Encyclopaedia Britannica [20, 11 ed.]

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THE

ENCYCLOP LEDIA BRITANNICA ELEVENTH

FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIFTH SIXTH SEVENTH EIGHTH NINTH TENTH ELEVENTH

EDITION

edition, published in three "

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ten

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twenty

,

eighteen

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twenty

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twenty-one

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twenty-five

,

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volumes,

twenty twenty-two

ninth edition and eleven

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supplementary volumes, published in twenty-nine volumes,

1768-rnr. 1 777-1 784. 1 788-1797• r8or-r8ro. I8IS-I8I 7. I82J-I824• ISJ0-1842. r8s3-r86o. r87s- r 889. 1902-1903·

I9IQ-I9II•

COPYRIGHT

in all cou�tries subscribing to the Bern Convention by

THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS of the

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

All rights rmnml

THE

ENCYCLOPJEDIA BRITANNICA A

DICTIONARY OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

ODE

to

VOLUME XX

PAYMENT OF MEMBERS

New York

Encyclop::edia Britannica, Inc. 342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, xgu, by

The Encyclop.edia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME CONTRIBUTORS,! ARTICLES

TO

IDENTIFY

WITH THE HEADINGS

IN THIS

VOLUME SO

INDIVIDUAL OF THE

SIGNED.

F.R.S.

M.A., F.R.HIST.S.

A. C. Se.

ALBERT CHARLES SEWARD, M.A. ,

A. F. P.

ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD,

A. G. D.

XX.

Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. Hon. Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. President of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union, 1910.

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of Nationa,l Biography, 1 893190 1 . Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1 892 ; Arnold Prizeman, 1 898. Author of England under the Protector Somerset ; Henry VIII.; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c. ARTHUR GEORGE DouGHTY, M. A . , LITT.D.1 C .M . G Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of Canada. Author of The Cradle of New France; &c. Joint-editor of Documents relating to the .

Constitutional History of Canada.

A. G. H.

ALBERT GEORGE HADCOCK.

A. Ha.

ADOLF HARNACK.

•

Late R.A. Manager, Gun Department, Elswtck Works, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Lieut.-Col. commanding 1st Northumbrian Brigade, R.F.A. (Territorial Forces) . Joint-author of Artillery: its Progress and Present Position ; &c.

See the biographical article :

A. J. L.

ANDREW JACKSON LAMOUREUX.

A. Lu.

AcHILLE LucHAIRE.

A.Ma.

ALEXANDER MACALISTER, M.A., M.D., LL.D. , D .Sc.,

A.M. Cl.

AGNES MuRIEL CLAY (Mrs Wilde).

Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. Formerly Editor of the�Rio ,

News , Rio de Janeiro.

F.R.S., F.S.A.

See the biographical article: LUCHAIRE, DENIS J. ACH ILLE .

Professor of Anatomy in the University of Cambridge, and Fellow of StJohn's College. Author of Text-Book of Human Anatomy ; &c. ,

Formerly Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Joint-author of Sources

of Roman History, 133-70 B.c. ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.

A. P. H.

ALFRED PEI'ER HILLIER, M.D., M.P.

South African Studies ; The Commonweal ;

&c.

�., s.-P.

A. S. Wo.

IU