Elektromagnetismus [9th rev. edition] 9783110199284

This introductory textbook, now in its 9th edition, is an ideal accompaniment for physics students in both their basic a

378 61 37MB

German Pages 992 [986] Year 2008

Table of contents :
Frontmatter
Inhalt
1. Einleitung: Zugang zum Elektromagnetismus
2. Oberflächenladungen und elektrische Felder
3. Leiterströme und magnetische Felder, Magnete
4. Elektromagnetische Induktion
5. Elektromagnetische Schwingungen und Wellen
6. Licht
7. Einführung in die Atomphysik
8. Elektrische Effekte in Metallen
9. Elektrische Effekte in Halbleitern
10. Gasentladungen
11. Geladene Teilchen im Vakuum
12. Elektrochemie
13. Elektrisches Verhalten von Isolatoren
14. Magnetismus
15. Mathematische Hilfsmittel
16. Gefahren im Umgang mit Elektrizität
17. Hinweise und Tabellen
Backmatter

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Elektromagnetismus [9th rev. edition]
9783110199284

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WSS WSS WSV WSY

WXT WXT WXW WX[ WYS WYV WYZ

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WY[ WY[ WZV W[S W[V

[PV [PVPS [PVPT [PVPU [PVPV [PVPW

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W[Y W[Y W[Z XRU XRV XRW

[PW [PWPS [PWPT

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[PX [PXPS [PXPT [PXPU [PXPV

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SR

i$6(17/$'81*(1N r/$60(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XSW

SRPS SRPSPS SRPSPT SRPSPU SRPSPV

n$'81*675$163257 2+1( i$69(567>5.81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k21,6$7,21 81' t(.20%,1$7,21 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P u7520Ou3$1181*6Oe+$5$.7(5,67,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P c1:(1'81*(1 ,0 u75$+/(16&+87= P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k21(1 $/6 m21'(16$7,216.(,0( P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

XSY XSY XTR XTS XTV

SRPT SRPTPS SRPTPT SRPTPU

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XTX XTX XTZ XTZ

SRPU SRPUPS SRPUPT SRPUPU SRPUPV SRPUPW SRPUPX

u(/%67>1',*( g17/$'81*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P |@1'%(',1*81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P |@1'(1 81' n?6&+(1 ,0 i(,*(5O|>+/(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P m2521$O 81' h81.(1(17/$'81*(1 ,1 n8)7 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i(:,77(5 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P i/,00(17/$'81*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P n,&+7%?*(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

XUS XUS XUU XUV XU[ XVX XWT

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r/$60(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XWW

SRPW SRPWPS SRPWPT SRPWPU SRPWPV

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SS

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SSPS SSPSPS

v(&+1,.(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XXV x$.880 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P XXV

XR[ XR[ XSR XSS XST

XWZ XWZ XW[ XW[ XXR

k1+$/7

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SSPSPT SSPSPU SSPSPV SSPSPW SSPSPX SSPSPY SSPSPZ

u3$1181*69(5625*81* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P c%6&+,5081* P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.7521(148(//(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P k21(148(//(1 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.7521(1O 81' k21(11$&+:(,6 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P d(:(*81* *(/$'(1(5 v(,/&+(1 ,1 h(/'(51 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P g/(.7521(1237,. P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

XXX XXZ XX[ XYT XYW XZT XZV

SSPT SSPTPS SSPTPT SSPTPU SSPTPV

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X[U X[U X[X X[[ YRT

SSPU SSPUPS SSPUPT SSPUPU SSPUPV SSPUPW

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Y[V Y[W Y[Z ZRS ZRV

SUPV

g/(.75(7(

SUPW SUPWPS SUPWPT SUPWPU SUPWPV SUPWPW

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SV

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SVPS SVPSPS SVPSPT SVPSPU SVPSPV

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ZSY ZSY ZSZ ZTS ZTT

SVPT SVPTPS SVPTPT SVPTPU SVPTPV SVPTPW SVPTPX SVPTPY SVPTPZ SVPTP[

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SWPS SWPT SWPU SWPV SWPW SWPX SWPY SWPZ SWP[

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SXPV SXPVPS SXPVPT

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SXPW SXPWPS SXPWPT SXPWPU

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ZYS ZYU ZZR ZZU ZZZ Z[S Z[X [RV [RX

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ungeschert B (ohne Luftspalt)

mit Luftspalt zunehmende Scherung

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Anker

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b

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TP y(,/ '(5 h$.725 SBT 921 i/P JUPSRSK 1,&+7 0,7 +,1*(6&+5,(%(1 :85'(N *,%7 i/PJUPSTRK '$6 f233(/7( '(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 g1(5*,(N ',( ,0 n8)763$/7 %(1?7,*7 :,5' 81' ,0 v5(,%(5 *(63(,&+(57 6(,1 0866] /(7=7(5( ,67 '$6 r52'8.7 $86 v5(,%(592/80(1 81' dv 6 jvP f(6+$/% ,67 (6 *@167,*N :(11 '(5 c5%(,76381.7 r 0?*/,&+67 '257 /,(*7N :2 ',( j&+( ,1 c%%P UPVXKP f$ ,1 i/P JUPSS[K '$6 x(5+>/71,6 921 sv 81' cv (,1*(+7N ,1 i/P JUPSTRK $%(5 '(5(1 r52'8.7N .$11 '$6 u8M(5(6 h(/'K (17O 635,&+7 '(0 r81.7 r '(5 j+17(1 u75(89866)$.7256 6,1' $1$/7=O /,&+(1 h/866 $8)1(+0(1] (6 0866 %(, h/866%(5(&+181*(1 :,( n8)7 J,5 3 SK %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1P o$*1(7,6&+( u&+$/7(5P g/(.7520$*1(7( +$%(1 '(1 *52M(1 x257(,/N '$66 '(5 0$*1(O 7,6&+( h/866 *(67(8(57 :(5'(1 .$11P f85&+ g,1O 2'(5 c866&+$/7(1 '(6 (/(.75,6&+(1 u75206 .$11 0$1 '$6 o$*1(7)(/' (,1O 2'(5 $866&+$/7(1P f$6 (5*,%7 (,1 %5(,7(6 u3(.7O 580 921 x(5:(1'81*60?*/,&+.(,7(1N A 921 '(5 v@5./,1*(/ %,6 =85 o$*1(7.833/81*P d(925 6,186)?50,*( y(&+6(/675?0( (5=(8*7 :(5'(1 .2117(1N *$% (6 6&+21 NN=(5O +$&.7( i/(,&+675?0(DDP f(5 j$00(5Ow17(5%5(&+(5 JcP y$*1(5 SZU[K )@5 (,1(1 u7520.5(,6 %(67(+7 $86 (,1(0 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 0,7 %(:(*/,&+(0 c1.(5N '(5 $1 (,1(5 d/$77)('(5 %()(67,*7 ,67 81' ,1 '(5 t8+(67(//81* Jg/(.7520$*1(7 $86*(6&+$/7(7K '85&+ (,1(1 n8)763$/7 920 o$*1(7(1 *(75(117 ,67N ,1 '(5 c5%(,7667(//81* Jg/(.7520$*1(7 (,1*(6&+$/7(7K $%(5 921 '(1 u&+(1.(/1 '(6 o$*1(7(1 $1*(=2*(1 :,5'P f(5 %(:(*O /,&+( c1.(5 %(7>7,*7 $8M(5'(0 (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u&+$/7(5N '(5 ,1 '(5 t8+(67(//81* *(6&+/266(1N ,1 '(5 c5%(,7667(//81* *(?51(7 ,67P h@*7 0$1 181 ',( u38/(1 '(6 g/(.7O 520$*1(7(1 81' '(1 920 c1.(5 %(7>7,*7(1 u&+$/7(5 +,17(5(,1$1'(5 ,1 (,1(1 u7520O .5(,6N '$11 :,5' %(,0 (567(1 u75209866 '(5 g/(.7520$*1(7 %(7>7,*7 81' '$'85&+ @%(5 '(1 u&+$/7(5 '(5 u7520.5(,6 817(5%52&+(1] '(5 $86*(6&+$/7(7( o$*1(7 *,%7 '(1 c1.(5 )5(,N '(5 '(1 u&+$/7(5 :,('(5 6&+/,(M7 81' '$0,7 '(1 g/(.7520$*1(7(1 :,('(5 (,16&+$/7(7] 86:P g,1( 12&+ +(87( :(,79(5%5(,7(7( c1:(1'81* '(6 j$00(5Ow17(5O %5(&+(56 ,67 ',( (/(.75,6&+( m/,1*(/P t(/$,6 6,1' )(51*(67(8(57( u&+$/7(5N ',( 0,7 (,1(0 ./(,1(1 u7520 J0,7 ./(,1(5 u&+$/7O /(,6781*K ,0 o$*1(7.5(,6 9,(/ *5?M(5( u75?0( Jn(,6781*(1K ,0 u&+$/7.5(,6 6&+$/7(1 .?11(1P t(/$,6Ou7$7,21(1 ',(17(1 %(, '(5 925,1'8675,(//(1 r267 =80 r)(5'(:(&+6(/P k1 '(5 v(/(*5$7( :85'(1 '$11 ',( u7$7,21(1 =85 u,*1$/Ox(567>5.81* 921 o256(O |(,&+(1 62 %(1$117\ g,1 $86 '(5 h(51( $1.200(1'(6 6&+:$&+(6 (/(.75,6&+(6 u,*1$/ %(7>7,*7 (,1 NNt(/$,6DDN '$6 (,1(1 921 (,1(5 /2.$/(1 u752048(//( *(63(,67(1 u7520.5(,6 6&+$/7(7N '(5 '$6 u,*1$/ %,6 =85 1>&+67(1 u7$7,21 75$163257,(57P g7:$ =85 6(/%(1 |(,7N ,1 '(5 '$6 v(/()21 (17:,&.(/7 :85'(N (1767$1' $8&+ ',( 0$7+(0$7,6&+( n2*,. Ji(25*( d22/(N SZSWASZXV] c8*86786 f( o25*$1N SZRXA SZYSKP u,( :85'( $/6 NNm217$.7Oc/*(%5$DD =8(567 $8) ',( u&+$/781* '(5 v(/()21Ot(/$,6 $1*(:(1'(7] +(87( ,67 ',( u&+$/7$/*(%5$ Jc%6&+1P SWPZK ',( 7+(25(7,6&+( i581'/$*( )@5 (/(.7521,6&+( u7(8(5O 81' t(&+(1$1/$*(1P f,( (/(.7520$*1(7,6&+(1 t(/$,6 *(67$77(7(1 (5670$/6 (,1( (/(.75,6&+( w06(7=81* /2*,6&+(5 x(5.1@3)81*(1P i581'9(5.1@3)81*(1

w06(7=81* =P dP '85&+

p(*$7,21 JpkejvK m21-81.7,21 JwpfK f,6-81.7,21 JqfgtK

~51(5 t(,+(16&+$/781* =:(,(5 u&+/,(M(5 r$5$//(/6&+$/781* =:(,(5 u&+/,(M(5

SXZ

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7( +U

+U A B

A Input (a)

A

A

B

Output (b)

c%%P UPVY n2*,6&+( u&+$/781*(1\ J$K pqv J3 pkejvK 0,7 (,1(0 y(&+6(/Om217$.7 J%K pqt J3 pkejv qfgtK 0,7 =:(, ~51(5Om217$.7(1 ,1 t(,+(16&+$/781* 81' (,1(0 y(&+6(/.21O 7$.7P f,( y,1'81*(1 61*7 :85'(1P k1 '(5 u7$5.675207(&+1,. :,5' '$6 t(/$,6 $/6 u&+@7= %(=(,&+1(7P f$ =85 c.7,9,(O 581* (,1 0,1,0$/(5 c1635(&+67520 (55(,&+7 :(5'(1 0866N .$11 0$1 '$6 u&+@7= 62 $86/(*(1N '$66 (6 $8) %(567520 2'(5 )(+/(5+$)7(1 m85=6&+/866 =85 g5'( Jg5'6&+/866K $1635,&+7 81' '(1 %(7525(1(1 p(7=7(,/ $%6&+$/7(7P NNu(/%67+$/7(1'(DD t(/$,6 %/(,%(1 ,1 c5%(,7667(//81*N $8&+ :(11 '(5 0,1,0$/( c1635(&+67520 1,&+7 0(+5 =8*()@+57 Stützplatten 1 Kontakte 2 3

Kontaktfedern Isolierplatte Achse

Joch

Achsenanker

Lötstifte Relaisspule

Trennstift Rundeisenkern

c%%P UPVZ u.,==( (,1(6 t(/$,6N :,( (6 )5@+(5 ,1 9,(/(1 x$5,$17(1 =85 u&+$/781* 921 v(/()21O 9(5%,1'81*(1 (,1*(6(7=7 :85'(P

UPX o$*1(7(

SX[

:,5'] '$6 ,67 =P dP 0?*/,&+ '85&+ (,1(1 r(50$1(170$*1(7(1 ,0 0$*1(7,6&+(1 m5(,6N '(5 '$)@5 625*7N '$66 '(5 c5%(,76.217$.7 1$&+ u&+/,(M81* NN./(%(1 %/(,%7DDN $%(5 =8 6&+:$&+ ,67N 80 '$6 t(/$,6 $86 '(5 25(1(1 t8+(67(//81* =8 %5,1*(1P u,&+(581*6$8720$7(1 6,1' 6(/%67+$/7(1'( u&+@7=(N ',( %(, %(567520 (,1(1 u7520O .5(,6 817(5%5(&+(1 81' '85&+ 0$18(//( d(7>7,*81* (,1(6 u&+$/7(56 :,('(5 ,1 ',( c86*$1*667(//81* =85@&.*(%5$&+7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P u&+5,7702725(1P k0 d$8 >+1(/1 9,(/( u&+5,7702725(1 J67(33,1* 027256K '(1 63>7(5 ,1 c%6&+1P VPVPU %(+$1'(/7(1 f5(+67520Ou+1( $1N :(,/ '$0,7 '(5 0$*1(7,6&+( y,O '(567$1' '(6 m5(,6(6 J',( t(/8.7$1=K 0,1,0,(57 :,5'P f,( t,&+781* '(6 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h/866(6 81' ',( u75205,&+781* ,1 '(5 u7$725:,&./81* 6,1' %(,0 t(/8.7$1=02725 %(/$1*/26P c%%P UPV[$ =(,*7 ',( t272567(//81* 1$&+ d(6752081* '(5 r+$6( S] :,5' $/6 1>&+67(6 ',( r+$6( T %(675207N (5)2/*7 (,1 u&+5,77 ,0 w+5=(,*(56,11P f,( |$+/ '(5 u&+5,77( 352 w0/$8) (5*,%7 6,&+ $86 '(0 r52'8.7 921 r+$6(1=$+/ J+,(5 UK 81' |>+1(=$+/ J+,(5 VKP f(5 :(,&+0$*1(7,6&+( t2725 +$7 '(1 x257(,/N '$66 (5 0,7 9,(/(1 |>+1(1 *(%$87 :(5'(1 .$11N $%(5 '(1 p$&+7(,/N '$66 ,0 67520/26(1 |867$1' .(,1 u(/%67+$/7(020(17 (;,67,(57P f,(6(5 p$&+7(,/ :,5' %(, 3(50$1(17 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 t2O 725(1 9(50,('(1P f(5 r(50$1(170$*1(7Ou&+5,7702725 ,67 6&+(0$7,6&+ ,1 c%%P UPV[% *(=(,*7 0,7 =:(, r+$6(1 JS2SA 81' T2TAK 81' 6(&+6 t2725Oo$*1(732/(N ',( ',( t2//( '(5 |>+1( @%(51(+0(1] $8&+ ,1 ',(6(0 d(,63,(/ ,67 ',( u&+5,77=$+/ 352 w0/$8) */(,&+ STP h@5 u&+5,77( ,0 w+5=(,*(56,11 6,1' ',( u7$7253+$6(1 62 =8 %(67520(1N '$66 p25'Bu@'

1

1 2

3 2' 2

3 (a)

1

(b)

S N

N S

S N

2

1'

c%%P UPV[ r5,1=,3 '(6 u&+5,77027256\ J$K t(/8.7$1=Ou&+5,7702725N J%K r(50$1(170$*1(7O u&+5,7702725P h@5 %(,'( d(,63,(/( ,67 ',( u&+5,77=$+/ 352 w0/$8) */(,&+ STP

SYR

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

1$&+(,1$1'(5 '85&+ ',( )2/*(1'(1 u7$72532/( 5($/,6,(57 :,5'\ SA2S J*(=(,*7 ,1 c%%P UPV[%KN T2TAN S2SAN TA2TP f(5 x257(,/ (,1(5 +2+(1 |>+1(=$+/N :,( 6,( %(,0 t(/8.7$1=02725 0?*/,&+ ,67N 81' '(5 x257(,/ (,1(6 u(/%67+$/7(020(17(6N :,( (6 '(5 r(50$1(170$*1(702725 %(O 6,7=7N :(5'(1 %(,0 j&+(P f,( t2725=>+1( 5,&+7(1 6,&+ 1$&+ '(1 *(*(1@%(5/,(*(1'(1N '85&+ d(6752081* 0$*1(7,6,(57(1 u7$725=>+1(1 $86P o,7 j/)7(1P c%O *(%,/'(7 ,67 185 -( (,1 u7$7256(*0(17 352 r+$6( 81' (,1 ./(,1(5 c866&+1,77 $86 '(5 t27256&+(,%(P o,7 (,1(5 u7$725%(6752081*N ',( 1$&+(,1$1'(5 ',( ,1 c%%P UPWR$A' *(=(,*7(1 u7$72532/Oo$*1(7,6,(581*(1 +(592558)7N %(:(*7 6,&+ ',( u&+(,%( ,0 d,/' 1$&+ 5(&+76P

S N S

S N

N S

S N

N

N S

N S

S N

N S

N S

S N

N S

(b)

N N S

S N

N S

S N

S N S

N S

S (c)

N S

S

N (a)

S N

S N

N (d)

c%%P UPWR r5,1=,3 (,1(6 =:(,3+$6,*(1 u&+(,%(10$*1(7Ou&+5,77027256P i(=(,*7 ,67 -( (,1 u7$O 725(/(0(17 352 r+$6( 81' (,1 ./(,1(5 c866&+1,77 $86 '(5 t27256&+(,%(P

UPY f5(+638/Oo(66,167580(17(

SYS

UPY f5(+638/Oo(66,167580(17( f$6 6,1' (/(.75,6&+( o(66,167580(17(N ',( '$6 r5,1=,3 (,1(5 0$*1(7,6&+(1 v256,216O :$$*( $86187=(1\ f$6 f5(+020(17N '$6 (,1( '5(+%$5( 67520'85&+9266(1( u38/( ,1 (,1(0 67$5.(1 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/' (5)>+57N '5(+7 ',( u38/( %,6 '$6 5@&.75(,%(1'( f5(+020(17 '(5 v256,216$125'181* (17*(*(1*(6(7=7 */(,&+ ,67P f,(6( 0$*1(72O0(O &+$1,6&+(1 k167580(17( :85'(1 :(,7*(+(1' '85&+ (/(.7521,6&+( o(66,167580(17( 2+1( %(:(*/,&+( v(,/( (56(7=7P y(,/ $%(5 '$6 ,+1(1 =8*581'(/,(*(1'( 3+1*(%$1'(6 (17*(*(1P f$6 |(,*(5,167580(17 '(5 c%%P UPWS +$7 =:(, u3,5$/)('(51N ',( $8&+ '(5 u7520=8)8+5 ',(1(1P f(5 r(50$1(17O 0$*1(7 %(67(+7 $86 (,1(0 y(5.6725 +2+(5 m2(5=,7,9)(/'67>5.(P y(&+6(/675200(6681* 0,7 f5(+638/,167580(17(1P f$ ',( c1=(,*( ',(6(5 k167580(17( 921 '(5 t,&+781* '(6 u75209866(6 $%+>1*,* ,67N :@5'( ',( p$'(/ %(, 6(+5 1,('5,*(5 h5(48(1= +,1O 81' +(56&+:,1*(1] %(, WR j= .$11 6,( ,1)2/*( ,+5(5 v5>*+(,7 '(0 u7520 1,&+7 )2/*(1 81' =(,*7 '(6+$/% '(1 o,77(/:(57 k 3 R $1P w0 y(&+6(/675?0( 0(66(1 =8 .?11(1N 0866 925+(5 (,1( i/(,&+5,&+781* Jc%6&+1P VPUPWK (5)2/*(1P d(, WR j= 67?57 ',( t(67:(//,*.(,7 '(6 */(,&+*(5,&+7(7(1 y(&+6(/675206 1,&+7] '$6 f5(+O 638/6*(N 80 '(1 u7520>1'(581*(1 =8 )2/*(1N 81' =(,*7 '(6+$/% '(1 o,77(/:(57 '(6 */(,&+*(5,&+7(7(1 u7520(6 $1P f$ '(5 o,77(/:(57 (,1(5 */(,&+*(5,&+O

c%%P UPWS

f5(+638/O|(,*(5,167580(17P

SYT

U n(,7(5675?0( 81' 0$*1(7,6&+( h(/'(5N o$*1(7(

7(7(1 u,186)81.7,21 ./(,1(5 $/6 '(5 g5(.7,9:(57 ,67N 0866 )@5 y(&+6(/67520Og5(.O 7,9:(57( (,1( 921 '(5 i/(,&+675206.$/$ $%:(,&+(1'(N $%(5 (%(1)$//6 /,1($5( u.$/(1O 7(,/81* $1*(%5$&+7 :(5'(1\ k()) 3 J@B|ZK k0,77(/ k()) 3 SPSS k0,77(/P

JUPSTSK

f,(6( h250(/ *,/7 185 )@5 6,186)?50,*(1 y(&+6(/67520P u3$1181*60(6681* 0,7 f5(+638/,167580(17(1P q%:2+/ ',( c1=(,*( 921 f5(+638/O ,167580(17(1 '85&+ (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 +(5925*(58)(1 :,5'N /$66(1 6,( 6,&+ $8&+ =85 o(6681* 921 u3$1181*(1 9(5:(1'(1P p$&+ '(0 q+0I6&+(1 i(6(7= 6,1' u3$1181* 81' u752067>5.( =8(,1$1'(5 3523257,21$/P o$1 %5$8&+7 $/62 185 0,7 '(0 y,'(567$1' '(5 u38/( =8 08/7,3/,=,(5(1N :(11 0$1 $86 '(5 u75200(6681* (,1( u3$1181*60(6681* 0$&+(1 :,//P f$ '(5 k11(1:,'(567$1' '(5 f5(+638/( .2167$17 ,67N .$11 ',( u.$/$ $8&+ ,1 x2/7 *((,&+7 :(5'(1P o$1 %(925=8*7 f5(+638/(1 0,7 +2+(0 k11(1:,'(567$1'N 'P +P $86 '@11(0 f5$+7 0,7 9,(/(1 y,&./81*(1P j$7 ',( f5(+638/( -('2&+ (,1(1 ./(,1(1 y,'(567$1'N '$11 :,5' (,1 x25:,'(567$1' ,1 t(,+( *(6&+$/7(7P f85&+ 9(56&+,('(1( x256&+$/7:,'(567>1'( .$11 0$1 (,1 k167580(17 )@5 0(+5(5( d(5(,&+( 806&+$/7%$5 0$&+(1P g%(162 .$11 0$1 '85&+ y,'(567>1'( 3$5$//(/ =85 o(66638/( '(1 u7520Oo(66%(5(,&+ (5:(,7(51P u2 (17+$/7(1 ',( .>89,&+(1 w1,9(5O 6$/0(66,167580(17(N ,1 (,1(0 i(+>86( (,1*(%$87N y,'(567>1'( =85 g5:(,7(581* '(5 u7520O81' u3$1181*6%(5(,&+( 1(%(1 '(0 (,*(17/,&+(1 o(66,167580(17P w1' =85 o(6681* 921 y(&+6(/67520 %(71'(7 6,&+ $8&+ (,1 i/(,&+5,&+7(5 '$5,1N '(5 y(&+O 6(/67520 ,1 i/(,&+67520 80:$1'(/1 .$11P c8) '(5 2%(5(1 u(,7( '(6 i(+>86(6 6,(+7 0$1 185 ',( c16&+/866./(00(1N 0(+5(5( .5(,6%2*(1)?50,*( u.$/(1 1(%(1(,1$1'(5 817(5 i/$6 81' (,1 2'(5 0(+5(5( u&+$/7(5 =80 g,167(//(1 $8) '(1 *(:@16&+7(1 o(66O %(5(,&+P u3,(*(/*$/9$120(7(5P f,(6(6 (/(.752O0(&+$1,6&+( y81'(5:(5. :$5 )@5 (7:$ SRR l$+O 5( '$6 NNc5%(,763)(5'DD '(5 g;3(5,0(17$/3+1*7P q%:2+/ +(87,*( r+7( 1(+0(1 (/(.75,6&+( n(,6781* $8)N :(,/ ',( u38O /(1 (,1(1 819(50(,'/,&+(1 2+06&+(1 y,'(567$1' +$%(1P u2/$1*( ',(6(5 n(,6781*6O %('$5) '(6 k167580(176 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1 ,67 *(*(1@%(5 '(5 62167 ,0 p(7=:(5. 80*(6(7=7(1 n(,6781*N .$11 0$1 '$6 k167580(17 )@5 (,1( 0,1,0$/( x(5)>/6&+81* '(5 u7520O 81' u3$1181*69(57(,/81* ,0 p(7=:(5. $86/(*(1P f$6 +(,M7N 0$1 %$87 c03(5(0(7(5 0,7 :(1,*(1 y,1'81*(1 $86 ',&.(0 f5$+7N 80 '(1 k11(1:,'(567$1' 81' '$0,7 '(1 u3$1181*6$%)$// $0 k167580(17 ./(,1 =8 +$/7(1] x2/70(7(5 %$87 0$1 0,7 9,(/(1 y,1'81*(1 $86 '@11(0 f5$+7N 80 '(1 k11(1:,'(567$1' 0?*/,&+67 *52M 81' '$0,7 ',( u7520$8)1$+0( '(6 k167580(176 ./(,1 =8 0$&+(1P i$1= $1'(56 :$5(1 ',( %(5/(*81*(1 %(,0 i$/9$120(7(5P j,(5 :2//7( 0$1 ',( *5?M70?*/,&+( g0371'/,&+.(,7 '(6 k167580(176 (55(,&+(1N 81' '$=8 08667( 0$1 '$)@5 625*(1N '$66 ',( 920 k167580(17 %(1?7,*7( n(,6781* @%(5+$837 +,1(,1 *(/$1*(1 .2117(P y(,/ '$6 (,1 c13$6681*6352%/(0 921 *(1(5(//(5 d('(8781* ,67N 62// (6 +,(5 925*(5(&+1(7 :(5'(1\ g,1( u3$1181*648(//( 0,7 k11(1:,'(567$1' ts 81' '(5 n((5O /$8)63$1181* wR /,()(57 (,1( 920 u7520 k $%+>1*,*( m/(00(163$1181* wN ',( '(1 u7520 '85&+ '$6 i$/9$120(7(5 0,7 '(0 k11(1:,'(567$1' ti 75(,%7\ R

2'(5

w 3 wR 2ts 6 k 3 ti 6 kN

wR 3 Jts 1tiK kP

JUPSTRK

f$0,7 />667 6,&+ ',( 920 i$/9$120(7(5 $8)*(1200(1( n(,6781* :,( )2/*7 6&+5(,%(1\ ri 3 ti kT ri 3 wRT ti Jts 1tiK2TP

JUPSTSK

o,7 921 p8// =81(+0(1'(0 ti :>&+67 ri =81>&+67 /,1($5 $1N 62/$1*( ti * ts ,67P h@5 ti + ts :,5' ri 3523257,21$/ =8 SBti 81' *(+7 1$&+ 18//P w0 '$6 o$O ;,080 )@5 ri =8 71'(1N %,/'(1 :,5 $86 i/P JUPSTSK ',( c%/(,781* 'riB'ti 81' %(67,00(1 '(5(1 p8//67(//(P f$0,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ ri 3 o$;,080 )@5 ti 3 tsP

JUPSTTK

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N

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(a)

Spannung

VPU y(&+6(/67520

TVU

Zeit

(b)

c%%P VPWY r5,1=,3 (,1(6 i/(,&+67520*(1(5$7256\ J$K f5(+638/(1Oc125'181* 0,7 =:(,7(,/,*(0 m20087$725N J%K x(5/$8) '(5 $%*(1200(1(1 u3$1181*P

$1 '(1 m20087$725 *('5@&.7( m2+/(O 2'(5 i5$3+,767@&.( (56(7=7 :25'(1N :(5'(1 $%(5 $8&+ +(87( 12&+ $/6 NNd@567(1DD J%586+(6K %(=(,&+1(7P w0 ',( 921 '(5 o$6&+,1( *(/,()(57( u3$1181* =8 (5+?+(1N 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 9,(/( y,1'81*(1 81' 0$&+7 '$6 o$*1(7)(/' 0?*/,&+67 .5>)7,*P c8M(5'(0 9(5:(1'(7 0$1 0(+5(5( :,1.(/0>M,* *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(56(7=7( u38/(1N ',( =8 (,1(0 m5(,6 =86$0O 0(1*(6&+/266(1 6,1'] '(5 m20087$725 :,5' (17635(&+(1' 817(57(,/7P l('( k62/,(581* =:,6&+(1 =:(, %(1$&+%$57(1 m20087$725Ou(*0(17(1 :,5' '85&+ (,1( f5$+76&+/(,)( @%(5%5@&.7P f,( ,1'8=,(57(1 u3$1181*(1 $'',(5(1 6,&+ 81' '85&+ ',( i/(,&+5,&+O 7(5:,5.81* '(6 m20087$7256 (5+>/7 ',( 921 '(1 d@567(1 $%*(1200(1( u3$1181* ',( ,1 c%%P VPWZ& )@5 '(1 h$// 921 9,(5 u38/(1 J=:(, u38/(13$$5(1K *(=(,*7( h250P f,( i/>7781* :,5' 8062 %(66(5N -( 0(+5 NNu38/(1DD J$8&+ (,1)$&+( f5$+76&+/(,)(1 1(117 0$1 62K 0,7 (17635(&+(1' 817(57(,/7(0 m20087$725 $8) '(0 c1.(5 $1*(O %5$&+7 6,1'P y(,/ %(, (,1(0 67$5. 817(57(,/7(1 m20087$725 ',( m217$.7Ou(*0(17( 6(+5 ./(,1 6,1'N %(=(,&+1(7 0$1 6,( $/6 m20087$725On$0(//(1 J1,&+7 =8 9(5:(&+6(/1 0,7 '(5 n$0(//,(581* 921 g,6(1.?53(51 =85 w17(5'5@&.81* 921 w00$*1(7,6,(O 581*6Oy,5%(/675?0(1KP f,( (567(1 $8) k1'8.7,21 %$6,(5(1'(1 527,(5(1'(1 o$6&+,1(1 =85 u7520(5=(8*81* :$5(1 i(1(5$725(1 0,7 m20087$725(1 $/6 i/(,&+5,&+7(5 $8) '(5 g5=(8*(56(,7(P d$/' '$5$8) (5.$117( 0$1 ',( p@7=/,&+.(,7 '(6 y(&+6(/675206 81' %(*$11N i(1(5$725(1 2+1( m20087$725(1 =8 %$8(1 J0(+5 ,1 c%6&+1P VPVPSKP

Spannung

a

b

c Zeit

c%%P VPWZ J$K 81' J%K */(,&+*(5,&+7(7( k1'8.7,21663$1181*(1 921 =:(, [R@ *(*(1(,1$1'(5 9(56(7=7(1 u38/(13$$5(1] J&K ',( $0 9,(57(,/,*(1 m20087$725 $%*(*5,5(1( u3$1181*P

TVV

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

w0:$1'/81* $8) '(5 x(5%5$8&+(56(,7(P f,( m20%,1$7,21 (,1(6 i/(,&+67520Oi(1(O 5$7256 0,7 (,1(0 ,+1 $175(,%(1'(1 y(&+6(/67520Oo2725 ,67 (,1 527,(5(1'(5 y(&+O 6(/67520Oi/(,&+67520Ow0)250(5P o,7 '(1 g/(.7521(15?+5(1 Jc%6&+1P SSPTK (1767$1' (,1( 1(8( o(7+2'( '(5 i/(,&+O 5,&+781* J5(&7,7&$7,21KP f,( t?+5(1 :85'(1 1$&+ '(5 c1=$+/ '(5 ,1 ',( i/$6.2/%(1 (,1*(6&+02/=(1(1 TN U 2'(5 W o(7$//(/(.752'(1 $/6 f,2'(1N v5,2'(1 2'(5 r(172'(1 %(=(,&+1(7P f,( f,2'(1N ',( (,1( *(+(,=7( m$7+2'( 81' (,1( 1,&+7O*(+(,=7( c12'( %(6,7=(1N *(67$77(1 185 g/(.7521(19866 921 m$7+2'( =8 c12'( 81' 6,1' '(6+$/% 6(+5 *87( i/(,&+5,&+7(5P f(5 p$0( NNf,2'(DD +$7 6,&+ =80 u//7 ',( m21'(16$72563$1181* $%N 62%$/' ',( y(&+6(/63$1181* :,('(5 ./(,1(5 $/6 80$; :,5'P y(11 0$1 1>+(581*6:(,6( 921 '(0 $8&+ '$11 12&+ J%,6 =80 p8//'85&+*$1*K 1$&+*(/,()(57(1 n$'(67520 $%O 6,(+7N (5)2/*7 '(5 c%)$// '(5 i/(,&+63$1181* (;321(17,(//\ 8 J7K 3 80$;(;3J27B2K 0,7

2 3 t eP

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f$6 *,/7 %,6 ',( y(&+6(/63$1181* :,('(5 *5?M(5 :,5' $/6 8 J7KP y,( c%%P VPW[% ,/O /8675,(57N (5675(&.7 6,&+ '(5 (;321(17,(//( c%)$// 1>+(581*6:(,6( @%(5 ',( *$1=( y(&+O 6(/67520Or(5,2'( v 3 SB) J) 3 h5(48(1=KP f$0,7 (5*,%7 6,&+ '(5 u3$1181*6+8% (8 =8 (8 3 80$; 280,1 . 80$; vB2N

JVPSS[K

81' :(11 0$1 :,66(1 :,//N :,( *52M '(5 n$'(.21'(16$725 6(,1 0866N '$0,7 %(, (,1(0 n$6767520 , '(5 u3$1181*6+8% 1,&+7 *5?M(5 $/6 (8 ,67N '$11 1@7=7 ',( )2/*(1'( w06&+5(,%81* 921 i/P JVPSS[K 0,7 e 3 2Bt 81' 80$; Bt W ,\ e . 80$; BJ(8 ) tK 3 ,BJ(8 )KP

JVPSTRK u u max exp (--tJR C ) u (t ) ¢u

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u max t

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VPU y(&+6(/67520 uc

u\ C

u (t)

uc

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TVX

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21

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bremsend

Drehzahl

treibend I

II U = konst.

Drehmoment

U=0

III treibend

IV bremsend

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TXR

V g/(.7520$*1(7,6&+( k1'8.7,21 L N

Anlaufkondensator U

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VPW u75209(5625*81*

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VPW u75209(5625*81*

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Primärenergie Umwandlungs- und Verteilungsverluste

Sekundärenergie

Eigenbedarf nichtenergetischer Verbrauch

Verluste beim Verbraucher

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Endenergie

Nutzenergie

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VPW u75209(5625*81*

TXY

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Bundesbahn

Öffentliche Versorgung KraftwerkEigenverbrauch

Industrie

Brutto - Erzeugung Netto - Erzeugung

Import Export Pumpstromverbrauch Netzverluste

Verkehr öffentliche Beleuchtung

Stromaufkommen

Abgabe an Verbraucher

Sondervertragskunden Haushalte Gewerbe + Sonstiges Bundesbahn

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Landwirtschaft

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Bergbau und verarbeitende Betriebe (Industrie)

TXZ

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VPW u75209(5625*81* 12

Welt-Energieverbrauch pro Jahr Mrd. t SKE /a

Kernenergie

Zusammenbruch des Ostblocks

10

TX[

Wasserkraft und Sonstige

Ölkrisen

Gas

8

6

Erdöl

2. Weltkrieg 4 1. Weltkrieg und Folgen

Weltwirtschaftskrise

Kohle

2

0

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

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Mikrowellen Hochfrequenz

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330°

Öffnungswinkel 0° ı 360° 1.0 30°

3 dB

0.8 0.71 0.6 0.5 0.4

300°

Halbwertsbreite

60°

27°

0.2

270°

Nebenzipfel

90°

20 10 8 6 4 3 2 dB

Nullstellen 240°

(a)

120° 210°

180°

150° (b)

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$240ø (a)

c%%P WPUX 0$11KP

Leitung (b)

Empfangsrichtung

J$K u&+/(,)(1',32/N J%K {$*,Og03)$1*6$17(11( 0,7 V g/(0(17(1 J1$&+ fP p@+5O

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E -Feld y Spule

Ferritstab x

Richtung zum Sender : ± z

C (a)

(b)

E -Feld

z

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S

E

S (a)

Metallwand

E

(b)

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E

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M

Polarisator (a)

Objekt

Analysator

Bild (b) Wall

Wall

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VUZ

X n,&+7 Sternenlicht Sternenlicht Fernrohr

scheinbare Winkeländerung der Sternposition

Sonne (a)

(b)

Erdbahn

Beobachter auf der Erde

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R o nei egen ptima gun sch ler gsw irm ink el

(a)

Geschwindigkeit des Tropfens

(b)

(c) Geschwindigkeit der Person

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VVR

X n,&+7

(a)

(b)

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JXPYYK

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XPT n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7

VVS

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c%%P XPXT u75$+/(1*$1* '(6 g;3(5,0(17(6N '(5 ',( o(+5)$&+5(9(;,21(1 =(,*7 J1$&+ cPcP o,&+(/621KP

XPT n,&+7*(6&+:,1',*.(,7

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JYPUWK

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JYPUZK

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pTBpS 3 J*TB*SK (;3L2(gBJ.vKb (g 3 gT 2gS #RP

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JYPYTK

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JYPYUK

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E1

E2

spontane Emission

Absorption

induzierte Emission

Photon

Atom

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WRT

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spontane Emission

Anregung durch Elektronenstoß in Gasentladung

Abregung durch Wandstöße He

Ne Energieniveaus

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WRV

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WRW

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1.0

0.5

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0.5

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JYPY[K

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WRX

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JZPSK

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JZPTK

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höchste Sprungtemperatur

°C

K 150 HBCCO TBCCO

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BSCCO keramische Supraleiter

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100 77 Siedetemperatur flüssiger Stickstoff

--200.0

50 Nb-Legierungen --250.0

Hg Pb

--273.2 1910

LBCO

Nb 1930

1950 1970 Jahr der Entdeckung

1990

4.2 Siedetemperatur 0 flüssiges Helium 2000

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WXU

leeres Leitungsband Ionisierungsenergie des Atoms

Bandlücke

Energie

besetztes Valenzband N=1 Atom

2

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10 4 Cluster

10 5

10 20 Festkörper (Isolator)

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EL Donatoren

EG

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Energie Akzeptoren EV

VB EA

c%%P [PT

d>1'(502'(// 0,7 f21$725O 81' c.=(3725Op,9($86P

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J[PYK

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J[PZK

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J[PSRK

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J[PSSK

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Legierungs-T. C

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IB

RL U CB

U CE

IB

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10

10

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6

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Licht

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j2&+'58&./$03(1 6,1' 48(&.6,/%(5O 2'(5 ;(121O*()@//7( d2*(1/$03(1P u,( ',(1(1 =85 d(/(8&+781* 921 u75$M(1 81' k11(15>80(1N 6(1'(1 9,(/ n,&+7 $86N 6,1' :,57O 6&+$)7/,&+(5 $/6 i/@+/$03(1 81' m2+/(%2*(1/$03(1 81' +$%(1 (,1( +?+(5( n(%(16O '$8(5P d(, '(5 )@5 r52-(.7,216O 81' n$%25$7,806=:(&.( *(%$87(1 s8(&.6,/%(5O j2&+'58&./$03( :(5'(1 ',( g/(.752'(1 $86 =:(, ./(,1(1 y2/)5$0.(*(/1 *(%,/'(7P f(5 $86 s8$5= %(67(+(1'( n$03(1.?53(5 (17+>/7 (,1( 62 $%*(:2*(1( s8(&.6,/%(5O 0(1*(N '$66 1$&+ ,+5(5 92//67>1',*(1 x(5'$03)81* ',( f$03)',&+7( (,1(1 %(67,00O 7(1 j?&+67:(57 1,&+7 @%(56&+5(,7(7N 81' $8M(5'(0 =85 |@1'81* (7:$6 c5*21 921 (,1,*(1 +r$ f58&.P y(*(1 '(6 ./(,1(1 s8(&.6,/%(5Of$03)'58&.(6 ,1 '(5 .$/7(1 n$03( 71'(7 %(,0 c1/(*(1 '(5 u3$1181* ',( |@1'81* ,1 h250 (,1(5 i/,00(17O /$'81* '85&+ '$6 g'(/*$6 67$77N ',( '$11 1$&+ $//0>+/,&+(5 x(5'$03)81* '(6 s8(&.O 6,/%(56 ,1 (,1( d2*(1(17/$'81* @%(5*(+7P n?6&+81* 921 u&+$/7/,&+7%?*(1P k1 u7520.5(,6(1N ',( ,1 ,+5(1 k1'8.7,9,7>7(1 0$*1(O 7,6&+( g1(5*,( *(63(,&+(57 +$%(1N 75,77 %(,0 ~51(1 (,1(6 u&+$/7(56 (,1( k1'8.7,216O 63$1181* *(0>M w,1' 3 n 'kB'7

JSRPSXK

$8)P o,7 ',(6(5 u3$1181* :,5' ',( f85&+6&+/$*)(67,*.(,7 '(5 (1767(+(1'(1 ~5181* =:,6&+(1 '(1 u&+$/7.217$.7(1 @%(56&+5,77(1 81' (,1( g17/$'81* *(=@1'(7N ',( %(, +,15(,&+(1'(5 0$*1(7,6&+(5 g1(5*,( ,0 u7520.5(,6 6&+1(// ,1 (,1(1 n,&+7%2*(1 @%(5O *(+7N '(5 '(1 u&+$/7(5 =(567?5(1 .$11P p85 %(,0 67(P d(, '(1 o$M1$+0(1 =85 n?6&+81* '(6 u&+$/7/,&+7%2*(16 ,67 =8 %('(1.(1N '$66 ',( 0$*1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( $%*(%$87N 'P +P ,1 y>50( 80*(:$1'(/7 :(5'(1 0866P g,1( =8 6&+1(//( w17(5'5@&.81* '(6 n,&+7%2*(16 %(, 12&+ %(75>&+7O /,&+(5 u752067>5.( +$7 (,1( (51(87( ,1'8.7,9( u3$1181*6(5+?+81* 81' y,('(5=@1O '81* '(6 n,&+7%2*(16 =85 h2/*(P k1 o$*1(7%/$66&+$/7(51 :,5' '(5 n,&+7%2*(1 ,1 n8)7 817(5 c70263+>5(1'58&. '85&+ g,16$7= (,1(6 o$*1(7)(/'(6 9(5/>1*(57 81' **)P *(*(1 ,62/,(5(1'( u7(*( *(O 75,(%(1P k1 ~/6&+$/7(51 Jc%%P SRPTV$K (1767(+7 ,0 n,&+7%2*(1.$1$/ (,1( i$6%/$6( $86 =(56(7=7(0 ~/N '$%(, (17=,(+7 ',( &+(0,6&+( |(56(7=81*6$5%(,7 '(0 n,&+7%2*(1 g1(5*,(] 1$&+7(,/,* ,67 ',( x(558M81* '(6 ~/6 81' ',( d5$1'*()$+5P k1 j$57*$66&+$/O 7(51 %5(117 '(5 n,&+7%2*(1 ,1 (,1(5 (1*(1 d2+581* $86 (,1(0 o$7(5,$/N '$6 '$%(, beweglich

beweglich

Öl Siedezone Dampf Gasblase Lichtbogen (a)

c%%P SRPTV

fest

Druckluft (b)

fest

n?6&+81* 921 u&+$/7/,&+7%?*(1\ J$K ~/6&+$/7(5N J%K f58&./8)76&+$/7(5P

SRPV r/$60(1

XWW

(,1 (17,21,6,(5(1' :,5.(1'(6 i$6 $%*,%7P k1 f58&./8)76&+$/7(51 Jc%%P SRPTV%K :,5' '(5 n,&+7%2*(1 (,1(5 67$5.(1 u75?081* $86*(6(7=7N :(11 '(5 u&+$/767,)7 ',( f@6( )5(,*,%7] %(1?7,*7 :,5' (,1( /(,6781*667$5.( f58&./8)7$1/$*( J=P dP )@5 URR %$5 u3(,O &+(5'58&.N UR %$5 ,0 n8)767520KP k1 uhXOu&+$/7(51 ,67 '$6 n?6&+6+1/,&+ :,( %(, '(1 f58&./8)76&+$/7(51 $8)*(%$87N :(*(1 '(5 *@167,*(1 g,*(16&+$)7(1 '(6 uhX :(5'(1 $%(5 185 :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5( f5@&.( 81' u75?081*6*(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 %(O 1?7,*7P c/6 ,62/,(5(1'(6 i$6N '$6 :(6(17/,&+ %(66(5 $/6 n8)7 ,67N :,5' +(87( u&+:()(/+(O ;$9825,' JuhXK 9(5:(1'(7P f$6 (/(.7521(*$7,9( u&+:(5*$6 :(,67 +(59255$*(1'( k62O /,(5O 81' n?6&+(,*(16&+$)7(1 $8)P g6 %,1'(7 )5(,( g/(.7521(1 '85&+ ',662=,$7,9( c1O /$*(581* J',662&,$7,9( $77$&+0(17KP f,( f,662=,$7,216352'8.7( 81' ',( ,0 n,&+7%2O *(1 (1767(+(1'(1 |(56(7=81*6352'8.7( 5(.20%,1,(5(1 =80 *5?M7(1 v(,/ =8 uhX 2'(5 9(5%,1'(1 6,&+ =8 816&+>'/,&+(1 o(7$//9825,'(1 $1 '(1 m217$.7(1P uhX ,67 81*,)7,* 81' 1,&+7 %5(11%$5P f,( f85&+6&+/$*63$1181* ,67 )@5 uhX (7:$ '5(,0$/ +?+(5 $/6 )@5 pT J2'(5 n8)7KP f,( f85&+6&+/$*63$1181* ,67 1,&+7 185 921 '(5 g/(.752'(1O m217*85$7,21 81' '(0 f58&.N 621'(51 $8&+ 921 '(5 i$67(03(5$785 $%+>1*,*P x,(/( i$6(N ,16%(621'(5( h/825.2+/(1:$66(56725(N 6,1' $8) ,+5( g,*181* $/6 k62O /,(5*$6 ,1 '(5 j2&+63$1181*67(&+1,. 817(568&+7 :25'(1P g6 *,%7 .(,1 i$6N '$6 @%(5 '(1 *(6$07(1N 7(&+1,6&+ 5(/(9$17(1 v(03(5$785%(5(,&+ 921 2UR@e %,6 SRR@e 817(5 '(1 d(75,(%6%(',1*81*(1 '(5 j2&+63$1181*67(&+1,. $/6 k62/,(5*$6 %(66(5 *((,*1(7 ,67 $/6 uhXP j2&+63$1181*6$1/$*(1 :(5'(1 ,1 o(7$//%(+>/7(51 (,1*(.$36(/7N ',( uhX %(, (,1(0 ./(,1(1 %(5'58&. J(7:$6 0(+5 $/6 S %$5K (17+$/7(1P f,( n(&.5$7( .$11 62 1,('5,* *(+$/7(1 :(5'(1N '$66 ',( r5@)63$1181*6:(57( $8&+ 1$&+ 0(+5 $/6 =(+1 l$+5(1 d(75,(%6=(,7 12&+ *(+$/7(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1P y(*(1 '(5 %(66(5(1 k62/,(5)>+,*.(,7 '(6 uhX .?11(1 ',( c%67>1'( =:,6&+(1 '(1 63$1181*6)@+5(1'(1 v(,/(1 ./(,1(5 *(0$&+7 :(5'(1] 'P +P ',( u&+$/7$1/$*( ,67 :(6(17/,&+ ./(,1(5 $/6 (,1( (17635(&+(1'( c1/$*( 0,7 n8)7,62/$7,21P

SRPV r/$60(1 g,1 67$5. ,21,6,(57(6 i$6N '$6 :(*(1 '(5 */(,&+(1 c1=$+/ 326,7,9(5 81' 1(*$7,9(5 n$'81*(1 1$&+ $8M(1 1(875$/ ,67N $%(5 (,1( +2+( (/(.75,6&+( n(,7)>+,*.(,7 %(6,7=7N :,5' r/$60$ *(1$117P y(,/ 6,&+ r/$60(1 *581'/(*(1' 921 h(67.?53(51N h/@66,*.(,7(1 81' i$6(1 817(56&+(,'(1N :,5' '(5 r/$60$=867$1' $8&+ $/6 NN9,(57(5 c**5(*$7=8O 67$1'DD %(=(,&+1(7P f$ $//( h,;67(51( +(,M(N 67$5. ,21,6,(57( i$6%>//( 6,1'N .$11 0$1 6$*(1N '$66 6,&+ ',( 816 %(.$117( o$7(5,( '(6 w1,9(56806 *5?M7(17(,/6 ,0 r/$60$O =867$1' %(71'(7P k1 '(1 925$1*(*$1*(1(1 c%6&+1,77(1 @%(5 i$6(17/$'81*(1 75$7(1 9(56&+,('(17O /,&+ 6&+21 r/$60(1 $8)N $%(5 '$6 j$837,17(5(66( *$/7 %,6+(5 '(0 n$'81*675$163257 ,1 *(*(%(1(1 i$6Bg/(.752'(1Ou76%(',1*81* ,67 ',( g/(.7521(1',&+7( */(,&+ '(5 i(6$07,21(1O ',&+7( 1,21N ',( 6,&+ $86 '(5 *(:,&+7(7(1 u800( '(5 f,&+7(1 $//(5 k21(1$57(1 (5*,%7\ 1( 3 1,21 3 s -. 1.P .

JSRPSYK

j,(5 ,67 -. ',( k21,6,(581*6678)( J3 |$+/ '(5 326,7,9(1 n$'81*(1K '(5 .O7(1 k21(1$57 0,7 '(5 f,&+7( 1.P h@5 +2&+,21,6,(57( r/$60(1 ,67 ',( f,&+7( '(5 1,&+7O,21,6,(57(1 c720( 1$720 9(5O 6&+:,1'(1' ./(,1 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =8 1(P f,( v(03(5$785 ,67 0,7 '(1 v(,/&+(1',&+7(1 @%(5 '$6 f$/721I6&+( r$57,$/'58&.Oi(6(7= 9(5.1@3)7P f(5 f58&. 3 '(6 r/$60$6 ,67 3 3 J1( 11,21 11$720K .v 3 3 . T1( .v )@5 1$720 * 1,21P

JSRPSZK

f,( f(%1*( ,67 1$&+ '(5 r/$60$7+(25,( *(*(%(1 '85&+ +f 3 LJ&R .vKBJ(T 1(KbSBTP

JSRPS[K

|85 x(5$16&+$8/,&+81* .$11 *(6$*7 :(5'(1N '$66 r/$60(1 :,( ,'($/( i$6( %(+$1'(/7 :(5'(1 .?11(1N :(11 '(5 0,77/(5( c%67$1' '(5 g/(.7521(1N $3352;,0,(57 '85&+ +( 3 12SBU N (

JSRPTRK

*5?M(5 $/6 ',( f(%1*( +f ,67P y(11 ,11(5+$/% (,1(6 r/$60$6 ,5*(1':2 (,1( t$80/$'81* s (;,67,(57N '$11 :(5O '(1 ',( n$'81*675>*(5 '(6 r/$60$6 ,0 h(/' ',(6(5 t$80/$'81* 62 9(56&+2%(1N '$66 (,1( c%6&+,5081* 5(68/7,(57P y>+5(1' '$6 e28/20%Or27(17,$/ (,1(5 r81.7/$'81* ,0 x$.880 1$&+ 3eJ5K 3 sBJV@ &R 5K

JSRPTSK

$%)>//7N /,()(57 ',( r/$60$Ov+(25,( '$6 6&+1(//(5 $%)$//(1'( f(%*(5 */(,&+ 67$5. =85 c%O 6&+,5081* %(,75$*(1] 0$1&+0$/ :,5' $8&+ ',( '85&+ |T *(7(,/7( n>1*( $/6 f(%1*( %(=(,&+1(7P f,( t(,&+:(,7( '(5 h(/'(5 (,1=(/1(5 n$'81*675>*(5 ,67 ,0 :(6(17O /,&+(1 $8) '(1 t$',$/%(5(,&+ 5 " +f %(6&+5>1.7P d(75$&+7(7 0$1 6&+1(// 9(5>1'(5/,&+( x25*>1*( ,1 (,1(0 r/$60$N '$11 6,1' (6 +$8376>&+/,&+ ',( /(,&+7(1 g/(.7521(1N ',( c%6&+,5081* 81' n$'81*6$86*/(,&+ +(5O 67(//(1P d(75$&+7(7 0$1N :,( 6&+1(// (,1 g/(.7521 817(5 '(0 g,19866 '(6 t$80/$O

SRPV r/$60(1

XWY

'81*6)(/'(6 920 t$',86 t ,1 '$6 |(17580 *(/$1*7N '$11 (5+>/7 0$1 (,1( |(,7N ',( *5?M(125'181*60>M,* '(5 m(+5:(57 '(5 g/(.7521(1Or/$60$OJm5(,6OKh5(48(1= 63 3 LJ(T 1(KBJ&R 0(KbSBT

JSRPTUK

,67P o,7 ',(6(5 g,*(1J.5(,6K)5(48(1= .?11(1 ',( g/(.7521(1 *(0(,16$0 %(=@*/,&+ '(5 6&+:(5(1N 1$+(=8 2576)(67(1 k21(1 26=,//,(5(1P f,( v+(25,( /,()(57 (,1(1 (,1)$&+(1 |86$00(1+$1* 921 f(%1*( 81' r/$6O 0$)5(48(1=\ +f 63 3 J.vB0(KSBTP

JSRPTVK

f$6 ,67 ',( '85&+ |T *(7(,/7( 7+(50,6&+( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(5 g/(.7521(1P f$6 x(5+>/71,6 '(5 9(56&+,('(1(1 v(,/&+(1',&+7(1 =8(,1$1'(5 :,5' '85&+ ',( u$+$O g**(57Oi/(,&+81* %(67,007N ',( (,1( c1:(1'81* '(6 &+(0,6&+(1 o$66(1:,5.81*6O *(6(7=(6 $8) '$6 k21,6$7,216*/(,&+*(:,&+7 '$567(//7P h@5 '(1 (,1)$&+(1 h$// 921 185 (,1)$&+(5 k21,6$7,21 Jc720 ) k211(2K ,67 ',( v(03(5$785$%+>1*,*.(,7 %(67,007 '85&+ ',( g;3217(17,$/)81.7,21 1( 1,21B1$720 3 hJvK (;3L2Jg,21 2(g,21KB.vbP

JSRPTWK

f,( 6&+:>&+(5 7(03(5$785$%+>1*,*( h81.7,21 hJvK (17+>/7 '(1 h$.725 v UBT 81' ',( 7(03(5$785$%+>1*,*(1 NN|867$1'66800(1DD Jd'P WN m$3P TK )@5 ',( c720( 81' k21(1P k1 '(1 g;321(17,$/7(50 *(+7 1(%(1 '(5 k21,6$7,216(1(5*,( g,21 12&+ '(5 m25O 5(.7857(50 (g,21 (,1N '(5 ',( g51,('5,*81* '(5 k21,6,(581*6(1(5*,( ,0 r/$60$ %(O 6&+5(,%7 81' 1>+(581*6:(,6( '85&+ ',( e28/20%Og1(5*,( =:(,(5 g/(0(17$5/$'81*(1 ,0 c%67$1' +fB|T *(*(%(1 ,67\ (g,21 . (TBJV@ 7R +fB|TKP

JSRPTXK

h@5 (,1(1 %(5%/,&. @%(5 ',( 9,(/)>/7,*(1 c1:(1'81*(1 '(5 r/$60$7(&+1,. ,67 (6 $0 %(67(1N '$6 r/$60$ $/6 (,1 o(',80 )@5 g1(5*,(80:$1'/81*(1 =8 9(567(+(1 Jc%%P SRPTWKP d(,63,(/(\ k1 m(51)86,2163/$60(1 :,5' m(51(1(5*,( ,1 7+(50,6&+( g1(5*,(N ,1 i$6(17/$'81*6/$03(1 (/(.75,6&+( g1(5*,( ,1 n,&+7 80*(:$1'(/7P f(5 d(*5,5 NNr/$60$3+1'(1 $8)*(75$*(1(1 n(8&+76725 ,1 n,&+7 (,1(5 '(5 i581')$5%(1 80*(:$1'(/7 :,5'P w0 ',( %(, n(8&+75?+5(1 25(16,&+7/,&+(1 u7$57352%/(0( =8 80O *(+(1N :,5' ,1 $//(1 m$00(51 67>1',* (,1( 6&+:$&+( i$6(17/$'81* $8)5(&+7 (5+$/O 7(1P f,( u7(8(581* '(5 j(//,*.(,7 (5)2/*7 @%(5 ',( n>1*( '(5 |@1'38/6(P f$ '(5 r/$60$%,/'6&+,50 6(/%67/(8&+7(1' ,67N .$11 6(,1 d,/' $8&+ 817(5 *52M(1 u,&+7:,1.(/1 *87 :$+5*(1200(1 :(5'(1P g,1 p$&+7(,/ ,67 J1(%(1 +2+(1 j(567(//81*6.267(1 81' %(*5(1=7(5 n(%(16'$8(5 '(5 n(8&+76725(K ',( o,1,0$/*5?M( '(5 m$00(51N ',( %(, (7:$ RPU 00 /,(*7P f(6+$/% /,(*7 '(5 j$837(,16$7=%(5(,&+ %(, '(1 5(35(6(17$7,9(1N $86 *5?M(5(0 c%67$1' %(75$&+7(7(1 i52M%,/'6&+,50(1N :2)@5 ',( c89?681* $865(,&+7 81' '(5 r5(,6 $.=(37,(57 :,5'P f(5 .200(5=,(//( f85&+%58&+ '(5 r/$60$%,/'6&+,50( .$0 %(, '(1 2/7 2'(5 0 u75$+/(1:,5.81*(1P p@7=/,&+ ,67 $8&+ 0 d)u j20( 0 i/266$5 f26,0(75,( 81' u75$+/(16&+87=P x(7(5,1>50(',=,1,6&+(1 w1,9(56,7>7 y,(1\ +773\BB :::P98O:,(1P$&P$7B 0 q5*$1,6$7,21 0 f(3$570(17 )@5 p$785:,66(16&+$)7(1 0 f(3$570(176 NNk167,787 )@5 o(',=,1,6&+( r+O 5,6&+( g56&+(,181*(1 0 u(/%67/(8&+7(1'( g56&+(,181*(1 NNd/,7=(DD 3 n,1. SRAZ m8*(/%/,7=P c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. SRA[ g5*>1=81*\ 0 c1'(5( u35$&+(1 NNg1*/,6+DDN '257 ,16%(621'(5( u(( $/62 81' g;7(51$/ n,1.6 d/,7=6&+87=P c86 xfg J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ c866&+@66( NNd/,7=6&+87= 1 d/,7=)256&+81*DD 3 n,1. SRASR y(,7(5 =P dP 0,7 c.78(//(6\ hcs6 2'(5 0 r8%/,.$7,21(1N '257 =P dP 0 d/,7=O 81' %(563$1181*66&+87= '(6 v(/(.20081,.$7,216$16&+/866(6P j?51(5%/,7=$%/(,7(5P w1,9(56,7>7 i5$=\ +773\BB:::P81,O*5$=P$7B 0 h$.8/7>7(1 H k16O 7,787(\ p$785:,66(16&+$)7(1 NNk167,787(DD 0 g;3(5,0(17$/3+7 o@167(5\ +773\BB:::P81,O 08(167(5P'(B 0 q5*$1,6$7,21 0 h$&+%(5(,&+(Bh$.8/7>7(1 0 r+1=81*\ y(%6(,7( 921 u7()$1 rP p(8'(&.N f OWXWYW y(,M(17+850\ +773\BB:::P7/07(&+1,.O21/,1(P'( 0 f$7(1%/$776$00/81* h,/0Bh(516(+(1Bx,'(2 0 n,&+77(&+1,. Jn,1.( u3$/7(\ u+2: q1/< v+,6 h5$0(K 3 n,1. SRASU y(,7(5 0,7 =P dP 0 i/@+OBj$/2*(1/$03(1N 0 jokOn$03(1 Jj )@5 j*N s8&.6,/%(5 A o )@5 0,77/(5( d2*(1/>1*( A k )@5 l2'O|86$7=KN 0 n(8&+76725O

XXR

SR i$6(17/$'81*(1

/$03(1N 0 p$75,80'$039$03(1N 0 s8(&.6,/%(5'$039$03(1N 0 z(121Oj2&+O '58&./$03(1 n,&+7%2*(1P c86 y,.,3(',$ A f(876&+ J6P c%6&+1P SPVK\ n,1. SRASV r/$60$3+1*( Jd(75$*KN v(,/&+(1%$+1/>1*( v(,/&+(10$66( g/(.7521(10$66( o$66(1'()(.7 p(87521(1=$+/ c92*$'52Om2167$17( |$+/ '(5 v(,/&+(1 352 d@1'(/ J%81&+K ,1 u75$+/ S 2'(5 T d5(&+=$+/ k038/6 t$',$/,038/6 n$'81*60(1*(N $//*(0(,1 v(,/&+(1/$'81*

XXV

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

i5?M(161*,*P c//(5',1*6 *(+7 $8&+ '(5 h$.725 J(B0KSBT (,1N :(,/ ',( t$80/$'81*6',&+7( 921 '(5 v(,/&+(1*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 $%+>1*7] )@5 r52721(1 %(75>*7 ',( r(59($1= %(, */(,&+(5 i(20(75,( 185 SBVU '(6 g/(.7521(1:(57(6P f$66 ,1 i/P JSSPTK ',( v(03(5$785 '(5 i/@+.$7+2'( *$5 1,&+7 925.2007N (17O 635,&+7 '(5 v$76$&+(N '$66 ',( k$Jw$KOm859(1 %(, 9(56&+,('(1(1 m$7+2'(17(03(5$O 785(1 =81>&+67 '(16(/%(1 x(5/$8) =(,*(1 J9*/P c%%P SSPU$KP g567 :(11 k$ 1$+(=8 '(1 y(57 '(6 u>77,*81*667520(6 (55(,&+7N %,(*7 ',( m859( 80 81' 9(5/>8)7 +25,=217$/P x21 ',(6(0 r81.7( $1 *,/7 '$6 n$1*08,5Ou&+277.1=(1P f$=8 :,5' 325?6(6 y2/)5$0 0,7 u8%67$1=(1 ,035>*1,(57N ',( %(, +2+(1 v(03(5$785(1 d$5,80 &+(0,6&+ )5(,6(7=(1] ',( d$Oc720( ',581',(5(1 '$11 $//0>+/,&+ '85&+ '$6 m$7+2'(10$7(5,$/ $1 ',( q%(59>&+(P f,63(16(5.$7+2'(1 %(1?7,*(1 (,1 *87(6N ?/'$03)O)5(,(6 j2&+9$.880N :>+5(1' m$7+2'(1 $86 5(,1(0 y2/)5$0 81(0371'/,&+ *(*(1 $8)75(5(1'( h5(0'$720( 6,1' 81' 6(/%67 ,1 6&+/(&+7(0 j2&+9$.880 J. SR2U r$KN $8&+ %(, c1:(6(1+(,7 921 f,)O )86,2163803(1O~/'$03)N (,1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P g/(.7521(1Ot,&+7675$+/(5P f,( )@5 t,&+7675$+/(5 :,&+7,*67( m(11*5?M( ,67 '(5 t,&+7O 675$+/:(57 J(/(&7521O%($0 %5,*+71(66KN '(71,(57 $/6 t 3 kBJc \KN

JSSPUK

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XYT

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K W (a)

K

A (b)

P

A

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XYV

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880 Anode (wassergekühlt)

Fokussierungselektrode

Plasma

Elektronen von Glühkathode

Plasmagrenze

Fe

Magnetfeld

Fe

Beschleunigungselektrode

Polschuhe

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Anode

Solenoid

Elektronenkollektor

Kathode

Elektronenstrahl

Ionenstrahl

Driftröhre

c%%P SSPX c125'181*N *(1$117 gdku 2'(5 gdkvN =85 r52'8.7,21 921 6(+5 +2&+*(/$'(1(1 k21(1 J6&+(0$7,6&+KP

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f$ 1(875$/( c720( 9,(/ 6&+:,(5,*(5 1$&+=8:(,6(1 6,1' $/6 '(5(1 k21(1N :(5'(1 6,( 925 '(0 p$&+:(,6 ,21,6,(57P h@5 ',( c/.$/,0(7$//$720( e6N t% 81' mN '(5(1 k21,6,(581*6(1(5*,(1 817(5+$/% '(5 c8675,776$5%(,7 921 y2/)5$0 JVPWV (xK /,(*7N (03O 7(+/7 6,&+ ',( q%(59>&+(1Ok21,6$7,21 $8) y2/)5$0 %(, (,1(5 v(03(5$785 921 &$P SVRR mP f,( 9(5'$03)(1'(1 k21(1 :(5'(1 '85&+ (,1 (/(.75,6&+(6 h(/' $%*(6$8*7 81' '(5 k21(167520 *(0(66(1 Jn$1*08,5Ov$+/(1P h@5 ',( q%(59>&+(1Ok21,6$7,21 921 p$ 81' n, 0866 '$6 y2/)5$0 =85 g5+?+81* '(5 c8675,776$5%(,7 $8) XPTV (x $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( 2;,',(57 81' $8) &$P SZRR m *(+$/7(1 :(5'(1P f,( 62 *(1$117(1 w1,9(56$/Of(7(.725(1N 0,7 '(1(1 $//( c720(N $//(5',1*6 0,7 81O 7(56&+,('/,&+(5 g5,=,(1=N 1$&+*(:,(6(1 :(5'(1 .?11(1N $5%(,7(1 0,7 g/(.7521(1O 672MOk21,6,(581*P f(5 6752067$5.( g/(.7521(1675$+/ :,5' 0$*1(7,6&+ *()@+57P

SSPSPX g/(.7521(1O 81' k21(11$&+:(,6 y,5 %(75$&+7(1 ,1 ',(6(0 c%6&+1,77 ,1 (567(5 n,1,( '(1 p$&+:(,6 921 g/(.7521(1] $8) w17(56&+,('( %(,0 p$&+:(,6 921 k21(1 :,5' +,1*(:,(6(1P n(8&+76&+,50Od,/'P y(11 g1(5*,( 81' u7520',&+7( '(6 g/(.7521(1675$+/6 +,15(,O &+(1' *52M 6,1' J7&+( $/6 d,/' $8) '(0 n(8&+76&+,50 J6&5((1 ,0$*(K %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1P g,1 )@5 m$7+2'2/80,1(6=(1= 9,(/ 9(5:(1'(7(5 n(8&+76725 ,67 |1uN $.7,9,(57 0,7 c* 2'(5 e8P f$6 32/* 921 '(5 u(,7( '85&+ (,1 h(167(5 %(75$&+7(7 :(5'(1] n(8&+7O 6&+,50( $8) i/$6 (5/$8%(1 ',( d(75$&+781* ,1 f85&+6,&+7N :(11 '(5 n(8&+76725%(/$* *(1@*(1' '@11 ,67P w0 c89$'81*(1 '(6 n(8&+76&+,506 81' '$'85&+ %(',1*7( d,/'O 67?581*(1 =8 9(50(,'(1 81' */(,&+=(,7,* ',( n,&+7$86%(87( =8 (5+?+(1N .$11 0$1 $8) '(1 n(8&+76725%(/$* (,1( )@5 ',( u75$+/(/(.7521(1 '85&+/>66,*(N $%(5 '$6 n,&+7 63,(*(/1'( c/80,1,806&+,&+7 Jf,&.( ] RPS =0K $8)'$03)(1P y,// 0$1 185 ',( c8)O /$'81*(1 9(50(,'(1N (037(+/7 6,&+ ',( x(5:(1'81* 921 NN/(,7(1'(0 i/$6DD] '$6 ,67 i/$6N @%(5=2*(1 0,7 (,1(5 75$163$5(17(1 j$/%/(,7(56&+,&+7N ',( )@5 ',( c%/(,781* ./(,1(5 u75$+/675?0( J. SR =cK '85&+$86 +2&+2+0,* J. SRR ./K 6(,1 .$11P c8&+ k21(1675$+/(1 .?11(1 $8) n(8&+76&+,50(1 6,&+7%$5 *(0$&+7 :(5'(1N )@+5(1 $%(5 :(*(1 '(5 +?+(5(1 v(,/&+(1,038/6( (+(5 $/6 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1 =85 |(567?581* '(6 n(8&+767256P u75200(6681* 0,7 '(0 h$5$'$1'(581*(1 $0 h$5$'$+(5 6,( $1 ',(6( 35,1=,3,(//( i5(1=( +(5$1.200(1P f(5 |:(&. '(6 h$5$'$1',*( u$00/81* $//(5 '85&+ ',( g,175,776%/(1'( 75(7(1'(1 g/(.7521(1P f,( ./(,1( ~5181* 81' '(5 *52M( k11(15$80 '(6 d(&+(56 625*(1 '$)@5N '$66 ',( 5@&.*(675(87(1 g/(.7521(1 :,( $8&+ $1 '(5 t@&.:$1' $86*(/?67( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 0,7 185 *(5,1*(5 y$+56&+(,1/,&+O .(,7 :,('(5 1$&+ $8M(1 75(7(1P |86>7=/,&+ :,5' +>87* ',( k11(1:$1' '(6 d(&+(56 %(58M7N :(,/ m2+/(16725 )@5 $//( g/(.7521(1(1(5*,(1 (,1( u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1Oc86O %(87( ./(,1(5 $/6 (,16 %(6,7=7P f,( c%%P SSPY$ 81' % =(,*(1 o(66$125'181*(1N )@5 ',( $1*(1200(1 :85'(N '$66 ',( m$7+2'( $8) 2w /,(*7N 62'$66 '(5 h$5$'$&+( '(6 d(&+(56N ',( ',( g,175,776?5181* (17+>/7N '@5)(1 .(,1( g/(.7521(1 $8)75(5(1N :(,/ u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1Og0,66,21 ',( o(6681* 9(5O )>/6&+(1 .?117( Jc%%P SSPY$KP f(6+$/% ,67 (,1( c%6&+,50%/(1'( (5)25'(5/,&+ Metallwand Isolator Triaxialkabel

(a) Isolator Koaxialkabel auf Hochspannung (b)

(c)

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+2-3 kV R2 R1 (a)

(b)

Pulselektronik

C

c%%P SSPZ m$1$/Ougx JegoK\ J$K f$567(//81* '(6 x(59,(/)$&+81*6352=(66(6N J%K egoOd$8O )250P f,( $1*(*(%(1( u&+$/781* ,67 )@5 '(1 p$&+:(,6 (,1=(/1(5 g/(.7521(1 81' ',( |>+/81* '(5 '85&+ 6,( $86*(/?67(1 r8/6( *((,*1(7P

XYZ

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

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SSPS v(&+1,.(1

XY[

h@5 /(,&+7( k21(1 /,(*7 ',( p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 ,0 d(5(,&+ 921 YRA[R@N :(11 ',( r5,0>5(1(5*,( (7:$ V .x 2'(5 0(+5 %(75>*7P d(, */(,&+(5 g1(5*,( 6,1.7 ',( p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 0,7 =81(+0(1'(5 o$66( 0N (7:$ 3523257,21$/ =8 02SBTP x,(/.$1$/3/$77(P c8) g1*/,6&+ +(,M7 ',(6(5 f(7(.725 08/7,O&+$11(/ 3/$7( JoerK 2'(5N 6(/7(1(5N &+$11(/ (/(&7521 08/7,3/,(5 $55$< JegocK] (6 ,67 (,1( y(,7(5(17:,&./81* '(6 egoP y,( (,1( *(1$8(5( d(75$&+781* '(6 ,1 c%%P SSPZ$ '$5*(67(//7(1 x(59,(/)>/7,*81*6O 352=(66(6 =(,*7N +>1*7 ',( x(567>5.81* '(6 ego 1,&+7 ,1 (567(5 n,1,( 921 '(5 n>1*( '(5 t?+5( $%N 621'(51 +$8376>&+/,&+ 920 x(5+>/71,6 921 n>1*( =8 f85&+0(66(5P f,(6( g5.(1171,6 (5/$8%7 o,1,$785,6,(581* 62:(,7 (6 ',( 9(5)@*%$5(1 j(567(//81*6O 0(7+2'(1 *(67$77(1P f$6 oer %(67(+7 $86 SRV %,6 SRX ',&+7 3$5$//(/ 1(%(1(,1$1'(5 $1*(25'1(7(1 6(+5 ./(,1(1 ego6 Jc%%P SSP[$K 0,7 m$1$/'85&+0(66(51 921 SRA SRR =0 81' n>1*(O=8Of85&+0(66(5Os827,(17(1 921 VR %,6 SRRP

Single MCP

(a)

Chevron

Z-Stack

(b)

c%%P SSP[ x,(/.$1$/3/$77( JoerK\ J$K d,/'N (5=(8*7 0,7 (,1(0 t$67(5(/(.7521(10,.526.23] J%K x(56&+,('(1( c125'181*(1 6&+5>*(5 oer6 0,7 ,+5(1 (1*/,6&+(1 d(=(,&+181*(1P

h@5 63(=,(//( c1:(1'81*(1 *,%7 (6 oer6 0,7 *(5$'(1 m$1>/(1N ',( 6(1.5(&+7 =85 r/$77(1(%(1( 67(+(1P f,( $0 :(,7(67(1 9(5%5(,7(7( d$8)250 +$7 *(5$'( m$1>/(N ',( 6&+5>* =85 r/$77(1(%(1( 67(+(1N 81' '$921 :(5'(1 0(,67 =:(, +,17(5(,1$1'(5 *(6&+$/7(7 0,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 u&+5>*67(//81* J75.81* '(5 e+(9521O c125'181* /,(*7 %(, SRW ASRYP y(,/ ',( u800( '(5 m$1$/48(56&+1,77( ./(,1(5 ,67 $/6 ',( h/>&+( '(5 r/$77( ,67 ',( p$&+:(,6:$+56&+(,1/,&+.(,7 ./(,1(5 $/6 )@5 '(1 ego] )@5 g/(.7521(1 921 (,1,*(1 SRR (x 81' /(,&+7(1 k21(1 Jj1 " c51K 921 (,1,*(1 .(x /,(*7 6,( -( 1$&+ d$8$57 =:,6&+(1 WR 81' ZW@P f,( x,(/.$1$/3/$77(1 +$%(1 ,0 x(5*/(,&+ =80 v5,&+7(5Om$1$/Ougx (,1( *5?M(5( p$&+:(,69>&+( 81' 6,1' :(*(1 '(5 ./(,1(1 n$8):(*( '(5 g/(.7521(1 6&+1(//(5P

XZR

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

q576$%+>1*,*(5 v(,/&+(11$&+:(,6P f,( x,(/.$1$/3/$77( (5/$8%7 '(1 2576$%+>1*,*(1 p$&+:(,6 '(5 r5,0>5(/(.7521(1P y,( ,1 c%%P SSPSR$ '(87/,&+ (5.(11%$5 ,67N 75(5(1 ',( $8675(7(1'(1 u(.81'>5(/(.7521(1 -( 1$&+ c8)75(5257 '(6 r5,0>5(/(.75216 81O 7(56&+,('/,&+( v(,/( '(5 c12'(P y(11 $8&+ ',( $8675(7(1'( g/(.7521(1/$:,1( (,1(1 *5?M(5(1 f85&+0(66(5 %(6,7=7 $/6 (,1 m$1$/N 62 .$11 '2&+ ',( n$*( '(6 o,77(/381.O 7(6 ',(6(5 n$:,1( 0,7 (,1(5 i(1$8,*.(,7 %(67,007 :(5'(1N ',( 35,1=,3,(// 185 '85&+ '(1 m$1$/'85&+0(66(5 %(*5(1=7 ,67P

Primärelektron

Q2 A2

Kanäle

Q1

MCP 1

Q3

MCP 2

y austretende Sekundärelektronen

(a)

Anode

Ausgangspuls A3 (b)

x

A1

c%%P SSPSR J$K u&+1,77 '85&+ (,1 e+(9521Of233(/Ooer 81' u.,==,(581* '(5 y,5.81*6:(,6(] J%K c12'(1817(57(,/81* )@5 ',( d(67,0081* 921 ;O 81' 5O (/(.75216P

g,1( 6,115(,&+( c12'(1817(57(,/81* )@5 =:(,',0(16,21$/( q576$89?681* =(,*7 c%%P SSPSR%P f,( c12'( ,67 '5(,)$&+ 817(57(,/7P |:(, v(,/$12'(1 JcS 81' cTK 6,1' 1,&+7O@%(5/$33(1'( o$6.(1N ',( (,1( 0,7 n>1*6675(,)(1N '(5(1 d5(,7( ,1 ;Ot,&+781* =81,007N ',( $1'(5( 0,7 63,7=:,1./,*(1 f5(,(&.(1N ',( ,1 /71,66( sSBs 81' sTBs 6,1' o$M( )@5 ',( r26,O 7,21(1 (17/$1* '(5 ;O 81' 5.7N 81' $86 ,+5(1 n$8)=(,7',5(5(1=(1 :,5' '(5 q57 %(67,007P y,5' 67$77 '(6 e+(9521Of233(/Ooer6 (,1 (,1=(/1(6 0,7 *(5$'(1 m$1>/(1 9(5O :(1'(7N '$11 ,67 '(5 f85&+0(66(5 '(5 $8675(7(1'(1 n$:,1( .$80 *5?M(5 $/6 '(5 m$1$/'85&+0(66(5P g56(7=7 0$1 181 ',( c12'( '85&+ (,1(1 n(8&+76&+,50 $8) 75$16O 3$5(17(5 w17(5/$*(N '$11 +$7 0$1 (,1(1 g/(.7521(1On(8&+76&+,50 0,7 d,/'9(567>5O .81*P d5,1*7 0$1 $8) '(0 oer (,1 h(167(5 0,7 r+272.$7+2'( $1N '$11 ,67 ',( c125'181* (,1 237,6&+(5 d,/'9(567>5.(5 J,0$*( ,17(16,7(5KP

SSPS v(&+1,.(1

XZS

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XZT

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

SSPSPY d(:(*81* *(/$'(1(5 v(,/&+(1 ,1 h(/'(51 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1P y,5 %(6&+5>1.(1 816 $8) ',( 1,&+7O5(/$7,9,67,6&+( m,1(0$7,. 81' 1(+0(1 $1N '$66 ',( c8675,776(1(5*,(N ',( ',( v(,/&+(1 %(,0 x(5/$66(1 '(5 s8(//( %(6,7=(1N 9(51$&+/>66,*%$5 ./(,1 ,67P p$&+ f85&+/$8)(1 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1O 181* w %(6,7=7 -('(6 v(,/&+(1 ',( .,1(7,6&+( g1(5*,( 4w3

S 0 9T T

JSSPWK

J4 3 n$'81*N 0 3 o$66( 81' 9 3 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 '(6 v(,/&+(16KP f,( v(,/&+(1O *(6&+:,1',*.(,7 ,67 3523257,21$/ =85 y85=(/ $86 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181*P h@5 1O)$&+ *(/$'(1( k21(1 '(5 o$66( 0 *,/7 9,21 3 SUPZ[ .0B6 6 L1 JwBxKBJ0B8KbSBTP

JSSPXK

f,( v(,/&+(10$66( 0 ,1 $720$5(1 g,1+(,7(1 Ju+(581*6$11$+0(1 *(/7(1\ y,( (,1*$1*6 (5:>+17N :(5'(1 1,&+7O 5(/$7,9,67,6&+( i(6&+:,1',*.(,7(1 81' 9(56&+:,1'(1' ./(,1( c8675,776(1(5*,(1 $1*(O 1200(1] $8M(5'(0 0@66(1 t$80/$'81*6(,19@66( 81' n$8)=(,7(5(.7( =8 9(51$&+O />66,*(1 6(,1P y,5 %(75$&+7(1 ',( c%+>1*,*.(,7 921 '(5 v(,/&+(1/$'81* 4N '(5 v(,/&+(10$66( 0 81' '(1 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(1 i5?M(1 '(5 c125'181* sN w 81' dP c//( n>1*(10$M( A ',( '(5 g/(.752'(1.217*85$7,21 81' ',( '(5 v5$-(.725,(1 A 6,1' 3523257,21$/ =8 '(5 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(1 n>1*( s =8 6.$/,(5(1P f$6 */(,&+( u.$/,(581*635,1=,3 *,/7 )@5 ',( &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( u3$1181* wN 81' '$6 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+( o$*1(7)(/' dP Jy(11 (6 .(,1( )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 j1*,* 921 wN sN 4 81' 0P f,( v5$-(.725,(1 :(5'(1 $/62 185 '85&+ ',( u3$1181*6O 81' n>1*(19(5+>/71,66( '(5 c125'181* %(67,007] n$'81* 81' o$66( *(+(1 1,&+7 (,1P y(11 %(, (,1(0 x25=(,&+(1:(&+6(/ '(5 n$'81* $8&+ $//( u3$1181*(1 80*(32/7 :(5'(1N >1'(51 6,&+ ',( v5$-(.725,(1 1,&+7P TP f,( h/8*=(,7 2N ',( '$6 v(,/&+(1 (17/$1* '(5 %(75$&+7(7(1 v5$-(.725,( %(1?7,*7N 9(5>1'(57 6,&+ %(, u.$/,(581*(1P g6 *,/7\ 2 6 s w2SBT J4B0K2SBTP

JSSPZK

UP h@5 c125'181*(1 0,7 0$*1(7,6&+(1 h(/'(51 *,/7\ f,( v5$-(.725,(1 %/(,%(1 %(, u.$/,(581*(1 819(5>1'(57N 62/$1*( )2/*(1'( d(',1*81* (5)@//7 ,67\ J4B0KSBT s d w2SBT 3 .2167P

JSSP[K

f,(6(6 }+1/,&+.(,76*(6(7= ,67 /(,&+7 =8 9(5,7=,(5(1N :(11 0$1 (,1 v(,/&+(1 0,7 '(5 i(6&+:,1',*.(,7 c 6(1.5(&+7 =8 5 %(75$&+7(7\ i/(,&+6(7=(1 921 n25(17=Om5$)7 49d 81' |(175,)8*$/.5$)7 09TB5N 62:,( 5 3 s 81' 4w 3 09TBT )@+5(1 =8 i/P JSSP[KP f,( t(/$7,21 )@5 ',( h/8*=(,7 Ji/P JSSPZKK *,/7 :(,7(5+,1P c86 i/P JSSP[K )2/*7\ A d(, u3$1181*66.$/,(581*(1 0@66(1 ',( o$*1(7)(/'(5 3523257,21$/ =8 |w 0,7O 6.$/,(57 :(5'(1P A n$'81* 81' o$66( *(+(1 1,&+7 *(75(117 (,1N 621'(51 185 $/6 J0$66(1OK63(=,76&+( n$'81* 4B0P A v(,/&+(1 0,7 9(56&+,('(1(1 63(=,76&+(1 n$'81*(1 .?11(1 ,1 o$*1(7)(/'(51 '85&+ ,+5( 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 v5$-(.725,(1 *(75(117 :(5'(1] ,1 5(,1 (/(.75,6&+(1 c125'O 181*(1 ,67 '$6 '$*(*(1 185 '85&+ c86187=81* '(5 817(56&+,('/,&+(1 h/8*=(,7(1 0?*/,&+P

XZV

SS i(/$'(1( v(,/&+(1 ,0 x$.880

SSPSPZ g/(.7521(1237,. y(,/ g/(.7521(1 ',( (567(1 *(/$'(1(1 v(,/&+(1 :$5(1N ',( $/6 ,17(16,9( u75$+/(1 )@5 g;3(5,0(17( =85 x(5)@*81* 67$1'(1N (1767$1' =8(567 ',( g/(.7521(1237,. ,1 c1$O /2*,( =85 *(20(75,6&+(1 n,&+7237,.P u(/%679(567>1'/,&+ *(/7(1 ',( g5*(%1,66( '(5 g/(.7521(1237,. ,0 t$+0(1 '(5 2%(1 '$5*(/(*7(1 }+1/,&+.(,76*(6(7=( $8&+ )@5 $//( $1'(5(1 u257(1 *(/$'(1(5 v(,/&+(1P y(,/ v(,/&+(1675$+/(1 $8&+ y(//(1(,*(16&+$)7(1 %(6,7=(1 J9*/P y(//(Ov(,/&+(1Of8$/,6086N c%6&+1P YPTKN *,%7 (6 $8&+ g/(.7521(1%(8O *81* 81' g/(.7521(1675$+/Ok17(5)(5(1=(1 Jd'P UN m$3P SRKP g/(.7521(1237,6&+( d5(&+=$+/P f,( i5(1=9>&+( =:,6&+(1 =:(, 9(56&+,('(1(1 237,O 6&+(1 o(',(1 0,7 '(1 d5(&+=$+/(1 1S 81' 1TN $1 '(5 (,1 n,&+7675$+/ 1$&+ '(0 d5(O &+81*6*(6(7= =80 ',&+7(5(1 o(',80 +,1 *(%52&+(1 :,5'N />667 6,&+ (/(.7521(123O 7,6&+ '85&+ =:(, J,1 c%%P SSPST$ +25,=217$/(K '@11(N ',&+7 %(,(,1$1'(5 /,(*(1'( 3/$1O 3$5$//(/( p(7=( $8) 817(56&+,('/,&+(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 r27(17,$/ '$567(//(1P q%(5+$/% '(5 %(,'(1 p(7=( 6(, '$6 r27(17,$/N %(=2*(1 $8) ',( *((5'(7( m$7+2'(N */(,&+ wSN 817(5+$/% */(,&+ wTP h@5 wT #wS :,5' '(5 6&+5>* 921 2%(1 (,1)$//(1'( g/(.7521(1O 675$+/ =80 g,1)$//6/27 +,1 NN*(%52&+(1DDN :(,/ ',( d(6&+/(81,*81* =:,6&+(1 '(1 p(7O =(1 185 ',( /275(&+7( i(6&+:,1',*.(,76.20321(17( 9= (5+?+7 Jc%%P SSPST%KP p$&+ c%%P SSPST% (5+>/7 0$1 6,1 "S 3 9;S B L9T;S 19T=SbSBT

JSSPSRK

81' (,1( $1$/2*( h250(/ )@5 6,1 "TP f$ 9;S 3 9;T ,67 81' ',( i(6$07*(6&+:,1',*.(,7 3523257,21$/ =85 y85=(/ $86 '(5 d(6&+/(81,*81*663$1181* w $1*(6(7=7 :(5'(1 .$11N (5*,%7 6,&+ 6,1 "SB6,1 "T 3 |wT B |wSP

JSSPSSK

x21 '(5 n,&+7237,. :,5' '$6 d5(&+81*6*(6(7= ,1 '(5 h250 6,1 "SB6,1 "T 3 1TB1S

JSSPSTK

(1)

vx1

E k1 = eU1

vz1 (2)

U1 U2

·1

(1) vx2 (2)

E k2 = eU 2 >E k1

·2 vz2

(a)

(b)

c%%P SSPST |80 d5(&+81*6*(6(7= )@5 g/(.7521(1675$+/(1\ J$K |:,6&+(1 '(1 p(7=:>1'(1 '(5 r27(17,$/%(5(,&+( S 81' T :(5'(1 ',( g/(.7521(1 %(6&+/(81,*7] J%K i(6&+:,1',*.(,76.2032O 1(17(1 ,1 S 81' TP

SSPS v(&+1,.(1

XZW

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Erhöhung der Leistungsdichte durch Fokussierung

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T~ 2200 K

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YUV

ST g/(.752&+(0,(

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Na+

(a)

Cl --

(b)

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YUZ

ST g/(.752&+(0,( Ionisation (Na) -- Affinität (Cl)

(5.1--3.7) eV

Na+gasf. + Cl --gasf.

Nagasf. + Cl gasf. Sublimation (Na) (1.1 + 1.3) eV + Dissoziation ( 12 Cl2 ) Na fest + 12 Cl 2gasf.

NaCl-Kristallbildung

--8.0 eV

Bildung des Na+ Cl--Ionengitters aus freien Ionen

--4.2 eV

[Na+Cl -- ] fest

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K A

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g5'$/.$/,0(7$//(K +$%(1 6&+:$&+ *(%81'(1( x$/(1=(/(.7521(1] '(6+$/% />'7 6,&+ i/$6 0(,67 326,7,9 $8)P u725( 0,7 c720(1 $86 '(5 YP 2'(5 XP u3$/7( J0,7 S %=:P T x$.$1=(1 ,1 '(5 >8M(5(1 u&+$/(K +$%(1 (17635(&+(1' *52M( g/(.7521(1$5,1,7>7(1] '(6+$/% />'7 6,&+ u&+:()(/ 0(,67 1(*$7,9 $8)P d(, '(1 25*$1,6&+(1 u8%67$1=(1 Jm8167O 6725(1K +>1*7 '$6 .217$.7(/(.75,6&+( x(5+$/7(1 '$921 $%N 2% 6,( $/.$/,6&+( pjTO i5833(1 (17+$/7(1N ',( /(,&+7 g/(.7521(1 $%*(%(1 J6,&+ 326,7,9 $89$'(1KN 2'(5 6$85( eqqjOi5833(1N ',( /(,&+7 g/(.7521(1 $8)1(+0(1 J6,&+ 1(*$7,9 $89$'(1KP d(, r2O /5.(K '(5 *(/$'(1(1 u&+:(%(7(,/&+(1 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' %(75>*7 =:,6&+(1 SR2U 81' SR2V J&0B6KBJxB&0K 81' ,67 9(5*/(,&+%$5 0,7 '(5 d(:(*/,&+.(,7 921 k21(1 ,1 :>665,*(1 n?681*(1P f,(6 ,67 =81>&+67 @%(55$6&+(1'N :(,/ k21(1 9,(/ ./(,1(5 6,1'P c%(5 ',( k21(1 6,1' 80*(%(1 921 (,1(0 e/867(5 $86*(5,&+7(7(5 y$66(5',32/( Jj76=$+/ +$7N 6,1' ',( '$5,1 6&+:(%(1'(1 v(,/&+(1 0(,67 1$&+ '(5 e2(+1I6&+(1 n$'81*65(*(/ 1(*$7,9 *(O /$'(1N :$1'(51 =85 c12'( 81' *(%(1 '257 ,+5( n$'81* 0,7 '(0 u&+:(%(7(,/&+(1 $%P f,(6(6 %/(,%7 )(67 +$)7(1P f,( o(7+2'( :,5' ,1 '(5 v(&+1,. 9(5:(1'(7N 80 )(67 +$)7(1'( 81' */(,&+0>M,* '(&.(1'( '@11( u&+,&+7(1 $86 ,62/,(5(1'(0 o$7(5,$/ $8) q%(59>&+(1 +(5=867(//(1P

YZT

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1

I

c%%P SUPT f85&+ )$//(1'( i/$6.8*(/1 ,1 y$66(5 (5=(8*7(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 u7520P

f(021675$7,2169(568&+ p5P S\ n>667 0$1 ,1 (,1(0 0,7 y$66(5 *()@//7(1 i()>M Jc%%P SUPTKN '$6 2%(1 81' 817(1 (,1( g/(.752'( 75>*7N ./(,1( i/$6.8*(/1 +(5$%)$//(1N 62 =(,*7 (,1 $1 ',( g/(.752'(1 $1*(6&+/266(1(6 +2&+(0371'/,&+(6 i$/9$120(7(5 (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 $1P f,( m8*(/1 /$'(1 6,&+ ,0 y$66(5 1(*$7,9 $8)] '$6 6,( 80*(%(1'( y$66(5 :,5' 326,7,9 (/(.75,6&+P f,( c%:>576%(:(*81* '(5 g/(.75,=,7>76O 75>*(5 67(//7 $/62 (,1(1 (/(.75,6&+(1 u7520 '$5P f(021675$7,2169(568&+ p5P T\ h(,1*(38/9(57(5 v21 2'(5 =(5)$6(57(5N $86*(:$6&+(O 1(5 v25) :,5' ,1 '(67,//,(57(0 y$66(5 $8)*(6&+:(007 81' ',(6( u863(16,21 ,1 (,1 wOt2+5 *()@//7N ,1 '$6 =:(, r/$7,1(/(.752'(1 7$8&+(1P n(*7 0$1 $1 ',(6( (,1( u3$1O 181* 921 (,1,*(1 7$86(1' x2/7N 62 :$1'(51 ',( v(,/&+(1 =85 c12'(P f,( :,&+7,*67( c1:(1'81* '(5 g/(.7523+25(6( 6,1' ',( '$5$8) %$6,(5(1'(1 c1$O /667 (,1( g/(.752'( ,1 ',( h/@66,*.(,7 7$8&+(1N :>+5(1' 0$1 ',( =:(,7( ,1 f5$+7)250 ,1 0(+5(5(1 y,1'81*(1 $8M(1 80 '(1 |&+(1 y$6O 6(5Bh(67.?53(5 %,/'(1 6,&+ n$'81*6Of233(/6&+,&+7(1 Jy$66(5 326,7,9KP k0 (/(.75,O 6&+(1 h(/' :(5'(1 ',( 326,7,9(1 n$'81*(1 0,7 ,+5(1 j8'(752&.O 181* $1N '(5(1 y,5.6$0.(,7 $%(5 921 h$&+/(87(1 %(=:(,)(/7 :,5'P

SUPT q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21

YZU

f(5 =85 g/(.75226026( ,19(56( g5(.7 ,67 ',( 921 iP s8,1&.( JSZW[K (17'(&.7( u75?081*663$1181*P r5(667 0$1 (,1( h/@66,*.(,7 '85&+ (,1( )(,1325,*( u8%67$1=N 62 /$'(1 6,&+ h/@66,*.(,7 81' 325?6(5 m?53(5 0,7 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(0 x25=(,&+(1 $8)P d5,1*7 0$1 ,1 '(5 h/@66,*.(,7 925 81' +,17(5 '(0 f,$3+5$*0$ =:(, g/(.752'(1 $1N ',( 0,7 (,1(0 (0371'/,&+(1 i$/9$120(7(5 9(5%81'(1 6,1'N 62 =(,*7 ',(6(6 (,1(1 u75?081*667520 $1N :(11 ',( h/@66,*.(,7 '85&+ '$6 f,$3+5$*0$ *(35(667 :,5'P

SUPT q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21 SUPTPS k62/$725(1 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' f(021675$7,21\ g,1 r/$77(1.21'(16$725N '(5 $1 (,1 67$7,6&+(6 J'P +P NN67520/26DD 0(6O 6(1'(6K g/(.7520(7(5 $1*(6&+/266(1 ,67N :,5' $8)*(/$'(1] '$1$&+ :,5' ',( x(5%,1O '81* =85 9(5:(1'(7(1 u3$1181*648(//( (17)(517P p81 67(&.7 0$1 1$&+(,1$1'(5 r/$7O 7(1 $86 9(56&+,('(1(0 o$7(5,$/ ,1 '(1 /8)7(5)@//7(1 t$80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 r/$77(1P l('(6 o$/ =(,*7 '$6 g/(.7520(7(5 (,1( ./(,1(5( u3$1181* $/6 2+1( '$6 o$7(5,$/P q+1( c861$+0( )@+57 '$6 g,1%5,1*(1 921 o$7(5,( =85 u(1.81* '(5 u3$1181* $0 m21'(16$725P p$&+ j(5$861$+0( '(5 r/$77( =(,*7 '$6 g/(.7520(7(5 62)257 :,('(5 ',( 85635@1*/,&+( u3$1181* $1P f,(6 :@5'( $8&+ *(6&+(+(1N :(11 '(5 t$80 =:,O 6&+(1 '(1 m21'(16$7253/$77(1 /8)7/((5 2'(5 0,7 (,1(0 $1'(5(1 i$6 *()@//7 :>5(P f$ ',( n$'81* $8) '(1 m21'(16$7253/$77(1 1,&+7 *(>1'(57 :,5'N .$11 '$6 c%O 6,1.(1 '(5 u3$1181* 185 62 9(567$1'(1 :(5'(1N '$66 *(0>M s 3 e w ',( m$3$=,7>7 '(6 m21'(16$7256 921 eR $8) (,1(1 +?+(5(1 y(57 e $167(,*7P f,( (,1*(7$8&+7(1 r/$77(1 :,5.(1 $/62 :,( (,1( x(5./(,1(581* '(6 c%67$1'(6 '(5 m21'(16$7253/$77(1P |85 f(8781* '(6 r+>120(16 1,007 0$1 $1N '$66 '(5 k62/$725 ,0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' 32/$5,6,(57 :,5'P f$5817(5 9(567(+7 0$1 ',( g5=(8*81* $720$5(5 (/(.75,6&+(5 f,32/( ,1 h(/'5,&+781* 2'(5 ',( c865,&+781* 921 6&+21 925+$1'(1(1N 81*(25'1(7(1 f,32/(1 =80 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'P f$'85&+ 75(7(1 $1 '(1 6(1.5(&+7 =80 gOh(/' 67(O +(1'(1 u7,519>&+(1 n$'81*(1 $8)N '(5(1 h/>&+(1/$'81*6',&+7( '(5 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'67>5.( 3523257,21$/ ,67P f,(6( n$'81*(1 6,1' 81$%*(6>77,*7( f,32/Og1'(1] 6,( %(6,7=(1 (,1( *(5,1*(5( h/>&+(1',&+7( $/6 ',( n$'81*(1 $8) '(1 k11(16(,7(1 '(5 m21O '(16$7253/$77(1P f(6+$/% :,5' '$6 (/(.75,6&+( h(/' 1,&+7 9?//,* 920 k11(5(1 '(6 k62/$7256 $%*(6&+,507P f$6 $%*(6&+:>&+7( h(/' '85&+6(7=7 '(1 k62/$725 81' 625*7 )@5 ',( c8)5(&+7(5+$/781* '(5 r2/$5,6$7,21P y(,/ ',( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 1,&+7 921 '(0 k62/$725 :(*9,(M(1 .?11(1N 621O '(51 185 '$11 9(56&+:,1'(1N :(11 6,&+ 0,7 $%./,1*(1'(0 gOh(/' $8&+ ',( f,32/( =85@&.%,/'(1N .$11 ',( k62/$7252%(59>&+(N $8) '(5 ',(6( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 6,7O =(1N ',( r/$77( '(6 $8)*(/$'(1(1 m21'(16$7256N $8) '(5 ',( ,0 o(7$// )5(,%(:(*/,&+(1 n$'81*(1 6,7=(1N 352%/(0/26 %(5@+5(1P y,5 .?11(1 '(6+$/% %(, '(1 )2/*(1'(1 d(O 75$&+781*(1 ,00(5 $11(+0(1N '$66 '(5 t$80 =:,6&+(1 '(1 m21'(16$725(/(.752'(1 920 J,62/,(5(1'(1K f,(/(.75,.80 92//67>1',* *()@//7 ,67P

YZV

SU g/(.75,6&+(6 x(5+$/7(1 921 k62/$725(1

SUPTPT r2/$5,6$7,21N (/(.75,6&+( g55(*81* f,( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 75(7(1 $8)N :(,/ (17:('(5 8132/$5( c720( '85&+ '$6 h(/' 62 '()250,(57 :(5'(1N '$66 ',( u&+:(5381.7( )@5 ',( x(57(,/81* '(5 326,7,9(1 81' 1(*$7,9(1 n$'81* 1,&+7 0(+5 =86$00(1)$//(1N $/62 ,1'8=,(57( f,32/( (1767(+(1 Jc%%P SUPUKN 2'(5 :(,/ ,1 ./(,1(1N 02/(.8/$5(1 d(5(,&+(1 921 k62/$725(1 (,1( c86O 5,&+781* %(5(,76 925+$1'(1(5 3(50$1(17(5 f,32/( 67$7771'(7N :(11 '(5 k62/$725 (,1(0 (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/' $86*(6(7=7 ,67 Jc%%P SUPVKP d(,'( o?*/,&+.(,7(1 81' %(5*>1*( =:,6&+(1 ,+1(1 .200(1 925P j$1'(/7 (6 6,&+ 80 ,1'8=,(57( f,32/( ,1 8132/$5(1 c720(1 81' o2/(.@/(1N '$11 635,&+7 0$1 921 x(56&+,(%81*632/$5,6$7,21P u,1' %(O 5(,76 32/$5( o2/(.@/(N $/62 3(50$1(17( 02/(.8/$5( f,32/( 925+$1'(1N '$11 635,&+7 0$1 921 q5,(17,(581*632/$5,6$7,21P

c%%P SUPU x(56&+,(%81* '(5 n$'81*(1 ,1 1(875$/(1 c720(1N %(:,5.7 '85&+ (,1 (/(.75,O 6&+(6 h(/'N (5*,%7 ,1'8=,(57( f,32/( ,1 h(/'O 5,&+781* 81' r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $8) '(1 u7,519>&+(1P

f,( r2/$5,6$7,21 C ,67 )@5 %(,'( c57(1 921 f,32/(1 '(71,(57 $/6 '$6 f,32/020(17 352 x2/80(1P f$6 NNf,32/020(17 352 x2/80(1DD +$7 ',( ukOg,1+(,7 Jc 6 0KB0U 3 c6B 0TP f$6 (/(.75,6&+( f,32/020(17 ,67 (,1 32/$5(5 x(.725N '(5 921 '(5 1(*$7,9(1 =85 326,7,9(1 n$'81* =(,*7 Jc%6&+1P TPUPUKP f(0(17635(&+(1' ,67 ',( r2/$5,6$7,21 (,1 x(.725)(/'N '$6 ',( 1(*$7,9(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $8) '(5 (,1(1 u7,519>&+( $/6 s8(//(1N ',( 326,7,9(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $8) '(5 $1'(5(1 u7,519>&+( $/6 u(1.(1 %(6,7=7P g6 *,/7 gg C 6 '4 32s3N

JSUPSK

0,7 '4 $/6 9(.725,(//(0 h/>&+(1(/(0(17 Jt,&+781* $8) '(5 j@//9>&+( 1$&+ $8M(1K 81' s3 $/6 ',( (,1*(6&+/266(1( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*P

(a)

(b)

c%%P SUPV u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* 32/$5(5 o2/(.@/( J$K ,0 )(/')5(,(1 t$80N J%K ,0 (/(.7O 5,6&+(1 h(/'P p$&+ c%6&+$/7(1 '(6 h(/'(6 :,5' ',( c865,&+781* '85&+ ',( 7+(50,6&+( d(:(O *81* :,('(5 =(567?57P

SUPT q%(59>&+(1/$'81*(1 '85&+ r2/$5,6$7,21

YZW

f,( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 $1 '(1 u7,519>&+(1 32/$5,6,(57(5 k62/$725(1 (5=(8*(1 *(1$862 gOh(/'(5 :,( )5(,%(:(*/,&+( n$'81*(1 $8) m21'(16$7253/$77(1] '(6+$/% *,/7 $0 q57 921 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 sr 2'(5

gg &R 8 6 '4 3 s3 32 gg C 6 '4 gg J&R 81CK 6 '4 3 RP

JSUPTK

f$6 >8M(5( gOh(/' :,5' '85&+ ',( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 7(,/:(,6( 920 k11(5(1 '(6 k62/$7256 $%*(6&+,507] $1'(56 $86*('5@&.7\ (,1 v(,/ '(5 gOh(/'/,1,(1 (1'(7 $1 '(1 1(*$7,9(1 r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 81' (17635,1*7 1(8 $1 '(1 326,7,9(1 r2/$5,6$7,216O /$'81*(1 $8) '(5 $1'(5(1 u(,7(P h@5 (,1(1 92//67>1',* 0,7 f,(/(.75,.80 *()@//7(1 r/$77(1.21'(16$725 0,7 h/>&+( cN m$3$=,7>7 e 81' u3$1181* w 6,1' ',( J)5(, %(:(*/,&+(1K n$'81*(1 s $8) '(1 r/$77(1 80 '(1 h$.725 &5 *5?M(5 $/6 2+1( f,(/(.75,.80N :(,/ 6,( $86 =:(, c17(,/(1 %(67(+(1\ JSK n$'81*(1N ',( ',( r2/$5,6$7,216/$'81*(1 (17*(*(1*(6(7=7(5 r2/$5,7>7 $8) '(5 $1/,(*(1'(1 q%(59>&+( '(6 f,(/(.75,.806 .203(16,(5(1N 81' JTK n$'81*(1N ',( '$6 '85&+6 f,(/(.75,.80 +,1'85&+*(+(1'( gOh(/' 920 d(75$* wB' (5=(8*(1 J' 3 r/$77(1$%67$1'KP f,( n$'81* $8) '(1 r/$77(1 '(5 h/>&+( c ,67 '(01$&+ s 3 e w 3 &5 7R g c s 3 e w 3 J&R g1rK cP

JSUPUK

f85&+ w0)25081* (5*,%7 6,&+ r 3 J&5 2SK &R g r 3 4( &R gP

JSUPVK

f,( (/(.75,6&+( u86=(37,%,/,7>7 4( ,67 *(*(%(1 '85&+ J&5 2SKP Lk1 0$1&+(1 d@&+(51 :,5' -('2&+ 4( )@5 ',( i5?M( &RJ&5 2SK 9(5:(1'(7Pb f$6 x(.725)(/' 7 3 &R 81C

JSUPWK

:85'( 921 o$;:(// (,1*()@+57P f(5 p$0( NN(/(.75,6&+( x(56&+,(%81*DD J(/(&75,& ',6O 3/$&(0(17K ,67 1,&+7 */@&./,&+ *(:>+/7N :(,/ (,*(17/,&+ 185 C (7:$6 0,7 n$'81*69(5O 6&+,(%81* =8 781 +$7 81' &R8 $/6 NN(/(.75,6&+( x(56&+,(%81* '(6 x$.8806DD .(,1(

Kondensatorplatte

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Kondensatorplatte D

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c%%P SUPW r/$77(1.21'(16$725 0,7 n8)763$/7(1 81' f,(/(.75,.80P u&+(0$7,6&+( f$567(//81* '(5 '5(, (/(.75,6&+(1 h(/'*5?M(1P

YZX

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92567(//%$5( d('(8781* +$7P f(5 +,(5 9(5:(1'(7( p$0( )@5 '$6 fOh(/'N (/(.75,6&+( g55(*81*N ,67 '(6+$/% 925=8=,(+(1P f(5 |86$00(1+$1* 0,7 '(1 $1'(5(1 h(/'(51 ,67 $86 c%%P SUPW 81' '(5 )2/*(1'(1 v$%(//( =8 (56(+(1\ h(/'

7R 7 7R C &R 8

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J2K J1K J2K

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1 3 sBc 3 .2167P 88 8 3 1BJ&57RK w 3 88 8B' 3 sBe

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SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086

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SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086

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(a)

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SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086

ZUW

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A

N

S

N

F C

S D

c%%P SVPSZ f5(+81* '(5 u3,1020(17( ,1 (,1(5 SZR@Oy$1'P

f$6 ,1+202*(1( o$*1(7)(/'N '$6 =:$5 6(+5 67$5. ,67N $%(5 185 ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 y$1' $1 '(5 q%(59>&+( '(6 )(5520$*1(7,6&+(1 m?53(56 $8)75,77N .$11 =80 p$&+:(,6 '(5 y(,66Od(=,5.( %(187=7 :(5'(1] c%%P SVPS[$ =(,*7N :,( ,0 d(5(,&+ '(5 y$1' '$6 0$*1(7,6&+( u75(8)(/' $86 '(0 h(5520$*1(7,.80 +(5$8675,77P f,( o$*1(7,6,(581* '(6 /,1.(1 d(=,5.6 :(,67 ,1 ',( |(,&+(1(%(1( +,1(,1N ',( '(6 5(&+7(1 $86 '(5 |(,O &+(1(%(1( +(5$86P o$1 6&+,&+7(7 181 $8) ',( 625*)>/7,* %(+$1'(/7( o(7$//2%(59>&+( (,1( c8)6&+:(0081* 921 ./(,167(1 )(552O 2'(5 )(55,0$*1(7,6&+(1 r$57,.(/1 J0$1

ZUX

SV o$*1(7,6086 Emulsion

M

(a)

Bezirk

M

Wand

Bezirk

(b)

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(a)

H PO

M=O

(b)

M PO

H ≥ Hs

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M < Ms

(d)

M = Ms

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ZUZ

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D100E

D110E

Kristallachsen

D111E

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SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086 leicht D100E

Fe

Ni

Co mittel D110E

D110E mittel

0.6

D111E

20 40 ÌoHJmT

60

80

0

2 D00.1E ÌoMJT

1 D10.0E

ÌoMJT 0

D10.0E schwer

D110E D100E

0.4

ÌoMJT

1

0

D111E leicht 0.8

D111E

leicht D00.1E

D100E schwer

D111E schwer D100E 2 D110E

ZU[

0

10 20 ÌoHJmT

30

40

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 ÌoHJmT

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ZVR

SV o$*1(7,6086 herangeführter Magnet M

Probe

S

B zunehmend Messschleife Verstärker

H (a)

N

(b)

Lautsprecher

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SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086

(a)

ZVS

(b)

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ZVT

SV o$*1(7,6086

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Ticonal XX

Ticonal GG

Ticonal G

Ticonal II

Fe-Ni-Al

Co-Stahl

Nd2Fe14B

intermetallische Verbindungen

Hartferrite

SmCo5

W-Stahl

C-Stahl

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SVPT h(5520$*1(7,6086

ZVW

elektrischer Strom Bewegungsrichtung des Speichermediums

Magnetisierung

Kern Magnetfluss magnetisches Speichermedium Trägermaterial der Platte oder des Bandes

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ZVX

SV o$*1(7,6086

(a)

(b)

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Rotationsachse geographischer Nordpol

11.4°

geomagnetischer Äquator geographischer

magnetisches Dipolmoment

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SV o$*1(7,6086 Magnetopause

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CleftRegion

Plasmaschicht

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Magnetschweif

Sonnenwind

Bug-Stoßwelle

Van-AllenStrahlungsgürtel

magnetische Feldlinien

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L1 L2 L3 PEN

N Trafostation

Gebäudeanschluss

Sicherung

L1 L2 L3 N PE

Zähler kWh

PEN

Potentialausgleichschiene

Betriebsmittel Rohrleitungssysteme etc.

FundamentErder

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Körper

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SXPT u&+87=0$M1$+0(1 Brauchwasser Heizung

[SY

BadeDusche wanne Blitzschutzanlage

Frischwasser

Warmwasser

BadPotentialausgleich

Antennenanlage

Fernmeldeanlage Heizung Isolierstück

HA Gasinnenleitung

Verbindung bei TN-Netz

Potentialausgleich-Schiene

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