World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways Through Time [5 ed.] 9780367415686, 0367415682, 9780367415709, 0367415704

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Detailed Contents
List of Boxed Features
Preface: New for the Fifth Edition
Acknowledgments
Contemporary Relevance of Archaeology: Imagining a World Without Us
Part I The Past is a Foreign Country: Getting from here to there
Introduction: Questions of Time and Ethics
Chapter 1 Getting Started in Archaeology
1.1 Reading the Landscape
Survey Design
Geological Factors
Recovery Methods and GIS
1.2 Excavation
Horizontal Excavation
Vertical Excavation
Controlling Horizontal and Vertical Space
Recovery Methods
Recording Methods
1.3 Cultural Resource Management
From the Field: Teaching African Diaspora Archaeology at Estate Little Princess in St. Croix
1.4 Artifacts and Ecofacts
1.5 Biases in Preservation
1.6 Microarchaeology
1.7 Quantification and Sampling
Counting Bones
Counting Artifacts
Toolbox: Ethnoarchaeology
1.8 Creating a Chronology
Toolbox: Radiocarbon Dating
1.9 Comparison
1.10 Conservation, Display, and Publication
Archaeology in the World: Community Archaeology
1.11 The Role of Synthesis: The Archaeology of Plague
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 2 Putting the Picture Together
2.1 Origins of Archaeology
Archaeology in the World: Thomas Jefferson, the Archaeologist
2.2 The Emergence of Archaeology
Organizing Time
The Establishment of Human Antiquity
Imperial Archaeology
2.3 Developing Method and Theory
Stratigraphic Method and Culture History
V. Gordon Childe
2.4 Archaeology as Science
Developing Scientific Methods
The New Archaeology
Systems Theory
Cultural Resource Management
2.5 Alternative Perspectives
Postprocessual Archaeology
Toolbox: Faunal Analysis and Taphonomy
2.6 Branching Out
Gender and Agency
Toolbox: Archaeoacoustics
From the Field: Why Do I “Do” Archaeology?
Evolutionary Archaeology
Niche Construction and the Anthropocene
2.7 Decolonizing Archaeology
2.8 Archaeology at the Trowel’s Edge
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Contemporary Relevance of Archaeology: The Future of Human Evolution
Part II Human Evolution
Introduction: Our Place in Nature
Chapter 3 Early Hominins
3.1 The Fossil Record
The Early Hominin Radiation
3.2 Setting the Scene
The East African Rift Valley
Archaeology in the World: Fraud—Piltdown and Kama-takamori
Lower Paleolithic
From the Field: The Author on His Fieldwork at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa
3.3 The Origin of Tool Use
Tool Use by Animals
Toolbox: Stone Tools
The Archaeological Evidence
3.4 Hunting and Sharing Food
Toolbox: Dating Early Hominin Sites
Were They Hunters?
Living Floors and Base Camps
Fire and Symbolic Behavior
3.5 The Expansion of the Hominin World
Ubeidiya and Dmanisi
East Asia
Java
Nihewan Basin
Summing Up the Evidence
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 4 From Homo Erectus to Neanderthals
4.1 Defining the Ice Age
4.2 Before the Neanderthals
The Initial Occupation of Western Europe
The Acheulian in Europe and Asia
Changes Within the Lower Paleolithic
4.3 Neanderthals
Neanderthal Genetics and Denisovans
Chronology and Ecology
4.4 Aspects of Neanderthal Culture and Adaptation
Archaeology in the World: Religion and Evolution
Stone Tools
Hunting
Toolbox: Isotope Analysis
Site Organization and the Use of Fire
Toolbox: Geoarchaeology and Micromorphology
Treatment of the Dead
From the Field: A Paleoepiphany
Artwork
Neanderthal Society
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 5 The Origin of Modern Humans
5.1 What Is a Modern Human?
5.2 Early Modern Humans in Africa
The African Middle Stone Age
Comparing the Middle Stone Age and the Middle Paleolithic
5.3 Early Modern Humans in the Middle East
The Archaeological Record
Chronology
Toolbox: Luminescence and Uranium Series Dating
Assessing the Middle Eastern Pattern
5.4 The Arrival of Modern Humans in Europe and the Fate of the Neanderthals
The Fossil Record
Archaeology in the World: Modern Human Origins and Questions of Race
Genetic Evidence
Archaeological Evidence
Summing Up the Evidence
5.5 The Upper Paleolithic
Chronology
Stone and Bone Tools
Human Burials
Artwork
Toolbox: Use-Wear Analysis
From the Field: A First-Person Account of the Bruniquel Horse Engraving Discovery
Site Structure
Subsistence
5.6 Explaining the Upper Paleolithic
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 6 The Peopling of Australia and the New World
6.1 Modern Humans in East Asia
6.2 Australia
Dating the Earliest Human Occupation
Megafauna Extinction
Rock Art
Voyaging On
6.3 The New World
Clovis First
Toolbox: Experimental Archaeology
Migration Routes
Clovis Culture and Chronology
Toolbox: Radiocarbon Calibration
Pre-Clovis
Early Arrival Model
Archaeology in the World: Repatriation of Indigenous Burial Remains
The Solutrean Hypothesis
The Skeletal and Genetic Evidence
From the Field: Mawlukhotepun—Working Together
Clovis Adaptations and Megafauna Extinction
Beyond Clovis
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Contemporary Relevance of Archaeology: Restoring Connections with the Natural World
Part III Perspectives on Agriculture
Introduction: Definitions of Agriculture
Chapter 7 Towers, Villages, and Longhouses
7.1 Setting the Scene
Archaeology in the World: Political Borders and Archaeology
7.2 Stage 1: Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran
Technology
Settlements
From the Field: The Author on His Fieldwork at Wadi Mataha
Domestication
7.3 Stage 2: The Natufian
Technology
Settlements
Domestication
7.4 Stage 3: The Early Neolithic
Technology
Settlements
Toolbox: Harris Matrix
Ritual
Domestication
Toolbox: Paleoethnobotany
7.5 Stage 4: Late Neolithic
Technology
Settlement and Ritual
Domestication
7.6 Assessing the Neolithic Revolution
7.7 The Spread of Agriculture to Europe
Summing Up the Evidence
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 8 Mounds and Maize
8.1 Plant Domestication in Mesoamerica
8.2 Maize Agriculture in the American Southwest
Toolbox: AMS Radiocarbon Dating
The Formative Period
Summing Up the Evidence
8.3 Eastern North America
Toolbox: Hand-Built Pottery
The Indigenous Domestication of Plants
The Adena and Hopewell
Intensification of Maize Agriculture
The People Behind the Transition
Archaeology in the World: Who Owns the Past?
From the Field: “Towns They Have None”: In Search of New England’s Mobile Farmers
Summing Up the Evidence
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 9 A Feast of Diversity
9.1 Africa
Villages of Hunter-Gatherers
Pastoralists
From the Field: Ethiopian Farmers Yesterday and Today
The First Farmers
Summing Up the Evidence
9.2 New Guinea
Clearing Forests and Draining Swamps
Toolbox: Pollen, Phytoliths, and Starch Grains
9.3 The Andes
Domestication in the Andean Highlands
Summing Up the Evidence
9.4 East Asia
Early Pottery
The First Farmers
Toolbox: Residue Analysis
Summing Up the Evidence
Archaeology in the World: Archaeology and the Environment
9.5 Questioning the Neolithic
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Contemporary Relevance of Archaeology: Exploring the Moral Grounds of Economic Relations
Part IV The Development of Social Complexity
Introduction: Defining Social Complexity
Chapter 10 Complexity Without the State
10.1 Stonehenge
The Development of Stonehenge
A Constructed Landscape
The Context of Stonehenge
What Did Stonehenge Mean?
From the Field: Cultural Resource Management Archaeology in the Southwest
Summing Up the Evidence
10.2 Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon
The Development of Pueblo Bonito
The Function of Pueblo Bonito
Evidence for Elites
Toolbox: Remote Sensing
The Chacoan Network
The Rise and Fall of Chaco Canyon
Toolbox: Dendrochronology
Summing Up the Evidence
10.3 Cahokia
The Layout of the Site
Evidence of Inequality
Feasting
Summing Up the Evidence
10.4 Great Zimbabwe
The Layout of the Site
The Organization of Great Zimbabwe Society
Summing Up the Evidence
10.5 Comparative Perspectives
Archaeology in the World: The Trade in African Antiquities
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 11 Cities, Pyramids, and Palaces: Early States of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Aegean
11.1 Mesopotamia
The Physical Setting
Archaeology in the World: The Catastrophe of Warfare: Iraq and Syria
Chronology
Uruk
Government
Surplus and Specialization
Inequality
The Development of Writing
Warfare and Expansion
Summing Up the Evidence
11.2 Egypt
The Setting
Chronology
Government and Writing
The Pyramids
The Development of Mortuary Architecture
Toolbox: Tracking Trade Routes
The City
Summing Up the Evidence
From the Field: The Author on His Fieldwork Excavating at Giza
11.3 Africa Beyond the Nile Valley
Toolbox: Archaeology and Genetics
11.4 The Aegean
Setting and Chronology
Comparing Palaces
Violence and Warfare
The Eruption of Santorini and Its Impact
Summing Up the Evidence
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 12 Locating the Source of Authority: Early States in Asia
12.1 The Indus Valley
The Setting and Chronology
The City
Toolbox: Space Syntax
Writing
Government
Summing Up the Evidence
12.2 China
The Three Dynasties
From the Field: Archaeology in China’s Three Gorges
The Basis of Authority in Early China
Conflict and Consolidation
Summing Up the Evidence
12.3 Beyond the Chinese Boundary: Japan, Central Asia, and Cambodia
Mirrors and Keyhole-Shaped Tombs: The Origins of the State in Japan
Archaeology in the World: Archaeology and Development
Mummies of the Tarim Basin
The Archaeology of Angkor
Toolbox: Underwater Archaeology
Summing Up the Evidence
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 13 From City to Empire: Social Complexity in Mesoamerica
13.1 The Origins of Urbanism and Social Complexity
13.2 Teotihuacán
Summing Up the Evidence
Toolbox: Human Osteoarchaeology
13.3 The Maya
The Setting and Chronology
The City
Government
Inequality
Toolbox: Geophysical Methods
Maya Hieroglyphics
From the Field: Gender and Sexuality in the Field
Ritual, Violence, and Warfare
The Maya Collapse
Summing Up the Evidence
13.4 The Aztec Empire
Archaeology in the World: Archaeology and Tourism
The History of the Aztecs
Aztec Economy
Ritual and Human Sacrifice
Summing Up the Evidence
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Chapter 14 Bringing the Four Parts Together: States and Empire in the Andes
14.1 Chavín de Huántar
The Setting and the Temple
The Chavín Horizon
From the Field: Chavín de Huántar: The Beginnings of Social Complexity in the Andes
Summing Up the Evidence
14.2 Nasca and Moche
Nasca
Toolbox: Metallurgy
Moche
Summing Up the Evidence
14.3 The Inca Empire
Archaeology in the World: Ancient Agriculture and Modern Development
Inca Society
Building Empire
Summing Up the Evidence
14.4 The Amazon
Toolbox: Tracking Ancient Diseases
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Epilogue: Bringing It Back Home
Bibliography
Figure and Photo Credits
Index