English/Igbo Translation of Common Medical Terms NtapỊ AsỤsỤ Bekee ỤfỌdỤ Nke NDỊ DỌkỊta N'Onu Ig (English and Igbo Edition) [Illustrated] 1441590277, 9781441590275

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English/lgbo Translation of

Common Medical Terms 11

NTAPJ A§\JSlJ BEKEE lJ~QDlJ

NKE NDI• DOKITA N'ONU IGBO • • ~

Uchenna Nwosu, MD; FACOG; FMCOG; FWACS &. The Igbo Medical Nomenclature Group (IMNG) ,I

English/Igbo Translation of Common Medical Terms

NTAPI. ASUSU . . BEKEE UFODU . . . NKE NDI. DOKITA . . N'ONU IGBO

English/Igbo Translation of Common Medical Terms

NTAPI• ASUSU BEKEE • • UFODU NKE NDI• • • • DOKITA N'ONU IGBO • •

UCHENNA Nwosu, MD, FACOG, FMCOG, FWACS &

IGBO MEDICAL NOMENCLATURE GROUP {IMNG)

Copyright © 2009 by Uchenna Nwosu, MD, FACOG, FMCOG, FWACS & lgbo Medical Nomenclature Group (IMNG).

Library of Congress Control Number:

2009910995

ISBN :

Hardcover

978-1-4415-9027-5

Softcover

978-1-4415-9026-8

Ebook

978-1-4415-7863-1

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transm itted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.

This book was printed in the United States of America.

To order additional copies of this book, contact:

Xlibris Corporation 1-888-795-427 4 www.Xlibris.com [email protected] 70318

./·······--·..,\ .,,

25

Map of South-Eastern Nigeria Showing Igbo Language Area

...

·i'"t

...........

50 Mtles

- ·--- . . . ·- --- ·- --

CONTENTS lntroduction .............................................. ..................................................... 11 Foreword ........................................................................................ ........ ....... 19 Preface .................................................. ......................................................... 23

Chapter 1: Parts of the Body ......................................................................... 27 Chapter 2: Medical Examination : Signs And Symptoms ................................ 32 Chapter 3: Names Of Some Disease Entities ............................. ....................36 Chapter 4: Basic Medical Suffixes .................................................................. 42 Chapter 5: Basic Medical Prefixes ..................................................................50 Chapter 6: The M icroscope-Window to the hidden world ......................... 56 Chapter 7: Germs .......................................... .......... ...................................... 59 Chapter 8: The Cell, Tissue and Organ .... .. ..................................................... 68 Chapter 9: Hypertension ............ ................................................................... 80 Chapter 10: Stroke ...................... ... ................................................................ 82 Chapter 11: Heart Attack, Heart Failure and Embolism ................................. 86 Chapter 12: Diabetes ................. .................................................................... 89

Appendix ................................................................................. ...................... 95

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT & DEDICATION Sponsored by the American Friends Foundation for African Healthcare Services, this book is dedicated to all healthcare workers, who endeavor to improve doctor/patient communication by explaining the pathophysiology of illness to their patients.

INTRODUCTION

Medical exploitation often occurs because a patient does not understand t he nature of his or her illness. Consequently the patient falls prey to simple explanations, like nails in the body causing pain or obstructing the normal progress of labor and delivery. The aim of this book is to improve doctor- patient communication in lgbo language by establishing an lgbo medical vocabulary, which both the doctor and patient can understand and speak. Anci llary objectives include the following: • • • •

Assignment of names to some organ systems of the body that are currently unnamed in lgbo language, and explanation of their functions; Ass ignment of names to disease-causing agents such as virus and bacteria, which are not visible with the naked eye; Introduction of the concept of chronic disease such as hypertension and diabetes, which can only be controlled but not usually curable; Introduction of modern cell biology in lgbo language.

We have met many challenges in writing this book. First, we found that the lgbo language is rich in naming external parts ofthe body, but lacks words for some internal organs and organ systems, such as the endocrine organs, the retcu loendothelial system, the vascular system, the lymphatic system, etc. It even lacks the concept of cells and tissues, so that organs are only understood as they appear to the naked eyes. Second, we noted that some organ systems are lumped together in lgbo language, even though each system has its distinct group of diseases. For instance there are no words to differentiate string-like structures in the body. Thus nerves, arteries, veins, tendons, ligaments, lymphatic vessels and even fascia are collectively known as akwara. Our charge was to name these parts individually in lgbo . Third, disease causing agents not visible with the naked eyes, such as bacteria and viruses are not known in lgbo language, and needed newly minted words.

11

12

ENGLISHIIGBO TRANSLATION OF COMMON M EDICAL T ERMS

Perhaps the most difficult challenge we faced is the fact that lgbo language lacks the flexibility of the English language, which borrows its medical terms very liberally from Greek and Latin roots, to create words that did not exist in the language. For instance the word atherosclerosis is derived from the Greek root, athere, meaning gruel or dirt, and skiros, meaning hard. Since lgbo language lacks such close interaction with other languages, English-to-lgbo interpretation of medical terms becomes necessarily descriptive and long. Where we have interpreted a medical term with more than one lgbo word we have tried to preserve the essence of the term. For instance we have named atherosclerosis Atiti Qwa Qbara, meaning dirt in the blood channel. We have emphasized the concept of chronic disease in contrast with the well understood model of acute illnesses. In this regard we have highlighted hypertension (Obara Mgbali Enu) stroke (Ot1.19 Qkara), diabetes (Oria shuga), heart attack (Qk1,1k1,1 mkp1,1r1,1obi) and heart failure (Okuko af9 mkp1,1r1,1obi) . This is particularly important because chronic diseases require lifetime treatment, unlike the familiar model of acute diseases, such as malaria (!ba anw1,1 nta) or appendicitis (Amahja mgbakwunye eriri af9) that requires only brief or intermittent treatment. Since lgbo culture is technologically challenged, we have difficulty coming up with a language that reflects the technology of modern medicine, such as x-ray, ultrasound, centrifuge, CAT scan etc. We have not addressed medical technology in any detail in this issue. In introducing the fundamentals of modern concept of cell biology and genetics in lgbo language we have made it possible for secondary and post secondary school students to understand the structure and functions of the cell organelles the way they never did before. It is a significant departure: from memorization of just words, to explanation of their significance at the same time. As stated in my inaugural address shown below I would like to emphasize that the problem of doctor-patient communication in vernacular language is not limited to the lgbo language, but exists in all Nigerian languages. The challenge of doctors in other language groups is to organize and produce a vernacular medical nomenclature appropriate for the language group . This book took the dedicated time and brainpower of many. In fact the collaborative nature of this project has necessitated the use of both PREFACE and

NTA P! ASl,J Sl,J B EK EE l,JFQD l,J N K E N D!

DOK!TA~ONU

I G_BO

13

FOREWORD for this book. First, I wish to thank the Aguata zone of the Nigeria Medical Association (NMA) under the leadership of its chairman, Dr Boniface Amah, for organizing the three conferences with workshops for this project. I am buoyed by the tremendous enthusiasm shown by them, as well as all other participants in those conferences. My special thanks go to Dr Dozie lkedife, the immediate past President General of Qhanaeze Ndigbo, and Professor Pita Ejiofor, the founder and national chairman of Otu Suwakwa /gbo, Nigeria, for their enthusiasm during those conferences. I thank Professor Obed Anizoba and all the members of the Society for Promotion of lgbo Language and Culture for their participation and guidance in the appropriate use of lgbo language. I thank my fellow doctors from other zones, especially Dr Obi Nwosu from Nnewi zone, who attended all three conferences and actively contributed to all discussions. He is currently the State chairman of NMA, Anambra State. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Professor Michael Echeruo, the William Satire professor of Modern Literature at Syracuse University, Syracuse, USA, and author of A comprehensive lgbo-English Dictionary, for his insightful review of our manuscript and useful suggestions Finally I thank the American Friends Foundation for African Healthcare Service (AFFAHS) for sponsoring those conferences. Listed below are the participants in each of the three conferences:

CONFERENCE

1,

DATE: JANUARY

Professor Uchenna Nwosu Dr S. C. Umego Dr F. C. Kanu Hon Godwin Chukwuka DrE . N. Anene Dr D. I. Mgbafulu Dr B. A. Amah Dr A. I. Enenmo Dr B. E. Okoye Dr 0. M Anizoba* Professor Pita Ejiofor # Dr 0. H. N. Ezeudemba Dr (Mrs.) C. U. Onubogu Dr G. I. Anakudu Dr Zeph O.Onyejegbu

20, 2006

Dr (Mrs.) P. N. Onyekonwu Dr Law. E. Anikpo Dr E. C. Muoka Dr Dozie kedife Dr E. C. Okeke Mr. R. 0. Ezeuko* Dr C. C. Okoye Dr Obi Ejezie Dr E. A. Ezeigwe Dr A. C. Enendu Dr G. C. Maduakor Mrs Rose Okaro* Dr Obi Nwosu Sir George Onwudiwe* Maazi A. 0. Enemuoh*

CONFERENCE

2,

DATE: }UNE

Professor Uchenna Nwosu Dr B. A. Amah Dr S. C. Umego Dr R. 0. Ezeuko Professor Pita Ejiofor # Ms Nkiru Anarado* E. N. Chukwudile* Dr L. C. Kanu Dr Obi Nwosu Mrs R. Okaro* Dr C. N. Onubogu Dr M. 0. Ugochukwu Dr B. C. Ochiogu DrE. N. Anene Dr Benedict Ezeaguba Ms Enu udoka Nwafor-Orizu Mr. Ugochukwu Afoekelu Dr E. A. Ezeigwe Dr H. I. Okoli

1, 2007

NTAPI ASV SV BEK EE VFODV N KI_ND ! DOK!TA N'ONU _l_Q_BO

15

Dr M. D. Attah Dr G. C. Onyilofor Dr (Mrs.) Amaka Obi-Nwosu

CONFERENCE

3, DATE: SEPTEMBER 12, 2008

Professor Uchenna Nwosu Professor Obed M Anizoba* Dr Onukwube Alex Anedo* Sir Alex 0. Enemor* Dr S. C. Umego Dr B. A Amah DrE. N. Anene Professor Uchenna Nwosu Mr. Matthew Lenhard Maazi Victor M. C Eyisi Mr. Benedict lloajuase Professor Pita Ejiofor # Dr B. C. Ochiogu Mrs. Rose Okaro* Dr Obi Nwosu Dr B. Y. Anyalogbu Dr Ben I. Ezeaguba Dr G. A. Mbah Dr Tochukwu Mbachi Mrs. Mabel U. Mbachi* Dr D. I. Mgbafulu Professor Uchenna Nwosu, AB (HaNard), MD (Boston U.), FACOG, FMCOG, FWACS Medical Director, Apex Medical Center, lgbo-Ukwu Professor, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology East Tennessee State University College of Medicine Johnson City, Tennessee, USA

*

Member, Society for Promotion of lgbo Language and Culture

#

Founder and Chairman, Suwakwa lgbo, Nigeria

INAUGURAL

ADDRESS

lgbo Medical Nomenclature: Getting away from "/he Emere Eme" "They all talked at once, their voices insistent and contradictory, making of unreality a possibility, then a probability, then an incontrovertible fact as people will when desires become words" . . .. William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury. 1929. It is difficult for doctors to discuss diseases in our vernacular language because we simply do not have the vocabulary. Ask an lgbo person to list diseases and he/she is likely to give you a few symptoms or signs instead. Thus he/she is likely to name the symptom, headache (of which there are several causes), bellyache (there are also numerous causes), fever, for which there are dozens of causes, and may be yellow jaundice (there are three main types with several causes of each type). Since we do not have names for the over 1000 diseases that afflict the human race every where on earth, the lgbo person often attributes most diseases to either poison, given by mouth or magical afflictions transmitted through space by an aggressor. Thus the cause of an illness or death begins with pinpointing a potential aggressor who could have a motive, and gradually transforming the unreality of his/her involvement to a possibility, and then to a probability, and finally to a certainty, all without the benefit of evidence or proof. As would be expected, this mode of medical diagnosis of illnesses that are non-existent in our language has given rise to a great deal of false accusations, and ruined many lives. Now, this is not to deny that there are known poisons, such as insecticides, arsenic and other heavy metals. However these are not usually what the lgbo person refers to. He/she th inks of highly potent poisons that are mysteriously

17

ENGLIS H/ Toso TRANSLATION OF COM MON M EDI CAL TERMS

administered by the aggressor through a handshake, a communal drinking cup, the shared kola nut fragments, or even by remote control! Predictably the medical quackeries emanating from these unnamed illnesses often make the disease worse, and sometimes cause preventable deaths. Modern orthodox healthcare begins with proper doctor- patient communication, using a common language. This is what today's seminar is all about: to begin to develop a common medical language between the doctor and the patient. Our medical training has prepared us to deal with thousands

of known diseases that afflict our people but have no names in lgbo language. Patients in more developed countries recognize these diseases by name, making it difficult if not impossible for medical quacks and charlatans to fool them . Every Nigerian language has this nomenclature problem. Today's seminar has brought together doctors, plus non-doctors specializing in lgbo language. The latter specialists from the late Ogbalu group have already given us valuable words, such as puku, nde, mahadum, etc., and these have gained currency in lgbo language. Today we will coin new words for yet unnamed human organs, such as artery, vein, ligament, tendon, lymphatic vessels, and nerve, collectively known in lgbo as "akwara". We will also coin words for a number of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart failure, depression, schizophrenia and psychosis, as well as disease causing agents such as bacterium, virus, fungus, and parasite. This is only the beginning of lgbo Medical Nomenclature. We hope that this will be a yearly exercise, until most diseases, signs and symptoms are named and explained, making true doctor-patient communication possible. Then and only then will the all-enco mpassing diagnosis of "ife emelu eme" disappear from lgbo medical language, sending medical quacks and charlatans to the dark ages, where they rightly belong. Uchenna Nwosu, MD Eze-Okaa Nkuzi Mahadum bl) Odenigbo lgbo-Ukwu, Medical Director, Apex Medical Center, lgbo-Ukwu Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Tennessee College of Medicine, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA

FOREWORD

by Professor Mi chael J. C. Echeruo, Ph D; FNAH; OFR*

It is difficult enough producing a bilingual Dictionary of lgbo. It must be infinitely more challenging to compile (and quite often devise) terms and translations for as established a discipline as Medicine. But that is precisely what Professor Uchenna Nwosu and his associates have undertaken to do in this pioneering work, lgbo Medical Nomenclature, NTAP! ASl,JSl,J BEKEE l,JFQDl,J NKE ND! DOK!TA N'ONU IGBO. It is an effort that requires of the author a whole raft of skills: he must not only understand the lgbo language and its nuances of meaning, but he must also understand science and medicine sufficiently to make its complexities accessible and accurate in the lgbo context. Fortunately, as I have gathered from my collaboration with him on this project, he is not only an authority on lgbo usage in his own right; he is equally an authority in the science and practice of medicine. Readers and users of this book will enjoy the benefit of this combination of skills. I see th is book as ideally suited for at least three major audiences; first and foremost, this is a book for our older generation of scientists and doctors who both know the lgbo language well. Such professionals, if they still have a doctor's interest in both the curative function of medicine and its scientific underpinnings, will be enthralled and enlightened by what has been produced here. This is the audience with the greatest responsibility today for the future of medical practice and medical education in lgboland. Here, then, is a book to consult regularly, to learn from, but also to contribute to through comments and criticisms both about the lgbo terminology for disease conditions, and about the assumptions behind the choice of terms. The second audience includes our younger doctors and other medical professionals. This group not only has the problem of close familiarity with the

19

E NG LIS HllGB O TR ANS LATIO

-

OF COMMO N M EDICA L T E RMS

-

lgbo language but also with the language of Western science and medicine, which they must grapple with in their professional life. These professionals need the encouragement of their seniors to understand why the creation of lgbo terminologies is not just a sign of romantic attachment to our indigenous culture, but an instrument for the better care of their patients. This book offers them and their mentors a shared text with which to develop a better understanding of medicine and their lgbo world. Indeed, it should be required reference text for any person practicing medicine in lgboland. And there is no reason why special meetings of the Nigeria Medical Associations held in branches in lgboland cannot be devoted to the consideration of aspects of this book by getting a member or two speak to a selection of items in the book, and to their experience working with the terms provided. Such meetings, recorded and consol idated, will provide the basis for future improved editions of this work. It is especially through this second audience-the numerous doctors and other medical professionals working daily with patients and their relatives-that the message of this book will be transmitted to the third audience: the general lgbo public. Transmission to the general public also requires the use of this book in secondary and tertiary educational institutions. Professor Uchenna Nwosu understands well that although drugs can produce cures, communication between patient and doctor is critical for an informed compliance to the management of most medical conditions. It is through the language which the patient and the doctor share that the key to true communication can take place. Public education cannot be done in a rigorous and disciplined way without the earnest participation of our medical Schools and Teaching Hospital where the future pool of doctors and health professionals are nurtured. In my view, it is incumbent upon the leaders of these institutions to see this book as also an intellectual and professional necessity, just as in earlier years Greek and Latin were required for entry into the field of medicine. The world benefitted enormously from that practice because it helped consolidate a tradition of naming which has made medical science a little easier to manipulate. A similar benefit will be reaped by our society if the initiative begun by Professor Nwosu is actively promoted in the Colleges of medicine, Teaching Hospitals and Nursing Schools as a continuing process in advancing medical knowledge and improving medical practice. With such participation, we ca n achieve the goal of creating the terminology that is accessible to the general public while still being accurate from a t echnical

NTAP ! ASl,JSl,J BEKEE 1,JFQDl,J N KE ND ! DQK!TA N ' ONU IGBO

_n

professional point of view. In going through this work in its earlier stages, I was very much impressed by how earnestly the author took this responsibility, especially in the sections dealing with the foundations of human medicine. This earnestness can also be seen in the sections on Psychiatry in which he attends not only to the three main kinds of mental disorder, but provides scientific terms for them that respond to our cultural experience of mental maladies. Onye ara no agba is too vague a diagnosis for the complex of mental conditions. I must mention a fourth audience-the professional students of the lgbo Language. The work which this book inaugurates is a challenge to them also. Medical terminology has developed over the years through a careful and organized application of principles of word formation in the two languages of early Western medicine-Greek and Latin-to emerging or refined concepts in an evolving discipline. The order which allows organs, diseases, and procedures to be named systematically in medical terminology is also attainable in lgbo, if we work seriously on it. I had the opportunity of discussing some of the possibilities in this regard with Professor Nwosu and he was very receptive to the idea . Those who study our language have a responsibility to attend to this need urgently. I have great pleasure in writing this Foreword to Professor Uchenna Nwosu's pioneering work on a lgbo Medical Nomenclature. This is a book which every student or practitioner of human medicine should read and consult regularly. I commend it most highly.

*Prof. Michael J. C. Echeruo, formerly pioneer Vice Chancellor of Imo State University, Owerri, is the William Safire Professor of Modern Literature at Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY. He is the author of many books, among them A Comprehensive lgbo English Dictionary, with an English-Jgbo Index, published by Yale University Press in

1998 and by Longman Nigeria Pie. in 2000.

PREFACE Most educated lgbo go through their entire secondary and tertiary education, including masters and doctorate degrees, and even medical programmes using only English medical terminology. A serious attempt has not been made to find lgbo words for those terminologies except for the most elementary parts of the human body. In fact many medical terms have no lgbo words for t hem . It is not difficult to see why there are no lgbo words for most of the internal parts of the human body. Man names only what he knows. Many parts of the body are not visible to the naked eye. Our forefathers had no microscopes, could not therefore see them, and so did not know that they existed . A study of medical terms in which English language is rich reveals that most of the terms are coined from Greek and Latin. This is an abject lesson for us, the promoters of the lgbo language: no language is complete; none is self sufficient. Languages are living entities: they grow, borrowing from one another. Incidentally the forefathers of the ancient Anglo-Saxons also did not know of the microscopic internal organs or the bacteria, and so had no names for them . But as soon as the microscope got invented, the science-oriented Anglo-Saxon faced up to the challenge and found names for them, coining them from Greek and Latin. Ndigbo simply have to do the same, even if not from Greek and Latin. In the book, NTAP! ASl,JSl,J BEKEE 1,JFQDl,J NKE ND! DQK!TA N'ONU IGBO Professor Uchenna Nwosu and his team have embarked on a mission offinding or coining lgbo words for some medical terms. The book is a courageous and brilliant attempt at finding lgbo words for parts of the human body not visible to the naked eye, for internal organs and organ systems, for bacteria and viruses, for signs and symptoms, disease entities, medical prefixes and suffixes, etc. It is a pioneering work, the first serious book I know of on lgbo Medical

23

2~

ENGL ISHIIGBO TRANSLAT ION OF COMMON M ED ICAL TERMS

Nomenclature. The names are generally self-explanatory, though some are rather too long. We hope that future writers will further refine the terms and improve on them. The publication of this book gives me immense joy. lgbo language is growing. Knowledge of these terms will significantly improve doctor/patient communication. The book is recommended as a text in the Biology classes of secondary schools, polytechnics and the universities in lgbo-speaking areas of Nigeria, and for students in our Colleges of Medicine, and the Schools of Health Technology, Nursing and Midwifery. Professor Pita Ejiofor, FNIM; NPOM Former Vice Chancellor, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Former Commissioner of Finance, Anambra State, Nigeria Founder/National Chairman, OTU SUWAKWA IGBO, NIGERIA. Awka, January 20, 2009.

GAWANIIHU

Otutu Ndi lgbo maara akwukwo,jiri aha agwomoria di na naani asusu bekee gu akwukwo ha n'ile, ma sekondiri, ma degrii nke mbu, abuo na ato, ma omumu agwomoria. Onwebeghi mbo a gbara doro anya iji nweta aha aga na-akpo okwu agwomoria n'asusu lgbo. I kwu eziokwu, o nweghi aha Ndi lgbo na-akpo otutu okwu ndi a. 0 raghi ahu ihu ihe kpatara ya n'ihina ihe mmadu na-akpo aha bu ihe omaara na o di. Ejighi anya nkiti ahu otutu akuku ime ahu. Ndi nnanna anyi enweghi onyoko. N'ihiya, ha ahughi ha, mere na ha amaghi na ha di I lee anya n'aha okwu agwomoria nke juputara n'asusu bekee, I hu na obu n'asusu Grik na Latin ka e siri bokatasi ha. Nke a ga-akuziri ndi na-akwalite asusu lgbo uche. 0 nweghi asusu zuru ezu maobu onwe ya zuuru. Asusu bu ihe di ndu, o na-eto, o na-anuru okwu n'asusu ndi ozo. A di ama ama, nnanna ndi British amakwaghi maka akuku ahu, na nje ndi ahu anya enweghi ike ihu, mere na ha enweghi aha maka ha. Mana ha kporo ihe omumu sayens mkpa. E meputara onyoko, ha jikere, choputachaa aha ha ga-enye ha site, n'ibokaracha okwu ndi Grik na Latin. 0 bukwanu ihe a ka Ndi lgbo ga-emeriri. N'akwukwo a bu NTAP! ASl,JSl,J BEKEE l,JFQDl,J NKE ND! DQK!TA N'ONU IGBO Okammuta Nwosu na ndi otu ya wubara n'oru ichota aha maka okwu agwomoria di icheiche. Ha gbara mbo n'akwukwo a choputachaa aha maka akuku ahu mmadu e jighi anya nkiti ahu, ma nke nje na agba di icheiche, ma ama ihe oria, ma mbido na mgbakwunye di na ha. Aha ohuru ndia kowara onwe ha. Akwukwo a Okammuta Nwosu dere suru ohia, buru akwukwo mbu m maara edere n'asusu lgbo n'okwu agwomoria. 0 bu eziokwu na ufodu di ka ha taro ago karia. Ma anyi nwere nchekwube na ndi odeakwukwo ga-achota aha makariri ndi a n'odinihu.

25

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OF COMMO N M ED ICA L TERMS

-

lbiputa akwukwo a nyerem nnukwu anuri. Asusu lgbo na-etowanye. lmuta okwu ndia ga-eme ka dokita na ndi aria ghota onwe ha karia ka odi ugbua . A na m ekwu, na nwata akwukwo obula no na klas Bayology n'ulo akwukwo sekondiri, politekn ik, na ma had um niile di n'ala lgbo, kwesiri igu akwukwo a. A ga-emekwu ka akwukwo a buru akwa akwa maka umu akwukwo na-amu maka agwomoria, nkanuzu ahuike, na oru nos na ihonnwa n'ala lgbo. OKAMMUTA PITA EJIOFOR (FNIM; NPOM) Ohiwe/Onyeisioche,

OTU SUWAKWA IGBO, NAIJIRIA Awka :

Jenuwari 20, 2009

CHAPTER PARTS OF THE

1 BODY

Whereas the lgbo language is rich in idioms and proverbs it is not so rich with medical terms. For starters there are no lgbo vernacular names for many internal parts of the body; yet the unnamed are equally liable to be affected by disease. Doctor-patient communication is often hampered by this nomenclature gap . For instance it is challenging to explain to a patient that he or she has atherosclerosis when there is no word for artery as distinct from vein, nerve, tendon, ligament or lymph vessel, all of which are sinewy parts of the body. A disease like leukemia cannot be understood without having vernacular words for the compo nents of blood such as the erythrocytes, leukoctes and platelets. We have listed below the lgbo names for the named parts of the body. The new names for the unnamed parts as proposed by the lgbo Medical Nomenclature Group (IMNG) are italicized .

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL PARTS OF THE BODY

lntergumentary System

• •

• • • • • •

Skin/ Enu ahv Flesh/ Anv ahv Hair/ Aji Scalp I Akp1,1kpQ isi Scalp ha ir/ Ntutu isi Beard I Ah1,1nw1,1

Seizure I Akw1;1kw1;1

•

Discharge I Oruru / Nrjsj

• • • •

Odor I lsi QjQQ Menses I As9mezi Amenorrhea /As9ghi ezi Menorrhagia I Oruru 9bara

_35

CHAPTER NAMES OF SOME

3

DISEASE ENTITIES

There are many diseases that are common in Nigeria, but have no lgbo names, e.g. stroke, cancer, HIV/AIDS and kidney failure. For such diseases the IMNG has coined names that would describe the disease, explain the disease or reflect the prognosis of the untreated disease. Grouped by specialty below are the names of some commonly encountered diseases. Names for hitherto unnamed diseases as proposed by the IMNG are italicized.

INTERNAL MEDICINE

36

• •

Malaria I !ba anwl.J nta Diabetes I Qrja shuga

•

Stroke I Qtµ9 9kara

•

Tumor I Akp9

•

Benign tumor I (Akpµ) Opuo 9kwµIµ / Akpu nfe

•

Cancer I (Akpµ) Opuo 9gbasaa

•

Infection I Qrja nje

•

Inflammation I Amaahia

•

Tonsilitis / Amaahja ndl;Jdo akpjrj

•

Head Cold I Az9z9

•

Pneumonia I Amaahia mba/ Qkl;I mba

•

Tuberculosis I l,Jkwaranta

•

Asthma I l,Jkwara nwamba

• •

Pyelonephritis I Amaahia akuru /Qria 9kµ nje akµrµ Renal calculus I Qrja okwute akl;Jrl;I

•

Hypertension I Qbara mgbanielu

NTAP! ASVS_!,J BEK EE VFODV NKE ND ! DOKI TA N ' ON U IGBO

•

Arthritis/ Agba/ Amaahja nkwo

•

Aneurysm I Ekoma/9 9wa 9bara

•

Atherosclerosis I lnyighinyi 9wa 9bara/ Atjtj 9wa 9bara

•

Thrombosis I Mkp1,1ko 9bara

•

Embolism I Ojegide 9suchie 9wa

•

Heart attack I Qk1,1k1,1 mkpµrt,1 obi

•

Heart f ailure I Ekoma/9 Mkpµr41 obi

•

HIV/AIDS/ Nje mminwu

•

Leukemia I Opuo 9gbasaa nkpµr41 9bara

•

Anemia I Qbara 9mjmi/ Qbara 9tjta

•

Pancreatitis I Amaahja anyjnya

•

Cholecyst itis I Amaahja akpa onuinu

•

Cholelithiasis / Qrja okwute akpa onuinu

•

Hepatitis I Amaahja umeju

•

Cirrhosis I lgb9nk1,1 umeju

•

Gastroenteritis I Amaahja akpakwuru na eriri a/9

•

Colitis I Amaahja nnukwu eriri a/9

37

SURGERY •

Surgeon I Qwa mma 9gw1,1gw9

•

Hernia I Qkpi.i

•

Umbilical hernia I Qkpi.i utubo

•

Inguinal hernia I Qkpi.i okoro

•

Abdominal hernia/ Qkpi.i enu af9

•

Hydrocele I lbi

•

Lipoma I Akp41 ab41ba

•

Cyst I Akp41 mmiri

•

Abscess I Akpi.i abi.i

•

Hemorrhoid I Qkpi.i ike nsj

•

Appendicitis I Amaahja mgbakwunye eriri a/9

•

Cholecystitis / Amaahja akpa onuinu

•

Cholelithiasis / Qrja okwute akpa onuinu

•

Choleducolithiasis I Qrja okwute 9wa akpa onuinu

•

Diverticulosis / Qrja mburumburum nnukwu eriri a/9/ Qrja ekom a/9

nnukwu eriri a/9

38

ENGLIS H!I GBO TRANS LATION OF COMMO N M ED ICA L T ERMS

•

Diverticulitis/ Amaahja mburumburum nnukwu eriri a/9/ Amaahja

•

Adhesion/ Mmak9 ime a/9

ekoma/9 nnukwu eriri a/9 •

Rectal prolapse I Qchi Qhl;l

•

Bowel obstruction I Nsuchi 9wa eriri a/9

•

Intravenous fluid/ Mmiri nkwunye

OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY • •

Ectopic pregnancy I lme fcha/ lme nje/ie Premature labor I lme nmechu

•

Placenta previa I Nchi mbU1,1z9

•

Placental abruption I Nchi nreke

•

Labor I lme omume

•

Dystocia/ /me omume nt9kjrj

•

Obstructed labor I Mm1,1t9ba nnwa

•

Cesarean section I lwa a/9 ime

•

Retained placenta I Nchi 9t9n1,1z9

•

Placenta acreta I Nchi ntakudo

•

Postpartum hemorrhage I Oruru 9bara nnwa

•

Antepartum hemorrhage I Oruru 9bara a/9 ime

•

Septic shock I Nje oyiri 9nw1,1

•

Eclampsia I Akw1,1kw1,1 ime

•

Preeclampsia / Mbido akw1,1kw1,1 ime

•

Amniotic fluid I Mmiri ime

•

Rupture of membranes I Ntipu miri ime

•

Premature rupture of membranes I Ntipuchu miri ime

•

Placental insufficiency I Qtjta 9bara nchi

•

Oligohydramnios I Qtfta miri ime

•

Polyhydramnios I Miri ime 9ka nkt,1

•

Hysterectomy I Mbep1;1 akpa nnwa

•

Fistula I Ntt,J 9n1,1

•

Vesico-vaginal fistula/ Ntt,J 9n1,1 akpa amjrj na 9t1,1

•

(9n¢1,1 amjri si n'9t1,1 ap1,1ta) Recto-vaginal fistula/ Ntt,1 9n1,1 akpa nsf na 9t1,1 (9n9d1,1 nsj si n'9t1,1 ap1,1ta)

I

N TAP! ASVSV B EK EE V FODV NK E ND! DOK!TA N ' ONU I G BO

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Endometritis / Amaahia akpa nnwa Salpingitis I Amaahia 9wa akwa

Fibroid I Ehie/ Akpt,1 akpa nnwa Menorrhagia I Oruru 9bara Ovarian cyst I Akpt,1 mmiri akpa akwa Ovarian cancer I Opuo 9gbasaa akpa nnwa Cervical cancer I Opuo 9gbasaa 9nu akpa nnwa Vu/var cancer I Opuo 9gbasaa ihu1,1kwt,1 nwanyi

Tubal ligation I Nkechi QWa akpa nnwa Hysterosalpingogram I Nnyocha 9wa akpa nnwa Laparoscopy I Nnyocha ime art,1

Laparotomy I Mbewa afQ Cervical Incompetence I Onu akpa nnwa igbanro Cervical cerclage I Nkwachite onu akpa nnwa

•

Speculum I Ozuko

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Vaginal examination/ Nnyocha aru nwanyj Family planning I Nhazi c;>tt,Jtt,J ime

Birth control/ Mgbochi ime Intrauterine device I Qn9chiri akpa nnwa Condom I Rc;>ba nwoke Diaphragm/ Rc;>ba nwanyi Hormonal contraception I Qgwt,1 mgbochi akwa Birth control pill I Qgwµ mgbochi akwa Bicornuate uterus I Akpa nnwa mgba mkpi

Contraction I Nghughu ime Delivery I omi.imi.i nnwa Embryo I Qgh9nnwa Premature birth I Mmµchu nnwa

Miscarriage/ lme Qgl}ga/ lme Qdl}da Stillbirth/ Nnwa nw1:1ri.i na'fQ Induced abortion I Oh1:1ha ime, Otite ime Breech I Oji t,1kwt,1 apµta t,1wa Cephalic I Oji isi apt,1ta t,1wa Transverse lie I Ogbolu uhie na'/9 Oligospermia I Oje/ije one n'one/1,Jk9 oje/ije

•

Azospermia I Oje/ijean9ghi

•

Congenital I Mburu pi.itai.iwa

_3_9

E N GL ISH/ l os o TR AN LATI ON OF COMM ON M ED ICA L T ERMS

PSYCHIATRY •

Psychiatry/ Qrja isi/ Oria mml.JQ

•

Mind/ Mml.JQ

•

Anxiety I Qria at1,1muche

•

Depression I Mmµ9 mgbakµn9

•

Pathologic depression/ Qrja odeduu

•

Schizophrenia I Ala ntakwuri/ Ala nkata ndj mmµ9

•

Psychosis I Ala mmekanye I Ala agwu

DERMATOLOGY

•

Rash I lfe QWl.JWl.J

• •

Blister I Mmiri Qku Bulla / Etumetu mmiri

•

Boil I Etuto

• • • • •

Macule I Nt1,1p9 Papule I Qwµwµ Ajjljja Excoriation I Apa 9k9

Scar I Apa Qnya Vitiligo / Atµmagwa

PEDIATRICS •

Im munization I Qgwµ mgbasi 9ya

•

Respiratory distress syndrome I Qrja mba akaghi aka/ Qrja mba mmµkwo

•

Low birthweigh t I Nwa amµrµ mpe

•

Small for gestational age I Nnwa pekarjrjoge ya

•

Large for gestational age I Nnwa bukariri oge ya

•

Congenital defect s / Qrja mburu pvtavwa

•

Neonate/ Nnwa Qhvrv

•

Neonatal death I Qnwu nnwa Qhvrv

•

Infant death

•

Child's death

I Qnw1,1 nnwa I Qnw1,1 nwata

NTA PI ASl,JSl,J B EK EE l,JFQD l,J N K E N D !_DOK! TA N ' ONU IGBO

MEDICAL LABORATORY •

M icroscope I Onyoko

•

Full blood count I Agµmc;mµ nkpµrµ 9bara

•

Complete blood count I Agµm9nµ nkpµrµ 9bara

•

Urinalysis I Nnene amfrf

•

Culture and sensitivity I Qchfch9 nje amfri

•

Metabolic panels I Nnene ngwongwo di n9bara

•

Semenanalysis / Qgµgµ ~>nµ mkpµrµ uri

•

Cytology I Nnene aw9r9 ahµ

•

Blood group I l.,ldf 9bara

•

Crossmatch I Ndak9ta 9bara

•

Spinal tap I Mmfpµta miri µbµrµ

•

Oxygen/ lkuku ume ndµ

•

Carbon dioxide/ lkuku anµ ahµ (n'ewep1,1ta)

•

Toxin/ Nsi 9rfa

•

Bilirubin/ Qchananya

41

CHAPTER

4

BASIC MEDICAL SUFFIXES

A suffix is a group of letters placed at the end of a word . There are many medical suffixes. They provide clues to the meaning of the root word so that when you know the meaning of the suffix you can figure out the entire medical term. The IMNG has translated the basic medical suffixes as follows:

-itis (inflammation) Amaahja Examples

42

•

Conjunctivitis I Amaahja anya

•

Rhinitis/ Amaahja ime imi

• • •

Otitis I Amaahja ntj Glossitis I Amaahja ire Gingivitis I Amaahja anyL:Jll:I eze

•

Parotits / Amaahja akpa Qn1:1miri (Ukwenti)

•

Esophagitis I Amaahja Qwa onuno

•

Pharyngitis/ Amaahja mbara akpjrj

• • •

Laryngitis / Amaahja eko akpjrj Mastitis / Amaahja ara Appendicitis I Amaahja mgbakwL:Jnye eriri afQ

•

Arthritis / Amaahja nkwo/ Agba

•

Tonsilitis I Amaahja ndL:JdQ akpjrj

•

Laryngitis I Amaahja eko akpjrj

• •

Stomatitis I Amaahja Qnl:J Bronchitis/ Amaahja opi akpjrj

•

Pleuritis / Amaahja ng1:1chi mba

•

Pneumonitis / Amaahja mba

NTA1:! ASl)SlJ BEK EE lJFQ!?lJ NKE ND! DO KITA N ' ON U l_QBO

•

Pancreatitis I Amaahja anyjnya

•

Hepatitis I Amaahja umeju

•

Cholecystitis I Amaahja akpa onuinu

•

Peritonitis I Amaahia ng1:1chi afQ

• • • • • • • • • •

Pyelonephritis I Amaahja ak1:1r1:1 Cystitis I Amaahja akpa amjrj Endometritis I Amaahja akpa nnwa Salpingitis I Amaahja 9wa akwa Urethritis I Amaahja QWa mp1:1ta amjrj Vaginitis / Amaahia Qtl:I Prostatitis I Amaahja QSl:I Orchitis I Amaahja mkp1:1r1:1am1:1 Proctits I Amaahja akpa nsj Gastritis I Amaahja akpakuru

• •

Colitis/ Amaahja nnukwu eriri afQ

• • • • •

Arteritis / Amaahja QWa Qbara uje

Tendinitis/ Amaahja oji nkwo

•

Dermatitis I Amaahja an1:1 ar1:1

• • •

Meningitis I Amaahja ng1:1chi 1:1b1:1r1:1

Vasculitis / Amaahja 9wa 9bara Phlebitis I Amaahia QWa Qbara 1:1na Lymphangitis / Amaahja QWa miri akjtj Carditis / Amaahja mkp1:1r1:1 obi

Encephalitis I Amaahja 1:1b1:1r1:1 Neuritis/ Amaahja akwara

-osis (in increased state) I Qndl:I Examples •

Necrosis I Qn9d1:1 ure

•

Carcinomatosis I Qn9d1:1 opuo Qgbasaa

•

Arteriosclerosis I QnQdl:I jnyighinyi Qwa Qbara uje

•

Hydronephrosis I QnQdl:I Qdl:ldQ miri QWa mbido amjrj

•

Tuberculosis/ QnQdl:I nje 1:1kwaranta

•

Diverticulosis / QnQdl:I mb1:1r1:1mb1:1r1,1m eririafQ

•

Mycosis I QnQdl:I nje etumebu

•

Kyphosis I QnQdl:I jkwa mkpukpu azu

•

Neurofibromatosis I QnQdl:I n'!fl:I akp1:1 enuar1:1

43_

44

ENG LI SHllG BO -

T RA NS LAT ION OF C OM MON M EDICAL T ERMS

-

---

-iasis (condition of) QnQdl,J Qrja Examples •

Plasmodiasis I QnQdt.J Qrja jba anwi.i nta

•

Amoebiasis I Qn9d1,1 Qrja af9 oghughu

•

Candidiasis I Qn9d1,1 Qrja nje ebu

•

Ascariasis I Qn9d1,1 Qrja okpo

•

Cholelithiasis / Qn9d1,1 Qrja ajariyi akpa onuinu

•

Nephrolithiasis I QnQdl;I Qrja ajariyi akt;1rt;1

-pathy (suffering from disease) Mgbu Examples •

Neuropathy I Mgbu akwara

•

Encephalopathy I Mgbu t;1b1,m.i

•

Nephropathy I Mgbu ak1,1rt;1

•

Hemoglobinopthy I Mgbu mkp1,1r1,19bara mmee

•

Vasculopathy / Mgbu QWa Qbara

•

Uropathy I Mgbu amjrj

•

Hepatopathy I Mgbu umeju

•

Entropathy I Mgbu eriri afQ

•

Endocrinopathy / Mgbu t;1da pekand1,1

•

Embryopathy I Mgbu QghQ nnwa

•

Angiopathy I Mgbu QWa Qbara

-ectomy (surgical removal) Mbep1,1 Examples •

Appendicectomy I Mbep1,1 mgbakw1,1nye eriri afQ

•

Cholecystectomy I Mbep1,1 akpa onuinu

•

Nephrectomy I Mbept;1 akt;1r1,1

•

Splenectomy I Mbep1,1 ap1,1pa

•

Hepatectomy I Mbep1,1 umeju

•

Gastrectomy I Mbep1,1 akpakwuru

•

Colectomy I Mbep1,1 nnukwu eriri afQ

•

Enterectomy I Mbept;1 obere eriri afQ

•

Pancreaectomy I Mbep1,1 any'inya

NTA PI ASl)Sl)

• • • • • • • • •

BEK~l)FQDl)~E

ND !

DQKJ TA_~_- ONU I GBO ~-

Hemorrhoidectomy I Mbept,1 Qkpt,1 Pilectomy I Mbept,1 Qkpu Pneumonectomy I Mbept,1 mba Hysterectomy/ Mbept,i akpa nnwa Salpingectomy I Mbept,1 c;>wa akpa nnwa Oophorectomy I Mbept,1 akpa akwa Salpingectomy I Mbept,1 Qwa akpa nnwa Vasectomy

I Mbept,1 QWa uri

Myomectomy I Mbept,1

•

Vaginectomy I Mbept,1 Qtl;I

•

Vulvectomy I Mbept,i ikpu

• • •

Cervixectomy I MbepL.J onu akpa nnwa Prostatectomy I MbepL.J QSL.J Cystectomy I Mbept,1 akpa amjrj

-oma (swelling, tumor) Akp1,.1 Examples • • • • • •

I AkpL;J opuo QnQdl;I Carcinoma I AkpL;J opuo Qgbasaa Atheroma I AkpL;J atiti QWa Qbara Hematoma I AkpL;J Qbara Lipoma I AkpL;J abvba Leiomyoma I Akpv akpa nnwa/ Ajj enyi Adenoma

-otomy (cutting onto) ow1,.1wa Examples •

Laparotomy I QWL;JWa afQ

•

Craniotomy I Qw1,1wa 1,1bvrv

•

Tracheotomy I owvwa opi akpjrj

•

Gastrotomy I Qwvwa akpakwuru

•

Enterotomy I owvwa obere eriri afQ

•

Cholecystotomy I QWL;JWa akpa onuinu

•

Cystotomy I QwL;Jwa akpa amjrj

•

Amniotomy I QwL;Jwa akpa miri ime

•

Hysterotomy I owvwa akpa nnwa

•

Salpingotomy I owvwa QWa akpa nnwa

-45_

46

ENG LI SH/ [ oso TRA N SLAT I O N OF COMMO N M ED ICAL T ERMS

-ostomy (surgically create an opening) Nkwany'Qm,1 Examples •

Gastrostomy I Nkwany'9n1,1 n'akpakwuru

•

Nephrostomy I Nkwany'9n1,1 n'ak1,1r1,1

•

Enterostomy I Nkwany'9n1,1 n'obere eriri afQ

•

Colonostomy / !kwany'9n1,1 na nnukwu eriri afQ

•

Ureterostomy I !kwany'9n1,1 n'9wa amjrj

•

Cystostomy / !kwany'Qm,1 n'akpa amjrj

-pexy (fixation) Nkw1,1zi Examples •

Gastropexy / Nkw1,1zi akpakwuru

•

Orchidopexy I Nkw1,1zi mkp1,1r1,1 am1,1

•

Cryptoorchidopexy I Nkw1,1zi mkp1,1r1,1 am1,1 tQrQ n'afQ

•

Mammopexy I Nkw1,1zi ara dara ada

•

Colpopexy I Nkw1,1zi Qtl,I

-centesis (tapping, aspiration) Mmjpi.ita Examples •

Paracentesis / Mmjp1,1ta miri dQrQ n'afQ

•

Thoracentesis / Mmjp1,1ta miri dQrQ na mba

•

Arthrocentesis / Mmjp1,1ta miri dQrQ na nkwo

•

Amniocentesis/ Mmjp1,1ta miri akpa nnwa

-scopy (process of visual examination) Nnyocha Examples •

Laparoscopy I Nnyocha ime afQ

•

Cystoscopy / Nnyocha akpa amjrj

•

Arthroscopy / Nnyocha nkwo

•

Endoscopy/ Nnyocha ime ah1,1

•

Gastroscopy I Nnyocha akpakwuru

NTA P!EV SV BEK EE V FO D V N K E N D! DOKITA N ' ONU IGBO

•

Colonoscopy I Nnyocha Nnukwu eriri afQ

•

Hysteroscopy / Nnyocha akpa nnwa

-plasty (surgical repair) Nkwazi Examples •

Mammoplasty I Nkwazi ara dara ada

•

Abdominoplasty I Nkwazi enu afQ yQll:I ayQ

•

Angioplasty I Nkwazi QWa Qbara

•

Rhinoplasty / Nkwazi imi tisara etisa

•

Arthroplasty / Nkwazi nkwo

•

Blepharoplasty I Nkwazi mpupe anya yQll:I ayQ

•

Salpingoplasty\Tuboplasty I Nkwazi QWa nnwa suchiri anya

•

Vaginoplasty / Nkwachi Qtl:I sara oke mbara

-megaly (enlargement) Mbufe oke Examples •

Cardiomegaly/ Nkp1:1r1:1 obi Mbufe oke

•

Splenomegaly I Ap1:1pa mbufe oke

•

Hepatomegaly I Umeju mbufe oke

•

Acromegaly / Agba mbufe oke

-lysis (destruction, dissolution) Mgbali Examples •

Haemolysis I Mgbali nkp1:1r1:1 Qbara nme

•

Cytolysis/ Mgbali igbepekand1:1

•

Osteolysis I Mgbali Qkp1:1kp1:1

-ectasis (dilation) Okuko-afQ Examples •

Bronchiectasis I Okuko-afQ obere opi

•

Pylectasis I Okuko-afQ mbido QWa amiri

_ 4__7

ENGLISHIIGBO TRA NS LATIO N OF COM MO N M ED ICAL TERMS --

-dynia (pain) mgbu

Examples •

Vulvodynia I Mgbu iru 1,1kw1,1 nwanyj

-algia (pain) l,Jfl:J

Examples •

Myalgia I Vf1,1 an1,1 ar1,1

•

Fibromyalgia I Vf1,1 ulughulu ime ar1,1

-rrhea (discharge) Nrjsj

Examples •

Rhinorrhea / Nrjsj imi

•

Otorrhea I Nrjsj ntj (Abu nti)

-emia (blood) Qbara

Examples •

Anemia/ Qbara Qmjmi/ Qbara Qtjta

•

Bacteremia/ Njepeka juru Qbara

•

Viremia/ Njepekapeka juru Qbara

•

Parasitemia/ Nje ngana ori uru juru Qbara

•

Hypoxemia/ lkuku ume nd1,1 adjghj n'9bara

•

Uremia/ Nsi ak1,1r1,1

-penia (few) Mkpvrv one n'one •

Neutropenia/ Qbara QCha dj mkp1,1r1,1 one n'one

•

Thrombocytopenia/ QkpukQ Qbara di mkp1,1r1,1one n'one

NTAP ! ASl)Sl) BEKEE l)FQDl) NKE ND! DQK)TA N'ONU IGBO

-logy (study of) Qm1,1m1,1 maka Examples •

Bacteriology I Qmvmv maka njepeka

•

Virology I Qmvmv maka njepekapeka

•

Mycology I omvmv maka nje itu ebu

•

Parasitology I Qmvmv maka nje mmigbu

•

Gastroenterology I Qmvmv maka akpakwuru na eriri afQ

•

Gastrology I Qmvmv maka eriri afQ

•

Neurology I omvmv maka ubvrv na akwara

•

Nephrology I omvmv maka akvrv

•

Anesthesiology I Qmvmv maka mgbasi anv ahv

•

Gynecology I Qmvmv maka arv nwanvi

•

Ophthalmology I Qmvmv maka anya

•

Otonasolaryngology I Qmvmv maka nti, imi na opi

•

Cardiology I Qmvmv maka mkpvrv obi

•

Hematology I Qmvmv maka Qbara

•

Rheumatology I omvmv maka nkwo

4~9

CHAPTER BASIC

MEDICAL

5

PREFIXES

Oligo-(Small, Few) VkQ Examples •

Oligouria / l,lkQ amjrj

•

Oligohydramnios / l,lkQ miri ime n'akpa nnwa

•

Oligospermia I l,lkQ ojelije

•

Oligomenrrhea I VkQ as9mezi

Poly-(Many, much) lmirikiti Examples •

Polyuria I lmirikiti amjrj

•

Polydipsia / lmirikiti miri Qnunu

•

Polyphagia / lmirikiti oriri nri

•

Polycythemia / lmirikiti mkp1,1r1,1 Qbara nmee

•

Polyhydramnios/ lmirikiti miri ime n'akpa nnwa

Hyper-(Excessive)) Qkank1:1 Examples

so

•

Hyperglycemia I Qkank1,1 shuga Qbara

•

Hyperemesis / Qkank1,1 agbQQ

•

Hyperpigmentation I Qkank1,1 ojiji

•

Hyperventilation/ Qkank1,1 okuku ume

NTAPI AS VSV BEKEE VFOD V NKE ND! DOK!TA N' ONU_l_Q_BO

• • • • •

Hypertension/ Qkank1,1 ike uje c;>bara (Qbara mgbani enu) Hyperemia/ Qkank1,1 c;>bara Hyperhidriosis/ Qkank1,1 c;>sisc;>c;> Hyperbilirubinemia/ Qkank1,1 c;>chananya Hyperthyroidism/ Qkank1,1 1,1da tafr9fdi

Hypo-(Below normal) NsL.Jnanj Examples • • • •

Hypoglycemia I Ns1,1nanj shuga c;>bara Hypopigmentation / Ns1,1nanj ojiji Hypothyroidism I Ns1,1nanj 1,1da tafr9fdi Hypotension I Ns1,1nanj ike uje c;>bara

Sub-( Under, incomplete, Less than) Okpuru Example •

Subcutaneous I Okpuru akp1,1kpc;> an1,1ar1,1

Super-(Above, excessive) Nrj enu Examples •

Superovulation I Akwa nrj enu

Pre-( Before) Tupu/ Nkwadebe Examples • • • • • •

Prenatal/ Nkwadebe c;>m1,1m1,1 nnwa Preconception I Nkwadebe Qt1,1t1,1 ime Premarital I Tupu jn1,1 di / nwanyj Premature I Tupu oge ya Preeclampsia/Nkwadebeose ime/Nkwadebeakwukwu ime Premalignant I Nkwadebe opuo c;>gbasaa

_51

52_

E N GLI SH / l oso T RANSLATI ON OF COMMON M ED ICA L T ERMS

-

-

-

-

Post-( Behind, subsequent to) Aghasja Examples

• •

Postpartum I Aghasja imlJ nnwa/ AmlJsja nnwa /Oge Qml)gWIJQ Postabortal I Aghasja nnwa Qd!Jda/ Nnwa dasja Postcoital / Aghasja ila Qtl;J/ Alasja QtV

• • • •

Post menopausal/ Aghasja otu as9mezi/ Etoghasja as9mezi Postoperative/ Aghasja iwa nma dibia/ Awasja nma dibia Postterm I Aghasja oge ruru !mlJ nwa Post mortem/ Aghasja QnWIJ/ Anwl)sja

•

Ante-(Before) Qdinihu Examples • •

Antenatal/ Qdinihu Qml)mlJ nnwa Antepartum / Qdinihu QmlJmlJ nnwa

Bi-(Double, two, twice) l,JZQ ibva/mkpj Examples • •

Bicornuate I Mpi mkpj Bimanual I Aka mkpj

• •

Bilateral I Akl;lk!J iblJa Bicuspid/ Ire mkpj

Anti-(Against, counteracting) Ogbochi Examples •

Antibiosis / Ogbochi njepeka

•

Antidepressant/ Ogbochi odee duu

• • •

Antiemetic / Ogbochi agbQQ Antifungal I Ogbochi nje ebu Antidote/ Ogbochi nsi

NTAP! AS l,J Sl,J B EK EE 1,J FODl,J N K E N D! DOK! TA N ' ONU IGBO

_

An-(Absence of) ezughj oke Examples •

Anencephaly I lsi ezughj oke

•

Anesthesia

•

Anhydramnios I Miri ime ezughj oke n'akpa nnwa

•

Anosmia

•

Anemia/ Qbara ezughj oke /Qbara Qmjmj/Qbara Qtjta

I Ari.i adjghj i.ifi.i

I !ni.i isi ezughj oke

Dys-(bad status) NjQ, NtQkjrj, Nsogbu Examples •

Dystocia I lme ntQkjrj

•

Dysphagia / Nsogbu ilo nri

•

Dysentry I NjQ afQ

•

Dysfunction I Nsogbu Qll,J

•

Dysmenorrhea / Nsogbu asomezi

A-(without) Enweghj Examples •

Amenorrhea/ Enweghj as9mezi

•

Aphagia

•

Anoxia

•

Aphasia/ Enweghj nkwupi.ita okwu ebu n'uche

•

Apathy I Enweghj nmeti.ita n'obi

I Adjghj ilo nri

I Enweghj lkuku ndi.i

Endo-(inside, within) lme Examples •

Endoscopy I Nnyocha ime ahi.i

•

Endometrial I lme akpa nwa

•

Endometritis I Amaahja ime akpa nnwa

•

Endometriosis/ QnQdt.i Qkwakenenu otupeka ime akpa n'ahi.i

_ _53

ENG LI SH/ I GBO TRANSLAT ION OF COMMON M ED ICAL T ERMS

Eu-(good status) Enweghj nsogbu Examples •

Euglycemia I Shuga enweghj nsogbu

•

Euphoria/ Ar1,1 enweghj nsogbu

•

Euthyroid/ l,lda tajr9jdi enweghj nsogbu

Hydro-(water) Miri Examples • •

Hydronephrosis I Miri Qdl,ldQ n'Qwa ak1,1r1,1 Hydrocephalus I Miri Qdl,ldQ na 1,1b1,1r1,1 isi

•

Hydrosalpinx I Miri Qdl,ldQ n'9wa akpa nnwa

•

Hydrorrhea I Miri nruputa

Intra-( during, within)/ N'ime Examples •

lntraoperative I N'ime jwa nma Qgw1,1gw9

•

Intramuscular I N'ime an1,1 ar1,1

•

Intravenous I N'ime QWa Qbara 1,1na

•

lntravascular / N'ime QWa Qbara

•

lntraperitoneal / N'ime afQ

•

lntrapartum / N'ime im1,1 nnwa

•

lntrautreine / N'ime akpa nnwa

Macro-(large) Buru ibu Examples •

Macrosomia I Ari,! buru ibu

•

Macroglossia /Ire buru ibu

•

Macrognathia I Agba buru ibu

NTAPI ASl)SlJ BEKEE lJFO D lJ NKE N D! DOKJTA N ' ONU I GBO

Micro-(Very tiny) Pere mpe, Peka Examples •

Microbe I Opeka ndi.i

•

Microbiology I Qm1;1m1;1 maka opeka ndi.i

•

Micrognathia

I Agba pere mpe

Neo-(new) Qh1:1r1:1 Examples

I Akp1;1 Qh1;1r1;1

•

Neoplasm

•

Neonate I Nnwa Qh1;1r1;1

Pyo-(pus) Ab1:1 Examples

•

I Ab1;1 enu ari.i Pyosalpinx I Ab1;1 QWa akwa Pyometria I Ab1;1 akpa nnwa

•

Pyogenic/ lru ab1;1

•

Pyorrhea

• •

Pyoderma

I lrup1;1ta ab1;1

Ad-(motion toward) Njekwute, Mmak9do Examples •

Adhesion

I Mmak9do ime ari.i

55

6

CHAPTER THE

MICROSCOPE-

WINDOW TO THE

HIDDEN

WORLD

Many disease-causing agents are microscopic. It means that they are so small that they cannot be seen by the naked eyes. The microscope (micro = extremely small; scope= look) magnifies invisible objects so we can see them. The IMNG has named the microscope Onyoko. There are two types of microscopes: the light microscope, which uses either daylight or electric light bulb to illuminate the object being examined, and the electron microscope, which uses electric juice (electrons) . The electron microscope is Onyoko nkp1:1r1:1 eletrik.

I . ., ."""

Tube

Revolving Nosepiece or Turret

Arm

Base

Figure 1. The Microscope

(ONYOKO) 56

NTAPI ASl,JSl,J B EK EE l,JFQDl,J NKE ND! DOK!TA N'ONU IGBO

_ 5_7_

Figure. 2 The Electron Microscope

ONYOKO NKPt,JRt,J ELETRIK (Photograph courtesy of Professor Fred Hossler, East Tennessee State University College of Medicine).

There are far more living organisms in the world we cannot see than in the world we can see. I shall introduce you to the hidden world of the microscope using serial magnifications of one ordinary ant shown in panel 1 of figure 3. At 87 times magnification (panel 2) we see the hairs on the ant. (Who knew that tiny ants have hairs!) At 274 times magnification (panel 3) we see the details of the eye, plus tiny specks on the head of the ant. (You probably didn't know that the ant's eyes were so complex.). Further magnification of the head at 1,250 times (panel 4) brings the specks into prominence. Notice the eye at the edge of the panel (broad arrow) and a cluster of four specks at the middle of the panel (thin arrow). At 6,313 magnification (panel 5) the cluster of four specks on the previous panels are seen to be bacteria, and confirmed at 20,000 times magnification (panel 6). There are in fact thousands of bacteria

sa

ENGLIS H/ I GBO TRANSLATION OF COMMON M ED ICAL TERMS

on the ant-thousands of living organisms on one small ant! Now you can understand why for every object we can see with our naked eyes there are millions (if not billions) we cannot see-because they are microscopic. Some of them may cause disease.

Figure 3. Serial magnifications of an ant as seen through the scanning electron microscope.

Glossary Microscope/ ONYOKO Electron microscope/ ONYOKO NKPt,JRt,J ELETRIK

CHAPTER

7

GERMS

It is the consensus of the IMNG to describe microscopic objects with the suffix-peka, and extremely tiny microscopic object with the suffix-pekanari Germs are microscopic disease-causing agents. It is the consensus of the IMNG to name all germs Nje. There are four main classes of germs, namely bacteria, virus, fungus and parasites. The IMNG has named them as follows: •

Bacterium I Njepeka

• • •

Virus I Njepekanari Yeast and Fungus I Nje etumebu Parasite/ Nje ngana ori uru

Bacterium (plural bacteria) is a one-cell organism (ihe di ndl:J) while a virus is only an incomplete cell. Yeast is a one-cell organism that can switch to multicellular form and become known as fungus. The fungus consists offilaments, one cell thick, called hypha. Parasites vary greatly in size from one-cell organisms like malaria to tapeworms, which are multicellular, and can be many feet long.

MORE ABOUT GERMS Every square inch of our world, including our own body, is populated by millions of organisms so small that we cannot see them with our naked eyes. They are called micro-organisms (micro: peka; organisms: ihe di ndl:J). Some like one-cell yeast and bacteria can be seen through a light microscope (onyoko). To see the incomplete cell virus one would need an electron microscope (onyoko nkpl:Jrl:J eletrik) that will enlarge it up to one million times!

59

ENGLISH/ I GBO TRA NS LATIO N OF COMMON M EDI CA L TERMS

It should be emphasized that only a few of the microorganisms are harmful to us. Some are even useful. For instance there are up to 100 billion bacteria (njepeka) in ourintestinaltract,85%ofwhich help us build intestinal fortitude against the harmful 15%. The harmful ones cause serious diseases like cholera, diphtheria, gonorrhea, impetigo, leprosy, meningitis, pneumonia, tetanus, typhoid, tuberculosis etc. Most viruses (njepekanari) cause serious human diseases like chicken pox, small pox, HIV, measles, polio, etc. Certain types of yeast (nje ebu) are used in brewing beer and alcohol while others produce antibiotics like penicillin . But some in this category can change to fungus and cause body infections, eg Tinea (Qkpt.J isi eri ngo, Ngwt.JQ). Most parasites (nje ngana ori uru) like malaria and filarial cause serious human diseases.

The world of microscopes in pictures-Bacteria.

Figure. 4 Bacteria {NJEPEKA} as seen through the light microscope

Figure. 5 Streptococcus bacteria {NJEPEKA)asseenthroughthe low power (scanning) of the electron microscope

Figure. 6 Staphylococcus bacteria {NJEPEKA)asseenthroughthelow power (scanning) of the electron microscope (Photomicrographs courtesy of Professor Fred Hossler, East Tennessee State University College of Medicine).

NTA P! ASVSV BEK EE VFO DV NKE ND! _DOKITA N' ONU IGBO

I

\' (

..,..K•

,, ... ,.,.

·- ""

/

•

Figure 7. Tuberculosis bacteria (NJEPEKA) as seen through the low power (scanning) of the electron microscope

Cytoplasnh

,,I

~'

"

Figure. 8 Syphilis bacteria (NJEPEKA) as seen through the low power (scanning) of the electron microscope

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r ibo1ouies

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Figure 9. A model of what we can see with an electron microscope inside a typical bacterium

62

ENGLI SH/l oso TRANSLATION OF COMMON M ED ICAL T ERMS

The world of microscopes in pictures-Viruses (NJEPEKANARI) Viruses are about 1000 times or more, smaller than bacteria. Some live inside bacteria while others live inside the cells of the body. We can only see them through the electron microscope.

Figure 10. HIV viruses (NJEPEKANARI) as seen through the electron microscope

Figure 11. Hepatitis A viruses (NJEPEKANARI) as seen through the electron microscope

Figure 12. A typical virus (NJEPEKANARI) as seen through the scanning electron microscope

NTAPI ASl,JSl,J BEKEE l,JFQDl,J NKE ND! DOKITA N ' ONU LGBO

Figure 13. Graphic anatomy of HIV

63

64

E NG LI S Hll G BO TR ANS LAT ION OF COMMON M EDI CAL T ERMS

The world of microscopes in pictures-Yeasts and Fungus

Figure 14. Candida albicans (NJE EBU) as seen through the light microscope

Figure 15. Penicillin mould as seen through a scanning electron microscope (Photomicrographs courtesy of Professor Fred Hossler, East Tennessee State University College of Medicine).

NTA PI AS VSV BEK EE VFOD V N K E N D! DOKJTA N ' ONU IGBO

_25

The world of microscopes in pictures-Parasites

Figure 16. Malaria parasites

{NJE NGANA ORI URU) inside red blood cells as seen through the light microscope

Figure 17. Trypanasoma parasite {NJE NGANA ORI URU) among red blood cells as seen through the light microscope

Figure 18. Filaria parasite {NJE NGANA ORI URU) among red blood cells as seen through the light microscope

ENGLISHIIGBO TRANSLATION OF COMMON MEDI CAL T ERMS

Glossary Microscopic, very tiny /-PEKA Extremely tiny /-PEKANARI Germ, Microbe I NJE Bacterium I NJEPEKA Virus I NJEPEKANARI Yeast, Fungus/ NJE EBU Parasite/ NJE NGANA ORI URU

NTAP I ASl)Sl.J BEKEE_l)FQDl.J

N K~

N D! DQK]TA N"ONU I GBO_

67

DISEASES NOT CAUSED BY GERMS These are diseases like diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease and cancer. We are beginning to see them more and more in our part of the world, probably because people are living longer. Unlike infectious diseases, which are usually acute, (meaning that they have abrupt onset and can be cured with treatment) noninfectious diseases are usually chronic (meaning that they persist for a long time, and some may be controllable with treatment) . They can be classified into the following groups: • •

Degenerative diseases, (diseases of wear and tear) e.g. arthritis, atherosclerosis, heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, diabetes Hereditary diseases (diseases that run in blood lines due to

•

abnormalities in genes and chromosomes) e.g. sickle cell disease Deficiency diseases (diseases caused by lack of nutrients or by

•

inadequate supply of required assistances in our diet) e.g. kwashiorkor, malnutrition, rickets, scurvy Etc.

Since most chronic diseases do not have names in lgbo language, one of the objectives of this publication is to coin lgbo names them, in order to improve the doctor/patient communication.

CHAPTER THE

CELL,

TISSUE

8

AND

ORGAN

The cell is the basic building block of the human body. It is so small that we can see it only when magnified lOOx with oil immersion light microscope. In order to see it in the type of detail shown in the sketch below (fig 16) we need the electron microscope, which will enlarge it from 90,000 to 2 million times! Because a thin membrane individually wraps the cell, we have named it IGBEPEKANDU (lgbe-peka-ndl,I), or the microscopic box of life. We have also named different organelles or parts of the cell according to their functions in the cell (Figure 20). This makes it easier for the student of biology to understand each organelle. OBIPEKANDl,I Nucleus

EKWUPEKANDl,I Mitochondria

NGWENRI PEKANDl,I Lysosome

OGIGEPEKANDl,I Nuclear Membrane

MBALAPEKANDl,J Cytoplasm

QDQMMIRI PEKANDl,I Vacuole

IME OBIPEKANDl,I Nucleolus

OWAOJEOZI PEKANDl,I Endoplasmic Reticulum OKECHI NGWUGWU PEKANDl,I Golgi Apparatus

ULO OJEOZI PEKANDl,I Ribosomes

OGIGE PEKANDl,I Cell Membrane

Figure 19 . lgbo names on a diagram of the cross section of the Cell (IGBEPEKANDV) as could be seen through the electron microscope

68

NT~Pl

AS l,ISV BEKEE VFODV

NK ~N D! DOKIT~N ' ONU

IG BO

69

IGBE PEKANDU

(The Cell) IME 081PEKAN00 Nucleolu>

EKWUPEKANO Mitoc.hondtion

OGIGE 081 PEKANOO NGWE NRI PEKANOO Lywsomo

MBALA PEKANOO Cytopj.tsm

000 MMlRl PEKAND V.CUole -

--:....

Nucleui

OWAOJEOZI

ULOOJEOZI

&ldoplJ

X'f(~Woj

Se.o: Chromosornos

Figure 22. Normal human chromosomes (23 pairs) Notice that chromosome Number 23 pair may be either male or female .

1

20

4

5

II >c Kl a1 aK86

6

xn

3

2

7

-tnsomy

-

A~~ 21

8

9

lfi 22

10

19

f

i

x y

Figure 23 . Chromosomes from a male person with Down's syndrome. Note the extra chromosome present in number 23 .

An extra chromosome occurring in any pair causes very serious birth defect. For instance Down syndrome is due to an extra chromosome occuring in the pair number 21 (trisomy 21) .

Figure 24. A Caucasian child with Down's syndrome

E NGLISH/ I G BO TRANSLAT ION OF COMMON MEDICAL TERMS

TYPES OF CELLS There are many different types of cells (e.g., muscle, nerve, blood, and so on). Each cell is uniquely designed for the function it performs. Each cell can also be sick from one cause or another.

Sperm cell

Figure 25. Different types of cells in the human body

Figure 26. Stained blood cells showing red blood cells (QBARA MMEE), a white blood cell (QBARA OCHA) and Platelets (QKPUKQ QBARA)

Figure 27. Unstained red blood cells (QBARA MMEE) as seen through the scanning electron microscope (Photomicrographs courtesy of Professor Fred Hossler, East Tennessee State University College of Medicine).

NTAP! ASVSV BEKEE VFODV N K E ND! DQK)TA N'ONU IGBO __

Figure 28 . Red blood cells (QBARA MMEE) with some sickle cells (white arrows) as seen through the scanning electron microscope (Photomi crographs courtesy of Professor Fred Hossl er, East Tennessee State University College of Medicine).

_J3_

74 _ _

_

E NGLISH / ] GBO TR AN SLATION OF COMMON M ED ICAL TERMS

THE TISSUE= OTU-PEKA NDl) A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a specific function . The basic types of tissues in the human body include epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective tissues

Smooth muscle tissue

Nervous·,.. tissue '"'~

.P

Figure 29. Similar cells come together to form the tissues of an organ such as the stomach

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~KE

ND! DOK!TA N ' ON_U IGBO

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TYPES OF TISSUE

=

Epithelium OTUPEKA MMACHI The tissue consisting of a layer or layers of cells covering the internal and external surfaces of the body including the skin, blood vessels and cavities.

=

Epidermis OTUPEKA MMACHI ENUAHl,I The thick layer of epithelium lining the skin

=

Connective tissue OTUPEKA NJIKQ AHU The tissue forming the supporting structure of the body

=

Endothelium OTUPEKA MMACHI /ME QWA QBARA The thin layer of epithelium lining the inside of blood vessels Endocardium = OTUPEKAMMACHI /ME NKPl)Rl) OBI The thin layer of epithelium lining the inside of the chambers of the heart

=

Endometriun OTUPEKA MMACHI /ME AKPA NNWA The thin layer of epithelium lining the inside of the womb

=

Endosalpinx OTUPEKA /ME QWA AKWA The thin layer of epithelium lining the inside of the Fallopian tubes

=

Endocervix OTUPEKA MMACH/ /ME ONU AKPA NWA The thin layer of epithelium lining the inside of the cervix Ectocervix = OTUPEKA MMACHI AZl,I ONU AKPA NNWA The thin layer of epithelium lining the outside of the cervix

=

Mesothelium/ OTUPEKA MMACHI QGQDQ . ... A layer of flattened epithelial cells that lines the membranes of closed body cavities, including the pericardium, pleurae, and peritoneum • • •

Pericardium = OTUPEKA QGQDQ NKPl,IRl,I OBI Peritoneum = OTUPEKA QGQDQ /ME AF9 Pleura =OTUPEKA QGQDQ MBA

=

Myometrium OTUPEKA URUGHURU AKPA NNWA The muscle cell layer of the womb

=

Myocardium OTUPEKA URUGHURU NKPl,IRl,I OBI The muscle cell layer of the heart

ENGLISH/ l oso TRANSLATION OF COMMON MEDICAL TERMS

THE ORGAN

=IBE NDV

An organ is a group of tissues in the body that carries out one or more specific functions, e.g. the stomach, eye, ear lungs

MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY

Skeletal (/BE QKPl,JKPl,J AHl,J) Bones, Cartilage and Ligaments Nervous (/BE AKWARA) Brain, Spinal cord, nerves and sense organs Muscular (IBE URUGHURU) Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle and Cardiac muscle Digestive (/BE OGWE NNI) Teeth, Salivary glands, Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, Liver and Pancreas Respiratory (/BE OKUKU UME) Lungs, Pharynx, Trachea, and other air passages Circulatory (IBE QWA QBARA) Heart, Blood vessels, Blood, and Lymph structures Urinary (/BE AKVRV) Kidney, Bladder and associated ducts Reproductive (/BE AHl,J QMl,IMl,I) Testes, Ovaries, and associated reproductive structures Endocrine (IBE AKPA VDA PEKANDV) Pituitary, Adrenal, Thyroid, and other ductless glands lntegumentary (/BE AKPl,JKPQ AHl,J) Skin, Hair, Nails and Sweat glands Immune (/BE AK/Tl QCHENDl,I) T-Lymphocytes, B-Lymphocytes, Macrophages and Lymph structur

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