Essentials of food science
9781461491378, 9781461491385, 1461491371
The fourth edition of this classic text continues to use a multidisciplinary approach to expose the non-major food scien
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English
Pages 495 sidor; 25.5 cm
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Year 2013
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Table of contents :
Thanks......Page 6
For More Information......Page 7
About the Authors......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
Part I: Introduction to Food Components......Page 26
Appearance......Page 27
Flavor......Page 28
Taste Sensitivity......Page 29
Sensory Evaluation......Page 30
Sensory Tests......Page 31
Food Rheology......Page 35
Comparison of Subjective and Objective Evaluation......Page 37
Notes......Page 38
References......Page 39
Chemistry of Water......Page 40
Vapor Pressure......Page 42
Solution......Page 43
Free, Bound, and Entrapped Water......Page 44
Role of Water in Food Preservation and Shelf Life of Food......Page 45
Notes......Page 46
Bibliography......Page 47
Part II: Carbohydrates in Food......Page 48
Examples of Monosaccharides......Page 49
Glycosidic Bonds......Page 52
Examples of Disaccharides......Page 53
Fermentation......Page 54
Polysaccharides......Page 55
Pectins and Other Polysaccharides......Page 56
Conclusion......Page 57
Glossary......Page 58
Bibliography......Page 59
Starch Sources in the Diet......Page 60
Gelatinization Process in Cooking......Page 61
Factors Requiring Control in Gelatinization......Page 63
Retrogradation......Page 65
Syneresis......Page 66
Modified Starches......Page 67
Waxy Starches......Page 68
Use of a Double Boiler......Page 69
Safety of Starches......Page 70
Notes......Page 71
Bibliography......Page 72
Pectic Substances......Page 73
Pectin Gel Formation......Page 74
Pectin Sources......Page 76
Gums......Page 77
Microbial Exudates......Page 78
Seaweed Polysaccharides......Page 79
Notes......Page 80
Bibliography......Page 81
Cereals Definition......Page 82
Structure of Cereal Grains......Page 83
Composition of Cereal Grains......Page 84
Wheat......Page 86
Rice......Page 90
Other Grains......Page 92
Oats......Page 93
Cooking Cereals......Page 94
Pasta......Page 95
What Foods Are in the Grains Group?......Page 96
Notes......Page 99
Glossary......Page 100
Bibliography......Page 101
Structure and Composition of Cell Tissue......Page 102
Carbohydrate......Page 103
Vitamins......Page 104
Turgor Pressure......Page 105
Chlorophyll......Page 106
Carotenoids......Page 107
Anthocyanin......Page 109
Anthoxanthin......Page 110
Allium......Page 111
Concentrates, Extracts, Oils, Spices, and Herbs......Page 112
Harvesting and Postharvest Changes......Page 113
Ripening......Page 114
Water Retention/Turgor......Page 115
Nutritive Value......Page 116
Fruit Preparation......Page 117
Organically Grown Vegetables and Fruits......Page 118
Biotechnology (More in Appendices)......Page 119
Vegetarian Food Choices......Page 121
Label Terms......Page 122
Nutritive Value of Vegetables and Fruits......Page 123
Nutrient Losses......Page 127
Conclusion......Page 130
Glossary......Page 131
Bibliography......Page 132
Part III: Proteins in Food......Page 133
General Structure of Amino Acids......Page 134
Protein Structure and Conformation......Page 135
Secondary Structure......Page 137
Quaternary Structure......Page 138
Water-Binding Capacity......Page 139
Denaturation......Page 140
Enzymes......Page 141
Functional Roles of Proteins in Foods......Page 142
Conjugated Proteins......Page 143
Protein Quality......Page 144
Notes......Page 145
Glossary......Page 147
Bibliography......Page 148
Introduction......Page 149
Physical Composition of Meat......Page 150
Protein......Page 152
Structure of the Myofilaments of Muscle......Page 154
Postmortem Changes in the Muscle......Page 155
Ultimate pH......Page 156
Meat Pigments and Color Changes......Page 157
USDA Inspections......Page 158
Kosher Inspection......Page 159
Grading of Meat......Page 160
Primal or Wholesale Cuts......Page 161
Cooking Meat......Page 162
Methods of Cooking......Page 164
Processed Meat......Page 165
Curing and Smoking of Meat......Page 166
Restructured Meat......Page 167
Tenderizing, Artificial Tenderizing......Page 168
Fish......Page 169
Dry Beans and Peas (Legumes) as Meat Alternatives......Page 172
Legumes......Page 173
Nutritive Value of Meat, Poultry, and Fish......Page 175
Safety of Meat, Poultry, and Fish......Page 183
Conclusion......Page 185
Notes......Page 186
References......Page 187
Bibliography......Page 188
The Yolk......Page 189
The White......Page 190
The Shell......Page 191
Abnormalities of an Egg Structure and Composition......Page 192
Candling......Page 193
Letter Grades......Page 194
Air Cell......Page 195
Egg Size......Page 196
Pasteurization......Page 197
Dehydration......Page 198
Denaturation and Coagulation: Definitions and Controls......Page 199
Effect of Added Ingredients on Denaturation and Coagulation......Page 200
Cooking/Baking Changes......Page 201
Hard Cooked Eggs:......Page 202
Egg White Foams and Meringues......Page 203
Nutritive Value of Eggs......Page 206
Food Safety and Pregnancy......Page 210
Egg White Resistance to Bacterial Growth......Page 212
Notes......Page 213
Glossary......Page 214
Bibliography......Page 215
Definition of Milk......Page 216
Fat......Page 217
Protein......Page 218
Classification of Milk......Page 219
Flavor of Milk......Page 221
Pasteurization......Page 222
Bleaching......Page 224
Evaporated and Concentrated Milks......Page 225
Cultured Milk/Fermentation......Page 226
Cream......Page 229
Whey......Page 230
Cooking Applications......Page 231
Cheese......Page 232
Milk Substitutes Imitation Milk Products......Page 236
Nutritive Value of Milk and Milk Products......Page 237
Vitamins and Minerals......Page 239
Safety/Quality of Milk......Page 240
Notes......Page 242
References......Page 243
Bibliography......Page 244
Part IV: Fats in Food......Page 245
Glycerides......Page 246
Minor Components of Fats and Oils......Page 247
Structure of Fatty Acids......Page 248
Isomerism......Page 249
Geneva or Systematic Nomenclature......Page 250
The Omega Naming System......Page 251
Polymorphism......Page 252
Melting Points......Page 253
Composition of Dietary Fats and Oils......Page 254
Hydrogenation......Page 256
Interesterification......Page 257
Hydrolytic Rancidity......Page 258
Prevention of Autoxidation......Page 259
Shortening and Shortening Power of Various Fats and Oils......Page 260
Tenderization Versus Flakiness Provided by Fats and Oils......Page 261
Emulsification (See Chap. 13)......Page 262
Smoke Point......Page 263
Fat Replacements......Page 264
Carbohydrate-Derived Fat Replacements......Page 265
Examples of Carbohydrate-Based Fat Replacers......Page 266
Fat-Derived Fat Replacements......Page 267
Examples of Fat-Based Fat Replacers......Page 268
Protein-Derived Fat Replacements......Page 269
Nutritive Value of Fats and Oils......Page 270
Conclusion......Page 271
Notes......Page 272
Glossary......Page 273
Bibliography......Page 274
Definition......Page 275
Surface-Active Molecules......Page 276
Emulsion Formation......Page 277
Emulsifiers......Page 278
Natural Emulsifiers......Page 279
Synthetic Emulsifiers or Surfactants......Page 280
Examples of Emulsions......Page 281
Foams......Page 282
Foam Stability......Page 283
The Effect of Added Ingredients on Foam Stability......Page 284
Anti-foaming Agents and Foam Suppressants......Page 285
Notes......Page 286
Glossary......Page 287
Bibliography......Page 288
Part V: Sugars, Sweeteners......Page 289
Sweetness......Page 290
Types of Sugars and Sugar Syrups......Page 291
Syrups (Liquids)......Page 292
Types of Solutions......Page 293
Formation of Invert Sugar......Page 294
Artificial or High-Intensity Sweeteners......Page 295
Sugar Alcohols (Polyols)......Page 297
Novel Sweeteners......Page 299
Confections......Page 300
Factors Influencing Degree of Crystallization and Candy Type......Page 301
Nutritive Value of Sugars and Sweeteners......Page 303
Conclusion......Page 304
Glossary......Page 305
Bibliography......Page 306
Part VI: Baked Products......Page 307
Classes of Batters and Dough......Page 308
Gluten......Page 309
Flour Function......Page 311
Leavening Agents Function......Page 312
Fat Function......Page 313
Sugar Function......Page 314
Air as a Leavening Agent......Page 315
Baking Soda......Page 316
Baking Powder......Page 317
Biological Production of CO2......Page 318
Quick Bread Ingredients......Page 319
Pastry Ingredients......Page 320
Cake Ingredients......Page 321
Muffins......Page 322
Dough, Yeast Dough......Page 323
Altitude-Adjusted Baking......Page 324
Microbial Hazards......Page 325
Notes......Page 326
Glossary......Page 327
References......Page 328
Part VII: Aspects of Food Processing......Page 329
Food Preservation......Page 330
Heat Treatment Methods: Mild or Severe......Page 331
Mild Heat Treatment......Page 332
Canning......Page 333
The Effect of Heat on Microorganisms......Page 334
Selecting Heat Treatments......Page 335
Refrigeration Preservation......Page 337
Freezing Methods......Page 338
Chemical Changes to Frozen Foods......Page 339
Dehydration Preservation......Page 340
Methods of Concentration......Page 341
Microwave Heating......Page 342
Irradiation......Page 343
Induction Heating......Page 345
Other Preservation Techniques......Page 346
Safety of Preserved Foods......Page 347
Notes......Page 348
Bibliography......Page 349
Introduction......Page 350
Definition of Food Additives......Page 351
Function of Food Additives......Page 352
Legislation and Testing for Additives......Page 353
Major Additives Used in Processing......Page 354
Antimicrobials......Page 357
Coloring Agents......Page 358
Curing Agents......Page 360
Fat Replacers......Page 361
Flavoring Agents......Page 362
Nutrient Supplements......Page 363
pH Control Substances......Page 364
Solvents......Page 365
Stabilizers and Thickeners......Page 366
Sweeteners, Alternative (Chap. 14)......Page 367
Nutrient Supplements in Food......Page 368
Functional Foods (See More in Appendices)......Page 369
Formulating a New Product with Vitamin or Mineral Addition......Page 370
Conclusion......Page 371
Glossary......Page 372
Bibliography......Page 373
Introduction......Page 374
Packaging Functions......Page 375
Glass......Page 376
Paper......Page 377
Plastic......Page 378
Other Packaging Materials......Page 380
Controlling Packaging Atmosphere......Page 381
FDA: Benefits of ROP......Page 382
Modified Atmosphere Packaging......Page 383
Sous Vide......Page 384
Vacuum Packaging......Page 385
Active Packaging Technologies......Page 386
Flexible Packaging......Page 387
Tamper-Evident Banding and Sleeve Labeling......Page 388
Migration from Packaging Materials......Page 389
Packaging as a Communication and Marketing Tool......Page 390
Safety Considerations and Packaging......Page 391
Packaged Food and Irradiation......Page 392
Packaging of the Future......Page 394
Conclusion......Page 395
Glossary......Page 396
Associations and Organizations......Page 397
Part VIII: Food Safety......Page 398
Introduction......Page 399
Foodborne Illness......Page 400
Bacteria: The Major Biological Foodborne Illness......Page 401
Viruses......Page 405
Mold......Page 406
Chemical Hazards to the Food Supply......Page 407
Physical Hazards to the Food Supply......Page 408
Food Protection Systems......Page 409
FDA (See Chap. 20)......Page 411
The HACCP System of Food Protection: USDA......Page 412
Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks......Page 421
Other Causes of Spoilage and Contamination......Page 422
Responsibility for Food Safety......Page 423
Sanitizing in the Workplace......Page 429
Dating......Page 430
Allergen-Free Labeling......Page 433
Bioterrorism Threat to Food Safety......Page 434
Safety Considerations......Page 437
Notes......Page 438
References......Page 439
Associations and Organizations......Page 440
Part IX: Government Regulation of the Food Supply......Page 441
Introduction......Page 442
FDA Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act: 1938......Page 443
Standards for Interstate Transport of Food......Page 444
Adulterated and Misbranded Food......Page 445
Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) Proposed 1/2013......Page 446
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)......Page 447
General Labeling......Page 450
Nutrition Labeling......Page 452
Dietary Guidelines for Americans......Page 453
Health Claims (More in Appendices)......Page 454
Labeling for Foodservice......Page 455
Conclusion......Page 456
Glossary......Page 457
Bibliography......Page 458
Introduction......Page 459
Biotechnology: Including GMOs......Page 460
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)......Page 461
Functional Foods......Page 462
Functional Foods Fact Sheet: Probiotics and Prebiotics (IFIC)......Page 464
Nutraceuticals......Page 465
Phytochemicals......Page 466
Medical Foods......Page 467
ChooseMyPlate.gov......Page 468
Food Label Health Claims......Page 471
Research Chefs Certification as a Culinary Scientist and More......Page 472
Human Nutrigenomics......Page 473
Product Development: Innovation......Page 474
Glossary......Page 475
References......Page 476
Index......Page 477