Environmental law in Australia [9th edition.] 9780409341942, 0409341940

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Environmental Law in Australia 9th edition Gerry Bates LLB (Hons), PhD (Birm) Specialist in Environmental Law and Policy LexisNexis Butterworths Australia 2016

LexisNexis AUSTRALIA LexisNexis Butterworths 475–495 Victoria Avenue, Chatswood NSW 2067 On the internet at: www.lexisnexis.com.au ARGENTINA LexisNexis Argentina, BUENOS AIRES AUSTRIA LexisNexis Verlag ARD Orac GmbH & Co KG, VIENNA BRAZIL LexisNexis Latin America, SAO PAULO CANADA LexisNexis Canada, Markham, ONTARIO CHILE LexisNexis Chile, SANTIAGO CHINA LexisNexis China, BEIJING, SHANGHAI CZECH REPUBLIC Nakladatelství Orac sro, PRAGUE FRANCE LexisNexis SA, PARIS GERMANY LexisNexis Germany, FRANKFURT HONG KONG LexisNexis Hong Kong, HONG KONG HUNGARY HVG-Orac, BUDAPEST INDIA LexisNexis, NEW DELHI ITALY Dott A Giuffrè Editore SpA, MILAN JAPAN LexisNexis Japan KK, TOKYO KOREA LexisNexis, SEOUL MALAYSIA LexisNexis Malaysia Sdn Bhd, PETALING JAYA, SELANGOR NEW ZEALAND LexisNexis, WELLINGTON POLAND Wydawnictwo Prawnicze LexisNexis, WARSAW SINGAPORE LexisNexis, SINGAPORE SOUTH AFRICA LexisNexis Butterworths, DURBAN SWITZERLAND Staempfli Verlag AG, BERNE TAIWAN LexisNexis, TAIWAN UNITED KINGDOM LexisNexis UK, LONDON, EDINBURGH USA LexisNexis Group, New York, NEW YORK LexisNexis, Miamisburg, OHIO National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Title: Edition: ISBN:

Bates, G M (Gerard Maxwell). Environmental law in Australia. 9th edition. 9780409341935 (pbk).

Notes: Subjects: Dewey Number:

9780409341942 (ebk). Includes index. Environmental law — Australia. 344.94046

© 2016 Reed International Books Australia Pty Limited trading as LexisNexis. 1st edition, 1983; 2nd edition, 1987; 3rd edition, 1992; 4th edition, 1995; 5th edition, 2002 (reprinted 2005); 6th edition, 2006 (reprinted 2009 (twice)); 7th edition, 2010 (reprinted 2012 (twice)); 8th edition, 2013 (reprinted 2014 and 2015). This book is copyright. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owner. Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. Inquiries should be addressed to the publishers. Typeset in Myriad Pro and Minion Pro. Printed in China. Visit LexisNexis Butterworths at www.lexisnexis.com.au

Preface Since the eighth edition of this book was published in 2013, legislative reform and government policy initiation in most jurisdictions have continued at an accelerated rate. We have seen the demise of the Clean Energy legislation in favour of the Emissions Reduction package, the roll out of biodiversity offsets across all jurisdictions, new national measures on biosecurity, and a host of new cases and legislative reforms that build on the implementation and interpretation of existing laws. And finally, we also have a new global agreement to limit carbon emissions. Defending the environment through the courts and tribunals has come under scrutiny from some governments, which have tried to wind back the ability of ordinary citizens to question government compliance with environmental laws and test the quality of decision-making. Public interest environmental litigation has been hit by the removal of legal aid and withdrawal of funding from Environmental Defenders Offices. Nevertheless, this will not deter citizens, or the organisations that support them, from questioning the legality or quality of government decision-making. As the cases show, the courts and tribunals will not be distracted by the expressed frustrations of government, or by the loud voices of those that have the ear of government. They will continue, as they always have, to interpret the intent and the substance of environmental laws, and the quality of decision-making under those laws, in an objective and independent manner. Like the stock market, governmental support for environmental regulation waxes and wanes. ‘Green-tape reduction’ is trendy with some governments, but the trend line representing environmental regulation is always clearly upward, as environmental policies and regulation respond to democratic expressions of concern, and the findings and advice of science. Encouragement of voluntary action is always welcome, but it does not necessarily establish a ‘level playing field’. As the consequences of ‘a climate on steroids’ begin to take hold, laws that command and encourage appropriate action to manage development, control pollution, ensure the uptake of renewable sources of energy, and protect biodiversity, will be needed ever more urgently. I fully expect that in the next edition of this book,

I will be able to report on further serious reforms to environmental policies supported by complementary environmental laws. As with previous editions, Environmental Law in Australia will be supported with periodic updates that will try to keep the reader up to date with changes to legislation and significant case law. Thanks to Lachlan, Euan and Annabel for providing the musical background that inspires the continuation of this work.

Gerry Bates Sydney January 2016

Table of Cases References are to paragraph numbers

A Abacus Funds Management v Sunshine Coast Regional Council [2012] QPEC 46 …. 10.36 Abacus Property Group v Ashfield Municipal Council [2009] NSWLEC 1097 …. 10.23 Aberline Associates Pty Ltd v Sutherland Shire Council [2009] NSWLEC 1335 …. 10.23 Able Demolitions & Excavations Pty Ltd v Yarra Ranges Shire Council [2008] VSC 294 …. 16.17 Aboriginal Community Benefit Fund Pty Ltd v Batemans Bay Local Aboriginal Land Council (1996) 92 LGERA 212 …. 19.30 — v — (1997) 93 LGERA 345 …. 19.30 Acciona Energy Oceania Pty Ltd v Corangamite Shire Council [2008] VCAT 1617 …. 11.58, 17.57 Ackroyd v McKechnie (1986) 66 ALR 287 …. 5.43, 5.45, 14.7 — v Whitehouse [1985] 2 NSWLR 239 …. 22.32 ACR Trading Pty Ltd v Fat-Sel Pty Ltd (1987) 11 NSWLR 67 …. 21.6 Adams v Advocate General for Scotland [2002] UKHRR 1189 …. 2.46 ADI Ltd v Hawkesbury City Council (2001) 117 LGERA 117 …. 19.55 AGC (Advances) Ltd v Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales (1993) 30 NSWLR 391 …. 11.14 AGC Earthmoving Group Pty Ltd and Shire of Mundaring, Re [2008] WASAT 151 …. 11.76 Agonic Holdings Pty Ltd v Lithgow City Council [2008] NSWLEC 1347 …. 8.78

Ajka Pty Ltd and Australian Fisheries Management Authority [2001] AATA 258 …. 18.46 Al Oshlack v Iron Gates Pty Ltd [1997] NSWLEC 89 …. 14.81 Alanvale Pty Ltd v Southern Rural Water [2010] VCAT 480 …. 8.67, 17.57 Alcan (NT) Alumina Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Territory Revenue (2009) 239 CLR 27; [2009] HCA 41 …. 2.66, 2.67, 7.14, 7.15 Alcock v Commonwealth of Australia [2009] FCA 820 …. 18.48 — v — [2012] FCA 524 …. 18.48 Aldous v Greater Taree City Council (2009) 167 LGERA 13; [2009] NSWLEC 17 …. 8.32, 8.33, 17.55 Alec Finlayson Pty Ltd v Armidale City Council (1994) 51 FCR 378; 84 LGERA 225; 123 ALR 155 …. 3.29, 16.25 Alexander v District Council of Robe [2009] SAERDC 4 …. 18.57 — v Yass Valley Council [2011] NSWLEC 148 …. 22.66 Ali v Liverpool City Council [2009] NSWLEC 107 …. 19.55 Allandale Blue Metal Pty Ltd v Roads and Maritime Services [2013] NSWCA 103 …. 2.67 Allders International Pty Ltd v Commissioner for State Revenue (Victoria) (1996) 140 ALR 189 …. 5.46 Allen v Gulf Oil Refining Ltd [1981] AC 1001 …. 3.44, 3.45 — v United Carpet Mills Pty Ltd [1989] VR 323 …. 20.39, 20.40, 20.79 Alliance to Save Hinchinbrook v Chief Executive, Environmental Protection Agency (2006) 145 LGERA 32; [2006] QSC 84 …. 8.23, 12.62, 17.55, 19.34, 19.35, 22.59 — v Cook [2005] QSC 355 …. 21.36 Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [1972] 2 All ER 475 …. 20.32, 20.43, 20.49 Alphapharm Pty Ltd v Smithkline Beecham (Australia) Pty Ltd (1994) 49 FCR 250 …. 19.30 Alpharma Inc v Council T-70/99 …. 8.74 Altamura v Director of Fisheries Policy, South Australia [2003] SASC 277 …. 18.48

Alumino (Aust) Pty Ltd v Minister Administering the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) [1996] NSWLEC 102 …. 8.63 And Jombi and Minister for the Environment and Heritage [2004] AATA 1380 …. 14.5 Anderson v Ballina Shire Council [2006] NSWLEC 76 …. 22.57 — v Director-General, Department of Environment and Climate Change (2008) 163 LGERA 400; [2008] NSWCA 337 …. 7.27, 8.28, 8.39, 8.40, 8.78, 22.57, 22.65 — v Director-General, Department of Environment and Conservation (2006) 144 LGERA 43 …. 8.78, 22.34, 22.57 — v Minister for Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources (2006) 151 LGERA 229 …. 22.55, 22.57, 22.70, 22.72 Anderson on behalf of Numbahjing Clan within Bundjalung Nation v NSW Minister for Planning (No 2) (2008) 163 LGERA 132 …. 21.25, 21.29 Andreae v Selfridge & Co Ltd [1937] 3 All ER 255 …. 3.21 Angel and Department of Arts, Heritage and Environment, Re (1986) 9 ALD 113 …. 22.24 Animal Liberation v Conservator of Flora and Fauna (Administrative Review) [2009] ACAT 17 …. 8.25, 8.53 — v — [2014] ACAT 35 …. 14.80 Animal Liberation Ltd v Department of Environment and Conservation [2007] NSWSC 221 …. 19.37 Animals’ Angels e.V. v Secretary, Department of Agriculture [2014] FCAFC 173 …. 19.35 Annetts v McCann (1990) 170 CLR 596 …. 22.40 Anthony Lagoon Station v Maurice (1987) 74 ALR 77 …. 22.53 Antoniou v Roper (1990) 70 LGRA 351 …. 10.9, 22.40 Anvil Hill Project Watch Association Inc v Minister for the Environment and Water Resources (2007) 97 ALD 398; [2007] FCA 1480 …. 6.9, 6.18, 14.25 — v — [2008] FCAFC 3 …. 6.13, 6.15, 6.18, 22.46 Anzbrook Pty Ltd v Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts [2010] FMCA 34 …. 14.5

APP Corp Pty Ltd v City of Perth [2008] WASAT 291 …. 8.53 — v — [2011] WASAT 132 …. 8.53 Architype Australia Pty Ltd v Yarra City Council [2009] VCAT 662 …. 16.45 Argentum Reductions (UK) Ltd, Re [1975] 1 WLR 186 …. 19.38 Argos Pty Ltd v Corbell, Minister for the Environment and Sustainable Development [2013] ACTCA 51 …. 19.18, 19.35 — v — [2014] HCA 50 …. 19.28 Armidale City Council v Alec Finlayson Pty Ltd (1999) 104 LGERA 9 …. 3.29, 3.30, 16.25, 16.27 Arnold v Minister Administering Water Management Act 2000 [2008] NSWCA 338 …. 5.22 — v — [2010] HCA 3 …. 2.31, 5.1, 5.22, 5.36 Arnold (on behalf of Australians for Animals) v Queensland (1987) 73 ALR 607 …. 21.24, 21.40, 22.24 Arora Construction Pty Ltd v Gold Coast City Council [2012] QPEC 52 …. 18.19 Asbestos case (Canada v France) ‘European Communities — Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-containing Products’, Report, 12 March 2001 …. 4.35 Asher v Melbourne Water (General) [2009] VCAT 1079 …. 1.24 Ashfield Municipal Council v Armstrong [2003] NSWCA 353 …. 9.53 Ashton Coal Operations Pty Ltd v Director-General, Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (No 3) [2011] NSWLEC 1249 …. 8.40, 8.78 — v Hunter Environment Lobby Inc [2015] NSWCA 358 …. 18.62 Ashworth v Victoria [2003] VSC 194 …. 18.20 Associated Minerals Consolidated Ltd v Wyong Shire Council [1975] AC 538 …. 7.18 Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1947] EWCA Civ 1; [1948] 1 KB 223 …. 22.71, 22.72, 22.74 Atkinson v Newcastle and Gateshead Waterworks Co (1877) 2 Ex D 441 …. 19.8

Attorney-General v Board of Water Supply and Sewerage (1916) 16 SR (NSW) 437 …. 3.26, 19.45 — v Brisbane City Council [1988] 1 Qd R 346 …. 3.26 — v Leeds Corp (1870) 5 Ch App 583 …. 3.27 — v PYA Quarries Ltd [1957] 2 QB 169 …. 3.24 — v Sawtell [1978] 2 NSWLR 200 …. 12.3 Attorney-General (British Columbia) v Attorney-General (Canada) [1914] AC 153 …. 3.6 Attorney-General (NSW) v Stocks & Holdings (Constructors) Pty Ltd (1970) 45 ALJR 9 …. 5.46 Attorney-General (Tas) v Cameron (2007) 152 LGERA 45; [2007] TASSC 22 …. 18.58, 22.32 Attrill v Richmond River Shire Council (1993) 79 LGERA 178 …. 3.40 Austral Fisheries Pty Ltd, Re v Minister for Primary Industries and Energy [1992] FCA 351 …. 2.58 Austral Tee and Stump Services Pty Ltd v Gould [2008] SASC 230 …. 13.12, 20.77, 20.81 Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321 …. 22.21, 22.73 Australian Catholic University v Minister for Planning and Infrastructure [2013] NSWLEC 174 …. 19.57 Australian Conservation Foundation Inc v Commonwealth (1980) 146 CLR 493; [1980] HCA 53 …. 1.19, 2.63, 5.8, 6.2, 19.2, 19.4, 19.6, 19.9, 19.15, 19.18, 19.28, 19.31, 19.36, 19.54 — v Environment Protection Appeal Board [1983] VR 385 …. 19.22 — v Forestry Commission (1988) 79 ALR 685 …. 22.60 — v Latrobe City Council (2004) 140 LGERA 100 …. 22.59 — v Minister for Planning [2004] VCAT 2029 …. 17.55 — v Minister for Resources (1989) 76 LGRA 200 …. 19.10, 19.31 — v South Australia (1990) 53 SASR 349 …. 19.14, 19.17, 19.18, 19.30 Australian Deer Association Inc v Attorney-General for the State of Victoria [2008] VSC 204 …. 14.75

Australian Federation of Consumer Organizations v Tobacco Institute (1991) 98 ALR 670 …. 21.38 Australian Fisheries Management Authority v Gilmore [2009] FCA 1369 …. 9.21, 18.47 — v Graham [2003] FCA 231 …. 3.11, 7.38, 18.45 — v PW Adams Pty Ltd (1995) 61 FCR 314 …. 7.26, 8.25 — v — [1995] FCA 1765 …. 18.46 — v Su (2009) 176 FCR 95 …. 20.76 Australian Postal Corporation v Botany Municipal Council (1989) 69 LGRA 86 …. 6.2, 22.61, 22.67 Australian Refined Alloys Pty Ltd and Minister for the Environment and Heritage, Re [2003] AATA 247 …. 16.21 Australian Retirement Homes Ltd v Maroondah City Council [2006] VCAT 476 …. 13.32 Australian Salmon case (Canada v Australia) ‘Australia — Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon’, Appellate Body Report, 20 October 1998 …. 4.38, 4.39 Australian Speleological Federation Inc v Minister for Environment & Natural Resources (1994) 84 LGERA 29 …. 22.18, 22.36, 22.40 Australian Waste Pty Ltd v Compaction Application Tips Pty Ltd [2001] SASC 173 …. 16.17 Australian Wool Innovation Ltd v Newkirk [2005] FCA 290 …. 2.41 — v — (No 2) [2005] FCA 1307 …. 2.41 — v — (No 3) [2005] FCA 1308 …. 2.41 Australians for Sustainable Development Inc v Minister for Planning [2011] NSWLEC 33 …. 8.33, 21.34 — v — (No 2) [2011] NSWLEC 70 …. 21.34 Axer Pty Ltd v Environment Protection Authority (1993) 113 LGERA 357 …. 20.96, 20.106 — v — (2001) 113 LGERA 357 …. 20.95 Azriel v New South Wales Land and Housing Corporation [2006] NSWCA 372 …. 22.65

Azzure-Blacktown Pty Ltd v Blacktown City Council [2009] NSWLEC 63 …. 19.58

B Baarmutha Residents Association Inc v Indigo Shire Council (2005) 142 LGERA 204 …. 22.36, 22.71 Baiada v Waste Recycling and Processing Service New South Wales (1999) 130 LGERA 52 …. 22.64 Bailey v Forestry Commission of New South Wales (1989) 67 LGRA 200 …. 7.14, 11.22, 11.23, 11.26, 11.27, 11.30, 11.88, 22.73, 22.75 Bakrnchev Enterprises Pty Ltd v Maroochy Shire Council [2007] QPEC 117 …. 8.38, 13.32 Ball v Consolidated Rutile Ltd [1991] 1 Qd R 524 …. 3.6, 3.25 Ballina Shire Council v Freeden (2006) 147 LGERA 297 …. 18.15 Ballymont Pty Ltd v Ipswich City Council (2002) 124 LGERA 373 …. 21.23 Bamford v Turnley (1862) 3 B & S 66 …. 3.20, 3.21 Bankstown City Council v Alamdo Holdings Pty Ltd (2005) 142 LGERA 1 …. 3.40, 3.43 — v Hanna [2014] NSWLEC 152 …. 20.92, 20.106, 20.107, 20.113 Bannister v Bowen (1985) 65 ACTR 3 …. 14.36 Bannister Quest Pty Ltd v Australian Fisheries Management Authority (1997) 77 FCR 503; 48 ALD 53 …. 7.26, 8.25, 18.45 Baranov v Lane Cove Council [2001] NSWLEC 292 …. 20.53 Barnes v Maroochy Shire Council [2001] QCA 273 …. 15.26 — v Southern Downs Regional Council (No 2) [2011] QPEC 119 …. 10.36 Barrington — Gloucester — Stroud Preservation Alliance Inc v Minister for Planning and Infrastructure [2012] NSWLEC 197 …. 8.34, 8.53, 9.10, 17.56, 18.66, 22.56, 22.62 Barro Group Pty Ltd v Brimbank City Council [2012] VSC 154 …. 7.18, 9.21, 22.66 Barton Securities Ltd v Warringah Council [2009] NSWLEC 179 …. 22.34 Bat Advocacy NSW Inc v Minister for Environment Protection, Heritage and

the Arts [2011] FCA 113 …. 8.39, 14.22, 22.54 — v — [2011] FCAFC 59 …. 2.39, 22.61, 22.68 Bateman’s Bay Local Aboriginal Land Council v Aboriginal Community Benefit Fund Pty Ltd (1998) 194 CLR 247 …. 19.10 Bates v Southern Rural Water [2004] VCAT 2045 …. 18.28 Bathurst City Council v PWC Properties (1998) 100 LGERA 383 …. 7.36, 15.76 — v Saban (1985) 58 LGRA 165 …. 3.21 — v — (No 2) (1986) 58 LGRA 201 …. 3.24 Baulkham Hills Shire Council v Domachuk (1988) 66 LGRA 110 …. 3.24, 3.54 — v Hahn (2008) 160 LGERA 157; [2008] NSWLEC 184 …. 21.23 Bayside City Council v Telstra Corp Ltd; Moreland City v Optus Vision Pty Ltd; Warringah Council v Optus Vision Pty Ltd; Hurstville City Council v Telstra Corp Ltd (2004) 133 LGERA 65 …. 5.49 Beaudesert Shire Council Brecevic v Big Boulder Walls Pty Ltd [2003] QPEC 52 …. 20.121 Beaumaris Conservation Society Inc v Bayside City Council [2012] VCAT 1594 …. 13.27 Bechara v Plan Urban Services Pty Ltd (2006) 149 LGERA 41 …. 2.67, 7.10 Beckett v Lyons [1967] Ch 449 …. 3.6 Bell v Minister for Urban Affairs and Planning (1997) 95 LGERA 86 …. 11.88, 11.90 Belmorgan Property Development Pty Ltd v GPT RE Ltd (2007) 153 LGERA 450; [2007] NSWCA 171 …. 10.16, 22.65, 22.77 Belongil Progress Association Inc v Byron Shire Council (1999) 106 LGERA 202 …. 10.9, 22.43 Bentley v BGP Properties Pty Ltd (2005) 139 LGERA 449 …. 14.81, 20.62 — v — (2006) 145 LGERA 234 …. 20.105, 20.106, 20.107 — v Gordon [2005] NSWLEC 695 …. 14.81 — v Shire of Talbot [1990] ELR 005 …. 9.33 Bernstein v Skyviews and General Ltd [1977] EWHC QB 1 …. 3.2

Betland v Environment Protection Authority [2010] NSWLEC 183 …. 7.29, 20.23, 20.100 Betohuwisa Investments Pty Ltd v Kiama Municipal Council [2010] NSWLEC 223 …. 10.70 BGP Properties Pty Ltd v Lake Macquarie City Council (2004) 138 LGERA 237; [2004] NSWLEC 399 …. 8.25, 8.31, 8.66, 14.93, 14.98, 22.5, 22.59 BHP Coal Pty Ltd v Robertson (2005) 139 LGERA 77 …. 19.17 BHP Ltd v Blacktown City Council (1989) 130 LGERA 1 …. 10.4, 22.60 Bienke v Minister for Primary Industries and Energy (1994) 125 ALR 151 …. 2.26, 9.16, 22.18, 22.20 — v — (1996) 63 FCR 567; 135 ALR 128 …. 5.36, 22.20 Big Country Australia Pty Ltd and Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale, Re [2006] WASAT 10 …. 13.30 Biotech Dispute, USA v EC ‘European Communities — Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products’, Appeal Panel Report, 29 September 2006 …. 4.38 Birri Gubba v Queensland [2003] FCA 276 …. 12.71 Bisogni v Environment Protection Authority [2003] VCAT 362 …. 20.4 Black v Ku-ring-gai Council [2008] NSWLEC 1501 …. 13.45 Blackburn v Attorney-General [1971] 1 WLR 1037 …. 4.10 Blacktown City Council v Pace (2002) 121 LGERA 432 …. 20.49 — v Penatrators Pty Ltd [2013] NSWLEC 169 …. 21.15 Blair v Deakin (1882) 57 LJ 522 …. 3.27 Blue Mountains Conservation Society Inc v Delta Electricity [2009] NSWLEC 150 …. 21.37 — v — (No 2) [2009] NSWLEC 193 …. 21.37 — v — (No 3) [2011] NSWLEC 145 …. 15.36, 21.16, 21.17 — v Director General of National Parks and Wildlife (2) (2004) 133 LGERA 406 …. 2.65, 7.22, 8.25 Blue Wedges Inc v Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts (2008) 157 LGERA 428; [2008] FCA 399 …. 6.52, 6.60, 6.62, 8.35, 19.44, 22.61, 22.62

— v — [2008] FCA 8 …. 2.39, 6.9, 6.11, 19.44 — v Port of Melbourne Corporation [2005] VSC 305 …. 21.15 Bluhme, Re C-67-97 …. 8.74 BMG Resources Ltd v Beaconsfield Municipal Council [1988] Tas R 142 …. 5.46 Bobolas v Waverley Council [2012] NSWCA 126 …. 20.7 Bodney v Westralia Airports Corporation Pty Ltd (2000) 111 LGERA 268 …. 2.8 Boerkamp v The Honourable Matthew Guy [2014] VSC 167 …. 19.26 Bojanich and Western Australian Planning Commission [2006] WASAT 315 …. 17.57 Bon Accord Pty Ltd v Brisbane City Council [2008] QPEC 119 …. 11.42, 22.73 Bone v Mothershaw [2003] 2 Qd R 600 …. 2.22, 2.28, 13.3 Bonfoal Pty Ltd v Botany Bay City Council (1999) 105 LGERA 190 …. 11.88 Bonnici v Ku-ring-gai Municipal Council (2001) 121 LGERA 29 …. 3.27 Bonser v La Macchia (1969) 122 CLR 177 …. 5.29, 5.31 Booth v Bosworth [2000] FCA 1878 …. 19.44, 21.11 — v — (2001) 114 FCR 39; [2001] FCA 1453 …. 6.15, 7.11, 12.14, 18.5, 19.44, 21.7 — v Frippery Pty Ltd [2006] QCA 74 …. 20.83 — v — [2007] QPEC 99 …. 14.46, 14.50, 20.84 — v — [2008] QPEC 122 …. 20.121 — v Yardley [2006] QPEC 116 …. 14.50, 21.10, 21.15 — v — [2006] QPEC 119 …. 14.46 — v — (2008) 160 LGERA 352 …. 20.121 Boral Resources (Country) Pty Ltd v Clarence Valley Council [2009] NSWLEC 81 …. 11.19 Botany Bay City Council v Farnworth Holdings Pty Ltd [2004] NSWCA 157 …. 22.4

— v Minister for Planning (2006) 148 LGERA 251 …. 11.90 — v Minister of State for Transport and Regional Development (1996) 90 LGERA 81 …. 21.9 — v Pet Carriers International Pty Ltd [2013] NSWLEC 147 …. 22.39 — v Premier Customs Services Pty Ltd [2009] NSWCA 226 …. 9.1, 22.64 — v Ralansaab Pty Ltd [2010] NSWLEC 225 …. 10.16, 20.59 — v Saab Corp Pty Ltd [2011] NSWCA 308 …. 10.16 Botany Municipal Council v Federal Airports Corporation (1992) 175 CLR 453; 79 LGERA 241; 109 ALR 321; 66 ALJR 821 …. 5.46, 5.51, 6.24, 11.22, 11.31 Bow v Blacktown City Council [2008] NSWLEC 21 …. 14.85 Bowden v Break O’Day Council (2008) 162 LGERA 49 …. 10.2, 21.4, 22.55 Boyce v Paddington Borough Council [1903] 1 Ch 109 …. 19.9, 19.10, 19.44 Bradford v Robinson Rentals [1967] 1 All ER 267 …. 3.29 Bradto Pty Ltd v Victoria; Tymbook Pty Ltd v Victoria [2006] VSCA 89 …. 21.9 Brambles Australia Ltd v Environment Protection Authority [1999] VCAT 2176 …. 19.22, 19.27 Brazil — Retreaded Tyres, Brazil — Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WTO Doc WT/DS332/AB/R, AB-2007-4 …. 4.36 Breen v Williams [1996] HCA 57 …. 2.61 Brennan-Kuss and others v Dietman [2014] SASC 28 …. 14.53 Bridgetown Greenbushes-Friends of the Forest Inc v Department of Conservation & Land Management (1997) 18 WAR 102; 93 LGERA 436 …. 8.64, 21.9 — v Executive Director of the Department of Conservation & Land Management (1997) 94 LGERA 380 …. 8.56, 8.68, 9.21, 12.67, 21.18, 22.34, 22.61 Brighton Council v Compost Tasmania Pty Ltd (2000) 109 LGERA 190 …. 22.39 Brinkworth v Dendy [2007] SASC 120 …. 13.12 — v Fischer [2008] SAERDC 33 …. 20.106

Brisbane City Council v Group Projects Pty Ltd (1979) 145 CLR 143 …. 5.46 Broad Henry v Director-General of the Department of Environment and Conservation (2007) 159 LGERA 172; [2007] NSWLEC 722 …. 7.27, 22.34 Broadwater Action Group Inc v Richmond Valley Council (No 2) (2003) 129 LGERA 401 …. 22.9 Brodie v Singleton [2001] HCA 29 …. 3.40 Bromley London Borough Council v Greater London Council [1983] AC 768 …. 22.71 Bropho v Western Australia [1990] HCA 24 …. 2.7 Brown v Environment Protection Authority & North Broken Hill Ltd (No 2) (1992) 78 LGERA 119 …. 11.23, 15.33, 15.56, 15.71, 21.2, 21.4, 21.40 — v Forestry Tasmania (No 4) (2006) 152 LGERA 146; [2006] FCA 1729 …. 6.7, 6.17, 6.38, 9.10, 18.74 — v Gosford City Council [2006] NSWLEC 56 …. 19.54 — v Mornington Peninsula Shire Council (2004) 140 LGERA 11 …. 21.23 — v Randwick City Council [2011] NSWLEC 172 …. 22.27 Brunsdon v The Council of the City of Wagga Wagga [2003] NSWLEC 168 …. 8.67 Brunswick Valley Sports Association Inc v Byron Shire Council [2006] NSWLEC 71 …. 21.13 BT Goldsmith Planning Services Pty Ltd v Blacktown City Council [2005] NSWLEC 210 …. 7.11, 8.66, 11.25, 11.35 — v — [2007] NSWLEC 229 …. 13.46 BTG Planning v Blacktown City Council [2008] NSWLEC 1500 …. 13.46 Budd v Northern Midlands Council [2008] TASSC 62 …. 15.28 Buddhist Society of Western Australia (Inc) v Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale [1999] WASCA 55 …. 21.25 Building Recyclers Investments Pty Ltd v Marrickville Council (2003) 131 LGERA 413 …. 11.19 Bulga Milbrodale Progress Association Inc v Minister for Planning and Infrastructure and Warkworth Mining Ltd [2013] NSWLEC 48 …. 2.34, 8.29, 8.82, 11.101, 11.105, 13.36, 13.61, 17.56, 18.59

Bungendore Residents Group Inc v Palerang Council (No 3) [2007] NSWLEC 251 …. 22.47 Burnie Port Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd (1994) 179 CLR 520; 120 ALR 42 …. 3.29, 20.52 Burns v Queensland and Croton [2006] QCA 235 …. 13.3 Burtenshaw v Dunn [2010] QLC 70 …. 8.67 Burwood Council v Doueihi [2013] NSWLEC 196 …. 20.107 Butler Excavations Pty Ltd v Ballarat City Council [2010] VCAT 57 …. 12.72 Buttsworth v Director-General of the Department of Land and Water Conservation (2003) 127 LGERA 170 …. 20.5 Buzzacott v Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities [2013] FCAFC 111 …. 6.69, 6.70, 8.66, 13.35, 13.46, 22.56, 22.79 — v — (No 2) [2012] FCA 403 …. 6.16, 6.46, 6.67, 6.69, 9.10, 15.131 Byron Environment Centre Inc v Arakwal People (1997) 78 FCR 1; 96 LGERA 1 …. 19.30, 19.36 Byron Shire Businesses for the Future Inc v Byron Shire Council (1994) 83 LGERA 59 …. 21.41 — v — (1994) 84 LGERA 434; [1994] NSWLEC 159 …. 11.14, 11.30, 14.95, 22.75 Byron Shire Council v Fletcher (2005) 143 LGERA 155 …. 20.103 — v — [2008] NSWLEC 296 …. 13.32 — v Vaughan [2009] NSWLEC 88 …. 3.45, 17.49, 17.51 Byron Ventilink Pty Ltd v Byron Shire Council (2005) 142 LGERA 215 …. 2.57, 8.49

C Cabbabe v Baw Baw Shire Council [2001] VCAT 747 …. 8.67 Calardu Penrith Pty Ltd v Penrith City Council [2010] NSWLEC 50 …. 22.46 Caloundra City Council v Pelican Links Pty Ltd [2004] QPEC 52 …. 13.24 Caltex Australia Petroleum Pty Ltd v Charben Haulage Pty Ltd [2005] FCAFC 271 …. 16.25, 16.26

Caltex Refining Co Pty Ltd v State Pollution Control Commission (1991) 25 NSWLR 118 …. 20.66, 20.67, 20.69 Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties Leather Co [1994] 1 All ER 53 …. 3.5 Camden Council v Runko (2006) 147 LGERA 214 …. 20.112 Cameron v Eurobodalla Shire Council (2006) 146 LGERA 349 …. 20.23, 20.107 — v Lake Macquarie City Council (2000) 107 LGERA 308 …. 13.34 — v Nambucca Shire Council (1997) 95 LGERA 268 …. 10.24 Camilleri’s Stock Feeds Pty Ltd v Environment Protection Authority (1993) 32 NSWLR 683; 82 LGERA 21 …. 6.73, 20.107, 20.113, 20.114 Canada Bay City Council v Bird (2003) 124 LGERA 303 …. 13.34 Canal Rocks Pty Ltd and Shire of Busselton, Re [2006] WASAT 211 …. 12.72 Candy v Christensen [2007] QCA 114 …. 14.46 — v Thompson [2005] QCA 382 …. 14.46 Cantarella Bros Pty Ltd v City of Ryde Council (2003) 131 LGERA 190 …. 15.91, 20.7 Canterbury City Council v Saad (2000) 112 LGERA 107 …. 20.39 — v — (2001) 112 LGERA 429 …. 13.33 Canterbury District Residents and Ratepayers Association Inc v Canterbury Municipal Council (1991) 73 LGRA 317 …. 22.44 Canyonleigh Environment Protection Society Inc v Wingecarribee Shire Council (1997) 95 LGERA 294 …. 10.16, 19.39, 22.36 Cape York Land Council Aboriginal Corporation v Boyland [2000] QCA 202 …. 7.21 Capital Airports Group Pty Ltd v Director General, New South Wales Department of Planning (No 2) [2011] NSWLEC 83 …. 11.90, 22.66 Carbon v Palos Verdes Estates Pty Ltd [1990] ELR 179 …. 15.21 Cardoso v Greater Bendigo City Council (Red Dot) [2006] VCAT 2043 …. 19.23, 19.27 Carmody v Brancourts Nominees Pty Ltd (2002) 124 LGERA 136 …. 20.65

Caroona Coal Action Group Inc v Coal Mines Australia Pty Ltd [2009] NSWLEC 165 …. 21.37 — v — [2010] NSWCA 353 …. 21.30 — v — (No 2) [2010] NSWLEC 1 …. 22.49 — v — (No 3) [2010] NSWLEC 59 …. 21.30, 21.31, 21.33 — v — (No 4) [2010] NSWLEC 91 …. 22.24 Carriage v Stockland (Constructors) Pty Ltd [2002] NSWLEC 117 …. 21.9 — v — [2002] NSWLEC 216 …. 21.9 — v Stockland Development Pty Ltd (No 4) (2004) 135 LGERA 68 …. 10.9, 22.34 Carrington v Minister for Planning (1986) 26 APA 372 …. 11.58 Carstens v Pittwater Council (1999) 111 LGERA 1; [1999] NSWLEC 249 …. 7.28, 8.31, 11.24, 11.25, 14.84, 14.94, 22.59 Carter v Wall [2002] NSWLEC 124 …. 12.76 Caruso v Sydney Water Corporation [2008] NSWLEC 320 …. 13.46 Casa v City of Ryde Council [2009] NSWLEC 212 …. 22.75 Castle v Southern Rural Water [2008] VCAT 2440 …. 8.67 Castle Constructions Pty Ltd v North Sydney Council [2007] NSWCA 164 …. 22.40 Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v South Australia (1986) 67 ALR 553 …. 21.7, 21.10 — Ltd v — (1990) 169 CLR 436 …. 5.44, 5.45 Cavasinni Constructions Pty Ltd v Fairfield City Council [2010] NSWLEC 65 …. 10.27, 22.39 Caversham Property Pty Ltd and Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale [2006] WASAT 173 …. 13.39 Celledoni v Johnstone Shire Council [2008] QPEC 104 …. 11.42 Central Queensland Speleological Society Inc v Central Queensland Cement Pty Ltd (No 1) [1989] 2 Qd R 512 …. 14.47, 19.14, 19.30, 21.40 Central West Environment Council Inc v Orange City Council (2003) 128 LGERA 169 …. 11.26, 14.94, 22.61, 22.64 Centro Properties Ltd v Hurstville City Council (2004) 135 LGERA 257 ….

22.65 Cessnock City Council v Quintaz Pty Ltd; Cessnock City Council v McCudden [2010] NSWLEC 3 …. 20.96, 20.113 Challen v McLeod Country Golf Club [2004] QCA 358 …. 3.19 Challenger Listed Investments Ltd v Valuer General (No 2) [2015] NSWLEC 60 …. 16.26 Chambers v Maclean Shire Council (2003) 126 LGERA 7 …. 22.48 Chapman v Hearse (1961) 106 CLR 112 …. 3.29 Chappel v Hart (1998) 195 CLR 232 …. 3.36 Charalambous v Ku-ring-gai Council (2007) 155 LGERA 352 …. 10.9, 10.25, 22.45 Charles and Howard Pty Ltd v Redland Shire Council (2007) 159 LGERA 349 …. 17.57 Chase Oyster Bar Pty Ltd v Hamo Industries Pty Ltd [2010] NSWCA 190 …. 22.46 Cheltenham Park Residents Association Inc v City of Charles Sturt [2011] SAERDC 33 …. 13.33 — v Minister for Urban Development and Planning [2009] SASC 303 …. 22.77 — v — [2010] SASC 93 …. 9.58, 19.33, 22.27 Cherry Tree Wind Farm Pty Ltd v Mitchell Shire Council (Red Dot) [2013] VCAT 1939 …. 17.57 Chesol Pty Ltd v Logan City Council [2007] QPEC 1 …. 8.37 Chief Executive of the Office of Environment and Heritage v Ausgrid [2013] NSWLEC 51 …. 11.90, 20.39, 20.43, 20.56, 20.92, 20.104 — v Bombala Investments Pty Ltd [2013] NSWLEC 185 …. 13.21, 20.93, 20.94, 20.104, 20.105, 20.106, 20.110 — v Fish (No 2) [2014] NSWLEC 67 …. 20.123 — v Humphries [2013] NSWLEC 213 …. 17.58 — v Kyluk Pty Ltd (No 3) [2012] NSWLEC 56 …. 8.29, 14.81 — v Lani [2012] NSWLEC 115 …. 20.113

Chief Executive of the Office of Environment and Heritage Department of Premier and Cabinet v Powell [2012] NSWLEC 129 …. 13.17 Chief Executive, Office of Environment & Heritage v Orica Pty Ltd; Environment Protection Authority v Orica Pty Ltd [2015] NSWLEC 109 …. 18.62 Chief Executive Officer, Department of Environment and Conservation v Szulc [2010] WASC 195 …. 21.22 — v — (No 2) [2011] WASC 315 …. 13.30, 20.122 Chief Executive Officer of Customs v Labrador Liquor Wholesale Pty Ltd (2003) 216 CLR 161 …. 20.16 Christian Outreach Centre v Toowoomba Regional Council and HSBG Pty Ltd [2012] QPEC 29 …. 22.75 Ciccarello v City of Charles Sturt [2010] SAERDC 49 …. 10.70, 22.7 Circelli v Agnidla Pty Ltd [2008] SAERDC 34 …. 20.107, 20.112 — v Mulhern’s Waste Oil Removal [2009] SAERDC 17 …. 20.113 — v Southcorp Wines Pty Ltd [2000] SAERDC 80 …. 20.24 Citizens Airport Environment Association Inc v Maritime Services Board (1993) 114 ALR 473; 79 LGERA 254 …. 2.39, 6.24, 11.31, 21.16, 21.26, 21.34, 21.35, 21.41 City of Adelaide v Environment Protection Authority [2005] SASC 221 …. 16.1 City of Altona v Environment Protection Authority (1985) 16 APA 470 …. 19.22 City of Armadale v Merrick [2014] WASCA 125 …. 7.9, 16.18 City of Botany Bay v New South Wales Land and Housing Corporation [2010] NSWLEC 160 …. 11.22, 11.87 City of Botany Bay Council v Minister for Transport and Regional Development (1999) 106 LGERA 287 …. 22.73 City of Burnside v Prestige Wholesale Pty Ltd [2005] SASC 195 …. 13.33 City of Footscray v Maize Products Pty Ltd (1943) 67 CLR 301 …. 3.27 City of Joondalup, Re; Ex parte Mullaloo Progress Association Inc (2003) 132 LGERA 243 …. 22.64

City of Marion v Paior [2013] SASCFC 77 …. 2.65 City of Mitcham v Ansaar [2006] SASC 78 …. 13.32 — v MOL Pty Ltd (2003) 127 LGERA 145 …. 22.67 City of Norwood, Payneham and St Peters v ETSA Utilities [2008] SASC 114 …. 13.10 City of West Torrens v Maria Kyros [2009] SAERDC 13 …. 20.112 Clarence City Council v South Hobart Investment Pty Ltd (2007) 152 LGERA 24 …. 22.40 Clark v Cook Shire Council [2007] QCA 139 …. 22.73 — v Ryan (1960) 103 CLR 486 …. 8.58 Clark and Australian Fisheries Management Authority, Re [2006] AATA 597 …. 18.45 Cleveland Power Pty Ltd v Redlands City Council [2013] QPEC 17 …. 21.23, 21.33 Clive Elliott Jennings & Co Pty Ltd v Western Australian Planning Commission (2002) 122 LGERA 433 …. 22.57 Coalcliff Community Association Inc v Minister for Urban Affairs and Planning (1997) 95 LGERA 114 …. 22.77 — v — (1999) 106 LGERA 243 …. 10.27 Coast Protection Board v Carramatta Holdings Pty Ltd [2015] SASCFC 64 …. 20.13 Coastal Estates Pty Ltd v Bass Coast Shire Council [2010] VCAT 1807 …. 22.42 Coastal Waters Alliance of Western Australia Inc v Environmental Protection Authority (1996) 90 LGERA 136 …. 7.14, 7.33, 8.37, 11.29, 11.68, 11.70, 15.70, 21.20 Coco v R (1994) 179 CLR 427 …. 2.28 Coe v Gordon [1983] 1 NSWLR 419 …. 19.8 Coffs Harbour City Council v Arrawarra Beach Pty Ltd (2006) 148 LGERA 11 …. 11.35, 22.57 — v Minister for Planning and Infrastructure [2012] NSWLEC 4 …. 22.56 Cohen v City of Perth (2000) 112 LGERA 234; [2000] WASC 306 …. 3.37,

21.6 Cole v Whitfield (1988) 78 ALR 42 …. 5.42, 5.45 Coleman v Gray (1994) 133 ALR 328 …. 9.16 Comer v Murphy Oil No 1: 05-CV-436 (SD Miss 18 April 2006) …. 17.52 Commercial Radio Coffs Harbour v Fuller (1986) 60 LGRA 68 …. 5.50 Commission v Greece C-342/07 …. 4.46 — v Italian Republic C-173/05 …. 8.74 Commissioners of Soil and Land Conservation v Nabarlek Nominees Pty Ltd (2002) 120 LGERA 43 …. 20.6 Commonwealth v Akiba on behalf of the Torres Strait Islanders of the Regional Seas Claim Group [2012] FCAFC 25 …. 2.11 — v Bogle (1953) 89 CLR 229 …. 5.53 — v Cigamatic Pty Ltd (1962) 108 CLR 372 …. 5.53 — v Randwick City Council [2001] NSWLEC 79 …. 14.84 — v Western Australia (1999) 196 CLR 392 …. 5.46 — v Yarmirr [2001] HCA 56; 184 AJR 113 …. 2.11, 2.12 Commonwealth of Australia v Tasmania (1983) 158 CLR 1; 46 ALR 625; [1983] HCA 21 …. 1.19, 2.38, 4.44, 5.4, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.15, 5.16, 5.17, 5.28, 5.34, 5.36, 5.49, 6.2, 9.10, 22.53 — v WMC Resources Ltd (1998) 194 CLR 1; 152 ALR 1; [1998] HCA 8 …. 2.19, 2.30, 3.3, 4.25, 5.32, 5.33, 5.34 Community Association DP 270253 v Woollahra Municipal Council [2015] NSWCA 80 …. 22.10 — v — (No 2) [2014] NSWLEC 8 …. 22.10 Concerned Citizens of Canberra v Chief Planning Executive (Planning and Land Authority) [2014] ACTSC 165 …. 19.20 Concord, North Sydney, Woollahra & Manly Councils v Optus Networks Pty Ltd (1996) 90 LGERA 232 …. 22.60 Connecticut v American Electric Power 406 F Supp 2d 265 (SDNY) 2005 …. 3.24, 17.52 Connell v Santos NSW Pty Ltd [2014] NSWLEC 1 …. 18.65, 20.104, 20.107,

20.113 Conservation Council of South Australia v Development Assessment Committee and Tuna Boat Owners Association (No 2) [1999] SAERDC 86 …. 8.65, 8.70 — v — (No 3) [2000] SAERDC 67 …. 4.39, 8.65 Cook v Pasminco Ltd (2000) 111 LGERA 406 …. 19.51 Cooney v Ku-ring-gai Municipal Council (1963) 114 CLR 582 …. 19.45 Cooper v Coffs Harbour City Council (1997) 97 LGERA 125 …. 13.32 — v ICI Australia Operations Pty Ltd (1987) 64 LGRA 58 …. 20.40, 20.43, 20.78 Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom v Albania) (1949) ICJ Reports 4 …. 4.15 Corkill v Forestry Commission of New South Wales (Unreported, LEC (NSW), No 40208, 29 October 1990) …. 21.13 — v — (1990) 71 LGRA 116 …. 21.9 — v — (No 2) (1991) 73 LGRA 126 …. 14.38 Cornell v Town of East Fremantle (2003) 131 LGERA 20 …. 2.24 Corowa v Geographe Point Pty Ltd (2007) 154 LGERA 117; [2007] NSWLEC 121 …. 10.20, 11.25, 11.26, 11.35, 14.94, 14.98, 22.27, 22.28, 22.47, 22.78 — v Queensland (2006) 149 LGERA 1 …. 5.48, 5.51 Corporate Affairs Commission v ASC Timber Pty Ltd [1989] 18 NSWLR 577 …. 3.9 Corporation of the City of Adelaide v BFR Pty Ltd [2014] SAERDC 37 …. 10.37 — v City of Salisbury (1998) 100 LGERA 160 …. 22.32 Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 106 LGERA 419 …. 7.36, 10.9, 15.76, 22.46, 22.48 Council of Camden v Runko [2006] NSWLEC 486 …. 20.116 — v Tax (2004) 137 LGERA 368 …. 13.33, 20.107 Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for Civil Service [1985] AC 374 …. 22.71

Council of the City of Greater Taree v Wells [2010] NSWCA 147 …. 3.37 Council of the City of Shoalhaven v Wilson [2015] NSWLEC 93 …. 13.34 Council of the City of Sydney v Base Backpackers Pty Ltd [2015] NSWLEC 63 …. 22.10 Country Energy v Williams (2005) 141 LGERA 426; [2005] NSWCA 318 …. 8.28, 22.34, 22.79 CPC (UK) Ltd v National Rivers Authority [1995] Env LR 131 …. 20.32 CPT Manager Ltd v Central Highlands Regional Council [2010] QCA 183 …. 22.47 Craig v South Australia (1995) 184 CLR 163 …. 22.78 Cranbrook School v Woollahra Council (2006) 146 LGERA 313; [2006] NSWCA 155 …. 7.14, 7.15 Cranky Rock Road Action Group Inc v Cowra Shire Council (2005) 143 LGERA 356 …. 10.14 — v — (2006) 150 LGERA 81; [2006] NSWCA 339 …. 10.14, 10.20, 11.38, 14.94, 22.47, 22.78 Crowther v Brisbane City Council [2010] QCA 348 …. 19.41 — v — [2002] QPEC 79 …. 15.29 — v — [2008] QPEC 79 …. 15.29 — v — [2009] QPEC 31 …. 15.29, 20.121 — v Queensland (2006) 148 LGERA 220; [2006] QCA 308 …. 20.121, 21.6, 21.16 CSA Architects Pty Limited v Woollahra Council [2009] NSWLEC 1054 …. 8.52 CSR Ltd v Caboolture Shire Council [2001] QPELR 398 …. 8.71, 8.74 Cumerlong Holdings Pty Ltd v Dalcross Properties Pty Ltd [201