World Energy Handbook [1st ed. 2023] 303131624X, 9783031316241

World Energy Handbook presents an overview of the energy systems of selected countries in Africa, Asia, the Americas, an

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English Pages 367 [346] Year 2023

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Table of contents :
Contents
Part I: Introduction
World Energy Overview
History of Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption “Mix”
Fossil Fuels
Geopolitical Aspects of Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Energy Storage
Energy Resiliency
Sources
Energy Research Methodology
Identify
Scope
Plan
News
Legal Information
Government Documents
Utility Company Websites
Research and Journal Articles
Library Search
Gather
Evaluation
Currency
Authority
Relevance and Reliability
Purpose and Point of View
Manage
Present
Financing Energy Projects
Introduction
Historical Overview
Defining Energy Infrastructure
Energy Financing
Financial Mechanisms and Instruments
Grants and Loans
Climate Bonds
Conclusion
Bibliography
Part II: Africa
Angola
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Carbon Footprint
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Sources
Botswana
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Summary
Current Energy Situation (Recap of Generation Methods, Energy Trends)
Future Energy Situation (Private Business Interest, Government Direction)
Sources
Congo
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Egypt
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Ethiopia
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Morocco
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix (Fig. 2)
Energy Consumption Mix (Fig. 3; Table 3)
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint (Fig. 4)
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Nigeria
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix (Fig. 1)
Energy Consumption Mix (Fig. 2)
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Biomass
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint (Fig. 3)
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Rwanda
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Domestic Resources
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix (Fig. 2)
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
South Africa
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Tanzania
National Energy Introduction
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Sources
Uganda
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies (Key Internal Policies the Country Has)
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources (Oil, Possible Renewables)
History of Energy (Colonialization, Who Controlled Their Domestic Resources)
Breakdown of Energy Generation Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Renewable Energy Generation
Solar Photovoltaics
Wind
Hydropower
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Carbon Footprint
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Summary
References
Zambia
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix (Fig. 3)
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydropower
Ocean Energy
Geothermal Energy
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Zimbabwe
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Domestic Resources
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix (Fig. 3)
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Part III: Asia
Cambodia
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind Energy
Hydropower
Ocean Energy
Geothermal Energy
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
China
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Indonesia
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Japan
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Lebanon
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix (Figs. 3 and 4)
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Natural Gas
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Nepal
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Consumption Mix (Fig. 3)
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint (Fig. 4)
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Pakistan
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Sources
Qatar
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies (Fig. 1)
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Thailand
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix (Fig. 3)
Energy Consumption Mix (Fig. 4)
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Vietnam
National Energy Introduction
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Part IV: Americas
Argentina
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Sources
Canada
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies (Fig. 1)
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix (Fig. 2)
Energy Consumption Mix (Fig. 3)
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydropower
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Cuba
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydropower
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Haiti
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Panama
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Puerto Rico
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Current Renewable Energy Goals
Sources
Uruguay
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix (Fig. 2)
Energy Consumption Mix (Fig. 3)
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Venezuela
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of the Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydropower
Ocean
Geothermal
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Conditions
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Part V: Europe
European Union
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Trends in Generation Technologies
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Grid Resiliency
Geopolitical Circumstances
Reliance on Foreign Fossil Fuels
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Macedonia
National Energy Introduction
Breakdown of Energy Generation and Consumption “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Solar Photovoltaics (Solar PV)
Wind
Hydropower
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Energy Resiliency
Macedonia’s Electric Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Geopolitical Circumstances
Education
Summary
Sources
Switzerland
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Domestic Resources
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Energy Resiliency
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Climate and Natural Disasters
Geopolitical Circumstances
Relations with Global Community/Socioeconomic Influence
Sources
Ukraine
National Energy Introduction
Energy Policies
Domestic Resources
History of Energy
Breakdown of Energy Generation “Mix”
Energy Generation Mix
Energy Consumption Mix
Fossil Fuels
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Renewable Energy Generation
Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Hydro
Ocean
Geothermal
Biomass
Biofuels
Energy Storage Technologies
Country’s Current Implementation of Energy Storage Techniques
Country’s Future Storage Direction
Carbon Footprint
Most Recent Carbon Output
Historical Trends of Carbon Footprint
Types and Main Sources of Pollutants
Air Quality
Energy Resiliency
Electrical Grid
Grid Resiliency
Education
Summary
Current Energy Situation
Future Energy Situation
Sources
Index
Recommend Papers

World Energy Handbook [1st ed. 2023]
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Slobodan Petrovic Editor

World Energy Handbook

World Energy Handbook

Slobodan Petrovic Editor

World Energy Handbook

Editor Slobodan Petrovic Oregon Institute of Technology Happy Valley, OR, USA

ISBN 978-3-031-31624-1    ISBN 978-3-031-31625-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31625-8 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Paper in this product is recyclable.

Contents

Namibia�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   1 Slobodan Petrovic, Sesilia Iileka, Lydia Ndinelao Horn, Pineas Tomas, Martin Hipondoka, and Zivayi Chiguvare Part I Introduction  orld Energy Overview�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   3 W Slobodan Petrovic  nergy Research Methodology �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  11 E Slobodan Petrovic and Dawn Love-Wincensten  inancing Energy Projects�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  15 F Slobodan Petrovic and Sasa Z. Linic Part II Africa Angola ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  23 Slobodan Petrovic and Gudrun Albrecht-Smith Botswana�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  29 Slobodan Petrovic and Niels Williams Congo�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  37 Slobodan Petrovic and Jack Zoucha Egypt �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  53 Slobodan Petrovic and Andrew Boules Ethiopia�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  71 Slobodan Petrovic and Samuel Gaumer Morocco�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  79 Slobodan Petrovic and Andrew Reed Nigeria���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  91 Slobodan Petrovic and Kaleb Edmunds Rwanda �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������  99 Slobodan Petrovic and Jacob Ewing South Africa������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 105 Slobodan Petrovic and Nathan Margoshes Tanzania������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 113 Slobodan Petrovic and Nathan Margoshes

v

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Uganda��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 117 Slobodan Petrovic and Niels Williams Zambia��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 123 Slobodan Petrovic and Matthew Sherland Zimbabwe ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 137 Slobodan Petrovic and Matthew Sherland Part III Asia Cambodia����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 153 Slobodan Petrovic and James Martin China ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 163 Slobodan Petrovic and Melanie Leyson Indonesia����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 175 Slobodan Petrovic and Pamela Jackson Japan ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 191 Slobodan Petrovic and Nathan Margoshes Lebanon������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 199 Slobodan Petrovic and Jessica Kerby Nepal������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 205 Slobodan Petrovic and Kaleb Edmunds Pakistan������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 213 Slobodan Petrovic and Kyle Buchanan Qatar ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 219 Slobodan Petrovic and Morgan Lanen Thailand������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 225 Slobodan Petrovic and Melanie Leyson Vietnam ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 237 Slobodan Petrovic and David Green Part IV Americas Argentina����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 249 Slobodan Petrovic and Ronald Haynes Canada��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 259 Slobodan Petrovic and Melanie Leyson Cuba������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 269 Slobodan Petrovic and Melanie Leyson Haiti������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 279 Slobodan Petrovic and Tony Augustine Panama��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 289 Slobodan Petrovic and Samuel Gaumer Puerto Rico ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 299 Slobodan Petrovic and Kyle Buchanan

Contents

Contents

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Uruguay������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 303 Slobodan Petrovic and Andrew Reed Venezuela����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 315 Slobodan Petrovic and Morgan Lanen Part V Europe European Union ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 325 Slobodan Petrovic and Nathan Margoshes Macedonia��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 333 Slobodan Petrovic, Isidora Janeva, and Stefan Stefanoski Switzerland ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 343 Slobodan Petrovic and Nathan Margoshes Ukraine��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 347 Slobodan Petrovic and Matthew Tugg Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 359

Part I Introduction

World Energy Overview Slobodan Petrovic

World energy is produced from fossil fuels: oil, natural gas, and coal, and from nuclear energy, and renewable energy sources. There are three main groups of energy sources: conventional, that is, fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewable. The renewable energy sources are hydroelectric, wind, bioenergy, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, geothermal, and ocean energy. The contribution from fossil fuels has been continuously declining, but in 2019, oil still contributed nearly one third of all energy produced, followed by coal and natural gas. The largest contribution from other sources is energy from biomass, then all other energy sources (Table 1). The replacement of fossil fuel energy by renewable energy takes place slowly but steadily and the dominance of fossil fuel energy sources is waning year after year.

History of Energy Consumption

came from hydropower and, somewhat surprisingly, from coal. Renewable energy sources, except hydro, wind, and solar primarily, first appeared in the global energy consumption composition and showed small but steady increase throughout the second part of the twentieth and into the twenty-first century.

Energy Consumption “Mix” In the first part of the twentieth century, at the time of writing of this handbook, the energy generation ratios between different technologies, or energy mix, reveals overwhelming dominance of fossil fuels, with a combined contribution of 80% (Fig. 2). Individual fossil fuel sources for energy generation contribute to the following ratios: oil 31%, coal 26%, and natural gas 23%. Minority contributions to global energy generation are provided by hydropower (6%), traditional biomass (6%), nuclear (4%), and renewable energy generation technologies. The rank is shown in Table 1. The overall energy is used as heat or electricity and the ranking is different in terms of contribution to global electricity produced (Fig. 3). Oil, which is the dominant energy source for transportation, powering internal combustion engines, has very little (3%) impact on the production of electricity. The pie chart reveals that the largest contributor to electricity generation in the world is coal, when burned in the thermal power stations. The next largest energy sources for electricity production are natural gas  – also used in thermal power stations  – hydroelectric power, and nuclear power. The relative ranking of electricity generation power sources is shown in Table 2.

Going back to the beginning of the nineteenth century, the nearly only energy type used was traditional biomass, with small contribution from coal (Fig. 1). Coal was known centuries before and used in limited ways, but the significance of coal was not established until the First Industrial Revolution in the mid-eighteenth century. The consumption of coal continued to increase throughout the nineteenth century. After almost a century of dominance by the traditional biomass and coal, new sources of energy such as oil, discovered in America in 1859, natural gas, and hydropower emerged in the early twentieth century as appreciable energy sources on a global level. It should be clear that individual countries or regions might have had historically different energy mix. In the twentieth century, coal continued its dominance, energy generated from oil and natural gas showed steady increase. In the mid-century, nuclear energy technology advanced and it became a promising new form of energy. Steady gains in the overall proportion of the global energy

Fossil Fuels

S. Petrovic (*) Oregon Institute of Technology, Wilsonville, OR, USA

In 2021, roughly 80% of the total energy consumption and 61% of the global electricity came from fossil fuels. The

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 S. Petrovic (ed.), World Energy Handbook, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31625-8_1

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S. Petrovic

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entire transportation sector around the world is dependent on fossil fuels, primarily oil burned in internal combustion engines to power vehicles, buses, trains, airplanes, and ships. Coal burned in thermal power plants provides the largest portion of the world’s electricity used to power homes, busi-

Table 1  Rank and contribution to global energy produced among energy generation sources Rank Energy source

1 Oil 31%

2 Coal 26%

4 Bioenergy 6%

5 Hydro 6%

6 Nuclear 4%

8

3 Natural gas 23% 9

Rank, contd. Energy source

7

10

11

12

Wind 2%

Solar PV 1%

Solar thermal 0.3%

Geothermal 0.2%

Ocean energy