Ἱzbet Ṣarṭah: An Early Iron Age Site near Rosh Haᶝayin, Israel 9780860543848, 9781407345666

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'Izbet Sartah • • An Early Iron Age Site near Rosh Hac ayin, Israel

by

Israel Finkelstein with contributions by Vronwy Hankey, Alexandru Lupu, Salo (Shlomo) Hellwing and Yitzhak Adjeman, Nili Liphschitz and Yoav Waisel, Raphael Giveon, Baruch Rosen and Aaron· Demsky Manuscript Editor Irene Aranne

BAR International Series 299 1986

122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR -S299, 1986: Ἱzbet Ṣarṭah © Israel Finkelstein, 1986 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860543848 paperback ISBN 9781407345666 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860543848 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

Director of Prof.

Aphek-AntipatriS

Moshe

Kochavi,

Field Director Israel

t lzbet

Finkelstein,

Tel

Regional

Project:

Aviv University

Sartah Excavations: Bar-I lan University

C O N T E N T S 1 INTRODUCTION: AND

Israel

2

LOCATION

Israel

3

STRATUM

5

I II

5

Description of

STRATUM

of

excavation

2 . 2.2

Description of

6

and

stratigraphy

12

remains

14

I

23

General

2 . 3.2

Description of

description

and

stratigraphy

23

remains

24

PERIODS

POTTERY AND Israel

5

remains

description

2 . 3.1

LATER

stratigraphy

12

General

STRATUM

and

I I

2 . 2.1

3 .1

DISCOVERY

ARCHITECTURE

2 . 1.2

2 .4

ITS

Finkelstein

Stages

2 .3

SITE,

1

2 . 1.1

2 .2

THE

Finkelstein

STRATIGRAPHY AND

2 .1

OF

EXCAVATION

28

STONE ARTIFACTS

Finkelstein

38

POTTERY

38

3 .1.1

Methodology

3 .1.2

Pottery

and general

types

remarks

38

and distribution

45

3 . 2.STONE ARTIFACTS

4

3 .2.1

Quernstones

3 . 2.2

Flint

A SHERD

sickle

IN THE

93 93 blades

SIMPLE

94

STYLE

OF

LATE MYCENAEAN

Vronwy Hankey

5

AN

EGYPTIAN

Raphael

SCARAB

1118 9 9

OF

THE

20TH DYNASTY

Giveon

V

104

6

ARCHITECTURAL Israel

6 .1

ANALYSIS

Finkelstein

SPATIAL

ORGANIZATION OT

6 .1.1

The

oval

6 .1.2

The

three-zoned

6 .1.3

Functional

analysis

of

I

6 .2

Stratum

SOME ASPECTS

OF THE

LIGHT

OF

Origins

6 . 2.3

Silos

METAL

settlement

EARLY

of

of

the

Stratum

Stratum

106 I II

II

SARTAH

109

ARCHITECTURE

IN

EXCAVATIONS

implications

the

AND

106

four-room house

ISRAELITE

C IZBET

sites

OBJECTS

SETTLEMENTS

of

the

116

oval

sites

of

in

THREE

settlement of

114

Socio-economic courtyard

6 . 2. 2

THE

courtyard

THE 6 .2.1

7

106

116 four-room pillared house

121

of

124

the

settlement

period

BUILDING

MATERIALS:

A CHEMICAL

REPORT Alexandru Lupu

135

7 .1

METAL

7 .2

BUILDING MATERIALS

8

OBJECTS

ANIMAL BONES Salo ( Shiomo)

135 STRATUM

I II

Heliwing and Yitzhak Adjeman

8 .1

MATERIAL

8 .2

FAUNAL

8 .3

DISTRIBUTION OF

8 .3.1

FROM

AND

142

BONES

and goat

BY

( Ovis

SPECIES aries

144

and Capra

hircus)

144

8 .3. 2

Cattle

8 . 3.3

Other

( Bos

taurus)

145

domesticates

145

8 . 3. 4 Wild mammals

146

8 .4

CHRONOLOGICAL

8 .5

DRESSING

PROCEDURES

RELATION

BETWEEN

OFFAL

CAPROVINES

8 .6

8 .7

141 141

METHODS

ASSEMBLAGE

Sheep

138

OF

SUMMARY OF ANIMAL

BONES

148 149

SLAUGHTER AND

CONSUMPTION

150 150

CONCLUSIONS

VI

9

10

PALAEOBOTANICAL

REMAINS

Nil

and b ay Waisel

Liphschitz

SUBSISTENCE

ECONOMY OF

153

STRATUM

II

Baruch Rosen

156

10. 1

CATCHMENT

ANALYSIS

156

10. 2

THE

ECONOMY

159

10. 3

DOMESTIC ANIMALS

10. 4

HOW MUCH GRAIN;

ANIMAL

AND

LAND USE

HOW MUCH

167

LAND;

HOW MANY

PEOPLE? 10. 5

1 1

171

SYNTHESIS

AND

MODEL

174

animals

174

10.5.1

People,

10. 5. 2

Land use

175

10.5.3

Grain harvest

175

10.5. 4

Nutrition of

10.5. 5

Fibre

THE

r IZBET

land

BUILDING

for

and

the

population

176

cloth

180

SARTAH OSTRACON TEN YEARS

LATER 186

Aaron Demsky 1 1. 1

PALAEOGRAPHIC DISCUSSION

186

1 1. 2

CULTURAL-HISTORIC

1 92

1 2

HISTORICAL Israel

• 12. 1

IMPLICATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

Finkelstein

198

CHRONOLOGY

1 98

12.1.1

Stratum

I II

1 98

12.1.2

Stratum

I I

200

12.1. 3

Stratum

I

201

12. 2

ETHNIC

12. 3

HISTORY OF

12. 4

I DENTITY OF

SUMMARY:

C IZBET

SETTLEMENT

AT

IMPLICATIONS

OF

EXCAVATIONS SETTLEMENT

ON

THE

SARTAH! S I ZBET THE

RESEARCH

SARTAH

' IZBET OF

INHABITANTS

THE

201 205

SARTAH ISRAELITE 2 11

PROCESS

LIST OF LOCI

2 18

VII

LIST Fig.

1 .

Location of

Fig.

2 .

Topographical

OF

the

F IGURES site

2

map with schematic plan of

site

3

Fig.

3 .

Plan of

Stratum

I II

Fig.

4 .

Plan of

Stratum

I I

1 5

Fig.

5 .

Plan of

Stratum

I

2 5

F ig.

6 .

Vessel

Types

1 -15

F ig.

7 .

Vessel

Types

1 6-28

F ig.

8 .

Pottery of

F ig.

9 .

Pottery of

F ig.

10.

Pottery of

Fig.

1 1.

Pottery of

Stratum

I II,

Courtyard 3018

5 5

F ig.

12.

Pottery of

Stratum

I II,

Courtyard 3018

5 7

F ig. Fig.

13. 14.

Pottery of Pottery of

Stratum I II, Courtyard 3018 Stratum I I, Building 2008 ( 1-16);

Fig.

15.

Room

2007

( 1-14);

4 1 4 3

Stratum

I II,

Room 2 021

Stratum

I II,

Room 2 007

Stratum

I II,

Rooms

( 1-10);

( 11-18)

various

Buildings

9

301

Pottery of

4 9

loci

and

5 1 and

710

( 15-20)

5 33

Stratum

7 31

5 3

( 17-23)

I I,

6 3

Buildings

301

and

5 33 F ig.

16.

6 7

Pottery of

Stratum

I I,

Buildings Building

3003

and

3005

6 9

F ig.

17.

Pottery of

Stratum

I I,

F ig.

1 8.

Pottery of

Stratum

I I

F ig.

1 9.

Pottery of Stratum I I s ilos ( 1-17) and Courtyard 5 14 ( 18-20); Stratum I s ilos

9 16

7 1

s ilos

7 3

( 21-24) F ig.

20.

2 1.

7 5

Pottery of Stratum I , Building Broadroom 1 19a ( 1-11); eastern unit

Fig.

1 06a

Pottery of

22.

1 09a, longitudinal

( 12-19)

7 9

Stratum

longitudinal Fig.

unit

I ,

Building

1 06a

( 1-13);

1 09a,

eastern

western

longitudinal unit 1 08a ( 14-21) Pottery of Stratum I , Building

1 09a,

longitudinal

annexed

unit

1 08a

( 1-14);

8 1 western rooms

( 15-22) F ig.

23.

8 3

Pottery of

Stratum

I ,

Building

1 09a,

Stratum

I ,

Building

1 09a,

annexed

rooms F ig.

24.

Pottery of courtyard

25.

Scarab

F ig.

26.

Schematic

F ig. F ig.

27. 28.

Schematic plan of Stra tum I I Stratum I I, the three zones of

F ig. F ig.

2 9. 30.

from Locus plan of

eastern

1 04

903

Stra tum

1 07

I II

1 10 the

northern

sectors

Metal objects Catchment area of potential

8 5 8 7

F ig.

and

5 9

1 11 1 36

t lzbet

land use

Sartah

showing 1 57

VIII

F ig.

31.

Iron Age the

I sites

LIST P l.

1 .1

on the western

Samarian hill

Aerial

OF

view of

slopes

of

country

203

PLATES

c lzbet

Sartah,

looking

south P l.

1 .2

29

Aerial

view of

excavations,

looking

northeast P l.

2 .1

Aerial

29

view,

looking

east.

Black

conjectured continuation of of

Stratum

Building P l.

2 .2

Stratum

3 .1

and

The

silos

P l.

3 .2

P 1.

4 .1

III

outer Wall II.

Stratum

K82. 30

sector;

peripheral

and of

31

structure

( Squares

north.

31

north;

peripheral II.

on

Wall

flagstone

Stratum

material

partition Walls

segment of

looking

I II

H161 of

looking

to

entrance

H16,

Stratum

K91,

in northern

looking

Square

301

and

Wall

sector,

looking northeast.

I II

L/M16),

Wall

southern

belong

J162,

Stratum

wall

four-room house, 30

in

381,

Stratum

peripheral

In centre:

peripheral

K81

Wall

shows

109 III

north:

P 1.

I II.

line

left:

J162.

floor

part

On

of

of

right:

Building

Note whitish brick

Stratum

III

in

section under

f loor. P l.

4 .2

32

General east.

view of

Stratum

peripheral P l.

5 .1

bedrock below.

I I

Wall

Square K16,

northern walls 3 162

looking

f loor Walls

sector,

appear

of

III.

Stratum

and peripheral K161

above

Stratum

north.

looking

and K162

Wall

of

32

III 3162,

Stratum

I I,

above. P l.

5 .2

General 109,

P l.

6 .1

33 view

of

looking

four-room house,

Building

northeast.

Four-room house,

33

Building

109,

looking

southwest. P l.

6 .2

of

109.

left:

In

pillar

Pl.

7 .1

7 .2

front base I II;

J122

Stratum

Silos

of in

right

Squares

patches

four-room house, entrance;

( Stratum

Stratum

Note P1.

34

Northern part

of

of

I I)

centre: Silo

120

base:

of

Wall

I .

34 J/K14,

looking

courtyard

f loor

silos

in central

square.

Silos

in

1 , 11 - 12

Squares

and

pillar

Building

Ix

southeast. between 35

at

right,

and

eastern at

longitudinal

left.

t lzbet

unit of

Looking north.

Building

S ilo

Sartah ostracon was

6 05,

1 09

where

f ound,

in

centre.

3 5

P l.

8 .1

Building

916

of

P l.

8 .2

Building

109,

Stratum

Pl.

9 .

Pithoi Fig.

P l.

10.

3 .

Stratum

5 189

1 .

pithos

pithos 2 .

( Fig.

( Fig. jar

seen in

5 .

4 .

( Fig. 4 .

jug

2 .

2 3:12);

8 .

jar

3 .

( Fig.

2 1:13);

8 9 ( Fig.

jug

30017 1 9:12);

7 .

6 .

storage

s torage

pilgrim's

( cf.

7233.

tray 30093

1 0051

1 7:16);

I II

storage

pithos

cooking jug

( Fig.

9 .

S tratum

baking

5012

( Fig.

of

20061;

1 .

2088

23:20);

jar

20080;

1 5:16);

jar

9 188

( Fig.

jug

1 6:16);

storage

I a re

3 6

storage

Pottery vessels. 12:11);

3 6

1 09a.

and

9 ).

7068;

looking west.

looking northeast.

Installations of Courtyard

I I,

jar

5 020

f lask 30107

( Fig.

10:20). P1.

1 1.1

90

Various

f inds.

1 2:14); krater Pl.

1 1.2

Scarab

Pl.

1 1.3

Metal

Pl.

12.

The

( Fig.

c lzbet

The

NOT

of AJA c Atiqot

903

( cf.

( Fig.

( Fig.

1 2:4);

3 .

( cf.

F ig

1 89 F ig

25).

189

2 9).

189

Sartah ostracon.

1 90

INCLUDED

Annual

Annual

7005

1 3:6).

from Locus objects

Oriental A I JAJ

stirrup jar

krater 30084

7059

ABBREVIATIONS AASOR

2 .

1 .

of

IN REFERENCE the

L ISTS

American

Schools

of

Research.

of

the Department of

Antiquities

Jordan.

American Journal Journal

of

Antiquities

of Archaeology.

the

I srael

( Hebrew

Department and

o f

English

series). BA

The Biblical

BAR

Biblical

BP ISOR

Bulletin Oriental

Archaeologist.

Archaeology Review. of

the

Research.

x

American

Schools

o f

BIES

Bulletin Society

CA l l

The

of

the

Israel

Exploration

(Hebrew).

Cambridge

Ancient

History.

Cambridge. Cathedra

Cathedra

for

Eretz-Israel

the

and

its

History

Yishuv.

of

Jerusalem

( Hebrew). Enc.

Arch.

Exc.

1-1V.

Avi-Yonah, 1 978.

M .

ed.

1 975,

Encyclopaedia

Excavations

in

of

the

1 976,

1 977,

Archaeological

Holy

Land

1-1V.

Jerusalem. Enc.

Miqr.

Encyclopaedia Biblica).

Eretz-Israel

Eretz-Israel, cal

A

( Encyclopaedia

( Hebrew).

Archaeological,

and

(Hebrew Hasade

Miqra'it

Jerusalem

Histori-

Geographical

and

Studies

English).

Monthly

Review

of

Agriculture

( Hebrew). IEJ

Israel

Exploration

JA

Journal

JPOS

The

Journal.

Asiatique

Journal

of

the

Palestine

Oriental

Society. Le . onenu

A

Journal

for

Language

the

Study

and

of

the

Cognate

Hebrew

Subjects

( Hebrew). Qadmoniot

Quarterly

for

Eretz-Israel Jerusalem Qedem

the and

Antiquities Biblical

( Hebrew).

Monographs

of

the

Archaeology.

The

Institute

Hebrew

University

Jerusalem. RB Serapis

Revue

Biblique.

Serapis.

of

Lands.

The

American

Egyptology.

XI

Journal

of

of of

Tel Aviv

Journal of the Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology.

ZDPV

Zeitschrift des Deutschen PalistinaVereins.

Zion

A Quarterly for Research in Jewish History (The Historical Society of Israel). Jerusalem (Hebrew).

XII

Chapter 0 F I 3

' i 'ii

t l z bet a

of

Sartah,

low

range

spur

(map

Rosh the

ref.

the

of

to

the

at

the

due

to

the

l imestone The

site

eology

of

included

was

area begun

the

to

600

m .

side three

biblical

bounded

point

to

from the

limestone, the

drastically

altered

during

the

British

the

ancient

of

cisterns

hewn

into

these

the

a

on

observed.

name

the

But

Izbet

that hill

since

the

of

no the

order When

of the

was

in

name

of

maps

of

Qasim that

the

it

peak

which

l ies

coming

down

coastal

plain, of

applied

fact

structures C l z bet

1

the

the

see

1 : 20, 000 to

a hill

Qesem on modern maps).

present-day name

survey

Kafr

during

Mandatorial

are

Dekel,

to

excavation

Sartah,

practice

in

Survey members

indicating

occupied this

Archa-

understand

asked

Sartah,"

Sartah

maps

to

nearby

(Givtat

ruined

was

a large-scale

in

f ields the

northeast

number our

on

of

Judith

purpose

from

( For

archaeological

( Permanent

Yadin,

region.

the

an

Institute

Archaeological

Its

villagers

east.

to work

to

-

(C i z be h) by

by

the

where

! IC I z b e t

However,

1 973

Esther

-

the

camp

appear

are

whereas

this

is

hard

Kochavi.

villagers

the

hills

1977.)

would

there

other

major

supply

and the

M .

before

of

seasons

1 :100, 000

some

at

been

of

author.)

Aphek

time

mentioned

seasonal

from and

Tel

Arab

agricultural

Drawer

Prof.

the

history

site,

km.

in

behalf

Frankel,

a short

hesitatingly

on

by

and

around

settl -ement

12

the

Aviv University

Raphael

had

some

from

town

sea-level,

Yarkon River

Sartah

slopes

situated mountain

modern

the

the

of

water

discovered

headed

Zinger

the

a

its The

came

working

Tel

Israel,

was

of

the

c lzbet

have

the above

On

Aphek,

exits

hill

of

m . 1 ).

of

is

central

slopes.

team

the

99

Composed

(Fig.2).

probably

of

which

the

the

(Fig. Tel

spur

quarrying

survey

Michael

The

of

of

sources

lies

plain.

period

settlement

the

I village,

of

northeast

plain

Rabah,

the

Age

height

west,

contours

Mandate

a

region.

onto

Iron

foothills

coastal

south by Wadi

original

It

at

Aphek pass,

hills

of

the

3 :

14675/16795)

the

kilometres s ite

] :' r

Finkelstein

a small

of

Hatayin

overlooking of

3 :' r E .

1 ]T E Israel

on

1

correct,

on

Giv

activities Sartah

ta t

since Qesem,

have

has

long

been ago

been

accepted

seem

to

be

decided Zartah, sake in

but

will

of

this

in

the

Israel)

in

articles,

changing of

it.

It

site not

printing

there

was

that

government

spelling will

be

this

very

will

maps

does

recently

appear

will

be

adopted here.

work,

the

not on

Horbat For

the

diacritical

s ad and Ea of " Sartah" will be omitted

the Arabic

following

be

in numerous

name

economy

for

the

point

the

( Survey

of

marks

any

that

official

and used

chapters,

represented by

the

and

the

English

Arabic

of

Ca y n

" tlzbet"

apostrophe.

Aphek

: .QKafr Qasem: .

. Alzbe t

R osh

0•2

a rtah

Hday in

A

•

ANC IENT S ITE

Fig. Four Sartah each

1 .

in

Location of

seasons

( two the

project

of

of

of

the

summers

secretary was

grateful publish Area Erel was

to the

1 976,

1 977

of

was

to

except

Prof.

Kelm,

Yoseph Noam

responsible

N .

during

Kochavi of

the in

M .

the for

his

joint Aviv

of

Israel

then head

behind by

Studies.

author season.

kind

the

Itzchak

director of

the

f irst

a Tel

Land

Jewish

Kochavi, while

a s

Garsiel,

rendered

of

weeks

of

force

was

c lzbet

the

served I am

The Tel a s

deeply

permission

to

excavations.

the

Porath,

Kochavi

for

Prof.

at

three

Aphek-Antipatris

the

driving

expedition,

and

1 978)

Tel

of

Faculty

headed by Prof.

supervisors

Gilboa,

the

and

the

assistance the

conducted 1976

Archaeology

Department

of

results

were

winter of

adjunct

the

Valuable

director,

George

an

and

Aphek-Antipatris field

of

department,

project

the

Bar-Ilan University.

undertaking. Kerner,

site

Institute

(as

excavations)

the

excavations

during

the

University Studies

of

weeks

C ITY

V ILLAGE

various David

and

surveying

2

Zvi and

seasons

Eitam,

Arieh

Lederman. Moshe

included

Dr.

Bornstein,

Judith

Weinberg

Dekel

was

the

expedition the

plans

analyses

of

other

Arnold,

the

This and

Studies,

prepared The

carried

artifacts

Cherna

Israel

word

Ora

for

Paran

Restoration out

Archaeology

and

Luttinger. the

maps.

were

Institute and

photographer. and

in

of

were

drawn

volume Irving

is

processing

by

Moskowitz

was

Perry

arranged Chair

University.

by

the

done

Faculty by

for

The of

Yitzhak

and

by

the

drew

laboratory

University.

Ada

were

Dekel

and

laboratories

Aviv

published with

Bar-I lan

publishing

Judith

pottery

the

Tel

illustrations

and

of

of

the

Pottery Yehudit

Bernardina

assistance the

Land

manuscript Jewish Krity

of of was

Studies. and

Nava

plan of

site

Zada.

Fig.

2 .

Topographical

map with

3

schematic

This of

the

report

is

chapters

doctorial

a revised,

pertaining

dissertation

contributions grateful

of

to

them

all.

have

in

published here ogist

at

Lupu,

For

1 983b;

To

my

deep

Prof. Tel

Metallurgist

regret,

Raphael

at

the

on

the

f ields.

passed

Aviv

author's

supplemented by

specialized

meantime

of

in the

1 983a),

two away

Giveon,

and

Prof.

Institute

I

am

of

the

and

are

EgyptolAlexandru

of

Technology

its

historical

in Haifa.

further

background, Kochavi

in

the

University

Chemical

$ar ah

d lzbet

posthumously:

the

( Technion)

to

( Finkelstein

experts

contributors

expanded and up-dated version

discussions

see

Kochavi

1 978;

Kochavi

Garsiel

and

site

and Demsky and

and

1978a;

Finkelstein

Finkelstein

1978b; 1978;

Demsky

and

Finkelstein

1978.

REFERENCES Brawer,

M .

1977.

Frontier

Villages

Shmueli,

A .,

Samaria.

Jerusalem:411-421

Demsky, of

A .

and

the

Kochavi,

Judges.

Finkelstein, the

Grossman,

I .

Western

Zeevy,

R .

Samaria.

eds.

Judea

In: and

(Hebrew).

1978.

The

An

Alphabet

Aviv

Sartah

c lzbet

Settlement

Tel

in

and

from the

Days

4 (3): 23-30.

1 983a.

Israelite

thesis,

M .

BAR

D .

in

the

University

Excavations

Hill

Country.

( Hebrew

with

and Ph .D.

English

Summary). Finkelstein,

I .

Foothills,

1983b.

Israelite

Settlement

13th-10th Century B . C.,

Excavations

at

' Izbet

in

Sartah.

the

in

Light

Cathedra

the

of

the

2 7: 33-38

(Hebrew). Garsiel,

M .

and

Expansion t lzbet Kochavi, the Kochavi,

M .

of

Finkelstein, the

Sartah and

Days

the

and

Abecedary

of

A .

Tel

1 978a.

Judges.

Demsky,

from

I .

1 978.

Joseph

Excavations.

Demsky,

of

M .

House

An

in

Aviv

The

the

of

I sraelite Village

4 ( 3):19-21.

A .

1 978b. Sartah.

the

5 :192-198.

BAR

t lzbet

Westward

Light

A

from

Proto-Canaanite

Qadmoniot

1 1: 61-67

(Hebrew). Kochavi,

M .

tl zbet

and

Finkelstein,

Sartah.

IEJ

I .

28:267-268.

4

1 978.

Notes

and

News:

Chapter c i

w

Zk W

Israel

Three years,

levels

were

at

or

the

a decade

it

too

existed the by

in

site fire

2 .1

was

2 .1.1

I II

time

at

appeared

the

Area • main

and

walls appear

first

many

But

K91

was

the

northern

site.

outline

of

traces

of

existed

century

and

short-lived, after

of

any of

an the

abandoned

II

1 1th

century,

No

250

end of

and

equally

10th

of

which

destruction

the

strata.

for

the

stratigraphy

clearly

in

the

the

of

was

At

the

Stratum

to

and

same

of an

that

that

four

it

the

was

and

of

the

shape. wall

in The

that

with partition

It

Wall

I I,

K91,

began

was

to

suggested

Stratum

once

Area

wall

B

I I had

continues

partition obvious

that

already the

further

walls wall

known

in

northern

elements

of

complex

to

entrance

excavation, ( see

the

take

season,

a paved

available

5

wall

final

enlarged,

including

was

already

exposed

time

this

the

During

additional

season,

Wall

of

were

Stratum

sector.

So

had

peripheral

peripheral

conclusion I II

a the

south.

that

season. to

first

top of

sector

settlement,

clear

the

a lso

is

house

During

appeared,

began

fourth

eastwards

sector.

area

the

the

stratum

southern

became

from

first

this

entire

belonged

it

material

the

of

First

northeastern

gradually

the

defined

season.

the

outwards.

it

it

With

in

four-room

segment

III

the

Stratum the

I ,

debris

element

during

and

abutted onto

Stratum

the

second

remains

B

expanded,

excavation

of

was

D

layout

the

Area

a

Stratum

C during

surrounded

westwards

r n

followed by

at

B . C. E.

end of

a light-coloured

that

building.

the

the

in Area its

to

in

century;

the

the

3 )

Area

radiating

parallel

been

in

architectural

apparently

at

in

into

season D ,

11th at

half

(Fig.

end of

noticed

third

century

a period

each

founded

12th

of excavation and

L161

sunk

f irst

rT

III

Stratum

site,

two

revealed

stages

been

the

or

i] r

Sartah,

was

deserted permanently.

were

STRATUM

I II

the

of

c

covering

' Izbet

abandoned;

the

was

at

of

beginning

i

Finkelstein

Stratum

beginning

for only then

gap:

13

occupation,

uncovered

occupational 13th

of

2

Chapter

a general 6 .1.1).

The was

fossil

the

probe

whitish

down

entire

directeur

to

material

bedrock

period

of

was

posed

bricks

( see

every

square

of

II

well, silos Its

I I

of

importance

easily

a

been

as

Stratum

I I

Stratum

III

silos

were

their walls

109b).

into

this

link III

i t.

of

in Area

Area of

B ,

This

sector of

the

debris. various as

the

as the

of

the

obvious,

immediately

structures

Stratum

bricky

between is

most

levels in

nearly

Most

stratigraphic

and

decom-

in

foundations

covers

these

of of

southern

-

it

is

s ite.

In

relationships D ,

on

where walls top

where

Stratum

of

those

Stratum

I II,

I I

damaging

r emains

light-coloured brick material This

whitish

number brown

741, of

ated

in

Stratum

to

is

I II

levelling

the

Stratum

the

Stratum

during

during

this

which

to

the

older

rainy

had

places of

Stratum

buildings

disintegrated.

6

a of

above

H16.

This

that

seasons.

the

and

l ight-

bricks off

where were

indicating the

when

thereby

site I II

no

also that

erection

long period had gradually

of

during

place

laid,

Stratum

percol-

The

took

being

had

In

l ayer

just

levelled

I II

example

and

process,

a fairly

for

occup-

Square

that on

the

material

Loci).

decomposed

been

were

disinin

and

deep)

sediment

from

silos

of

structures

cm.

in

activity

levelling

abandonment II

that

The

708

a muddy the

This

of

brick material

came

material stood.

List

( 5-10

Locus

foundations

this

between

the

of

f loors

to bedrock,

( see

a thin

in

material

down

536

II

had by

I I

infilling

structure up

stones. the

and

spreading filled

small under

D ,

structures

the

and

apparently

bedrock

brick

composed

( particularly

dug

923,

Area

mainly

containing

Stratum 929,

example,

material down

we

appeared under

for

coloured

of

700,

loci

soil

bedrock, brown

pebbles

wherever

surfaces

Loci

is

sometimes

sector)

observed

ational

material

bricks,

northern was

and

it

walls

a

the

material

buried within

the

in

During

remains

the

III

2 : 2)

Description o f

tegrated

the

I II

and

direct

5 :1),

into

( P1.

under

dug

II

4 :1).

encountered

massive

constructed

( Pl.

the

( Building

and

of

were

dug

as was

in

also

Strata

found between

of

The

the

house

discovered

C ( Pl.

a stratigraphic of

number

of

2 .1.2

Stratum

distinguishable

addition, have

of

were

first

Stratum

light-coloured

-

discerned

II

areas

7 .2)

always

under

Stratum

this

D ,

four-room

excavation

in

was

was

Area

identified

the walls

appearing

Stratum

in

Chapter

Area

material

stratigraphy of

that

made

eventually

and with

the

excavation

which

brick

to

of

e lapsed, collapsed

The peripheral The . 111

most

is

the

( 3018) sector part the

of

the

a

In

Stratum

the

of

pebbles

that

meant

to

the

a

a

openings dwelling

outside. (between 732).

There

where end

the

looking

northwards L161.

' erected

was

the

50-55 were

from was

the

as

line

level,

rooms

and

well

of

( Locus

On

to

the

On 714)

this

the

a corner

of

with

f lagstones. belong

wall

the

older

exposed

3 :2, a the

as

the

5 :1).

layer

of

inside

of

there

walls

are

a

of

the

rooms K165,

of

the

that

Stratum of

in

Wherever Stratum

wall

it I II

courtyard

bedrock

all

I I the

deviation

occasionally

peripheral

has

fieldstones

stumps

the

were

course

central

Elsewhere

cupmarks

stone

radiate

the

slight

of

pebbles, the

the

underneath. f loor

western a

partitions

two places walls with

the

720),

K164,

and medium-sized

but

on

and the

G16 and

walls

H163,

on

the

731

one

-

a single

directly

cm. into

partially

separating the

which

from

where

Partition F162,

of

Loci

at

F16,

Only

was

courses

Squares

732

second

Square

surfaces

4 :2,

Loci

wall,

layer

60-70

were in

openings

wall,

and

wall

more the

was

courtyard

( between

Walls

5 :1),

served

between

316

and in

it

wall,

the

( between

large In

this

is

const-

soil

foundation

openings

bedrock.

cm.

soil

and

0 162)

is

dark

This

of

season

places

of

the

from

unearthed.

erected

( Pl.

bedrock

( Pls.

levelled K16

walls

two

peripheral

(K161

I II

in

during

wall

It

most

discernible

peripheral

with a width of Stratum

exposed

undoubtedly

first

peripheral

and

found,

levelled-off

K162)

for

the

J16

constructed of

and

in

deep)

these

include

the

and

survived,

2007)

was

These

Like

on

survived,

and

a jamb

it.

of

northern

site

4 :2).

cm.

width

were

Square

from

adjoining

was

the

the

( P1.

leading

of

peripheral

like

The

apparently

a jambstone

of

and

2006 of

segment

peripheral

bedrock.

adjoining

doorways

were

on

has

doorjambs

side

Stratum

courtyard

the

were

around

the

surface

found

units

Loci

eastern

( 2-3

walls,

course

These

A

in

stretch

C of

of

G/L16

directly

were

The

worked.

layer

I II

single

(Area

Squares

a level

Stratum

D

segments

running

fieldstones,

lay

Four

wall

2 :1).

Area

25m.

two

sector

thin

create

only the

These

( Pl.

in

a further

a segment

in

large

on

site

of

a large

( Area D)

northern

erected

the

element

enclosing

I II.

sector

identified

ructed

of

and

wall

exposed

south.

D thereafter),

was

of

was

continuous

of

The northern

Area

it

3 :1)

in

time

centre

of

( Pl.

B

architectural

peripheral

the

24m.

Area

conspicuous

oval

in

about

wall

in

was with

Square

probability

level.

eastern

with Wall

side L161

of

Area D the

( Pl.

3 :2),

7

peripheral

which

marks

wall the

forms

Stratum

I II

entrance

peripheral probably l arge

structure

wall

due

attractive

missing

house

the

of

the

northern the

robbed have

walls

of

or

none

of

survived

in

it

of

by

area,

1 1-I

Section

of

except

The were

can

2 .4).

have

water. the

The built

a lso

For Wall

been

the

peripheral

perhaps

be

terrace

which were

downslope, runoff

west,

four-room

agricultural

( see

walls

the

the

ages.

them

S trata

the

to

the

constructed

many

the

steep

outer

this

was

and of

and

away

the

F 15-16

partition walls,

the

washed of

continuation of

throughout

period

the

The

Squares

material

Byzantine edge

out

reason,

in

1 09b/109a)

segments

very

s ite.

which

outer

( Building

wail

of

building

in

the

stone-robbing

f ieldstones

observed

at

is

to

to

same rooms

N164

( see

below). In

the

western

the

eastern

an

extremely

peripheral robbers tural in

( Area

shallow

wall

remains

the

at

eastern prior

buildings. however, than

No

in

a ll.

entrance On the

other

of

( Floor 3000/3024)

I II

entrance

Wall cm.

a

wide

( 60

near

of

wide,

f lanked

stones. height

of

by cm.

m .

Modern-day

( even

were

a f ine

a lso the

southern

more

apparently

paving of in

paving

l arge

Squares L/M16

M162

on the west

delimit

to

stone

end.

of

opening the

quarrying

Wall

the

Stratum

continues

s ite

makes

approach to the

it

site.

8

an

large

into

the

M 16

( 70

stones

opening cm.

opening

The

had

wide),

was

impossible

to

that

height

of

therefore apparently Stratum

to

m .

worked

stands

period of

8 0

1 .10

partially jamb

monolith

jamb.

broken

Square

an

M 161

l arge,

eastern

during

has

western

a

been in

medium-sized

has

of the

was

the

having

of

survived,

f ieldstones,

from

to

The

built

has

Nearby

fallen

prior

1 .55-1.75

I I

distinguished,

uncovered

which

jambstones

lower

only entrance

was

wide),

course

large

90

apparently monolith

outward

its

very The

to

Stratum

shallow

s tones

s ite

Southwards

cm.

s ingle

built

were

that

down

area.

M162

which

evidence

the

delimited by Wall

north,

passage.

an unexcavated

of

is

the

s tone

trenches.

the

The paving on

the

architec-

l evelled

of

very

of

I II

is

been

and

under

even

ravages

Stratum

there

the

just

( Area F )

( Pl.

M161

were

digging

f lagstones Wall

no

had

sectors);

structure

and

combined are

trenches

squares

northern s ide

3 :2).

not

construction

easily removable without The

accumulation,

area

robbers'

B/C12-13)

l ies

addition,

the

the

Squares bedrock

the

In

these

the

soil

sector

A ,

where

and there

to

since

( Area

E ),

survived

and erosion,

bedrock

so

sector

sector

study

a

had the been the I II. the

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surface

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the

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Paving

S ince

paving was

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Square

M16,

coloured not

we

of

is

of

wide),

of

the

of

the

M162 at

which

place

outer

wall

has

itself

particular

spot.

The

segment of

constructed of

large

wide

( a

one K9

a southerly

and 1 (82 that

s loped

surface. s ide

The

of

l ight-

squares

Only

a

does

s urvived. in

It a

same

to

two

s ettlement, d ifferent

Chapter

from of

by

This

is

where

any

attached to

the

unfortunately

the

the

in

this

as

wide

This one

it

as

on

the

Stratum

I I

( K91)

sector.

is

5 0-60

90-100

cm.).

segment

of

west

the

s ide

s ilo)

80-100 cm. K81, K92,

These

sector

northern

f ieldstones,

a

Stratum

they

belong

of

and

in width. and M91)

partitions

are

of the

Five were

from the peripheral

l ine the

to

the a

cuts

wall

constructed

Stratum

outer

outside.

through I II

walls,

( 50-60

cm.

that

these

two

the

inner

wall.

basic

external

create

I I

stones

l ike

as

rooms on the

these

interesting

served

l ine

rooms,

pattern

of

( P1.

which

are has

do

not

Apparently,

enclosing

s ince

is

2 :2).

wide),

walls

for

The

them

they

offsets

the

were

and

of

insets

6 .2.1).

Preservation s ilos

s ite

in this

in

are

of

course

depths,

a part

wall

as

openings:

large-sized

while

survived.

( 40

smaller than those used in the a width varying between 35-60 . Walls

1 005 that

wall

This

N164

distinguished

survived.

blocked

i s

I II,

3025.

Wall

the

but

been

way

stones

has

straight

inner

not

Stratum

Room

rooms

preserved,

direction.

of

of

the

radiating outwards

single

c onstructed

of

in

has

north

c losed the peripheral

evidence

paving

fragmentary

M9. They are ( H91, 381,

Silo

c lear

( see

bedrock.

the

the paving belongs

course

the

has

of stones somewhat peripheral wall, with

the

it

western

adjacent

appeared

by

medium-sized

has

other in Square partition walls uncovered here,

in

of

course ( later

meet

since a l evel

the

to

that

enclosing

the

and

wall

f act

on

the

the peripheral

number

Square

L 81

but

entrance

( Area B )

in

peripheral

in

this

make

additional

been

southern sector

Only

in

a single

only

wall

cm.

down

north

wall

Built

it

found

stones,

the

peripheral

was

to

preserved

an

peripheral

The

of

f loor,

added

providing proof

smaller

closed

probably part

not

material

Wall

constructed cm.

the

was

side

I II.

East room

as

3000

excavated

brick

appear here,

S tratum

western

in

the

southern

stone-robbing,

Stratum

the

peripheral

the

surface

I I

wall

at the

sector

the

area

dug

into

the

must

have

protruded

time

had been remains

poor,

damaged

of

in

activity began in

1 1

was

one

s ince by

the

Stratum

I II.

place

above

Stratum

I I,

s ince

Silos

804

that

and

the

its

abut

builders

existence

parallel

of

into

to

it.

constructed not

806

in

against

the

Stratum

account

Only

this

area

in

I t

I I

when

grain

necessary to prepare

it.

would

f our-room

laying

its

pits

( but

Stratum

I I.

a level

the

accumulation

material

during the

of

in

Stratum

Remains and

of

the

a

f ill

Stratum I I

and

small

were

surface,

this

and

probably

were

walls

3002

of

large

fragment

and

Stratum

intact

f lask within

belong

to

Paving

3025

of

the

most

cleared

of

away

I I

in

3011

Squares was

and

and Walls

to

immediately

material

Loci

3003

down

within

from

Stratum

was

silos.

uncovered

brick in

and

continuing

wall

i t

and this

of the l ightaddition, the

bedrock.

the

a storage it

( Fig.

I II.

base

10:20;

Wall

N163

Pl. of

room adjoining the

was

N 163

1 0:9).

of

to bedrock. material,

found,

S tratum

under

and 0162

Wall

l ight-coloured jar

015

found,

3013

0161

penetrates nearly the whole way down

Under

the

I II

stones,

F loors

I I,

houses)

s light,

Stratum I I

l ight-coloured

of

f lagstone

Stratum

Stratum

The

was

the

took wall

( Area E )

f loors

0/N16.

with the

of

is

house

Therefore,

building

sector I II

construction of

Northeastern sector

beneath

this

a ppear

southern

no

is probably the reason that no clear traces coloured brick material were found here. In earth

also

with

a an

Both c learly I I

entrance

a lso

cuts

structure

of

site.

Inside

the peripheral

The central 3017,

only

remains

courtyard

3022

wall

and

of

of

Stratum

the

3026;

site

these

I II

were

were

unearthed

S ilos

5 44,

embedded

in

713,

in

the

the 2004,

l ight-

coloured brick material and a lso f illed by it. I n their general appearance and method of construction, the S tratum I II

silos

are

silo

( Silo

base

of

f loor

( 107)

of

the

1 20)

the

stone

similar was

is

lower,

the buiding.

northern ( Locus

here,

a sort

end

of

9 35). of

In

STRATUM

house of

Stratum

under of

the

I I

than the

central f lat

a surface

of

was

description and

stratigraphy

1 2

Its

paving

s ilo

unit

of

near the

foundation level found,

cracked bedrock.

I I

General

another

pillar

6 :2).

f lagstone

beneath

stones

additional

( P1.

l ongitudinal

a probe made of

An

northwestern

Stratum

course,

I I.

There may have been the

paving

may have been merely

2 .2.1

exposed

four-room

house

2 .2

to those of

but

this

Stumps even

during

level

of some

The in

the

site

the

as

T I

(Fig.

four-room which

Sartah;

dwellings

and

surface

remains

of

of

this

during

its

area,

reaching

Stratum

was

hardly

I I a

were

square

( 2)

of

considerations

109b)

most

impressive

of

this

a long

of

the

stone-lined

building;

the

( 3)

perimeter

of

sectors.

the

stratigraphy

Stratum

II

different

were

three

dozens

and eastern

that

into

( Building

existence

around

concerning

fall

the

the

built

correlation between the

4 ) house

is

throughout

the northern

whole

the

site;

largest

there

site,

problem

The

the

and

constructed

simple

a

at

on

it.

large

' Izbet

main

survey.

Structures

Stratum

the

were

in

following in

at

of

The

of

of

constructed

that

remains

of

visible

covered the

site,

the

centre

silos

site

the

evidence

( 1)

settlement

were

ones

development.

remains

structure

the

settlement

its

categories:

walls

dominant

throughout

without

I I

pre-excavation

the the

peak

found

Stratum

the

are

existence the

of

in

of

the

particular

was

excavation

either

helpful

areas.

or

The

conclusive

this matter. 1 )

The

places

particularly under

Stratum

tiation

I I

between

material

(as

109b

of

building southern

ruins i i

of

2 ) ( Locus J133 this

they

surface

a lso

3 )

direct

The

those

stones wall

places

plastered and

addition i ii,

the

abuts

brick

Building

pits

around

while into

sector,

stumps

Stratum

in

silos

on the

Stratum

of

the

I I

in

Locus

annexed onto

onto

under

Stratum

debris. courtyard

a number

934

onto

Building

lining

established

the to

three

the

where

there

link.

the

of

Wall

109b.

stones

between

was

that

no

the

silos

a lso

of

As the

silos

south

the 804,

13

silos 806

that

touch

and

contact

is

are

onto

silos;

between

silos,

provide

between

similarly

and

abut

other

courtyard

relationship

its

( Silos

I I

109b,

of

The

to

fact

them

Stratum

Building

silos

the of

of of

surfaces

stratigraphica1 109b

is

differen-

directly

wall

and found

109b.

eastern

the

abuts

of

whitish

material,

northern

between the

is

I II, were

storage

dug

the

of

etc),

which

found

the

its brick

appears

this

brick

the

on

signs

( a)

even

surface

link

clear

of

in

Stratum

material,

was

the

were

( c)

531,

404b,

a

most into

sealing

5 06,

120)

erected

which

( Loci

Building

the

III;

were

Room

silos,

in

s ide

plastered

514),

of

( b)

as

levels:

Silo

dug

floors

The

places

II;

Stratum

their

as

of

brick

served

two

were

structures

III,

remains these

Stratum

walls

decomposed

well

this its

where

their

the

Building clear:

later

than

1014)

are

in

Stratum lined

up

in

a neat

row

were part of 4 ) a

and

the of

dug

that

is

it

is

its a

in

1 1.5-11.9

I t

is

the

of

At

in

the

this

structures, c lear

smaller,

majority of

peripheral

Stratum

I I,

I

places

therefore

s ignificantly

that

and

Stratum

1 09b.

peripheral

was

three

the

buildings

an

assumption

character of

Stratum

I I

entrances

m .;

before

protruding

Its

outer

( =

together with

above

the

dimensions

are

rooms,

broadroom

each,

Three

longitudinal

on

its

southern

( 119b):

x 2 .2

The

sq.

m .)

in Stratum

the

suffixes

I ,

and

and continued in factors

four-room house this type: ( 1)

of

the

( 2)

drums.

and

( 109b 8 .7

the

( 404b)

From the

+

m .;

1 08b): 1 12b):

i s

2 .6

x

3 .5

x

northern

total

sq.

the house

8 .8 area

m .

continued to

designated as Building used

room

are

internal

1 27.6

two

of these

measurements

a lterations,

are

to. designate

that originated

in

be

1 09a; archi-

S tratum

I .

distinguish from the

x

and

is

Stratum

the

plan

of

this

Stratum

I I

that of the typical Iron Age house of existence of the annex ( Room 4 04b),

constructed

building;

it ' a'

( 106b

room

internal

minor

where

' b'

components

through

rooms

the northern room with

were

consisting

The measurements

2 .5

m .

set

end,

an unroofed courtyard,

broadroom.

longitudinal

building,

was

constructed of stone

longitudinal

1 22.3

used

most

excavations

m .).

a

broadroom

m .

and

a

1 9.8

outer

x

tectural

seen

spots.

largest

Even

in

to

central 2 .0-2.6

This

be

the

erected

its maximum

into the

( 404b): 1 3.9

could of

is I I.

which was probably

led

are:

1 0.8

hill,

Stratum

6 :1),

( together with Room 404b,

pillars

m .;

5 :2,

from each other by two rows of pillars

room,

1 0.7

( Pls.

the

of

walls

reaches

central

on

x 15.9-16.6

separated

not

they

remains

number

perpendicularly

the

I I

assume

l ifespan

house

building

commenced,

of

i f

( the four-room house)

ground

which

to

the

c onstructed

walls.

1 09b

in

to Building

a lso

settlement

the

location

important

Two

their

l ogical

four-room

central

I I

as

6 .).

The

rooms

were

compatible with the general

Building 109b

of

I

Description of

length

wall,

occurred

Stratum

of

Building

during

( Chapter 2 .2.2

by

stones

between

were

southern

that

silos

Stratum

hence

its

additions made

occupied the

the

s ilos

changes

are

reusing that

main

number

formerly

outside

a unified building plan.

The

settlement time

just

contemporaneously

the

short

entrance

wall

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1 4

with

the

main

part

the building,

which

the

into

broadroom

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central

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four-room

in

of

to

was

walls

case,

soil

is

badly

damaged ground-

these in

around the

well

survived.

its

from

period

walls

order

summit

accumulation,

in

no

to

of

the

robbers'

stones may have been simply

digging.

These

different I II,

( 109b/109a)

but

J 121.

have

reconstruct

f ieldstoneS

and the

Stratum

house

part

outer

running

three

the

building

Byzantine

shallow

without

used

the

its

large the

detected,

out

of

southwestern

the

of the

usually

northern end of Wall

from

terrace wall

Because

therefore

the

is

however,

during

trenches were

pheral

its

sufficient,

robbed

as

part

s tones

Apparently

were

at

northeastern

preserved, and

room,

in and

large

stones

periods:

the in

in

outer

the

were

the

walls

periof

Byzantine

the

terrace

wall. Some mainly of

of

the

the

the

x

a lso

width)

were

of

3 102

stones,

m ., laid

smaller

appears

external

in

to

in

be

The

northern

in

width,

i s

l ine

of

widest.

course wall

the

of

one

the

Room

that

stone

( 1.4

m .

southern courtyard the

Square

or

compacted as

bedrock, bedrock of

of

whereas s lopes

the

northern

was

The

with

for

not

neatly

entrance used

but

courtyard

it

were The

was

to

the

as

the the the

judging

( e.g.,

necessary

its The

composed western

f lagstones,

but

been

out

robbed

longitudinal household

courtyard

eastward,

earth.

1 09b

earth.

central

this in

have

a single

longitudinal A very large

disturbed,

that

a

these

No surfaces of detected west of

badly

either

courtyard

end

of

404b,

the

with

pillars

probably

was

Building

has

at

was

in

in

to

go

to enter the building.

paved

end

earth.

compacted

in

compacted

was

a

area

steps of

or

( 108b)

southern

I t

may be . assumed

two

southern

served

lying

wide.

l evels

it

f loors

f lagstones its

found

m .

this

surface

The

was

1 .3

since

J14),

down one

room

is

( right-hand) doorjamb. of the settlement were

building, by

l ong)

which

m .

Southern Wall

constructed. Wall J lol, which separates the rooms from Broadroom 1 19b, is the same width. house,

measure

stones,

courses in

for

medium-sized

( 1.10-1.40

large

of

stones

K112

places.

Two

( J133)

only

Wall

drums

walls,

The

largest;

course

walls

a number of

the

and one

next

external

outer

the

eastern

the

a double

stones

walls

survived. stone

The

the

worked.

usually

in

in

for

roughly

were

stones

whereas

appear.

used

were

course

corner

1 .15

stones f ill

f ieldstoneS

foundation

example, 0 .75

the corner

northern

part

it

that

eastern

1 7

room

bedrock,

the or

paving

was

room

the

f loor

( 112b), the

( 106b)

At

at of the

was

where

f loor is

made

apparently

industries.

( 109b)

seems

of

longitudinal

was

of the

made

completely

covered with not

a fine

completely

eastern

corner.

how the

f loor was

sunk

during

106b,

it

were the

these

their

the

No

beneath

this

found

to

layer,

50

to detect the

l eading

the

into

Stratum some

I I

of

silos

was

of

Room

side

rooms

runs

along

lower

drums

the

to

of

S tratum

60

x 70

since the

room

I

cm.,

1 19b was

here,

discerned.

Upon

I II.

are

badly

a lthough

encountered

the

It

a

d igging l ight-

was

a lso

Room 404b

superstructure

side of

this

Stratum

f loor of

mudbrick,

them

( or

and east

stone-lined ( Pl.

7 ).

even

of

very

extant

each

in

M12.

Most

of

Building

f ew

fallen

1 09b

was

stones

were

lower courses.

the

particularly

in

( e. g.,

Silo

paving .

a

605).

pit,

the

were

lower

The

bottom.

it

Care

L 12

were

was

even

taken

sufficiently layer

of 809

well).

and

In

607;

others

stones The

level

pebbles

( Silos

depths

their

of

state

accumulated

( Silos

and

the the

the of

latter 6 10

6 09,

stones

f loors

509,

earthen

507,

small

is

silos,

paved

were

and

stones,

a

f ew

and

but

cases,

boulders

inner

face

to bedrock, surface was

9 15).

I f not,

( e. g.,

with

by

necessary,

the

down rock

laid

J 14,

Square

in

stone

a combination

s labs

of

a

Silos a s

bedrock

1 014). as

excavated,

preservation deposits

8 11

in

if

make dug the

was

Four

Square

constructed

and,

to

f lat and even. Most of the silos were which served as their f loors wherever

L/M/N12).

large

probably

stones

were

-

that

six

in

of

other

small

and

courses,

all

in

and

with

d ozens

each

Squares

used,

with

in

to

uncovered

l ined

silos

l ining

in and

a lso

43

-

c lose

were Lii,

were

the

so

( e. g.,

J8,

silos

stones

four-room house, pits

were

thereof)

Squares

the

grain

They

medium-sized

digging

of

touched

remains

f ive

to

part of

Broadroom

distinguished

chalk

material

south

discovered

and

i s

r oom has

the

into cm.

this

the

that

The

x 5 0

is

south-

silos North,

6 05,

of

l ine

incorporated

immediately

difficult

The

f loors

f loor

the

whether

northern

pillars.

from

was

we

brick

of

the

stone-robbing,

f loor

crumbled

found on either

decide

the

in

levelled.

coloured

constructed

by

of

entrances

Presumably

l ower

imaginary

rows

varies

Due

of

to

f lagstone the

the

clear

layer

Judging

to

were

wide.

damaged. thin

of

size

of

difficult

the

up

tops were

Both cm.

is

However,

s lightly

laid or whether this part of

that

pillars

paving.

being

ages.

side

and their

70

the

right

inner

walls;

It

seems

laid

f lagstone

level,

in

and which

vary

a ccording

the

depth

they

are

of

the

embedded.

Those close to the northern and eastern s ides of Building 1 09 were relatively deep. The preserved part of S ilo 608 i s

1 8

about

1

1 .05 of

m .

m .

the

their

preserved an

The the

a s

1 m .

i s

usually

or

even

structure, 611

In and

809

f our-room

house

a s egment

of

are

the

N121.

I n

inward

Silo

the

from

the

( Silos

eastern

as

oval

( Silos

the

it.

K112

courses, These

1 (112,

907 of

and Silo

of

the onto

south of this

wall

of

their

abuts

onto

Building the

were

109b

stones

covered

5 16 was

of

607,

abut

( K91)

with

s ilos

806

time

Silo

Wall

Silos

that

the

921

walls

( K112)

and

assume

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circumference

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wall

some

and 921),

be

The

wall

a t

sector of

courtyard

5 12

can

804

we

ground

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f rom Wall

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course to

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considerably:

abut

is

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s lightly

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6 12

s ide

5 49).

Silos

eastern

" clinging"

Silo

southern

ones

they

and

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its

and the

completely circular.

above

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stones

not

onto

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or more

g .,

7 :2),

lowest

lower

smaller

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Stratum

be

varies

sometimes

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house,

The

silos

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abut

still

2 m .

On

to

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cases

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( Pl.

the

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protruded

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tend

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courses),

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less

those

f ive

courses).

of

round,

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to

seven

remains

diameter

928).

Wall

the

s ize

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the

to

inner diameter of

whereas

6 10

( four

( Six

building

surface. have

deep

deep

of

with

covered by

a

l arge boulder that fell from Wall J 133. The four s ilos a butting onto this house provide a c lear stratigraphic l ink between It

it

and the

is,

of

dozens of

course,

s ilos

possible

concentrated around

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a ll

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it.

silos

were

constructed contemporaneously and that the present plan r eflects developments over the l ifespan of Stratum I I, during

which

Evidence added

new

for

during

1 )

Silo

r endering during

5 13

the

2 )

Silo

in

9 14

it

I I

or

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is

constructed

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Square

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were

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Stratum

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Square

possible

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to

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time.

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5 49,

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unusable. Stratum

gone

into

It

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547

constructed

either

I .

N12

seems

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it

to

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built

921,

against

i t. 3 ) 1 002

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in It

Square might

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coloured

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s ilos

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not

relationship

exists between S ilos

1 009

and

J 8. be

argued

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debris f ound

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cut

s ilos

unlikely f illed

because

most

of

the

belonged the

to

l ight-

Stratum

I II

in them.

Sometimes the s ilos were full of stones from their collapsed upper courses and they often contained a kind of hard,

compacted

material

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1 9

i s

reminiscent

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debris

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probably remnants

the

silos

pottery

in

was

Canaanite

found

with

and

9 13

an

As

the

determine ( see

no

Chapter It

is

Stratum

grains

Stratum seeds

seeds

to

( see In

I I

were

found

remember

little

the

Proto-

i t

a

1 1),

of

Silos

camel

was

8 ). not

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burnt,

impossible

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in S ilo

that

Chapter

of

had

and

seal

Very

each

( Chapter

remains,

or

6 05

skeleton

stones

used to

a lthough

7 .1).

however,

these

to

silos.

9 13).

the

contents

of

the

silos do not necessarily belong to this s tratum, as

possible

no

complete

vessels

in

way

that

penetrated into the from

of

9 for two

particularly is

fallen

important

I I

complete

carbonized

what

S ilo

( Table

This,

contents.

s ilos,

from

almost

I II.

that was

their

the

came

settlement

were

the material

inside

the

Stratum

preserve

arrowhead

the

discovered among

there

of

to

ostracon

together 6 12

order

of

Stratum

one

silos,

I f ell

into

been reused at

This

taken

be

significance

of

into

the

that

time

bones

in them.

older

l ikely

particularly ( see

consideration

camel

found

another

and even more them,

them may have must

were

or

that

since

sherds some

of

Section 2 .3. 2).

when

found

I t

sherds

in

evaluating

the

Silos

and

6 12

913. The white plastered surface of was

uncovered

Squares 6 13.

in

a number

L1l-12-13

Although

surface number

its

does of

Surface

506

509,

least

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abuts 5 10

the

Silos

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5 11.

507

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is

6 06

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5 16,

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than

5 31,

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of

and

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the

s ilos

514,

6 06

this

thick,

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silos

Silos

a ll

the

a patch of

II

between

5 06,

stones

The walls

higher

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places Loci

l ining

Surface

course

There

of

J /K14:

preservation

reach

places:

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surface.

and

the

605

Surface these

surrounding a pebble

hard in

a nd 5 31

silos

in and a

6 14; abuts .

are

a t

courtyard

f loor

in

Locus

606. In 5 36)

a probe made

the

under the

l ight-coloured

f loor of

brick

the

material

of

courtyard Stratum

( Locus

I II

was

in

the

encountered. Peripheral A

buildings

series

northern

and

of

Stratum

eastern

I I

buildings

sectors.

These

was

uncovered

i nclude

scanty

remains

of Rooms 2018 and 2008 in the northwest; Building which was relatively well preserved in the north, Building two

5 33

l inked

buildings

Building preserved

9 16 -

in in

a total

to the

the of

it

in

the

east;

northwest east, eight

which

( 3003 was

buildings.

20

what

appear

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3005),

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quite

301, with to

be and

well

On

the

assumption

unexcavated buildings s ite.

These

the

the

that

it

surrounded

Building in

areas,

or

a round The

did

the perimeter of

peripheral

number

of

s tones

robbed

f or

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either in

the

were

not

reused

their

construction

the to

and

9 16

Judging

by

the outer walls of defensive

l ike those of

into

the

twenty

parallel north

northeast). that

in

about

periphery of

a continuous

site

dug

similar

that

the

5 33

appears

the

were

on

the

form

buildings

silos

and

( in

it

not

was

oriented

diagonally

structures

1 09b

301

fragmentary remains,

these

layout

estimated

are

( Buildings

east)

be

Building

structures

109b

the

may

in

the

I II.

Stratum

remains

of

wall

Stratum and

silos

I :

a

their

( Section

2 .3.2). The northern sector The

Stratum

S tratum which 4 :2, ( e.g.,

walls

F 161

s tructures.

a ges.

the

and

the

and

walls

from

were

stones

a single were

in

places

I II

walls

where

the

d ifferent

directions

a re

founded

also

( Pls.

some

walls

material

directly

s tructures were paved with

of

the

there

scanty

plan

was

remains,

most

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of

the

earth

has

been

The

buildings

here

activity over

constructed ranging

was

of

between

a s light I I

small

and cm.,

the

deviation

walls

are

ones

( L151,

older

above

above

them.

f lagstones

Walls

stumps from

of

them;

running H161)

Several

( Floors

the

40-60

usually preserved.

immediately

the

of

the

Stratum

than

material,

s lope,

course at

the

robbed.

widths

but

brick

of

of

agricultural

founded

top

construction

the

the

mainly

with

to

on

to

brick

Due

stones

K162

Stratum

this

southern

only

the

prior

foundations

and

a lso

erected

l ight-coloured

reconstruct

suffered

which

K 161

K151)

were

off

the

Near

away The

its

gray material. to

medium-sized of

and

levelled

and of

difficult

probably

buildings

Between

layer

washed

I I

been

5 :1).

thin i s

I II

had

( Area D )

of

301,

in

they these

5 42,

and

. 2005). A

number

uncovered

of

in

walls

Squares

s ingled-roomed

and

an

F 15-16

structure

in

( 2008)

oven

of

the

west

next

Building

to

of it.

the

2018 area

were and

There may

a

have

been two stages of construction in Wall G161. A large mass o f stone and brick debris was f ound within this s tructure. Two

adjoining

uncovered

r econstructed a nd

size

a s

only

were

two

rows

3 01

would

in

of

one

pillars.

have

9 16

been

three

base

eastern was to

western

2 1

and

our

we

rooms

5 33)

( 301)

s imilar

sector

found,

l ongitudinal

According the

301

The western one

four-room house, in the

pillar

fact

( Buildings

H/L15-17.

a small

to Building

A lthough there

structures

in Squares

in

shape

( see below). a ssume

that

separated

reconstruction,

longitudinal

were

may be

room,

by

Room paved

with

f lagstones,

eastern of

the

may

310

longitudinal building was

be side

6 .0-6.5

m .

wide,

is

The

30

Building

916.

90

cm.

is

wide

into

the

An

in

it

state

good easy

to

walls

and

of

are

iately

on

of

the

s ite

high

that

has

are

sq.

m .

threshold J 161.

located

in

I t its

courtyard Building was

but 533,

s everely

survived

to

i t

I I,

l ight-coloured is

a lso

Wall

0162)

and,

where

it

paving

of

a ligned Wall

the two

is

impossible

to

patches

in

they

Wall

which

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apparently

N 163.

3025,

fragmentary

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brick

to

stones

are

S quares

l ie

immed-

material

0 161

interruptions,

meets Room

and

building

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the

bedrock

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paved

3002

N16,

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with

the

is

the

There

The

Stratum

in

N/013-16)

are

f lagstone surfaces.

plans.

structures

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making

sector,

ground of

e levation

here,

of

the

F loor

through

the

5 25.

I II.

Square

m .; r ooms

33-34

east,

Stratum to

7

reconstruction

room.

its

( Squares

assigned top

our

were

Wall

central

side and

of

not if

the

on

5 24

end

preservation

this

their

015-16

301

bedrock

in

determine

into

and

was

of Building

a stone-paved

of

patches

structures

not

the

All

continuations

length

about

301

i s

only

Building 301

l ongitudinal

eastern

entrance

accumulation

rob.

with

the

916.

and 9 16,

its

of

end

( Area E )

of of

soil

at

I Silos

part

because

minimal

in Building

longitudinal

The eastern sector The

m .

Building

Stratum

northeastern

width three

a four-room house;

eastern

adjoins

damaged by

a

the

leads

Building

109b

of

the

the

its broadroom

the corresponding part

entrance

that

position

correct,

sq.

m .

3 09

northern

but

f lagstones. 7 .0

and

the

with

of

located

interesting

which

analogy

with

areas

about

courtyard

in Buildings

about

m .,

in

is

and

f loor

therefore

usual

as

length of

6 . 0-6.5

respective

is

by

as well

rooms were paved with

preserved. 9 16

central

Unfortunately,

completely destroyed,

reconstructed

Apparently here, the

the room.

continues

The

into

latter

belongs

of

( possibly

to

cuts

S tratum

I II. East walls

of

of

Building

Building

ground plan can be This

is

a

three

pillars the

the

5 5

9 12

f our-room sq.

side

9 16 is

m .

house

and

with

in

most

( P1.8:1),

the

of

301

22

by

paving

surface

row in

about

the

is

as

room.

the

and

its

s pace

80 two

s q.

i s

m .),

r ows

In Room 936

of on

are

preserved,

i ts

f loor,

Between

Installation

northern

of

certainty.

f loor

survived).

stone

longitudinal

eastern

Building

area

separated

bedrock

eastern the

( its

total

rooms

patches

uses

the

N /Pll-12)

survived

( only three of which have

pillars

analogy

have

longitudinal

western

Courtyard Room

9 16

( Squares

reconstructed with reasonable

small

approximately with

1 09b

two 9 10.

sector,

it

and of By i s

suggested eastern Rooms as

that

902

916

wide),

907,

is

built

between

921

Building

eastern part of Building Building

as A

f ound

the

at

to of

s tones

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was

in

the

found in both rooms

west,

and

the

has

N121

forms

a

rest

The

stones

course

Wall

only

walls

( about its

Silo

east

and

stratigraphic the

of

50-60

survived.

on

of

partially

eastern side. It

Iron

silos

l ink

in

the

is

possible

its Age

excavated,

Here

that

broadroom I I

el_FarCah

too the

( de

was

another

located

architectural ( N)

surface

this

( 905)

adjoins

rock

to

the

construction

Vaux

1 952:

P l.

is XI,

and 366).

structures

ceased

are

surface.

medium-sized

its

with

Tell

f loors

against

f loor.

362

building

courtyard.

its

house,

Buildings

s ilos

on

the

bedrock

of

9 16

the

similar

The

on

905,

9 16

f our-room

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built

Silo

into

The broadroom is partitioned into

f lagstone of

are

against

s erved

0112.

of which only

which

west.

entrance

and 9 19;

continuations

Building cm.

the

end of Wall

be

in

used

Stratum

the

when

northeastern

Stratum

I were

from their walls

dug

I I

into

and

was

eastern

sectors

abandoned,

their

ruins,

and

the

robbing

the

s ilos

was

and reusing them.

Southern sector As

mentioned

constructed S ilo

2 .3

1004

main

which

3 81

concentration

on

top

and Silo

of

the

1 005

of

Stratum

I II

damaged Wall

walls.

K82.

I

General

The

a

directly

cut Wall

STRATUM

2 .3.1

5 ),

here

above,

description and stratigraphy evidence

is

the

comes - from the

for

f inal

the

existence

Iron

Age

four-room house

of

Stratum

settlement

( Building

on

1 09a).

I ( Fig.

the

site,

A number of

changes were now made in the layout of Stratum I I Building 1 09b: rooms and walls were added and installations were built a s

on

the

well

changes

in

took

s ettlement, s tratum

thereby went

constructed the

It

is

in

than out

r educed,

the

I I

were

area

the

the

central

a mere of

its

use,

and

therefore

longer

the

a in

required.

23

of

the

as

a separate

phase.

The

peripheral

number

of

s ilos

stones

of

the

Stratum

settlement

decreased

room,

s ignificant

arrangement

definition

using that

l ongitudinal

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building

place,

of

In

general

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population no

of

places.

in

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c lear

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rock

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were their

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significantly of

Apparently

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Stratum s ite

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of

Stratum

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The

ceramic

house

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Chapter whole to

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in

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a

few

some

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I ,

silos

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house

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perhaps

Squares

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However,

the

Stratum

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Building

The

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I

may

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to

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1 09b

have

Stratum

survived.

Wall

Kill,

Here

too

be

which

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divides In sized

was

into

were

up

on

Stratum

to

to

the

pillar bases I I

to

Since

difficult

the

on

somewhat wide

only

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the

built

or

than

the m .

an

cm.

high)

which

joins

of has

Wall

of

( 109a).

medium

and

survived.

J103,

which

rooms, of

have

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medium-

survived,

were

l ow

rows

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it

walls

that

partitions.

Wall

the

two

southern

pillar wide).

pillar.

Wail

Kill,

the pillar bases

adjoins

24

the

small

the northwestern pillar of

free-standing

0 .9

have

courtyard

these

just

incorporated a ll

Kill

( 30

cm.)

incorporated

end

stones

high), by

the

between

construction

J 112,

remains

whether

l eaving

northern

wider

and Wail

scanty

side,

row,

only

70

i t,

f lagstones

course

cm.

to

the

i t into

5 :2).

walls

ceiling

the

( 35

partitioned

by

the

central

width

( Pl.

the

changes

baulk

s imple

wall,

partitioning

western

eastern side, and

course

determine

the

of

as

more

only a s ingle

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replaced

stones.

reached

of

the

medium-sized

( average

and

parallel

under

built on top of

two units

addition

pillars

running

partition

a single

stones

1 19a

it

cm.;

1 09a),

of

in order to divide

hidden

I ts

side

K113 was constructed in

constructed in the

only

Broadroom

60

northern

( Building

wall,

was

Another

was

sized

is

new

the

( 106a)

f loor.

average width of

I I Wall

wall

J 112,

older walls,

Stratum

large

room

another of

K11-12.

than the

are

I I

are

the

buildings

I .

impossible

onto

interior.

longitudinal

continuation

m .

those

( see

on

( Building 109a) added

in its

row,

to

solely to

were

four-room

the

sherds

Stratum

surrounding

were made

J ill,

the

data

Description of remains

Two

has

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II.

four-room

belong

of

is

periphery

statistical

peripheral

the

Stratum

the

s ilos

When

remodelled

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around

these

Stratum

it

on

stood

the

types the

they

silos

during

the silos

debris.

s ite,

had

most

109a

but

The four-room house

the

the

the

from

II,

collapsed and

silos

that

ascribed on the plans

2 .3.2

is

the

since

Building of

The

been

I I,

material

that

on

significant;

the

of

from

Stratum

up with

buildings

indicates

Stratum

to

f illed

constructed

where

evidence

3 .1.1)

similar

and

after

buildings

house

I arrived

house

settlement

decades

Wall

bases

K121.

( Wall

These walls

in this

The

Jill

on

walls i s

1 .0

closed most

F

H

G

J

K 1 0 ,

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L

J Fig.

5 .

Plan

of

Stratum

I

K

L

I I

0

I

M

N

0

of

the

their

openings southern

into

the

ends,

longitudinal

between

them

rooms,

and

Wall

except

J 101

at

of

the

broadroom. The the I .

new

walls

building, No

the

higher

f loor

excavations.

have

been

southern this

face of hardly

poorly oven

l ongitudinal a base of Two of

rooms

I walls Built a bout

here a

of

adjusted

cm.

Silos

near the

545)

Wall I I

were of

might

in

the

and 3 12.

But

picture. 1 09a

of

the

f lagstone

north

both

part

of

the

to

the

inferior

the

two

new

original

two

Stratum

workmanship.

survived.

within

outside

the only evidence

the

medium-sized

course has found

side

of

l ike the other

and

courtyard of

the

walls

of

had

joined northern Wall

404b,

-

f ill.

western

3 122,

comparison is

was

the

f loor.

added onto

small

only one

debris

in

were

the

A large

rooms.

were

rooms

stones The

apparently

following

for this was

their

found east

L131.

and other remains

A number of d ifferentiated s tones, into

found

corner of Wall

s ince

s ilos obviously belonging to

uncovered on the periphery of

dug

during

l evel

Courtyard

sherds

The

in

masonry

row

levels

but

in

Room

building.

preserved

of

the

the

Their walls

J 131

wide,

f loors to

observed

f loor

mortar

change

laid on the

their

-

stone

pottery

6 :1).

s ingle

construction, of Wall

large

and

building

p lastered

to

of the building,

40-50

amount

a

were the

of

Stratum

partially propped up with earthen

( 108a),

poorly

of

that

installations

( Pl.

Stratum

outer walls

f loors

3 11

( 528

original

levels

hint

from

stones

eastern

are

original

overall

room

small

and

rooms

the

the baulk between Squares

with

the building

K 121

on

sufficient

preserved

l ined

pottery

only

came

founded on bedrock, An

founded

or

The

raised

is

The

were

which continued to be used throughout

from

apparently

their into

facings.

S ilos

2017

and

2019

of

and

Building

order with

3 005.

to obtain

particularly the

3015

0141 in

in

the

large

incorporated

Square

a pparent

stones

from

S ilos

( probably reusing Square

The

facing

2018.

by

I I,

F 15

013

practice stones

in

for

were

its

dug

stones),

into

of

dismantling

the

s ilos of

Building

Stratum

5 24

were 5 25,

3014

Building

I I

Stratum

I were

them can be

5 33, Silo

destroyed Wall

of

Stratum

from

Stratum

Some of

which destroyed the southwestern corner of Building are among the largest and deepest found on the s ite. S ilos

ruins

of

s ite.

and

3008

the

those robbed

the

9 16:

I I

Silo

Wall

the

walls

Stratum

9 11

0 121,

and

f loor

was

in

I is built

which

was

apparently dismantled specifically for this purpose, and S ilo 924 was constructed within the destroyed and deserted Room

902

of

the

same

building.

2 7

( It

is

important

to

note

that

a ll

silos

Silo

5 13

in Squares

547

and

549

Stratum of

I ,

' Izbet

of

L12-13, it

Stratum

K16,

I

I I

uncovered,

but

the

poorly

their on

Building

sector

were

walls

the

9 16;

since

in

in

the

laid

fragmentary above

a lso

i s

eastern F loor

Wall

N162

I I

not

s ector 9 36 in

f loor

of I II had

were

above

a Stratum

5 33

which

I ,

a ttribution

0111

its

I t was

Stratum

walls,

Stratum

in

of the

that

is

' Izbet

during

Sartah

later

to

the

and

surface.

activity,

piles

during

a pparently

periods,

from

retain

place

was

of

this

a

f ew

Some

s uch as

stones

time.

cultivated Byzantine

construction terrace walls

cleared

These

from

remains

the

include

following.

was

A

single-course

constructed

downward

follow the

house

I II. the

that

probe

made

in

2 )

In

embedded

disturbed,

most

In

most

appear

jamb in

sector,

was

it

from

of to

The

I I

wall.

c lear

in

l arge

Stratum

terrace

became

caused

Stratum

the

the

wall

which

-

of

its laid

possible

l ength.

of

this

begins

robbed

wall its

width)

f ieldstones

peripheral it

structures of

in

I II In

that

a

the

l aid directly on bedrock. squares

a number

a dark it

the

terrace

reused

eastern

l ikely

and

western

was

s lope,

found

it

l arge

excavation,

northernmost

badly

it would

the

had been

to

the hill where

I I-I

this

over

site

the

the

begins

m .

the peripheral

sector

the

terrace wall

hill

of

( 0.8-1.1

of very

were

Strata

formed

to

wall

edge of built

without

course

northern

stone

of

to

terrace

which

Even

damage

entrance

the

It was

sides,

four-room

severe

at

s lope.

their

Stratum .

but

5 34

N163.

collected

took

1 )

on

phase

f rom Building

a deposit of

a f ill

connected with agricultural f ields,

a late

a hearth,

preserved

Wall

of

" floats"

of

intermittently

and

to

to

PERIODS.

hill

sherds

of

top

contemporary to Wall

The

as

architectural

foundations

northeast

LATER

attributed

I nstallation

stones

covered

constructed

constructed I I

include

collapsed

Two

been

2 .4

be

belong

possibly used

in turn,

material.

Stratum

a lso

reinforced with pottery fragments.

which,

apparently clear:

may

remains

constructed on top of

were

which presumably replaced S ilos I I,

may possibly

which was

circumference was

brick

constructed outdoors).

I I.

Other

Stratum

Sartah were

Stratum

a lthough

Stratum

Square

at

was that

gray

of

of

material.

difficult

Area

to

Since

where walls

the

d etermine

they belonged to

2 8

D ,

fragmentary

a late

the were

area

their

was

date,

period,

as

P1.

Pl.

1 .1

1 .2

Aerial

Aerial

view of

view of

' Izbet

Sartah,

excavations,

2 9

looking

looking

south

northeast

Pl.

2 .1

Aerial

view,

conjectured Stratum

looking

east.

continuation

I II.

In centre:

of

Black

line

peripheral

four-room house,

shows

wall

of

Building

109

Pl.

2 .2

Stratum

I II

peripheral and to

Wall

segment Stratum

in of

southern K91, outer

I I.

30

sector,

looking

partition Walls Wall

K82.

The

K81

north:

and

silos

J81,

belong

P l.

3 .1

Stratum J162,

Pl.

3 .2

I II

in

looking

Stratum looking

I II

northern

sector;

peripheral

Wall

northeast.

entrance

north.

31

structure

( Squares

L/M16),

P1.

4 .1

Square Stratum H161

H16,

looking

north;

I II

peripheral

Wall

and

Stratum Stratum

f lagstone I I.

III

Note in

f loor

on of

whitish

section under

left:

J162.

On

Building

brick

part

right:

of

Wall

301

material

of of

f loor.

S

Pl.

4 .2

General

view

Stratum

I I

J162

of

of

northern

walls

Stratum

appear

I II.

32

sector, above

looking

peripheral

east. Wall

Pl.

5 .1

Square f loor

K16,

and peripheral

and 1 < 162

PL

5 .2

looking

General looking

of

Stratum

view

o f

north. Wall I I,

J162,

33

below.

I II

bedrock

Walls

1