Western Wind: An Introduction to Poetry [3 ed.] 0070465746

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AN INTRODUCTION TO POETRY

THIRD EDITION

John Frederick Nims

WESTERN WIND

An Introduction to Poetry

Western wind, when will thou blow, The small rain down can rain? Christ! if my love were in my arms, And I in my bed again!

WESTERN WIND

An Introduction to Poetry THIRD

EDITION

John Frederick Nims

McGRAW-HILL, INC. New York London Singapore

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WESTERN WIND An Introduction to Poetry Copyright © 1992, 1983, 1974 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Acknowledgments appear on pages 619-633, and on this page by reference.

34567890 DOC DOC 909876543

ISBN 0-07-04L.574-L. This book was set in Plantin Light by Ruttle, Shaw Gf Wetherill, Inc. The editors were Steve Pensinger and Tom Holton; the designer was Joan Greenfield; the production supervisor was Leroy A. Young. The photo researcher was Elsa Peterson. R . R. Donnelley & Sons Company was printer and binder.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nims, John Frederick, (date). Western wind: an introduction to poetry / John Frederick Nims.— 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN 0-07-046574-6 1. Poetics. 2. Poetry—Collections. PN1042.N6 1992 809.1—dc20

I. Title. 91-23756

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Born in Muskegon, Michigan, John Frederick Nims received his M.A. from the University of Notre Dame and his Ph.D. in comparative litera¬ ture from the University of Chicago. He has taught poetry and given workshops in poetry at Notre Dame, the University of Toronto, the University of Illinois at Urbana, Harvard University, Williams College, the University of Florida, and the University of Illinois at Chicago. He has also been a Visiting Professor at the universities of Florence and Madrid and has been on the staff of many writers’ conferences, including the one at Bread Loaf, Vermont, where he taught for more than ten years. He is the author of eight books of poetry, among them The Iron Pastoral, Knowledge of the Evening (a National Book Award nominee), The Kiss: A Jambalaya, Zany in Denim, and The Six-Cornered Snowflake—books that have brought him awards from The National Foundation of Arts and Humanities, The American Academy of Arts and Letters, and Brandeis University, which awarded him its Creative Arts Citation in Poetry. He has been the Phi Beta Kappa poet at the College of William and Mary and at Harvard University. He has also published several books of trans¬ lations, including Sappho to Valery: Poems in Translation and The Poems of St. John of the Cross, and edited The Harper Anthology of Poetry. Several times on the staff of Poetry (Chicago), he was its editor from 1978 to 1984. In 1982, he was awarded the Fellowship of the Academy of American Poets; in 1991, the Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry.

v

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CONTENTS

PREFACE

xxix

BEFORE WE BEGIN

xxxi

ONE The Senses

\

WHERE EXPERIENCE STARTS: The Image

3

THE ROLE OF THE SENSES

3

Anonymous, Western Wind Archibald MacLeish, Eleven Robert Morgan, Stretching Sappho, There’s a Man T. S. Eliot, Preludes Anonymous , Brief Autumnal THE SPECIFIC IMAGE

Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro Alba (“As cool as the pale wet leaves . . .”)

Anthony Hecht, The End of the Weekend Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spens EXERCISES & DIVERSIONS

Brewster Ghiselin, Rattler, Alert Sappho, Leaving Crete, Come Visit Again

6 i 8

9 9 n 11

12 12 13 15

16 17 18

vii

viii • CONTENTS

2

WHAT'S IT LIKE? Simile, Metaphor, and

Other Figures

20

SIMILE AND METAPHOR

20

Robinson Jeffers, The Purse-Seine

21

Robert Frost, The Silken Tent

24

Emily Dickinson, My Life Had Stood—A Loaded Gun

25

Linda Pastan, Returning

28

Margaret \twood, Habitation

28

William Butler Yeats, No Second Troy

29

Robert Frost, A Patch of Old Snow

31

Helen Chasin, City Pigeons

32

ANALOGY

Walter de la Mare, All But Blind

35

SYNESTHESIA

37

ALLUSION

39

Alexander Pope, Intended for Sir Isaac Newton PERSONIFICATION, MYTHOLOGY

Karl Shapiro, A Cut Flower

^

34

39 41 41

William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan

44

Walter Savage Landor, Dirce

44

EXERCISES & DIVERSIONS

45

THE BROKEN COIN: The Use of Symbol

49

SYNECDOCHE, METONYMY

49

THE SYMBOL

52

Howard Nemerov, Money

54

Plato, The Apple

55

George Herbert, Hope

57

William Blake, The Sick Rose

57

Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night

58

Saint John of the Cross, The Dark Night

59

THING-POEMS

60

Rainer Maria Rilke, The Merry-Go-Round

60

William Carlos Williams, Nantucket

6i

Karl Shapiro, Girls Working in Banks

62

CONTENTS • ix ALLEGORY

63

Sir Thomas Wyatt, My Galley Charged with

Forgetfulness

64

Kingsley Amis, A Note on Wyatt

64

Billy Collins, The Death of Allegory

65

EXERCISES & DIVERSIONS

66

John Crowe Ransom, Good Ships

69

Carl Sandburg, A Fence

69

BINOCULAR VISION: Antipoetry, Paradox, Irony, the Withheld Image

71

ANTI POETRY

71

William Shakespeare, Winter

72

Francis P. Osgood, Winter Fairyland in Vermont

73

Elizabeth Bishop, Filling Station

74

Walt Whitman, Beauty

75

William Shakespeare, Sonnet 130

76

PARADOX

77

Robert Graves, The Face in the Mirror

79

Alexander Pope, from An Essay on Man

79

IRONY

82

UNDERSTATEMENT—THE WITHHELD IMAGE

83

Simonides, On the Spartan Dead at Thermopylae

85

X. J. Kennedy, Loose Woman

86

OVERSTATEMENT

88

Robert Graves, Spoils

89 90

EXERCISES & DIVERSIONS

Rod Taylor, Dakota: October, 1822: Hunkpapa Warrior

90

Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream

91

TWO

The Emotions THE COLOR OF THOUGHT: The Emotions in Poetry

97

THE ROLE OF EMOTION

97

Rosalia de Castro, Black Mood

102

x • CONTENTS

William Butler Yeats, The Spur

103

Walter Savage Landor, Alas! ’Tis Very Sad to Hear

103

AMMIANUS, Epitaph of Nearchos

104

W. H. Auden, The Shield of Achilles

104

SENSE AND SENTIMENTALITY

106

Anonymous, The Unquiet Grave

107

Anonymous, Papa’s Letter

109

John Crowe Ransom, Bells for John Whiteside’s

Daughter

111

Algernon Charles Swinburne, Etude Realiste (I)

112

James Wright, A Song for the Middle of the Night

113

Will Allen Dromgoole, Old Ladies

114

John Crowe Ransom, Blue Girls

115

May Swenson, Cat & the Weather

116

William Stafford, Traveling Through the Dark

117

Mary Thacher Higginson, Ghost-Flowers

118

Theodore Roethke, The Geranium

119

Laurence Hope, Youth

120

EXERCISES & DIVERSIONS

120

Kenneth Fearing, Yes, The Agency Can Handle That

123

THREE

The Words ^

MACHINE FOR MAGIC: The Fresh Usual Words

127

LIVING WORDS

127

Kenneth Patchen, Moon, Sun, Sleep, Birds, Live

130

Robert Frost, Dust of Snow

134

Neither Out Far Nor In Deep Emily Dickinson, A Narrow Fellow in the Grass LESS IS MORE

136 137 138

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break

139

A. E. Housman, Along the Field as We Came By

140

William Butler Yeats, An Irish Airman Foresees

His Death Ezra Pound, The Bath Tub

141 143

CONTENTS • xi Hilaire Belloc, Robert Frost, W. H. Auden,

On His Books

The Wrights’ Biplane The Wanderer

EXERCISES & DIVERSIONS

146 146 147 150

Randall Jarrell, The Knight, Death, and the Devil

153

Mahlon Leonard Fisher, In Cool, Green Haunts

155

FOUR

The Sounds GOLD IN THE ORE: The Sounds of English Gail Tremblay, Not Sense VOWELS

159 i6i 161

Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good

Night

164

Robert Frost, Once by the Pacific

165

E. E. Cummings, Chansons Innocentes, I

170

CONSONANTS

171

EXERCISES & DIVERSIONS

179

John Milton, On the Late Massacre in Piedmont

181

WORKING WITH GOLD: The Devices of Sound

182

LANGUAGE AS MIMICRY

182

John Updike, Player Piano A REASON FOR RHYME?

Ezra Pound, Alba (“When the nightingale . . .”) OFF-RHYME

Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth

Arms and the Boy THE MUSIC OF POETRY

William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree EXERCISES & DIVERSIONS

185 188

191 195 196

196 197

201 203

T. S. Eliot, New Hampshire

205

William Butler Yeats, Under Ben Bulben, VI

205

Edwin Arlington Robinson, The Dark Hills

207

xii • CONTENTS

FIVE

The Rhythms THE DANCER AND THE DANCE: The Play of Rhythms

211

RHYTHM

211

REPETITION AS RHYTHM

213

Robert Graves, Counting the Beats

214

Walt Whitman, from Leaves of Grass

215

.38

216

THE RHYTHM OF ACCENT

217

A NOTE ON SCANSION

220

Ted Joans, The

Christian Morgenstern, Fish’s Nightsong

222

IAMBIC PENTAMETER

223

VARIATIONS ON IAMBIC

225

William Shakespeare, Sonnet 66

226

METER AND RHYTHM

232

William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming

234

LINE LENGTH

236

Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach

236

A. E. Housman, I to My Perils

237

Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz

238

EXERCISES & DIVERSIONS

Marilyn Hacker, Who Would Divorce Her Lover.

240 . . ?

242

William Browne, On the Countess Dowager of

Pembroke

10

242

DIFFERENT DRUMMERS: Rhythms Old and New

245

OTHER SYLLABLE-STRESS RHYTHMS

245

George Gordon, Lord Byron, The Destruction

of Sennacherib William Blake, Ah Sun-Flower STRONG-STRESS RHYTHMS

247

248 250

Anonymous, I Have Labored Sore

251

Richard Wilbur, Junk

251

Anonymous, from Ubi Sunt Qui Ante Nos Fuerunt?

254

E. E. Cummings, if everything happens that can’t be done

254

Dudley Randall, Blackberry Sweet

256

CONTENTS • xiii SPRUNG RHYTHM

257

A WORD ABOUT QUANTITY

258

William Meredith, Effort at Speech SYLLABIC METER

258 260

James Tate, Miss Cho Composes in the Cafeteria

260

Robert Morgan, Grandma’s Bureau

261

Dave Etter, Romp

262

FREE VERSE, FREE RHYTHMS

264

Ezra Pound, The Return

264

Stephen Crane, A Man Said to the Universe

265 268

THE VARIABLE FOOT

William Carlos Williams, The Descent

268 270

CONCRETE POETRY

Emmett Williams, Like Attracts Like

271 271

THE PROSE POEM

Hansjorg Mayer, Oil

272 272

EXERCISES & DIVERSIONS

William Carlos Williams, Iris

276

SIX

The Mind THE SHAPE OF THOUGHT: We Go A-Sentencing

28i

THE SENTENCE

281

Eugenio Montale, The Eel

283

Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool

283

USE OF CONNECTIVES

Jacques Prevert, The Message PARALLELISM

284 285 285

Walt Whitman, I Hear America Singing

285

Gail Tremblay, It Is Important

286

SENTENCE STRUCTURE

288

E. E. Cummings, Me up at does

289

Peter Viereck, To Helen of Troy (N.Y.)

290

Robert Frost, Beyond Words

291

Alice Fulton, What I Like

29i

xiv • CONTENTS

Kenneth Patchen,

0 All down within the

Pretty Meadow John Clare, Remember Dear Mary LEVELS OF LANGUAGE

292 293

Robert Graves, The Persian Version

293

Edward Field, Curse of the Cat Woman

294

NEW WORDS, NEW LANGUAGE

E. E. Cummings, wherelings whenlings

12

292

295

297

EXERCISES & DIVERSIONS

298

GOLDEN NUMBERS: On Nature and Form

302

William Butler Yeats, The Statues

308

John Donne, The Anniversary

312

William Butler Yeats, The Lover Mourns

for the Loss of Love FIXED STANZA FORMS

John Ciardi, Exit Line

314 314 316

Howard Nemerov, “Good-bye,” Said the River,

“Pm Going Downstream”

316

Sir Henry Wotton, Upon the Death of Sir Albert

Morton’s Wife

316

John Williams, On Reading Aloud My Early Poems

316

Robert Herrick, Upon Julia’s Clothes

317

William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My

Spirit Seal Edgar Allan Poe, To Helen FIXED FORMS FOR POEMS

318 319 322

George Meredith, Lucifer in Starlight

323

William Shakespeare, Sonnet 29

323

Howard Nemerov, A Primer of the Daily Round

324

Edmund Spenser, Sonnet LXXV

324

Gwendolyn Brooks, The Rites for Cousin Vit

325

Marilyn Hacker, Dear Julie, Provincetown Is Not

Antibes

325

Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty

326

Mona Van Duyn, Sonnet for Minimalists

326

Francois Villon, Ballade to His Mistress

327

Frances Cornford, To a Fat Lady Seen from

the Train Frederick Morgan, 1904

328 329

CONTENTS • xv

Lady Izumi Shikibu, Lying Here Alone

330

Adelaide Crapsey, Cinquain: A Warning

330

Basho, Evening darkens. Hunched

330

Lightning in the clouds!

330

Richard Wilbur, Sleepless at Crown Point

331

Peter Meinke, Atomic Pantoum

331

Anonymous, Sir Isaac Newton

332

E. William Seaman, Higgledy-piggledy

332

Paul Pascal, Tact

333

Anonymous, There Was a Young Lady of Tottenham

333

EXERCISES & DIVERSIONS

334

A. E. Housman, With Rue My Heart is Laden

334

Thomas Hardy, I Look into My Glass

337

^ A HEAD ON ITS SHOULDERS: Common Sense,

Uncommon Sense

338

COMMON SENSE

338

Miller Williams, A Poem for Emily

338

John Berryman, He Resigns

341

William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper

342

Will Allen Dromgoole, Building the Bridge

344

UNCOMMON SENSE

347

Thomas Lux, My Grandmother’s Funeral

350

Lisel Mueller, Palindrome

351

Stevie Smith, Our Bog Is Dood

352

Federico Garcia Lorca, Sleepwalker’s Ballad

354

EXERCISES & DIVERSIONS

Anonymous, / Never Plucked—a Bumblebee

ADAM’S CURSE: Inspiration and Effort

356 358 360

Robert W. Service, Inspiration

360

Dylan Thomas, In My Craft or Sullen Art

361

D. H. Lawrence, The Piano

370

Piano EXERCISES & DIVERSIONS

A. E. Housman, I Hoed and Trenched and Weeded

371 378 378

William Butler Yeats, The Lamentation

of the Old Pensioner Walter de la Mare, The Stone

Slim Cunning Hands

380 380 381

xvi • CONTENTS

Anthology ANONYMOUS

Adam Lay Ibounden

385

A Lyke-Wake Dirge

385

Lully, Lulley, Lully, Lulley

386

Lord Randal

387

The Demon Lover

387

SIR THOMAS WYATT

They Flee from Me

389

SIR EDWARD DYER

The Lowest Trees Have Tops

390

CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love

390

SIR WALTER RALEIGH

The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd

391

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY

With How Sad Steps, O Moon

392

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

Sonnet 18

392

Sonnet 33

393

Sonnet 73

393

Sonnet 116

394

Sonnet 129

394

THOMAS CAMPION

My Sweetest Lesbia, Let Us Live and Love

394

It Fell on a Summer's Day

395

Thrice Toss These Oaken Ashes in the Air

396

THOMAS NASHE

Adieu, Farewell Earth’s Bliss

396

CHIDIOCK TICHBORNE

Elegy

397

JOHN DONNE

The Sun Rising

398

A Valediction: Of Weeping

399

CONTENTS • xvii

A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning

399

Death Be Not Proud

400

BEN JONSON

On My First Son

401

Still to Be Neat, Still to Be Dressed

401

ANONYMOUS

Loving Mad Tom

402

ROBERT HERRICK

Delight in Disorder

404

GEORGE HERBERT

Redemption

404

Easter-Wings

405

Love

405

EDMUND WALLER

Go, Lovely Rose

406

JOHN MILTON

Lycidas

406

On His Blindness

412

On His Dead Wife

413

ANNE BRADSTREET

To My Dear and Loving Husband

413

RICHARD LOVELACE

To Lucasta, Going to the Wars

414

ANDREW MARVELL

To His Coy Mistress

414

HENRY VAUGHAN

Peace

415

JOHN DRYDEN

Song from The Secular Masque

416

KATHERINE PHILIPS

An Answer to Another Persuading a Lady to Marriage

416

APHRA BEHN

Song: Love Armed

417

JONATHAN SWIFT

A Description of the Morning

417

xviii • CONTENTS

THOMAS GRAY

Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

418

CHRISTOPHER SMART

From Jubilate Agno

421

WILLIAM BLAKE

The Tyger

422

London

423

A Poison Tree

423

Epilogue to The Gates of Paradise

424

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH

She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways

424

The World Is Too Much With Us

425

Composed upon Westminster Bridge

425

SAMUEL WLOR COLERIDGE

Kubla Khan

425

WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR

Rose Aylmer

427

On Seeing a Hair of Lucretia Borgia

427

Past Ruined I lion Helen Lives

427

GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON

So We’ll Go No More A-Roving

428

PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY

Ozymandias

428

Ode to the West Wind

428

JOHN CLARE

Autumn

430

JOHN KEATS

La Belle Dame sans Merci

431

Ode to a Nightingale

433

To Autumn

435

EDWARD FITZGERALD

From The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam

436

ALFRED LORD TENNYSON

Ulysses

438

Tears, Idle Tears

440

ROBERT BROWNING

My Last Duchess

440

CONTENTS • xix

EMILY BRONTE

Remembrance

442

ARTHUR HUGH CLOUGH

The Latest Decalogue

443

WALT WHITMAN

From Leaves of Grass

443

Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking

444 449 449

When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer Reconciliation DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI

The Woodspurge

450

EMILY DICKINSON

Went Up a Year This Evening

450

How Many Times These Low Feet Staggered

451

I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died

451

I Started Early—Took My Dog

452

Because I Could Not Stop for Death

452

The Wind Begun to Knead the Grass

453

Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant

454

CHRISTINA ROSSETTI

Up-Hill

454

ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE

Chorus

from Atalanta in Calydon

454

THOMAS HARDY

The Ruined Maid

456

Drummer Hodge

457

The Self-Unseeing

457

The Man He Killed

458

The Oxen

458

In Time of “The Breaking of Nations”

459

GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS

God’s Grandeur

459

The Windhover

460

Felix Randal

460

Spring and Fall

461

A. E. HOUSMAN

To an Athlete Dying Young

462

Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now

462

XX • CONTENTS

WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS

Adam’s Curse

463

The Cold Heaven

454

Sailing to Byzantium

454

Among School Children

465

A Last Confession

468

EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON

The Mill

468

Mr. Flood’s Party

469

WALTER DE LA MARE

The Listeners

470

ROBERT FROST

Mending Wall

471

“Out, Out—”

472

Provide, Provide

473

The Most of It

474

The Subverted Flower

474

WALLACE STEVENS

Sunday Morning

476

The Snow Man

479

A Postcard from the Volcano

48o

The Sense of the Sleight-of-Hand Man

430

WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS

To Waken an Old Lady

481

The Red Wheelbarrow The Dance

481 482

EZRA POUND

The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter

482

MARIANNE MOORE

A Grave

483

A Carriage from Sweden

484

EDWIN MUIR

The Horses

486

T. S. ELIOT

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Sweeney among the Nightingales

487 491

CONTENTS • xxi

CONRAD AIKEN

The Things

492

ARCHIBALD MACLEISH

Ars Poetica

494

You, Andrew Marvell

495

E. E. CUMMINGS

anyone lived in a pretty how town

496

JEAN TOOMER

Reapers

497

HART CRANE

Praise for an Urn

497

Proem: To Brooklyn Bridge

498

ROBERT FRANCIS

Pitcher

499

Swimmer

499

KENNETH FEARING

Love, 20 ij,

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v i960, 1976 by Robert Lowell. Reprinted by permission of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Inc. Thomas Lux. My Grandmother’s Funeral” from Memory’s Handgrenade. Copyright © 1972 by Thomas Lux. Reprinted by permission of Pym-Randall Press. Archibald MacLeish. “Ars Poetica” and “You, Andrew Marvell” from New and Collected Poems 1917-1982. Copyright © 1985 by The Estate of Archibald MacLeish. “Eleven” from New and Collected Poems 1917-1982. Copyright © 1976 by Archibald MacLeish. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Company. J. D. McClatchy. “Achill Island” from The Rest of the Way. Copyright © 1990 by J. D. McClatchy. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Charles Martin. “Lines Freely Taken From Callimachus.” Originally appeared in Poetry, June 1984. Copyright © 1984 by the Modern Poetry Association. Copyright © 1991 by Charles Martin. Reprinted by permission of the Editor of Poetry. William Matthews. “Clearwater Beach, Florida” from Breadbaf Anthology of Contemporary American Poetry. Copyright William Matthews. Reprinted by permission of the author. “Mood Indigo” from Blues If You Want. Copyright © 1989 by William Matthews. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Company. Daphne and Charles Maurer. The World of the Newborn. Copyright © 1988 by Daphne Maurer and Charles Maurer. Reprinted by permission of Basic Books, Inc., a division of HarperCollins Publishers. Hansjorg Mayer. “Oil” from Concrete Poetry: A World View, edited by Mary Ellen Solt. Copyright © 1968 by Hispanic Arts, Indiana University. Copyright © 1970 by Indiana University Press. Peter Meinke. “Atomic Pantoum” from Night Watch on the Chesapeake. Copyright © 1987 by Peter Meinke. Reprinted by permission of the University of Pittsburgh Press. James Merrill. “Annie Hill’s Grave” from From the First Nine. Copyright 1962, 1982 by James Merrill. Reprinted by permission of the author. W. S. Merwin. “Separation and “Things” from The Moving Target. Copyright © i960, 1961, 1962, 1963 by W. S. Merwin. Reprinted by permission of Georges Borchardt Inc. for the author. William Meredith. “Effort at Speech” from Earth Walk: New and Selected Poems. Copyright © 1969 by William Meredith. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Eugenio Montale. “The Eel” translated by John F. Nims. Copyright © 1965 by New Directions Publishing Corporation. Reprinted by permission. Marianne Moore. “A Carriage from Sweden” from Collected Poems. Copyright 1944 and renewed 1972 by Marianne Moore. “A Grave” Ibid. Copyright 1935 by Marianne Moore, renewed 1963 by Marianne Moore and T. S. Eliot. Both reprinted by permission of Macmillan Publishing Company. Frederick Morgan. “1904” from Poems: New and Selected. Copyright © 1987 by Frederick Morgan. Reprinted by permission of the author and the University of Illinois Press. Robert Morgan. “Grandma’s Bureau” and “Stretching” from Sigodlin, Poems by Robert Morgan. Copyright © 1990 by Robert Morgan. Reprinted by permission of Wesleyan University Press and University Press of New England. Edwin Muir. “The Horses” from Collected Poems. Copyright © i960 by Willa Muir. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc. David Mura. “The Natives” from After We Lost Our Way. Copyright © 1989 by David Mura. Reprinted by permission of the publisher, Dutton, an imprint of New American Library, a division of Penguin Books USA Inc. Lisel Mueller. “All Night,” “Bedtime Story,” “Cavalleria Rusticana,” “Paul Delvaux: The Village of the Mermaids” from Waving From Shore. Copyright © 1989 by Lisel Mueller.

628 • PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS “Palindrome” from The Private Life. Copyright © 1976 by Lisel Mueller. All reprinted by permission of Louisiana State University Press. Ogden Nash. “Very Like A Whale” from Verses From ig2g On. Copyright © 1934 by Ogden Nash. Reprinted by permission of Little, Brown and Company. Howard Nemerov. “Because You Asked About the Line Between Prose and Poetry” from Sentences, “Learning By Doing” from The Collected Poems of Howard Nemerov, “Money” from The Blue Swallows, “A Primer of the Daily Round” from New and Selected Poems. University of Chicago Press. Copyright © Howard Nemerov. All reprinted by permission of the author. Pablo Neruda. “Lost in the City” from Memoirs, translated by Hardie St. Martin. Translation © 1976, 1977 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Inc. “The Morning is Full” from Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair, translated by W. S. Merwin. Translation copyright © 1969 by W. S. Merwin. Reprinted by permission of Viking Penguin, a division of Penguin Books USA Inc., and Jonathan Cape Ltd. The New York Times. Diagram “Bills’ No-Huddle Single Back” from The New York Times, p. B11, January 25, 1991. Copyright © 1991 by The New York Times Company. Naomi Shihab Nye. “Rebellion Against the North Side” from Hugging the Jukebox. Re¬ printed by permission of the author. Carole Oles. “To a Daughter at Fourteen Forsaking the Violin” from The Breadloaf Anthology of Contemporary American Poetry. First appeared in Triquarterly #61, Fall 1984. Copyright © 1984 by Carol Oles. Reprinted by permission of the author. Mary Oliver. “Blackberries,” from American Primitive. Copyright © 1982 by Mary Oliver. First appeared in Raccoon. “John Chapman” from American Primitive. First appeared in American Scholar. Copyright © 1982 by Mary Oliver. “Postcard from Flamingo” from American Primitive. Copyright © 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983 by Mary Oliver. Both reprinted by permission of Little, Brown and Company. “Shadows” and “The Moths” from Dream Work. Copyright © 1986 by Mary Oliver. Reprinted by permission of Atlantic Monthly Press. Charles Olson. Excerpt from “Projective Verse” essay as it appeared in New American Poetics, edited by Donald Allen. Reprinted by permission of the Estate of Charles Olson 1991. Ondaatje, Michael. “Sweet Like a Crow” from The Cinnamon Peeler. Copyright © 1989 by Michael Ondaatje. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Paul Pascal. “Tact” first appeared in Western Wind, 2nd edition. Linda Pastan. “Dreams,” “Letter to a Son at Exam Time,” “Returning” from Waiting For My Life: Poems by Linda Pastan. Copyright © 1981 by Linda Pastan. Reprinted by permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. “Wildflowers” from Aspects of Eve. Copyright © 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975 by Linda Pastan. Reprinted by permis¬ sion of Liveright Publishing Corporation. Kenneth Patchen. “Moon, Sun, Sleep, Birds, Live” from Collected Poems of Kenneth Patchen. Copyright 1942 by New Directions Publishing Corporation. Reprinted by permission. Robert Pinsky. “A Woman” from History of My Heart. Copyright © 1984 by Robert Pinsky. First published by Ecco Press in 1984. Reprinted by permission. Sylvia Plath. “Daddy’ and “Tulips” from The Collected Poems of Sylvia Plath. Copyright © 1962, 1963 by Ted Hughes. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers. Ezra Pound. “Alba,” “The Bath Tub,” “In a Station of the Metro,” “The Return,” and The River-Merchant’s Wife—A Letter” from Personae. Copyright 1926 by Ezra Pound. “Canto XC” from The Cantos of Ezra Pound. Copyright 1934, 1948, © 1959 by Ezra Pound. All reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corporation. Jacques Prevert. “The Message” from Paroles. Copyright © 1949 by Editions Gallimard. Translation by John F. Nims. Reprinted by permission of Editions Gallimard.

PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • 629 Craig Raine. “An Enquiry Into Two Inches of Ivory” and “Gethsemane” from The Onion, Memory, 1978- In the Kalahari Desert” from A Martian Sends Postcards Home, 1979. All reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press. Dudley Randall. “Blackberry Sweet” from The New Black Poetry, edited by C. Major. Copyright © 1969 by International Publishers Co., Inc. Reprinted by permission. John Crowe Ransom. “Bells for John Whiteside’s Daughter” and “Good Ships” from Selected Poems. Copyright 1924 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., and renewed 1952 by John Crowe Ransom. “Blue Girls” Ibid. Copyright 1927 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., and renewed 1955 by John Crowe Ransom. All reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Adrienne Rich. “Children Playing Checkers at the Edge of the Forest” from Time’s Power. Copyright © 1989 by Adrienne Rich. Reprinted by permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Rainer Maria Rilke. “The Merry-Go-Round” from Selected Poems, Bilingual Edition, trans¬ lated and edited by C. F. MacIntyre. Copyright © 1940, 1968 by C.F. MacIntyre. Reprinted by permission of The University of California Press. Edwin Arlington Robinson. “The Dark Hills,” “The Mill,” and “Mr. Flood’s Party” from Collected Poems. Copyright 1920 by Edwin Arlington Robinson, renewed 1948 by Ruth Nivison. Reprinted with permission of Macmillan Publishing Company. Theodore Roethke. “Elegy for Jane,” “The Waking” from The Collected Poems of Theodore Roethke. Copyright © 1950, 1948 by Theodore Roethke. “The Geranium” from The Collected Poems of Theodore Roethke. Copyright © 1963 by Beatrice Roethke, Adminis¬ tratrix of the Estate of Theodore Roethke. “My Papa’s Waltz” from The Collected Poems of Theodore Roethke. Copyright 1942 by Hearst Magazines, Inc. All reprinted by permis¬ sion of Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. Alane Rollings. “Because I Cannot Be Trusted” and “Light Years and the Love Lost in Oleanders” from Transparent Landscapes. Copyright © 1984 by Ion Books Inc. Reprinted by permission of Raccoon Books/St. Luke’s Press. Christina Rossetti. “An Easter Carol” from Our Holidays in Poetry, edited by Harrington and Thomas. Reprinted by permission of the H. W. Wilson Company. All rights reserved. Muriel Rukeyser. “Effort at Speech Between Two People” from Theory of Flight. Copyright © 1935 by Yale University Press, copyright © i960 by Muriel Rukeyser. Reprinted by permission of William L. Rukeyser. Vern Rutsala. “Words” from Walking Home From the Icehouse. Reprinted by permission of Carnegie-Mellon University Press. Eli Sagan. At the Dawn of Tyranny. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Mary Jo Salter. “On Removing Summer from the Public Gardens” from Henry Purcell in Japan. Copyright © 1984 by Mary Jo Salter. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Carl Sandburg. “A Fence” from Chicago Poems. Copyright 1916 by Holt, Rinehart and Winston, renewed 1944 by Carl Sandburg. Excerpts from #45 and #46 in The People, Yes. Copyright 1936 by Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, Inc., renewed 1964 by Carl Sand¬ burg. All reprinted by permission of Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, Inc. Ernest Sandeen. “A Late Twentieth-Century Prayer” from A Later Day, Another Year. Copyright © 1989 by the University of Notre Dame Press. Reprinted by permission. Sappho. “Leaving Crete, come visit again our temple,” “There’s a man I really believe’s in heaven.” From Sappho to Valery: Poems in Translation (Third Edition). By John Frederick Nims. University of Arkansas Press, 1990. Copyright © 1990 by John Frederick Nims. Schulz, Charles. “Peanuts” cartoons: “Not again? . . . You also missed the ball, Charlie Brown,” “Sometimes ...” Reprinted by permission of United Features Syndicate, Inc. Delmore Schwartz. “Seurat’s Sunday Afternoon Along the Seine” from Selected Poems: Summer Knowledge. Copyright © 1959 by Delmore Schwartz. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corporation. E. William Seaman. “Higgledy-Piggledy, Ludwig Van Beethoven” from Jiggery-Pokery: A

630 • PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Compendium of Double Dactyls, edited by Anthony Hecht and John Hollander. Reprinted by permission of Anthony Hecht. Robert Service. “Inspiration” from The Best of Robert Service. Copyright © 1940 by Robert Service. Also from Songs of a Sun Lover. Copyright © 1949 by Robert Service. Reprinted by permission of The Putnam Publishing Group and William Krasilovsky. Karl Shapiro. “A Cut Flower,” “The Leg,” and “The Two-Year-Old Has Had a Motherless Week” from Selected Poems. Copyright © 1978 by Karl Shapiro. “Girls Working in Banks” from Esquire, June 1972. Copyright © 1972 by Karl Shapiro. All reprinted by permission of Wieser and Wieser, Inc., New York. Aleda Shirley. “Cant” from Poetry, July 1987. Copyright © 1987 by The Modern Poetry Association. Reprinted by permission of the Editor of Poetry and the author. Leslie Marmon Silko. “Prayer to the Pacific” from Storyteller. Copyright © 1981 by Leslie Marmon Silko. Reprinted by permission of Seaver Books, New York. Charles Simic. “Classic Ballroom Dances” from Classic Ballroom Dances. Copyright © 1980 by Charles Simic. “Fear” and “Fork” from Dismantling the Silence. Copyright © 1971 by Charles Simic. All reprinted by permission of George Braziller, Inc. Jim Simmerman. “Child’s Grave, Hale County, Alabama” from Once Out of Nature. Re¬ printed by permission of The Galileo Press, Ltd. L. E. Sissman. “In and Out: A Home Away From Home” from Hello, Darkness. Copyright © 1967 by L. E. Sissman. Reprinted by permission of Little, Brown and Company, in association with Atlantic Monthly Press. Stevie Smith. “Not Waving But Drowning” and “Our Bog Is Dood” from Collected Poems of Stevie Smith. Copyright © 1972 by Stevie Smith. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corporation. W. D. Snodgrass. “Leaving the Motel” from After Experience. Reprinted by permission of the author. Gary Snyder. “An Autumn Morning in Shokoku-Ji” and “Oil” from The Back Country. Copyright © 1968 by Gary Snyder. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corporation. “Bubbs Creek Haircut” from Six Sections from Mountains and Rivers Without End. Reprinted by permission of the author. “Prayer for the Great Family” from Turtle Island. Copyright © 1974 by Gary Snyder. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corporation. Cathy Song. “Girl Powdering Her Neck” from Picture Bride. Reprinted by permission of Yale University Press. Gary Soto. “Oranges” from Black Hair. Copyright © 1985 by Gary Soto. Reprinted by permission of the University of Pittsburgh Press. Bernard Spencer. “Castanets” from Collected Poems. Reprinted by permission of Alan Ross Ltd. William Stafford. “Traveling Through the Dark” from Stories That Could Be True: New and Collected Poems. Copyright © i960 by William Stafford. Reprinted by permission of Harper & Row, Publishers. Timothy Steele. “At Will Rogers Beach” from Sapphics Against Anger. Copyright © 1986 by Timothy Steele. Reprinted by permission of Random House, Inc. Ralph Stephenson and Jean R. Debrix. Excerpt from The Cinema as Art, Penguin Books Revised Edition, 1989. Copyright © 1989 by Ralph Stephenson and Guy Phelps. Re¬ printed by permission of Penguin Books Ltd. Gerald Stern. The Dog from The Breadloaf Anthology of Contemporary American Poetry. Copyright © 1986 by Gerald Stern. Reprinted by permission of Gerald Stern. Wallace Stevens. “The Emperor of Ice-Cream,” “The Snow Man,” and “Sunday Morning” from Collected Poems. Copyright 1923 and renewed 1951 by Wallace Stevens. “A Postcard from the Volcano” Ibid. Copyright 1936 by Wallace Stevens and renewed 1964 by Holly Stevens. “The Sense of the Sleight-of-Hand Man” Ibid. Copyright 1942 by Wallace

PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • 631

Stevens and renewed 197° by Holly Stevens. All reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Mark Strand. “The Tunnel” from Reasons For Moving. Copyright © 1964 by Mark Strand. Where Are the Waters of Childhood” from The Late Hour. Copyright © 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978 by Mark Strand. Originally appeared in The New Yorker. Both reprinted by permission of Atheneum Publishers, an imprint of Macmillan Publishing Company. May Swenson. “Cat & the Weather” from New and Selected Things Taking Place. First appeared in The New Yorker. Copyright © 1963 by May Swenson. “Painting the Gate” from New and Selected Things Taking Place. Copyright © 1976 by May Swenson. “Strip¬ ping and Putting On” from The New Yorker, Oct. 22, 1990. Copyright © The Literary Estate of May Swenson. All of the above reprinted by permission of The Literary Estate of May Swenson. “A Nosty Fright” from In Other Words. Copyright © 1987 by May Swenson. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. James Tate. “Miss Cho Composes in the Cafeteria” from The Lost Pilot. Copyright © 1967 by James Tate. Reprinted by permission of the author. Rod Taylor. “Dakota: October, 1822: Hunkpapa Warrior” from Florida East Coast Cham¬ pions. Copyright © 1972 by Rod Taylor. Reprinted by permission of the author. Dylan Thomas. “Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night” from Poems of Dylan Thomas. Copyright 1954 by the Trustees for the Copyrights of Dylan Thomas. “Fern Hill” and “In My Craft or Sullen Art” from Collected Poems. Copyright 1954 by the Trustees for the Copyrights of Dylan Thomas. Copyright 1952 by Dylan Thomas. All of the above reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corporation and David Higham Associates. Excerpt from Modem Poets on Modem Poetry by James Scully, first published in “Notes on the Art of Poetry,” Texas Quarterly. Copyright © 1961 by the Trustees of the Estate of Dylan Thomas. Reprinted by permission of Harold Ober Associates Inc. Jean Toomer. “Reapers” from Cane. Copyright 1923 by Boni & Liveright. Copyright renewed 1951 by Jean Toomer. Reprinted by permission of Liveright Publishing Cor¬ poration. Gail Tremblay. “Indian Singing in 20th Century America” from A Nation Within (Outrigger Press, 1983) and Indian Singing in 20th Century America (Calyx Books, Corvallis, Oregon, 1990). “It Is Important” from Indian Singing in 20th Century American (Calyx Books, Corvallis, OR, 1990) and Dancing on the Rim of the World: An Anthology of Contemporary Northwest Native American Writing (Sun Tracks, University of Arizona, Tuscon, 1990). “Not Sense” from Indian Singing in 20th Century America. “To Grandmother on Her Going” from Harper’s Anthology of 20th Century Native American Poetry (Harper & Row) and Talking to the Grandfathers (Annex 21, #3, University of Nebraska, Omaha, 1981). All reprinted by permission of Gail Tremblay. John Updike. “The Dance of the Solids” from Midpoint and Other Poems. Copyright © 1968 by John Updike. “Player Piano” from The Carpentered Hen and Other Tame Crea¬ tures. Copyright 1954 by John Updike. Both reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Mona Van Duyn. “Sonnet for Minimalists” from Near Changes. Copyright © 1990 by Mona Van Duyn. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Peter Viereck. “To Helen of Troy (N.Y.)” from New and Selected Poems. Published by University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. Previously published as “The Lyricism of the Weak” in Critical Inquiry, Vol. 5, no. 2, Winter, 1972. Copyright © 1967 by Peter Viereck. Reprinted by permission of the author. Francois Villon. “Ballade to His Mistress,” translated by Norman Cameron. Reprinted by permission of the Estate of Norman Cameron and Jonathan Cape. Ellen Bryant Voigt. “The Farmer” from The Lotus Flowers. Reprinted by permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. David Wagoner. “Meeting A Bear” from Travelling Light. Copyright © 1976 by David

632 • PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Wagoner. Reprinted by permission of Graywolf Press, St. Paul. “The Other Side of the Mountain” from Collected Poems 7956-/976. Reprinted by permission of the author. Derek Walcott. Excerpt from Omeros. Copyright © 1990 by Derek Walcott. “Tropic Zone’ from Midsummer. Copyright © 1984 by Derek Walcott. “The Villa Restaurant” from The Arkansas Testament. Copyright © 1987 by Derek Walcott. All reprinted by permission of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Inc. Alice Walker. “Even As I Hold You” and “Good Night, Willie Lee, I’ll See You In the Morning” from Good Night, Willie Lee, I’ll See You In the Morning. Copyright © 1975 5 1979 by Alice Walker. Reprinted by permission of Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc. Jeanne Murray Walker. “Studying Physics With My Daughter” from Coming Into History. Copyright © 1990 by Jeanne Murray Walker. Reprinted by permission of the author. Watterson, Bill. “Calvin & Hobbes” cartoons copyright 1989 and 1990 Universal Press Syndicate. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved. Roberta Hill Whiteman. “For Heather, Entering Kindergarten” from Star Quilt. Copyright © 1984 by Roberta Hill Whiteman. Reprinted by permission of the author. Richard Wilbur. “The Catch” and “Hamlen Brook” from New and Collected Poems. Copy¬ right © 1988 by Richard Wilbur. “Junk” from Advice to a Prophet and Other Poems. Copyright © 1961 and renewed 1989 by Richard Wilbur. “Sleepless at Crown Point” from The Mind Reader: New Poems. Copyright © 1973 by Richard Wilbur. All of the above reprinted by permission of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Some Atrocities. Re¬ printed by permission of the author. C. K. Williams. “Tar” from Poems, 1963-1973. Copyright © 1988 by C. K. Williams. Reprinted by permission of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Inc. Emmett Williams. “Like Attracts Like” from An Anthology of Concrete Poetry, edited by Emmett Williams. Copyright © 1967 Something Else Press. John Williams. “On Reading Aloud My Early Poems” first appeared in Western Wind 2nd edition. Miller Williams. “A Poem for Emily” from Imperfect Love. Copyright © 1986 by Miller Williams. Reprinted by permission of Louisiana State University Press. William Carlos Williams. “Asphodel, That Greeney Flower,” “The Dance,” “The De¬ scent,” and “Iris” from Collected Later Poems of William Carlos Williams, 1939-1963, vol. II. Copyright © 1944, 1948, 1962 by William Carlos Williams. “The Red Wheelbarrow” and “To Waken an Old Lady” from Collected Earlier Poems of William Carlos Williams, 1909-1939, vol. I. Copyright 1938 by New Directions Publishing Corporation. All re¬ printed by permission of New Directions Publishing Corporation. James Wright. “Autumn Begins in Martin’s Ferry, Ohio” from Above the River: The Complete Poems. Copyright © 1990 by Anne Wright. Introduction © 1990 by Donald Hall. A Wesleyan University Press Edition. “A Song for the Middle of the Night” and “Speak” from Collected Poems. Copyright © 1971 by James Wright. All reprinted by permission of Wesleyan University Press and University Press of New England. Eleanor Wylie. “Golden Bough” from Collected Poems. Copyright 1932 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., renewed i960 by Edwina C. Rubinstein. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. William Butler Yeats. “Adam’s Curse,” “The Cold Heaven,” “He Remembers Forgotten Beauty,” “The Lover Mourns for the Loss of Love,” “No Second Troy” from The Poems ofW. B. Yeats: A New Edition, ed. Richard J. Finneran. “Among School Children” Ibid. Copyright 1928 by Macmillan Publishing Company, renewed 1956 by Bertha Georgie Yeats. “An Irish Airman Foresees His Death” Ibid. Copyright 1919 by Macmillan Publishing Company, renewed 1947 by Bertha Georgie Yeats. “A Last Confession” Ibid. Copyright 1933 by Macmillan Publishing Company, renewed 1961 by Bertha Georgie

PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • 633

Yeats. “Leda and the Swan” Ibid. Copyright 1928 by Macmillan Publishing Company, renewed 1956 by Bertha Georgie Yeats. “Sailing to Byzantium” Ibid. Copyright 1928 by Macmillan Publishing Company, renewed 1956 by Bertha Georgie Yeats. “The Second Coming Ibid. Copyright 1924 by Macmillan Publishing Company, renewed 1952 by Bertha Georgie Yeats. “The Spur,” “The Statues,” and “Under Ben Bulben” Ibid. Copyright 1940 by Georgie Yeats, renewed 1968 by Bertha Georgie Yeats, Michael Butler Yeats, and Anne Yeats. “The Lamentation of the Old Pensioner” (1925 version) from The Variorum Edition of the Poems ofW. B. Yeats, ed. Peter Allt and Russell K. Alspach. All reprinted by permission of Macmillan Publishing Company.

PHOTO CREDITS

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Edwin Gross AP/Wide World Photos The frame is from the map, “The World” by John Speed, 1627, reproduced by Rand McNally from a printed map in the Library of Congress Albrecht Diirer, German, 1471-1528, “The Knight, Death and the Devil,” engraving, 1513, 24.4 x 18.8 cm (plate), The Clarence Buckingham Collection, 1938.1449, The Art Institute of Chicago From Charles Darwin, “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals,” No. 2, Plate V, University of Chicago Press, 1965, © 1872 American Museum of Natural History Topham/The Image Works Scala/Art Resource The Bettmann Archive Robert A. Ross/E. R. Degginer Statue of Diadoumenos, Roman copy of Greek original, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fletcher Fund, 1915 From “Snow Crystals” by W. A. Bentley and W. H. Humphreys The Illustrated London Times, The Library Company of Philadelphia Fogg Art Museum, Harvard Berg Collection, New York Public Library University of Connecticut The British Library Verlag Berninger & Pampaluchi, Zoological Gardens, Zurich

ISBN

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Cover painting: The Wind by Hans Hofmann Collection, University Art Museum, University of California, Berkeley Gift of the Artist

9780070465749 2016-02-05 9:51