D .
A
t op h as
i s c losely c omparable
f loor o ver t he d ebris
t op o f t he
d own
t his t erracing
i n
t he
c ourtyard
i n t he a rea n orth
p ossible,
t herefore,
o f t hat
t he B 22 d estruction i s c ontemporary w ith t he d estruction a nd f illing o f t he c ourtyard, a nd t hat w all B 2 w as d estroyed a t a 3
l ater d ate. S urfaces
a ssociated w ith w all B 2
S outh o f B 2: b uilding. 1 8).
T he
c oal
which,
w hich w as 1 7-20cms r ough,
t his
i s
t he a rea w hich
i s
T he a rea w as e xcavated d own 5 d
t hought
t o t he
f loor h ad b een f ound u nder a 5 cm i n
t urn,
i nside i n
l ayer o f
t he
1 973.
B eneath t he 5 d
w hich c overed a l ayer o f
u nworked s tones
l aid u nevenly
f loor w as
i n m ud;
t he
d ebris,
a n e arth
s tone p aving,
B 2
( fig.
a sh a nd c har-
w as u nder a t hick s tratum o f mudbrick
s ealed b y w all C 2. d eep,
t o b e
5 d f loor
l ayer,
c onsisting
s tones
s lope
o f
d own t o
t he e ast a nd t he n orth a nd a re o n t he s ame l evel a s t he s tone f ootings o f w all B 2. ( figs. 2 1,28). T heir p urpose i s s till u nknown; t hey m ay h ave b een a s olid f oundation f or t he 5 d f loor, a lthough i t s hould b e n oted t hat
t he
f loor w as h orizontal w hile
d efinitely p re-date
t he
r eappear e ither n orth o r e ast W ith b e
l eft
s o
s tructure, b ut
t he 1 .
s ince
t hese a re
a nd E ast
T otal
T he
i s
b uilding,
s tone
n ot.
b ut
t he B 2
T hey
t hey d o n ot
b uilding.
t he p ossibility s hould
f ootings
o f
s ome p revious
s uper-
w hich w as p artially r eplaced b y w all
d eposits a re e numerated f rom t he
i s
t he m udbrick T he t op
e vidence o f d ebris
T his
d epth
t he
6 0cms.
S ome
Y 1/5d/2.
B 2
o utside
B 2,
B 2,
l evel
o f
d ownwards:
T his
p ossibly t he
s tones w ere
s ame a lignment.
o f B 2:
d epth o f
s ions.
2 .
t he
t op o f w all B 2' Y 1/5d/l.
t he
d isappeared,
n ot o n e xactly
N orth
o f w all B 2
l ittle k nown o f t he
o pen t hat
t he
f ull c onstruction o f w all
i s
b urning w as
o f w all l oose
f ill u p
1 0cms
t o
t he
t op o f w all
i ncluded m any r eed f ound
i n
t he
f ill.
B 2.
i mpresI t
i s
B 2'.
f ill,
y ellowish w ith c harcoal
. 60-1.05m b elow t he t op o f w all
B 2.
f ragments.
U ndetected
a t
t he t ime o f e xcavation w as F loor A , w hich i s t o b e f ound w ithin Y 1/5d/2 a t 9 .31m a bove d atum . I t w as d etected i n t rimming b ack t o
f ind
s ection
t he o f Y 1
s outh f ace o f w all G a nd a lso ( fig.
3 1).
c onstruction o f w all B 2 a nd
2
2.
I t h as
a s andy
Y 1/5d/2 m ay b e
.
5 2
t raced
i n
t he
s outh
s urface a nd p recedes
t he
t he d ebris o f w alls B2
3 .
Y 1/5d/3
=
' Floor
e xcavations
h ad
p laster a nd n ot t hought
o riginally
i t
r uns u nder
t han
o ne
f ootings .
F loor
1 A;
5 .
o ther
o f
b ut
a rea.
s ince w all
r un
s o.
i nto
s eparately e xcavated, 1 a nd
i t w as
m ud
I t w as w all
B 2
B 2,
h as
F loor
t he
2 i n
1 973
o f
m ore 1
i s
f reestanding
d etected a midst
t he
s ection,
a t
a
d atum .
Y 1/5d/5 = ' Floor 2 '. I t i s m ade o f p laster a nd b eaten c lay a nd h as c harcoal p atches a nd s andy a reas. T he h eight a bove d atum i s 9 .10-9.18m .
6 .
t he w hole
t his c annot b e
f loors b etween F loor
9 .10m a bove
t he
I t w as
1 d ated t he o rigin o f
f ooting,
f ootings,
i t w as n ot
n umerous
F loor
a t w hich
d atum.
t raced o ver
l ater p lastering w hich h as
s tone
h eight
t hat
s urface
9 .13m a bove
a s tone
c ourse o f
a
T his w as t he
s uccessfully
s ince s imply
4 .
1 '.
t erminated,
Y 1/5d/7 f ace
( fig.
3 1).
= ' Floor 3 '.
b ut
t he
I t w as
s ection d rawing
n o p oint h as
t his
n ot
i ntended t o g o b elow t his
s uggests
t hat
s ur—
i t w as p enetrated.
f loor a ctually b een t raced
t o
t he e dge
A t
o f w all
B 2, s o t heir p recise r elation i s u nknown. I f w all B 2 h ad o nly o ne c ourse o f s tone f ootings i t c ould b e contemporary w ith F loor 3 , b ut i t i s l ikely t o h ave m ore; t he w all, t herefore, p redates e ven t his
f loor.
C onsequently, h as T he
t he
i s
8 .96m a bove d atum.
s urface a ssociated w ith t he o rigin o f w all
B 2
n ot b een f ound a nd t he o riginal c ontext o f t he w all i s n ot k nown. g eneral c haracter o f t he s urface i n t his s treet/passage b etween
w alls a ll
I t
B 2
a nd G i s
f loors b eing
l apping
n ot
c ertain.
i n u se
s trata o r
s teps,
f avours a s equence
o f
T he
p ossibilities w ere c onsidered o f
s imultaneously, b ut
e ither t hrough e rosion,
t he e vidence
s uccessive,
f rom t he
h orizontal
o ver—
s outh s ection o f Y 1
f loors.
W all G T his
i s
c ourtyard. a ssociated
t he
s outh w all
t his p oint
a n a rea p robably
t o b e
i dentified a s
e ast
e nd t he u pper p art H F,
a t
a p oint
a
i t p asses u nder t he l ater w all C 2 a nd i s i s n ot c lear h ow t he t wo w alls j oin a nd
c ould h ave b een c larified o nly b y r emoving w all
w all
w all H F,
o f
A t i ts w est e nd w ith w all C l; i t
o f w all G 's m udbrick
4 5cms a bove Y 1/7.
Wall
C 2.
A t
i ts
s uperstructure
c uts
i nto
G i s c ertainly
l ater
t han
a nd p robably c ontemporary w ith w all C l.
D imensions:
H eight
o f p reservation:
L ength :
c .1.32m
c .6.00m
W idth : 1 .86m T op o f w all: 9 .91-10.10m a bove C onstruction:
i t
r ests
o n
t wo c ourses
d atum
o f r ough s tone
f ootings.
T he
s tones a re u nworked a nd s et i n m ud, n ot m ortar. T he s tone f ootings a re f reestanding, a s n o f oundation t rench w as v isible i n e ither p lan o r
s ection o n e ither
c overing t o b e c ould b egan
f or t he
s ide o f
s tones w as
t he w all.
d etected;
a t hick m udplaster p acking a lso
b e
e xplained a s
t o h ang o ver
i nto
O n t he
( 13cms)
a gainst
a r eplastering
t he c ourtyard.
5 3
s outh
f ace n o p laster
o n t he n orth s ide t here a ppeared o nce
t he
s tones,
t he
b ut
t his
s uperstructure
T he
s uperstructure
i s
o f m udbrick,
i rregular c ondition,
o verhanging
m udplaster
6 cms t hick,
c oating,
p laster r epairs.
T he n orth
n ow i n a v ery c rumbly
t o t he n orth.
O n t he n orth
a nd
f ace
a
w as d etected w ith many o bvious m ud—
f ace w as
i n
s uch p oor c ondition t hat
f or
l ong t ime i t e luded a ttempts t o t race i t. T he s outh f ace a ppears n ot t o h ave h ad a m udplaster c oating o f s uch t hickness, i f a t . a ll; i t w as n ot
d etected
d etected
e ven
i n t he
i n s ection.
1 973
T he t op o f t he
s uperstructure
s eason a nd i nitially c alled t he
w as
' brick p aving
o f
5 b'. O ne
b eamhole w as
m ost c ourse
o f t he
c ollapse o f t he w all, t he f ootings. D eposits
i n t he
f ootings.
t he n orth f ace, I t
i s
t he b eam s lipped f rom i ts o riginal
t op o f W all G d ownwards
w ith
t hree
u pper s ide. i t,
l ayers
o f w hite p lastering e xisted
A n o ccupation d eposit w as
b elieved t o
a s p art
o f t he
f ig.29).
s outh, Y 1/4.
A n
o nly a rea.
t he
o ccupation d eposit
' Floor 2 ',
T he
f loor w as
o f
t raced
c learly
T he w hole
s tratum ,
s urface,
Y 1/6.
G and B 2
l ocated
t o
i n
T his
i s
Y 1/7.
T his
t hough
a
p resence
( strata
1 a nd
f rom n orth
t hickness
a s w ell.
i n p laces, o f
t o
I t c an b e
b ut
i t
o f
c ould
c ourtyard
t he e ntire a rea
i dentified a s t he 6 a
i n p ractice
6 a a nd 5 b
5 cms),
2 0cms
t he
c ontinued o ver
a lthough
( c.
l ying u nder c .
i n t he w estern p arts h owever,
1 973,
a f ill
a nd
t hick p laster
d istinguish b etween t he
t he c ollapse
H F
t he c ourtyard
o f v arying
i ncluding
b e
f or
t o w all G i n t he w est.
and o ver w alls s ible
e xtended a cross
o n and
r ubble.
4 .
o n
o n t op o f
T his c an n ow b e
d ebris a ssociated w ith w all
Y 1/3
b ut not
l ying
3 .
l ie
b ut w as n ever o bserved a nd w as o nly p roposed t o a ccount
s een
2 .
p osition o ver
b ut l ater i dentified 2 9). A t hin g rey
t he p resence o f p ottery a nd b one a mong w all H F. 2 ,
t he u pper—
t he d eposits w ere;
Y 1/3. T his w as f irst c alled ' 5b F loor 1 ', a s t he c ollapsed w all f ace o f w all H F ( fig. s tratum
b eside
l ikely t hat w ith t he g radual
C ourtyard
F rom t he 1 .
n oted a gainst
s tone
i t
p roved i mpos—
s urfaces.
o f mudbrick t umble,
p robably d erived f rom
o f w alls G a nd C l. w as
t he
l owest p oint
c ontinuation o f
o f Y 1/6,
r eached b y e xcavation a nd
a l—
i t was
t he
d istinguished
f allen t imbers o n t he n orth s ide o f
t he
b y
c ourtyard
( fig. 2 0,32). T he t imbers m ay o riginally h ave f ormed a s mall s helter, b ut h ad f allen b urning t o t he g round. T hey w ere p re— s erved a s p owdery f ragments i n s ome p laces a nd h ad l eft i mpres— s ions
a nd
b lack,
a ccumulated
b rown a nd r ed m arks
a round e ach
t he d iameter o f m ost f rom 8 .90m t o
c .
t imber. 7 -8cms.
i n
t he
T hey w ere
s oil.
S alts
o f m odest
T heir h eight
a bove
s ize
d atum
h ad w ith
v aried
9 .07m . W all C l
T his
i s t he w est w all
w alls G a nd H F. w est
f ace
i s
A t
i ts
o f t he
s outh e nd
c overed b y t he
f ill
p robable c ourtyard b ounded a lso i t
d isappears u nder w all
u nderlying w all
5 4
C 2.
I t
C 2
a nd w as
b y i ts n ot
p ossible
t o e xcavate t he
C 2
a nd
s o
T he
n orth e nd o f
i ts
s outh end o f w all
p recise r elation t o w all t he w all c ontinues
C l w ithout e ndangering w all
G h as n ot
b een
i nto t rench B B1.
w est r ace o f t he w all w as a lready p artly e xposed i n u ppermost c ourse o f t he s tone f ootings w as t raced . D imensions:
A ltitude H eight
o f
o f
p reservation
p reservation
L ength e xposed: W idth: C onstruction: o f
s tone
s ide s et
i s c . a t
o n i ts e ast
T he w est 2 6cms
f ace t he w all h as
T he s tones a re
t erracing.
N o
T his
t he
s tone
n ot
e asily t raced.
T he
i ndicates
w hole w all
d o t he
s tone
i s i n
f ootings m ust h ave A t
s everal
p oints
d iscovered
o f
p oorly p reserved m udbrick,
w hich w as
i s
i dentified a s b elonging w ith
c ontemporary w ith w all G ,
f ootings a ppear
T he ' a rea u nder
c er—
s ince
i n
t o d escend b elow Y 1/7.
n either
T he
f allen
C l: c onsideration
f ace
i s
b ounded b y w alls A ,
o f t rench Y l.
T he
J ,
B 1,
C 2,
d eposits a re e numerated f rom
t op o f w all C l: Y 1/9 a nd Y 1/11. n ess.
I t
c onsisted o f m udbrick t umble,
T he t op o f t he
Y 1/12.
T he
a n a verage f loor
a t
b elow .
i ncluded t wo g rey
b ottom o f Y 1/12 a nd, g rey s trata w ere
w hile
s urface
i n
A t
s outh—western c orner o f
f rom
t he
f loor o f 2 2).
n o g rounds
I t
a nd g ave
c arefully e xamined f or f ound
c orner o f
s unk
h ad
T here w as f urther a nd
a
f loors B 1;
t he
i t p assed u nder
t he
C l's c onstruc—
f or a n
I t
w as
n ot
o f w ood,
f loor a t 2 2).
b efore
5 d
a p osthole.
1 .30m n orth o f T he
t op o f
t he u pper
b y
t he
s tratum o f f irst
I t
f ound. s outh—
t he v essel
i t w as
d ug
r ubbish a nd
a nd n one w ere
e stablished w hether
5 5
f ound, c oncealed
d omestic
i nterpretation a s
t races
( fig.
b een d eliberately b roken o ff
a p it w as
s ubsequently
c ontained o nly
i nto t he
t he a rea
t he a rea,
t he a rea a nd
s oil
d eposited.
i t
1 973.
w as
A p ot w as
s trata.
a s
t hick—
p robably t he u pper s tratum w hich w as c alled t he
w alls A a nd J ( fig.
w est
d atum;
l ater t han w alls A C l,
i n
y ellow m ud f ill
t he u pper s tratum p ost—dated w all
I t w as
t he
s oft
a pparently,
s tratum w as e arlier t han w all
f ootings,
1 9cms
d atum .
9 .11m a bove
I t c onsisted o f
t ion .
d own
1 0.05m a bove
t he d eposit w as
2 5cms.
f lecks a nd
t he B oth
l ower
d eposit w as
b ottom o f
d epth o f
w ith c harcoal
3 .
t he w all d etected
d o n ot g o b elow e ither w all.
C l and t he n orth
2 .
t hat
l ayer w ere
N o b eams w ere
D eposits west o f wall
1 .
o f a m atting
n ot
f ootings.
t imbers o f Y 1/7
t he
a nd t he
m ud,
f loor o n t he w est
t he w all.
T he c ase
t he
l aid c ourses i n
f oundation t rench w as
t races
s uperstructure w as
t ainty t o
l aid
l ittle m ud o r p laster.
o f t he wall
o ver
t he
1 0.34m .
f our r oughly
t wo c ourses a nd
h igher t han Y 1/7.
b een c overed w ith o nly v ery s ide
T he
2 .17m .
u nworked a nd
p lan o r s ection o n e ither s ide o f t he w all, o n t he e ast
c . c .
5 1). w hen
5 .6m.
f ace h as o nly
a p oint o f
1 973,
1 .15m .
f ootings.
m ortar.
c .
i n s ection:
i n s ection:
e stablished.
( fig.
h ad
g rey w as l aid
i n
t he g round a t t he t ime o f t he f loor o r a t t he t ime o f t he l ower g rey s tratum . T he c ontents o f t he p ot a re u nknown a s i t w as v andalized i n s itu b efore e xamination. W all A T he
o rigin
o f
t his w all
i s p robably a ssociated w ith t he
f loor
b elow Y 1/12, u pon w hich r est t hree c ourses o f f reestanding s tone f ootings, r oughly l aid, o f u nworked s tones s et i n m ud. T his p laces i t e arlier t han w all C l a nd l ater t han w all B 1. T here w as n o f oundation t rench o n i ts e ast s ide. Y 2 a nd w ill b e
W all A r elates m ainly t o t he a rchitecture o f
d iscussed i n t hat c ontext. W all
B i
T his w all h as a lready b een d iscussed i n t he c ontext o f w all B 2, o f which i t i s a n e xtension . T he s urface u pon w hich i ts f our c ourses o f
s tone f ootings
Y 2
has
s hown
r est
l ies
l ower t han t he f loor b elow Y 1/12.
t hat a f oundation t rench w as c ut
t o
w all
B 1
s urface s lightly h igher t han t hat a ssociated w ith w all A .
W ork i n f rom
a
T his c orro-
b orates t he e vidence f rom Y 1. W all J T his w all
B 1,
w all e xtends
f rom t he s outh e nd o f w all A ,
s outhwards
t o
a gainst which i t a buts.
D imensions:
L ength :
c .
3 .10m
W idth : c . 1 .30m H eight o f p reservation: H eight C onstruction:
T he
6 5cms
o f t op o f wall a bove s tone f ootings o f
d atum :
t his w all
w all A , b ut w ith a n o verhang t o t he e ast. w all h as t hree c ourses o f s tone f ootings;
9 .84m . l ay a s
d eep a s t hose o f
O n i ts e astern f ace, t he t he s tones a re u nworked a nd
l aid i n mud. O n t he e ast s ide t here w as n o s ign o f a f oundation t rench, s o t he f ootings m ust h ave b een f reestanding o n t his s ide a t l east.
T he T he
s uperstructure w as o f mudbrick,
r elationship o f w all J t o w all A r emains u nclear.
f ace o f wall J l ies t his m easurement w as t he
o f w hich l ittle r emained.
1 0cms
t aken a t
t he t op o f w all J 's
f ootings a ppear t o b e p ossibly c ontinuous.
t hat
t he w all
i s
T he e ast
f urther t o t he e ast t han t hat o f w all A , f ootings; I t
a ctually p art o f w all A w hich h as O n
t he o ther h and,
i s n ot l ost
l ower
i mpossible
i ts b eams
l ater
r econstruction.
b reak
w here w all J h as
w hich
c oincides w ith t he p reviously d iscerned w estern e nd o f w all
f allen o ver,
t he p resence o f a
n oticeably b eyond
b ut d own
w all
i n
c lear
A ,
a nd A ,
f avours t he v iew o f w all J a s a s lightly l ater a ddition , t o w all A o r v ice v ersa. W hen w all J w as a dded, h owever, t he m udbrick s uperstruct ure w as b onded i nto t hat o f w all A . i s e arlier t han w all
W ork
i n Y 2
s uggests
t hat w all A
J .
P hasing: T he 1 973 s eason o f e xcavation s howed t hat a t a p eriod c ont emporary w ith t he 5 d s urface w est o f w all C l, t wo s teps l ed o ver w all J t o
t he Y 2,
t ime
o f t he u pper g rey s tratum i n Y 1/12,
p hase 2 a rea.
i nto w hile w alls B 1,
C l
T hus
t he s teps w ere p robably
a nd A w ere a ll s till
. 5 6
i n u se a t
s howing t hat w all J w as s tanding.
t he c ut
C ontemporary
w ith C l,
t he
s teps o ver w all J w as
a lso t he
W all T his w all i ts e ast. s ince s outh
w all
f ormed a b oundary b etween t he c ourtyard a nd a r oom
T he
i t
f ull
e xtent
d isappears
o f t he w all n orthwards h as n ot
i nto t he n orth s ection o f t he Y 1
s tretches
a s
f ar a s w all G ,
p ossible
t hat w all
H F
i s s et
D imensions:
E stimate
o n a l ine
r oom
( Y1.17).
s ide
o f
t he e ast,
l owest.
A t
O ver
T owards s o t hat
C l
o ut
t he w est
r oughly t he
tones l aid s f t he f loor o
f ootings
s tones a re i s
o nly
t races
o riginally
l ying
o f w ood w ere
o f
all t he w
( fig.
o f s ome
f orm o f
a bove
b ut o nly a t
m atting f ound i n e vidence
t he
t he
f loor.
s outhern
P hasing:
o f m udplaster
l ayers
( Y1/3,
W ithin t he s tructure s econd p hase.
o f
s ometime
t he w all
f loor t here
1 '
— F ig.
I t w as
t he w est w all o f
2 .
L ater
i s n o e vidence
d id e xist
t hrough
a t
t he r oom
i t b ecame t he e ast w all
( figs
2 3-4).
O n
2 1-2).
o f t he c ourtyard
( figs
t he w est s ide t he p laster f ace a nd t he s tone b elow Y 1/7 and w ere v isible i n p lan i n Y 1/7.
f ootings
A fter
d ebris o f Y 1/6
t he
d ebris
into
T he
f ig.
t he c ourtyard.
A l arge
a p eriod o f o ccupation a nd a t hin
2 5).
( fig.
c ontinued
a nd l ayer
O nly a fter t his d id w all H F c ollapse 2 6).
f rom e xcavated r emains: s tructure
f ace t o
t he c ourtyard w ith t he
t here w as
( 20cms;
R econstruction
b elieved
f illing o f
f loor Y 1/4,
a nd 2 9).
p hases:
1 .
t he
t he
t hin w hite p laster, ' 5b
o f wall H F i tself
N evertheless,
t hree a rchitectural
o f
h ad
3 0).
s ide) w as c oated w ith t hree
a ny
t he
s light.
s ome 4 3cms
f ound,
r ound
p ivoted
2 8cms e ast
s uperstructure w as o f r egular a nd w ell—laid mudbrick o f g ood E vidence f rom t he w est f ace s hows t hat t he w all ( at l east o n
l ater w ith 2 cms
l east
i ts w estern s ide.
roperly i n s itu. A t t he e astern e nd i t i t p o b eside t he f ootings, a s a r esult o f d own t
a nd
t wisting o f
T he q uality.
f or
1 3.84m
T his m ethod o f c onstruction w as a lso A bove t he l ayer o f m atting t here w as
b eam,
i s
t he w all w as
s lipped g eneral
c .
t he w all h ad
t he u ppermost
tone s lipped s
( see a bove).
I t
2 1).
f or a f oundation t rench o n e ither
t he n orth,
t he
T he b eamhole a nd t races o f
d atum :
u nworked,
s outhern e nd t he o verhang
f or a l engthways e nd
o f
( Fig.
i n m ud a nd o verlay
i ts
r eeds w ere f ound.
w all
s et
T here w as n o e vidence
t he w all.
t owards
o r
t hey w ere
T o t he
i t.
5 .60m
f ully e xposed o n
F our o r f ive c ourses
f ormed t he f ootings;
c .
t o
b een t raced
t rench.
a gainst
o f t erracing.
o riginal h eight a bove 1 .20m ( at b ase)
T he w all w as n ot C onstruction:
w hich a buts
o f o riginal h eight:
E stimate o f W idth: c .
F 2.
o f
H F
i t
3 .
s tep e xcavated w est
w hich w as a ssociated w ith t he u pper g rey s tratum o f Y 1/12.
b e
o f
o f b rickwork w as
t he w all w as k nown
f ound
1 973
f rom t he w est
a ssociated w ith a l ength o f
5 7
i n
b attered
a nd c alled w all
s ide a nd m udbrick
i t
w as w all.
F urther ( figs.
i nvestigations r evealed t hat Y 1/10, Y 1/1, Y 1/2 a nd Y 1/19 2 0,29) p lus ' wall H ' w ere c ontinuous a nd u nbroken a nd r epre-
s ented
t he
w all
f ull h eight
l ay a t
t he b rickwork o f
w all
t owards w all
i n Y 1/19,
H F.
T he
t he e ast,
T he w all
h ad
t hat
w hile
t hus
i s
- w all
t he
t op
o f
s traddled
i ts
o wn
f orced o ut
a s
o f
t he
a r esult
o f
o f
t he
T he t he
f allen
f ooting
A t
f ootings
t he
s tones
t he
f ootings
t o
t he w est.
h ad c ollapsed
f ootings.
t op o f
e astern e nd o f
f allen a way f rom
t he w all
s tone
H F.
b ottom a t
t he e dge
Y 1/19 b rickwork h ad
t he u pper c ourses
8 5cms,
o f a s lipped w all
t he w est e nd o f Y 1/10 a nd t he
t he n orth e nd o f
t he
h ad s lipped e astwards;
t he c ollapsing
s uperstructure.
b y T he
t races o f r eed m atting o n t he s tones a re p art o f t he o riginal w all c onstruction. I t m ay h ave b een t he s hifting o f w all H F b efore i t f ell which
c aused
( fig.
t he
l owering o f
' Floor 2 '
( Y1/4)
a t
i ts
e astern
e dge
2 9). W all K
O riginally, t his w all r an f rom t he s outh c orner o f w all H F e astwards i nto t he f ace o f Y 1. T he r emains c onsist o f s ome s tone f oundations a nd a b ench D imensions:
P reserved
o n
t he n orth s ide.
l ength:
O riginal w idth H eight
C onstruction:
d atum :
U nworked
i n m ud p acking.
t he
I t
i s
s tones w ere p artly r obbed
i s k nown t o h ave e xisted, ( fig.
1 9),
s ide
o f
b ut
i ts
t he w all,
l aid s tone
i n a ntiquity.
t he r oom,
s tone
t rench w hereby m uch o f w all K w as
r obber t rench was
w hose
T he b ench s tone
t he b ench. H F a nd
d ug a t
s ection o f Y 1 O n t he n orth
f ootings.
r emoved
s hows c learly t he
( fig.
f rom w all G t o
a p eriod s ometime
T he
s ubstance
1 9).
t he e ast
a fter t he
I t
a lso
s ide o f Y l. c ollapse
T his
t he s ides
o f
t he
p ass b ehind w all H F,
b ut
o f
( fig.
t rench.
t he r obber t rench
o r d estruction
s hows
o n w all
s ame
p eriod a s w all
2 1).
r elative d ate o f 1 9)
r obber
a re c ontemporary w ith
d ates t he o rigin o f w all K t o t he
o f i ts c ollapse ( fig.
f orms
i s c ontemporary w ith f loor Y 1/17 a nd a buts
f ootings
f loor Y 1/17
s ection
s uperstructure
i n t he e ast
t he t erminus a nte q uem b eing a s tratum o f a shy m udbrick I t a lso p ostdates t he a ccumulation o f w all D a nd t he t umble
P hasing: T he
o n a s
A m udbrick
t he e astern e nd o f Y 1
t hat w all K e xtended f ully
f rom w all B 2',
d ate
s ection a t
t he
t rench:
H F.
s et
t here w ere,
a b ench o f m udbrick c overed w ith
r obber T he
f ootings w ere
p roportions c annot b e e stablished.
R obber
w all H F, t umble.
3 0cms
8 .54m
n ot k nown h ow m any c ourses
white p laster w as p laced a gainst
p roves
2 .5m
c .
f rom t he e vidence
i nside
T he
c .
a nd r oughly
a nd
p 1.3b)
5 .6m
( estimate):
o f p reservation:
H eight a bove
( fig.21;
d eposits
o f
i s
i s
d iscussed a bove.
l ess e asy
t o
b ricky t umble
d etermine.
T he T he
a ppearing o n e ither
s ide o f t he w all q uite e arly: t o t he n orth, w ell b efore t he c ollapse o f w all H F; t o t he s outh, a pparently e ven b efore F loor 3 ( Y1/5d/7) o f w all
B 2'.
O n t he o ther h and,
l ater d eposits a ppear
t o h ave a ccumu-
l ated a gainst b oth s ides o f a s tanding f eature h ere, s o t he p robab ility i s t hat t he w all r emained s tanding a fter t he d eposition o f t he b ricky t umble.
P ossibly
a ny
1 ,
c ase,
p ot
i t w as
i n t he
p artly k nocked d own a nd r ebuilt.
f loor o f t he
5 8
r oom ,
w as
i n u se
u ntil
I n t he
c ollapse t urn,
o f w all
i mplies
D eposits
i n
H F,
w hich
i mplies
t hat
t he c ontinued e xistence
t he
D eposits
r oom e ast
o f wall
u nder
' 6c
t he
t he
r oom w as
i n u se,
w hich,
i n
o f w all K .
H F:
( figs.
s urface'
1 8-19)
a re e numerated
f rom t he
t op
a s
f ollows: 1 .
Y 1/18.
A n a sh
2 .
Y 1/19.
T his
s tratum , i s t he
o ther b rickwork o f
3 5cms.
white
I t
s ilica
s tratum c lose
t hick.
s olid b rickwork o f t he c ollapsed w all H F a nd
f rom
i nside
t he r oom,
w hich h ad a n a verage
i ncludes
t he
s tratum
o f r eed r emains o ver t hem
a ssociated t o t he
1 5-35cms
f allen s tone
f ootings
f ootings
o f w all H F.
I t
a ccumulated o ccupation d ebris u nder
t he
1 0-12cms
Y 1/19
a bove
a nd
w ith t his c ollapse a nd w hich
s tone
t he f loor Y 1/17.
i s
a lso
s tones,
d epth
o f w all H F, t he
t he g rey
o nly
f ound
i ncludes
t he
t o a d epth o f c .
i s t he
s ame d eposit
a s
Y 1/16. 3 .
Y 1/20. I t
A w hite p laster
i s
s eem t o
e xtend b eyond
o ver i t,
b ut
s loping u p Y 1/17.
t he e dge
l ayer,
t hick w hite p laster
w ith
t he
o f w all I t w as
r emained
t he v essel a sh.
b ench o f w all K a nd
P ot
a bove
2 .
i s
A t
b roken
s herds
f ragile
t o
a s a
t rench,
s urface
a lso p asses
d ark
i s a sso-
u nder
t he
w hich
c urved
T he
d own
i n a f oundation t rench.
o ther t han t he a nd
s tood
d iameter a t
c rushed o ut
o f
l eft
b ottom f ew c ms
t o
a h eight
t he
s hape
T he
w hich
t op
i s
o f
o f 3 2-
5 8-67cms.
b y t he c ollapse o f
i n Y 1/17,
f or t he p ot.
1 a nd r emained
I t
i n w hich
i s c ontemporary
i n
i s
a
o rigin
f loor Y 1/20
w as t he
p laced
i nside
l ift a nd w as
' 5b'
t he b ase
f or w alls
W all
T his w as
l eft
o ver w alls
a nd ' 6a'
' 6a'
B 2
t he b ottom h alf. i n
i s
T he
p ot w as
t oo
s itu.
a nd G :
d eposits w ere
s urface C 2
i n u se p robably u ntil
t here
t his p oint t he t op o f t he p ot w as k nocked o ff a nd
a nd s trata
T he
o riginally p laced
h ave e xtended a cross
D :
i t
T his
t he c ollapse o f w all H F,
6 7cms h igh
f loor.
t rench
P ot
w ould
t he
I t w as
l aid.
T he
i t
w hole
H F.
w hich
g uished.
o f t he p ot
i n u se u ntil
v essel
f oundation
F eatures
t he
o riginally p laced i n Y 1/17,
r ed b urnished p ot w as
w all
l ies
H F.
f illed w ith mudbrick,
T he
3 7.5cms T he
n ot
w hich
f loor w ith l arge p atches o f
c iated
v essel
Y 1/17.
d oes
t owards w all K .
A
1 .
f loor
t o b e a ssociated w ith
b lack a nd g rey o ccupation d ebris.
P ot
t he
t he s tone p latform,
a nd t his e xtended a cross
a round t he c ircumference
6 .
o f
a bove
T he w hite p laster
b rown, f ootings 5 .
1 0-12cms
a g rey s tratum a ppears
d estruction
4 .
s urface
p robably a s econdary f loor.
p robably
t he t op
n ot t o b e
o f w alls
s atisfactorily
d istin-
e quated w ith Y 1/4, B 2 a nd G a nd
t hus
w hich f ormed
a nd D .
l argely
t he a ccumulation o f Y 1/5d s trata
5 9
1 -7,
w ith a
f ace c reated b y t he r obber t rench. W hen t he e xtent o f g enuine b rick— w ork w as d etermined, w all D c ould b e s een a s a s mall w all b uilt o ver t he
' 6a
s urface'.
c ollapsed ( fig. 2 6)
O riginally,
s uperstructure,
D imensions:
H eight
l ength
O nly mudbrick
( Section d atum :
( to
L evel
5 w as
s ufficient
w as
( walls A , n o
J ,
B 1 a nd C )
a ccess a t
f ig.19,
1 1.43m a bove
a s
t ion
t he
( pls.
a cted a s
t errace
s uggest t o
d evoid o f W all O n
t he
t hat Y 2 w as i n
i n Y 2
l ater Y 2/4
( fig . l evels,
p redominantly
t he e ast
a
a s olid w all
s tretched a cross t he t rench a nd e vidently t here i nto Y l.
T he
c ourtyard c ontained
t o t he n orth,
a w all
t hree
( wall
a r oom/area w ith a d omestic
I n t he n orth—western p art r etaining w all,
T ,
w hich
t he h igher
T )
f unc—
o f t he t rench,
b eyond w hich
r an i n a n e ast—west d irection
w as
s outhside,
a w ell c onstructed w all
a b eamhole
A u ntil t he w all
w all
L
s urface w as
b eamhole
e xisted w ithout
w ood w ere
f ragment
a lthough
o f
t he
l ength o f
t he w all
n orthern
f oundations. t he w all
i n t he b eamhole.
t he n orthern b aulk,
f rom P .
r evealed t hat h ere
i t c ould n ot h ave b een
d ismantling t he w all.
f ound
A a nd J a nd
r an a long
f rom t he
o n s tone
d isappeared i nto t he b aulk b eneath w all
t he n orth s ide a d amaged c ourse
t he
f eatures.
b aulk i nto w all A , w all
i n
t he w est;
s outhern b oundary o f
4 b—c).
d atum )
l evel e xcavated
i nvestigated t han
t his p oint
a t errace
4 .00m
1 ( Y2/5)
p ostholes a nd a f reestanding o ven a nd, s erved
c .
i s k nown
r evealed t o
c ourtyard w ith a h igher w as
5 0cms
t he e arliest a nd f inal
A s maller a rea w as
b ut
r obber t rench o f w all K .
s outhern b aulk):
P hase
3 4).
b y t he
2 1-31cms
O riginal
T RENCH Y 2
p robably a butted a gainst w all H F's
o f p reservation:
W idth:
C onstruction:
i t
b ut w as c ut
t raced
O n
t oo a
a long
O n t he s outh s ide,
i ts
t races
o f
I n t he t riangular a rea b etween w alls a s eries o f o ccupation
l ayers
2 0-30cms
t hick w ere d iscovered ( Y2/5/7; Y 2/5/9; Y 2/5/10), c omposed o f p acked e arth a nd a sh. T hese d eposits r an u p t o a m udbrick l edge, o ne b rick c ourse t hick, w hich p rotruded 2 5cms f rom t he v ertical s urface o f w all A o n
t he w estern f ace
l edge
i n
b elow
t he
( fig.
Y 2/5/7 w ere t he
l ocated.
s urface I t w as
3 8:1). r emains
o f Y 2/5/9,
f ound
l eft
i n s itu o n a c lay p edestal. w ere a b eaker
T he d efined
f ace b ut
t he
i ntact
t o h ave b een p laced
p ot
o ther c ooking p ots
S cattered a long t he o f a c omplete
( fig.
7 7:8),
O n t he a p in
r im o f
s ame
p ot.
a c ooking
i n Y 2/5/10
( fig.
l ength o f
c ooking
p ot
a s a nd
t he
c ooking
f ragments
o f w all A w as
p oorly p reserved.
i nwards t he
T he
b ricks w ere
f urther t he w all w ent
d own
p art o f t he w all w as c omposed o f a sh a nd b urnt d ebris a s i f a o f t he w all h ad b een d ug i nto a nd u sed a s a h earth. I t w as t hat
w all
w all A ; b rick
o f
a nd p ithoi.
t hey s tepped
T a ctually
w all A h ad b een cut
w as
d eposits a nd w as
s urface 1 41:5)
t he 2 cms
t o
r an i nto w all A a nd a llow w all
i nvestigations
T t o b e b uilt
t he g ate b etween t he b rickwork w ere
d ebris .
6 0
i nside,
t hen
a nd
s ection e vident
s howed
a nd b onded
l oosely
w ell
f illed
t hat t o, w ith
T here
s eems
l ittle
d oubt
t hat
t his a rea d id h ave
a
d omestic
f unction s ince c ooking w ares a nd, t o a l esser e xtent, p ithoi s herds abounded. I n Y 2/4 a n o ven a nd a q uernstone w ere f ound i n t he s ame a rea.
A t
t errace
t his
w ith
l ittle o f e ntrance. I n
p oint
s teps,
i n Y 2/4 a ccess b ut
i n Y 2/5 n o
t he a rea h as b een e xposed
t he c ourtyard,
u p t he m ound w as s uch a ccess t o
i s
i ndicate t he
1 .05m b elow t he p hase
g ained
e vident
b y
a
a nd
t oo
l ocation o f
a ny
2 s urface,
t hree
p ost
s upports w ere l ocated. ( fig. 3 4). I n e ach c ase t here w ere n o r emains o f t he a ctual p osts, b ut t he s ubstantial p acking o f s tone, m udbrick a nd c lay must p ost
i ndicate
s upport
b rick
t hat
t he p osts w ere
s ituated o n t he
T he
o ne
a djacent
p artially
s unk
i nto
t he p hase
f ill a nd
f ragments
i t
T he
mud.
T he o f
t his w as
i n
t o w est and s ions
c omposed o f
o f
t he
1 .10m
i s
t he
o ven
s upport. l ined
w all
s ocket
a m ound o f
e ight
m ud a nd
h ad a s oft
o f w hich
l arge
o nly
m easur—
s tones
s et
i n
a lthough n o d oubt
a n o ven,
p laced
w hich m easured
( fig.
3 9);
I t w as
u nusual
a gainst
a w all.
c lay a nd
b ricky
i mmedi—
1 .20m f rom e ast
t he
i nternal
i n t hat
i t
d imen—
w as
f ree
H alfway d own t he b ack m aterial
s unk i nto t he p hase
w hich h ad b een b aked t o
a
w hich
g ave
1 s urface a nd
r eddish—brown
c olour.
a q uernstone .
t he n orth—western p art s ection,
o f
s tone
a lmost c entrally p laced
i n d iameter,
L ,
f loor o f t he o ven w as
L s tretched s outhwards H i n
i s
i n t his o pen a rea w as
t errace w all,
t he a shy f ill w as
I n
w hich
2 2cms
a nd 8 0cms.
w ith b ricks,
Amongst
w all
w as
T he
l ayers
T he m ud—
f urther p acking.
s tanding and h ad not b een b uilt o f
s ize.
e ntirely
s ubstantial a nd w ell p reserved,
1 .16m f rom n orth t o s outh
w ere
t hick
T he p ost
i s c onstructed o f
s ocket
f eature
f ront
1 s urface.
t hird p ost,
I t
i nner p ost
T he o ther a tely
a lmost
t o w all C w as c onstructed o f
i s t he m ost
1 .10m i n d iameter.
p art
i mpressive
i s
t oo h ad b een c oated w ith mud p laster,
r emained.
i n t he c ourtyard, i ng
a n
s ecured w ith c lay a nd c oated w ith s everal
p laster . a shy
o f
s outhern b aulk
o f
t he t rench o n t he h igher
f rom t he n orthern b aulk,
t he w est.
T he w all w as
1 .30m w ide a nd h ad e vidently b een a s turdy c onstruction
f or t here w ere
b eamholes o n e ither
w ith a r eturn r unning s ide a nd
b een p artially r obbed w as
s tone
s ubstantial
i n a ntiquity.
a mongst mudbrick,
r einforcement
h ad e vidently
t o
t errace,
d irectly b eneath
s tone
f oundations,
w hich h ad
T he m ain c omposition o f t he w all
e xcept
o n
t aken p lace;
t he e astern s ide h ere,
w here
s ome
s andwiched b etween t he
i nitial w all a nd f urther m udbrick f acing w ith a b eam, w as a d eposit o f l oose e arth and s tones, 3 0cms w ide. I f, a s i s p resumed, w all L i s a t errace w all,
t his
r efacing w ould h ave p rovided a dditional
t he e astern s ide w here t he w all T he a lignment
s ection
f ill,
i on g ood
t he w est o ne w as
c ontaining
g ained
i s
b rickwork
c ontrast
o f w alling t o
t o a g reater h eight
t he
s outh o f w all L b ut
h ad a d ifferent c onstruction .
g ood b rickwork, o f
r uns
t o
W hilst
t he w est
o n
o n
3 8:2).
t he
s ame
f ace w as
o f
o f v ery p oor q uality w ith w ide b ands
s herds a nd b one,
b etween t he b ricks.
o f b ricks a nd e arth p iled u p a t
t he e ast
s upport
( fig.
a s light b atter
( fig.
a nd
3 8:3).
T his
f ace o f w all L p reviously m entioned.
6 1
T he
i mpress—
f aced w ith c ourses i s
i n
o f
m arked
P hase 2 ( Y2/4B) I n
t his
l evel
( fig .
3 5)
t he
c haracter
o f
t he
m aintained, w ith t he c ourtyard f lanked b y a h igher t errace a nd
m ore
s ubstantial
w alling
s ignificant d evelopments.
t o t he
F irst,
e ast,
b ut
a rea t o
t here
w as
t he w est
w ere
t he s olid m ass o f w alling
s ome
( walls A ,
J , B 1, a nd C ) t o t he e ast w as b reached t o a llow a ccess t o t he l ower t errace i n Y l; s econdly, t he s tone—packed p ostholes o f p hase 1 w ere, a pparently, n o l onger r equired a nd, t hirdly, t he a rea o f h igher t erracing t o t he w est o f w all L , u sed f or t wo b urials. T he b reach i t m eets w all s teps, c ut a nd m ovement
f rom Y 2
i nto Y 1
d evoid o f
f eatures
i n p hase
o ccurred i n w all A a t
w as
t he p oint w here
B 1. T he p hase 2 s urface s loped d own t o p aved w ith s mall f lat s tones, w hich
d own t he t errace p ast w all J o nto t he p hase
1 ,
m eet t hree f acilitated o f
Y l.
A t t he c orner o f w alls C a nd B 1 a s mooth c oncave i mpression i n m udbrick i ndicates t he f ormer p resence o f a d oor j amb. A p it c ut
5 s urface
t he i nto
w all B i b ut t he
h as r emoved w hatever f ollowed t he d ip i n t he p hase 2 s tone l ined m udbrick p latform i n Y l, p hases 4 -5 i s
c ertainly
t he b ottom o f a s taircase
W all s urviving
m anner
f act
i nner f ace o f
w ith
p art
T he
o ven
a nd w ithout
a ny b eams
o r
a lthough
f oundation
a
l ess
s tones;
i n
t he
w all w as o nly o ne c ourse o f b ricks t hick a nd t hree
T he
t exture,
f rom t his p hase o f Y 2.
T w as r ebuilt o n t he s ame a lignment,
s ubstantial h igh.
l eading
o f
f loor, a lmost
c ourses
t he w all w as p oorly p lastered a nd g ritty
t races o f b urning w here t he o ven h ad b een t he w all h ad b een c ut a way t o a ccomodate
p laced; t he
s uffered c onsiderable d amage a nd t he p resence
o f
i n i n
f eature. v ertical,
u nburnt b ricks i nside i t, s uggests t hat t he w all a gainst w hich i t h ad b een b uilt h ad c ollapsed o nto i t. T he s urface u pon w hich t he o ven l ay w as o f c ompact a shy m aterial a nd f ragments o f b rick . A h and p ounder o f
f lat
s tone a nd a s addle q uern w ere
i n s itu o n t he b ottom
o f
t he
o ven. T he
h ard
c ourtyard,
p acked
h ad t he
b ricky
s urface
s outh
s cattered s keletal r emains
o f
w all
o f a s mall
T ,
i n
c hild,
t he w hich
w ere a ccompanied b y a c oiled m etal e arring.
t errace,
t he n orth—western w hich w as m arked
b urials,
a
I n
c orner o f t he t rench, b y w alls H a nd L , w ere
b urial p ithos a nd a s hort
o n t he h igher f ound t wo p it
s tretch o f w alling
( fig.
4 0).
as a r ebuild o f a p hase 1 c onstruction a nd a t t his l evel i t w all w t wo b ricks w ide, s tood t o ah eight o f t hree b ricks, a nd w as o nly a d istance o f 1 .18m f rom t he n orthern b aulk i n a s outherly e xtended d irection. T he s urface i n t his a rea w as c ompacted a sh a nd b rick w hich e xtended a s f ar w est a s w all R . I nto t his s urface t hree p its h ad b een T he
d ug:
o ne c ontained a nimal b ones,
h oused ( pot
1 ) a nd a t hird,
3 cms d eeper t han t he o ther t wo,
( pot 2 ), w hich a ppears T he b urial v essel w ere
w hich m ay b e t hose o f a d og;
a p ottery v essel w hich c ontained t he r emains o f
t he
b odies o f
t o h ave b een b uried
f our
a b roken p ithos,
i ntact.
h ad a n e verted r im a nd a r ounded b ody.
f our
s mall c hildren w hose
a round o ne s ide o f t he v essel,
s o t hat
t heir
s kulls h ad b een
l ower
I nside p laced
l imbs o verlapped o n
t he
o ther s ide.
T hey h ad b een s ubsequently c overed w ith t he
b ut
t he w hole p ot
h ad n ot b een f illed s ince u pon e xcavation
6 2
a nother c hildren
e arth, t he
t op
t hird o f t he v essel w as e mpty. T he r im o f t he j ar h ad b een w ith a f lat s tone, w hich w as f ound i n s itu ( see l ater n ote o n i n B B1/5).
N o o bjects w ere
T he m anner
b urial
o f
i n p its c ut
f ound
s ealed b urial
i n t he v essel.
t he c hild s keletons a nd t he a nimal
f rom t he s ame
s urface w ould s uggest
i n a t hat
s imilar
t hey
a re
c ontemporary. P hase 3 ( Y2/4/phase I n i n
t his
t he
l evel,
n orthern
s tairways
a s eries o f
p art
1 )
f limsy w alled r ooms w ere c onstructed
o f t he t rench a nd t here
t o h igher t erraces a nd a t errace w all
R oom
1 ,
2 .00m w ide. m ore
s pace
r oom
w as
d efined b y w alls A , T o t he e ast, i nside t his
c overed
p art
D ,
E ,
i s
e vidence
( fig.
a nd F ,
o f
t wo
3 6).
w as
5 .30m l ong a nd
o f w all A h ad b een c ut a way t o c reate
f limsy w alled s tructure.
i n t he c entre w ith s ome
T he
b urnt
f loor o f
o ccupation
t his
d ebris.
H alfway d own t he n orth s ide o f t he r oom, b etween w alls D a nd A , t wo f lat s tones w ere f ound t o b e f lanking m udbricks w hich, t ogether, m ight r epresent l evel f ormed v ery
s tepping s tones u p
o f t he r oom f loor b y t he t op o f broken
f unction o f I t H aftavan
t o a h igher
( fig.
1 8).
l evel,
s ome 5 5cms
a bove
t he
T he t op s tep o f t he s tairway w as
t he p revious
p hase 2 w all,
and h as a n e arth b acking w hich
w all T .
s uggests
W all D
t hat
i s
i t h ad
t he
b eakers w ell a s
f rom t wo
a r etaining w all.
i s o f i nterest t hat t en o f t he t hirty p ottery V I w ere f ound o n t he f loor o f t his r oom a s
q uernstones
( one a s addle
q uern),
a s tone s craper,
a p umice
s tone,
s ome p ainted p ottery a nd a m etal p in . W all F i s a d ividing w all b etween r ooms 1 a nd 2 ; i t i s o f v ery p oor c onstruction, w ith p arts i n b rick, b roken b rick a nd s ome s olely i n m ud p laster.
I t
h ad a s
i ts
f oundation a s ingle c ourse o f m udbricks
a nd w as n ot b uilt i nto e ither w all D o r w all E . W alls D a nd E h ad a s imilar f oundation t o w all F , e xcept t hat i n t his c ase t he b rick f oundation e xtended b y 2 5cms 3
f loor.
T he
i nto t he r oom,
a shy f loor o f
d irectly b eneath t he p hase
r oom 1 d id n ot e xtend b eyond w all F i nto
r oom 2 . R oom 2 , e ast
d efined b y w alls D ,
t o w est a nd
n orth
s ide
l ittered f loor i n
2 .30m w ide
6 0cms w ide.
F ,
G ,
H ,
a nd J ,
w as
f rom n orth t o s outh, w ith a d oorway o n t he A b ricky
s urface w as
f ound
i n t his s ame
i n
t his
r oom,
w ith o ther s tones a nd b ricks, a t t he s ame l evel a s t he a shy r oom 1 . A n arrow , f ragile w all, w all P , e nclosed t he t hird
r oom, w hose f loor w as 5 8cms h igher t han t he o thers, a s t errace. A b reak i n t he m udbrick o n t he s outh s ide p resence r esulted
2 .60m l ong f rom
i t s tood o n t he s uggested t he
o f a d oorway, b ut t he f limsiness o f t he w all c ould h ave i n p remature c ollapse a t t his p oint. N o g ood f loor e merged r oom,
l evel
a lthough
c lose t o
t wo
s mall
b owls a nd a l arge
t he n orthern b aulk
( Y2/4/6).
j ar a ppeared a t W all
H ,
t he
w hich a cted
a s t he e astern w all f or t he a nte—room c ontinued t o s erve a s t he t errace w all a nd a s a r esult w as t he s ubject o f c onstant r emodelling a nd r efacing, s ometimes w ith p is eo r a ppropriate s ized b ricks a nd o n o ther o ccasions w ith t he a ddition o f w ooden b eams T he s tone s teps
a nd m ud p laster.
i n t he w estern p art o f t he t rench a ppear t o h ave
6 3
b een b uilt b een
i n a ssociation w ith t he b ricky f loor
l aid
o ver
s teps,
w hich
e arth .
T he
w all
t he o ccupation d ebris
w ere
t hen
s teps
a re p reserved t o t he
t erraced
i n t hat
w all S i s
p acking
s ame h eight
f or
o f
a s
t he
c ompacted
t he
t erraced
d irection.
c onstructed f rom a b ase o f
i s c ompact a nd b ricky a nd c ontrasts w ith t he e arthy/ashy r egion i mmediate n orth . b aulk
b aulk;
t his
b ecause r eturn
i s
T he t here
f oundation s tones i s
a r eturn a t
s tone
w ith
f acade w estern
T he a rea b ehind t his
s tone
c ourses
t he
mudbrick .
w hich h ad
s olid b ase
u pper t o
o f
t o t he w est,
a m ore
l aid d irectly o nto a
S a nd a re o rientated T he
a s
d o n ot
a nd
r un
4 .60m f rom
b rick
i nto
t he
t he
s outhern
c onstructed o f m udbrick w ith a s tone
c apping .
I n a ssociation w ith t he t erraced w all t here i s a f loor t o t he e ast w hich h as t wo l arge s tones r esting o n i t a nd a s take h ole c ut i nto i t. R unning
a t
r ight
d irectly o n
t op o f
a ngles
t o
t he w hole
t he
d eep which h as a s tone b ase. o f
t he w all r evealed t hat
b ands
o f t he c ourtyard
w alls t he
K a nd L m ay w est,
s outh l ayers
a re
which a rea
t he e ast
W all
R ,
t rench
t erracing,
a n e arlier p hase;
1 8) w hich
s hows
i n t he
t ip
s ection o n
w hich
f lanks
3 6),
b acking o nto a s ingle, a ligned w ith t he
l ine
a t
t he o f
a sh
I t would a ppear
t hat
i s
w ith any o f t he o ther s tructure i nterest
i s
a
t he
r unning d own o ver
t he
T hese
t he o ther t hereby
c leared o f
i n t his
O nly o r
o f
' patched u p '
s ame
s urface
l ength, p hase p hase t he
w hich
o f
o f s tones
T RENCH Y 3 T he t wo
r emains. d ebris o nly
( fig.
B elow t his
3 7).
T he
D .
T o
I n r oom 1 ,
p hase
t his
t he w all w as
o bvious
w hich
s uggests
t hus
o f
I t
a ssociation n o
t hat
t he
i mmediate
d ominant
i n t his
W ith
f eature
t he A chaemenid t he
v ery
l ittle
E ,
s ome
l ay a gainst
2 .70m t he
i n
s econd
4 a;9a):
o n
a nd n orth o f w all D .
o vens
T he
a ny
( pl.
f eatures.
1 0 .37m a bove d atum) t rench,
w hich w as
d itch w hich c ut
e xception o f s ome m udbrick
t o e merge
( figs.
4 2,
r ebuilt
a lso a ssociated w ith a l ater
t hree
d evoid o f
f ig.
w as
a nd
s outh o f w all G ,
L a nd K w as
s urvived
w ere e ither c rudely
t he p hase 4 f loor c overed t he
4 f loor w as
p hase b elong
( Section d atum :
i n Y 3/2/1,
t he d itch.
f ront,
o f r oot h oles.
a rea a nd o verlay t hat p art o f w all
s tructure
t he
o f t he p revious p hase
L a nd K ,
f ormerly a butted w ith w all A ,
o f w alls H ,
s easons,
a t
4 ( Y2/4a/2)
w alls H ,
s outh s ide o f w all E ;
a rea w est
K , t he
i n t he n orth—western c orner
i n t he t rench,
s ubstantial w alls
t hese,
o f w all E . o f w all
w all
p eriod p resently u nder d iscussion.
t he m ore
t his o ne;
s ide o f
i mplying t hat
t o
f or t he d itch a nd
P hase
i nto
o ccupation
o ccupation d ebris
f lat m udbrick .
f eatures
t o
s uggested b y
t he d itch a nd h as n o
r evetment
f oot
i n t he a rea.
t he d itch
o f
a nd
s ome 6 0cms
l ayers
c omposed o f e arth a nd was o nly d efined b y a s eries i s
a rea
t he
l evel.
c onsisted o f a l ine l arge,
w all
1 9)
w ith a n o pen a rea
t his
l ines
a l ower
o f w alls L a nd K w as
( fig.
t he
r ested o n
c onsists w holly o f mudbrick t umble, t o
t erraced ( fig.
i mmediate n orth .
f acilitate t he c onstruction work
t he
t his
a g ully
i nvestigation o f
t o m eet w all K a t
n ot p resent
o f
i s
s tructure
t o t he
S was
( fig.
o f t he w all
An
t he
f orm o ne p hase o f
a nd w all
s ection
f ace
f ace
s tructure
r emained o f
4 2,44).
6 4
t hrough
t umble a nd
t he L ate V IB
f rom t he E arly V IB
e xcavated
a .s wathe
t he
o ccupation
l evels a nd
l evels w as c ut
o ver
t he
i n h alf b y
T he e arliest d eposits e xcavated l ay i n t he w estern s ondage o f t rench and c onsisted m ainly o f a sh, c harcoal, s ome m udbrick a nd
t he
c haff, s ide
w hich
a ppear
t o b e a ccumulated r efuse t hrown d own
d eposits w ere n umbered Y 3/4/1 s mall amount o f w as a b urnt a
t he
s outh
o f t he m ound f rom s tructures p laced h igher o n t he m ound.
f loor
b ase
A —M a nd
i t w as a pparent
b one a nd p ottery w as p resent
l ayer c ontaining a sh,
( fig.
t hat o nly a v ery
4 2).
c harcoal a nd b one
T hese
•A bove
( Y3/3/3)
t his
a nd t hen
s urface w hich w as v ery h ard a nd h ad a s mall p ot w ith a
f lat
r esting u pon i t. T he
e astern
e arliest p art
f eatures e xcavated w ere a s eries o f w alls
o f t he t rench
( Y3/4/1),
i n
t he
d irectly b eneath t he b ottom
o f
t he A chaemenid d itch a nd, c onsequently, n one o f t he w alls w ere s tanding t o a h eight o f m ore t han 2 5cms ( fig. 4 3). T he e arliest p hase t o
t his
a gglomeration o f mudbrick w as w all D w hich r an
w est/south—east s ection
( pl.
d irection
6 a).
a nd T he
t urning
e ast
i nto
C ontained w ithin t his c orner w as
a c lay p linth a nd t o f loor
b efore
t he w est,
w as n ot r eached.
a m udbrick b in
i n
a
t he
n orth—
n orthern
a mudbrick o ven o n
( Y3/4/2).
A n a ssociated
T his p hase w as s ealed b y c ollapsed
mudbrick
c lay t extured b rown s ilt w ith l enses o f c haff a nd a sh ( Y3/4/5). s econd b uilding p hase c onsisted o f w alls A a nd C , b etween w hich
t here
w as
a
c onstructed v isible
f loor
o f
i n t he
e astern e dge
w ith
o ccupation
mudbricks,
b urnt
d ebris.
b rick a nd
A
l umps
b rick o f
f eature,
c harcoal
w as
s ection e ast o f w all C a nd t wo y ellow mudbricks o n t he
o f t his w ere p robably p art
o f t he
s ame
s tructure.
I n t he
t hird p hase, b oth w alls A a nd C w ent o ut o f u se a nd w all B w as b uilt. T he a ccompanying s urface Y 3/4/4 s ealed w all D , t he o ven, t he b in a nd w all A . W all B w as o ne b rick i n w idth a nd p reserved t o t he h eight o f o nly t hree b ricks. T o t he f ourth a nd f inal p hase b elong a s eries o f s tones w hich m ay b e w all B . c learly
t he
f oundation f or a w all o n t he
s ame a lignment a s
T he r elationship o f t hese s tones t o w alls A a nd B i s u nderstood. A fter t he d estruction o f t hese w alls a shy
n ot a nd
c lay d eposits a ccumulated. P ostdating t hese i n t he w estern p art o f
d omestic
f limsy w alls w as
o f t he t rench,
f eatures
( fig.
a m udbrick s tructure
s ituated
c omposed o f t hree w alls a nd a r ange
4 4).
W all A c onsisted o f w ell p reserved
b rickwork a nd r an o n a n orth—south a lignment. T he w estern f ace o f t he w all r etained m ost o f i ts p laster a nd s ituated a t t he s outhern e nd o f t he w all a gainst t he w estern f ace w ere a n o ven a nd s everal b ins. C ontemporary w ith t he w all a nd t o t he w est o f i t w as c ompact
f loor s urface
i n g ood o rder .
p latforms w hich b ecame h igher t owards t hey w all
T he s torage b ins w ere p laced o n t he n orth e nd o f
t he w all,
w here
w ere t ilted e astwards. A djoining t he n orth e nd o f w all A w as B , w hich w as p laced o n a n e ast—west a lignment. T he b rickwork,
w hich w as w ell p reserved, d own
s torage a v ery
t he s ide o f
i ts e ast
s ide.
l eaned s ignificantly t o t he e ast,
t he m ound. A ll
W all C w as b adly e roded,
t he w alls h ad s tone
d ebris w ithin t he t hree w alls w as
f oundations.
t hat
i s
e specially o n T he o ccupation
t ermed Y 3/2/8.
T he r elationship o f t his l atter b uilding t o t he r emains i n Y 2 w as n ot s uccessfully e stablished, y et i t i s p ossible t hat Y 3/2 r epresents t he n ext t errace u p t he s ide o f t he m ound a fter t he d eposits i n c ontemporary t erracing
Y 2, p hase 4 . I f n ot, t hen t he Y 3 b uilding m ust w ith o ne o f t he Y 2 p hases, f rom w hich e vidence
i nto t he a rea o f Y 3 w as n ot u ncovered.
6 5
b e f or
T RENCH B B1:
( Section d atum :
f ig.
4 5,
u pper
f ig.
s ection
4 5,
l ower
1 1.5m
a bove d atum
s ection
1 1.87m a bove
d atum). O nly
n ine
a lthough t he
d ays
f rom t he Y t rench v arious
( figs.
W all
A
a ssociated
w as
4 7,
f ound
e xcavating t hese e arly t racing t he c ourse
w as a chieved,
t he
l evels
f irst
i n s itu.
a nd
o f w alls A a nd C l
i nterrelationship o f t he w ith
a ny
5 1). t raced o n
t wo s ets
s tage e xcavations w ere w ere
o f
o f w alls a nd f loors w as n ot e stablished
4 6,
w ith
s pent
t hat
i nto B B1,
f ragments
c ertainty
w ere
p rimary a im,
o f
t he w est
f loors
t erminated. ( fig.
4 6,
s ide a nd
a ppeared
i n B B1/5/3 a nd B B1/5/4, A t t his p oint,
p l.
6 c).
T he
t o
a t
b e
w hich
t wo p ottery v essels
o ne o n
t he n orthern s ide
o f t he t rench h ad a s tone c apping a nd c ontained o ne a nd p ossibly t wo c hild b urials. ( pl. 7 a). T he r im w as s mashed a nd t he v essel i tself w as
i n a v ery broken s tate,
c ms
b elow t he
v essel
w ere
v essel. s eed
f ound
t o
o rder,
s hells
i t w as
d ismantled
i n
s itu.
o f t he
l ifted a n umber o f
o r g rain.
A t t he b ase o f
E ighteen
t he c rushed s ides l ower
t iny b ones
p art
t he p ot w as
o f
t he
o f
t he
a ppeared,
a long w ith a s mall q uantity o f w hat m ay
i mpressions T he
s o
t he r im h ad b een, s eal t he c ontents
W hen t hese w ere
a pparent w ith
l evel w here
b e
i n n o
d ecayed
a l ayer o f
e arth
o f r eed m atting .
s loping t op
l ayers o f
t he m ound
f rom w est
t o e ast
r esulted
i n a m uch t hicker d eposit o f mudbrick t umble i n t he e astern p art o f t he t rench, w hich h ad t o b e r emoved b efore a ny f loors w ere r eached ( fig.
4 5).
N o r eliable
f looring w as
t he
t rench,
b ut
i t w as
b oth
f aces
C l,
which e ntered B B1
o f
p ossible
t o
e vident o n t he w est
f ace
t he e ast
f rom Y 2.
w all C l, w all C X, 2 .15m i n w idth, N either walls C l o r C X w ere t raced t o s lot w as
r eached o n t he e astern s ide
t race
( pl.
6 b).
c haracter
o f wall F o r h ow i t t he
a buts
e nd
A r eturn f rom
e ntered t he e astern s ection. t heir f oundations, b ut a b eam
o f w all C l.
I n t he n orthern h alf o f t he t rench, t hree m ore a ppeared ( walls D , E a nd F ). I t w as n ot p ossible E
o f
f ace o f w all A a nd
f ragments o f wall t o d etermine t he
i s a ssociated w ith t he o ther t wo.
o f w all A a nd
i s
t hus
s econdary,
W all
a lthough
i ts
f oundation l ies b eneath t he f inal l evel r eached. Wall D , o n t he o ther h and, h as i ts b ase a t a h igher l evel a nd w ould s eem t o p ostdate a ll t he
o ther
w hich t his
w alls
i n t his
c uts t hrough p oint
w hether
i t
c ontinues a t
w alls
A
l ine
T RENCH C C1
( figs.
T he 4 8).
o f
o f o f
r epresents
t rench
t o
n ever t raced e xcavated
o r
s urface.
I t
i s n ot
i n a n orth-south d irection
t he f oundation
f or
a
w all
o r,
t umbled d ebris .
f eature
i nto
C C1,
t he e ast,
( fig.
( into
a t
o f w all A h as b een r eached
i mpression g ained f rom t his
e arliest f rom Y 2
p it
c lear
s tones w hich r uns
i s n ot
4 8-51)
g eneral
T he
l imit
I t
b elow t he p resent
a c ourtyard w ith d efinite
d irection t he
a l evel
a nd C l
w hether t hey a re p art
p art
i t m ay b e c ontemporary w ith t he
w hether t he n orthern
known w hether t he b etween
l evel;
t he n orthern e nd o f w all A .
4 9;
p l.
C C1/4/8)
w as w all C w hich
p resumably a lthough 5 a).
t rench
i s
t hat
i t
b ut v ery o ften u neven s urfaces r an i n
t urning a t
t he e astern e dge
A s mall c ut
p roved t hat
6 6
a
a r ight o f
n orth-south a ngle o ut
t he
t hrough t he
t he w all c ontinued
i s
( fig.
w all
o f w as
l owest
l evel
d own
b elow
that level a nd almost certainly had its foundation on the same level as in Y2. At the level of CCl/4/8, however, wall C had been reused, with the addition of stone footings (phase 1, see section fig. 48) over which the burnt clay floor ran. This floor had much pottery in situ, es pecially in the northe rn part of the trench. Irrrnediately upon this burnt surface lay the first phase of wall K (Kl), which was a mass of tightly packed stones (pl. Sb) which abutted wall C. This was either a stone foundation for the next p�ase of wall K (K2) or, it was a stone platform upon which numerous pottery vessels were placed, since a number of complete vessels were found crushed in situ upon the stones. If the purpose of the stones was to provide a fcundation for wall K2, then the quantities of pottery must have been used as packing. Only a systematic dismantling of the wall K structure would supply a solution. The main phase of wall K, K�, was orie ntated in a north-west/south-e�st direction and was laid on top of KL It was made of mudb rick a nd coated in mud plaster. A slight gap at the western end of wall K2 may indicate either that the wall had two phases which were built b ack to back, the one acting as a reinforcement for th e other or, that the wall cracked and one part moved s lightly to the north. In any casl'�, since the west a nd east se ctions of K2 st ood on th e same level they must have been virtually contemporary. A large slot b etween Kl a nd K2 may have been a beamhole. There was a clear distinction between wall K2 and wall K3, which ran along t he north s ide of K2, since its upper part was of a There were slight traces of a 'herring bone' construction (pl. Sc). plaster surface. Walls K2 and K3 were set upon the CC!/4/3 surface and were thu·s contemporary with the refacing of wall C, at _which time the area to the sout h and west of that wall seems to have been cleared and pr oba bly used as a c ourtyard. It is unclear exactly where in the chronology thP. pit cut intc the t op of wall C fits (fig. 49). During the excavation the assumption had been that it represented a pit belonging to CCl/3, An examination of the eastern which ran ov er the.t op of the wall. section at this point, however, showed that level 3 postdated the top of the pit, which was clearly cut from a lower level. The assumption must be, therefore, that this feature is associated with one of the phases of wall C itself. TRENCH ZX
(figs. 52-4)
Only a very limited sondage was possible in this trench (fig. 53), but the one wall that was located was as substantial as many of the walls in the Early VIB levels in the Y trench. In ZX/9, wall A, which runs in a north-south direction, was traced to a depth of 2.5Om. The upper courses of mudbrick were da maged a nd in a crumbled state, but this gave way to well preserved mudbrick SOcms down. No floor level was reached in this small trench a nd it must be assumed that this wall contin ues down. The wall appears to be of one phase, although one could imply from the vertical pr ofile of the wall that s ome repa irs had taken place. Wall B, which is orie ntated in a west-east direction, terminated
67
at a height of 1.25m a nd overlay the extremely hard fill of ZX/10 (fig. 52 ). Feature C was a pillar of mudbrick which rested against wall A a nd measured 90cms in height. It did not rest upon a floor but on the h ard packed fill of ZX/10 (fig. 54 ). Lying against the lower pa rt of this feature was a s pread of mudbrick, which might represent a surface, thus making the feature part of a doorway, but no occupation a nd very little pottery came from the area. Feature D was constructed of mudb rick and stood to a height of 86cms, but the base was not reached. The wal ls A and B might represent two phases of Early VIB, but the size of this sondage does not allow any conclusions to be drawn. The fill of ZX/9 consisted of light b rown/grey silty soil, broken by occasional deposits of dark grey/black ash and burnt brick. A large crushed storage jar was found in the corner of the trench, resting against the two walls, A and B. TRENCH JX
(Section datum: fig. 55, 5.31m above datum)
Many of the floor levels in this trench were disturbed by a large pit, some 5.00m in diameter, which was sealed by an Iron I (Haftavan V) burial, but it was still possible to discern four levels JX/5, JX/6, JX/7, and JX/8 (fig. 55). In of Early VIB occupation: all three levels the walls were of mudbrick resting on stone foundat ions, usually measuring no more than 80cms in width. It is not pos sible from the excavated walls in JX/5, JX/6 and JX/7 to determine the over all p lan or function of the s tructures, but in JX/8 parts of three rooms were excavated, one of which had a hearth and a mudbrick featur e, which may have been a storage bin, thus indicating a domestic function. JX/8 Level 8 was the earliest level reached in the trench and the damp nature of the surfaces uncovered suggested that the water table was at some shallow depth beneath. The walls in this level were gener ally in a bad state of preservation as were the surfaces, both probably a result of the penetration of the water. In the northern part of the trench were walls B a nd E, whose width va ried from 80cms to 1.05m, and which stood to a height of about 48cms on stone foundations. The two walls were divided by a doorway, 1.10m wide, which allowed access to a floored area. Upon this floor were some pottery fragments, a semi-circular construction of mudbrick which probably served as a storage bin and a hearth, which measured 1.80m at its greatest diameter. The location of a hearth near the doorway suggests that the doorway was no longer used and had been filled in at the time the hearth was constructed. This conclusion is supported by the level 7 wall lying directly above, which has no doorway. Another room, defined by walls E, F and G, had the base of a coarse ware vessel embedded into the floor. The lower belly of the storage jar a nd the foundation stones gave an indication of the probable level of the floor, which was very sof_t and extensively damaged. stood.
Only the foundation stones remained to indicate where wall D had The nature/function of the area surrounded by walls F, G and D
i s d ifficult t o i nterpret; t he s catter o f s tones a nd t he l ack o f d omestic d ebris s uggests u se a s a c ourtyard, b ut i n l ater l evels t he s ame a rea w as
u sed a s
a n i nternal
d omestic a rea. J X/7
I n
t his
l evel,
m ost
o f
t he w alls a lready r ecognised
r ebuilt w ith m inor a lterations a nd r ealignments 5 7cms i n
i n w idth a nd p reserved t o a h eight
w idth a nd p reserved
t o a h eight
s ourthern b oundaries
o f
s urface.
U pon t his
s urface,
f rom
w estern b aulk,
t he
v essel
w as
a rea.
T he A s
l evel
8 ,
7 0cms
h igh a nd w all e astern
w hich
h ad
b aulk. t he
( wall C ),
w hich w as
t he
6 0cms
G .
W all D ,
w as
f lat;
i t d eteriorated
w hich w as
w est
o f w all D ,
s urface
w hole
t his t his h igh,
w ith n o a pparent
f unct—
7 0cms
i n w idth
1 .27m h igh,
a nd
f ormed
s urface w hich h ad b een c ut b y l ight
a n a rea
o f
i n c olour
t raced o ver t he
f looring
w ith
w hite
s outhern h alf o f
i n t he s outh—eastern c orner n ear
5 4cms w ide a nd p reserved t o a h eight o f
i n e xcellent c ondition.
t he
-a nd
c lay—like
i n w idth a nd 3 8cms
t hick a nd
w as
t his w as
t he
w hich w ere
7 5cms
t exture o f c oncrete,
t rench b ut
B ,
7 5cms
o f
W est o f w alls B a nd F w as
p atches a nd r emarkedly
T he
c leaned d own t o o ver
p erimeter o f a r oom w ith a h ard c lay
t he
c ompact,
a l arge p ot/pithos.
w alls E a nd F ,
G ,
W all
a nd w all E ,
f ormed t he w estern
1 .00m f rom t he n orthern b aulk,
i on. t he
4 0cms,
i n J X/8 w ere
5 7).
1 .53m f rom t he n orthern b aulk a nd 4 .74m
w as
s tretch o f w alling i n
3 8cms,
a n a rea w ith a v ery h ard,
s tanding o n w as
p rotruded b y c .
o f
o f
( fig.
A c onvincing
w here t he
s urface w as n ot
f ill w as v ery s oft w ith
w all 9 6cms,
r eached
t o
c onsiderable
e vidence o f b urning. J X/6 D uring t he e xcavation o f l evel
3
s outhern
w ere
r e—established
p art
o f
l evel s ome
t he t rench.
6 ,
t he s ides
T he p it w as
d eeper t han h ad p reviously b een t hought. i nitially f act, T he
h ad b een t aken t o r epresent
o verlying p it h ad
w ithout, ( fig.
s ofter m aterial
i nitially
i t
s eems,
a lso
I n
t he w all
s outhern
r emoved a l arge c entral
p art
n orthern p art o f E ,
w hich w as
t he 1 5cms
o f
w as,
i n
c omposition.
t he t rench
b ut
a rchitecture
t he t rench,
a s
i n
p erimeter o f o ne o r t o
t wo r ooms.
s ome
m udbrick q uadrant b een a b in
4 5cms
w ide,
f or
w hich
w as
b uffalo
d omestic
s ide
i nside o f w all
d escribed
t he
s tone
s urface w as
o f
m ore t here—
N o o ther
i t
w hich
f rom t he o f o f
' a
m ay w as
f loor
7 0cms.
s keleton w as
i n t he f ield n otebook a s b eing t hat
r eliable
i s,
C ,
t o a h eight
r oom a n a nimal
a nd h orns'.
n o
f loor;
W all
f oundations a nd a ppeared
s kull
o f
t he w all
i nternal
s torage p urposes.
t he a djacent
t he
t he e ast
j unction o f w alls E a nd C ,
t o h ave b een s tanding
E i n
w ith a l arge
A t
p revious
f ormed
t race a nd s tood t o a h eight
c onstruction r ested o n a n
r ested o n
o n t he e ast
t wo
T he m udbrick t o
s peculation.
a m atter o f
t he
5 5cms w ide a nd m ade o f p is ,
t he c ourse a nd c haracter o f
t he
t he p it
a m ainly o rganic
f ore,
l evel
i n
b e
T he h ard c lay m aterial w hich
t han f ive c entimetres; a
d ug f rom
G
t o
r emoving v ery m uch o f t he mudbrick
C w as v ery d ifficult
h ave
w all
f ound
t he b ottom o f
o f
t he p it
t o
5 8).
l evels, w all
a
o f
1 7cms c loser
O n
f ound w ater
i dentification
w as
m ade. N o w alls
C ,
f loor o r E and B ,
w hich w as
f ound
6 0cms w ide,
6 9
i n
t he a rea
6 1cms h igh,
d efined
b y
l aid o n s tone
f oundations a nd m ade o f p is , w hich w as i n p oor c ondition. I n t he n orth-western c orner o f t he t rench, t he f loor o riginally a ssigned t o l evel
6
1 cms
b eneath
a nd t his
w as l ater
d iscovery o f 4 5cms
w as
o f
b e
f alse.
f loor w ere
W all
t hat
o f
t his
p robably
i s
a n
I n
t he
w alls A l
b efore
b elong t o
t he
t rench,
b aulk
a butting
s ame
s tretch
f loors n orth o f w alls A
b y t he
t he
w hich w as
t he o riginal w all
d omestic a rea a nd t he a rea
t he w alls o riginally t he
f ound f loor
t he n orthern
A t erminate
a nd A 2
T he
t hat
i nto
W alls E a nd B w ere c ut
s outh o f
w as
I n a ddition,
o rganic m atter a nd y ellowish
i nternal
a c ourtyard.
5 8)
p roved
e xtend
d id w all
t hem .
l ayers o f
i s a ssumed t hat
n or
a r esult,
As
( fig.
a nd B ,
B d id n ot
p ostulated,
B .
f loor
d eposits b etween t he o riginal
f oundations b elonging t o w alls A ,
i n g ood c ondition,
w all a nd w all B a buts
c onstituted
A m ore c onvincing
T he
t ermed J X/6A .
s tone
i ncorrect.
o riginally
w ith w all
t o
t he o riginal.
f urther
h igh a nd
l ayout a s
f ound
a nd
c lay,
E ,
s uggest
t o t he s outh l arge
p it,
i s
b ut
i t
f ormed a c orner.
w all G ,
w hich w as
6 5cms
t hick,
i n
p laces 4 5cms h igh a nd i n g ood c ondition, a nd w all D , w hich w as 7 08 0cms w ide a nd 2 5cms h igh, f orm a p erimeter t o t he p ossible c ourtyard. W all
F ,
p ise,
w hich w as
p rotruded
b etween
7 0cms t hick,
f rom w all
3 5cms
G a s
h igh a nd m ade
o f p oor
a p ossible p artition.
T he
w alls E a nd G i n t he e astern p art o f t he t rench w ere
c ondition,
b ut
t o
t he w est
t he s urface w as
i nconsistent
q uality s urfaces i n
g ood
a nd g enerally
v ery s oft. J X/5 I n
t his
l evel,
t he
l ast
o f
t he V IB o ccupation
l evels
i n
t he
t rench, o nly a s mall a rea r emained u ndamaged a fter t he p it d igging a nd d isturbances o f t he s ubsequent I ron Age b urials. A ll o f t he v isible w alls w ere f rom
r ebuilt
f rom p revious
t he s outh-west
e astern b aulk, c learly p oor
w as
a verage w idth W all i t
o f
t he w all
h eight o f s uggest
w as
H , i s
( fig.
t rench
a t
a s
6 2cms
a nd
i n
l evel
6 ,
3 6cms.
T he
a c ourtyard
a lternate
w as
o f b urnt
i t w as
a
a shy b ands
t he v ery T he
W all
6 2cms w ide a nd
i n p oor c ondition,
l ayers o f
i n
b rick .
6 0cms h igh.
r uns v irtually p arallel
o f p is ec onstruction
G w hich r an
f ashion t o
b ricks c ould b e
t he w all
i t w as
i n p oor c ondition:
W all
i ndividual
t he e astern e nd
w as
5 9)
i n a d iagonal
a nd c onsisted m ainly o f c hunks
p artition w all, b aulk :
l evels.
t he
i n v ery g ood c ondition;
d istinguished b ut
c ondition
h igh.
c orner o f
t o
F ,
a
6 0cms
t he e astern
w ith a n a verage
a nd c lay s urfaces
f or t his a rea. L ATE V IB A RCHITECTURE
T he l ayer
o f
E arly
b uildings, n ot a
t o
o f p its
( fig.
n umbering
c ontemporary i n t he
d ug
d estroyed b y f ire w hich
d ebris o ver
d istinguished
s l ow s ilting u p
t hat
t own w as
b urnt
i n Y 2/3,
h ave b een c onstructed
s eries
h oles,
V IB
a sh a nd
s urface
s ite
B B1/3,
Z X/5-8,
a nd X 1-3,
l ayer
6 1;
p l.
7 b).
A s eries o f p ostholes a nd
o f
( pl.
a h undred, 7 c),
C C1/3
b eams
i n B B1
r evealed
l ittered t he ( fig.
t hick s eem
t his c onflagration,
b urnt
i n e xcess
w ooden
Z XR/3
a
S ucceeding
t he
i ntervening p eriod t he a rea w as
( fig.
l eft
1 8).
i nto
l evels Y 1/4
w ith
( fig.
i mmediately a fter
o r p rimitive d omestic s tructures. i n o ccupation o ver t he w hole s ite s tone
t he
6 3)
u sed
s igns
s urfaces
a nd B B1,
f or o f
s takeo f
t he
s uggesting
f or f limsy e nclosures
O n t he o ther h and, a l engthy b reak s eems u nlikely s ince a s tructure o f
i n Y 2/3e w as
6 0).
7 0
b uilt
d irectly
o nto
t he
b urnt
T RENCH B B1 T he m ake u p o f
t his u neven s urface w as
b urnt d ebris.
T he u neven
w a lls
j ust b eneath.
o f B B1/5
s take 2 8cms not
p art
o f
t he
i n d epth. p ossible
c haracter e astern t he
t o
s hape; m ight
2
3
P it 4
o f
b ut
t he n umber o f
o f
6
( pit
P it
8
i t
l ayout
t o i s o r
a
h aphazard
a nd a g reater
s ome d welling
t he p its
i n
t his
s emi— s urface
d ensity
( fig.
6 1;
o f p l.
l evel w ere c on—
t rench .
4 .30m 1 .70m
D epth :
1 .15m
( BB1/3/11) 1 .56m
W idth:
1 .10m
D epth :
1 .12m
C ontents:
m udbrick,
( BB1/3/12 ) C ontents:
m udbrick a nd a sh
a sh,
4 7
s herds
o f
c oarse p ottery.
( BB1/3/11) D iameter:
8 5cms
D epth :
1 .05m
F eatures:
t he m udbrick s ide o f
C ontents:
t he
( BB1/ 4 /5 ) D epth : 1 .20m C ontents: s ilt,
b ase
o f
h ad
b urnt b ricks.
a sh a nd
a sh.
( BB1/4/3) 2 .90m 1 .24m
8 a)
s mall a mounts o f
s ilt
D epth :
( pl.
C ontents:
a sh a nd m udbrick.
( BB1/ 4 /1 0 ) C ontents:
m udbrick a nd a sh.
7 1
w ith
w hole
T here w ere a lso
b een c harred a nd c racked
1 .18m
W idth:
t he p it w ere e xtensively b urnt.
t he p it w as c overed
( BB1/4/2) C ontents:
7
5 ),
s outhern e dge o f t he
W idth:
D epth :
P it
i nto
t he t rench,
q uantities o f
P it
s take h oles
l arger s take h oles o n t he
f all
i nterior o f
3 5
i n t he
i n d iameter a nd u p
t his c ombined w ith t he m ore c ompact a nd e ven
w hich
5
c oncentrated
d istribution o f
t he c ollection
f ragmentary
P it
s take h oles,
( BB1/3/15)
L ength:
P it
T he
m easured 1 2-25cms
s uggest t he
L ength:
P it
f or b y t he m udbrick
l evel w as c haracterised b y s ome
F rom t he
W ith o ne e xception,
1
m udbrick a nd g eneral
s uggest w ith a ny c onviction t he p ossible
o f a s tructure,
c entrated o n t he P it
7 h)
n orth—eastern p art
p ottery, 8 a).
t rench,
( pl.
p erimeter
c ircular i n
T his
h oles a nd 8 l arge p its.
w estern
a sh,
s urface c an b e a ccounted
b one.
b y
a nd
s tones
h eat,
a nd
P its 3 ,
l evel f aces
2 ,3 a nd 4 w ere i nitially t hought t o h ave b een c ut f rom B B1, a n a ssumption m ade p rincipally b ecause t he f loors a nd s ur-
i n t he
r epair.
s outhern p art
o f t he
t rench w ere
i n a v ery p oor
s tate o f
T he p its a re n ot c ontemporary b ecause t hey c ut o r,
c ases,
a re c ut b y,
o ther p its,
b ut t hey d o a ll b elong
i n
t o t his
A ll t he p its h ad s ilt d eposits, i ndicating t hat t hey h ad b een s ilt u p b efore b eing f inally f illed i n.
s ome l evel.
l eft
t o
T RENCH C C1 L evel 3 , w hich w as t he o nly l evel a mongst t he L ate V IB s trata w ith a ny r ecognisable f eatures, h ad a n umber o f p ostholes, p its, p ots i n
s itu a nd a f ragment
e astern
p art o f
s lightly
h igher
C CX/4/2. c ircular
T he
t rench P it
1
l evel
( fig.
w as
6 3,
p l.
1 0a).
I n t he n orth-
a n a rea o f p lastered f loor a t
t han t he o ther
f looring
f ashion.
M uch o f t he d ebris w as
o f a f loor.
t he t rench t here w as
f eatures;
i t w as
a ssigned
d elineated b y s tones r unning
N o p recise f unction
f or t his
i n a
a t o
s emi-
f eature w as a pparent.
l evel 3 s urface w as b urnt a nd a q uantity o f a sh a nd b urnt r emoved i n u ncovering i t. I n t he s outhern p art o f t he
t here w ere a n umber o f p its: ( CC1/3/6) D iameter:
6 2cms
D epth :
3 7cms
F eatures:
f lat b ottomed
C ontents:
d ark b rown f ill w ith a s mall
q uantity o f
s herds
a nd
b one. P it 2
( CC1/3/7) D iameter:
P it 3
5 7cms
D epth :
2 6cms
C ontents:
g rey a sh a nd b urnt b rick f ragments.
( CC1/3/8) D iameter:
P it 4
6 4cms
D epth :
3 7cms
C ontents:
p ottery f ragments a nd
( CC1/3/9 ) D iameter:
P it
s ilt.
5
6 9cms
D epth :
3 0cms
C ontents:
g rey a sh a nd
( CC1/3/10) D iameter:
6 2cms
D epth :
3 0cms
C ontents:
m ixed
s ilt.
f ill o f
b rick,
b one a nd p ottery w ith a
s ilt
t opping. S even p ostholes e merged d uring e xcavation a nd g roups:
t he
c entre o f
t he t rench,
e xtended s tones t umbled o f
f irst
g roup o f
i n a s traight
e merged b ut r emains.
C C1/3/5 w ere
a nd l ine
a nother
t hree,
w hich w ere
f ell
s quare
i n t he n orth o f t he t rench.
t hey d id n ot T he
t hey
f our w as c lustered a round p it S ome
i nto t wo 2 i n i n
i solated
s eem t o c onstitute a nything o ther
t wo p ottery v essels
f ound
i n g rey w are a nd b adly b urnt.
7 2
i n
t he p lan,
s itu o n t he
t han f loor
T RENCH Y 2 T his l evel ( Y2/3, f igs. 6 4-7) h ad b een i nterfered w ith b y t he H aftavan I I ( Achaemenid) d itch w hich h ad r emoved t he w estern e nd o f t he
s tanding s tructure,
r ecent
t imes
p roved
i mpossible
p atches o f b urnt t o
a nd a s coop t aken o ut o f
h ad d isturbed t he n orthern p art o f t o
f loor,
i n
t he
t ime
d omestic
f unction m ight
s uggest t hat
o ccurred
i n a ntiquity t he
s hort
i ndustrial
s urface
w as
a r esult o f c onstant u se a nd p oor m aintenance. P hase
S tones
b ut
T he p oor q uality
i n a n a rea e vidently u sed f or s ome i ntensive
i n b ad r epair a s
I t
a rea,
c omposed o f t rampled b rick a nd e arth, t he c entral b uilding a rea.
m ore
b uilding.
t he s tructure a nd t he n umber o f a pparent r ebuildings o ver a
p eriod o f o r
t he
l ocate a c onvincing s urface o ver
t he n orth a nd s outh o f
o f
t he m ound
1 ( fig.
6 4)
b elonging t o t his p hase w ere
l ocated b eneath w alls C a nd
E . N o c onclusions o n t he c haracter o f t he s tructure c ould b e d educed f rom t hese m eagre r emains. P hase 2 ( fig. Wall
B w as b uilt,
d oorway. t his
W alls
d oorway.
r unning f rom w est
T he
mudbrick w alls w ere
o vens b uilt a djacent
w all
B i s c omposed o f
b y s ide,
t o e ast w ith a b reak
E a nd C f ormed r eturns t o t he n orth e ither
l aid o n s tone f oundations. t he
6 4)
T he
f or a
s ide
. 80-1.20m i n w idth a nd
t wo m ain f eatures o f
t o w alls B a nd C .
o f w ere
t his b uilding a re
T he o ven
b uilt
a gainst
t hree r ounded m udbrick c ompartments p laced s ide
w ith a s toke h ole f eeding a c entral c ompartment,
w hich
w as
f ound f ull o f a sh ( fig. 6 6). T he o ven w as l ined w ith s labs o f r ough p ottery a bout 2 .5cms t hick, w hich h ad b een b aked t o a r ed c olour. T heir o riginal h eight w as p robably a bout 3 4cms. T he c entral c ompartm ent
w as
s ections
t he b est p reserved a nd t he s hape o f t he i ndicated t hat
c ylindrical
b rick
t he t op w as
v ertical
o riginally r ounded n ot
mudbrick f lat.
a nd t wo s tone p estles h ad b een p laced i nside
A ( pl.
9 b). T he o ven/furnace b uilt i nto w all C w as l arger i n s ize a nd q uite d ifferent i n c onstruction ( fig. 6 7). I t w as 1 .50m w ide a nd a lmost 2 .00m l ong.
T wo c lay l ined p its,
w hich h ad b een h eavily b urnt, w ere
f ed b y a s toke h ole, w hose o pening w as o n t he w est s ide o f w all C , t he d oorway o r e ntrance h all a rea t o t he b uilding. I nitially, c ourse,
i n o f
t he t op o f t he s toke h ole a nd c hannel w ould h ave b een c overed,
b ut l ittle o f t his c apping h as r emained. T he i nterior o f t he m ost s outherly c lay p it h as s ome s imilarity w ith t he d omed o vens f ound i n m any p arts o f
t he N ear E ast. P hase 3 ( fig.
T he d ifferent t hus a nd
e astern a lignment
s tretch
o f
w all
6 4) B w as
p roviding a m easure o f r einforcement; s o
r endered i t
r ebuilt
a nd p assed t o t he r ear o f i noperable.
a
s lightly w all
i t a lso s ealed t he
I n a ddition,
r oughly m ade w ith v ery c oarse g rit t empering,
o n
t he o ven a nd t wo
p ottery
a pproximately
C ,
o ven, d ishes,
7 4cms
i n
d iameter w ith b ases 4 cms t hick, w ere l eaning a gainst t he o riginal w all B a nd t hey h ad a ctually b een b uilt i nto t he n ew w all. C learly, t hey c annot
h ave b een o verlooked d uring t he c onstruction w ork a nd o ne
7 3
c an
o nly s uggest t hat t hey w ere u sed i n c onjunction w ith t he o ven s ince t hat w as n o l onger i n u se, t here w as n o f urther n eed f or d ishes w hich w ere u sed a s r einforcement f or t he w all ( pl. 9 c). P hase 4 ( fig. A f limsy s tone w all,
w all F ,
a nd t he
6 5)
w as b uilt
t o j oin t he t wo p arts
o f
w all B i nto o ne l ong e ast-west w all, a nd a p arallel w all t o t he n orth, w all D , o f s imilar c onstruction, c ompleted t he l ayout o f a r ectangular r oom,
w ith a p ossible e ntrance
i n t he n orth-east c orner.
T he a bsence
o f b urning i nside t he r oom i s o ne i ndication t hat t his p hase r epres ents a c rudely b uilt s tructure o n t op o f t he b urning o f t he p revious p hases. P hase T he o f
5 ( fig.
p hase 4 s tructure r emained
a s imple
t he r emains T RENCH B B1
o ven i n t he f orm o f
5 )
i n u se a nd r eceived t he a ddition
a n o val-shaped b urnt a rea
s unk
i nto
o f a mudbrick w all. ( fig.
B B1,
6 8)
l evel
3 ( contemporary w ith Y 2/3) w as
t he
f irst
s urface
t o
b e r eached i n t his t rench w hich w as r easonably l evel ( pl. 8 b). i t, c onsiderable q uantities o f b urnt m aterial: m udbrick, a sh,
A bove c har-
c oal
( fig.
and c linker h ad b een f ound,
4 5).
T he
b ricky
s urface
u p
t o
1 .10m t hick
i tself w as n ot h omogeneous,
c omposition w ith
i n
p laces
i t w as
l arge a reas o f b urning.
o f
a n a shy a nd
R esting
u pon
t his
s urface w ere t wo f ragments o f mudbrick w all o n s tone f oundations: o ne f ragment w as 7 .20m l ong a nd 8 0cms w ide, r unning i n a n e asterly d irecti on a nd t he o ther,
o f w hich o nly a s mall p ortion w as
w estern b aulk,
s imilarly c onstructed.
b rown
w as
i n c olour w ith y ellow m ortar.
w as a d ouble o ven o f m udbrick T he
T he
e xposed n ear t he
T he m udbricks w ere g reyish a rea n orth o f
t he m ein w all
f aced w ith s labs o f b aked c lay
( pl.
o ven a nd w alls a re c ontemporary a nd r est u pon t he B B1/3
8 c).
s urface,
i nto w hich w ere c ut a p osthole a nd a p it. T he a pproximately 1 .20m f rom t he s outh f ace o f w all A ,
p osthole, s ituated w as L - s haped w ith
a
a l arge
m aximum
l ength o f
p ositioned s outhern
o n
5 6cms a nd a d epth o f
t he b ase.
e dge
a nd
P it
6 5cms;
s tone
w as
1 h ad a q uern s tone e mbedded i nto
i t c ontained
l ight g rey
s ilt
w ith
i ts
w hite
c halk
T T3 a nd
T T5,
f lecks. T RENCH X ( Section d atum : T rench a nd h ere
t o L ate V IB L evel s tone
X w as
f our
4
6 9,
o f
t wo t rial
t renches,
o ccupation w ere d istinguished,
e ach b elonging
6 9 - 7 2).
w as
t he e arliest
f oundations h ad b een r obbed
m aterial
9 .94m a bove d atum)
a n e xtension o f
l evels
( figs.
f ig.
r emained t o
s uggest
l evel
r eached a nd h ere m any
i n a ntiquity,
a lthough
t hat a d omestic a rea h ad
o f
t he
s ufficient
b een
e xposed.
T hree f limsy w alls r epresented b y t heir s tone f oundations, w hich w ere l ess t han 7 0cms w ide, p ossibly b elong t o t he s ame b uilding. S ome p ottery v essels w ere
f ound
i n s itu o n a n a rea o f f looring w hich
f ragments o f w alling e nclose t here
w as
q uernstone
a
t hick b urnt
( fig.
6 9)
( fig.
7 2;
p l.
1 0b).
A bove
d eposit w hich c ontained s everal
a nd a f inely c arved b one h andle,
7 4
t hose
t his s urface p ieces
p robably
o f
f rom a
k nife
t rial
( pl.
F urther
b uilding r emains w ere f ound
t rench,
TT5,
T he s tone a
1 5e).
f oundations o f a c orner o f
s tructure
l argely
w all i s a lmost 3 .00m l ong, i s p ottery
i n
l evel
a l evel d estroyed b y b urning t o b e s een
3 o f
t he
( fig.
n orthern
6 9;
p l.
1 0c).
a w all w ere f ound w hich b elong
i n X 2 a nd X 3
( fig.
7 1).
t o
' The e astern
6 0cms w ide a nd t he s outhern s tretch o f w alling, o nly 9 6cms w ide. C ontemporary w ith t hese w alls w ere t hree
v essels
f ound
i n s itu.
T here w as a c onsiderable
a mount
o f
b urnt d ebris, i ncluding r oofing m aterials, a mongst w hich w as a c omp lete b roken p ottery v essel w hich m ay h ave f allen f rom t he r oof. T he
l atest
d eposits,
b urnt
t wo
l evels
i n t he t rench w ere c haracterised b y b urnt
s urfaces, w ide a sh-filled h earths a nd a l arge q uantity
o f p ainted p ottery. S urfaces i n t he t rench s loped c onsiderably f rom n orth t o s outh; f or e xample, t he l evel 1 f loor w as 4 5cms l ower i n t he s outh t han t he n orth. T RENCHES X 2 A ND X 3 ( Section d atum : T rench
( fig.
f ig.
X 2
i s
p ls.
1 1a - b )
9 .55m a bove
d atum).
t he n orthern e xtension o f X 1
w estern e xtension o f X 2 r emoved
7 1;
6 9,
( fig.
b y B uteman 's t rench
7 0).
M any o f t he
i n t he
1 930's,
a nd X 3
l ater
i s
a
l ater
l evels h ad b een
t hus m aking
t he L ate
V IB
l evels e asily a ccessible. E xcavations i n X 2/X3 u ncovered a b uilding w hich h ad b een t erraced d own t he s ide o f t he m ound, i n t he m anner o f t he E arly V IB b uildings
i n Y l,
y ard s outh o f w all B ( pls.
s o t hat t he n orthern r oom ( north/court-
1 1a - b ).
T he w alls o f t his b uilding w ere a ssembled i n a h aphazard f ashion a nd t hey s eem t o h ave b een r epaired o n many s eparate o ccasions. T he n orthernmost t wo m etres o f w all A c onsisted o f t wo c ourses o f s tone b locks c apped w ith mudbrick . T he w all c ontinued s outhwards w ith a s ingle l ayer o f s tone f oundations a nd m udbrick s uperstructure. A t t he p oint w here w all A m et w all B t he b rick w as s oft a nd b urnt, w hilst a t t he
s outhern
s ection
t here w ere
s ubstantial
b rickwork w ith y ellow m ud p lastering. w as w hose
a
c onsiderable w hite
a nd
g ood
T o t he e ast o f t his w all
f oundations
t here
a mount o f g rey a sh a nd b urnt b rick a nd
s ilicated s ides c ontained a v ery l oose m ixed
s ome p ainted p ottery.
f our
p its
f ill
w ith
W all B r an i n a n e ast-west d irection f rom w all
A t o w all C a nd r ested o n s tone
f oundations a bout
1 .00m w ide.
A t
t he
e astern e nd t he b rick w as b adly b urnt, b ut t o t he w est t he w all h ad a d ifferent c onstruction: i t w as c omposed o f s tone f oundations w hich h ad
b roken m ud b rick o n t op w hich,
mudbricks. r ust
T he b ricks
c oloured,
i ncluded
a
h ard a nd b rittle.
i ndicates
i n
t urn,
o f
i ntensive b uilding:
T he
l arge q uantity o f b urnt
i mpressions o f b eams, w hich
s howed s igns
w as c apped
d ebris t o
b one,
a lmost
t he
w ith
w hole
t hey w ere
s outh o f w all B
c omplete
c harcoal
b urnt m atting a nd c losed p acked m udbrick t umble,
t hat w all B c ollapsed s outhwards
d own
T he p resent o f w ooden b eam i mpressions o n t he n orth a nd
t he
t errace.
s outh s ides
o f
w all B w ould s uggest t hat b oth t he u pper a nd l ower b uildings w ere r oofed, a lthough t he g ritty i rregular s urface s outh o f w all B s uggests a c ourtyard o r e xternal a rea. A t
s ome s tage
t he c orner o f w alls A a nd B ,
w as r einforced w ith a s ection o f w as
t hen
p lastered.
A djacent
o n t he
s outh
f oundation s tones a nd mudbrick, t o w all B o n t he 7 5
s outh
s ide
s ide, w hich w as
a
c onstruction o f mudbrick c oated
i n m ud p laster,
w hich
i s
a lmost
4 .00m
l ong a nd 7 0cms w ide, a nd p robably s erved a s a b ench. I n t he n orthern p art o f X 3, t he e astern f ace o f w all C w as r ed, a s a r esult o f b urni ng, a nd f urther s outh m uch o f t he m udbrick h as e ither c rumbled o r b een r emoved i n t he s earch f or s tone, a lthough a dequate s tone f oundat ions r emained w ith w hich t o t race t he w all. T he c orner o f f oundation s tones
d iscovered
i n X 1/3 a ssists
l ower r oom/courtyard
i n d etermining t hat
t he
s ize o f t he
i s a pproximately 9 .60m l ong a nd 6 .70m w ide.
T he
l argest f eature w ithin t his a rea w as a c ircular s tructure w hich 7 1cms i n d iameter; i t h ad l ight b rown m udbrick o n t he o utside d ark, a s
d ecayed m udbrick o n t he
a b ase.
a nd C ( X2/3B), i s p robable d esertion
b etween
t he
r eferred r esting
w as
f ound i n t he b ase.
T he a rea b etween w alls A
n orth o f w all B h ad m uch r ich o ccupation m aterial.
o f t he f loor
I t t he
i nside, w ith a b urnt r ectangular s quare
A l arge q uantity o f b urnt a nd s ome u nburnt a nimal b ones,
e specially j aw b ones, t op
was a nd
i n X 2/3B w ere t he c harcoal r emains o f w ooden
t hat t he f iring o f t he r oof f ollowed s ome t ime o f t he b uilding s ince t here w as a t hin l ayer o f
f loor a nd t he c harcoal
t o.
r emains o f
t he
b eams
O n
b eams. a fter e arth
p reviously
O n t op o f t he b eams t here w as a b roken p ottery
v essel
o n d ecomposed m atting.
T he p osition o f
t he s herds
s uggests
t hat t he v essel h ad b een b roken
i n f alling t o i ts
p osition,
p robably
f rom t he r oof. a s
X 2/3B,
a
I n t he X 3 e xtension n orth o f w all B , s ection o f
o n t he s ame
f looring w as c overed w ith s tone
l evel
s labs,
t he
r emainder e vidently h aving b een r obbed i n a ntiquity. I n t he f ill a bove t hese s tones a s tone a rrowhead m ould ( pl. 1 3b) a nd a d oor p ivot s tone
w ere
f ound a longside c harred r oofing
t imbers:
which w ere e vidently r otten b efore b eing b urnt. B
a nd e ast o f w all C ,
h ollow
b eams
T o t he n orth o f w all
t he s herd w ith t wo p ainted e quid
w as
l ocated
j ust b eneath t he l evel o f t he s tone s lab f looring ( colour p late). T o t he w est o f w all C ( X3/2) w as a s outh s loping b urnt s urface. I t h ad a l arge q uantity o f p ottery, a nimal b one, a sh a nd c harcoal r esting u pon i t. T he i rregularity o f t he s urface s uggests a c ourtyard o r e xternal a rea a nd n ot a n i nternal f loor. A t t he c onclusion o f t he e xcavations i t
w as
u nclear w hether o r n ot w alls C a nd A r ested
u pon t he
s urfaces
r eached. X 3, I n b elow
t he
n orth-western
t he m ound
s uface
t wo
l evel
1
c orner o f t he X 3 s hort
e xtension
s tretches o f w all w ere
i mmediately f ound,
o nly
o ne mud b rick i n h eight, e vidently d estroyed b y B uteman 's t rench. w all w as 6 .50m l ong a nd r an f rom t he n orth-western c orner a long
O ne t he
w estern b aulk,
r an
p arallel w ith w all C .
T he o ther,
o nly 2 .00m l ong,
f rom w all C a long t he n orthern b aulk t owards t he n orth-western c orner. C ontemporary w ith t hese f loors w as a n a rea o f b urnt f looring i n t he s outhern
l ower p art o f
t he t rench,
b elonging t o a h igher
l evel
t han
f or a p eriod o f
f ive
t hat r eached e lsewhere. T RENCH Z XR3
( figs.
E xcavations w eeks a
i n 1 975.
s loping
7 3-4) w ere c onducted i n t his t rench
B eneath t he u ppermost
s urface o f b ricky d ebris
s erved mudbrick w all,
w all
I ,
s trata o f t op
( ZXR3/3/2)
o n s tone
s oil a nd s ilt w as
i n w hich a b adly
f oundations,
w as
f ound.
p reT his
w all, w hich r ested o n t hick a shy l ayers, a nd t wo o ther w alls, I IIa a nd I IIb, w hich r ested o n a b ricky s urface ( ZXR3/5), p robably d ate t o t he I ron
A ge,
s ince
t he p ottery i s
t ypical
7 6
o f
t hat
p eriod.
T he
m ain
f eature
o f
t hese
l evels
i s
t heir s teep s lope p arallel
t o
t he
m ound
s urface, s uggesting t hat m uch o f t he m aterial w as ' washed d own ' f rom t he c itadel o r t he o ccupied p arts o f t he m ound a bove Z XR3 ( fig. 7 3). B eneath Z XR3/5 o f c linker,
i s
c harcoal,
t he d estruction l evel b urnt b rick a nd a sh .
o f L ate V IB,
c onsisting
I n t he n orth—eastern p art
o f t he t rench i t f orms a h ard s urface a nd r ests o n a t hick c harcoal b and ( fig. 7 3), w hich s lopes s lightly t o t he e ast. T his d estruction l evel
( ZXR3/6/1)
w estern p art,
r uns
w here
b een
' skimmed
w all
I IIb.
o ff'
t hrough t he w hole t rench,
i t
s eems t hat
a nd
e xcept
i n t he
s ome o f t he d estruction
l evelled w ith m udbrick
U nder t his d estruction
f or t he
s oüth—
l evel
h as
f oundation
l evel w as a s eries
o f
o f
s imilarly
t hick y ellow a nd w hite a sh b ands ( ZXR3/6/2); t his i s t he o nly f eature w hich m ay b e c onsidered a s urface i n t his l evel. C ontemporary w ith t his s urface a re t he L ate V IB w alls: I V, V I a nd V II, o f w hich o nly w all I V w as
r eally p reserved,
c onsisting o f a c arelessly
l aid f ounda—
t ion o f h eavy s tones w ith a f ragmentary m udbrick s uperstructure n orth—western c orner o f
t he t rench.
O f w alls V I a nd V II,
i n t he
o nly a f ew
f oundation s tones w ere p reserved a long t he w estern s ide o f t he t rench, w hich
g ive n o
i ndication o f
t he s ize,
d irection o r
f unction
o f
t he
w alls. T he d eepest l evel r eached i n t he n orth—eastern c orner o f t he t rench ( ZXR3/6/3) r evealed a v ery s olid mudbrick w all, w all V , w hich h ad
t hin
l arge, s tones
l ayers o f y ellow m ortar a nd a f oundation w hich c onsists
c arefully ( pl. 1 1c).
s oft a sh w hich
l aid s tones a nd, A t t he b ase o f
o f
a bove t hem, a c ourse o f s maller t he w all a nd c overed w ith t he s ame
l ay a gainst t he w all w as a s quare mudbrick c onstruction
w hich r ested o n a h ard b ricky s urface. T his c onstruction, w hich w as p robably a n o ven o r a b in, h as o ne o f i ts f our c orners r esting o n a s tone;
a
f unction . s ides o f s eems
n umber
o f
o ther s tones
l ocality
h ave
n o
a pparent
t here i s s ome b urning o n t he i n t he c orner o f t he t rench
t o e xtend u nder t he w all.
T RENCH Z X
( figs.
5 2,
7 5
— 6 ) Z X,
s tone
i n t he
T he s tones a re n ot b urnt, b ut t he o ven/bin a nd a b urnt l ayer
l evel
8
I n t his e arliest l evel o f L ate V IB i n t he t rench, l engths o f w alling w ere t raced w hich f ormed t hree s ides o f a r ectangle,
p ossibly a c ourtyard. ( fig. 7 5). W all A , o n t he e ast s ide o f t he t rench, w as 8 0cms w ide a nd c omposed o f t wo c ourses. W all B , w hich w as o rientated W all C w as w estern
e ast—west,
w as m ore
f ragmentary a nd m easured 6 3cms
w ide.
8 0cms w ide a nd h ad a s ection o f m udbrick w hich r an i nto t he
b aulk .
T he c orner o f w alls B a nd C w as marked b y t wo
l arge
s tones. A s urface f irst d iscovered 4 1cms b elow t he t op o f w all B s tretched u nevenly o ver t he w hole a rea. A s ection o f mudbrick w hich p rotruded p latform; I n n ot
f rom i t
w all
B i nside
t he s outh—east
k nown w hether
t he p resence o f
f ragments o f a t
l east
p art
o f
a
s urface.
c orner t here w as
i t r epresents
w as s uggested a t t he t ime b urnt b eams i n t he a rea. s uggest
t he c ourtyard a rea m ay b e
r ested u pon t he s ame
I t
i s
i ndustrial u se o f d estruction b ut
a n a rea o f b urning.
i t
o f e xcavation t hat t here w ere t races o f T he a bsence o f s tone f ootings h ere m ight
a d oorway.
I n t he
t hree p ottery v essels:
7 7
s ame c orner t here w ere t he o ne w as p ainted a nd o ne
c ontained c arbonized s eeds. A lthough a rea, w hich
t here
i s n o o ccupation d ebris
w ithin
t he
c ourtyard
t o t he s outh o f w all B t here i s a q uantity o f o ccupation d ebris, m ight s uggest t hat t he a reas o f d omestic h abitation l ie
unexcavated t o t he
s outh o f t he c ourtyard . Z X,
T his
f inal
o ven a nd p its
L ate V IB
( fig.
7 6).
l evel T he
l evel i s
5 b
c omposed o f
f limsy f ireplaces,
s urface r eached o ver t he
u neven b ut c ompact a nd h eavily s tained b y t he b urning w ith w hich o f t he f eatures i n t his l evel a re a ssociated: 1 .
T here
a re t he p artial
a n
t rench w as v ery
r emains o f a m udbrick o ven w ith
m ost
a
s tone
p latform f oundation. A l ow p arapet o f m udbrick p artially s ur— r ounded t he o ven, i n w hich a l arge a mount o f a sh a nd o ther b urnt d ebris r emained. F rom e ast t o w est t his f eature w as 1 .27m a nd f rom n orth t o s outh 1 .55m . T he m udbrick w as 1 4cms w ide, 1 2cms d eep o n t he 2 .
3 .
i nside a nd 2 1cms o n t he o utside.
I n
t he c entre o f
b y
c rumbled
t he t rench t here w as
mudbrick;
m udbrick
w as
f rom e ast
t o w est a nd
1 .50m f rom n orth t o
T o t he n orth o f
b rick
t he
o f
T he
w as
6 3cms
2 3cms d eep.
t he p it w as
a v ery s corched a rea w hich w as t o w est.
1 .55m l ong.
1 .39m
O n t he
f ireplace w as b ordered b y a l ine o f b adly
s labs
s urrounded
b urning.
s outh a nd t he p it
f rom n orth t o s outh a nd 1 .97m f rom e ast s ide
a s hallow p it
b oth r evealed t races
s outh
f ired
m ud—
O nly o ne b rick r emained o n t he
n orth
s ide. 4 .
A p it c lose t o t he n orth b aulk, 4 0cms f rom n orth t o s outh 4 8cms e ast t o w est. I t c ontained a n umber o f c harred
a nd a nd
c racked s tones a nd s ome b urnt b rick . 5 .
A s emi—circular b urnt d epression c ut b y t he n orth b aulk; f illed
w ith w hite a sh,
w as
1 .12m f rom e ast
d eep.
7 8
t o w est
a nd
i t w as 2 2cms
mud b r ick
b urn t b r ick
Haftavan V IB
HAFTA VA N
Y1P(2 s ection.
z 2 L ,
EWE I l
7 9
Y2
Haftav an
w e m e u r e -
. 1I1
•
k
1, .
h a r oa l
t I0
n
I
V
07,
b urnt
r n x
h
D itch
h ri
k
L i t i ll
Y1
•
Y IP
. 2 -
-
2 -
y / 3
r e -
•
2 -
R 0 1 38KR
TRENCH
2
I T 1
C t
I
C
F ig.19. Haftavan V IB; Y 1/Y2 s ect ions.
8 0
2 .
11 13
. E
e s . . 1
> •
\
0 0
8 1
. ,
-0
, . -
C D
. , ,. e , • , , , •
; ' ,/
• ; e
-- ‘ ` , '
_ . —
. \ , ' •
\
• \\ s „ \' , \ \ \ , •‘ = .1 ; \ \ \ \ \ . \ s ,
a
\ w
>
,k 4
0
•, \
, , ; ,, , ,\ ,‘``,4„\ , .\ \ ,,
u X C D
C D
, i
c u c o t x $
. .e
a .
. 4 >
4
g C 1
› . T2 4 C o
• c • I • t 2 . 1 ) r . T 4
8 2
C V
8 3
8 4
N
t _ n c u u ) a _ c c t _
E c o
-
>
i 1
8 5
0
I n
( 1 ) C ) ( r ) 0 _ c 0 _ U l
E
> , _ 1 . _ D
8 6
c i w
( f )
8 7
8 8
Ear ly V IB:
-,/
/
/
/ /
. . ,
• •
•
'
. / .
\
."
/
/ / *
HAFTAVAN AXONO METR IC M I 0
F ig . 28. E ar ly V IB:
y i ,
TEPE
P ROJECT ION
M IN I M 1
OF
i i rl i . " 2
a xonon lo tr ie p ro jection o f e ar ly p hases.
8 9
1 975 Y 1/6D
me te
'
f a l len Wa l l HF i n
0
Cr z
U ) ,2 U
3 4 ^
( 1 ) 3 1
• , 1 , 4
( 1 p -1
4 1 • t 1
c l )
li
0
• E
c . / 3
7_ ,
4
B urnt m udbrick
u ) •H
l ater c oated
0 )
E
c l
( 1 )
4i
( 4
( j
4 )
, -Z
3 4
1 1 ▪
c o
, 1
m udpla ter
S oft
R ubble
9 4
. r )
3
W
c o
• r i
u) 0
O
7 7 3
( 1 )
c . r ) t , , .2 0 0 c o C i )
M udbrick f ill.
. 4 ) -H
C ) 4 )
c -•
•
•
i 4
( 1 )
U
C l . c o 41
0 41 . . . .,
44
U )
( i ) 0 ( 1 ) 0 s i , -) > ,
W 0 0
I , 4
• Q ) N . "0 s _ . . ._ c
r . . .,
A )
c t 3
‚ H i
, i
VD
C l)
• CO
9 0
I o )
4 1 0
.0
• •
u ) 0
o p 0 • , +
0 0,
> p -1
w
3
>,
•
• , ) 4-)
>I
• ( -9
c. v . )
hypo thetica l
T I
1 "--
-
9 1
9 2
‘ s
9 3
L P I T BEA M HOLE THROUg H W ALL
B E A MH O L E Ch
c _
_
( LO Nc i
BE AM
HOLE
( THRc pu ,S K
w ALL .)
n
o
W ALL)
r
F-O u Np t c rri o N 5 -7-o n i
0 (
AR i EL
1 3 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
ELEVA T Io N
. 1 1
IT f ,
ME T RE
F ig.33. E ar ly V IB:
Y l,
9 4
e leva tion o f Wa l l A .
9 5
F ig.34. E ar ly V IB:
9 6
•+ •
C )
1 . 1
9 7
Ear ly V IB:
L C )
9 8
N4 . -
S
2
E
3
-*
< - -
w
F ig.38. E ar ly V IB. Y 2, p hase 1 : 1 . D eposits a ga inst Wa l l A ( not t o s ca le). 2 . C ross s ection o f n orthern p art o f Wa l l L ( not t o s ca le). 3 . C ross s ect ion o f s outhern p ar t o f Wa l l L ( not t o s ca le).
9 9
0
SO
C Ils
F ig.39. Ear ly V IB:
Y 2,
p hase 1 , p lan a nd s ketch o f o ven.
1 00
I n
0 4 ,
C l)
a
0
0 •
10 1
FLooK 2
/ * A
RA ISK D
F LooR
0
HE AR -TK
i fA
SO
Cr i s
_ S KETCH ( No -i -
ro
-
s c .A .1-a)
F ig.41. E ar ly V IB:
Y 2,
phase 4 ,
1 02
p lan a nd s ketch o f h ear th.
3 ,
3 )
0
c r )
> -
1 03
Haftavan V IB:
mix e d
f i ll
L J
Wall D
P hase 1
•
P hase 4
4 metres
V I B: Y3, Leve l 4
F ig.43. E ar ly V IB:
Y 3,
l eve l 4 , p hases 1 -4.
1 04
Ear ly
V I B: Y3, L eve l 2
F ig.44. E ar ly V IB: Y 3, l eve ls 2 a nd 3 .
1 05
0 3
C l )
1 06
Iaftavan V IB:
o ccupation
Ear ly
V I B . BBI , L eve l
F ig.46. E ar ly V IB: BB1,
1 07
5
l eve l 5 .
e
E c l z
t . z r
S KE TC H
b .0 • r g r 14
1 08
3 / 4
c n
Haftavan V IB:
W ALL
W ALL
K3
K2
c 4 /
metres
Ear ly
V I B :
F ig.49. E ar ly V IB:
10
CCI,
CCI , Level
l eve l 4 .
4
I--'
I--' I--'
cc1
ccx/3/1
CC t/ 4- / 1
CC1/1.t-/1+-
Y1'
'NALL K.
!
Fig .50. Haftavan VIB: Sketch of excavated levels in CCL
cc 1/3/tt
SKETCH
C
WA..LL
S ketch o f ma in
E o z . , 4 ,
11 2
Y 1/Y2 i nto
C r
occ upati on
I
F ig . 52 . Haftavan V IB: ZX
e x.
1 ,
" F y l
( r)
0
14
0
1 r fN
F ig.54.
E ar ly
V IB:
Cross
a4 .
s ection
9/ 10 .
1 15
o f
E ar ly
V IB
d epos its
i n
ZX
n t e wal l
N
R VE
charc oal
bri c k
occ upati on
as h
c l ay
0
• ; . ,
2 metr e s
F ig.55.
Haftavan V IB.
16
JX s ect ion.
burnt
mix e d
b rick
f i ll
5
M ts .
J x,
Level
F ig.56. Ear ly V IB:
1 17
JX .
8
l eve l 8 .
5
0 Mts . Jx
F ig.57. E ar ly V IB:
1 18
Level
7
JX , l eve l 7 .
v
5
0
mts . J x
Level
F ig.58. E ar ly V IB:
1 19
6
JX , l eve l 6 ,
\ 7 '
5
0
m ts Jx
Level
F ig.59. E ar ly V IB:
1 20
5
JX , l eve l 5 .
* . ' •A
C )
% . * ••
0 B I 31
L evel
F ig.61. L a te V IB:
1 22
4
BB1, l eve l 4 .
4
50
0
BM W _ _ _ _M tai li_ __ _1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C .MS
F ig.62. Late V IB:
1 23
BB1,
l eve l 4 , p it 4 .
Po st holes
P it 1 P it
4
5 post hol es 2
pots
P it 3 N
metres
Late
V IB:
F ig.63. L a te V IB:
1 24
CC I ,L eve l 3
CC1, l eve l 3 .
L a te V IB :
1 25
phases 1 -3.
L o
CD
.
r .C 5
> G . )
i n
c n H
c z )
1 26
L a te V IB:
2
F ig . 66.
L ate
V IB :
Y 2,
l eve l
3 ,
i ncorpora ted i nto Wa l l B .
1 27
p lan
a nd
s ect ion
o f
o ven
1
0
ME T R E
F ig.67.
L a te V IB:
Y 2,
l eve l 3 ,
f urnace/oven i ncorpora ted i nto W a l l
C .
1 28
BB 1/ 1/9
W all
B
BB 1/ 3
0
5
m e t r e s
Late
V I B :
%%Ü d b . l
B BI , L evel
F ig.68. L a te V IB:
1 29
3
BB1, l eve l 3 .
La te V I1 3:
X 1 a nd X2 s ect ions.
OcC u patt o n
L J
-5-
1 30 ‘ •
_ o 0
a )
> E o
00
1 37
H AFTAVAN V IB P OTTERY
1 39
T HE P OTTERY T he
p ottery
f rom
H aftaven V I h as a lready
p reliminary r eports a nd p revious a rticles. i n E dwards, p resent i ncreased a nd
I ran X IX
v olume,
( 1981)
b ut
t he
t hreefold.
c ooking
w ares,
p reviously
o f
H aftavan V IA r emains t he
s ignigicant
t rench o n t he
b e
t hat
i nto
b een
h as
a lso
b een
w ares
i ncluded.
i s t he c hronological m ovement
S ince
w hich
h as
a ll t he
' VIA '
i n
p ottery c ame
o f t he m ound t he a ssemblage h as b een i ndividual
l eft
t ypes.
M any o f t he o ccupation l evels h ave t he b urnt d ebris a nd d eposits a ssociated w ith d estruction, o n a s cale w hich w ould r ecommend t he
c atastrophe
s hould b e a ttributed t o a h ostile
t han a d omestic a ccident. a nd
f or t his h as
i nto t he s phere o f E arly V IB,
i n L ate V IB. s kirt
i ntact a nd n ot d ivided
t o
o mitted,
d evelopment
i n
p revious p roblem o f t he a ppearance o f E arly V IB w ares
V IA a fter t heir a bsence f rom o ne
p resented
A c omprehensive s election o f t he c oarse
t he m ost
t he
d escribed
t ypology a dopted
1 01-40 h as n ot b een c hanged
q uantity o f m aterial
P erhaps r esolved
p p.
b een
T he b asic
L ate
r oofs
V IB s ettlements w ith t he r esult
s ealed
t he
w ork a t
H aftavan.
1 4d):
p erhaps
r oom 1 ,
Y 2
t he v essel T he
3 ,
t he r oom
w riter i s
( pl.
t hat c ollapsing
t he b est e xamples o f i s
t he g roup o f
t o s hed
l ight
t ypical
o f
E arly
w alls
t he
a nd
p otter's
t en b eakers
o n b oth t he
( pl.
f ound
i n
f unction o f
1 4e).
h as p reviously u sed t he t erm I t
r ather
a lso c ollections o f c omplete v essels
e xample
which h elps
H aftavan V I p ottery. H aftavan
s ome o f
T here a re
p hase a nd
f ate o f
t he b est
h and
S uch c atastrophes o vertook b oth t he
s hould n ot t he w hole
' Urmia w are'
b e p resumed t hat
o f
f or
t he
t he p ottery f rom
t he U rmia b asin
i n
t he
s econd
m illennium B .C.; i ndeed t hree c eramic r egions e xisted, e ach w ith d istinct p ottery s tyles. P resent e vidence s uggests, h owever, t hat t he t wo
s outhern c eramic r egions w ere e ither
t he
s outh—west
o r
i ntrusive
t hey e xisted i ndependently o f
f rom t he
s outh
t he n orthern
o r
r egion
w ith t heir t rading a nd o ther c onnections t o t he s outh . ' Urmia w are' i s c urrently u sed b ecause s urveys a nd e xcavations i ndicate t hat t he w h er e U rmia b asin r epresents t he a rea o f p robable v igin a nd t he a rea t he H aftavan p ottery w as m ainly d istributed. E arly V IB P ottery T he
b eakers
f orm w ith e verted
( pls.
1 3a;
1 4e)
f rom H aftavan a re c haracteristically c ylindrical r im and b ase.
F ive m ain t ypes a ppeared,
i n
w ith s ome
v ariations ( see f igs. 1 26, 7 7-9), b ut t he i mportance o f t he H aftavan b eakers l ies not o nly i n t he q uantity e xcavated o ver t he l ast f our s easons,
b ut
a lso
o f t he v essels a re s everal t he b ut
1 .
t he
F or
b eakers
s tratigraphical
' cups'
a
H aftavan.
A ll
a s o ne
t he
o f
M any o f
f rom G eoy T epe b ear l ittle r elation i n s hape t o T here a re s imilarities i n s ize
f rom H aftavan V IB. 2
f ull o f
p osition a t
a nd c onsequently a ct
a n E arly a nd L ate s ub—phase w ithin V IB.
G eoy T epe e xamples a re
r egions 2 .
t heir
f rom E arly V IB,
i ndicators o f
s o—called
t hose
i n
t he
B urton—Brown,
o f
a m ore c onvex,
r ounded s hape,
d iscussion o n c omparative p ottery U rmia b asin, f ig.
1 9:405
s ee t he
a nd
f ig.
s econd v olume 2 0:797
a nd
t he
i n t his
w hilst
c eramic s eries.
t he s o
H aftavan p ieces h ave, a ny c omparative
p arison
h ere
i s
G lobular ( see 2 b
o f
f ig.
t han t hirty
o r
t wo
1 13:11,
f requently b eing
i llustrated
f rom a ny o ther
H aftavan,
1 4,
1 7),
f ound
c om—
b eakers
f rom
s ite.
b ut o nly t he
o ccur
t he
s mall o nes,
i n E arly V IB.
d ivided
o f e ither t riangles i n h alf
t riangles a nd d iamonds,
t o
T he
t ype
t otal
t ype
2 a
2 a a nd
o r d iamonds,
f orm t wo t riangles.
w hich a re
E ven
t he
i n E arly V IB h ave a v ery d istinctive
d ecoration w hich c onsists t hese
s ince
f orm a v ery c onsiderable p roportion o f
f ound a t
j ars w hich a re
a ngular p rofile.
b etween m ore
j ars
j ars
a m ore
b e m ade w ith c aution,
H aftavan a nd o nly o ne
n umber
o n t he w hole,
r emarks m ust
t ype
f orm
t he
o f
l atter
T he i nfill
o ften e longated
i n f orm
o f a nd
h ang f rom t he n eck, i s u sually a s eries o f v ertical o r h orizontal, s traight o r w avy l ines. T hese s imple r epetitive d esigns, u sually e xecuted
i n
s urface L ate
b lack o nto t he s lipped
o ver t he
V IB
s lip,
( figs.
s urface o r o nto a
c ream
c ontrast w ith t he m ulti—coloured
1 12-4).
T hese e arly d ecorations
i llustrate
c learly
t han a nything e lse t he c lose c eramic p arallels w hich
b etween
t he
s ites
a nd T rialeti, B owls t he m ost
i n
o f G eoy T epe a nd H aftavan T epe
t he e arly p art
f orm t he
d ifficult
l argest
t o
f it
t ypes w hich o nly o ccur t hroughout
H aftavan
h olemouth b owls t ype
o nly
T hose
b owls
a re n ot
a ssemblages.
T he
s traight
c arinated b owls,
d ecoration
E arly V IB a nd
c omponents
a s
b lack s traight and w avy i n a s emi—circular L ate V IB P ottery T he t here w ith
p ottery
a re
E arly V IB
f ound
i n
t hem
f rom
s ites
i n
t o b e
v essel,
a ssigned i s
w hich
o f many b owls,
a pparent
t hat
B urney,
w edge
1 26:5),
1 975
1 4c;
a s
a nd
1 978 a s
H olemouth
a re
D inkha a re
t he
t ypes s ame
a bove,
a re t his
d eep, 3 a nd 4
d esign a nd
w hich
i ncluded
f rom t he
r im
t riangular f orm.
1 4d)
L ate V IB h as a
1 40);
1
t hat
b owls
a lthough t he d esigns h ang i n
a re t hree
a lthough,
b ase
T hey b oth h ave t he
j ars d escribed
n ot
t he
n umber
i nverted, a re
( figs.
f airly e asily
a n a bundance
t o
o f
c haracteristics:
t o L ate
V IB
c ompared
t riangular r immed u nknown a t
1 04-7).
T he
t ype
s tyles, s tyles
( figs.
e specially t he c arinated e xamples,
b owls,
a ny o f t he
b ut
f or e ach
8 9-100). c ontinue
c on—
6 b owls
w hich
a p articular t ype,
o f w ide—ranging
d efy p recise c ategorisation
i n
e nables i n
L ate
t ype T he
o f
s hapes
i nto
t he
w here t he c arinated s tyles a re s ometimes m anufac— D ecoration t oo k nows n o b ounds a nd a lthough i t i s
a s izeable p ercentage
I ran,
i n
a nd b ead r immed b owls:
t he U rmia b asin
H aftavan V p eriod, t ured i n g rey w are.
3 .
t he
o r
V IB h ave a l imited a rray o f s hapes a nd t here
t ype
i n 1 975
i n d ecoration. 3
f ewer t ypes w hich b elong s olely ( fig.
t here a re
p ublished G eoy T epe a nd
8 2,
s ome q uantity a t H aftavan,
t emporary E arly V IB
f ar
( fig.
l ines,
1 2c;
b asin,
f ew v essels w hich a ppear
e xcavations
b ase
1 25).
f ashion, ( pl.
t he
r aised
o f
1 23
y et
B urney s tated
d ifferences
c haracteristic s ided,
a nd v ery
b ut
r epresented amongst
8 4 a nd 8 6,
t ypology,
i n b oth E arly a nd L ate V IB,
s ignificant
T epe
i n t he U rmia
v essels b elonging t o
1 26:7-8).
t hey e xisted
m ore
e xisted
s ingle c ategory o f p ottery a nd t hey
i n E arly V IB, 8 2,
o f
s econd m illennium B .C.
i nto a p recise
V IB.
( figs.
t here w ere
( figs.
t he
o ccurred i n E arly V IB,
c onfirmed t hat u sual,
o f
p ainted
d esigns
X III
( 1975)
p p.
o f
t he p ottery w as p ainted,
1 60-1.
1 42
t here
i s
v ery
w here
l ittle
a g reat
a pplication s ome
o f
h as
p atterns,
o bservation T he
c eived l evel
a t endency
o f
a ll
( figs.
i nitial
s ome
A lso,
o range/brown
f irst
one
t here
o r
p ottery m anufacture
s kill e xhibited
o n
f ig.
t here
t his t he
r e—
h igher
N early a ll
o f
f abrics
1 35-9) i t
i s v ery d ifficult
i ndication t hat i s
o f
i n
t he
f igures
f lanked b y w hat
s tyle,
s ometimes o f
o f
s pears
t riangles,
a nd
i nfilled
i nterspersed w ith
b irds,
t he b ody o f- t he p ot, t o
a re t he
t he N ear E ast.
t wo m ain t ypes m ay b e i n
c urved t ail
a s, p resumably, i s r ecognisable. T he
a re
s eem t o b e
o ne o f w hich h as a b and
c ross—hatched
t he p ossibility t hat
o r p aws,
t o
r epresented.
o f H aftavan V IB p ainted p ottery a nd a ttest
s ome m otifs
i s
i s
d esign m ight b e c ompared t o t hose o f
d ecoration o n t he u pper p art
l egged c reatures
t eresting,
a nd
o bviously
w ith m ost
a m an o r w oman
' Ardebil'
a nd t riangular o utlines
t here
f eet
i s s ome
o ccurrence
Among q uadrupeds, f our
f ired,
f igure,
s pecific c ase,
o r s pears:
T he
l ongevity o f
T he
h ad
w hich s eem t o b e c lutching a n a ssortment
o f
b irds,
s kill a nd p owers
l ater b owls.
( figs.
1 38:12 w here a f igure
r eminiscent
e quid;
o f
t he w ith
n aturalistic
a nd
f or t here w as a m uch
i n t he
n o c omplete h uman
l ater v essels o f
b ands
h ighly
i s
i n a ny
f lighted a rrows
t riangles
c omparison
1 35-9).
t wo c ases
o f f igures s hields. 4
b owls
i n c olour.
n otably
t he much
t he
d esigns,
t ime,
a d egree
f ine g rit t empered a nd w ell
d ecide w hether, I n
i n
f igures
D iscussion a nd I dentification o f M otifs
m ale;
o f
i ntricate
h uman
o f w hich r eveal
p rocess o f
t echnical
O n m any
i n
f or t he
a ttention s ince E arly V IB,
f abrics a re
S ince
u sed.
t owards b eing s hoddy
a re r epresented w ith a nimals,
g eometric
t he
i n t he m otifs
o f c olour h as b een u sed
t he e arlier e xamples.
s cenes o f
r epetition d eal
f ig. a nd
f ig. 1 38:2 a ttention
i f o nly b ecause
i t
o ne
r ecognised:
f elines a nd
s herd s hows a c aprid
1 38:1 w ith i ts
( 138:8).
f ive—toed o r
s potted c oat m ust b e
c lawed
a f eline
a nimal,
a lthough i ts s hape i s n ot i mmediately p aid t o t he e ye i n f ig. 1 38:2 i s i n— i s r epeated
i n
f ig.
1 38:3,
a nd i s p er—
h aps a r eason f or n ot i dentifying t he c reature i n f ig. 1 38:3 a s a h orse. T he animals o n f ig. 1 35:6 ( see c olour p late) m ay b e h orses, y et
t he
l ong e ars a nd e rect m ane c ould i ndicate a n a ss.
M oorey
has
d istinguishing t ail
s uggested
t hat
t he
b etween h orse a nd a ss,
o f t he o nager
i s
two
s afest
a re t he t ail
s talk—like w ith a t ufted e nd;
c riteria m ane:
' the
t hat
o f t he h orse
b y c ontrast i s c overed w ith l ong h airs f rom i ts r oot t o i ts t ip. m ane o f t he o nager i s g enerally s hort a nd e rect, w hilst t hat o f h orse
i s
l onger,
T hese
f alling d own t he
c riteria h ave
h orse—drawn v ehicle
4 .
E .
H aerinck,
( Iran)', 5 .
P .R.S. i n
I A,
b ack o f
i nteresting
d epicted o n
M oorey,
I raq b efore
( 1978)
f ig.
' Pictorial t he
K assite
T he t he
t he n eck'. 5
i mplications
f or
t he
t he H aftavan V IB s herd.
' Painted P ottery o f X III
f or
a nd
t he A rdebil
S tyle
s upposed
B oth a nimals
i n A zerbaijan
9 :1.
E vidence P eriod ',
1 43
f or t he H istory o f I raq, XXXII
H orse—Riding
( 1970),
p .
3 7.
h ave
s hort,
g ives a re
h orse
i n
b roader
h ooves T he
s hort t he
i n
a
t hat
b e
i s
i n t he t he
t hink
t oo
f ar
f orward
a t
t he
t ime
i s
i mpossible T he
which
d esigns
r eins
i s d ue
6 ;
h ead
' I
a lmost o f
d iagnostic
t wo
p airs
a n o nager b eing r eins
o n t he
i n t he
r ight h and).
t he
i s p ole
o nly l eft
t he r eins
B ut w hether
s herd r eflects
t o t he a rtist's
o f
d riven
s herd
o n
T o b e p ractical
o n t he
a re
d o b elieve
t he d river w ill h ave b oth
r ight r eins
o n
s herds
o f b ands
s eem t o b e
o f
f itted
t he
r eality
l ack o f u nderstanding
i nto a s tandard
r ed and b lack p aint
l ines h ang b lack o r b lack a nd
d epicting
b irds o r,
r ealistic.
t hat
which t he n aturalistic d esign s herds
o f
t he
i t h as
t ell'.
c onsists
F rom t hese
o f s aid,
p resence
c ase
a lthough
r edistributed b y a terret
d istribution o f t o
s ize
e ars h ere a re
t he a pparent
t o b e
o r w hether A t
d oes
a f orelock,
d ifficulty w ith t he b e
( so
l eft h and and b oth
a f orelock w hich t he a ss
L ittauer h as
a ny e xplicit
t o
a nd
t he n eck a nd
s mall
i s
T he
s hould c ross
a pparent
a lso h as
l onger
t he
l egs
d oes n ot h ave
t he
r epresentations:
a s maller h ead,
a h orse.
a s
o f
a lso a ppear
r eins
o f
h orses;
h orse b ridle).
which
i t
O ther c riteria w hich
6
t o a ncient
s ize h as
l ength o f
t rimmed)
c annot
t hey
i nner
a re
c an ( I
t he
r eminiscent
a nimals
r eins
i ts
t han t he a ss; b ut
m ore
( manes
t o
e rect m anes.
t o a pply
H attavan e xample
l egs,
p erhaps
l ess e asy
p roportion
n ot.
7
e ars a nd s hort,
ere ct
M oorey
i s
n aturalistic
s lip.
r ed h atched t riangles,
a round
i n a n e xceptional c ase,
Any a vailable
s eems
o f
f ormat,
t he
f itted. s cenes
o n t op
s pace
o n t hose
t o h ave b een f illed
w hat a ppears
t o b e a n
i nsect
w ith
( 138:3,
1 39). T hese b irds,
w hich a re r eminiscent o f
t he p ottery f rom Y anik T epe a nd o ther s ites, a re l arge i n n umber a nd v ariety. t ion
c lose
t o t he
s hore a t
p otters m ade m uch u se o f t he
b ird l ife r epresented
m ade a t
a l ake
b irds
i dentification,
i s
b ut
a s
i t
t hese
o ften
d epends
t hese
b irds
d rawings o n t he
i s n ot
i s
s urprising
f illing—in m otifs.
s ufficient
o ne m ust b ear
o f b eak
t hat
t he
i n m ind, o f
h owever,
t he m ore
f urther 1uc omplicated b y t heir
b e
t hat
i n
i dentification
a ny a ttempt o ften
i n
t o
r ecent p rimitive
S ince b ird
t o b ody,
l ocal
T he v ariation
f or t entative a ttempts
a re v ery c rude.
a ngle
i ncised d ecoration o n
T ranscaucasian p eriod I n v iew o f H aftavan 's p osi—
c omparison w ith m uch a ncient a rt a nd t hat p eoples,
t he
9E arly
b eing
t o
i dentify
r epresented
c ompletely o ff b alance. T he p arts
o f
s wastika t he
d esign o f
N ear E ast
6 .
B urney,
I ran,
X III
7 .
M oorey,
I raq,
XXXII
8 .
9 .
T he
t ext
C .A.
B urney,
I raq,
X XIII
E dwards,
o f
( 1975)
p .
( 1970)
a p ersonal
1 980.
C ultures 1 0.
o f
A pril
f ig.
c ommunication f rom M rs.
1 975,
a t
( 1981)
p . p p.
s ome
i n
m any
s wastikas h ave
3 7.
p l.LXXI:14,
S hiraka,
I ran X IX
h as m any p arallels
1 61.
p .
' Excavations
( 1961)
1 35:1
f rom a m uch e arlier p eriod;
Y anik T epe, a nd T .S.
6 4,
f ig.
1 08-9.
14 4
M ary L ittauer,
N orth—Western
K hachatrian, 2 1.
1 9
I ran'
T he A ncient
e laborate d esills, c lassic s elves
t o
s quares
f ig.
i s
1 35:4,
i n b uff.
t he
d esign a t H aftavan
i nnumerable
t he
o f
r ed,
b lack
r esult
i s
i s
s ymbols,
( fig.
t he m ost
p art.
O ne
i s
o f
d eciding w hether t he p ot p ainters
t o
r epresent a n a nimal
f or i ts o wn a ppeal,
o r,
a round t he
t herefore, t hat
a re
1 38:1,
s o
8 ,
o n s o m any N ear E ast,
f act
l asting
a ccurate
t hat
t he
f our o r
f ive
f ar r emoved f rom
i nterpretation
i s
a lso p resented w ith t he p roblem
a t H aftavan w ere p ainting a m otif
w hether t hey w ere
i gnorant
b uff
t ransformed b y t he
i nto a nimals
a d evelopment
r epresentation,
a nd
f requently u sed o n E arly V IB
i n L ate V IB
c entred o f
t he
t hem—
s lipped s urface u sually b eing
t ails a nd h eads
p roblems, t he
T he p resent
i dentifiable f or
i s o ne o f
i n E arly V IB r estricted
d evelopment o f m otifs w hich a ppear i n t he s econd m illennium B .C. i n t he
r elevant d esigns a re
i mpossible
7 ),
A m otif w hich
l egs,
T racing t he d ecorated v essels
m illennia.
5 ,
f acing t riangle w hich
s imple a ddition o f 9 , 1 0). 1 2
a ny
s urviving
p roducing c hequer b oard d esigns
( see
p resents
t he
M any o f t he p ainters
p ainted f irst v essels
b ut
t ype.
o f w hat
i t
j ust a pplying t he d esign
i nitially s ymbolised.
P ottery T erminology T echnical
t erms
f or p ottery h ave b een u sed i n a v ariety o f ways
b y N ear E astern a rchaeologists. t he t erms m ost
T he
d efinitions
f requently u sed i n t his
i ncluded b elow a re
o f
s ection:
T emp e r A ny
s ubstance w hich w as
p otter.
B oth o rganic
m atter)
a nd
i norganic
d eliberately a dded t o
t he c lay
b y
t he
s ubstances
( for e xample,
d ung o r v egetable
s ubstances
( for e xample,
s and o r g rit)
a re
r eferred t o a s t emper. S lip A
c oat
s ion
o f
c lay a pplied t o
o f c lay
r espondingly
i n w ater . t hin
t he
s urface o f
T his
l ayer o n
a v essel
a s
t hin w atery s olution
t he e xterior o f
a
s uspen—
f orms
a c or—
t he v essel w all.
Wash A t hin l ayer
o f m ineral
p aint c overing o ne o r b oth
v essel,
t he e ntire
s urface
o r
s pindle w horl i ng a nd/or i t
1 1.
i s
K hachatrian, common
i n
S ardarian, X XXIV
s ee W . 1 ,
T he
f ig.
S tucki,
Z urich,
P rimitive
Y oung,
( 1960)
T he
s ince w ashes
E arly C ultures
d eren O rients,
and T .C.
a n a rtefact t erm
o f S hiraka,
' wash'
i nto
U nterlagen f ig.
3 :3.
1 45
a a
c onfus—
s lips,
y et
t hickness.
f ig.
7 1,
s hows
z ur K eramik
a s tyle I ran
a nd
d es A lten V or—
X III:334-344.
i n A rmenia,
S olduz V alley,
o f
e xample,
c an b e
f or a l arge s election f rom
1 980,
S ociety
s urfaces
( for
t end t o g rade
s ince w ashes h ave a d istinct
S oviet A rmenia;
M esopotamia,
1 2.
o r a nimal m odel).
r edundant
u seful
o f
I ran:
f ig.
L X:1,
a nd R .H.
D yson
P isdeli T epe A nti vity,
B urnished
s urface
A l ustrous s urface, p roduced b y r ubbing t he v essel w ith a h ard, s mooth t ool, s uch a s a p ebble, b one t ool, o r a p iece o f w ood, p robably w hen i t w as r elatively d ry. b e v isible o n t his t ype o f f inish.
S troke m arks m ay o r m ay n ot T he H aftavan v essels w ere
b urnished a fter t hey h ad b een p ainted. f rom t hree p oints: a )
t he
p aint
i s
l ustrous,
T his c an
a p roperty
i t
b e
w ould
i nferred
n ot
p ossess w ithout b urnishing. b )
O n s ome l ustrous,
s herds e xcept
t he s urface i s w ell p reserved a nd i n t hose a reas f ormerly c overed b y a
f ugitive p ainted d esign. c )
T he e dges o f b lurred,
t he p ainted d esigns
w ith
s ome p aint
a re o ften s meared o r
s treaks o n
a djacent
o pen
a reas. W et
s moothed
A m att f ine
s urface
s urface w hich
r idges
s moothing
i s g enerally
i n s ome a reas. t he s urface o f
T his
s mooth b ut w hich m ay a lso h ave t ype o f f inish w as p roduced b y
t he p ot w ith a s oft
s uch a s a h and o r a p iece o f
l eather,
o r y ielding
t ool,
w hile t he v essel w as w et.
P ottery T ypology T he b eakers, t urn. a )
a ssemblage
p lates a nd d ishes,
j ars,
a nd b owls.
p arts:
E ach w ill b e e xamined
i n
B eakers T ype
e verted v aries
1 ( fig.
r im ,
7 7:1)
a nd
t reatment
i s
r ed o r b rown s lip, T ype a n
h as a r ounded p rofile w ith a f lat
a d iameter o f a round 6
f rom b uff/brown,
s urface
a nd
f rom H aftavan h as b een d ivided i nto f our
t o o range/brown,
c entimetres. a nd
u sually a t hin r ed w ash,
a nd o ne v essel
i s
i s g rit b ut
b ase, T he
a n
f abric
t empered.
T he
s ome e xamples h ave a
s lightly b urnished.
2 a h as a l ow c arinated c ylindrical b ody w ith a n e verted r im
e verted
b ase w hose d iameter
i s
o ften c omparable w ith t he
r im
( fig. 7 7:2-5). T he f abric r anges f rom r ed/brown t o b uff i n c olour, o ften w ith f ine g rit t empering a nd a r ed s lip. T his p articular t ype i s f requently d ecorated w ith b lack o r b lack/brown p aint. A ' ladder' d esign p redominates, t wo o ut
v ertical a t
e ach e nd
s traight, z ag
l ines
( fig.
h orizontal ( fig.
f ollows c losely t he s hape r un p arallel
7 7:2,3). l ines
7 7:2,4).
b y t hree v ertical T ype
w hich
l ines s ometimes
l ines.
T he
( fig. T he
( pl.
( fig.
' rungs' 7 7:3),
' ladder'
o f
t he
( fig.
t he p ot;
d esign o n
' ladder' f ig.
t he
o thers s play a re e ither
o r r ather d isorganised, 7 7:3
i s
z ig—
f lanked
1 4e)
2 b h as a c arinated b ody a nd a n e verted r im,
a ngular a ppearance
o f
7 7:4),
7 7:6).
b ut
a m uch
l ess
T he r elatively f ew e xamples o f t his
t ype h ave a b rown f abric a nd a m edium g rit
1 46
t emper.
T ype 2 c ( fig. b ut t he d iameter
r im, i t
a s quat,
s olid l ooking a ppearance.
b rown o r t empered.
b uff,
o ften
T ype 3 i s s eason ( fig.
1 973
e verted b eaker
7 7:7-10 h as a c arinated p rofile a nd a n e verted ( 9-11 c entimetres), h eight a nd r ound b ase g ive T he
w ith a r ed s lip
f abric c an b e o range,
o r
w ash,
a nd
r ed,
m edium
g rit
r epresented b y a u nique e xample, d iscovered i n t he 7 7:11). I t h as a h igh c arination, a f lat b ase, a n
r im, a nd t he r emains o f a h andle. T his f ine g rit t empered i s a m uch m ore s ophisticated e xample t han a ny o f t he o thers
among t he H aftavan a ssemblage a nd,
b ecause o f i ts
d istinctive
s hape,
h as m ore r eadily
i dentifiable p arallels e lsewhere.
T he c losest p iece
w ith w hich
7 7:11
f rom D inkha T epe ,
w hich
f ig.
c an b e c ompared
h as a d isc b ase;
g rey w are,
d efinitive c haracteristic o f
t ype
4 i s
t he c onvex b ase
a ngle b etween t he b ase a nd t he b ody o f t he b eaker .
a re f ine
i n c oarse
h as a v ertical h andle.
T he s harp
i s a n e xample
a nother Hecimen f rom D inkha T epe,
t o m edium g rit
t empered w ith f abrics
a nd
T he v essels
t hat c an b e o range,
r ed,
b rown o r p ink, s lips. T hese
o r s ome e xamples h ave r ed, b rown o r, o ccasionally, b uff v essels a re s ometimes d ecorated i n t he s ame m anner a s
t hose
i n t he
i ncluded
t ype
d esign w ith s traight, f lanked b y a s eries p articular which ( and
i n
A r are a rrangement o f
t hose
v essels
h orizontal v ersion o f m iddle
o f
T he
w hich
b eakers
T he r ed,
b rown,
l argest
a re
b uff,
l ast
t wo b eakers
t o
e arly m odels.
i s
( fig.
T epe,
7 8:7
i n—
h as
' wrapped '
w ith a d istorted
7 9:1-2;
G eoy
d esign i s
F ig.
w hich
i s n ot T his
t o H aftavan V a
a round
z ig—zag
l ine
l ine.
1 26:3-4)
r oughly b rown
m ade,
r ectangular p rofile w ith
a nd
s ome h ave a r ed o r b rown s lip.
m any o f
5 b h ave
t hem c omplete
i llustrated b elong t o
O nly
7 9:7-8),
a nd a n u neven s urface. t he o ther i s b uff ( fig.
o ccurred ( fig.
t ype
t wo e xamples
f rom t he
b oth a re c oarse g rit
p ink
a n
i n
T he t he
7 9:3-6).
5 c a nd a re
l ater p eriod t empered,
f rom
i rferior h ave
h andmade,
O ne h as a g rey/black f abric ( fig. 7 9:7), a nd 7 9:8); t he f ormer h as a r ounded b ase a nd t he
l atter a h eavier,
f latter b ase.
1 3.
H amlim,
X II
1 4.
B urton—Brown,
f ig.
t o
t o m edium g rit t empered f abrics a re o range,
t hey e xhibit a s tandard o f m anufacture m uch
( fig.
I ran,
' ladder' 4 .
f ine g rit t empered a nd h ave a
s eason,
l evels;
t he
d esign,
b een a ssigned t o t ype
L ate V IB
b een e xcavated
5 a
o r p ink,
h ave
q uantity e ach
T he
t he
u nderlined b y a s ingle b lack
T heir f ine
w hich
e quivalent
t ype
5 b e xamples h ave a f lat,
r im .
v essels
' ladder'
t ype
' ladder'
T hey h ave a f lattish b ase w ith r ounded c orners a nd
r im,
t ype
i s
o f
p robably b y h and. a n e verted f abric.
t he
a ssigned t o
t he b ody o f t he p ot,
t he r im,
e verted
t hat t he
b eaker h as a c lose p arallel w ith a s herd f rom
H asanlu V ).14
a round
e xcept
l ines b etween t he v erticals, l ines ( fig. 7 8:6; 1 28:1).
B urton—Brown a ssigned t o G eoy T epe B ,
c luded t he
2 a c lassification,
h orizontal o f v ertical
( 1974)
f ig.
1 :13.
3 2:1528.
1 47
b )
P lates a nd
D ishes
P lates a nd
s hallow d ishes
r arely a ppear a t
t ypology p resented h ere c ould b e d eceptive, t he o f
s um t otal t hem
i s
1 h as
w hich
F igs.
a
i n
8 1:2)
8 1:3-5,
w ith a m uch
f ine
c olour
( fig.
a nd
s o
r epresents
v essels e xcavated a t
t ype
( fig. i s
t he
t he
a lmost
s ite.
a h eavy, g rit
8 1:11).
N one
p lain e verted r immed
t empered T he
t ype
2 a,
r ounder p rofile. w hich a re
2 b t his
f abric
o ther
a nd
v essel
i n
s ometimes
8 1:6-8).
v aries
f ine
t o c oarse
o r
o range/grey,
g rit
s urface
f ine g rit
b ut
t empered,
s lipped a nd b urnished.
O n t he
t aken a s tage
t hree e xamples
t empered,
b ut
i s t his
a lso h ave p lain r ims,
T hey h ave
r ounded p rofile h as b een
( fig.
o range/brown,
i s
s and t empered w ith a p inkish/brown
w ith a t apered r im f rom
o ne
t o m edium
w hich b elong t o
l ighter,
o range/brown f abrics, I n
t ypes o f
t wo e xamples:
h as
o range/brown c ategory c olour.
t hese
i t
d ecorated.
T ype d ish,
o f
H aftavan,
f or
a nd t he
f urther
t he
f abric
i s
e ither
c olour
a lways w ith a r ed s lip a nd a
h igh
b urnish . T ype
3 ( fig.
8 1:9)
i s
a l arger,
h eavier v ersion o f
t he
t ype
2 a
v essels. T ype a lready
4 v essels e xhibit
m entioned.
i nverted,
a ngular r ims,
s ively m ore
a nd
t ype
5 ( fig.
8 1:3)
g erated v ersion o f t ype.
a nd
I t
i s
4 b
t echnical
8 1:10-12).
t han t he o nes
( 4a;
4 b;
4 c)
s eems
8 1:11) t o b e
h ave
h ave p rogres-
T hese p lates h ave m edium g rit
( fig.
t he t ype
s kill
T hey a re w heelmade a nd
t he v ariants
r ounded p rofiles.
b rown f abrics, T ype
r ather m ore
( fig.
t empered,
i s b urnished.
a c omposite m odel,
4 b r im a dded t o
w ith a n e xag-
t he h eavier b ody o f
f ine g rit t empered a nd c an b est
t he 4 a
b e d escribed a s
b lack
b urnished w are. T he V IB.
p lates
T ypes
c ertain
T ype
6
r eferred t o a bove,
w ith t he
( fig.
f abric,
8 1:14)
i s
a p lain,
o f H aftavan V I
a f ine g rit
e verted
8 1:15)
i s
s imilar e xcept
T ype
8 ( fig.
8 1:16)
i s
u nusual
A s mall
c ollection o f
t hem a re 8 1:6
8 1:7,8),
s mall a nd
b ut
i n
a nd a l arger d iameter
( fig.
8 1;
t hat
t hat
h ave
T hese
a re,
s hapes c ontinuing
t empered
v essel
i t
i t h as
i nto
w ith
a n
b ase. h as a s aucer b ase. a s tepped
r im w ith
t han t he o ther e xamples.
t hese v essels w as
o thers
t ypes.
a nd
1 26:6)
s cale v ersions
1 09:2), a ll
1 24 :10;
d esign
r im a nd a f lat
7 ( fig.
V essels
a ll b elong t o E arly i n
l ater H aftavan V
T ype
a t apered p oint
f ig.
1 -5,
j ust f urther e xamples I ron A ge.
o range/brown
o f
t ype
a nd 8 a re m uch m ore d eveloped
s imilarities
p erhaps, t he e arly
S mall
o f
6 ,7
o f
o btained
l arger p ots
a re c rudely
( fig.
s haped a nd u nfinished
s eem t o h ave b een h andmade b y t he 1 48
f rom V IB. 8 1:9 a nd
s imple
S ome 7 7:1; ( fig.
f orefinger
a nd t humb m oulding
t echnique.
O nly t hree
( fig.
8 1:1,
1 4,
1 9)
a ppear
t o h ave b een f inished w ith w et s moothing o r b urnishing. T he f abrics v ary f rom b eing v ery f ine ( fig. 8 1:10) t o v ery c oarse i n t exture ( fig. 8 1:8) and f rom b uff
( fig.
8 1:14)
t o b rown
8 1:15) and o range/grey i n c olour d )
( fig.
( fig.
8 1:3),
r ed/brown
( fig.
8 1:17).
B owls A ll
t he b owls
t o b rown, e xamples
a re
T he
p endant
( fig.
t ype
8 2:2;
1 a re
( figs.
t empered w ith o range/brown 8 2,
r ed a nd b uff,
8 3,
1 3a),
o r
w hich
a re
1 26).
e ither
i s
i n t he
f illed w ith h orizontal,
b lack,
t o
T hese a re
a
p oint
b elow t he a pex o f b lack
( fig.
t he t riangle.
8 2:1;
1 26:8;
1 24:9),
o f
i n b lack
z ig-zag
l ines,
t he
i s s ome f orm
c ross-hatched
which a re f lanked b y t wo v ertical b lack z ig-zag e ither s traight
A ll
a nd u sually t here
d ecoration o f t he e arly v essels
t riangles,
p l.
f ine g rit
f abrics.
s lipped b rown,
b urnishing . b lack
o f
p ink a nd b uff
l ines,
w hich c onverge e ncased
o r r ed l ines
i n
( fig.
8 2:6, 1 26:9, 1 0), c onverging t o t he s ame p oint. T hree u nique b owls h ave d ifferent d ecoration: f ig. 8 2:4 h as a s et o f s even p arallel r ed l ines
w hose
l ength d iminishes o n d escent;
d ecoration s weeping z ag
l ines
s eems
d own f rom t he r im,
t hat c reate a n
t o
i nternal
p ossibly
o f h andled h olemouth 6 ,
a nd
8 2:5 h as a
b and
w hich c onsists o f p arallel
d iamond-shaped p attern;
h ave a t wo t ier d ecoration.
o ccurrence
f ig.
f ig.
C onfined t o E arly V IB
b owls,
a lthough
f ig.
1 26:8 c an b e c lassified a s c ups.
o f z ig-
8 2:11 i s
t he
8 2:7,8,
a nd
C lose
p arallels
e xist f or t hese a t G eoy T epe, a lthough w ith t he r ecurrent p roblem t hat a t t his s ite t hey a re f ound i n T omb K , p eriod B . 15 T he l ater h olemouth b owls h ave
t he s ame
f abric c ontent,
a s t he e arlier o nes; G eometric s ub-phase F ig. 8 2:9
c olouration a nd s urface
o nly t he d ecoration
i s a d istinguishing
t ype
p lain
r ims
T heir
f ine
2 ( fig .
a nd
8 2:14-17;
t o m edium g rit t empered,
8 2:14),
o r
u nusual
d esigns.
f ragment
o f
d ots
A bove a nd c urving
a w edge f ig.
b ase
( fig.
F ig.
8 4 :8 s eems
w ith
8 ,14)
b owls a re
b uff
( fig.
t o o ne s ide o f
l ines.
I t
s hallow w ith 8 2:17
t o
8 4 :15).
T he b owls w ith d ecoration h ave w hilst t he
s how a f lattened b lack t riangle,
t his d esign i s
t he d eep,
( type 3 ),
i s
w ith
i n F ig.
8 3:1.
a s eries o f b lack z ig-zag
f ound o nly
c arinated
i n E arly V IB
( figs.
o range/brown f abric,
w hich a re s ometimes b urnished.
T here
v ery l imited r epertoire o f s hape i n t hese t ype 3 b owls, b ut v ariation i n d ecoration i s a pparent. T he t wo b a “c c omponents
1 5.
B urton-Brown,
f ig.
3 2:13,
1 8,
a nd 3 3:1014.
1 49
a nd
i n E arly V IB.
s traight-sided,
t o m edium g rit t empered,
r ed a nd b rown s lips,
r ed,
t he e xamples i llustrated h ave s lightly 8 4 :8 a nd 1 26:5), r aised b ases ( fig.
T hese v essels h ave o nly b een f ound
h as a f ine
8 3:6).
t o b rown f abrics h ave
d istributed i nternally a long t he p erimeter a s
w ith a n e verted r im
8 6;123).
8 4 :
t he d esign
8 4 :14 h as a b and o f b lack s pots,
A nother c ategory o f b owl, one
8 3;
o ccasionally t hey h ave h andles
b uff a nd b rown s lips. S ome o f t apered r ims ( fig. 8 2:15, 1 6,
b lack
f actor.
a nd c oncentric l ine p atterns p redominate, a lthough i n t his t here a re m ore p lain b owls w ith n o t races o f d ecoration. i s i nteresting, f or i n a ddition t o i ts s eries o f c ross-
h atched t riangles, t here a re a n umber o f p ainted a nimals, o f w hich g ives n o c lue a s t o t heir i dentity. T he
t reatment
i s a s ome a re
b lack s traigh t a nd b lack z ig-zag l ines. T here i s s ometimes a b lack s emi-circle h anging f rom t he r im, f illed i n w ith b lack , h orizontal z ig-zag
l ines
( fig.
8 6:21),
o r b lack,
v ertical
z ig-zag
l ines
( fig.
8 6:27), a nd t hese s emi-circles a re o ften e mphasised b y l ower c urving l ines f ollowing t he d esign a round ( fig. 8 6:23), o r z ig-zag l ines t hat f ollow t he
s emi-circle,
A n a lternative c ircles
i s
t hat
o f b lack,
o f t his c an b e T he r immed
a nd t hese a re u sually e ncased e xhibited
z ig-zag
a bove
8 3,
8 4,
f ig.
l ines a re
8 6:18,
i n b lack
l ines.
w here c oncentric
i ndividually o utlined.
s emi-
E xamples
s een a t G eoy T epe. 16 m entioned
b owls a ssigned t o
( figs.
i n
8 6,
1 26).
r ange
o f
t ype 4 ,
d ecoration o ccurs
w hich a re o nly
T hose f ine
o n
f ound
t he
b ead
i n E arly
V IB.
t o m edium g rit t empered b owls a re
o range/brown t o b rown i n f abric c olour, h ave r ed a nd b rown s lips a nd a re u sually b urnished. T hese p articular b owls a re f inely p roduced w ith
a n e venly a nd h ighly b urnished s urface;
and s ometimes q uite t hin i n p rofile T he
b owls,
t empered,
w hich
b elong t o
( fig. t ype
t he b ody
i s w ell
f ired
8 4:4,7). 5 ,
a re
f ine
t o
a nd h ave a n o range/brown t o b rown f abric.
m edium
( figs.
g rit
1 03-7).
T he e xternal w ash o r s lip i s u sually b urnished a nd t he r im a rea o ften r eceives a g reat d eal o f a ttention. I t i s u nusual t o f ind t he b ody d ecorated
( fig.
1 07:9,
1 05:2,
3 ,
5 ,
6 a nd 1 04:1,
6 ,
9 ,
1 0 a re e xcep-
t ions), b ut t he r im t reatment i s a d istinctive f eature o f t his t ype. T he d ecoration i s m ainly o f a g eometric n ature, w ith d esigns r anging f rom
a
t hick r ed o r b lack l ine,
t o a s eries o f v ertical
r ed
l ines
( fig. 1 06:11), b lack o r r ed t riangles, s ometimes f acing ( fig. 1 06:1), s ometimes i n s equence ( fig. 1 06:10), a nd u sually e ncased w ithin b lack l ines ( fig. 1 06:9). T he r im i tself h as a w ide v ariety o f s tyles, r anging f rom a g entle s lope ( fig. 1 06:3-5), a t hin p rotruding l ine ( fig. s hort, o f
1 06:6), o r a s hort, h orizontal o ne ( fig. 1 06:4), t o a s eries o f r ounded u ndecorated e xamples ( fig. 1 07:1-8). T he r im d iameter
t he b owls
r ange
r anges
f rom 2 0-25
c entimetres.
T ype 6 a v essels ( figs. 8 7, 8 9-95) h ave r ounded p rofiles, a w ide o f r ims, a nd a w ide r ange o f g eometric d ecoration w here h atched
t riangles a nd d iamonds p redominate ( fig. 9 4:2, 5 , 1 4), a long w ith s ome l inear p atterns ( fig. 9 2:8 1 0), b ird d esigns ( fig. 9 4:5), a nd m otifs w hich
a re
d ifficult
t o
i nterpret
( fig.
e ither p ainted d irectly o nto a r ed s lip, c ream p aint w hich c ommon ,
b ut
i n
i s
9 2:5).
s uperimposed o nto t he s lip.
s ome e xamples
i t
c an b e
T his d ecoration
b rown s lip,
o r w ash,
B urnishing
b arely d iscernable,
s o
i s
o r o nto i s
v ery
s uperfi-
c ial
i s t he t reatment .
V IB
T he t ype 6 b c arinated b owls ( figs. 9 5-102) b elong s olely t o L ate and h ave t he s ame f abric, t empering a nd s urface t reatments a s
t hose
v essels
w ith t he m ore r ounded p rofile.
M any o f
t he
v essels
( fig. 1 01:1-6) h ave p lain, i nverted, a nd s ometimes t apering r ims, o r i nverted b ead r ims ( fig. 1 02:1-4,7), a lthough e verted r ims a re c ommon t oo. a rea
O n
t hese c arinated v essels,
a bove t he c arination a nd
i s,
t he d ecoration i s c onfined t o t he o n t he w hole,
t idier
e xecuted t han o n t hose b owls w ith r ounded p rofiles. m otifs a re i dentical t o t hose o n t he t ype 6 a e xamples,
1 6.
B urton-Brown,
f ig.
2 0:1640
1 50
a nd
b etter
M any o f y et t he
t he e nd
r esult
d oes e xhibit T he
c oarse
t ype
s ome e lement o f p lanning.
7
b owls
1 21,
1 25).
a bout
1 5cms
T hey
i n E arly a nd L ate V IB
a re u sually b etween 2 7 a nd 3 8cms
i n d epth .
T he
g rey/brown a nd b rown, b rown s lip. I ncised c ommon.
T here
t apering
f orms
1 25:10,
1 2)
1 20:12;
t hese v essels m ay b e
t o
h old l iquids.
( fig.
a re i n
8 8,
o r 1 20,
d iameter
a nd
f rom b uff o r o range/brown t o
r im s hapes,
1 21:10),
l edge
f orms
s een a s
r anging
c arinated f orms
( fig.
1 21:5:
s torage b owls,
f rom s quare
( fig.
1 21:1-4;
T he
f unction
5 -8).
m ixing b owls o r b asins
1 22)
T here a re t hree v essels w hich p robably f unctioned a s o il l amps: a re r oughly o blong i n s hape ( fig. 1 22:2, 1 6) a nd t he o ther i s a
t wo
n arrow—necked,
b road
b odied j ar w hich
u seful p ouring v essel a b ird
( fig.
a re m odelled
( fig.
1 22:2);
i n c lay,
h ollow i nterior,
1 22:4).
t he b asic
c ould,
a lternatively,
O ne o f t he f eatures,
l amps
a ccess
i s p ierced a t t he end, E arly V IB d eposits. w ith
t o w hich
F igs. V IB,
F igs.
1 22:6, y et
8 ,
1 22:3,
l ike t he h ead a nd
a
f orm t ail,
I t h as a
i s g ained t hrough a n a perture
i n t he
i n d esign: i t l ength, w hich
F ig.
1 22:14 i s a p ottery s lab w ith a s unken
7 ,
1 1,
6 ,
1 3 a re m ade
t hese s orts o f
b e
i n t he
p resumably f or r efilling. B oth l amps a re f rom F ig. 1 22:5 a ppears t o b e a d omed c overing i Ld
a p ierced h andle.
s urface.
i s
a nd t he e yes a nd p lumage a re p ainted.
c entre o f t he b ack . T he o ther l amp i s q uite d ifferent i s b asically c ircular w ith a h ollow e xtention, 9 cms i n
c )
m edium
( figs.
a nd t he s urface t reatment i ncludes a r ed o r l ines a nd s haved o r w et s moothed b ands a re
a nd e verted
M iscellaneous
f abric v aries
i s aw ide v ariety o f ( fig.
o f
o f
f ound
g rit t empered a nd a re g enerally t hick w alled
9 ,
1 3
a re t he b ases o f b owls
i n t he o range/red/brown f abrics
o r
j ars.
t ypical o f
d isc b ases a re r arely f ound.
J ars M ost
c ategory,
j ars y et
f all
i nto t he g lobular j ar c ategory o r
i nevitably
t hey
a re
l ess
w ell
s torage
p reserved
j ar
t han
t he
s maller—sized b eakers. T here a re i n t he p resent p ottery a ssemblage n ine t ypes o f j ar, s ix o f w hich a re p robably f or s torage p urposes.
( fig.
T he v essels o f t ype l a a re r aised n eck j ars w ith e verted r ims 1 14:2-4 , 6 -8), w hose d iameter i s b etween 7 a nd 1 2 c entimeters.
T hese m edium l evels.
a lmost b ottleneck j ars h ave b rown o r g rit T he
r ed f abrics w ith
f ine
t o
t empering, a nd t hey o ccur i n b oth E arly a nd L ate V IB e arlier e xamples a re f requently d ecorated e ither w ith
ro ws o f s olid b lack, p endant t riangles ( fig. 1 13:6), o r o utlined p endant t riangles i n b lack, w avy, h orizontal l ines, h anging f rom a n
a lternatively s traight a nd w avy, r im
( fig.
1 14 :1).
t riangle o utlined
b lack b and o f d ecoration a round
S ome e xamples h ave
t he s traight,
i n r ed a nd t he s pace b etween t he
f illed
b y
d ouble
l ined s tanding t riangle w ith f lanking,
( fig.
a n u pright
1 14 :4).
T he
t riangle
t ype
( fig.
1 14 :1).
b lack
t he
l ines o f
M ore u nusual
i s
b lack h orizontal
t he l ines
l a e xamples f rom t he L ate. V IB s trata h ave
m ore c omplex t iered d esign
( fig.
1 14:2).
t he
i nverted t riangles,
a
B eneath t he b lack r im b and
a nd t he l ower r ed b and, a re a s eries o f i nterlocking b lack t riangles, whose a pex r ests o n a nother b lack b and u nder w hich, s andwiched b etween a
s eries o f v ertical,
r ed
l ines,
a re t wo f acing t riangles,
1 51
o ne
o f
w hich
i s
s olid b lack,
T he
t ype
l b
a nd t he o ther f illed
j ars
( fig.
1 14 :5)
i n w ith r ed p aint.
h ave
s horter n ecks a nd a
l edge
r im, a m edium g rit t empered, b rown f abric a nd r ed s lip. T hey a re s ometimes d ecorated b eneath t he n eck w ith a s eries o f b lack t riangles, s eparated p oint.
b y
T he
d iagonal l ines. A t b elong o f t he t hey
s olid b lack p endant t riangles,
e ach w ith
a n
e xtended
s tanding b lack t riangles a re f illed w ith a s eries o f b lack
l ines a nd,
a t
r ight t riangles,
t his
i t
i s c onvenient
p oint
a s eries
o f
t hin,
r edder
t o m ention t hose v essels
w hich
t o t ype l c. ( fig. 1 14:9, 1 0, 1 19:5) T hey a re s imilar t o s ome t ype 1 a nd 2 e xamples, a nd s ince t hey o ccur o nly i n L ate V IB, a re
i n a s eparate c ategory.
T hese a ngular n ecked j ars h ave
a
t hin, e verted l edge r im , a f ine g rit t empered, o range/brown f abric a nd a r ed o r b rown s lipped s urface, w hich i s s ometimes b urnished. T he b lack p endant t riangle d es7i gn, f illed w ith b lack, w avy l ines, f inds a p arallel i n G eoy T epe D . 1 T he t ype t empered,
g rit
2 a j ars h ave a r im d iameter o f 7 -9cms a re u sually f ine a lthough o ne e xample w as v ery c oarsely m ade, a nd h ave
a n o range/brown f abric a nd a ll v essels
( fig.
1 13:1,
4 ,
w hich a re d ecorated e ither h ave a s imple n eck
( fig.
b etween b ody
1 13:7),
t wo
o f
7 ).
A r ed s lip
h orizontal b lack
w hich
i s
i s c ommon
T hose v essels
r ed a nd b lack b and a round t he
o r t hey h ave a s eries o f d iamond s hapes
t he p ot.
s urface,
5 ,
s eem t o h ave s ome d egree o f b urnishing.
T hese
l ines
r unning
f rom t he n eck
e nclosed a nd
d iamonds a re u sually p ainted o nto
i tself s uperimposed u pon t he r ed s lip.
u pper
a
c ream
T he v ariety
o f d iamond d ecoration i ncludes a b lack o utline f illed w ith r ed ( fig. 1 13:1), o r a s eries o f b lack, p arallel l ines, h alf f illed w ith b lack, v ertical
b lack l ines
t hese d iamond a lthough t here T he
( fig.
1 13:4),
o r
j ust
s olid b lack.
O nly t wo o f
d esigns a re i ncluded i n t he d ecoration o f a ny i s n o c onsistency i n t he c hoice o f c omposition.
l arger
g lobular
j ars
h ave
a n
a verage
v essel,
d iameter
o f
2 3
c entimetres a nd a m edium c oarse g rit t empered f abric, w hich i s u sually o range/brown t o b rown i n c olour. T hese t ype 2 b v essels a re a lso r ed s lipped a nd o ccasionally b urnished, T hese 9 )
j ars
f rom E arly V IB
a re e ither u ndecorated
b lack
p endant
( figs. ( fig.
a nd o ccur t hroughout H aftavan V I.
1 13:2, 1 12:3;
t riangles h anging
3 ,
6 ,
1 13:3;
8 ;
1 15:5,
1 15:5),
f rom a h orizontal
8 ;
1 12:3,
s traight
o r
b lack b and o r b ands a round t he n eck.
T he b lack t riangles a re
w ith
a nd
h orizontal,
b lack
w avy
l ines,
s ome
t imes
8 ,
o r t hey h ave
t he
w avy f illed
i ndividual
t riangles a re s eparated b y o ne o r t wo v ertical, w avy l ines h anging f rom t he s ame n eck b and. I n f ig. 1 13:8, t hese v ertical, w avy l ines a re
e ncased
b y
t wo s traight v ertical
g lobular j ars h ave a n
i nteresting r ange
l ines.
T he
o f p rofiles
l ater
( fig.
t ype
1 17;
2 b
1 18:1-
1 5), b ut t heir m ost s triking a spect i s t heir d istinctive d ecoration, w hich c an r ange f rom a s imple b and o f b lack a nd r ed p aint o n t he u pper b ody
o f
t he
j ar
( figs.
1 15:7;
d esign i ncorporating b ands, 2 9:2).
1 18:4)
T he b asic c olours u sed a re
a nd
r ed.
O n
a ll e xamples
1 7.
B urton—Brown,
f ig.
t o a n i ntricate
g eometric p atterns a nd b irds s hades
1 52
i n t he
p lanned
( fig.
o f b rown a nd b lack,
t he d ecoration i s
2 0:430.
a nd
f orm o f
1 16:2 o range a
b and
w hich
s tretches a round t he u pper b ody o f t he v essel,
l ineated d esign
b y
a n u pper a nd
t akes
t he
f orm o f
f illed
i n w ith b lack,
w hich
c an
b e
C ommon t oo i n
l ower b lack
t ype
1 j ars,
a nd
b and.
f acing t riangles,
f lanked b y v ertical
s een o n t he
i s t he
t wo
l ine o r
l ines
o f b lack,
i s
o ne e mpty
r ed l ines. a nd o n j ars
T his f rom
b lack o utline t riangle o r d iamond,
w ith p arallel
i t
s uperimposed b y
d e—
S ometimes
t he
a nd
o ne
i s a d esieg G eoy T epe.
w hich
i s
f illed
r ed p arallel
l ines
r unning a t r ight a ngles. M ore u nusual i s t he d esign o n f ig. 1 15:6, w hich h as a s eries o f v ertical b lack c hevrons, f lanked b y v ertical b lack t he
l ines,
s uperimposed o n b ands
d esign
f illed
o n
f ig.
1 15:4,
o f
r ed p aint.
A u nique e xample
w hich h as a s eries o f t apering
w ith r ed a nd b lack p ainted c ross h atching.
T he
i s
o blongs,
o blongs
a re
d ivided b y n arrow , e longated t riangles, s ome o f w hich h ave b een p ainted w ithout t wo t riangular p ieces a t t he b ottom. T his v essel i s f ine g rit t empered w ith a h igh b urnish a nd r epresents o ne o f t he f inest e xample o f
t he p ainter's w ork a t
H aftavan.
F ig.
1 16:2
c ombines
many o f t he e lements o f d ecoration s een o n o ther p ots. I t h as b ands o f r ed a nd b lack p aint, p endant t riangles, r ed a nd b lack c ross—hatched t riangles,
l ines
T he
t ype
2 b g lobular t ends o r
o f c hequer b oard d esign, 3 j ar
j ars,
i s
a w ide n ecked v ersion o f
t he t ype
a nd h as a n e verted o r t riangular
t o b e m edium t o c oarse g rit
p ink/buff
a nd b irds.
i n c olour,
a nd
i s
t empered,
I ts
o range/brown,
u sually c oated
2 a a nd t ype
r im .
f abric
o range/grey,
i n a r ed s lip o r w ash.
T he f ew e xamples w hich a re d ecorated h ave p endant b lack t riangles h anging f rom t he r im , f illed w ith b lack h orizontal, z ig—zag l ines ( fig.
1 13:6,
b lack
l ines
8 ),
o r,
a lternatively,
d escending
t riangles c omposed o f
f rom a s traight b lack
l ine o n t he
s traight
r im
( fig .
1 13:9). T he
s ix
t ypes
o f
s torage
t empered
f abrics
r esulting
i n a g reat v ariety o f
j ars h ave
w hich u sually r eveal
m edium
g reat
t o
c oarse
d ifferences
s urface c olour.
M ost
o f
i n t he
g rit
f iring, j ars h ave
f lat, p ierced b ases, a lthough w ith l arge s torage j ars t he n umber c omplete v essels d iscovered i s r emarkably f ew, l imiting e vidence many v essels, f or t he m ost p art, t o t he r im s hape ( fig. 1 09:1-11). 4 a
Type
e verted r im . T he
j ars T he
t ype
( fig.
1 09:1-3)
d iameter v aries
4 b
j ars
( fig.
a re c arinated a nd t end t o h ave
f rom 2 0-26 c entimetres.
1 09:4-5) h ave a l arger a verage
f rom 3 2-36 c entimetres, w ith a n e xtended b ody a nd T here t his i s
i s t he 5 6
i s
o nly o ne
l argest
c entimetres
h andmade t he
f iring r im ,
1 8.
t ype
d iameter a nd 7 7.5
d iameter,
l ower c arination. 5 f rom ( fig.
c entimetres
s tage.
I t
h as
H aftavan 1 09:6), h igh.
i ncised g rain d ecoration o n t he
p ossibly i ndicating i ts c ontents,
t op a nd o utside o f
o f
i n
o f
j ar f rom H aftavan V IB
a n
1 4 0.
a nd w hich
I t
i s
i n t wo p ieces a nd m ust h ave p resented a n umber o f p roblems a t
t he
T he
i ntact e xample
s torage
( pl.
o f f or
t ype
o f
t he r im.
6 j ar
( fig.
1 09:8)
h as a r ounded p rofile a nd a d iameter
2 2-24 c entimetres.
B urton—Brown,
i nside
a nd s ome r ed s lip o n t he
f igs.
2 0,
2 4,
3 1.
1 53
T he t ype 7 j ar ( fig. 1 09:9) h as a n u nusual, w ide, w ith a n o verhanging c arrying b and a round t he c arination .
T he v essels b elonging t o t ypes 8 a nd 9 a re o nly p artially c om— b ut e nough r emains a t l east t o r econstruct t he m ain u pper b ody
p lete,
o f t he v essels. r im ,
b aggy b ody,
a nd
t ype
T ype 8 ( fig.
1 09:10)
i s w ide b odied w ith a t riangular
9 h as a p lain r aised n eck
( fig.
1 09:11).
C ooking W are V essels
i n
m edium/coarse g rit h orizontal l ugs,
t his
c ategory
a re
c haracterised
t emper, t heir w ide n ecks a nd b odies, s trap h andles a nd a b urnt e xterior.
b y
t heir
t heir s pouts, S ome o f t he
v essels a re c rudely m ade ( fig. 1 29:2) w hilst a nother, w hich h as b lack o n r ed d ecoration ( fig. 1 28:6) m ay h ave h ad a m ore d ecorative f unction b efore b eing u sed a s a c ooking v essel. T he s ame t ypes o f b owl c an b e f ound w ith s corched e xteriors i n o ne c ontext a nd i n p ristine c ondition i n
a nother,
w hich
s uggests
t hat
a ll v essels w ere c andidates
c ooking f unction w hen t hey h ad b ecome o ld,
c hipped o r w orn,
f or
a
a lthough
s ome o f t he w ider n ecked a nd b odied b owls s eemed t o h ave b een d esigned w ith f ood p reparation i n m ind. T he o nes s pecifically m ade f or t his p urpose
m ay a lso b e
d istinguished b y t heir
s lightly c oncave n eck,
p laced a round t he t op t o 3 ,
s trongly e verted r ims
w hich w ould a llow a r ope o r f acilitate m oving
( fig.
a nd
l eather t hong t o b e 1 27:1,
5 ,
6 ;
1 28:1,
5 ). A g reater q uantity o f c ooking w ares w ere e xcavated f rom L ate V IB
l evels t han E arly V IB, w hich i s a r eflection o f t he a pparent f unction o f m any o f t he L ate V IB b uildings e xamined. V essels f rom b oth s ub— p hases
s hare
c arinated
t he
b owls
s ame
a re
g eneral
f ound
c haracteristics
i n L ate V IB c ontexts.
e xcept I t
i s
t hat
m ore
d ifficult
t o
c lassify t he E arly V IB c ooking p ottery i n t erms o f t he w are: r ed, b rown o r g rey, s ince m ost v essels h ave b een s ubjected t o d ifferential f iring
i n
t he k iln w ith t he
o ften o ccurs b rown,
o n t he s ame p ot.
p inkish—buff,
u neven. u pper
I n
w ith
s ome c ases
t he v essel
i s
o f t he v essels a ppear
g rey
whole,
t he
s everal
c olours
r eddish—brown,
g reyish—
p atches w here t he
t he v essel
i s
f iring
h as
b een
d ark r ed o r g rey i n t he r im a nd b ase.
I n
g eneral,
t he
r ed s lipped a nd s moothed o r b urnished.
t o b e w heel m ade
w ere p robably c oil b uilt
t he
t hat a r ange o f
F abrics c an b e
b ody a rea a nd a lmost o range n ear t he
s urface o f 7 )
r esult
a lthough s ome
1 29:1,
2 ,
a nd t hen f inished o ff o n a s low w heel.
O n
f abrics a re g ritty a nd t he w alls o f
( fig.
M ost
s ome o f t he
p ots
a re v ery c rumbly. T he
d ifficulty o ver w are c lassification i s
a lso e ncountered w ith
L ate V IB p ottery i n t his c ategory, a lthough t here i s a g reater p ropor— t ion o f f abrics w hich a re o range/brown o r s olely g rey i n c olour ( figs. 1 31:4,7; 6 ,
1 2)
1 32:4; a s
1 34 :7).
a re s imple
a re h andmade
1 5-30cms. S ometimes s pout ( fig. 1 33:11), 1 30:2).
( fig.
1 33:8-10).
f rom c oils a nd w hilst t he o utsides a re w et
i nteriors r emain r ough.
l ugs
C arinated f orms a re m ore c ommon
h olemouth b owls T he
r im d iameter o f
1 30:7,
8 )
1 30:5, l atter
s moothed,
t he
t hese v essels v aries
f rom
a t hick b ead r im h as b een a dded a long w ith a a s trap h andle ( fig. 1 34 : .12) o r a l ug ( fig.
S trainers a re a lso p art o f t he c ooking
( fig.
( fig. T hese
a nd
f inger i mpressions
f requently.
1 54
r epertoire. ( fig.
1 34:8)
B utton o ccur
E arly V IB: F ig.
B EAKERS
7 7 1 .
T ype
1 ,
l ight
b rown
f abric,
m edium g rit
t empered,
b urnt,
Y 2/4/(73). 2 .
T ype
2 a,
p ink
3 .
T ype
2 a,
b rown
f abric,
f ine g rit
4 .
T ype
2 a,
b rown
f abric,
m edium g rit
5 .
T ype
2 a,
b uff
6 .
T ype
2 b,
f abric,
f abric,
l ight
f ine g rit
t empered, t empered,
m edium g rit
b rown
Y 1/6/(75). Y 2/4/3(73).
t empered, t empered,
f abric,
J X/6/(69). Y 2/4/(73).
m edium
g rit
t empered,
Y 2/4/(73). 7 .
T ype
2 c,
8 .
T ype
2 c,
r ed
f abric,
r ed
f abric,
m edium g rit
t empered,
m edium g rit
Y 2/4/3(73).
t empered,
w et
s moothed,
Y 2/5/10(75). 9 . 1 0.
T ype T ype
2 c,
b uff
2 c,
f abric,
m edium g rit
o range/brown
Y 2/4/3(73). 1 1.
T ype
3 ,
Y 2/4/1(73).
1 56
f abric,
t empered, m edium
Y 1/5/(73). g rit
t empered,
3
6 .
5 .
9 .
1 0 C. e n t i
F ig.77. E ar ly V IB:
1 57
b eakers.
m e t r e s
E arly V IB: F ig.
B EAKERS
7 8 2 .
T ype
4 ,
p ink/buff
f abric,
r ed
s moothed,
T T1/5b(71).
s lip,
s and
t empered
Y 2/4/(73). 3 . 4 .
T ype T ype w et
4 ,
r ed w ash,
4 ,
w et
o range/brown
s moothed,
5 .
T ype
4 ,
p ink
6 .
T ype
4 ,
C C1/4/3(78).
7 .
T ype
4 ,
b uff
8 .
T ype
4 ,
B B1/5/4(78).
9 .
T ype
4 ,
b urnt, 1 0.
T ype
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed w ash,
Y 2/4/3(75). f abric,
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s and t empered,
b rown f abric,
s lip,
m edium g rit
Y 2/4/4(75).
Y 2/4/4(73).
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
r ed
s lip,
B B1/5/4(78). 4 ,
o range
f abric,
m edium g rit
t empered,
Y 2/4/6(73). 1 1.
T ype
4 ,
l ight b rown f abric,
Y 2/4(73).
1 58
m edium g rit
t empered,
r ed s lip,
2 .
4 .
3 .
L J . 1 7
6 .
5 .
8 . 9
--
I O .
I . 0
10
1 1 111 1 CMS
F ig.78. E ar ly V IB:
1 59
b eakers.
E arly a nd L ate F ig.
V IB:
B EAKERS
7 9 1 .
T ype
5 a,
b rown
2 .
T ype
5 a,
p ink
3 .
T ype
5 b,
f abric, f abric,
r ed/brown
Y 1/5(73). f ine
f abric,
g rit
t empered,
f ine g rit
Y 2/5/3(75).
t empered,
b urnt
b ase,
Y 2/4/3(73). 4 .
T ype
5 b,
p ink/buff,
5 .
T ype
5 b,
o range/brown
6 .
T ype
5 b,
p ink/buff,
7 .
T ype
5 c,
s and
t empered,
f abric,
f ine g rit
g rey/black
s and
r ed
s lip,
Y 2/4/2(73).
t empered,
Y 2/4/3(73).
t empered,
f abric,
Y 2/4/3.
c oarse
g rit
t empered,
X 2/2B(73). 8 .
T ype
5 c,
b uff
f abric,
c oarse g rit
1 60
t empered,
X /4(73).
1 .
2 .
6 .
1 .
7
L i
8 . 0 MIII M :
1 0 7 1 C MS .
F ig . 79. E ar ly a nd L a te V IB
1 61
b eakers.
11
C 1
E arly a nd L ate
V IB:
P LATES
F ig. 8 0 1 .
2 .
T ype 1 , o range/brown f abric, B B1/5/2/(78). T ype
1 ,
p ink/buff
Y 2/4/3, 3 .
T ype
4 .
T ype
5 .
6 .
7 .
2 a,
l ight
2 a,
b rown
f abric,
o range/brown,
e xternally
b urnt,
T ype
2 a,
o range/brown
s lip,
b urnished,
T ype
2 b,
s lip,
B B1/5/4,
T ype
s and
t empered,
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
i nternally b lack,
f loor 4 a/2(73).
2 b,
T ype
2 b,
9 .
T ype 3 ,
1 0.
T ype
1 1.
T ype 4 b, b urnished,
1 2.
T ype
4 c,
1 3.
T ype
5 ,
f ine g rit
T T1/5b(71).
t empered,
b rown
w ash,
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
b uff
J X6(69). f abric,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
r ed
5 9(75).
o range/brown
8 .
b urnished,
Z X/9(73).
o range/grey
b urnished,
1 4.
f abric,
f ine g rit
B bl/2/2,
f abric,
f ine git
t empered,
r ed s lip,
5 9(75).
B B1/5/4(78). B B1/5/1(78).
4 a,
b rown
f abric,
i nternally b urnt,
g rey f abric, T T1/5b(71).
c oarse
g rit
Y 1/6(75). t empered,
b lack
T T1/6(71). b rown f abric,
T ype
6 ,
B B1/
4 /1 ( 78).
f ine g rit
o range/brown
1 5.
T ype
7 ,
i nternally b urnt,
1 6.
T ype
8 ,
o range
f abric,
t empered,
f abric,
g rit
t empered,
Y 2/3(73).
c oarse g rit
1 62
f ine
Y 2/4/2(73).
t empered,
X 2/1(73).
1 .
inn
2
‚
3 . 4 .
5 .
6 . 7
8 .
nI M ‚
1 0 .
9
I .
1 2 .
no l W
1 3 .
1 4 . 1 5 .
1 6 . 1 0
0 Q
M 1 C MS .
F ig . 80. E ar ly a nd L a te V IB. p lates.
1 63
F ig.
8 1
L ate
V IB 1 .
L ight
E arly a nd L ate
V IB:
b rown
c oarse g rit
h and m ade,
f abric,
B B1/3/1
2 .
X 2/2b
( 1973).
3 .
B rown
f abric,
S MALL V ESSELS
t empered,
w et-smoothed,
( 1975).
m edium g rit
t empered,
e xternally b urnt,
Y 2/3a
( 1973). 4 .
T T1/4
( 1971).
5 .
Y /4
( 1971).
6 .
Y /4
( 1971).
7 .
BB1/ 4 /1
8 .
C oarse g rit
9 .
BB1/3/13
1 0.
B rown
B rown
t empered,
h andmade,
Y 2/3
( 1973).
( 1978).
f abric,
s lips, 1 1.
( 1978).
v ery
BB1/2/5 f abric,
h andmade,
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
b rown
( 1978). c oarse g rit
BB1/3/11,
P it
t empered,
b adly
f ired,
b urnt,
2 ( 1978).
E arly V IB 1 2.
Y 1/4D
( 1973).
1 3.
T T1/4
( 1971).
1 4.
B uff
1 5.
R ed/brown
1 6.
T T1/5
1 7.
O range/grey
1 8.
P ink/brown
1 9.
B B1/5/4
f abric,
b urnt
f abric,
b ase, b urnt,
e xternally b urnished, Y 2/4/3
Y 2/4/8.
( 1973).
( 1971). f abric, f abric,
h andmade, m edium g rit
( 1978).
1 64
Y 1/5
( 1973).
t empered,
Y 2/4/3(1973).
6 .
5 .
7
S
I O .
1 2 .
L I
1 3 . 0
1 0
CMS
1 4 .
1 5 .
1 6 .
U : • 1 1 7
1 9
1 8 .
F ig.81, E ar ly a nd L a te V IB .
1 65
sma l l v esse ls.
E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype
1 a nd
2 B OWLS
8 2 1 .
T ype
1 ,
b uff
f abric,
f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
b uff
f abric,
f ine
g rit
t empered,
b urnished,
Y 2/ 4 /7 ( 73). 2 .
T ype
1 ,
Y 2/4/3(73). 3 .
T ype
1 ,
o range/brown
b urnished, 4 . 5 .
T ype
1 ,
T ype
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
B B1/5/6(78).
b rown
1 ,
f abric,
b rown
r ed
f abric,
s lip,
T T1/5b(71).
f ine g rit
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
Y 1/12,20(75). 6 .
T ype
7 .
T ype
1 ,
s lip,
Y 2/4/4(73).
T ype
1 ,
8 .
1 ,
p ink
1 0.
T ype T ype
1 ,
Y 2/5/6(75).
o range/brown
b rown
b urnished, 9 .
f abric,
f abric,
m edium g rit
f ine
g rit
s lip,
b urnished,
f ine
g rit
t empered,
t empered,
r ed
r ed
s lip,
Z X/9(73).
b rown
1 ,
f abric,
f abric,
b rown
r ed
f abric,
T T3/1(73).
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
x /1(71). 1 1.
T ype
1 ,
o range/brown
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
BB1/ 4 /1 ( 78). 1 2.
T ype
1 ,
o range/brown
f abric,
f ine
g rit
t empered,
B B1/ 4 /1 ( 78). 1 3.
T ype
1 ,
o range/brown
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
B B1/4/6(78). 1 4.
T ype
2 ,
o range/brown
Y 2/ 4 /1 ( 73). 1 5.
T ype
2 ,
1 6.
T ype
2 ,
1 7.
B B1/5/4(78). o range/brown
b urnished,
Y 2/4/3(73).
T ype
o range/brown
2 ,
f abric,
T T6/1b(71).
1 66
c oarse
g rit
t empered,
r j
( 7 5
1 67
1a nd 2 b ow ls.
E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype
1 a nd 4 B OWLS
8 3 1 .
T ype
1 ,
T T1/5b
2 .
T ype
1 ,
b rown
3 .
T ype
1 ,
f ired,
( 1971). f abric,
b uff
o range/brown
r ed
s lip,
s lip,
Y 1/6
f abric,
B B1/4/1
f ine g rit
T ype
1 ,
l ight
b rown
f abric,
r ed w ash,
5 .
T ype
1 ,
l ight b rown
f abric,
T T1/5
6 .
T ype
1 ,
7 .
T ype
8 .
T ype
9 .
T ype f ired,
1 0.
T ype f ired,
1 1.
f abric,
w ell
m edium
T T1/5b
( 1971).
( 1971).
g rit
t empered,
b urnished,
( 1973).
1 ,
f ired,
b uff
t empered,
( 1978).
4 .
Y 2/ 4 /7
( 1973).
g rey w are,
4 , r ed 4 , r ed 4 , r ed
Y 1/5
( 1973).
o range/brown s lip,
o range/brown s lip,
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
t empered,
w ell
t empered,
w ell
( 1978).
f abric,
f ine
g rit
B B1/ 4 /1 ( 1978).
o range/brown s lip,
f abric,
B B1/1/13
f abric,
B B1/4/1
m edium g rit
( 1978).
T ype 4 , b rown f abric, v ery f ine g rit b rown s lip, B B1/2/4 ( 1978).
1 68
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
g l ow ( . 5
o z 5
d o s look
4 00 1 1 1 1 1 1
%
c . : .
.
' -_ _ _ _ _/
.a m il e s r • :
c y i
1
1 69
. . - -, . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . ._ .__ _ ___ _ _ _ . . . . . . . .
Ear ly a nd La te V IB:
0
d i
E arly V IB: F ig.
T ypes
2 ,
4 a nd 6 B OWLS
8 4 1 .
T ype
4 ,
2 .
T ype
4 ,
g rey/brown
o range/brown
b urnished, 3 . 4 .
T ype T ype
4 ,
f abric,
f abric,
f ine
T T1/5b(71).
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
Z X/9(73).
b rown
4 ,
b rown w ash,
f abric,
b rown
r ed s lip,
f abric,
T T1/5b(71).
f ine g rit
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
B B1/5/10(78). 5 .
T ype
4 ,
o range/brown
b urnished, 6 .
T ype
4 ,
o range/brown
b urnished, 7 .
T ype
4 ,
T ype
o range/brown
2 ,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
B B1/5/4(78).
b urnished, 8 .
f abric,
B B1/5/4(78).
f abric,
Y 1/12(75). f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
i nternally
b uff,
Y 2/ 4 /7 ( 75). 9 .
T ype
4 ,
o range/brown
b urnished, 1 0.
T ype
4 ,
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed s lip,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed s lip,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed s lip,
Y 1/12,57(75).
o range/brown f abric,
B B1/5/11(78). 1 1.
T ype
4 ,
o range/brown f abric,
b urnished, 1 2.
1 3.
Z X/9(73).
T ype
4 ,
o range/brown
s lip,
w et
s moothed,
T ype
6 b,
o range/brown
b urnished,
f abric,
m edium g rit
t empered,
r ed
Y 2/4/3(73). f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed s lip,
f ine g rit t empered,
r ed s lip,
Y 2/5/11(73).
1 4.
T ype
2 ,
r ed
s lip,
Y 1/5(73).
1 5.
T ype
6 a,
l ight b rown w ash,
1 6.
T ype
6 a,
r ed w ash,
1 7.
T ype
6 a,
o range/brown
T T1/5b(71).
T T1/5b(71). f abric,
B B1/5/5(78).
1 70
c e i
c ;
c \ i
c \ i
a j
./011 1 / 1
d i teg°911111
r-
4
i11 1 4 44
1 71
E arly V IB: F ig.
T ypes
4 ,
6 a a nd 6 b B OWLS
8 5 1 .
T ype
6 a,
e xternal 2 .
T ype
6 a,
f ired, 3 .
b rown r ed
T ype
6 a,
s lip,
4 .
T ype
6 a,
5 .
T ype
6 a,
T T1/5b
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
( 1978).
f abric,
B B1/5/8
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
f ine g rit
B B1/5/4
o range/brown
r ed
f ired,
f abric,
s lip,
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
( 1978). f abric,
B B1/5/8
( 1978).
( 1971).
b rown f abric,
e xternal
a nd
i nternal
r ed w ash,
Y /5
( 1971). 6 .
T ype
6 a,
7 .
T ype
4 ,
f ired,
b rown
f abric,
o range/brown
r ed
s lip,
T ype
6 a,
B B1/X/1
9 .
T ype
6 a,
r ed
1 0.
T ype
4 ,
o range/brown b rown s lip,
T ype
6 a,
Y 1/5
1 2.
T ype
6 a,
b rown
1 3.
T ype
6 a,
g rey
1 4.
T ype f ired,
6 a,
f ine
B B1/5/4
g rit
t empered,
w ell
( 1978).
( 1978).
f abric,
1 1.
( 1971).
f abric,
b urnished,
8 .
f ired,
T T1/4
r ed w ash,
T T1/5(1971).
f abric,
v ery f ine g rit
b urnished,
Y 2/5/11
t empered,
w ell
( 1973).
( 1973). f abric, f abric,
b urnished, r ed s lip,
o range/brown
e xternal
f abric,
r ed s lip,
1 72
T T1/4
( 1971).
b urnished, f ine g rit
B B1/5/10
( 1978).
T T1/5b
( 1971).
t empered,
w ell
2
6 b b ow ls.
c r i
e d ema '
„ w oe
1 73
E arly V IB: F ig.
T ypes
3 ,
4 a nd 6 a
B OWLS
8 6 1 .
T ype
3 ,
r ed
2 .
T ype
3 ,
b rown w ash,
3 .
T ype
4 .
3 ,
f abric,
b uff
Y 2/4(75).
T ype
p ink
T T1/5b(71).
b urnished,
f abric,
b urnished, 3 ,
r ed w ash,
f abric,
T T1/6(71).
f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
Y 2/4/3(73). 5 .
T ype
3 ,
l ight
r ed
6 .
T ype
3 ,
f ine
7 .
T ype
3 ,
b rown
8 .
T ype 3 ,
l ight b rown w ash,
T T1/5b(71).
9 .
T ype
3 ,
l ight
b rown w ash,
T T1/5b(71).
1 0.
T ype
3 ,
b rown
f abric,
1 1.
T ype
6 a,
1 2.
T ype
4 ,
g rit
b rown
T T1/5(71).
t empered,
f abric,
l ight
b urnished,
f abric,
b rown
r ed s lip,
r ed w ash,
r ed w ash, f abric,
f abric,
T T1/5b(71).
T T1/5b(71).
b rown s lip,
m edium g rit
Y 1/12,6a—d(75).
1 74
Y 1/5(71).
T T1/6(71).
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
6 a b ow ls .
c \ i
1 75
E arly and L ate F ig.
V IB:
T ype
6 a a nd 6 b B OWLS
8 7 1 .
T ype
6 a,
B B1/X/1
2 .
T ype
6 a,
Y 1/4D
3 .
T ype
6 a,
r ed
4 .
T ype
6 a,
f ine
5 .
T ype
6 a,
b rown
6 .
T ype
6 a,
r ed w ash,
7 .
T ype
6 a,
B B1/X/1
( 1978).
b rown
f abric,
8 .
9 .
T ype
6 a,
w ash,
T T1/5
T ype
6 b,
f ired, 1 0.
T ype
( 1973).
f abric,
b uff
g rey w are, f abric,
s lip,
T T1/5b
( 1971).
b lack b urnished,
T T1/5b
T T1/5b
T T1/5b
( 1971).
( 1971).
( 1971).
i nternal
r ed w ash,
e xternal
b uff
( 1971).
o range/brown
r ed w ash,
6 a,
Y 2/ 4 /1
( 1978).
f abric,
B B1/5/4
r ed/brown
f abric,
( 1973).
1 76
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
( 1978). m edium g rit
t empered,
r ed w ash,
0
t v i • mm l 44 1 4 ‘
177
AN % E ar ly a nd L a te V IB:
a nd 6 b b ow ls.
, f
c . ;
o
F ig.
E arly V IB:
T ypes
6 a a nd
l ight
f abric,
7 B OWLS
8 8 1 .
T ype
7 ,
T T1/5b
b rown
c oarse g rit
t empered,
r ed w ash,
( 1971).
2 .
T ype
6 a,
l ight
b rown
3 .
T ype
6 a,
b rown
f abric,
4 .
T ype
6 a,
f ired,
f abric, T T1/4
o range/brown i nternal
r ed w ash,
( 1971).
( 1971).
f abric,
r ed s lip,
T T1/5b
c oarse g rit
e xternal
t empered,
r ed s lip,
w ell
b urnt,
Y 1/19
t empered,
w ell
( 1975). 5 .
T ype
6 a,
f ired,
o range/brown e xternal
a nd
f abric,
i nternal
m edium g rit r ed
s lip,
b urnished,
Y 2/5/11
( 1973). 6 .
7 .
T ype
7 , w et
T ype
6 a,
f ired, 8 .
T ype
T ype
f abric,
s moothed,
m edium g rit
Z X/9
o range/brown
r ed
7 ,
f ired, 9 .
p ink
w ash,
s lip,
f abric,
B B1/5/8
6 a,
r ed
w ell
r ed
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
c oarse g rit
t empered,
w ell
( 1973). f abric,
f ired,
( 1978).
o range/brown f abric, Z X/9
t empered,
( 1973).
b uff w ash,
1 78
T T1/5
( 1971).
E ar ly V IB:
a nd 7 b ow ls.
d i
O D
o
o
1 79
L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype
6 a B OWLS
X 3/1
( 1973).
8 9 1 .
T ype
6 a,
b rown
2 .
T ype
6 a,
B B1/1/9
3 .
T ype
6 a,
T ype
6 a,
s lip, 5 .
T ype
6 .
T ype
T ype
9 .
T ype
6 a,
1.
T ype s lip,
w et
r ed s lip,
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
r ed
( 1973).
f abric,
b urnished,
f abric,
X 2/3B
f ine g rit
Y 2/3
t empered,
w ell
t empered,
w ell
( 1973). m edium g rit
( 1973). m edium g rit
t empered,
r ed
( 1973). o range/brown
f abric,
b urnished,
f ine g rit
X 2/3A
o range/brown f abric,
r ed s lip,
6 a,
X 2/3B
o range/brown f abric,
r ed s lip, 6 a,
f ired,
f ine g rit
b urnt,
o range/brown
6 a,
t empered,
( 1973).
r ed s lip,
X 2/3a
m edium g rit
( 1975).
f abric,
s lip,
s lip,
T ype
( 40)
y ellow/brown
T ype
f ired, 1 0.
Y 2/3
r ed
6 a,
f ired, 8 .
b rown
6 a,
f ired, 7 .
B B1/3/3
b urnished, 6 a,
( 1978).
r ed/brown f abric,
b urnished, 4 .
f abric,
p ink
b urnt,
B B1/4/1
f abric,
s moothed,
( 1973).
1 80
w ell
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
( 1978).
f ine g rit
X 3/1
t empered,
( 1973).
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
r od
. 6 e "1 4 *01 3
c a
L ate V IB:
CO
CO
b r . )
0 5
1 81
L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype 6 a B OWLS
9 0 1 .
T ype
6 a,
f ired, 2 .
T ype
6 a,
f ired, 3 .
4 .
5 .
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
f abric,
B B1/3/3
T ype
6 a,
X 3/2
( 1973).
l ight b rown
T ype
6 a,
o range
( 51)
t empered,
w ell
m edium g rit
t empered,
w ell
t empered,
w ell
( 1975).
6 a,
l ight
7 .
T ype
6 a,
l ight b rown
8 .
T ype
6 a,
T ype
b rown f abric,
6 a,
f abric,
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
f ired,
w ell
X 2/3A
t empered,
f ine g rit
r ed w ash,
t empered,
r ed
s moothed,
Y 2/3
( 1973).
w et
s moothed,
Y 2/3
( 1973).
f abric,
r ed s lip,
T ype
6 a,
B B1/1/9
( 1975).
1.
T ype
6 a,
B B1/1/6
( 1975).
T ype
6 a,
g rey/brown
w et
f ine
g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
( 1973).
1 0.
B B1/4/6
f ired,
f abric,
o range/brown
e xternal
f ine g rit
( 1978).
T ype
f ired,
f abric,
f abric,
B B1/1/3/13
6 .
1 2.
f ine g rit
T ype 6 a, o range/brown f abric, m edium g rit f ired, r ed s lip, B B1/3/3 ( 1975).
s lip,
9 .
f abric,
B B1/ 4 /7 ( 1978).
Y 2/3
f abric,
( 1973).
f ine g rit
t empered,
( 1978).
1 3.
T ype
6 a,
l ight
b rown f abric,
1 4.
T ype
6 a,
B B1/3/13
( 1975).
1 82
X 3/1(2)
( 1973).
w ell
f ired,
g i O NN*
c 3
, z )
4 . 0001 1%
6 a b ow ls.
%e N
› . › 4 -,
L a te V IB:
c \ J
do e
1 83
%On
L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype
6 a B OWLS
9 1 1 .
T ype 6 a, ( 1973).
b rown f abric,
m edium g rit
t empered,
r ed w ash,
Y 2/2
2 .
T ype
b rown f abric,
m edium g rit
t empered,
r ed w ash,
Y 2/2
6 a,
( 1973). 3 .
T ype 6 a, o range/brown f abric, f ine g rit t empered, f ired, r ed s lip, b urnished, B B1/3/3 ( 33) ( 1975).
w ell
4 .
T ype
t empered,
w ell
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
6 a,
f ired, 5 .
T ype
6 .
T ype
6 a, 6 a,
f ired, 7 .
T ype
8 .
T ype
6 a,
f abric,
b urnished,
B B/3/13
o range/brown
B B1/1/10
f abric,
( 1975).
o range/brown f abric,
r ed s lip,
b urnished,
X 3/1
T ype
6 a,
X 3/1
1 0.
T ype
6 a,
o range/brown f abric,
1 1.
T ype
1 2.
T ype
1 3.
T ype
1 4.
T ype f ired,
1 5.
T ype f ired,
b urnished,
f ine g rit
Y 2/3
w ell
f abric,
w ell
t empered,
w ell
( 1973).
v ery f ine g rit
X 2/3a
t empered,
t empered,
w ell
( 1973). f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
m edium g rit
t empered,
w ell
B B1/ 4 /1 ( 1978).
r ed/brown
r ed s lip,
t empered,
( 1973). f ine g rit
X 3/1
f abric,
b urnished,
o range/brown
r ed s lip, 6 a,
b urnished,
o range/brown
r ed s lip, 6 a,
v ery f ine g rit
( 1978).
o range/brown f abric,
r ed s lip,
6 a,
f ired,
B B1/2/4
o range/brown f abric,
r ed s lip, 6 a,
f ired,
( 1973).
( 1973).
r ed s lip, 6 a,
f ired,
( 1973).
B B1/ 4 /1 ( 1978).
9 .
f ired,
f ine g rit
Y 2/3
( 1975).
r ed s lip,
6 a,
f ired,
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
f abric,
BB1/3/3
( 48)
1 84
( 1975).
I t e
e l
e/ 1 4
W
I
c ;
1 85
%
G a b ow ls.
ON I N INe
0
4
, w,
L ate F ig.
V IB:
T ype
6 a B OWLS
9 ) 1 .
T ype
9.
T ype
3 .
6 a,
l ight brown
6 a,
b rown
f abric,
b urnished,
X 3/1(73).
T ype
b rown
6 a,
f abric,
b rown w ash,
f ine g rit
f abric,
Y 2/3(73).
t empered,
m edium g rit
b uff
s lip,
r ed
s lip,
t empered,
BB1/2/2,77(75). 4 .
T ype
5 .
T ype
6 a,
brown
6 a,
b urnished, 6 .
7 .
8 .
T ype
6 a,
f abric,
o range/brown
b rown
f abric,
X 1/1(71).
T ype
b rown
f abric,
b urnished,
Z X/6(73).
T ype
b rown
6 a,
s lip,
X /4(73).
f abric,
f ine
g rit
t empered,
X 3/1(73).
b urnished, 6 a,
r ed
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
b uff
s lip,
f ine g rit
t empered,
X 3/1(73). 9 .
T ype
6 a,
o range/brown
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
Z X/6(73). 1 0.
T ype
6 a,
o range/brown
f abric,
B B1/9(75).
1 1.
T ype
6 a,
o range/brown
f abric,
f ine
b urnished,
X 3/1(73).
1 2.
T ype
6 a,
o range
1 3.
T ype
6 a,
o range/brown
b urnished, 1 4.
T ype
6 a,
f abric,
X 2/2B(73).
X 3/1(73).
o range/brown
Y 2/3(73). 1 5.
T ype
6 a,
X 2/2A(73).
1 6.
T ype
6 a,
r ed w ash X /4(73).
1 86
( . 6
c . ; L t
c d
N W . -
q f t i le %
, t
0 , 3
r n
e r n e e ' w c \ J
1 87
b i
L ate F ig.
V IB:
T ype
6 a B OWLS
9 3 1 .
T ype
6 a,
X /4,
( 1973),
S cale,
1 :2.
2 .
T ype
6 a,
X /4,
( 1973),
S cale,
1 :2.
3 .
T ype
6 a,
X /4,
( 1973),
S cale,
1 :2.
4 .
T ype
6 a,
X /4,
( 1973),
S cale,
1 :2.
5 .
T ype
6 a,
g rey
b urnished, 6 .
T ype
7 .
T ype
8 .
6 a,
f abric,
Y 2/3
B B1/1/8
6 a,
m edium
o range/brown X 3/1
T ype
b rown f abric,
6 a,
9 .
T ype
6 a,
1 0.
T ype
6 a,
f ired,
w ell
f ired,
f abric,
f ine
g rit
t empered,
( 1973).
b urnished,
B B1/1/9
t empered,
( 1975).
b urnished,
b rown s lip,
g rit
( 1973).
f ine g rit
X 3/1
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
( 1973).
( 1975).
o range/brown
f abric,
r ed s lip w ith c ream w ash,
1 88
m edium g rit X /2
( 1971).
t empered,
w ell
C I D
c
.
1 89
6 a b ow ls.
o
F ig . 93 . L a te s V IB:
ö —
L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype
6 a B OWLS
9 4 1 .
T ype 6 a, b rown b urnt, Y 2/3(73).
2 .
T ype
6 a,
B B1/1/9(78).
3 .
T ype
6 a,
B B1/1/9(78).
4 .
T ype 6 a, o range/brown f abric, B B1/ 4 /1 ( 78).
5 .
T ype
6 a,
X 2/2A(73).
6 .
T ype
6 a,
o range/brown
7 .
T ype
6 a,
r ed
f abric,
m edium g rit
f abric,
f abric,
t empered,
f ine g rit
t empered,
b urnt,
X 3/2A(73).
m edium g rit
t empered,
r ed
r ed
r ed
s lip,
s lip,
s lip,
Z X/8(73). 8 . 9 .
T ype
6 a,
o range/grey
T ype
6 a,
o range/brown
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
Y 2/3(73).
f abric,
f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed s lip,
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed s lip,
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
Z X/4(73) ..
B B1/1/13(78). 1 0.
T ype
6 a,
o range/brown
B B1/2/4(78). 1 1. 1 2.
T ype
6 a,
T ype
6 a,
o range/brown b rown
T T5/4(71). 1 3.
T ype
6 a,
f abric,
m edium g rit
t empered,
w et
s moothed,
S cale:1:2.
o range/brown
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
Z X/4(73).
B B1/2/12(78). 1 4.
T ype
6 a,
o range/brown
1 90
c i
0
6 a b ow ls.
C , )
F ig . 94 . L ate V I B.
L r i
K i ( . 6
. . . "-", , , , . . . . . . . . .
. . " '
1 91
L ate F ig.
V IB:
T ypes
6 a a nd 6 b B OWLS
9 5 1 .
T ype
6 b,
f ired,
o range/brown
i nternal
b uff
f abric,
s lip,
f ine g rit
e xternal
r ed
t empered,
s lip,
w ell
B B1/3/3
( 41)
( 1975). 2 .
T ype
6 b,
f ired, 3 .
T ype
6 b,
f ired,
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
f abric,
B B1/3/3
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
t empered,
w ell
( 1975). f abric,
b urnished,
Y 2/3
( 1973).
4 .
T ype 6 b, o range/brown f abric, m edium g rit f ired, r ed s lip, b urnished, X 3/1 ( 1973).
5 .
T ype
6 b,
B B1/3/13
6 .
T ype
6 b,
b rown f abric,
s lip, 7 .
T ype
( 1978).
b urnished. 6 b,
r ed s lip,
f ine g rit
B B1/1/13
g rey/brown f abric, b urnished,
b urnt,
8 .
T ype
6 a,
B B1/1/9
( 1978).
9 .
T ype
6 a,
B B1/1/6
( 1978).
1 0.
T ype
6 b,
B B1/1/11
( 1978).
1 1.
T ype
6 a,
B B1/3/13
( 1978).
1 2.
T ype
6 b,
B B1/1/10
( 1978).
1 3.
T ype
6 b,
p ink/grey
f abric,
1 92
t empered,
b adly
f ired,
r ed
( 1978). f ine g rit B B1/1/2
Z X/8
t empered,
( 116)
( 1973).
w ell
( 1975).
f ired,
( . ;
1 93
L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype 6 b B OWLS
9 6 1 .
T ype 6 b,
l ight b rown f abric,
2 .
T ype 6 b,
o range/brown f abric,
b uff s lip,
3 .
T ype 6 b,
o range/brown f abric,
X 3/2
4 .
T ype 6 b, b rown f abric, s lip, B B1/4/6 ( 1978).
5 .
T ype
6 b,
f ired,
b urnished,
T ype
7 .
T ype 6 b, o range/brown f abric, f ired, r ed s lip, b urnished, Y 2/3
8 .
T ype
Z X/5
( 1973).
( 1973). t empered,
f ine g rit
B B1/4/1
6 .
6 b,
B B1/1/8
( 1973).
f ine g rit
o range/brown f abric,
r ed s lip,
6 b,
Y 2/2
w ell
f ired,
r ed
t empered,
w ell
t empered,
w ell
( 1978).
( 1975).
b rown f abric,
f ine g rit ( 1973).
m edium g rit
t empered,
r ed w ash,
Y 2/2
( 1973). 9 .
Type
f ired, 1 0.
T ype
1 1.
T ype
6 b, o range/brown f abric, f ine g rit r ed s lip, b urnished, X 2/3B ( 1973).
6 b, 6 b,
f ired, 1 2.
T ype
B B1/1/9
6 b,
f ired,
6 b,
b urnished,
X 3/1
o range/brown f abric,
r ed s lip,
b urnished,
X 3/1
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
t empered,
w ell
w ell
( 1973). f ine g rit ( 1973).
1 3.
T ype
1 4.
T ype 6 b,
1 5.
T ype 6 b, o range/brown f abric, f ine g rit t empered, f ired, r ed s lip, b urnished, B B1/3/3 ( 60) ( 1975).
1 6.
T ype
6 b,
r ed s lip, 1 7.
T ype
6 b,
B B1/1/10
w ell
( 1978).
o range/brown f abric,
r ed s lip,
t empered,
B B1/1/6
( 1978). ( 1978).
b rown f abric,
m edium g rit t empered,
b urnished,
( 1971).
X /1
b rown f abric,
m edium g rit t empered,
( 1973).
1 94
w ell
f ired,
r ed w ash,
Y 2/2
a/
%p ie
MI
.0 0 1 1 1 1
w
ow
\
10 11 1. 4
C : 7 )
b . 0 • g 1 . 4
g e% c n 2
N .
1 95
L ate V IB: F ig.
T ypes
6 a a nd 6 b B OWLS
9 7 1 .
T ype
6 b,
f ired, 2 .
T ype
3 .
T ype
6 b,
T ype
5 .
T ype
6 a,
7 .
o range/brown
o range
6 a,
T ype
f abric,
f abric,
B B1/4/6
T ype
6 b,
( 1973).
o range
B B1/3/11,
P it
f abric,
8 .
T ype
6 a,
b rown
9 .
T ype
6 a,
X 3/1
1 0.
T ype
6 a,
B B1/1/10
( 1978).
1 1.
T ype
6 a,
B B1/3/16
( 1978).
1 2.
T ype
6 b,
w ell
f abric,
t empered,
w ell
( 1973). t empered,
Y 2/3
( 1973).
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
( 1978).
o range/brown f abric,
r ed s lip,
X 2/3A
t empered,
f ine g rit
X 3/1
m edium g rit
o range/brown
6 a,
c oarse g rit
B B1/ 4 /7 ( 1978).
f abric,
b urnished,
r ed s lip,
f ired,
f abric,
b urnished,
( 1973).
r ed s lip,
f ired, 6 .
X 2/2A
6 b,
f ired, 4 .
o range/brown
b rown s lip,
2 ( 1978).
f ine g rit
m edium g rit
t empered,
t empered,
b uff
Y 2/3e
s lip,
( 1973).
( 1973).
l ight b rown f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
Y 2/3e
( 1973). 1 3. 1 4.
T ype
6 a,
T ype
X 2/2B
6 a,
b rown f abric,
b rown s lip, 1 5.
T ype
6 b,
f ired, 1 6.
T ype
( 1973).
B B1/4/9
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
6 b,
B B1/3/16
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
( 1978). f abric,
B B1/2/2
( 93)
( 1978).
1 96
f ine g rit
( 1978).
t empered,
w ell
1 ( 5
. d o > c \ ;
1 97
L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype
6 b B OWLS
9 8 1 .
T ype
6 b,
f ired, 2 .
T ype
6 b,
f ired, 3 .
T ype
T ype
5 .
T ype
6 .
T ype
7 .
T ype
6 b,
6 h,
f ired,
s lip,
s lip,
Y 2/3
1 0.
T ype
6 b,
B B1/1/9
( 1975).
1 1.
T ype
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
T ype
6 b,
B B1/1/7
1 3.
T ype
6 b,
b lack b urnished,
1 4.
T ype
t empered,
w ell
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
( 91)
( 1975).
f ine g rit
Y 2/3
Y 2/2
t empered,
w ell
t empered,
w ell
t empered,
w ell
( 1973).
( 1973).
f abric,
b urnished,
X 3/1
o range/brown f abric,
r ed s lip,
( 1973).
( 1975).
o range/brown
r ed s lip, 6 b,
w ell
B B1/2/2
f abric,
b urnished,
1 2.
f ired,
t empered,
f ine g rit
Y 2/3
f abric,
b urnished, ( 1975).
T ype
m edium g rit ( 1975).
f abric,
B B1/1/8
1 5.
w ell
( 1975).
( 1973).
6 b,
6 b,
t empered,
( 13)
( 1978).
T ype
f ired,
m edium g rit
f abric,
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
6 b,
( 24)
b urnished,
9 .
f ired,
w ell
B B1/3/3
f abric,
B B1/2/2
o range/brown
r ed
t empered,
( 1973).
B B1/3/13
6 b,
T ype
f abric,
o range/brown
r ed
6 b,
f ired, 8 .
X 3/1
f ine g rit
( 1978).
b urnished,
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
6 b,
f ired,
s lip,
f abric,
B B1/2/3
o range/brown
r ed
6 b,
f ired, 4 .
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
b urnished,
1 98
X 2/3A
f ine g rit ( 1973). f ine g rit ( 1973).
4 0 '4
1 99
L a te V IB.
6 b b ow ls.
L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype 6 b B OWLS
9 9 1 . 2 .
T ype
6 b,
( 1975).
T ype
6 b,
b rown f abric,
w ash,
Y 2/2
( 1973).
3 .
T ype
6 b,
4 .
T ype
6 b,
f ired, 5 .
B B1/1/7
T ype
o range
f abric,
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
6 b,
f ired,
i nternal
c oarse g rit f abric,
B B1/1/2
( 184)
o range/brown f abric,
r ed s lip,
X /2
6 .
T ype
6 b,
r ed
f abric,
7 .
T ype
6 b,
g rey/brown
8 .
T ype
6 b,
o range
r ed w ash,
e xternal
t empered,
m edium g rit
X 2/1
b uff
( 1973).
t empered,
w ell
t empered,
w ell
( 1975). m edium g rit
( 1971). b urnished, f abric,
f abric,
X /1
B B1/2/12
( 1978).
( 1971).
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed s lip,
X 3/1
( 1973). 9 .
T ype
6 b,
X 2/2B
1 0.
T ype
6 b,
B B1/1/10
1 1.
T ype
6 b,
f ired,
( 1973). ( 1978).
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
1 2.
T ype
6 b,
l ight
1 3.
T ype
6 b,
r ed
f abric,
B B1/1/13
b rown f abric,
f abric,
X 3/1
r ed s lip,
2 00
f ine g rit
( 1978). ( 1973).
Z X/8
( 1973).
t empered,
w ell
0
2 01
Late V IR :
6 b b ow ls.
L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype 6 b B OWLS
1 00 1 .
T ype
6 b,
f ired, 2 .
T ype
3 .
T ype
o range/brown f abric,
b urnished,
6 b,
b rown
6 b,
b urnished,
r ed
f abric, ( 1973).
6 b,
Y 2/2
5 .
T ype
6 b,
r ed
6 .
T ype
6 b,
s lip,
b urnished,
T ype
6 b,
f ired, 8 .
T ype
f abric,
T ype
6 b,
1 0.
T ype Y 2/3
6 b, b rown ( 1973).
1 1.
T ype
1 2.
T ype
6 b,
1 3.
T ype
1 4.
T ype
1 5.
1 6.
T ype
r ed
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
X 2/3A
( 1973). t empered,
b rown
f abric,
b urnished,
f abric,
Y 2/3
6 b,
f abric,
f abric,
Z X/5b
X /1
t empered,
w ell
( 1973). t empered,
b rown
s lip,
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ine
( 1971). g rit
Z X/5/22 f ine
g rit
t empered,
e xternal b uff
( 1973). t empered,
w ell
f ired,
r ed
( 1973). f abric,
b urnished,
o range/brown
f ine g rit
X 2/1
f abric,
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
w ell
( 1973).
r ed w ash,
T ype
t empered,
f ine g rit
b urnished,
X 3/1
f ine g rit
( 1973).
f abric,
s lip,
b rown
b urnished,
( 1973).
( 1978).
o range/brown
b urnished,
6 b,
( 10)
f ine g rit
( 1973).
o range
6 b,
w ell
( 1975).
Y 2/2
s lip,
T ype
X 3/1
s lip,
i nternal
f ired, 1 7.
r ed
6 b,
s lip,
B B1/2/3
o range/brown
6 b,
f ired,
f abric,
B B1/3/4
f abric,
r ed s lip,
6 b,
b urnished,
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
9 .
f ired,
f ine
X 3/1
o range/brown f abric,
r ed s lip,
r ed
t empered,
( 1973).
o range/grey
6 b,
f ired,
r ed w ash,
X 2/3B
T ype
f ine g rit
( 1971).
f abric,
4 .
7 .
X /2
Y 2/3
f abric,
( 1973).
2 02
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
( 1973).
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed w ash ,
O
0
( 1 )
1
1
4 1/ 1 1 % , ‘
t r io g i l l
tea%
2 03
E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype 6 b B OWLS
1 01 1 .
T ype
6 b,
2 .
T ype 6 b, o range/brown f abric, B B1/1/2,12(75).
3 .
T ype
6 b,
g rey/brown f abric,
o range/grey
m edium g rit
f abric,
f ine g rit
f ine g rit
t empered,
X 3/1(73).
t empered,
r ed s lip,
t empered,
b urnished,
Z X/5(73). 4 .
T ype
6 b,
b urnished, 5 .
T ype
6 .
T ype
6 b,
g rey/brown
l ight b rown
6 b,
g rey
i nternally b uff, 7 .
T ype
6 b,
f abric,
m edium
g rit
t empered,
Z X/5(73). f abric,
f abric,
X /3(73).
f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
Z X/6(73).
o range/brown
f abric,
r ed
s lip,
s lip,
Y /4b(71).
b urnished,
Y /4b(71). 8 . 9 .
T ype
6 b,
b rown f abric,
T ype
6 b,
o range
r ed
f abric,
s and t empered,
r ed s lip,
b urnished ,
Y /4b(71). 1 0.
T ype
6 b,
m edium g rit
t empered,
b uff
1 1.
T ype
6 b,
m edium g rit
t empered,
X 2/2B(73).
1 2.
T ype
6 b,
b rown
f abric,
s lip,
f ine g rit
Z X/6(73).
t empered,
r ed
w ash,
i nternal
r ed
w ash,
t empered,
r ed
w ash,
T T1/5b(73). 1 3. 1 4.
T ype T ype
6 b, 6 b,
o range/brown f abric, b rown
f abric,
r ed
s lip,
b rown w ash,
X 2/1(73).
x /4(73). 1 5.
T ype
1 6.
T ype
6 b, 6 b,
Y 2/3(73). b rown
f abric,
Y 1/5(73).
2 04
f ine g rit
• C l )
0
a nd L ate V IB:
CL 4
• 01
0
1 0
2 05
,
L ate F ig.
V IB:
T ype 6 b B OWLS
1 02 1 .
T ype 6 b, o range/brown f abric, b urnished, X /2(71).
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed s lip,
2 .
T ype
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed s lip,
6 b,
o range/brown
b urnished, 3 .
T ype
6 b,
i shed, 4 . 5 .
f abric,
Y 2/3(73).
g rey/brown
f abric,
m edium
g rit
f abric,
X /3,14(71).
t empered,
b urn—
B B1/2/2,9(75).
T ype
6 b,
T ype
6 b,
l ight
b rown
l ight
b rown
f abric,
b rown
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed w ash,
Y 2/3(73). 6 .
T ype
6 b,
s moothed, 7 .
T ype
6 b,
b urnt,
o range/brown
b urnished, 8 .
T ype
6 b,
9 .
1 0.
T ype
6 b,
b uff
s lip,
w et
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed s lip,
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed s lip,
f i ne g rit
t empered,
r ed
B B1/2/2(75).
o range/brown
b urnished,
X /2(71).
T ype
p ink
6 b,
t empered,
B B1/2/2(75).
o range/brown
b urnished,
f ine g rit
X 2/3B(73).
f abric,
f abric,
f ine
s lip,
g rit
t empered,
r ed
w ash,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
b uff
s lip,
Y 1/2/1(75). 1 1.
T ype
6 b,
b rown
b urnished, 1 2.
T ype
6 b,
b rown
b urnished, 1 3.
T ype
6 b,
f abric,
Y 2/3(73). f abric,
B B1/2/2,22(75).
o range/grey
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
Y 2/3(73).
Y 2/3(73). 1 4.
T ype
6 b,
f ine g rit
t empered,
1 5.
T ype
6 b,
B B1/1/6(78).
2 06
s lip,
c \ i
0
L ate V IB
c
0
r i
2 07
L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype
5 B OWLS
1 03 1 .
2 .
T ype
5 ,
o range
f abric,
r ed s lip,
b urnished,
T ype
o range/brown
5 ,
f ired,
r ed s lip,
3 .
T ype
5 ,
4 .
T ype 5 , ( 1973).
5 .
T ype
5 ,
f ired,
o range
f ine g rit
f ine g rit
c oarse g rit
f abric,
B B1/1/13
2 08
w ell
f ired,
t empered,
w ell
( 1978).
t empered,
o range/brown
t empered,
( 1973).
f abric,
BB1/3/14
f abric,
r ed s lip,
m edium g rit
Y 2/3
r ed
t empered, s lip,
m edium g rit
( 1978).
X 2/1
( 1973).
b urnished,
Z X/6
t empered,
w ell
\
i ‘
c \ i
0
00 1 1 1 1 1 \
e
2 09
em i n
E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype
5 B OWLS
1 04 1 .
T ype
5 ,
f ired, 2 .
T ype
5 ,
s lip, 3 .
T ype
T ype
5 ,
T ype
T ype
b rown
b rown
BB1/5/5 5 ,
b rown
m edium g rit
m edium g rit
Y 2/3
t empered,
( 114)
f abric,
B B1/4/6
f abric,
t empered,
w ell
( 1978).
B B1/2/2
o range/brown
5 ,
w ash, 6 .
f abric,
b urnished,
f abric,
B B1/4/6
s moothed,
r ed s lip,
5 ,
s lip, 5 .
b uff
w et
f ired, 4 .
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
w ell
f ired,
b uff
( 1975).
c oarse g rit
t empered,
w ell
( 1978). f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
r ed
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
r ed
( 1973).
f abric,
f ine g rit
( 1978). f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
Y 2/3
( 1973). 7 .
T ype
5 ,
f ired, 8 .
T ype
5 ,
3 0cms, 9 .
T ype
o range/brown
r ed
b rown Z X/8
5 ,
f abric,
f ine g rit
Y 2/ 4 /1
5 ,
Y 2/3
( 1973).
1 1.
T ype
5 ,
1 2.
T ype
m edium g rit
T ype
5 ,
b adly
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
r im
l ight
f abric,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
r ed wash,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
( 1973).
b rown
r im 2 7cms, g rey/pink
f abric,
B B1/X/1 f abric,
r im 2 7cms,
B B1/1/10
2 10
s lip,
( 1978). r ed s lip,
( 1973). 1 3.
t empered,
( 1978).
( 1973).
T ype
5 ,
f abric,
BB1/5/11
l ight b rown
r im 2 9cms, 1 0.
s lip,
( 1978).
r im 2 5cms,
Y 2/4/4D
gen e C l )
4 0 0 °
t e'
2 11
0
E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype
5B OWLS
1 05 1 .
T ype
5 ,
b rown
f abric,
c oarse g rit
2 .
T ype
5 ,
p ink
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered, t empered,
T T1/5b r ed
( 1971).
s lip,
Y 2/4/3
( 1973). 3 .
T ype
5 ,
f ired, 4 .
T ype
5 ,
f ired, 5 .
T ype
5 ,
7 .
T ype
5 ,
f ired, T ype
B B1/1/6
f ine
f abric,
f abric,
b urnished,
b urnished,
o range/brown
r ed
w ell
f ine g rit
t empered,
w ell
m edium g rit
t empered,
b adly
( 1973).
( 1978).
b rown s lip,
5 ,
t empered,
Y 2/4/3
o range/brown f abric,
5 ,
g rit
( 1978).
( 1971).
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
f ired, T ype
X /2
r ed s lip,
T ype
9 .
o range/brown
5 ,
6 .
f abric,
B B1/5/8
r ed s lip,
f ired,
8 .
o range/brown
r ed s lip,
f abric,
b urnished,
f abric,
m edium g rit
Y 2/5/11
m edium g rit X /2
c oarse g rit
t empered,
w ell
t empered,
w ell
( 1973).
( 1971). t empered,
r im 3 3cms,
X /2
r ed s lip,
r im
( 1971). 1 0.
T ype
5 ,
3 3cms,
g rey Z X/8
f abric,
m edium g rit
1 1.
T ype
5 ,
r im 3 0cms,
B B1/3/16
1 2.
T ype
5 ,
r im 2 5cms,
B B1/1/6
( 1978).
1 3.
T ype
5 ,
r im 2 0cms,
B B1/1/6
( 1978).
1 4.
T ype
5 ,
p ink/red
r ed
s lip,
t empered,
( 1973).
f abric,
b urnished,
( 1978).
m edium g rit
r im 2 2cms,
X 3/1
t empered,
1 5.
T ype 5 , g rey/brown f abric, f ine g rit t empered, b rown s lip, r im 2 6cms, B B1/2/2 ( 6) ( 1975).
1 6.
T ype s lip,
1 7.
T ype
5 ,
b rown
f abric,
b urnished, 5 ,
g rey
X 3/1
f abric,
m edium g rit
t empered,
( 1971). r ed s lip,
2 12
Y 2/2
w ell
f ired ,
w ell
f ired,
( 1971).
( 1973).
w ell
f ired,
r ed
011
o 0
r ly a nd L ate V IB:
A ro" "" e
de" 4 0
1 . 1
oe 'f f l e
d , c _ o 5 1 • 0
4 011 1.
•0000.
C i
40
1 1
j ew
»
1 .
4 10. 1 ‚
2 13
L ate V IB: F ig.
T ype
5 B OWLS
1 06 1 .
T ype
5 ,
X 3/2B(73).
2 .
T ype
5 ,
X 2/2B(73).
3 .
T ype
5 ,
o range/brown
b urnished, 4 .
T ype
5 ,
T ype
5 ,
T ype
5 ,
T ype
5 ,
8 .
r im
r im
X 3/1(73),
5 ,
s lip,
BB1/1/14(78),
o range/brown
5 ,
o range/brown
1 0.
Type
5 ,
BB1/3/13(78),
T ype
5 ,
p ink
1 2.
5 ,
BB1/2/12(78),
1 4.
T ype
5 ,
T ype
r ed
s lip,
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
1 9cm . f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
1 9cms.
f abric,
f abric,
m edium g rit
t empered,
r ed
X 2/2B(73),
r im 2 1cms.
r im 2 1cms.
o range/brown
f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip -,
f abric,
m edium g rit
t empered,
r ed
r im 2 5cms.
Y 3/2/2(78).
5 ,
b urnished, 1 5.
f ine
f abric,
s lip, T ype
t empered,
r im 2 0cm .
T ype
1 3.
s lip,
r im 2 0cms.
T ype
BB1/3/13(75),
f ine g rit
f abric, r im
9 .
1 1.
r ed
1 9cms.
f abric,
Y 2/3(73),
T ype
t empered,
1 2cms.
f abric,
o range/brown
b urnished,
f ine g rit
f abric, r im
X 3/2(73), b rown
b urnished, 7 .
Y 2/3(73), b rown
b urnished, 6 .
f abric,
r im 2 1cms.
o range/brown
b urnished, 5 .
X 3/1(73),
5 ,
b urnished,
b rown
f abric,
f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
Y 2/3(73). b rown
f abric,
X 3/1(71),
r im
1 8cms.
2 14
en
en_ ps ' a
L . o ' S — • C l ) 0 , • 0 1,
La te V IB:
c . ; T
r
2 15
o i
L ate F ig.
V IB:
T ype
5 B OWLS A ND J AR P ROFILES
1 07 1 .
T ype
5 ,
g rey/brown
b urnished, 2 .
T ype
5 ,
T ype
5 ,
T ype
r im
5 ,
r im
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
1 7cms.
f abric,
m edium g rit
BB1/3/3,52(75), f ine g rit
f ine g rit
1 2cms.
f abric,
X 3/1(71), b rown
b urnished, 4 .
f abric,
g rey/brown
b urnished, 3 .
X /2(71),
r im
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
1 8cms.
t empered,
o range
w ash,
X 3/1(73),
r im
1 5cms. 5 .
T ype
5 ,
b rown
b urnished, 6 .
T ype
5 ,
g rey
b urnished, 7 .
T ype
5 ,
T ype
5 ,
T ype
5 ,
1 0.
T ype
5 ,
f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
1 3cms.
f abric,
B B1/ 4 /1 ( 78),
f ine
r im 2 0cms.
f abric,
BB1/3/3,39(75),
o range/brown
X /2(71), 9 .
r im
o range/brown
b urnished, 8 .
f abric,
X /1(71),
f ine g rit
r im
f abric,
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
1 7cms. f ine g rit
t empered,
b urnished,
r im 2 6cms. B B1/1/6(78). g rey
f abric,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
Y 2/1(73),
r im
1 5cms. 1 1.
T ype
5 ,
B B1/3/16(78),
r im 2 1cms.
1 2.
T ype
5 ,
b rown
b uff
1 3.
T ype
5 ,
B B1/1/8(78),
r im 2 5cms.
T ype
5 ,
o range/brown
f abric,
1 4.
X /2(71), 1 5.
T ype
5 ,
r im b rown
e xternal 1 6.
T ype
f abric,
Y 2/3(73),
m edium g rit
r im 2 1cms.
t empered,
r ed s lip,
i nternal
r ed w ash,
1 2cms. f abric,
b uff w ash,
5 ,
s lip,
b rown
f ine g rit
b urnished,
f abric,
t empered, Y 2/3(73),
f ine
g rit
r im 2 4cms.
t empered,
r ed
w ash,
b uff
s lip,
BB1/3/13(75). 1 7.
T ype
5 ,
g rey/brown
BB1/1/2,243(75), 1 8.
T ype
5 ,
f abric,
r ed/brown
f abric,
B B1/1/2,244(75),
r im
1 9.
T ype
r im 2 2cms.
2 0.
T ype
5 ,
X /1(73),
5 ,
Y 2/3(73),
b rown r im
m edium g rit
t empered,
r im 3 4cms. m edium
g rit
t empered,
t empered,
b urnished,
2 9cms.
f abric,
1 1cms.
2 16
m edium g rit
2 17
2 1.
T ype B B1/
2
5 , o range/brown f abric, /1 2 (78), r im 3 6cms .
2 2.
T ype
5 ,
B B1/1/8(78),
2 3.
T ype
5 ,
B B1/1/16(78),
2 4.
T ype
5 ,
B B1/8(78),
2 5.
T ype
5 ,
B B1/1/16(78),
2 6.
T ype
5 ,
B B1/1/9(78),
r im 2 9cms.
2 7.
T ype
5 ,
g rey
p ink s lip,
2 8.
T ype
5 ,
r im
t empered,
r ed w ash,
1 9cms.
r im 2 8cms.
r im 3 2cms.
f abric,
b rown
B B1/2/2(75),
r im
m edium g rit
r im 2 8cms.
f abric,
Z X/8(73),
m edium g rit
r im 1 8cms.
t empered,
r ed
w ash,
1 9cms.
2 9.
T ype
5 ,
Y 2/2(73),
3 0.
T ype
5 ,
B B1/1(78),
3 1.
T ype
5 ,
B B1/1/6(75),
3 2.
T ype
5 ,
Y 2/2(73),
3 3.
T ype
5 ,
B B1/1/6(75),
r im 2 9cms
T ype
5 ,
o range/brown
f abric,
m edium g rit
t empered,
r ed s liP,
f abric,
c oarsc g rit
t empered,
Y2 /1 ( 73),
3 4.
X /2(71), 3 5.
3 6.
T ype
5 ,
r im
1 2cms .
T ype
5 ,
T ype
5 ,
r im 2 4cms. r im 2 2cms
r im 2 5cms.
1 1cms.
o r::se/brown
r im
b rown
Y 2/2(73), 3 7.
r im 2 8cms.
f abric,
m edium g rit
r im 2 6cms .
B B1/2/3(78),
r im 2 0cms.
2 19
t empered,
r ed
w ash,
E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.
J AR P ROFILES
1 08 1 .
O range/brown
f abric,
B B1/5/11(78),
r im 2 8cms .
2 .
B rown f abric, r im 2 2cms.
f ine g rit
3 .
O range/brown f abric, s moothed,
4 .
B rown
Z X/9(73),
f abric,
r im 2 6cms.
5 .
R ed s lip,
b urnished,
6 .
O range/brown
g rit
t empered,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
r ed s lip,
t empered,
t empered,
T T1/5(71),
f abric,
g rit
C oarse g rit
t empered,
r ed w ash,
f abric,
c oarse
B rown f abric, 2 0cms .
1 1.
B rown f abric, f ine g rit Y 1/2(71), r im 2 4cms .
1 2.
O range/brown
1 3.
O range
1 4 .
O range/brown
1 5.
O range/brown Z X/9(73),
1 6.
b urnished,
r ed
s lip,
r ed s lip,
T T1/4(73), g rit
b urnished ,
2 0cms.
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
f abric,
t empered,
r ed s lip,
t empered,
f ine
g rit
b uff
s lip,
t empered,
B B1/5/8,
r im
b urnished,
r ed
s lip,
r im 2 2cms. T T1/5b(71), f abric,
r im 2 5cms.
f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
r im 2 2cms. f ine
f abric,
g rit
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
f abric,
m edium g rit
t empered,
b rown
w ash,
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
T T1/4(71),
r im 2 7cms.
r im 2 2cms .
P ink/orange B B1/5/5(78),
1 8.
B rown
1 9.
O range/brown
2 0.
s lip,
r im 2 2cms.
O range/brown Z X/9(73),
1 7.
m edium g rit
f abric,
B B1/5/6(78),
w et
r im 2 5cms.
1 0.
Y 2/5/11(73),
r ed w ash,
t empered,
8 .
O range/brown
B B1/5/8(78),
r im 2 4cms.
O range f abric, m edium g rit t empered, Y 2/4/3(73), r im 2 0cms.
B B1/ 4 /5 ( 78),
s lip,
r im 1 9cms.
c oarse
B B1/5/11(78),
b uff
7 .
9 .
r ed
r im 2 5cms.
m edium g rit
Z X/9(73),
b urnished,
c oarse
f abric,
f ine
f abric, r im 2 1cms. r ed
s lip,
f abric,
m edium g rit t empered,
s moothed,
Z X/9(73),
r im 2 5cms.
R ed w ash,
b adly f ired,
Y 1/5(73),
2 20
r im 1 5cms.
b rown w ash,
w et
c m.
c y J
111 1 1 0"
:
e •c o
4
‘
Wi L r i
4‚ .
0
1 1
: c o
/
. 1 00 1 11 11111 c \ i c n
.
0
0 0 11: 5
N -.
a nd L a te
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11. 11
c o '
t o V ' r )
2 21
2 1. 2 2.
O range/grey
f abric,
O range/brown
f abric,
B B1/5/4(78), 2 3.
O range/pink
T T6/1b(73), f ine
r im 1 0cms.
g rit
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
r im 2 4cms . f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
Y 2/ 4 /1 1 (73),
r im
1 9cms. 2 4.
O range/brown Z X/9(73),
2 5.
P ink/orange Z X/9(73),
2 6.
R ed/brown
f abric,
f abric,
O range/brown Z X/9(73),
2 8.
f ine
g rit
f ine
g rit
t empered,
m edium
g rit
t empered,
f abric,
f ine
g rit
O range/brown
f abric,
f ine
3 0.
B rown
c oarse g rit t empered,
3 1.
R ed w ash,
f abric,
m edium g rit
O range/brown X 2/3B(73),
B rown f abric, O range/brown
O range/brown B B1/ 4 /7 ( 78),
3 7.
w ash,
r ed
s lip,
r im 1 3cms. T T6/1b(73),
Z X/9(73), g rit
r im 2 0cms.
r im 2 0cms.
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
f abric,
O range/brown
O range/brown
O range/brown
f abric,
t empered,
Y 1/5(71),
r im 1 9cms.
c oarse
g rit
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
r im 2 0cms. f abric, r im 2 0cms. f abric,
B rown
m edium
c oarse g rit
r im 2 3cms.
B B1/4/6(78), 4 0.
f abric,
P ink/orange
B B1/4/6(78), 3 9.
s moothed,
r ed
t empered,
T T1/5b(71),
t empered,
B B1/5/5(78),
B B1/4/9(78), 3 8.
s lip,
r im 2 0cms.
B B1/4/9(78),
3 6.
w et
t empered,
g rit
r ed w ash,
3 5.
b uff
r im 2 4cms .
B rown f abric,
3 4.
s lip,
r im 2 5cms.
2 9.
3 3.
r ed
r im 2 3cms .
BB1/5/4(78),
3 2.
t empered,
r im 2 3cms.
B B1/5/5(78), 2 7.
f abric,
r im 2 2cms.
f ine
f abric,
g rit
f ine
t empered,
g rit
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
r ed
s lip,
r im 2 3cms. f abric,
c oarse
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
c oarse
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
r im 2 3cms. f abric, r im 2 6cms . m edium g rit
r im 2 0cms .
2 23
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
B B1/4/9(78),
E arly and L ate F ig.
V IB:
S TORAGE
J ARS
1 09 1 .
T ype
4 a,
Y 1/21(75).
2 .
T ype
4 a,
b uff
f ired, 3 .
T ype
f abric,
Y 2/3A(73). 4 a,
b urial,
p ink
p ot
6 ,
b uff
4 b,
TT5/4(71).
5 .
T ype
4 b,
r ed w ash,
6 .
1 :4 .
T ype
5 ,
b rown
Y 1/21(75). 7 .
T ype
5 ,
p ink/red
Y 1/12(75).
f abric,
S cale
S cale
8 .
T ype
6 ,
Y 1/12(75).
9 .
T ype
7 ,
pink
1 0.
T ype
8 ,
Y 2/4(71).
1 1.
T ype
9 ,
b uff
m edium
S cale
r ed
s lip,
b adly
g rit
t empered,
P ot
1 :4.
1 :4.
c oarse g rit
f abric,
S cale
t empered,
1 :4.
Y 2/5/6(75).
Type
1 :4.
c oarse g rit
S cale
4 .
S cale
S cale
t empered,
m edium g rit
Y 2/4D,
t empered,
P it
r ed
9 4(73).
wash,
1 :8. f abric,
s and
t empered,
1 :4 . S cale
f abric,
Y 2/4(73).
S cale
f abric,
1 :4. S cale
1 :4.
S cale
1 :4.
1 :4.
X 3/1(71).
2 24
i ncised p attern,
C )
o c i
c s j
C o
2 25
L ate V IB: F ig.
J AR P ROFILES
1 10 1 .
R ed/pink f abric, r im 3 8cms .
2 .
BB1/1/16(78),
r im 3 8cms.
3 .
BB1/1/12(78),
r im 3 3cms.
O range/brown
f abric,
4 .
BB1/2/2,76(75), 5 .
6 .
7 .
m edium g rit
O range/brown
f abric, r im 3 5cms.
R ed/brown f abric, r im 5 0cms.
9 .
m edium
m edium g rit
f abric,
m edium
B B1/2/2,103(75), 8 .
c oarse
r ed
s lip,
Z X/6(73),
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
r im 3 6cms.
BB1/1/49(75),
B rown
t empered,
t empered,
g rit
b urnt,
t empered,
Z X/6(73),
r ed
s lip,
r im 3 6cms.
B rown/grey
f abric,
BB1/ 4 /7 ( 78),
r im 3 6cms.
c oarse
G rey/brown
f abric,
BB1/3/3(75),
r im 3 3cms.
g rit
c oarse
t empered,
g rit
r ed
t empered,
s lip,
b urnt,
1 0.
Y 2/2(73),
1 1.
BB1/1/6(75),
1 2.
B B1/1/12(75),
r im 3 1cms.
1 3.
B rown f abric,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
X /4(73),
r im 3 5cms.
1 4.
B rown
c oarse g rit t empered,
X /4(73),
r im 3 4cms.
1 5.
R ed
f abric,
c oarse
O range/brown
P ink/red
f abric,
f abric,
O range/brown X 3/1(71),
1 9.
B rown
B rown
r ed
s lip,
b urnt,
c oarse
g rit
t empered,
r ed
m edium
g rit
t empered,
r ed
R ed
s lip,
r im 3 3cms.
f abric,
f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed
f abric,
s lip,
c oarse
f abric,
g rit
t empered,
r ed
f abric,
s lip,
r im 3 5cms.
c oarse g rit
t empered,
r ed w ash,
X /3,21(73),
r im 3 6cms. 2 1.
w ash,
r im 3 6cms.
B B1/1/12,114(78), 2 0.
t empered,
r im 3 0cms.
B B1/3/13,63(75), 1 8.
g rit
r im 3 6cms.
B B1/ 4 /1 ( 78), 1 7.
r im 3 2cms.
f abric,
X 3/1(71), 1 6.
r im 3 2cms.
m edium g rit
t empered,
2 26
Z X/5(73),
r im 5 0cms.
4 / .
% a 41
' • 0 3 C \ J
M
%
,
m
/
m
e
i l
.
7
W .
C M
N
p
I
l ba
°
4
e c g %
/
c r i
. u i c \ I
i , . . ./ 0 " .4 i/ %
1, 5 c n
CY)
dri
C2 4
t : c o
C D . .
c o
4
c ) , i
• z i . —
a d "d h, 4 1 10
c c \ f p i
1 j
c . ; i ri t
i
1
c i
g 4
g 4 0 : 5 •rn
e c \ I
A gr om m
c , . . a ) = c n o
1 „ ;
i
ll
16 00
c Y ) t i
0 ,
t o
• , i g 4
o mc , y , s e4 0 , 2 27
2 2.
O range/brown
f abric,
B B1/2/2,101(75), 2 3.
B uff f abric, r im 3 4cms .
2 4.
B rown
c oarse
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
r im 3 6cms .
m edium g rit
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
B B1/2/2(75),
f abric,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
r ed w ash,
X /4(73),
r im
f abric,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
r ed w ash,
X /4(73),
r im
3 5cms . 2 5.
B rown 3 5cms .
2 6.
C oarse
2 7.
O range/grey
2 8.
B B1/1/9(75),
2 9.
B rown
f abric,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
X 3/1,4(73),
r im 3 icms.
3 0.
B rown
f abric,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
X 3/1,8(73),
r im 4 8cms.
3 1.
B B1/3/16(78),
3 2.
B rown
g rit
f abric,
r ed s lip,
s and
X 3/1(73),
t empered,
r im 6 1cms.
Y 2/3(73),
r im 4 2cms.
r im 4 2cms.
r im 3 3cms.
f abric,
X 3/1(71), 3 3.
t empered,
c oarse
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
b urnt,
r im 3 8cms.
O range/grey f abric,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
X 2/2B(73),
r im
3 0cms . 3 4.
B rown
f abric,
B B1/3/3,32(75), 3 5.
B rown
f abric,
c oarse
g rit
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
r im 3 2cms. c oarse g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
B B1/3/4(78),
r im 3 0cms . 3 6.
P ink/red
f abric,
B B1/2/2,18(75), 3 7.
B rown
f abric,
B B1/4/6(78), 3 8.
B rown
c oarse g rit
f abric,
O range/brown B B1/4/6(78),
g rit
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
b adly
f ired,
r im 3 2cms.
B B1/1/2,3(75), 3 9.
m edium
r im 3 6cms.
c oarse
g rit
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
r im 3 2cms. f abric,
m edium
r im 4 8cms.
2 28
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.
J AR P ROFILES
1 11 1 .
2 . 3 .
g rit
t empered,
Y 2/4D/2(73),
C oarse
r im 5 0cms.
BB1/X/1(78),
r im 4 0cms.
R ed/brown
f abric,
BB1/5/4(78),
r ed
m edium
w ash,
g rit
i nternal
t empered,
w et
B rown
f abric,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
5 .
B rown
f abric,
b rown w ash,
T T1/5b(71),
6 .
R ed/grey
7 .
C oarse
8 .
B rown
f abric,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
T T1/4b(71),
9 .
B rown
f abric,
c oarse
t empered,
T T1/4(71),
1 0.
M edium g rit
1 1.
R ed/brown
f abric,
Z X/9(73),
r im 3 9cms.
1 2. 1 3.
B rown
f abric,
Y 1/5D(73),
t empered,
s moothed,
r ed
s lip,
c oarse
T T1/6(71),
O range/brown
f abric,
BB1/5/10(78),
r im 3 3cms.
T T1/5b(71),
g rit
T T1/4b(71),
b urnt,
r im
3 2cms. r im 6 3cms. r im 3 7cms.
Z X/9(73),
t empered,
r im 3 6cms
r ed w ash,
b urnt,
r im 3 0cms. f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed
G rey
f abric,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
Y 1/5(73),
1 5.
G rey
f abric,
c oarse
t empered,
T T1/5/(71),
1 6.
B rown
1 7.
P ink
1 8.
B B1/X/1(78),
1 9.
B rown
f abric,
c oarse g rit
t empered,
2 0.
B rown
f abric,
T T1/5b(71),
r im 3 4cms.
2 1.
R ed
2 2.
B rown
2 3.
C oarse g rit
2 4.
B rown
f abric,
5 6cms.
r im 4 2cms.
1 4.
f abric,
r im
r im 3 1cms.
r ed s lip,
g rit
t empered,
f abric,
f abric,
w ash,
r im 4 6cms.
4 .
g rit
p ink
g rit
T T1/4(71),
w ash;
r im 4 0cms. r im 3 6cms.
r im 6 0cms.
m edium g rit
t empered,
Y 1/6(73),
r im 3 2cms.
r im 3 2cms.
c oarse g rit
f abric,
r ed s lip,
t empered,
f abric,
t empered, T T1/4(71),
r ed
m edium g rit
r im 3 3cms.
2 29
s lip,
T T1/5b(71),
Y 2/4/4D(75),
r im 3 8cms.
r im 3 0cms.
r im 4 8cms.
X 3/1(73),
t empered,
r im 2 5cms.
b rown w ash,
Y 1/12(75),
j ar p rofiles
e
1 1 1 1 . 1 1
( N I
1
6
.
1
c m \ ;
L c ;
4 0 >
d han im
c \ I
•
; 1 c e i
( I D
. /
2 81
I t o
E arly and L ate V IB: F ig.
1 35 1 .
G rey
f abric,
Y 2/4/11(73).
2 .
B rown
3 .
R ed w ash,
4 .
B rown f abric,
Y 1/5(73).
5 .
B rown f abric,
b rown s lip,
6 .
Y 1/5(73).
7 .
B rown f abric,
8 .
O range/brown
9 .
T T1/6(71).
1 0.
B rown f abric,
1 1.
P ink
D ECORATED S HERDS
f abric,
Y 1/5(73).
T 1/5b(71).
X /4(71).
Y 2/4/1(73). f abric,
b uff
c oarse g rit
f abric,
s lip,
T T1/5b(71).
t empered,
c oarse
B B1/2/2,116(75).
2 82
g rit
X 2/1(73).
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
i r 5 d , -
c \ i
c h
5
2 83
a nd L a te V IB. d ecorated s herds.
« 5
L ate V IB: F ig.
D ECORATED S HERDS
1 36 1 .
Y 2/2(73).
2 .
G rey
3 .
X 3,42(71).
4 .
B rown
5 .
X 2/2A(73).
6 .
O range/brown
f abric,
f abric,
b urnished,
c oarse g rit
f ine g rit t empered,
f abric,
G rey f abric,
8 .
O range/brown f abric,
9 .
Y 2/2(73).
1 0.
BB1/3(75).
1 1.
X 3/1(73). O range/brown w ash,
b uff
Z X/8(73).
1 4.
O range/brown
b uff
g rit
s lip,
X /2(71).
t empered,
b uff
s lip,
t empered,
g rey s lip,
m edium g rit t empered,
f abric,
m edium g rit
b urnished,
f abric,
B B1/2/3(78). Z X/6(73).
t empered,
i nternal
r ed
Z X/8(73).
f ine
g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
Y 2/3(73).
1 5.
B rown f abric,
1 6.
X 3/1(73).
1 7.
O range/brown b urnished,
f ine g rit
s lip,
1 3.
b urnished,
f ine
X 2/1(73).
Z X/8(73).
7 .
1 2.
t empered,
f ine g rit
t empered,
f abric,
f ine
Z X/8(73).
2 84
g rit
b urnished,
t empered,
X 2/3A(73).
b uff
s lip,
c r ; 1-
c 3
o
XII I « M I
2 85
L ate V IB: F ig.
D ECORATED S HERDS
1 37 1 .
O range/grey
2 .
O range/pink i nternal
3 .
O range/brown
5 .
6 .
f ine
Y 2/3
g rit
e xternal b uff
f abric,
X 3/1
B rown f abric, X 2/3A
b urnished,
f abric,
r ed w ash,
b urnished, 4 .
f abric,
f ine
( 1973). t empered,
s lip,
g rit
X 2/3B
w ell
f ired,
( 1973).
t empered,
w ell
f ired,
( 1973).
m edium g rit
t empered,
b adly
f ired,
b urnished,
( 1973).
O range/brown f abric,
f ine g rit
w ash,
( 1973).
b urnished,
B rown f abric,
Y 2/3
m edium g rit
b urnished,
Y 2/3
( 1973).
7 .
B uff s lip,
Y 2/2
( 1973).
8 .
B rown
f abric,
Y 2/2
t empered,
t empered, S eed
( 1973).
2 86
w ell
w ell
f ired,
i mpressions.
f ired,
r ed
b rown s lip,
C
I I I
c ;
I I .
c . ;
MIN IM
2 87
e i si o n
E arly a nd L ate V IB: F ig.
D ECORATED S HERDS
1 38 1 .
C oarse g rit
2 .
X 2/3B(73).
3 . 4 . 5 .
w et
s moothed,
Y 2/3(73).
O range/brown f abric,
s and
t empered,
b uff
O range/brown f abric,
Y 3/2/6(78).
B rown
t empered,
f abric,
f ine g rit
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
Z X/4(73).
s lip,
b urnished,
x /2(71). 6 .
X 3/1(73).
7 .
X 3/3A(73).
8 .
O range/brown
f abric,
c oarse
g rit
f ine g rit
t empered,
t empered,
r ed
s lip,
Y 1/5(73). 9 .
B rown f abric,
1 0.
P ink
1 1.
X 2/2B(71).
1 2.
O range/brown f abric,
1 3.
R ed s lip,
f abric,
s and t empered,
s and
Y 2/2(73).
2 88
b urnished,
X 2/3A(73).
X 3/1(71).
t empered,
r ed s lip,
X 3/1(71).
c r i
c s i
g o l om
d , -
e
0 1 10 1. 1 13 1. 11 1 1 1. 1 %
m
u m
-
1 1• 1 1 1 1 1 1 1% N . :
2 89
L ate V IB: F ig.
D ECORATED S HERDS
1 39 1 .
X /3(71).
2 .
O range/brown f abric,
3 .
B B1/1/8(78).
4 .
C oarse
5 .
B uff
6 .
O range/brown
7 .
Z X/5(73).
8 .
C oarse g rit
9 .
Y 2/2(73).
1 0.
B B1/1/10(75).
1 1.
X 3/1(71).
1 2.
O range/brown f abric,
1 3.
Y 2/2(73).
1 4.
Y 2/2(73).
1 5.
B rown f abric,
c oarse g rit
1 6.
B rown
b uff s lip,
1 7.
X 2/2B(73).
1 8.
P Q1/47(71).
1 9.
X 2/1(73).
2 0.
B rown f abric,
g rit t empered,
f abric,
s and
t empered,
t empered,
f abric,
Z X/5/X(73).
Z X/6(73).
m edium g rit t empered, f abric,
r ed s lip,
Z X/8(73).
X 2/3A(73).
X 3/1(73).
m edium g rit
f ine g rit
t empered,
t empered,
b uff s lip,
X /3(71).
t empered,
2 90
X 3/1(73).
Y 2/3(73).
Y 2/3(73).
6 -
t r i
go
wn .
og g i l la im
M a ll 1 1 1 1 1• 11 1 1 1 1 1
N :
M ow
MIN I M u 5
2 91
F ig.139. L a te V IB: d ecora ted s herds.
6 c v
-0 L C D LO
t I
0
c s c o
L . c >
= C2 , c s C O
c I n
( r ) L 4
. —D
e+ >' In
0
H AFTAVAN V IB S MALL F INDS
2 93
S MALL F INDS T he
s mall
quality.
I f
f inds
t he
f rom H aftavan a re
E arly V IB
s mall
i n n umber a nd p oor
t own h ad a ny w ealth,
i t
w as
i n
o bviously
r emoved b efore i ts d estruction.
S ome o f t he o bjects h ave p arallels
t he
i n a p eriod m uch
H abur
p erhaps
valley and e lsewhere
i ndicating
t hat
H aftavan w as t he
c hain o f t rading a nd e xchange; cussed
l ater.
p resent
Whilst
t he
l ast
i t
i n
i s
l ong
b e
t o
i n
V IB,
a
t his w ill
i n t his c hapter
d iscussion,
o bjects
t han
r ecipient
i mplications o f
i ntention
t he i nformation w ithout
m ention s pecific p arallel 0
t he
e arlier
d iss imply
s eems a ppropriate
t o
f rom o ther s ites w here r elevant.
P ins O bject
c entimetres 3 04
9 13
( fig.
l ong,
( see f ig.
1 41:2,
P l.
1 6b)
w hose h ead r esembles
1 56:2)
i s
i s
a c opper e yelet p in,
a d istorted mushroom.
a s horter v ersion.
T hree
6 .8
O bject
s imilar
e xamples
w ere 19 f ound i n t ombs a t G eoy T epe, d uring E arp's d iggings t here 1 903. T heir p opularity i s e vident d uring t he f irst q uarter o f s econd m illennium B .C.,
w hen t hey a re
f ound
i n A natolia,
i n t he
t he T alysh,
P alestine a nd M esopotamia. 2° O bject b ead
o n
1 164
t op.
a c opper p in w ith
a
T oggle o r e yelet p ins w ith a p ip-shaped e yelet a nd
( fig.
1 41:4)
i s
a f ragment o f
a
t apering h ead a re o ften d ecorated w ith a b ead.L 1 T his t ype h as a w ide d istribution f rom t he t hird t o t he s econd m illennium B .C., a nd h as b een f ound a t C hagar B azar, i n l evels V -II ( dating t o t he s econd h alf o f t he t hird m illennium B .C.), a nd a t G eoy T epe, L evel D , i n t ombs I a nd
I V.
2 2
O bject c entimetres O bject d ecorated
9 22
( fig.
8 50
( fig.
h ead.
1 9.
C rawford,
2 0.
M .
E .
1 41:1,
T his h ead
o ut a way a t t he t op. V eri, w here a m etal
I raq,
1 41:3,
p l.
1 6c)
i s
a
c opper
p in,
4 .5
l ong w ith a c urled h ead.
I A ,
p l.
1 6d)
i ncised
i s
a p ierced b one p in w ith a
i n a d iamond-like p attern
a nd
I t h as a n umber o f p arallels i n t he T alysh, a t e xample o f t he s ame s tyle o ccurs ( dated 1 900-1750
X I
( 1975)
L . Mallowan, I X
i s
( 1947)
p .13,
f ig.
' Excavations p p.166-8,
3 D.
a t B rak a nd C hagar B azar,
p l.XXXI;
f or e xamples
f rom
S yria'. S yria,
A natolia, and t he T alysh, s ee S tratigraphie C ompar e, f igs. 1 38, 1 64, a nd 1 73; a nd E . H enschel-Simon, ' Toggle P ins i n t he P alest ine A rchaeological Museum ', P alestine D epartment o f A ntiquities
2 1.
Q uarterly,
V I
( 1936),
C rawford,
I A,
X I
p ls.LXVIII-LXXI.
( 1975)
p l.II,
f or p ins
w ithout
t he
b eads
a ttached. 2 2.
M .
E .
L .
M allowan,
A rchaeological 1 936',
I raq,
I V,
S urvey ( 1937)
' Excavations o f
a t
t he H abur
p .132,
f ig.
2 95
T all C hagar B azar a nd R egion,
1 2:1.
S econd
a n
C ampaign,
2 3 2 4 B .C.), a nd a lso a t T epe G awra, l evel V III, h alf o f t he f ourth m illennium B .C.). T he o ther b one p ins n umbers
1 076 a nd 1 073
r espectively, O bjects ( fig. w hose
1 098
w hich ( fig.
1 42:7, l ength
f all
( fig. h ave
i nto f our c ategories: 1 41:5-6),
c onical
1 41:8),
6 56
1 42:6),
h ead,
b ut i s
h eads a nd b elong
( fig.
b oth 1 0.2 c entimetres
a t
l east
2
r eminiscent
1 41:9),
A lso a t
l ong;
c entimetres 7 78
s haped h ead,
t he
( fig.
1 43:1) p l.
e xample
( fig.
( fig. b ody
1 43:3),
w hich
V IB.
1 42:2),
5 81
o bject 6 60
i s t he 1 4a)
s ince
l ongest
i s
i t
1 42:1) a nd 6 32 w ith
s lit-like
T he
( fig.
1 4.1 i s
a t
s imply
f ourth
5 .5 c entimetres
i tems w hich a re,
f our e xamples 1 47:3)
i s
1 6.8 c entimetres,
c entimetres
T he
l ong,
i s n ot p ierced.
H aftavan a re a n umber o f b one s hape:
6 01
g reatly
l east
f ibula
l ong
c entimetres i n l ong; o bject 6 66
a nd o bject
l ong a nd t he
t he e nd o f a
p erhaps,
d iffer
6 .5 c entimetres
a nd t apers t o a p oint f rom t he h ead, w hich i s 1 .1 d iameter; o bject 8 71 ( fig. 1 42:5) i s 8 .0 c entimetres 1 43:6,
l ong
E arly
t hey a re n ot p ierced a t t he
d own
( fig.
m ost a ccurately d escribed a s a wls. s ize a nd
6 00
t o
o f t he e yelet p ins m entioned a bove.
r epresented b y o bject
w hich h as a p olished,
i n
t wo,
p l. 1 5b), a re s imple t apering p ins w ith p ierced h eads, v aries f rom 5 .5 t o 8 .2 c entimetres. T he t hird t ype
( fig.
t ype
t here a re
5 .9 a nd 5 .2 c entimetres
c onsists o f t hose p ins r epresented b y o bjects
a pertures,
, ( dated t o t he s econd
8 52
( fig.
s ophisticated
w hich
h as
b een
s harpened. T here a re p ins a nd a wls t he o nes i dentical s eems
f rom G eoy T epe w hich a re v ery s imilar-to
f ound a t H aftavan. O bject t o G eoy n umber 1 266 ( Geoy C );
t o b e t he s ame s hape,
o bject 6 00 ( fig.
1 42:2)
8 52 ( fig. 1 43:6) i s c opper p in 5 81 ( fig.
a lmost 1 42:4)
s ize a nd d esign a s G eoy 1 274 ( Geoy C );
i s
t he
s a
y l as
a nd
a n u npierced e xample p resented
i n t he G eoy r eport b ut u nnumbered. O f
t he
t wenty p ins o r b one p oints r ecovered f rom H aftavan
e leven belong t o E arly V IB a nd n ine c ome f rom L ate V IB. m etal
p ins h ave b een a nalysed,
a nd
s o
i t
i s
i mpossible
V I,
N one o f t o
t he
s ay w hether
t hey a re m ade o f b ronze o r s ome o ther c opper a lloy. i i)
B eads T he
f our
t hree b eads, 5 ). a nd
s easons w ork o n H aftavan V I
m ade o f
f rit,
s tone,
l evels h ave y ielded
f aience,
T hirty f our b eads w ere f ound i n B B1, 1 45:3,6,9). T he p aucity o f f inds
a nd c arnelian
l evel 3 ( fig. i n E arly V IB
s ixty
( figs.
1 44-
1 44:1-4,15, d eposits i s
e vident: o nly e ight b eads w ere r ecovered. P erhaps t he m ost s triking b eads a re o bjects 8 18a ( fig. 1 47:3), a nd 8 18b ( fig. 1 47:2, p l. 1 5 0, f rom s ame:
L ate V IB l evels i n t rench X 2. t hey a re s quare i n s hape a nd
T hese t wo b eads a re r oughly t he s ix m illimetres t hick; t hey e ach
h ave
t wo h oles b ored t hrough t hem,
a nd t he s urface h as a
2 3.
S tratigraphie
2 4.
G awra I ,
2 5.
B urton-Brown,
p .
C omparee,
2 08, p .
p .
4 28,
p l.LXXXII:15. 2 34,
f ig.
4 5.
2 96
f ig.
2 27:1.
n umber
o f
c oncentric
c ircles
p arallel A ge
l evels
e xamples b ut
i ncised,
f or o bject 8 18a
a t K ordlar T epe, o f b eads
b eads
s piral b eads r oughly a re,
1 47:3) c an b e
s hape.
belong
f ound a t
f ound
m ade o f p olished s tone.
a t K ordlar w hich h ave
a d ifferent o verall
i ncised
p erhaps o riginally i n—filled.
( fig.
I t
2 7
c oncentric p attern
i s t empting t o
s uggest
t o t he s ame t radition a s t he H asanlu,
Z iwiye,
a nd
c ourse,
T rialeti
a n umber o f p ieces
K urgans,
a lmost
e xact
l ater a t N ush—i
G awra,
m ade
o ut
M ost
o f
J an
( dated T here
) .28
r epoussee
s pirals. f ound
i n t he A n
2 9
a t
T epe
( dated t o t he s econd h alf o f
t he
3 0
t he b eads
T he l onger b eads,
o f
f or t he H aftavan b ead c an b e
o f g lazed s teatite
t hird m illennium B .C.).
B .C.
t hese
q uadruple
o f m etalwork w hich a ppear
w hich h ave a s eries
p arallel
t hat
m etal
t o t he f irst q uarter o f t he f irst m illennium
o f
I ron
T here a re o ther
2 6
t he s ame
A n e xact
i n t he L ate
a re r oughly
o bjects
7 61
s haped a nd c rudely
( fig.
1 45:1),
5 92
m anufactured.
( fig.
1 45:4),
1 075
( fig. 1 45:8), 1 078 ( fig. 1 45:7), 1 203 ( fig. 1 44:16), 1 100 ( fig. 1 45:10), and 9 07 ( fig. 1 45:11), w hich p robably a cted a s s pacer b eads, a re g enerally m ore a ttractive t han t he s maller e xamples: t hey a re m ade o f f aience ( objects 1 100 a nd 9 07 3 03), p ainted c lay ( object 1 075), t hey
o r
b rightly c oloured s tone
a re
s eries
s ometimes
o f
b eads
( objects
( fig.
1 45:1) has
i ii)
M etal O bjects M etal
a re
5 92 a nd
i ncised
m etal n ails:
7 42)
5 92,
o bjects
f ound a t
H aftavan
f rom P eriod V I,
o bjects 8 60
( fig.
2 6.
p od
a nd
a re
O bjects
( fig. t wo o f
1 46:7),
compare c losely w ith t wo e xamples
u sed a s
1 203), t hey
j oined t ogether.
a nd
s haped p iece w hich c ould,
1 46). w hich
1 167
f rom G eoy T epe.
f ragments, o bjects 1 170 ( fig. 1 46:1) a nd 8 57 h ave b een u sed a s b lades. O bjects 8 46 ( fig. b ronze,
1 078 a nd
i mpression t hat
a 7 61
l ozenge p attern.
o bjects a re r arely
s eventeen
r ecognised a s t hey
a n
( objects
s haped t o g ive t he
T here c an
( fig. T wo
3 1
b e
1 46:9); m etal
( fig. 1 46:17) a ppear t o 1 46:6) i s a c opper o r
p erhaps,
h ave b een s trung a nd
a n ecklace o rnament.
A . L ippert, ' die O sterreichischen A usgrabungen a m K ordlar T epe i n P ersisch—West A serbaidschan ( 1971-1978)', A MI, X II ( 1979) f ig. 8 :15.
2 7.
i d.,
f ig.
2 8.
K .R.
M axwell—Hyslop,
L ondon,
8 :16,32.
1 971,
e nd B eads H uot, d e
p ls.
W estern A siatic J ewellery, 1 36,
1 65,
i n W estern A sia',
V .
P ardo and A .
L arsa:
L es
2 52;
I raq,
R ougeulle,
a lso
X XVI
s ee W .
( 1964)
' A P ropos
P erles ä Q uatre S pirales',
p p.120-9. 2 9.
T rialeti,
3 0.
G awra
3 1.
C rawford,
1 ,
f ig.
4 9,
p .209, I A ,
X 1
p l.
2 5.
p l.LXXXIII,19. ( 1975)
p l.VI,
2 97
U S2
a nd U S3.
( c.3000-612 B .C.) C ulican,
p p.34-43; d e
' Spiral
a nd J .
l a P erle L .
I raq,
X LII
L .
7 6.5
( 1980)
i v)
M iscellaneous
O bjects 8 35 ( fig. 1 47:1, p late 1 6e) i s a n u nbaked c lay t ablet, 6 .2 c entimetres w ide, a nd 8 .4 c entimetres l ong, w hich h as t hree r ows o f
e ight
h oles,
s ufficient t hat
i t m ight
a s chool
w hich v ary
i n d epth
f rom t hree
t o f ive
t o h old a s plinter o f w ood o r a p in. b e a n umeration t ablet
e xercise. 32
m illimetres,
B urney h as
s uggested
f or a ccounting p urposes,
M r D avid B rown,
h owever,
o r e ven
h as p ointed o ut
t hat
t he l ayout o f t he h oles ( 8x3) i s t ypical o f s ome s econd m illennium g aming b oards. 33 O ther g aming b oards h ave b een f ound i n I ran, a t S usa a nd S ialk ( dating o f a s imilar s ize a r ecent w hich
t o t he s econd m illennium B .C.),34 a nd g aming t ablets t o t he H aftavan e xample h ave b een f ound a t U r.35 I n
p ublication S winy h as p resented t wenty e ight
h as a 1 0x3
l ayout.
F our e xamples
( Swiny's
t ablets,
t ype
2 )
e ach o f
h ad a verage
m easurements o f 4 x12 c entimetres, a nd d ated t o t he s econd m illennium B .C. 36 T he p resent e vidence s uggests t hat t he g ame b oards o riginated i n M esopotamia E gypt
i n t he t hird m illennium B .C.,
a nd m any o ther p arts o f O bjects
c entimetres
6 45
( fig.
l ong,
i s
1 47:5
s imilar
f rom w here t hey s pread t o
t he N ear E ast. 37 p l.
i n
1 5e),
s hape
m ade
o f t he g raves
k nife h andle,
b one,
a nd
f or w hich
i n v )
1 5c)
t wo p laces,
i s
s ide b ars
1 2
t here
i s n o p arallel
o r T ranscaucasia.
i n
t his p eriod
A nother o bject,
( Late V IB) 3 02,
( fig.
a p iece o f h ollowed h orn c ore w hich h as b een p ierced
p robably
f or s ecuring a b lade.
O bsidian T he
w hich
o bsidian
a ssemblage
a re w idely known.
I ran,
X III
f rom H aftavan V IB c ontains
T he h ollow-based a rrowhead,
B urney,
3 3.
I a m i ndebted t o M r. B rown o f t he A shmolean Museum , h is h elp a nd i nformation o n t his m atter.
3 4.
R .
G hirshman,
t ome I I,
C .
J .
p .
1 59,
F ouilles d e S ialk,
P aris,
1 939,
F ouilles d e S use, e n P erse,
( 1975)
X IX,
G add,
p p.42-4,
( 1933-9),
P aris, ' An
1 943,
p l.
p res
f ig.
4 ,
M emoirs f ig.
E gyptian
t wo
t ypes
r epresented b y
3 2.
3 5.
f ound
a t
i n n orth-western I ran, 1 56:6 p l.
t he e quid
o f
i n B eshtasheni a nd e lsewhere, b ut o ther t han t he t hree s mall h oles o n t he w idest p art, t here i s n o w ay o f a ttaching a p air o f c anons. 38 P erhaps t hen, t he o bject i s a n e laborately s haped s ome
t o
I Va. O xford f or
d e K ashan,1933, p l.XXII.8; d e
1 934,
1 937,
R .de M ecquenem,
l a M ission A rcheologique
3 9.
G ame
i n
A ssyria',
I raq,
I
( 1934 )
p l.VIIIb. 3 6.
3 7.
S .
' Bronze
A ge G aming S tones C yprus,
A .
o f
M . 3 8.
S winy,
D epartment o f A ntiquities, J . A .
b erth,
' Gameboards
d issertation,
T rialeti,
p .
3 2,
p l.
f rom C yprus',
1 980,
N icosia,
R eport 1 980,
t he A ncient N ear E ast',
U niversity o f C hicago, X LIII.
2 98
M arch 1 961,
o f t he
p p.54-78.
u npublished p .120
o bjects ( fig.
7 77
( fig.
1 48:2),
w estern G eoy
I ran
T epe,
s ite, 40 d ated
6 61
8 44
( fig.
( fig.
a nd T ranscaucasia. a nd
3 9
T he
d ating
s econd
( fig.
T his
t ype h as
1 48:10);
t apering
a nd
B oth
half
t he t hird m illennium B .C.),
t he
a nd
o bject 9 05
t he e arly/middle
o ne a t
T rialeti.
( fig.
a nd 8 54 ( fig.
n ot e asily r ecognisable a s
F igurines
s ix c lay a nimal c omparable B .C.),
s tanding, i s
a nd a r ounded b ase:
o bject
w ith
1 48:8),
7 31
a nd o bject
l ess ( fig.
( dated t o t he s econd ( dated t o
t he
l ate
T epe H issar
( dated
a nd G eoy T epe
( Geoy
a lso a n a ssortment
( fig.
1 48:14,
f ig.
f igurines
t o
G eoy
f rom H aftavan,
t ypes
o f a nimal,
t hose
f rom A gha E vlar
T epe
( Period
s traight
l egged,
K ),
a ll b ut
i n
c rude 1 166
a nd
f rom E arly V IB,
t he T epe
a nd o bject
1 083
( fig.
s uggesting a b ovine.
a nd
( dated
H issar
( late
f ound
1 49:1)
s eems
t o
S tratigraphically, f rom
a re
p re-dates H aftavan V I.
T he c hronological
d istribution o f
3 9.
B urton-Brown,
f ig.
4 4:16,17.
4 0.
C rawford,
I A ,
X I
4 1.
T rialeti,
p l.CVI b is.
( 1975)
s ize
T alysh
s ome o f t hem f ashioned i n m etal 1 49:1-3,5 a nd f ig. 1 55:1,2) a re
s ome d iscrepancy b etween t hese e xamples
f rom G eoy T epe.
S tratigraphie
o f
1 55:6),
t heir
T he G eoy m odels,
4 2.
a t V eri,
( p1.15a)
b e c arrying a p air o f h orns, t here
a t
s ame
s ite w as
i s s lightly t hicker
i s
1 185
t hird/early s econd m illennia B .C), 45 r ather t han c lay. " T he m odels ( fig.
t hose
t he
1 48:16).
a re
1 450-1350
l evel D
a t t he
T epe G awra
T here
4 4
o bjects
A nimal
a re
1 025
n orth-
a ddition, t here i s o ne t anged a rrowhead f rom H aftavan V I: ( fig. 1 48:5), w hich has n o p arallels i n n orth-western I ran
1 48:15),
T he
i n
i n a c ontext
t hird m illennium B .C.),
v i)
a ll
a nd
l ate t hird/early s econd m illennia B .C.), I n 9 11
o nly
s tyle
f ound i n
o f t hese t ypes o ccur a t T ell B rak
b lades and cutting e dges: ( fig.
t ype w as
s ides
a s ub-type
f laking :
t o
1 48:4),
i s u ncertain. 42
1 48:9). o f
( fig.
d ocumented
a lthough t he c emetery a t
d elicate
f ourth t o
7 04
i s w ell
i n one o f t he t ombs e xcavated b y E arp
1 450-1250 b y S chaeffer,
r e-used and t his
D ). 43 o bject
1 48:3),
1 48:1),
i n K urgans X L a nd X V a t T rialeti, 4 1 t o
1 005
1 48:6),
a nd
H aftavan
i n L evel K ,
a nd w hich
t hese m odels
p l.III.8.
C ompar e,
f ig.
L a P rehistoire O rientale,
2 27:14;
I II,
J .
P aris,
J .
d e M organ,
1 927,
f igs.
2 02,
2 53,
3 14. 4 3.
M allowan,
I raq,
I X
( 1947)
p l.XXXVIII:12-14;
E .F.
S chmidt,
h an), 4 4. 4 5.
T rialeti,
p .219,
p l.XXXVII;
p l.LXIII;
a t
G awra
T epe H issar
B urton-Brown,
1 , ' ( Damg-
f ig.44:18.
p l.CXIX.
S tratigraphie 1 187,
4 6.
P hiladelphia,
p .181,
E xcavations
1 188;
C omparee,
H issar,
B urton-Brown,
p .50,
f ig.
2 21:C;
p p.186-8,
p l.XLV.
n ote
1 8.
2 99
B urton-Brown,
f ig.
1 3:1181,
a t o ther s ites,
h owever,
s uggests t hat a nimal m odels a re
s cattered a mongst m ost p rehistoric
l evels.
O bject 6 46
t o b e
( fig.
f ound
1 49:7)
i s
m ade o f c lay a nd p ainted, a nd i ts s hape s eems t o b e r eminiscent o f a h orse's h oof, b ut n o p arallel e xists t o h elp w ith i ts i dentification ( pl. 1 4b). v ii)
S pindle W horls T he
p resence
o f
s pindle w horls m ade o ut
o f
b one,
s tone
a nd
s herds ( fig.150-152) a ttest t o t he i mportance o f s pinning a t H aftavan. D r. J .P. W ild h as p ointed o ut t hat t hese s pindle w horls s eem t o h ave b een u sed w ith u nusually s lender s pindles, w hich w ould s uggest f ine y arn w as p roduced a nd, t herefore, f ine q uality t extiles. ° o f t he a nd
s pindle w horls:
3 85
m odel
( fig.156:5)
w agons,
h elpful
w hich
o bjects 9 99b
( fig.151:16),
1 264
( fig.152:9)
a re p erhaps m ore a ccurately s een a s a re
s o c ommon
t hat a T hree
w heels
i n t he N ear E ast. 48
o f
I t w ould b e
i f p ublished s pindle w horls a nd m odel w heels h ad b een w eighed
s ince t his, a pparently, i s a c rucial f actor i n d etermining t he p artic ular f unction o f a n o bject o f t his n ature. 49 T wo o f t he h eavier p ierced o bjects: o bjects 1 138 ( fig. 1 47:8), 1 257 ( fig. 1 52:13), m ight b e l oomweights, b ut l oomweights a re o nly
a nd
i dentifiable w ith c onfidence w hen t hey a re
f ound
i n g roups,
w hich
i s
r are. o bject
I n t he c ontext o f t extiles, i t i s t empting t o d escribe t he b one 8 93 ( fig. 1 47:9 p l. 1 6a) a s aw eaving c omb, b ut t here a re n o
o ther
e xamples
m ight
s uggest
w hich h ave
s o
f ew t eeth,
t hat t he o bject w as
a nd t he h oles
i n
a ffixed t o a p iece o f
t he
b one
l eather
o r
c loth, o bject 4 46 ( fig. 1 55:5 p l. 1 5d) w hich m easures 1 4.8 c ms. l ong and 5 .6cms w ide i s m ade f rom h orn a nd p ierced w ith a h ole 2 .6cms w ide. I t
h as t he r emains o f
4 t eeth a nd p robably o riginally h ad 6 a nd m ay b e
a ssociated w ith w eaving. v iii)
S tone O bjects A mongst
t he s tone o bjects,
t here a re a n umber o f p estles:
j ects 8 97 ( fig. 1 52:1) 1 272 ( fig. 1 53:4), 1 260 ( fig. 1 53:5), 7 05 T hey a re o f v arying s hapes: t ed.
T here
a re a lso
1 53:2), 6 64 ( fig. ( fig. 1 53:6), a nd
c ylindrical,
p hallic,
a nd w ais-
s ome p ieces w hich m ay b e d oor o r p ost
f lared,
s ockets,
f or e xample, o bjects 1 225 ( fig. 1 53:9), 1 230 ( fig. 1 54:2), 1 282 ( fig. 1 54:3), a nd 7 50 ( fig . 1 54:8). i s
s upported b y t he
o b-
1 53:3), 1 217 ( fig. 1 222 ( fig. 1 53:8).
s mooth
s urface
1 53:10), 1 226 ( fig. T his i dentification
o f t he c oncave p art
o f t he o bjects.
O bjects 1 227 ( fig. 1 53:7) h as a n arrow o pening a nd t he c oarseness o f t he s urface w ould s uggest t hat i t w as n ot s ubjected t o t he s ame s ort o f
f riction;
t his
i s a lso t he c ase w ith o bject
u nique s tone i tem i s t he m easures 1 8.2x15.6x7.4cms. X 3,
l evel
4 7.
I a m i ndebted t o D r.Wild f or h is p rompt
4 8.
S .
( fig.
1 54:5).
A
1 .
P iggott,
E vidence', 4 9.
1 279
s tone a rrowhead m ould ( pl. 1 3b) w hich a nd w as f ound a mongst t he b urnt d ebris i n
' The P PS,
E arliest
X XXIV ( 1968)
T his w as p ointed o ut
W heeled
V ehicles a nd
p l.XXIII,
t o m e b y D r.
3 00
a ssisstance o n t his p oint.
W ild.
l ower.
t he
C aucasian
E arly a nd L ate V IB p ins: F ig.
1 41 1 .
L ate
V IB n o.
8 50,
1 973,
Y 2/3,
b one.
2 .
E arly V IB n o.
9 13,
1 973,
Y 2/4,
c opper.
3 .
L ate
V IB n o.
9 22,
1 973,
Y 2/3e,
4 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 164,
1 978,
B B1/1/8,
5 .
E arly V IB n o.
1 076,
1 975,
Y 2/5/B10,
6 .
E arly V IB n o.
1 073,
1 978,
Y 2/5/10,
b one.
7 .
E arly V IB n o.
1 239,
1 978,
B B1/5/4,
c opper.
8 .
L ate
1 098,
1 975,
B B1/1,
b one.
9 .
E arly V IB n o.
6 56,
1 971,
T T1/5,
b one.
V IB n o.
3 02
p l.
1 6d.
p l.
c opper.
p l.
1 6b. 1 6c.
c opper w ith b ead. b one.
1 .
6 .
5 .
4 .
-0
•
9 . 8 7 .
•
F ig.141. E ar ly a nd L a te V IB: p ins.
3 03
Early and Late VIB pins: Fig. 142
VIB no. 601,
1971, TTl/2, bone.
1.
Late
2.
Early VIB no. 600,
1971, JX/8, bone.
3.
Early VIB no. 660,
1971, TTl/6, bone.
4.
Early VIB no. 581,
1 971, JX/8, bone.
5.
Late
VIB no. 616,
1971, TTl/3, bone.
6.
Late
VIB no. 632,
1971, TTl /3, bone.
7.
Early VIB no. 588,
1971, JX/8, bone.
304
pl. 15b.
L
2 .
3 .
4
6 . 5 . I ,
•
7 .
F ig . 142 . E ar ly a nd L a te V IB: p ins.
3 05
L ate V IB: F ig.
p ins
a nd a wls :
1 43 1 .
L ate
V IB
2 .
L ate
3 .
n o.
6 66,
1 971,
X /3,
b one.
V IB n o.
1 193,
1 975,
B B1/3/13,
L ate
V IB n o.
7 78,
1 975,
Y /4,
4 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 197,
1 975,
BB1/3/1,
5 .
L ate
V IB n o.
8 71,
1 973,
X 3/1,
6 .
L ate
V IB n o.
8 52,
1 973,
X 2/2B,
b one.
b one. c opper.
b one. b one.
p l.
1 4a
1 .
2 .
3 .
6 .
5 .
4 . •
F ig . 143 . L a te V IB: p ins a nd a w ls.
3 07
E arly a nd L ate V IB b eads: F ig.
1 44 1 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 174,
1 978,
B B1/3/13,
s tone.
2 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 174,
1 978,
B B1/3/13,
s tone.
3 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 191,
1 978,
B B1/3/13,
s tone.
4 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 190,
1 978,
B B1/3/13,
s tone.
5 .
E arly V IB n o.
1 240,
1 978,
B B1/5/4,
s tone.
6 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 188,
1 978,
B B1/2/12,
s tone.
7 .
E arly V IB n o.
1 247,
1 978,
Y 3/3/4,
8 .
E arly V IB n o.
1 020,
1 973,
Y 2/ 4 /1 , s tone.
9 .
E arly V IB n o.
9 25,
1 973,
Y 2/4/6,
1 0.
L ate
V IB n o.
8 48,
1 973,
X 2/2B,
1 1.
L ate
V IB n o.
8 83,
1 973,
Y 2/3/1,
1 2.
E arly V IB n o.
9 09,
1 973,
Y 2/4,
1 3.
E arly V IB n o.
1 249,
1 978,
B B1/5/4,
1 4.
E arly V IB n o.
1 277,
1 978,
Y 3/3/4,
1 5.
L ate
V IB n o.
1 119,
1 978,
B B1/3/13,
f aience.
1 6.
L ate
V IB n o.
1 203,
1 978,
B B1/1/13,
s tone.
1 7.
E arly V IB n o.
1 200,
1 978,
Y 3/2/7,
1 8.
L ate
8 47,
1 973,
X 2/2B,
1 9.
V IC n o.
7 46,
1 973,
C 4/7,
2 0.
V IC n o.
7 45,
1 973,
C4 /7 , f rit.
V IB
n o.
f rit.
s tone.
s tone. f aience. g reen b ead.
f aience. c arnelian. s tone.
s tone. s tone.
e c e
0
1
Si
1
C :,
C 3b
2 . t ie i C C2
C m »
e I e f i
Q b c z, c4 l
" I
•
0
1
1
e I
1 39 e s
e ) i t ve
C Z . •
7
1 .
a
1 0 . 43
0
1 5 .
1 4 .
1 6 .
e I
C Z i i i
1 c za
o 1
C Z O
r
1 9 .
17 1 8 .
dal F ig.144. E ar ly a nd L a te V IB
3 09
4 1 b eads.
o 2 0 .
s,
E arly a nd L ate V IB b eads: F ig.
1 45 1 .
L ate
V IB n o.
7 61,
1 971,
Y /4,
2 .
L ate
V IB n o.
9 00,
1 973,
X 3/2,
3 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 174,
1 978,
B B1/3/13,
4 .
E arly V IB n o.
5 92,
1 969,
J X/8,
g rey s tone.
5 .
E arly V IB n o.
1 022,
1 973,
Z X/9,
s tone.
6 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 210,
1 975,
B B1/3/16,
7 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 078,
1 975,
B B1/4,
s tone.
8 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 075,
1 975,
B B1/1,
c lay.
9 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 203,
1 978,
B B1/3/13,
1 0.
L ate
V IB n o.
1 100,
1 975,
B B1/1,
f aience.
1 1.
L ate
V IB n o.
9 07,
1 973,
Y 2/3d,
f aience.
1 2.
L ate
V IB n o.
7 42,
1 971,
Y 2/3,
1 3.
L ate
V IB n o.
7 76,
1 971,
Y /4,
1 4.
L ate
V IB n o.
9 17,
1 973,
X 3/1,
s tone.
1 5.
L ate
V IB n o.
6 75,
1 973,
X 2/1,
f rit.
1 6.
E arly V IB n o.
1 030,
1 975,
Y 2/5/B1,
1 7.
L ate
V IB n o.
8 19,
1 973,
X 2/2B,
1 8.
E arly V IB n o.
6 75,
1 971,
T T1/5b,
3 10
b one. b one. s tone,
s cale,
s tone.
s tone.
f rit. f rit.
c arnelian.
s tone. f rit.
1 :2.
1
3 .
2
4 . 5 .
9 .
6 .
1 0 .
1 .
1 2 .
1 3 .
1 4 .
1 6 .
1 5 .
1 7
1 8 .
Z F ig.145. E ar ly a nd L a te V IB. 3 I 1
b eads.
E arly a nd L ate V IB M etal F ig.
F ragments:
1 46 1 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 170,
1 975,
B B1/1/11,
2 .
E arly V IB
3 .
n o.
1 250,
1 978,
BB1/5/4,
c opper .
E arly V IB
n o.
1 265,
1 978,
BB1/5/8,
c opper.
4 .
L ate
n o.
1 204,
1 978,
BB1/2/3,
c opper.
5 .
E arly V IB n o.
1 061,
1 975,
Y 2/5/B5,
c opper.
6 .
L ate
V IB n o.
8 46,
1 973,
X 2/3A,
7 .
E arly V IB n o.
8 60,
1 973,
Y 1/5,
8 .
E arly V IB n o.
1 214,
1 978,
Y 3/2/7,
9 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 167,
1 975,
B B1/1,
1 0.
E arly V IB n o.
1 208,
1 978,
C C1/4/4,
1 1.
L ate
V IB n o.
8 49,
1 973,
X 2/3A,
1 2.
L ate
V IB
n o.
1 035,
1 975,
Y 3/1,
1 3.
E arly V IB n o.
1 028,
1 975,
Y 2/5/B7,
1 4.
L ate
V IB
n o.
1 196,
1 975,
BB1/2/12,
c opper.
1 5.
L ate
V IB n o.
1 186,
1 975,
B B1/3/13,
c opper.
1 6.
E arly V IB
1 120,
1 975,
Y 1/19,
1 7.
L ate
8 57,
1 973,
Y 2/3,
V IB
n o.
V IB n o.
3 12
c opper,
s cale,
c opper. c opper. c opper. c opper. c opper.
c opper. c opper. c opper.
c opper. c opper,
s cale,
1 :2.
1 :2.
2
6 . 5 .
3 .
4 .
•
8 .
7
9 .
•
•
1 .
i
1 0 . •
1 2 .
1 3 .
1 5 .
. , V
1 4 .
G
1 7
F ig.146. E ar ly a nd L ate V IB:
meta l f ragments.
1
E arly a nd L ate F ig.
V IB m iscellaneous:
1 47 1 .
L ate
2 .
L ate p l.
3 .
L ate p l.
V IB n o.
8 35,
1 973,
Y 2/3A,
c lay,
s cale,
1 :2.
p l.
1 6e.
V IB n o.
8 18b,
1 973,
X 2/2B,
g reen
s tone,
s cale
1 :2.
8 18a,
1 973,
X 2/2B,
g reen
s tone,
s cale
1 :2.
n o.
8 32,
1 973,
Y 1/5,
V IB n o.
6 45,
1 969,
X /1,
5 87,
1 969,
J X/8,
1 201,
1 978,
C C1/3/5,
1 138,
1 978,
Y 2/5/3,
8 93,
1 973,
Y 1/7,
1 5f. V IB n o. 1 5f.
4 .
E arly V IB
5 .
L ate
6 .
E arly V IB
7 .
L ate
8 .
E arly V IB
9 .
E arly V IB n o.
n o.
V IB n o. n o.
3 1 4
s tone. b one,
s cale,
i ronstone, r ed
1 :2. s cale,
s tone,
p l.
1 5e.
1 :2.
s cale,
r ed
s tone,
s cale,
b one,
s cale,
1 :2.
1 :2. 1 :2.
p l.
1 6a.
2
3 .
IM N IC I I 4
o
o 6 .
7 8 .
9 .
F ig.1 .47. Ear ly a nd L ate V IB:
m isce l laneous.
5 .
E arly a nd L ate F ig.
V IB
o bsidian:
1 48 1 .
E arly V IB
n o.
6 61,
1 973,
T T1/5b,
2 .
E arly V IB
n o.
1 025,
1 973,
Y 1/6,
3 .
L ate
V IB
n o.
8 44,
1 973,
X 2/3A,
o bsidian.
4 .
E arly V IB
n o.
7 01,
1 971,
T T1/7,
o bsidian.
5 .
E arly V IB
n o.
9 11,
1 973,
Y 1/6,
6 .
L ate
n o.
7 77,
1 971,
Y /4,
7 .
E arly V IB n o.
8 31,
1 973,
Y 1/5,
o bsidian.
8 .
E arly V IB n o.
9 05,
1 973,
Y 2/4,
o bsidian.
9 .
L ate
7 31,
1 971,
Y /2,
1 0.
E arly V IB
n o.
1 005,
1 973,
Z X/9,
1 1.
E arly V IB n o.
1 215,
1 978,
B B1/5/3,
1 2.
E arly V IB
4 35,
1 969,
J X/6A,
1 3.
E arly V IB n o.
1 253,
1 978,
B B1/5/7,
1 4.
L ate
n o.
1 185,
1 978,
BB1/2,
1 5.
E arly V IB n o.
1 166,
1 978,
Y 3/8/3,
1 6.
L ate
8 54,
1 973,
X 2/3A,
V IB
V IB n o.
V IB
n o.
V IB n o.
3 16
o bsidian.
o bsidian.
o bsidian. o bsidian.
o bsidian. o bsidian. o bsidian.
o bsidian. o bsidian.
o bsidian. o bsidian. o bsidian.
2
1
3 .
5 .
4 .
8 .
9 .
1 0 . 1 .
1 2 .
1 3 .
1 6 .
1 4 . 1 5 . 41 1 1K
F ig.148.
4 1 1 16 . . E ar ly a nd L ate V IB. obs id ian.
egb
E arly a nd L ate V IB c lay a nimal F ig.
f igures:
1 49 1 .
E arly V IB n o▪ 1 083,
1 975,
Y 2/5/3,
2 .
E arly V IB n o.
5 98,
1 971,
J X/8,
c lay.
p l.
1 5a.
3 .
E arly V IB n o.
5 79,
1 971,
J X/8,
c lay.
p l.
1 5a.
4 .
E arly V IB n o.
7 03,
1 971,
T T1/5,
5 .
E arly V IB n o▪ 5 91,
1 971,
J X/8,
c lay.
p l.
1 5a.
6 .
E arly V IB n o• 5 80,
1 971,
J X/8,
c lay.
p l.
1 5a.
7 .
L ate
1 971,
X /1,
V IB n o.
6 46,
c lay.
c lay.
c lay.
p l.
1 4b.
3
2
5 .
r e d
4 .
6 .
7 •
• •
F ig . 149. Ear ly a nd L ate V 3 19
c lay a nima l f igur ines.
E arly and L ate F ig.
V IB
s pindle w horls:
1 50 1 .
E arly V IB
n o.
1 243,
1 978,
Y 3/2/7,
2 .
L ate
V IB
n o.
1 099,
1 975,
B B1/2,
3 .
L ate
V IB
n o.
1 202,
1 978,
B B1/ 4 /1 , c lay
4 .
E arly V IB
n o.
1 278,
1 978,
B B1/5/7,
c lay,
s cale,
1 :2.
5 .
L ate
V IB
n o.
1 199,
1 978,
BB1/4/4,
c lay,
s cale,
1 :2.
6 .
E arly V IB
n o.
1 252,
1 978,
C C1/ 4 /1 , c lay,
s cale,
1 :2.
7 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 209,
1 978,
B B1/3/16,
8 .
L ate
V IB
n o.
1 080,
1 975,
BB1/1,
9 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 262,
1 978,
B B1/2/15,
c lay,
s cale,
1 :2.
1 0.
L ate
V IB n o.
1 181,
1 978,
BB1/2/12,
c lay,
s cale,
1 :2.
1 1.
L ate
V IB n o.
1 104,
1 975,
B B1/1/2,
c lay,
s cale,
1 :2.
1 2.
L ate
V IB n o.
1 235,
1 978,
C C1/3/4,
c lay,
s cale,
1 :2.
3 20
c lay, c lay,
s cale, s cale,
1 :2.
s cale,
c lay,
c lay,
1 :2.
1 :2.
s cale,
s cale,
1 :2.
1 :2.
5 .
4 .
6 .
•
4 / 1 1 1 1 1 1E 3 1 1 1 1 1b
»
a le 9 .
8 .
Om %
1 M 1 1 1 1E 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.
1 .
12 .
F ig . 150. E ar ly a nd L ate V IB: s p ind le whor ls. 3 21
E arly a nd L ate F ig.
V IB s pindle w horls:
1 51 1 .
E arly V IB n o.
1 103,
1 975,
Y 2/5/B11,
2 .
E arly V IB
n o.
9 89,
1 973,
Y 2/4b,
3 .
L ate
V IB
n o.
9 96,
1 973,
Y 2/3,
b one,
s cale,
1 :2.
4 .
E arly V IB
n o.
5 99,
1 971,
J X/8,
c lay,
s cale,
1 :2.
5 .
V IC n o.
1 969,
C 4/7a,
6 .
L ate
n o.
8 92,
1 973,
Y 2/3,
b one,
s cale,
1 :2.
7 .
E arly V IB n o.
8 90,
1 973,
Y 1/5,
b one,
s cale,
1 :2.
8 .
L ate
V IB
1 244,
1 978,
B B1/3/6,
9 .
L ate
V IB n o.
8 91,
1 973,
Y 2/3,
b one,
1 0.
V IC n o.
1 969,
C 4/7,
b one,
s cale,
1 1.
E arly V IB n o.
9 98,
1 973,
Y 2/4/2,
b one,
s cale,
1 :2.
1 2.
E arly V IB
9 49,
1 973,
Y 2/ 4 /1 , b one,
s cale,
1 :2.
1 3.
L ate
V IB n o.
1 022,
1 975,
B B1/1,
1 4.
L ate
V IB n o.
8 78,
1 973,
X 3/1,
1 5.
E arly V IB n o.
9 97,
1 973,
Y 2/4/6,
b one,
s cale,
1 :2.
1 6.
E arly V IB n o.
9 99b,
1 973,
Y 2/4/4,
c lay,
s cale,
1 :2.
6 53,
V IB
n o.
6 33,
n o.
3 22
c lay,
b one,
b one,
s cale,
s cale,
1 :2.
1 :2.
1 :2.
b one,
s cale,
s cale,
1 :2.
1 :2.
1 :2.
c lay, b one,
s cale,
s cale, s cale,
1 :2. 1 :2.
2 .
1 .
\
9 .
8 .
7
6 .
I
d
Ma d i tt b
c
4 I l ib
i b
1 0 .
1 2 .
1 .
1 4 .
1 3 .
1 6 .
1 5 .
A IN F ig . 151. Ear ly a nd L ate V IB: s p ind le whor ls. 3 23
E arly and F ig.
L ate
V IB
s pindle w horls and w eights:
1 52 1 .
L ate
V IB
n o.
1 207,
1 978,
BB1/4/1,
2 .
L ate
V IB
n o.
6 26,
1 969,
T T1/3,
3 .
E arly V IB n o.
8 06,
1 971,
Y /5b,
4 .
L ate
V IB
n o.
6 27,
1 969,
T T1/3,
5 .
E arly V IB
n o.
9 94,
1 973,
Y 2/4/3,
6 .
L ate
V IB
n o.
6 19,
1 969,
T T1/3,
7 .
L ate
V IB n o.
8 .
E arly V IB
9 .
b one,
b one, b one,
s cale, s cale,
s tone, b one, b one,
s cale,
1 :2. 1 :2.
s cale, s cale,
s cale,
1 :2.
1 :2. 1 :2.
1 :2.
1 097,
1 975,
B B1/1,
8 06,
1 971,
Y /5b,
E arly V IB n o.
1 264,
1 978,
Y 3/3/1,
1 0.
E arly V IB
n o.
1 248,
1 978,
B B1/5/6,
s tone,
s cale,
1 :2.
1 1.
E arly V IB
n o.
1 241,
1 978,
B B1/5/4,
s tone,
s cale,
1 :2.
1 2.
L ate
n o.
6 44,
1 969,
X /1,
1 3.
E arly V IB n o.
1 257,
1 978,
B B1/5/SP,
V IB
n o.
3 24
s tone, b one,
s cale,
c lay,
c lay,
s cale,
1 :2.
s cale,
s cale, c lay,
1 :2.
1 :2.
1 :2.
s cale,
1 :21.
3 .
4 .
1
5 .
6 . 1 3 1 1 13 1• 1
1 . 1 0
'
I W ORD
9 .
1 ) > 1 2 .
1 3 .
F ig . 152. E ar ly a nd L ate V I B:s p ind le whor ls a nd we ights. 3 25
E arly and L ate V IB m iscellaneous F ig.
s tone
o bjects:
1 53 1 .
L ate
V IB n o.
8 97,
1 973,
Y 2/3,
2 .
E arly V IB n o.
s tone p estle,
1 272,
1 978,
C C1/4/4,
1 971,
C 4/7,
s tone p estle,
V IB n o.
1 217,
1 975,
B B1/4/1,
V IB n o.
1 260,
1 978,
B B1/2/15,
s tone
s cale,
p estle,
1 :4.
s cale,
1 :4 . 3 .
V IC n o.
4 .
L ate
6 64,
s cale,
s tone
1 :4.
p estle,
s cale,
1 :4 . 5 .
L ate
s tone
p estle,
s cale,
1 :8. 6 .
L ate
V IB n o.
7 05,
1 971,
Y 2/1,
7 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 227,
1 978,
B B1/4/7,
8 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 222,
1 978,
B B1/4/1
9 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 225,
1 978,
B B1/3/13,
s tone,
1 0.
L ate
V IB n o.
1 230,
1 978,
B B1/3/13,
p ivot
1 :8.
3 26
s tone p estle, p ivot
s cale,
1 :8.
s tone,
s cale,
1 :8.
s tone p estle,
s cale,
1 :4.
s cale, s tone,
1 :8. s cale,
1 .
2 .
6 .
7 .
8 .
F ig . 153. Ear ly a nd L ate V IB:
m isce l laneous s tone o b jects.
177
E arly a nd L ate V IB m iscellaneous F ig.
s tone
o bjects:
1 54 1 .
E arly V IB n o.
1 232,
1 978,
Y 3/2/7,
2 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 226,
1 975,
B B1/1,
3 .
E arly V IB n o.
1 282,
1 978,
B B1/5/4,
p ivot
4 .
L ate
n o.
1 172,
1 975,
B B1/1/9,
s tone,
5 .
E arly V IB n o.
1 279,
1 978,
B B1/5/1,
p ivot
6 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 225,
1 978,
B B1/3/13,
7 .
L ate
V IB n o.
1 273,
1 978,
Y 3/1/7,
s tone,
8 .
E arly V IB
7 50,
1 971,
T T1/5b,
p ivot
9 .
E arly V IB n o.
1 233,
1 978,
Y 3/3/1,
s tone,
V IB
n o.
3 28
q uern p ivot
s tone, s tone,
s cale, s cale,
s tone,
s tone,
s tone, s cale,
1 :4.
1 :4 . s cale,
s cale,
s cale,
1 :8.
s cale,
s cale, s tone,
1 :8.
1 :4.
1 :8 .
1 :4. s cale, 1 :8.
1 :8.
" .•:
4
. : : : : r e . : 4 1 : : • 1 .• -
., ; 4
(
. . :i. I: ', 4
. , 1
:
Z , ZZ I
. . 4.4. a•f, . . ' ter . : •• • •0 1 .1 i t
' .
. .
. .
1; !ir
3 Siii: ii
.
)
F ig . 154. Ear ly a nd Late V IB: 3 29
m isce l laneous s tone o b jects.
E arly V IB m iscellaneous: F ig.
1 55 1 .
E arly V IB
n o.
4 02,
J X/7
r ed
f ired c lay
2 .
E arly V IB
n o.
4 01,
J X/7
l ight
3 .
E arly V IB
n o.
4 58,
J X/7
d ull
4 .
E arly V IB
n o.
4 47,
J X/7
s oapstone
5 .
E arly V IB n o.
4 46,
J X/7
h orncore.
f igurine.
b rown f ired c lay r ed
s tone v eined d isc,
W eaving
c omb,
6 .
E arly V IB n o.
4 25,
J X/7
O bsidian.
7 .
E arly V IB
5 82,
J X/7
h ollow c lay h and m ade.
3 30
b lack .
p 1.15d.
1 5d.
n o.
f igurine.
1 :2.
p l
1
3 .
2
4 .
5
7
6 .
F ig . 155. E ar ly V IB
' 3 31
m isce llaneous.
E arly V IB m iscellaneous F ig.
1 56 1 .
E arly V IB n o.
3 03,
J X/5 b lue
2 .
E arly V IB n o.
3 04,
J X/5 o range
3 .
E arly V IB n o.
3 69,
J X/6 g rey s tone.
4 .
E arly V IB n o.
4 59,
J X/7
s tone.
5 .
E arly V IB
n o.
3 85,
J X/6
s pindle w horl c lay.
E arly V IB n o.
3 02,
J X/5
h orn h andle,
6 .
p l.
1 5c.
3 32
f aience b ead p l. t oggle p in p l.
p ierced
1 5c. 1 5c.
i n
t wo p laces
2
1
3 .
•
4 .
6 .
F ig . 156. Ear ly V I B: m isce l laneous.
3 33
P la te I a. Paf t .avan over ly ing s i lt.
e l e.
V II
t own
w a l l
H aftavan V IC bur ia l ,
C 2/6.
T t af tavan V IC P it 2 ,
C 2/6.
3 34
P la te 2 a. Y l, l ook ing west i nto Y 2 e nd o f t he 1 973 s eason ( Ear ly V IP).
a t
t he
P la te 2 b. Y l, l ook ing west s how ing wa l ls B 2, K , G , HF a nd C 2 ( Ear ly V IP).
P late 2 c. Y l, phase 1 , s how ing s i tu, l ook ing w est ( Ear ly V IP).
3 35
p ithos
i n
3 36
P late 4 a. Y 2, ( Ear ly V IB).
p hase
3 ,
w ith
p hase
4 o vens ,
l ook ing
P late 4 b. Y 2, p hase 1 , w ith s tone p acked p ostho les, l ook ing s outh ( Ear ly V IP). " . .. .. . . 14 1 1 11 4 1 1 1
P late 4 c. V IB).
Y 2,
phase
1 ,
3 37
l ook ing n or th
M
,
( Ear ly
n or th-west
P late 5 a. L ook ing n or th f rom CC1/4, s how ing wa l ls C 2 a nd K a nd t rench 1 3 1 31 ( Ear ly V IB).
P la te 5 b. CC1/4: wa l l K c omp lex l ook ing w est ( Ear ly V IB).
P la te 5 c. CC1/4: wa l l n orth ( Ear ly V IR).
K ,
p hase
3 ,
l ook ing
P late 6 a. Y 3/4 l ook ing s outh ( Ear ly V IE).
P la te 6 b.
B 1/5 l ook ing s outh ( Ear ly V IE).
P la te 6 c. RE1/5 l ook ing n or th , i n s i tu a nd b ur ia l ( Ear ly V IE).
3 39
s how ing
p ot
P la te 7 a. ' nB 1/ 5, e xposed c h i ld c app ing s tone ( Ear ly V IB).
p la te 7 b. 1 /4 w ith p its l ook ing n orth ( Late V IP).
P la te V IP).
7 c.
Y 1/ 4
p its
3 40
a nd
b ur ia l
a nd
w ith
p ostho les,
p ostho les
( La te
P la te
8 a.
T 3 1 31/4
p it
4
( Late
V IP).
k ing s outh ( La te
P la te S c. 1 3 I 31/3 d oub le o ven
( La te V IP).
P late 9 a.
Y 2,
phase 4 o ven
( Ear ly V IP).
P late 9 b .. V 2/3 o ven n ear wa l l P ( Late V IP).
P late 9 c. V 2/3 ( La te V IP).
w ith
p ottery
s et
i nto
wa l l
P ,
P late
1 0a.
CC1/3
p its
a nd
p ostho les
( La te
V IB).
P late 1 0b. X 1/4 l ook ing west ( Late V IB).
P late 1 0c. V IB).
X 1/3
l ook ing
3 43
n or th-west
( La te
P late Ha.
P la te
X 2/X3 l ook ing west ( Late V IP .
X 3 l ook ing e ast ( Late V IP).
P late l ie. ZXR3, ( Late V IP).
l eve l
6/ 3,
l ook ing
n or th
P late
1 2a.
H aftavan
V IC
p a inted
p ottery,
C 2/6.
1 i 1
P la te 1 2b. C 216.
M .- 1-1 1 ra l
Haftavan
Mr i l lrl ine
V IC
p a inted
P la te 1 2c. L ate V IB p ottery.
3 45
p ottery ,
P la te 1 3a. P a inted p o ttery b ow l ,Y21413 ( Far l
P late
a rro whead mou ld,
3 46
V IP)1
,X 311 ( Late V IP).
P la te 1 4a. R one a w l , ( La te V IP).
n o.852,
X /3
P la te 1 4h. C lay X /1 ( La te V IP).
a te 1 4e. P a inted p ottery f ragment, T 11 3 1/3 ( Late V IP).
P late 1 4e. P o ttery Y 2/4/3 ( Ear ly V IP).
h oof ,
P la te 1 4d. P o ttery , X /4 ( La te V IP).
b eaker ,
n o.646,
n os.718-26,
P la te 1 4f . P o ttery s torage n o.929, Y 2/3A ( La te V IP).
3 47
j ar ,
P late 1 5a. C lay a n ima l f igur ines, n os.579, 5 80, 5 91, 5 98, JX/8 ( Ear ly V IE).
P la te 1 5c. Horn h and le, n o.302; b ead , n o.303; p in, n o.304, JX/5 ( Ear ly V IE).
P la te 1 5e. B one k n ife n o.645, X 14 ( La te V IE).
h and le,
3 48
P la te 1 5b. Bone p ins, JX/8 ( Ear ly V IE).
n os.581-5,
P late 1 5d. Bone c omb, n o.446; d isc , n o.447 , JX/7 ( Ear ly V IE).
P late 1 5f . S pacer b eads, n o.818a-b, X 2/2B ( La te V IE).
P late 1 6b. M eta l Y 2/4 ( Ear ly V J ). P late
1 6d.
Bone
p in,
p in,
n o.913,
n o.g50,
Y2/3 ( Late V AR).
P la te
1 6c.
M eta l
Y 2/3e ( La te V IB).
n o
. n22
,
P late 1 6a. Bone Y 1/7 ( Ear ly V IP).
P late 1 6e. C lay g am ing b oard/tab let, Y 2/3A ( Late V IP).
n o.825,
n o. 293
C olour
a .
P late
L ate V IB d ecorated
j ar
b .
L ate V IB d ecorated ( fig.
c .
L ate V IB d ecorated ( fig.
e .
s herd
d .
1 38:6)
L ate V IB d ecorated
L ate V IB d ecorated ( fig.
f .
s herd
3 50
j ar
1 16:2)
L ate V IB d ecorated ( figs.
j ar
1 16:1)
1 38:1;
s herds 1 37:1)
Appendix HAFTAVAN TEPE - Summary of archaeomagnetic intensity results. M J Aitken and GD Bussell, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and The History of Art, Oxford University Archaeomagnetic intensity measurements were made on samples pottery fr om 10 lev els from Haftavan Tepe, Iran.
of
The main ob ject was to see if previously constructed reference cur ve developed for the second millennium BC in the Eastern Medi terranean and the Near East cou ld be appplied to sites with particular The material from Haftavan Tepe problems of dating in this period. was problematical in that although it was thought to be in a chrono logic al sequence from c irca 2000 BC to the end of the Bronze Age the exact arrangement and lengths of the phases in between was uncertain because of lack of absolute dates. The measurements were carried out at the Research Laboratory for Archaeology a nd The History of Art, Oxford, on 3mm cores of pottery A total of 35 samples were using a SQUID magnetometer system (ref). submitted of which o ne was too weak to be measured. Of the others, 60% were rejected for showing signs of mineral alteration and there This percentage is no worse than fore b eing magnetically 'reliable'. many sites; prob ably the unreliability is associated with hydration of iron oxides during burial. The remaining samples were graded on a scale of 1 - 3 on the basis of their quality and repeatability, (grade 1 being highest reliability), and were then plotted as the ratio of ancient field intensity divided by present day intensity at the site (st rictly speaking, this latter was 'the f ield at the site due to an axial centred dipole of strength 8x1022 Am2 ). GRAPH. The reference material which was used for comparison came three areas. 1.
Mesopotamia (stamped
2.
Cyprus a nd Israel (pottery)
3.
Egypt (stamped funerary cones and pottery)
fran
Royal bricks)
By necessity all this material is well-dated and only samples of highest reliability and repeatability were used, the rejection the b eing of t he same order as for Haftavan Tepe. Comparison between rate reference material and the Haftavan samples indicates several the points. 1.
The archaeologically suggested date for the beginning of level VI C whi ch g roup a came from had been put at circa 2000 BC. However, the two reliable samples from this group show higher field inten s ity than would be expected at that time, and the indications are that this could be nearer to circa 2200 BC by comparison with pottery samples from Crete and Iraq. These latter are not included in the reference curve because they have not yet been sufficiently investigated.
354
2 .
G roups c a nd d r eference e ach a
o ther.
3 .
G roups
4 .
l evel w hich s ites.
w ith
e ach
f or t hat
d ate.
a re
i s
G roups h a nd
i
1 600 B C
w ith
f rom L ate V I
t han t hose o f
t o c onfirm t his
i nteresting
t he
g .
t he
B a nd
s ince
b y
t hree a cceptable
o ther a nd
b oth
c orrespond w ell
w ith
t he
c orrectly o rdered r elative
d ated a t
T he
e arlier t han g s ince
l ower
B )
t o b e
p articularly
o ther
f a nd g
c ould b e w ere h ere
t o
b oth
m aterial
l evel E arly V I
a nd a ppear
G roup d i s
d estruction
r eference a gree
( both
m aterial
i s
m agnetic
f rom h ere r eference
i t w ould s eem t hat
m ore
t o
f rom
a rchaeological
s amples
i ntensity r atios
H owever,
i t
o btained f or
s amples a re
f f
n eeded
o rdering.
p resent
i nteresting a nomalies a nd a gain n eed
f ur—
t her s ampling t o c onfirm t he i nitial f indings. T he i ndications a re t hat t hese g roups, b oth f rom l evel V I A a re m isplaced b y a s m uch
a s
2 50 y ears,
i ntensity
r atios
i .e.,
s uggested d ate r ange
5 .
t hey c ou ld b e
o btained a re t oo o f
1 450-1300 B C,
w ith t he s amples
f rom g roups
G roup
I ron I a lso n eeds
j ,
l evel
t he values c urve. b efore
e arlier
d ate
1 700 B C,
a s
i n w ith
a nd a gree m uch m ore
f urther
t he t he
r eadily
i nvestigation a s
l ow b y c omparison w ith t he f or
t his g roup
e xplanation a nd m ore r eliable f urther c omment c an b e m ade,
f ar b eing o nly g rade
e arly a s
c a nd d .
o btained w ere t oo
A n
p ossible
a s
l ow t o f it h appily
i s
a pparently
r esults must
t he
t wo r esults
b e
a gain
r eference n ot
a
o btained
o btained
s o
3 .
R eference W alton,
D .
m agnetometer,
1 979,
G eomagnetic
A rchaeometry
1 9
( 2)
i ntensity m easurements u sing a 1 92-200.
3 55
S QUID
H aftavan C hecklist a s
c .2000
B .C.?
s ubmitted
t o A rchaeology L ab.
L evel V IC: H V.75, A 1-4
L evel
2 5
C 2/6/B3
1 OF
C 2/6
P .H.
C 2/6
B LACK
A
E arly V IB: H V.75,
Y 1/6a
b 1-3
L evel
C 2/6/B1
1 3
Y 1/6a
8
Y 1/6
2
E arly V IB: H V.75,
Y 1/5d/6 9
H V.71,TT1/5 H V.75, c 1-4 L evel
Y 1/5d/6
8
Y 1/5d/6
2
E arly V IB: HV.73,
Y /2/4 B atch 3 1 4
B atch D i s
Y /2/4/4D
1 6 1 8
f rom d es-
2 0
l evel
I f
t l
d 1-6
2 2 2 4 L evel
L ate V IB: HV.73,
X 2/3A
1 0 1 2
e l-3
1 4
L evel L ate V IB: H V.73,
X 3/2
1
Z X/4/XXIII f 1-4
X 3/2 X 3/2
t L evel
3 2
L ate V IB: HV.73,
Y 2/2
g 1-2
tI
4 6
L evel V IA: H V.
J X/7
h 1-2
I t
L evel V IA: HV.
J X/6
3 5
1 2 3
i l-3 c .1350 B .C.?
L evel
j 1-3
I ron
I : P Q
2
P Q
3
P Q
4
3 56
t ruction
0 _ 0
\
\
_
_
_
_
_
( eCr « -D e % 4 1. ci
o z
. 0
i -
0 o
c '
0) J2V "/
0
I N1-
3 57
c o Ö
1s-N
5I NI
ö
0 t- ( ö
A BBREVIATIONS T hese a re u sed t hroughout
t he
f ootnotes a nd
A JA
A merican J ournal
A S
A natolian S tudies.
A nt.
J
i n t he b ibliography.
o f A rchaeology .
A ntiquaries J ournal.
A MI
A rchäologische M itteilungen a us
I ran,
N eue F olge. A f0
A rchiv f ür O rientforschung .
B astam I
B astam I , A nlagen,
Ausgrabungen 1 972-5,
i n d en U rartäischen
e dited
T ehraner F orschungen ,
b y
B and
I V,
B elleten
T r irk T arih K urumu B elleten,
B ASOR
B ulletin o f
W .
K leiss,
B erlin,
1 979.
A nkara.
t he American S chool
o f O riental
R esearch . B IA
B ulletin o f t he
I nstitute
o f A rchaeology,
U niversity o f L ondon. B SOAS
B ulletin o f t he
S chool
A frican S tudies, B urney a nd
L ang
C .
A .
B urney a nd D .
H ills:
A ncient
L ondon, B urton-Brown
T .
M .
L ang,
A rarat
L ondon,
s eparate C hronologies
t he
o f t he C aucasus,
E xcavations
i n A zerbaijan,
1 951.
C ambridge A ncient H istory
C AH
P eoples
a nd
1 971.
B urton-Brown,
1 948,
o f O riental a nd
U niversity o f L ondon.
( revised e dition
i n
f ascicles).
C hronologies e dition,
i n O ld W orld A rchaeology,
e dited b y R .
W .
E hrich,
s econd
C hicago,
1 965. E lar-Darani
E .
V .
( in
K hanzadian, A rmenian
E lar-Darani,
w ith
R ussian
E revan, a nd
1 979. G erman
s ummaries) E SA G awra
E urasia S eptentrionalis A ntigua . I
E .
A .
L evels S chool
S peiser,
E xcavations
I - V III,
o f O riental
1 935.
3 58
a t
T epe G awra,
P ublications o f R esearch,
I ,
t he A merican P hiladelphia,
G iyan
G . C ontenau a nd T epe G iyan, p re 's M usee
G odin I
d u L ouvre,
D epartment
d es
A ntiquites
O rientales, 1 935.
S eries A rcheologique,
T .
E xcavations
C .
Y oung,
P rogress
G odin I I
R . G hirshmann, F ouilles d u d e N ehavend, 1 931 e t 1 932,
R eport,
R oyal
O ccasional
T .
D .
Y oung a nd L .
P aris,
a t G odin T epe, O ntario
a nd A rchaeology T oronto, 1 969 . C .
3 ,
A rt
P apers,
L evine,
t he G odin T epe P roject,
F irst
M useum,
1 7,
E xcavations o f
S econd P rogress
R eport, R oyal O ntario Museum , A rchaeology O ccasional P aper, 2 6,
A rt a nd T oronto,
1 974 . H abur W are
C .
H amlin,
T he H abur W are C eramic A ssemblage
o f N orthern M esopotamia,
a n A nalysis o f
i ts
D istribution,
d issertation
1 971,
P h.D
U niversity o f P ennsylvania, f ilms, A nn A rbor, M ichigan,
U niversity M icro1 977.
I A
I ranica A ntigua.
J A
J ournal A siatique.
J AOS
J ournal
o f
J ANESCU
J ournal
o f t he A ncient N ear E astern S ociety
o f
o f
S ociety.
C olumbia U niversity.
J ournal
J ESHO
t he A merican O riental
o f
t he
E conomic a nd S ocial H istory
t he O rient.
J FA
J ournal
o f F ield A rchaeology.
J NES
J ournal
o f N ear E astern S tudies.
K SIA
K ratkie
S oobsheniya
I nstituta A rkheologi,
M oscow . L and o f
I ran
T he o f
C ambridge H istory o f I ran,
e dited
b y W .
I ran, B .
I :
T he L and
F isher,
L ondon,
1 968. L ittauer a nd C rouwel
M .
A .
L ittauer a nd J .
V ehicles
N ear E ast, M IA
M aterialy
H .
C rouwel,
a nd R idden A nimals L eiden/Koln,
W heeled
i n t he A ncient
1 979,
I ssledovaniya p o A rkheologi,
M oscow-Leningrad. MMAB
M etropolitan M useum o f
MMJ
M etropolitan M useum J ournal.
3 59
A rt B ulletin.
Metsamor
E. V. Khanzadian, K. A. Mkrtchian, E. S. Parsamian, Metsamor, Results of the Excava tions, 1965-6, Erevan, 1973 (In Armenian with Russian and English Summaries).
Mountains and Lowlands
L. D. Levine and T. C. Yo ung, Mountains and Lowlands, Essays in the Archaeology of Greater Mesopotamia, Bibliotheca Mesopotamica, VII , Malibu, 1977.
OIP
Oriental Institute Publications, Chicago.
Th e Persian Plateau
R. H . Dyson, The Archaeological Evidence of the Second Millennium B.C. on the Persian Plateau, CAH , fascicle numb er 66, Cambridge, 1968.
Le Plateau Iranien
Le Plateau Iranien, et l'Asie Centrale des
a
Origines la Conquete Islamique, by J. Deshayes, CNRS, Paris, 1977 .
edited
PPS
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society.
SA
Sovetskaya Arkheologia, Moscow.
Stratigraphie Comparee
C. F. A. Schaeffer Stratigraphie Comparee et Chronologie de l'Asie Occidentale, (Ille et Ile millenaires), Oxford, 1948.
Trialeti
B. A. Kuftin, Archaeological Excavations in Trialeti, I, Tbilisi, 1941 (In Georgian with Russian and English summaries).
TTKY
Turk Tarih Kurumu Y ayinlarindan.
VDI
Vestnik Drevnei Istorii, Moscow.
360
H AFTAVAN P UBLICATIONS C .A.Burney,
' Haftavan E xcavation R eport,'
A non.,
' Les
C .A .Burney,
F ouilles d e H aft-van,'
' Excavations I ran V III
1 969
a t
H aftavan,
( 1970)
1 57-171,
1 968,
i st
8 f ig,
8 p1.
C .A .Burney,
' Excavations I ran X ( 1972)
I I
( 1969)
3 0
P reliminary R eport',
I ran V III
a t H aftavan 1 969, 1 27-142, 1 3 f ig.,
( 1970)
1 82-3.
2 nd P reliminary R eport', 8 p1.
S EASON:
C .A .Burney, C .A.Burney,
' Haftavan E xcavation R eport', ' Haftavan ', t ion,
C .A .Burney,
i n E xcavations
O xford,
' Excavations
1 972,
1 1-12,
a t H aftavan,
I ran X I,
( 1973),
' Reports
o n t he
T appeh',
P roc.
1 53-172,
I ran X ( 1972)
i n I ran, f ig.
t he B ritish C ontribu-
5 -9
1 971: 1 0
1 69-170
3 rd P reliminary R eport',
f ig.,
8 p1.
S EASON:
C .A.Burney,
B astam Museum, C .A .Burney, C .A.Burney,
1 973 o f
s eason o f E xcavations
2 nd A nn.
1 973,
' Excavations a t I ran X III ( 1975)
( 1972-4)
S ymp.
1 02-111,
' Haftavan E xcavation R eport',
' Excavations
M .Wynen ,
1 975
1 77-179
S EASON: ' Haftavan E xcavation R eport',
1 973
( 1969)
i n B astam C henassi
C .A.Burney,
1 971
I ran V II
H aftavan
R es.
i n I ran
8 f ig. I ran X II
H aftavan 1 973, 1 49-164, 7 f ig.
i n I ran,
a t
o f A rch.
( 1974)
2 13-4
4 th P reliminary R eport', 4 p1.
1 967-1972,
H aftavan'
i n P ersica V I
6 5-7.
S EASON:
C .A.Burney, C .A .Burney,
' Haftavan 1 975 , ' Haftavan
I ran X IV
( 1976)
1 57-8.
T epe a nd e arly s ettlement p atterns
w estern I ran ',
i n P roblems
o logy, Edited b y G . d e G .Seiveking, K .E. W ilson, L ondon, 1 976, 9 7-100. C .A .Burney,
' The
E conomic B asis
W estern I ran ', a nd L owlands: p otamia, 1 977, E dwards,
M .R.,
n orth-
o f S ettled
I .H.
L ongworth
C ommunities
i n
a nd
N orth-
i n B ibliotheca M esopotamica V II, M ountains E ssays i n t he A rchaeology o f G reater M eso-
E dited
b y L .D.
L evine
a nd T .C.
Y oung
M alibu
1 -7.
' The
( 1981)
i n
i n E conomic a nd S ocial A rchae-
P ottery o f H aftavan V IB
1 01-40.
3 61
( Urmia W are)',
I ran,
X IX
B IBLIOGRAPHY
B OOKS: G hirshmann,
R .,
F ouilles d e S ialk p res
d e K ashan,
1 933,
1 934, 1 937, 2 v ols, M usee d u L ouvre, D epartment d es A ntiquites O rientales, S erie A rcheologiques, G ogadze,
E .M.,
4 ,
P aris,
1 938-9.
T he C hronology a nd O rigin o f K urgan C ulture, T bilisi, w ith R ussian s ummary).
G renouillac,
H .de.,
C eramic C appadocienne, L ouvre
D epartment
A .J.,
2
C hicago, B .,
M arch,
( in G eorgian
v ols.
P aris,
G ameboards o f t he A ncient U npublished M .A .
H rouda,
1 972.
M usee
1 926.
N ear E ast,
D issertation,
U niversity o f
1 961.
D ie B emalte K eramik d er Z weiten J ahrtausends i n N ormesopotamian u nd N ordsyrien, F orschung,
K achatrian,
T .S.,
B and 1 9,
K .R.,
C ulture o f A ncient A rtik, ( in R ussian).
1 963
C ultures
E revan,
1 975,
o f S hiraka,
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