Writing Japanese Katakana: An Introductory Japanese Language Workbook [Workbook ed.] 4805313501, 9784805313503

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Origins of Katakana The table below shows how the Buddhist priests abbreviated the man’yogana characters during the Heian Era to produce the katakana characters known today. In many cases, the priests discarded portions of the characters, as indicated by the gray portions. The right-most columns represent the current characters in use. a

ta

ma

i

chi

mi

u

tsu

mu

e

te

me

o

to

mo

ka

na

ya

ki

ni

yu

ku

nu

yo

ke

ne ra

ko

no ri

sa

ha

ru

shi

hi

re

su

fu

ro

se

he wa

so

ho o

n

WRITING JAPANESE KATAKANA An Introductory Japanese Language Workbook

JIM GLEESON

T UT T L E Publishing Tokyo Rutland, Vermont Singapore

The Tuttle Story: “Books to Span the East and West” Many people are surprised to learn that the world’s leading publisher of books on Asia had humble beginnings in the tiny American state of Vermont. The company’s founder, Charles E. Tuttle, belonged to a New England family steeped in publishing. Immediately after WWII, Tuttle served in Tokyo under General Douglas MacArthur and was tasked with reviving the Japanese publishing industry. He later founded the Charles E. Tuttle Publishing Company, which thrives today as one of the world’s leading independent publishers. Though a westerner, Tuttle was hugely instrumental in bringing a knowledge of Japan and Asia to a world hungry for information about the East. By the time of his death in 1993, Tuttle had published over 6,000 books on Asian culture, history and art—a legacy honored by the Japanese emperor with the “Order of the Sacred Treasure,” the highest tribute Japan can bestow upon a non-Japanese. With a backlist of 1,500 titles, Tuttle Publishing is more active today than at any time in its past— still inspired by Charles Tuttle’s core mission to publish fine books to span the East and West and provide a greater understanding of each.

Published by Tuttle Publishing, an imprint of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. www.tuttlepublishing.com Text © 1996, 2015 Jim Gleeson All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher. LCC Card No. 2004111447 ISBN 978-4-8053-1350-3 This edition first published, 2015 This title was first published in 1996 as Introduction to Written Japanese Katakana. Distributed by: Japan Tuttle Publishing Yaekari Building, 3rd Floor 5-4-12 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141 0032 Tel: (81) 3 5437-0171 Fax: (81) 3 5437-0755 [email protected] www.tuttle.co.jp 18 17 16 15 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Printed in Singapore

North America, Latin America & Europe Tuttle Publishing 364 Innovation Drive North Clarendon, VT 05759-9436 U.S.A. Tel: 1 (802) 773-8930 Fax: 1 (802) 773-6993 [email protected] www.tuttlepublishing.com 1509MP

TUTTLE PUBLISHING® is a registered trademark of Tuttle Publishing, a division of Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd.

Asia Pacific Berkeley Books Pte. Ltd. 61 Tai Seng Avenue, #02-12 Singapore 534167 Tel: (65) 6280-1330 Fax: (65) 6280-6290 [email protected] www.periplus.com

Preface It is widely accepted that students of Japanese progress more quickly if they learn the written component of the language at an early stage of their studies. Unfortunately, many students are daunted by the task of learning a large number of seemingly complex characters. The complexity of Japanese characters, however, is something of an illusion, for many of the characters are merely combinations of comparatively few elements. This fact becomes apparent as one progresses through the two forty-eight character syllabaries, known collectively as kana, and the two thousand or so kanji characters that are used in written Japanese today. Anybody who is able to master English, with its irregular spellings and idiosyncratic pronunciations, is more than equipped to master written Japanese. The hiragana and katakana syllabaries are purely phonetic characters, which function much like the letters of the English alphabet. In this respect, kana are quite different from kanji characters, which are based on Chinese ideographs and which represent ideas. The katakana syllabary is used primarily to represent borrowed words (from languages other than Chinese), although it is also used for botanical names and is sometimes used in place of hiragana or kanji for emphasis. In some ways, the use of katakana in Japanese parallels the use of italics in English. Onomatopoeic words and other expressive terms are also generally written in katakana, although hiragana can also be used. As katakana is used to write foreign words that often contain sounds not found in Japanese, katakana has a number of apparent irregularities. Instead of providing a detailed description of the irregularities, this book adopts the approach of simply noting the irregularities as they occur and allowing the student to become familiar with the use of katakana through the numerous practice examples. Each of the hiragana and katakana syllabaries represents all of the sounds in spoken Japanese. Unlike kanji, which can take on a variety of pronunciations according to their context, the pronunciation of the kana characters is quite regular. Although it is possible to write Japanese using only katakana, a native Japanese speaker would find it somewhat difficult to understand. Kanji are used for clarity, eloquence, and immediacy of meaning. It is customary for the student to write using only the kana at first, then to substitute kanji into their writing as the

3

Preface kanji are learned. Katakana, however, continues to be used when writing words of a foreign origin. Japanese schoolchildren learn their characters by writ-ing them out, and this is generally acknowledged as the fastest way to master them. This book has been prepared so that students at the introductory level of Japanese can become acquainted with the written component of the language in the quickest possible way. The overriding priority has been given to active student involvement, with a variety of practice sentences and expressions provided to reinforce the characters learnt at each stage of progress. The book also features grayed-out, trace-over characters to enable the student to gain the correct feel and balance of each character. This book uses the Hepburn system of romanization. It is important to remember, however, that Japanese is a separate language with an independent set of sounds to English, and hence, any attempt to romanize it can only be an approximation.

4

Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 How to Use This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7 The Evolution of Katakana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Katakana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 a, i, u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 e, o, Lengthening Character, Special Combinations . . . . . . . . 11 ka, ki, ku . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ke, ko, Voiced Counterparts, Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 sa, shi, su . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 se so, Voiced Counterparts, Special Combinations. . . . . . . . . 15 Revision 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-17 ta, chi, tsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 te, to, Glottal Stop, Voiced Counterparts, Special Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 na, ni, nu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 ne, no, Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ha, hi, fu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 he, ho, Voiced and Semi-Voiced Counterparts, Special Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Revision 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-27 ma, mi, mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 me, mo, Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ra, ri, ru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 re, ro, Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ya, yu, yo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 wa, o, n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Revision 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-37 Special Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38-41 Non-English Loanwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-43 Idiomatic Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44-47 Sounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48-51 Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52-53 First Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54-57 North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58-59 Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60-61 Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Oceania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Fruits & Vegetables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64-66 Sports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67-68 Musical Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69-70 Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71-72 Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Japanese English Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74-75 Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76-77 Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-79 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 The Origins of Katakana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside front cover

5

How to Use This Book In both printed and handwritten Japanese, the characters occupy imaginary squares of equal size, with each character centered within its square. All of the writing practice in this book involves writing characters within squares, and the squares have centerlines to provide the correct balance and feel for writing Japanese. Traditionally, Japanese is written with a brush or fude, and this fact is reflected in many typographic styles today. Although the fude is no longer widely used, some principles of using a fude still apply to writing Japanese with a pencil or ballpoint pen — in particular, the stroke endings. The strokes of Japanese characters terminate in one of three ways, as illustrated below. i) Jumping, to produce a hook at the end of the stroke. This ending is called hane, from the verb haneru, to jump. ii) Bringing the pen or pencil to a stop while it is on the page. This ending is called tome, from the verb tomeru, to stop. iii) Lifting the pen or pencil off the page while it is moving. This ending is called harai, meaning ‘sweep.’

Fude

Sweep

Jump

Sweep

Stop

When tracing over the characters, be sure to keep these three types of stroke endings in mind, observing how the strokes of the gray-tinted characters terminate.

Pencil/Ballpoint Pen

Sweep

6

Jump

Sweep

Stop

In Japanese, as in English, there are many differences between handwritten and typeset characters. To enable students to gain the correct feel for written Japanese, educators in Japan have developed a neutral typeface which incorporates the features of handwritten Japanese without the stylistic idiosyncracies of any individual. This typeface is known simply as Schoolbook or Kyokasho, and is the standard typeface used to teach Japanese schoolchildren the written language. All of the practice characters in this book are set in Kyokasho.

Handwritten

Schoolbook (Kyokasho)

Typeset

Mincho

Gothic

To provide familiarity with a range of type variations, each character entry in this book is accompanied by four different character styles, as shown below. These variations are included for recognition only. Bold Mincho

Bold Gothic

Ballpoint Pen

Thin Brush

The upper left variation is a bold Mincho typeface while the upper right variation is a bold Gothic typeface. Typefaces of this kind are frequently used in advertisements and newspaper headlines. The lower left typeface simulates the characters written with a ballpoint pen, while the lower right typeface is a thin brush script indicative of that used on traditional occasions.

7

The Evolution of Katakana

1500 B.C.

202 B.C.

In around 100 A.D., Chinese characters, known as kanji, entered Japan via the Korean peninsula. Since that time, many thousands of kanji have come to Japan, many of them falling into disuse or becoming obsolete. Today, there are about two thousand kanji in general use, with several thousand more being used on special or formal occasions.

Chinese tortoise shell inscription

Although kanji refer to ideas or objects, by around 800 A.D., a special set of kanji had evolved which were used for their pronunciation, with the innate meaning of the characters being discarded. In the Heian period (794–1185), these characters underwent a series of simplifications and reductions as the Buddhist priests abbreviated the characters when annotating the holy scriptures.

Chinese Kan era

C100 A.D. Kanji entered Japan. 350 A.D.

Kanji in widespread use

540 A.D.

Buddhism came to Japan.

794 A.D.

Heike Clan came to power. Kyoto established as imperial capital.

The result was a simplified set of characters based on kanji, but in many cases, with a portion of the character discarded. Unlike kanji, which refer to ideas or objects and which can take on a variety of pronunciations according to their context, each katakana character is pronounced in only one way, and there is no conceptual meaning. A chart showing the evolution of all the katakana characters is given inside the front cover.

Heian period

Various art forms flourished.

1185 A.D.

Heike Clan defeated in battle.

Present

8

Buddhist priests develop kanji shorthand.

Kanji

Character forms remain virtually unchanged after Heian period.

Katakana

Katakana

a

i

u

e

o

ka

ki

ku

ke

ko

sa

shi

su

se

so

ta

chi

tsu

te

to

na

ni

nu

ne

no

ha

hi

fu

he

ho

ma

mi

mu

me

mo

ya

ra

wa

yu

ri

ru

o

yo

re

ro

n

9

Katakana - a, i, u

a

i

u

10

1

2

1

2

1

2

3

Katakana - e, o

e

o

1

2

3

1

2

3

The Lengthening Character Long vowel sounds are represented in katakana by a horizontal stroke. This character can be used after any katakana character, except the voiced consonant n and the particle o. In the case of the five characters on these pages, the lengthening character is written and romanized as follows: a i u e o

The katakana character u is combined with the following characters to give ‘w’ sounds which occur in loanwords, but which do not occur naturally in Japanese. These are contracted sounds and are pronounced as a single syllable.

Special Combinations wi

we

wo

11

Katakana - ka, ki, ku

ka

ki

ku

12

1

2

1

2

1

2

3

Katakana - ke, ko

ke

ko

1

2

1

2

3

The characters ka, ki, ku, ke and ko have the following voiced counterparts: ga gi gu ge go

Voiced Counterparts

Practice kāki iro – khaki (color)

kuēkā – Quaker

13

Katakana - sa, shi, su

sa

shi

su

14

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

Katakana - se, so

se

so

1

2

1

2

Voiced Counterparts The characters sa, shi, su, se and so have the following voiced counterparts:

Examples:

jiguzagu – zig-zag

za

ji

zu

ze

zo

sōsēji – sausage

Special Combinations The katakana character shi is combined with e to give the following sounds that occur in loanwords, but which do not occur naturally in Japanese. These are contracted sounds and are pronounced as a single syllable.

she

je

15

Revision 1 kuizu – quiz

kokoa – cocoa

sōsu – (Worcestershire) sauce

akua – aqua

sukoa – score

saizu – size

gāze – bandage, gauze

Suisu – Switzerland

ēsu – ace (tennis, playing cards, etc.)

sukuea – square

kēki – cake

16

1 okē – okay

ēkā – acre

sākasu – circus

shīsō – seesaw

kēsu – case

kisu – kiss

oashisu – oasis

sukaiburū – sky blue

kīui – kiwi

sukī – skis, skiing

sukīuea – skiwear

17

Katakana - ta, chi, tsu

ta

chi

tsu

18

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

Katakana - te, to

te

to

1

2

1

2

3

As with hiragana, the small katakana character tsu indicates a glottal stop, which is romanized by the doubling of the subsequent character. English short vowel sounds are often rendered in katakana with a glottal stop, as in the example at the right.

The Glottal Stop – suicchi – switch

Voiced Counterparts The characters ta, chi, tsu, te and to have the following voiced counterparts:

da

ji*

zu*

de

The characters chi and te occur in the special combinations shown at the right to give sounds which occur in loanwords, but which do not occur naturally in Japanese. These are contracted sounds and are pronounced as a single syllable.

do

*

and are rarely used. The ji and zu sounds in loanwords are written and .

Special Combinations che

ti

di

19

Katakana - na, ni, nu

na

ni

nu

20

1

2

1

2

1

2

Katakana - ne, no

ne

no

1

2

3

4

1

Practice neon – neon

nāsu – nurse

nitto – knitwear

nekutai – necktie

nōto – notebook

nokkuauto – knockout

21

Katakana - ha, hi, fu

ha

hi

fu

22

1

2

1

2

1

Katakana - he, ho

he

1

ho

1

2

3

4

Voiced and Semi-Voiced Counterparts The characters ha, hi, fu, he and ho have the following voiced and semi-voiced counterparts: Voiced: ba

bi

bu

Semi-voiced: be

bo

pa

pi

pu

pe

po

Special Combinations The katakana character fu is combined with a, i, e, and o to give the following sounds which occur in loanwords, but which do not occur naturally in Japanese. These are contracted sounds and are pronounced as a single syllable. fa fi fe fo

23

Revision 2 piza – pizza

biza – visa

potetochippu – potato chips

aisukōhī – iced coffee

ōbā – overcoat

kanū – canoe

kasettotēpu – cassette tape

sutēki – steak

baketsu – bucket

pīnattsu – peanut(s)

bisuketto – biscuit

24

2 kapuchīno – cappucino

haikā – hiker

tekisuto – textbook

batā – butter

takushī – taxi

dēta – data

chīzu – cheese

bideo – video

katto – cut

ākēdo – arcade

oisutā – oyster

25

Revision 2 Dābī – Derby

ōē – OA (office automation)

akusesu – access

sētā – sweater

gitā – guitar

daibā – diver

ōboe – oboe

kāpetto – carpet

tāgetto – target

daietto – diet

ōsodokkusu – orthodox

26

2 ōnā – owner

basu – bus

tsuā – tour

taipu – type, pattern

batto – bat

sepia – sepia

banana – banana

sōda – soda, carbonated drink

ōtobai – motorbike

kībōdo – keyboard(s)

ōbahīto – burnout

27

Katakana - ma, mi, mu

ma

mi

mu

28

1

2

1

2

1

2

3

Katakana - me, mo

me

mo

1

2

1

2

3

Practice misu – mistake, typographical error

mōtā – motor

memo – memo

messēji – message

mania – enthusiast, fanatic

hāmonika – harmonica

29

Katakana - ra, ri, ru

ra

ri

ru

30

1

2

1

2

1

2

Katakana - re, ro

re

ro

1

1

2

3

Practice doru – dollar

guriru – grill

kāru – curl or Carl

kangarū – kangaroo

koara – koala

enerugī – energy

31

Katakana - ya, yu, yo

ya

yu

yo

32

1

2

1

2

1

2

3

Katakana - wa, o, n

wa

o

n

1

2

1

2

1

2

3

33

Revision 3 shawā – shower

intānashonaru – international, American

akushon – action (movie)

kyasuto – cast (of characters)

kyasshukādo – ATM card, bank card

rasshuawā – rush hour, peak hour

gyararī – gallery

kyaria – career

jānarisuto – journalist

34

sukejūru – schedule

3 intabyū – interview

shattā – shutter (window or camera)

nyūsu – news

kontakutorenzu – contact lens

hyūzu – fuse

chokorēto – chocolate

intāchenji – interchange

ōkesutora – orchestra

myūjikaru – (stage) musical

jūsu – juice, uncarbonated soft drink

35

Revision 3 karutetto – quartet

kyanpasu – campus

kajuaru – casual

karendā – calendar

komāsharu – (TV/radio) commercial

kiro – kilogram or kilometer

tāban – turban

kyasshā – cashier

orinpikku – Olympic or The Olympics

karaoke – a sing-along machine (kara – empty, oke – orchestra)

36

3 konpyūta – computer

karuchāshokku – culture chock

opera – opera

karā – color

kyabia – caviar

kāsoru – cursor

kyanpēn – (advertising) campaign

kuraianto – client

gārikku – garlic

boryūmu – (sound) volume

37

Special Combinations

wi

we

As noted in the text, katakana characters occur in special combinations to accommodate sounds in loanwords which do not occur naturally in Japanese. These are contracted sounds and are pronounced as a single syllable. Examples of words that use these special combinations are given below. wo

Dāwin – Darwin

Noruwē – Norway

Suwēden – Sweden

Wōkuman – Walkman

Gōrudenwīku – Golden Week holidays (April 29 – May 5)

mineraruwōtā – mineral water

38

she

je

jettokōsutā – roller coaster

purojekuto – project (n.)

Shēkusupia – Shakespeare

shefu – chef

che

chero – cello

chesu – chess

39

Special Combinations fa

fi

fasshon – fashion

firumu – (a roll of) film

pafe – parfait

fōku – fork

infomēshon – information

fenikkusu – Phoenix

fakkusu – fax

fikushon – fiction

kafeore – café au lait

40

fe

fo

ti

di

borantia – charity work

tishatsu – T-shirt

ōdio – audio

direkutā – director

Other Combinations

tsa

tse

va

vi

vu

ve

vo

Mōtsaruto – Mozart

Firentse – Florence (Firenze)

vaiorin – violin

41

Non-English Loanwords

Due to the close relationship between Japan and America, most of Japan’s loanwords today are of English origin. Nevertheless, foreign words have been incorporated into the Japanese language from different countries for the past four hundred years. In the sixteenth century, the Portuguese came to Japan and introduced bread (pan), cigarettes (tabako), and deep-fried fish and vegetables (tempura). Tempura has become assimilated into Japanese and is usually written in hiragana. In the seventeenth century, the Dutch came to Japan introducing such things as coffee and beer. After the Meiji Restoration in 1867, loanwords from different parts of Europe became part of the Japanese language. Many words concerning art and fashion entered Japanese from French, while many musical terms came from Italian. German was the source of a range of medical and philosophical terms. These pages present a short list of Japanese loanwords that are not English in origin.

buranko – playground swings (balanço – Portuguese)

pan – bread (pão – Portuguese)

kōhī – coffee (koiffie – Dutch)

morumotto – guinea pig (marmot – Dutch/marmotte – French)

sukoppu – spade, shovel (schop – Dutch)

gomu – rubber (gom – Dutch)

penki – house paint (pek – Dutch)

orugōru – music box (orgel – Dutch)

pinto – focus (punt – Dutch)

42

koppu – glass, tumbler (kop – Dutch)

ankēto – questionnaire (enquête – French)

pīman – green pepper (piment – French)

zubon – trousers (jupon – French)

shūkurīmu – cream puff (chou à la crème – French)

atorie – artist’s studio (atelier – French)

arubaito – part-time work (Arbeit – German)

gerende – ski slope (Gelände – German)

tēma – theme, topic (Thema – German)

zekken – athlete’s bib, racing number, saddlecloth (Decken – German)

rentogen – X-ray (Röntgen – German)

konsento – power point, wall socket (origin unknown)

43

Idiomatic Terms biru – building, office block

bīru – beer

manshon – Western-style apartment (steel and concrete construction)

apāto – Japanese-style apartment (timber construction)

panpusu – pumps (shoes)

ponpu – (mechanical) pump

garasu – glass (as a substance)

gurasu – glass, tumbler

sutoraiku – (baseball) strike

sutoraiki – (labor) strike

44

mēta – meter, gauge, dial

mētoru – meter (unit of measurement)

baree – ballet

barēbōru – volleyball

hōmu – railway platform

hōmuran – home run

sumāto – slim

furonto – hotel reception desk

majikku – felt-tipped pen

meiku – cosmetics

depāto – department store

45

Idiomatic Terms ōpunkā – convertible, cabriolet

aidoru – popular famous person

tarento – TV personality

taimurīhitto – (baseball) RBI single hit

kūrā – air conditioner

mēruadoresu – e-mail address

waishatsu – (business) shirt

mēkā – manufacturer

nōtacchi – no involvement

kameraman – photographer

46

gurōbu – baseball glove or boxing glove

naitā – night game

mishin – sewing machine

renji – electric stove

terebi – television

tōsuto – sliced bread or toast

pasokon – personal computer

nōtopasokon – notebook computer

rimokon – television remote control

handoru – steering wheel

kurakushon – car horn

panku – puncture

47

Sounds chin – the bell of a microwave oven

pachiri – the click of a camera shutter

gachan – glass or crockery breaking

pacchin – the click of a switch

batan – a door slamming

poron poron – the strumming of a guitar

joki joki – scissors snipping

riririrīn – a telephone ringing

dokān – a cannon or fireworks booming

pīpō – a siren screaming

48

chikutaku – a clock ticking

buku buku – water boiling

paka paka – a horse galloping

gurururū – a stomach rumbling

kī – the screeching of chalk on a blackboard, tires, etc.

kyu kyu kyu – squeaking, such as when cleaning glass

basha basha – legs kicking in a swimming pool

pyon pyon – a rabbit hopping

hyū – the wind blowing

gabu gabu – a person gulping

49

Sounds hakkushon – a person sneezing

kira kira – twinkling or sparkling

pika pika – shining, gleaming or flashing

goshi goshi – a scrubbing brush scrubbing

niko niko – smiling, all smiles

doki doki – a heart beating

hihīn – a horse neighing

kakīn – a baseball bat striking a ball

kokekokkō – a rooster crowing

musha musha – somebody chewing

poppō – a steam train puffing

50

pinpon – a doorbell ringing

chū chū – a mouse squeaking

giko giko – a saw cutting

mō mō – a cow mooing

gaō – a lion roaring

jā – water gushing out of a tap

kero kero – a frog croaking

kusha kusha – the crumpling of paper

kā kā – a crow squawking

pata pata – a bird’s wings flapping

shīn – silence

51

Menu 1

2

3

5

6

8

12

52

9

4

7

10

13

11

14

15

On page 52 is a menu from a hamburger shop. Look at the menu, then translate the terms into English. The numbers on this page correspond to the terms on the opposite page.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

13.

14.

15.

53

First Names Oribia – Olivia

Ashurī – Ashley/Ashleigh

Madison – Madison

Hanna – Hannah

Sēra – Sarah

Rōren – Lauren

Samansa – Samantha

Izabera – Isabella

Emirī – Emily

Jeshika – Jessica

Sofia – Sophia

54

Sutefanī – Stephanie

Jenifā – Jennifer

Natarī – Natalie

Kairī – Kylie

Kuroe – Chloe

Kyasarin – Catherine/Katherine

Nikōru – Nicole

Maria – Maria

Jasumin – Jasmine

Reicheru – Rachel

Juria – Julia

55

First Names Andoryū – Andrew

Jeikobu – Jacob

Samyueru – Samuel

Diran – Dylan

Benjamin – Benjamin

Gaburieru – Gabriel

Jasutin – Justin

Kurisutofā – Christopher

Hose – Jose

Zakarī – Zachary

Robāto – Robert

56

Tōmasu – Thomas

Arekisandā – Alexander

Jon – John

Nikorasu – Nicholas

Raian – Ryan

Maikeru – Michael

Josefu – Joseph

Ansonī – Anthony

Wiriamu – William

Dēbiddo – David

Jēmuzu – James

57

North America Amerika – America

Washinton – Washington

Atoranta – Atlanta

Bosuton – Boston

Sanfuranshisuko – San Francisco

Maiami – Miami

Nyūyōku – New York

58

Shikago – Chicago

Rosanzerusu – Los Angeles

Hyūsuton – Houston

Detoroito – Detroit

Arasuka – Alaska

Kanada – Canada

Bankūbā – Vancouver

Montoriōru – Montreal

Kebekku – Quebec

Toronto – Toronto

Otawa – Ottawa

Mekishiko – Mexico

Mekishikoshitī – Mexico City

59

Europe Yōroppa – Europe

Furansu – France

Pari – Paris

Igirisu – England

Rondon – London

Edinbara – Edinburgh

Airurando – Ireland

Daburin – Dublin

Doitsu – Germany

60

Berurin – Berlin

Italia – Italy

Rōma – Rome

Oranda – The Netherlands

Amusuterudamu – Amsterdam

Berugī – Belgium

Buryusseru – Brussels

Supein – Spain

Madorīdo – Madrid

Cheko – The Czech Republic

Puraha – Prague

61

Asia Ajia – Asia

Nepāru – Nepal

Indoneshia – Indonesia

Firipin – The Philippines

Marēshia – Malaysia

Shingapōru – Singapore

Tai – Thailand

Pakisutan – Pakistan

Indo – India

62

Betonamu – Vietnam

Oceania Fijī – Fiji

Banuatsu – Vanuatu

Nyūjīrando – New Zealand

Werinton – Wellington

Ōsutoraria – Australia

Kyanbera – Canberra

Shidonī – Sydney

Meruborun – Melbourne

Nyūkaredonia – New Caledonia

63

Fruits & Vegetables banana – banana

orenji – orange

remon – lemon

PDQJĿ– mango

painappuru – pineapple

apurikotto – apricot

meron – melon

FKHUĦ– cherry

kiui – kiwi fruit

papaiya – papaya

kokonattsu – coconut

abokado – avocado

guaba – guava

EXUDNNXEHUĦ– blackberry

64

raimu – lime

UD]XEHUĦ– raspberry

EXUŗEHUĦ– blueberry

フル ーツ・ヤ サイ JXUďSXIXUŗWVX– grapefruit

NDULIXUDZă– cauliflower

kyabetsu – cabbage

tomato – tomato

shiitake – shiitake mushroom

serori – celery

EXURNNRUĦ²broccoli

asuparagasu – asparagus

ichijiku – fig

retasu – lettuce

PDVVKXUŗPX²mushroom

SĦPDQ²green pepper

zakuro – pomegranate

NXUHVRQ²watercress

puramu – plum

IXUDLGRSRWHWR – French fries

65

Fruits & Vegetables フル ーツ・ヤ サイ ringo – apple

takenoko – bamboo shoot

suika – watermelon

tamanegi – onion

ichigo – strawberry

ninniku – garlic

MLQMă– ginger

VKĿJD – ginger

momo – peach

JREĿ– burdock

WĿPRURNRVKL²corn

daikon – radish

N\ŗUL²cucumber

ninjin – carrot

maron ²¬6SDQLVK FKHVWQXW

kabocha – pumpkin

negi – shallots

66

Sports スポ ーツ EDVXNHWWREĿUX – basketball

EDUďEĿUX²volleyball

DPHULNDQIXWWREĿUX²American football

VXQĿNHULQJX – snorkeling

amefuto – American football

badominton – badminton

pinpon – table tennis

VXNĦ²skiing

VDNNă²soccer

gorufu – golf

DLVXKRNNď – ice hockey

VXN\ŗEDGDLELQJX – scuba diving

ERGĦEĿGR– body boarding

VăILQ²surfing

67

Sports スポ ーツ ULUď²relay

EĿULQJX – ten-pin bowling

UHVXULQJX – wrestling

WĿQDPHQWR²tournament

UDQQLQJX²running

UDJXEĦ²rugby

ERNXVKLQJX²boxing

GDQVKLQJX²dancing

NXULNHWWR²cricket

VXQĿEĿGR²snowboarding

VDLNXULQJX – cycling

HDURELNXVX²aerobics

ăFKHUĦ²archery

MRJLQJX²jogging

68

KRNNď – hockey

KDLNLQJX²hiking

JďPX²game

N\DQSX²camping

WHQLVX²tennis

VXNďto – skating

Musical Instruments ガッキ HUHNLJLWă² electric guitar

JLWă – guitar

NĦEĿGR²keyboard

DFĿVXWLNNXJLWă²acoustic guitar

SLDQR²piano

bďsu – bass guitar

ukurere – ukulele

erHNLEďsu – electric bass

EDVŗQ² bassoon

WRUDQSHWWR²trumpet

SLNNRUR²piccolo

NRQJD²conga drums

IXUŗWR²flute

KRUXQ²French horn

VDNXVRIRQ²saxophone

NXUDULQHWWR²clarinet

69

Musical Instruments ガッキ IXUHQFKLKRUXQ– French horn

WRUDLDQJXUX²triangle

ELRUD²viola

FKHUR²cello

WRURQEĿQ²trombone

VXSĦNă²speaker

PHWRURQĿPX²metronome

70

EDLRULQ²violin

VKLQEDUX²cymbals

WLQSDQL²timpani

FKŗED²tuba

KăSX²harp

GRUDPX²drums

NRQWRUDEDVX²contrabass

ĿERH² oboe

FKŗQă– tuner

VXWDQGR²music stand

UDSSD²trumpet (general term)

PDLNX²microphone

DQSX²amplifier

dejitarukamera – digital camera

bideokamera – video camera

rajio – radio

dejikame – digital camera

sutereo – stereo

GĦEXLGĦSXUď\ă – DVD player

ĿEXQ²oven

KRWWRNăpetto – electric carpet

DVD DVD kŗră – cooler, air conditioner eakon – air conditioning

NĿKĦPďNă² filtered coffee machine

WĿVXWă²toaster

PLNLVă²blender

eakon – aircon/air conditioner

KĦtă – heater

potto – insulated beverage container

MŗVă²juicer

terebi – TV

71

denshirenji – microwave oven

massăjiki – massage machine

renji de chin suru – to heat in the microwave

massăjichea – massage chair

massăji suru – to massage

kopĦki – photocopier

kopĦ suru – to make a photocopy

sukyană – scanner

sukyan suru – to scan

fakkusu – fax machine

fakkusu suru – to send a fax

denshimďru – email

mďru suru – to send an email

72

NRVXPHFKLNNX² cosmetics

PďN\DSSX²make up

NRVXPH– cosmetics

SDNNX– facial mask

ULQVX– conditioner

VKDQSŗ²shampoo

WRUĦWRPHQWR²conditioner

KDQGRNXUĦPX– hand cream

ULSSXNXUĦPX– lip balm

PDQLN\XD²manicure

UĿVKRQ²lotion

DLURQ²curling iron

ZDNNXVX² wax

VKďEă²shaver

VKďELQJXIĿPX²shaving cream

KHDGRUDL\ă²hairdryer

73

Japanese English Words ĿUXEDNNX²swept back hair

DPHULNDQNĿKĦ²weak coffee

DPHULNDQGRJJX – corn dog (frankfurter on a stick dipped, batter and deep-fried)

EHEĦNă²pram/stroller

IXURQWRJDUDVX²windscreen

VDLGREXUďNL² hand brake

JĿUXGHQDZă²prime time television

JăGRPDQ²security guard

JďPXVHQWă– game arcade

IXUĦWă²a person who intentionally works part time

+DUĿZăNX²unemployment office

74

jĦQ]X– denim (fabric)

VDUDUĦPDQ²a male office worker

jĦSDQ– jeans

ULVXWRUD– restructuring

MHWWRNĿVXWă²roller coaster

PDLSďVX²at one’s own pace

PDLQDVXGRUDLEă – standard screwdriver

VXNLQVKLSSX²close relationship

VKăSXSHQVKLUX– mechanical/propeling pencil

VKăSHQ– mechanical/propeling pencil

SHDUXNNX² couple wearing similar clothes

ZDQSDWăQ²repetitive behavior

VKLUXEăVKĦWR²seat on public transport reserved for elderly passengers

rabuhoteru – hourly-rate hotel (used by couples for short stay)

EDLNLQJX²buffet

PDLNă²one’s own car

VRIXWRNXUĦPX– soft serve confection

PDLKĿPX²one’s own home

VXSĦGRGDXQ– slow down

75

Business apointo – appointment

kuraianto – client

NDVXWDPă²customer

LQWăQHWWR²internet

SXUH]HQWďVKRQ²presentation

apo – appointment

sutaffu – staff member(s)

VďUXVX²sales

GHPRQVXWRUďVKRQ– (product) demonstration

VHN\XULWĦ²security

PDQďMă²manager

PďNă²manufacturer

SăWR – part-time worker

roguin – login

kosuto – cost

FKďQVXWRD²chain store

76

ビ ジネスヨウゴ DIXWăVăELVX²after-sales service

DXWRUHWWR²factory outlet

KDLWHNX²high-tech

ĿGă²order

SXURMHNXWR²project

NDWDURJX²catalog

NXUďPX² customer complaint

N\DQSďQ²campaign

PăNHWLQJX²marketing

IXUDQFKDL]X²franchise

SDQIXUHWWR²pamphlet

VDQSXUX²sample

EDL\ă²buyer

PHQWHQDQVX²maintenance

\ŗ]ă²user

EXUDQGR²brand

N\DQVHUX²cancel

77

Internet Slang otaku – geek

appu suru – to upload

komento suru – to comment

kopipe suru – to copy and paste

shea suru – to share

guguru– to Google

anison ‒ anime song (abbreviated)

aniota ‒ anime geek (abbreviation of anime otaku)

anime – anime/ Japanese animation

LQVXWĿUXVXUX– to install (software)

gujjobu – good job

neta – a joke/story

imetagu – tag on a photo (abbreviation of ‘image tag’)

apuri – smartphone app

78

warota – online term for ‘laugh’

ikemen – good looking

インタ ー ネット・スラング kosupure – cosplay

sureddo – online thread

taimurain – timeline (on Facebook)

GDXQUĿGRVXUX– to download

WVXĦWR²tweet

tagu suru – to tag

deriru – to delete

hakku suru – to hack

IRUĿVXUX– to follow

baguru – to infect a computer with a virus

figyua – an action figure

KLNNĦ² a recluse (abbreviation of hikikomori)

PďUX²email

meruado – email address (abbreviated)

kimoi – yuck (abbreviation of kimochiwarui)

tsundere – pretense of emotional detachment (abbreviation of tsun tsun dere dere)

resu – response (abbreviated) to messages or comments on social networking sites

79

Glossary A abokado - avocado ācherī - archery acōsutikkugitā - acoustic guitar afutāsābisu - after-sales service aidoru - popular famous person airon - curling iron Airurando - Ireland aisuhokkē - ice hockey aisukōhī - iced coffee Ajia - Asia ākedo - arcade akua - aqua akusesu - access akushon - action (movie) amefuto - American football Amerika - America amerikandoggu - corn dog (frankfurter on a stick dipped, batter and deep-fried) amerikanfuttobōru American football amerikankōhī - weak coffee Amusuterudamu Amsterdam Andoryū - Andrew anime - anime/Japanese animation aniota - anime geek (abbreviation of anime otaku) anison - anime song (abbreviated) ankēto - questionnaire anpu - amplifier Ansonī - Anthony apāto - Japanese-style apartment apo - appointment apointo - appointment appu - improvement (used as a suffix) appu suru - to upload apuri - smartphone app apurikotto - apricot Arasuka - Alaska Arekisandā - Alexander arubaito - part-time work Ashurī - Ashley/Ashleigh asuparagasu - asparagus Atoranta - Atlanta atorie - artist’s studio autoretto - factory outlet B badominton - badminton baguru - to infect a computer with a virus baikingu - buffet baiorin - violin baiyā - buyer baketsu - bucket banana - banana Bankūbā - Vancouver Banuatsu - Vanuatu barēbōru - volleyball baree - ballet basha basha - sound of legs kicking in a pool basu - bus basukettobōru - basketball basūn - bassoon batā - butter batan - the sound of a door slamming

80

batto - bat bebīkā - pram/stroller Benjamin - Benjamin Berugī - Belgium Berurin - Berlin bēsu - bass guitar Betonamu - Vietnam bideo - video bideokamera - video camera biora - viola bīru - beer biru - building, office block bisuketto - biscuit biza - visa bodībōdo - body boarding bokushingu - boxing borantia - charity work bōringu - ten-pin bowling boryūmu - (sound) volume Bosuton - Boston buku buku - the sound of water boiling burakkuberī - blackberry burando - brand buranko - playground swings burokkorī - broccoli burūberī - blueberry Buryusseru - Brussels C Cheko - The Czech Republic chēnsutoa - chain store cherī - cherry chero - cello chesu - chess chikutaku - the sound of a clock ticking chin - the sound of a bell on a microwave chīzu - cheese chokorēto - chocolate chūba - tuba chū chū - the sound of a mouse squeaking chūnā - tuner D Daburin - Dublin Dābī - Derby daibā - diver daietto - diet daikon - radish danshingu - dancing daunrōdo suru - to download Dāwin - Darwin Dēbiddo - David dejikame - digital camera dejitarukamera - digital camera demonsutorēshon - (product) demonstration denshimēru - email densirenji - microwave depāto - department store deriru - to delete dēta - data Detoroito - Detroit dībuidīpurēyā - DVD player Diran - Dylan direkutā - director Doitsu - Germany dokān - the sound of a cannon booming doki doki - the sound of a

heart beating doramu - drums doru - dollar E eakon - airconditioning earobikusu - aerobics Edinbara - Edinburgh ēkā - acre Emirī - Emily enerugī - energy erekibēsu - electric bass erekigitā - electric guitar ēsu - ace (tennis, cards) F fakkusu - fax machine fakkusu suru - to fax fasshon - fashion fenikkusu - Phoenix figyua - an action figure Fijī - Fiji fikushon - fiction Firentse - Florence (Firenze) Firipin - The Philippines firumu - (a roll of) film fōku - fork forō suru - to follow furaidopoteto - French fries furanchaizu - franchise Furansu - France furenchihorun - French horn furītā - a person who intentionally works part time furonto - hotel reception desk furontogarasu windscreen furūto - flute G Gaburieru - Gabriel gabu gabu - the sound of a person gulping gachan - the sound of glass breaking gādoman - security guard gaō - a lion roaring garasu - glass (as a substance) gārikku - garlic gāze - bandage, gauze gēmu - game gēmusentā - game arcade gerende - ski slope (Gel‰nde - German) giko giko - the sound of a saw cutting gitā - guitar gobō - burdock gomu - rubber gōruden’awā - prime time television Gōrudenwīku - Golden Week holidays gorufu - golf goshi goshi - the sound of a scrubbing brush guaba - guava guguru - to Google gujjobu - good job gurasu - glass, tumbler guriru - grill gurēpufurūtsu - grapefruit gurōbu - baseball or boxing glove gurururu - the sound of a stomach rumbling gyararī - gallery

H haikā - hiker haikingu - hiking haiteku - high-tech hakku suru - to hack hakkushon - the sound of a person sneezing hāmonika - harmonica handokurīmu - hand cream handoru - steering wheel Hanna - Hannah hāpu - harp Harōwāku unemployment office headoraiyā - hairdryer hihīn - the sound of a horse neighing hikkī - a recluse (abbreviation of hikikomori) hītā - heater hokkē - hockey hōmu - railway platform hōmuran - home run horun - French horn Hos̄e - Jose hotto kāpetto - electric carpet hyū - the sound of the wind blowing Hyūsuton - Houston hyūzu - fuse I ichigo - strawberry ichijiku - fig Igirisu - England ikemen - good looking imetagu - tag on a photo (abbreviation of ‘image tag’) Indo - India Indoneshia - Indonesia infomēshon - information insutōru suru - to install intabyū - interview intāchenji - interchange intānashonaru international, American intānetto - internet Italia - Italy Izabera - Isabella J jā - water gushing out of a tap jānarisuto - journalist Jasumin - Jasmine Jasutin - Justin Jeikobu - Jacob Jēmuzu - James Jenifā - Jennifer Jeshika - Jessica jettokōsutā - roller coaster jiguzagu - zigzag jinjā - ginger jīnzu - denim jīpan - jeans jogingu - jogging joki joki - the sound of scissors snipping Jon - John Josefu - Joseph Juria - Julia jūsā - juicer jūsu - juice, uncarbonated soft drink K kā kā - the sound of a crow squawking kabocha - pumpkin kafeore - café au lait

Kairī - Kylie kajuaru - casual kāki iro - khaki (color) kakīn - a baseball bat hitting a ball kameraman photographer Kanada - Canada kangarū - kangaroo kanū - canoe kapuchino - cappuccino karā - color karaoke - a sing-along machine karendā - calendar karifurawā - cauliflower kāru - curl or Carl karuchāshokku - culture chock karutetto - quartet kasettotēpu - cassette tape kāsoru - cursor kasutamā - customer katarogu - catalog katto - cut Kebekku - Quebec kēki - cake kero kero - the sound of a frog croaking kēsu - case kī - the sound of chalk, tires squeaking kībōdo - keyboard(s) kira kira - twinkling or sparkling kiro - kilogram or kilometer kisu - kiss kiui - kiwi fruit koara - koala kōhī - coffee kōhīmēkā - filtered coffee machine kokekokkō - the sound of a rooster crowing kokoa - cocoa kokonattsu - coconut komāsharu - (TV/radio) commercial kimoi- yuck (abbreviation of kimochiwarui) komento suru - to comment konga - conga drums konpyūtā - computer konsento - power point, wall socket kontakutorenzu - contact lens kontorabasu - contrabass kopī suru - to photocopy kopīki - photocopier kopipe suru - to copy and paste koppu - glass, tumbler kosume - cosmetics kosumechikku - cosmetics kosupure - cosplay kosuto - cost kuēkā - Quaker kuizu - quiz kūrā - cooler, air conditioner kuraianto - client kurakushon - car horn kurarinetto - clarinet kurēmu - customer complaint kureson - watercress kuriketto - cricket